,transcrib] ,note ,to pres]ve cross-ref]5ces betwe5 ! volumes1 bo? h be5 comb9$ into "o4 ,text emphasis d5ot$ by ,italics4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s display$ z #abc-d_/e4 ,,! ,m$als ( ,creation2 ,,or1 ,,fir/ ,,lessons ,,9 ,,geology1 ,,& ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,if we look ) wond] ^u ! great rema9s ( human works1 su* z ! columns ( ,palmyra1 brok5 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t2 ! temples ( ,p/um1 beautiful 9 ! decay ( tw5ty c5turies2 or ! mutilat$ fragm5ts ( ,greek sculpture 9 ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 or 9 our own museums1 z pro(s ( ! g5ius ( arti/s1 & p[] & ri*es ( nations n[ pa/ away2 ) h[ mu* deep] feel+ ( admiration mu/ we consid] ^? gr& monum5ts ( nature :i* m>k ! revolutions ( ! ,globe2 cont95ts brok5 into isl&s2 "o l& produc$1 ano!r de/roy$2 ! bottom ( ! ocean become a f]tile soil2 :ole races ( animals ext9ct1 & ! bones & exuvi ( "o class cov]$ ) ! rema9s ( ano!r2 & ^u ! graves ( pa/ g5]ations--! m>ble or rocky tombs1 z x 71 ( a =m] animat$ _w--new g5]ations ris+1 & ord] & h>mony e/abli%$1 & a sy/em ( life & beauty produc$ out ( *aos & dea?2 prov+ ! inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ! ,great ,cause ( all ?+s6--,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #a4 ,j4 ,d9kel del4 ,g4 ,s*>f li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,hullm&el ,walton ,,m$als ,,( ,,creation ,,! ,m$als ( ,creation2 ,,or1 ,,fir/ ,,lessons ,,9 ,,geology1 ,,& ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,,by ,,gideon ,,alg]non ,,mantell1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,v4,p4,g4,s4 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,london ,,m$ical ,,society1 ,,etc4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,geology1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,voil6 une n\velle espce de mdailles1 beauc\p plus importantes1 et incomp>ablem5t plus anci5nes1 que t\tes celles des ,grecs et des ,rema9s6--,knorr1 ,monum5s des ,cata/rophes4 ,,9 ,,two ,,vols4--,,vol4 #a4 ,,conta9+ ,fossil ,vegetables1 ,zoophytes1 ,e*9od]ms1 & ,molluscs4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,entirely ,,rewritt54 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,mdcccliv ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,,to ,,my ,,sons1 ,,walt] ,,mantell1 ,,( ,,well+ton1 ,,new ,,zeal&1 ,,& ,,reg9ald ,,neville ,,mantell1 ,,( ,,k5tucky1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,?is ,"w ,,my ,,la/ ,,attempt ,,to ,,promote ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,k1 ,,is ,,mo/ ,,affectionately ,,inscrib$4 ,g4 ,a4 ,m4 ,*e/] ,squ>e1 ,pimlico1 ,feb4 #c1 #ahec4 ,! above hav+ be5 p5n$ by ! mu*-lam5t$ au?or ( ! ,m$als "s mon?s previ\s to 8 decease1 x is reta9$ 9 ?is po/hum\s edition ( 8 fav\rite "w z an appropriate d$ication1 dictat$ by ! p>5tal affection ( "o ( ! *ief promot]s ( geological sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 & address$ to 8 abs5t sons1 ^: works h already %[n !m to be en?usia/ic lab\r]s 9 ! same field1 bo? at home & 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! untimely ,decease ( ! lam5t$ ,au?or ( ! ,m$als ( ,creation dur+ ! progress ( ! pres5t edition ?r\gh ! press has unavoidably delay$ its publication4 ,! ,fir/ ,volume has be5 :olly rewritt5 by ! ,au?or4 ,! mat]ials ( ! ,second ,volume _h be5 elaborately revis$ & mu* enl>g$ by ,dr4 ,mantell previ\sly to 8 ,decease4 ,! ,editor has lab\r$ to c>ry out ! int5tions ( ! ,au?or 9 r5d]+ ?is "p ( ! ,"w z complete a comp5dium z possible ( ! ,palontological hi/ory ( ! ,organic ,be+s ( :i* x treats1 & 9 adapt+ x to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,geological ,/ud5t ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! v>i\s s\rces f :i* palontological & zoological in=mation has be5 d]iv$ h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 adv]t$ to 9 ! text or 9 ! footnotes4 ,! ,editor1 h[ev]1 has especially to ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,morris1 ,f4,g4,s41 9 all[+ him to ref] to ! pro(-%eets ( ! =?-com+ edition ( 8 ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,fossils1 & !reby af=d+ him important assi/ance 9 mak+ correct /atem5ts ( ! di/ribution ( ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ! ,cru/acea1 ,insecta1 & ,v]tebrata1 9 ! /rata ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,t4 ,rup]t ,jones4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,wond]s ( ,geology1 an int5tion 0 express$ ( imm$iately publi%+1 z a sequel to ^? volumes1 ,fir/ ,lessons1 or an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,petrifactions1 = p]sons :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ,fossil ,rema9s2 b ! completion ( ! contemplat$ "w 0 unavoidably po/pon$1 f ye> to ye>1 by ! long & sev]e indisposition ( ! ,au?or4 ,9 ! mean:ile sev]al works pr(ess+ ! same object h issu$ f ! press2 & an enl>g$ edition ( ,sir ,c4 ,lyell's ,elem5ts has also appe>$1 9 :i* ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( physical ,geology are fully illu/rat$1 & num]\s figures giv5 ( ! *>act]i/ic fossils ( ! sev]al =mations1 or gr\ps ( /rata4 ,b t dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce :i* especially treats ( ,organic ,rema9s is necess>ily consid]$ 9 a cursory mann]2 & a "w ^u ! plan orig9ally contemplat$ by ! ,au?or seems /ill to be requir$1 to initiate ! "y & un9/ruct$ 9 ! /udy ( ^? ,m$als ( ,creation--^? electrotypes ( nature--! m9]aliz$ rema9s ( ! plants & animals :i* successively fl\ri%$ 9 ! e>li] ages ( our planet1 9 p]iods incalculably remote1 & long antec$5t to all human hi/ory & tradition4 ,) ?is conviction ! pres5t volumes are (f]$1 ) su* modifications ( ! orig9al plan z circum/ances h r5d]$ necess>y1 z a guide = ! ,/ud5t & ! ,amateur ,collector ( fossil rema9s2 = ! intellig5t ,obs]v] :o may desire to possess a g5]al k ( ! subject1 )\t int5d+ to pursue ,geology z a sci5ce2 & = ! ,t\ri/ :o may wi%1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels1 to employ pr(itably a leisure h\r 9 que/ ( ^? int]e/+ memorials ( ! anci5t physical revolutions ( our globe1 :i* he w f9d ev]y:]e pres5t$ to 8 obs]vation4 ,cresc5t ,lodge1 ,clapham ,common1 ,may1 #ahdd4 ,,address ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,"s books are to be ta/$--o!rs to be swall[$--& "s few to be *ew$ & dige/$2 t is1 "s ,books are to be read only 9 p>ts--o!rs to be read1 b n curi\sly--& "s few to be read :olly & ) dilig5ce & att5tion4--,"l ,bacon's ,essays4 ,anxi\s t ! ,c\rte\s ,read] %\ld d]ive f ?is "w all ! in=mation x is design$ to imp>t1 ! ,au?or presumes to (f] a few words 9 explanation ( ! plan ^u :i* x has be5 con/ruct$1 & "s sugge/ions z to ! be/ means ( r5d]+ its cont5ts mo/ available to ! v>i$ ta/es & pursuits ( diff]5t classes ( read]s4 ,9 its arrangem5t1 a ?ree-fold object 0 _h 9 view2 namely1 9 ! fir/ place1 to pres5t su* an epitome ( ,palontology1 ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! fossil rema9s ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! ,globe1 z %all enable ! intellig5t ,obs]v] to compreh5d ! nature ( ! pr9cipal discov]ies 9 mod]n ,geology1 & ! me?od ( inve/igation by :i* su* highly int]e/+1 & unexpect$ results1 h be5 obta9$44 ,secondly1 to assi/ ! ,collector 9 8 se>* = ,organic ,rema9s1--direct+ att5tion to ^? objects :i* possess ! highe/ int]e/1 & are especially des]v+ ( accurate exam9ation--in/ruct+ him 9 ! art ( develop+ & pres]v+ ! specim5s he may discov]--& po9t+ out ! means to be pursu$1 = asc]ta9+ _! nature1 & _! relation to exi/+ plants or animals4 ,?irdly1 to place be=e ! ,/ud5t a famili> exposition ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ,palontology1 bas$ ^u a g5]al k ( ! /ructure ( vegetable & animal organization2 to excite 9 8 m9d a desire = fur!r in=mation1 & prep>e him = ! p]usal & /udy ( works ( a high] ord] ?an ^! unpret5d+ volumes2 & to po9t out ! s\rces f :i* ! requir$ in/ruction may be d]iv$4 ,al?\gh fully aw>e ( ! imp]fect mann] 9 :i* ^! int5tions are fulfill$1 ! ,au?or hopes t ! indulg5ce claim$ by "o ( ! mo/ able writ]s ( our times may be ext5d$ to him2 & t1 if ! design be good ^u ! :ole1 ! "w w n be c5sur$ too sev]ely = ^? faults1 f :i*1 9 p>ts1 its v nature w\ld sc>cely all[ x to be free4#a #a ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,lytton--preface to ! second edition ( ,! ,dis[n$4 ,) reg>d to ! be/ means ( mak+ use ( ^! volumes1 ! advice ( ! great f\nd] ( ,inductive ,philosophy1 on ! ,/udy ( ,books 9 g5]al1 express$ 9 ! quotation prefix$ to ?is address1 is peculi>ly applicable to ! diff]5t classes ( read]s = :om ! "w is design$4 ,?us1 ! ,book may be ta/$1 t is1 read only 9 p>ts1 by ! intellig5t read]1 :o requires b a g5]al acqua9tance ) ! subjects x embraces4 ,! p]usal ( ! introductory & conclud+ rem>ks ( ea* *apt]1 ( ! g5]al descriptions ( fossil rema9s1 & ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y occur1--omitt+ ! sci5tific t]ms & descriptions1--& a cursory exam9ation ( ! illu/rations1 w probably satisfy 8 curiosity2 & ! "w may be transf]r$ to ! libr>y = occasional ref]5ce1 or tak5 z a travell+ companion & guide to "s int]e/+ geological di/rict4 ,b ! ,book mu/ be swall[$1 t is1 read1 b n curi\sly1 by ! read] desir\s ( =m+ a collection ( organic rema9s4 ,a g5]al acqua9tance ) its cont5ts1 & a c>eful inve/igation ( ! *>act]s ( ! fossils1 & comp>ison ) ! figures & descriptions1 w be requisite to enable ! amateur collector to det]m9e ! nature ( ! specim5s he may discov]4 ,by ! ,/ud5t ! ,book mu/ be dige/$1 t is1 read :olly1 & ) dilig5ce & att5tion4 ,he %\ld fully compreh5d "o subject be=e he advances to ! consid]ation ( ano!r1 & %\ld te/ ! solidity ( 8 k by practical rese>*4 ,he %\ld visit "s ( ! localities describ$2 collect specim5s1 & develope !m ) 8 own h&s2 exam9e _! /ructure microscopically2 nor re/ satisfi$ until he has det]m9$ _! g5]al *>act]s1 & asc]ta9$ _! g5]ic & specific relations4 ,nor is ?is an ardu\s or irksome task2 by a mod]ate degree ( att5tion1 a m9d ( av]age ability may quickly ov]come ! app>5t difficulties1 & w f9d 9 ! k ?us acquir$1 & 9 ! accession ( m5tal vig\r :i* su* inve/igations nev] fail to imp>t1 an ample rew>d = any exp5diture ( "t & tr\ble4 ,x is1 inde$1 )9 ! p[] ( e intellig5t read]1 by assiduity & p]sev]ance1 to atta9 ! high privilege ( ^? :o walk 9 ! mid/ ( wond]s1 9 circum/ances :]e ! un9=m$ & un9quir+ eye c p]ceive nei!r novelty nor beauty2 & ( be+ ,ev5 z "o1 ,:o by "s secret gift ( s\l or eye1 ,9 e spot b5ea? ! smil+ sun4 ,sees :]e ! ,spr+s ( liv+ ,wat]s lie6 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,d$ication1 p4 v4 ,prefatory ,note to ! ,second ,edition1 vii4 ,preface to ! ,fir/ ,edition1 ix4 ,address to ! ,read]1 xi4 ,table ( ,cont5ts1 xv4 ,description ( ! ,plates1 xix4 ,li/ ( ,lignographs 9 ,vol4 ,i41 xxxi4 ,introduction1 #a4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks3--,on ! ,plan ( ! ,"w & ! ,arrangem5t & ,subdivision ( ! subjects x embraces1 #h4 ,works ( ,ref]5ce1 #h4 ,explanation ( ,t]ms1 #aa4 ,li/ ( subjects1 #ab4 ,,"p ,i4--,/ratigraphy ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & ! ,nature ( ,fossils1 #ae4 ,*apt] ,i4--,on ! ,nature & ,arrangem5t ( ! ,briti% ,/rata & _! ,fossils1 #ae4 ,*apt] ,,ii4--,synopsis ( ! ,briti% ,/rata1 #bc4 ,*ronological ,arrangem5t ( ! ,briti% ,=mations2 ,mod]n or ,human ,epo*2 ,po/-,plioc5e1 #bc4 ,t]ti>y ,epo*s1 #bd4 ,second>y ,epo*s1 #be4 ,palozoic ,epo*s1 #cj4 ,hypog5e ,rocks1 #cd4 ,volcanic ,rocks1 #ce4 ,*apt] ,,iii4--,on ! ,nature ( ,fossils or ,organic ,rema9s1 #cg4 ,incru/ations1 #ch4 ,silicification1 #dj4 ,animal ,rema9s1 #dc4 ,h9ts = ,collect+ ,fossil ,bones1 #de4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,fossil ,botany1 #ea4 ,*apt] ,,iv4--,fossil ,botany1 #ea4 ,fossil ,vegetables1 #ea4 ,on ! inve/igation ( ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,vegetables1 #ed4 ,endog5\s ,/ems1 #ef4 ,exog5\s ,/ems1 #ef4 ,/ructure ( ,conif]1 #eg4 ,botanical pr9ciples1 #eh4 ,exog5s1 #ei4 ,endog5s1 #ei4 ,inve/igation ( ,fossil ,/ems1 #fa4 ,fossil ,leaves1 #fd4 ,on ! ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ,fossil ,vegetables1 #fe4 ,mode ( prep>+ slices ( ,fossil ,wood1 #ff4 ,*apt] ,v4--,on ,peat-wood1 ,lignite1 & ,coal1 #fi4 ,subm]g$ ,=e/s2 ,peat1 #gj4 ,lignite1 ,br[n-coal1 ,cannel-coal1 #ga4 ,bovey-coal1 #gb4 ,jet1 #gb4 ,weald5 ,coal1 #gc4 ,coal1 #gf4 ,/ratification ( a ,coal-field1 #hj4 ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,coal1 #hb4 ,*apt] ,,vi4--,fossil ,vegetables1 #hf4 ,fossil ,cryptogamia1 #hg4 ,rec5t ,diatomace1 #hh4 ,fossil ,diatomace1 #ic4 ,fossil ,conif]1 #ajj4 ,fossil ,fucoids1 #aja4 ,*ondrites1 #aja4 ,moss-agates & ,mo*a-/ones1 #ajc4 ,equisetace1 #aje4 ,calamites1 #ajg4 ,filicites or ,fossil ,f]ns1 #aji4 ,pa*ypt]is1 #aab4 ,sph5opt]is1 #aab4 ,cyclopt]is1 #aad4 ,neuropt]is1 #aae4 ,glossopt]is1 #aae4 ,odontopt]is1 #aaf4 ,anomopt]is1 #aaf4 ,tniopt]is1 #aag4 ,pecopt]is1 #aah4 ,lon*opt]is1 #aai4 ,phlebopt]is1 #abj4 ,cla?ropt]is1 #aba4 ,/ems ( ,arboresc5t ,f]ns1 #abb4 ,caulopt]is1 #abc4 ,ps>olites1 #abc4 ,sigill>i & ,/igm>i1 #abe4 ,int]nal ,/ructure ( ,sigill>i1 #acj4 ,/igm>ia1 #acb4 ,lepidod5dron1 #acg4 ,lepido/robus1 #adj4 ,triplosporite1 #adb4 ,lycopodites1 #adc4 ,halonia & ,knorria1 #adc4 ,a/]ophyllites1 #ade4 ,sph5ophyllum1 #adg4 ,c>dioc>pon1 #adg4 ,trigonoc>pum1 #adh4 ,fossil ,cycadace1 #aej4 ,pt]ophyllum1 #aeb4 ,zamites1 #aeb4 ,trunks & ,/ems ( ,cycadace1 #aef4 ,mantellia1 #aeg4 ,cla?r>ia1 #aei4 ,endog5ites1 #afc4 ,fossil ,conif]1 #afd4 ,fossil ,conif]\s ,wood1 #afg4 ,paloxylon1 #afg4 ,p5ce1 #afh4 ,arauc>ites1 #afh4 ,/]nb]gia1 #afh4 ,petrifi$ ,=e/s ( ,conif]s1 #afi4 ,conif]\s ,wood 9 ,ox=d ,clay1 #agb4 ,conif]\s ,wood 9 ,*alk1 #agc4 ,t]ti>y ,conif]\s ,wood1 #age4 ,fossil ,foliage & ,fruit ( ,conif]1 #age4 ,arauc>ia1 #age4 ,p9ites1 #agf4 ,wal*ia1 #agg4 ,abietites1 #agh4 ,?uites1 #ahj4 ,voltzia1 #ahj4 ,taxites1 #aha4 ,ngg]a?ia1 #aha4 ,fossil ,res9s & ,amb]1 #aha4 ,fossil ,palms1 #ahc4 ,fossil ,palm-leaves1 #ahe4 ,fossil ,fruits ( ,palms1 #ahf4 ,fossil ,fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 #ahf4 ,nipadites1 #aij4 ,fossil ,fruit ( ,p&anus1 #aib4 ,wood p]=at$ by ,t]$9es1 #aic4 ,fossil ,liliace1 #aid4 ,fossil ,fre%-wat] ,plants1 #aie4 ,fossil ,fruits ( ,*>a1 #aie4 ,fossil ,nymphae1 #aig4 ,fossil ,fl[]s1 #aig4 ,fossil ,angiosp]ms1 #aig4 ,fossil ,flora ( n+51 #bjj4 ,c>poli!s1 #bjb4 ,fossil ,dicotyl$on\s ,trees1 #bjc4 ,dicotyl$ons ( ! ,cretace\s ,epo*1 #bje4 ,retrospect ( ,fossil ,botany1 #bjf4 ,on ,collect+ ,briti% ,fossil ,vegetables1 #baa4 ,briti% localities ( ,fossil ,vegetables1 #bac4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,fossil ,zoology1 #baf4 ,*apt] ,,vii4--,fossil ,zoophytes2 ,porif]a or ,amorphozoa2 ,polypif]a or ,corals2 ,bryozoa or ,molluscan ,zoophytes1 #bah4 ,fossil ,porif]a1 #bai4 ,on ! ,sponges 9 ,*alk & ,fl9t1 #bbb4 ,spongites1 #bbc4 ,fossil ,zoophytes ( ,f>+don1 #bbf4 ,scyphia1 #bbg4 ,cnemidium1 #bbh4 ,*55dopora1 #bbh4 ,tragos1 #bbi4 ,siphonia1 #bcj4 ,*oanites1 #bcc4 ,p>am\dra1 #bcf4 ,clionites1 #bch4 ,spicula ( ,sponges1 #bch4 ,sp9if]ites1 #bci4 ,v5triculites1 #bdb4 ,polype 9 ,fl9t1 #bej4 ,fossil ,polypif]a1 #bea4 ,graptolites1 #bee4 ,fungia1 #bef4 ,an?ophyllum1 #beg4 ,turb9olia1 #beg4 ,c>yophillia1 #beg4 ,favosites1 #beh4 ,cat5ipora1 #bei4 ,spr+opora1 #bei4 ,li?o/rotion1 #bfj4 ,cya?ophyllum1 #bfj4 ,a/ra1 #bfb4 ,madrepora1 #bfd4 ,millepora1 #bfd4 ,li?od5dron1 #bfd4 ,gorgonia1 #bfe4 ,fossil ,bryozoa1 #bfe4 ,flu/ra1 #bff4 ,crisia1 #bfi4 ,retepora1 #bfi4 ,f5e/rella1 #bgj4 ,petalpora1 #bgj4 ,pu/ulopora1 #bgj4 ,homsol51 #bga4 ,idmonea1 #bga4 ,v]ticillipora1 #bgc4 ,lunulites1 #bgc4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,fossil ,zoophytes1 #bgc4 ,on ,collect+ ,fossil ,corals1 #bgf4 ,briti% localities1 #bgh4 ,*apt] ,,viii4--,fossil ,/ell]id2 compris+ ! ,cr9oidea & ! ,a/]iad1 #bhj4 ,cr9oidea1 #bha4 ,p5tacr9us1 #bhb4 ,fossil ,cr9oidea1 #bhc4 ,fossil ,/ems ( ,cr9oidea1 #bhd4 ,pulley-/ones1 #bhe4 ,apiocr9us1 #bhh4 ,b\rqueticr9us1 #bia4 ,encr9us1 #bib4 ,p5tacr9ites1 #bic4 ,act9ocr9us1 #bie4 ,cya?ocr9us1 #bie4 ,rhodocr9us1 #big4 ,eug5iacr9us1 #big4 ,p5tremites1 #big4 ,cy/idea1 #bih4 ,m>supites1 #bii4 ,fossil ,a/]iad1 #cja4 ,fossil ,ossicula ( ,/>-,fi%es1 #cjc4 ,ophiura1 #cjd4 ,gonia/]1 #cjf4 ,a/]ias1 #cjg4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ! ,cr9oidea1 #cjh4 ,*apt] ,,ix4--,fossil ,e*9id1 #caa4 ,cid>itid1 #cad4 ,cid>is1 #caf4 ,diadema1 #cah4 ,e*9us1 #cah4 ,sal5ia1 #cah4 ,sp9es ( ,cid>ites1 #cai4 ,fl9t ,ca/s ( ,cid>ites1 #cbj4 ,cid>itid ( ! ,palozoic ,rocks1 #cba4 ,clypea/]id1 #cbb4 ,gal]ites1 #cbb4 ,holectypus1 #cbd4 ,discoidea1 #cbd4 ,clypeide1 #cbe4 ,clypeus1 #cbe4 ,nucleolites1 #cbf4 ,spatangid1 #cbf4 ,anan*ytes1 #cbg4 ,micra/]1 #cbh4 ,toxa/]1 #cbi4 ,hola/]1 #ccj4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,e*9ites1 #ccj4 ,on ,collect+ & ,develop+ ,e*9od]mata1 #cca4 ,*apt] ,x4--,fossil ,=am9if]a2 & ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ,*alk & ,fl9t1 #ccf4 ,=am9if]a1 #cci4 ,classification ( ! ,=am9if]a1 #cdb4 ,nummulites1 #cdd4 ,orbitoides1 #cdf4 ,sid]ol9a1 #cdf4 ,fusul9a1 #cdf4 ,nodos>ia1 #cdg4 ,cri/ell>ia1 #cdh4 ,flabell9a1 #cdh4 ,poly/omella1 #cdh4 ,lituola1 #cdh4 ,spirol9a1 #cdi4 ,globig]9a1 #cej4 ,nonion9a1 #cej4 ,rotalia1 #cea4 ,rosal9a1 #cea4 ,textul>ia1 #ceb4 ,v]neuil9a1 #ceb4 ,/rata compos$ ( ,=am9if]a1 #ceb4 ,=am9if]a ( ! ,*alk & ,fl9t1 #cee4 ,fossil ,rema9s ( ! ,s(t ,p>ts ( ,=am9if]a1 #ceg4 ,=am9if]a-,lime/ones ( ,india1 #cfb4 ,=am9if]a-deposit at ,*>+1 #cfc4 ,=am9if]a ( ! ,oolite1 ,lias1 c4 #cfd4 ,=am9if]a-deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cfd4 ,=am9if]a ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mations1 #cfe4 ,=am9if]a-,lime/one ( ,new ,zeal&1 #cff4 ,t]ti>y ,=am9if]a1 #cff4 ,=am9if]a ( ! ,f5s ( ,l9coln%ire & ,cambridge%ire1 #cfg4 ,rec5t ,=am9if]a-deposit at ,brighton1 #cfh4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ! ,=am9if]a1 #cfi4 ,in/ructions = ! ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ,*alk1 ,fl9t1 & o!r ,rocks1 #cga4 ,*apt] ,,xi4--,fossil ,te/ace\s ,mollusks1 or ,%ells1 #cgd4 ,mollusca1 #cgd4 ,acephala1 #cge4 ,encephala1 #cgh4 ,fossil ,bivalve ,%ells1 #cha4 ,%ell-,rocks1 #chb4 ,fossil ,bra*iopoda1 #chh4 ,t]ebratula1 #chi4 ,spirif]1 #cij4 ,rhyn*onella1 #cia4 ,p5tam]us1 #cia4 ,or?is1 ,leptna1 & ,productus1 #cib4 ,calceola1 #cib4 ,crania1 #cib4 ,orbicula1 #cib4 ,obolus1 #cib4 ,l+ula1 #cic4 ,hippurites1 #cic4 ,fossil ,%ells ( ! ,lamellibran*iates1 #cid4 ,monomy>ia1 #cie4 ,o/rea1 #cie4 ,grypha1 #cif4 ,spondylus1 #cih4 ,plagio/oma1 #cii4 ,plicatula1 #djj4 ,pect51 #djj4 ,inoc]amus1 #dja4 ,avicula1 #djd4 ,dimy>ia1 #djd4 ,v5]ic>dia1 #dje4 ,pectunculus1 #dje4 ,nucula1 #djf4 ,p9na1 #djf4 ,mytilus1 #djg4 ,modiola1 #djg4 ,pholadomya1 #djh4 ,pholas1 #djh4 ,t]$o1 #daj4 ,trigonia1 #dab4 ,fossil ,fre%-wat] ,bivalves1 #dac4 ,unio1 #dad4 ,cyclas1 #daf4 ,fossil ,pt]opoda1 #dag4 ,fossil ,ga/]opoda1 #dag4 ,fre%-wat] ,univalves1 #dba4 ,palud9a1 #dba4 ,limnu1 #dbc4 ,planorbis1 #dbc4 ,melanopsis1 #dbd4 ,m>9e ,univalves1 #dbd4 ,fusus1 #dbe4 ,pleurotoma1 #dbe4 ,c]i?ium1 #dbe4 ,potamides1 #dbe4 ,ro/ell>ia1 #dbf4 ,dolium1 #dbf4 ,tro*us1#dbf4 ,sol>ium1 #dbf4 ,conus1 #dbf4 ,pleurotom>ia1 #dbg4 ,euomphalus1 #dbi4 ,mur*isonia1 #dcj4 ,sphrulites1 #dcj4 ,molluskite1 #dcb4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,bivalve & ,univalve ,mollusks1 #dcf4 ,on ! ,collect+ & ,arrang+ ,fossil ,%ells1 #dda4 ,briti% ,localities ( ,fossil ,%ells1 #ddc4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,description ( ,frontispiece 7,plate ,,ii47 ,li/ ( ,lignographs 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,,iii4--cont9u$4 ,*apt] ,,xii4--,fossil ,cephalopoda1 #ddg4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,fossil ,articulata1 #ejc4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4--,fossil ,i*?yology2 ,%>ks1 ,rays1 & o!r ,placoid ,fi%es1 #efb4 ,*apt] ,,xv4--,fossil ,i*?yology2 ,ganoid1 ,ct5oid1 & ,cycloid ,fi%es1 #fjj4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4--,fossil ,reptiles2 ,enaliosaurians & ,crocodiles1 #fdc4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4--,fossil ,reptiles2 ,d9osaurians1 ,lac]tians1 ,pt]odactyles1 ,turtles1 ,s]p5ts1 & ,batra*ians1 #fhd4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4--,fossil ,birds1 #gei4 ,*apt] ,,xix4--,fossil ,mammals1 #gge4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,geological ,excursions1 #hbg4 ,miscellane\s1 #ije4 ,g5]al ,index1 #iji4 ,,directions ,,to ,,! ,,b9d]4 ,plate ,i4--,frontispiece to ,vol4 ,i4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,frontispiece to ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,plates ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi41 to foll[ ! ,table ( ,cont5ts1 & be plac$ opposite ! description ( ea*4 ,lign4 #bdg1 to face page #ggj4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,frontispiece ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a ,f]n 9 ,coal-%ale1 f ,leice/]%ire4 #b4--;,a ,cru/acean 9 ,lime/one1 f ,sol5h(54 #c4--;,a ,fi% 7,pycnodus rhombus7 9 ,lime/one2 f ne> ,ca/el-a-m>e4 #d4--;,half ! ,l[] ,jaw ( a ,hy5a1 f a fissure 9 a s&/one rock1 ne> ,maid/one4 #e4--;,an ,ammonite1 f ! ,isle ( ,portl&4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,vignette ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,a ,gr\p ( ,fossils1 conta9+ ,ammonites ,mantellii1 f ! ,*alk-m>l1 ,sussex4 ,turrilites co/atus1 f ! ,l[] ,*alk1 ,r\54 ,*ondrites ,bignori5sis1 f ! ,*alk-m>l1 ,sussex4 ,e*9us & ,fusus1 f ,t]ti>y /rata1 ,pal]mo4 ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,ii4 ,! ,frontispiece ( ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,a ,fossil ,fi% ( ! ,salmon tribe1 alli$ to ! ,smelt2 f ! ,*alk1 ne> ,lewes1 9 ,sussex4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii4 pages #fbf & #fbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #c4 ,j4 ,d9kel del4 ,g4 ,s*>f li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,hullm&el ,walton ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,iii4 ,incru/ations1 & ,fossil ,plants4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4--,twigs ( ,l>* & ,haw?orn1 coat$ ) tufa1 or trav]t9e1 f hav+ be5 expos$ to ! dripp+ ( an incru/+ spr+2 f ,russia2 see p4 #ci4 #e4--;,a bran* ( rec5t ,*>a1 ) its fruit1 ) a ?9 pellicle ( incru/ation4 ,matlock4 #f1 #g4--;,hazel-nuts1 f ,belfa/ ,l\gh3 fig4 #f is l9$ ) cry/als ( calc>e\s sp>2 fig4 #g is fill$ ) a solid mass ( ! same m9]al2 see p4 #ga4 #d1 #h4--;,impressions ( ,dicotyl$on\s ,leaves 9 ,gypse\s ,m>l/one1 f ,/radella1 ne> ,pavia2 see p4 #bja4 #i4--;,eoc5e ,lacu/r9e or ,fre%-wat] ,lime/one1 f ,ea/ ,cliff ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight1 ) /ems & se$s ( ,*>ge3 slightly magnifi$2 see p4 #aie4 #aj4--;,encru/$ ,twigs1 f ,matlock2 ! vegetable matt] has p]i%$1 & left tubul> cavities2 see p4 #ci1 & p4 #hgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #d4 ,j4 ,d9kel del4 ,g4 ,s*>f li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,hullm&el ,walton ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,iv4 ,v>i\s species ( rec5t ,diatomace1 to illu/rate ! ,fossil rema9s ( ?is ,tribe ( ,vegetables4 ,= detail$ descriptions1 see pages #hg-ajj4 ,figs4 #a to #e4--,v>i\s k9ds ( ,xan?idia3 figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 f\nd 9 a pond on ,clapham ,common1 & fig4 #a4 liv+ 9 a pond ne> ,we/po9t1 ,unit$ ,/ates4 #a4--,xan?idium furcatum3 #a_/bd ( a l9e 9 diamet]4 #b4-- --------- hirsutum3 #a_/cf4 #c4-- --------- aculeatum3 #a_/bd4 #d4-- --------- fasciculatum3 #a_/bd4 #e4-- -------------------- v>iety ( ! above4 #b994--,pyxidicula op]culata2 ,c>lsbad1 ,bohemia3 #a_/dh ( a l9e 9 diamet]4 #f4--;,bacill>ia vulg>is4 #a_/cf ( a l9e 9 diamet]4 ,pond on ,clapham ,common4 #g4--;,cocconeis scutellum3 f ! ,baltic3 #a_/bd ( a l9e4 #h4--,navicula viridis3 #a_/f ( a l9e4 ,ponds on ,clapham ,common4 #i4--,! same2 a side view2 %[+ ! curr5ts produc$ 9 ! wat] by ! animal :5 9 locomotion4 #aj4--;,gallionella l9eata3 #a_/cf ( a l9e4 ,ponds on ,clapham ,common4 #aa4--;,gallionella monili=mis3 #a_/gb ( a l9e4 #ab4--,synh$ra ulna3 #a_/i ( a l9e3 ! po9t a1 m>ks ! p$icle ( atta*m5t4 ,ponds on ,clapham & ,w&swor? ,commons4 #ac4--,podosph5ia gracilis3 #a_/ab ( a l9e2 atta*$ to a ?read ( ,calo?ria & hav+ by self-division =m$ a radiat+ clu/]4 ,common 9 ! dit*es communicat+ ) ! ,?ames 9 ,batt]sea-fields4 #ad4--,navicula spl5dida3 #a_/ab ( a l9e 9 diamet]4 #ae4--,lat]al view ( ! same4 #af4--;,eunotia turgida3 #a_/ad ( a l9e2 ! empty %ell1 ) sixty-five ribs1 view$ lat]ally4 #ag4--;,a liv+ gr\p ( ! same3 #a_/bj ( a l9e3 a piece ( ,conf]va rivul>is1 beset ) ^! animalcules4 ,! small] species are ,e4 ,we/]manni4 ,all ! above organisms 7 figur$ & describ$ by ,ehr5b]g z animals 7,polyga/rica71 & are compris$ 9 8 family ,bacill>ia2 !y are n[1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ z unque/ionably vegetable /ructures1 belong+ to ! family ( ,alg1 t]m$ ,diatomace4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #e4 ,j4 ,d9kel del4 ,g4 ,s*>f li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,hullm&el ,walton ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,v4 ,illu/rative ( ! ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,vegetables4 ,fig4 #a4--,poli%$ transv]se section ( silicifi$ ,monocotyl$on\s ,wood1 f ,antigua2 p4 #ahe4 #a;a4--,magnifi$ #bj times l9e>4 #a;b4--,magnifi$ #ge times l9e>4 #b;a4--,transv]se section ( silicifi$ ,conif]\s ,wood 7,abies ,b5/$i7 f ! ,k5ti% ,rag1 ne> ,maid/one 7,iguanodon qu>ry71 #abj l9e>2 p4 #agc4 #b;b4--,v]tical or longitud9al section ( ! same1 #bej l9e>4 #c;a4--,transv]se section ( calc>e\s conif]\s wood1 f ,will+don1 ,sussex1 #hj l9e>2 p4 #agc4 #c;b4--,longitud9al section ( ! above1 #abj l9e>4 #d4--,slice ( a transv]se section ( a rec5t ,dicotyl$on\s ,/em2 %[+1 #a/1 ,pi? or m$ull>y column1 occupy+ ! c5tre2 #b;d1 ,f\r b&s ( woody lay]s1 sep>at$ by cond5s$ l9es ( elongat$ tissue 9 s]ies1 & hav+ l>ge regul> op5+s ( vessels1 ) num]\s m$ull>y rays runn+ cont9u\sly f ! c5tral pi? to ! b>k2 #c;d1 ! b>k4 7,f ,mr4 ,)am47 #e4--,slice ( a transv]se section ( a rec5t gymnosp]m\s phan]ogamic /em 7( a ,cycas71 hav+ a c5tral pi?1 ) woody lay]s sep>at$ by a cond5s$ l9e1 & consi/+ ( elongat$ cellul> tissue1 arrang$ 9 a regul> s]ies2 m$ull>y rays & b>k4 7,f ,mr4 ,)am47 #f4--;,bundles ( vascul> tissue 9 ,/igm>ia ficoides1 #ab l9e>4 ,see p4 #ace4 ,! two /r&s ( vessels t appe> z if on ! surface 7& are ( a loos] texture7 are "p ( ! vascul> tissue ( ! /em1 & become inflect$ 7t is1 b5t ov]71 & give rise to a b& ( vessels 7! d>k] b& se5 betwe5 ! above71 t passes t[>ds ! b>k or cortical cov]+4 #g4--,portion ( a transv]se section ( "o ( ! bundles ( vascul> tissue ( ,sigill>ia elegans1 #bj l9e>4 7,f ,m4 ,brongni>t47 ,see p4 #aca4 ,! convex portion on ! left1 & :i* 9 ! orig9al /em is situat$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 is compos$ ( ! m$ull>y vascul> tissue =m$ ( vessels irregul>ly dispos$4 ,! longitud9al bundles are ! woody fibres arrang$ 9 a radiat$ circle3 ! smoo? int]spaces are m$ull>y rays4 ,! two di/9ct r\ndi% spots ( vascul> tissue on ! "r ( ! ligne\s zone occur irregul>ly on ! outside ( ! woody circle1 & are suppos$ to be deta*$ bundles ( ! ligne\s zone ext5d+ t[>ds ! leaves4 ,see p4 #aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #f4 ,j4 ,d9kel del4 ,g4 ,s*>f li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,hullm&el ,walton ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,vi4 ,illu/rative ( ! ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,tee?4 ,fig4 #a;a4--,too? ( ,psammodus porosus1 f ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,see p4 #ehg4 #a;b4--,v]tical section1 a portion #ge l9e>4 #a;c4--,transv]se section ( ! same1 #ge4 #b;a4--,too? ( ,pty*odus polygurus1 f ! ,*alk1 ne> ,lewes4 ,see p4 #ehe4 #b;b4--,portion ( longitud9al section1 #bj4 #b;c4--,portion ( transv]se section1 #bj4 #c;b4--,too? ( ! ,labyr9?odon ,jg]i1 f ! ,new ,r$ s&/one ne> ,wirtemb]g2 half ! natural size3 ! specim5 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,jg]4 ,see p4 #gdb4 #c;a4--,a moiety ( a transv]se poli%$ section1 #bj4 #c;b4--,portion ( a v]tical section ne> ! apex1 #bj4 #c;c4--,"o ( ! anfractuosities ( fig4 #c;a 4 #d;a4--,cr[n or upp] portion ( a too? ( a "y ,iguanodon1 f ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,see p4 #fig4 #d;b4--,portion ( a v]tical section ( ! above1 #bj4 #d;c4--,a small portion ( a transv]se section ( ! same1 #bj4 #e4--,too? ( ,goniopholis1 ,tilgate ,=e/3 half ! natural size4 ,see p4 #fgh4 #f;a4--,too? ( a reptile 7probably ( ! ,hylosaurus71 f ,tilgate ,=e/2 half ! natural size4 ,see p4 #fij4 #f;b4--,portion ( a v]tical section ( ! same1 #bj4 #g;a4--,too? ( ,megalosaurus1 f ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,see p4 #fhg4 #g;b4--,portion ( a v]tical section ( ! same1 #aj4 #h4--;,a small portion ( a v]tical section ( a too? ( ,d5drodus4 ,see p4 #fah4 #i4--,portion ( a transv]se section ( ! base ( a too? ( ,i*?yosaurus1 #bj4 ,see p4 #ffe4 #aj;a4--,too? ( ,lepidotus1 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,see p4 #fjf4 #aj;b4--,! upp] figure is a transv]se section1 & ! l[] a v]tical section ( ! same1 #bj4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,lignographs ,,9 ,,vol4 ,i4 7,illu/rative ( ,fossil ,botany47 ,,lign4 ,,page #a4 ,sections ( ,rec5t ,vegetables #ee #b4 ,sections ( ,f]n-,/ems #fb #c4 ,nodule ( ,iron/one1 enclos+ a ,f]n ,leaf #fi #d4 ,silice\s ,fru/ules ( ,diatomace1 & ,spicules ( ,spongill #id #e4 ,fossil ,gallionell #if #f4 ,organic ,bodies 9 ,porcela9 ,e>? #ig #g4 ,microphytes f ! ,t]ti>y deposits at ,ri*mond1 ,u4,s4 #ih #h4 ,conf]vites ,woodw>dii #aja #i4 ,*ondrites ,bignori5sis #ajb #aj4 ,deless]ites 7,fucoides7 ,lam\r\xii #ajc #aa4 ,moss & ,conf]va 9 transp>5t qu>tz #ajd #ab4 ,equisetum ,lyellii #aje #ac4 ,equisetites column>is #ajf #ad4 ,calamites decoratus #ajg #ae4 ,calamites 9 ,coal-%ale #ajh #af4 ,pecopt]is ,sillimani #aaj #ag4 ,pa*ypt]is lanceolata #aab #ah4 ,sph5opt]is elegans #aab #ai4 ,sph5opt]is nephroc>pa #aac #bj4 ,sph5opt]is ,mantellii #aac #ba4 ,cyclopt]is tri*omanoides #aad #bb4 ,neuropt]is acum9ata #aae #bc4 ,glossopt]is ,phillipsii #aaf #bd4 ,odontopt]is ,s*lo!imii #aaf #be4 ,anomopt]is ,m\geotii #aag #bf4 ,tniopt]is latifolia #aah #bg4 ,fig4 #a1 ,pecopt]is ,murrayana #aah #b1 ,pecopt]is lon*itica #aah #bh4 ,lon*opt]is ,mantellii #aai #bi4 ,fig4 #a1 ,phlebopt]is ,phillipsii #abj #b1 ,phlebopt]is prop9qua #abj #cj4 ,cla?ropt]is m5iscoides #aba #ca4 ,caulopt]is macrodiscus #abc #cb4 ,base ( a ,trunk ( a ,sigill>ia1 ) root #abf #cc4 ,sigill>i1 9 ,coal ,%ale #abh #cd4 ,sigill>ia ,saullii #abi #ce4 ,silicifi$ ,/em ( ,sigill>ia elegans #acj #cf4 ,/igm>ia ficoides #acc #cg4 ,transv]se section ( ,/igm>ia ficoides #ace #ch4 ,erect ,/em ( a ,sigill>ia1 ) ,roots #acf #ci4 ,a ,t]m9al ,bran* ( a ,lepidod5dron #ach #dj4 ,lepido/robi1 ! ,fruit ( ,lepidod5dra #ada #da4 ,/ems ( ,halonia & ,knorria1 f ! ,coal ,=mation #add #db4 ,a/]ophyllites equiseti=mis #adg #dc4 ,fig4 #a1 ,sph5ophyllum ,s*lo!imii #adh #b1 ,sph5ophyllum erosum #adh #dd4 ,fossil ,fruits1 or ,se$ ,vessels #adi #de4 ,foliage & upp] "p ( ! ,/em ( ,cycas revoluta 7rec5t7 #aej #df4 ,"p ( a leaf ( ,pt]ophyllum comptum #aeb #dg4 ,"p ( a leaf ( ,zamites pect9atus #aec #dh4 ,fruit ( ,zamites ,mantellii #aed #di4 ,fossil ,fruits ( ,cycade\s ,plants #aef #ej4 ,mantellia nidi=mis #aeg #ea4 ,mantellia cyl9drica #aeh #eb4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii1 inn] ,axis ( ! ,/em ( #aei #ec4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii1 ,/em ( #afj #ed4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii1 "p ( ,/em ( #afa #ee4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii1 ,petiole ( #afa #ef4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii1 summit ( ,/em1 ) petioles #afb #eg4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii1 wat]-worn ,/em ( #afc #eh4 ,fragm5t ( ,conif]\s ,wood 9 ,fl9t #agd #ei4 ,fig4 #a1 ,"p ( a ,bran* ( ,arauc>ia p]egr9a #agf #b1 ,calamites nodosus1 ) foliage #agf #fj4 ,wal*ia hypnoides #agh #fa4 ,abietites ,dunk]i #agi #fb4 ,?uites ,kurrianus #ahj #fc4 ,nipadites & o!r ,fossil ,fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey #ahh #fd4 ,fossil ,fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey #ahi #fe4 ,fossil ,wood p]=at$ by ,t]$9es #aic #ff4 ,fossil ,fre%-wat] ,plants #aif #fg4 ,fossil ,fruits & ,fl[] #aih #fh4 ,impr9ts ( ,dicotyl$on\s leaves 9 ,gypse\s ,m>l/one #bja 7lllu/rative ( ,fossil ,zoology47 #fi4 ,coral & ,spongites #bbd #gj4 ,fossil ,zoophytes #bbg #ga4 ,fossil ,sponge #bbh #gb4 ,fossil ,zoophytes #bbi #gc4 ,siphoni f ! ,gre5s& #bca #gd4 ,polypo!cia di*otoma #bcb #ge4 ,*oanites ,knigi #bcd #gf4 ,p>am\dra 9 ! ,*alk #bcg #gg4 ,a gr\p ( ,sp9if]ites 9 ,fl9t #bci #gh4 ,sp9if]ites ,reg9aldi #bda #gi4 ,sp9if]ites palmatus #bda #hj4 ,fl9ts1 ! =ms ( :i* are d]iv$ f ,zoophytes #bdc #ha4 ,v5triculites radiatus #bdd #hb4 ,portions ( ,v5triculites #bde #hc4 ,v5triculites alcyonoides #bdh #hd4 ,a ,coral ,polype1 9 fl9t #bej #he4 ,graptolites 9 ,w5lock ,lime/one #bee #hf4 ,favosites polymorpha #beh #hg4 ,corals f ! ,dudley ,lime/one #bfa #hh4 ,fossil ,corals #bfb #hi4 ,corals f ! ,*alk & ,m\nta9 ,lime/one #bfh #ij4 ,/ems ( ,encr9ites & ,p5tacr9ites #bhd #ia4 ,rec5t ,comatula & ,fossil ,cr9oidea #bhf #ib4 ,fossil ,cr9oidea #bhi #ic4 ,apiocr9ites #bia #id4 ,act9ocr9ites & ,p5tacr9ite #bid #ie4 ,cya?ocr9ites planus #bif #if4 ,m>supites ,mill]i #cjj #ig4 ,fossil rema9s ( ,/>-fi%es #cje #ih4 ,gonia/] ,mantelli #cjf #ii4 ,a/]ias prisca #cjh #ajj4 ,fossil ,turban ,e*9us ) its ,sp9es #caa #aja4 ,cid>ites f ! ,oolite & ,*alk #caf #ajb4 ,fossil ,sp9es ( ,cid>ites #cai #ajc4 ,e*9ital rema9s 9 fl9t #cbj #ajd4 ,e*9ites f ! ,*alk #cbc #aje4 ,holectypus inflatus #cbd #ajf4 ,discoidea ca/anea #cbe #ajg4 ,micra/] cor-angu9um #cbh #ajh4 ,toxa/] complanatus #cbi #aji4 ,=am9if]a f ! ,*alk #cdb #aaj4 ,nummulites1 or ,nummul9a #cdd #aaa4 ,=am9if]a f ! ,*alk #cdg #aab4 ,spirol9ites 9 fl9t #cdi #aac4 ,nonion9a ,g]manica 7rec5t7 #cej #aad4 ,=am9if]a 9 ,*alk & fl9t #cea #aae4 ,*alk-du/1 *iefly compos$ ( ,=am9if]a #cee #aaf4 ,section ( a ,rotalia 9 fl9t #cef #aag4 ,rotalia 9 fl9t1 ) ! fossiliz$ body ( ! animal 9 ! %ell #ceh #aah4 ,s(t ,bodies ( ,=am9if]a extract$ f ! ,*alk #cei #aai4 ,rema9s ( ,=am9if]a 9 *alk & fl9t #cfa #abj4 ,fossil ,oy/]1 f ! ,*alk #cgd #aba4 ,rec5t ,bivalve ,mollusc1 %[+ ! sev]al p>ts ( ! %ell & ! animal #cgg #abb4 ,turritell f ,brackle%am #chc #abc4 ,%ell-,conglom]ate #che #abd4 ,%ell-,lime/one1 f ! m\? ( ! ,?ames #chf #abe4 ,t]ebratula & ,rhyn*onella #chh #abf4 ,t]ebratula & ,spirif] #cij #abg4 ,%ells & ,e*9ite f ! ,oolite & ,lias #cig #abh4 ,spondylus sp9osus 9 ,*alk-fl9t #cii #abi4 ,inoc]amus ,cuvi]i ( ! ,*alk #dja #acj4 ,fl9t ) fragm5ts ( ,inoc]amus p]=at$ by ,clionites #djc #aca4 ,unio ,vald5sis #dae #acb4 ,cyclas & ,melanopsis #daf #acc4 ,fossil ,%ells ( ,ga/]opoda #dah #acd4 ,poli%$ ,slab ( ,purbeck ,m>ble #dbb #ace4 ,univalves f ! ,*alk ( ,t\ra9e #dbg #acf4 ,univalves f ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one #dbh #acg4 ,mur*isonia bil9eata #dcj #ach4 ,sphrulites f ! ,*alk #dca #aci4 ,coprolites & ,molluskite #dcb ,,! ,,m$als ,,( ,,creation4 ,,introduction4 ,geology1 9 ! magnitude & sublimity ( ! objects ( :i* x treats1 ranks next to ,a/ronomy 9 ! scale ( ! ,sci5ces4--,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el4 ,geology1 a t]m signify+ a disc\rse on ! ,e>?1 7f two ,greek words3 viz4 1 ge1 ! e>?2 & 1 logos1 a disc\rse17 is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! physical /ructure ( ! planet on :i* we live1 & ( ! nature & causes ( ! successive *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! organic & inorganic k+doms1 f ! remote/ p]iod to ! pres5t "t1 & is !re=e intimately connect$ ) e dep>tm5t ( natural philosophy4 ,:ile 9 common ) o!r sci5tific pursuits x yields ! noble/ & pure/ pleasures ( :i* ! human m9d is susceptible1 x has peculi> claims on our att5tion1 s9ce x (f]s inexhau/ible & v>i$ fields ( intellectual rese>*1 & its cultivation1 beyond t ( any o!r sci5ce1 is 9 a great measure indep5d5t ( ext]nal circum/ances2 = x c be foll[$ 9 :atev] condition ( life we maybe plac$1 & :]ev] our =tunes may lead u4 ,! eulogium pass$ by a di/+ui%$ liv+ philosoph] on sci5tific k 9 g5]al1 is /rik+ly applicable to geological inve/igations4 ,! highe/ worldly-prosp]ity1 s f> f be+ incompatible ) !m1 supplies additional advantages = _! pursuit2 !y may be alike enjoy$ 9 ! int]vals ( ! mo/ active bus9ess1 :ile ! calm & dispassionate int]e/ ) :i* !y fill ! m9d1 r5d]s !m a mo/ delightful retreat f ! agitations & diss5sions ( ! _w1 & f ! conflict ( passions1 prejudices1 & int]e/s1 9 :i* ! man ( bus9ess f9ds himself cont9ually involv$4#b #b ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,f ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( geological sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly ( t dep>tm5t :i* x is ! m especial object ( ^! volumes to elucidate1 namely ,palontology1#c or ! /udy ( ,organic ,rema9s1--x seems sc>cely cr$ible1 t b little m ?an a c5tury ago x 0 a matt] ( s]i\s "q ) naturali/s1 :e!r ! petrifi$ %ells imb$d$ 9 ! rocks & /rata 7 inde$ %ells t _h be5 secret$ by mollusc\s animals2 or :e!r ^! bodies1 toge!r ) ! tee?1 bones1 leaves1 wood1 c4 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate1 7 n =m$ by :at 0 !n t]m$ ! pla/ic p[] ( ! e>?2 9 l mann] z m9]als1 metals1 & cry/als4 #c ,palontology3 f 1 palaios1 anci5t--1 onta1 be+s--1 logos1 a disc\rse4 ,9 a ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 x is gravely obs]v$ t at ,be!rsd5 9 ,k5t1 a k9d ( /one is f\nd full ( %ells1 :i* is a pro( t %ells & ! animals we f9d 9 !m liv+1 h no necess>y connexion4 ,ano!r amus+ in/ance ( ! ignorance on su* subjects :i* prevail$ at no remote p]iod1 occurs 9 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty ( ,surrey1 9 :i* x is /at$ t 9 a se>* = coal ne> ,guild=d ! bor]s broke1 & ?is 0 ?\ght by ,mr4 ,pet] ,lely1 ! ,a/rolog]1 to h be5 ! "w ( subt]ranean spirits1 :o wr5*$ (f ! aug]s ( ! m9]s1 le/ _! secret haunts %\ld be invad$4 ,b 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re 7 sev]al em95t m5 9 ,engl& :o 7 greatly 9 advance ( ! age 9 :i* !y liv$1 & /r5u\sly ex]t$ !mselves to discov] & promulgate ! true pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,among ^!1 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,li/]1 physician to ,que5 ,anne1 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,?is accompli%$ naturali/1 9 8 great "w on %ells1 :i* rema9s to ?is day a spl5did monum5t ( 8 lab\rs1 & ( ! tal5ts & filial affection ( 8 two daught]s1 by :om all ! plates 7 engrav$1 figures & describes _m fossil %ells z real animal productions1 & c>efully comp>es !m ) rec5t species4 ,he also recognis$ ! di/9ction ( /rata by ! organic rema9s !y conta92 & to him ! hon\r is due ( hav+ fir/ sugge/$ ! con/ruction ( geological maps2#d he 0 likewise well acqua9t$ ) ! position & ext5t ( ! ,*alk & o!r /rata ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4#e #d ,see ,notes on ! ,progress ( ,geology 9 ,engl&1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,fitton1 ,m4,d4 c4 ,philos4 ,mag4 vols4 i4 & ii4 = #ahcb & #ahcc4 #e ,?is celebrat$ physician & ,briti% geologi/ di$ 9 #agab1 & 0 int]r$ 9 ! old *ur* at ,clapham2 :]e a tablet to 8 memory is affix$ to ! outside ( ! nor? wall ( ,/4 ,paul's ,*apel4 ,f ! =eign writ]s1 :o at an e>ly p]iod _h obta9$ "s correct notions ( ! /ructure ( our planet1 & ( ! nature ( ! revolutions x _h und]gone1 ,i select ! foll[+ beautiful & philosophical illu/ration ( ! physical mutations to :i* ! surface ( ! e>? is p]petually subject$4 ,x is f an ,arabic manuscript ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2#f ! n>rative is suppos$ to be relat$ by ,rhidhz1 an allegorical p]sonage4 #f ,quot$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,i pass$ "o day by a v anci5t & popul\s city1 & ,i ask$ "o ( its inhabitants h[ long x _h be5 f\nd$8 ',x is1 inde$1 a mighty city1' repli$ he2 'we "k n h[ long x has exi/$1 & our ance/ors 7 on ?is subject z ignorant z ourselves4' ,"s c5turies aft]w>ds ,i pass$ by ! same place1 b ,i c\ld n p]ceive ! slighte/ ve/ige ( ! city2 & ,i dem&$ ( a peasant1 :o 0 ga!r+ h]bs ^u its =m] site1 h[ long x _h be5 de/roy$8 ',9 soo?1 a /range "q1' repli$ he1 '! gr\nd "h has nev] be5 diff]5t f :at y n[ behold x4' ',0 !re n1' said ,i1 '( old a spl5did city "h8' ',nev]1' answ]$ he1 's f> z we "k1 & nev] did our fa!rs speak to u ( any su*4' ,on revisit+ ! spot1 aft] ! lapse ( o!r c5turies1 ,i f\nd ! sea 9 ! same place1 & on its %ores 7 a p>ty ( fi%]m51 ( :om ,i ask$ h[ long ! l& _h be5 cov]$ by ! wat]s8 ',is ?is a "q1' said !y1 '= a man l y8 ?is spot has always be5 :at x is n[4' ,i aga9 return$ ages aft]w>ds1 & ! sea _h disappe>$4 ,i inquir$ ( a man :o /ood alone ^u ! gr\nd1 h[ long ago ! *ange _h tak5 place1 & he gave me ! same answ] t ,i _h receiv$ be=e4 ,la/ly1 on com+ back aga91 aft] an equal lapse ( "t1 ,i f\nd !re a fl\ri%+ city1 m popul\s & m ri* 9 build+s ?an ! city ,i _h se5 ! fir/ "t2 & :5 ,i fa9 w\ld h in=m$ myself reg>d+ its orig91 ! inhabitants answ]$ me1 ',its rise is lo/ 9 remote antiquity--we are ignorant h[ long x has exi/$1 & our fa!rs 7 on ?is subject no wis] ?an ourselves4' ,we may smile at ! ignorance ( ! inhabitants ( ! fabl$ cities1 b are we 9 a condition to give a m satisfactory reply %\ld x be inquir$ ( u1 ,:at are ! physical *anges :i* ! c\ntry y inhabit has und]gone8--& yet cauti\s obs]vation1 & pati5t & unprejudic$ inve/igation1 are alone necess>y to enable u to answ] ! int]rogation4 ,dismiss+ f 8 m9d all preconceiv$ op9ions1 ! /ud5t mu/ be prep>$ to le>n t ! e>?'s surface has be51 & /ill is1 subject to p]petual mutation1--t ! sea & l& are cont9ually *ang+ place1--t :at is n[ dry l& 0 once ! bottom ( ! deep1 & t ! b$ ( ! pres5t ocean w1 9 its turn1 be elevat$ above ! wat] & become l&1--t all ! solid mat]ials ( ! globe h be5 9 a s(t5$1 fluid1 or gase\s /ate1--t ! relics ( c\ntless myriads ( animals & plants are entomb$ 9 ! rocks & /rata1--& t va/ m\nta9-*a9s1 & ext5sive regions1 are :olly compos$ ( ! petrifi$ rema9s ( be+s t liv$ & di$ 9 p]iods long antec$5t to ! creation ( ! human race4 ,a/\nd+ z are ^! propositions1 !y re/ ^u evid5ce s cle> & incontrov]tible1 t !y _c fail to be admitt$ by e intellig5t & unprejudic$ read]1 :o w be/[ b a mod]ate %>e ( att5tion to ! exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a1 ( :i* ! foll[+ pages pres5t a famili> exposition4 ,i _c conclude ^! introductory obs]vations1 )\t adv]t+ to ! incalculable b5efits :i* result f sci5tific pursuits 9 g5]al1 & ( ,geology 9 p>ticul>4 ,an able mod]n writ] has ju/ly rem>k$3--,x is fe>fully true1 t n9e-t5?s ( ! immorality :i* p]vades ! bett] classes ( society1 orig9ate f ! want ( an int]e/+ occupation to fill up ! vacant "t2 & z ! /udy ( ! natural sci5ces is z attractive z x is b5eficial1 x mu/ necess>ily ex]t a moral & ev5 religi\s influ5ce ^u ! "y & inquir+ m9d4 ,! y\? :o is fond ( sci5tific pursuits w n ent] into revelry1 = frivol\s or vici\s excitem5ts w h no fasc9ation = him4 ,! ov]fl[+ cup1 ! unmean+ or di%one/ game1 w n entice him4 ,if any "o d\bts ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ^! /udies on ! morals & "*1 ,i w\ld ask him to po9t out ! immoral "y man :o is devot$ly atta*$ to any bran* ( natural sci5ce3 ,i nev] knew su* an "o4 ,!re may be su* individuals--= religion only c *ange ! he>t--b if !re be1 !y are v r>e exceptions2 & ! l\d clam\rs :i* are always rais$ aga9/ ! man ( sci5ce :o errs1 prove h[ r>ely ! /udy ( ! works ( ! ,creator fails to ex]t an ennobl+ effect ^u a well-regulat$ m9d4 ,=tunate1 inde$1 are ! y\? ( ei!r sex1 :o e>ly imbibe a ta/e = natural k1 & ^: pr$ilections are n ?w>t$ by injudici\s fri5ds4 ,& :ile ,geology ex]ts ?is hall[+ influ5ce on ! "*1 x possesses ! great advantage ( pres5t+ subjects adapt$ to e capacity2 on "s ( its inve/igations ! highe/ intellectual p[]s & ! mo/ pr(\nd acquirem5ts 9 exact sci5ce are requir$2 :ile _m ( its problems may be solv$ by any "o :o has eyes & w use !m2 & innum]able facts illu/rative ( ! anci5t condition ( our planet1 & ( its inhabitants1 may be ga!r$ by any dilig5t & intellig5t obs]v]4 ,b x is surely unnecess>y to dwell on ! int]e/ & importance ( a /udy1 :i* in/ructs u t e pebble we tread ^u be>s ! impress ( ! ,almighty's h&1 & af=ds evid5ce ( ,creative wisdom2 t e gra9 ( s&1 e p>ticle ( du/ scatt]$ by ! w9d1 may be compos$ ( ! aggregat$ skeletons ( be+s1 s m9ute z to elude our unassi/$ vision1 b :i* possess$ an organization z m>vell\s z our own2--a sci5ce ^: discov]ies h realiz$ ! wilde/ imag9+s ( ! poet1--^: realities f> surpass 9 gr&eur & sublimity ! mo/ impos+ fictions ( romance2--a sci5ce1 ^: empire is ! e>?1 ! ocean1 ! atmosph]e1 ! heav5s2--^: speculations embrace all elem5ts1 all space1 all "t2--objects ! mo/ m9ute1 objects ! mo/ colossal2--c>ry+ its rese>*es into ! smalle/ atom :i* ! microscope c r5d] accessible to our visual organs1--& compreh5d+ all ! ph5om5a 9 ! b\ndless ,univ]se1 :i* ! p[]s ( ! telescope c reveal4 ,& z no bran* ( natural philosophy c m /rongly impress ! m9d ) t deep s5se ( humility & dep5d5ce1 :i* ! contemplation ( ! works ( ! ,et]nal is calculat$ to inspire1 s none c m p[]fully enc\rage our aspirations aft] tru? & wisdom4 ,e walk we take (f]s subjects = pr(\nd m$itation1--e pebble t attracts our notice1 matt] = s]i\s reflection2 & contemplat+ ! incessant dissolution & r5ovation :i* are tak+ place ar\nd u 9 ! organic & inorganic k+doms ( nature1 we are /ruck ) ! =ce & beauty ( ! exclamation ( ! poet-- ,my he>t is aw$ )9 me1 :5 ,i ?9k ,( ! great miracle :i* /ill goes on ,9 sil5ce r\nd me--! p]petual "w ,( ,?y ,creation1 f9i%$1 yet r5ew$ ,= ev]6 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,,on ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,"w1 ,,& ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,& ,,subdivision ,,( ,,! ,,subjects ,,x ,,embraces4 ,) ! view ( economiz+ space1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ! foll[+ volumes = figures & descriptions ( su* fossils z are illu/rat$ !re93 by ?is arrangem5t ,i hope to af=d ! /ud5t a compreh5sive view ( ,palontology1 & yet re/rict ?is "w )9 ! limits :i* z a manual x w\ld be inconv5i5t to exce$2 at ! same "t x w be complete 9 itself1 & af=d all ! in=mation requir$ by ! amateur collector & g5]al read]4 ,i4 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,treatise3 #b vols4 #hvo4--,^! volumes conta9 num]\s excell5t figures ( organic rema9s2 & z ! "w is1 or ought to be1 f\nd 9 e good public or private libr>y 9 ! k+dom1 x w be accessible to mo/ ( my read]s4 ,,ii4 ,! ,wond]s ( ,geology1 or a ,famili> ,exposition ( ,geological ,ph5om5a2 six? edition1 9 two vols1 ) col\r$ plates1 & num]\s figures2 by ! ,au?or4 ,price #ahs4--,?is "w is design$ to af=d a g5]al view ( ,geological ph5om5a1 dive/$ z mu* z possible ( sci5tific language3 x is illu/rat$ by num]\s figures ( organic rema9s4 ,,iii4 ,geological ,excursions r\nd ! ,isle ( ,wight & along ! adjac5t ,coa/s ( ,hamp%ire & ,dorset%ire4 ,"o volume1 ri*ly illu/rat$4 ,by ! ,au?or4 ,price #abs4 ,,iv4 ,petrifactions & _! ,tea*+s2 or a ,h&-book to ! ,gall]y ( ,organic ,rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"o vol4 ) _m orig9al figures ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects4 ,by ! ,au?or4#g ,price #es4 #g ,! ?ree works above nam$ consi/ ( f\r volumes uni=m ) ! pres5t edition ( ! ,m$als ( ,creation3 ?is s]ies ( six volumes comprises ! popul> geological works ( ! ,au?or4 ,v4 ,a ,pictorial ,atlas ( ,fossil ,rema9s2 consi/+ ( ,col\r$ ,illu/rations select$ f ,p>k9son's ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w1 & ,artis' ,ant$iluvian ,phytology4 #a vol4 #dto4 ) sev5ty-f\r col\r$ plates1 & sev]al lignographs1 conta9+ ne>ly #ijj figures ( fossils4 ,by ! ,au?or4 ,price #bl4 #bs4 ,to ! above may be add$ ,dana's ,m9]alogy1 :i* treats ( ! v>i\s m9]al sub/ances t ent] into ! composition ( ! rocks & /rata 9 :i* ! fossil rema9s are imb$d$4 ,a good geological map ( ,great ,brita9 is indisp5sable4 ,! small map publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 edit$ by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison1 price #es41 is an excell5t comp5dium2 b ,mr4 ,knipe's l>ge ,geological ,map ( ! ,briti% ,isles is ! mo/ complete & conv5i5t = ! travell]3 price #cl4 #cs4 ,by ref]5ce to ! map1 ! geological /ructure1 & ! prevail+ fossils ( a di/rict1 may be asc]ta9$4 ,! above works are ref]r$ to z foll[s3 viz4 ,bd4 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,treatise4 ,wond4 ,! ,wond]s ( ,geology4 ,geol4 ,i4 ( ,w4 ,geology ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,petrifactions4 ,petrifactions & _! ,tea*+s4 ,pict4 ,atlas4 ,pictorial ,atlas ( ,organic ,rema9s4 ,! foll[+ works1 to :i* ref]5ce w (t5 be made1 are ?us d5ot$3-- ,foss4 ,flor4 ,! ,fossil ,flora ( ,great ,brita91 by ,dr4 ,l9dley1 & ,w4 ,hutton1 ,esq4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,vg4 ,foss4 ,hi/oire des ,vgtans3 ,fossiles1 p> ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t4 #a vol4 #d to4 ,geol4 ,trans4 ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 #e vols4 #dto42 & ,new ,s]ies1 9 #e vols4 ,geol4 ,proc4 ,geological ,proce$+s4 ---- ,j\rn4 ---------- ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 ,! ,silurian ,sy/em1 by ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison4 #b vols4 #dto4 ) plates & map4 ,org4 ,rem4 ,p>k9son's ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w4 #c vols4 #dto4 ,oss4 ,foss4 ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 p> ,b>on ,cuvi]4 #e vols4 #dto4 #eme4 edit4 ,m94 ,con*4 ,s[]by's ,m9]al ,con*ology4 #f vols4 #hvo4 ,odont4 ,odontography2 a ,treatise on ! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ! ,tee?1 by ,pr(essor ,ow54 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,brit4 ,mam4 ,briti% ,fossil ,mammalia2 by ! same ,au?or4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,brit4 ,rep4 ,reports on ,briti% ,fossil ,reptiles 9 ! ,briti% ,association ,transactions = #ahci1 & #ahda2 by ! same ,au?or4 ,phil4 ,york4 ,geology ( ,york%ire1 by ,pr(essor ,john ,phillips4 #b vols4 #dto4 ,s\?4 ,d4 ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 #a vol4 #dto4 #db plates by ! ,au?or4 #ahbb4 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 ,geology ( ! ,s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 #a vol4 #hvo4 by ! same4 ,tilg4 ,=4 ,fossils ( ,tilgate ,=e/4 #a vol4 #dto4 #bj plates2 by ! same4 #ahbg4 ,poiss4 ,foss4 ,re*]*es sur les ,poissons ,fossiles1 p> ,m4 ,agassiz4 #d vols4 #dto1 & #b vols1 folio4 ,man4 ,geol4 ,manual or ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,edit4 #aheb4 ,! foll[+ abbreviations are also employ$3-- #a4 ,relative to ! ,rocks or ,/rata4 ,drift4 ,alluvial deposits1 or ,drift4 ,t]t4 ,t]ti>y4 ,lond4 ,c4 ,london clay4 ,cret4 ,cretace\s =mation4 ,u4 ,*4 ,upp] *alk4 ,l4 ,*4 ,l[] *alk4 ,trias4 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 or ,triassic deposits4 ,c>b4 ,c>bonif]\s or ,coal =mation4 ,mt4 ,l4 ,m\nta9 or ,c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,devon4 ,devonian or ,old ,r$ ,s&/one =mation4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 ,silurian ,sy/em1 or =mation4 #b4 ,relative to ,organic ,rema9s4 nat4 ,natural size4 ,magnifi$ 9 diamet]3 e4g4 #h1 magnifi$ eight diamet]s1 c4 ,highly magnifi$2 ! degree n accurately det]m9$4 inv4 ,invisible to ! nak$ eye4 -- ,less ?an natural3 e4g4 --#b_/c1 r$uc$ to two-?irds ! diamet] ( ! orig9al4 ,lign4 ,lignograph or woodcut4 ,explanation ( ,t]ms4--,^u ! occurr5ce ( a sci5tific ^w app>5tly requir+ explanation1 ! mean+1 :]e practicable1 is = ! mo/ "p giv5 9 a p>5!sis2 = example1 ,caulopt]is 7f]n-/em72 ,phasco!rium 7p\*-animal72 c>bonif]\s 7coal-be>+72 except 9 ! case ( arbitr>y names1 & ( ^? ^: d]ivation _c be concisely express$4#h ,) ! view ( r5d]+ ^! volumes m g5]ally useful1 ,engli% t]m9ology is 9 _m in/ances made use (1 ?\gh involv+ inelegance ( expression4 #h ,upw>ds ( #cjj sci5tific t]ms are expla9$ 9 ! ,gloss>y1 ,wond]s1 vol4 ii4 p4 #iae-iba4 ,! "w is divid$ into f\r p>ts3 ! fir/ is an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,organic ,rema9s2 ! second treats ( ,fossil ,botany2 ! ?ird embraces ,fossil ,zoology2 & ! f\r?1 "u ! head ( ,geological ,excursions1 illu/rates ! pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 by practical obs]vations on a few in/ructive ,briti% localities4 ,,"p ,i4 #a4 ,on ! ,briti% ,/rata & _! ,fossils4 #b4 ,arrangem5t & ,*>act]s ( ! ,briti% ,=mations4 #c4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,fossils or ,organic ,rema9s4 #d4 ,on ,m9]aliz$ ,vegetable ,rema9s1 & ! mode ( conduct+ _! inve/igation4 #e4 ,on ,peat1 ,lignite1 & ,coal4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,fossil ,,botany4 ,classification ( ,fossil ,vegetables4 #a4 ,on ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,cryptogami4 #b4 ,diatomace4 #c4 ,f]ns4 #d4 ,sigill>i4 #e4 ,lepidod5dra4 #f4 ,cycadace4 #g4 ,conif]4 #h4 ,palms4 #i4 ,angiosp]ms4 ,retrospect4 ,briti% ,localities ( ,fossil ,plants4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,fossil ,,zoology4 ,on ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 #a4 ,zoophytes2 ,amorphozoa4 #b4 ,polypif]a4 #c4 ,e*9od]ms2 compris+ ! a4 ,cr9oidea1 or ,lily-%ap$ animals4 b4 ,a/]iada1 or ,/>-,fi%es4 c4 ,e*9ida1 or ,sea-,ur*9s4 #d4 ,=am9if]a4 #e4 ,%ell-be>+ ,mollusca4 #f4 ,articulat$ animals2 compris+ a4 ,cru/aceans4 b4 ,insects4 #g4 ,fi%es4 #h4 ,reptiles4 #i4 ,birds4 #aj4 ,mammalia4 #aa4 ,man4 ,retrospect4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,i4 ,geological ,excursions 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&1 illu/rative ( ! me?od ( obs]v+ geological ph5om5a1 & ( collect+ ,fossil ,rema9s4 ,,ii4 ,miscellane\s4 ,on ! prices ( ,fossils2 li/s ( ,deal]s1 c4 ,,ii4 ,app5dix4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,/rata1 ,,& ,,_! ,,fossils4 ,to discov] ord] & intellig5ce 9 sc5es ( app>5t wildness & confusion is ! pleas+ task ( ! geological inquir]4--,dr4 ,p>is4 ,! solid mat]ials ( :i* ! e>? is compos$1 f ! surface to ! greate/ dep?s )9 ! rea* ( human obs]vation1 consi/ ( m9]als & fossils4 ,m9]als are inorganic sub/ances =m$ by natural op]ations1 & are ! product ( *emical or electro-*emical action4 ,fossils are ! durable rema9s ( animals & vegetables :i* h be5 imb$d$ 9 ! /rata by natural causes 9 remote p]iods1 & subsequ5tly m or less alt]$ 9 /ructure & composition by me*anical & *emical ag5cies4 ,! s(t & delicate p>ts ( animal & vegetable organisms rapidly decompose aft] dea?2 b ! firm] & d5s] /ructures1 su* z ! bones & tee? ( ! =m]1 & ! woody fibre ( ! latt]1 possess consid]able durability1 & "u c]ta9 conditions w resi/ decay = _m ye>s1 or ev5 c5turies2 & :5 deeply imb$d$ 9 ! e>?1 protect$ f atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & subject$ to ! cons]vative effects ( v>i\s m9]al solutions1 ! mo/ p]i%able tissues (t5 resi/ decomposition1 & becom+ trans=m$ into /one1 may endure = incalculable p]iods ( "t4 ,! calc>e\s & silice\s cases or fru/ules ( num]\s microscopic plants are s inde/ructible1 & occur 9 su* inconceivable quantities1 t ! belief ( "s em95t naturali/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 t e gra9 ( fl9t & lime 9 c]ta9 rocks1 may h be5 elaborat$ by ! en]gies ( vitality1 c no long] be reg>d$ z an extravagant hypo!sis4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! l>ge proportion ( ! solid mat]ials ( ! globe t has unque/ionably orig9at$ f ?is s\rce1 by a ref]5ce to ! li/ ( /rata :i* are :olly1 or 9 great "p1 compos$ ( animal & vegetable /ructures1 giv5 9 ! ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #hhh4 ,!re are also imm5se tracts ( c\ntry t consi/ 9 a great measure ( ! rema9s ( plants 9 ! /ate ( an?racite1 coal1 lignite1 c42 & di/ricts cov]$ ) peat-bogs & subt]ranean =e/s4 ,al?\gh ^! relics ( animal & vegetable organisms are f\nd 9 almo/ e s$im5t>y deposit1 yet !y occur f> m abundantly1 & 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation1 9 "s /rata ?an 9 o!rs3 nor are !y equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! same b$1 b are heap$ toge!r 9 p>ticul> localities1 & occur b sp>+ly1 or are altoge!r abs5t1 9 o!r lay]s ( ! same rock4 ,nei!r are ! rema9s ( ! same k9ds ( animals & plants f\nd indiscrim9ately 9 /rata ( diff]5t ages3 on ! contr>y1 _m species are re/rict$ to ! mo/ anci5t1 o!rs to ! mo/ rec5t =mations2 :ile "s g5]a range ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( deposits1 & also appe> z d5iz5s ( ! exi/+ seas4 ,h5ce organic rema9s acquire a high degree ( importance1 n only f ! intr9sic int]e/ !y possess z objects ( natural hi/ory1 b also = ! light !y %$ on ! physical condition ( our planet 9 ! remote/ ages1 & = ! data !y af=d z to ! successive physical revolutions :i* ! surface ( ! e>? has und]gone4 ,fossils h be5 eloqu5tly & appropriately t]m$ ,m$als ( ,creation2 = z an accompli%$ numismati/1 ev5 :5 ! inscription ( an anci5t & unkn[n co9 is illegible1 c f ! half-oblit]at$ effigy1 & f ! /yle ( art1 det]m9e ) precision ! p by :om1 & ! p]iod :51 x 0 /ruck2 9 l mann] ! geologi/ c deciph] ^! natural memorials1 int]pret ! hi]oglyphics ) :i* !y are inscrib$1 & f app>5tly ! mo/ insignificant relics1 trace ! hi/ory ( be+s ( :om no o!r records are extant1 & asc]ta9 ! =ms & habits ( unkn[n types ( organization ^: races 7 swept f ! face ( ! e>?1 ere ! creation ( man & ! creatures :i* are 8 contempor>ies4 ,well might ! illu/ri\s ,b]gman exclaim1 ,sunt in/> nummorum memorialium1 qu de prt]itis globi no/ri fatis te/antur1 ubi omnia sil5t monum5ta hi/orica4 ,to d]ive f ^! ,m$als ( ,creation all ! in=mation !y are capable ( af=d+1 reg>d !re=e mu/ be _h n only to _! peculi> *>act]s1 b also to ! geological relations ( ! /rata 9 :i* !y are imb$d$4 ,data may be ?us obta9$ by :i* ! relative age ( a =mation or gr\p ( /rata c be det]m9$1 z well z ! mode ( deposition1 & ! ag5cy by :i* x 0 effect$2 :e!r 9 ! b$ ( an ocean1 or ( a lake1 or e/u>y1--by ! action ( ! sea1 or ( riv]s1 or runn+ /reams1--by ! effects ( iceb]gs or glaci]s1--by sl[ processes ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t1 or by sudd5 inundations or deluges1--or by ! ag5cy ( volcanoes & e>?quakes4 ,! discov]y t p>ticul> fossils are conf9$ to c]ta9 deposits1 0 soon productive ( important results1 :i* greatly t5d$ to ! advancem5t ( mod]n ,geology2 = al?\gh ,dr4 ,li/]1 m ?an a c5tury be=e1 _h obta9$ a glimpse ( ?is law1 its pr9ciples 7 nei!r und]/ood nor reg>d$ 9 ?is c\ntry until ! late ,dr4 ,william ,smi?1 by 8 own unaid$ ex]tions1 prov$ by num]\s obs]vations on ! ,briti% /rata1 its value & applicability = ! id5tification ( a deposit1 9 di/ricts remote f ea* o!r4 ,?is ph5om5on did n escape ! notice ( ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* philosoph]s1 ,,mm4 ,cuvi] & ,brongni>t1 :o 9 _! admirable "w1 ,gographie ,m9ralogique des ,environs de ,p>is1 enunciat$ ! same pr9ciple3-- ,le moy5 que n\s avons employ p\r reconnoitre au milieu d'un si gr& nombre de lits calcaires1 un lit dj1 obs]v1 dans un canton trs-loign1 e/ pris de la nature des fossiles r5f]ms dans *aque c\*e2 ces fossiles sont t\j\rs gnralem5t les mmes dans les c\*es correspondantes1 et prs5t5t d'un sy/me de c\*e un autre sy/me1 des diffr5ces d'espces assez notables4 ,c'e/ un signe de reconnoissance qui jusqu' prs5t ne n\s a pas tromps4#i #i ,gog4 ,m94 ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 ii4 p4 #bff4 ,n[1 ?\gh rec5t discov]ies h %[n t ?is rule has _m exceptions1 & t its too /r+5t adoption has be5 productive ( "s errone\s g5]alizations1 yet if employ$ ) due caution x is fraught ) ! mo/ int]e/+ results1 & is ! only c]ta9 basis ( our k respect+ ! appe>ance1 cont9uance1 & ext9ction1 ( ! lo/ races ( animals & plants1 :i* 7 once d5iz5s ( our planet4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rocks ,,& ,,/rata4 ,9 ! ,wond]s ( ,geology w be f\nd a compreh5sive sket* ( ! composition & arrangem5t ( ! sev]al =mations or gr\ps ( /rata2 & a ref]5ce to t "w w af=d ! /ud5t ! necess>y in=mation on ?is bran* ( ,geology4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( ! g5]al read] ,i subjo9 a synoptical view ( ! *>act]s & relations ( ! ,briti% fossilif]\s deposits4 ,! total ?ickness ( ! entire s]ies ( rocks )9 ! scope ( human exam9ation1 is e/imat$ at f fifte5 to tw5ty miles1 reckon+ f ! summits ( ! highe/ m\nta9s to ! greate/ dep?s hi!rto p5etrat$2 & z ?is v]tical section sc>cely am\nts to #a_/djj? ( ! diamet] ( ! globe1 x is famili>ly t]m$ ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,! sub/ances ( :i* ! s$im5t>y /rata are compos$ h be5 deposit$ by ! action ( wat]1 & subsequ5tly m or less modifi$ 9 /ructure & composition by heat1 & by electro-*emical =ces4 ,! sup]ficial accumulations ( wat]-worn detritus1 consi/+ ( gravel1 b\ld]s1 s&1 clay1 c4 are t]m$ ,drift1 or ,alluvial deposits4 ,:5 ! successive lay]s 9 :i* ! s$im5ts subsid$ are obvi\s1 ! deposits are said to be /ratifi$2 :5 ! nature ( ! mat]ials has be5 alt]$ by igne\s action or high temp]ature1 b ! l9es ( /ratification are n :olly effac$1 ! rocks are d5om9at$ metamorphic 7trans=m$74 ,:5 all traces ( organic rema9s & ( s$im5t>y deposition are lo/1 & ! mass is cry/all9e1 & compos$ ( kn[n products ( igne\s action1 su* rocks are nam$ plutonic1 z granite1 si5ite1 trap1 basalt1 porphyry1 & ! l4 ,la/ly1 rocks resembl+ ! lavas1 scoria1 & o!r sub/ances emitt$ by burn+ m\nta9s /ill 9 activity1 are call$ volcanic4 ,! s$im5t>y orig9 ascrib$ to anci5t cry/all9e rocks is1 ( c\rse1 hypo!tical1 s9ce all evid5ce ( aque\s deposition is want+1 & ! m9]als 7mica1 qu>tz1 & felsp>7 ( :i* !y are s l>gely con/itut$1 are n readily soluble 9 wat] "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,b rocks unque/ionably deposit$ by wat]1 :5 expos$ to int5se heat "u great pressure1 acquire a cry/all9e /ructure 7,wond4 p4 #hfd72 & a s]ies ( *anges1 f a loose e>?y deposit1 to compact volcanic lava1 may be trac$ 9 num]\s in/ances1 s z to leave b little d\bt t ! rocks call$ primitive or prim>y1 may h orig9ally be5 ei!r argillace\s1 silice\s1 or calc>e\s /rata1 ab\nd+ 9 organic rema9s 7,wond4 p4 #hgc74 ,^! cry/all9e masses h be5 =m$ at successive p]iods2 = granite is f\nd ( all ages1 occurr+ 9 ! mo/ anci5t1 z well z 9 comp>atively mod]n epo*s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! composition & aspect ( ^! rocks1 & ^? ( rec5t volcanoes1 is ) mu* probability ascrib$ to ! fact t ! latt] are ( sub-a]ial orig92 t is1 7 erupt$ on ! surface1 & ! gase\s products 9 consequ5ce escap$2 :ile ! =m] 7 eject$ at great dep?s1 ei!r b5ea? ! sea1 or "u imm5se accumulations ( o!r deposits1 & be+ ?us subject$ to great pressure1 ! volatile elem5ts 7 conf9$1 & =m$ new comb9ations3 9 l mann] z *alk :5 burnt 9 ! op5 air is conv]t$ into lime1 ! c>bonic acid gas escap+2 b :5 expos$ to ! same degree ( heat 9 a clos$ iron tube1 is trans=m$ into granul> m>ble 7,wond4 p4 #ajd74 ,f ^! anci5t cry/all9e rocks g5]ally und]ly+ ! s$im5t>y deposits1 & nev] appe>+ z if !y _h be5 eject$ f a crat]1 ! t]m hypog5e#aj 7ne!r-=m$7 is employ$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell to designate ! :ole class2 & !y are subdivid$ into1 #a4 plutonic1 ^? 9 :i* all traces ( s$im5t>y orig9 are lo/1 z granite2 & #b4 metamorphic1 ^? :i* /ill manife/ traces ( /ratification1 z mica-s*i/1 c4 #aj ,ne!r-=m$1 f 1 hypo1 "u2 & 1 g9omai1 to be =m$4 ,! fossilif]\s rocks are1 = ! conv5i5ce ( /udy1 sep>at$ into ?ree gr& divisions4 #a4 ,! ,t]ti>y2 compris+ ! deposits betwe5 ! ,*alk & ! sup]ficial ,drift & mod]n ,alluvium4 #b4 ,! ,second>y2 f ! ,*alk to ! ,trias or ,new ,r$1 inclusive4 #c4 ,! ,palozoic2 f ! ,p]mian to ! ,silurian2 includ+ ! va/ s]ies ( unfossilif]\s slate rocks t]m$ ! ,cambrian1 9 :i* all traces ( organic rema9s are lo/4 ,9 ! foll[+ arrangem5t ! /rata are enum]at$ z if ly+ 9 regul> sequ5ce1 "o b5ea? ! o!r2 b 9 nature su* an unbrok5 s]ies has nev] be5 obs]v$4 ,a few gr\ps only occur 9 a s]ial ord]1 & ^! b r>ely 9 _! orig9al position4 ,! b$s are = ! mo/ "p disrupt$1 & lie 9 v>i\s angles ( incl9ation2 sometimes !y are completely retrov]t$1 ! new] /rata und]ly+ ^? ^u :i* !y 7 orig9ally deposit$4 ,! ord] ( succession has be5 asc]ta9$ by c>eful obs]vation ( ! relative sup]position ( ! respective memb]s ( ! s]ies 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 & f an imm5se numb] ( facts collect$ by able obs]v]s 9 e "p ( ! globe4 ,?is synopsis pres5ts a *ronological arrangem5t ( ! rocks accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( geological k1 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! rigid di/9ctions1 ^! h>d l9es1 :i* are necess>y to facilitate ! acquisition ( a g5]al idea ( ! ph5om5a attempt$ to be expla9$1 exi/ 9 nature4 ,by :atev] names we designate geological p]iods1 !re appe> to be no cle>ly def9$ b\nd>ies betwe5 !m 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole e>?3 su* well m>k$ l9es may be se5 9 p>ticul> localities1 b daily exp]i5ce tea*es u t !re is a bl5d+1 & a gradual & ins5sible passage1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ s$im5t>y /rata1 p>ticul>ly 9 respect ( fossil rema9s4 ,! t]ms employ$ to designate =mations c only be consid]$ z express+ ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 to be us$ provisionally1 z a conv5i5t mode ( classify+ & g5]aliz+ ! facts collect$1 :il/ t k is accumulat+ :i* 9 aft] times w reveal ! nature & ord] ( succession ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ! e>?'s physical hi/ory4#aa #aa ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #hib4 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,treatise 7,vol4 ,,ii4 frontispiece7 conta9s a compreh5sive ,diagram ( ! rocks & /rata ( :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? is compos$2 x 0 drawn by ! late ,mr4 ,?omas ,web/]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,/rata4 ,h>d l9es are admissible 9 ,sci5ce1 ^: object is n to imitate ,nature1 b to int]pret h] works4--,gre5\gh4 ,! classification ( ! /ratifi$ rocks is bas$ on ?ree pr9cipal *>act]s2 namely1 #a1 ! m9]al /ructure2 #b1 ! ord] ( sup]position2 & #c1 ! nature ( ! organic rema9s2 ! foll[+ synopsis has be5 drawn up 9 accordance ) ^! pr9ciples4#ab #ab ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bjj-bjg1 = a ,synoptical ,table ( ! pr9cipal rocks4 ,,*ronological ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,=mations4 ,,comm5c+ ,,) ,,! ,,upp]mo/ ,,or ,,newe/ ,,deposits4 ,mod]n or ,human ,epo*4 ,alluvial ,deposits3 rema9s ( ,man & exi/+ species ( mammalia4 ,po/-,plioc5e4 ,drift2 ,b\ld] clay2 ,till2 c4 compris+ ! sup]ficial irregul> accumulations ( transport$ mat]ials1 consi/+ ( gravel1 b\ld]s1 s&1 clay1 c4 ,obs]vations4--,^! b$s h be5 =m$ by a v>iety ( causes2 by l&-floods & inundations1 by irruptions ( ! sea1 & by ! ag5cy ( glaci]s & iceb]gs4 ,!y are ! catacombs ( ! ext9ct colossal mammalia--( ! ma/odon1 mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 elk1 horse1 ox1 :ale1 c4 ,!y _c be def9itively sep>at$ f ^? ( ! ,mod]n or ,human epo*1 = ! gravel b$s ne> ,g5eva1 :i* closely resemble ! newe/ t]ti>y drift 9 mat]ials & position1 ab\nd 9 bones ( animals1 almo/ all ( :i* belong to exi/+ species4#ac #ac ,see ,m4 ,pictet's ,palontologie4 ,t]ti>y ,epo*s4 ,an ext5sive s]ies1 compris+ _m isolat$ gr\ps ( m>9e & lacu/r9e deposits1 conta9+ fossil rema9s ( animals & vegetables ( all classes2 ! great] numb] ( g5]a & species 9 ! mo/ anci5t or l[]mo/ b$s belong to ext9ct types4 ,subdivisions3-- #a4 ,! ,plioc5e#ad 7m new1 or rec5t4#ae ,wond4 p4 #bba72 /rata 9 :i* ! %ells are = ! mo/ "p ( rec5t species1 hav+ only ab\t t5 p] c5t ( ext9ct =ms4 7,norwi* ,crag47 #b4 ,! ,mioc5e 7less rec5t1#af ,wond4 p4 #bba72 conta9+ ab\t #bj p] c5t ( rec5t species ( %ells4 7,suffolk ,crag47 #c4 ,! ,eoc5e 7dawn ( rec5t1#ag 9 allusion to ! fir/ appe>ance ( rec5t species--,wond4 p4 #bbf72 ! mo/ anci5t t]ti>y /rata conta9 b v few exi/+ species ( %ells2 n m ?an five p] c5t4 7,london1 ,hants1 & ,p>is bas9s47 #ad ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ?is arrangem5t is ( great utility1 b x w probably require consid]able modification1 & mu/1 p]haps1 h]eaft] be ab&on$2 = x _c be d\bt$1 t /rata 9 :i* no rec5t species h yet be5 f\nd1 may yield !m to m accurate & ext5d$ obs]vations1 & ^? 9 :i* only a few rec5t species are associat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( ext9ct =ms1 may h ^! proportions rev]s$4 #ae ,f 1 pleion1 m2 & 1 ka9os1 rec5t4 #af ,f 1 meion1 less1 & rec5t4 #ag ,f 1 eos1 ! dawn or comm5cem5t1 & rec5t4 ,obs4--,! m>9e are (t5 associat$ ) fre%-wat] deposits1 & ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! ,t]ti>y sy/em are alt]nations ( m>9e & lacu/r9e /rata4 ,9 ,engl& ! mo/ important ,t]ti>y deposits are ^? ( ! ,london bas91 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 ! s\?-we/]n coa/s ( ,sussex & ,hamp%ire1 ! nor? ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,essex1 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk4 7,wond4 p4 #bbf47 ,second>y ,epo*s4 ,! ,cretace\s or ,*alk ,=mation4 7,wond4 p4 #bif74 ,a m>9e =mation1 compris+ a va/ s]ies ( b$s ( lime/one1 s&/one1 m>l1 & clay1 c42 *>act]iz$ by rema9s ( ext9ct zoophytes1 mollusks1 cephalopods1 e*9od]ms1 cru/aceans1 fi%es1 c42 lac]tians1 crocodilians1 *elonians1 & o!r ext9ct reptiles2 drift$ conif]\s & dicotyl$on\s wood & foliage1 fuci1 c4 ,subdivisions3-- #a4 ,! ,mae/ri*t b$s4 ,friable corall9e & %elly lime/ones1 ) fl9ts & *]t4 #b4 ,upp] ,*alk1 ) fl9ts ,craie blan*e ( ! ,fr5* geologi/s4 #c4 ,l[] ,*alk1 )\t fl9ts #d4 ,*alk-m>l ,craie tufeau4 #e4 ,fire/one1 ,malm-rock1 ,upp] ,glauconie crayeuse4 ,gre5s&1 or ,glauconite #f4 ,galt1 or ,folk/one-m>l ,glauconie sableuse4 #g4 ,%ankl91 or ,l[] ,gre5s&4 ,=mation nocomi52 :i* is divid$ into ,n4 suprieur1 ! ,engli% upp] divisions ( ! ,gre5s& or ,k5ti% rag2 & ,n4 infrieur1 ! l[] b$s ( s& & clay1 ( ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 at ,a!rfield4#ah #ah ,ano!r subdivision1 ) o!r names 7*iefly d]iv$ f ,fr5* localities71 has lately be5 propos$ by ,m4 ,d',orbigny2 :i* ,i notice ) ! m regret1 s9ce ?is em95t naturali/ =m]ly repudiat$ ! c5surable practice ( _m mod]n sy/emati/s1 ( *ang+ e/abli%$ names ( /rata & fossils1 )\t any j cause4 ,! ,briti% geologi/ w smile to see ! ,weald5 ,=mation--s em95tly di/+ui%$ 9 ,engl& & ,g]many by its ext5t1 ?ickness1 & rem>kable fauna & flora1--rank$ z a subord9ate memb] ( ! ,=mation nocomi51 ( ,france4 ,obs4--,! ,mae/ri*t b$s are *iefly compos$ ( fawn-col\r$ lime/ones ( friable texture2 conta9+ peculi> species ( corals1 %ells1 fi%es1 reptiles1 c4 ,! ,*alk is g5]ally :ite1 b 9 "s localities is ( a deep r$1 9 o!rs ( a yell[ col\r2 nodules1 lay]s1 & ve9s ( fl9t occur 9 ! upp]1 b are seldom pres5t 9 ! l[] *alk4 ,! ,m>l is an argillace\s lime/one1 :i* g5]ally prevails b5ea? ! :ite *alk2 x sometimes conta9s a l>ge int]mixture ( gre5 or *lorite s&1 & !n is call$ ,fire/one1 or ,glauconite4 ,! ,galt is a /iff1 blue or blacki% clay1 ab\nd+ 9 %ells :i* frequ5tly reta9 _! pe>ly lu/re4 ,! ,gre5s& is a triple alt]nation ( s&s & s&/ones ) clays2 & b$s ( *]ty lime/one call$ ,k5ti% ,rag4 ,! ,weald52 a =mation1 ^: fluviatile "* 0 fir/ obs]v$ & e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( ! au?or 7,wond4 p4 #cfj74 ,a s]ies ( clays1 s&s1 s&/ones & lime/ones1 ) lay]s ( lignite1 & ext5sive coal-fields2 *>act]iz$ by ! rema9s ( sev]al peculi> t]re/rial reptiles1 namely1 ,iguanodon1 ,hylosaurus1 ,pelorosaurus1 ,megalosaurus2 ,crocodilians & ,*elonians2 ,enaliosaurians2 ,pt]odactyles1 c42 ,fi%es ( fluviatile & m>9e g5]a2 ,insects ( sev]al ord]s2 fre%-wat] mollusks & cru/aceans2 conif]s1 cycads1 f]ns1 c4 ,subdivisions3-- #a4 ,weald-clay1 ) ,sussex or ,petwor? m>bles4 #b4 ,tilgate-grit1 & ,ha/+s s&s4 #c4 ,a%burnham clays1 %ales1 & grey lime/ones4 #d4 ,purbeck b$s2 argillace\s & calc>e\s %ales1 & fre%-wat] lime/ones & m>bles4 ,petrifi$ =e/1 & lay]s ( vegetable e>?2 ) ,cycads & ,conif]s4 ,obs4--,clays & lime/ones1 almo/ :olly compos$ ( fre%-wat] snail-%ells1 & m9ute cru/aceans1 g5]ally occupy ! upp]mo/ place 9 ! s]ies 9 ,sussex2 s&s & s&/ones1 ) %ales1 & lignite1 prevail 9 ! middle2 :ile 9 ! l[]mo/1 argillace\s b$s1 ) %elly m>bles or lime/ones1 aga9 appe>2 &1 buri$ b5ea? ! :ole1 is a petrifi$ p9e-=e/1 ) ! trees /ill erect1 & ! vegetable m\ld undi/urb$6 ,! upp] clay b$s & m>bles =m ! deep valleys or ,wealds ( ,k5t & ,sussex1 & ! middle s]ies con/itutes ! ,=e/-,ridge4 ,! ,purbeck /rata are obscurely se5 9 "s ( ! deepe/ valleys ( ea/]n ,sussex2 !y em]ge on ! ,dorset%ire coa/1 =m ! ,isl& or ,p59sula ^: "n !y be>1 & surm\nt ! nor!rn br[ ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&4 ,on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 ! ,weald5 b$s em]ge f b5ea? ! ,gre5s& /rata betwe5 ,a!rfield & ,compton ,bay on ! we/]n limit1 & 9 ,s&[n ,bay on ! ea/]n2 & _! *>act]i/ic fossils are cont9ually be+ wa%$ up on ! sea-%ore4 ,! ,jurassic or ,oolitic ,=mation4 7,wond4 pp4 #bjb1 & #dia74 ,a m>9e =mation ( great ext5t & ?ickness1 consi/+ ( /rata ( lime/one & clay1 :i* ab\nd 9 ext9ct species & g5]a ( m>9e %ells1 ,corals1 ,insects1 ,fi%es1 & t]re/rial & m>9e ,reptiles4 ,l& plants ( _m peculi> types1 & ! rema9s ( two g5]a ( ,mammalia4 ,subdivisions3-- ,upp] ,oolite ( ,portl&1 ,wilts1 ,bucks1 ,b]ks1 c4 #a4 ,portl& ,oolite4 ,lime/one ( an oolitic /ructure1 ab\nd+ 9 ammonites1 trigoni1 c4 & o!r m>9e exuvi4 ,gre5 & f]rug9\s s&s--lay]s ( *]t4 #b4 ,kimm]idge clay4 ,blue clay1 ) sept>ia1 & b&s ( s&y concretions--m>9e %ells & o!r organic rema9s--o/rea deltoidea4 ,b$s ( lignite4 ,middle ,oolite ( ,ox=d1 ,bucks1 ,york%ire1 c4 #a4 ,coral oolite1 or ,coral rag4 ,lime/one compos$ ( corals1 ) %ells & e*9ites4 #b4 ,ox=d clay2 ) sept>ia & num]\s fossils4 ,b$s ( calc>e\s grit1 call$ ,kell[ay-rock sw>m+ ) organic rema9s4 ,l[] ,oolite ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,ox=d%ire1 & ,nor?ampton%ire4 #a4 ,cornbra%--a co>se %elly lime/one4 #b4 ,=e/ m>ble2 concretions ( fissile ar5ace\s lime/one--co>se %elly oolite--s&1 grit1 & blue clay4 #c4 ,great oolite--calc>e\s oolitic lime/one & free/one2 reptiles1 corals1 c41 upp] b$s full ( %ells4 ,/onesfield slate2--t]re/rial plants1 insects1 reptiles1 ,mammalia4 #d4 ,full]s e>? b$s2--m>ls & clays1 ) full]'s e>?--s&y lime/ones & %ells4 #e4 ,inf]ior oolite--co>se lime/one--conglom]at$ masses ( t]ebratul & o!r %ells--f]rug9\s s&1 & concretion>y blocks ( s&y lime/one1 & %ells4 ,l[] ,oolite1 ( ,brora 9 ,scotl&4 #a4 ,%elly ,lime/ones--alt]nation ( s&/ones1 %ales1 & iron/one2 l&-plants4 #b4 ,f]rug9\s lime/one1 ) c>boniz$ wood & %ells4 #c4 ,s&/one & %ale2 ) two b$s ( coal4 ,l[] ,oolite ( ! ,york%ire coa/4 #a4 ,cornbra%--a prov9cial t]m = a blui% grey rubbly lime/one1 ) int]v5+ lay]s ( clay4 #b4 ,s&/ones & clays1 ) l&-plants1 ?9 b$s ( coal & %ale--calc>e\s s&/one & %elly lime/one4 #c4 ,s&/one--(t5 c>bonace\s1 ) clays2 coal-b$s1 & iron/one1 ) rema9s ( vegetables4 #d4 ,lime/one2 f]rug9\s & concretion>y s&s4 ,obs4--,! diff]5ce obs]vable betwe5 ! l[] b$s ( ! ,oolite 9 ! midl& c\nties1 & ^? ( ,york%ire & ,scotl&1 is a fact ( consid]able int]e/4 ,! fluvio-m>9e accumulations ( vegetable matt] 9 ! /ate ( coal1 ) ! rema9s ( l&-plants at ,sc>bor\gh & ,brora1 toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( insects1 fre%-wat] cru/aceans1 mammalia1 & t]re/rial plants1 9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 atte/ ! exi/5ce ( neighb\r+ l&1 & ! action ( riv]s & curr5ts4 ,! ,lias4 7,wond4 p4 #eba7 ,a s]ies ( clays1 %ales1 & lime/ones1 ) m>9e %ells1 cephalopoda1 cr9oidea1 & fi%es 9 great abundance2 reptiles1 7p>ticul>ly ( two ext9ct g5]a1 ,plesiosaurus1 & ,i*?yosaurus17 9 imm5se numb]s4 ,drift$ wood & l& plants3 conif]1 cycades c4 ,subdivisions3-- #a4 ,upp] ,lias %ale1 full ( saurian rema9s1 belemnites1 ammonites1 c4 int]calat$ ) ! l[]mo/ b$s ( ! ,oolite3 nodules & b$s ( lime/one4 #b4 ,lias m>l/one2 calc>e\s1 s&y1 & f]rug9\s /rata1 v ri* 9 t]ebratul & o!r m>9e %ells4 #c4 ,l[] ,lias clay & %ale1 ab\nd+ 9 gryphea incurva1 & o!r m>9e %ells2 int]calations ( s&s & clays1 ) nodules ( lime/one4 #d4 ,lias rock2 a s]ies ( lam9at$ lime/ones1 ) clay p>t+s4 ,bone-b$1 ) num]\s rema9s ( fi%es4 ,obs4--,! ,lias is ! gr& depository ( ^? tribes ( m>9e reptiles1 ! ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri1 ^: rem>kable =ms1 /ructure1 & /ate ( pres]vation1 h excit$ ! att5tion ev5 ( ! mo/ incuri\s4 ,! collection ( ^! rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 pr9cipally =m$ by ,mr4 ,hawk9s1 is unrivall$4#ai #ai ,see ,petrifactions1 p4 #ccg-cfg4 ,! ,trias2 or ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ,=mation1#bj 7,wond4 p4 #ecc74 ,?is gr\p ( rocks consi/s ( v>iegat$ m>ls1 s&/ones1 & conglom]ates1 frequ5tly ( a r$ col\r1 ) m>9e %ells1 cr9oideans1 fi%es1 & reptiles2 m>9e & t]re/rial plants4 ,?is s]ies conta9s ext5sive deposits ( rock-salt1 & br9e-spr+s4 #bj ,call$ by "s geologi/s ,poikilitic 7v>iegat$7 gr\p4 ,?is =mation comprises ! ,trias1 or triple gr\p1 viz4 ! ,keup]1 ,mus*elkalk1 & ,upp] ,bunt] ,s&/e91 ( ! ,g]man geologi/s4 ,subdivisions3-- #a4 ,v>iegat$ r$1 blue1 & :ite m>ls1 & %ales1 ) gypsum & b$s ( rock-salt4 7,m>nes irises ( ! ,fr5*47 #b4 ,v>iegat$ r$ & :ite s&/ones4 #c4 ,conglom]ates =m$ ( ! detritus ( ! old] rocks4 #d4 ,b$ mottl$ s&/one1 & m>ls4 7,grs big>r ( ! ,fr5*47 ,obs4--,to ?is =mation belong ! pr9cipal deposits 9 ,leice/]%ire & o!r midl& c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,fossils are n g5]ally abundant1 b "s localities yield highly int]e/+ rema9s4 ,! %elly lime/one ( ,g]many1 call$ ,mus*elkalk1 :i* conta9s ! ,lily ,encr9ite1 c4 does n occur 9 ,engl&4 ,rema9s ( ,conif]s alli$ to ! ,yew & ,arauc>ia1 are f\nd ne> ,cov5try2 & peculi> reptiles 7,labyr9?odons7 ne> ,w>wick4 ,palozoic ,epo*s4 ,! ,p]mian ,=mation4 7,wond4 p4 #ecc74 ,! sep>ation ( ! /rata n[ t]m$ ,p]mian f ! ,triassic1 ) :i* !y 7 =m]ly class$1 0 fir/ propos$ by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 & is bas$ on ! fact t ! fossils hi!rto discov]$ are entirely di/9ct f any t occur 9 ! ,trias & subsequ5t =mations2 x is1 !re=e1 inf]r$1 t aft] ! deposition ( ! s-call$ ,p]mian /rata1 a complete *ange took place 9 ! faunas & floras ( ! l&s & seas1 & ! ,trias is at pres5t reg>d$ z ! dawn ( a new sy/em ( organic be+s4 ,! /rata compris$ 9 ?is gr\p are v>iegat$ blue & r$ m>ls & s&/ones1 l ^? ( ! ,triassic2 magnesian or dolomitic lime/ones2 & conglom]ates m or less col\r$ ) p]oxide ( iron4 ,subdivisions3-- #a4 ,r$ & :ite m>ls4 #b4 ,yell[ magnesian lime/ones1 & dolomitic conglom]ates ( ,york%ire & ,durham4 #c4 ,m>l-slate 9 ?9 lay]s1 conta9+ reptiles & fi%es4 ,! ,keup] s*ief] or copp]-s*i/ ( ,mansfeld4 #d4 ,m>ls & v>iegat$ s&/ones1 s&s1 & clays4 ,obs4--,?is gr\p includes ! ,l[] ,bunt]1 ,ze*/e91 & ,ro?lieg5des#ba ( ! ,g]man geologi/s4 ,! ,p]mian comprises all ! deposits t int]v5e betwe5 ! ,triassic above1 & ! ,c>bonif]\s bel[2 & x is believ$ t ?is =mation conta9s b "o type ( animal & vegetable life4 #ba ,signify+ ,r$-dead-lay]2 x is a ,g]man m9+ t]m d5ot+ t ! copp] ( ! upp] b$ has di$ out2 ?is lay] n be+ metallif]\s4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s1 or ,coal ,=mation4 7,wond4 pp4 #ffj-gdh74 ,s&/ones1 grits1 %ales1 lay]s ( iron/one1 & clay1 ) imm5se b$s ( coal2 fre%-wat] lime/ones sp>+ly2 m>9e lime/ones abundantly4 ,subdivisions3-- #a4 ,! ,coal ,measures4--,s&/ones1 %ales1 & grits1 ) num]\s b$s & seams ( ,coal2 iron/one nodules4 ,l& plants 9 pr(usion4 ,int]calations ( b&s ( lime/one ) fre%-wat] bivalves & cru/aceans 9 "s di/ricts2 & ) m>9e %ells 9 o!rs4 #b4 ,mill/one ,grit4--,s&/ones1 %ales1 & qu>tzose conglom]ates & grit1 7prov9cially1 ,mill/one-grit73 ) %ales & ?9 seams ( coal1 & plants ( ! coal-measures 9 "s localities4 ,! conglom]ates & grits h evid5tly result$ f ! de/ruction ( granitic rocks4 #c4 ,c>bonif]\s1 or ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4--,a s]ies1 ne>ly #a1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 ( lime/ones & flag/ones1 ab\nd+ 9 cr9oideans1 corals1 & m>9e %ells & cru/aceans2 ) lay]s & nodules ( *]t4 ,ores ( lead1 z9c1 copp]1 b>ytes2 fluor sp>1 c4 ,lime/ones1 ) innum]able %ells ( ! g5]a ,productus1 ,spirif]1 ,goniatites1 ,or?oc]a1 ,bell]ophon1 c4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( black1 blui% grey1 & v>iegat$ m>bles4 ,coal occurs 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( "s p>ts ( ,russia4 ,obs4--,! /rata compris$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s 7coal-he>+7 sy/em1 consi/ ( s&/ones m or less felspa?ic1 & ( d>k bitum9\s %ales ) innum]able f]ns1 & o!r vascul> cryptogami1 & conif]1 c4 ,! upp]mo/ gr\p is compos$ ( num]\s alt]nations ( coal1 clay1 %ale1 iron/one1 & s&/one2 ! middle1 ( s&/ones1 %ales1 clays1 & qu>tzose conglom]ates1 g5]ally ( a dull r$ col\r2 & ! l[]mo/1 ( cry/all9e lime/ones ) occasional lay]s ( *]t1 ab\nd+ 9 m>9e %ells1 corals1 cr9oidea1 & o!r exuvi4 ,^! l[] lime/ones are ! pr9cipal repositories ( ! lead ores ( ,d]by%ire4 ,! ,devonian or ,old ,r$ ,=mation4 7,wond4 pp4 #bjd & #gea74 ,conglom]ates1 qu>tzose grits1 s&/ones1 m>ls1 & lime/ones2 ! prevail+ col\r is a dull r$4 ,%ells1 corals1 & ganoid fi%es1 ( a v peculi> type4 ,reptiles1 7,tel]peton2 ,batra*ians8 ,*elonians872 ! mo/ anci5t reptilian rema9s hi!rto discov]$4 ,f]ns1 ,lepidod5drons1 & o!r trees ( ! c>bonif]\s flora2 fluviatile plants ) batra*ian ova7874 ,subdivisions3-- #a4 ,s&/one1 qu>tzose conglom]ates1 & %ale1 ) b few fossils4 #b4 ,flag/ones1 m>ls1 & concretion>y lime/ones2 prov9cially t]m$ corn-/ones2 lam9at$ r$di% & gre5i% micace\s s&/ones 7prov4 tile/ones74 ,peculi> g5]a ( fi%2 or?oc]ata1 & _m species ( m>9e %ells4 ,obs4--,! t]m ,devonian1 by :i* ! s]ies ( /rata compreh5d$ 9 ?is =mation is n[ g5]ally di/+ui%$ by geologi/s1 0 fir/ propos$ by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison1 z be+ m precise ?an ! "n =m]ly appli$ to ?is gr\p4 ,9 ,scotl&1 :]e ! =mation is ( va/ ext5t1 x 0 fir/ *>act]iz$ by its peculi> ganoid fi%es 7,pt]i*?ys1 ,cocco/eus1 ,cephalaspis71 & w probably always !re reta9 ! orig9al "n ( ,old ,r$4#bb ,9 ,devon%ire x is m>k$ by ! pres5ce ( %ells ( a "* int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ! ,silurian & ,c>bonif]\s sy/ems4 ,! s&/ones are 9 v>i\s /ates ( induration1 & :5 slaty1 are employ$ = ro(+4 ,! r$ col\r pr$om9ates 9 ! m>ls1 & is d]iv$ f p]oxide ( iron4 ,! =mation ( ^! rocks has manife/ly result$ f ! wa/e ( anci5t slate rocks1 ! detritus ( :i* is cem5t$ toge!r into co>se conglom]ates4 ,9 ,s\? ,devon%ire 7at ,torquay1 ,babbicombe1 c471 beautiful corall9e m>bles occur 9 ?is =mation4 #bb ,see ! *>m+ volume ( ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]1 entitl$ ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or ,new ,walks 9 an ,old ,field4 ,! ,silurian ,sy/em4 7,wond4 p4 #gfe74 ,m>9e lime/ones1 s&/ones1 %ales1 & calc>e\s flag/ones1 *>act]iz$ by peculi> types ( corals1 cr9oideans1 mollusks1 & cru/aceans1 con/itute ?is important & ext5sive sy/em ( rocks2 ! ,grauwack1 or ,transition s]ies ( ! e>li] geologi/s4 ,subdivisions3-- ,,upp] ,,silurian4 #a4 ,ludl[ rocks2--slightly micace\s grey-col\r$ s&/ones4 ,blue & grey argillace\s lime/ones4 ,d>k-col\r$ %ales & flag/ones1 ) concretions ( e>?y lime/one1 conta9+ m>9e %ells1 ,or?oc]ata1 ,spirif]s1 & ,trilobites4 ,fi%es4 #b4 ,w5lock1 or ,dudley lime/one2--sub-cry/all9e blue & grey lime/one1 ab\nd+ 9 ,trilobites1 ,cr9oidea1 ,polyp>ia1 ,spirif]s1 ,or?oc]ata1 c4 #c4 ,w5lock %ale2--d>k grey argillace\s %ale1 ) nodules ( s&/one4 ,,l[] ,,silurian4 #a4 ,c>adoc s&/one2--%elly lime/ones1 & f9ely lam9at$1 slightly micace\s1 gre5i% s&/ones4 ,corals1 ,%ells1 ,trilobites4 #b4 ,ll&eilo flags & lime/ones4 ,free/one1 conglom]ates1 grits1 & lime/ones4 ,d>k-col\r$ flags4 ,b$s ( s*i/ ) abundance ( ,trilobites & %ells4 ,! l[]mo/ b$s are full ( small bivalves1 t]m$ ,l+ul4 ,obs4--,! ,silurian ,sy/em1 7s nam$ by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison1 f ! ,silures1 ! anci5t ,britons :o inhabit$ ^? p>ts ( our isl& 9 :i* ! geological relations ( ^! /rata 7 fir/ recognis$ by him17 occupies ! bord] c\nties ( ,engl& & ,wales1 & spreads ov] a va/ area ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,wales1 int]v5+ betwe5 ! ,c>bonif]\s s]ies & ! ,cambrian or anci5t slate-rocks ( t c\ntry4#bc ,! /rata are entirely ( m>9e orig91 & _m ( ! b$s 7z ! well-kn[n ,dudley or ,w5lock lime/one7 are compos$ ( %ells1 corals1 cr9oideans1 & rema9s ( t rem>kable family ( cru/aceans t]m$ ,trilobites1 cem5t$ toge!r by c>bonate ( lime4 ,a few rema9s ( ,fi%es occur3 ,reptiles are unkn[n4 ,no vegetable relics1 except+ ,fuci1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,brita9 bel[ ! ,devonian or ,old ,r$ =mation4#bd #bc ,! ,silurian ,sy/em1 f\nd$ on ,geological ,rese>*es 9 ! ,bord] ,c\nties ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,9 two p>ts1 royal #dto41 ) map1 sections1 c41 by ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 ,g4,c4 ,/4,s4 c4 ,9 /udy+ ! beautiful map :i* accompanies ! "w1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t t5 ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison abrogat$ ! b\nd>y l9e t sep>ates ! ,cambrian & ,silurian rocks 9 ?is *>t1 f ! conviction t ^? deposits con/itute b "o natural sy/em 7see ,wond4 p4 #hj4c74 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,silurian rocks ( o!r c\ntries1 see ,geology ( ,russia1 by ! same ,au?or4 ,a summ>y ( ! *>act]s ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison1 is giv5 9 ,geolog4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #agc-ahc4 #bd ,! ,silurian ,sy/em conta9s excell5t figures ( all ! organic rema9s kn[n at ! p]iod ( its publication4 ,! ,cambrian ,=mation4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to a l>gely develop$ s]ies ( unfossilif]\s slate-rocks & conglom]ates1 _m ?\s& y>ds 9 ?ickness4 ,obs4--,c]ta9 b$s ( d>k-col\r$ s*i/s conta9+ a few corals1 fuci1 & %ells1 are ref]r$ to ! upp]mo/ "p ( ?is =mation by "s em95t geologi/s1 b x is m consonant to ! e/abli%$ sy/em ( classification to reg>d ^! fossilif]\s b$s z ! l[]mo/ ( ! ,silurian rocks4 ,! f95ess ( gra91 g5]al aspect1 h>dness1 & texture ( ^! /rata1 are well kn[n1 f ! g5]al employm5t ( slate = economical purposes4 ,^! rocks ext5d ov] a great "p ( ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morel&1 & ,lanca%ire1 rea*+ to elevations ( #c1jjj feet1 & giv+ rise to ! gr& sc5]y ( ! ,lakes1 & ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,hypog5e ,rocks4 7,wond4 p4 #hjf47 ,non-fossilif]\s4 ,metamorphic 7trans=m$7 or /ratifi$ cry/all9e rocks4 ,subdivisions4-- #a4 ,mica-s*i/ ,sy/em4 7,wond4 p4 #hdc47 ,probably s$im5t>y rocks alt]$ by high temp]ature4 ,mica-slate1 ,qu>tz-rock1 ,cry/all9e lime/one1 ,hornbl5de s*i/1 c4 #b4 ,gneiss ,sy/em4 ,lay]s ( ,gneiss1 ,si5ite & ,qu>tz-rock1 alt]nat+ ) ,clay-slate1 ,mica-s*i/1 c4 ,plutonic ,rocks2 un/ratifi$ cry/all9e masses4 ,granitic ,sy/em4 7,wond4 p4 #hdd47 ,granite--a rock compos$ ( mica1 qu>tz1 & felsp>2 ,porphyry2 ,s]p5t9e2 ,trap4 ,^! rocks occur 9 amorph\s or %apeless masses1 & 9 dykes & ve9s4 ,obs4--,no fossils h be5 detect$ 9 ^! rocks3 b ! int5se igne\s action :i* ! masses appe> to h und]gone1 may h oblit]at$ all evid5ce ( animal & vegetable /ructures1 %\ld any h be5 pres5t1 z well z ! l9es ( /ratification4 ,by ! aid ( ! microscope1 we may yet p]haps solve ! my/]y :i* %r\ds ! orig9 ( ^! rocks1 & ! /ud5t may take up ! inve/igation ) ! c]ta9ty ( obta9+ mu* valuable in=mation1 ev5 %\ld ! se>* = organic /ructures prove abortive4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 improbable t ! silice\s fru/ules ( diatomace may h escap$ de/ruction1 & rema9 to rew>d ! rese>*es ( "s skillful & pati5t obs]v]4 ,volcanic ,rocks4 7,wond4 p4 #hae47 ,! products ( subt]ranean fire or heat1 erupt$ f pr(\nd dep?s ?r\gh fissures 9 ! ,e>?'s cru/1 :e!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times4 ,subdivisions4-- #a4 ,trap1 ,basalt1 ,toad/one1 ,volcanic-tuff2 ! erupt$ mat]ials ( anci5t ext9ct volcanoes4 #b4 ,lavas1 ,scori1 ,pumice1 ,a%es2 eject$ by mod]n volcanoes4 ,obs4--,^! igne\s products are ( all ages1 & !y trav]se alike ! hypog5e rocks & ! old] & new] s$im5t>y deposits4 ,_! *>act]s1 & ! effects !y h produc$1 are consid]$ 9 ! "w to :i* ref]5ce is made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by a ref]5ce to ! geological map ( ,engl& 7,wond4 pl4 i4 vol4 i471 x w be se51 t ! sev]al =mations appe> on ! surface 9 a some:at *ronological ord]1 z we pass f ! ea/]n or s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,isl& to ! we/ or nor?-we/4 ,?us ! pr9cipal ,t]ti>y deposits are situat$ 9 ! ea/]n & s\?-ea/]n p>ts2 & proce$+ t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 we trav]se successively ! ,second>y--! ,*alk1 ,oolite1 ,lias & ,trias2 !n ! ,palozoic--,p]mian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,devonian2 next ! ,silurian & ,cambrian2 & at l5g? metamorphic & prim>y rocks appe>4 ,x is ?is di/ribution ( ! /rata ( ! respective =mations t has det]m9$ ! *>act]s ( ! physical geography ( ,engl&4 ,! ,alp9e or m\nta9\s di/ricts1 :i* ext5d nor? & s\? along ! we/]n portion ( ,engl& & ,wales1 f ,cornwall to ,cumb]l&1 are =m$ by ! elevat$ masses ( ! ,silurian1 ,cambrian1 & ,metamorphic rocks4 ,^! are succe$$ by a b& ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,triassic deposits1 ) a few intrusions ( metamorphic & plutonic rocks1 t /ret*es f ! coa/ ( ,devon%ire1 ?r\gh ! midl& c\nties1 by ,leice/]%ire & ,d]by%ire1 to ,newca/le4 ,on ! s\?-ea/ ( ?is tract1 ! ,oolite & ,cretace\s =mations1 *iefly made up ( argillace\s & calc>e\s /rata1 con/itute a div]sifi$ agricultural di/rict1 ext5d+ f ! s\!rn %ores ( ,hants & ,dorset to ! coa/ ( ,york%ire4 ,! ,weald5 occupies ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! ,*alk ,d[ns ( ,sussex1 ,hants1 ,surrey1 & ,k5t4 ,! ,t]ti>y deposits lie 9 bas9s or depressions ( ! upp] cretace\s rocks 9 ! s\?-ea/]n & ea/]n m>itime di/ricts1 & on an ext5sive area ( ^! b$s /&s ! metropolis ( ,engl&2 la/ly1 irregul> accumulations ( ,drift1 conta9+ mammalian rema9s 9 "s localities1 are spread ov] ! surface ( ! anci5t =mations1 & =m ! imm$iate subsoil ( ! mo/ f]tile regions4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,fossils1 ,,or ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,fossils2 ,petrifactions4--,x is v g5]ally ! case1 t p]sons :o are n conv]sant ) ! nature ( organic rema9s1 suppose t all fossils are petrifactions2 & unless a specim5 has ! aspect & h>dness ( /one1 !y reg>d x z ( mod]n orig91 & devoid ( int]e/4 ,h5ce !y are surpris$ to f9d among ! *oice/ treasures 9 ! cab9et ( ! geologi/1 %ells & corals z p]fect 9 =m1 z if rec5tly collect$ f ! sea-%ore2 bones z little *ang$1 z if !y _h be5 int]r$ b = a %ort p]iod2 & tee? possess+ _! %>p edges & enamel unimpair$4 ,9 my e>ly rese>*es ,i fell into ?is error1 & ?rew away _m beautiful %ells t 7 associat$ ) ca/s ( ammonites 9 ! m>l at ,hamsey1 suppos+1 f _! p]fect /ate1 t !y _h be5 accid5tally imb$d$1 & 7 n g5u9e fossils4 ,b ! /ate ( pres]vation1 & ! degree ( *ange :i* an organic body has und]gone 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 h no necess>y relation to its antiquity4 ,! %ells 9 "s ( ! anci5t second>y /rata are frequ5tly z little *ang$ z ^? 9 mod]n t]ti>y deposits4 ,i h collect$ f ! l[]mo/ clays ( ! ,weald51 fre%-wat] %ells ) traces ( ! epid]mis1 & ! ligam5t by :i* ! valves 7 held toge!r1 p]fect2 & bones ( reptiles f ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 z light & por\s z ^? ( ! be>s & hy5as1 f ! ,cav]ns ( ,g]many4 ,on ! o!r h&1 fossil rema9s f ! newe/ t]ti>y =mations are (t5 completely petrifi$1 t is1 p]meat$ by1 or transmut$ into1 /one4 ,! words fossil & petrifaction are s commonly us$ z synonym\s t]ms1 ev5 by educat$ p]sons1 t x is necess>y to def9e ! s5se 9 :i* !y are employ$ 9 ^! volumes4 ,fossils are ! durable p>ts ( animal & vegetable /ructures imb$d$ 9 rocks & /rata by natural causes at a remote p]iod2 ?us wood 9 a /ate ( lignite1 bog-wood1 & coal1 or ( silice\s or calc>e\s /one1 is fossil wood2 & bones or %ells1 :e!r 9 an e>?y & decay+ /ate1 or p]meat$ by calc-sp>1 fl9t1 or iron1 & conv]t$ into a h>d m9]al sub/ance1 are alike fossil bones or %ells4 ,petrifactions are ! rema9s ( animals & vegetables 9 :i* ! orig9al /ructure is conv]t$ into /one1 or1 9 o!r words1 is petrifi$2 su* are ! silicifi$ /ems ( trees f ,antigua1 & ,g]many1 & ! calcifi$ bones & %ells 9 ! ,oolitic & ,weald5 lime/ones4 ,su* petrifactions may be correctly t]m$ fossil plants1 bones1 or %ells2 b simil> organic rema9s1 ?\gh ( equal antiquity1 :i* h n und]gone su* *anges1 are n petrifactions 9 ! prop] mean+ ( t t]m4 ,! process by :i* petrifaction is effect$ is /ill involv$ 9 obscurity2 m9]al solutions h p]meat$ ! orig9al tissues1 & ! organic molecules h be5 replac$ by m9]al molecules1 b h[ ?is transmutation is produc$ is n und]/ood4 ,mr4 ,dana's obs]vations & ,mr4 ,jeff]y's exp]im5ts h1 h[ev]1 ?r[n mu* light on ! process ( silicification4#be #be ,see ,wond4 p4 #ajj4 ,incru/ations4--,ano!r preval5t error is t ( consid]+ ,incru/ations to be fossils or petrifactions2 a mi/ake :i* is sanction$ by ! cu/om ( call+ wat]s t are *>g$ ) calc>e\s e>? 7lime71 & deposit x 9 consid]able quantity1 petrify+ spr+s2 z ^? ( ,matlock1 & o!r places 9 ,d]by%ire4 7,wond4 p4 #gf47 ,b incru/ations are n petrifactions2 /ems & bran*es ( trees1 skulls1 bones1 %ells1 c41 are simply inve/$ ) a calc>e\s coat+ or cru/1 :i* is g5]ally por\s & friable1 b (t5 cry/all9e & compact4 ,! inclos$ bodies are n p]meat$ by ! /ony matt]2 if ! mass be brok51 or ! incru/ation remov$1 we f9d ! twig1 or /em1 ei!r dry & %rivell$1 z 9 ! specim5s1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,plate ,,iii42 or tubul> cavities are left by ! decay & removal ( ! vegetable /ructure1 z 9 fig4 #aj1 ,plate ,,iii4 ,b al?\gh incru/ations be n petrifactions1 natural specim5s1 7n ! s-call$ petrifi$ ne/s & twigs1 9 :i* ! bad ta/e ( ! gu>dians ( ! ,d]by%ire spr+s is embodi$1 & disp]s$ all ov] ,engl&17 are objects ( consid]able int]e/1 z illu/rative ( a process1 by :i* important *anges are effect$ 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,?us spr+s z cle> & sp>kl+ z poet ev] feign$ or sung1 may trans=m b$s ( loose s& & gravel into rock1 & por\s /one into solid m>ble1 & cov] ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry ) lay]s ( concretion>y & cry/all9e lime/one4 ,?is process is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,mo/ fre% wat] holds 9 solution a c]ta9 proportion ( c>bonate ( lime2 & *anges ( temp]ature1 z well z o!r causes1 w occasion ?is calc>e\s e>? to be 9 "p or :olly precipitat$4 ,! fur1 z x is call$1 t l9es a kettle or boil] :i* has be5 long 9 use1 af=ds a famili> illu/ration ( ?is fact4 ,at ! temp]ature ( #fj lime is soluble 9 #gjj times its weight ( wat]2 & if to ! solution a small portion ( c>bonic acid be add$1 a c>bonate ( lime is =m$1 :i* is ?r[n d[n 9 an insoluble /ate4 ,b if ! c>bonic acid be 9 su* quantity z to sup]saturate ! lime1 x is aga9 r5d]$ soluble 9 wat]3 x is ?us t c>bonate ( lime1 held 9 solution by an excess ( c>bonic acid1 n 9 actual comb9ation ) ! lime1 b conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 & act+ z a m5/ruum1 is commonly f\nd 9 all wat]s4 ,an absorption ( c>bonic acid1 or a loss ( t portion :i* exi/s 9 excess1 w !re=e occasion ! lime to be set free1 & precipitat$ on ! =eign bodies 9 ! wat]1 z /ones1 twigs1 leaves1 c4 ,! sub/ance ?us deposit$ is t]m$ tufa1 or trav]t9e2#bf & 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1 & ( our own ,isl&1 x con/itutes b$s ( /one ( great ext5t1 9 :i* bones1 %ells1 & ! impressions ( leaves & /ems1 are pres]v$4 ,! /alactites & /alagmites ( cav]ns h a simil> orig92 _m ( ^! caves are ( incalculable antiquity1 & b5ea? _! /alagmitic floors1 ! bones & tee? ( ext9ct c>nivor\s animals are f\nd 9 va/ quantities4 #bf ,trav]t9e1 s call$ f ! riv] ,tibur1 ^: wat]s are load$ ) calc>e\s e>?--,tiburt9a1 ,ital4 trav]t9a4 ,silicification1 or petrifaction by ,silex or ,fl9t4--,silex1 or ! e>? ( fl9t1 is held 9 solution 9 l>ge proportions1 9 c]ta9 !rmal or boil+ spr+s1 :i*1 on cool+1 deposit ! silice\s matt] 79 ! same mann] z ! trav]t9e is precipitat$ f incru/+ /reams7 on =eign sub/ances1 & produce exquisite *alc$onic infiltrations ( mosses1 c4 ,b ?is op]ation is n[ only kn[n to be 9 activity 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( foci ( volcanic action1 z 9 ! celebrat$ ,geys]s ( ,icel& 7,wond4 p4 #ie71 & ! boil+ spr+s ( ! volcano ( ,tong>iro1 9 ,new ,zeal& 7#ih74 ,we h ev]y:]e evid5ce t 9 =m] p]iods1 ! petrifaction1 z well z ! incru/ation ( organic bodies by silex1 0 c>ri$ on to an imm5se ext5t2 &1 d\btless1 f> b5ea? ! surface1 ! same op]ation is at ! pres5t mom5t 9 con/ant progress1 & effect+ z important *anges 9 ! consolidation ( loose mat]ials1 z 9 ! e>li] geological epo*s4 ,! v>i\s /ates 9 :i* silex occurs h dep5d$ on its fluidity2 9 qu>tz cry/als ! solution appe>s to h be5 complete2 9 agate & *alc$ony x 0 9 a gelat9\s /ate1 assum+ a sph]oidal or orbicul> disposition1 accord+ to ! motion giv5 to its p>ticles4 ,its condition appe>s also to h be5 modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( organic matt]4 ,9 "s poli%$ slices ( silice\s nodules ! transition f fl9t to agate1 *alc$ony1 & cry/alliz$ qu>tz1 is beautifully %[n4 ,! curi\s fact1 t ! cavities ( e*9ites 9 *alk are almo/ inv>iably fill$ ) fl9t1 :ile _! cru/ace\s cases are *ang$ into calc-sp>1 is probably1 9 _m in/ances1 to be attribut$ to ! animal matt] hav+ und]gone silicification2 = ! s(t gelat9\s p>ts are ^? :i* appe> to h be5 mo/ susceptible ( ?is transmutation4 ,9 "s specim5s1 ! oy/] is *ang$ into fl9t1 :ile ! %ell is conv]t$ into cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 a ,trigonia f ,tisbury1 =m]ly 9 ! cab9et ( ! late ,miss ,b5ett1 ( ,norton ,h\se1 ne> ,w>m9/]1 ! body ( ! mollusk 0 completely metamorphos$ into a pure *alc$ony1 ! bran*i or gills be+ z cle>ly def9$ z :5 ! animal 0 rec5t4 ,9 specim5s ( wood f ,au/ralia 7pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum by ,sir ,?omas ,mit*ell71 :i* are ?or\ghly p]meat$ by silex1 !re are on ! ext]nal surface "s spots ( *alc$ony t h app>5tly orig9at$ f ! exudation ( ! liquid silex f ! int]ior 9 viscid globules fill$ ) air1 :i* bur/1 & !n collaps$1 & became solidifi$ 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,9 silicifi$ wood ! p]meation ( ! vegetable tissues by ! m9]al matt]1 appe>s to h be5 effect$ by solutions ( silex ( a high temp]ature4 ,9 "s examples ! m9]alization is simply a replacem5t3 ! orig9al sub/ance has be5 remov$ atom by atom1 & ! silex sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t naturali/s & *emi/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mr4 ,dana1#bg sugge/s t ! reason :y silica is s common a mat]ial 9 ! con/itution ( fossil wood & %ells1 z well z 9 pseudo-morphic cry/als1#bh is ! ready solution ( silex 9 wat] at a high temp]ature 7a fact affirm$ by ,b]gman#bi7 "u great pressure1 :5ev] an alkali is pres5t1 z is se5 at ! pres5t "t 9 _m volcanic regions1 & its deposition aga9 :5 ! wat] cools4 ,a m]e heat$ aque\s solution ( silica1 "u high pressure1 is suffici5t to expla9 ! ph5om5on ( ! silicification ( organic /ructures4 ,mr4 ,dana /ates t a cry/al ( calc-sp> 9 su* a fluid be+ expos$ to solution1 f ! action ( ! heat$ wat] alone1 ! silica deposits itself gradually on a r$uction ( temp]ature1 & takes ! place ( ! lime1 atom by atom1 z soon z set free4 ,e silicifi$ fossil is an example ( ?is pseudo-morphism2 b !re seems to be no union ( ! silica ) ! lime1 = silicate ( lime is ( r>e occurr5ce4#cj #bg ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,janu>y #ahde4 #bh ,pseudo-morphic cry/als are cry/als m\ld$ 9 ! cavities left by o!r cry/als :i* !y h replac$4 ,see ,dr4 ,blum on ,pseudo-morph\s m9]als4 #bi ,b]gman fir/ det]m9$ ! solubility ( silex 9 simple wat]1 aid$ by heat1 & demon/rat$ its exi/5ce 9 ! ,geys]s & o!r boil+ spr+s ( ,icel&4--,p>k9son1 ,org4 ,rem4 vol4 i4 p4 #cbd4 #cj ,see my ,notes on a ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ,*alk & ,fl9t1 ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,augu/ #ahde4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i proce$ to consid] ! v>i\s /ates 9 :i* ! rema9s ( animals & plants are pres]v$ 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 & %all occasionally (f] sugge/ions = collect+ & prep>+ specim5s2 b p>ticul> in/ructions on ?is head w be giv5 9 ! sequel1 :5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( fossils are respectively consid]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,animal ,,rema9s4 ,animal ,rema9s4--,( ! high] ord]s ( animals1 ! m durable portions ( ! skeleton1 z ! bones & tee?1 are almo/ ! only p>ts t occur 9 a fossil /ate2 except 9 "s rem>kable in/ances1 9 :i* entire c>casses ( ext9ct species ( ,elephant1 & ( ,rh9oc]os1 h be5 f\nd imb$d$ 9 solid ice1 & froz5 gravel4 7,wond4 p4 #aeb47 ,! c\ntries ( arctic regions are n[ ! only localities 9 :i* su* ph5om5a are likely to be met )2 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t 9 "s remote p]iod1 ! bodies ( l>ge mammalia 7 transport$ by iceb]gs into temp]ate regions1 :]e ! ice melt$1 & ! animals ei!r sunk to ! bottom ( ! sea1 or 7 drift$ into e/u>ies1 or /r&$ on ! %ore3 ! s(t p>ts !n decompos$1 & ! skeletons & deta*$ bones 7 left imb$d$ 9 ! silt1 s&1 or %+le4 ,9 ?is mann] alone c be expla9$ ! occurr5ce ( bones & tee? ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 c4 s common 9 ! alluvial or drift$ deposits ( ?is c\ntry2 = ^! relics1 ?\gh extremely friable1 & buri$ 9 %+le1 b\ld]s1 & o!r transport$ mat]ials1 are n wat]-worn1 b 9 num]\s in/ances rema9 z %>p & p]fect z :5 rec5t4 ,9 ! anci5t %+le ( ,brighton cliffs 7,wond4 p4 #aad71 ,i h f\nd bones & tee? ( horse1 de]1 ox1 :ale1 c4 impact$ ) qu>tz & granite pebbles & b\ld]s2 ! bones1 ?\gh crumbl+ to pieces if n v c>efully remov$1 be+ entire1 & ! :ole mass held toge!r by calc>e\s sp>1 deposit$ by wat] t _h1 dur+ ! lapse ( ages1 p]colat$ ?r\gh ! *alk-rubble above4 ,fossil bones are f\nd 9 f\r diff]5t /ates3 #a4 ,) _! animal matt]1 z 9 ! bones ( ! ,ma/odons f ,big-bone ,lick1 ,k5tucky4 #b4 ,) ! animal matt] remov$4 #c4 ,) ! e>?y matt] p>tly remov$1 #d4 ,) ! animal matt] c>boniz$1 or conv]t$ into bitum52 ?is *ange is common 9 ! blue ,lias clay2 ! bones reta9 _! usual quantity ( phosphate ( lime1 b ! animal matt] is conv]t$ into c>bon4 ,?is alt]ation appe>s to h tak5 place unconnect$ ) a high temp]ature1 & to h be5 a spontane\s *ange 9 a moi/ situation1 to :i* air _h no access4#ca #ca ,mr4 ,smee1 ,london ,m$4 ,gazette1 ,novemb] #ahdj4 ,ano!r1 & v rem>kable condition1 is t 9 :i* ! phosphate ( lime has be5 remov$ by ! infiltration ( wat] *>g$ ) sulphuric or c>bonic acid1 & ! gelat9 conv]t$ into lea!r by tann92 z is ! case ) bones & tee? ( de]1 horses1 c4 obta9$ f a subm]g$ =e/ ( oak1 l>*1 c4 ne> ,f]ry-bridge1 9 ,york%ire2 ( :i* !re are _m in/ructive specim5s 9 ! ,york ,museum4#cb #cb ,communicat$ by ,pr(essor ,john ,phillips4 ,! cancellat$ /ructure 7t is1 ! little cells or pores7 ( ! long-bones ( mammalia1 f\nd 9 cav]ns 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 & 9 ! breccia ( ,gibralt>1 & ! conglom]ates ( ,ava & ! ,sub-,himalaya m\nta9s1 c41 are (t5 fill$ ) cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 ! ,weald5 deposits ! osse\s c>apaces & pla/rons ( ,turtles1 & ! bones & tee? ( ,crocodiles1 ,liz>ds1 c41 are almo/ )\t exception heavy1 & ( v>i\s %ades ( br[n or umb]1 f ! infiltration ( solutions ( c>bonates & oxides ( iron4 ,9 "s in/ances1 bones ( a jet black are imb$d$ 9 ! :ite calcif]\s grit2 ! phosphoric acid 9 ! orig9al organism hav+ comb9$ ) iron & produc$ a deep blue or black phosphate ( t m9]al1 & left ! surr\nd+ /one uncol\r$4 ,petrifaction by ! infiltration ( calc>e\s solutions is equally common2 & ! m$ull>y cavities ( ! bones are frequ5tly l9$ or fill$ ) :ite calc-sp>2 brilliant pyrites also ent]s into ! composition ( ^! fossils1 fro/+ ov] ) a gold5 metallic deposit ! cavities & fissures4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,bones4 ,! p]meation ( ! tee? by m9]al matt]1 produces beautiful examples ( ! tissues ( ^? organs2 ! d5t9e is (t5 /a9$ ?r\gh\t ) a ri* si5na t9t1 & sections view$ "u ! microscope by transmitt$ light1 reveal ! "* & di/ribution ( ! calcig]\s tubes m cle>ly ev5 ?an 9 rec5t specim5s4 ,x is extremely r>e t osse\s /ructures are f\nd petrifi$ by fl9t2 among ! _m ?\s&s ( bones :i* ,i h extract$ f ! rocks1 or h se5 9 collections1 ,i "k b ( "o in/ance ( a silicifi$ v]tebra1 t ( a ,mosasaurus1 f a *alk-pit ne> ,brighton2 & a few bones & scales ( fi%es4 ,b not)/&+ ! weight & app>5t solidity imp>t$ by ^! modes ( m9]alization1 ! sub/ance is g5]ally r5d]$ extremely brittle1 s t ! developm5t ( ! bones f ! /one 9 :i* !y are imb$d$1 & ! removal ( ! h>d f]rug9o-calc>e\s cru/ inve/+ !m1 is no easy task1 b requires mu* tact1 exp]i5ce1 & pati5ce1 to execute successfully4 ,h9ts = collect+ fossil bones4--,! light1 friable1 por\s bones1 require great c>e 9 _! removal f ! deposit 9 :i* !y are imb$d$1 :e!r x be clay1 consolidat$ %+le1 or lime/one2 if ( consid]able size1 !y w almo/ inv>iably break to pieces1 & _m examples w n admit ( repair4 ,x is !re=e always desirable1 be=e attempt+ to extract a l>ge bone1 to make a sket* ( x2 its =m w ?us be kn[n1 %\ld x be de/roy$2 & if x crack into fragm5ts t w admit ( reunion1 ! draw+ w be a valuable guide = ! replacem5t ( ! sep>at$ p>ts4 ,if only a few pieces rema91 ^? :i* %[ any portion ( ! t]m9ations1 or jo9ts1 %\ld be pres]v$1 z !y af=d ! mo/ precise & important *>act]s4 ,! fai?ful record ev5 ( an imp]fect & unkn[n fossil is n )\t value2 & z ! antiqu>y c>efully pres]ves %r$s ( anci5t manuscripts1 9 ! hope t o!r docum5ts may "o day come to light1 & enable him to int]pret ^! n[ un9telligible records2 s ! geologi/ %\ld treasure up e fragm5t ( an undet]m9$ organic rema91 = ! "t may arrive1 z ,i h (t5 exp]i5c$1 :5 specim5s w be discov]$ t may illu/rate its nature1 & prove x to be ( consid]able int]e/4 ,! brok5 por\s bones may be easily repair$ by a hot weak solution ( glue2 & :5 ! jo9+s are set1 ! bone %\ld be saturat$ ) ?9 glue1 well bru%$ 91 & ! surface be spong$ clean ) v hot wat] be=e ! cem5t is congeal$4 ,:5 dry1 ! specim5s w be f\nd to possess consid]able firmness & durability4#cc ,by ?is process ! tusks ( mammo?s & elephants may be re/or$1 h[ev] mu* cru%$2 "t1 pati5ce1 & a little dext]ity1 only are requir$1 to conv]t a heap ( m]e fragm5ts into a valuable relic ( ! anci5t _w4 #cc ,a liquid1 call$ ,neub]'s liquid glue1 is an excell5t cem5t = ?is purpose3 x is sold at ,no4 #ed1 ,new ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london4 ,:5 ! bones are tol]ably p]fect1 b dry & friable f ! loss ( _! animal oil1 !y may be made durable by saturat+ !m ) dry+ oil1 & expos+ !m to a consid]able degree ( heat2 9 ?is mann] ! magnific5t skeletons ( ! slo? tribe1 ! ,mega!rium1 & ,mylodon1 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum1 7 prep>$4 ,:5 a bone appe>s z if crack$ into num]\s pieces be=e its removal1 b /ill pres]ves its =m1 ! only me?od by :i* x c be successfully extract$1 is by spread+ ov] x a ?ick lay] ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* %\ld be us$ ( ! consi/5ce ( cream2 :5 x sets1 7:i*1 if ! pla/] be rec5tly prep>$1 w be 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes17 ! specim5 may be c>efully extricat$1 & ! pla/] remov$ or n1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! fossil1 & ! p>ts to be display$4 ,! bones ( ! l>ge reptiles :i* occur 9 ! ,weald5 & ,oolite1 may be re/or$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,^! rema9s are g5]ally v brittle1 & :5 imb$d$ 9 h>d grit _c be extract$ :ole3 !y w (t5 fall to pieces on ! slighte/ bl[ ( ! hamm] or *isel4 ,:5 ( mod]ate size1 x is be/ n to attempt _! removal f ! /one1 b to trim ! block into a conv5i5t %ape1 & c>efully *isel away ! surr\nd+ "p1 s z to expose ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ! bone4 ,9 all cases ?is is an excell5t me?od :]e practicable1 = su* specim5s h a d\ble int]e/2 !y are at once illu/rative examples ( ! fossil1 & ( ! rock 9 :i* x 0 deposit$4 ,b _m specim5s w n admit ( ?is me?od2 & ) l>ge ones x is inconv5i5t & undesirable1 except :]e bones lie 9 juxtaposition4 ,! l>ge examples 9 ,tilgate grit1 7figur$ 9 ! ,fossils ( ,tilgate ,=e/17 7 all extract$ piecemeal f ! rock3 & mo/ ( ! gigantic bones ( ! ,iguanodon1 c4 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 7 orig9ally 9 _m hundr$ pieces1 & 7 cem5t$ toge!r ) glue 9 ! mann] above describ$2 ,i h f\nd no o!r me?od s conv5i5t & effective4 ,:5 a bone is too imp]fect to be unit$ z a :ole1 x may be imb$d$ 9 ,roman cem5t1 or pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* :5 dry may be col\r$ ( ! prevail+ t9t ( ! rock4 ,= l>ge heavy specim5s1 ! cem5t is pref]able2 x is ( easy application1 & ! fissures & cracks ( ! bones may be fill$ up ) x1 tak+ c>e fir/ to cov] ! p>ts ) ?9 hot glue1 or ! cem5t1 :5 x dries1 w %r9k & fall out4 ,a ?9 coat+ ( ma/ic v>ni% w re/ore ! col\r1 & by exclud+ ! air1 t5d to pres]ve ! specim5s4 ,! tee? h g5]ally und]gone ! same *anges z ! bones ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,! tee? ( elephants or mammo?s t are imb$d$ 9 loose calc>e\s e>?1 l ! loam & *alk-rubble ( ,brighton cliffs1 & ( ,walton 9 ,essex1 are friable1 & apt to split & sep>ate 9 ! direction ( ! v]tical plates ( d5t9e & bone3 ! pieces %\ld be glu$ toge!r1 & :5 set1 ! too? be ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ?9 glue1 us$ v hot1 & ! sup]flu\s cem5t remov$ ) a sponge wrung out z dry z possible f boil+ wat]4 ,if !re be any portion ( ! jaw atta*$ to ! tee?1 x mu/ be c>efully pres]v$2 & se>* %\ld be made = fragm5ts ( ! articulations1 or p>ts ( ! jo9ts & sockets4 ,9 argillace\s /rata1 z ! ,lias-%ale1 ,london ,clay1 c41 ! fossils are frequ5tly saturat$ ) brilliant pyrites1 or sulphuret ( iron2 a m9]al :i* decomposes ^u exposure to ! atmosph]e1 & occasions ! de/ruction ( ! specim5s4 ,! fossils ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey are peculi>ly obnoxi\s to ?is *ange4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,animal ,,rema9s4 ,! rema9s ( v]tebrat$ animals 9 ! ,lias1 v (t5 occur z skeletons m or less p]fect1 ! entire configuration ( ! orig9al be+ pres]v$ 9 _m in/ances 7,bd4 pl4 #g4 ,petrifactions1 p4 #cdj74 ,b ! deposit 9 :i* !y lie is g5]ally lam9at$1 & ! %ale flakes (f )\t great c>e2 mu* "t1 lab\r1 & practice are !re=e requir$1 to obta9 specim5s ( any consid]able size4 ,to ! late ,miss ,m>y ,ann+1 ( ,lyme ,regis1 ! m]it is due1 ( hav+ fir/ accompli%$ ?is difficult task2 ,mr4 ,hawk9s has subsequ5tly c>ri$ ! art to p]fection1 z may be se5 9 ! m>vell\s examples ( ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#cd #cd ,petrifactions1 ,room ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 pp4 #cda1 #cgf4 ,! small specim5s1 su* z ! deta*$ paddles1 gr\ps ( v]tebr & ribs1 c41 t are likely to come "u ! collector's notice 9 8 p]sonal rese>*es1 are n difficult ( pres]vation4 ,mr4 ,hawk9s employ$ a /rong wat]y solution ( gum arabic z ! cem5t1 & pla/] ( ,p>is z ! gr\nd1 us+ %all[ wood5 trays ( well-season$ wood1 9 :i* ! specim5s 7 p]man5tly imb$d$3 ! bones1 scales1 c4 7 !n v>ni%$ ) a solution ( ma/ic1 & ! gr\nd col\r$ blui% grey1 to imitate ! ,lias4 ,i h _h consid]able practice 9 ! dissection ( skeletons imb$d$ 9 ,lias1 & hav+ f\nd ! me?od previ\sly describ$ answ] e purpose1 h n employ$ t recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,hawk9s4 ,! scales ( reptiles & fi%es1 ei!r 9 connect$ masses or deta*$1 are frequ5tly met ) 9 great p]fection1 & sometimes associat$ ) ! tee? & bones4 ,9 ! ,lias1 ev5 ! rema9s ( ! sk9 & integum5ts 7,bd4 pl4 #aj7 h be5 discov]$4 ,:5ev] any "p ( a skeleton is f\nd ly+ 9 %ale or /one1 ! surr\nd+ block %\ld !re=e be c>efully exam9$1 to asc]ta9 if !re be traces ( ! sk9 or integum5ts1 be=e any "p is remov$ by ! *isel4 ,! specim5 ( an ,i*?yosaurian paddle1 figur$ 9 ! second volume ( ?is "w1 af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! propriety ( ?is caution4 ,ar\nd ! bones are se5 ! c>boniz$ rema9s ( ! c>tilag9\s fr+e t support$ ! integum5ts1 & ?us ! p]fect =m ( ! paddle has be5 asc]ta9$2 _h ! surr\nd+ /one be5 *isell$ away1 ! mo/ important *>act]s w\ld h be5 oblit]at$1 z probably !y h be5 9 num]\s in/ances4 ,nodul> masses ( indurat$ clay conta9+ fi%es1 are (t5 brok5 ) difficulty 9 su* a mann] z w expose ! enclos$ fossil1 = ! nodule g5]ally splits 9 v>i\s directions1 & ! specim5 is irrep>ably mutilat$ or defac$4 ,my fri5d ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i% in=ms me t by subject+ su* nodules to a high temp]ature--b n to a r$ heat--& !n plung+ !m 9 cold wat]1 !y may :5 dry1 by a prop]ly direct$ bl[ ( a hamm]1 be readily fractur$ 9 a direction p>allel ) ! plane ( ! imb$d$ fossil1 & ! fi% be laid b>e 9 ! mo/ fav\rable position4 ,! scales ( fi%es1 & ! integum5ts ( m>9e reptiles1 are n ! only ve/iges ( ! d]mal cov]+s ( v]tebrat$ animals t are pres]v$ by m9]alization4 ,traces ( ! w+-integum5t ( fly+ reptiles1 & ( ! fea!rs ( birds1 are sometimes manife/3 & ev5 :5 e atom ( ! orig9al /ructure has p]i%$1 ! impression may rema91 & af=d satisfactory results4 ,! footm>ks ( unkn[n animals are (t5 pres]v$ 9 ! rocks1 & ! impr9ts ( ! feet ( sev]al species ( bip$s1 presum$ to be birds ( colossal size1 9 tracks z di/9ct z if b rec5tly made1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,new ,r$ s&/one ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 9 ! section on fossil birds1 ?is highly int]e/+ subject w be fully expla9$4 ,! /ud5t1 ev5 f ?is brief review1 w p]ceive h[ _m valuable facts may be unnotic$1 & irretrievably lo/1 unless att5tion be paid to ! v>i\s circum/ances "u :i* fossil rema9s are pres5t$ to 8 notice4 ,( ! inv]tebrat$ ord]s1 ! mo/ durable1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ num]\s relics1 are %ells & corals4 ,! integum5ts ( ! eyes1 ant5n1 & w+s ( ,insects occur2 & ! %elly cov]+s ( ,cru/aceans are n uncommon2 ^? ( ! ,e*9od]ms1 ! ,/>-fi%es1 & ( ! ,cr9oidea or ,lily-animals1 are v abundant 9 c]ta9 deposits4 ,in/ructions = ! collection & arrangem5t ( ^! fossils w be giv5 9 ! *apt]s 9 :i* !y are sev]ally describ$4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,fossil ,,botany4 ,fossil ,vegetables4--,! rema9s ( ! vegetable k+dom are pres5t$ to ! notice ( ! geologi/ 9 v>i\s conditions2 9 "s in/ances ^! relics are b little *ang$ 9 _! aspect1 z1 = example1 9 ! rec5t accumulations ( mud & silt1 at ! bottoms ( lakes & riv]s1 & 9 morasses1 & peat-bogs4 ,9 tuface\s incru/ations1 ! impr9ts ( wood1 & ( leaves & /ems1 are (t5 %>ply def9$ on ! solid masses ( concretion>y & cry/all9e lime/one4 ,9 ! anci5t deposits1 vegetables are f\nd 9 two diff]5t /ates4 ,9 ! "o _! sub/ance is completely p]meat$ by m9]al matt]2 x may be calc>e\s 7lime71 silice\s 7fl9t71 f]rug9\s 7iron71 or pyrit\s 7sulphuret ( iron72 & yet bo? ! ext]nal *>act]s1 & ! int]nal /ructure1 may be pres]v$4 ,su* are ! fossil trees ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 fragm5ts ( :i* s closely resemble decay$ wood1 z to deceive ! casual obs]v]1 until by close exam9ation ( _! texture & sub/ance he f9ds t !y possess ! weight & h>dness ( /one4 ,9 ! silicifi$ wood :i* ab\nds 9 _m ( ! t]ti>y /rata1 ! mo/ delicate tissues ( ! orig9al are pres]v$1 & by microscopical exam9ation 7see ,pl4 ,v47 may be display$ 9 a di/9ct & beautiful mann]4 ,9 calc>e\s fossil wood ! /ructure is also reta9$2 & 9 _m lime/ones1 leaves & se$-vessels are well pres]v$4 ,! ligne\s cov]+s1 or ! husks & %ells1 ( nucif]\s fruits1 & ! cones or /robili ( ,firs & ,p9es1 are frequ5tly met ) 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation2 9 "s r>e in/ances indications ( fl[]s h be5 obs]v$ 7,lign4 #fg74 ,! p>ts ( fructification 9 "s ( ! f]n tribe 7,lign4 #be & #bg71 occur 9 coal-%ale1 & 9 ! grit ( ,tilgate ,=e/ 7,wond4 p4 #cid73 ! poll51 & ! res9\s secretions ( p9es & firs1 h be5 discov]$ 9 t]ti>y m>ls1 & 9 ! ,gre5s&4 ,! well-kn[n sub/ance4 ,amb]1 s mu* 9 reque/ = ornam5ts1 is unque/ionably ( vegetable orig92 x has be5 f\nd impact$ 9 ! trunks ( its p>5t trees 7,wond4 p4 #bdb74 ,! fossil res9 discov]$ 9 ! ,london clay1 at ,highgate & ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 is d\btless ref]able to ! conif] f\nd 9 t deposit4 ,9 ! ,cla?r>i ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 indications ( a res9\s secretion h be5 detect$4 ,! ,diamond1 :i* is pure *>coal1 is probably a vegetable secretion1 t has acquir$ a cry/all9e /ructure by electro-*emical =ces4 ,x has be5 conv]t$ into ,coke & ,graphite by ! action ( int5se heat2 & ! electrical prop]ties ( ! sub/ance 7 *ang$1 ! ,diamond be+ an insulator1 & ! ,coke1 a conductor ( electricity4 7,wond4 p4 #gjf47 ,:5 ! microscope is m ext5sively employ$ 9 inve/igations ( ?is k9d1 x is probable t ! silice\s sp9es & />s :i* begem ! foliage ( _m plants 7z ! ,deutzia1 ,li?osp]mum (fic9ale1 c71 w be discov]$ 9 a fossil /ate1 = !y are z inde/ructible z ! fru/ules ( ,diatomace1 & ! spicules ( sponges :i* are s common 9 fl9t & *alc$ony4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,vegetables4 ,b vegetables occur n only z petrifi$ /ems1 leaves4 & fruits1 associat$ ) o!r rema9s 9 ! /rata1 b also 9 b$s ( great ?ickness & ext5t1 consi/+ :olly ( plants transmut$1 by t peculi> process :i* vegetable matt] und]goes :5 exclud$ f atmosph]ic influ5ce1 & "u great pressure1 into ,lignite1 & ,coal4 ,& !re are int]m$iate /ages ( ?is process1 9 :i* ! =m & /ructure ( ! trees & plants are app>5t2 & a gradual transition may be trac$1 f ! peat-wood & subm]g$ =e/s ( mod]n epo*s1 9 :i* leaves1 fruits1 & trunks ( indig5\s species are pres]v$1 to ^? anci5t accumulations ( c>bonace\s matt]1 ^: vegetable orig9 ! eye ( sci5ce c alone detect4 ,= ! collection & pres]vation ( fossil vegetables1 ) ! exception ( ^? :i* are p]meat$ )4 pyrites 7z ^? ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 c471 b few in/ructions are requir$4 ,! silicifi$ & calc>e\s /ems are g5]ally easy ( extraction1 ev5 :5 imb$d$ 9 h>d /one1 & if brok5 c be repair$ ) glue4 ,:5 ! /ems be> ! impr9ts ( leaf-/alks 7z 9 ,lign4 #ca & #ed71 ! surr\nd+ /one %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 ) ! view ( detect+ impressions1 or o!r indications ( ! foliage4 ,delicate leaves 9 clay1 or %ale1 mu/ n be wa%$2 a ?9 coat ( ma/ic v>ni%1 or ( gum-wat]1 appli$ ) a camel-hair p5cil1 w pres]ve !m1 & r5d] !m m di/9ct4 ,:5 a leaf1 fruit1 se$-vessel1 or o!r fragile object is atta*$ to clay or friable s&/one1 x is advisable to glue ! specim5 to a piece ( ?9 wood or pa/ebo>d1 ( suitable proportions4 ,! ,%eppey fruits & o!r fossils p]meat$ ) iron pyrites1 g5]ally decompose aft] a few mon?s' exposure to ! air4 ,! fruits1 especially1 are liable to decomposition2 ,mr4 ,b[]bank keeps 8 specim5s 9 bottles ( wat]2 a solution ( is+lass 9 spirits ( w9e is ! be/ v>ni% to pres]ve su* fossils1 )\t obscur+ _! "* & injur+ _! appe>ance3 b ev5 ?is me?od is (t5 unavail+4 ,! pyritifi$ fir-cones ( ! ,weald5 decompose 9 l mann]3 ,i h _h ! mis=tune to lose sev]al unique & mo/ in/ructive specim5s f ?is cause2 boil+ !m 9 l9se$ oil pres]ves !m1 b greatly impairs _! appe>ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,fossil ,,rema9s ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,vegetable ,organization4--,z fragm5ts ( ! /ems1 trunks1 & bran*es1 are v (t5 ! only ve/iges ( fossil plants1 a k ( ! *>act]s by :i* ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! vegetable k+dom may be di/+ui%$ by _! int]nal /ructure1 is indisp5sable to ! successful inve/igation ( ! ,flora ( ! anci5t _w4 ,al?\gh ,i h treat$ ( ?is subject 9 ! ,wond]s ( ,geology1 7,wond4 p4 #fid17 x w "h be necess>y to pres5t ! /ud5t ) m ample details4 ,! excell5t introductory botanical works ( ,dr4 ,l9dley1 & ,pr(essor ,h5sl[1 convey full in=mation on ?is1 & e o!r dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce1 & %\ld be consult$ by ^? :o int5d to make ?is bran* ( ,geology _! p>ticul> /udy4 ,= ! g5]al read]1 & amateur collector1 ! foll[+ brief notice ( a few obvi\s ess5tial *>act]s ( vegetable organization1 may p]haps af=d suffici5t in=mation1 to enable !m to und]/& ! pr9ciples on :i* ! successful inve/igation ( ! nature & aff9ities ( fossil plants mu/ be conduct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #a4 ,sections ( ,rec5t ,vegetables2 illu/rative ( _! int]nal organization4 7,f ,dr4 ,l9dley47 ,fig4 #a4--,longitud9al ,section ( ,conif]\s ,wood4 a4 ,! ,ducts1 b4 ,spiral ,vessels1 c4 ,gl&ul> vessels4 #b4--,transv]se section ( a dicotyl$on\s /em4 a4 ,pi?1 or c5tral column4 b4 ,! b>k4 c4 ,m$ull>y rays4 d4 ,vascul> tissue betwe5 ! m$ull>y rays4 #c4--;,elongat$ cellul> tissue1 =m+ ! m$ull>y rays4 #d4--,transv]se section ( a monocotyl$on\s /em4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,e plant is ess5tially an aggregation ( cells2#ce & ! mo/ simple =ms ( vegetation consi/ ( a cong]ies ( cells 7cellul> tissue7 ( ! same k9d1 & h no visible fructification2 su* are ! sea-we$s 7alg1 conf]1 c471 mosses1 & li*5s4 ,9 ! m complex tribes ! cells become v>i\sly modifi$1 are elongat$ into tubes or vessels 7vascul> tissue71 "s ( :i* possess a spiral /ructure1 & o!rs h _! sides /udd$ ) little gl&s4 ,! vascul> tissue consi/s ( two k9ds ( vessels4 #a4 ,! spiral vessels or tra*e3 ^! are membrane\s tubes1 ) conical extremities1 hav+ )9 a coil ( ela/ic fibre spirally twi/$1 & capable ( be+ unroll$ 7,lign4 #a1 b474 #b4 ,! ducts2 :i* are a modification ( ! /ructure ( ! spiral vessel2 _! extremities are r\nd$ or conical1 & _! sides m>k$ ) transv]se l9es1 r+s1 or b>s4 ,_! functions appe> to be diff]5t f ^? ( ! spiral vessels1 & !y are f\nd 9 situations :]e ! latt] nev] occur4 #ce ,a cell 9 botanical language1 means a little bag compos$ ( membrane1 & conta9+ a liv+ sub/ance capable ( spontane\s gr[? by multiplication1 or division ( its p>ts4 ,( su* little bodies1 millions ( :i* may be conta9$ )9 ! space ( a cubic in*1 all ! s(t p>ts ( vegetables are compos$2 9 sea-we$s !y are (t5 ( l>ge size4--,dr4 ,h>vey's ,sea-side ,book1 ) :i* ! read] is d\btless famili>4 ,! organization ( ! /em 9 ! :ole class ( fl[]+ plants1 possesses *>act]s s evid5t1 z to af=d ! mo/ important aid 9 ! inve/igation ( _! fossil rema9s4 ,)\t dwell+ on m9or modifications1 !y are sep>able into two divisions1 namely1 ! ,endog5\s 7signify+ to gr[ f )971 & ! ,exog5\s 7to gr[ f )\t74 ,bo? possess vascul> tissue1 b s diff]5tly arrang$ 9 ! two classes1 z to con/itute di/9ctive *>act]s :i* are seldom oblit]at$1 al?\gh :at 0 once a flexible /em1 is n[ a mass ( fl9t4 ,endog5\s ,/ems4--,z ! se$s ( ! plants belong+ to ?is division h b "o cotyl$on1 or se$-lobe1 z ! ,lily1 !y are also t]m$ monocotyl$on\s2 ! read] !re=e mu/ rememb] t ^! t]ms are synonym\s4 ,^! /ems consi/ ( an uni=m mass ( cellul> tissue1 9 :i* bundles ( vascul> or woody fibre are imb$d$2 a transv]se section pres5ts a surface dott$ ov] ) spots1 produc$ by ! division ( ^! gr\ps ( vessels1 pretty uni=mly di/ribut$1 b m d5sely arrang$ t[>ds ! circumf]5ce 7,lign4 #a1 fig4 #d74 ,a slice ( cane af=ds an illu/ration ( ?is /ructure4 ,! increase ( ^! /ems is effect$ by ! =mation ( new cells & bundles ( vessels 9 ! c5tral axis1 :i* =ce _! way among ! old tissue1 & occasion ! cond5sation ( ! latt] t[>ds ! out] edge4 ,^! plants h nei!r pi?1 conc5tric circles ( woody fibre1 nor true b>k2 negative *>act]s ( ! highe/ importance 9 ! det]m9ation ( fossil /ems4 ,exog5\s ,/ems4--,! se$s h two cotyl$ons1 or se$-lobes1 z 9 ! ,bean1 h5ce ! plants ( ?is class are also call$ dicotyl$on\s4 ,9 ^! /ems ! cellul> tissue =ms a c5tral column1 or pi? 7,lign4 #a1 fig4 #b1 a471 & an ext]nal b&1 or cyl9d]1 call$ ! b>k 7fig4 #b1 b472 ! two be+ connect$ by ?9 v]tical plates1 t]m$ m$ull>y rays1 :i* are also =m$ ( cells 7fig4 #b1 c1 c472 ! diagram1 ,lign4 #a1 exhibits ?is arrangem5t4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! pi? & ! b>k1 & ! int]spaces ( ! v]tical radiat+ plates 7fig4 #b1 d471 are fill$ up by woody fibre or vascul> tissue1 consi/+ ( spiral & o!r vessels4 ,! ligne\s /ructure ( exog5\s /ems consi/s1 !re=e1 ( a cyl9d] =m$ ( w$ge-%ap$ processes1 t ext5d betwe5 ! m$ull>y rays to ! pi?1 & is surr\nd$ by ! b>k2 a new zone ( woody fibre is add$ annually betwe5 ! b>k & ! =m] cyl9d]1 & f ?is mode ( increase ! t]m exog5\s is d]iv$3 a transv]se section ( a bran* ( oak or a% w %[ ?is /ructure4 ,! r+s1 or conc5tric circles1 are ! annual zones ( wood2 ! f9e l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre1 or pi?1 to ! circumf]5ce1 or b>k1 are ! m$ull>y rays 7,lign4 #a1 fig4 #b1 c3 see also ,plate ,v4 fig4 #d74 ,! organization above describ$1 w be f\nd m or less manife/ 9 fossil wood1 /ems1 & bran*es4 ,! monocotyl$on\s /ructure is beautifully display$ 9 ! silicifi$ /ems ( palms f ,antigua 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #a1 #a;a473 & ! dicotyl$on\s1 9 petrifi$ trees f ,egypt4 ,! pi?1 m$ull>y rays1 vascul> tissue1 & circles ( gr[?1 are pres]v$ 9 ! silice\s & calc>e\s wood f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,conif]4 ,/ructure ( ,conif] 7cone-be>+74--,! rema9s ( a num]\s family ( dicotyl$on\s trees1 t]m$ ,conif]1 z ! p9e1 fir1 l>*1 c41 are s abundant 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks1 t x is necess>y to describe 9 m detail ! peculi>ity ( /ructure by :i* _! /ems & bran*es may be recognis$4 ,! mo/ delicate woody tissue1 z we h above /at$1 consi/s ( elongat$ cells or tubes1 ( two k9ds3 9 ! "o1 ! membrane ( :i* !y are compos$ is smoo?3 9 ! o!r1 ! walls ( ! tubes are cov]$ by little oval or circul> bodies call$ gl&s 7,lign4 #a1 fig4 #a1 c474 ,a bran* ( l>* or p9e1 split longitud9ally1 & view$ by a p[]ful l5s1 w exhibit ! appe>ance "h describ$4 ,?is gl&ul> /ructure is s con/antly & l>gely develop$ 9 ! conif]1 t al?\gh x is also possess$ by o!r aromatic trees1 we %all r>ely err 9 ref]r+ fossil wood 9 :i* ?is organization is app>5t1 to ?is family ( vegetables 7see ,plate ,v4 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,^! gl&s 9 ! p9es & firs1 are suppos$ to be ! cells :i* secrete a col\rless volatile oil1 t exudes 9 ! /ate ( turp5t9e4 ,f ?is g5]al acc\nt ( ! vegetable /ructures t may be expect$ to occur 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 ! /ud5t w 9 "s measure be prep>$ = ! inve/igation ( fossil trees & plants2 b = ! guidance ( ^? :o are :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples on :i* ! ,natural ,sy/em ( ,botany adopt$ 9 ?is "w1 is f\nd$1 ,i am induc$ to pres5t ! foll[+ concise view ( ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ?\gh x involves "s repetition4 ,sid5ote3 ,,botanical ,,pr9ciples4 ,! foll[+ summ>y is giv5 ne>ly 9 ,dr4 ,l9dley's own language3-- ,botanical ,pr9ciples4--,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t /rikes an inquir] into ! /ructure ( plants1 is ! fact1 t :ile all species are capable ( propagat+ _! race1 ! mode 9 :i* ?is function is effect$ is ess5tially diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases4 ,9 mo/ tribes ( plants1 fl[]s are produc$1 & ^! are succe$$ by fruit1 conta9+ se$1 :i* is %$1 or scatt]$ abroad1 & gr[s into new individuals4 ,b 9 c]ta9 families 7! ,cryptogamia71 z ,f]ns1 ,mosses1 ,mu%rooms1 & ! l1 nei!r fl[]s1 nor se$s prop]ly s call$1 h be5 detect$2 b propagation is effect$ by ! disp]sion ( gra9s or spores1 :i* are usually g5]at$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! plant1 & seem to h b little analogy ) true se$s4 ,h5ce ! vegetable k+dom is sep>at$ into two di/9ct gr\ps1 namely1 ! fl[]+ 7,phan]ogamia71 & ! fl[]less 7,cryptogamia or ,agamia74 ,z ! =m] usually possess a highly develop$ sy/em ( spiral & o!r vessels1 :ile ! latt] are ei!r altoge!r de/itute ( !m1 or h !m only 9 a few ( ! highe/ ord]s1 & ^? 9 a peculi> /ate1 ! fl[]+ plants are t]m$ ,vascul>es1 & ! fl[]less ,cellul>es4 ,& z all ! fl[]+1 or vascul> plants1 :5 !y =m /ems1 increase by an ext5sion ( _! ends1 & a di/5sion or enl>gem5t ( _! circumf]5ce1 b ! fl[]less or cellul> plants =m _! /ems simply by ! addition ( new matt] to _! po9ts1 ! latt] are call$ ,acrog5s1 signify+ increase f ! summit4 ,fl[]+ plants are also = ! mo/ "p furni%$ ) respiratory or brea?+ organs 7/omata71 ( :i* ! fl[]less vegetables are to a great ext5t de/itute4 ,! fl[]+ or vascul> plants are also divisible into two well m>k$ gr\ps1 namely1 ! ,exog5s1 or ,dicotyl$ons1 & ! ,endog5s1 or ,monocotyl$ons4 ,! ,exog5s 7gr[+ f )\t71 increase by ! addition ( new woody matt] to ! outside ( ! /ems b5ea? ! b>k2 & !y are fur!r *>act]iz$ by ! embryo hav+ two or m cotyl$ons1 or se$-lobes1 h5ce !y are also call$ ,dicotyl$ons2 su* z ! ,elm1 ,bee*1 c4 ,! ,endog5s1 z we h previ\sly /at$1 increase by ! addition ( ligne\s matt] to ! inside ( _! /ems ne> ! c5tre2 & z ! embryo 9 ?is class has b "o cotyl$on1 !y are likewise t]m$ monocotyl$ons1 z ! ,cane1 ,palm1 c4 ,aga91 exog5\s plants h ! "y ext]nal wood connect$ ) a c5tral pi?1 by m$ull>y processes2 :ile endog5s d n possess su* a /ructure1 hav+ no c5tral pi?4 ,9 exog5s ! ve9s 7v5ation7 ( ! leaves1 are dispos$ 9 me%es1 l net-"w1 b 9 endog5s ! ve9s run p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,! numb] ( p>ts 9 ! fl[] ( an exog5\s plant is usually five1 or its multiples3 9 ! endog5s x is commonly ?ree1 or its multiples4 ,9 ! g]m9ation1 ! "y root ( exog5s is a m]e ext5sion ( ! radicle2 b 9 endog5s x is protrud$ f )94 ,?us1 9 ! fl[]+ or vascul> plants1 we h two gr\ps di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 _! g]m9ation1 ! /ructure ( _! /ems & leaves1 _! mode ( gr[?1 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! fl[]1 & 9 ! /ructure ( ! embryo4 ,! vegetable k+dom is ?us sep>at$ into ?ree natural classes1--#a1 ! ,exog5s1 #b1 ! ,endog5s1 #c1 ! ,acrog5s2 b !re are likewise o!r divisions1 a k ( :i* is ( great importance 9 ! /udy ( fossil botany2 ! sub-class t]m$ ,gymnosp]ms especially requires notice4 ,9 ! /rictly exog5\s & endog5\s plants1 ! f]tiliz+ pr9ciple is communicat$ to ! "y se$s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a /igma & /yle1 t t]m9ate ! case or p]ic>p 9 :i* ! se$s are enclos$3 b 9 ano!r important gr\p ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ! poll5 is directly appli$ to ! ovule1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any p]ic>pial app>atus2 h5ce ^! are t]m$ ,gymnosp]ms1 signify+ nak$ se$s4 ,^! plants h ! same relation to ! o!r exog5s1 z frogs & analog\s reptiles be> to ! o!r ord]s ( _! ,class2 !y comprise ! two natural ord]s ,conif]1 & ,cycadace4 ,! ,gymnosp]ms also possess peculi>ities ( a subord9ate nature3 ?us1 _m k9ds h m ?an two cotyl$ons1 & are !re=e t]m$ polycotyl$ons2 aga91 ! radicle usually adh]es to ! album5 9 :i* ! embryo lies1 h5ce !y are sometimes nam$ ,synorhiza4 ,! ve9s ( ! leaves 79 ^? ^: leaves are ve9$71 are ei!r simple or =k$2 9 :i* respect !y approa* ! endog5s on ! "o h&1 & ! acrog5s on ! o!r4 ,?is concise def9ition ( ! natural divisions ( ! vegetable k+dom w enable ! read] to compreh5d ! botanical pr9ciples :i* mu/ guide him 9 8 attempt to explore ! anci5t floras1 ^: fossil rema9s are g5]ally f\nd 9 a v fragm5t>y condition4 ,i ne$ only add t ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t1 9 8 great "w on ,fossil ,plants1 arranges ! vegetable k+dom into five classes1 viz43-- #a4 ,cellul> ,cryptogamia1#cf or ,amphig5s4 #b4 ,vascul> ,cryptogamia1#cg or ,acrog5s4 #c4 ,monocotyl$ons4#ch #d4 ,gymnosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons4#ci #e4 ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons4#dj #cf ,plants hav+ ! fructification conceal$1 & ( cellul> /ructure only4 #cg ,plants hav+ ! fructification conceal$1 & ) vessels1 or vascul> tissue4 #ch ,fl[]+ plants ) "o cotyl$on2 ! ,endog5s4 #ci ,plants ) nak$ se$s2 t is1 de/itute ( a p]ic>p or case4 #dj ,plants ) ! se$s 9 a receptacle or p]ic>p1 ) a /yle & /igma4 ,,on ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,inve/igat+ ,,fossil ,,rema9s ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,sid5ote3 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,fossil ,,plants4 ,! di/+ui%$ au?ors ( ! ,briti% ,fossil ,flora ju/ly rem>k1 t a few isolat$1 & v imp]fect data1 exclusively af=d$ by ! rema9s ( ! organs ( vegetation1 are b too (t5 ! sole guide to ! class1 ord]1 or g5us ( ! fossil plants :i* ! geologi/ has to exam9e2 h5ce1 9 mo/ in/ances1 a g5]al idea only c be obta9$ ( ! nature ( ! orig9al4#da ,to facilitate ! /udy ( ,fossil ,botany !y (f] "s practical sugge/ions1 :i* h s]v$ z ! basis ( ! foll[+ directions = ! inve/igation ( vegetable rema9s1 & :i* ! previ\s rem>ks w1 we tru/1 r5d] intelligible4 #da ,foss4 ,flor4 vol4 ,i4 p4 xxvi4 #a4 ,! ,trunk1 or ,/em4--,exam9e if ! wood 9 a transv]se section be dispos$ 9 conc5tric circles 7z ,plate ,v4 fig #d73 if s1 x belong$ to an exog5\s tree3 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! wood appe>s deposit$ irregul>ly 9 spots 7,lign4 #a1 fig4 #d71 !n ! orig9al 0 endog5\s4 ,if a transv]se section %[ rema9s ( s9u\s1 unconnect$ lay]s1 resembl+ arcs ) _! ends direct$ outw>ds1 & ( a solid /ructure1 & imb$d$ among loos] tissue1 !n x belong$ to an arboresc5t f]n2 see ! subjo9$ figures 7,lign4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #b4 ,sections ( ,f]n-,/ems4 ,transv]se sections 7half ! diamet]7 ( two /ems ( rec5t ,arboresc5t ,f]ns1 to %[ ! zone ( woody fibre dispos$ 9 arcs4 ,?is /ructure is se5 9 ! silicifi$ trunks f ,*emnitz4 ,sid5ote3 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,fossil ,,/ems4 ,if ! /em be 9 a /ate ( pres]vation t w admit ( ! slic+ or *ipp+ (f a piece = microscopical inve/igation1 ! process describ$ at ! conclusion ( ?is section %\ld be employ$4 ,! foll[+ data may be ?us obta9$4 ,if ! /ructure be entirely cellul>1 & x c be satisfactorily asc]ta9$ t x nev] possess$ vascul> tissue1 ! orig9al belong$ to ! ,cryptogamia2 i4e4 to fuci1 mosses1 & ! l4 ,if x consi/ ( p>allel tubes1 & has nei!r pi?1 nor rays pass+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 ! tree or plant 0 endog5\s1 l ! ,palm4 ,if any trace be pres5t ( tissue cross+ ! longitud9al tubes at "r angles1 & radiat+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 ?is w prove ! exi/5ce ( m$ull>y rays1 & ! orig9al mu/ h be5 exog5\s1 z ! ,oak1 ,elm1 c43 & if 9 a transv]se section ! tubes appe> ( equal size1 ! tree 0 probably conif]\s1 or cycade\s 7i4e4 relat$ to ! plants call$ ,cycas & ,zamia72 b if l>g] tubes appe> among ! small] ones1 dispos$ 9 a def9ite mann] 7see ,plate ,v4 fig4 #d71 x belong$ to "s o!r tribe ( exog5\s plants4 ,if ! walls ( ! tubes be /udd$ ) gl&s 7,lign4 #a1 fig4 #a1 c2 ,plate ,v4 figs4 #b;b #c;b472 ! fossil belongs to ! ,conif]4 ,if any ve/ige ( a c5tral pi? be discov]$1 ! exog5\s nature ( ! orig9al is und\bt$1 = no o!r class1 z we previ\sly /at$1 possesses a c5tral cellul> column4 ,! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a true cortical inve/m5t1 or b>k1 is important1 = a di/9ct b>k is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! exog5\s class3#db a cortical integum5t1 or r9d1 n sep>able f ! enclos$ /ructure1 indicates ! monocotyl$ons2 & ! entire abs5ce ( any r9d1 ! cryptogamia4 #db ,an app>5t exception to ?is rule is f\nd 9 ! fossil g5us ,cla?r>ia1 describ$ h]eaft]1 :i* has a di/9ct holl[ cortical cyl9d]1 t sep>ates f ! int]nal axis3 ?is is n true b>k1 b is =m$ by ! consolidation ( ! bases ( ! petioles or leaf-/alks2 see ,lign4 #ed4 ,! m>k+s on ! /ems1 occasion$ by ! sc>s or cicatrices left by ! sep>ation ( ! petioles or leaf-/alks 7z on ! /alk ( a cabbage71 af=d important evid5ce1 s9ce !y are commonly pres5t1 ev5 :5 ! cyl9drical trunk is compress$ into a flat ?9 lay] ( coal2 z we %all (t5 h occasion to rem>k4 ,9 ?is place x ne$ only be /at$1 t by ^! sc>s may be detect$ ! position ( ! leaves1 & ! =m ( ! bases ( ! petioles or leaf-/alks2 _! probable direction1 :e!r !y 7 opposite1 alt]nate1 v]ticillate or spirally dispos$1 decidu\s or p]si/5t1 imbricat$ or remote4 ,ev5 :5 no traces ( ! leaves rema91 ! orig9 ( ! bran*es1 & _! bifurcation1 may p]haps be det]m9able4 #b4 ,! ,leaves4--,9 a fossil /ate ! texture & surface ( ! leaves are sometimes pres]v$2 b 9 g5]al ! outl9e ( ! leaf1 its division & arrangem5t1 & its mode ( v5ation1 c alone be asc]ta9$4 ,! v5ation1 t is1 ! =m & di/ribution ( ! vascul> tissue1 or vessels1 ?r\gh ! leaf1 is ! mo/ important "* = our guidance2 & ,dr4 ,l9dley (f]s ! foll[+ sugge/ions on ?is po9t4 ,if ! ve9s be all p>allel1 n bran*$1 or only connect$ by little transv]se b>s1 & ! leaves undivid$ 7z 9 ! ,lily or ,hyac9?71 ! plant 0 probably endog5\s2 b if ! leaf be divid$ or p9nat$1 x may be ref]able to ,cycade 7,lign4 #de74 ,leaves hav+ ! ve9s ( equal1 or ne>ly equal ?ickness1 & di*otom\s 7=k$71 or v f9e1 & simply divid$1 belong to ! f]n tribe2 to ?is division an imm5se proportion ( ! foliage f\nd 9 ! c>bonif]\s /rata is ref]able2 ! g5]a ( fossil f]ns h be5 con/ruct$ pr9cipally f ! v5ation4 ,if ! ve9s ( a leaf be obvi\sly ( unequal ?ickness1 & reticulat$1 or dispos$ 9 net-l me%es1 z 9 ! rose & apple1 ! orig9al 0 dicotyl$on\s 7,plate ,,iii1 figs4 #d1 #h74 ,leaves ( a l>ge size1 de/itute ( ve9s1 & irregul>ly divid$1 probably belong to fuci1 or o!r m>9e plants 7,lign4 #aj74 ,su* are ! rules = ! inve/igation & int]pretation ( ! *>act]s ( /ems & foliage1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ by m9]alization4 ,_! application is n difficult1 & ! /ud5t may by _! assi/ance obta9 "s g5]al indications z to ! nature ( ! orig9al trees or plants1 ^: petrifi$ rema9s =m ! subject ( 8 exam9ation4 ,,on ,,! ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,fossil ,,vegetables4 ,sid5ote3 ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation4 ,mr4 ,nicol1 :o fir/ sugge/$ ! me?od n[ g5]ally adopt$ = prep>+ fossil wood1 coal1 c4 = microscopical exam9ation1 & :i* 0 employ$ by ,mr4 ,)am 9 ! illu/rations ( 8 beautiful "w on ! /ructure ( fossil plants1#dc has s cle>ly expla9$ ! process1 t by a little practice ! /ud5t w be able to prep>e specim5s suffici5tly ?9 = e useful purpose4 ,sev]al lapid>ies 9 ,london1 7see li/ at ! end ( ?is "w17 poli% & m\nt fossil vegetables & o!r sub/ances1 9 a v sup]ior mann]2 b _! *>ges are high1 & !y frequ5tly injure specim5s by gr9d+ !m too ?91 & ?us oblit]at+ /ructure4 ,i w\ld recomm5d t a small *ip ( ! specim51 if possible 9 a radial direction1 %\ld be exam9$ by reflect$ light1 always beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ object-glass & eye-piece1 & asc5d+ to ! highe/ p[]2 at fir/ )\t any prep>ation2#dd subsequ5tly ! object %\ld be imm]s$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 :i* w r5d] x some:at transp>5t1 & x !n %\ld be exam9$ by transmitt$ light4 ,by ?is exploration we may detect /ructure1 & asc]ta9 if ! specim5 be wor? ! tr\ble or exp5se ( fur!r prep>ation4 #dc ,obs]vations on ,fossil ,vegetables4 #dto4 #ahcc4 #dd ,! draw+s 9 ,plate ,v4 figs4 #b & #c1 ( fossil conif]\s wood1 7 f *ips se5 by reflect$ light1 & )\t any prep>ation4 ,coal may be prep>$ = exam9ation1 by remov+ ) a %>p knife a ?9 pellicle1 or a m9ute scrap+2 imm]se x 9 a drop ( oil ( turp5t9e on a piece ( glass2 !n add a little ,canada balsam1 & hold ! glass ov] ! flame ( a lamp till ! balsam is spread ev5ly ov] ! specim54 ,b )\t any prep>ation1 ! surface ( coal rec5tly brok5 may be successfully inve/igat$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( conif]\s /ructure 9 coal t my cab9et conta9s1 0 discov]$ by my son 9 a piece ly+ on ! fire1 :i* _h be5 crack$ by ! heat2 & ,i h ano!r fragm5t1 %[+ ! spiral vessels1 & conif]\s gl&s1 :i* ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade obta9$ "u simil> circum/ances4 ,b = *oice specim5s1 ! foll[+ me?od is to be employ$2 & 9 _m cases no o!r plan w succe$4 ,sections ( tee?1 bone1 m>ble1 c4 may be prep>$ by a l process4 ,,mode ,,( ,,prep>+ ,,slices ,,( ,,fossil ,,wood ,,= ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation4 ,let a ?9 slice be cut (f f ! fossil wood1 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! l5g? ( its fibres--! slice ?us obta9$ mu/ be gr\nd p]fectly flat1 & poli%$4 ,! poli%$ surface is !n to be cem5t$ to a piece ( plate glass 7#c 94 long & #a 94 wide7 by ,canada balsam--a ?9 lay] ( balsam mu/ be appli$ to ! poli%$ surface ( ! slice1 & also to "o side ( ! glass--! slice & ! glass are n[ to be laid on any ?9 plate ( metal1 & gradually heat$ ov] a sl[ fire1 or a _s lamp1 to conc5trate ! balsam4 ,! heat mu/ n be s great z to ?r[ ! balsam into a /ate ( ebullition2 = if air bubbles be =m$1 x is difficult to get rid ( !m1 & if n remov$ !y w prev5t ! complete adhesion ( ! two surfaces :5 appli$ to ea* o!r2 ! heat ( ! metal %\ld nev] be s great t ! f+]s may n be held 9 contact ) x = a few seconds )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,:5 air bubbles are =m$1 !y %\ld be displac$ by a small piece ( wood tap]+ to a po9t2 :5 ! balsam is ?\ght to be suffici5tly conc5trat$1 & all ! air bubbles h disappe>$1 ! slice & glass may be tak5 f ! heat$ metal1 & press$ closely toge!r2 a slight degree ( pressure w suffice to expel ! sup]-abundant balsam1 & ?is w be facilitat$ by g5tly slid+ ! specim5 to & fro on ! glass2 by ?is k9d ( motion any air t may h got entangl$ :5 ! two surfaces 7 br\ght 9 contact1 w also be remov$4 ,:5 ! :ole is cool$ d[n to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & ! balsam has become solid1 t "p :i* adh]es to ! surface ( ! glass surr\nd+ ! slice %\ld be scrap$ (f ) ! po9t ( a p5knife2 & by ?is op]ation1 x w at once be se5 :e!r ! balsam has und]gone ! requisite conc5tration2 = if x flakes (f be=e ! knife1 x w be f\nd t ! slice & glass w coh]e s firmly1 t 9 ! subsequ5t gr9d+1 !re w be no risk ( _! sep>at+ f ea* o!r2 b if ! balsam has n be5 suffici5tly conc5trat$1 x w slide be=e ! knife1 & 9 t case ! two bodies w n adh]e ) requisite firmness4 ,if ! lay] ( balsam appli$ to ! two surfaces be n too ?ick1 its due conc5tration w be accompli%$ 9 f\r or five m9utes1 provid$ ! application ( ! heat be prop]ly regulat$4 ,! slice mu/ n[ be gr\nd to t degree ( ?9ness :i* w p]mit its /ructure to be se5 by ! help ( a microscope4 ,?is w be accompli%$ by rubb+ ! slice1 by a rapid circul> motion ) ! h&1 on a piece ( %eet lead1 suppli$ ) a little em]y 7size ,no4 #a47 moi/5$ ) wat]2 :5 ! em]y ceases to act1 ! muddy matt] rema9+ %\ld be remov$1 & a fre% portion ( em]y appli$2 ?is mu/ be repeat$ until ! surface ( ! slice is p]fectly flat2 a %eet ( copp] mu/ !n be sub/itut$ = ! lead1 & ! fossil gr\nd z smoo? z possible by fl[] ( em]y1 fre$ f its co>s] p>ts4 ,! surface may !n be poli%$ by friction1 ) crocus or rott5 /one1 on a transv]se section ( any s(t wood4#de #de ,mr4 ,)am1 ,obs]vations on ,fossil ,vegetables4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,peat-,,wood1 ,,lignite1 ,,& ,,coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #c4 ,nodule ( ,iron/one inclos+ a ,f]n-leaf4 ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,fig4 #a4--,! nodule 9 its natural /ate4 #b1 #c4--,! same1 split op5 longitud9ally4 ,! leaf rema9s atta*$ to fig4 #b1 & ! impression ( its upp] surface is se5 on fig4 #c4 #d4--,outl9e ( ! =m ( ! leaf1 :i* is a species ( ,pecopt]is4 ,sid5ote3 ,,peat-,,wood1 ,,lignite1 ,,& ,,coal4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! exam9ation ( ! specific & g5]ic *>act]s ( fossil plants1 & ! natural relations ( ! ext9ct =ms ) ^? ( ! exi/+ ,floras1 x w be requisite to notice ^? va/ b$s ( vegetable matt]1 9 v>i\s /ates ( c>bonization1 :i* occur 9 ! palozoic1 second>y1 & t]ti>y =mations4 ,subm]g$ ,=e/s4 ,peat4--,! ph5om5on ( ext5sive tracts ( m>%-l&1 ) lay]s ( pro/rate trees ( all ages1 ly+ b a few feet b5ea? ! common alluvial soil1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 bo? inl&1 & 9 _m places along ! %ores ( our isl&4 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #ah74 ,^! subm]g$ =e/s are g5]ally situat$ bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 & af=d unque/ionable pro( ( subsid5ces ( ! l&4 ,! trees are ( ! k9ds indig5\s to ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y occur2 & leaves & se$s ( ! hazel1 bee*1 elm1 c4 are (t5 pres]v$ 9 ! silt 9 :i* ! pro/rate =e/s are imb$d$4 ,on ! ,sussex coa/ !re are accumulations ( ?is k9d1 at ,bexhill1 ,pev5sey levels1 ,felpham1 c4 ,! ext5sive subt]ranean =e/s expos$ 9 ! ,f5s ( ,l9coln%ire by ! op]ations c>ri$ on = dra9+ t di/rict1 mu/ be famili> to ^? :o travel by ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway3 ! protrud+ upright /ems1 brok5 (f at a %ort di/ance above ! primitive soil1 w rem9d ! geological obs]v] ( ! petrifi$ =e/ ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&4 ,! wood 9 ^! cases has und]gone no *ange b t ( be+ dy$ black1 by an impregnation ( solutions ( iron2 & _m trunks are 9 s s\nd a /ate z to be employ$ 9 build+4 ,! oak timb]s ( ! ,royal ,george1 lately rais$ up f (f ,portsm\?1 aft] be+ imm]s$ 9 silt ab\t sixty ye>s1 closely resemble 9 col\r & texture ! wood ( ! subm]g$ =e/s4 ,skeletons ( de]1 horse1 sw9e1 c4 are occasionally f\nd imb$d$ 9 ^! subt]ranean accumulations ( vegetable rema9s2 & sometimes canoes1 =m$ ( ! trunk ( an oak1 con/ruct$ by ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ,brita91 ) /one implem5ts call$ celts1 are met ) at consid]able dep?s4 ,9 ! peat-bogs ( ,irel& 7,wond4 p4 #ff71 l>ge =e/ trees (t5 occur1 toge!r ) ! skeletons ( ! elk1 de]1 & o!r animals ( ! *ase2 & 9 a few in/ances ! bodies ( ! primitive hunt]s1 wrapp$ 9 sk9s1 h be5 discov]$4 ,9 ,belfa/ ,l\gh1 a b$ ( peat is situat$ b5ea? ! ord9>y level ( ! wat]s1 b is g5]ally left b>e at ! ebb tides4 ,trunks & bran*es ( trees1 ) va/ quantities ( hazel nuts1 are imb$d$ 9 ! peat2 ! :ole be+ cov]$ by lay]s ( s&1 & blue clay1 or silt4 ,9 mo/ cases ! p]ic>ps ( ! nuts are empty1 ! k]nels hav+ p]i%$2 b on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,l\gh1 :i* is b\nd$ by lime/one rocks1 !y conta9 calc-sp>1 :i* 9 "s examples =ms a l9+ ( delicate cry/als 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #f72 :ile 9 o!rs ! k]nel is transmut$ into calc>e\s sp> 7see ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #g72 b ! p]ic>ps are un*ang$1 & 9 ! /ate ( common dri$ nut-%ells2 ! wat] :i* deposit$ ! sp> 9 _! cavities n hav+ left a p>ticle ( m9]al matt] 9 ! ligne\s sub/ance ?r\gh :i* x _h filtrat$4 ,9 a subt]ranean =e/ at ,f]ry-bridge1 ,york%ire1 hazel nuts 9 a simil> m9]aliz$ /ate occur1 & ! bran*es & /ems ( ! trees h und]gone a l *ange2 ! c5tral ligne\s axis is petrifi$1 :ile ! out] zones h und]gone no lapidification1 b rema9 9 ! /ate ( dry rott5 wood4#df #df ,specim5s are pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum at ,york4 ,sid5ote3 ,,peat4--,,lignite4--,,br[n ,,coal4 ,lignite1 ,br[n ,coal1 or ,cannel ,coal2 ^! are t]ms employ$ to designate c]ta9 v>ieties ( c>boniz$ wood1 9 :i* ! ligne\s /ructure is m or less di/9ctly pres]v$4 ,lignite may be reg>d$ z an imp]fect coal1 = 9 its *emical prop]ties x holds an int]m$iate place betwe5 peat & bitum9\s coal4 ,x is = ! mo/ "p f\nd 9 t]ti>y =mations1 b is n unfrequ5t 9 anci5t second>y deposits1 & may occur 9 ! e>lie/ s$im5t>y rocks :i* conta9 vegetable rema9s4 ,! new] deposits ( ,br[n or wood-coal1 are commonly situat$ 9 depressions or bas9s1 z if !y _h be5 produc$ by ! subm]g5ce ( woods & =e/s1 9 a swamp or morass2 & 9 _m in/ances ! ligne\s /ructure is di/9ct 9 "o "p ( ! b$1 :ile 9 ano!r ! mass is a pure black coal1 diff]+ 9 no respect f true coal1 except t x is less d5se4 ,bovey ,coal4--,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive deposits ( br[n coal 9 ,engl&1 is t ( ,bovey ,hea?field1 ne> ,*udleigh 9 ,devon%ire1 :i* is ( consid]able ?ickness & ext5t1 & pres5ts all ! *>act]s ( a true coal-field2 namely1 b$s ( c>boniz$ vegetables1 alt]nat+ ) lay]s ( clay & m>l4 ,! ,bovey coal is 9 ! /ate ( bitum9iz$ wood1 ! vascul> tissue 7:i* is conif]\s 9 ! specim5s t h come "u my notice7 be+ app>5t4 ,x is easily *ipp$ or split1 & leaves a consid]able quantity ( :ite a%es aft] combu/ion4 ,! lay]s ( coal v>y 9 ?ickness f "o foot to ?ree feet2 & !re are eighte5 or tw5ty 9 a dep? ( ab\t #abj feet2 ?is coal-field ext5ds sev5 or eight miles4 ,no leaves or fruits h be5 discov]$2 bitum5 occurs bo? 9 ! coal & 9 ! int]m$iate clays4 ,calc>e\s sp>1 & iron pyrites1 prevail 9 _m ( ! /rata4 ,9 "s places ?is br[n coal is cov]$ by a b$ ( peat1 9 :i* trunks & cones ( firs are imb$d$4 ,! :ole s]ies appe>s to h be5 a lacu/r9e deposit2 probably =m$ 9 a lake1 into ^: bas9 rafts ( p9e =e/s 7 drift$ by p]iodical l&-floods4 7,org4 ,rem4 ,i4 p4 #cbg74 ,! br[n-coal =mations on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 pres5t ! same ph5om5a on a m ext5d$ scale1 & complicat$ ) *anges induc$ by volcanic action4 ,9 ,icel&1 :]e at ! pres5t "t =e/s are unkn[n1 !re are ext5sive deposits ( lignite ( a peculi> k9d1 t]m$ surturbr&4 ,sid5ote3 ,,jet4--,,weald5 ,,coal4 ,jet4--,! beautiful sub/ance call$ ,jet1 is a compact lignite1 & ! vascul> tissue may be detect$ ev5 9 ! mo/ solid masses2 :5 prep>$ 9 v ?9 slices1 x appe>s ( a ri* br[n col\r by transmitt$ light1 & ! woody texture is visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,jet is f\nd 9 great purity & abundance 9 ! cliffs ( alum-%ale on ! ,york%ire coa/1 :i* 7 celebrat$ 9 ! e>ly c5turies = ! production ( ?is sub/ance4 ,at ,:itby & ,sc>bor\gh ext5sive manufactories ( ornam5ts & tr9kets ( jet are e/abli%$4 ,! s&/one cliffs ne> ,:itby conta9 masses ( a v compact v>iety1 locally t]m$ /one-jet4 ,9 ! front ( ! cliff1 on ! nor?-we/ side ( ,haiburn ,wyke1 ! /ump ( a tree 0 obs]v$ 9 an erect position1 ab\t ?ree feet high1 & fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]2 ! roots trav]s$ a b$ ( %ale1 & 7 9 ! /ate ( co>se jet1 b ! trunk1 :i* ext5d$ into ! s&/one1 0 9 "p silicifi$1 :ile o!r portions 7 decay$ & _h a sooty aspect4#dg #dg ,geological ,survey ( ! ,york%ire ,coa/2 by ,rev4 ,g4 ,"y2 #ahbh2 p4 #aig4 ,?9 seams & lay]s1 & nodul> masses1 z well z regul> coal-fields ( lignite1 occur 9 ! t]ti>y =mations4 ,at ,ca/le ,hill1 ne> ,ne:av51 9 ,sussex 7,wond4 p4 #bci71 a seam ( lignite resembl+ ! surturbr& ( ,icel&1 a few in*es ?ick1 is int]pos$ betwe5 /rata ( r$ m>l 9 :i* are c>boniz$ leaves ( dicotyl$on\s trees4 ,at ,alum ,bay 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 a lay] ( lignite occurs betwe5 ! b$s ( v]tical gravel & s& ( t int]e/+ locality4 ,weald5 ,coal4--,! ,weald5 =mation1 9 "s di/ricts1 conta9s lay]s ( lignite1 :i* alt]nate ) f9ely lam9at$ micace\s s&/ones1 m>ls1 & clays1 ab\nd+ 9 m9ute c>boniz$ fragm5ts ( f]n-leaves1 ) fre%-wat] %ells1 & entomo/rac\s cru/aceans4 ,?is s]ies ( /rata s /rik+ly resembles 9 its g5]al aspect ! *>act]s ( a coal-field1 t "s ye>s s9ce ext5sive works 7 und]tak5 9 ,sussex1 9 ! expectation t coal might be obta9$ ( suitable quality = economical purposes4 ,! se>* 0 unsuccessful1 b ! attempt des]ves n ! c5sure t 0 be/[$ ^u x1 9 ! infancy ( geological sci5ce2#dh = exp]i5ce has s9ce %[n1 t al?\gh ! true coal-measures are only f\nd b5ea? ! ,triassic & ,p]mian =mations1 good combu/ible bitum9\s coal is n necess>ily re/rict$ to any p]iod or s]ies ( /rata1 b may occur :]ev] ! local conditions 7 fav\rable to ! accumulation & bitum9ization ( vegetable matt]4 ,9 fact1 ! coal-fields ( ! nor? ( ,g]many are ( ! ,weald5 epo*2 & ?is coal m closely approa*es 9 its *emical *>act]s ! black-coal ( ! anci5t c>bonif]\s =mations1 ?an any ( ! lignites & br[n-coals ( ! t]ti>y /rata4 ,"s ( ! b$s are highly bitum9\s1 especially ^? ( ,s*aumb]g1 & ( ! pr9cipality ( ,bckeburg1 :i* may rank ) ! be/ ,engli% ,newca/le coal2 b ^? lay]s :i* are d]iv$ f conif]\s trees & plants are m lam9at$1 & some:at resemble ! br[n-coal4 ,^! deposits h orig9at$ = ! mo/ "p f c>boniz$ conif]s & cycads1 ) a few f]ns & lycopodiace1 or club-mosses4 #dh ,see ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el's ,disc\rse on ,nat4 ,phil4 ,! br[n-coal ( ,hoh5-,w>te by ! ,o/]weld1 is *iefly =m$ ( ! ,abies ,l9kii1 & ,pt]ophyllum ,lyellianum1 ^: leaves & twigs1 closely impact$ toge!r1 are g5]ally ( a br[ni% col\r1 h a glossy surface1 &1 :5 soak$ 9 wat]1 are p]fectly flexible4 ,! o!r modification ( ,weald5 coal appe>s to h und]gone a great] degree ( pressure1 & ( exclusion f ! atmosph]e2 no ligne\s /ructure is app>5t1 b indi/9ct impressions ( leaves are p]ceptible1 & ^! are *iefly ( f]ns & club-mosses4 ,?is coal has probably result$ f an accumulation ( plants ( less firm texture1 & m p]i%able1 ?an ^? ( :i* ! =m] is compos$4#di #di ,see ,dr4 ,bunk]'s ,mon4 ,norddeuts*4 ,weald4 ,_m int]e/+ facts relat+ to ! c>bonization ( vegetables1 came "u my obs]vation dur+ my rese>*es 9 ! ,weald5 /rata2 & x is a subject ( regret to me1 t circum/ances prev5t$ my foll[+ up ! inve/igation ( ^? /ill imp]fectly explor$ deposits4 ,small nodul> portions ( coal1 9 :i* no /ructure is app>5t1 (t5 occur 9 ! calcif]\s grit ( ,tilgate ,=e/2 & sometimes l>ge masses ( lignite1 fissur$ 9 e direction1 & hav+ ! int]/ices fill$ ) :ite calc>e\s sp>4#ej ,"s ( ! s&/ones are discol\r$ by ! abundance ( m9ute p>ticles ( lignite1 produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( f]ns peculi> to ! c\ntry ( ! ,iguanodon4 #ej ,a f9e specim5 ( ?is k9d is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! orig9al /ructure & composition ( a plant d\btless affect$ its c>bonization2 = 9 ! same lay] ( /one1 ! /ems ( ,endog5ites1 h]eaft] describ$1 inv>iably possess a ?ick1 out] cru/1 ( coal2 :ile ^? ( ,cla?r>i1 plants alli$ to ! ,cycads1 h n a p>ticle ( c>bonace\s matt]1 b are surr\nd$ by a r$di% br[n e>?y sub/ance4 ,! nature ( ! /ratum 9 :i* ! plants 7 imb$d$1 mu/ also h influ5c$ ! process ( bitum9ization4 ,masses ( vegetables buri$ b5ea? b$s ( t5aci\s clay1 by :i* ! escape ( ! gase\s elem5ts set free by decomposition 0 prev5t$1 mu/ h be5 plac$ "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = _! conv]sion into lignite & coal4 ,t ! production ( lignite is /ill go+ on !re c be no d\bt2 & ! foll[+ in/ance ( a b$ ( rec5t orig91 af=ds an in/ructive illu/ration ( ! subject4 ,ne> ,lim]ick1 9 ! di/rict ( ,ma9e1 "o ( ! ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !re are peat-bogs ( consid]able ext5t1 9 :i* a sub/ance simil> to cannel-coal is f\nd at ! dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet f ! surface1 amid/ ! rema9s ( rott5 logs ( wood1 & beav]-/icks3#ea ! peat is tw5ty feet ?ick1 & re/s ^u :ite s&4 ,?is coal 0 discov]$ on digg+ a dit* to dra9 a portion ( ! bog1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ peat = manure4 ,! sub/ance is a true bitum9\s coal1 conta9+ m bitum5 ?an is f\nd 9 any o!r v>iety1,,az ,poli%$ sections ( ! compact masses exhibit ! peculi> /ructure ( conif]\s trees1 & prove t ! coal 0 d]iv$ f a species alli$ to ! ,am]ican fir4 #ea ,pieces ( wood fa%ion$ by ! beav]s = ! con/ruction ( _! dams4 #eb ,an analysis ( #ajj gra9s gave ! foll[+ results3--,bitum5 #gb2 c>bon1 #ba2 oxide ( iron1 #d2 silica1 #a2 oxide ( manganese1 #b2 #ajj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,coal4 ,coal4--,we proce$ to ! exam9ation ( t rem>kable sub/ance :i* has result$ f ! p]fect bitum9ization ( ! vegetables ( ! mo/ anci5t ,flora :i* geological rese>*es h br\ght to light1 & to :i* ! t]m ,coal is commonly re/rict$4 ,al?\gh ,bal?az> ,kle9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury affirm$ t coal ow$ its =mation to wood & o!r vegetable sub/ances1#ec yet ,i c well rememb] :5 _m em95t geologi/s 7 sceptical on ?is po9t2 & ! tru? 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ o!r que/ions ( natural philosophy1 0 e/abli%$ ) difficulty4 ,! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( ! late ,dr4 ,maccullo*1 ma9ly contribut$ to solve ! problem z to ! vegetable nature ( ?is sub/ance2 & t em95t *emi/ & geologi/ successfully trac$ ! transition ( vegetable matt] f peat-wood1 br[n-coal1 lignite1 & jet1 to coal1 an?racite1 graphite1 & plumbago4 ,nor mu/ ! m]itori\s lab\rs ( t accompli%$ naturali/1 & excell5t man1 ! late ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 au?or ( ! ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w1 9 ?is field ( rese>*1 be =gott54#ed ,! fir/ volume ( t "w1 :i* treats on fossil plants1 conta9s mu* orig9al in=mation on ! transmutation ( vegetables into ! v>i\s m9]al sub/ances 9 :i* ! nature & orig9al /ructure ( ! orig9als are altoge!r *ang$ & oblit]at$2 x may /ill be consult$ by ! /ud5t ) advantage4 #ec ,/]nb]g's ,flore du ,monde ,primitif4 #ed ,see my ,pictorial ,atlas ( ,organic ,rema9s1 #ahej4 ,al?\gh ! vegetable orig9 ( all coal w n admit ( "q1 yet evid5ce ( ! int]nal organization ( ! plants ( :i* x is compos$1 is n always atta9able2 = ! mo/ p]fect coal has und]gone a complete liquefaction1 & if any portions ( ! /ructure rema91 !y appe> "u ! microscope z if imb$d$ 9 a pure bitum9\s mass4 ,! slaty coal g5]ally pres]ves traces ( cellul> or vascul> tissue1 & ! spiral vessels1 & ! dott$ cells ( conif]\s trees1 may readily be detect$ 9 *ips or slices1 prep>$ 9 ! mann] previ\sly po9t$ out 7ante1 p4 #ff74 ,9 _m examples ! cells are fill$ ) an amb]-col\r$ res9\s sub/ance2 9 o!rs ! organization is s well pres]v$1 t on ! expos$ surface ( a piece ( coal crack$ by exposure to heat1 ! vascul> tissue1 spiral vessels1 & cells /udd$ ) gl&s1 may be detect$4 ,ev5 9 ! :ite a%es left aft] combu/ion1 traces ( ! spiral vessels are (t5 disc]nible "u a highly magnify+ p[d]4 ,"s b$s ( coal are :olly compos$ ( m9ute leaves & dis9tegrat$ foliage2 & if a mass rec5tly extract$ f ! m9e be split asund]1 ! surface is se5 to be cov]$ ) flexible pellicles ( c>boniz$ leaves & fibres1 matt$ toge!r2 & flake aft] flake may be peel$ (f ?r\gh a ?ickness ( _m in*es1 & ! same /ructure be app>5t4 ,r>ely are any l>ge trunks or bran*es obs]vable 9 ! coal2 ! appe>ance ( _m b$s be+ t ( a deposit ( foliage1 %$ & accumulat$ 9 a =e/1 7z may be obs]vable 9 exi/+ p9e-di/ricts17 & consolidat$ by pressure1 :ile und]go+ t peculi> *ange by :i* vegetable matt] is conv]t$ into a c>bonace\s mass4 ,9 f9e1 a gradual transition may be trac$ f ! peat-wood & subm]g$ =e/s ( mod]n times1 9 :i* leaves1 fruits1 & trunks ( indig5\s trees & plants are pres]v$1 to ^? va/ deposits ( m9]al coal1 =m$ by ! bitum9ization ( ! ext9ct ,floras :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! palozoic ages4 ,! geological position ( ! anci5t coal1 ! mann] 9 :i* x is int]/ratifi$ ) lay]s ( clay1 %ale1 micace\s s&/one1 grit1 & iron/one--9 "s di/ricts associat$ ) b$s ( fre%-wat] %ells 7,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #hd7--;9 o!rs alt]nat+ ) /rata conta9+ m>9e rema9s1--are fully treat$ ( 9 ,wond4 pp4 #gbi-gcc1 & ,bd4 p4 #ebe2 & x is n )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t "w to dwell 9 detail ^u :at may be t]m$ ! physical geology ( ! c>bonif]\s deposits4 ,b a few obs]vations on ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ^! accumulations ( bitum9iz$ vegetables & _! associat$ /rata1 are necess>y to r5d] ! subsequ5t rem>ks on ! habits & aff9ities ( ! plants compos+ ! palozoic ,flora intelligible to ! g5]al read]4 ,:ile ! ess5tial conditions = ! conv]sion ( vegetable sub/ances into coal appe> to be ! imb$d+ ( l>ge quantities ( rec5t trees & plants 9 a deposit :i* %all exclude ! air1 & prev5t ! escape ( ! gase\s elem5ts :5 releas$ by decomposition f _! organic comb9ation1 s1 accord+ to ! m or less p]fect mann] 9 :i* ^! conditions are fulfill$1 w result coal1 jet1 lignite1 br[n-coal1 or peat-wood2 or a mass ( p>tially c>boniz$ vegetables1 l t obs]vable :5 new-m[n hay und]goes spontane\s combu/ion1 f bitum9\s f]m5tation 9 ! atmosph]e 7,wond4 p4 #gja4 ,org4 ,rem4 ,i4 p4 #aha74 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! c>bonif]\s /rata h be5 deposit$1 has be5 a subject ( mu* discussion4 ,"s cont5d t ! coal-measures 7 orig9ally 9 ! /ate ( peat-bogs1 & t ! successive lay]s 7 =m$ by ! subsid5ces ( =e/s :i* grew on ! sites n[ occupi$ by _! c>boniz$ rema9s2 o!rs suppose t ! vegetable matt] orig9at$ f rafts1 l ^? ( ! ,mississippi1 :i* float$ out to sea1 & became engulf$2 :ile _m affirm t ! coal-measures 7 accumulat$ 9 inl& seas or lakes1 ! successive b$s ( vegetable matt] be+ suppli$ by p]iodical l&-floods2 & ! support]s ( ea* hypo!sis br+ num]\s facts 9 corroboration ( _! respective op9ions4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt t ! production ( coal has tak5 place "u ea* ( ^! conditions1 & t at diff]5t p]iods1 & 9 v>i\s localities1 all ^! causes h be5 9 op]ation2 9 "s in/ances s+ly1 9 o!rs 9 comb9ation4 ,coal may h be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( fre%-wat] lakes1 z 9 ^? in/ances :]e x is associat$ ) fre%-wat] %ells & cru/aceans1 z at ,burdie ,h\se 7,wond4 p4 #fic71 & 9 "s ( ! ,d]by%ire & ,york%ire deposits2 9 ! b$s ( riv]s & e/u>ies1 z 9 ! ,weald51 & 9 ! ,%rewsbury coal-field2#ee & f drift$ =e/s1 l ! rafts ( ! ,am]ican riv]s1 transport$ into ! sea1 & engulf$ 9 ! abyss ( ! ocean2#ef & ! rema9s ( t]re/rial1 lacu/r9e1 & m>9e animals1 may accord+ly be f\nd associat$ ) x4,,be ,b ?\gh _m coal-fields 7or bas9s1 z !y are t]m$1 because !y occupy depressions7 h evid5tly be5 produc$ by diff]5t1 & local ag5cies1 ! s$im5t>y deposits & coal-b$s compris$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s =mations1 sett+ aside unimportant v>iations1 pres5t a rem>kable uni=mity ( "* 9 _! nature & arrangem5t1 n only ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & ,europe1 b 9 e o!r "p ( ! kn[n _w4 #ee ,9 ?is coal-field are b$s ( lime/one sev]al feet ?ick1 ab\nd+ 9 cyprides1 fre%-wat] mollusks1 c4--,sil4 ,sy/4 p1 #hd4 #ef ,! imm5se ?icknesss ( "s coal-b$s1 )\t any int]calations ( e>?y mat]ials1 seems to be inexplicable on any o!r supposition b t ( accumulations ( drift-wood & plants4 ,9 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 !re 0 exhibit$1 on ! outside ( ! we/ end ( ! ,cry/al ,palace1 a section ( ! l[e/ b$ ( coal f ,tividale ,colli]y 9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 ! total ?ickness ( :i* 0 #bi feet1 ) no int]mixture :atev] ( s$im5t1 except "s ?9 %aly p>t+s3 ! entire mass 0 compos$ ( c>boniz$ vegetables4 #eg ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison has treat$ ?is subject ) great ability3 see ,sil4 ,sy/4 *ap1 xi41 & ! illu/rative maps opposite1 p4 #aeb4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ratification ,,( ,a ,,coal-,,field4 ,/ratification ( a ,coal-field4--,! gr\p ( /rata con/itut+ a coal-field consi/s ( an alt]nation ( lay]s ( coal & ( clay1 ( v>iable ?ickness1 re/+1 v g5]ally1 on grit1 or m>9e lime/one ab\nd+ 9 %ells1 corals1 & cr9oidea4 ,my late excell5t fri5d1 ,mr4 ,bakewell1 us$ to exemplify ! mann] 9 :i* ! b$s ( coal are int]/ratifi$ ) lay]s ( clay & %ale1 by ! foll[+ apt illu/ration2 let a s]ies ( mussel-%ells be plac$ "o )9 ! o!r1 & a lay] ( clay be int]pos$ betwe5 ea*2 ! %ells w repres5t ! b$s ( coal1 & ! p>titions ( clay ! e>?y /rata int]calat$ betwe5 ! c>bonif]\s lay]s2 n[1 if "o side ( ! s]ies ( %ells be rais$ to indicate ! g5]al rise ( ! /rata 9 t direction1 & ! :ole be dislocat$ by p>tial cracks & fissures1 ! g5]al arrangem5t & subsequ5t displacem5t ( ! b$s w be repres5t$4 ,! pr9cipal feature :i* arre/s att5tion on ! exam9ation ( ! section ( a coal-pit1 is ! uni=m pres5ce ( a ?ick b$ ( clay b5ea? e lay] ( coal2 b a /ill m extraord9>y fact rema9s to be m5tion$1 namely1 t a common plant ( ! coal /rata1 call$ ,/igm>ia1 7h]eaft] describ$1 see ,lign4 #cf1 #ch17 inv>iably occurs1 m or less abundantly1 9 ?is b$ ( "u-day1 al?\gh v r>ely to be met ) 9 ! coal or %ale above4 ,?is ph5om5on1 long s9ce notic$ by ,m>t91 ,maccullo*1 & o!r au?ors1 b ^: value 0 n duly e/imat$ till ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,logan1 7,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bge17 is also f\nd to prevail ?r\gh\t ! ,wel% coal =mation1 :i* is upw>ds ( twelve ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 & conta9s m ?an sixty b$s ( coal1 & z _m ( clay ) /igm>i2 ! ,appala*ian coal-measures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates pres5t ! same *>act]s4#eh ,to place ?is fact be=e ! /ud5t 9 a cle> po9t ( view1 ,i w describe "o ( ! triple s]ies ( b$s :i* compose a coal-field4 #eh ,see ,pr(4 ,rog]s1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,geologi/s1 p4 #dec2 & ,sir ,c4 ,lyell's ,travels 9 ,am]ica4 #a4 ,"u-clay2 ! l[]mo/ /ratum4 ,a t\gh argillace\s sub/ance1 :i* ^u dry+ becomes a grey friable e>?3 x is occasionally black1 f ! pres5ce ( c>bonace\s matt]4 ,x conta9s innum]able /ems ( /igm>i1 :i* are g5]ally ( consid]able l5g?1 & h _! rootlets or fibres 7see ,lign4 #ch7 atta*$1 & ext5d+ 9 e direction ?r\gh ! clay3 ^! /ems commonly lie p>allel ) ! planes ( ! b$1 & ne>] to ! top ?an to ! bottom4 #b4 ,coal4 ,a c>boniz$ mass1 9 :i* ! ext]nal =ms ( ! plants & trees compos+ x are oblit]at$1 b ! int]nal /ructure rema9s2 l>ge trunks or /ems1 & leaves1 are r>ely di/+ui%able 9 x1 b ! pres5ce ( conif]\s wood 9 _m b$s ( coal1 proves t ?is arises1 n f ! abs5ce ( trees1 b f _! ext]nal =ms hav+ be5 oblit]at$4 #c4 ,! ,ro(1 or upp] b$4 ,?is g5]ally consi/s ( slaty clay1 ab\nd+ 9 leaves1 trunks1 /ems1 bran*es1 & fruits1 & conta9s lay]s & nodules ( iron/one1 inclos+ leaves1 insects1 cru/aceans1 c4 ,9 "s localities b$s ( fre%-wat] mussels1 & 9 o!rs ( m>9e %ells1 are int]calat$2 lay]s ( %ale1 f9ely lam9at$ clay1 micace\s s& & grit1 & pebbles ( lime/one1 granite1 s&/one1 & o!r rocks1 are (t5 pres5t4 ,! mo/ illu/rative examples ( ! foliage ( ! c>bonif]\s flora are f\nd 9 ?is deposit1 :i* appe>s to be an accumulation ( drift$ mat]ials d]iv$ f o!r rocks1 & promiscu\sly int]m+l$ ) ! d5se foliage & /ems ( a pro/rate =e/2 ! :ole hav+ be5 transport$ f a di/ance by a p[]ful curr5t or flood4 ,sid5ote3 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,coal4 ,?us we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 spread uni=mly ov] ! bottom1 & con/itut+ ! b$ on :i* ! coal reposes1 a /ratum ( clay 7,"u-clay71 compos$ ( f9e pulv]ul5t mat]ials1 :i* may h once con/itut$ ! soil ( a va/ pla9 or savannah2 ! only rema9s f\nd 9 x are ! roots ( gigantic trees 7see ,lign4 #cf72 = su* ! /igm>i are n[ prov$ to h be51 & n aquatic plants1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$ 7,bd4 p4 #dgf74 ,secondly1 a bitum9\s mass 7,coal71 compos$ ( conif]\s wood1 gigantic f]ns1 club-mosses1 c42 occasionally ) trunks ( trees p5etrat+ v]tically ?r\gh x4 ,?irdly1 a deposit ( drift or wat]-worn mat]ials 7! ,ro(71 mix$ ) ! foliage & /ems ( num]\s species ( t]re/rial plants2 ! :ole appe>+ to h be5 subject$ to ! action ( curr5ts4 ,! fir/1 or ,"u-clay1 may h be5 ! natural soil1 9 :i* ! /igm>i grew2 ! next1--! ,coal1--! c>boniz$ /ems1 & o!r rema9s ( ! trees to :i* ! roots belong$3 & ! la/1 or upp]mo/1 =m+ ! ro( ( ! coal1 may h result$ f ! foliage & bran*es ( a pro/rate =e/1 ov]:elm$ & buri$ b5ea? ! transport$ detritus ( di/ant rocks4 ,^! ph5om5a may be expla9$ by suppos+ ! inundation ( a ?ickly-wood$ pla9 f an irruption ( ! sea2 or ( a va/ inl& lake1 occasion$ by ! sudd5 removal ( "s b>ri]2 or by a subsid5ce ( ! tract ( c\ntry on :i* ! =e/ grew4 ,b :5 we f9d an accumulation ( /rata1 9 :i* triple deposits ( ?is k9d are repeat$ "s ?irty or =ty times ?r\gh a ?ickness ( _m ?\s& feet1 ?is solution ( ! problem is n satisfactory4 ,n only subsid5ce aft] subsid5ce mu/ h tak5 place1 b ! fir/ subm]g5ce h be5 foll[$ by an elevation ( ! l&--ano!r soil1 fit = ! gr[? ( =e/ trees1 mu/ h be5 produc$--ano!r g5]ation ( vegetables1 ( precisely ! same species & g5]a1 h sprung up1 & arriv$ at maturity--& !n ano!r subsid5ce1 & ano!r accumulation ( drift4 ,& ^! p]iodical oscillations 9 ! relative level ( ! l& & wat] mu/ h gone on un9t]rupt$ly ?r\gh a long p]iod ( "t1 n 9 "o di/rict or c\ntry only1 b 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 dur+ ! same geological epo*4 ,at pres5t ,i d n ?9k we h data suffici5t to expla9 ^! ph5om5a2 :at has be5 advanc$ may1 p]haps1 s]ve to elicit fur!r in=mation1 by po9t+ out ! difficulties 9 :i* ! "q is involv$1 & %[+ :at int]e/+ fields ( discov]y are /ill unexplor$1 & h[ compreh5sive & important are ! objects t come )9 ! scope ( geological inve/igation4#ei #ei ,i w\ld ref] ! /ud5t = a full] consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a ?us briefly notic$1 to ! #f? edition ( my ,wond]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #ffi1 #gah1 #gca4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w conclude ?is *apt] ) ! foll[+ beautiful reflections ( ,dr4 ,buckl& on ! orig9 & nature ( ,coal1 & ! *anges x und]goes :5 r5d]$ subs]vi5t to ! necessities & luxuries ( man4 ,few p]sons are aw>e ( ! remote & wond]ful ev5ts 9 ! economy ( our planet1 & ( ! complicat$ applications ( human indu/ry & sci5ce1 :i* are involv$ 9 ! production ( ! coal t supplies ) fuel ! metropolis ( ,engl&4 ,! mo/ e>ly /age to :i* we c c>ry back its orig91 0 among ! swamps & =e/s ( ! primeval e>?1 :]e x fl\ri%$ 9 ! =m ( gigantic ,calamites1 & /ately ,lepidod5dra1 & ,sigill>i4 ,f _! native b$1 ^! plants 7 transport$ into "s adjac5t lake1 or e/u>y1 or sea4 ,"h !y float$ on ! wat]s1 until !y sank saturat$ to ! bottom1 & be+ buri$ 9 ! detritus ( adjac5t l&s1 became transf]r$ to a new e/ate among ! memb]s ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,a long int]m5t foll[$1 dur+ :i* a c\rse ( *emical *anges1 & new comb9ations ( _! vegetable elem5ts1 conv]t$ !m to ! m9]al condition ( coal4 ,by ! elevat+ =ce ( subt]ranean ag5cy1 ^! b$s ( coal h be5 uplift$ f b5ea? ! wat]s1 to a new position 9 ! hills & m\nta9s1 :]e !y are accessible to ! indu/ry ( man4 ,f ?is f\r? /age1 coal has be5 remov$ by ! lab\rs ( ! m9]1 assi/$ by ! arts & sci5ces1 t h co-op]at$ to produce ! /eam-eng9e1 & ! safety-lamp4 ,return$ once m to ! light ( day1 & a second "t committ$ to ! wat]s1 x has1 by ! aid ( navigation1 be5 convey$ to ! sc5e ( its next & mo/ consid]able *ange by fire2 a *ange dur+ :i* x becomes subs]vi5t to ! mo/ important wants & conv5i5ces ( man4 ,9 ?is sev5? /age ( its long ev5tful hi/ory1 x seems1 to ! vulg> eye1 to und]go annihilation2 its elem5ts are1 inde$1 releas$ f ! m9]al comb9ations :i* !y h ma9ta9$ = ages1 b _! app>5t de/ruction is only ! comm5cem5t ( new successions ( *ange & ( activity4 ,set free f _! long imprisonm5t1 !y return to _! native atmosph]e1 f :i* !y 7 absorb$ by ! primeval vegetation ( ! e>?4 ,to-morr[ !y may contribute to ! sub/ance ( timb]1 9 ! trees ( our exi/+ =e/s2 & hav+ = a :ile resum$ _! place 9 ! liv+ vegetable k+dom1 may1 ere long1 be appli$ a second "t to ! use & b5efit ( man4 ,& :5 decay or fire %all once m consign !m to ! e>?1 or to ! atmosph]e1 ! same elem5ts w ent] on "s fur!r dep>tm5t ( _! p]petual m9i/ration 9 ! economy ( ! mat]ial _w4#fj #fj ,bd p4 #dha4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,fossil ,,vegetables4 ,9 ! pres5t section ( ?is "w1 ,i propose to expla9 ! botanical arrangem5t & nom5clature ( fossil plants2 & figure & describe "o or m species ( ! g5]a t are mo/ likely to come "u ! obs]vation ( ! /ud5t1 ei!r 9 public or private collections1 or 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es 9 ! field4 ,to det]m9e ! botanical relations ( fossil leaves & /ems1 ref]5ce mu/ be _h to works expressly devot$ to ! subject2 namely1 ! ,briti% ,fossil ,flora1 by ,dr4 ,l9dley & ,mr4 ,hutton1 & ! ,hi/oire des ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 by ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t4 ,! classification ( ! la/-nam$ em95t botani/ is "h adopt$1 z ! mo/ easy ( application4 ,) reg>d to ! nom5clature1 x may be necess>y to rem>k1 t :5 a fossil plant und\bt$ly belongs to a rec5t g5us1 ! usual botanical "n is employ$3 = example1 ,equisetum ,lyellii2 :5 ! fossil does n possess all ! g5]ic *>act]s1 yet is evid5tly alli$ to a rec5t g5us1 ! t]m ites 7f 1 li?os1 /one71 is add$--z ,equisetites1 ,palmacites1 c42 & ?is t]m9ation is inv>iably adopt$ by "s au?ors4 ,:5 ! fossil plant diff]s altoge!r f any kn[n type1 x is di/+ui%$ by "s arbitr>y g5]ic "n1 z ,buckl&ia1 ,sigill>ia1 c4 ,!re are also a few provisional g5]a = ! reception ( fossil leaves1 fruits1 & /ems1 ^: *>act]s & relations are b imp]fectly kn[n2 z ,c>poli!s1 ,endog5ites1 c4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples ! pres5t arrangem5t has be5 f\nd$3 ! progress ( discov]y w1 ( c\rse1 be cont9ually add+ to ! li/1 & ! classification require to be modifi$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,cryptogamia4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal types ( ! anci5t floras ^: relics are pres]v$ 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 ?\gh comm5c+ ) ^? ( ! mo/ simple /ructure1 ! ,cryptogamia1 & advanc+ to ! high] ord]s1 is n /rictly botanical2 = x 0 f\nd conv5i5t1 9 "s in/ances1 to notice c]ta9 species & g5]a ( diff]5t ord]s "u ! same head1 f _! occurr5ce 9 ! same geological =mations4 ,x is e/imat$ t n m ?an two ?\s& species ( plants h be5 discov]$ 9 a fossil /ate1 :ile ! kn[n rec5t species am\nt to upw>ds ( eighty ?\s&4 ,cellul> ,cryptogamia2 ,alg4--,! plants designat$ by botani/s ,alg1 & commonly kn[n z sea-we$s1 lav]s1 & fre%-wat] mosses1 are ( ! mo/ simple /ructure--m]e aggregations ( cells--b pres5t innum]able v>ieties ( =m & magnitude3 _m species are m]e vesicles ( su* m9ut5ess z to be invisible to ! unassi/$ eye1 except accumulat$ 9 c\ntless myriads1 :5 !y appe> z a gre51 purple1 or r$di%1 slime 9 ! wat]2 or z a film on wood or /one1 or on ! gr\nd1 9 damp situations2 :ile o!rs are t\gh bran*$ m>9e plants1 _m fa?oms 9 l5g?4 ,! ,alg =m ?ree pr9cipal gr\ps3 #a4 ! jo9tless1 z ! ,fuci1 ! ,dulses1 ,tangles1 & ,lav]s3 #b4 ! jo9t$1 :i* are compos$ ( ?read-l articulat$ tubes2 su* are ! fre%-wat] ,conf]v3 #c4 ! disjo9t$1 or ,brittle-worts1 s call$ f _! spontane\s self-division1 :i* is 9 "s k9ds complete1 9 o!rs only p>tial2 & ^!1 by sep>at+ transv]sely1 & leav+ ea* cell or fru/ule atta*$ at ! angles1 produce ^? beautiful *a9s ( angul> gre5 transp>5t cases1 s con/antly se5 "u ! microscope :5 sub/ances f fre%-wat] /reams or lakes are submitt$ to exam9ation4 ,z _m ( ^! =ms are end[$ ) spontane\s motion1 & possess o!r prop]ties common to animal organization1 x is n surpris+ t _! vegetable nature 0 d\bt$1 & t ev5 s pr(\nd a naturali/ z ,m4 ,ehr5b]g plac$ !m 9 ! animal k+dom3 ! great] numb] be+ compris$ 9 8 family ( ,bacill>i1 7 describ$ 9 ! =m] edition ( ?is "w1 z ,infusoria or ,animalcules2 9 con=mity ) ! classification ( ! illu/ri\s microscopi/1 ^: spl5did works & indefatigable lab\rs h s greatly promot$ ! advancem5t ( microscopical inve/igation4#fa #fa ,! :ole ( ! objects call$ ,infusoria 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,m$als ( ,creation belong to v>i\s k9ds ( ,diatomace4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,diatomace4 ,^! m9ute vegetable organisms are plac$ by botani/s 9 two tribes1 ! ,diatomace or ! ,brittle-worts1 & ! ,desmidie4 ,! latt] are exclusively inhabitants ( fre%-wat]1 :ile a l>ge proportion ( ! =m] are m>9e plants4 ,"s naturali/s 7,m4 ,brbisson7 re/rict ! "n ,diatomace to ^? species :i* secrete silice\s envelopes2 & t ( ,desmidie to ^? ^: /ructures are n silice\s1 & are r$ucible by heat to c>bon4 ,z ! durable p>ts ( ^! plants alone conc]n ! geologi/1 ! "n ,diatomace w be employ$ z a g5]al t]m 9 ref]5ce to _! fossil rema9s4 ,^! tribes ( ,alg ab\nd 9 e lake & /ream ( fre%-wat]1 9 e pool or bay1 & ?r\gh\t ! ocean f ! equator to ! poles4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( sea-we$s secrete c>bonate ( lime2 b ! ,diatomace h ! p[] ( sep>at+ silex1 or ! e>? ( fl9t1 f ! wat]1 by "s unkn[n process1 & _! tissues are compos$ ( pure qu>tz3 h5ce1 "u ! microscope1 _! rema9s1 consi/+ :olly ( rock cry/al1 exhibit ! mo/ exquisite =ms1 elaborately frett$ & ornam5t$ 7see ,lign4 #d74 ,aft] ! dea? & decomposition ( ^! plants1 _! durable fru/ules or cases appe> z col\rless discs1 cups1 sph]es1 %ields1 c41 & ^! accumulate at ! bottom ( ! wat] 9 su* inconceivable numb]s1 z to =m /rata ( great ?ickness & ext5t4 ,sl[ly1 imp]ceptibly1 & incessantly1 are ! vital en]gies ( ^! atoms sep>at+ f ! elem5t 9 :i* !y live ! mo/ refractory & endur+ ( m9]al sub/ances1 silex1 & elaborat+ x into imp]i%able /ructures1 & ?us add+ enorm\s contributions to ! accumulations ( detritus1 :i* make up ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! cru/ ( ! globe4 ,! ext5t ( ?is inf9itesimal flora ?r\gh\t regions :]e no o!r =ms ( vegetation are kn[n1 is /rik+ly demon/rat$ by ! obs]vations ( our em95t botanical travell]4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook]1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,ant>ctic regions4#fb #fb ,on ! ,botany ( ! ,s\? ,pol> ,regions2 9 ,sir ,j4 ,ross's ,voyage ( ,discov]y4 ,ev]y:]e1 ,dr4 ,hook] /ates1 ! wat]s & ! ice alike ab\nd 9 ^! microscopic vegetables4 ,?\gh too small to be visible to ! unassi/$ eye1 _! aggregat$ masses /a9$ ! iceb]g & pack-ice :]ev] ! latt] 7 wa%$ by ! sea1 & imp>t$ a pale o*re\s col\r to ! ice4 ,f ! s\? ( ! belt ( ice :i* encircles ! globe1 to ! highe/ latitudes rea*$ by man1 ?is vegetation is ev]y:]e conspicu\s1 f ! contra/ betwe5 its col\r & t ( ! :ite sn[ & ice 9 :i* x is imb$d$4 ,9 ! #hj ( s\? latitude all ! surface ice c>ri$ along by curr5ts1 & ! sides ( e b]g1 & ! base ( ! great ,victoria b>ri] itself--a p]p5dicul> wall ( ice1 f "o to two hundr$ feet above ! sea level--7 t+$ br[n f ?is cause1 z if ! wat]s 7 *>g$ ) oxide ( iron4 ,! majority ( ^! plants consi/ ( simple vegetable cells enclos$ 9 inde/ructible silex2 & x is obvi\s t ! dea? ( su* multitudes mu/ =m s$im5t>y deposits ( imm5se ext5t4 ,! univ]sal exi/5ce ( su* an invisible vegetation z t ( ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean is a truly wond]ful fact1 & ! m s f its be+ unaccompani$ by plants ( a high ord]4 ,?is ocean sw>ms ) mollusca1 & entomo/rac\s cru/aceans1 small :ales1 & porpoises2 & ! sea ) p5gu9s & seals1 & ! air ) birds2 ! animal k+dom is ev]y:]e pres5t1 ! l>g] creatures prey+ on ! small]1 & ^! aga9 on ^? m m9ute2 all liv+ nature seems to be c>nivor\s4 ,?is microscopic vegetation is ! sole nutrition ( ! h]bivor\s animals2 & x may likewise s]ve to purify ! atmosph]e1 & ?us execute 9 ! ,ant>ctic latitudes ! (fice ( ! trees & grasses ( ! temp]ate regions1 & ! broad foliage ( ! palms ( ! tropics4 ,dr4 ,hook] also rem>ks t ! silice\s envelopes ( ! same k9ds ( diatomace n[ liv+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,pol> ,ocean1 h contribut$ 9 pa/ ages to ! =mation ( ,european /rata2 = ! tripoli & ! phonolite /ones ( ! ,rh9e1 conta9 ! silice\s envelopes ( id5tical species4 ,su* are ! comm5ts ( "o ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ botani/s1 on ! ph5om5a "u review4 ,! read] w p]haps ask1 :at !n are ! ess5tial *>act]s :i* sep>ate ! animal f ! vegetable k+dom8 ,to ?is "q x is impossible to give a satisfactory reply3 p]haps ! only di/9ction t w be g5]ally admitt$ by zoologi/s & botani/s is ! foll[+3--animals require organic sub/ances = _! support2 vegetables d]ive _! su/5ance f inorganic matt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rec5t ,,diatomace4 ,rec5t ,diatomace4 ,plate ,,iv4--,to famili>ize ! read] ) ! nature ( ^! vegetable organisms1 a few rec5t species are repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,iv41 col\r$ z !y appe> :5 alive1 "u ! microscope2 ! figures are magnifi$ z express$ by ! fractions4 ,xan?idium4 ,plate ,,iv4 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4--,! case or fru/ule ( ?is g5us consi/s ( a holl[1 silice\s globe1 beset ) sp9es4 ,! increase ( ! ,xan?idia by self-division1 produces ! d\ble appe>ance 9 ! figures1 all ( :i* are 9 ! progress ( sep>ation4#fc #fc ,! organisms s abundant 9 ! fl9t & *alk1 & :i* 7 ref]r$ by ,m4 ,ehr5b]g to ?is g5us1 & consequ5tly describ$ "u ! "n ( ,xan?idia by myself & o!rs1 are c]ta9ly 9 n[ise relat$ to ! rec5t =ms3 !y are flexible envelopes1 & probably belong to zoophytes2 z w be %[n 9 ! sequel4 ,pyxidiculum4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #b4--,! case is a little sauc]-%ap$ box1 & is inve/$ by a membrane4 ,bacill>ia4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #f4--;,a simple silice\s fru/ule1 ( a prismatic %ape1 =m+ a brilliant *a91 :i* (t5 appe>s 9 zigzag1 9 consequ5ce ( incomplete self-division4 ,an imm5se numb] & v>iety ( =ms are plac$ 9 ?is family by ,ehr5b]g1 ) a multitude ( g5]ic & specific names4 ,! fre%-wat] species inhabit e pond & lake1 & ! m>9e e sea4 ,fossil species are equally abundant4 ,cocconeis4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #g4--,?is is a v elegant type2 ! fru/ule consi/s ( a simple silice\s case1 ) a c5tral op5+2 x nev] occurs 9 *a9s l ! =m]4 ,x has be5 f\nd fossil ne> ,cassel4 ,navicula4 ,plate ,,iv4 figs4 #h1 #i1 #ad1 #ae4--,! plants ( ?is g5us are free1 & float 9 ! wat] app>5tly by ! ag5cy ( cilia4 ,_! case is a boat-l envelope ) six op5+s1 compos$ ( pure silex1 & 9 _m species is exquisitely ornam5t$4 ,figs4 #h & #i4 %[ a liv+ ,navicula1 view$ 9 front1 & 9 pr(ile3 9 fig4 #i are repres5t$ ! curr5ts produc$ :5 ! body is mov+ ?r\gh ! wat]2 aft] ,ehr5b]g4 ,fossil ,navicul ab\nd 9 _m t]ti>y /rata4 ,galionella4 ,plate ,,iv4 figs4 #aj1 #aa4--,^! alg are free1 & ! fru/ules ( a cyl9drical1 globul>1 or discoidal =m2 !y occur 9 *a9s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! self-division be+ imp]fect1 & ! new individuals rema9+ atta*$ to ! old4 ,! ,galionell are mo/ abundant & prolific1 & inhabit e pool1 /ream1 & lake3 fossil species occur 9 ! ,virg9ian m>ls1 & o!r /rata4 ,synh$ra4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #ab4--,! fru/ules are silice\s1 & ( a sl5d]1 elongat$ =m4 ,! plant is atta*$ by ! base 7fig4 #ab a47 9 y\?1 & aft]w>ds becomes free4 ,x is f\nd fossil 9 ! ,m\nta9-meal ( ,santa ,flora1 & _m o!r deposits4 ,podosph5ia4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #ac4--,! fru/ule is cruci=m1 or w$ge-%ap$1 & atta*$ 9 y\? by ! small end1 b aft]w>ds becomes free4 ,^! plants are (t5 arrang$ 9 clu/]s1 z 9 ! figure4 ,m4 ,ehr5b]g /ates t !y inhabit ! sea1 & n fre%-wat]2 b ,i h f\nd !m 9 /reams communicat+ ) ! ,?ames4 ,podosph5i ab\nd 9 ! poli%+ slate ( ,bil94 ,eunotia4 ,plate ,,iv4 figs4 #af1 #ag4--,! fru/ule is silice\s1 & ei!r simple or bivalve2 flat bel[1 & convex1 & (t5 ri*ly d5tat$ above4 ,an empty case is %[n fig4 #af2 & a gr\p ( liv+ ,eunotice atta*$ to a /em ( conf]va1 fig4 #ag4 ,sev]al fossil species h be5 discov]$ at ,santa ,flora4 ,t ! g5]al read]1 ^: att5tion is = ! fir/ "t direct$ to ?is subject1 may be prep>$ = ! enorm\s deposits ( fossil diatomace t are f\nd 9 "s =mations1 ,i subjo9 ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,bailey on an elegant fragile species1 :i* hangs toge!r 9 clu/]s1 appe>+ l spiral *a9s1 & is ab\t #a_/bj ( a l9e 9 diamet]2 x is nam$ ,m]idion v]nale4 ,?is fre%-wat] plant is se5 9 imm5se quantities 9 ! m\nta9 brooks ar\nd ,we/ ,po9t1 ! bottoms ( :i* are lit]ally cov]$ 9 ! fir/ w>m days ( spr+ ) a f]rug9\s-col\r$ muc\s matt]1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 t1 on exam9ation by ! microscope1 proves to be fill$ ) millions & millions ( ^! exquisitely beautiful silice\s organisms4 ,e subm]g$ /one1 twig1 & spe> ( grass1 is envelop$ by !m2 & ! wav+ plume-l appe>ance ( a filam5t\s body cov]$ 9 ?is mann]1 is (t5 extremely elegant4 ,alcohol completely dissolves ! endo*rome 7s(t col\r+ matt]7 ( ?is species1 & ! fru/ules are left z col\rless z glass1 & resi/ ! action ( fire4#fd #fd ,trans4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,geolog4 #ahdc1 p4 #aeb4 ,! yell[ or o*re\s scum obs]vable 9 ponds1 dit*es1 & /agnant pools1 is an aggregation ( diatomace1 ^: fru/ules are f]9ig9\s1 & ( su* extreme m9ut5ess1 t a billion ( _! cases w\ld n be m ?an a cubic in* 9 bulk4#fe #fe ,ehr5b]g4 ,fossil ,diatomace4--,f ?is notice ( a few rec5t types1 we proce$ to ! inve/igation ( ! fossil rema9s ( ?is tribe ( ,alg4 ,9 peat-bogs & swamps1 bo? ( mod]n & anci5t date1 masses ( a :ite m>ly or silice\s pa/e 7hydrate ( silica71 are (t5 obs]v$1 & ^! are f\nd ^u microscopical obs]vation to be :olly made up ( ! fru/ules ( ,navicul1 ,bacill>i1 ,galionell1 c41 ) an int]mixture ( ! ne$le-l spicules ( fre%-wat] sponges4 ,_m ( ! peat-bogs ( ,irel& conta9 lay]s ( a :ite e>?y sub/ance1 :i*1 :5 dry1 is ( ! appe>ance & consi/5ce ( friable *alk1 & entirely consi/s ( ! silice\s cases ( v>i\s k9ds ( diatomace4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #d4 ,silice\s ,fru/ules ( ,diatomace1 & ,spicules ( ,spongill2 f a deposit on ! banks ( ! riv] ,bann1 ,irel&4 7,se5 by transmitt$ light1 & highly magnifi$47 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,diatomace ,,( ,,irel&4 ,fossil ,diatomace f ,irel&1 ,lign4 #d4--;,dr4 ,drummond describes a b$ ( ?is k9d ne> ! base ( ! ,m\rne ,m\nta9s1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,d[n1 ,irel&4 ,x consi/s ( a v light :ite sub/ance1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance c>bonate ( magnesia3 x has a co>se & some:at fibr\s fracture1 & is easily r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,x is almo/ entirely silice\s1 & is compos$ ( ! cases ( diatomace ( ! usual fre%-wat] species1 )\t any admixture ( inorganic matt]4#ff #ff ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cec1 ,july #ahci4 ,on ! banks ( ! riv] ,bann1 9 ! same c\nty1 !re is an ext5sive /ratum ( a simil> e>?1 & :i*1 f be+ 9 mu* reque/ = poli%+ plate1 is locally kn[n z ,"l ,rod5's plate p[d]4 ,?is e>? is :olly made up ( ! silice\s fru/ules ( _m k9ds ( ?is tribe ( ,alg1 & a few gra9s "u ! microscope yield a great v>iety ( exquisite =ms3 figures ( sev]al are giv5 9 ,lign4 #d1 f specim5s ( ?is e>?1 ) :i* ,i 0 fav\r$ by ! ,c\ntess ( ,cal$on4 ,!y comprise two or ?ree species ( ,navicula1 ,galionella1 ,cosc9odiscus1 ,gomphonema1 ,bacill>ia1 ,/auroneis1 c41 & spicules or sp9es ( fre%-wat] sponges4#fg #fg ,! names ( ! usual k9ds ( ,diatomace\s fru/ules may be le>nt by ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,&rew ,prit*>d's ab/ract 7) col\r$ figures7 ( ,ehr5b]g's ,infusoria4 ,! spl5did "w ( ,mr4 ,ralfs1 on ! ,briti% ,desmidie1 #a vol4 #dto1 ) col\r$ plates1 is ! be/ guide = ^? :o wi% to /udy ! rec5t plants4 ,b$s ( silice\s m>l--t is1 ( argillace\s e>? comb9$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( m9ute p>ticles ( silex1 all ( :i* prove to be organisms :5 exam9$ by a high magnify+ p[]1--h be5 f\nd 9 num]\s places n only 9 ,engl&1 b all ov] ! _w1 s9ce ,m4 ,ehr5b]g fir/ direct$ att5tion to _! nature & orig94 ,ne> ,bryans=d 7,newca/le71 ,b9/wick 9 ,hold]ness1 & 9 ! ,f5s ( ,l9coln%ire & ,cambridge%ire1 ext5sive fre%-wat] microphytal deposits h be5 discov]$ & exam9$4 ,f our ,antipodes ,i h receiv$ _m examples ( ^! vegetable e>?s4 ,my elde/ son1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 discov]$ an ext5sive b$ ( :ite m>l on ! banks ( ! great bracki%-wat] lake ( ,waihora1 9 ! middle isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 consi/+ entirely ( fru/ules ( ,bacill>i4 ,f ,new ,plym\? he obta9$ "s new & exquisite =ms ( ,navicula1 ,/auroneis1 c42 ranges ( l[ hillocks ( s&1 ( consid]able ext5t1 be+ made up ( microphytes 7microscopic plants74#fh #fh ,see a ,memoir on ! ,geology & ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,new ,zeal&1 f ! rese>*es ( ,walt] ,mantell1 ,esq4--,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 pl4 #bi4 ,mr4 ,dean1 ( ,clapham ,common1 in=ms me t a l>ge quantity ( :ite e>? s5t f ,new ,zeal& z native magnesia1 he f\nd to consi/ :olly ( fru/ules ( diatomace1 *iefly ( ,galionell4 7,see ,lign4 #e47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #e4 ,fossil4 ,galiomell2 highly magnifi$4 ,9 ,am]ica1 rec5t b$s ( ?is k9d ( great ext5t h be5 obs]v$ & exam9$ by t di/+ui%$ microscopi/1 ,dr4 ,bailey1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,milit>y ,academy at ,we/ ,po9t3 & ! pages ( t excell5t sci5tific p]iodical1 ,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 are enri*$ ) figures & descriptions ( ! microphytes ( :i* !y are ma9ly compos$4 ,b ! ,t]ti>y =mations conta9 /rata ( ?is nature1 :i* f> surpass 9 ! abundance & v>iety ( _! organic cont5ts1 any ( ! mod]n deposits we h notic$4 ,! ,poli]s*ief]1 or poli%+-slate ( ,bil91 is /at$1 by ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 to =m a s]ies ( /rata f\rte5 feet 9 ?ickness1 entirely made up ( ! silice\s %ells ( ,galionell1 ( su* extreme m9ut5ess1 t a cubic in* ( ! /one conta9s =ty-"o ?\s& millions4 ,! ,b]ghmehl 7m\nta9-meal1 or fossil f>9a71 ( ,san ,flora1 9 ,tuscany1 is "o mass ( ^! organisms4 ,9 ,lapl& a simil> e>? is met )1 :i*1 9 times ( sc>city1 is mix$ by ! inhabitants ) ! gr\nd b>k ( trees1 = food2 "s ( ?is e>? 0 f\nd to conta9 tw5ty diff]5t species ( alg4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,soos1 ne> ,egra1 9 ,bohemia1 a f9e :ite infusorial e>? occurs1 ab\t ?ree feet b5ea? ! surface2 ?is sub/ance1 :5 dri$1 appe>s to ! nak$ eve l pure magnesia1 b "u ! microscope is se5 to be ma9ly con/itut$ ( elegant disci=m cases ( a species ( ,campilodiscus1 ( :i* figures are giv51 ,lign4 #aaa1 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,"s b$s ( porcela9-e>? ,m4 ,ehr5b]g f\nd to be 9 a great measure made up ( conc5tric articulat$ r+s1 entire & 9 fragm5ts 7see ,lign4 #f71 :i* he believes to be bacill>i4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #f ,organic ,bodies 9 ,porcela9 ,e>?2 highly magnifi$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,diatomace ,,( ,,virg9ia4 ,fossil ,diatomace ( ! ,ri*mond-e>?2 ,virg9ia4--,! t[n ( ,ri*mond1 9 ,virg9ia1 is built on /rata ( silice\s m>l ( great ext5t1 :i* e>?2 highly magnifi$4 h a total ?ickness1 b5ea? & ar\nd ! t[n1 ( m ?an tw5ty feet4 ,^! m>ls1 ^: organic composition 0 fir/ detect$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,rog]s1 are ref]r$ by t em95t ,am]ican geologi/1 to ! old] t]ti>y 7eoc5e1 or mioc5e7 =mations4 ,!y occupy consid]able di/ricts1 spread+ out into /]ile tracts along ! flanks ( ! hills1 _! silice\s "* r5d]+ !m unfav\rable to vegetation4 ,! inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,bailey h %[n t ! fru/ules s abundant 9 ?is e>?1 consi/ ( sev]al species ( ,navicula 7,lign4 #a1 fig4 #a1 #a;a471 ,galionella 7,lign4 #a4 fig4 #c1 #c;a471 ,act9ocyclus 7,lign4 #a1 figs4 #d1 #e71 c4 ,! mo/ rem>kable =ms are disci=m fru/ules1 hav+ _! surfaces elaborately ornam5t$ ) hexagonal spots dispos$ 9 curves1 & be>+ "s resemblance to ! eng9e-turn$ case ( a wat*4 ,lign4 #g1 fig4 #b1 is a small segm5t ( a disc1 v highly magnifi$4 ,^! fru/ules v>y 9 size f #a_/ajj to #a_/ajjj ( an in* 9 diamet]2 !y are nam$ ,cosc9odiscus 7sieve-l disc71 & !re are sev]al species3 "o less ri*ly sculptur$1 ,c4 pat9a1 is figur$ ,lign4 #g1 fig4 #f4 ,circul> bodies1 ) five or six l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 l ! spokes ( a :eel1 h5ce nam$ ,act9ocyclus 7,lign4 #g1 figs4 #d1 #e71 & spicules ( ,sponges1 are also abundant4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #g4 ,microphytes#fi f ! ,ri*mond-e>?2 highly magnifi$4 ,t]ti>y4 ,virg9ia4 ,fig4 #a4--,navicula4 #a;a4 ,side view4 #b4--;,cosc9odiscus radiatus2 a portion ( ! circul> %ield4 #c4--;,galionella sulcata2 ! upp] figure %[s ! transv]se face ( "o ( ! fru/ules4 #c;a4--,?ree unit$ cells view$ lat]ally4 #d1 #e4--;,act9ocyclus4 ,two species4 #f4--;,cosc9odiscus pat9a2 transv]se view4 #f;a4 ,lat]al view4 #fi ,z ! t]m ,infusorial-e>? mu/ be ab&on$1 x w be conv5i5t to sub/itute a "n simply expressive ( ! nature ( ! mo/ abundant organisms t ent] into ! composition ( ^! deposits3 t ( ,microphyta1 or ,microphytes1 7f 1 mikros1 small1 & 1 phyton1 a plant71 signify+ v m9ute vegetables1 may p]haps be admissible3 9 ?is s5se ! ^w microphytal is employ$ 9 ^! pages4 ,:5 a few gra9s ( ! m>l are prep>$1 & m\nt$ on a glass1 almo/ all ^! v>ieties w be manife/1 s l>gely is ?is e>? compos$ ( organic /ructures2 9 fact1 v few inorganic p>ticles are int]mix$1 ! m]e/ pellicle left by ! evaporation ( a drop ( wat] 9 :i* "s ( ! m>l has be5 mix$1 teem+ ) ! mo/ beautiful /ructures4 ,at ,pet]sburg1 9 ,virg9ia1 a s&y m>l occurs1 int]/ratifi$ ) deposits :i*1 f _! %ells1 are ref]r$ to ! old] t]ti>y =mations4 ,probably ?is m>l is a cont9uation ( t ( ,ri*mond1 b x is full ( _m new =ms1 associat$ ) ^? common 9 ! e>? ( ! latt] locality4#gj #gj ,dr4 ,bailey1 ) great lib]ality1 has s amply suppli$ myself & o!r obs]v]s ) specim5s ( ^! deposits = exam9ation1 t ! fossils above describ$ are famili> to all ,briti% microscopi/s4 ,figures ( _m ( ^? organisms are giv5 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact1 7fir/ obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,haml9 ,lee17 t ! common ,scallop 7,pect5 maximus71 z well z ! ,b>nacle 7,balanus71 fe$ on diatomace1 & _! /oma*s g5]ally conta9 num]\s cases ( ,cosc9odisci1 ,di*tyo*i1 ,act9ocycli1 c43 a slide prep>$ & m\nt$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*s ( ^! mollusks1 pres5ts an assemblage ( =ms id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ! t]ti>y e>?s ( ,virg9ia4#ga #ga ,see my ,?\ghts on ,animalcules1 p4 #ajc4 ,9 ! mud ( ! quicks&s on ! %ore at ,brighton1 ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,mantell f\nd rec5t ,cosc9odisci1 c4 associat$ ) fossil poly?alamia t _h be5 wa%$ out ( ! *alk1 & precipitat$ ) ! fru/ules ( ! rec5t diatomace1 into ! s$im5ts n[ 9 progress4 ,! preval5ce ( m>9e & fre%-wat] =ms 9 ! same deposit is n unusual2 & ! rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,bailey on ?is fact are s p]t95t1 t ,i ins]t !m1 z a salut>y caution aga9/ ha/y g5]alizations on subjects connect$ ) ^! inve/igations4 ,aft] describ+ a species ( ,galionella 7,g4 monili=mis71 z an inhabitant only ( salt & bracki% wat]1 & /at+ t he _h also f\nd x sixty miles up ! ,hudson ,riv]1 ne> ,we/ ,po9t1 ,dr4 ,bailey obs]ves--,! ,fauna & ,flora ( ! ,hudson at ?is place w\ld1 if 9 a fossil /ate1 be r puzzl+ to ! geologi/1 on acc\nt ( ! s+ul> mixture ( m>9e & fluviatile species4 ,:ile ,valisn]ia & ,potamogeton 7two common fre%-wat] plants71 gr[ 9 su* va/ quantities1 9 "s places1 z to prev5t ! passage ( a boat1 & ! %ore is /rewn ) fluviatile %ells 7su* z ,planorbis1 ,physa1 c47 9 a liv+ /ate1 yet ! above plants are entangl$ ) ,alg 7sea-we$s71 & m>9e p>asitic zoophytes2 :ile ! rocks bel[ l[-wat] m>k are cov]$ ) ,balani 7b>nacles7 & m9ute corall9es1 & ! m>9e ,flora is repres5t$ by va/ quantities ( v elegant sea plants4#gb #gb ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 x4 p4 #da4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i mu/ "h close ?is ext5d$ notice ( ! fossil rema9s ( a class ( vegetable organisms1 :i*1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p invisible to ! unassi/$ eye z individual =ms1 con/itute by _! inconceivable multitudes an important elem5t 9 ! =mation ( s$im5t>y deposits4 ,! fact ( _! hav+ be5 =m]ly treat$ ( z animalcules1 & g5]ally reg>d$ z belong+ to ! animal k+dom1 r5d]$ a full consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a necess>y1 9 ord] to place ! subject be=e ! read] 9 a cle> & compreh5sive po9t ( view4#gc #gc ,z bo? ! rec5t & fossil fru/ules ( ,diatomace are beautiful objects = ! microscope & pol>iscope1 !y are 9 mu* reque/4 ,specim5s m\nt$ on glass slides may be _h ( ,mr4 ,topp+1 & ,mr4 ,p\lton4 ,see ,app5dix4 ,conf]vites4--,! cellul> aquatic plants nam$ ,conf]v are sometimes f\nd 9 transp>5t qu>tz pebbles1 & 9 *alk1 appe>+ z delicate simple or bran*$ filam5ts1 :i*1 by ! aid ( ! microscope1 are se5 to be articulat$4 ,sev5 species are describ$ by au?ors1 b ! vegetable nature ( "s ( ^! is d\btful4 ,a beautiful species 9 ,*alk1 fir/ notic$ by ! late ,samuel ,woodw>d1 ,esq4 7au?or ( ! ,geology ( ,norfolk71 is "h figur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #h4 ,conf]vites ,woodw>dii2 nat4 ,*alk4 ,norfolk4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,fucoids4 ,fossil ,fucoids4--,( ! tribe ( ,alg :i* comprises ! sea-we$s t are n articulat$1 _m fossil species occur 9 v anci5t1 z well z 9 mod]n1 fossilif]\s deposits4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 b$s ( lime/one ( great ext5t are full ( a l>ge digitat$ ,fucus 7,fucoides ,alleghani5sis74#gd ,! ,fire/one or ,malm-rock ( ,bignor 9 ,sussex ab\nds 9 a ramose v>iety 7,fucoides ,t>gionii1 ,vg4 ,foss4 p4 #ef71 ( :i* specim5s are figur$ 9 ! vignette ( ?is volume1 & 9 ,lign4 #i4 #gd ,figur$ & describ$ 9 ,dr4 ,h>lan's ,m$ical & ,physical ,rese>*es3 ,philadelphia1 #ahce1 p4 #cic4 ,*ondrites4--,^! fossil alg approa* ne>e/ to ! liv+ species ( ,*ondrus 7h5ce ! "n ( ! g5us74 ,! frond is ?ick1 bran*$1 di*otom\s1 ) cyl9drical or clavi=m divisions1 ) a smoo? surface & )\t tub]cles4 ,! sub/ance ( ! ,bignor fossils is a :ite friable e>?1 :i* /rik+ly contra/s ) ! d>k grey malm-rock t =ms ! matrix4 ,z ! ,sussex ,*alk ,*ondrites appe> to be di/9ct f ! ,t]ti>y species nam$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t ,c4 ,t>gionii1 ,i h1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,morris1 sub/itut$ ,c4 ,bignori5sis1 to indicate ! locality 9 ,sussex 9 :i* ,i discov]$ x =ty ye>s s9ce4 ,9 ! *alk-fl9ts ramose fuci occasionally occur1 b n 9 a /ate ( pres]vation t admits ( ! det]m9ation ( ! =ms ( ! orig9als4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #i4 ,*ondrites ,bignori5sis2 nat4 ,malm-rock4 ,bignor1 ,sussex4 ,! t]ti>y m>ls & lime/ones ( ,monte ,bolca yield sev]al beautiful species ( ,alg1 "o ( :i* is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #aj4 ,x is ref]r$ to ! fossil g5us ,deless]ites 7,/]nb]g71 :i* includes ^? alg t h ?91 & flat or undulat$1 smoo?1 membran\s fronds1 ) a m$ian rib4 ,( ! little plants compris$ 9 ! class ( cellul> cryptogamia1 :i* h /ems1 leaves1 & fructification1 b no true vessels1 two or ?ree species ( ,moss & ,liv]wort h be5 met ) 9 t]ti>y /rata4 ,mosses z well z ,fuci are occasionally imb$d$ 9 qu>tz pebbles1 9 :i* !y appe> ( _! natural col\r1 & app>5tly float+ 9 ! transp>5t m$ium4 ,a beautiful gre5 moss1 ) a ,conf]va tw9$ r\nd its base1 is figur$ ,lign4 #aa 1 p4 #ajd1 f a specim5 describ$ by ! late ,dr4 ,maccullo*4 ,x is suppos$ to be relat$ to ,hypnum 7,geol4 ,trans4 vol4 ii474 ,sid5ote3 ,,mo*a-,,/ones4 ,moss-agates & ,mo*a-/ones4--,! beautiful silice\s pebbles call$ ,moss-agates1 & ,mo*a-/ones1 w s (t5 come "u ! notice ( ! collector1 t1 al?\gh b extremely few1 if any1 ( ^! objects conta9 organic rema9s1 ! arboresc5t sub/ances !y inclose be+ m]ely metallic oxides1 a few rem>ks on _! nature may be expect$4 ,! late ,dr4 ,maccullo* paid consid]able att5tion to ! inve/igation ( ^! bodies1 & believ$ t "s ( ! objects imb$d$ 9 ! pure & compact qu>tz 7 really ( vegetable or animal orig92 ! specim5 figur$ ,lign4 #aa is ( ?is k9d2 ! fossils be+ app>5tly cellul> cryptogam\s plants4 ,9 ,geol4 ,trans1 vol4 ii41 o!r examples are figur$ & describ$ by ! same sagaci\s obs]v]4 ,mr4 ,b[]bank is ( op9ion t sponge\s /ructure ent]s into ! composition ( almo/ all ! moss-agates1 & ,i h no d\bt t 9 "s in/ances su* organisms are pres5t3 b 9 by f> ! great] numb] ( agates & mo*a-/ones ! inclos$ bodies are m]e cry/allizations2 !y are arboresc5t or d5dritical oxides ( manganese1 copp]1 *lorite1 iron1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aj ,deless]ites 7,fucoides7 ,lam\r\xii4 ,monte ,bolca4 7,vg4 ,foss4 ,br47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aa4 ,moss & ,conf]va1 9 transp>5t qu>tz1 #c4 ,m4 ,brongni>t1 :o c>efully exam9$ a great numb] ( agates & pebbles1 ) ! view ( det]m9+ if vegetable sub/ances 7 ev] imb$d$ 9 !m1 c\ld n detect a s+le in/ance 9 :i* ! app>5t mosses1 conf]v1 or alg1 7 organic2 9 e case ! m9]al orig9 ( ! pseudo-vegetation 01 9 8 op9ion1 unequivocal4 ,"s ( ! beautiful gre5 arboresc5t bodies 9 qu>tz pebbles1 ev5 "u ! microscope1 pres5t s close a resemblance to conf]v & mosses1 t x is difficult to p]suade oneself !y are n vegetable /ructures2 b ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,brongni>t appe> to me conclusive z to _! m9]al nature4#ge ,) ! exception ( ?ree or f\r species ( ,jung]mannia1 & f\r or five ( ,muscites 9 ,amb]1 ,m4 ,brongni>t /ates t he kn[s b "o true fossil plant ( ! family ( ,mosses2 ! ,muscites ,t\rnalii f ! fre%-wat] t]ti>y deposits ( ,armissan4 #ge ,see ,hi/oire des ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 pp4 #bi-cd4 ,vascul>1 or ,acrog5\s ,cryptogamia4--,^! plants1 z ! "n implies1 possess a m complicat$ /ructure ?an ! prec$+1 hav+ vascul> tissue z v>i$ z 9 ! phan]ogamia4 ,equisetace4--,! common species ( ,equisetum1 or ,m>e/ail1 is a plant t gr[s 9 m>%y tracts1 & on ! banks ( dit*es & riv]s2 x has a jo9t$ /alk1 g>ni%$ ) elegant %ea?s :i* embrace ! /em1 & v]ticillate l9e> leaves3 x atta9s a height ( two feet1 & is half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! fossil /ate !re are _m plants alli$ to ! ,equisetum1 b only a few t are g5]ically ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ab4 ,equisetum ,lyellii4 ,weald54 ,p\nce=d4 nat4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a /em1 hav+ two %ea?s1 & a bud at ! l[]mo/ jo9t4 #b4--,/em ( a "y plant1 ) %ea?s1 pres]v$ 9 pyrites4 #c4--,/em1 ) ! cryptogam\s head or upp] end4 ,sid5ote3 ,,equisetites4 ,equisetum ,lyellii1 ,lign4 #ab4--;,a species :i* ,i discov]$ 9 ,weald5 lime/one1 at ,p\nce=d 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bde71 mu/ h closely resembl$ ! ,equisetum fluviatile3 x has an articulat$ cyl9drical /em1 & regul>ly d5tat$ %ea?s1 embrac+ ! /em at ! jo9ts4 ,a transv]se slice ( ! /em exhibits "u ! microscope a cellul> /ructure fill$ ) calc-sp>1 & =ms a beautiful object :5 view$ ) ! pol>iz+ app>atus4 ,?is plant occurs 9 _m localities ( ! ,weald5 9 ,sussex & ,k5t2 f ! railway cutt+s ne> ,tonbridge1 ,i collect$ sev]al f9e specim5s2 x is met ) also 9 ! cliffs ne> ,ha/+s4 ,equisetites column>is4 ,lign4 #ac4--;,a gigantic species ( ,equisetum ab\nds 9 ! /rata ( ! l[] division ( ! ,oolitic or ,jurassic =mation ( ,york%ire1 & _m f9e specim5s h be5 collect$1 especially f ! vic9ity ( ,:itby4 ,9 ! s&/one ( ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ! ,clevel& ,hills1 ,york%ire1 num]\s /ems ( ?is colossal m>e/ail h be5 obs]v$ /&+ erect1 z if occupy+ ! position 9 :i* !y grew2 ! same fact 0 also discov]$ at ,c>lton ,bank1 ne> ,/okesly1 =ty miles f ! coa/4 ,9 bo? localities fossil %ells ( fre%-wat] mussels 7,uniones7 7 associat$ ) ! vegetable rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ac4 ,equisetites column>is4 7,ad4 ,brongn4 ,pl4 #ac47 ,l[] ,oolite4 ,:itby4 ,fig4 #a4--,portion ( a /em1 %[+ two articulations1 & an int]m$iate con/riction4 #a_/c nat4 #b4--;,a few ( ! d5ticulations produc$ by ! %ea?1 nat4 ,?is plant is a true equisetum1 diff]+ *iefly f exi/+ species 9 its gigantic size & arboresc5t "*4 ,! %ea?s surr\nd+ ! /em1 & ! v]ticillate l9e> leaves1 are pres]v$ 9 "s examples3 & 9 all1 ! furr[s left by ! impr9ts ( ! %ea?s are m or less /rongly impress$4 ,! /em is n *annell$ ?r\gh\t1 z 9 ,calamites1 ! c>bonif]\s plant ^: /ems at fir/ sight might be mi/ak5 = ^? ( ,equisetites1 b :i* are entirely di/9ct1 z w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,! ,equisetites column>is is peculi> to ! ,oolite2 x does n occur 9 ! coal-measures4 ,specim5s h be5 discov]$ :i* indicate a height ( tw5ty feet1 & a diamet] ( sev]al in*es4#gf #gf ,see ,hi/4 ,vg4 ,fossiles1 p4 #aae4 ,a small species ( ,equisetum 7,eq4 ,brodiei#gg7 occurs 9 ! insectif]\s lime/one ( ! l[] ,lias1 at ,/r5%am1 ,worce/]%ire1 associat$ ) ! foliage ( fre%-wat] endog5\s plants resembl+ ! ,potamogeton1 or pond-we$1 & ( suppos$ dicotyl$on\s vegetables4 #gg ,pr(4 ,buckman1 9 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 p4 #dac4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ad4 ,calamites decoratus4 #a_/c nat4 7,ad4 ,brongni>t4 ,pl4 #ad47 ,coal ,=mation4 ,york%ire4 ,fig4 #a4--,"p ( a /em1 %[+ ! tub]cles = ! atta*m5t ( leaves4 #b4--;,a portion ( ! same on a l>g] scale4 ,sid5ote3 ,,calamites4 ,calamites4 ,lign4 #ad1 #ae4--,/em articulat$1 regul>ly furr[$ longitud9ally1 ! articulations nak$1 or /udd$ ) tub]cles4 ,! plants ( ?is g5us 7 suppos$ to be relat$ to ! m>e/ail1 b to diff] 9 ! abs5ce ( ! encircl+ %ea?s1 & 9 be+ uni=mly /riat$2 b an exam9ation ( specim5s 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation ?an ^? previ\sly kn[n1 %[s _! aff9ity to ! gymnosp]ms4 ,"s ( ! species are ( a gigantic size1 be+ f "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & f ?irty to =ty feet 9 height4 ,calamites ab\nd 9 ! coal =mation1 & mu/ h con/itut$ an important feature 9 ! =e/s ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod2 !y occur also 9 m anci5t deposits1 & "s species belong to ! e>lie/ t]re/rial ,flora ( :i* any ve/iges are kn[n4 ,9 mo/ in/ances :5 specim5s are f\nd ly+ 9 ! same plane ) ! /rata1 !y are press$ flat1 b ^? occurr+ 9 a v]tical position reta9 _! natural cyl9drical =m4 ,an out] cru/ or cyl9d] ( coal g5]ally inve/s ! /em1 b traces ( ! int]nal /ructure are r>ely pres]v$4 ,! ,calamite consi/s ( a l>ge c5tral column ( tissue1 surr\nd$ by a ligne\s cyl9d]4 ,! c5tral "p has 9 mo/ in/ances p]i%$ aft] ! dea? ( ! plant1 & ! cavity ?us left be5 fill$ up ) m9]al matt]4 ,z ! holl[ ligne\s zone is almo/ always c>boniz$1 & v friable1 x is seldom atta*$ to ! ca/1 & consequ5tly ! surface ( ! latt] is g5]ally jo9t$ & ribb$4 ,! true ext]nal surface ( ! cortical inve/m5t is m>k$ ) longitud9al /ri1 )\t any indications ( jo9ts or con/rictions2 b ! position ( ! orig9al articulations is indicat$ 9 "s specim5s by ! pres5ce ( small v]ticillate sc>s1 to :i* leaves 7 app5d$#gh z 9 ! example figur$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t1 ( :i* ,lign4 #ad1 fig4 #a1 is a r$uc$ figure4 #gh ,see ,mr4 ,dawes1 ,on ! ,/ructure ( ,calamites1 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc1 #ahea1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aig4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ae4 ,calamites1 9 ,coal ,%ale4 ,fig4 #a4--;,calamites radiatus1 ) ! rema9s ( "o ( ! %ea?s4--#a_/b nat4 #b4--,/em1 ) rema9s ( roots4--#a_/b nat4 #c4--;,calamites approximatus1 %[+ ! curv$ l[] end ( ! plant4#gi--a_/e nat4 #gi ,?is specim5 has be5 inadv]t5tly drawn ) ! base upp]mo/4 ,! /ellate appe>ance on ! upp] "p ( ! /em figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ae1 fig4 #a1 is produc$ by ! zone ( leaves :i* surr\nd$ ! jo9t3 ?is "* is entirely di/9ct f ! %ea? ( ! ,equisetum %[n 9 ,lign4 #ab4 ,?is specim5 po9ts out ! importance ( c>efully exam9+ & pres]v+ ! /one ar\nd fossil /ems2 _h ?is precaution be5 lo/ sight ( 9 ?is in/ance1 no k w\ld h be5 obta9$ ( ?is important botanical "*4 ,x is r>ely t any traces ( ! roots rema92 ! fossil figur$ 7fig4 #b7 is f ! ,foss4 ,flor4 ,a beautiful example ( ! foliage ( a species ( ,calamites is repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #ei1 fig4 #b4 ,upright /ems ( ,calamites occur 9 ! ,coal =mation ne> ,pict\1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 & 9 "o example a gr\p ( t5 or twelve /ems1 cov]+ an area ( two squ>e feet1 sprung f "o root4#hj #hj ,dawson1 ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 vii4 p4 #aie4 ,see ,sir ,c4 ,lyell's ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,f]ns4 ,filicites1 or ,f]ns4 ,we n[ arrive at ! consid]ation ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ families ( ! vascul> cryptogamia t adorn$ ! ,flora ( ! anci5t _w1 & ! liv+ species ( :i* imp>t beauty & elegance to ! sc5]y ( ! c\ntries :]e !y prevail4 ,! mo/ ess5tial "* ( ^! vegetables1 is t ( develop+ _! fructification on ! leaves2 a fact famili> to e "o :o has ev5 b cursorily exam9$ ! ,polypody gr[+ on our walls1 or ! ,brake ( our h$ge-r[s & commons4 ,! l>ge/ species ( ,briti% f]ns sc>cely exce$ f\r or five feet 9 height2 b ! arboresc5t or tree-f]ns1 ( w>m climates1 atta9 an altitude ( f ?irty to =ty feet4 ,!re is too ?is peculi>ity 9 ! arboresc5t =ms1 t :ile 9 our indig5\s species ! leaves surr\nd ! /em1 & incl9e t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! plant1 ! foliage ( ! =m] b5ds d[nw>ds1 & spreads out f ! cr[n1 or summit1 into an elegant canopy4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #af4 ,pecopt]is ,sillimani2 nat4 ,coal ,%ale4 ,ohio4 a4 ,! ,/em4 b4 ,leaf-/alk1 or petiole4 c4 ,leaf1 or frond1 :i* is bip9nate4 d4 e4 ,leaflets1 or p9n2 ! upp]1 d1 are entire2 ! l[]1 e1 are p9natifid4 f4 ,! p9nules1 lobes1 or segm5ts4 g4 ,! midrib1 or m$ian ve94 h4 ,! ve9s4 ,! ve9s are introduc$ 9 ! leaflets1 d2 b 9 ! l[] ones1 e1 ! midribs only are m>k$4 ,! leaves ( our bran*$ f]ns are p]si/5t1 & :5 %$1 ! m>k+s left by _! atta*m5t to ! /alk are soon oblit]at$4 ,9 ! arboresc5t f]ns1 on ! contr>y1 ! petioles become deta*$ f _! bases1 & fall entire1 leav+ sc>s or cicatrices on ! /em2 & ^! impressions are s regul>ly & symmetrically dispos$1 z to af=d *>act]s by :i* ! trunks may be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( o!r trees4 ,! /ems ( ! tree-f]ns are !re=e easily recogniz$ 9 a fossil /ate ext]nally1 by _! cyl9drical =ms )\t ramification1 & by ! regul> disposition & peculi> "* ( ! sc>s left by ! sep>ation ( ! petioles2 &1 int]nally by t peculi> zone1 =m$ ( bundles ( ligne\s tissue inclos$ 9 %ea?s1 :i* encircles ! c5tral axis1 z %[n 9 ! transv]se sections 9 ,lign4 #b1 ante1 p4 #fb4 ,! leaves may be id5tifi$ by ! =m ( _! segm5ts1 :i* are dispos$ ) rem>kable regul>ity1 & h a peculi> mode ( subdivision2 & above all1 by ! delicacy1 ev5ness1 & di/ribution ( ! ve9s4 ,!re are upw>ds ( two ?\s& species ( liv+ f]ns1 & 9 ! fossil k+dom ! numb] is consid]able2 m ?an two hundr$ h be5 collect$ f ! c>bonif]\s =mation4 ,! rec5t tree-f]ns are conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ! equ9octial regions2 humidity & heat be+ ! conditions mo/ fav\rable to _! developm5t 7,vg4 ,foss4 p4 #ada4 ,bd4 p4 #dfa4 ,wond4 p4 #gbg74 ,f ! elegance & div]sity ( =m ( _! foliage1 fossil f]ns are ! mo/ rem>kable & attractive vegetable rema9s 9 ! anci5t /rata4 ,! great] numb] are f ! coal deposits1 ! f]n-leaves g5]ally occurr+ 9 ! s*i/s or %ales t =m ! ro( ( ! b$s ( coal4 ,_m ( ! /rata are made up ( c>boniz$ f]n-leaves & /ems closely press$ toge!r4 ,! ro( ( a coal-m9e1 :5 newly expos$1 (t5 pres5ts a mo/ int]e/+ appe>ance1 f ! abundance & v>iety ( leaves1 bran*es1 & /ems1 t occur ei!r 9 relief1 or impress$ on ! d>k glossy surface4 ,! specim5s select$ = illu/ration exhibit ! pr9cipal modes ( v5ation on :i* ! g5]a are f\nd$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fossil g5]a h be5 e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t1 f ! =m ( ! leaves & ! *>act]s ( _! v5ation2 t is1 ! di/ribution ( ! vessels4 ,9 ! foll[+ descriptions "s botanical phrases are necess>ily employ$2 a few t]ms ( frequ5t occurr5ce are expla9$ 9 ,lign4 #af4 ,pa*ypt]is#ha 7?ick-f]n74 ,lign4 #ag4--;,9 ?is g5us f ! l[] ,oolite1 ! fronds are p9nat$1 or bip9nat$1 ! leaflets entire1 )\t visible ve9s1 hav+ b a s+le midrib1 & contract$ at ! base4 ,! abs5ce ( ve9s1 & ! leaflets n be+ lob$1 are ! ess5tial g5]ic di/9ctions4 #ha ,! names ( ! g5]a are d]iv$ f pt]is1 f]n1 to :i* prefix$ a t]m indicative ( ! peculi> *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ag4 ,pa*ypt]is lanceolata4 ,inf]ior ,oolite4 ,:itby4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ah4 ,sph5opt]is elegans ,coal-%ale1 ,wald5burg1 ,silesia4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,f]ns4 ,,sph5opt]is4 ,sph5opt]is 7w$ge-leaf74 ,lign4 #ah4--,! leaves are twice or ?rice p9nat$1 ! leaflets w$ge-%ap$1 contract$ or n>r[e/ at _! base1 & m or less deeply lob$3 ! lobes div]g5t & palmat$3 ! ve9s radiat+ f ! base4 ,! f]ns ( ?is g5us are extremely elegant1 & comprise upw>ds ( =ty species4 ,a beautiful ,sph5opt]is 7,s4 aff9is1 ,wond4 p4 #gaf17 occurs abundantly 9 ! fre%-wat] c>bonif]\s /rata at ,burdie ,h\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh2#hb ano!r elegant =m1 9 coal-%ale1 is repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #ah4 #hb ,see ,dr4 ,hibb]t's ,memoir on ! ,/rata & ,fossils ( ,burdie ,h\se4 #dto4 #ahce4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ai4 ,sph5opt]is nephroc>pa4 ,inf]ior ,oolite1 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,a magnifi$ ve9 ( a leaflet1 %[+ ! fructification at ! extremities ( ! lobes1 two diamet]s4 ,x is s r>ely t ! fructification ( any species ( ,sph5opt]is is pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate t ,i am induc$ to figure a leaflet ( a rem>kable plant1 ( ?is g5us f ! fluvio-m>9e oolitic deposits ( ,sc>bor\gh4 ,lign4 #ai is copi$ f ! li?ograph accompany+ a notice ( "s r>e plants f t locality1 by ! em95t botani/1 ,c4 ,j4 ,f4 ,bunbury1 ,esq4#hc #hc ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii4 p4 #agi1 pl4 xii4 ,?is fossil f]n closely resembles c]ta9 species ( ,dicksonia 7natives ( ,new ,granada74 ,ea* segm5t ( ! leaflet or p9nate is dilat$ at ! apex into a r5i=m indusium2 no capsules are visible1 ! fructification be+1 probably1 9 a "y /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bj4 ,sph5opt]is ,mantelli2 nat4 ,weald51 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,9 ! ,weald5 deposits1 bo? ( ,engl& & ,g]many1 sev]al species ( ,sph5opt]is ab\nd2 "o ( :i* 7,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=4 #ahbg71 (t5 occurs 9 ! calcif]\s grit ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 9 a beautiful /ate ( pres]vation3 a small bran* is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #bj4 ,?is species is *>act]iz$ by its sl5d] & m9utely divid$ w$ge-%ap$ leaflets4 ,! ,sph5opt]is ,mantelli did n atta9 a consid]able size2 ! l>ge/ /em ,i h se5 indicat$ a plant ( five or six feet 9 height4 ,?is ,sph5opt]is is sometimes associat$ ) ! rema9s ( a beautiful plant ( ! g5us ,ale?optris1#hd ! leaflets ( :i*1 9 "s examples1 be> ! fructification4 7,wond4 p4 #cid1 ,lign4 #hi47 #hd ,ale?optris elegans ( ,dr4 ,dunk]4 ,mon4 ,norddeuts*5 ,weald1 pl4 vii4 fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ba4 ,cyclopt]is tri*omanoides2 a s+le leaflet2 nat4 ,oolite1 ne> ,sc>bor\gh4 ,cyclopt]is 7r\nd-leaf74 ,lign4 #ba4--,! frond is simple & entire1 or b slightly lob$ at ! m>g91 & g5]ally orbicul>1 or kidney-%ap$3 !re is no midrib2 ! ve9s are num]\s1 equal1 & di*otom\s1 or =k$1 & radiate f ! base4 ,! =m & disposition ( ! ve9s resemble ^? ( "s liv+ species ( f]n2 ! abs5ce ( a m$ian rib1 or ve91 is ! mo/ /rik+ "* ( ?is g5us4 ,! fructification is suppos$ to h be5 m>g9al4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,f]ns4 ,,neuropt]is4 ,neuropt]is 7n]v$-leaf74 ,lign4 #bb4--,! fronds are p9nate or bip9nate2 ! leaflets m or less ovate or cordi=m & entire1 adh]+ to ! ra*is by _! c5tre only2 ve9s v f9e1 ar*$1 ris+ obliquely f ! base ( ! leaflet2 ! midrib does n ext5d' to ! apex ( ! leaflets1 b t]m9ates by subdivid+ into ve9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bb4 ,neuropt]is acum9ata2 nat4 ,9 ,coal-%ale1 ,york%ire4 ,?is is a v num]\s g5us1 compris+ ?irty or m species1 :i* are pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! coal-%ale4 ,"s ( ^! plants be> a g5]al resemblance to ! ,osmunda regalis1 b diff] 9 _! ess5tial *>act]s2 _! leaflets (t5 =m ! nuclei ( iron/one nodules4 ,glossopt]is 7tongue-leaf74 ,lign4 #bc4--,leaves simple1 sub-lanceolate1 gradually contract+ t[>ds ! base2 midrib ?ick at ! base1 & vani%+ t[>ds ! apex ( ! leaf2 ve9s v f9e1 curv$1 oblique1 frequ5tly di*otom\s1 sometimes reticulat$1 or ana/omos+ at _! base4 ,! plants ( ?is g5us resemble ! f]ns ) simple leaves4 ,a few species only are kn[n2 ( ^!1 two are f ! coal-%ale1 "o f ! ,lias1 & "o f ! oolite4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bc4 ,glossopt]is ,phillipsii2 nat4 ,oolite1 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bd4 ,odontopt]is ,s*lo!imii2 nat4 ,coal-%ale ( ,saxony4 ,odontopt]is 7too?-leaf74 ,lign4 #bd4--,leaf bip9nate1 ! leaflets adh]+ to ! ra*is or /alk by _! :ole base1 :i* is n contract$2 ! ve9s equal1 simple1 di*otom\s1 aris+ side by side f ! base ( ! leaflet2 no di/9ct midrib4 ,9 _! g5]al aspect ^! plants resemble "s ,s\? ,am]ican species ( ,osmunda4 ,five species only are kn[n1 all ( :i* belong to ! mo/ anci5t coal /rata4 ,anomopt]is 7anomal\s f]n--s nam$ because ! plants diff] f all rec5t & fossil f]ns74 ,lign4 #be4--,leaves deeply p9nat$2 leaflets v long1 entire1 l9e>1 trav]s$ by a di/9ct midrib1 equal ?r\gh\t2 second>y ve9s simple1 p]p5dicul> to ! m$ian ve91 swoll5 at _! free extremities1 & n ext5d+ to ! m>g9 ( ! leaflet4 ,b "o species is kn[n4 ,^! leaves are ( great size1 & d\btless belong$ to "s arboresc5t f]n2 9 sev]al examples ! fructification is pres]v$4 ,my collection conta9$ a spl5did specim5 f ne> ,/rasburgh1 pres5t$ by ! late ,m4 ,voltz1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#he #he ,petrifactions1 p4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #be4 ,anomopt]is ,m\geotii2 nat4 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one2 ,sultz-les-,ba9s1 ne> ,/rasburgh4 ,fig4 #a4--,?ree leaflets ( a v l>ge frond4 #b4--;,a portion magnifi$ to %[ ! fructification4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,f]ns4 ,t,,niopt]is4 ,tniopt]is 7wrea!d f]n74 ,lign4 #bf4--,leaves simple1 entire1 /raight1 ) p>allel m>g9s1 trav]s$ by a /rong midrib1 :i* ext5ds to ! apex2 second>y ve9s1 simple or bifurcat$ at _! base1 & almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! m$ian ve94 ,^! f]ns are relat$ to c]ta9 species ( ,polypodium4 ,?ree species are kn[n2 two f ! ,oolite1 & "o f a t]ti>y deposit4 ,! specim5 figur$ is a fragm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bf4 ,tniopt]is latifolia2 fragm5t ( a frond2 nat4 ,/onesfield ,slate4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bg4 ,fig4 #a4--,pecopt]is ,murrayana2 a p9nule ) ! fructification2 magnifi$4 ,inf4 ,oolite1 ,sc>bor\gh4 #b4--,pecopt]is lon*itica4 ,coal-%ale1 ,france4 ,pecopt]is 7embroid]$ f]n74 ,lign4 #bg4--,leaves once1 twice1 or ?rice p9nat$3 leaflets adh]+ by _! :ole base to ! ra*is1 r>ely by ! c5tre only2 trav]s$ by a /rong midrib1 :i* ext5ds to ! apex2 ve9s simple1 or once or twice di*otom\s1 proce$+ almo/ at "r angles f ! m$ian ve94 ,?is g5us embraces a v l>ge proportion ( ! f]ns :i* h contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! coal1 & ^: leaves & /ems are pres]v$ 9 ! associat$ /rata4 ,! orig9als ( _m species 7 und\bt$ly arboresc5t1 & atta9$ a l>ge size2 "s leaves f\r feet wide1 & ( a proportionate l5g?1 h be5 obs]v$4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ species are det]m9$4 ,an ,am]ican species 7,pecopt]is ,sillimani7 is figur$ 9 illu/ration ( c]ta9 botanical t]ms1 ,lign4 #af1 ante1 p4 #aaj4 ,sev]al species ( ,pecopt]is occur 9 ! fluvio-m>9e oolitic deposits ne> ,sc>bor\gh1 & leaves 9 fructification are n uncommon3 fig4 #a1 ,lign4 #bg1 repres5ts a leaflet slightly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bh4 ,lon*opt]is ,mantelli4 ,weald51 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,fig4 #a & #b4--,leaflets magnifi$1 to %[ ! reticulat$ v5ation4 #c4--;,a fragm5t ( a frond2 nat4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,f]ns4 ,,lon*opt]is4 ,lon*opt]is 7spe>-leaf$47 ,lign4 #bh4--,leaves _m times p9nat$2 leaflets m or less adh]5t to ea* o!r at _! base1 trav]s$ by a midrib2 second>y ve9s reticulat$4 ,! ?ree kn[n species :i* compose ?is g5us resemble ! liv+ f]ns ( ! g5]a ,lon*itis1 ,woodw>dia1 c4 ,two h be5 f\nd 9 ! coal-measures1 & "o species 9 ! ,weald5 =mation ( ,engl& & ,g]many 7,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=4 pl4 iii47 ,?is la/ appe>s to h be5 a delicate plant2 = ?\gh fragm5ts are v common 9 ! micace\s grits & clays1 any consid]able portion ( a leaf is ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,m4 ,graves f\nd ! same f]n ne> ,beauvais 9 ,france1 9 /rata1 :i*1 f ! pres5ce ( ! fre%-wat] lime/one call$ ,sussex m>ble1 are suppos$ to be ref]able to ! ,weald5 epo*4 ,?is ,lon*opt]is is widely spread ?r\gh ! ,weald52 & occurs also 9 ! ,gre5s&4 ,mr4 ,morris fir/ obs]v$ x 9 ! iron-s&/one ( ,%ankl9 ,*9e4#hf #hf ,geol4 ,i4 ( ,w4 #b;d ,ed4 p4 #bcj4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bi4 ,fig4 #a4--,phlebopt]is#hg ,phillipsii4 ,oolite1 ,scorbor\gh4 #b4--,phlebopt]is prop9qua1 %[+ fructification4 #hg ,comptopt]is ( ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t4 ,phlebopt]is 7ve9$-leaf74 ,lign4 #bi4--,leaves p9nat$2 leaflets ) ! m>g9 entire1 or cr5ulat$1 ! midrib /rong2 second>y ve9s ana/omos+ by ar*es1 ) l>ge angul> spaces1 (t5 unequally dispos$2 ! f9] ve9s are simple or divid$2 ! apex sometimes free4 ,! fructification is puncti=m1 & plac$ at ! apices ( ! ve9s4 ,! foliage ( ^! rem>kable f]ns has be5 mi/ak5 = ! leaves ( dicotyl$on\s plants2 b ,m4 ,brongni>t has demon/rat$ t !y belong to ! pres5t family4 ,six species h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,oolite & ,lias4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #cj4 ,cla?ropt]is m5iscoides4 ,portion ( a leaflet3 ! orig9al #a-a_/b ft4 long4 ,weald58 ,scania4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,f]ns4 ,,cla?ropt]is4 ,cla?ropt]is 7lattic$-leaf74 ,lign4 #cj4--,leaf deeply p9natifid2 leaflets elongat$1 trav]s$ by a /rong midrib ext5d+ to ! apex2 second>y ve9s num]\s1 simple1 p>allel1 almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! midrib1 unit$ by transv]se bran*es1 :i*1 ) ! f9] ve9s1 produce on ! surface ( ! leaf a net-"w ( quadrangul> me%es4 ,?is g5us 0 in/itut$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t1 = ! reception ( "s v l>ge f]n-leaves f ! %ale ( ,ho]1 9 ,scania1 :i* resemble 9 /ructure ! foliage ( ! rec5t ,polypodium qu]cifolium1 a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ! ,moluccas4 ,"o leaf 0 f\r feet wide1 & ! leaflets1 ?\gh imp]fect1 7 eighte5 in*es long4#hh #hh ,ho] is a little village1 situat$ ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ,scania1 a prov9ce 9 ! s\!rn extremity ( ,sw$54 ,! ,*alk =mation appe>s 9 sev]al p>ts ( ?is di/rict1 & ,c>bonif]\s /rata at ,hoeganes4 ,to ! we/ ( ,ho]1 !re is a range ( hills1 compos$ ( f]rug9\s grits1 micace\s s&/ones1 clays1 & b$s ( qu>tzose conglom]ate4 ,x is 9 ^! /rata t ! f]ns & o!r t]re/rial plants occur1 & no animal rema9s :atev] h be5 f\nd 9 !m2 _! geological position appe>s to be betwe5 ! ,*alk & ! ,coal1 b on ?is po9t no?+ positive is kn[n4 ,! g5]al analogy ( ! plants ) ! gr\p =m+ ! ,flora ( ! ,weald51 l$ ,m4 ,brongni>t to suppose t ! deposits 9 "q belong to t =mation2 & ,m4 ,nillson1 ( ,lund1 :o exam9$ my collection at ,brighton1 recogniz$1 among "s undescrib$ plants f ,tilgate ,=e/1 =ms t he _h collect$ f ,ho]4 ,see ,obs]vations sur les ,vgtaux ,fossiles r5f]ms dans les ,grs de ,ho] en ,scanie3 p> ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t4 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat4 #ahbe4 ,_m o!r g5]a ( fossil f]ns h be5 e/abli%$ f ! =m & v5ation ( ! leaves1 & are describ$ 9 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,flor41 & o!r ,briti% & =eign works4 ,/ems ( arboresc5t ,f]ns4--,not)/&+ ! pr(usion ) :i* ! foliage ( _m k9ds ( f]ns is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! coal =mation1 ! und\bt$ /ems ( plants ( ?is family are r>ely met )2 = ! num]\s tribe call$ ,sigill>i is n[ remov$ altoge!r f ?is class4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 admit ( "q :e!r mu* ( ! foliage :i*1 f ! analogy ( /ructure1 has be5 ref]r$ to f]ns1 may n h belong$ to ^? trees2 = z 9 ! animal k+dom1 s 9 ! vegetable1 di/9ct types ( liv+ organisms are (t5 f\nd bl5d$ 9 ! lo/ races2 & z ! /ems ( rec5t tree-f]ns are ev5 m durable ?an _! leaves1 x seems impossible to acc\nt = _! abs5ce 9 /rata1 t inclose entire lay]s ( ! foliage matt$ toge!r4 ,a few fossils1 suppos$ to possess ! ess5tial *>act]s ( rec5t f]n-/ems1 h be5 discov]$1 & arrang$ "u ! foll[+ g5us4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,f]n-,,/ems4 ,caulopt]is 7f]n-/em74 ,lign4 #ca4--,/ems n *annell$1 m>k$ ) discoidal1 oblong1 or ovate sc>s1 arrang$ longitud9ally2 vascul> cicatrices num]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ca4 ,caulopt]is macrodiscus4 ,coal4 ,! fragm5t ( /em "h figur$1 resembles ! trunks ( "s rec5t tree-f]ns 9 its proportions1 & 9 ! numb]1 disposition1 & size1 ( ! sc>s ( ! leaf-/alks2 b ^! m>k+s diff] 9 _! m lanceolate =m1 & po9t$ t]m9ations1 & 9 _! peculi>ly /riat$ surface1 f ^? ( any kn[n exi/+ species4 ,ps>olites 7,silicifi$ ,f]n-,/ems74--,9 ! ,new ,r$ s&/one1 ne> ,hill]sdorf1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*emnitz1 9 ,saxony1 silicifi$ /ems1 app>5tly ( tree-f]ns1 occur 9 great numb]s4 ,!y are rem>kably beautiful1 & ! organization ( ! orig9al is s well pres]v$ by ! silex1 t slices1 exam9$ by ! microscope1 display ! peculi> /ructure almo/ z p]fectly z if ! plants 7 rec5t3 transv]se sections exhibit ! ar*$ bundles ( vascul> fibres :i* compose ! ligne\s cyl9d]1 surr\nd$ by ! cellul> tissue4 ,f ! /ellat$ m>k+s produc$ by sections ( ! vessels t compose ! tissues1 & :i* are visible to ! nak$ eye1 ^! fossils h obta9$ ! popul> "n ( ,/a>5-/e91 or ,/>-/one4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! specim5s ,i h exam9$ has a ligne\s /ructure1 & is ( a d>k r$di% br[n col\r2 int]nally ! /ems are ( a dull r$1 mottl$ ) v>i\s t9ts ( blue & yell[1 f ! infiltrat$ *alc$ony ) :i* ! vessels are p]meat$4#hi #hi ,see ,pict4 ,atlas 7pl4 viii47 = col\r$ figures2 & ,org4 ,rem4 vol4 ,l plate viii4 figs4 #a-g4 ,! read] w be amus$ by ! p]usal ( ! +5i\s b unsuccessful attempt ( ! excell5t au?or1 ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 to elucidate _! nature4 ,i h /ill a specim5 :i* he pres5t$ to me m ?an ?irty-five ye>s s9ce1 z "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & p]plex+ fossils t _h ev] come "u 8 notice4 ,an excell5t "w 7,d5droli!n7 on ^! fossils1 9 :i* ?irty species are describ$1 has be5 publi%$ at ,dresd5 by ,m4 ,cotta2 :o arranges !m "u ! g5us ,ps>onius or ,ps>olites4 ,! /em is compos$ ( two di/9ct p>ts2 an out] zone1 consi/+ ( a great numb] ( ne>ly cyl9drical bundles ( vessels1 suppos$ to h be5 roots :i* proce$$ f ! /em ne> its base2 & an inn] "p or axis4 ,9 ! out] portion1 ! fossil air-roots h a vascul> tissue1 b !re is (t5 a delicate cellul> tissue int]pos$4 ,9 ! axis ! vessels =m zigzag or wavy b&s1 resembl+ ^? ( f]ns4#ij ,^! flexu\s & v]mi=m b&s are entirely compos$ ( b>r$ or scal>i=m vessels1 simil> to ^? ( f]ns & club-mosses4 ,! ,ps>olites are !re=e consid]$ by ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t to be ! bases ( ! trunks ( lycopodiace\s trees1 :ile ,m4 ,cotta & o!r botani/s reg>d !m z true arboresc5t f]ns4#ia #ij ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 viii4 #ia ,see ,m4 ,brongni>t's ,tableau des ,g5res de ,vgt4 ,foss4 p4 #dd4 ,dr4 ,buckl& has discov]$ 9 ! ,new ,b$ s&/one =mation at ,allesley1 ne> ,cov5try1 silicifi$ trunks ( conif]\s trees1 & x is n improbable t fur!r rese>* 9 t locality may br+ to light f]n-/ems l ^? ( ,*emnitz4#ib ,dr4 ,lloyd1 ( ,w>wick1 has rec5tly obta9$ leaves ( sev]al conif] f ! same locality4#ic #ib ,vide ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dch4 #ic ,geol4 ,society1 ,june #aheb4 ,dr4 ,lloyd's specim5s are probably ref]able to ! g5us ,wal*ia3 see ,lign4 #fj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sigill>l ,,& ,,/igm>i4 ,sigill>l & ,/igm>i4 ,among ! mo/ common & /rik+ objects t arre/ ! att5tion ( a p]son :o visits a coal-m9e = ! fir/ "t1 & exam9es ! num]\s vegetable relics t are pr(usely disp]s$ among ! heaps ( slate1 coal1 & %ale1 are long flat slabs1 f half an in* to an in* ?ick1 hav+ bo? surfaces longitud9ally flut$1 & uni=mly pitt$ ) deep symmetrical impr9ts2 ^! are dispos$ ) su* p]fect regul>ity betwe5 ! grooves1 t ! specim5s are (t5 suppos$1 by p]sons n conv]sant ) palontology1 to be engrav5 /ones1 & n natural productions4 ,^! fossils are ! flatt5$ trunks ( gigantic trees cov]$ by ! b>k 9 ! /ate ( coal2 ! regul> impr9ts on ! surface1 be+ ! sc>s left by ! sep>ation ( ! petioles or leaf-/alks1 z 9 ! arboresc5t f]ns previ\sly exam9$4 ,! "n ,sigill>ia1 commonly appli$ to ^! fossils1 is d]iv$ f sigillum1 a seal1 & alludes to ! regul> & uni=m patt]n ( ! impr9ts on ! surface4 ,^! /ems are f a few in*es to sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 & ! l>ge/ atta9 a height ( sixty feet2 !y are g5]ally f\nd ly+ 9 a horizontal position 9 ! /rata1 & q flat1 f ! pressure produc$ by ! sup]9cumb5t rocks2 b :5 ! trunks are 9 an erect position1 & at "r angles to ! plane ( ! b$s1 ! cyl9drical =m ( ! orig9al is pres]v$4 ,a rem>kable in/ance1 9 :i* five /ems ( ,sigill>ia 7 /&+ upright1 ) _! roots 9 ! soil bel[1 app>5tly 9 ! position 9 :i* !y grew1 0 br\ght to light a few ye>s s9ce1 9 =m+ ! ,bolton & ,man*e/] railway4#id ,!y /& on ! same plane1 & ne> to ea* o!r4 ,_! roots are bran*$1 & spread out 9 ! b$ ( impure coal 9 :i* !y are implant$4 ,! trunks are surr\nd$ by a s(t blue %ale4 ,! l>ge/ tree is elev5 feet high1 & sev5 & a half feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! base2 its trunk is gn>l$ & knott$1 & has _m decorticat$ prom95ces1 l ^? 9 b>k$ timb] ( our old dicotyl$on\s trees2 ! roots1 too1 p>take ( ! same "*4#ie ,! o!rs are respectively f ?ree to five feet 9 height4 ,a sket* ( "o ( ! %ort /ems is subjo9$4 ,all ! trees 7 brok5 (f z if by viol5ce1 & no traces ( ! upp] "p ( ! /ems or bran*es 7 detect$4 #id ,^! trees /ill rema9 9 situ1 &1 ?anks to ! sci5tific zeal ( ,mr4 ,hawk%aw1 h be5 c>efully pres]v$4 ,!y are situat$ at ,dixon ,fold1 ,clifton1 ne> ,man*e/]4 ,in/ructive models ( ^! highly int]e/+ relics ( ! c>bonif]\s =e/s may be obta9$4 ,an excell5t ,memoir on ?is discov]y1 ) illu/rations1 by ,mr4 ,hawk%aw1 is giv5 9 ,geol4 ,trans1 vol4 vi4 pl4 xvii4 ,see ,pict4 ,atlas1 p4 #aih2 & ,petrifactions1 p4 #cf4 #ie ,see ,mr4 ,b[man's ,memoir1 ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #cb4 ,base ( a ,trunk ( a ,sigill>ia4 ) roots1 /&+ erect ) five o!r /ems1 9 ,c>bonif]\s /rata4 7,! orig9al is f\r feet high47 ,9 ! /ratum ?r\gh :i* ! roots ext5d1 a consid]able quantity ( ! fossil cones1 call$ ,lepido/robi1 h]eaft] describ$1 7 imb$d$ 7see ,lign4 #dj74 ,a ?9 lay] ( coal :i* inve/$ ! /ems1 0 evid5tly ! c>boniz$ b>k4 ,all ! /ems 7 fill$ ) blue clay1 or %ale1 a pro( t !y 7 holl[ :5 subm]g$ 9 ! mud1 :i* is n[ consolidat$ into ! %ale 9 :i* !y are imb$d$4 ,b x is n probable t !y 7 orig9ally tubul>1 l a re$3 on ! contr>y1 !re is evid5ce to %[ t !y 7 highly organiz$4 ,_! int]nal /ructure may h decay$1 or be5 de/roy$ by insects or o!r depr$ators2 z is (t5 ! case 9 tropical climates1 :]e ! trunks ( timb] trees are spe$ily excavat$ aft] _! fall1 & af=d %elt] to innum]able insects & reptiles1 z ! we>y travell] (t5 f9ds to 8 surprise & annoyance4#if ,! late ,mr4 ,b[man affirm$#ig t ^! trees 7 dicotyl$on\s1 & /at$ t m$ull>y rays & conif]\s /ructure c\ld be detect$2 an op9ion1 :i* ! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,brongni>t on ! ,sigill>i h fully corroborat$4 #if ,mr4 ,hawk%aw1 ,geol4 ,proc4 p4 #bfi4 #ig ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,erect ,,/igm>i4 ,_m o!r in/ances h be5 notic$ ( ,sigill>i /&+ m or less erect 9 ! /rata4 ,9 =m+ ! railway tunnel at ,claycross1 five miles s\? ( ,*e/]field1 ?r\gh ! middle portion ( ! ,d]by%ire coal-measures1 9 #ahch1 a gr\p ( ne>ly =ty trees 7,sigill>i7 0 discov]$1 /&+ n m ?an ?ree or f\r feet ap>t1 at "r angles to ! plane ( ! /rata4#ih ,on ! coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l&1 )9 ! l5g? ( half a mile1 tw5ty trees 7 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,trevelyan1 9 #ahaf 7,bd4 p4 #dgj74 ,! coal-pit at ,/4 ,eti5ne1 9 ,france1 describ$ by ,m4 ,alex4 ,brongni>t1 is celebrat$ = af=d+ an example ( ?is ph5om5on 7,wond4 p4 #fgc72 b ! positions ( _m ( ^? /ems are incl9$ at v>i\s angles1 & _! roots implant$ 9 diff]5t b$s1 s t ! p]p5dicul>ity ( ! erect trees is probably accid5tal 7,bd4 p4 #dga74 #ih ,ibid4 p4 #bgb4 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance hi!rto obs]v$1 is on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 9 ,nova ,scotia1 :]e ! cliffs1 :i* are ab\t two hundr$ feet high1 are compos$ ( c>bonif]\s /rata1 consi/+ ( coal1 clay1 grit1 & %ale1 9 :i* num]\s erect trees1 probably ,sigill>i1 are se5 on ! face ( ! cliff2 !re are t5 r[s "o above ano!r1 indicat+1 9 ! op9ion ( ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 repeat$ subsid5ces ( ! l&1 s z to all[ ( ! gr[? (t5 successive =e/s6#ii 7,wond4 p4 #fgd74 #ii ,on ! ,coal ,/rata ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,oct4 #ahda & ,travels 9 ,am]ica1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahj4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #cc4 ,sigill>i2 9 ,coal-%ale4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a specim5 depriv$ ( its c>bonace\s b>k1 except 9 ! int]/ices ( ! *annels1 & %[+ pits left by ! ext]nal sc>s4 #b4--,! m>k+s ( ,s4 ,defrancii4 7,vg4 ,foss4 ,br47 ,sid5ote3 ,,sigill>l4 ,! /ems ( ,sigill>i v>y 9 size f a few in*es to five feet 9 diamet]2 & 9 l5g? f five to sixty feet2 !y gradually tap] f ! base to ! summit4 ,a specim5 measur$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t 0 =ty feet long1 "o foot 9 diamet] at ! base1 & b six in*es at ! top1 :]e x divid$ into two equal bran*es4 ,^! /ems may be readily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( o!r trees ) :i* !y are associat$1 by ! flut$ surface produc$ by ! deep longitud9al grooves1 & ! regul>ly dispos$ impr9ts betwe5 ! *annels4#ajj ,! c>boniz$ b>k1 9 l>ge specim5s1 is (t5 an in* ?ick1 b 9 small examples is a m]e pellicle1 & be+ extremely brittle1 flakes (f ) ! slighte/ t\*1 leav+ ! inn] surface expos$1 ) ! coal rema9+ 9 ! deep furr[s & pits1 z 9 ,lign4 #cc1 fig4 #a4 ,no traces ( leaves1 or fruit1 9 connexion ) ! /ems1 h be5 obs]v$4 ,! subjo9$ sket*es 7,lign4 #cc1 & #cd17 illu/rate ! usual aspect ( ^! fossils4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! impr9ts on ! outside ( ! b>k1 & ^? on ! expos$ surface ( ! /em1 f ! removal ( ! cortical cov]+1 is well m>k$ 9 ,lign4 #cd4 #ajj ,! /ems ( "s rec5t dicotyl$on\s trees f ,new ,zeal&1 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,rob]t ,br[n1 possess simil> longitud9al ribs & furr[s1 bo? on ! b>k & alburnum1 or nak$ wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #cd4 ,sigill>ia ,saullii4 ,c>b4 ,man*e/]4 a4 ,! impr9ts ( ! petioles on ! ext]nal surface ( ! c>boniz$ cortical inve/m5t4 b4 ,! inn] surface1 expos$ by ! removal ( ! cru/ or b>k4 ,int]nal ,/ructure ( ,sigill>i4--,our k ( ! /ructure ( ?is num]\s tribe ( plants1 has receiv$ an important accession by ! discov]y ( ! silicifi$ fragm5t ( a /em1 :i*1 =tunately = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 0 plac$ at ! disposal ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t4 ,x has be5 describ$ & illu/rat$ by t em95t botani/1 9 a memoir :i* is "o ( ! mo/ valuable contributions to fossil botany t has hi!rto appe>$4#aja #aja ,! read] int5d+ to make fossil botany 8 p>ticul> /udy1 %\ld ref] to ! orig9al memoir1 & become famili> ) ! facts & inf]5ces s admirably enunciat$ by ! au?or2 n only = ! illu/ration ( ! /ructure ( ! tribe ( plants "u consid]ation1 b z a valuable exemplification ( ! mann] 9 :i* all su* inquiries %\ld be conduct$4 ,see ,ar*ives du ,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 tom4 i4 ,p>is1 #ahci4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ce4 ,silicifi$ ,/em ( ,sigill>ia elegans4 ,autun4 ,france4 7,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t47 ,fig4 #a4--;,a transv]se section ( ! silicifi$ /em1 f ,autun2 nat4 a4 ,situation ( ! m$ull>y tissue1 occupi$ by col\r$ silex4 b4 ,zone compos$ ( bundles ( vessels1 =m+ ! woody tissue4 c4 ,b& ( cellul> tissue d4 ,space betwe5 ! ligne\s cyl9d] & ! b>k1 ) no evid5t /ructure1 b orig9ally occupi$ by ! ext]nal cellul> tissue4 e4 ,zone ( indi/9ct cellul> sub/ance4 f4 ,ext]nal cortical envelopm5t1 or b>k4 #b4--,portion ( "o ( ! vessels ( ! m$ull>y tissue1 z se5 9 a longitud9al section1 7 47 #c4--,portion ( a spiral vessel ( ! same tissue4 7 47 ,! annex$ figure 7,lign4 #ce7 is an outl9e ( ! specim51 ( ! natural size2 b ?is sket* is a m]e plan or diagram1 = x is impossible )\t ! aid ( col\r to convey a fai?ful idea ( ! orig9al4 ,! /ud5t %\ld obs]ve1 t :5 m9]al matt] has p]meat$ ! /ems ( plants1 ! vascul> tissue is (t5 s well pres]v$1 t "o su* specim5 af=ds m important in=mation1 ?an hundr$s ( examples 9 :i* ! =m alone rema9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sigill>la ,,elegans4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ?is specim5 possesses ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s ( ! ins]tion ( ! leaf-/alks ( ,sigill>ia elegans4 ,! int]nal organization1 z se5 9 ! transv]se section1 is z foll[s3-- a4 ,! c5tre1 fill$ ) silex2 x exhibits no traces ( /ructure4 b4 ,! zone :i* surr\nds ! int]space on :i* ?is lett] is plac$1 is compos$ ( bundles ( vascul> tissue4 ,a portion ( "o ( ^! bundles1 highly magnifi$1 is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #g4 ,! inn] circle ( ?is zone1 indicat$ by ! convex undulat+ l9e1 is made up ( m$ull>y vascul> tissue2 ! ext]nal circle is divid$ by rays1 & is compos$ ( woody fibre1 con/itut+ a ligne\s cyl9d]4 ,"o ( ! spiral vessels 7fig4 #c71 & ano!r %[+ a rem>kable diff]5ce ( /ructure 9 a %ort space 7fig4 #b71 z se5 9 a longitud9al section ( ! m$ull>y tissue1 are figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ce4 ,! ligne\s cyl9d] is surr\nd$ by a b& ( cellul> tissue1 & ! space betwe5 ?is & ! cortical integum5t is occupi$ by silex1 9 :i* !re are b obscure traces ( /ructure4 ,! inn] lay] ( b>k1 f1 is compos$ ( elongat$ cells1 dispos$ 9 a radiat+ mann]1 & trav]s$ by fibro-vascul> bundles1 :i* pass t[>ds ! leaves4 ,^u in/itut+ a comp>ison betwe5 ! fossil & ! /ems ( ^? rec5t plants :i* pres5t ! close/ analogy to x1 ,m4 ,brongni>t 0 l$ to conclude t ! ,sigill>i con/itut$ a peculi> ext9ct family1 belong+ to ! great division ( gymnosp]m\s dicotyl$ons4 ,! ,sigill>i 7 tall erect trees1 ) a regul> & cyl9drical /em1 )\t side bran*es1 b di*otom\s t[>ds ! summit4 ,_! sup]ficial b>k 0 h>d & durable1 *annell$ longitud9ally1 be>+ leaf-sc>s t are ( a r\nd$ =m above & bel[1 & angul> at ! sides1 (t5 oblong 9 relation to ! /em1 & hav+ ?ree vascul> pits1 "o c5tral & small1 & two lat]al ( a l>g] size4 ,! int]nal /ructure be>s mo/ analogy to t ( ! ,cycade1 & ! foliage consi/$ ( long l9e> c>9at$ leaves4 ,! ,sigill>i1 !re=e1 diff] ess5tially f ! arboresc5t cryptogamia1 :i* !y some:at approa* 9 hav+ scal>i=m vascul> tissue1 symmetrical & regul> leaf-sc>s1 & bran*less trunks4 ,m ?an fifty species h be5 det]m9$4#ajb #ajb ,= figures ( ,sigill>i1 see ,pictorial ,atlas1 pl4 xix4 xx1 xxiv4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/igm>ia4 ,/igm>ia4 ,lign4 #cf4--,?is ext5d$ notice ( ! /ructure ( ! ,sigill>i14w enable u to und]/& ! nature ( ! fossil vegetables t]m$ ,/igm>i1 or spott$-/ems1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! b$s ( "u-clay ( mo/ coal-fields1 z /at$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w 7ante1 p4 #ha74 ,^! bodies :5 uncompress$ are ( a cyl9drical =m1 f "o to six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( consid]able l5g?--sometimes upw>ds ( tw5ty feet--& gradually dim9i% 9 size t[>ds _! t]m9ation4 ,! surface is m>k$ ) di/9ct pits or areol1 ( a circul> or oval =m1 ) a small tub]cle 9 ! c5tre ( ea*1 dispos$ ar\nd ! /em 9 a qu9cunx & some:at regul> ord]4 ,:5 brok5 transv]sely1 a small cyl9drical axis is se5 to ext5d 9 a longitud9al direction ?r\gh ! /em1 l a m$ull>y column2 x seldom occupies ! c5tre1 b lies ne> to "o side1 & p>allel ) a depression on ! out] surface ( ! fossil4 ,?is int]nal body is (t5 loose1 & removable2 its surface is cov]$ ) int]rupt$1 irregul>1 longitud9al1 ridges1 :i* leave correspond+ depressions on ! walls ( ! cavity 9 :i* x 0 inclos$4 ,lign4 #cf1 repres5ts a fragm5t exhibit+ ! *>act]s above describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #cf4 ,/igm>ia ficoides4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,d]by%ire4--#a_/d nat4 ,fig4 #a4--,portion ( a /em1 ) "s ( ! rootlets 7=m]ly consid]$ z leaves7 ext5d+ into ! surr\nd+ clay4 ,! int]nal axis is se5 at a2 & ! correspond+ groove on ! portion ( ext]nal surface t rema9s4 #b4--;,an outl9e ( "o ( ! rootlets1 ) a tub]cle to %[ ! mode ( its atta*m5t by a ball & socket jo9t to ! root4 ,:5 ,/igm>i are obs]v$ 9 ! "u-clay1 to :i* /ratum !y are pr9cipally conf9$1 long1 tap]+1 subcyl9drical fibres1 (t5 sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 are se5 affix$ to ! tub]cles ) :i* ! surface is cov]$2 _! =m & mode ( atta*m5t are %[n 9 ,lign4 #cf4 ,in/ances occur 9 :i* sev]al ,/igm>i spr+ f a common c5tre1 ( a dome-l =m1 :5ce !y radiate 9 e direction 7,bd4 pl4 lvi4 fig4 #h71 & ! ma9 bran*es divide & subdivide till !y are lo/ 9 ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,! nature ( ^! fossil vegetables 0 long a p]plex+ "q1 = no specim5s _h be5 f\nd 9 connexion ) any ( ! /ems1 bran*es1 or foliage1 t ab\nd 9 ! coal deposits4 ,at l5g?1 ! discov]y ( a dome-%ap$ mass1 to :i* 7 atta*$ num]\s ,/igm>i1 seem$ to af=d a clue to ! solution ( ?is botanical problem2 & x 0 conclud$ by ! em95t au?ors ( ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,great ,brita91 t ! orig9al belong$ to a tribe ( plants :i* inhabit$ swamps1 or /ill & %all[ lakes1 & 7 *>act]iz$ by a l[ truncat$ /em1 hav+ long horizontal bran*es beset ) cyl9drical1 &1 probably1 succul5t leaves1 t ei!r trail$ on ! surface ( ! swamp1 or float$ 9 ! wat]4 ,b )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ! occurr5ce 9 v>i\s c>bonif]\s deposits ( erect /ems ( ,sigill>i1 has %[n t ! ,/igm>i are no?+ m ?an ! roots ( ^! & o!r cong5]\s trees2 an op9ion ma9ta9$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,/e9haur m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 & subsequ5tly affirm$ by ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 :o f\nd1 on exam9+ microscopically ! int]nal /ructure ( a silicifi$ specim5 9 :i* ! vascul> tissue 0 pres]v$1 t x bore z close an analogy to t ( ! ,sigill>i1 z exi/s betwe5 ! roots & trunks ( c]ta9 dicotyl$on\s trees4 ,! annex$ figure1 ,lign4 #cg1 repres5ts ! transv]se section ( a small ,/igm>ia1 ) ! axis displac$ f its natural situation2 ?is circum/ance1 z well z ! correspond+ ext]nal groove1 has aris5 f compression1 by :i* ! t\gh cyl9d] has be5 =c$ f its orig9al position 9 ! middle ( ! s(t cellul> tissue1 to "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #cg4 ,transv]se ,section ( ,/igm>ia ficoides2 nat4 7,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t47 ,?is specim5 %[s t ! cyl9d] 7a 9 ,lign4 #cf7 is =m$ ( bundles ( vascul> tissue1 dispos$ 9 rays4 ,! c5tral axis is ?us %[n to be a cyl9d] compos$ ( bundles ( vessels1 dispos$ 9 a radiat+ mann]1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by m$ull>y rays2 ! :ole con/itut+ a ligne\s zone resembl+ t ( ,sigill>ia 7see ,lign4 #ce72 b ! inn] circle ( m$ull>y tissue se5 9 ! latt] is altoge!r want+4 ,?is diff]5ce is simil> to t obs]vable 9 ! /ems or bran*es ( a dicotyl$on\s tree1 9 :i* ! woody cyl9d] is associat$ int]nally ) bundles ( m$ull>y tissue1 & ! roots ( ! same tree t are de/itute ( !m4 ,"p ( a vascul> bundle f ! woody tissue ( a ,/igm>ia1 se5 by a high p[] & transmitt$ light1 is figur$ ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #f2 ! smoo? int]spaces are compos$ ( cellul> tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ch4 ,erect ,/em ( a ,sigill>ia1 ) roots4 ,coal ,m9e1 ne> ,liv]pool4 a4 ,! trunk ( ! tree1 trav]s+ a b$ ( ,coal4 b4 ,! roots 7,/igm>i7 spread+ out 9 ! ,"u-clay4 ,sid5ote3 ,,erect ,,sigill>la ,,) ,,roots4 ,?is op9ion ( ,m4 ,brongni>t 0 confirm$ by ! discov]y1 9 #ahdc1 at ,/4 ,hel5's1 ne> ,liv]pool1 ( an upright trunk ( a ,sigill>ia1 n9e feet high1 ) t5 roots eight or n9e feet 9 l5g?1 /ill atta*$1 & ext5d+ 9 _! natural position4 ,^! roots are und\bt$ ,/igm>i ( ! usual species1 ,s4 ficoides2 & ! radicles1 =m]ly consid]$ leaves1 are spread out 9 all directions1 to ! ext5t ( sev]al feet4#ajc ,to ! sagacity & p]sev]ance ( ,mr4 ,b9ney1 ( ,man*e/]1 sci5ce is indebt$ = ?is important discov]y2 ! same g5tleman laid b>e1 on ! floor ( ! m9e at ,dunk9fold1 ne> ,man*e/]1 a l>ge erect trunk ( a ,sigill>ia1 ) num]\s ,/igm>i roots4 #ajc ,f a communication to ! ,briti% ,association at ,cork1 #ahdc4 ,9 ! ,pict\ coal-field ( ,cape ,breton1 9 ,nova ,scotia1 simil> facts h be5 br\ght to light2 ! rem>kable ph5om5a exi/+ 9 t locality1 ( successive c>bonif]\s deposits conta9+ scores ( erect trees ) roots spread+ into _! native soil1 pres5t+ peculi> facilities = v]ify+ ! obs]vations made 9 ,engl&4 ,9 an int]e/+ memoir on ! coal-fields ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,br[n has giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( num]\s examples ( /ems ( ,sigill>i1 & ( ,lepidod5dra1 7a tribe ( gigantic club-mosses ( :i* we %all pres5tly treat17 ) ! roots atta*$2 ^! roots1 9 e in/ance1 _h ! *>act]s & /ructure ( ,/igm>i4 ,9 "o in/ance1 ! /em ( ! tree 0 brok5 (f close to ! roots1 & ! holl[ cyl9d] ( b>k 0 b5t d[n & d\bl$ ov] by ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ mud1 s z effectually to close up ! ap]ture1 & leave only a few irregul> cicatrices conv]g+ ne> ! apex2 ?is fossil expla9s ! true nature ( ! dome-%ap$ plant figur$ 9 ! ,fossil ,flora1 & 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,essay4,,cz #ajd ,see ,pictorial ,atlas1 p4 #bjj3 & ,petrifactions1 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lepidod5dron4 ,lepidod5dron 7scaly-tree74 ,lign4 #ci4--,/ems cyl9drical1 cov]$ t[>ds _! extremities ) simple1 l9e>1 or lanceolate leaves1 :i* are atta*$ to elevat$ rhomboidal spaces1 or papill2 papill m>k$ 9 ! upp] "p ) a l>ge transv]se triangul> sc>2 l[] "p ( ! /em de/itute ( leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ci4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a t]m9al ,bran* ( a ,lepidod5dron2 nat4 #b4--,leaf-sc>s on ! /em ( a ,lepidod5dron2 nat4 ,9 ,coal-%ale1 ,newca/le4 ,! rema9s ( ?is tribe ( plants ab\nd 9 ! coal =mation1 & rival 9 numb] & magnitude ! ,calamites & ,sigill>i previ\sly describ$4 ,^! trees h receiv$ ! "n ( ,lepidod5dra1 f ! scaly "* ( _! /ems1 occasion$ by ! angul> sc>s left by ! sep>ation ( ! foliage1 z is ! case 9 arboresc5t f]ns3 ! t]m1 h[ev]1 simply indicates ! appe>ance1 = ! surface is n imbricat$4 ,"s ( ^! trees h be5 f\nd almo/ entire1 f ! roots to _! topmo/ bran*es4 ,"o specim51 =ty feet high1 & ?irte5 feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 divid$ t[>ds ! summit into fifte5 or tw5ty bran*es1 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,j>r[ coal-m9e4#aje ,! foliage consi/s ( simple1 l9e> leaves1 spirally arrang$ ar\nd ! /em1 & appe>s to h be5 %$ f ! base ( ! tree ) age4 ,! sc>s produc$ by ! atta*m5t ( ! petioles 7 p]si/5t2 & ! twigs & bran*es are g5]ally f\nd cov]$ ) foliage1 z 9 ,lign4 #ci4 ,! roots are ,/igm>i1 l ^? ( ! ,sigill>i1 z prov$ by specim5s 9 ! ,pict\ coal-field1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,br[n4#ajf #aje ,wond1 p4 #gbb4 ,?is specim5 is figur$ & describ$ 9 ,foss4 ,flor4 #ajf ,petrifactions1 p4 #ci4 ,! int]nal organization ( ! /em ( ,lepidod5dron diff]s f t ( ,sigill>ia1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! woody cyl9d] & m$ull>y rays :i* con/itute s peculi> & important a "* 9 ! latt]4 ,! ,lepidod5dra h only an ecc5tric1 vascul>1 m$ull>y zone1 ! int]val betwe5 :i* & ! b>k is fill$ up by cellul> tissue4#ajg ,9 _! /ructure1 ext]nal configuration1 mode ( ramification1 & disposition ( ! leaves1 !y accord s closely ) ! ,lycopodiace1 t1 not)/&+ ! disp>ity 9 size1 ,m4 ,brongni>t1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook]1 & o!r em95t botani/s1 concur 9 reg>d+ !m z gigantic arboresc5t club-mosses#ajh ,! liv+ species ( ,lycopodiace am\nt to ne>ly two hundr$1 ! great] numb] ( :i*1 l ! arboresc5t f]ns1 inhabit ! isl&s ( int]tropical regions4 ,!y are dim9utive plants1 ) delicate foliage1 none exce$+ ?ree feet 9 height2 mo/ ( !m trail on ! gr\nd1 b !re are a few erect species1 "o ( :i* 7,lycopodium d5sum7 is abundant 9 ,new ,zeal&4 #ajg ,see ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t1 ,ar*ives du ,museum d',hi/4 ,nat4 torn4 i4 7= #ahci71 pl4 ,,xxx4 #ajh ,figures ( ,lepidod5dra 9 ,wond4 p4 #gah4 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 i4 iii4 ix4 xxvi4 xxvii4 xxxiii4 ,! fruit ( ! ,club-mosses is an oval or cyl9drical cone1 :i* 9 "s species is situat$ at ! extremity ( ! bran*es1 & con/itutes an imbricat$ spike4 ,n[ associat$ ) ! /ems ( ! ,lepidod5dra1 & v (t5 9 masses ( _! foliage1 & 9 "s in/ances atta*$ to ! extremities ( ! bran*es1 are num]\s oblong1 or sub-cyl9drical1 scaly cones1 g>ni%$ ) leaves4 ,^! h receiv$ ! names ( ,lepido/robi 7scaly-cones71 & are unque/ionably ! fruit ( ! trees ) :i* !y are imb$d$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lepido/robus4 ,lepido/robus4 ,lign4 #dj4--;,a cyl9drical /robilus or cone1 imbricat$ f above d[nw>ds1 compos$ ( w+$ scales1 t]m9at+ 9 rhomboidal discs3 ! axis trav]s$ by a longitud9al cavity or receptacle4 ,^! fossils h long be5 kn[n to collectors1 & are figur$ by ,m>t9 7,petrif4 ,d]bi5sia71 ,p>k9son 7,org4 ,rem4 vol4 i4 pl4 ix471 & o!rs4 ,!y are cyl9drical imbricat$ bodies1 r\nd$ at bo? extremities1 f two to six or sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & "o or two in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,:5 brok5 asund]1 a cyl9drical cavity is expos$1 :i* is sometimes holl[1 b commonly fill$ ) m9]al matt]2 & :5 specim5s are f\nd imb$d$ 9 %ale1 ! cone is fr+$ ) l9e>-lanceolate bracte1 z 9 ,lign4 #dj1 fig4 #c4 ,^! fruits1 l ! fronds ( f]ns1 (t5 =m ! nuclei ( iron/one nodules1 & ! leaves are frequ5tly replac$ ei!r by a :ite hydrate ( alum9e1 or by ! m9]al call$ gal5a1 or sulphuret ( lead1 & ! receptacles fill$ ) ! same sub/ances4 ,! specim5s f ,coalbrook ,dale are g5]ally 9 ?is /ate ( m9]alization1 & possess great brilliancy2 !y are int]e/+ examples ( ! electro-*emical *anges :i* ^! fruits ( ! c>bonif]\s =e/s h und]gone4#aji #aji ,^! fossil cones are n liable to decompose1 l ! pyrit\s fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey2 !y require no prep>ation = ! cab9et2 wa%+ injures _! lu/re2 a s(t bru% w safely remove any extrane\s matt]4 ,!re is a f9e collection ( ,lepido/robi 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 see ,petrifactions1 p4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #dj4 ,lepido/robi1 ! fruit ( ,lepidod5dra2 nat4 ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a portion ( a cone1 %[+ ! imbricat$ /ructure & int]nal cavity4 #b4--,! upp] "p ( a cone1 display+ ! imbricat$ surface4 #c4--;,a "y specim5 atta*$ to ! extremity ( a bran*4 ,! figures 9 ,lign4 #dj1 repres5t ! usual *>act]s ( ^! fruits4 ,( ! "y specim51 7fig4 #c17 situat$ at ! t]m9ation ( a bran*1 ,m4 ,brongni>t obs]ves1 qu'il e/ impossible de ne pas reconnatre p\r un ,lepido/robus jeune1 fix l'extrmit d'un rameau4#aaj ,z x is only 9 _! "y /ate t ! spikes are f\nd atta*$ to ! bran*es1 x is probable !y 7 %$ z soon z !y arriv$ at maturity4 #aaj ,hi/4 ,vg4 ,foss4 tom4 ii4 p4 #dg4 ,triplosporite4--,additional light has rec5tly be5 ?r[n on ! /ructure ( ! ,lepido/robi1 by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,br[n's exam9ation ( a silicifi$ specim5 ( ! upp] "p ( a /robilus1 9 :i* ! int]nal organization is beautifully display$4 ,! read] specially int]e/$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( fossil botany %\ld ref] to ! orig9al memoir by ! illu/ri\s ,presid5t ( ! ,l9nan ,society1 ) ! accompany+ plates t admirably exhibit ! microscopic analysis ( ! /ructure ( ?is rem>kable fossil2 a slice ( :i* 0 %[n me "s ye>s s9ce by ! late ,m>quis ( ,nor?ampton4#aaa ,! ext]nal surface ( ! specim5 is cov]$ ) hexagonal areol2 ! transv]se sections exhibit ! appe>ance ( ! bracte & sporangia4 ,! /robilus is =m$ ( a c5tral axis ( relatively small diamet]1 f :i* proce$ bracte1 ab\t ?irte5 9 numb]1 t are d5sely approximat$1 & mu* imbricat$2 & ( an equal numb] ( sporangia1 fill$ ) innum]able microscopic sporules1 orig9ally connect$ 9 ?rees4 ,?is triple composition ( sporules 7:i* diff]s f ! con/ant quadruple union 9 ! tribes ( exi/+ plants presum$ to be mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! fossil1 namely ! ,ophioglosse & ,lycopodiace7 is express$ by ! "n ,triplosporite1 adopt$ by ,dr4 ,br[n to indicate ?is peculi>ity ( /ructure1 & ! class or prim>y division to :i* ! orig9al plant is suppos$ to belong4#aab #aaa ,! specim5 br\ght to ,engl& 0 b two in*es ( ! upp] end ( ! cone2 x 0 pur*as$ conjo9tly by ,"l ,nor?ampton1 ,dr4 ,br[n1 & ! ,briti% ,museum1 = #cjl46 #aab ,see ,trans4 ,l9nan ,society ( ,london1 vol4 xx4 p4 #dfi4 ,lycopodites4--,species ( true ,lycopodiace occur 9 t]ti>y m>ls2 a beautiful specim51 f ,g]many1 ,lycopodites ,b5etti1 is figur$ ,wond4 p4 #gbc4 ,sid5ote3 ,,halonia4 ,,knorria4 ,halonia2 ,knorria4 ,lign4 #da4--;,associat$ ) ! plants already describ$ f ! coal-measures1 !re are trunks & bran*es ( o!r trees1 pres5t+ peculi> & b imp]fectly kn[n *>act]s1 :i* x w be conv5i5t to notice 9 ?is place4 ,fragm5ts ( ^! /ems are to be se5 9 mo/ public collections ( ! c>bonif]\s flora1 & %\ld be exam9$ by ! /ud5t1 = figures & descriptions c convey b an imp]fect idea ( _! nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,d5ny1 ! intellig5t & indefatigable ,curator ( ! ,le$s ,philosophical ,society1 has giv5 ! foll[+ admirable summ>y ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! /ems ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,coal1#aac :i* w be f\nd a useful guide to ! collector4 #aac ,on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,epo*1 ) especial ref]5ce to ! ,york%ire ,coal-field4 ,by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,d5ny1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,polyte*nic ,society ( ,york%ire2 = #ahej4 #a4 ,sigill>ia4--,/em furr[$1 n bran*$1 leaf-sc>s small1 r\nd1 mu* n>r[] ?an ! ridges ( ! /em4 #b4 ,favul>ia4--,/em furr[$1 n bran*$1 leaf-sc>s small1 squ>e1 & z broad z ! ridges ( ! /em4 #c4 ,lepidod5dron4--,/em n furr[$1 bran*$1 cov]$ ) loz5ge-%ap$ sc>s 9 qu9cuncial ord]1 ea* hav+ a papilla 9 ! upp] "p2 ! upp] portion ( ! /em & bran*es ) simple l9e> leaves2 ! l[] portion de/itute ( leaves4 #d4 ,halonia4--,/em n furr[$1 bran*$1 cov]$ ) indi/9ct rhomboidal m>ks1 & tub]cul> projections dispos$ 9 qu9cunx4 #e4 ,knorria4--,/em n furr[$1 bran*$1 m>k$ ) project+ sc>s ( petioles dispos$ spirally4 #f4 ,megaphyton4--,/em dott$1 nei!r furr[$ nor bran*$1 leaf-sc>s v l>ge1 ( a horse-%oe figure4#aad #aad ,pictorial ,atlas1 pl4 xxv4 #g4 ,bo?rod5dron4--,/em pitt$1 nei!r furr[$ nor bran*$1 sc>s ( cones 787 obliquely oval4 #h4 ,ulod5dron4--,/em nei!r furr[$ nor bran*$1 cov]$ ) rhomboidal m>ks2 sc>s ( cones 787 circul>4 ,! *>act]s ( ! roots call$ ,/igm>i 7ante1 p4 #acd71 & ( ! /ems nam$ ,calamities 7ante1 p4 #ajg71 & ,equisetites 7ante1 p4 #ajf71 are suffici5tly di/9ct f ! above to be easily recogniz$1 ,i w briefly notice ^? n previ\sly describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #da4 ,/ems f ! ,coal ,=mation4 ,fig4 #a4--;,halonia regul>is4 ,coalbrook ,dale4 #b4--,knorria ,tax9a4 ,ro( ( ! ,high-ma9 ,coal seam1 ,j>r[ ,colli]y4 7,brit4 ,foss4 ,flor47 ,halonia4--,! specim5s usually se5 are m]e s&/one ca/s hav+ a ?9 c>bonace\s cru/2 ! /em is bran*$ & beset ) l>ge elevat$ knobs1 or subcortical protub]ances1 z %[n 9 fig4 #a1 ,lign4 #da4 ,^! plants appe> to be closely relat$ to ! ,lepidod5dra2 _! mode ( bran*+ is %[n 9 a beautiful specim5 79 ! museum ( ! ,le$s ,philos4 ,soc47 figur$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,d5ny1 :i* is also rem>kable because x indicates ! probability t ! ,haloni1 & ! fossil /ems1 t]m$ ,knorri1 are id5tical2 = ! specim5 9 "q1 :i* 9 its bran*es is unque/ionably ( ! =m] type1 has ! base ( ! /em impress$ ) ! leaf-sc>s ( ! latt]4 ,knorria4--,to ?is g5us ! au?ors ( ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,great ,brita9 ref]r$ ^? /ems :i* h project+ leaf-sc>s1 arrang$ spirally4 ,! beautiful specim5 figur$ z ,knorria tax9a1 ,lign4 #da1 fig4 #b1 closely resembles a "y bran* ( ,yew 7,taxus71 & p]haps might be m correctly nam$ ,taxites4 ,bo?rod5dron & ,ulod5dron4--,^! g5]a1 toge!r ) ,megaphyton1 are /ems ( a v rem>kable "*1 & are easily di/+ui%$ by ! v]tical r[s ( l>ge & di/ant sc>s4 ,! two fir/ h two s]ies ( v deep oval depressions on opposite sides ( ! /ems1 arrang$ alt]nately 9 ! specim5s ,i h exam9$3 f ! size & =m ( ^! obliquely-oval cavities1 x is suppos$ t !y 7 =m$ by ! atta*m5t ( cones1 & n by petioles2 b _! real nature is involv$ 9 obscurity4#aae #aae ,figur$ 9 ,bd4 pl4 lvi4 ,9 ,megaphyton1 ! l>ge ovate sc>s indicate ! atta*m5t ( decidu\s bran*es or gigantic leaves1 :i* did n gr[ all r\nd ! /em1 b 9 a regul> ord] ( sup]position on ea* side4#aaf #aaf ,figur$ 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxv4 ,sid5ote3 ,,a/]ophyllites4 ,a/]ophyllites4--,i %all conclude ?is notice ( "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic trees ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,flora1 ) an acc\nt ( a tribe ( plants ^: rema9s are s common 9 ! coal-%ales & grits1 t !re are b few l>ge slabs ) vegetable rema9s t d n exhibit examples ( ! elegant v]ticillate foliage ( "o or m species4 ,! t]m ,a/]ophyllites1 7expressive ( ! />-l =m ( ! leaves17 appli$ to ?is family by ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t1 includes sev]al fossil plants :i* are kn[n to geologi/s "u diff]5t g5]ic names2 ! foll[+ concise acc\nt may be useful to ! /ud5t4#aag #aag ,consult ,tableau des ,g5res de ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 p> ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t4 ,diet4 d',hi/4 ,nat4 ,p>is1 #ahdi4 #a4 ,calamod5dron4--,^! are arboresc5t /ems1 ligne\s int]nally1 & cov]$ ) a smoo? c>bonace\s cru/1 )\t regul> longitud9al /ri1 & n articulat$2 b ! woody axis cov]$ by ?is b>k is deeply /riat$ & articulat$1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! true ,calamites4 ,^! /ems h a l>ge c5tral pi?1 or m$ull>y column1 surr\nd$ by a ligne\s zone1 :i* is =m$ ( radiat$ b&s1 )\t circles ( gr[?3 ! /ructure ( ! c>boniz$ b>k is unkn[n4 #b4 ,a/]ophyllites4--,^! are suppos$ to be ! bran*es & foliage ( ! /ems above describ$4 #c4 ,sph5ophyllum4--,plants1 diff]+ 9 ! =m ( ! leaves1 b analog\s 9 /ructure & mode ( fructification to ! ,a/]ophyllites4 #d4 ,annul>ia4--,h]bace\s aquatic plants1 di/9ct f ! prec$+4 #e4 ,volkmannia4--,^! fossil plants are ,a/]ophyllites 9 fructification4 ,! ,a/]ophyllites 7,lign4 #db7 _h bran*$ articulat$ /ems1 ) v]ticillate leaves1 arrang$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! bran*es :i* support$ !m3 b z ! foliage is 9 mo/ in/ances p>tially conceal$1 ! natural =m is b seldom obs]vable4 ,! orig9al plants are suppos$ to h be5 a tribe ( fl[]+ dicotyl$ons1 = small se$-vessels resembl+ ^? ( ! ,cypress are (t5 f\nd ) ! foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #db4 ,a/]ophyllites equiseti=mis2 nat4 ,coal-%ale4 7,foss4 ,flor47 ,sid5ote3 ,,annul>ia ,,c>dioc>pon4 ,! ,annul>i 7 h]bace\s plants ) v]ticillate foliage l ! =m]1 b ! :orls 7 arrang$ on ! same plane ) ! /ems on :i* !y grew1 & _! rema9s h a v elegant appe>ance :5 exp&$ 9 ! coal s*i/s4 ,x is suppos$ t !y 7 aquatic plants1 & t ! /ems & leaves float$ on ! surface ( ! wat]4#aah #aah ,wond4 p4 #gag4 ,petrifactions1 pp4 #bg1 #dc1 c4 ,= col\r$ figures see ,pictorial ,atlas1 pl4 v4 ,sph5ophyllum 7w$ge-%ap$ leaf74 ,lign4 #dc4--,! fossil vegetables ?us nam$1 ?\gh some:at resembl+ 9 _! elegant v]ticillate foliage ! ,a/]ophyllites1 diff] ess5tially1 & are reg>d$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t z h]bace\s plants relat$ to ! ,m>siliace1 or ,pepp]-worts4 ,! leaves are triangul>1 truncat$ at ! summit1 & v deeply lob$ & d5tat$4 ,! fructification consi/s ( sessile axill>y or t]m9al spikes1 compos$ ( v]ticillate bracte1 cov]+ ! receptacles4 ,?is mode ( fructification resembles t ( ! ,a/]ophyllites4#aai #aai ,= details consult ,tab4 des ,g5res de ,vg4 ,foss4 p4 #eb4 ,c>dioc>pon4--,lign4 #dd4 fig4 #a4--,^! are small fossil fruits or se$-vessels1 :i* mu* resemble ^? ( ! ,?uja or ,arbor-vit1 & are s (t5 f\nd imb$d$ ) masses ( ! foliage ( ,a/]ophyllites1 t x is conjectur$ !y belong to ^? plants4 ,!y occur 9 gr\ps ( f five to tw5ty1 & evid5tly 7 didym\s1 i4e4 grew 9 pairs4 ,fig4 #a;a4 is an enl>g$ view1 to %[ ! surface left by ! atta*m5t ( ! tw9-se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #dc4 ,fig4 #a4--,sph5ophyllum ,s*lo!imii2 nat4 #b4--,sph5ophyllum erosum4 ,coal-,%ale4 ,trigonoc>pum4 ,lign4 #dd4 figs4 #c4 #d4--,^! fruits1 :i* resemble ^? ( c]ta9 ,palms1 are (t5 met ) 9 ! coal-m9es ( ,leice/]%ire & ,york%ire2 frequ5tly occurr+ 9 gr\ps ( ?irty or =ty1 z if !y 7 ! scatt]$ se$s ( a raceme ( a ,palm3 !y are ref]r$ to ! g5us ,ngg]a?ia1 a tree ( ! c>bonif]\s =mation alli$ to ! ,palms4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,fruits4 ,a figure ( a fossil fruit f ! ,oolite--,c>poli!s ,buckl&i1 is introduc$ 9 ,lign4 #dd1 fig4 #b1 & w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #dd4 ,fossil ,fruits1 or ,se$-vessels2 nat4 ,fig4 #a4--;,c>dioc>pon acutum4 ,snib/one ,coal-m9e1 ,leice/]%ire4 #a;a4--,"o ( ! above magnifi$4 #b4--;,c>poli!s ,buckl&ii4 ,corall9e ,oolite1 ,malton4 #c4--,trigonoc>pum oliv=me4 ,snib/one ,colli]y4 #d4--,trigonoc>pum ,ngg]a?i4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ! fossil vegetables hi!rto describ$ belong1 ) b few exceptions1 to ! ,c>bonif]\s flora2 & t ! rema9s ( ,f]ns1 ,calamites1 ,sigill>i1 & ,lepidod5dra1 compose 9 a great measure ^? prodigi\s accumulations ( m9]al fuel1 or coal1 :i* supply ! luxuries & necessities creat$ by civilization4 ,our review ( fossil plants w n[ assume some:at ( a botanical arrangem5t1 & we proce$ to notice "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic vegetable =ms ( ! second>y & t]ti>y =mations4 ,we comm5ce our exam9ation ) ^? rem>kable tribes ( gymnosp]ms1 ! ,cycadace1 :i* comprise ! ,zami & ,cycade4 ,fossil ,cycadace4 ,! plants ( ?is subdivision ( ! vegetable k+dom1 f _! s+ul> /ructure & mode ( gr[?1 _! simple cyl9drical /ems1 & coronets ( p9nat$ foliage1 resembl+ t ( c]ta9 palms1 _! usually gyrate v]nation l t ( ! f]ns1 & _! anomal\s infloresc5ce & fructification1 are objects ( great int]e/ to ! sci5tific botani/2 :ile ! abundance ( _! fossil rema9s 9 ! second>y =mations r5d]s !m ( ! highe/ importance to ! geologi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #de4 ,foliage & upp] "p ( ! ,/em ( ,cycas revoluta #a_/ab nat4 ,9 ,kew ,cons]vatory4 ,z _m k9ds ( ,zamia#abj & ,cycas are cultivat$ 9 our hot-h\ses1 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! plants ( ?is ord] mu/ be famili> to ! read]3 ! annex$ figure ( a beautiful liv+ ,cycas 9 ! ,royal ,g>d5s at ,kew1 w s]ve to illu/rate ! g5]al aspect ( ^! exotics4 #abj ,! ,l9nan g5us ,zamia is n[ sep>at$ into five or six g5]a1 z ,encephal>tos1 ,macrozamia1 ,dion1 c4 ,! ,zami are %ort plants1 ) /\t cyl9drical /ems1 beset ) ?ick scales1 :i* are ! bases ( ! petioles t h be5 %$3 t[>ds ! summit ! /em is g>ni%$ ) a cr[n ( elegant leaves2 ! fruit resembles ! cones ( p9es4 ,! leaves are p9nat$1 & v t\gh2 _! v5ation is ei!r p>allel z 9 endog5s1 or di*otom\s z 9 f]ns1 b nev] reticulat$ z 9 exog5s3 9 a "y /ate !y are coil$ up l a crosi]1 z 9 f]ns4 ,! ,cycade h ! g5]al aspect ( ! ,zami1 b diff] 9 _! fructification & o!r *>act]s2 & "s species h ! /em bifurcat$ t[>ds ! top1 & atta9 a height ( upw>ds ( tw5ty feet2 = example1 ,c4 circ9alis4 ,! /em 9 its int]nal /ructure#aba be>s a close analogy to t ( ! ,conif]2 x has a c5tral m$ull>y column surr\nd$ by a ligne\s cyl9d]1 divid$ by cellul> m$ull>y rays1 ea* compos$ ( bundles ( vessels1 & a ?ick cellul> cortical inve/m5t or false-b>k1#abb compos$ ( ! p]si/5t scales t =m$ ! bases ( ! petioles4 7,see ,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #e47 #aba ,see ,bd4 pl4 lxii4 #abb ,see ,bd4 vol4 i4 pp4 #did-dih1 = detail$ description ( /ructure 9 rec5t & fossil ,zami & ,cycade4 ,! exi/+ species ( ,cycadace are exclusively natives ( hot regions1 & *iefly inhabit ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,equ9octial ,am]ica1 ,japan1 ,new ,holl&1 c42 n "o species is kn[n 9 ,europe3 a fact 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! abundance ( fossil plants ( ?is ord]1 :i* occur ?r\gh\t ! second>y =mations ( ,engl& & ! cont95t4#abc #abc ,! mo/ int]e/+ collection ( liv+ ,cycade & ,zami ne> ,london1 is t ( ,james ,yates1 ,esq41 ( ,laud]dale ,h\se1 ,highgate2 x comprises *oice examples ( sev]al ( ! sub-g5]a into :i* ^! plants are n[ divid$ by botani/s4 ,no true cycads h hi!rto be5 discov]$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s deposits2 x is 9 ! floras ( ! second>y epo*s1 f ! new ,r$ to ! ,cretace\s inclusive1 t ?is tribe ( plants =ms an important feature4 ,! foliage1 /ems1 & fruits1 occur 9 a fossil /ate2 & z ^! organs _c be ref]r$ ) c]ta9ty to _! respective plants1 di/9ct g5]a are =m$ = _! reception4 ,foliage4--,f ! t\gh & durable nature ( ! leaves1 ! foliage ( ! ,cycade occurs 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation2 & 9 ! fluvio-m>9e deposits ( ! ,oolite ( ,york%ire1 _m specim5s ( great beauty h be5 collect$4 ,i "k n ano!r locality 9 ,engl& s ri* 9 fossils ( ?is k9d1 z ! cliffs along ! coa/ ne> ,sc>bor\gh2 ,gri/horpe ,bay is well kn[n to collectors4 ,n only ! leaves1 b also ! fruits or cones occur1 & ( ^!1 examples are to be se5 9 mo/ public museums4#abd ,! leaves are c>boniz$1 b ! v5ation is well pres]v$4 #abd ,briti% ,museum3 see ,petrifactions1 p4 #ed1 ,room #a1 ,case ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #df4 ,"p ( a leaf ( ,pt]ophyllum comptum2 nat4 ,oolite1 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,! leaflet ( ! rec5t ,cycas is di/+ui%$ by a /rong n]vure1 :i* runs along ! middle2 t ( ,zamia has no midrib1 b f9e p>allel ve9s t pass direct to ! m>g94 ,pt]ophyllum comptum4 ,lign4 #df4--,! g5]al aspect ( ^! fossils is %[n 9 ?is figure ( a leaf1 ref]r$ to ! g5us ,pt]ophyllum1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by leaflets1 (t5 slightly unit$ at _! base1 truncat$ at ! summit1 ( a quadrangul> or oblong =m1 & hav+ f9e1 /raight1 p>allel ve9s4 ,! leaves are t5 or twelve in*es long1 & h f9e lanceolate leaflets2 !y are abundant 9 ! same b$s1 & are (t5 associat$ ) ! cones or fruit#abe figur$ 9 ,lign4 #dh4 #abe ,brit4 ,mus4 ,petrifactions1 p4 #ee4 ,sid5ote3 ,,zamites ,,pect9atus4 ,zamites pect9atus4 ,lign4 #dg4--;,9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 collocat$ ) rema9s ( reptiles1 fi%es1 insects1 & mollusks1 leaves & fruits ( cycads are occasionally met )4 ,a portion ( a leaf n9e in*es long is "h figur$4 ,! ,lias ( ,dorset%ire has yield$ _m beautiful relics ( ?is family#abf #abf ,9 ! c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,ea/]n ,virg9ia1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* are ref]r$ by ,pr(essor ,rog]s to ! ,oolitic epo*1 leaves ( ,cycade\s plants are abundant4 ,see ,trans4 ,am]ican ,geol p4 #bih4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #dg4 ,"p ( a leaf ( ,zamites pect9atus2 nat4 ,oolite1 ,/onesfield4 ,b few ve/iges ( ! foliage ( ,cycads h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,weald5 =mation ( ,engl&2 "o elegant leaf1 h[ev]1 ( an undescrib$ species1 0 obta9$ "s ye>s s9ce1 f a s&/one qu>ry 9 ,surrey1 & is figur$ 9 my ,geology ( ! ,s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 p4 #bch2 x is nam$ 9 hon\r ( my di/+ui%$ fri5d1 ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t1 ,cycadites ,brongni>ti4 ,! ,weald5 ( ! nor? ( ,g]many is v ri* 9 fossil ,cycade2 my fri5d4 ,dr4 ,dunk]1 has figur$ & describ$ twelve species 9 8 admirable "w on ! organic rema9s ( t =mation4#abg #abg ,mon4 ,norddeuts*5 ,weald1 tab4 i4 to vii4 ,fruits4--,! cones or fruits :i* occur ) ! foliage ( ,zami 9 ! c>bonace\s %ales & m>ls ( ! ,oolite ( ! ,york%ire coa/1 are v f9e1 & h be5 describ$ "u ! v>i\s names ( ,zamites ,mantelli1 ,z4 gigas1 & ,z4 lanceolatus4 ,an int]e/+ memoir on ! /ructure ( ^! fossils1 by ,james ,yates1 ,esq4 7a g5tleman di/+ui%$ = 8 k ( ! rec5t ,cycadace71 is publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,york%ire ,philosophical ,society = #ahdi1 p4 #cg2 & ano!r communication on ! same subject by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,williamson1 ( ,man*e/]1 9 ,york4 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahai1 p4 #de2 to ^! pap]s ,i mu/ ref] = a detail$ acc\nt ( all t is at pres5t kn[n respect+ _! organization4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #dh4 ,fruit ( ,zamites ,mantelli1 7,brongni>t72 nat4 ,f ne> ,sc>bor\gh4 ,! surface ( ! cone is conceal$ by ! bracte4 ,zamites ,mantelli4#abh ,lign4 #dh4--,! leaves associat$ ) ! fruit "h figur$1 h lanceolate leaflets t ins5sibly contract at ! base1 & are ins]t$ obliquely into ! ra*is2 ?us resembl+ ! foliage ( ! rec5t ,encephal>tos4 ,) ^! leaves1 & ! ovate cones 7,lign4 #dh71 are occasionally f\nd a circle ( leaves or elongat$ scales1 locally t]m$ coll>s1 :i* ,pr(essor ,williamson has %[n to be a zone =m$ by a scaly bud 9 :i* ! g]m ( ! plants 0 inclos$4 ,9 ! progress ( developm5t1 ! fruit bur/ ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! inve/+ %ea?1 &1 z x grew to maturity1 rose above ! incurv$ elongat$ bracte1 till ! latt] =m$ a zone or coll> ar\nd ! p$icle ( ! cone4#abi ,^! fossils h be5 mi/ak5 = fl[]s4#acj #abh ,podozamites ( ,braun4 #abi ,proc4 ,york%ire ,philos4 ,soc4 #ahdi1 p4 #de4 #acj ,bird's ,york%ire1 tab4 i4 figs4 #a & #g4 ,x does n appe> t ! /ructure ( ! cone has be5 pres]v$ 9 any ( ! specim5s1 s z to demon/rate ! *>act]s ( ! orig9al2 9 all ^? ,i h exam9$1 ! surface ( ! fruit is conceal$ by ! elongat$ bracte1 :i* are press$ flat1 & adh]e s firmly to ! inclos$ body1 z to r5d] x impossible to asc]ta9 its nature4#aca ,mr4 ,williamson is ( op9ion t ! plant resembl$ ! rec5t ,cycas circ9alis1 9 its great height1 & lax habits2 & /ates1 t he _h se5 portions ( leaves t 7 ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 #aca ,brit4 ,mus4 ,petrif4 p4 #ee4 ,zamites crassus4 ,lign4 #di1 fig4 #a4--;,9 ,s&[n ,bay1 on ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 :]e ! ,weald5 b$s rise to ! surface f b5ea? ! l[e/ /rata ( ,gre5s& on ! ea/ & we/1 sev]al cones h be5 f\nd1 associat$ ) o!r vegetable rema9s1 & bones ( ! ,iguanodon1 c4 ,a fossil cone f ?is locality is "h figur$2 x be>s consid]able resemblance to ! fruit ( ! rec5t ,encephal>tos4 ,sid5ote3 ,,zamites ,,ovatus4 ,zamites ovatus4 ,lign4 #di1 fig4 #b4--;,a few examples ( cycade\s fruits h be5 collect$ f ! ,gre5s& ( ,k5t & ,sussex4 ,! beautiful fossil repres5t$1 ,lign4 #di1 fig4 #b1 f ,foss4 ,flor4 is ref]r$ to ! ,zami1 by ! em95t au?ors ( t "w2 b x pres5ts 9 its imbricat$ "* a great] analogy to a p9e cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #di4 ,fossil ,fruits ( ,cycade\s ,plants2 #a_/b nat4 ,fig4 #a4--,zamites ,crassus4 ,weald51 ,isle ( ,wight4 #b4--,zamites ,ovatus4 ,gre5s&1 ,k5t4 ,zamites ,sussexi5sis4--,at ,will+don1 ne> ,ea/b\rn1 9 ,sussex1 a cone ne>ly six in*es long 0 discov]$ 9 a b$ ( ,gre5s&1 :i* ab\nds 9 fossil conif]\s wood3 x is ( an elongat$ cyl9drical =m1 & cov]$ ) hexagonal scales4 ,i h provisionally nam$ x ,zamites ,sussexi5sis 7,geol4 ,proc4 #ahdc71 z x pres5ts a ne>] resemblance to ! fruit ( ,zami ?an to t ( ,conif]s4 ,trunks & ,/ems ( ,cycadace4--,9 ?is section ,i %all notice ! fossil plants :i* occur s abundantly 9 ! fre%-wat] deposits t ov]lie ! m>9e oolitic lime/one ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 & :i* mu/ be famili> to my read]s1 f ! graphic acc\nt ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y occur1 by ,mr4 ,web/]1 & subsequ5tly by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 & ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e4 ,9 my ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #chg1 & ,geol4 ,isle ( ,wight1 p4 #cie1 ! geological ph5om5a ( t mo/ int]e/+ locality1 ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 are s fully describ$1 t x w n be necess>y to dwell ^u !m2 ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ! fossil vegetables are ! especial objects ( our pres5t inquiry4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mantellia ,,nidi=mis4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ej4 ,silicifi$ ,trunk ( ,mantellia nidi=mis 7,brongn472 #a_/d nat4 7,cycadites megalophyllus4 ,bd47 ,weald54 ,isle ( ,portl&4 a4 ,c5tral mass ( cellul> tissue1 b4 ,circle ( ligne\s plates1 c4 ,zone ( cellul> tissue1 d4 ,false-b>k4 ,mantellia4 ,lign4 #ej1 #ea4--,! fossil ,cycade ( ! ,isle ( ,portl& 7 fir/ describ$ botanically by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 7,geol4 ,trans1 vol4 ii4 #b;d ,s]ies17 "u ! "n ( ,cycadeoidea2 ( :i* ,memoir ! acc\nt 9 ,bd4 p4 #djd1 is an ab/ract4 ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t1 consid]+ ^! plants z a peculi> type1 ref]r$ !m to a new g5us1 :i* he did me ! hon\r to "n ,mantellia 7,prod4 ,veg4 ,foss474 ,^! /ems or trunks are f "o to two feet 9 height2 ! circumf]5ce ( ! l>ge/ n exce$+ ?ree feet4 ,! /em is subcyl9drical1 & ! ext]nal surface cov]$ ) ! rhomboidal sc>s =m$ by ! atta*m5t ( ! leaf-/alks1 & :i* are wide/ 9 _! transv]se diamet]4 ,!re are two species1 :i* are readily di/+ui%$ by ! =m ( ! /ems1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! cicatrices left by ! petioles4 ,! mo/ common k9d is %ort1 & sph]oidal1 & ! leaf-sc>s are relatively l>ge2 its %ape has caus$ x to be nam$ ,cr[s' ne/1 by ! qu>rym51 :o believe ^! plants to be ne/s t 7 built by cr[s 9 ! trees ( ! petrifi$ =e/ ) :i* !y are imb$d$4 ,! specific "n 7nidi=mis7 adopt$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t1 expresses ?is popul> notion4 ,lign4 #ej4 repres5ts a f9e example f ! ,portl& ,dirt-b$1 :i* exhibits a /ructure altoge!r simil> to t :i* *>act]izes ! /ems ( rec5t cycade\s plants2 namely1 7a7 a c5tral mass ( cellul> tissue surr\nd$ by circles ( lam9at$ ligne\s rays or plates 7b72 !n a zone ( cellul> tissue 7c71 & an ext]nal cyl9d] ( false-b>k 7d74 ,! mode ( increase by buds1 f g]ms 9 ! axill ( ! petioles1 z 9 ! liv+ plants1 is also di/9ctly se54 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ea4 ,mantellia cyl9drica4 7,brongn472 #a_/h nat4 7,cycadites microphyllus4 ,bd47 ,weald54 ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&4 ,! o!r species is subcyl9drical1 & ! leaf-sc>s are mu* small] & m regul> ?an 9 ,m4 nidi=mis1 indicat+ a m delicate foliage1 z express$ by ,buckl&'s specific "n3 t ( ,m4 ,brongni>t ref]s to ! cyl9drical =m ( ! /em4 ,?is plant 0 high] & m sl5d] ?an its associate4 ,num]\s buds are se5 9 ! axill ( ! petioles 9 ! specim5 figur$4 ,^! fossils pres5t1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 a close relation to ! bulbi=m /ems ( ! rec5t ,cycade1 nam$ ,encephal>tos1 ( ,s\? ,africa4#acb #acb ,! fossil ,cycads ( ! ,isle ( ,portl& are admirably describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,essay1 7p4 #dig1 & pl4 lx4 lxi471 & _! int]nal /ructure is fully expla9$4 ,nei!r ! leaves nor ! fruit are kn[n3 a cone f\nd 9 ! ,dirt-b$ ( ,portl&1 & attribut$ to ^! plants1 appe>s to belong to ! conif] ( ! petrifi$ =e/4 ,examples ( ,mantelli h be5 f\nd 9 ! qu>ry ( ,portl&-/one at ,sw9don1 ,wilts4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cla?r>ia ,,lyellii4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #eb4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii4 ,weald54 ,a bran*$ example ( ! inn] axis3 ! orig9al #c-a_/b feet high4 ,cla?r>ia#acc ,lyellii4 ,lign4 #eb-eg4--,! fossil plants to :i* ,i w\ld next direct att5tion 7 fir/ discov]$ by me 9 ! ,weald5 /rata ( ,sussex1 9 #ahbj1 & 7 figur$ & describ$ "u ! "n !y /ill be>1 9 my ,fossils ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 9 #ahbg4 ,! specim5s figur$ 9 t "w are ! mo/ illu/rative hi!rto discov]$1 ) b "o exception4#acd #acc ,,ec ,c la?r>ia1 i4e4 lattice /em1 f ! sc>s left by ! petioles4 #acd ,!y are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 see ,petrifactions1 p4 #de4 ,room ,i4 ,case ,e4 ,f ! imp]fect /ate ( ! rema9s ( ^! plants1 ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ! orig9als 7 v ambigu\s1 & ! fossils h be5 plac$ by "s em95t botani/s ) ! ,liliace1 & by o!rs ) ! ,asphodele2 _! true botanical position is d\btless ) ! ,cycadace2 = 9 "s po9ts !y resemble ! ,zami1 9 o!rs ! ,cycade4 ,! /em ( ! ,cla?r>ia is compos$ ( a solid int]nal axis1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ ) reticulat$ fibres2 ! l>ge bran*$ specim5 ( ?is "p1 figur$ 9 ,lign4 #eb1 is ! f9e/ example hi!rto obta9$3 x 0 discov]$1 ) bones ( ! ,iguanodon1 9 a qu>ry ne> ,cuckfield1 ,sussex1 9 #ahbj4 ,! axis is inve/$ ) a v ?ick false-b>k1 =m$ ( ! consolidat$ bases ( ! leaf-/alks1 ! ins]tions ( :i* are rhomboidal & transv]se4 ,! out] surface ( ! b>k is consequ5tly m>k$ ) elevat$ loz5ge-%ap$ cicatrices 7,lign4 #ec71 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a m>g9al furr[1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a p>allel ridge or b& ( a fibr\s /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ec4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii4 #a_/d nat4 ,a /em1 ) rhomboidal transv]se sc>s1 left by ! petioles2 brok5 transv]sely & sep>at$1 to %[ ! int]nal axis at a1 :i*1 if ! pieces 7 unit$1 w\ld be receiv$ 9 ! cavity bel[ ! depression1 or cicatrix1 on ! middle ( ! upp] portion1 b1 0 probably ! situation ( a res9\s secretion1 l ! dragon-blood 9 ! ,dracna4 ,! cortical zone is g5]ally conv]t$ into a cyl9d] ( /one1 :i* 9 "s examples sep>ates f ! axis4 ,9 a beautiful specim5 ( ?is k9d1 ,lign4 #ed1 ! axis projects & is surr\nd$ by ! false-b>k4 ,! axis is solid1 & has its surface /rongly m>k$ ) int]rupt$ ridges4 ,?is surface has g5]ally pat*es ( vascul> tissue adh]+ to x2 & !re are "h & !re deep pits1 or lacun1 :i* probably conta9$ a res9\s secretion4 ,?9 transv]se sections ( ! axis1 prep>$ ) ,canada balsam1 & exam9$ "u ! microscope1 only give fa9t traces ( cellul> tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ed4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii2 #a_/d nat4 ,weald5 ,s&/one4 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,portion ( a /em1 scor$ by ! cicatrices ( ! petioles2 %[+ ! ,axis a1 surr\nd$ by ! cortical cyl9d]4 ,i h sp>$ nei!r tr\ble nor exp5se 9 endeav\r+ to detect ! organization ( ?is plant2 num]\s sections ( /ems h be5 cut1 & exam9$ microscopically1 b v few exhibit any traces ( /ructure2 & 9 ^? :i* reta9 "s ve/iges ( organization1 ! silice\s mass :i* p]meates ! vascul> tissue1 is n suffici5tly transp>5t to yield satisfactory results4 ,x c only be inf]r$ t 9 _! int]nal organization1 z 9 _! ext]nal *>act]s1 ! ,cla?r>i 7 mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! ,cycade or ,zami4 ,a rem>kable specim51 7,lign4 #ef17 discov]$ 9 a /ratum ( ,*alk-m>l1 ne> ,bon*ur*1 confirms ?is view1 & ?r[s mu* light on ! nature & relations ( ^! vegetables4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ee4 ,petiole ( ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii2 a4 ,ext]nal aspect4 b4 ,inn] surface4 c4 ,vascul> pits left by ! sep>ation ( ! leaf4 ,?is fossil is a portion ( ! summit ( a /em g>ni%$ ) p]si/5t petioles1 or leaf-/alks2 x is fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ne>ly p]fect at ! top2 & at ! l[] end1 :i* has be5 brok5 (f transv]sely1 ! inn] axis 7,lign4 #ef a471 surr\nd$ by ! false-b>k =m$ by ! conflu5ce & consolidation ( ! bases ( ! petioles1 is expos$4 ,! /em has be5 /ript ( ! leaf-/alks at ! l[]mo/ "p1 & exhibits ! *>act]i/ic lattice-l sc>s4 ,! petioles are = ! mo/ "p entire2 "s ( !m are abortive1 & o!rs1 :i* h support$ leaves1 are m>k$ on ! summits ) vascul> pits1 indicat+ t ! foliage 0 %$ naturally2 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #ee a4 ,^! petioles 7 probably p]si/5t = "s ye>s1 z 9 ! exi/+ ,cycads4 ,! opposite side ( ! /em to t repres5t$ is cov]$ ) elongat$ & flatt5$ petioles4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ef4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii2 #a_/d nat4 ,*alk-m>l4 ,bon*ur*1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,! summit ( a /em g>ni%$ ) petioles2 ! l[] "p %[s ! cicatrices left by ! removal ( "s ( ! petioles3 a1 ! int]nal axis4 ,on ! sea-%ore b\nd$ by cliffs ( ,weald5 rocks1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 wat]-worn portions ( /ems ( ,cla?r>i are occasionally met )2 & ^! are impress$ ) ! loz5ge-%ap$ areas left by ! petioles1 z 9 ! specim51 ,lign4 #eg4 ,mr4 ,saxby1 ( ,bon*ur*1 has fav\r$ me ) ! loan ( a ?9 section ( a /em ( ,cla?r>ia 9 :i* ! bundles ( vascul> tissue 9 ! petioles appe> to be made up ( spiral vessels4 ,f :at has be5 advanc$1 x is obvi\s t ^! rem>kable plants ( ! ,weald5 flora 7 gymnosp]ms1 closely relat$ to ! ,cycade4 ,ve/iges ( roots1 se$-vessels1 & panicles1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,weald51 :i* may possibly belong to ! ,cla?r>ia2 b ! evid5ce z to _! presum$ relation%ip is at pres5t too vague to require fur!r notice4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #eg4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii2 #a_/b nat4 ,specim51 %[+ ! wat]-worn ext]nal surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,,endog5ites4 ,endog5ites erosa4--7,geol ,s4 ,e4 pl4 i42 ,tilg4 ,foss4 pl4 iii42 & by ,dr4 ,fitton 9 ,geol4 ,trans4 vol4 iv47--,! g5us ,endog5ites 0 e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t = ! reception ( ^? fossil /ems & woods1 ^: int]nal /ructure is endog5\s1 b :i* are too imp]fect to be ref]r$ to any p>ticul> family4 ,9 ?is category mu/ be plac$ c]ta9 silicifi$ /ems hav+ a c>bonace\s cortical inve/m5t1 :i* ,i discov]$ 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 9 #ahbj4 ,^! fossils (t5 occur 9 ! lay]s ( lignite :i* trav]se ! clay-b$s 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,weald ( ,sussex4 ,!y are f "o to eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & five or six feet 9 l5g?1 & ( v irregul> %apes2 ,i h n obs]v$ any indications ( bran*es4 ,"s specim5s are subcyl9drical 9 ! middle1 & gradually tap] to a po9t at ea* end2 o!rs are ( a depress$ clavat$ =m1 l "s ( ! ,cacte or ,euphorbiace4 ,!y are g5]ally silicifi$1 &1 :5 9 situ1 are inve/$ ) a friable c>bonace\s cru/1 ( a glossy lu/re1 :i* soon falls to pieces on exposure to ! atmosph]e1 s t cab9et specim5s seldom reta9 any ve/iges ( x4 ,:5 ?is coaly matt] is remov$1 ! surface ( ! silicifi$ /em is se5 to be trav]s$ by num]\s f9e me&]+ grooves1 & deep1 tortu\s *annels1 dispos$ 9 an irregul> mann]1 9 a longitud9al direction4 ,^! *annels or vessels1 :i* are g5]ally l9$ ) qu>tz cry/als1 give ! surface t erod$ appe>ance :i* sugge/$ ! specific "n1 erosa2 b ?is t]m is inapplicable1 = ! p]=ations & s9uosities are n ! effect ( erosion1 b result f ! /ructure ( ! orig9al4 ,poli%$ sections1 se5 by transmitt$ light1 are repres5t$ 9 ,dr4 ,fitton's memoir 7,geol4 ,trans4 vol4 iv472 & ,i h _h _m slices gr\nd z ?9 z possible1 9 ! hope ( detect+ ! *>act]s ( ! vascul> tissue4 ,9 "o example !re are indications ( a cycade\s /ructure1 :i* fav\r ! conclusion1 t ! orig9als belong$ to an ext9ct tribe ( gymnosp]ms2 b 9 o!r specim5s1 bundles ( vascul> tissue1 resembl+ ^? ( palms1 are app>5t4 ,l>ge wat]-worn /ems ( ,endog5ites are occasionally wa%$ out ( ! ,weald5 cliffs at ,ha/+s1 & 9 ,s&[n & ,brook ,bays1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,conif]4 ,fossil conif]4 ,! o!r great natural ord] ( ,gymnosp]m\s phan]ogami1#ace ! ,conif]1 or cone-be>+--s nam$ f ! =m ( _! fruit1 ( :i* ! fir-cones & l>*-juli are famili> examples1--comprise ! ext5sive tribes ( ,firs & ,p9es1 & ! ,cypresses1 ,yews1 ,junip]s1 ,c$>s1 c41 among :i* are ! l(tie/ trees on ! face ( ! globe4 #ace ,signify+1 fl[]+ plants ) nak$ se$s4 ,! ,conif]s are all arboresc5t1 hav+ num]\s bran*es1 :i* are 9 g5]al dispos$ ) mu* regul>ity4 ,! leaves are commonly acicul> or ne$le-%ap$1 n>r[1 & l9e>3 9 two or ?ree g5]a1 h[ev]1 7,damm>a1 ,podoc>pus17 ! foliage dep>ts rem>kably f ! ord9>y type1 ! leaves be+ broad & flat4 ,! /ructure ( ! /em1 ?\gh 9 its g5]al *>act]s ess5tially exog5\s 7see ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #d71--t is1 hav+ a c5tral pi?1 m$ull>y rays1 zones ( vascul> tissue1 & conc5tric circles ( gr[?1--diff]s 9 ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( spiral vessels1 & 9 ! peculi> modification ( ! radiat+ b&s ( woody fibre1 :i* are made up ( uni=m longitud9al vessels1 & run p>allel ) ! m$ull>y rays4 ,! lat]al walls ( ^! vessels h longitud9al r[s ( areol1 :i* are g5]ally circul> or elliptical1 b :5 9 contact are angul> & polygonal3 ea* areola has a small pore or punctation 9 ! c5tre4 ,^! discs1 gl&s1 or ducts1 z !y are call$1 are v>i\sly arrang$ 9 diff]5t g5]a2 !y are g5]ally conf9$ to ! contigu\s & correspond+ lat]al surfaces ( ! fibres2 & occur r>ely1 if ev]1 on ! inn] & out] aspects ( ! vessels4 ,9 ! rec5t g5us ,p9us ! r[s ( ducts are s+le 9 "s species2 9 o!rs bo? s+le & d\ble s]ies occur1 b nev] m ?an two1 & 9 ! latt] case ! ducts are always p>allel to ea* o!r 7see pl4 v4 #c;b4 ,wond4 pp4 #fif1 #gbe74 ,b 9 ! ,arauc>i1 or ,norfolk ,isl& ,p9es1 ! vessels h d\ble1 triple1 & sometimes quadruple1 r[s ( discs1 ( small] size ?an 9 ! common p9es2 & 9 ! d\ble s]ies1 ^! bodies are always arrang$ alt]nately 7,wond4 p4 #fif4 ,bd4 #ef a472 ,mr4 ,nicol /ates t !re are ab\t #ej discs 9 ! l5g? ( #a_/bj in*1 ! diamet] ( ea* n exce$+ #a_/ajjj in*4 ,! =m & arrangem5t ( ^! ducts1 & ! /ructure ( ! m$ull>y rays1 are ! *>act]s on :i* ! sci5tific botani/ relies = ! detection ( ! aff9ities ( ! conif]\s trees1 ^: m9]aliz$ trunks & bran*es1 9 a fragm5t>y /ate1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! only relics ( ^! important tribes ( ! lo/ floras ( ! e>li] ages ( our planet4#acf #acf ,i "k n a m delightful & in/ructive bran* ( sci5ce = ! "y & inquir+ ( bo? sexes1 ?an ?is dep>tm5t ( ,fossil ,botany1 :i* ! rec5t improvem5ts 9 ! microscope h r5d]$ s accessible2 & yet !re are b few cultivators ( fossil botany 9 ,engl&6 ,! great value ( ^! data w be %[n 9 ! sequel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ems1 fruit1 & foliage1 ( ,conif]1 occur 9 ! v>i\s fossilif]\s deposits1 f ^? conta9+ ! e>lie/ traces ( t]re/rial vegetation to ! newe/ t]ti>y /rata2 & a l>ge proportion ( ! petrifi$ wood f\nd 9 ! ,briti% =mations belongs to trees ( ?is ord]4 ,! pres5ce ( r[s ( ducts on ! ligne\s fibres1 :i* is peculi> to ?is division ( gymnosp]ms1 z we h already expla9$ 7ante1 p4 #eh71 is s easily detect$ by microscopic exam9ation1 t ! m]e/ fragm5t ( fossil conif]\s wood reta9+ int]nal /ructure1 may )\t difficulty be recogniz$4 ,! numb] ( r[s1 & ! opposite or alt]nate arrangem5t ( ! areol1 are *>act]s :i*1 9 ! liv+ p9es & firs1 enable u to ref] ! respective trees to ,european or exotic =ms2 b 9 ! fossil conif]\s wood1 mu* div]sity exi/s 9 o!r n less important po9ts ( /ructure1 & = ! successful cultivation ( ?is dep>tm5t ( fossil botany1 works especially devot$ to ! subject mu/ be consult$4 ,to ! ,engli% /ud5t1 ,mr4 ,)am's beautiful volume1 ,obs]vations on ! ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,vegetables1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahca1 w be f\nd a valuable guide4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,conif]\s ,,wood4 ,fossil ,conif]\s ,wood4--,! conif]\s wood ( ! second>y =mations ( ,engl&1 belongs = ! mo/ "p to ! ,arauc>ian type3 t is1 ! gl&s1 :5 9 d\ble r[s1 are plac$ alt]nately1 z 9 ! ,norfolk ,isl& ,p9es 7,wond4 p4 #fif71 & n side by side1 z 9 ! common ,european species ( firs & p9es 7,bd4 p4 #dhf74 ,num]\s sections ( ?is k9d ( fossil wood are figur$ by ,mr4 ,)am1 f specim5s obta9$ f ,l5nel ,braes1 on ! banks ( ! ,twe$1 ne> ,cold/ream2 & f ne> ,allanbank ,mill1 9 ,b]wick%ire 7,obs4 ,foss4 ,veg4 p4 #ad72 a fossil trunk1 #dj feet long1 discov]$ 9 ,craiglei? ,qu>ry1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 at a dep? ( #acf feet1 possess$ ! same /ructure4 ,paloxylon 7conif]\s wood ( ! ,coal ,measures74--,! exi/5ce ( conif]\s trees 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s flora1 & ! fact t _! trunks & bran*es _h contribut$ to ! =mation ( coal1 0 fir/ discov]$ & cle>ly demon/rat$ by ,mr4 ,)am 9 ! "w to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,figures ( ! peculi> /ructure obs]vable 9 ?9 slices ( coal1 are giv5 9 ,obs4 ,foss4 ,veg4 pl4 iii4 iv4 v4 ,?is c>boniz$ wood resembles t ( ! ,arauc>i 9 ! multiple s]ies ( ducts1 & _! alt]nate arrangem5t2 b ! pres5ce ( ?ick comp\nd m$ull>y rays 9 ^! /ems1--a "* unkn[n 9 any liv+ conif]s1--l$ ,m4 ,brongni>t to place !m 9 a sep>ate g5us--,paloxylon 7anci5t wood72 *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( m$ull>y rays =m$ ( num]\s lay]s ( cells1 :i* are n arrang$ 9 sup]impos$ s]ies1 & t pres5t a lanceolate or oval =m1 9 a section p]p5dicul> to _! direction4#acg #acg ,! ,p9ites ,)ami1 & ,p4 m$ull>is1 ( ,l9dley & ,hutton1 figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,)am's "w1 belong to ?is g5us4 ,x may int]e/ ! read] to "k t slices ( ^! woods prep>$ = ! microscope by ,mr4 ,nicol1 7pres5t$ to me by ! late ,dr4 ,h5ry1 ( ,man*e/]17 n only expose ! vegetable organization 9 an admirable mann]1 b also =m beautiful objects = ! exhibition ( pol>ization4 ,peuce4--,ano!r species ( conif]\s wood f ! coal is ?us nam$2 x diff]s f ! =m] 9 ! m$ull>y rays be+ compos$ b ( "o lay] ( sup]pos$ cells4 ,arauc>ites 7,dadoxylon ( ,endle*574--,?is t]m is employ$ to designate ! fossil wood ^: /ructure is app>5tly id5tical ) t ( ! liv+ species ( ,arauc>i1 hav+ ! same k9d ( m$ull>y rays1 & ! ligne\s fibres /udd$ ) discs or areol1 :i* are polygonal1 (t5 hexagonal1 & dispos$ 9 sev]al alt]nat+ s]ies4 ,?is wood is common 9 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 ,weald51 & ,*alk4 ,drift$ fragm5ts ( conif]\s wood ( ?is type occur 9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 associat$ ) leaves & fruits ( cycade1 & ) m>9e %ells1 bones ( reptiles1 fi%es1 & mammalia2 at ,sc>bor\gh1 ) ! f]ns & zami previ\sly describ$2 at ,sw9don1 9 ! ,portl& oolite1 ) belemnites1 ammonites1 trigoni1 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/]nb]gia4 ,/]nb]gia4--,to ! ,arauc>ian tribe1 accord+ to ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,williamson1 mu/ be ref]r$ c]ta9 fossil /ems f\nd 9 ! coal-measures1 & nam$ ,/]nb]gi4#ach ,^! are long solid cyl9drical ca/s ( s&/one or clay1 ) annul> con/rictions1 :i* are g5]ally inve/$ ) a ?9 film ( c>bonace\s matt]2 :5 ?is cru/ is remov$ ! surface is f\nd to be m>k$ ) longitud9al ridges4 ,^! fossils 7 once suppos$ to be ! /ems ( plants alli$ to ,yucca or ,dracna2 b1 z 0 fir/ %[n by ,mr4 ,dawson & ,mr4 ,dawes1#aci !y are m]ely s&/one ca/s ( ! m$ull>y axis or cyl9d] ( an ext9ct g5us ( conif]1 alli$ to ! ,arauc>i3 a specim5 9 :i* ! ca/ 0 surr\nd$ by a ?ick ligne\s cyl9d]1 heav+ enabl$ t acute obs]v] to detect ! /ructure ( ! orig9al4#adj ,! ,/]nb]gi are s&/one ca/s ( c5tral cavities exi/+ )9 ! true pi?2 :i* cavities1 "u "s fav\rable conditions1 7 fill$ ) inorganic mat]ials4 ,mr4 ,williamson is incl9$ to believe t all ! conif]\s wood f ! coal-measures1 belong+ to ! g5us ,dadoxylon1 is ref]able to ! trees ( ^: pi?s ! ,/]nb]gi approximat are int]nal ca/s2 & t "s ( ! foliace\s app5dages ( ^! trees h be5 conf\nd$ ) ,lepidod5dra4#ada #ach ,see ,pictorial ,atlas1 pl4 xviii4 p4 #ec4 #aci ,on ! ,coal =mation ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,geol4 ,proc4 #ahdf4 #adj ,see ,pr(4 ,williamson's ,memoir on ,/]nb]gia1 ,man*e/] ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahea4 #ada ,ibid4 p4 #cee4 ,petrifi$ ,=e/s ( ,conif]s4--,! mo/ rem>kable assemblage ( fossil conif]s is t pres5t$ 9 ! well-kn[n qu>ries 9 ! ,isl& ( ,portl&1 to :i* allusion 0 made :5 describ+ ! ,mantelli obta9$ f t locality 7ante1 p4 #aeg74 ,ref]r+ to ,wond4 p4 #che1adb = an acc\nt ( ! geological circum/ances "u :i* ! ph5om5a occur1 x w suffice to /ate t a =e/ ( p9es appe>s to h be5 subm]g$1 & ! trunks to h become petrifi$1 :il/ /&+ erect on ! spot :]e !y grew2 ! ,cycads /ill %oot up z x 7 betwe5 ! /ems1 & ! roots ( ! trees1 ?\gh *ang$ into fl9t1 ext5d into ! b$ ( m\ld :5ce !y orig9ally d]iv$ support1 & :i* is s little alt]$ 9 appe>ance1 z to be call$ ! ,dirt-b$1 by ! qu>rym52 ?us realiz+ ! fable ( ! petrifi$ city 9 ,arabian /ory1 ^: inhabitants 7 turn$ into /one1 9 ! v>i$ attitudes ( life4 #adb ,geol4 ,i4 ( ,wight1 p4 #cid4 ,petrifactions1 p4 #ef4 ,no foliage has be5 obs]v$ 9 connexion ) ^! trees2 n a leaf has be5 f\nd 9 ! rocks3 a cone1 ne>ly relat$ to ! fruit ( ,arauc>ia excelsa1 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,dirt-b$4 ,at ,brook-po9t1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 an equally int]e/+ fact may be obs]v$4 ,at ! base ( ! cliff1 :i* is entirely compos$ ( ,weald5 clays1 %ales1 & s&/ones1 !re is a va/ accumulation ( petrifi$ firs & p9es1 imb$d$ 9 ! indurat$ grit t =ms ! l[]mo/ /rata on ! sea-%ore1 & ( :i* ! reefs & rocks1 produc$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea1 & t ext5d f> f l&1 are compos$4 ,^! c be exam9$ at l[-wat]1 & ! obs]v]1 ^u lift+ up ! fuci & alg :i* cov] !m1 w f9d ! rocks & masses ( /one to consi/ ( petrifi$ trunks ( conif]4 ,!re are no erect trees z 9 ,portl&2 on ! contr>y1 ! /ems are pro/rate1 & lie confus$ly int]m+l$1 & associat$ ) bones ( ,iguanodons & o!r reptiles1 & l>ge mussel-%ells2 ! :ole pres5t+ ! *>act]s ( a raft ( =e/ trees :i* _h drift$ d[n ! /ream ( a va/ riv]1 & entangl$ 9 its c\rse ! limbs & c>casses ( animals t 7 float+ 9 ! wat]1 & ! %ells t inhabit$ ! riv]1 & at l5g? became subm]g$ 9 ! b$ ( ! delta or e/u>y4 ,bo? foliage & fruit h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,weald5 deposits at ,brook1 & w be describ$ h]eaft]4#adc #adc ,see ,geol4 ,i4 ( ,wight1 *ap4 x4 & xi4 ,9 ! s&s ( ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a1 9 ,egypt1--among ! mammalian bones ( ! ,sub-,himalayas1--& 9 ! t]ti>y deposits ( ,virg9ia associat$ ) cycads1--drift$ trunks ( conif]s h be5 discov]$4 ,fossil trees ( ?is family also occur 9 v>i\s localities 9 ,au/ralia & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 ! wood ( :i* is 9 "s p>ts calcifi$1 & 9 o!rs silicifi$4 ,! same trunk (t5 has ext]nally a :ite friable calc>e\s zone1 sev]al in*es ?ick1 trav]s$ by ve9s ( silex1 or opal9e *alc$ony1 :ile ! c5tre is a silicifi$ mass2 9 bo? /ates ! int]nal /ructure may be detect$4 ,?is k9d ( fossil wood is to be se5 9 mo/ cab9ets1 a l>ge quantity hav+ be5 s5t to ,engl& by emigrants4#add ,^! fossil trees appe> to h be5 subject$ to ! same mutations z ^? ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 = !y are describ$ z /&+ erect to ! height ( sev]al feet 9 a b$ ( arid s&1 app>5tly 9 ! places :]e !y grew2 _! petrifi$ bran*es be+ scatt]$ ar\nd !m4 ,!y s entirely pres]ve _! natural appe>ance1 t "o ( ! coloni/s m5tions among ! extraord9>y sights he witness$ on 8 fir/ arrival 9 ,new ,holl&1 ! burn+ ( trees into lime to manure ! gr\nd4 #add ,my late fri5d1 ,sir ,francis ,*antrey1 _h a magnific5t specim51 :i*1 is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,petrifactions1 p1 #ei4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,conif] ,,( ,,au/ralia4 ,a fossil p9e =e/1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 9 ! inlet call$ ,lake ,macqu>rie1 is describ$ by ! ,rev4 ,b4 ,cl>ke1 z occurr+ at ! base ( a m\nta9 range1 compos$ ( conglom]ate & s&/one1 ) subord9ate b$s ( lignite2 an alluvial pla9 ext5ds to ! wat]'s edge1 cov]+ ! s&/one rock :i* is se5 9 situ b5ea?4 ,?r\gh\t ?is pla91 /umps ( fossil trees project f ! gr\nd1 & pres5t ! appe>ance ( a =e/ 9 :i* ! trees h all be5 brok5 (f at ! same level4 ,at ! di/ance ( "s y>ds f ! %ore1 a reef is =m$ by v]tical r[s ( ! petrifi$ /ems1 :i* project out ( ! wat]4 ,_m ( ! fossil /ems on ! /r& h ! rema9s ( roots ext5d+ into ! s&/one bel[ ! alluvial deposit1 &1 l ^? 9 ! ,isl& ( ,portl&1 are 9 "s in/ances surr\nd$ by an accumulation ( rock1 :i* =ms a m\nd ( a high] level ?an ! surface ( ! /ratum4 ,! trunks are1 g5]ally1 ?ree or f\r feet high1 & f two to six feet 9 diamet]4 ,! wood is silicifi$1 & ve9s ( *alc$ony trav]se its sub/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric r+s & m$ull>y rays2 9 sev]al examples1 f #fj to #abj annual circles ( gr[? 7 obs]vable4 ,b$s ( lignite occur 9 ! neighb\r+ hills1 bo? above & bel[ ! fossil trees2 _m localities along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia are m5tion$1 z pres5t+ simil> ph5om5a4 ,i may add t ! only fragm5t ( petrifi$ wood f\nd by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell 9 ,new ,zeal& is conif]\s4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,d]w5t1 9 ,au/ralia1 opaliz$ conif]\s trees ( a simil> "* 7 obs]v$ "u v extraord9>y circum/ances1 by ! di/+ui%$ travell]1 ,c\nt ,/rzelecki4 ,truncat$ /ems 7 f\nd /&+ erect 9 a b$ ( scoriace\s basalt 7lava7 & tra*ytic conglom]ate3 b 9 "s in/ances only basaltic ca/s ( ! trunks rema94 ,?is curi\s ph5om5on c only be expla9$ by suppos+ ! silicifi$ /ems to h resi/$ ! int5se heat ( ! inc&esc5t lava1 :ile trees plac$ 9 circum/ances unfav\rable to _! petrifaction 7 consum$3 b ! latt]1 be+ ei!r saturat$ ) wat]1 or fre% & gre51 7 burnt sl[ly1 & left cyl9drical m\lds 9 ! cool$ basaltic scori1 ) impressions ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! b>k2 ^! m\lds 7 fill$ ,tip by a subsequ5t eruption1 & ?us basaltic ca/s ( ! consum$ trees 7 =m$4#ade #ade ,physical ,description ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 by ,c\nt ,/rzelecki4 ,conif]\s ,wood 9 ,ox=d ,clay4--,x w\ld occupy too mu* space to notice ! num]\s localities 9 :i* fossil rema9s ( conif]s occur 9 ! ,liassic & ,oolitic =mations ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,ox=d & ,kimm]idge ,clays wat]-worn trunks & bran*es ( l>ge p9e-trees are (t5 met )4 ,an int]e/+ deposit ( ^! rema9s 0 br\ght to light by my y\nge/ son 7,mr4 ,reg9ald ,mantell71 :5 con/ruct+ ! bran* l9e ( railway f ! ,great ,we/]n to ,tr[bridge1 9 ,wilts4 ,9 ! progress ( ! "w1 ext5sive sections 7 cut ?r\gh ! ,ox=d ,clay1 & laid b>e a l>ge quantity ( drift$ wood1 mu* ( :i* 0 n petrifi$1 b 9 ! /ate ( bog-wood1 & 0 us$ = fuel by ! workm54 ,trunks t5 or twelve feet long 7 met )1 to :i* s]pul1 oy/]s 7,o/rea delta71 & o!r %ells 7 adh]5t4 ,^! vegetable rema9s 7 associat$ ) ,belemnites1 ,belemnoteu?ides1 ,ammonites1 c42 & _h evid5tly be5 drift$ f> out to sea by curr5ts4#adf #adf ,see ,wond4 p4 #ejb4 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 p4 #caa4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,conif]\s ,,wood4 ,conif]\s ,wood 9 ! ,*alk =mation4--,! ar5ace\s lime/ones ( ! ,gre5s& ( ,k5t & ,sussex ab\nd1 9 "s localities1 9 wat]-worn masses ( conif]\s wood1 :i* are (t5 p]=at$ by bor+ mollusks1 z ,t]$o1 ,fi/ulana1 ,ga/ro*na1 c4 ,9 ! ,iguanodon qu>ry ( ,k5ti% rag1 ne> ,maid/one1 l>ge quantities ( ^! rema9s occur1 & ,mr4 ,b5/$ has collect$ sev]al cones belong+ to diff]5t k9ds ( conif]s2 "o ( ^! appe>s to be a species ( ,abies1 or ,fir3#adg x 0 associat$ ) fragm5ts ( trunks & bran*es1 ^: int]nal /ructure prov$ _! relation to ! fruit4 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #b1 are microscopic views ( transv]se & longitud9al sections ( ?is wood2 #b;a %[s ! cellul> tissue 9 a transv]se slice1 se5 by reflect$ light2 #b;b a v]tical section 9 ! direction ( ! m$ull>y rays1 exhibit+ ! vessels /udd$ ) s+le r[s ( gl&s4 ,?is wood occurs bo? 9 a calc>e\s & silice\s /ate2 9 "s examples ! ext]nal zones are calc>e\s1 & ! inn] silice\s2 9 o!rs ! entire bran* is *ang$ into black fl9t1 9 :i* ! conif]\s /ructure is beautifully pres]v$4 #adg ,x is figur$ & describ$ z ,abies ,b5/$i1 by ! ,au?or4 ,geol4 ,proc4 ,janu>y1 #ahdc4 ,ne> ,will+don1 9 ,sussex 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #agb71 a b$ ( s&1 imm$iately b5ea? ! ,galt1 conta9s a lay] ( wat]-worn fragm5ts ( /ems & bran*es1 ( small size2 !y are g5]ally p]=at$ by ,ga/ro*nce1 & ! cavities =m$ by ^! depr$ators are fill$ ) p>ticles ( gre5 *lorite s&4 ,! /ructure ( ?is wood is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #c;a a transv]se1 & #c;b a v]tical section1 view$ by reflect$ light2 9 #c;b ! vessels are dott$ ) two p>allel longitud9al r[s ( v m9ute gl&s1 arrang$ alt]nately1 z 9 ! ,arauc>i2 a fragm5t ( "o ( ! m$ull>y rays is se5 ne> ! middle ( ! specim54 ,9 ?is deposit ( conif]\s wood1 two or m fruits app>5tly ref]able to ,zami h be5 discov]$2 "o specim51 five & a half in*es long1 & ( an elongat$ cyl9drical =m1 cov]$ ) rhomboidal em95ces1 ,i h figur$ & describ$ z ,zamites ,sussexi5sis4#adh #adh ,geol4 ,proc4 #ahdc4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #eh4 ,fragm5t ( ,conif]\s ,wood 9 ,fl9t4 ,f a wall 9 ,lewes ,priory1 ,! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,engl& has af=d$ b few traces ( plants ( ?is family4 ,fragm5ts ( conif]\s wood are1 h[ev]1 occasionally f\nd 9 ! /ate ( c>bonace\s1 or r$di% br[n friable masses1 & :5 ?is sub/ance is remov$1 ! surface ( ! *alk is se5 to be m>k$ ) impressions ( ligne\s fibres2 sometimes ! surface is /udd$ ov] ) little pyri=m em95ces1 :i* are cretace\s ca/s ( p]=ations made by insects 9 ! wood4 ,^! specim5s1 :5 all traces ( ! wood are abs5t1 are v puzzl+ to ^? :o are n aw>e ( _! orig94 ,occasionally silicifi$ fragm5ts ( wood are f\nd imb$d$ 9 fl9t4 ,i h an int]e/+ specim5 ( ?is k9d obta9$ f a wall 9 ,lewes ,priory 7,lign4 #eh71 & ?\gh x mu/ h be5 expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! wea!r = ne>ly eight c5turies1 its surface /ill exhibits conif]\s /ructure4 ,sid5ote3 ,,wood ,,9 ,,fl9t4 ,t]ti>y ,conif]\s ,wood4--,! ,t]ti>y =mations 9 "s localities ab\nd 9 conif]\s plants & trees1 :i*1 9 ! ,p>is bas91 are associat$ ) bones ( mammalia2 sev]al species ( p9e 7,p9us7 & ( yew 7,taxus7 f ^? deposits are describ$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t4 ,i h collect$ fossils ( ?is k9d f ! ,london ,clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 ,brackle%am ,bay1 & ,bognor 9 ,sussex1 & ,alum ,bay1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight2 & f ! pla/ic clay at ,ne:av54 ,fossil ,foliage & ,fruit ( ,conif]s4--,f ?is digression on ! p9e-=e/s & drift-wood ( ! second>y =mations1 we return to ! exam9ation ( ! foliage & fruits ( ?is ord] ( vegetables t are pres]v$ 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,arauc>ia p]egr9a 7,l9dley & ,hutton74 ,lign4 #ei1 fig4#a4--,) ! trunks & bran*es ( conif]s ( ! ,lias1 cones & foliage are occasionally f\nd3 a beautiful example ( a bran* ) ! leaves pres]v$1 is figur$1 ,lign4 #ei4 ,?is fossil has be5 s admirably cle>$ f ! %ale :i* inve/$ x 7by ,miss ,philpot7 t ev5 ! surface ( ! leaves is expos$4 ,x s closely resembles a twig ( ,alt+ia excelsa1 t ! em95t au?ors ( ,foss4 ,flor4 h nam$ x z above4 ,b ,m4 ,brongni>t /ates t ! foliage diff]s f t ( ! two liv+ gr\ps ( ,arauc>i3 9 ,arauc>ia ,brasili5sis1 ! leaves are flat1 9 ,alt+ia excelsa1 quadrangul>2 9 ! fossil ! leaves are %ort1 fle%y1 arrang$ spirally1 & ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ei4 ,fig4 #a4--,"p ( a ,bran* ( ,arauc>ia p]egr9a2 nat4 ,lias1 ,lyme ,regis4 #b4--;,calamites nodosus ) foliage2 nat4 ,coal-%ale1 7see ante1 p4 #aji74 ,p9ites2 a "n appli$ to ^? fossil leaves & fruits :i* agree 9 _! g5]al "* ) ! rec5t g5us ,p9us2 upw>ds ( ?irty species are kn[n4#adi ,9 ! ,p9es1 z botanically di/+ui%$ f ! ,firs 7,abies71 ! leaves arise 9 bundles ( f two to five2 & ! scales ( ! cones are ?ick5$1 & t]m9ate 9 discs m or less def9$4 ,9 ,firs1 7,l>*1 ,c$>1 c47 ! scales h ?9 edges1 & ! leaves are solit>y4 #adi ,see ,endle*5's ,synopsis ,conif]>um4 ,p9ites ,fittoni4 ,geol4 ,isle ( ,wight2 #b;d edit1 p4 #deg4--,sev]al cones ) ! above *>act]s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,weald5 =mation4 ,a cone figur$ & describ$ by ,dr ,fitton1 is rem>kable = a d\ble prom95ce on ea* scale3 ,x 0 suppos$ to resemble ! fruit ( ,damm>a1 b ! /robilus ( ! latt] is l t ( ! ,c$> ( ,lebanon1 9 :i* ! edges ( ! scales are ?94 ,! ,weald5 fossil appe>s to be a g5u9e p9e1 & may be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( its discov]]1 ,p9ites ,fittoni2 a small figure ( ! only kn[n specim5 is giv51 ,wond4 p4 #cii1 fig4 #d4 ,i h collect$ f ! ,weald5 /rata ( ! ,isle ( ,wight ?ree or f\r small cones1 :i* resemble ^? ( a species ( ,arauc>ia2 !y are ovate1 imbricat$1 ) acum9at$ scales1 :i* are recurv$ at ! apex4 ,! fossils figur$ 9 ,wond4 p4 #cii1 figs4 #b & #c1 are1 ,i believe1 wat]-worn specim5s ( ! same species4#aej #aej ,i subjo9 a def9ition ( ! g5]a ,p9us & ,abies1 = ! use ( ! /ud5t4 ,p9us4--,fruit-catk9s ovate1 r\ndi%1 or cyl9drical closely set ) ?ick two-fl[]$ scales2 =m+ an imbricat$ cone1 compos$ ( num]\s ligne\s angul>1 or flat1 rigid scales1 hav+ atta*$ to ! inside ( ea* two se$s cr[n$ ) a ?9 membrane\s1 falcate1 oblong1 or r\ndi% w+2 ! scales are compos$ ( a ?ick woody sub/ance1 =m+ an angul> surface1 ) a recurv$ po9t4 ,! ,p9es are ev]gre5 trees1 ) f two to five n>r[1 angul> leaves spr++ f ea* %ea?4 ,cotyl$ons f\r to twelve4 ,abies4--,cones ) ?9 flat scales1 :i* are m membran\s at ! extremities ?an 9 ,p9es3 ! leaves are em>g9ate1 %ort solit>y1 ne$le-%ap$1 angul> or flat4 ,sid5ote3 ,,wal*ia4 ,wal*ia4 ,lign4 #fj4--,! fossil conif] ?us nam$ by ,/]nb]g1 h num]\s closely set1 regul>ly p9nat$ bran*es1 resembl+ ^? ( ,arauc>ia excelsa1 & :i* are ?ickly beset ) foliage4 ,! leaves are sessile1 compact1 enl>g$ at ! base1 tetragonal or falci=m1 & slightly decurr5t2 !y (t5 v>y consid]ably 9 =m & l5g? on ! same b\gh4 ,! bran*es are 9 "s examples t]m9at$ by oblong cones1 compos$ ( imbricat$1 oval or lanceolate1 po9t$ scales1 ! summits ( :i* are n recurv$1 z 9 ! ,arauc>i4 ,! trees ( ?is g5us are closely relat$ to ! ,arauc>ia excelsa1 & ,a4 ,cunn+hami4 ,"s species occur 9 ! ,coal =mation at ,/4 ,eti5ne & ,autun2#aea o!rs 7z ,wal*ia hypnoides7 9 ! s*i/s ( ,lodve1 & 9 ! copp] slates ( ! ,ze*/e9 9 ,mansfeld4#aeb #aea ,m9es de ,h\ille de ,vett91 c4 ,see ,tableau des ,vg4 ,foss4 p4 #gj1 p> ,m4 ,brongni>t4 #aeb ,miss+6 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fj4 ,wal*ia hypnoides2 #a_/c nat4 ,p]mian1 ,lodve4 ,"p ( a b\gh ) six ( ! bran*es be>+ t]m9al cones4 ,abietites4--,to ! ,abies1 or ,fir1 sev]al cones f\nd 9 ! ,weald5 deposits ( ,sussex & ,hants closely approximate 9 ! =m & /ructure ( _! scales4 ,! mo/ rem>kable is ! v elongat$ conif]\s fruit1 fir/ discov]$ by me 9 ! ,weald5 at ,brook ,po9t1 & describ$ & figur$ 9 my ,geology ( ! ,isle ( ,wight 7#b;d edit4 p4 #deb71 "u ! "n ( ,abietites ,dunk]i1 9 hon\r ( ! em95t geologi/ :o has s successfully & dilig5tly explor$ ! ,weald5 ( ! ,nor? ( ,g]many4 ,i h be5 s =tunate z to collect f ?irty to =ty specim5s ( ^! fruits ( ! conif]s ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,iguanodon1 associat$ ) trunks & bran*es1 & imp]fect ve/iges ( s+le lanceolate leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fa4 ,abietites ,dunk]i4 ,weald52 ,isle ( ,wight2 #a_/c nat4 ,fir-cone1 %[+ ! imbricat$ scales1 & _m bracte4 ,sid5ote3 ,,abietites ,,dunk]i4 ,abietites ,dunk]i4 ,lign4 #fa4--,^! cones are ( a cyl9drical =m1 & greatly elongat$3 ! l>ge/ specim5 is ?irte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & b ?ree in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! scales are broad1 slightly convex )\t & concave )91 obovate or subrotund1 ) a prom95t midrib1 edges ?9 & entire4 ,leaves solit>y1 sl5d]1 slightly curv$1 f #a in* to #a-a_/b in* 9 l5g?4 ,! cones 7 g>ni%$ ) bracte1 :i* are se5 on ! m>g9s ( ! fossil :5 imb$d$ 9 ! rock4 ,:e!r ! foliage t =ms ! con/itu5t sub/ance ( a l>ge proportion ( ! bitum9\s coal ( ,hanov] 7ante1 p4 #gd71 & :i* has be5 figur$ & ( ! nam$ by ,dr4 ,dunk] ,abietites ,l9kii1 belongs to ! same species ( ,fir z ^! cones1 ,i am unable to det]m9e4 ,! se$s are ( an ovate =m3 ! p]ic>p is 9 ! /ate ( c>bon1 & fill$ or l9$ ) pyrites or calc-sp>4 ,^! cones are g5]ally f\nd m or less pyritifi$1 & are extremely beautiful objects :5 fir/ collect$2 b l ! fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 simil>ly m9]aliz$1 (t5 decompose1 9 spite ( e precaution1 aft] exposure to ! air b = a few weeks4 ,a small sub-ovate fir-cone f\nd ) conif]\s wood 9 ! ,k5ti%-rag ( ,mr4 ,b5/$'s qu>ry1 ne> ,maid/one1 7ante1 p4 #agc71 & figur$ & describ$ by me z ,abies ,b5/$i1 probably belongs to ! conif] ( ! ,weald51 s9ce x 0 associat$ ) drift$ bones ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,fossil ,cypresses4--,! tribe ( conif]s call$ ,cupressus or ,cypress1 7di/+ui%$ f ! firs & p9es by ! leaves be+ m]e scales1 & ! cones consi/+ ( small wood$ peltate bracte1 & by o!r botanical *>act]s17 includ+ ! ,junip] & ,arbor-vit1 appe>s to h fl\ri%$ dur+ ! :ole ( ! second>y epo*s2 = fossil leaves & /ems ref]able to ?is family1 b ^: g5]ic aff9ities _c be det]m9$ ) precision1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,trias1 ,lias1 ,oolite1 & ,weald5 deposits4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fb4 ,?uites ,kurrianus nat4 ,weald54 ,ha/+s4 ,?uites ,kurrianus4 ,lign4 #fb4--,! ,?uja or ,arbor-vit1 a plant too well kn[n to require description1 is ! type ( ! fossil plants di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,?uites4 ,_m ye>s s9ce ,i discov]$ ve/iges ( bran*es & leaves ( "s species ( ?is g5us1 9 ! iron/one ( ! ,weald5 b$s1 at ,hea?field 9 ,sussex 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bbh72 & ( late1 _m specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 /rata ( ! same =mation 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,! bran* "h figur$1 f ! cab9et ( ,s4 ,h4 ,beckles1 ,esq4 w s]ve to illu/rate ! appe>ance ( ^! fossil plants4 ,"s small fruits f\nd 9 ! iron/one ( ,hea?field may possibly belong to ,cypresses4 ,! foliage & fruit ( five or six di/9ct species ( ,?uites h be5 discov]$ 9 ,t]ti>y /rata4 ,voltzia4#aec 7,wond4 p4 #edg74--,?is ext9ct g5us ( plants is peculi> to ! ,trias 7,grs big>r7 or ,new ,r$ deposits1 & is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! fossil conif]4 ,! specim5s fir/ f\nd 7 f ,sultz-les-,ba9s1 ne> ,/rasburgh4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 arrang$ spirally1 sessile1 & decurr5t1 & h mu* analogy ) ^? ( c]ta9 ,arauc>i4 ,! fruits are oblong cones1 ) cunei=m scales1 slightly imbricat$1 n contigu\s1 & g5]ally ) f ?ree to five lobes4 #aec ,nam$ 9 hon\r ( ! late ,m4 ,voltz1 ( ,/rasburgh1 by :om !y 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,! specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f my collection1 7 pres5t$ to me by ,m4 ,voltz4 ,sid5ote3 ,,taxites4 ,n,,gg]a?ia4 ,,fossil ,,res9s4 ,taxites4--,"s bran*es f\nd 9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 & be>+ a g5]al resemblance to twigs ( ,yew 7,taxus71 are describ$ "u ! above "n1 b _! analogies are d\btful4 7,see ante1 p4 #ade47 ,ngg]a?ia4#aed--;,i mu/ briefly notice ! coal-plants :i* ,m4 ,brongni>t has plac$ "u ?is g5us1 because ! foliage ( "s species appe>s to h ent]$ l>gely into ! =mation ( c]ta9 seams ( coal1 al?\gh ! p]fect =m ( ! leaves is unkn[n4 ,! foliage ref]r$ to ,ngg]a?ia consi/ ( p9nat$1 or deeply p9natifid1 simple leaves4 ,^! leaves1 or leaflets1 are ei!r elongat$1 l9e>1 lanceolate1 w$ge-%ap$ or flabelli=m1 & entire1 or deeply lob$ at _! extremity1 & are trav]s$ by num]\s1 f9e1 equal n]ves1 slightly div]g+ f ! base1 b almo/ p>allel4 ,! aff9ities ( ^! plants are n satisfactorily made out3 ,m4 ,brongni>t consid]s !m to approa* ne>e/ to ! ,cycads or ,conif]s2 p]haps =m+ a connect+ tribe betwe5 ^? two great gr\ps ( gymnosp]ms4#aee #aed ,a leaf ( ,n4 flabellata is figur$ 9 ,foss4 ,flor4 #aee ,tab4 ,veg4 ,foss4 p4 #fd4 ,fossil ,res9s4--,amb]4--,! res9\s secretions ( ,conif]s are occasionally f\nd 9 a fossil /ate4 ,:5 ! tunnel 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ,highgate ,hill1 9 #ahaa1 concretion>y lumps ( a brittle sub/ance 7 discov]$1 :i* prov$1 ^u analysis1 to be ! res9 ( a conif]\s tree *ang$ by m9]alization4 ,9 a b$ ( fossil wood1 ne> ,hy!1 9 ,k5t1 a res9 0 f\nd t p>took ( ! prop]ties ( amb] & ret9asphalt2 x 0 ( a cle> r$ col\r1 v infusible1 & act$ ^u ) difficulty by _m *emical solv5ts4#aef #aef ,geological ,proce$+s1 #ahdc4 ,! poll5 ( p9es or firs occurs 9 a t]ti>y deposit at ,egra1 9 ,bohemia2 ?is b$ is entirely compos$ ( poll5 & ! fru/ules ( _m k9ds ( diatomace4#aeg #aeg ,describ$ by ,m4 ,ehr5b]g4 ,sid5ote3 ,,amb]4 ,,fossil ,,palms4 ,amb]1 s rem>kable = its electrical prop]ties1 & s l>gely us$ = ornam5tal purposes1 is a fossil res91 ! product ( an ext9ct species ( p9e 7,p9us succ9if]71 :i*1 ?\gh ne>ly alli$ to ,p9us abies1 & ,p4 picea1 is ess5tially di/9ct4 ,! ,amb] 9 ! ,european m>kets is pr9cipally collect$ f ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 betwe5 ,memel & ,konigsb]g1 be+ wa%$ out ( subm]g$ b$s ( lignite1 & ?r[n up on ! /r& by ! waves4 ,amb] is occasionally f\nd on ! ea/]n & nor!rn %ores ( ,engl&4 ,! =e/s ( ,amb]-p9es appe> to h be5 situat$ 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( :at is n[ ! b$ ( ! ,baltic1 9 ab\t #ee nor? latitude1 & #cg to #ch ea/ longitude1 & 7 probably de/roy$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,drift p]iod4 ,insects1 spid]s1 small cru/aceans1 leaves1 & fragm5ts ( vegetable tissue1 are (t5 imb$d$ 9 amb]2 & a few hairs & fea!rs ( mammalia & birds h be5 detect$4 ,^! organic bodies mu/ h become imm]s$ 9 ?is sub/ance :5 x exud$ f ! trees 9 a viscid /ate1 = !y are (t5 pres]v$ z fre% & beautiful z if rec5tly embalm$ 9 ! liquid res94 ,upw>ds ( #hjj species ( insects h be5 discov]$1 *iefly ref]able to ,apt]a1 ,dipt]a1 ,neuropt]a1 ,coleopt]a1 ,libellula1 c43 by f> ! great] numb] belong to ext9ct =ms4 ,! vegetable rema9s comprise f\r species ( p9e1 & species ( c$>1 cypress1 junip]1 yew2 & ( oak1 popl>1 bee*1 a%1 c42 & a few f]ns1 mosses1 liv]worts1 conf]v1 & fungi4 ,! ,amb] appe>s to h exud$ f ! b>k & wood1 b *iefly f ! root-/ock1 z is ! case ) ! ,copal & ,anim1 :i* are res9\s sub/ances obta9$ f c]ta9 trees 9 ,india & ,am]ica1 & l>gely employ$ = v>ni%3 ^! res9s are (t5 sub/itut$ = true amb]1 especially :5 !y conta9 insects1 c42 b ! latt] are always ( ! exi/+ indig5\s species ( ! c\ntry4 ,! diff]5ce obs]vable 9 ! col\r ( ! v>i\s species ( amb]1 is attributable to accid5tal *emical admixtures4#aeh #aeh ,petrifactions1 p4 #bc4 ,fossil ,palms 7,palmacites74--,res]v+ an acc\nt ( ! fossil plants belong+ to ! o!r gr& division ( ,dicotyl$ons1 ! ,angiosp]ms 7ante1 p4 #fa71 = ! la/ section ( ! pres5t *apt]1 ,i proce$ to notice ! mo/ important family ( ! ,endog5s1 or ,monocotyl$ons1 ^: rema9s occur abundantly 9 _m t]ti>y deposits--! ,palms4 ,! ,palms are1 = ! mo/ "p1 l(ty trees1 hav+ a s+le cyl9drical /em1 :i*1 l t ( ! arboresc5t f]ns1 rises to a great height1 & is cr[n$ ) a canopy ( foliage4 ,! trunks are solid1 mo/ d5se on ! out] "p1 & 9 "s species 7z ! ,cane-palms7 are coat$ ) a ?9 silice\s epid]mis4 ,at a little di/ance above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 /rong1 simple1 rope-l roots are s5t (f f ! /em1 appe>+ l clu/]s ( /ays or braces to support ! trunk2 & ! base ( ! petrifi$ palm-trees (t5 exhibits ve/iges ( ^! organs4#aei ,! leaves are support$ by petioles1 & are 9 mo/ species v l>ge2#afj !y are ei!r p9nat$ or flabellat$ 7fan-%ap$71 & sometimes ne>ly split 9 half3 ! ve9s or n]vures are p>allel1 & ! int]spaces plait$ l ! folds ( a fan4 ,! surface ( ! /em is scor$ by transv]se sc>s =m$ by ! sep>ation ( ! petioles1 & ^! m>k+s assi/ 9 ! id5tification ( ! fossil trunks ( palm-trees4 ,! fruit is 9 "s k9ds a s+le drupe1 z ! ,cocoa-nut2 9 o!rs a clu/] ( s(t p]ic>ps1 z ! ,date4 #aei ,specim5s 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus4 ,petrifactions1 p4 #ab4 #afj ,9 ! ,fan-palm 7,corypha71 ! leaf is sometimes tw5ty feet broad4 ,! ,palm family is divid$ into upw>ds ( sixty g5]a1 compris+ m ?an a ?\s& species3 ! great] numb] are inhabitants ( tropical c\ntries4 ,/ems1 ) ! ext]nal surface & int]nal /ructure pres]v$1 & ! foliage1 & fruit1 ( sev]al k9ds ( ,palms1 h be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate1 & *iefly 9 ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,examples ( ! l>ge silicifi$ palm-/ems f ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e !y occur imb$d$ ) corals petrifi$ 9 ! same mann]1 are to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#afa & mo/ public collections3 & slic$ poli%$ sections1 exhibit+ ! monocotyl$on\s /ructure1 are common 9 private cab9ets4 ,! endog5\s organization ( ! /ems is s obvi\s z to leave no d\bt z to ! class to :i* ! trees belong1 b ,m4 ,brongni>t /ates1 t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! foliage & fruit1 x is seldom possible to pron\nce ) c]ta9ty t a fossil monocotyl$on\s /em belongs to a ,palm2 = ! int]nal /ructure alone does n enable ! botani/ to fix ^u any *>act]s :i* w di/+ui% ! /ems ( ,palms f ^? ( ,p&anus1 ,agave1 ,yucca1 ,aloes1 ,dracna1 c4 ,fossil monocotyl$ons kn[n by _! /ems only1 are !re=e arrang$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t "u ! g5]al "n ( ,endog5ites4 #afa ,petrifactions1 p4 #eb4 ,! ,palmacites c>bonig5us ( ,corda1 & o!r suppos$ palm-trees ( ! ,coal =mation1 are reg>d$ by ! same em95t botani/ z ess5tially diff]+ 9 /ructure f ?is family1 & belong+ to an ext9ct tribe ( exog5s4 ,t a l>ge proportion ( ! exog5\s /ems f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits are true palms1 !re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt1 = ! foliage & fruit1 :i* are occasionally associat$ ) !m1 confirm ! inf]5ce drawn f ! *>act]s ( ! trunks4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,palm ,,leaves4 ,/ems1 leaves1 & fruits ( ,palms h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,p>is bas91 by ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t 7,bd4 pl4 lxiv4 p4 #eae72 & silicifi$ trunks 9 _m o!r places on ! ,cont95t2 b no fossils ( ?is k9d surpass 9 beauty & int]e/ ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,a slice ( a silicifi$ /em f ,antigua is repres5t$1 z se5 by reflect$ light1 9 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #a2 x admirably displays bundles ( vessels imb$d$ 9 cellul> tissue4 ,silicifi$ /ems ( monocotyl$ons1 relat$ to ! ,palms1 are v widely di/ribut$1 & h be5 collect$ among mammalian rema9s 9 ,ava1 & 9 ! ,sub-,himalaya m\nta9s4 ,fossil ,palm-leaves4--,! p9nat$ & fan-%ap$ leaves ( ! ,palms are s peculi> z to be easily recogniz$ 9 a fossil /ate4 ,?\gh _m specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ! t]ti>y /rata ( ! ,cont95t1 b two or ?ree examples h be5 met ) 9 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ discov]$ ,briti% specim5 is 9 my cab9et1 & 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,f[l/one1 ( ,ryde1 f ! fre%-wat] lime/one ( ,:itecliff ,bay1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,x is ?irte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & elev5 9 wid?3 fre%-wat] %ells & plants are imb$d$ ) x4 ,x is figur$ 9 ,geol4 ,i4 ( ,wight1 #b;d edit4 p4 #dca4 ,?is species 7,palmacites ,lamanonis7 occurs also at ,aix 9 ,prov5ce1 9 great p]fection1 associat$ ) ,insects1 ,fi%es1 fre%-wat] %ells1 c4 7,wond4 p4 #bfj4 ,petrif4 p4 #fb74 ,twelve species ( palm-leaves are enum]at$ by ,m4 ,ung]1 f ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,cont95t4 ,"o species has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,*alk =mation ( ,silesia2 ! mo/ anci5t /rata 9 :i* ! rema9s ( und\bt$ palms h z yet be5 obs]v$4 ,! fossil palm-leaves ( ! p9nat$ =m are nam$ ,phnicites1,,ff & examples occur 9 ! ,t]ti>y grits ( ,puy en ,velais1 ,i am n aw>e t leaves ( ?is type h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&3 dilig5t rese>* 9 our t]ti>y leaf-b$s 7at ,:itecliff ,bay1 ,alum ,bay1 ,b\rnem\?1 ,w>eham7 w probably soon] or lat] discov] !m4 ,! leaflets h a well-m>k$ m$ian n]ve1 ) f9e n]vures runn+ p>allel ) x2 a "* by :i* ! foliage ( ,phnicites may be di/+ui%$ f t ( ! ,cycade4 #afb ,f ,phnix dactylif]a3 ! ,date-,palm4 ,fossil ,fruits ( ,palms4--,al?\gh c]ta9 fruits f\nd 9 ! coal-measures h be5 ref]r$ to ! palm-tribe by ,m4 ,ung]1 ,dr4 ,l9dley1 & o!r botani/s1 ,m4 ,brongni>t is ( op9ion t no su* id5tification c be e/abli%$2 ! same rem>k applies to ! ,c>poli!s f ! ,oolite2 9 f9e1 ! ,t]ti>y deposits h alone yield$ fruits t c be unque/ionably ref]r$ to plants ( ?is ord]4 ,! mo/ productive ,briti% locality ( fossil fruits ( ,palms1 & ( _m o!r vegetables1 is ! ,isl& ( ,%eppey2 & ,i purpose describ+ 9 ?is place1 n only ! rema9s ( ?is family1 b also ( ! o!r plants associat$ ) !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,fruits ,,( ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,%eppey4 ,fossil ,fruits ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4--,?is little isl&1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 is entirely compos$ ( ! ,london ,clay1 ) b&s ( sept>ia4 ,on ! nor?1 !re is a range ( cliffs1 ab\t two hundr$ feet high1 :i* is be+ cont9ually und]m9$ by ! waves1 & l>ge masses ( ! clay are ?r[n d[n1 & innum]able fruits1 se$s1 bran*es & /ems ( trees1 & o!r fossils1 are expos$ on ! /r& at l[-wat]4 ,! vegetables are /rongly impregnat$ ) iron pyrites1 & z ?is m9]al spe$ily decomposes :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 ! *oice/ examples (t5 fall to pieces1 ev5 :5 pres]v$ 9 ! cab9et4#afc ,! nodul> masses ( indurat$ clay1 t]m$ sept>ia1 conta9 ! be/ pres]v$ & mo/ durable fossils4 ,! fossil fruits1 or c>poli!s1 occur 9 su* pr(usion1 t a l>ge collection c easily be made2 !y comprise sev]al hundr$ species1 few ( :i* h be5 sci5tifically inve/igat$4#afd #afc ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 :o possesses an unrivall$ collection ( ^! fruits1 keeps !m 9 /opp]-bottles fill$ ) wat]1 plac+ ! diff]5t species sep>ately1 & labell+ ! phials4 ,i h successfully employ$ ma/ic v>ni%1 fir/ wip+ ! specim5s dry1 & remov+ any sal9e effloresc5ce by means ( raw cotton1 & !n bru%+ 9 ! v>ni% ) a /iff hair-p5cil4 #afd ,see vol4 ii4 ,excursion to ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,mr4 ,p>k9son has giv5 admirable figures ( sev]al ( ! ,%eppey fruits1 p>ticul>ly ( ! l>ge palm-l nuts1 call$ petrifi$ figs 7,org4 ,rem4 vol4 i4 pl4 vi4 vii4 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 vi4 vii47 ,m4 ,ad4 ,brongni>t has nam$ sev]al 9 8 ,prodrome2 b )\t figures ! descriptions are useless to ! /ud5t4 ,mr4 ,b[]bank has publi%$ two numb]s ( a "w entitl$1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fossil ,fruits ( ! ,london ,clay1 ) sev5te5 plates2 f :i* ,i h select$ a few subjects = illu/ration4 ,! fruits describ$ are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,fruits hav+ a d[ny /ructure1 l ! ,cotton plant4 #b4 ,cucumites4 ,se$s ( plants ( ! cucumb] family4 ,lign4 #fc1 fig4 #a & #c4 ,^! fossil fruits s closely resemble ! se$s ( v>i\s memb]s ( ! rec5t g5us ,cucumis1 or ,cucumb]1 compris+ ! ,g\rd1 ,wat]-melon1 c41 bo? 9 outw>d =m & int]nal /ructure1 t !re is no reasonable d\bt ( _! belong+ to plants ( ! same family2 h5ce ! "n ,cucumites or fossil cucumb]s4 #c4 ,cones ( a tree alli$ to ! g5us ,petrophila1 ( ,new ,holl&4 ,lign4 #fc1 figs4 #b & #h4 #d4 ,se$s ( ! ,bean family1 "s ( :i* resemble ^? ( ! common ,sc>let-runn]4 ,lign4 #fc4 figs4 #e1 #f1 #g4 #e4 ,we!rellia2 pulpy fruits divid$ into two lobes by ! expansion ( ! ripe se$s4 ,z ! section ?us expos$ be>s "s resemblance to a c(fee-b]ry1 ^! fossils are popul>ly call$ petrifi$ c(fee-b]ries4 ,?is g5us has no kn[n liv+ repres5tative4 ,lign4 #fc1 fig4 #d4 #f4 ,fruits alli$ to ! ,palm tribe4 7,nipadites74 ,lign4 #fc1 fig4 #i1 & #aj4 #g4 ,fruits ( legum9\s plants1 diff]+ f any kn[n rec5t4 ,lign4 #fd1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 #h4 ,se$s1 alli$ to ! ,amomum1 or ,c>damom tribe4 ,lign4 #fd1 fig4 #e4 #i4 ,se$s ( ,cupress9ites1 or plants relat$ to ! ,cypress4 #aj4 ,se$s resembl+ ^? ( ! ,laburnum4 #aa4 ,se$-pod ( a species ( ,acacia1 or ,mimosa4 ,lign4 #fd1 fig4 #g4--b_/c nat4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fc4 ,fossil ,fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,london ,clay4 ,fig4 #a & #c4--;,cucumites v>iabilis3 fig4 #c1 is a v]tical section1 %[+ ! se$s4 ,lign4 #fd1 fig4 #f--a_/b nat4 #b & #h4--,petrophiloides ,ri*>dsoni3 #a_/c nat4 ,fig4 #h1 is a v]tical section1 %[+ ! disposition ( ! se$s 9 ! cells =m$ by ! conflu5t scales--#a_/b nat4 #d4--,we!rellia v>iabilis3 a section ( ! fruit1 9 :i* /ate x is call$ c(fee-b]ry by ! collectors--#a_/c nat4 #e & #f4--;,faboidea semicurvil9e>is3 fig4 #e1 side view-- #a_/d nat4 #f4--;,is ! face ( a simil> se$--#a_/c nat4 #g4--;,faboidea bifalcis3 side view--#a_/c nat4 #i4--,nipadites lanceolatus3 a1 ! se$2 b1 ! %ell1 or p]ic>p--#a_/b nat4 #aj4--,nipadites cordi=mis3 a1 ! extremity ( ! se$1 imb$d$ 9 ! %ell--#a_/c nat4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fd4 ,fossil ,fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,london ,clay4 ,fig4 #a & #b4--,zul9osprionites latus4 #b4 ,a section1 %[+ ! receptacles = two se$s4--#b_/c nat4 #c4--,legum9osites dimidiatus2 side view4--#a_/b nat4 #d4--,legum9osites subquadrangul>is2 side view4--#a_/b nat4 #e4--;,cupanoides lobatus4--#a_/b nat4 #f4--;,cucumites v>iabilis4--#a_/b nat4 #g4--,mimosites ,br[niana2 f ,oss+ton1 ,suffolk4 ,a se$-pod ( an ,acacia1 or o!r plant ( ! ,mimosa family4--#b_/c nat4 ,nipadites4 ,lign4 #fc4 7,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 vi4 vii47--,! mo/ rem>kable fruits 9 ! above catalogue are ^? :i*1 f _! appe>ance :5 compress$1 are kn[n to collectors by ! "n ( petrifi$ figs 7,lign4 #fc1 fig4 #i1 #aj74 ,"s specim5s atta9 a consid]able size1 & are f five to sev5 in*es long4 ,! nut1 & ! p]ic>p or %ell1 are (t5 well pres]v$4 ,^! fossils 7 ref]r$ to ! ,cocos by ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 b !y h n a ligne\s endoc>p ) ?ree pores z 9 ! ,cocoa-nut4 ,mr4 ,b[]bank has %[n t !y are ne>ly relat$ to ! fruit ( ! ,nipa1 or ,molucca-,palm1 a tree :i* ab\nds 9 ,b5gal1 & 9 ! ,molucca & ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,! ,nip are l[1 %rub-l plants1 hav+ ! g5]al aspect ( palms2 !y gr[ 9 m>%y tracts1 at ! m\?s ( great riv]s1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! wat]s are bracki%4 ,!y are alli$ to ! ,cocoa-nut tribe1 on ! "o h&1 & to ! ,p&anus1 or ,screw-p9e1 on ! o!r4 ,! ,nipadites1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 h ! epic>p & endoc>p ?9 & membran\s1 & ! s>coc>p ?ick & pulpy1 & compos$ ( cellul> tissue1 ?r\gh :i* run num]\s bundles ( vessels4 ,ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! p]ic>p is situat$ a l>ge se$ :i*1 :5 brok51 is m or less holl[4 ,?is se$ consi/s ( regul> lay]s ( cells1 radiat+ f a spot situat$ ne> ! middle1 & app>5tly inclos+ a c5tral embryo4 ,! same au?or rem>ks1 t if ! habits ( ! plants to :i* ! fossil fruits belong$ 7 simil> to ^? ( ! rec5t ,nipa1 x w acc\nt = _! abundance 9 ! ,london ,clay 9 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey2 :i* =mation1 f ! great v>iety ( /ems & bran*es1 mix$ up ) />-fi%es1 %ells ( mollusks1 & bones ( fi%es1 cru/aceans1 & reptiles ( num]\s m>9e & fre%-wat] g5]a1 is /rik+ly *>act]i/ic ( ! delta ( a riv]1 :i* probably fl[$ f ne> ! ,equator t[>ds ! spot :]e ^! int]e/+ relics are deposit$4 ,! fact t ! se$-vessels ( sev]al species ( ,nipadites ab\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 & h n be5 obs]v$ 9 any o!r locality 9 ,engl&1 t5ds to support ?is op9ion4 ,c>poli!s ( ?is k9d occur 9 great p]fection 9 ! ,eoc5e /rata ( ,belgium1 & 7 figur$ & describ$1 ne>ly sev5ty ye>s s9ce1 9 ,burton's ,oryctographie de ,bruxelles1 z petrifi$ cocoa-nuts2 ! uncompress$ /ate 9 :i* ^! fossils occur makes ! resemblance to ! rec5t fruit m /rik+ ?an 9 ! flatt5$ pyrit\s specim5s f ! clay ( ,%eppey4 ,sid5ote3 ,,nipadites ,,( ,,belgium4 ,! ,nipadites ( ,brussels h rec5tly be5 br\ght "u ! m imm$iate notice ( ,engli% geologi/s1 9 a memoir ,on ! ,t]ti>y ,/rata ( ,belgium & ,fr5* ,fl&]s1 by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 :i* sev]al specim5s are figur$ & describ$4#afe ,^! fossils are f\nd 9 s&s & s&/one1 presum$ to be ( ! age ( ! ,brackle%am b$s ( ,sussex4 ,!y are procur$ f ,s*a]beek1 9 ! nor!rn suburbs ( ,brussels1 :]e ext5sive qu>ries are work$ = pav+-/ones1 & h long be5 celebrat$ = rema9s ( turtles1 trunks ( palms1 & dicotyl$on\s trees1 & ! fruits1 n[ call$ ,nipadites4 ,! vegetable rema9s (t5 occur silicifi$2 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell 0 %[n by ! workm5 ! trunk ( a petrifi$ exog5\s tree1 ) =ty r+s ( annual gr[?2 x _h la9 9 a horizontal position1 & 0 bor$ by t]$94 ,! silicifi$ base ( ! trunk ( a ,palm-tree1 app>5tly brok5 (f %ort at ab\t ! level ( ! soil1 _h num]\s air-roots1 or rootlets1 atta*$4#aff #afe ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 vol4 viii4 ,augu/ #aheb4 #aff ,on ! ,belgian ,t]ti>y ,=mations1 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 viii1 p4 #cdd4 ,( ! ?irte5 species ( ,nipadites enum]at$ by ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 "s ( :i* are1 h[ev]1 only accid5tal v>ieties1 f\r h be5 id5tifi$ among ^? obta9$ f ,s*a]beek3 two ( !m belong to b "o species--! ,nipadites ,burtoni3 ! o!rs are ,n4 lanceolata 7,lign4 #fc1 fig4 #i71 & ,n4 ,p>k9soni 7,pictorial ,atlas1 plate vii474 ,^! fossil nuts closely resemble ! fruit ( ,nipas fruticans1 a palm :i* ab\nds 9 ! delta ( ! ,ganges1 & o!r p>ts ( ,b5gal1 & is ! only liv+ species ( ! g5us kn[n4#afg ,9 an immature or abortive specim5 ( ,nipadites giganteus 7( ,b[]bank71 figur$ 9 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 pl4 xix4 fig4 #b1 ! angul>ity ( ! p]ic>p obs]vable 9 ! ripe fruit 7,lign4 #fc4 fig4 #i7 is well m>k$4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 ( ,nipadites f ,s*a]beek1 is above sev5 in*es long & f\r wide4 ,! ar5ace\s /rata conta9+ ^! fruits1 & /ems ( palms & dicotyl$on\s trees1 are suppos$ to h be5 =m$ 9 ! sea ne> ! m\? ( a riv]1 z 9 ! case ( ! clay-b$s at ,%eppey3 ! vegetable rema9s are associat$ ) bones ( fre%-wat] ,turtles1 tee? ( ,%>ks1 cases & sp9es ( ,e*9od]ms1 & %ells ( ! g5]a ,o/rea1 ,p9na1 c4#afh #afg ,on ! ,belgian ,t]ti>y ,=mations1 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cdd4 #afh ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cdg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,p&anus4 ,fossil ,fruit ( ,p&anus4 7,popoc>ya4 ,bd4 pl4 lxii4 p4 #ejc47--,! ,p&anace are monocotyl$on\s trees1 nam$ ,screw ,p9es f ! spiral ins]tion ( _! long1 rigid1 sword-l leaves1 along ! /em2 !y are natives ( hot climates1 & ab\nd 9 ! gr\ps ( isl&s 9 ! ,pacific2 be+ g5]ally ! fir/ important vegetable t5ants ( ! newly-=m$ ,atols or coral-isl&s4 ,z 9 ! palms1 ! /em is support$ ne> ! base by long side-roots1 :i* enable ^! trees to ma9ta9 an erect position1 & fl\ri% on ! newly-elevat$ coral-reefs1 :]e b little soil has accumulat$4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is tribe ( plants dur+ ! second>y ages is kn[n only by a s+le example ( a fossil fruit1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,page1 ( ,bi%port1 9 ! ,inf]ior ,oolite1 to ! ea/ ( ,*>m\?1 ,dorset%ire1 & is pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,ox=d2 no ve/iges ( ! /ems or foliage h be5 obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fe4 ,fossil ,wood ) ,t]$9es2 nat4 ,london ,clay1 ,reg5t's ,p>k4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a poli%$ transv]se section1 %[+ ! tubes l9$ ) sp>4 #b4--,portions ( m9]aliz$ ,t]$9es1 se5 9 relief on ! wood4 ,?is c>poli!1 7= a detail$ acc\nt & figures see ,bd4 p4 #ejd1 pl4 lxiii47 is ( ! size ( a l>ge orange2 ! surface is cov]$ ) a /ellat$ epic>pium1 compos$ ( hexagonal tub]cles =m+ ! summits ( cells :i* occupy ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! fruit4 ,ea* cell conta9s a s+le se$1 usually hexagonal1 resembl+ a small gra9 ( rice1 & is support$ by a foot-/alk1 =m$ ( d5se fibres2 a "* exhibit$ only by ! se$-vessels ( ,p&anus4 ,! fossil fruit diff]s f t ( ! rec5t ,screw-p9es 9 ! se$s be+ nei!r inclos$ 9 a h>d nut1 nor collect$ into drupes1 b disp]s$ uni=mly ov] ! entire mass2 ?is =ms ! ess5tial g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,dr4 ,buckl& has nam$ ?is unique c>poli! ,podoc>ya4 7,bd4 p4 #eje47 ,wood p]=at$ by ,t]$94 ,lign4 #fe4--,! drift$ trunks & masses ( wood f\nd 9 ! ,london ,clay1 at ,%eppey1 ,bognor1 ,brackle%am1 c41 "s ( :i* belong to ,palms1 o!rs to ,conif]s1 & ,dicotyl$ons1 are commonly m or less p]=at$ by ! bor+ mollusks call$ ,t]$o1 or ,t]$9a2 & rema9s ( _! te/ace\s tubes are (t5 well pres]v$4 ,! tortu\s *annels excavat$ 9 ! wood by ^! bor]s1 are l9$ or fill$ up ) calc>e\s sp>1 indurat$ clay1 or o!r m9]al matt]1 ( v>i\s %ades ( grey1 blue1 yell[1 c42 & ! poli%$ slabs ( ?is fossil wood are beautifully div]sifi$ by ! sections ( ! sp>ry tubes1 cross$ at "r angles by ! ligne\s /ructure2 z 9 ! specim5 fig4 #a1 ,lign4 #fe1 f ! ,canal 9 ! ,reg5t's ,p>k4#afi #afi ,slabs ( ?is k9d are g5]ally kept by ! lapid>ies at ,bognor1 ,wor?+1 c4 & sold at #bs4 or #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,9 ! fossil1 fig4 #b4 ,lign4 #fe1 f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 ! tubes ( ! t]$9 are se5 9 relief1 9 consequ5ce ( ! surface ( ! block ( wood hav+ decay$ & be5 remov$4 ,fossil ,liliace4--,! family ( endog5s1 t]m$ ,liliace1 comprises _m beautiful plants2 ^? ) annual /ems1 z ! ,lily1 ,hyac9?1 ,tulip1 c4 are well kn[n = ! v>iety & spl5d\r ( _! blossoms2 "s ( ! arboresc5t =ms1 z ! ,tulip-tree1 atta9 a l>ge size1 b ! fl[]s ( ?is division are relatively small4 ,9 t]ti>y /rata1 ! /ems1 leaves1 fruits1 & ev5 ! impr9ts ( fl[]s1 h be5 discov]$1 ( plants relat$ to ,sagitt>ia 7,arr[-head71 ,smilax 7,b9d-we$71 ,convall>ia 7,lily ( ! valley71 c4 ,! ,dracna 7,dragon-blood tree71 a tall1 sl5d]1 elegant tree ) amplexicaul leaves 7common 9 our hot-h\ses71 belongs to ?is family2 & c]ta9 /ems f\nd ) ,cla?r>i1 & bones ( ! ,iguanodon1 9 ! ,k5ti%-rag at ,maid/one 7ante1 p4 #agc71 s closely resemble ! trunk ( ?is plant1 t !y h be5 nam$ by ,mr4 ,knig1#agj ,dracna ,b5/$i2 ! specim5s are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,until ! int]nal /ructure ( ^! fossils has be5 exam9$1 ! correctness ( ?is id5tification is1 h[ev]1 unc]ta93 ! ext]nal resemblance to ! /em ( ! ,dracna consi/s 9 ! int]rupt$ annul> ridges1 d5ot+ amplexicaul leaves3 no ve/iges ( ! foliage h be5 obs]v$4 #agj ,petrifactions1 p4 #di4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,plants4 ,,fossil ,,*>4 ,fossil ,fre%-wat] ,plants4--,! t]ti>y fre%-wat] /rata (t5 conta9 abundance ( ! rema9s ( ! aquatic vegetables t inhabit$ ! lakes & riv]s 9 :i* ^? deposits 7 =m$4 ,! rema9s ( sev]al species ( ! common lacu/r9e plant1 ! ,*>a1 are f\nd 9 imm5se quantities 9 ! fre%-wat] lime/ones & m>ls ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 ( ! coa/ ( ,hamp%ire1 & ( ! ,p>is ,bas94 ,! %ell-m>ls1 /ill 9 progress ( =mation 9 ! lakes ( ,scotl&1 & ! trav]t9e precipitat$ f !rmal spr+s1 9 l mann] envelop & pres]ve ! leaves & fruits ( rec5t species4 ,fossil ,fruits ( ,*>a4 7,gyrogonites47 ,lign4 #ff4--,! ,*>a is a well-kn[n inhabitant ( almo/ e /ream & rivulet4 ,! /ems are holl[1 & compos$ ( tubes fill$ ) a fluid 9 :i* gre5 globules circulate2 !y =m beautiful microscopic objects = exhibit+ ! circulation 9 vegetables4 ,! fruit consi/s ( v small nuclei1 conta9$ 9 a calc>e\s p]ic>p1 compos$ ( five spirally twi/$ plates1 t unite at ! summit4 ,^! se$-vessels1 :5 fir/ discov]$ 9 a fossil /ate1 7 suppos$ to be ! %ells ( mollusks1 & a g5us 0 =m$ = _! reception ) ! "n ( ,gyrogonites 7twi/$-/ones72 a t]m /ill employ$1 ?\gh ! vegetable nature ( ^! bodies is well kn[n4 ,9 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #e1 a bran* ( ! common ,*>a ) se$s is repres5t$3 & figures ( ! se$-vessels1 ( two fossil species are giv5 9 ,lign4 #ff1 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,specim5s ( ! fossil fruits & /ems ( ,*>1 may be collect$ 9 abundance 9 ! fre%-wat] lime/one at ,ea/ ,cliff ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight4#aga #aga ,see my ,geology ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 ,lign4 #e1 p4 #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ff4 ,fossil ,fre%-wat] ,plants4 ,eoc5e1 ,p>is4 ,fig4 #a4--,se$-vessel ( ,*>a helict]es #aj2 side view4 #a;a4--,view ( ! base ( ! same4 #a;b4--,"o ( ! spiral valves sep>at$4 #a;c4--,view f above4 #b4--,se$-vessel ( ,*>a m$icag9ula #aj4 ,! upp] figure is a side view3 ! l[]1 a view ( ! base4 #c4--;,c>poli!s ovulum1 magnifi$ side view4 #c;a4--,! same1 natural size4 #c;b4--,magnifi$ view ( ! base ( ! same4 #d4--;,a piece ( fre%-wat] lime/one1 ) impressions ( two /ems ( ,nymphea are?usa 4 ,! ,purbeck b$s at ,durl/one ,bay1 ne> ,swanage1 also conta9 num]\s ,gyrogonites associat$ ) fre%-wat] %ells4 ,! b&s ( silice\s s9t]1 :i* occur 9 ! l[]mo/ deposits1 are especially ri* 9 ^! rema9s4#agb #agb ,i am indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,osmond ,fi%]1 ( ,dor*e/]1 = a f9e suite ( ^! & o!r int]e/+ fossils f ! ,purbeck b$s ( ,ridgway & ,osm+ton1 ne> ,weym\?2 & to ,william ,%ipp1 ,esq41 ( ,bl&=d1 & ,edw>d ,woodh\se1 ,esq41 ( ,an/y1 = _m specim5s f ,durl/one ,bay1 & ,ridgway4 ,fossil ,nymphe4 ,lign4 #ff1 fig4 #d4--,^? magnific5t aquatic plants1 ! ,wat]-,lilies 7,nymphe71 t adorn our riv]s & lakes ) fl[]s & foliage :i* p>take m ( ! *>act]s ( an exotic flora ?an any o!r ( our indig5\s plants1 are also f\nd fossil 9 ! lacu/r9e m>ls & lime/ones ( ! t]ti>y =mations ( ,france2 b ! nature ( ^! rema9s c\ld only be recogniz$ by a pr(\nd botani/1 = !y consi/ ( impressions ( ! int]nal /ructure ( ! /ems1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is s peculi>1 t no reasonable d\bt ( _! orig9 c be ent]ta9$4 ,two impr9ts on a piece ( lime/one f ,lonjumeau1 pres5t$ to me by ! late ,m4 ,alex4 ,brongni>t1 are figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ff1 fig4 #d2 "s m9ute se$-vessels 7,lign4 #ff1 fig4 #c71 f\nd ) !m1 closely resemble ^? ( ,nymphe1 & are suppos$ to belong to ! same plants 7,class4 ,vg4 ,foss4 p4 #gb74 ,fossil ,fl[]s4--,! t]ti>y lime/ones ( ,monte ,bolca 7,wond4 p4 #efe71 s ri* 9 i*?yolites1 & o!r fossil rema9s ( great int]e/1 conta9 leaves1 & ev5 fl[]s1 ( liliace\s plants4 ,! specim5 figur$ 7,lign4 #fg1 fig4 #c7 is 9 ! ,museum at ,p>is1 & describ$ by ,m4 ,brongni>t "u ! "n ( ,an?oli!s 7/one-fl[]7 liliaceus2 x consi/s ( ! corolla & calyx3 ! an!rs & pi/ils h n be5 obs]v$ 9 any example4 ,! discov]y ( ?is fossil %\ld excite ! "y collector to se>* dilig5tly = su* objects 9 ! t]ti>y /rata ( ,engl&4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,angiosp]ms4 ,fossil ,angiosp]ms4--,! fossil rema9s ( ! class :i* con/itutes ! gr& features ( ! exi/+ floras ( mo/ c\ntries1 ! ,exog5\s ,angiosp]ms1 are n[ to be consid]$2 & ?\gh our survey ( fossil botany has p>tak5 b little ( a geological arrangem5t1 yet ! read] may h obs]v$1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! vegetables compos+ ! floras ( ! anci5t second>y =mations1 belong$ to ! ,cryptogam\s & ,gymnosp]m\s classes4 ,a /rik+ contra/ is pres5t$ 9 ! geological position ( ! m9]aliz$ dicotyl$on\s plants1 ( exi/+ g5]a4 ,^! ab\nd 9 ! t]ti>y /rata1 & g5]ally 9 an inv]se ratio to ! antiquity ( ! deposit1 :ile _! rema9s are almo/ :olly abs5t 9 ! old] rocks2 nei!r h !re be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 any b$s ( vascul> cryptogamia1 at all approa*+ ! imm5se accumulations 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s =mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fg4 ,fossil ,nuts1 & ,fl[]4 ,fig4 #a4--,?alictroides ,p>is5sis2 ,t]ti>y /rata1 ,p>is4 #b4--,?alictroides ,web/]i4 ,isle ( ,wight4 #c4--;,an?oli!s liliaceus4 ,monte ,bolca4 #d4--;,juglans nux-taur95sis3 fossil ,walnut1 ,tur94 #d;a4---,portion ( ! husk ( ! %ell4 #d;b4--,! k]nel1 =m$ ( calc>e\s sp>4 ,! mo/ rem>kable exception1 is ! s+le in/ance ( a l>ge leaf ( a dicotyl$on\s plant 9 ! ,trias1 or ,new ,r$ s&/one1 ne> ,liv]pool1 describ$ by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 :i* mu* resembles ! foliage ( a ?ick-ribb$ ,cabbage4,,fq #agc ,?is fossil is nam$ ,dictyophyllum crass9]vium1 by ,dr4 ,l9dley1 ,foss4 ,flor4 pl4 cci4 & is figur$1 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #dc4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 )9 ! limits necess>ily assign$ to ^! volumes1 to (f] ev5 a g5]al view ( ! fossil rema9s ( ?is gr& class ( vegetables2 our rem>ks mu/ be limit$ to a few int]e/+ examples & localities4 ,:5 /ems ( dicotyl$on\s trees only are f\nd1 b little c]ta9ty c be obta9$ z to ! family to :i* !y belong$2 ! foliage ( _m well-kn[n g5]a (f] m positive *>act]s2 ! fl[]s are r>ely 9 a /ate ( pres]vation to af=d any valuable data2 b ! fruits1 or se$-vessels1 are frequ5tly well pres]v$1 & ^! may enable ! botani/ to arrive at precise det]m9ations z to g5]ic1 &1 p]haps1 specific relations4 ,! t]ti>y m>ls ( ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 :i* ab\nd 9 insects1 cru/aceans1 & lacu/r9e %ells1 conta9 _m k9ds ( dicotyl$on\s leaves1 associat$ ) ^? ( palms4 7,wond4 p4 #bfj47 ,! ,lignite1 or ,br[n-coal deposits1 are almo/ entirely compos$ ( dicotyl$on\s trees1 belong+ to _m g5]a1 :i* are inhabitants ( ,europe2 namely1 ! ,popl>1 ,will[1 ,elm1 ,*e/nut1 ,walnut1 ,sycamore1 ,maple1 ,l9d51 ,buck?orn1 ,v9e1 c4 7,bd4 vol4 i4 pp4 #ejh-ead47 ,! b$s ( br[n coal1 on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 are lit]ally c>boniz$ subm]g$ =e/s1 :i* 9 "s remote p]iod 7 drift$ f ! int]ior ( ! ,cont95t into a va/ lake or gulf2 = ! trees be> evid5t m>ks ( transport1 & are de/itute ( roots & bran*es4 ,^! masses resemble ! rafts ( =e/ trees1 :i* are daily float$ d[n ! ,mississippi into ! ,atlantic1 :]e !y become engulf$ 9 ! pr(\nd dep?s ( ! ocean1 & probably w be conv]t$ into coal or lignite2 & 9 future ages1 may be elevat$ above ! wat]s1 become dry l&1 & pres5t to ! !n exi/+ communities ( mank9d an inexhau/ible supply ( m9]al fuel1 compos$ ( species & g5]a ( plants1 :i* possibly may !n be ext9ct1 & replac$ by peculi> types ( vegetation4 ,fossil ,flora ( n+54 7,bd4 pp4 #eaa-ead74--,! celebrat$ lacu/r9e t]ti>y =mation ( n+51 ^: fossil reptiles & mammalia we %all h to notice h]eaft]1 conta9s a ri* assemblage ( dicotyl$on\s & gymnosp]m\s ligne\s vegetables1 ) a few f]ns & grasses4 ,n only bran*es & leaves ( a species ( ,v9e#agd occur1 b ev5 ! fruit2 fossil grapes be+ f\nd 9 ^! deposits2#age !re are also _m aquatic plants4 ,a descriptive li/ ( ^! fossils1 by ,pr(essor ,braun1 ( ,c>lsruhe1 is giv5 by ,dr4 ,buckl&4 ,! br[n-coal ( ?is bas9 is 9 ?9 b$s ( b little economical importance1 b s ri* 9 ! vegetation ( ! mioc5e t]ti>y p]iod1 t a few days sp5t 9 collect+ ^? treasures w amply rew>d ! intellig5t t\ri/ :o may visit ,con/ance4 7,see ,wond4 p4 #bfc47 #agd ,see ,knorr1 ,mon4 des ,cata/rophes1 pl4 xxxviii4 tom4 i4 #age ,fossil grapes f ! lignite ( n+5 7 exhibit$ by ,dr4 ,daub5y at a late meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,dicotyl$on\s ,,leaves4 ,! foliage ( dicotyl$on\s trees frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,eoc5e m>ls & lime/ones1 & 9 "s localities 9 consid]able abundance1 & 9 beautiful pres]vation4 ,ne> ,b\rnem\?1 on ! ,hamp%ire coa/1 ! leaves ( _m species are met ) 9 a b$ ( s&y m>l1 betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet ?ick3 ! vegetable sub/ance is c>boniz$2 "s ( ! leaves are ref]able to ! ,laurace & ,am5tace1 o!rs to ! ,*>ace2#agf a simil> deposit ( t]ti>y plants has be5 discov]$ ne> ,w>eham4 ,^! b$s belong to ! l[] gr\p ( ! ,hamp%ire ,bas94#agg #agf ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #eib4 #agg ,z ! se$-vessels & o!r vegetable rema9s 9 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey are all ( a tropical "*1 :ile ^? f\nd 9 ! ,eoc5e /rata ( ,alum ,bay1 ,b\rnem\?1 & ,ne:av51 are ( a temp]ate climate1 z ,n]ium1 ,platanus1 c41 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes inf]s t ! =m] 7 transport$ f di/ant l&s by curr5ts1 & t ! latt] belong to ! true flora ( ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ! ,palo!ria & o!r associat$ mammalia4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fh4 ,impr9ts ( ,dicotyl$on\s ,leaves 9 ,gypse\s ,m>l4 ,t]ti>y4 ,/radella1 ne> ,pavia4 ,fig4 #a4--,leaf ( ,popl> 7,populus grca74 #b4--------- ,maple 7,ac]74 #c4--------- ,wat]-spike 7,potamogeton74 #d4--------- ,will[ 7,salix74 #e4--------- ,*e/nut 7sculvs74 ,! r$ m>l/one associat$ ) lignite 9 ! pla/ic clay b$s at ,ca/le ,hill1 ,ne:av5 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #ed71 conta9s leaves ( a simil> k9d2 a se$-vessel ( a conif]\s tree has also be5 f\nd 9 x4 ,"s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( dicotyl$on\s leaves t h come "u my notice1 are f ! ,sub-,ap5n9e t]ti>y /rata1 at ,/radella1 ne> ,pavia4 ,!y belong to sev]al g5]a ( arboresc5t1 or at lea/ ligne\s plants1 & mo/ ( !m to species :i* /ill gr[ 9 ,italy4 ,9 "s examples ! sub/ance ( ! leaves is *ang$ into c>bon1 & ! /ructure well pres]v$2 b1 9 g5]al1 %>p impr9ts on ! /one are ! only traces ( ! orig9als4 ,!y are f\nd 9 a gypse\s m>l1 ( a cream col\r2 &1 f _! p]fect /ate1 x is inf]r$ t !y 7 envelop$ 9 ! s(t matrix imm$iately aft] _! fall1 & pres]v$ by ! rapid cry/allization ( ! gypsum4 ,two specim5s f my cab9et are figur$ 9 ,plate ,,iii4 figs4 #d & #h2 & outl9es ( a few o!r examples1 9 ,lign4 #fh4 ,c>poli!s 7,fossil ,fruits74--,9 ! description ( ! fossil fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 sev]al k9ds ( dicotyl$ons 7 includ$4 ,_m species also ab\nd 9 ! lignites ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,italy2 9 ^? ne> ,frank=t1 se$-vessels ( ! ,maple1 ,elm1 ,hornbeam1 ,bir*1 ,will[1 & ,walnut1 c4 ,9 ! environs ( ,tur91 fruits ( a species ( ,walnut 7,juglans1 ,lign4 #fg71 occur 9 ! new] t]ti>y deposits1 & are call$ ,tur9-nuts2 ! ligne\s envelope has p]i%$1 b ! =m ( its surface1 & ( ! inclos$ k]nel1 is pres]v$ 9 calc>e\s sp>4 ,^! nuts diff]1 bo? 9 ! p]ic>p & k]nel1 f ! liv+ species3 ! lobes are simple 7,lign4 #fg1 fig4 #d;b71 & n subdivid$ z 9 ! common walnut2 a species has be5 discov]$ at ,lons-le-,saulni]1 9 :i* ! lobes are mamillat$4 ,two k9ds ( fruits belong+ to plants ( ! ord] ,ranunculace1 & relat$ to ,?alictrum 7,mead[-rue71 h be5 f\nd 9 ! eoc5e deposits ( ,france & ,engl&2 "o 9 ! ,p>is bas91 7meulire du t]ra9 d'eau d\ce suprieur17 by ,m4 ,alex&re ,brongni>t1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 by ,mr4 ,web/]4 ,9 ! specim5 f ! la/-nam$ locality ! p]ic>p is c>boniz$1 & its cavity fill$ ) clay4 ,figures ( ^! se$-vessels are giv5 9 ,lign4 #fg1 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,c>poli!s ,smi?i4--,i w\ld notice 9 ?is place "s v rem>kable fossil fruits t are occasionally met ) 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,sussex & ,k5t1 & appe> to belong to dicotyl$on\s trees4 ,! fir/ specim5 0 discov]$ by me 9 a *alk-pit ne> ,lewes1 & is describ$ 9 my ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns3 "s illu/rative examples collect$ by ,mrs ,smi?1 ( ,tunbridge ,wells1 t5d+ to elucidate ! nature ( ! orig9al m satisfactorily ?an ^? 9 my collection1 are figur$ & describ$ by me 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahdc1 "u ! above "n4 ,^! fruits are ( an oval =m1 ab\t "o & a half in* long1 & "o in* wide1 & are press$ almo/ flat4 ,!y are ( a ri* burnt-si5na col\r1 mottl$ ) :ite1 f ! *alk hav+ p]meat$ _! sub/ance1 & are /udd$ ov] ) slight em95ces1 :i* are ! expos$ summits ( oblong flatt5$ se$s4 ,al?\gh ! int]nal /ructure is n pres]v$1 !re c be no d\bt t ! orig9als 7 spuri\s comp\nd b]ries1 hav+1 l ! ,mulb]ry1 ! se$s imb$d$ 9 a s(t pulpy mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,dicotyl$on\s ,,trees4 ,fossil ,dicotyl$on\s ,trees4--,! occurr5ce ( trunks & bran*es ( angiosp]m\s trees 9 a c>boniz$ /ate has already be5 describ$2 l ! monocotyl$ons & conif]s1 !y also occur silicifi$4 ,! mo/ beautiful specim5s ,i h se5 are f ! ,lybian & ,egyptian des]ts1 & 7 collect$ by my fri5d1 ! late ,colonel ,head4 ,9 ^! ! mo/ delicate vascul> tissue is p]meat$ by *alc$ony & jasp]1 & ! vessels are fill$ ) silex ( a bright v]milion & blue col\r1 :ile ! cellul> /ructure is ( a ri* yell[4 ,fragm5ts ( ^! fossil trees are scatt]$ ev]y:]e among ! s&s ( ! des]t2 ! mo/ int]e/+ locality is an irregul> plateau1 :i* reposes on m>9e lime/one1 consid]ably above ! level ( ! ,nile1 ab\t sev5 miles ea/ by s\? f ,cairo4 ,?is di/rict is call$ ! petrifi$ =e/1 f ! imm5se quantities ( silicifi$ trees ) :i* x is cov]$4 ,x is ?us graphically describ$ by a late travell]3-- ,hav+ pass$ ! tombs ( ! ,caliphs1 j beyond ! gates ( ,cairo1 we proce$ to ! s\?w>d ne>ly at "r angles to ! road1 across ! ,des]t to ,suez3 & aft] travell+ "s t5 miles up a l[ b>r5 valley cov]$ ) s&1 gravel1 & sea-%ells1 fre% z if ! tide _h retir$ b ye/]day1 we cross a l[ range ( s&-hills1 :i* has = "s di/ance run p>allel to our pa?4 ,! sc5e n[ pres5t$ is beyond conception s+ul> & desolate4 ,heaps ( fragm5ts ( l>ge trees conv]t$ into /one ev]y:]e meet ! eye1 & :5 /ruck by our horses' ho(s rang l ca/ iron2 !y ext5d = miles 9 ! =m ( a decay$ & pro/rate =e/2 & ! appe>ance is s natural1 t 7 x 9 ,scotl& or ,irel&1 x w\ld pass )\t rem>k z a dra9$ bog1 on :i* ! exhum$ trees lay rott+ 9 ! sun4 ,! roots1 & rudim5ts ( ! bran*es1 are 9 _m cases ne>ly p]fect1 & 9 "s ! worm-holes eat5 "u ! b>k are di/9ctly recognizable4#agh #agh ,bombay ,times4 ,_m ( ! trunks are scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 among roll$ & angul> fragm5ts ( d>k grit1 & pebbles ( jasp]1#agi *]t1 & qu>tz4 ,! l>ge trunks occur 9 great numb]s on d>k-col\r$ knolls1 :]e !y lie1 l ! brok5 /ems ( a pro/rate =e/1 cross+ ea* o!r at v>i\s angles4 ,two ( ! l>ge/ measur$ respectively =ty-eight1 & sixty feet 9 l5g?1 & two & a half1 & ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 at ! base4 ,) b two or ?ree exceptions1 all ! specim5s exam9$ microscopically1 are dicotyl$ons4 ,no traces ( se$-vessels or leaves h be5 detect$4 #agi ,! jasp]s are kn[n to lapid>ies z ,egyptian ,pebbles4 ,! situation & condition ( ^! petrifi$ =e/s1 indicate great *anges 9 ! relative position ( ! l& & sea 9 t "p ( ,egypt2 = ! trees mu/ h gr[n on ! dry l& =m$ by ! elevat$ bottom ( a =m] ocean2 :i* mu/ h subsid$1 & be5 cov]$ by b$s ( s& & pebbles2 ano!r elevatory movem5t mu/ h rais$ ! entire s]ies ( deposits to _! pres5t situation1 & ! retir+ wat]s h remov$ ! loose portions ( ! la/ =m$ /rata1 & disp]s$ !m1 ) fragm5ts ( ! silicifi$ trees1 ov] ! surface ( ! ,egyptian & ,lybian des]ts4#ahj #ahj ,see a ,memoir on ! ,geology ( ,egypt1 ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ghb2 & on ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ne> ,cairo1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cdi1 by ,lieut4 ,newbold1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,dicotyl$on\s ,,( ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,epo*4 ,dicotyl$ons ( ! ,cretace\s ,epo*4--,among ! cr[d ( int]e/+ facts relat+ to ! botanical "* ( ! e>li] p]iods ( geology :i* rec5t obs]vations h br\ght to light1 "o discov]y dem&s especial notice1 & ,i h res]v$ x = ?is place1 r ?an introduce x 9 an e>li] section4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aix-la-,*apelle ! l[] memb]s ( ! ,cretace\s =mation1 viz4 ! ,gre5s&1 ,galt1 & ,*alk-m>l1 are well develop$1 & comprise a s]ies ( littoral deposits ( ! great ,*alk ocean t ext5d$ we/w>dly betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 on bo? sides ( ! exi/+ ,*annel1 & ea/w>dly ov] ,nor? & ,c5tral ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,pol&1 & ,russia1 f> into ,asia4 ,! s]ies ( /rata at ,aix-la-,*apelle is sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & ! l[]mo/ b$s lie imm$iately on ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ! c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,debey1#aha to ^: sci5tific lab\rs we are indebt$ = an accurate k ( ^! int]e/+ facts1 divides ^! cretace\s deposits into f\r gr\ps1 ! l[]mo/ ( :i* appe>s to be ! equival5t ( our ,gre5s&2 x consi/s ( b$s ( clay & s&1 ! middle portion ab\nd+ 9 /ems1 leaves1 & fruit1 & ! res9 ( conif]\s trees4 #aha ,see ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aji4 ,! epid]mis ( ! leaves (t5 occurs 9 a c>boniz$ /ate1 & is recognizable by its microscopic /ructure4 ,xylophag\s mollusks are f\nd 9 ! petrifi$ & c>boniz$ wood4 ,fre%-wat] ,desmidiace1 & a few m>9e rema9s1 are associat$ ) ?is fossil flora1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! abundance ( ,f]ns & dicotyl$on\s leaves1 & ! sc>city ( ,cycads2 among !m are und\bt$ ,proteace4 ,! specim5s collect$ by ,m4 ,debey f ! l[] cretace\s b$s are ! foll[+3 ,alg1 #ae4 ,filices1 #bh4 ,hydropt]id1 #b4 ,cycade1 #e4 ,naiade1 #e4 ,palm1 #a4 ,conif]1 #bj4 ,juliflor1 #e4 ,cr$n]i1 #c4 ,leaves ( ,dicotyl$ons1 undet]m9$1 #bf4 ,fruits undet]m9$1 #h4 ,woods4#ahb #ahb ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aaa4 ,?is assemblage ( angiosp]ms1 ) gymnosp]ms1 & cryptogamia1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,cretace\s epo*1 :5 ! ,iguanodon & o!r reptilian =ms ( ! ,oolite & ,weald5 /ill inhabit$ ! l& & wat]1 proves1 z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has rem>k$1#ahc t ! meteorological ph5om5a ( t remote p]iod diff]$ 9 no ess5tial p>ticul> f ^? :i* n[ prevail4 #ahc ,supplem5t to ! ,new ,edition ( ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 #aheb1 p4 ,,xv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,retrospect ,,( ,,fossil ,,botany4 ,sid5ote3 ,,retrospect ,,( ,,fossil ,,botany4 ,if we pass f ! consid]ation ( details ( /ructure1 & ( botanical aff9ities1 to a g5]al survey ( ! m9]aliz$ rema9s ( ! vegetable k+dom1 we p]ceive t f ! palozoic deposits1 to ^? :i* are contemporane\s ) ! human race1--f ! coal-measures to ! peat-bogs ( mod]n times1--va/ accumulations ( vegetable matt]1 9 v>i\s /ates ( c>bonization1 h be5 produc$ f ! imb$d$ relics ( ! t]re/rial floras t fl\ri%$ dur+ ! respective p]iods ( _! =mation2 petrifaction1 or ! transmutation ( vegetable tissues into /one1 f ! infiltration ( silice\s1 calc>e\s1 or metallic solutions1 be+ an accid5tal process1 dep5d5t on ! physical conditions "u :i* ! trees & plants 7 subm]g$1 & entomb$ 9 ! /rata4 ,al?\gh ! entire sy/em ( vegetable life :i* prevail$ dur+ ! e>li] ages ( ! _w is b p>tially reveal$ by ! fossil rema9s :i* geological rese>*es h br\ght "u ! exam9ation ( ! naturali/1--= num]\s tribes ( plants may h exi/$ ( :i* no traces h be5 detect$1 :ile ( species ( delicate tissues all ve/iges may h p]i%$1--yet a review ( ! facts hi!rto obta9$1 pres5ts "s highly important & unexpect$ results1 z to ! *>act]s ( ! successive floras :i* prevail$ dur+ ! palozoic1 second>y1 & t]ti>y epo*s4 ,& ?\gh d$uctions ( ?is nature mu/1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( %ift+ hypo!ses to be modifi$ or ab&on$ ) ! progress ( discov]y1--yet ! pr$om9at+ types :i* *>act]ize ! flora ( "o sy/em ( =mations1 diff] s ess5tially f ^? ( ano!r1 t x may be reasonably inf]r$ su* app>5t di/9ctions are ! effect ( organic laws1 & n illusions aris+ f our mis9t]pretation ( ! natural records ( =m] conditions ( ! vegetable _w4 ,! abs5ce 9 ! mo/ anci5t deposits ( ! entire class ( ,angiosp]ms1 or fl[]+ plants1 :i* con/itutes ! lead+ features ( ! floras ) :i* we are famili>1--! abundance ( unkn[n types ( ,cryptogamia1 & ! ext9ction or disappe>ance ( ^? tribes 9 ! succe$+ =mations1 & ! preval5ce ( new species & g5]a belong+ to ano!r class2--! pr$om9ance 9 "o flora1 bo? 9 numb] & v>iety1 ( c]ta9 tribes1 & _! decad5ce 9 ! next p]iod2 :ile a family subord9ate 9 ! antec$5t epo*1 & kn[n b by a small numb] ( species1 sudd5ly acquires a pre-em95ce bo? 9 numb]s & v>iety2--are ph5om5a1 :i* ! facts br\ght be=e u 9 ! c\rse ( ?is argum5t1 pres5t 9 a /rik+ po9t ( view4 ,assum+ ^! data z ! basis ( a philosophical g5]alization1 ,m4 ,brongni>t arranges ! kn[n species ( fossil plants into ?ree gr& sy/ems1 :i* correspond ) ! great geological p]iods1 compreh5d$ 9 ! palozoic1 second>y1 & t]ti>y =mations4 ,! fir/ or mo/ anci5t flora is *>act]iz$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ,cryptogamic ,acrog5s--! ,f]ns & ,club-mosses2 ! second by ! l>ge developm5t ( ! ,dicotyl$on\s ,gymnosp]ms--! ,cycads & ,conif]s3 ! ?ird by ! appe>ance & preval5ce ( ! ,angiosp]ms1 bo? dicotyl$on\s & monocotyl$on\s4 ,! foll[+ table pres5ts a concise view ( ! results ( ,m4 ,brongni>t's inve/igation4#ahd #ahd ,= details1 & a ma/]ly review ( ! subject1 ! orig9al ,memoir mu/ be consult$4 ,see ,tableau des ,g5res de ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 considrs sur le po9t de vue de leur ,classification ,botanique et de leur ,di/ribution ,gologique1 p> ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t4 ,p>is1 #ahdi4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,floras4 ,,geological ,,epo*s4 ,i4 ,rgne des ,acrognes2 ! ,flora ,! ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 ( ,vascul> ,cryptogamia4 & ,p]mian1 ,=mations4 ,,ii4 ,rgne des ,gymnosp]mes2 ! ,! ,triassic1 ,jurassic 7or ,flora ( ,cycadace & ,conif]4 ,lias & ,oolite71 & ,weald51 ,=mations4 ,,iii4 ,rgne des ,angiosp]mes4 ,! ,cretace\s1 & ,t]ti>y ,flora ( ,dicotyl$on\s & 7,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,monocotyl$on\s fl[]+ ,plioc5e71 ,=mations4 plants1 or ,angiosp]ms4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ?is table is only design$ to indicate ! successive pr$om9ance ( ea* ( ! ?ree classes ( ! vegetable k+dom1 9 ! respective epo*s1 & n ! entire exclusion ( ! o!rs4 ,?us1 9 ! two fir/1 bo? ,acrog5s & ,gymnosp]ms exi/$2 b 9 ! fir/ p]iod ! =m] greatly exce$$ ! latt]1 bo? 9 numb] & magnitude2 :ile 9 ! next ! ,gymnosp]ms acquir$ ! asc5dancy2 b 9 bo? ^! epo*s1 f ! ,devonian to ! ,weald5 inclusive1 v few if any ,angiosp]ms1 or fl[]+ dicotyl$ons1 exi/$4 ,) ! ,cretace\s p]iod ! ,angiosp]ms appe> 9 great numb]s1 & 9 ! ,t]ti>y epo*s acquire ! importance !y possess 9 ! exi/+ floras4 ,! foll[+ analysis ( ! flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 by ,m4 ,brongni>t1 w exemplify ^! rem>ks4#ahe #ahe ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #gbf-gcc1 = an acc\nt ( ! ,c>bonif]\s floras & deposits4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,flora ,cryptogamia 7,amphig5s74 ,alg #d ,*ampignons #f --- #f 7,acrog5s74 ,f]ns #bej ,lycopodiace 7,club-mosses7 #hc ,equisetace #ac --- #cdf ,dicotyl$on\s ,gymnosp]ms4 ,a/]ophyllites #dd ,sigill>i #fj ,ngg]a?i #ab ,cycade8 #c ,conif] #af --- #ace ,dicotyl$on\s ,angiosp]ms #j ,monocotyl$ons8 7v d\btful7 #ae --- #ejb --- ,?us out ( five hundr$ species1 #ceb are ,cryptogamia2 & ) ! exception ( six1 belong to ! ,acrog5s4#ahf #ahf ,bronn gives ! annex$ num]ical summ>y ( ! fossil & rec5t species ( plants3-- ,plants4--,cellul> #ahh ,fossil4 #i1ajj ,liv+4 ,vascul> #a1hfg #fj1cjc ----- ------ #b1jee #fi1djc 7#hj1jjj1 ,l9dley47 ----- ------ ,9 conclusion1 ,i mu/ direct att5tion to a rem>kable "* ( ! palozoic & second>y floras1 namely1 ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( ! ,gram9e or ,grasses1 :i* con/itute s l>ge a proportion ( ! exi/+ vegetation4 ,above six hundr$ species ( plants h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,briti% /rata2#ahg & yet two species ( ,poa 7a tribe ( grasses71 f ,coalbrook ,dale1 are ! only kn[n examples ( ,gram9e4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! great] or less] durability ( ! foliage ( c]ta9 vegetables1 may h occasion$ _! pres5ce or abs5ce 9 ! c>bonif]\s deposits1 & exp]im5ts 7 in/itut$ by ,dr4 ,l9dley ) ! view ( det]m9+ ?is "q4 ,b ?\gh x 0 f\nd t1 :5 ! foliage ( v>i\s families 0 subject$ to long mac]ation1 ! leaves ( dicotyl$ons & grasses disappe>$1 :ile ^? ( f]ns & cycads rema9$1 ?is fact does n meet ! exig5cies ( ! case1 = we h no evid5ce to %[ t ! fossil leaves 7 ev] plac$ 9 simil> conditions2 on ! contr>y1 !re is reason to conclude t !y 7 imb$d$ "u circum/ances t arre/$ ! usual progress ( decomposition1 prev5t$ ! escape ( ! hydrog5 & o!r gase\s elem5ts1 & gave rise to ! bitum9\s f]m5tation by :i* !y 7 conv]t$ into lignite & coal2 & we h no pro( t1 _h grasses be5 associat$ ) ! f]ns1 !y w\ld n h und]gone a simil> *ange4 ,moreov]1 !re are c\ntries 9 :i* ! f]ns n[ assume ! num]ical proportion ( ! grasses ( o!r latitudes2 = example4 ,new ,zeal&1 :i* also pres5ts 9 its fauna a /rik+ analogy to t ( ! c>bonif]\s deposits1 9 ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( indig5\s mammalia2 "o species ( ,rat be+ ! only kn[n liv+ quadrup$4 #ahg ,see ,mr4 ,morris's ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,fossils4 ,on ?is subject ,dr4 ,dieff5ba* rem>ks1 t al?\gh 9 its flora ,new ,zeal& has "s relation%ip ) ! two l>ge cont95ts betwe5 :i* x is situat$1 ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 & ev5 possesses "s species id5tical ) ^? ( ,europe1 )\t ! ,latt] be+ ref]able to an introduction by ,europeans1 yet ! great] numb] ( species1 & ev5 g5]a1 are peculi> to x4 ,new ,zeal&1 ) ! adjac5t isl&s1 ,*a?am1 ,auckl&1 & ,macqu>rie1 =ms a botanical c5tre4 ,x is suffici5tly di/ant f bo? cont95ts to pres]ve its botanical peculi>ities1 & x (f]s ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( an ackn[l$g$ fact 9 all bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 viz4 t ! diff]5t regions ( ! globe are end[$ ) peculi> =ms ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! numb] ( species ( plants at pres5t kn[n is #fcb1 ( :i* #cad are dicotyl$on\s1 & ! re/1 or #cah1 are monocotyl$on\s & cellul>4 ,! monocotyl$ons are few 9 comp>ison ) ! cellul> plants1 = !re are b sev5ty-six species4 ,! grasses h giv5 way to f]ns1 = ! f]ns & f]n-l plants are by f> ! mo/ abundant 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & cov] imm5se di/ricts4 ,!y replace ! ,gram9e ( o!r c\ntries1 & give a "* to all ! op5 l& ( ! hills & pla9s4 ,"s ( ! arboresc5t k9ds gr[ to ?irty feet & m 9 height1 & ! v>iety & elegance ( _! =ms1 f ! m9ute/ species to ! mo/ gigantic1 are v rem>kable4#ahh ,9 ! accumulations ( vegetable matt] n[ 9 ! progress ( =mation 9 ! morasses1 bays1 & creeks ( ,new ,zeal&1 ! rema9s ( f]ns l>gely pr$om9ate2 & ,i am in=m$ by my son1#ahi t 9 ! e/u>ies !y are associat$ ) num]\s %ells ( bra*iopod\s mollusca4 #ahh ,dr4 ,dieff5ba*'s ,new ,zeal&4 #ahi ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 ( ,well+ton1 ,new ,zeal&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,briti% ,,fossil ,,vegetables4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,vegetables4 ,f :at has be5 advanc$1 ! /ud5t w p]ceive t to obta9 an illu/rative collection ( ! fossil plants ( ,great ,brita91 _m diff]5t localities mu/ be visit$4 ,! fruits & /ems ( ,palms1 ,conif]s1 & _m dicotyl$ons1 may be collect$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 & o!r places :]e ! ,london ,clay is expos$4 7,see ,excursion to ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 ,"p ,,iv47 ,cycade\s /ems & conif]\s wood may be procur$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,portl&2 f ! ,weald5 ,cliffs along ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,isle ( ,wight2 & on ! ,sussex coa/1 f ,bexhill1 by ,/4 ,leon>d's1 to ! ea/ ( ,ha/+s4 ,! foliage ( sev]al species ( ,zami & f]ns1 occur abundantly 9 ! l[] ,oolite1 along ! ,york%ire coa/1 ne> ,sc>bor\gh1 & at ,gri/horpe ,bay4 ,! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 ,*>m\?1 & _! vic9ity1 af=ds /ems & bran*es ( conif]\s trees1 & leaves ( cycads4 ,f]ns1 ,sigill>i1 ,calamites1 & ! usual plants ( ! c>bonif]\s flora1 may be f\nd 9 e coal-m9e2 & ! ,devonian lime/ones ( ! ,s\? ( ,irel& yield f]ns & ,lepidod5dra4 ,9 ,=f>%ire ! l[] ,devonian %ales ab\nd 9 ! foliage ( aquatic1 app>5tly fluviatile1 plants4#aij #aij ,see ,memoir on ! ,tel]peton2 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ajf4 ,a li/ ( "s ( ! mo/ productive ,briti% localities is subjo9$4 ,9 addition to ! sugge/ions already giv5 z to ! mode ( collect+ specim5s1 x may be necess>y to /ate t ! leaves 9 ! t]ti>y m>ls & clays are g5]ally v delicate & friable1 & liable to flake (f 9 ! /ate ( a c>bonace\s film4 ,?is may1 9 a great measure1 be prev5t$ by c>efully cov]+ !m ) a ?9 coat+ ei!r ( ma/ic v>ni%1 or gum-wat]1 be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! cab9et4 ,9 extract+ ^! specim5s1 a broad *isel w be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t in/rum5t4 ,9 se>*+ = fossils 9 coal-m9es1 ! collector %\ld rememb] t ! iron/one nodules (t5 conta9 beautiful examples ( ! leaves ( f]ns1 & fruits ( ,lepidod5dra4 ,^! nodules1 :5 ( an oblong %ape1 %\ld be split op5 9 a longitud9al direction1 by a sm>t bl[ ( a hamm]1 & ! inclos$ leaf w ?us be expos$1 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #c1 figs4 #b1 #c1 ante1 p4 #fi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,vegetables4 ,sid5ote3 ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,vegetables4 ,all5bank1 ,b]wick%ire ,c>b4 ,/ems ( ,conif]s1 c4 ,alum ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight ,t]t4 ,fruit1 dicotyl$on\s leaves1 lignite2 ,*>ge1 /ems & se$-vessels4 ,a%by-de-la-,z\*1 ,c>b4 ,coal plants 9 great abundance4 ,leice/]%ire ,bignor1 ,sussex ,cret4 ,fucoids4 ,fire/one ,b9/ead ,qu>ries1 ne> ,t]t4 ,*>1 /ems & se$-vessels4 ,ryde1 ,isle ( ,wight ,blackd[n1 ,devon%ire ,gr4 ,s&4 ,silicifi$ wood--conif]\s4 ,bognor1 ,sussex ,t]t4 ,conif]\s & monocotyl$on\s wood2 wa%$ up on ! %ore4 ,bolton1 ,lanca%ire ,c>b4 ,lepidod5dra1 ,sigill>i1 c4 ,b\rnem\?1 ,hants ,t]t4 ,dicotyl$on\s leaves4#aia #aia ,fruits & ,f]n-leaves h be5 collect$ "h by ,mr4 ,beckles & /ems ( a species ( ,arundo1 by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,woodh\se4 ,brook-po9t1 ,isle ( ,wight ,weald5 ,cycads1 & conif]\s wood4 ,burdie ,h\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh ,c>b4 ,f]ns1 wood1 c4 ,calb\rn1 ,isle ( ,wight ,t]t4 ,*>1 /ems & fruits4 ,cam]ton1 ne> ,ba? ,c>b4 ,usual plants ( ! coal4 ,*>m\?1 ,dorset ,oolite ,conif]\s wood2 ,cycads2 fruit ( ,p&anus4 ,clifton1 ne> ,man*e/] ,c>b4 ,coal plants 9 great p]fection4 ,coalbrook ,dale1 ,%rop%ire ,c>b4 ,usual plants ( ! coal1 9 abundance4 ,! iron/one nodules are ri* 9 f]n-leaves1 fruits ( lepidod5drons1 c4 ,cuckfield1 ,sussex ,weald5 ,cla?r>ia1 ,endog5ites1 ,f]ns1 & ,lignite4 ,durl/one ,bay1 ne> ,swanage ,weald5 ,*>2 ,gyrogonites 9 abundance4 ,folk/one1 ,k5t ,galt ,conif]\s wood--bitum9\s1 & pyritifi$4 ,glasg[ ,c>b4 ,coal plants1 & l>ge trunks ( ,conif]4 ,ha/+s1 ,sussex ,weald5 ,cla?r>i1 ,cycads1 ,endog5ites1 ,f]ns1 ,?uites1 c4 ,h]ne ,bay1 ,k5t ,london ,fruits ( ,conif]s1 & ,clay ,palms3 wood4 ,kilk5ny1 ,irel& ,c>b4 ,calamites1 f]ns1 c4 ,knocktoph]1 nr4 ,kilk5ny1 ,devonian ,f]ns1 ,lepidod5drons1 c4 ,irel& ,le$s ,c>b4 ,beautiful coal-plants f ! pits 9 ! vic9ity4 ,liv]pool ,new ,r$ ,fuci4 ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorset ,lias ,cycads2 ,conif]s2 wood4 ,maid/one1 ,k5t ,gre5s& ,fruits & wood ( ,abies1 ,p9us1 ,dracna2 ,fuci4 ,malton ,oolite ,fruits1 & ,cycads4 ,newca/le 7,j>r[ ,colli]y7 ,c>b4 ,coal plants 9 great v>iety4#aib #aib ,9 collect+ ,/igm>i1 ! /ud5t %\ld p>ticul>ly att5d to ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ^! fossils & _! suppos$ /ems2 = x is probable t roots ( ?is type w be f\nd to belong to o!r g5]a1 besides ,sigill>ia1 & ,lepidod5dron 7ante1 p4 #acf74 ,ne:av5 7,ca/le ,hill71 ,t]t4 ,dicotyl$on\s leaves & ,sussex fruit--r>ely4 ,porti%ead 7on ! %ore7 ,mill/one ,sigill>i1 ,/igm>i1 c4 ,grit ,portl&1 ,isle ( ,weald5 ,petrifi$ =e/ ( ,conif]s1 ) ,cycads4 ,p\nce=d1 ,sussex ,weald5 ,equiseta1 ,f]ns1 ,lignite4 ,runswick1 ,york%ire ,coa/ ,l[] ,cycads1 ,f]ns1 c4 ,oolite ,saltwick1 ne> ,:itby ,l[] ,foliage ( ,cycads1 ,f]ns1 c4 ,oolite ,s&[n ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight ,weald5 ,conif]s1 ,cycads1 wood4 ,sc>bor\gh ,oolite ,f]ns1 ,cycads1 ,equiseta1 c4 ,selme/on1 ,sussex ,gre5s& ,conif]\s wood4 ,%eppey1 ,isle ( ,london ,fruits innum]able1 wood1 ,clay c4 7ante1 p4 #ahf47 ,/onesfield1 ,ox=d%ire ,oolite ,fuci1 ,cycads1 ,?uites1 c4 ,sw9don1 ,wilts ,oolite ,conif]\s wood1 ,cycads4 ,tunbridge ,wells 7vic9ity7 ,weald5 ,f]ns1 sev]al species4 ,v5tnor1 ,isle ( ,wight ,fire/one ,cla?r>ia1 ,conif]s4 ,w>eham1 ,dorset ,t]t4 ,dicotyl$on\s foliage1 & ,palm-leaves4 ,:itecliff ,bay1 ,i4 ( ,wight ,t]t4 ,palm-leaves1 ,*>1 c4 ,:itwick1 ,leice/]%ire ,c>b4 ,! usual coal-plants4 ,! above li/ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be consid]$ z m]ely sugge/ive3 _m o!r localities are m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s notices ( ! fossil g5]a4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,fossil ,,zoology4 ,! v gr\nd on :i* we tread1 & ! m\nta9s t surr\nd u1 are va/ tumuli 9 :i* ! ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w are en%r9$4--,p>k9son4 ,! exi/+ species ( animals sci5tifically det]m9$ by naturali/s am\nt to upw>ds ( "o hundr$ ?\s&1 :ile ^? kn[n 9 a fossil /ate sc>cely exce$ tw5ty-five ?\s&2 yet ! latt] comprise examples ( all ! classes1 & mo/ ( ! families & g5]a1 :i* /ill inhabit our planet4 ,al?\gh our notice ( ^! rema9s mu/ necess>ily be v g5]al1 we %all endeav\r to describe all t are ( peculi> int]e/1 ei!r 9 a geological or zoological po9t ( view2 or :i* f _! preval5ce1 or wide di/ribution1 w frequ5tly be met ) by ! collector 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es4 ,our exam9ation w comm5ce ) animal organisms ( ! simple/ /ructure1 & proce$ 9 an asc5d+ ord]1 9 accordance ) ! usual zoological classifications2 b1 z 9 ! botanical dep>tm5t1 x w be conv5i5t occasionally to include ! consid]ation ( ! fossil rema9s ( m ?an "o family 9 ! same section1 :5 associat$ 9 a p>ticul> locality or deposit4 ,9 ! prelim9>y rem>ks on ! nature ( ,organic ,rema9s 7ante1 p4 #dc71 ! v>i\s conditions 9 :i* ! durable /ructures ( animals are pres]v$ 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 7 fully expla9$2 we may !re=e at once ent] ^u ! inve/igation ( ?is mo/ important division ( our subject2 t to :i* ! t]m ,palontology1 is1 inde$1 re/rict$ by "s au?ors4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ! animal k+dom w be treat$ ( "u ! foll[+ heads3-- ,i4 ,zoophytes3 includ+-- #a4 ,porif]a1 or ,amorphozoa3 ! mo/ simple animal /ructures2 z ! ,sponges4 #b4 ,polypif]a1 or ,polypi>ia2 ,coral-animals4 #c4 ,bryozoa1 or ,molluscan ,zoophytes2 z ! ,flu/r4 ,,ii4 ,e*9od]mata1 or ,e*9od]ms2 ,compris+-- #a4 ,cr9oidea2 or ,lily-%ap$ animals4 #b4 ,a/]iad2 ,/>-fi%es4 #c4 ,e*9id2 ,sea-ur*9s4 ,,iii4 ,mollusca1 or ,mollusks4 ,"u ?is head n only ! fossil %ells ( te/ace\s mollusca1 b also ^? ( a l[] ord] ( animals1 ! ,rhizopodes1 or ,=am9if]a1 w be treat$ (4 #a4 ,=am9if]a4 #b4 ,bivalves3 ! ,lamellibran*ia1 & ,bra*iopoda4 #c4 ,univalves3 ! ,ga/]opoda & ,pt]opoda4 #d4 ,cephalopoda2 ^? ) *amb]$ %ells1 z ! ,nautilus & ,ammonite2 & ! nak$ tribes1 ! ,sepiad1 or ,cuttle-fi%4 ,,iv4 ,articulata4 7,animals protect$ by a h>d jo9t$ envelope or case47 #a4 ,cirrip$ia3 z ! ,balanus1 or ,b>nacle4 #b4 ,annelida3 r$-blood$ worms1 z ! ,s]pulid4 #c4 ,insecta1 & ,ara*nida or ,spid]s4 #d4 ,cru/acea2 includ+ ,crabs1 ,lob/]s1 ,trilobites1 c4 ,v4 ,pisces2 or ,fi%es4 ,,vi4 ,reptilia2 or ,reptiles4 ,,vii4 ,aves2 or ,birds4 ,,viii4 ,mammalia4 ,,ix4 ,man4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fossil ,,zoophytes4--,,porif]a ,,or ,,amorphozoa--,,polypif]a ,,or ,,corals--,,bryozoa ,,or ,,molluscan ,,zoophytes4 ,_m tribes ( ! extraord9>y be+s ^: m9]aliz$ relics are ! imm$iate subject ( our inve/igation1 h l>gely contribut$ to ! solid mat]ials ( :i* ! s$im5t>y /rata are compos$4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t rocks 9 :i* ve/iges ( organic /ructures h be5 detect$1 ^? ( ,zoophytes hold a conspicu\s place2 & 9 ! seas ( tropical climates1 ! ag5cy ( ! ,coral-animalcules1 or ,polypif]a1 is produc+ enorm\s deposits1 & lay+ ! f\ndations ( new isl&s & cont95ts1 & =m+ reefs ( rocks hundr$s ( miles 9 ext5t1 :i*1 if elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea1 w\ld rival 9 magnitude ! m\nta9-*a9s ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! read] unacqua9t$ ) ! natural hi/ory ( ^! m>vell\s creatures w f9d an acc\nt ( _! nature & economy1 & ( ! physical effects produc$ on ! e>?'s surface by _! ag5cy1 9 ! six? lecture ( ,wond4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ehh4 ,! t]m ,zoophytes1 or animal-plants1 comprises two v di/9ct classes ( liv+ be+s1 namely1 ! ,porif]a1 or ,sponges1 :i* 7if n vegetables7 are want+ 9 _m attributes reg>d$ z ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! memb]s ( ! animal k+dom2 & ! ,polypif]a1 or polype-be>+-animals1--! ,corals2 :i* are g5]ally associat$ gr\ps or aggregations ( individuals1 unit$ by a common organiz$ mass or axis1 ea* polype hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & exhibit+ volition & p]ception1 9 a great] or less] degree4 ,fossil ,porif]a4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,porif]a4 ,! t]ms ,amorphozoa 7signify+ animals ( v>iable %apes71 & ,porif]a 7/ructures trav]s$ by pores or *annels71 are employ$ by naturali/s to designate ! ,sponges & analog\s organisms1 :i* appe> to occupy ! b\nd>y l9e t sep>ates ! animal f ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! true position ( ! ,sponges 9 ! great sy/em ( ,creation is /ill a disput$ po9t2 = :ile _m di/+ui%$ naturali/s reg>d !m z ,protozoa1 or ! l[e/ type ( animal organization1 o!rs ( equal em95ce affirm t nei!r 9 /ructure nor functions d !y diff] f vegetables 9 any ess5tial p>ticul>2 & t if a l9e be drawn betwe5 ! two k+doms ! ,porif]a mu/ be plac$ on ! vegetable side ( ! b\nd>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,george ,john/on1 9 8 delightful "w on ! ,briti% ,zoophytes1#aic expresses 8 op9ion t !re is no?+ to disc\nt5ance ! belief t ^! bodies hold an int]m$iate place2 t !y are1 9 fact1 ! true ,zoophytes1 or animal-plants2 9 "s =ms1 z ! gre5 ,spongill ( our lakes1 ! vegetable nature prevails2 :ile 9 o!rs1 z ! horny or k]atose sponges fill$ ) mucilag9\s slime1 & ! fle%y ,te?ya ^: oscula1 or pores1 are said to exhibit signs ( irritability1 ! animal "* pr$om9ates4 #aic ,a ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,sponges1 c4 by ,dr4 ,george ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 #ahdc4 ,"o vol4 #hvo4 ) tw5ty-five plates4 ,a previ\s "w1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,zoophytes1 ) =ty-f\r plates1 f draw+s by ! accompli%$ lady ( ! ,au?or1 _c be too highly comm5d$4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to ei!r op9ion1 & simply rem>k+ t ! l>ge proportion ( silex t ent]s into ! tissues ( a consid]able numb] ( ! porif]a1 is m *>act]i/ic ( vegetable ?an ( animal /ructures1 we proce$ to consid] ! fossil sponges & alli$ =ms1 z ! m9]aliz$ rema9s ( ! l[e/ types ( ! animal k+dom3 if ! vegetable nature ( ! orig9als 7 g5]ally admitt$1 ?is section %\ld h foll[$ t :i* treats ( ! ,diatomace 7ante1 p4 #ajj74 ,sponge consi/s ( a reticulat$ fibr\s mass1 cov]$ ) num]\s pores ( v>i\s sizes1 :i* are connect$ int]nally by ana/omos+ *annels1 & ?is tissue is surr\nd$ by a cellul> gelat9\s matt]1 by :i* ! entire /ructure 0 secret$1 & is1 9 fact1 ! vital "p ( ! zoophyte4 ,! t\gh framework or skeleton is 9 "s k9ds fibr\s1 horny1 flexible1 or rigid1 & /r5g!n$ by calc>e\s or silice\s spicula 7sp9es72#aid :ile 9 o!r species its sub/ance is calc>e\s1 & 9 "s silice\s1 con/itut+ a web ( transp>5t rock cry/al1 resembl+ spun glass1#aie ,! gelat9\s matt] l9es all ! cavities1 & =ms ! m>g9s ( ! op5+s2 x pres5ts no signs ( irritability1 & may be easily press$ out ( ! por\s mass ) ! h&1 s slight is ! connexion betwe5 ! skeleton & ! inve/+ tissue4 ,curr5ts ( wat] con/antly ent] ! small pores1 trav]se ! inosculat+ canals1 & issue f ! l>g] orifices1 :i* (t5 project above ! surface 9 p]=at$ papill4 ,by ! circulation ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! por\s /ructure1 ! nutrition ( ! organiz$ mass is effect$2 & ! modifications obs]vable 9 ! numb]1 size1 =m1 & disposition ( ! pores1 *annels1 & orifices1 9 diff]5t species1 appe> to be subs]vi5t to ?is especial purpose2 ! imbibition & expulsion ( wat] be+ ! only function ! sponges p]=m4 ,9 its e>lie/ /age ! sponge gemmule is ( a sph]oidal %ape1 & cov]$ ) vibratile cilia1 & aft] expulsion f ! canals 9 :i* x is =m$1 moves rapidly ?r\gh ! wat] till x becomes atta*$ to "s body1 & is !n immovably fix$ dur+ life2 exhibit+ no signs ( vitality save ! aque\s circulation ?r\gh ! pores & canals4 #aid ,! ,m$it]ranean & ,am]ican sponges ( comm]ce are devoid ( spicules1 & are depriv$ ( _! s(t animal matt] simply by wa%+ freely 9 fre% wat]4 #aie ,i p>ticul>ly allude to a silice\s ,sponge f ,b>badoes1 nam$1 by ,mr4 ,samuel ,/ut*bury1 =m]ly ( ! ,bri/ol ,in/itution1 7n[ ( ,au/ralia47 ,dictyo*alix pumicea4 ,?is specim5 is ( a fungi=m %ape1 & appe>s to ! nak$ eye z if =m$ ( pumice /one1 b "u ! microscope is lit]ally a tissue ( transp>5t silex4 ,!re is mu* confusion 9 ! arrangem5t & nom5clature ( ! fossil species ( ?is class ( zoophytes2 & ?is has orig9at$1 9 "p1 f ! v>i$ =ms assum$ by ! same species1 hav+ be5 describ$ "u diff]5t names2 & f ! repreh5sible practice ( *ang+1 )\t suffici5t reason1 ! "n assign$ to a species by ! orig9al discov]]2 an evil1 un=tunately1 n re/rict$ to ?is dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory4 ,! rec5t ,sponges are arrang$ 9 f\r gr\ps accord+ to _! /ructure1 viz4-- ,fre%-wat] ,sponges4 ,spongilla3 silice\s spicula 9 a transluc5t jelly-l mass4 ,m>9e ,sponges4 ,te!a3 hav+ a t\gh out] sk92 silice\s spicula 9 bundles1 & radiat+ f ! compact nucleus to ! p]iph]y4 ,hali*ondria3 7f silex & c>tilago7 silice\s spicula 9 a c>tilag9\s mass4 ,grantia3 calc>e\s spicula 9 a gelat9\s mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,sponges4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny seems to believe t ) ! exception ( ! horny ,cliona1 all ! fossil sponges _h orig9ally calc>e\s skeletons1--qu'ils n'ont jamais t corns1 mais que leur tissu a t\j\rs t calcaire et pi]reuse2#aif :i* is c]ta9ly n ! case1 = abundant examples ( fossil k]atose sponges occur4 #aif ,c\rs ,elm5taire de ,palontologie1 torn4 ii4 p4 #bjh4 ,i h select$ a few g5]a = ! illu/ration ( ! subject1 & %all describe !m "u ! names t are mo/ famili> to ! ,briti% sci5tific collector3 d\btless soon] or lat] "s compet5t naturali/ w und]take ! elucidation ( ?is dep>tm5t ( palontology1 & con/ruct a classification & nom5clature bas$ on natural *>act]s2 till !n ! /ud5t w f9d x hopeless to attempt to le>n ! ev]-v>y+ names ( g5]a & species appli$ to fossil ,porif]a & ,polypif]a1 by diff]5t obs]v]s4#aig #aig ,x has happ5$ mo/ un=tunately1 t b rec5tly ,mr4 ,lonsdale1 9 ! late ,mr4 ,dixon's beautiful "w on ,*alk & ,t]ti>y ,fossils1 & ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds 9 8 able ,monograph 9 ! ,palontological ,society's ,memoirs1 h describ$ _m ( our *alk ,corals "u diff]5t specific & g5]ic names4 ,sid5ote3 ,,spongites ,,9 ,,*alk ,,& ,,fl9t4 ,on ! ,sponges 9 ,*alk & ,fl9t4--,f ! durability ( ! tissue ( ! flexible sponges1 & ! imp]i%able nature ( ^? :i* h a silice\s or calc>e\s endo-skeleton or framework1 _! fossil rema9s g5]ally occur 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation1 & 9 imm5se quantities1 9 ! s$im5ts t 7 deposit$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ! anci5t sea-bottoms1 orig9ally inhabit$ by ^! zoophytes4 ,ev5 ! relics ( ! k]atose species1 ! ,hali*ondria1 ^: /ructure consi/s ( silice\s sp9es imb$d$ 9 a c>tilag9\s mass1 are equally abundant4 ,sponge-spicula are ev]y:]e met ) 9 ! *alk1 fl9t1 & gre5s&1 & _m lay]s 9 ! cretace\s /rata are almo/ entirely compos$ ( !m4 ,sponges s commonly =m ! nuclei ( ! nodul> fl9ts1 t "s naturali/s h ascrib$ ! =mation ( ! lay]s & nodules ( silex 9 ! cretace\s rocks to ^! zoophytes3 a supposition altoge!r gr\ndless1#aih ,! v>i\s /ates ( m9]alization 9 :i* sponges occur 9 ! *alk give rise to _m beautiful & highly in/ructive fossils1 z we %all po9t out 9 ! c\rse ( ?is notice4 ,9 g5]al ! zoophyte is simply inve/$ by ! fl9t1 ! pores & tubes be+ fill$ ) silex1 ! orig9al tissue appe>+ z a br[n reticulat$ calc>e\s mass4 ,9 o!r examples ! sponge has be5 p]meat$ by ! liquid fl9t1 & subsequ5tly p]i%$2 & 9 ?is mann] h be5 =m$ ^? holl[ nodules :i* on be+ brok5 are f\nd to conta9 only a p[d]1 consi/+ ( silice\s spicules & fragm5ts ( silicifi$ sponge4 ,b 9 num]\s in/ances ! sub/ance ( ! zoophyte is completely silicifi$1 & ! intimate /ructure ( ! orig9al exquisitely pres]v$2 su* are _m ( ! fl9t-pebbles1 & moss-agates1 t are m\nt$ z broo*es & o!r ornam5ts4 #aih ,see ,wond]s ( ,geology1 p4 #cjj4 ,?is "q is fully consid]$ 9 a ,memoir entitl$ ,notes ( a ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ! ,*alk & ,fl9t ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,engl&1 c4 by ! ,au?or1 9 #ahde4 ,spongites4#aii--,?is "n ,i w\ld apply g5]ically to ^? fossils :i* appe> to be id5tical 9 /ructure ) ! ord9>y m>9e sponges t consi/ ( a fibro-reticulat$ por\s mass1 de/itute ( regul> tubes or canals3 ! =m exce$+ly v>i\s4 #aii ,a*illeum ( ,s*weigg]4 ,! fossil sponges ( ! *alk may be divid$ into two gr\ps2 ! cya?i=ms1 or cup-%ap$1 & ! ramose1 or bran*$4 ,fl9ts inclos+ ! fir/ k9d1 g5]ally exhibit ext]nally ! =m ( ! orig9al2 ^? conta9+ ! bran*$ species are ( irregul> %apes1 & except by an exp]i5c$ obs]v]1 ! nature ( ! enclos$ body w\ld n be suspect$4 ,on break+ !m1 ! sponge is (t5 well display$1 z 9 ! specim5 figur$ 9 ,lign4 #fi1 fig4 #b3 ! surface ( ?is fossil 0 cov]$ ) a :ite gritty p[d]1 made up ( m9ute ne$le-%ap$ silice\s spicula4 ,sid5ote3 ,,spongites ,,9 ,,fl9ts4 ,spongites ,ramosus4--,a bran*$ sponge1 sometimes f twelve to fifte5 in*es long1 is n uncommon 9 ! fl9ts ( ! ,lewes & ,brighton *alk2 ! /ems & bran*es are cyl9drical1 & ! t]m9ations ( ! latt] are r\nd$ & full ( l>ge pores4 ,:5 completely silicifi$ ! /ructure c only be detect$ by fracture1 b occasionally ! sponge appe>s to h be5 saturat$ ) liquid *alk be=e x 0 envelop$ 9 ! fl9t2 & z x is coat$ ) calc>e\s matt]1 x may be deta*$ f ! nodule entire4#bjj #bjj ,9 ?is mann] ,i obta9$ ! beautiful specim5 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 figur$ 9 my ,foss4 ,s\? ,d[ns1 tab1 xv4 fig4 #aa4 ,a bran* ( ?is species is repres5t$ ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ab4 ,spongites lobatus 7sp4 ,flem+7 is figur$ ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #fi4 ,coral1 & ,spongites4 ,*alk4 ,sussex4 ,fig4 #a4--,petalopora pul*ella4 ,upp] figure 3 l[] figure1 nat4 ,*alk ne> ,*i*e/]4 7,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell47 #b4--,spongites clavellatus4 a bran* 9 ! cavity ( a fl9t4 ,s\? ,d[ns4 #c4--,siphonia ,morrisiana4 7,g4 ,a4 ,m47 ,a transv]se poli%$ section ( a pebble4 ,brighton ,bea*4 ,a small] ramose spongite1 ) num]\s %ort clavate protub]ances1 is (t5 met ) 9 ! fl9ts ( ,sussex & ,wilts2 a bran* is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #fi1 fig4 #b4bja #bja ,?is spongite is nam$ ,polypo!cia clavellata1 9 ,miss ,b5ett's ,wilt%ire ,fossils4 ,spongites ,t[ns5di4 7,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xli47--,! cya?i=m fl9ts1 ^: %ape dep5ds on ! inclos$ zoophytes1 s mu* resemble ! cup-%ap$ sponges ( comm]ce1 z to be easily recogniz$ 9 ! heaps ( nodules t are collect$ 9 *alk di/ricts = ! roads2 !y are f "o to eight in*es 9 diamet] at ! upp] "p1 & _m are ( a globul> or sph]oidal %ape2 ! surface has ! usual calc>eo-silice\s coat+ ( fl9t nodules1 giv+ a s5sation ( r\ghness to ! t\*2 ! m>g9 ( ! cup g5]ally exhibits a n>r[ b& ( por\s /ructure1 & :5 brok51 sections ( ! enclos$ body are expos$4 ,^! funnel-%ap$ spongites t]m9ate at ! bottom 9 a p$uncle1 :5ce fibr\s root-l processes div]ge2 by ^! app5dages ! orig9al 0 fix$ to ! rock4 ,i h collect$ a few specim5s 9 :i* ! roots are atta*$ to a %ell1 or pebble1 b h nev] se5 any t appe>$ to occupy ! spot on :i* !y grew4 ,!y seem to h be5 deta*$ f _! native sites by ! waves1 & transport$ to a di/ance1 & subsid+ into ! tranquil dep?s ( ! ocean1 became imb$d$ 9 ! cretace\s s$im5ts t 7 accumulat+ at ! bottom4 ,spongites 787 labyr9?icus4#bjb ,lign4 #hj1 fig4 #e4--;,ano!r abundant species ( amorphozoa has giv5 rise to sub-hemisph]ical fl9ts1 r\nd$ bel[ & flat above1 ) a m>g9al b& ( por\s tissue1 t exp&s into flexu\s lobes :i* fill up ! area ( ! upp] surface4 ,:5 f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! *alk1 ! =m ( ?is zoophyte is (t5 pres]v$ entire2 ! upp] "p %[+ ! lobat$ & flexu\s "* ( ! orig9al4 ,^u break+ ^! fl9ts1 ! organic /ructure is g5]ally app>5t2 b 9 _m in/ances has p]i%$1 & left a cavity :i* is ei!r p>tially fill$ ) /alactitical *alc$ony1 or l9$ ) qu>tz cry/als4 ,^! fossils v>y 9 size f a walnut to t ( an orange2 ! p$icle has long processes4 #bjb ,foss1 ,s4 ,d4 tab4 xv4 fig4 #g4 ,a lob$ zoophyte1 resembl+ ! above 9 its g5]al =m1 & long rootlets1 is di/+ui%$ by a l>ge c5tral cavity1 :i* is cont9u$ above ! body 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]4#bjc #bjc ,beautiful figures ( ^! & o!r *alk zoophytes are giv5 by ,mr4 ,t\lm9 ,smi? 9 8 elegant memoir ,on ! ,v5triculid4 ,! specim5s above describ$ are nam$ ,bra*olites by ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,! plan ( ! pres5t "w =bids ! discussion ( t au?or's op9ions & inf]5ces4 ,spongites 787 flexuosus4 ,lign4 #hj1 fig4 #aj4--;,among ! cya?i=m fl9ts t ab\nd 9 ! *alk1 a v elegant species is di/+ui%$ by a flexu\s b& t runs r\nd ! m>g91 & indicates ! lob$ /ructure ( ! orig9al4 ,9 ! *alk ( ,flambor\gh ,head1 ,york%ire1 _m beautiful cya?i=m sponges are pres]v$1 9 :i* ! out] surface is ?ickly cov]$ ) project+ holl[ papill2 ^! fossils are g5]ally silicifi$1 ! surface & pores be+ fro/$ ov] ) m9ute qu>tz cry/als4 ,! museum ( ! ,york ,in/itution conta9s a spl5did s]ies ( ^! spongites4#bjd #bjd ,! silicifi$ /ate ( ^! zoophytes 0 fir/ detect$ by ,mr4 ,*>leswor?1 :o by imm]s+ specim5s 9 dilate hydro*loric acid1 obta9$ admirable examples ( ! delicate /ructure ( ! orig9al4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,zoophytes ,,( ,,f>+don4 ,fossil ,zoophytes ( ,f>+don4 ,lign4 #gj1 #ga1 #gb4--,! ri*e/ locality = fossil sponges 9 ,engl& is 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! little t[n ( ,f>+don1 9 ,b]k%ire4#bje ,! ,gre5s& b$s t ov]lie ! ,oolite 9 t di/rict1 consi/ ( a co>se friable aggregation ( s&1 comm9ut$ %ells1 corals1 amorphozoa1 & e*9od]ms1 m or less consolidat$ by a f]rug9\s cem5t4 ,! gravel-pits1 z ! qu>ries are locally t]m$1 expose :at evid5tly 7 banks ( detritus ?r[n up on ! /r& ( a sea-m>g92 among ! wat]-worn & fragm5t>y relics ( oolitic z well z cretace\s =ms1 _m p]fect sponges ( v>i\s k9ds may be collect$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,figures ( "s ( ! common species are subjo9$4 #bje ,see ,excursions1 9 vol4 ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #gj4 ,fossil ,zoophytes4 ,fig4 #a4--,lunulites radiatus4 ,pre/on ,*alk-pits2 view ( ! convex side4 7,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell47 #a;a4--,front view2 nat4 #a;b4--,portion ( ! surface ( fig4 #a1 magnifi$4 #b4--,scyphia int]m$ia2 #a_/b nat4 ,f>+don4 #c4--,li?odod5dron sociale3 ! left-h& bran* %[s a v]tical section at ! upp] "p1 display+ ! int]nal /ructure2 #a_/b nat4 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ,york%ire4 #d4--,v]ticillipora ana/omosans4 ,f>+don4 #e4--,scyphia ramosa2 #a_/b nat4 ,f>+don4 #f4--,scyphia =am9osa2 #a_/b nat4 ,f>+don4 #g4--;,cnemidium a/rophorum2 #a_/c nat4 ,f>+don4 ,scyphia4 ,lign4 #gj1 #gb4--,^! spongites are ( a tubul>1 fi/ul\s1 or cyl9drical =m1 & t]m9ate 9 a r\nd$ pit2 !y are ei!r simple or bran*$1 & compos$ ( a firm reticulat$ tissue2 ,lign4 #gj1 fig4 #b1 #e1 #f1 & ,lign4 #gb1 fig4 #d1 are examples4 ,! ,upp] ,gre5s& at ,folk/one & ,dov] ab\nds 9 a flexu\s species1 nam$ ,scyphia me&r9a 7,morris74 ,cnemidium 7,goldfuss74 ,lign4 #gj1 fig4 #g4--,^! sponges consi/ ( a clu/] ( turb9at$ projections1 hav+ a c5tral pit above1 & be+ por\s on ! ext]nal surface1 & radiat$ at ! m>g94 ,! mass is d5se & fibr\s1 & is trav]s$ by horizontal canals1 div]g+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ga4 ,fossil ,sponge2 nat4 7,*55dopora fungi=mis47 ,gre5s&4 ,f>+don4 ,*55dopora4,,gx ,lign4 #ga4--,! species ( porif]a ?us nam$ are cya?i=m1 or cup-%ap$2 ext]nally furr[$1 mamillat$1 or lob$2 int]nally smoo?1 & ! surface cov]$ ) f9e pores4 ,! beautiful species figur$ 7,c4 fungi=mis7 is abundant 9 ! gravel-pits1 & well kn[n to ! qu>rym5 z petrifi$ salt-cell>s4 #bjf ,! ,pictorial ,atlas conta9s col\r$ figures ( ! foll[+3-- ,*55dopora fungi=mis 7,mi*el971 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xliv4 fig4 #e3 accord+ to ,mr1 ,morris4 ------------ subplana 7,mi*el971 ibid1 pl4 xliv1 fig4 #c4 ,scyphia articulata 7,goldfuss71 ibid1 pl4 xliii4 figs4 #g1 #h1 #i4 ------- co/ata 7,goldfuss71 ibid4 pl4 xliv1 fig1 #a4 ,cnemidium rimulosum 7,goldfuss71 ibid1 pl4 xliv4 fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #gb4 ,fossil ,zoophytes2 nat4 ,gre5s&4 ,f>+don4 ,fig4 #a4--,tragos peziza4 #b4--,probably ,*55dopora 9 a "y /ate4 #c4--,v]ticillipora ana/omosans4 #d4--,species ( ,scyphia4 #e4--,tragos ,f>+doni5sis4 ,tragos4 ,lign4 #gb1 fig4 #a4--,^! turb9at$ sponges are readily di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+1 by ! relatively l>ge oscula1 or op5 papill1 dispos$ irregul>ly on ! inn] surface2 z %[n 9 ! specim51 fig4 #a4 ,_! tissue is d5se & fibr\s4 ,! fossil repres5t$ by fig4 #e1 ?\gh nam$ ,tragos by collectors1 appe>s to diff] 9 ! /ructure ( ! inn] surface f ! type ( ?is g5us3 x is a rem>kably beautiful species4#bjg #bjg ,x may be conv5i5t to di/+ui% x z ,t4 ,f>+doni5sis4 ,! base 9 all ^! ,gre5s& sponges is flat & exp&$2 n fibr\s & root-l1 z 9 ! spongites ( ! *alk previ\sly describ$4 ,among ! %+le at ,brighton1 ,m>gate1 ,dov]1 ,isle ( ,wight1 c4 pebbles conta9+ fossil sponges may frequ5tly be discov]$4 ,:5 ! fl9t nodule has be5 brok51 & ! calc>e\s p>ticles ( ! inclos$ zoophytes are wa%$ away by ! action ( ! waves1 a delicate silicifi$ tissue rema9s4#bjh ,_m ( ! l>ge solid pebbles1 are portions ( silicifi$ sponges1 & poli%$ specim5s are beautiful objects "u ! microscope4 #bjh ,! pebbles repres5t$ 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlv4 fig4 #e1 #ab1 are specim5s ( ?is k9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,,siphonia4 ,siphonia4 ,lign4 #gc4--,^! fossil porif]a are readily di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* h engag$ our att5tion by _! m symmetrical /ructure4 ,! body ( ! zoophyte is a mass ( d5se por\s tissue1 ( a pyri=m or bulb\s %ape1 support$ by a sl5d] /em fix$ at ! base by rootlets4 ,! /em is compos$ ( v f9e p>allel longitud9al tubes1 :i* ext5d to a s]ies ( canals t trav]se ! mass1 & t]m9ate 9 op5+s on ! surface ( a %all[ c5tral cavity1 z %[n 9 ! section1 fig4 #b1 ,lign4 #gc4 ,! *>act]s ( ?is g5us are well exemplifi$ 9 a common species ( ! ,gre5s& 7,s4 pyri=mis1 ,lign4 #gc71 describ$ by ! late ,mr4 ,web/]1 f specim5s collect$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 :]e x occurs 9 pr(usion1 ne> ,v5tnor1 & ! ,we/]n l9es4 ,?is zoophyte is pyri=m1 7,lign4 #gc1 fig4 #a17 & has a %all[ cyl9drical cavity1 support$ ^u a long sl5d] /em1 ! base ( :i* is fix$ by root-l processes 7fig4 #e72 ! transv]se fracture %[s a section ( ! longitud9al tubes4 ,?is species has be5 f\nd 9 num]\s localities ( ! ,gre5s&1 & also 9 ! ,fire/one or malm-rock4#bji #bji ,dr4 ,fitton's figures1 ,geol4 ,trans4 vol4 ii4 pl4 xv4 a1 are v beautiful & accurate4 ,! ,portl& lime/one conta9s num]\s rema9s ( a ,siphonia closely resembl+ ?is species2 & v>i$ sections ( its /ems produce ! :ite m>k+s commonly obs]vable on ! slabs ( pavem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #gc4 ,siphoni1 f ! ,gre5s&2 nat4 ,wilts1 & ,isle ( ,wight4 ,fig4 #a4--,siphonia pyri=mis2 ! body or upp] "p4 #b4--,v]tical section ( ! same1 %[+ ! int]nal /ructure1 & ! c5tral cavity4 #c4--,specim5 ( ,s4 pyri=mis 9 a "y /ate4 #d4--,siphonia 7,polypo!cia1 ( ,miss ,b5ett17 lobata2 ,fire/one or ,upp] ,gre5s&1 ,w>m9/]4 #e4--,! l[] "p ( ! /em1 & radicles1 ( ,s4 pyri=mis4 ,a gr\p ( ,sponges f ! ,upp] ,gre5s&1 ne> ,w>m9/]1 figur$ & describ$ by ! late ,miss ,e!ldr$ ,b5ett1#baj "u ! "n ( ,polypo!cia1 comprises sev]al =ms t are alli$ 9 /ructure to ! ,siphoni4 ,^! fossils pres5t consid]able div]sity ( %ape2 "o ( ! lob$ =ms is del9eat$ 9 ,lign4 #gc1 fig4 #d3 & a bran*$ species 9 ,lign4 #gd4 ,^u break+ ! /em ( "o ( ^! zoophytes transv]sely1 sections ( p>allel longitud9al tubes l ^? 9 ! ,siphoni are exhibit$4 #baj ,an elegant ,memoir on ! ,wilt%ire ,fossils1 by ?is accompli%$ lady1 is publi%$ 9 ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,ho>e's ,wilt%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #gd4 ,polypo!cia di*otoma4 ,upp] ,gre5s&1 ,w>m9/]1 ,wilts4 ,! ,k5ti% rag conta9s irregul> ramose sponge\s bodies1 :i* belong to ?is gr\p ( porif]a2 & ,mr4 ,b5/$ has discov]$ 9 8 qu>ry1 ne> ,maid/one1 num]\s rema9s ( a polymorph\s lob$ zoophyte1 hav+ a por\s /ructure beset ) spicula4 ,9 ! ,fire/one ( ,s\?b\rne1 ,/eyn+1 & ,bignor1 9 ,sussex1 ,i h obs]v$ l>ge pyri=m & subcyl9drical ,siphoni4 ,! organization ( all ^! zoophytes 0 evid5tly adapt$ = ! imbibition & circulation ( sea-wat]1 9 a m p]fect & def9ite mann] ?an 9 ! irregul> simple sponges4 ,fl9t-pebbles inclos+ rema9s ( ,siphoni ab\nd on ! ,sussex coa/1 especially 9 ! %+le ne> ,brighton1 hav+ be5 wa%$ out ( ! *alk cliffs4 ,!re 7 sev]al *alk-pits 9 ,edw>d-/reet1 7n[1 ,i believe1 fill$ up & ! area built ^u17 9 :i* e fl9t envelop$ a sponge or siphonia2 _m specim5s 7 m9]aliz$ by pyrites & beautifully exhibit$ ! int]nal /ructure ( ! orig9als4 ,siphonia ,morrisiana4 ,lign4 #fi1 fig4 #c4--;,a poli%$ slice ( a pebble f ,brighton1 ^: m>k+s are d]iv$ f ! transv]se section ( an undescrib$ zoophyte is figur$1 ante1 p4 #bbd3 ?\gh sc>cely m ?an half ! diamet] ( ! orig9al is pres]v$1 yet its /ructure is well %[n2 ! c5tre is occupi$ by num]\s p>allel op5+s1 ! sections ( longitud9al tubes1 & is surr\nd$ by a broad zone ( sponge\s tissue4 ,i h se5 _m examples ( ?is beautiful fossil1 set = broo*es 9 ! jewell]s' %ops 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & at ,brighton4#baa #baa ,! specific "n is 9 hon\r ( ,john ,morris1 ,esq4 ,f4,g4,s4 ! au?or ( ! ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,fossils1 ^: important s]vices to ,palontology & ,geology x is gratify+ ?us to ackn[l$ge4 ,!re are col\r$ figures ( ,siphonite 9 ,pictorial ,atlas1 pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #i2 pl4 xlii4 fig4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #ab1 & #ac2 pl4 xliii4 fig4 #f4 ,siphoni 7*iefly ,s4 pyri=mis7 are abundant 9 ! ,upp] ,gre5s&1 ne> ,f>nham 9 ,surrey1 b _! tissues are saturat$ ) phosphate ( lime1 in/ead ( silica z is ord9>ily ! case2 ! entire sponge usually conta9s betwe5 #ej & #fj p] c5t1 ( phosphate3 h5ce ^! fossils h1 ( late1 be5 9 great reque/ = manure4#bab #bab ,mr4 ,payne1 ( ,f>nham1 a di/+ui%$ agriculturi/1 has l>gely made use ( !m1 bo? 9 ! natural /ate & treat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! ,fire/one /rata on ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,hill1 ,isle ( ,wight1 h be5 dug = a l purpose4 ,see an ,acc\nt ( ! ,phosphate ,digg+s1 9 my ,isle ( ,wight1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #ddh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*oanites ,k,,nigi4 ,*oanites ,knigi1 ,lign4 #ge4--,! zoophyte :i* has giv5 rise to ! fossils ,i h di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,*oanites1#bac is ( a sph]oidal or sub-ovate =m1 & appe>s to h be5 compos$ ( a s(t] tissue ?an ! ord9>y sponges4 ,x has a c5tral cavity1 & 0 fix$ at ! base by long rootlets3 its mass is trav]s$ by num]\s tubes or *annels1 :i* op5 on ! inn] surface ( ! cavity2 x diff]s f ,siphonia 9 n hav+ a /em compos$ ( bundles ( tubes1 & probably also 9 its con/itu5t sub/ance4 ,among ! ,sussex & ,wilt%ire *alk-fl9ts specim5s ( ?is zoophyte are v common2 !y are easily recogniz$ by ! peculi> m>k+s produc$ by ! silicifi$ tubes t radiate f ! c5tre1 z se5 9 ,lign4 #ge1 fig4 #d4 ,! semi-diaphan\s pebbles on ! ,sussex coa/1 m frequ5tly conta9 ,*oanites ?an any o!r zoophytes4 ,f ! beautiful & v>i$ m>k+s obs]vable 9 ! poli%$ sections1 !y are 9 great reque/ = broo*es1 & are t]m$ petrifi$ sea-animal fl[]s#bad by ! lapid>ies2 among ! %+le on ! sea-%ore at ,bognor1 ,wor?+1 & o!r places1 v f9e examples may be collect$4 #bac ,foss4 ,s4 ,d4 p4 #agh4 #bad ,f ! supposition t ! orig9al 0 an ,act9ia1 or ,sea-,anemone4 ,a col\r$ v]tical section ( a pebble ( ?is k9d is figur$ 9 my ,?\ghts on a ,pebble1 ,eigh? ,edition1 pl4 ii4 ,see col\r$ figures ( ,*oanites 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlii4 fig4 #a1 #i1 & #aj2 pl4 xliv4 fig4 #h2 & pl4 xlv4 fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ge4 ,*oanites ,knigi4 7,g4 ,a4 ,m47 ,*alk1 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--,transv]se section ( a silice\s specim54 #b4--,upp] portion ( a ,*oanite1 9 *alk1 %[+ ! op5+ ( ! c5tral cavity at a4 #c4--,v]tical section ( a ,*oanite1 9 fl9t1 expos+ a section ( ! mass1 & canals pass+ obliquely f ! c5tral cavity1 ?r\gh ! sub/ance4 #d4--;,*oanite 9 fl9t2 ! usual appe>ance ( ^! fossils4 #e4--,v>i\s k9ds ( ,spicula ( fossil sponges2 magnifi$4 ,lign4 #ge1 fig4 #d1 repres5ts ! usual appe>ance ( a fl9t d]iv+ its =m f a ,*oanite2 fig4 #b1 is ! upp] "p ( a ,*oanite pres]v$ 9 *alk1 & ri*ly col\r$ by iron2 ! op5+ at ! summit1 a1 is ! orifice ( ! c5tral cyl9drical cavity1 :i* is 9 ?is in/ance fill$ up by *alk1 b 9 fl9t specim5s1 ) silex ( a diff]5t col\r to t ( ! surr\nd+ mass4 ,if fig4 #b1 7 plac$ on ! top ( fig4 #d1 ! g5]al %ape ( ! orig9al zoophyte w\ld be repres5t$4 ,! op5+ at ! base ( fig4 #d1 m>ks ! spot :5ce ! processes ( atta*m5t proce$$4 ,! v]tical section ( a fl9t1 simil> to fig4 #d1 is %[n at fig4 #c2 & 9 ?is example are se5 ! c5tral cavity1 & a section ( ! sub/ance ( ! zoophyte1 :i* is trav]s$ by num]\s tubes1 t ramify ?r\gh ! mass ( :i* ! body 0 compos$1 & t]m9ate 9 op5+s on ! inn] wall ( ! c5tral cavity1 or sac4 ,a transv]se section ( a simil> fl9t is del9eat$ 9 fig4 #a2 ! c5tral :ite spot indicates ! sac fill$ ) fl9t1 & ! tubes are se5 radiat+ f x ?r\gh ! mass2 "u a p[]ful l5s ! int]/itial /ructure appe>s to be granul> r ?an por\s4 ,! p]fect transp>5cy ( ! body :5 silicifi$1 & ! ri* t9ts x has acquir$ f metallic solutions1 & ! compress$ /ate 9 :i* x is (t5 f\nd1 seem to indicate t ! orig9al mass 0 a s(t gelat9\s sub/ance1 l t ( ! ,act9ia1 /r5g!n$ by spicula2 = num]\s tri-radiate sp9es1 l ^? on ! left-h& ( fig4 #e1 ,lign4 #ge1 occur occasionally 9 *alk specim5s4 ,9 _m ,*oanites1 :i* diff] 9 no o!r respect f ! pres5t species1 v]tical sections %[ on ea* side ! c5tral cavity1 l>ge oval spots1 t are sections ( a canal :i* trav]ses ! entire mass1 proce$+ f ! base to ! summit1 9 a spiral coil ar\nd ! c5tral cavity4 ,?is /ructure 0 fir/ detect$ by ,mr4 ,cunn+ton4 ,mr4 ,woodw>d ?9ks ?is spiral tube is common to all ! ,*oanites1 & con/itutes a g5]ic "*2 b s _m examples h pass$ "u my exam9ation 9 :i* no traces ( su* a canal are p]ceptible1 t x may be a specific diff]5ce4 ,among ! *alk amorphozoa ^: true aff9ities are d\btful1 is a small turb9at$ zoophyte1 :i* ,i w\ld place provisionally "u ?is g5us2 x has a %all[ c5tral cavity1 ) a broad smoo? m>g91 a reticulat$ ext]nal surface1 & radicle processes proce$+ f ! base2 see ,lign4 #hj1 fig4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,,p>am\dra4 ,p>am\dra4 ,lign4 #gf4--,?is v]nacul> ,iri% t]m 0 introduc$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 9 8 acc\nt ( "s gigantic fl9ts1 ?us popul>ly nam$1 t occur 9 ! *alk ne> ,belfa/1 & also at ,:itl+ham1 ne> ,norwi*4 ,^! fossils are ( an irregul>1 oblong1 sph]ical1 or pyri=m %ape1 hav+ a cavity above1 :i*1 9 "s specim5s1 ext5ds to ! bottom2 indications ( a p$icle are se5 at ! base2 9 %ort1 !y closely resemble1 ^u a l>ge scale1 ! funnel-%ap$ spongites1 s frequ5t 9 ! fl9ts ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,_! appe>ance 9 situ1 is repres5t$ ,lign4 #gf1 f ,dr4 ,buckl&'s illu/rations3 b1 is a s+le specim51 p>tly imb$d$ 9 ! *alk1 & c1 d1 two ( ! fossils 9 contact1 ! p$icle ( ! upp] "o ly+ 9 ! cavity ( ! l[]4 ,^! bodies are f "o to two or m feet 9 l5g?1 & f six in*es to a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! appe>ance1 bo? ( ! out] & inn] surface1 is t ( ! usual :ite calc>eo-silice\s cru/ ( spongitic *alk-fl9ts4 ,^u break+ !m1 no decid$ /ructure is p]ceptible2 b "h & !re1 pat*es ( r$ & blue *alc$ony occur1 z 9 ! ,v5triculites & spongites 9 *alk-fl9ts2 ! orig9als 7 probably l>ge goblet-%ap$ zoophytes1 alli$ to ! sponges1 b ( s p]i%able a nature z to leave b few traces ( _! organization1 save _! g5]al =m4 ,specim5s may h[ev] yet be f\nd ) ! /ructure pres]v$1 = _m ye>s elaps$ aft] ! fir/ discov]y ( fl9t v5triculites1 be=e ,i obta9$ examples t ?rew light on _! orig9 & =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #gf4 ,p>am\dra2 se5 9 a v]tical section ( a ,*alk-pit1 ne> ,moira4 7,! ,v ,rev4 ,dr4 ,buckl&4 ,geol4 ,trans1 vol4 iv47 a1 a1 a4 ,lay]s ( fl9t nodules1 alt]nat+ ) *alk /rata1 b4 ,a ,p>am\dra1 imb$d$ 9 ! *alk1 c1 d4 ,two ( ^! bodies 9 contact4 ,9 ! ,devonian slates ( ,polp]ro "s curi\s fossils1 suppos$ to be rema9s ( fi%es1 h be5 asc]ta9$ by ,pr( ,mc,coy to be ,amorphozoa1 & are describ$ by t em95t palontologi/ "u ! "n ( ,/eganodictyum4#bae #bae ,synopsis ( ! ,classification ( ! ,briti% ,palozoic ,fossils1 by ,pr(4 ,s$gwick & ,fr$4 ,mc,coy4 #dto4 ,fas4 #b1 p4 vii4 pl4 #b ,a4 #aheb4 ,clionites 7,morris7 ,lign4 #acj4--;,a rec5t p>asitical sponge 7fir/ describ$ by ,dr4 ,grant "u ! "n ( ,cliona71 consi/+ ( a fle%y sub/ance1 full ( silice\s tubul> p9-%ap$ spicula1 gives rise to ^? p]=ations ) :i* oy/]s & o!r %ells are (t5 completely riddl$1#baf ,c]ta9 bivalve %ells 9 ! cretace\s seas appe> to h be5 peculi>ly obnoxi\s to ! depr$ations ( simil> zoophytes1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! cavities left by ! decay ( ! sponge hav+ subsequ5tly be5 fill$ up by fl9t1 a curi\s s]ies ( fossil bodies has result$1 :i* we %all m p>ticul>ly notice h]eaft]4 ,^! fossils ,mr4 ,morris has di/+ui%$ by ! "n ,clionites1 to indicate _! orig92 !y are n1 h[ev]1 ! silicifi$ sponge1 b inorganic ca/s1 m\ld$ 9 ! excavations4 ,! common species is ,c4 ,conybe>ei3 cells irregul>1 some:at polygonal1 ) "o or m papill2 surface f9ely tub]culat$2 connect+ ?reads num]\s4#bag #baf ,= an acc\nt ( ! *>act]s ( ! rec5t ,cliona1 see a monograph by ,mr4 ,hancock1 ,annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,may #ahea4 #bag ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,augu/ #ahea1 pl4 iv1 fig4 #h4 ,spicula1 or sp9es ( ,porif]a4 ,lign4 #ge4--,silice\s spicules1 z we h _h occasion to m5tion1 occur 9 imm5se quantities 9 "s ( ^? deposits :i* ab\nd 9 ! rema9s ( spongites4 ,^! sp9es are tubul>1 & ( v>i\s %apes2 "s are acicul>1 or ne$le-l2 o!rs ( a /ellate =m2 _m are tri-radiate or multi-radiate2 & "s h ! %ape ( a trid5t2 a few ( ^! fossils are figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ge4 ,z ! ,act9ia1 ,gorgonia1 & ,alcyonia1 possess spicula1 "s ( ! fossil sp9es may h be5 d]iv$ f ^? zoophytes4 ,! l>g] spicules may be discov]$ ) a l5s ( mod]ate p[]1 or ev5 by ! unassi/$ eye2 b all w amply repay a microscopical exam9ation1 & ! m9ute/ c only ?us be detect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sp9if]ites ,,9 ,,fl9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #gg4 ,a gr\p ( ,sp9if]ites 9 ,fl9t4 7,se5 by transmitt$ light47 ,fig4 #a4--;,a ?9-transluc5t *ip ( fl9t2 nat4 #b4--,! same magnifi$1 & view$ by transmitt$ light2 %[+ a gr\p ( five ,sp9if]ites4 #c4--,! same m highly magnifi$4 #d4--,sp94 ramosus2 "o ( ! animalculites se5 9 fig4 #c1 v highly magnifi$4 #e4--,sp94 ,reg9aldi2 "o ( ! same gr\p2 #cjj diamet]s4 #f4--;,a v>iety ( ,s4 ramosus2 ano!r ( ! same clu/] ( ,sp9if]ites4 ,sp9if]ites 7,xan?idium1 ,ehr5b474 ,lign4 #gg4--;,i propose to describe 9 ?is place ^? elegant & v m9ute bodies1 t occur 9 great numb]s 9 ! *alk & fl9t1 & :i*1 on ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 7 reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! silice\s fru/ules ( ! g5us ( fre%-wat] ,desmidi1 nam$ ,xan?idium#bah 7ante1 p4 #ia47 ,lat] & m correct obs]vations h prov$ t ! fossils "u consid]ation entirely diff] f _! suppos$ homologues2 _! orig9al sub/ance n be+ silice\s1 b flexible & membran\s2 & t in/ead ( be+ spores ( alg1 !y are probably ! gemmules ei!r ( porif]a1 or ( polypif]a4 #bah ,sev]al rec5t species ( ,xan?idium are figur$ 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ( ?is volume4 ,to avoid ! p]petuation ( ! error by ! ret5tion ( ! botanical "n ( a rec5t g5us ( plants1 = fossils ^: vegetable orig9 is v problematical1 & :i* are entirely di/9ct f _! suppos$ analogues1 ,i w\ld sub/itute t ( ,sp9if]ites1#bai a t]m simply expressive ( ! g5]al aspect ( ^! bodies2 t ( a globe or sph]e beset ) sp9es4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! fossils w be und]/ood by ! exam9ation ( a gr\p discov]$ by ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,neville ,mantell1 9 a fragm5t *ipp$ (f f a fl9t pebble2 & ,i w describe ! mode by :i* ^! m9ute objects 7 detect$1 z x (f]s a good practical lesson = ! "y inve/igator4 #bai ,f sp9a1 a sp9e1 & f]o1 to be>4 ,! *ip ( fl9t is repres5t$1 ( ! natural size1 9 ,lign4 #gg1 fig4 #a2 x 0 imm]s$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e = a %ort "t1 & !n plac$ on a piece ( glass1 & exam9$ ) a mod]ate p[]1 by transmitt$ light1 ! turp5t9e hav+ r5d]$ ! transluc5t fl9t almo/ z transp>5t z glass2 ?is appe>ance is %[n 9 fig4 #b2 ! organisms "h repres5t$ are f #a_/cjj to #a_/ejj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! half-in* object-glass 0 next employ$1 & fig4 #c gives ! result4 ,! qu>t]-in* object-glass1 & a correspond+ eye-piece1 7 !n sub/itut$1 & by ! adaptation ( a cam]a lucida1 figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f1 7 del9eat$4 ,z fig4 #e prov$ to be a new species1 x 0 nam$ aft] its discov]]4 ,! specim5s 9 fl9t1 :5 r5d]$ transp>5t & view$ by transmitt$ light "u a high p[]1 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #gh1 & #gi1 appe> z holl[ globul> bodies1 beset ) sp9\s processes1 :i* 9 mo/ species are fimbriat$ at ! extremities4 ,!re is consid]able v>iety 9 ! =m & l5g? ( ! sp9es4 ,9 ,s4 ,reg9aldi1 ^! app5dages are num]\s1 regul>1 %ort1 & relatively ?ick3 9 an elegant species discov]$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade 7,lign4 #gi7 !y are long & palmat$3 9 o!r k9ds !y are ( int]m$iate size & proportions4#bbj #bbj ,excell5t figures ( sev]al species are giv5 9 a ,memoir by ,h4 ,h4 ,:ite1 ,esq4 ( ,clapham1 9 ! ,trans4 ,microscopical ,society1 vol4 i4 p4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #gh4 ,sp9if]ites ,reg9aldi4 7,magnifi$ #ejj diamet]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #gi4 ,sp9if]ites palmatus2 9 fl9t4 7 #ejj diamet]s47 ,! app>5tly torn & collaps$ /ate ( ! body & arms ( "s examples fir/ l$ me to d\bt ! silice\s nature ( ! orig9al sub/ance2 & on my discov]y ( ! s(t p>ts ( =am9if]a 9 fl9t & *alk1 ,mr4 ,deane und]took to se>* = ! s-call$ ,xan?idia 9 *alk1 t ^! bodies might be subject$ to *emical analysis1#bba ,mr4 ,deane succe$$ 9 detect+ all ! usual species 9 ! ,dov] *alk1 by dige/+ "s *alk 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & m\nt+ ! residue 9 ,canada balsam4 ,9 ?is /ate ! %ape ( ! body is t ( a depress$ sph]e2 _m ( ! specim5s appe> to h a circul> op5+1 & ! arms or sp9es to be clos$ at ! extremities4 ,^u pressure "u wat] betwe5 two pieces ( glass1 !y 7 torn asund] z a horny or c>tilag9\s sub/ance w\ld be1 & ! sp9es 9 contact ) ! glass 7 b5t4 ,"s aft] mac]ation 9 wat] sev]al weeks became flaccid2 a pro( t !y are n silice\s4#bbb #bba ,a torn & app>5tly %runk5 specim5 f *alk1 is repres5t$ 9 my pap] on ,=am9if]a2 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahdf1 p4 #dfe4 #bbb ,memoir on ,fossil ,xan?idia1 by ,h5ry ,deane1 ,esq4 ,microscopical ,j\rnal1 #ahdf4 ,! real nature ( ^! fossils mu/ be reg>d$ z /ill undet]m9$3 _! preval5ce 9 ! *alk-fl9ts ^: =ms are d]iv$ f zoophytes1 seems to c\nt5ance ! supposition t ! ,sp9if]ites are ! gemmules or e>ly /ate ( animals ( ?is family2 b ,i h nev] detect$ any organic connexion betwe5 !m & ! porif]a ) :i* !y are associat$2 x is possible !y may be ! g]ms ( ! rem>kable zoophytes we h next to exam9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,v5triculites4 ,v5triculites4#bbc ,lign4 #hj1 #ha1 #hb4--;,at e /ep ( our review ( ! fossil zoophytes1 ,i f9d myself emb>rass$ by ! conflict+ op9ions ent]ta9$ by naturali/s1 respect+ "s ( ! mo/ abundant ( ! ext9ct =ms2 aris+ f ! imp]fect /ate ( our k z to ! /ructure ( ! orig9als1 :i* compels a comp>ison ) rec5t types1 f :i*1 p]haps1 ! fossils diff]$ ess5tially 9 _! organization4 ,?is rem>k especially applies to ! zoophytes :i* h giv5 rise to ! fungi=m fl9ts s well kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ! *alk di/ricts ( ,sussex1 z petrifi$ mu%rooms1 f _! close resemblance 9 =m to fungi3 a specim5 ) ?is "n inscrib$ on x 9 ! cab9et ( a fri5d fir/ drew my att5tion to ^! curi\s fossils4 ,9 ,lign4 #hj1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 sev]al fl9ts ( ?is k9d are repres5t$2 figs4 #c1 #f1 #h1 are fungi=m2 fig4 #g1 is ! upp] "p ( a specim51 ! /em hav+ be5 brok5 (f2 figs4 #b & #d1 are examples ( ! l[] "p ( ! zoophyte2 9 all1 !re are op5+s at ! base1 & a groove on ! m>g9 or edge ( ! upp] "p 9 :i* ! /ructure ( ! inclos$ fossil is visible2 ^u break+ ^! fl9ts1 sections ( a funnel-%ap$ body are expos$4 #bbc ,v5triculite2 f v5triculus1 a v5tricle or sac4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #hj4 ,fl9ts1 d]iv+ _! =ms f ,zoophytes4 ,f ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 ne> ,lewes2 #a_/f nat4 ,fig4 #a4--;,*oanites 787 ,turb9atus4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4--;,fl9ts1 ^: =ms are d]iv$ f ,v5triculites1 prov9cially call$ petrifi$ mu%rooms4 #e4--,spongites labyr9?icus4 #aj4--,spongites flexuosus4 ,! orig9 ( ^! fossils w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! f\r specim5s del9eat$ 9 ,lign4 #ha4 ,9 fig4 #c1 a fungi=m fl9t1 resembl+ fig4 #f1 ( ,lign4 #hj1 is se5 9 ! l[] "p ( a cup-%ap$ zoophyte2 :ile above1 & surr\nd+ ! fl9t1 ! impression rema9s ( ! reticulat$ out] surface1 deeply col\r$ by a f]rug9\s t+e4 ,9 fig4 #d1 ,lign4 #ha1 a small turb9at$ fl9t1 resembl+ fig4 #d1 ( ,lign4 #hj1 occupies ! base1 & ?ree rootlets are se5 em]g+ f x at a4 ,9 ,lign4 #hb1 fig4 #a1 9 :i* ! *alk has be5 remov$ s z to expose ! out] surface ( ! ,v5triculite1 a fl9t occupies ! c5tre at c2 above :i*1 ! radiat+ reticulat$ /ructure is spread out on ! *alk1 a2 ! base1 ) its roots1 is %[n at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ha4 ,v5triculites radiatus2 #a_/f nat4 ,*alk2 ne> ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a p]fect specim5 9 *alk1 inv]t$1 %[+ ! ext]nal reticulat$ surface2 ! apex ( ! base projects 9 ! c5tre4 #b4--,specim5 exp&$1 display+ ! inn] surface1 /udd$ ov] ) ! op5+s ( ! cells or tubes4 #c4--;,a ,v5triculite 9 *alk2 ! l[] "p inclos$ 9 fl9t4 #d4--,portion ( a ,v5triculite2 ! /em t[>ds ! base is envelop$ 9 fl9t1 & ?ree radicle processes spread f x into ! surr\nd+ *alk at a4 ,^! specim5s demon/rate t all ! fl9ts ref]r$ to1 h be5 m\ld$ 9 ! cavities ( cya?i=m zoophytes2 & t _! div]sity ( figure has aris5 f ! am\nt ( silex t happ5$ to p]meate ! organism2 if b a small proportion ( silica 9 solution 0 pres5t1 !n fl9ts1 l fig4 #d1 7 produc$2 if ! quantity 7 suffici5t to fill up a consid]able "p ( ! tissues ( ! orig9al1 fungi=m fl9ts1 z ,lign4 #hj1 fig4 #c1 & ,lign4 #ha1 fig4 #c1 7 ! result4 ,! disci=m fl9ts orig9at$ f ! exp&$ examples1 ,lign4 #ha1 figs4 #a & #b3 & :5 ! silex 0 insuffici5t to silicify ! entire zoophyte1 an annul> fl9t1 resembl+ a quoit1 0 =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #hb4 ,portions ( ,v5triculites2 #a_/d nat4 ,*alk1 ne> ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a specim51 9 :i* ! middle is inclos$ 9 a fl9t c2 ! ext]nal /ructure ( ! ,v5triculite is se5 at a1 exp&$ on ! *alk2 & ! p$icle ) its roots is expos$ at b4 ,! figures are "o-f\r? ! size ( ! orig9als4 #b1 #c1 #e4--;,*alk specim5s1 %[+ ! ext]nal /ructure ( /ems ( ,v5triculites4 #d4--;,a silice\s ca/ ( ! cavity ( a ,v5triculite cov]$ ) papill1 m\ld$ 9 ! orifices ( ! cells4 ,! =m ( ! orig9al 0 evid5tly t ( a holl[ inv]t$ cone1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t at ! base1 :i* 0 atta*$ by fibr\s rootlets to o!r bodies4 ,! out] integum5t 0 reticulat$1 t is1 dispos$ 9 me%es1 l net-"w2 & ! inn] surface /udd$ ) regul> op5+s1 app>5tly ! orifices ( tubul> cells4 ,! sub/ance ( ! mass appe>s to h be5 suffici5tly flexible to exp& & contract )\t lac]ation4 ,?is op9ion is bas$ on ! fact1 t 9 _m specim5s ! zoophyte is a ne>ly flat circul> disc 7,lign4 #ha1 figs4 #a1 #b72 & 9 o!rs a subcyl9drical p\*4 ,9 ! =m] /ate ! out] reticulat$ /ructure is elongat$1 :ile 9 ! latt]1 x is corrugat$2 h5ce ,i am l$ to conclude t ! orig9al possess$ a common irritability1 & 0 able to contract & exp& l _m ( ! flexible polypi>ia4 ,! op5+s on ! inn] surface are cyl9drical1 & v regul>2 ! fl9ts (t5 pres5t %>p ca/s ( !m1 :i* appe> l r[s ( m9ute pill>s4 ,:5 ! fl9t fill+ up ! cavity ( a ,v5triculite c be extract$1 x is a solid cone1 /udd$ ) papill1 ! ca/s ( ! cells1 z 9 ,lign4 #hb1 fig4 #d4 ,9 ! fl9ts1 ! sub/ance ( ! ,v5triculites is g5]ally z transluc5t z t ( ! ,*oanites1 & def9$ by its ri* purple1 si5na1 or grey col\r2#bbd b t[>ds ! base & m>g9 x is m or less calc>e\s2 & 9 _m examples ! :ole1 or a l>ge portion ( ! zoophyte1 is 9 ?is /ate4 ,b ?is fact does n invalidate ! inf]5ce t ! orig9al 0 flexible2 = 9 ^! in/ances ! tissues may h be5 imm]s$ 9 fluid *alk be=e _! envelopm5t 9 fl9t1#bbe ,! *alk specim5s are commonly z friable & e>?y z ! surr\nd+ /one1 f :i* !y are di/+ui%able by _! o*re\s col\r4 #bbd ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlv4 fig4 #i1 repres5ts a beautiful transv]se section ( ! l[] "p ( a ,v5triculite 9 fl9t1 ri*ly col\r$4 ,pl4 xliii4 fig4 #af1 is a pebble conta9+ ! base ( a ,v5triculite2 ! orifices on ! top h be5 produc$ by ! transit ( ! radicle processes2 = ! fossil is drawn 9 an inv]t$ position1 a common error be=e ! orig9 ( ^! fl9ts 0 asc]ta9$4 #bbe ,a piece ( sponge dipp$ 9 liquid pla/] ( ,p>is1 & aft]w>ds inclos$ 9 a transp>5t sub/ance1 z glass1 w\ld pres5t su* an appe>ance4 ,! /a9 always obs]vable 9 ! tissues ( ! *alk ,v5triculites & o!r zoophytes1 :ile ! surr\nd+ :ite lime/one is uncol\r$1 may be expla9$ by ! *emical *anges to :i* ! decomposition ( animal matt] "u su* circum/ances w\ld give rise4 ,if sulphurett$ hydrog5 7 evolv$ f ! putrify+ zoophytes imb$d$ 9 calc>e\s mud conta9+ iron 9 solution1 ! sulphur w\ld ent] into comb9ation ) ! iron1 ! hydrog5 escape1 & a sulphate or sulphuret ( iron be deposit$1 atom by atom1 & ?us imp>t col\r & p]man5ce ( =m to ! orig9al4 ,:5 ! inclos$ organisms 9 ! fl9t nodules h p]i%$1 *alc$ony1 qu>tz cry/als1 or cry/alliz$ pyrites1 sometimes ( great beauty1 are f\nd occupy+ ! cavities2 9 %ort1 num]\s modifications ( ! petrifactive process are beautifully exhibit$ 9 ^! common1 b highly int]e/+1 cretace\s fossils4 ,! species to :i* ! previ\s rem>ks m imm$iately ref]1 is nam$ ,v5triculites radiatus2 f ! radiat$ appe>ance ( ! ext]nal integum5t2 "s ( ! exp&$ specim5s are m ?an "o foot 9 diamet]4#bbf #bbf ,! read] int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! objects %\ld consult ,foss4 ,s\? ,d[ns1 p4 #afg1 plates x1 xi1 xii4 xiii4 xiv4 ,a memoir by ! ,au?or on ^! fossils1 "u ! "n ( ,alcyonium *onoides1 ) f\r beautiful plates1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,l9nan ,transactions1 vol4 xi4 #ahba4 ,! ,v5triculites are ! only organic rema9s figur$ 9 ,conybe>e & ,phillips's ,geology ( ,engl& & ,wales1 p4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #hc4 ,v5triculites alcyonoides4 9 ,fl9t4 ,lewes4 ,ocell>ia inclusa4 ,knig4 ,fig4 #a4--,portion ( ! surface ( fig4 #b1 magnifi$4 #b4--,! fossil body extract$ f ! fl9t1 fig4 #d4 #b;a4--,transv]se section ( ! same1 %[+ a c5tral spot ( fl9t1 surr\nd$ by tubul> cells4 #b;b4--,two ( ! cells ( fig4 #b;a1 highly magnifi$4 #d4--,! holl[ fl9t1 f :i* fig4 #b 0 extract$2 ! papill on ! surface1 are ca/s ( ! ap]tures ( cells4 ,v5triculites alcyonoides4 ,lign4 #hc4--,"u ! "n ( ,ocell>ia inclusa1 ! late ,mr4 ,knig#bbg figur$ & describ$ an elegant fossil zoophyte n uncommon 9 ! *alk & fl9ts ( ,sussex4 ,?is fossil is inv]sely conical1 & some:at resembles ! ca/ ( ! cavity ( ,v5triculites radiatus1 b a little att5tion w enable ! collector to di/+ui% x4 ,! fl9t t is m\ld$ 9 ,v4 radiatus1 is surr\nd$ by ! sub/ance ( ! zoophyte1 & if f\nd deta*$1 ) ! inve/+ mat]ial remov$1 %[s no /ructure :atev]1 b simply a surface cov]$ ) m9ute papill4 ,! pres5t zoophyte is g5]ally includ$ 9 a nodule1 & by a slight bl[ may be readily sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ fl9t2 x !n has ! appe>ance ( a :ite calc>e\s cone1 beset ) regul> cells1 dispos$ 9 qu9cunx ord] 7,lign4 #hc1 fig4 #b72 leav+ a conical cavity 9 ! fl9t1 :i* is cov]$ ) correspond+ em95ces 7,lign4 #hc1 fig4 #d74 ,^u break+ ! cone itself1 x is f\nd to consi/ ( a d5se reticulat$ /ructure1 f "o-eigh? to a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness 7,lign4 #hc1 fig4 #b;a71 inve/+ a solid nucleus ( fl9t1 ! surface ( ! latt] be+ cov]$ ) m9ute po9ts1 :i* are less regul> ?an ^? on ! cavity ( ! out] case4 ,! specific "n1 inclusa1 0 sugge/$ by ?is "*2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is only accid5tal1 = ! specim5s imb$d$ 9 *alk1 are simply surr\nd$ by ! /one4 ,x is ! calc>e\s nature ( ! fossil1 :i* r5d]s x s easily sep>able f ! inve/+ fl9t1 :ile its cells af=d num]\s po9ts ( atta*m5t1 & ^! rema9 z ca/s 9 relief on ! int]ior ( ! holl[ case3 ,i h n obs]v$ ! same regul>ity ( /ructure on ! inn] z on ! out] surface4 #bbg ,icones ,foss4 ,sect4 fig4 #ih4 ,! reticulat$ integum5t ( ?is zoophyte resembles 9 /ructure t ( ,v4 radiatus4 ,) reg>d to ! latt]1 ,i %\ld /ate t ,mr4 ,t\lm9 ,smi?#bbh discov]$ t ! inosculat+ fibres ( ! intimate tissue =m$ an octah$ral plexus at ea* knot or po9t ( union2 & ?is /ructure ,mr4 ,smi? reg>ds z peculi> to ! ,v5triculites1 & /ates t he detect$ x 9 all ! fossils he has arrang$ "u ! "n ,v5triculid4 ,no spicula h be5 detect$ 9 ! integum5ts4 #bbh ,on ! ,v5triculid2 a s]ies ( pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ) _m figures ( cretace\s zoophytes4 ,by ,t\lm9 ,smi?1 ,esq4 ,until m ample & satisfactory evid5ce is collect$ z to ! nature ( ^! fossils1 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce w be be/ promot$ by all[+ ! "q to rema9 sub judice1 & re/rict+ ! t]m ,v5triculites to ^? zoophytes :i* possess ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! type to :i* ! "n 0 orig9ally assign$2 namely1 a vasi=m or subcyl9drical framework1 t]m9at+ at ! base 9 a po9t1 & fix$ by radicle processes2 ! sub/ance consi/+ ( a plexi=m fibr\s tissue2 ext]nally con/itut+ a reticulat$ integum5t1 ! me%es dispos$ 9 a radiat+ mann] f ! base to ! p]iph]y2 ! inn] surface /udd$ ) op5 cells regul>ly arrang$4 ,9 ! =m] edition ( ?is "w ! ,v5triculites 7 plac$ ) ! ,polypif]a f ! /ructure ( ! op5+s or cells1 = ^! are s symmetrical1 & dispos$ ) s mu* regul>ity1 z to pres5t a clos] analogy to ! polype-cells ( a coral1 ?an to ! l>ge pores ( a sponge4 ,! d\bts express$ by _m em95t obs]v]s z to ! correctness ( ?is view1 h induc$ me to ins]t ?is notice 9 ! pres5t section2 leav+ ! true aff9ities ( ^! organisms to be det]m9$ by future obs]v]s4 ,possibly we h 9 ^! fossils ! relics ( a tribe ( zoophytes ( an ext9ct type1 t =m$ a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! porif]a & ! polypif]a2 h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i w v5ture to affirm t no "o :o _h se5 ! inf9itely v>i$ examples ( ^! fossils t ,i h1 w\ld = a mom5t conf\nd !m1 z "s naturali/s h done1 ) ! ,scyphi1 & o!r simple amorphozoa4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #hd4 ,a ,coral-polype 9 fl9t4 #ejj diamet]s4 7,se5 by transmitt$ light47 ,polype 9 ,fl9t4 ,lign4 #hd4--;,i w "h notice an exce$+ly m9ute & int]e/+ object1 discov]$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade1 9 a fl9t conta9+ ve/iges ( a ,v5triculite1 & :i* may possibly belong to ?is tribe ( zoophytes4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be rem>k$1 t !re 0 no?+ to %[ ! collocation 0 n accid5tal4 ,! draw+ ) :i* ,mr4 ,reade fav\r$ me1 is engrav$ ,lign4 #hd4 ,?is object is unmi/akeably a polype-cell1 ) "s ( ! integum5t ( ! animal protrud+1 9 ! =m ( a %rivell$ tube4 ,! possibility ( s(t animal tissues be+ pres]v$ 9 fl9t1 w n n[ admit ( "q1 z we %all %[ :5 treat+ ( ! ,=am9if]a4 ,! record ( ?is fact may load to ! discov]y ( o!r fossils ( a l nature4 ,fossil ,polypif]a4 ,sid5ote3 ,,polypif]a4 ,z we proce$ 9 our inve/igations1 ! impossibility ( rigidly adh]+ to a zoological classification bas$ on ! /ructure ( organs1 ( :i* b few1 if any1 traces exi/ 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 becomes m & m app>5t2 ! durable skeletons or polyp>ia be+ ! only mat]ials f :i* ! palontologi/ c ga!r in=mation1 relat+ to ! physiology ( ! ext9ct coral-animals :i* sw>m$ 9 ! anci5t seas1 & ^: petrifi$ rema9s con/itute a l>ge proportion ( ! second>y & palozoic calc>e\s rocks4 ,num]\s fossil g5]a h be5 e/abli%$ by v>i\s au?ors f ! ext]nal =m ( ! polyp>ium1 or ! disposition & /ructure ( ! cells2 b a slight att5tion to ?is dep>tm5t ( palontology w disclose corals :i* diff] ess5tially f ! typical =ms1 & new g5]a & species w require to be add$ to ! already ext5d$ catalogue4 ,! few g5]a select$ = ! pres5t "w1 w convey a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ?is class ( fossils4 ,to asc]ta9 ! names ( ! species he may collect1 ! /ud5t mu/ ref] to works especially devot$ to ! illu/ration ( ! corals ( p>ticul> rocks2 z = example1 ^? ( ! ,briti% ,cretace\s deposits 9 ! monographs ( ! ,palontological ,society2 ( ! ,palozoic 9 ,sil4 ,sy/42 & 9 ,pr( ,s$gwick's ,synopsis ( ! ,classification ( ! ,brit4 ,pal4 ,foss42 ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one 9 ,pr(1 ,phillips's "w2 & ^? ( ,irel& 9 ,col4 ,portlock's ,geological ,memoirs4 ,^? ( ! palozoic rocks ( ,new ,york1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,pr(4 ,james ,hall's spl5did "w on ! ,geology ( t ,/ate4 ,! fossil zoophytes includ$ 9 ?is section pres5t innum]able v>ieties ( =m & /ructure1 b agree 9 ! important "* ( hav+ orig9at$1 7) b few exceptions17 f aggregations ( ^? m9ute be+s t]m$ ,polypes 7_m-feet#bbi74 ,! common ,hydra 7,wond4 p4 #fjj71 or fre%-wat] polype1 t inhabits pools & /reams1 is a famili> example ( a free animal ( ?is k9d1 consi/+ ( a cellul> gelat9\s sub/ance1 9 ! =m ( a %ort tube1 or p\*1 surr\nd$ at ! upp] m>g9 by long t5tacula1 or feel]s1 :i* appe> to ! nak$ eye z delicate ?reads4 ,! ,polypif]a1 prop]ly s call$1 are gr\ps ( polypes1 p]man5tly unit$ by a common integum5t or axis1 ea* animalcule hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,a common support or endo-skeleton1 t]m$ polyp>ium1#bcj is secret$ by ! integum5ts1 :i* v>ies 9 its nature f a m]e gelat9\s1 or horny mat]ial1 to an e>?y1 calc>e\s1 & ev5 silice\s sub/ance1 t rema9s :5 ! polypes die1 & _! s(t p>ts h p]i%$4 ,all ! v>ieties ( corals1 c4 are no?+ m ?an ! durable /ructures ( aggregat$ masses ( su* be+s4 #bbi ,a "n d]iv$ f ! t5tacula1 or processes1 :i* 9 "s species s]ve = preh5sion1 & 9 o!rs = respiration4 #bcj ,! basis1 framework1 or endo-skeleton1 ( ^! gr\ps ( animalcules is t]m$ ! polyp>ium1 or polypidom 7polype-habitation72 ^? ( a /ony h>dness are famili>ly kn[n z corals2 ^! names1 !re=e1 ref] to ! durable sub/ance1 & n to ! animals !mselves2 b 9 famili> writ+1 ! t]m ,coral is (t5 us$ to designate ! entire liv+ mass4 ,! ,r$-,coral =ms a di/9ct g5us call$ ,corallium4 ,9 fossils1 ! polyp>ium alone rema9s1 except 9 v r>e in/ances4 ,x may "h be necess>y to notice a prevail+ error1 reg>d+ ! mode 9 :i* ! sub/ance call$ coral is produc$4 ,x is v g5]ally suppos$ t ,corals1 p>ticul>ly ^? be>+ />s & cells1 h be5 con/ruct$ by animalcules1 9 ! same mann] z is ! honey-comb1 by ! ,bee2 & ! expressions (t5 employ$ by naturali/s1 ( ! coral animalcules build+ up _! rocky habitations1 & con/ruct+ _! cells1 h contribut$ to fo/] ?is error4 ,b ! processes are 9 no respect simil>3 ! insect1 "u ! guidance ( an un]r+ in/9ct1 result+ f its peculi> organization1 con/ructs its cells2 b ! polype is incapable ( =m+1 or ev5 modify+1 its support or cell 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,! polypidom is secret$ by ! animal tissues1 9 ! same mann] z are ! bones 9 ! v]tebrat$ animals1 )\t ! individual be+ consci\s ( ! process4 ,if a piece ( :ite coral be imm]s$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 ! calc>e\s "p is dissolv$1 & ! secret+ membrane1 9 ! =m ( a floccul5t sub/ance1 is se5 atta*$ to ! undissolv$ "p2 ev5 9 "s corall9e m>bles ( incalculable antiquity1 ! animal membrane may1 9 ?is mann]1 be detect$4#bca #bca ,see ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #b4 ,f ! delicate & p]i%able nature ( _m ( ! gelat9\s zoophytes1 num]\s tribes may h inhabit$ ! seas1 :i* deposit$ ! fossilif]\s /rata1 & yet no indications ( _! exi/5ce rema92 :ile1 ( o!rs1 b obscure traces ( _! /ructure are likely to be detect$4 ,! ,polypif]a are sep>at$ into two natural gr\ps or classes2 viz4 ! ,an?ozoa 7fl[]-animals71 & ! ,bryozoa 7moss-animals71 or ,polyzoa4 ,! ,an?ozoa are polypes ( ! mo/ simple type ( /ructure4 ,! body consi/s ( a symmetrical gelat9\s sac1 capable ( contraction & expansion1 ) "o ap]ture or m\?1 :i* is encircl$ by t5tacula4 ,! ,hydra1 or fre%-wat] polype 7,wond4 p4 #fjj71 is a famili> example ( a s+le1 locomotive1 an?ozoan animal4 ,9 ! comp\nd or aggregat$ =ms1 ! body is ei!r inclos$ 9 a horny %ea? 7ex4 ,s]tul>ia1 ,wond4 p4 #fae71 or is support$ by a lamellat$ calc>e\s endo-skeleton 7ex4 ,fungia1 ,wond4 p4 #fbc1 pl4 vi4 fig4 #ae71 or ! s(t p>ts inve/ a /ony axis 7ex4 ,madrepora1 ,wond4 p4 #fbj71 or a horny flexible framework 7ex4 ,gorgonia1 ,wond4 p4 #faf74 ,! ,an?ozoa are subdivid$ into ?ree ord]s1 :i* are bas$ on ! peculi> *>act]s ( ! polypes2 ! ,hydra1 ! ,act9ia 7,sea-,anemone1 ,wond4 p4 #fbb71 & ! ,alcyonium 7,dead-m5's f+]s1 ,wond4 pl4 v4 fig4 #aj71 be+ respectively ! type ( #a4 ! ,hydroida1 or ,hydra=m2 #b4 ! ,a/]oida or ,alcyonian2 & #c4 ! ,helian?oida1 or ,act9i=m zoophytes4 ,9 ! ,hydroida ! body 9 ! comp\nd species is implant$ 9 a horny tubul> %ea?1 & ! polypidoms =m bran*$ corall9es1 :i* are fix$ by ! base to rocks1 sea-we$s1 %ells1 c4 ,! ,a/]oida h a horny or calc>e\s axis1 surr\nd$ & inclos$ by ! s(t p>ts :i* secrete x4 ,! ,helian?oids1 except 9 ! simple free species1 z ! ,act9ia1 h a lamellat$ calc>e\s polypidom1 ! plates ( :i* radiate f a c5tre4 ,! calc>e\s secretions ( ! ,an?ozoa1 especially ( ! ,helian?oida1 9 a great measure con/itute ! mass ( ! coral-reefs & coral-isl&s ( tropical seas4 ,_! polypidoms1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal1 ma9ta9 b little organic connexion ) ! comp\nd s(t sub/ance4 ,^! zoophytes increase by gemmation or budd+2 "s ?r[ up g]ms f ! disk1 z 9 ,a/read2 o!rs lat]ally1 z 9 ,c>yophillid2 & "s spirally along ! /em1 z 9 ,madreporid2 examples ( ^! modes ( reproduction are (t5 f\nd 9 fossil corals4 ,! increase ( coral-rocks is produc$ by ! cont9ual =mation ( new masses1 by ! successive g5]ations :i* spr+ up z x 7 f ! bodies ( _! p>5ts2 lay] ^u lay]1 & ti] ^u ti]1 ( ,helian?oid polypidoms1 are f\nd to compose _m ( ! corall9e lime/ones ( ! palozoic =mations4 ,fossil ,an?ozoa4--,! fir/ gr\p ( ext9ct corals to be notic$ "u ?is head is ! ,graptolitid1 a family re/rict$ to ! ,silurian rocks1 & ^: natural aff9ities h be5 mu* que/ion$2 "s palontologi/s ref]r+ !m to ! ,p5natulid1 or ,sea-p5s1 o!rs to ! ,s]tul>iad4#bcb #bcb ,= a full consid]ation ( ?is subject1 ref] to ,pr(4 ,mc,coy's ,brit4 ,palozoic ,fossils4 ,sid5ote3 ,,graptolites4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #he4 ,graptolites 9 ,w5lock ,lime/one4 7,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/47 ,fig4 #a4--;,graptolites lud5sis4#bcc #a;a4--,magnifi$ view ( a portion ( ! same4 #b4--;,graptolites ,mur*isoni4 #b;a4--,magnifi$ portion ( fig4 #b4 #bcc ,lud5sis1 f ,ludl[--to indicate ! habitat ( ! fossils4 ,graptolites4 ,lign4 #he4--,^! curi\s zoophytes ab\nd 9 _m ( ! ,silurian deposits2 !y consi/ ( sessile polype cells1 arrang$ 9 "o or two r[s to a flexible /em1 l ! rec5t ,s]tul>ia1 or ,virgul>ia4 ,pr(4 ,mc,coy ref]s !m to ! ord] ,hydroida4 ,9 a rec5t /ate ^! bodies 7 probably cov]$ ) a s(t1 or album9\s mass1 /udd$ ) polype-cells1 dispos$ 9 r[s along ! m>g9s ( ! lat]al1 curv$1 grapple-l processes1 z 9 ! zoophytes t]m$ ,virgul>ia1#bcd to :i* "o k9d be>s a great analogy4 ,if two specim5s ( ! ,graptolites ,lud5sis be plac$ toge!r1 s t ! elongat$ smoo? edges be 9 apposition1 ! unit$ /ems w be se5 to (f] a g5]al resemblance to ! axis ( ,virgul>ia mirabilis4 #bcd ,see ,briti% ,zoophytes1 pl4 xxiv4 ,m4 ,b>r&e divides ! ,graptolites into ?ree gr\ps or g5]a1 :i* are def9$ z foll[3-- ,graptolites 7prop]71 a s+le s]ies ( cells unit$ toge!r at ! base1 & adh]+ along ! sides ne>ly to ! orifice ( ea* cell1 z 9 fig4 #a;a4 ,monoprion ( ,m4 ,b>r&e4 ,ra/rites4--,! axis r$uc$ to a m]e l9e1 on :i* ! cells are plac$ at relatively wide int]vals1 & b slightly incl9$4 ,^! two g5]a are suppos$ to h be5 hydroid zoophytes1 & relat$ to ! ,s]tul>id4 ,diprion 7,diplograpsus ( ,mr4 ,mc,coy71 cells 9 two s]ies arrang$ along a c5tral axis2 ^! =ms pres5t a foliace\s appe>ance2 !y are presum$ to resemble ! exi/+ g5]a ,p5natula & ,virgul>ia4 ,graptolites h be5 f\nd 9 /rata ( ! same age 9 ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,scotl&4#bce ,i h receiv$ slates lit]ally cov]$ ) !m1 f ! ,silurian rocks ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! k9dness ( my fri5d1 ,b5jam9 ,silliman1 jun4 ,esq4 #bce ,_m species ( ,graptolites f ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks ( ! ,s\? ( ,scotl&1 are describ$ & figur$ by ,mr4 ,h>kness 9 ,geol4 ,j\rnal = #ahej1 vol4 vii4 p4 #eh1 pl4 #a4 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison rem>ks1 t ! nature ( ! /rata 9 :i* ^! rema9s occur 9 ,radnor%ire1 indicates a condition ( ! sea1 well suit$ to ! habits ( ! family ( ,p5natulid1 or ,sea-p5s2 = ! rec5t species live 9 mud & slimy s$im5t1 & ! fossils are imb$d$ 9 a f9ely levigat$ mud-/one1 :i*1 f its /ructure1 mu/ h be5 tranquilly deposit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w next describe ! s+le lamellat$ ,an?ozoa1 & aft]w>ds notice ^? corals :i* consi/ ( an aggregation ( radiat$ cells1 ei!r frondesc5t1 or dispos$ 9 solid masses4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fungia4 ,,an?ophyllum4 ,fungia 7,wond4 p4 #fbc74--,! corals ?us nam$1 f _! suppos$ resemblance to fungi1 are ( a depress$ =m1 & h ! "u surface scabr\s2 !y are divid$ above by num]\s lamell1 or plates1 :i* radiate f a c5tral1 oblong depression4 ,:5 liv+1 ! solid /ony polyp>ium is enclos$ 9 ! gelat9\s mass by :i* x 0 secret$1 & !re are num]\s t5tacula ar\nd ! c5tral cavity1 or sac4 ,^! zoophytes may be comp>$ to ! ,act9i1 or ,sea-,anemones1 f :i* !y diff] only 9 hav+ a calc>e\s axis1 :ile ! ,act9i h a t\gh album9\s integum5t4 7,wond4 pl4 vi4 fig4 #ae1 repres5ts ! liv+ animal2 & ,lign4 #ada1 fig4 #b1 p4 #fda1 & ,lign4 #eh1 fig4 #d1 two fossil species74#bcf #bcf ,fungia numismalis4 ,pict1 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxvi4 fig4 #f4 ------ polymorpha4 ,ibid4 pl4 xliii4 fig4 #a--d2 pl4 xlv1 fig4 #aa4 ,an?ophyllum ,atlanticum4 ,lign4 #hh4 fig4 #d4--;,9 ! ar5ace\s /rata ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,morton1 ( ,philadelphia1 h prov$ to be ! equival5ts ( ! ,european ,cretace\s =mation1 a s+le lamellat$ coral is n uncommon4 ,x is evid5tly relat$ to ! ,fungi1 & has be5 nam$ z above by ,dr4 ,morton4 ,turb9olia ,knigi 7,wond4 p4 #cbj74--,polyp>ium turb9at$1 /riat$ ext]nally1 deta*$1 base n adh]+2 cell s+le1 radiat$4 ,?is g5us occurs 9 all ! fossilif]\s deposits3 a small1 well-m>k$ species is frequ5tly met ) 9 ! ,galt1 ( :i* subdivision ( ! cretace\s /rata x is a *>act]i/ic fossil4 ,x is figur$ ,wond4 ,lign4 #eh1 figs4 #a1 #b4bcg #bcg ,turb9olia complanata4 ,ibid4 pl4 xxxvi4 fig4 #i4 ---------- mitrata4 ,ibid4 pl4 xxxvi4 fig4 #aj4 ,c>yophyllia c5tralis 7,lign4 #hi figs4 #a1 #b3 ,lign4 #hh1 fig4 #e74--,polyp>ium turb9at$1 or cyl9drical1 simple or bran*$1 longitud9ally /riat$1 fix$ by ! base2 cells lamellat$4#bch #bch ,monoc>ya 7( ,lonsdale71 ,dixon's ,fossils1 p1 #bdd4 ,a small rec5t species 7,c4 cya?us71 is v common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & frequ5tly se5 9 collections3 x is cya?i=m1 & ! base by :i* x is atta*$ to o!r bodies1 is broad & spread+2 ! new] t]ti>y deposits ( ,sicily conta9 ?is species 9 abundance4 ,a ,c>yophyllia1 be>+ a g5]al resemblance to ?is species1 is common 9 ! *alk1 & occurs 9 beautiful pres]vation 7,wond4 ,lign4 #eh1 fig4 #c74bci #bci ,c4 c5tralis1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxvi4 figs4 #ae1 #af4 ,c4 annul>is1 ibid4 pl4 xxxvii4 fig4 #e4 ,bran*$ ,c>yophylli are f\nd 9 ! ,corall9e ,oolite & ,dudley ,lime/ones 7,sil4 ,sy/4 pl4 xvi474 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ,coral-rag ( ! ,middle ,oolite is compos$ ( a bran*$ species 7,c4 annul>is7 ( ?is g5us2 ,lign4 #hh1 fig4 #e1 repres5ts a specim5 f ne> ,f>+don4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #hf4 ,favosites polymorpha4 7,goldfuss47 ,devonian lime/one4 ,eifel4 ,fig4 #a4--,portion ( a bran* ( ! coral2 nat4 #b4--;,fragm5t1 slightly magnifi$1 ) "p ( ! surface brok5 away bel[1 expos+ ! c5tral axis1 & radiat$ arrangem5t ( ! cells1 ) _! lat]al pores4 #c4--;,ano!r portion1 magnifi$1 %[+ ! polype-cells holl[4 ,favosites polymorpha4 ,lign4 #hf4 ,lign4 #hh1 fig4 #c4--,polyp>ium /ony1 polymorph\s1 solid int]nally1 compact1 compos$ ( a cong]ies ( div]g+ or asc5d+ p>allel1 contigu\s1 prismatic tubes1 cov]$ by pores1 divid$ by lamell1 & communicat+ by lat]al =am9a4 ,! corals ( ?is ext9ct g5us ab\nd$ 9 ! ,silurian & ,devonian seas2 ! rema9s occur ) ^? ( o!r fossil zoophytes ( t epo* 9 great numb]s1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,i h _m beautiful examples f ! ,silurian rocks ( ! ,ohio & ,niag>a1 by fav\r ( ,dr4 ,ow51 ( ,new ,h>mony1 & ,dr4 ,y&ell1 ( ,l\isville1 9 :i* ! cells are fill$ up ) calc>e\s sp>4 ,! v>i$ m>k+s on _m ( ! ,babbicombe m>bles1 & ,torquay pebbles1 are d]iv$ f ! enclos$ ,favosites 7,wond4 p4 #fdc74 ,ano!r species 7,favosites ,go?l&ica7 occurs 9 masses ( a subconical %ape1 & is common 9 "s ( ! ,silurian lime/ones4 ,a fragm5t1 to %[ ! /ructure1 is figur$ ,lign4 #hh1 fig4 #c4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cat5ipora4 ,,syr+opora4 ,cat5ipora 7,wond4 p4 #fdd1 fig4 #c74--,polyp>ium hemisph]ical1 compos$ ( v]tical ana/omos+ lamell2 cells tubul>1 oval1 t]m9al1 unit$ lat]ally4 ,! oval =m ( ! cells :5 unit$ lat]ally1 & ! flexu\s disposition ( ! lamell1 give rise 9 transv]se sections to elegant cat5at$ m>k+s1 f :i* appe>ance ! fossil has receiv$ ! "n ( *a9-coral4#bdj ,! species figur$ 7,c4 es*>oides7 9 ,wond4 is common 9 ! ,silurian lime/ones1 & sometimes =ms hemisph]ical masses m ?an a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! *a9-coral is ext5sively di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! ,silurian rocks ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,col\r$ figures ( ?is exquisitely beautiful coral are giv5 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 ,,xxxv4 #bdj ,org4 ,rem4 vol4 ii4 pl4 iii4 figs4 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,syr+opora ramulosa4 ,lign4 #hh1 fig4 #b4 7,wond4 p4 #fda47 ,^! corals be> a g5]al resemblance to ! ,organ-pipe ,coral ( ,au/ralia4 ,! polypidom is compos$ ( long1 cyl9drical1 v]tical tubes1 di/ant f ea* o!r1 & connect$ by transv]se tubul> processes2 ! cells are deep & radiat$ by num]\s lamell4 ,! ext]nal aspect ( ^! fossils is t ( a clu/] ( cyl9drical pipes1 m or less p>allel1 connect$ by %ort transv]se bran*es4 ,!y are ! ,tubiporites ( ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 :o has giv5 admirable figures ( sev]al specim5s4#bda ,9 ^! fossil corals t excell5t obs]v] fir/ detect$ ! animal membrane4 ,a slab ( m>ble1 ^: m>k+s are produc$ by ! section ( ! inclos$ tubes ( a ,syr+opora1 is repres5t$1 ,wond4 p4 #fdd1 fig4 #b4 ,! ,m\nta9 lime/ones ( ,d]by%ire1 & ( ,clifton1 on ! banks ( ! ,avon1 conta9 figur$ m>bles ( ?is k9d1 :i* are manufactur$ into vases1 tables1 c4 ,! g5us is ext9ct4 #bda ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxv4 fig4 #a4 ,syr+opora g5iculata1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxiv4 ,li?o/rotion ,column>ia 7,wond4 p4 #fda1 fig4 #h74--,polyp>ium massive1 solid1 compos$ ( aggregat$1 contigu\s1 p>allel1 prismatic tubes1 ea* t]m9at$ by a />3 cells %all[1 multi-radiate1 /elli=m4 ,species ( ?is ext9ct g5us are common 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one1 9 l>ge masses1 :i*1 f ! p5tagonal =m1 & p>allel arrangem5t ( ! tubes1 appe> l clu/]s ( m9iature basaltic columns4#bdb #bdb ,li?o/rotion /riatum1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxvii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cya?ophyllum4 ,cya?ophyllum4 ,lign4 #hg1 figs4 #a1 #b4 7,wond4 p4 #fda1 figs4 #a1 #c47--,polyp>ium turb9at$1 simple or comp\nd1 int]nal /ructure transv]sely *amb]$ or lamellat$2 cells polygonal1 radiat$1 depress$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! corals ( ?is g5us are s abundant 9 ! ,silurian rocks1 t ! seas ( t epo* mu/ h sw>m$ ) !m4 ,! simple turb9at$ =ms are (t5 sev]al in*es long1 & be+ some:at curv$1 h obta9$ ! popul> "n ( petrifi$ rams-horns4 ,^u slitt+ "o ( ^! corals v]tically1 z 9 ,lign4 #hg1 fig4 #a1 ! axis ( ! polyp>ium1 b5ea? ! cell1 is f\nd to consi/ ( ?9 transv]se p>titions1 con/itut+ a s]ies ( *amb]s4 ,9 ! comp\nd ,cya?ophylla1 ! g]ms ( "y cells1 occupy+ ! disc ( a p>5t cell1 are (t5 met )4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a gr\p ( f\r g]ms on ! p>5t cell1 ( ,c4 dian?us1 a common & beautiful coral ( ! ,dudley lime/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #hg1 ,corals f ! ,dudley ,lime/one4 7,sil4 ,sy/47 ,fig4 #a4--;,cya?ophyllum turb9atum3 an oblique longitud9al section1 %[+ at a ! transv]se lamell1 or cells1 ( ! int]nal /ructure4 #b4--,! same species4 #c4--;,cya?ophyllum dian?us3 a ,specim51 ) f\r "y g]ms aris+ f ! disc bel[4 #d4--,! same species1 ) f\r adult cells4 ,^! corals are also preval5t 9 ,s\? ,devon%ire1 & _m ( ! elegant m>bles ( ,babbicombe are figur$ by ! sections ( ^! polyp>ia4#bdc #bdc ,cya?ophyllum turb9atum1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxvi4 ------------- fungites1 ibid4 pl4 xxxviii4 ,associat$ ) ! ,cya?ophylla 9 ! ,silurian rocks1 are c]ta9 corals t atta9 consid]able magnitude1 & :i* are pr9cipally di/+ui%able by _! int]nal /ructure4 ,su* are ,cy/iphyllum1 con/ruct$ ( bladd]-l cells1 & ,/rombodes1 compos$ ( spirally contort$ lamell1 or plates 7,sil4 ,sy/4 pl4 #af7;bis71 fig4 #d74 ,o!r hemisph]ical masses1 pres5t+ on ! surface conc5tric wr9kles1 ) v m9ute pores1 are common at ,dudley1 & belong to ! g5us ,/romatopora4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #hh4 ,fossil ,corals4 ,upp] ,silurian1 ,dudley4#bdd ,fig4 #a4--;,a/rea ananas4 #a;a4--,a poli%$ slice ( ,m>ble1 =m$ ( ,a/rea p5tagona4 ,devonian4 ,torquay4 #b4--,syr+opora ramulosa4 ,mt4 ,l4 ,d]by%ire4 #c4--;,a ,fragm5t ( ,favosites ,go?l&ica4 ,ohio4 7,by ,dr4 ,ow547 #d4--;,an?ophyllum ,atlanticum4 ,cret4 ,u4 ,/ates4 7,by ,dr4 ,morton47 #e4--;,c>yophyllia annul>is4 ,oolite4 ,f>+don4 #bdd ,figur$ 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,,a/rea4 ,a/rea4 ,lign4 #hh1 figs4 #a1 #a;a4--,polyp>ium massive1 irregul> 9 %ape1 g5]ally globul>1 =m$ by an aggregation ( lamellat$1 radiat$1 %all[1 polymorph\s cells4 ,! corals ( ?is g5us are v num]\s 9 ! seas ( ! ,tropics1 & !re are _m species 9 ! ,oolite1 & old] second>y =mations4 ,! ,a/re1 ,c>yophylli1 ,cya?ophylla1 c41 =m ! pr9cipal mass ( ! corall9e lime/ones ( ! ,oolite1 t]m$ ! ,coral-rag1 f ! abundance ( ^! relics3 be+ lit]ally compos$ ( an aggregation ( l>ge corals1 ! int]/ices ( :i* are fill$ ) %ells1 radi>ia1 c41 ei!r :ole1 or 9 a comm9ut$ /ate4 ,! heaps ( ?is lime/one plac$ by ! road-side1 9 ! ,n4 ,w4 ( ,b]k%ire1 appe> l fragm5ts ( an old coral-reef1 & attract ! notice ev5 ( ! mo/ incuri\s obs]v]4 ,i h figur$ a specim5 ( ,a/rea1 ,lign4 #hh1 fig4 #a1 & a poli%$ section1 fig4 #a;a1 f ,clifton1 a locality well kn[n = ! /up5d\s mural precipices ( m\nta9 lime/one rocks1 :i* yield beautiful examples ( corall9e m>ble4#bde ,! mode ( increase ( ! ,a/rea is v curi\s2 a subdivision takes place 9 ! old cells1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,infusoria2 & among ! fossils1 a /> or cell may (t5 be se5 9 progress ( division into two1 ?ree1 or f\r />s 7,sil4 ,sy/4 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #f74 ,a liv+ polype ( ?is g5us is figur$1 ,wond4 pl4 vi4 fig4 #ac4 #bde ,a/rea ara*noides1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxviii4 fig4 #d4 ------ undulata1 ibid1 pl4 xxxviii4 fig4 #aj4 ------ ,tisburi5sis ibid4 pl4 xxxviii4 figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,a species ( ,a/rea 7,a4 ,tisburi5sis4 ,wond4 p4 #fda1 fig4 #i71 is f\nd 9 l>ge hemisph]ical masses1 completely silicifi$1 at ,tisbury1 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,! transv]se surface displays1 9 "s specim5s1 beautiful :ite radiat$ />s1 on a d>k blue gr\nd2 & 9 o!rs1 ! col\rs ( ! />s & gr\nd are rev]s$4 ,?is silicifi$ coral is obta9$ f a b$ ( *]t1 a foot 9 ?ickness1 :i* is int]/ratifi$ ) ! ,portl& lime/one1 ?is division ( ! ,oolite be+ qu>ri$ ar\nd ,tisbury4#bdf #bdf ,see ,catalogue ( ! ,organic ,rema9s ( ,wilt%ire1 p4 iv4 by ,miss ,e!ldr$ ,b5ett4 #dto4 #ahca4 ,9 ! t]ti>y clays at ,brackle%am ,bay1 ,sussex1 a beautiful small coral ( ?is type 7,sid]a/rea ,web/]i1 ,dixon's ,foss4 tab4 i1 #e71 is f\nd atta*$ to fl9t pebbles4 ,sev]al species ( ?is & ! foll[+ g5us1 p]fectly silicifi$1 are f\nd 9 ! /ate ( pebbles & b\ld]s 9 ! sup]ficial soil ( ,antigua1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 associat$ ) ! fossil palms1 describ$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w4 ,"s ( ^! corals are ( great beauty1 & poli%$ sections exhibit ! corall9e /ructure mo/ p]fectly4#bdg #bdg ,9 ! ,spongit5kalk1 at ,nat!im1 ne> ,heid5heim1 all ! corals are replac$ by *alc$ony4 ,madrepora4--,polyp>ium arboresc5t or frondesc5t1 por\s1 fix$2 cells deep1 ) twelve rays1 prom95t1 irregul>ly disp]s$ on ! surface1 & accumulat$ t[>ds ! t]m9ations ( ! coral4 ,! t]m madreporite1 or fossil madrepore1 0 =m]ly appli$ to all ! bran*$ fossil corals ) radiat$ cells1 b is n[ re/rict$ to ^? :i* possess ! above *>act]s4 ,! rec5t common species1 figur$ ,wond4 p4 #fbj1 w s]ve to illu/rate ?is g5us4 ,! elevat$1 bran*$ ,madrepores1 ) m9ute polygonal cells hav+ twelve rays1 ! lamell ( :i* are d5ticulat$1 are t]m$ ,porites1 & are frequ5t 9 ! ,silurian /rata 7,sil4 ,sy/474 ,millepora4 ,lign4 #hi4--;,coral ramose2 cells v m9ute1 di/9ct1 p]p5dicul> to ! surface1 giv+ ! int]ior a f9ely /riat$ fracture1 dispos$ irregul>ly4 ,!re are _m fossil species ( ?is g5us1 "s ( :i* are ( consid]able size4 ,a small species f ! m\nta9 lime/one is figur$ ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #g4bdh #bdh ,millepora1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xl4 fig4 #f4 ,li?od5dron4 ,lign4 #gj1 fig4 #c4--,polyp>ium bran*$1 =m$ ( deep1 cyl9drical1 elongat$ cells1 :i* are t]m9al1 & radiat$1 ) a prom95t c5tral axis4 ,l>ge masses ( corals ( ?is g5us1 compos$ ( clu/]s ( bran*es1 are imb$d$ 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,d]by%ire1 ,york%ire1 c42 & a few species occur 9 ! ,corall9e ,oolite2 _! g5]al configuration w be und]/ood by ! figure ,lign4 #gj1 fig4 #c2 b 9 ?is specim5 ! m>g9s ( ! cells are worn (f1 & d n pres5t ! orig9al deeply excavat$ =m4#bdi #bdi ,li?od5dron fasciculatum1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xxxviii4 ,!re is a rem>kable specim5 ( ?is coral 9 ! ,bri/ol ,in/itution 7( :i* a portion is n[ plac$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 9 ,london71 t 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,/ut*bury1#bej 9 a ve9 ( hematitic iron ore4 ,x is a l>ge mass1 9 :i* ! entire sub/ance ( ! coral is transmut$ into a metallic ore1 =m+ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ natural electrotypes ,i h ev] se54 ,9 ?is in/ance1 a block ( ,li?od5dron mu/ h la9 9 a ve9 or fissure ( ! rock1 & its animal membrane h resi/$ ! action ( ! gase\s emanations1 or m9]al solutions1 :ile ! calc>e\s polypidom 0 dissolv$1 & ! metallic matt] deposit$ atom by atom1 z 9 ! case ( pseudo-morph\s cry/als4 #bej ,n[ ( ,sydney1 ,au/ralia4 ,gorgonia4--,( ! flexible an?ozoan coral1 :i* f ! flabellat$ =m ( ! polyp>ium is g5]ally call$ ,v5us's fan1 & by naturali/s ,gorgonia1 a few fossil species h be5 discov]$ & det]m9$4 ,f ! friable ar5ace\s lime/one b$s ( ,mae/ri*t1 :i* ab\nd 9 corals1 f9e specim5s ( a delicate species are occasionally procur$4 ,wond4 p4 #cbj1 fig4 #e1 %[s ! "* ( ?is fossil zoophyte4 ,fossil ,bryozoa4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,bryozoa4 ,! second class ( ,polypif]a1 ! ,bryozoa or ,polyzoa1 are ( a mu* high] ord] ( organization ?an ^? :i* h engag$ our att5tion4 ,! body is n symmetrical1 nor capable ( contraction & expansion1 z 9 ! ,an?ozoa3 x consi/s ( a dige/ive cavity or sac1 :i* is b5t on itself & op5 at bo? extremities4 ,! out] integum5t is ei!r membranace\s or horny2 sometimes calc>e\s4 ,! oral ap]ture or m\? is surr\nd$ by a circle ( t5tacula1 f eight to twelve or m 9 numb]1 & ^! t5tacles are clo!d ) vibratile cilia4 7,wond4 p4 #fjf1 ! polype ( ,flu/ra pilosa47 ,! polypes 9 ?is ord] nev] occur s+ly2 !y are always unit$ by a common integum5t1 b ea* enjoys an individual exi/5ce4 ,! animal c ext5d its t5tacula & protrude ! m\? f ! cell1 b ! re/ ( ! body is incapable ( ext5sion or contraction4 ,^! polypif]a increase by g]m9ation4 ,9 _! organization1 !y s closely approa* ! mollusca1 t 9 rec5t zoological sy/ems !y are plac$ 9 t class4 ,! ciliat$ "* ( _! t5tacula has also l$ to _! be+ nam$ ,cilio-bran*iata4 ,b z x is desirable 9 a "w ( ?is elem5t>y nature to avoid conflict+ op9ions z mu* z possible1 ! fossil ,bryozoa w be consid]$ z corals1 9 ! g5]al s5se ( t t]m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,flu/ra4 ,,es*>a4 ,flu/ra 7,sea-mat74 ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #d1 #e4--,! polyp>ium is ei!r membranace\s & flexible1 calc>e\s & encru/+1 or foliace\s1 compos$ ( cells1 arrang$ 9 juxtaposition1 m or less quadrangul>1 flat1 ) a di/9ct bord]1 dispos$ on a flat surface1 or on opposite surfaces1 z 9 ! ,f4 foliacea4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common g5]a ( ! encru/+ & frondesc5t zoophytes4 ,! ,flu/ra consi/s ( a clu/]1 or aggregation ( polypes1 invisible to ! nak$ eye2 "u ! microscope1 ! polype is f\nd to be a transp>5t gelat9\s body b5t on itself1 ) a sac or dige/ive cavity1 hav+ two ap]tures1 ! ext]nal m>g9 ( :i* t]m9ates 9 eight or t5 t5tacula1 clo!d ) cilia2 ! :ole is surr\nd$ by a firm wall1 con/itut+ a cell1 f :i* ! animal c protrude its t5tacula & upp] "p4 7,figures ( ! liv+ polypes ( ,flu/r1 ,wond4 p4 #fje1 pl4 vi4 fig4 #f1 #g47 ,_m species ( ,flu/r occur 9 ! ,briti% /rata3 ! encru/+ =ms are atta*$ to e*9ites1 %ells1 c42 ! foliace\s are imb$d$ 9 *alk1 s&1 s&/one1 c4 ,9 ,mr4 ,morris's ,cat4 ,brit4 ,foss4 t5 species are enum]at$2 none ( ^! are f =mations bel[ ! ,*alk4 ,i h select$ = illu/ration a ,flu/ra atta*$ to an e*9ite f ,lewes4 ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #e1 repres5ts a small portion ( ! natural size2 & fig4 #d1 a few cells magnifi$1 to %[ _! =m & arrangem5t4 ,a foliace\s zoophyte1 app>5tly a bryozoon1 is abundant 9 ! ,sussex & ,k5ti% *alk1 & is (t5 dispos$ 9 angul> folds4 ,x is g5]ally ( a f]rug9\s col\r1 &1 f its friable texture1 x is probable ! orig9al consi/$ ( a membran\s polypidom or calc>e\s sub/ance2 specim5s sometimes ext5d ov] sev]al squ>e in*es ( ! *alk4 ,x is common 9 ! *alk-pit at ,(f ham1 ne> ,lewes4#bea #bea ,9 my ,s\? ,d[n ,fossils1 pl4 xv4 fig4 #f1 a specim5 ( ?is k9d is describ$ z a ,v5triculite1 ,v4 quadrangul>is4 ,an admirable lignograph ( a rem>kable example is giv5 by ,mr4 ,t\lm9 ,smi?1 "u ! "n ( ,bra*iolites angul>is2 x pres5ts t5 deep1 flat1 angul> folds1 & has radicle & lat]al processes2 see ,on ! ,v5triculid1 p4 #ic4 ,es*>a4#beb--;,9 ^! zoophytes ! polyp>ium is encru/+ or foliace\s1 calc>e\s & brittle2 ! cells are ?ick5$ on _! out] m>g9s1 & h a small1 depress$1 r\nd ap]ture4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 two s]ies ( planes1 adh]+ toge!r1 ! cells on ea* surface exactly correspond+4 #beb ,s nam$ f a suppos$ resemblance to an es*>4 ,species ( ,es*> are f\nd ei!r 9 fl9ts1 or atta*$ to e*9ites1 & o!r bodies2 !y h ! appe>ance ( pat*es ( flu/r1 b ) a l5s may be di/+ui%$ by ! symmetrical juxtaposition ( ! cells on ! opposite sides ( ! polyp>ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,ell5 ,m>ia ,mantell1 ad nat4 delt4 ,lign4 #hi4 ,corals f ! ,*alk & ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,fig4 #a4--;,c>ophyllia c5tralis2 nat4 7,g4 ,a4 ,m47 ,cret4 ,lewes4 #b4--;,front view ( half ! disc ( ! same4 #c4--,two cells ( ,crisia ,john/oniana4 4 #d4--,magnifi$ view ( six cells ( ! ,flu/ra1 fig4 #e4 #e4--;,a portion ( an encru/+ ,flu/ra2 nat4 ,cret4 ,*i*e/]4 #f4--;,idmonea 7,dixoniana7 cretacea2 nat4 ,cret4 ,lewes4 ,! figure on ! left %[s ! "u surface2 t on ! "r1 ! upp] surface1 ) a r[ ( polype-cells on ea* m>g93 a portion magnifi$ is giv5 fig4 #ab4 #g4--,millepora rhombif]a4 4 ,mt4 ,l4 ,ph4 ,yorks4 ,! small figure on ! left is ( ! natural size4 #h4--,pu/ulopora pu/ulosa4 4 ,cret4 ,*i*e/]4 ,! small figure on ! left1 nat4 #i4--;,homsol5 ramulosus4 4 ,cret4 ,dov]4 ,! left-h& figure1 nat4 #aj4--;,crisia 787 ,john/oniana4 7,g4 ,a4 ,m47 #bej l9e>4 ,s4 s4 ,maid/one4 #aj;b4--,two cells ( ! coral1 fig4 #aj1 se5 9 pr(ile1 4 #aa4--;,homsol5 ramulosus2 nat4 ,cret4 ,lewes4 #ab4--;,idmonea ,dixoniana2 a portion ( fig4 #f4 4 #ac4--,retepora laxa4 ,mt4 ,l4 ,ph4 ,yorks4 #ac4--;,a portion ( ! same 4 #ad4--;,idmonea ,comptoniana4 4 7,g4 ,a4 ,m47 ,*alk1 ,*i*e/]4 7,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell47 ,! small figure on ! "r is ( ! natural size4 ,sid5ote3 ,,microscopic ,,fossil ,,bryozoa4 ,crisia ,john/oniana4 ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #c1 #aj1 #aj;b4--,! m9ute rec5t corals ?us designat$ are alli$ to ,flu/ra1 b sep>at$ f t g5us by ! cells be+ dispos$ 9 a s+le s]ies1 & unit$ by connect+ tubes4 ,i notice ?is g5us to direct att5tion to a v curi\s polypidom f ! ,gre5s& ( ,maid/one1 pres5t$ to me by ,mr4 ,b5/$4 ,! specim5 is atta*$ to a fragm5t ( %ell4 ,! cells1 five ( :i* are repres5t$1 fig4 #aj1 are elliptical1 ) ! ap]ture above1 & t[>ds "o extremity2 !y are unit$ by v sl5d]1 holl[ filam5ts3 fig4 #c1 two ( ! cells se5 f above #bej l9e>2 fig4 #aj;b ! same se5 9 pr(ile4#bec ,i h nam$ ?is species ,c4 ,john/oniana1 z a tribute ( respect to ! au?or ( ! admirable works on ,briti% ,zoophytes1 previ\sly notic$4 #bec ,i ref] ?is fossil to ! g5us ,crisia ) "s hesitation2 p]haps ,hippa?oea w\ld be m correct1 b all ! describ$ species ( ! latt] are bran*$4 ,! fragm5t>y relics ( num]\s m9ute & elegant corals1 con/itute a consid]able portion ( ! mass ( "s ( ! :ite *alk /rata2 sev]al g5]a ( ^! zoophytes are figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,dixon's beautiful "w1 & describ$ by ,mr4 ,lonsdale4 ,atta*$ to ! surface ( %ells1 c41 & sometimes /&+ erect 9 little crannies1 or holl[s1 ( ! fl9ts1 _m beautiful corals may (t5 be detect$ ) ! aid ( a l5s4 ,by bru%+ *alk 9 cold wat]1 & exam9+ ! deposit1 ! /ud5t w probably discov] sev]al ( ! species figur$ 9 ,lign4 #hi1 :i* we proce$ to describe4 ,retepora 7,lace-,coral74 ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #ac4--;,a v ?9 calc>e\s polyp>ium1 dispos$ l net-"w 9 foliace\s & bran*+ plates2 cells op5+ ei!r on ! upp] or inn] side4 ,^! are an elegant tribe ( corals1 ( :i* _m species occur 9 ! ,*alk =mation at ,mae/ri*t1 9 ! :ite-*alk ( ,engl&1 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,york%ire1 7,phil4 ,york471 & 9 ! ,silurian deposits 7,sil4 ,sy/474 ,x may be useful to /ate1 t 9 ! description ( ! fossil retepores1 ! op5+s 9 ! net-"w are call$ f5e/rules--! spaces betwe5 ! ends1 dissepim5ts--& ^? betwe5 ! f5e/rules1 int]/ices4 ,a delicate fossil retepore f ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,york%ire 7,r4 flexa71 is figur$ ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #ac4 ,f5e/rella4--,cells v small1 indi/9ct ext]nally1 ) small prom95t op5+s2 polyp>ium /ony1 fix$ at ! base1 compos$ ( bran*es1 :i* inosculate by gr[?1 & =m a cup4 ,num]\s delicate corals1 =m]ly arrang$ z ,retepor1 occur 9 ! ,silurian rocks1 & h be5 plac$ 9 ?is g5us by ,mr4 ,lonsdale4 7,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #fgg47 ,petalpora pul*ella4#bed ,lign4 #fi1 fig4 #a4--,?is beautiful cretace\s coral is tubul>1 free except at ! base2 framework compos$ ( v]tical lam91 ) an int]m$iate =am9at$ /ructure2 ap]tures to ! tubul> cavities di/ribut$ ov] ! surface2 ext]ior v>y+ ) age4 ,x has sl5d] r\nd di*otom\s bran*es1 & ! polyp>ium :5 entire mu/ h =m$ an elegant plexus ( coral4 ,a lay] an in* ?ick1 full ( bran*es ( ?is zoophyte1 is expos$ on ! face ( ! *alk cliffs1 ne> ,dov]2 & beautiful masses1 sev]al in*es squ>e1 made up ( ?is coral1 ,idmonea & ,pu/ulopora1 may be obta9$4 ,! microscopic specim5 figur$ 9 ,lign4 #fi1 0 obta9$ ) _m o!r corals by wa%+ *alk ) a bru%1 & exam9+ ! detritus deposit$4 #bed ,mr4 ,lonsdale4 ,dixon's ,fossils1 p4 #bhe4 ,pu/ulopora4 ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #h4--;,ano!r v common tubul> bran*$ coral ( ! ,dov] *alk2 ! tubes are cyl9drical1 _! ap]tures are arrang$ 9 annul> or spiral r[s1 & slightly project+1 giv+ a pu/ul\s appe>ance to ! /em & bran*es4 ,specim5s cov]+ a piece ( *alk six or eight in*es wide1 & a foot long1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! example figur$ is a v m9ute bran*4 ,homsol5 ramulosus4#bee ,lign4 #hi1 figs4 #i1 #aa4--,?is delicate bran*$ coral is =m$ ( l>ge & small tubes v>i\sly int]m+l$1 bo? incl9$ 9 ! same direction1 p>tially visible on ! surface1 or :olly conceal$1 limit$ to "o side ( ! coral2 m\?s simple tubul> extremities2 back )\t pores1 compos$ ( a cont9u\s lam9a4#bef #bee ,homsol51 f 1 simil>2 & 1 a tube4 #bef ,mr4 ,lonsdale1 9 ,dixon's ,fossils1 p4 #cjg1 tab4 xviii4 ,b4 figs1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,! elegant coral1 fig4 #aa1 ,lign4 #hi1 is ?us nam$ by ,mr4 ,lonsdale2 x resembles 8 fig4 #d4 ,! fossil1 fig4 #i1 ,lign4 #hi1 ?\gh v diff]5t 9 its bran*+1 & 9 ! surface1 :i* is cov]$ ) pores1 is evid5tly id5tical ) fig4 #c ( ,mr4 ,lonsdale1 :i* he ref]s to ! same species4 ,idmonea1 ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #f4--;,9 ?is elegant coral ! polyp>ium is calc>e\s1 bran*$1 por\s2 ! cells di/9ct1 prom95t1 arrang$ 9 s+le r[s1 m or less incl9$1 on ea* side a m$ian l9e on ! inn] face only4 ,! g5us is ext9ct4 ,a beautiful species ( ,idmonea1 ( :i* a small bran* is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #hi1 ab\nds 9 ! *alk ( ,k5t & ,sussex2 x (t5 =ms a clu/]1 two or ?ree in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! surface ( ! /ems is cov]$ ) m9ute pores1 & ! cells are di/9ct1 & plac$ 9 s+le r[s2 ! left-h& figure ( fig4 #f %[s ! pla9 surface1 & t on ! "r1 ! opposite & inn]1 ea* m>g9 ( :i* is g>ni%$ ) a r[ ( cells2 a portion magnifi$ is repres5t$ fig4 #ab4beg #beg ,9 ! =m] edition ( ?is "w1 ,i nam$ ?is species ,i4 ,dixoniana1 to commemorate ! rese>*es ( my late fri5d1 ,fr$]ic ,dixon1 ,esq41 ( ,wor?+1 :o _h =m$ an int]e/+ collection ( *alk fossils1 & ann\nc$ a "w on ! ,zoology ( ! ,*alk ,=mation1 to be ri*ly illu/rat$ ) figures ( _m undescrib$ organic rema9s4 ,x appe>s t a species1 suppos$ to be id5tical1 _h be5 previ\sly nam$ by ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds1 ,i4 cretacea4 ,see ,dixon's ,foss4 tab4 xviii4 ,a4 fig4 #e1 p4 #bha4 ,mr4 ,lonsdale places x 9 a new g5us1 ) ! "n ( ,desmeopora semicyl9drica4 ,x w convey "s idea to ! unsci5tific read]1 ( ! lab\r be/[$ on ?is dep>tm5t ( palontology1 to le>n t ! description & id5tification ( b #be species ( m9ute corals1 repres5t$ on ?ree plates1 occupy n9ety pages ( close pr9t+ 9 royal #dto4 ( ,mr4 ,dixon's "w4 ,idmonea ,comptoniana1#beh ,lign4 #hi1 fig4 #ad4--,?is is a v small & rem>kable coral2 x is di*otom\s1 cyl9drical1 ) elongat$ di/9ct cells1 :i* are dispos$ 9 triplets1 at regul> di/9ct int]vals1 on "o side ( ! /em4 #beh ,?is specific "n is 9 hon\r ( ! noble & highly respect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,m>quess ( ,nor?ampton4 #ahdd4 ,we h n[ describ$ all ! fossil corals figur$ 9 ,lign4 #hi2 & h %[n :at int]e/+ organisms may be detect$ 9 a few gra9s ( calc>e\s e>?4 ,x w\ld be easy to give re/or$ figures ( ! be+s ^: /ony skeletons are ! subject ( ^! rem>ks1 f _! close resemblance to exi/+ species2 e pore & cell might be repres5t$ fraught ) life2 "h ! agile inmates1 ) _! little arms fully exp&$1 & 9 rapid motion2 !re retreat+ )9 _! recesses1 & dev\r+ ! inf9itesimal liv+ atoms t con/itute _! food2 or rapidly %r9k+ up _! t5tacula ^u ! approa* ( dang]2 ev5 _! v>i$ col\rs might be introduc$1 & ?us ! beautiful & highly int]e/+ picture drawn by ! imag9ation1 ( a gr\p ( liv+ zoophytes ( ! anci5t *alk ocean1 be pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,al?\gh1 = conv5i5ce1 ,i h select$ ! above examples pr9cipally f ! cretace\s /rata1 ! read] mu/ n suppose t o!r deposits are n equally prolific 9 ^! rema9s4 ,! ,coral-rag ( ! ,oolite1 _m b$s ( ! ,m\nta9 lime/one1 & ^? ( ,dudley & ,w5lock ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 conta9 myriads ( m9ute polypidoms associat$ ) ! corall9e masses ( :i* we h already treat$4 ,exquisite figures ( ! ,silurian corals1 by ,mr4 ,s*>f1 are giv5 9 ,sil4 ,sy/4 pl4 xv4 xvi4 & describ$ by ,mr4 ,lonsdale4 ,a slab ( ! ,dudley lime/one (t5 has ! entire surface /udd$ ) m9ute corals ( _m species & g5]a1 ly+ 9 bold relief1 & 9 an admirable /ate ( pres]vation4 ,v]ticillipora 7,lign4 #gj1 fig4 #d4 ,lign4 #gb1 fig4 #c74--;,cells pori=m1 arrang$ 9 me%es on ! surface ( convex imbricat+ plates r\nd a holl[ axis1 =m+ a fix$1 irregul>1 subcyl9drical polyp>ium4 ,lign4 #gj1 fig4 #d1 repres5ts a coral (t5 met ) 9 ! gravel-pits at ,f>+don1 7ante1 p4 #bbh17 :i* is ref]r$ by ,mr1 ,morris to ?is g5us4 ,x is compos$ ( %ort cyl9drical ana/omos+ tubul> bran*es1 emanat+ f an exp&$ base1 divid$ int]nally by transv]se p>allel plates1 cov]$ ) exce$+ly m9ute pores or cells1 dispos$ 9 me%es2 ! plates surr\nd a holl[ axis2 ! /ructure is well %[n 9 ! figure4 ,lunulites4 ,lign4 #gj4--,! polyp>ium is /ony1 orbicul>1 convex above1 concave bel[2 concavity radiat$2 convexity cov]$ ) cells1 arrang$ 9 conc5tric circles on div]g+ /ri4 ,a species ( ?is coral is (t5 f\nd 9 ! *alk3 ,lign4 #gj1 fig4 #a1 repres5ts a specim5 f ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell4 ,! natural aff9ities ( ?is g5us are n det]m9$ ) precision2 b ,i h plac$ x ) ! ,bryozoa 9 accordance ) ! op9ion ( ,m4 de ,bla9ville4 ,x is an elegant :ite coral1 & easily recogniz$ among ! m9ute organisms ( ! *alk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,fossil ,,bryozoa4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,fossil ,zoophytes4--,al?\gh ! geological di/ribution ( fossil zoophytes af=ds less /rik+ ph5om5a ?an t ( ! vegetable k+dom1 yet "s int]e/+ reflections are sugge/$ by ! facts we h ?us cursorily notic$4 ,we f9d t 9 ! mo/ anci5t seas ( :i* any ve/iges ( _! inhabitants rema91 ^! =ms ( vitality exi/$1 & produc$ ! same physical results z at ! pres5t "t2 giv+ rise to coral-reefs1 & banks ( coral-lime/ones1 & l>gely contribut+ to ! solid mat]ials ( ! cru/ ( ! globe4 ,ne>ly #djj ,briti% species are enum]at$ by ,mr4 ,morris1 & ! li/ has subsequ5tly be5 greatly ext5d$ by ! lab\rs ( ,phillips1 ,portlock1 ,lonsdale1 ,mc,coy1 ,milne ,edw>ds1 & o!r em95t naturali/s4 ,! ,t]ti>y =mations af=d num]\s species ( ,c>yophylli1 ,flu/r1 ,es*>1 ,spongia1 c42 & ! ,crag1 sev]al g5]a t are z yet b imp]fectly det]m9$4 ,! old] ,t]ti>y1 or ,eoc5e deposits1 conta9 ,turb9oli1 ,a/re1 ,fungi1 ,me&r91 & species ( o!r g5]a1 ! rec5t types ( :i* are inhabitants ( tropical seas4 ,! zoophytes ( ! ,briti% ,*alk h be5 illu/rat$ 9 detail by ,mr4 ,lonsdale 9 ,dixon's ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,fossils ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,engl&2 & by ,dr4 ,milne ,edw>ds 9 ! ,monographs ( ! ,palontological ,society4 ,9 ! ,mae/ri*t deposits1 lamellif]\s corals1 z ,a/re1 ,fungi1 ,me&r91 c4 prevail1 & may be extract$ f ! friable ar5ace\s lime/ones 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 ! ,:ite ,*alk & ,gre5s& ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,spongites & alli$ g5]a are abundant1 & associat$ ) ,c>yophylli1 ,a/re1 & _m =ms ( ,bryozoa4 ,b 9 ! cretace\s =mation ( ,engl&1 no coral-reefs are obs]vable2 ! zoophytal rema9s1 ) b a few local exceptions1 occur promiscu\sly int]m+l$ ) ! fi%es1 %ells1 ,radi>ia1 & o!r m>9e exuvi2 al?\gh _m lay]s1 or ?9 seams ( *alk & m>l1 are l>gely compos$ ( ! detritus ( corals1 l ! mod]n deposits ( ! ,b]mudas 7,wond4 p4 #fac74 ,^! ph5om5a are 9 accordance ) ! li?ological *>act]s ( ! ,:ite ,*alk /rata1 & ! nature ( its mollusca1 bo? ( :i* indicate a deep sea2 & coral-reefs are only =m$ at mod]ate dep?s4 ,b 9 regions :]e ! sea 0 %all[1 dur+ ! deposition ( ! cretace\s rocks1 b$s ( coral lime/one 7 produc$2 & ^! also conta9 littoral 7sea-%ore7 %ells1 associat$ ) ! usual sponges & zoophytes 7,wond4 p4 #fac74 ,9 ! m>9e second>y =mations antec$5t to ! cretace\s1 namely1 ! ,lias & ,oolite1 coral-reefs1 :i* appe> to h und]gone no *ange save t ( elevation f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! consolidation ( _! mat]ials by m9]al infiltrations1 demon/rate a condition ( ! ocean 9 our latitudes1 :i* is n[ only met ) 9 ! tropics 7,wond4 p4 #fad74 ,! lime/ones ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ,devonian1 & ,silurian =mations1 ab\nd 9 an?ozoan corals1 & among !m are _m k9ds ( ,cya?ophyllum1 ,li?odod5dra1 ,syr+opora1 ,cat5ipora1 ,graptolites1 c41 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ^! deposits4 ,! ,silurian zoophytes are figur$ 9 ,sil4 ,sy/42 & ! spl5did works on ! ,briti% ,palozoic ,fossils1 by ,pr(4 ,s$gwick & ,pr(4 ,mc,coy1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication1 conta9 _m admirable figures ( new1 or b imp]fectly kn[n species4 ,! ext5sive b$s ( corall9e lime/ones1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,silurian /rata1 :]ev] !y occur1--= ! lime/ones ( ?is sy/em 9 ,nor? ,am]ica are *>act]iz$ by ! same species ( corals z ^? ( ,engl&1--seem to indicate t a m equal temp]ature prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ocean1 at t geological epo*1 ?an at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! geographical di/ribution ( ! coral zoophytes is /rictly limit$ by temp]ature4 ,! reef-=m+ g5]a are n[ conf9$ to wat]s :]e ! temp]ature is n bel[ #gj2 _! mo/ prolific developm5t be+ #gf4 ,! app>5t exception1 ! occurr5ce ( coral-reefs at ! ,b]mudas1 is f\nd to dep5d ^u proximity to ! ,gulf ,/ream 7,wond4 p4 #fad71 :i* br+s d[n ! !rmal wat]s ( ! tropics1 & increases ! local temp]ature ( ! sea 9 ^? localities4#bei #bei ,mr4 ,deane's spl5did & ma/]ly "w on ,corals1 %\ld be /udi$ by ^? :o wi% to be acqua9t$ ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?is bran* ( natural hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,corals4 ,on ,collect+ ,fossil ,corals4--,few in/ructions are requir$ = ! collection ( fossil zoophytes2 = z ! mo/ important *>act]s ( ! sev]al k9ds h be5 po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s descriptions1 ! /ud5t w be able to select illu/rative specim5s = 8 cab9et4 ,! m9ute corals1 c4 ( ! ,*alk1 & o!r lime/ones1 are to be obta9$ by ! same process z t direct$ = ! discov]y & pres]vation ( ! =am9if]a1 & o!r microscopic organisms1 at ! end ( ! next *apt]4 ,! l>g] examples %\ld be left atta*$ to a piece ( *alk1 :5 practicable1 & ! surr\nd+ /one remov$ ) a knife or grav]1 s z to expose z mu* ( ! fossil z may be requir$ = ! display ( its *>act]s1 )\t loos5+ its atta*m5t to ! block4 ,:5 ! inve/+ *alk is v h>d1 frequ5tly p5cill+ ! specim5 ) v9eg>1 or dilute hydro*loric acid1 w s(t5 ! /one1 & r5d] its removal easy1 by means ( a s(t bru%3 :5 acid is employ$1 ! specim5 mu/ aft]w>ds be well r9s$ 9 cold wat]4#bfj #bfj ,x may be well to caution ! collector aga9/ employ+ sulphuric acid 7commonly call$ oil ( vitriol7 = ?is purpose1 = a :ite insoluble deposit 7sulphate ( lime7 w ?us be =m$ on ! specim51 & its appe>ance irrem$iably injur$4 ,_m ( ! fossil corals obta9$ f ! *alk ( ,dov] ,cliffs1 are s saturat$ ) muriate ( soda1 f long exposure to ! spray ( ! sea1 z to be liable to decomposition 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 & are !re=e n wor? pur*as+ ( ! deal]s4 ,! zoophytes t are 9 "p fl9t1 & "p *alk1 z ! ,v5triculites1 7ante1 p4 #bdd1 ,lign4 #ha17 c r>ely be obta9$1 except ?r\gh ! qu>rym5 :o h be5 in/ruct$ h[ to extract !m f ! rock4 ,! fir/ specim5 ( ?is k9d t came "u my notice1 ,i discov]$ :ile break+ a mass ( *alk1 9 se>* ( fungi=m fl9ts2 :51 to my great delight1 ,i f\nd ! fossil1 ,lign4 #ha1 fig4 #c1 by :i* at once1 & = ! fir/ "t1 0 %[n ! connexion betwe5 ! *alk specim5s1 ,lign4 #h1 figs4 #a1 #b1 & ! fl9ts figur$ 9 ,lign4 #h1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,^u %[+ ?is fossil to ! qu>rym51 & excit+ _! att5tion by suitable rew>ds1 ,i obta9$ ! illu/rative s]ies n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bfa ,mu* light w\ld be ?r[n on ! nature ( o!r zoophytes ( ! *alk t are inve/$ ) fl9t1 if due c>e 7 tak5 9 ! collection ( specim5s1 & !y 7 exam9$ be=e extract$ f ! rock4 ,loose1 delicate specim5s1 :e!r f ! *alk or t]ti>y /rata1 %\ld be affix$ ) /rong gum-wat] to c>ds1 or pieces ( ?9 bo>d1 cov]$ ) col\r$ pap]4 #bfa ,petrifactions1 ,room ,,vi4 p4 #dff4 ,! ,gre5s& ,spongites1 ,siphoni1 c4 may (t5 be extract$ f ! rock tol]ably p]fect1 by a well-direct$ bl[ ( ! hamm]2 b fragile species %\ld be left atta*$ to a block1 & ! surr\nd+ /one be c>efully *isell$ away1 s z to expose ! mo/ ess5tial *>act]s4 ,! ,f>+don zoophytes are1 = ! mo/ "p1 encru/$ by an aggregation ( m9ute polyp>ia1 %ells1 & detritus1 :i* may be p>tially remov$ by wa%+ ) a /iff bru%1 & _! cavities cle>$ ) a /\t p5knife1 remov+ ! extrane\s matt] by *ipp+1 n by scrap+1 or ! surface w be injur$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! beautiful specim5s figur$1 ante1 p4 #bbh1 7 develop$4 ,! ,corals 9 ! h>d lime/ones c seldom be *isell$ out to advantage2 = ! mo/ "p1 poli%$ sections be/ exhibit ! =m & /ructure ( ! orig9als4 ,wea!r-worn or wat]-worn masses ( coral lime/one (t5 display ! /ructure ( ! zoophytes ( :i* !y are 9 a great measure compos$1 9 a beautiful /ate ( sculpture & relief3 ! silicifi$ or calcifi$ corals appe>+ z p]fect z if fre% f ! sea4 ,! mural rocks ( coral lime/one at ,flor5ce ,c\rt1 ! seat ( ! ,e>l ( ,enniskill51 are 9 _m p>ts encru/$1 z x 71 ) syr+opora & o!r tubul> corals1 laid b>e un9jur$ by ! long & ins5sible effect ( atmosph]ic erosion4 ,a beautiful illu/ration ( ! old aphorism1--,aqua cavat lapidem non vi s$ spe cad5do1--is af=d$ by ! spl5did examples ( cat5ipor1 fungi1 c>yophill1 sculptur$ 9 alto-relievo on ! face ( ! ,silurian rocks ov] :i* da% ! rapids at ! ,falls ( ! ,ohio4 ,! silicifi$ zoophytes ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ^? f ,ava & ! ,sub-,himalayas1 =m beautiful subjects = ! microscope2 & *ips1 or sections1 %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ = fossil wood 9 ! same /ate ( m9]alization4 ,sid5ote3 ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,zoophytes4 ,briti% localities4--,! gravels & s&s ( ! ,crag af=d mo/ fav\rable sites = obta9+ t]ti>y zoophytes4 ,9 ! ,london clay at ,brackle%am ,bay1 a species ( ,a/rea 7,a4 ,web/]i7 is (t5 met ) atta*$ to fl9ts & pebbles4 ,9 ! ,gre5s& ( ,a!rfield1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 an elegant coral 7,a/rea elegans7 is by no means r>e4 ,! ,gre5s& gravel-pits1 ne> ,f>+don1 9 ,b]k%ire1 ab\nd1 z already m5tion$1 7ante1 p4 #bbh17 9 _m k9ds ( sponges1 & o!r porif]a2 & ! qu>ries ( oolitic lime/one 9 ! vic9ity ( t t[n1 yield ! usual corals ( ! ,jurassic =mation 9 great pr(usion1 ,i "k ( no locality ri*] 9 fossil zoophytes1 ?an ,f>+don4#bfb #bfb ,see ,excursion1 ,"p ,,iv4 ( ?is "w4 ,! qu>ries ( t division ( ! ,oolite call$ ,coral-rag 7z 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,b]k%ire1 ,ox=d%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 c471 af=d ! usual corals ( ! ,oolite4 ,! ,oolite ne> ,ba? conta9s _m species1 & l>ge masses ( a m9ute coral 7,eunomia radiata71 are abundant4 ,at ,/eeple ,a%ton1 9 ,wilt%ire1 num]\s oolitic corals may be obta9$4 ,! silicifi$ ,a/re1 ( ,tisbury1 9 ! same c\nty1 des]ve p>ticul> notice 7ante1 p4 #bfc74 ,clifton1 ne> ,bri/ol1 & ,torquay & ,babbicombe1 on ! ,devon%ire coa/1 are celebrat$ = _! corall9e m>bles & pebbles2 & _m ( ! ,d]by%ire lime/ones are equally prolific 9 simil> rema9s4 ,! ,devonian m>bles are s l>gely employ$ = ornam5tal purposes1-- z broo*es1 tables1 & side-bo>ds1--t ! figures produc$ by ! sections ( ! enclos$ corals mu/ be famili> to ! read]4#bfc #bfc ,specim5s ( ^! fossil corals1 ei!r z objects ( natural hi/ory1 or z ornam5ts1 may be obta9$ ( ,mr4 ,t5nant1 #adi1 ,/r&4 ,dudley1 ,w5lock1 & ,ludl[1 are well kn[n = ! abundance & v>iety ( ,silurian polyp>ia4 ,o!r localities ( ,briti% corals h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is review ( fossil zoophytes4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fossil ,,/ell]id2 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,cr9oidea ,,or ,,lily-,,l ,,animals2 ,,& ,,! ,,a/]iad1 ,,or ,,/>-,,fi%es4 ,! ,radiata1 or radiat$ animals1 s designat$ because ! p>ts ( :i* ! body is compos$ are arrang$ ar\nd a common c5tre or axis1 are divid$ into ?ree sub-classes2 namely1 #a1 ! ,polypif]a1 ^: fossil rema9s 7 treat$ ( 9 ! previ\s *apt]2 #b4 ! ,acalepha1 or ,jelly-fi%es1 ^: /ructures are s p]i%able z to r5d] x improbable t any ve/iges ( !m w be f\nd 9 a fossil /ate1 ?\gh impr9ts ( ! g5]al outl9e ( c]ta9 k9ds may possibly occur2#bfd &1 #c1 ! ,e*9od]mata1 compreh5d+ "u t t]m ! ,/ell]id1 or ,cr9oids & ,/>-fi%es1 & ! ,e*9od]ms1 prop]ly s call$4 ,?is sub-class is ! subject ( ! pres5t section2 x comprises f\r ord]s1 viz4 ,cr9oidea1 or ,lily-l ,animals4 ,a/]iad1 or ,/>-fi%es4 ,e*9id1 or ,sea-ur*9s4 ,holo?uriad1 or ,sea-slugs4 #bfd ,! impression ( an ,acaleph resembl+ an quorea 7a k9d ( ,m$usa71 is /at$ by ,m4 ,pictet to h be5 obs]v$ 9 a slab ( s*i/ose rock1 9 ,g]many4 ,ve/iges ( ! ,/ell]ida are among ! e>lie/ relics ( animal organization hi!rto discov]$4 ,_m k9ds ( ,cr9oidea ab\nd 9 ! ,silurian rocks1 & "o g5us ( ,/>-fi%es occurs 9 ! same deposits3 ! ,e*9id fir/ appe> 9 ! ,devonian =mation4 ,! ,e*9od]mata possess ! radiat$ type ( /ructure 9 an em95t degree2 especially ! ,a/]ioid & ! ,e*9id1 ( :i* ! common ,/>-fi%1 & ,sea-ur*91 are famili> examples4 ,! ext]nal integum5t or sk9 is 9 _m k9ds protect$ by sp9es1 7h5ce ! "n ,e*9od]ms or sp9y-sk917 & p]=at$ by num]\s =am9a = ! imbibition & transmission ( sea-wat]1 & = ! protection ( m9ute s(t tubul> processes 7call$ pseudopodia71 :i* con/itute organs ( adhesion & locomotion4 ,! fir/ two ord]s h endo-skeletons1 compos$ ( num]\s ossicula or little calc>e\s bones3 9 ! ?ird ord]1 ! ,e*9id1 ! body is inclos$ 9 a calc>e\s case or %ell1 =m$ ( num]\s plates closely adju/$ to ea* o!r2 9 ! f\r? ord]1 ! ,sea-slugs1 ! body has only a t\gh out] integum5t )\t movable sp9es4 ,div]sifi$ 9 =m & ext]nal appe>ance z are ! ,inv]tebrata ?us gr\p$ toge!r1 !y are naturally relat$ by _! organization4 ,! ,cr9oidea may be reg>d$ z ,/>-fi%es fix$ to "o spot by a jo9t$ /em2 ! ,/>-fi%es z free ,cr9oidea2 ! ,e*9id z ,/>-fi%es ) ! rays coalesc$ & unit$ into a globul> or sph]ical case2 & ! ,holo?uri1 z elongat$ ,sea-ur*9s1 de/itute ( sp9es1 & )\t a calc>e\s envelop4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cr9oidea4 ,cr9oidea4--,! animals ( ?is ord] are subdivid$ into families & g5]a accord+ to ! numb]1 =m1 & arrangem5t ( ! plates compos+ ! calc>e\s case or receptacle1 & ! /ructure ( ! arms & column4 ,9 "o liv+ family1 ! ,comatulid1 ! body is free2 & 9 "o fossil g5us1 ! ,m>supite1 ! animal is capable ( locomotion ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! ess5tial "* ( ! ,cr9oidea1#bfe--s nam$ because ! receptacle & anus ( "s k9ds resemble :5 9 repose a clos$ lily or tulip1--are well exemplifi$ 9 ! rec5t ,p5tacr9us2 ! only kn[n liv+ =m t is id5tical 9 /ructure ) ! num]\s ext9ct tribes1 t sw>m$ 9 ! seas ( ! palozoic & second>y ages4 #bfe ,f 1 cr9on1 lily1 & 1 eidos1 a =m4 ,! ,p5tacr9us 7,f4 caput-m$us1 ,wond4 p4 #fdg71 is an inhabitant ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 & b r>ely obta9$2 !re are specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#bff & 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,collection ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons4 #bff ,petrifactions1 p4 #gg4 ,?is animal has a long /em or column1 :i* is compos$ ( p5tagonal calc>e\s plates or ossicula1 articulat$ to ea* o!r by radiat$ surfaces1 & is fix$ by ! base to a rock1 or o!r firm body4 ,! column supports a vasi=m receptacle or cup1 =m$ ( calc>e\s plates 9 close apposition2 9 :i* ! dige/ive & o!r visc]a are situat$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! receptacle is cov]$ by an integum5t 9 :i* !re is an ap]ture = ! m\?4 ,f ! m>g9 or brim proce$ t5 multi-radiate arms1 :i* subdivide into bran*es ( extreme t5uity4 ,on ! upp] & inn] side ( ! arms are num]\s articulat$ feel]s or p9n4 ,! ova are situat$ ext]nally on & ne> ! base ( ! arms1 z 9 ! ,comatulid2 a family ( liv+ ,/>-fi%es1 or m prop]ly ,cr9oids1 :i* h a receptacle1 surr\nd$ by articulat$ & multi-radiate arms1 b are free animals1 be+ de/itute ( a column4 ,9 ! liv+ /ate ( ,p5tacr9us1 ! skeleton--= su* are ! specim5s 9 our museums--0 ( c\rse cov]$ & conceal$ by ! s(t integum5ts & tissues by :i* x 0 secret$4 ,! ossicula compos+ ! /em are p5tangul>1 & v num]\s2 !y h a c5tral p]=ation1 & _! articulat+ surfaces are ornam5t$ by p5tapetal\s /riations4 ,!re are num]\s side-arms s5t (f f ! column 9 gr\ps ( five1 at unc]ta9 di/ances4 ,! m\? is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( a plat$ integum5t spread ov] ! top ( ! receptacle4 ,! arms1 :i* arise f ! m>g9 ( ! latt]1 surr\nd ! m\?1 & :5 spread out1 ) _! num]\s p9n or feel]s exp&$1 =m a net = ! capture ( prey2 & are ! organs by :i* ! animal obta9s food1 & conveys x to ! m\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,cr9oidea4 ,fossil ,cr9oidea4--,! fossil cr9oids1 l ! rec5t prototype above describ$1 consi/ ( an articulat$ column1 & a receptacle =m$ ( calc>e\s plates1 & articulat$ arms or t5tacula4 ,!y con/itute two gr\ps2 ! ,encr9ites1 9 :i* ! ossicula ( ! column are subcyl9drical & smoo?2 & ! ,p5tacr9ites1 ) a /em compos$ ( p5tangul> ossicles1 z 9 ! liv+ ,p5tacr9us4 ,! petrifi$ rema9s consi/ ( ! ossicula ( ! column1 arms1 & t5tacula2 ( ! plates ( ! receptacle2 & ( ! p$uncle1 or process ( atta*m5t by :i* ! animal 0 fix$ to ! rock4 ,! p$uncle is 9 "s species flat & exp&$1 l t ( ! ,gorgonia2 9 o!rs1 x consi/s ( long jo9t$ processes4 ,^! sev]al p>ts are commonly f\nd deta*$1 & int]m+l$ ) detritus 9 ! /rata2 ?r\gh\t ext5sive b$s ( encr9ital m>ble1 ve/iges ( ! receptacle are b seldom discov]able4 ,9 "s localities ! skeletons are pres]v$ entire1 & lie exp&$ on ! surface ( ! lay]s ( %ale1 clay1 or lime/one1 z if ! animals _h be5 envelop$ by ! s(t deposit :5 alive 9 _! native seas4 ,^! rem>ks w s]ve to convey a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ! cr9oidal rema9s :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh c]ta9 rocks 9 su* inconceivable quantities2 =1 mu* z ! columns may diff] 9 =m1 ! ossicula 9 _! m>k+s1 & ! plates ( ! receptacle 9 _! configuration & ornam5t1 ! same g5]al type ( /ructure prevails ?r\gh\t ! family4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ij4 ,/ems ( ,encr9ites & ,p5tacr9ites4 ,fig4 #a4--,screw or ,pulley-/one4 ,d]by%ire4 #b1 #d4--;,articulat+ surfaces ( ,encr9ital ossicula4 #c1 #e4--;,entro*ites1 or portions ( /ems ( ,encr9ites4 #f1 #h1 #aj4--,portions ( ,p5tacr9ital /ems4 #g1 #i4--;,articulat+ surfaces ( ossicula ( ,p5tacr9ites4 ,fossil ,/ems & ,ossicula ( ,cr9oidea4--7,bd4 pl4 xlix-lii4 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlvii47--,! deta*$ ossicula & /ems are s common 9 _m places1 t !y attract$ ! notice ( ! e>li] collectors1 by :om ! s+le pieces 7 t]m$ tro*ites 7:eel-/ones71 & ! unit$ s]ies entro*ites4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& ^! fossils are call$ ,fairy-/ones1 & ! circul> p]=at$ ossicula ,sa9t ,cu?b]t's beads2 ! latt] 7 worn z ornam5ts by ! anci5t ,britons1 & are occasionally f\nd 9 tumuli4 ,^! petrifactions pres5t consid]able v>iety 9 =m1 & 9 ! m>k+s on _! articulat+ surfaces1 :i* are (t5 radiat$ & sculptur$ 9 flori=m & /ellul> figures 7,lign4 #ij1 fig4 #g1 #i1 & ,lign4 #ia1 fig4 #c1 #d74 ,! c5tral p]=ation is small 9 "s species1 & l>ge & p5tagonal 9 o!rs4 ,! ossicula ( ! ,encr9ites (t5 v>y 9 size 9 ! same column1 be+ circul> & elliptical1 & ?ick or ?91 alt]nately1 z 9 ! upp] "p ( ! column ( ! ,lily ,encr9ite1 ,lign4 #ia1 fig4 #f2 by :i* great flexibility & fre$om ( motion 7 obta9$4 ,! p5tagonal /ems also display _m modifications2 "s h five1 o!rs b f\r sides 7,lign4 #ij1 fig4 #f1 #h1 #aj1 & #ia1 fig4 #g1 #i72 9 "s ! angles are acute1 9 o!rs r\nd$4 ,pulley-/ones4 ,lign4 #ij1 fig4 #a4--,! circul>1 or p5tagonal *annel =m$ by ! unit$ ossicula ( ! column1 has giv5 rise to ! curi\s fossils call$ 9 ,d]by%ire ! ,screw1 or ,pulley-/ones1 :i* are fl9t ca/s ( ^? cavities t occur 9 ! b$s ( *]t1 int]/ratifi$ ) ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,! silice\s matt]1 :5 fluid1 mu/ h fill$ up ! *annel & inve/$ ! /em3 ! orig9al calc>e\s ossicles h s9ce be5 dissolv$1 & ! ca/s1 n[ solid cyl9d]s ( fl9t1 resembl+ a pulley1 rema94 ,! masses ( *]t are (t5 impress$ ) ! ornam5t$ articulat+ surfaces ( ! tro*ites4 ,9 ! qu>ries on ,middleton ,moor1 ne> ,crom=d1 ,d]by%ire1 :]e ext5sive b$s ( lime/one compos$ ( cr9oideal rema9s are work$ = *imney-pieces & o!r ornam5tal purposes1 beautiful examples ( ^! fossils may be obta9$4#bfg ,! cavities ( ! column & ossicles are (t5 fill$ ) :ite calc>e\s sp>1 :ile ! gr\nd ( ! m>ble is ( a d>k r$di% br[n col\r2 9 o!r v>ieties ( ! ,d]by%ire encr9ital lime/ones1 ! sub/ance ( ! fossils is :ite1 & ! gr\nd d>k grey or br[n1#bfh ,a slab ( ?is m>ble1 ) portions ( columns ly+ 9 relief1 & a poli%$ section %[+ ! inclos$ entro*ites1 are figur$ ,wond4 p4 #fej4bfi #bfg ,see ,excursions ar\nd ,matlock1 ,"p ,,iv4 ( ?is "w4 #bfh ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlix4 figs4 #a1 #c1 #f4 #bfi ,upw>ds ( #hj figures ( ,encr9ital rema9s are giv5 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ia4 ,illu/rations ( ,cr9oidea4 ,fig4 #a4--;,gr\p ( ,liv+ ,comatul2 nat4 7,dr4 ,?ompson47 #a;a4--,a s+le ,comatula ( ! same gr\p1 magnifi$4 #b4--,p5tremites pyri=mis4 ,silurian1 ,ohio4 #c1 #d4--,surfaces ( two p5tapetal\s ossicula4 #e4--;,a s+le ,ossicle ( an ,apiocr9us4 ,*alk4 #f4--;,encr9us lilii=mis2 ! receptacle ) "p ( ! column atta*$2 #a_/b nat4 ,f ,brunswick4 #g4--,p5tacr9ital /em ) f\r angles4 #h4--;,entro*ite1 compos$ ( five smoo? ossicles4 #i4--,quadrangul> /em ( sev5 ossicles4 #aj4--;,cya?ocr9us tub]culatus4 7,sil4 ,sy/47 #aa4--,receptacle ( ,b\rqueticr9us2 f ! ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,! receptacle :i* conta9$ ! visc]a is extremely div]sifi$ 9 =m1 & 9 ! numb]1 %ape1 & arrangem5t ( its plates3 ! annex$ figure #b1 ,lign4 #ib1 illu/rates ! sev]al pieces t ent] into its composition4 ,! g5]a1 or sub-g5]a1 are bas$ on ! modifications ( %ape & /ructure ( ! receptacle2 & _! names are compos$ ( ! t]m9ation cr9us1 or cr9ites 7signify+ /one-lily71 ) a t]m prefix$ expressive ( ! g5]ic "*3 ?us we h ,apiocr9us1 or ,apiocr9ites1 ,pe> ,encr9ite4#bgj #bgj ,! t]m9ation cr9us is n[ g5]ally employ$1 in/ead ( cr9ites2 ! latt] is pref]able1 z x indicates ! fossil nature ( ! specim5s4 ,a m expressive "n ?an ,encr9ite 0 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,m>t91 ( ,d]by%ire2 t ( ,/yla/rit or ,column-,/>s4 ,! receptacle be+ r\nd & inflat$1 & compos$ ( pieces articulat$ ) ! /ems1 & support+ ! arms by simil> articulations1 are ! g5]ic *>act]s ( ,apiocr9ites ( ,mill]4 ,:5 r\nd b n inflat$--,encr9us1 :5 p5tagonal1 ,p5tacr9us4 ,:5 ! receptacle is compos$ ( angul> plates unit$ at ! edges & =m+ sev]al s]ies or /ages1 x con/itutes ! basis ( ! foll[+ g5]a3 viz1-- ,platycr9us2 two s]ies1 ! "o ( ?ree1 ! o!r ( five plates4 ,pat]iocr9us2 ?ree s]ies ea* ( five plates4 ,cya?ocr9us2 ?ree s]ies ( five plates1 ! la/ ) five int]calat$ pieces4 ,act9ocr9us2 sev]al s]ies ( plates3 ! fir/ compos$ ( ?ree1 ! second ( five1 & ! o!rs ( _m pieces4 ,rhodocr9us2 sev]al s]ies ( plates t are cov]$ ext]nally ) radiat$ ridges4 ,! fir/ c\rse consi/s ( ?ree1 ! second ( five1 ! ?ird ( t51 & ! o!rs ( _m plates4 ,eug5iacr9us2 ( five pieces unit$ into "o receptacle4 ,?is brief explanation w enable ! /ud5t to compreh5d ! nature ( ! almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( figure & ornam5t :i* ! fossil cr9oidea pres5t1 & ! pr9ciples ( nom5clature g5]ally adopt$ by mod]n au?ors4 ,to attempt an enum]ation ev5 ( ! g5]a w\ld be inadmissible 9 ^! volumes4 ,! late ,mr4 ,mill]'s ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,cr9oidea or ,lily-%ap$ ,animals1#bga w af=d ! /ud5t satisfactory in=mation on ?is class ( organic rema9s4#bgb #bga ,publi%$ 9 #a vol4 #dto4 #ahba1 ) col\r$ plates4 #bgb ,a beautiful ,monograph on ! ,rec5t & ,fossil ,cr9oidea1 by ,messrs4 ,au/91 9 #dto4 is 9 c\rse ( publication1 ( :i* b eight numb]s h appe>$4 ,apiocr9us 7,a4 ,p>k9soni74 ,lign4 #ib1 fig4 #d4 7,wond44 p4 #feb47--,! ,apiocr9ite or ,pe>-,encr9ite ( ,brad=d1 f its size1 & ! abundance ( its rema9s 9 "o p>ticul> locality1 is ! mo/ g5]ally kn[n ( all ! ,briti% fossil ,cr9oids4 ,x ab\nds 9 ! b$s ( oolite1 9 ! qu>ries on ! heights above ! picturesquely situat$ t[n ( ,brad=d1 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,! receptacle1 deta*$ ossicula1 & ! p$icle1 are v common2 & 9 "s in/ances ! entire endo-skeleton1 f ! p$uncle to ! extremities ( ! arms1 is pres]v$4 ,! late ,*ann+ ,pe>ce1 ,esq41 ( ,brad=d1 by unremitt+ att5tion to ! collection ( ^! fossils1 obta9$ ! beautiful specim5s deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bgc #bgc ,petrifactions1 ,room ,,ii4 ,wall-case ,g4 ,?is ,apiocr9ite has a smoo? receptacle ( a pyri=m %ape1 compos$ ( l>ge ?9 plates ) radiat$ articulat+ surfaces2 ! /em is %ort & /rong2 ! arms are simple1 resembl+ ^? ( ! ,m>supite2 ! p$uncle spreads out into an exp&$ base1 :i* is firmly atta*$ to ! rock1 l t ( ! ,gorgonia1 & is g5]ally ( a ri* purple col\r4#bgd #bgd ,pictorial ,atlas1 pl4 xlix4 ,pulley-/ones & ,encr9ital m>bles2 pl4 #a4 ,apiocr9ites4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ib4 ,fossil ,cr9oidea4 ,fig4 #a4--;,eug5iacr9us4 ,switz]l&4 #b4--;,cya?ocr9us planus4 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 a4 ,basal plate ( ! receptacle4 b4 ,"o ( ! plates compos+ ! walls ( ! pelvis4 c4 ,co/al plate4 d4 ,int]co/al plate4 e4 ,scapula1 or ossicle t receives ! arm4 f4 ,fir/ ossicle ( ! arm4 #c4--,m>supites ,mill]i 7,g4 ,a4 ,m474 ,*alk1 ,brighton4 a4 ,! semilun> cavity = an atta*m5t ( ! arm4 #d4--;,apiocr9us rotundus1 ,pe>-,encr9ite4 ,brad=d4 a4 ,fir/ ossicles ( ! arms4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell m5tions an int]e/+ fact relat+ to ! occurr5ce ( ^! fossils 9 ! ,oolitic lime/one at ,brad=d4 ,9 ,burfield qu>ry1 on ! heights t ov]look ! t[n1 a b$ ( lime/one 0 expos$1 ! upp] surface ( :i* 0 incru/$ ) ! /ony p$uncles or roots ( ,apiocr9ites2 ^u ?is /ratum 0 a lay] ( clay1 9 :i* 7 innum]able rema9s ( receptacles & ossicula ( /ems & arms2 "s ( ! /ems 7 erect1 o!rs pro/rate1 & ?r\gh\t ! clay 7 ! dismemb]$ rema9s4 ,?is subm>9e =e/ ( ,cr9oideans mu/ !re=e h fl\ri%$ 9 ! cle> sea-wat]1 till invad$ by a curr5t load$ ) mud t ov]:elm$ ! liv+ zoophytes1 & entomb$ !m 9 ! argillace\s deposit 9 :i* _! fossil rema9s are imb$d$4#bge #bge ,burfield qu>ry1 on ! heights ( ,brad=d1 is ! locality ref]r$ to2 b ,i believe x is r>ely t any specim5s ( ! ,apiocr9ite are to be f\nd 9 an erect position4 ,i c\ld n le>n f any ( ! local collectors1 t an example _h be5 se5 by !m4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! qu>ry 9 ,june1 #ahdh1 no good section ( ! b$s 0 app>5t3 a few deta*$ plates ( ,apiocr9ites 7 ! only relics we c\ld meet )4 ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,mantell1 :5 engag$ on ! con/ruction ( ! railway ne> ,brad=d1 s\ght repeat$ly1 b 9 va91 to discov] any ,apiocr9ites 9 an erect position1 or z if ly+ on ! spot :]e !y grew4 ,! con/itu5t sub/ance ( ! ossicula & plates ( ! ,brad=d ,encr9ite is calc>e\s1 & has an oblique fracture2 ! col\r is g5]ally a light o*re1 or a blui% grey4#bgf #bgf ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 #a4 conta9s figures ( ! ,brad=d ,encr9ites4 ,sid5ote3 ,,apiocr9ite ,,( ,,! ,,*alk4 ,apiocr9us ellipticus4 ,lign4 #ic4--;,deta*$ ossicula ( ?is small encr9ite are abundant 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk2 ! receptacle is kn[n to ! qu>rym5 by ! "n ( bottle4 ,! pieces compos+ ! column are cyl9drical 9 ! upp] "p1 & elliptical & angul> 9 ! l[]1 & are articulat$ by a transv]sely-groov$ surface4 ,! two upp] jo9ts are enl>g$1 & support ! receptacle1 :i* is smoo? & r\nd 7fig4 #a74 ,! column has articulat$ side-arms1 & ! base num]\s jo9t$ processes ( atta*m5t1 :i*1 :5 f\nd ap>t f ! column1 h be5 mi/ak5 = a di/9ct type1 & nam$ ,/ag's-horn ,encr9it]4#bgg ,! specim5s figur$ ,lign4 #ic1 %[ ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ?is cr9oid2 :5 p]fect1 ?is species mu/ h borne a g5]al resemblance to ! ,pe> ,encr9ite ( ,brad=d4 #bgg ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlvii4 fig4 #ca1 p4 #aac4 ,9 ! same plate !re are figures ( sev]al specim5s ( deta*$ portions ( ! /em ( ?is species f ! ,k5ti% ,*alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ic4 ,apiocr9ites4 ,*alk1 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--;,apiocr9us ellipticus1 #c4 #a;a4--,"p ( ! elliptical portion ( ! column1 ) a side-arm4 #a;b4--,portion ( ! same1 magnifi$4 #a;c4--,! articulat+ surface ( an ossicle4 #b4--,ossicle ( ,a4 flexuosus4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny474 #c4--,portion ( ! cyl9drical /em4 ,b\rqueticr9us 7,d',orbigny74 ,lign4 #ia1 fig4 #aa4--;,deta*$ ossicles ( o!r species belong+ to ! same g5us1 or to alli$ g5]a1 are frequ5tly met ) 9 ! ,k5ti% & ,sussex *alk4 ,a common =m is t figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ia1 :i* is "p ( ! receptacle ( a cr9oid1 nam$ z above2 x diff]s f ! o!r ,apiocr9ites ( ! *alk 9 ! articulat+ surfaces ( ! ossicles n be+ radiat$1 & 9 ! receptacle1 :i* is small & pyri=m1 n hav+ a di/9ct cavity2 !re is only a m$ian canal1 :i* is se5 9 a v]tical section3 b ! entire /ructure ( ! summit does n appe> to be %[n 9 any specim5s hi!rto obs]v$4 ,encr9us lilii=mis 7,lily ,encr9ite74 ,lign4 #ia1 fig4 #f4--,?is exquisite ,cr9oid is equally int]e/+ & attractive to ! amateur collector & ! naturali/4 ,its rema9s d n occur 9 ! ,briti% /rata1 & are only kn[n 9 ! mus*elkalk ( ,l[] ,saxony4 ,! specim5s 9 ?is c\ntry are *iefly f ,erk]ode1 9 ,brunswick2 !y are f\nd 9 a lay]1 ab\t eighte5 in*es ?ick1 ( a s(t argillace\s cream-col\r$ lime/one1 *iefly made up ( tro*ites1 deta*$ ossicula1 & a few fragile %ells & corals4 ,! receptacle ( ! ,lily ,encr9ite is smoo?1 & 9 ! =m ( a depress$ vase2 its base is compos$ ( five plates1 ^u :i* are plac$ ?ree successive s]ies ( o!r plates1 ) ! upp]mo/ ( :i* ! arms articulate4 ,! /em is =m$ ( num]\s p]=at$ r\nd ossicles1 articulat$ to ea* o!r by radiat$ groov$ surfaces1 & becom+ some:at p5tangul>1 & alt]nately l>g] & small]1 t[>ds ! summit1 to :i* ! receptacle is fix$2 a con/ruction admitt+ great fre$om ( motion4#bgh #bgh ,mr4 ,mill]'s "w %\ld be consult$ = details ( /ructure4 ,?is ,encr9ite :5 ly+ 9 relief on ! rock1 ) its receptacle entirely or p>tially clos$ 7see ,wond4 p4 #edh71 s /rik+ly resembles ! bud or exp&+ fl[] ( a ,lily or ,tulip1 z to ju/ify ! popul> "n ( ,/one-lily4 ,an exquisite specim5 is figur$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son2#bgi ! ,briti% ,museum possesses "s f9e examples4#bhj #bgi ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlviii4 #bhj ,petrifactions1 p4 #gg4 ,mr4 ,p>k9son detect$ ! animal membrane 9 ossicles ( ?is cr9oid1 by imm]s+ !m 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4#bha ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,h>=d has repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) success4 #bha ,see ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlvii4 fig4 #dg4 ,sid5ote3 ,,p5tacr9ites4 ,p5tacr9ites4--,! description ( ! rec5t ,p5tacr9us caput-m$us 7ante1 p4 #bhb71 illu/rates ! *>act]s ( ! cr9oideans ^: fossil rema9s are s famili> to ! palontologi/1 "u ! "n ( ,p5tacr9ites4 ,9 ^! animals ! pieces compos+ ! receptacle are firmly articulat$ toge!r2 ! rays ( ! disk are fix$ imm$iately to ! summit ( ! column by special ossicula2 & ! /em is compos$ ( angul> pieces1 :i* are g5]ally p5tagonal4 ,! receptacle is small1 & situat$ deep betwe5 ! bases ( ! arms2 x is clos$ above by an integum5t cov]$ by m9ute plates or flat ossicles 7,lign4 #id1 fig4 #b74 ,! fossil rema9s ( sev]al species are abundant 9 ! ,lias & ,oolite ( ,dorset%ire1 ,som]set%ire1 c4 ,slabs ( lime/one may be extract$ ) ! surface cov]$ ) ^! cr9oideans1 spread out z if float+ 9 _! native elem5t2 v commonly !y are transmut$ into sulphuret ( iron1 or h a coat+ ( brilliant pyrites4#bhb ,! neighb\rhoods ( ,lyme ,regis1 & ,*>m\?1 are celebrat$ = ^! organic rema9s4 ,a small specim5 ( ! arms ( a p5tacr9ite on ,lias %ale is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #id1 fig4 #c4 #bhb ,pictorial ,atlas1 pl4 li4 lii4 ,! arms 9 _m ( ! plumose p5tacr9ites are v long & ?ickly beset ) side-arms1 & m9ute p9n1 all ( :i* are compos$ ( sep>ate articulat$ ossicles1 s t ! numb] ( bones 9 a s+le endo-skeleton ( ^? cr9oids am\nts to f fifty to "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& di/9ct pieces4 ,! ,bri>ean ,p5tacr9ite1#bhc s nam$ f its num]\s t5tacula1 is lit]ally a tuft ( articulat$ processes1 appe>+ l a delicate fibr\s plume atta*$ to a /em4 ,! ,p5tacr9us ,hiem]i is a beautiful example ( ?is type ( cr9oids1 ( :i* !re is a noble gr\p1 compris+ upw>ds ( ?irty individuals1 on a slab 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#bhd expos$ on ! surface ( ! /one 9 z p]fect a /ate z if j dr$g$ up f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! p5tacr9ites are = ! mo/ "p entire2 ! p$uncle be+ fix$1 & ! column ext5d+ upw>ds 9 g5tle undulations1 & support+ ! receptacle1 f :i* ! arms are gracefully outspread 9 v>i\s attitudes4 ,! /ructure ( ! receptacle1 & ( ! arms1 & ! extreme delicacy ( ! f9] t5tacula made up ( c\ntless m9ute ossicula1 are admirably %[n 9 ?is unique & mo/ in/ructive fossil4 #bhc ,pictorial ,atlas1 pl4 xlvii4 ,! ,bri>ean ,p5tacr9ite is fully illu/rat$ & describ$ 9 detail 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridge wat] ,essay1 p4 #dhd4 #bhd ,?is species 0 nam$ & figur$ by ,m4 ,knig 9 8 ,icones ,fossilium sectiles1 pl4 iii4 fig4 #bi1 9 #ahbf4 ,see ,petrifactions1 p4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #id4 ,act9ocr9ites1 or ,nave ,encr9ites4 ,fig4 #a4--;,act9ocr9us ,p>k9soni4 7,org4 ,rem4 ii4 pl4 xvii4 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 li47 #b4--,section ( an ,act9ocr9us1 7,mill]'s ,cr9oide1 pl4 ii47 a4 ,proboscideal protrusion ( ! plate & integum5t4 b4 ,sections ( ! fold$ or clos$ arms4 #c4--;,arms ( a ,p5tacr9ite1 on ,lias-%ale2 ,lyme ,regis4 ,sid5ote3 ,,act9ocr9us4 ,,cya?ocr9us4 ,act9ocr9us 7,nave ,encr9ite74 ,lign4 #id1 fig4 #a1 #b4 7,wond4 p4 #ehe4 ,bd4 pl4 xlvii47--,! column is =m$ ( num]\s r\nd ossicula1 possesses side-arms1 & is fix$ by root-l processes4 ,! receptacle is ( an irregul> subsph]ical =m1 ! arms pass+ (f at "r angles l ! spokes f ! nave ( a :eel2 h5ce ! "n4 ,! base is compos$ ( ?ree plates :i* support five hexagonals & "o p5tagonal1 & on ^! are ?ree o!r s]ies2 f ! upp] m>g9 ( ! la/1 five arms are giv5 (f4 ,! receptacle is clos$ by a dome-%ap$ tesselat$ cov]+ 7,lign4 #id1 fig4 #b71 hav+ on "o side ! op5+ = ! m\? & v5t4 ,! specim51 fig4 #a1 is a receptacle )\t a /em1 & ) b a few jo9ts ( ! arms2 ?is is ! usual /ate 9 :i* ^! fossils are obta9$4 ,fig4 #b is an ,act9ocr9ite 9 :i* "p ( ! brim ( ! receptacle & ( ! arms has be5 remov$ 9 front1 leav+ a portion ( ! coalesc$ arms p>tially surr\nd+ ! proboscideal plat$ integum5t t cov]s ! upp] "p ( ! receptacle2 ! figure is f ,mr4 ,mill]'s "w1 & is introduc$ to illu/rate ! /ructure ( ^! cr9oideans4#bhe #bhe ,mill]'s ,cr9oidea1 fig4 ,n4 pp4 #ih-ajj4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! plates ( ! receptacle 9 ! ,act9ocr9ites1 is g5]ally cov]$ ) radiat$ m>k+s & ridges1 s t deta*$ plates h be5 mi/ak5 = ^? ( ,m>supites2 see ! re/or$ figure ( a ,nave ,encr9ite1 ,wond4 p4 #fed4 ,9 "s species ! receptacle is ri*ly ornam5t$2 b 9 ! specim5 figur$1 ,lign4 #id1 fig4 #a1 ! surface has be5 defac$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fossil hav+ be5 imm]s$ 9 /rong acid4 ,cya?ocr9us 7,cup-l ,encr9ite74 ,lign4 #ie1 & ,lign4 #ib1 fig4 #b4--,! column is =m$ ( r\nd1 depress$1 p]=at$ jo9ts1 articulat+ by radiat$ surfaces2 p5tagonal ne> ! summit4 ,! receptacle is compos$ ( five pieces1 succe$$ by two successive s]ies ( five plates1 ) int]v5+ plates1 & supports five bifurcat+1 radiat$ arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ie4 ,cya?ocr9ites planus2 nat4 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ,clev$on4 ,! ,encr9ites ( ?is g5us h a light & elegant appe>ance3 ! =ms ( ! plates compos+ ! pelvis1 & ( ! ossicula ( ! arms1 are %[n 9 ,lign4 #ib1 fig4 #b2 :i* repres5ts a specim5 ( ,c4 planus1 f ! magnesian lime/one ( ,som]set%ire2 a beautiful example ( ! same species is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ie4 ,! receptacle resembles 9 %ape a depress$ vase2 its upp] "p 0 probably cov]$ by a plat$ integum5t1 hav+ an ap]ture 9 ! c5tre z 9 ! ,act9ocr9ites4 ,cya?ocr9ites occur 9 ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s =mations4#bhf #bhf ,a figure ( ,cya?ocr9us rugosus is giv5 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlix4 fig4 #d4 ,! same "w conta9s col\r$ figures ( ,p5tacr9us scal>is 7,goldfuss71 pl4 xlvii4 figs4 #eg1 #fd1 #ff2 ,p5tacr9us basalti=mis1 pl4 xlvii4 fig4 #dg4 ,a rem>kable receptacle1 ) ! t5tacula p>tially introv]t$1 is figur$ ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlvi4 fig4 #b1 f ,gl\ce/]%ire2 & sev]al beautiful examples ( ! arms1 t5tacula1 c4 ( ,p5tacr9ites 9 ,lias lime/one & %ale1 9 pl4 li4 figs4 #i1 #ae1 #af1 & pl4 lii4 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 f ,*>m\?4 ,rhodocr9us4 7,r4 v]us4 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlix4 fig4 #g1 #h47--;,a beautiful =m1 alli$ to ! ,ant9ocr9oids1 occurs 9 ! palozoic rocks1 & is nam$ ! ,rose-encr9ite by ,mill]4 ,! column is cyl9drical & trav]s$ by a p5tagonal canal4 ,! rays or arms arise by a s+le ossicle & !n bifurcate3 ! receptacle is =m$ ( ?ree1 five1 t51 & m num]\s s]ies ( plates1 :i* are ornam5t$ ext]nally4 ,a f9e example ( a cr9oid ( ?is type 7,hypan?ocr9us7 f ! ,w5lock lime/one1 is figur$ 9 ! ,london ,palontological ,j\rnal1 pl4 xxi4 ,9 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison's ,sil4 ,sy/4 all ! cr9oids ( ! ,silurian deposits1 !n kn[n1 are figur$4 ,sev]al new g5]a are describ$ by ,pr(essor ,mc,coy1 9 ! ,synopsis ( ,briti% ,palozoic ,fossils4 ,eug5iacr9us 7,clove-l ,encr9ite74 ,lign4 #ib1 fig4 #a4--,^! little cr9oids1 :i* resemble a clove 9 =m1 are f\nd at ,m\nt ,r&51 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ,oolitic lime/one4 ,! receptacle is simple 9 /ructure1 = x has b "o s]ies ( plates2 its cavity is v small4 ,x _h five arms3 ! articulat+ surface ( ! ossicles is radiat$4 ,:5 p]fect ?is cr9oidean mu/ h some:at resembl$ ! ,lily ,encr9ite1 b ! plates are all an*ylos$1 or bl5d$ toge!r1 :i* ,mr4 ,mill] attribut$ to an e>ly /age ( gr[?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,p5tremites ,,pyri=mis4 ,p5tremites pyri=mis 7,pe>-%ap$ angul> ,encr9ite74 ,lign4 #ia1 fig4 #b4--,! column ( ?is rem>kable cr9oid is %ort1 & =m$ ( cyl9drical1 p]=at$ ossicula1 ) radiat$ surfaces1 & has irregul> side-arms4 ,! receptacle is compos$ ( polygonal plates1 divid$ by five p]=at$ grooves or furr[s1 :i* are ( an elongat$ petal\s =m1 & conv]ge 9 a rosette on ! summit4 ,! m>g9al longitud9al r[s ( m9ute pores are n h[ev] = ! passage ( s(t membran\s feel]s1 z 9 ! ambulacra ( e*9od]ms1 z 0 =m]ly conjectur$1 b are *annels = ! transit ( vessels t supply an inf9ite numb] ( delicate simple t5tacula1 compos$ ( extremely m9ute calc>e\s ossicula1 z 9 ! o!r ,cr9oidea1 b n subdivid$ z 9 ! ,p5tacr9ites & ,encr9ites4 ,^! articulat$ t5tacula are arrang$ close toge!r 9 longitud9al r[s on ! ambulacral spaces2 !re be+ two r[s1 ea* consi/+ ( fifty t5tacula1 on e space4 ,!y are direct$ upw>ds t[>ds ! v]tex ( ! receptacle1 & appe> to be ! in/rum5ts = ! capture & conveyance ( food to ! m\?4#bhg #bhg ,see ,dr4 ,fr$4 ,rem] on jo9t$ t5tacles f\nd on ! ambulacral spaces ( ,p5tremites1 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 v4 p4 #h4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ,p5tremites1 "s ( :i* sw>m 9 ! *]ty lime/ones ( ,k5tucky4 ,mr4 ,say1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! fir/ satisfactory inve/igation ( ^! fossils1 m5tions t su* is _! abundance1 t he has obs]v$1 on a piece ( rock n l>g] ?an ?ree in*es by two-&-a-half1 above tw5ty specim5s ly+ 9 relief ,cy/idea4--,9 ! anci5t fossilif]\s /rata !re occurs a rem>kable family ( cr9oideans1 :i* is suppos$ to be re/rict$ to ! palozoic ages2 ^! fossils h be5 nam$ by ,von ,bu*1 ,cy/ide1 f ! body ( ! animal be+ :olly inclos$ 9 a cy/1 or box4 ,! receptacle is ( a sph]ical =m1 & compos$ ( polygonal plates1 articulat$ to ea* o!r2 x has di/9ct ap]tures = ! m\?1 v5t1 & oviduct2 ! orifice ( ! latt] is clos$ by valves4 ,x has a %ort p$icle1 b no arms h be5 discov]$1 & ! ,cy/ide are g5]ally describ$ z ,cr9oids )\t app5dages ( ?is k9d4 ,b 9 "s memb]s ( ?is gr\p1 !re are n only arms & t5tacula1 b likewise c]ta9 organs connect$ ) ! plates1 :i* ,pr( ,e4 ,=bes t]ms1 pect9at$ rhombs1 ! functions ( :i* are n obvi\s4 ,! arms m closely resemble ^? ( ! ,ophiurid ?an ( ! ,cr9oidea4#bhh ,?is ord] comprises sev]al g5]a1 & is ! type "u :i* ! ,cr9oidea fir/ appe> 9 ! natural records ( our planet1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 & :i* becomes ext9ct be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,p5tacr9ites4 #bhh ,see a memoir on ! ,briti% ,cy/idea1 by ,pr(4 ,ed4 ,=bes2 9 ! ,mem4 ,geological ,survey1 vol4 ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m>supites ,,mill]i4 ,m>supites ,mill]i4 ,lign4 #ib1 fig4 #c1 ,lign4 #if4 7,wond4 p4 #feb47--,! fossil rema9s ( a g5us relat$ to ! ,encr9ites1 b sep>at$ f !m by be+ unatta*$ & free1 hav+ no column ( support1 7 fir/ describ$ by ! late ,mr4 ,p>k9son "u ! "n ( ,tortoise ,encr9ite 7,org4 ,rem4 vol4 ii4 pl4 xiii4 fig4 #bd1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 xlvii472 b misl$ by ! resemblance ( "s ( ! plates to ^? ( c]ta9 species ( ,act9ocr9ites1 ,mr4 ,p>k9son suppos$ ! orig9al to h possess$ a jo9t$ column4 ,! exam9ation ( specim5s obta9$ f ! ,*alk ( ,lewes & ,brighton1 enabl$ me to det]m9e ! true *>act]s ( ! orig9al2 ! purse-l =m :5 ! arms are clos$ sugge/$ ! "n ,m>supites 7purse-l71 by :i* x is n[ g5]ally kn[n2 ! specific "n ,mill]i1 is 9 commemoration ( ! late excell5t & able au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,cr9oidea4 ,! receptacle ( ! ,m>supite is ( a sub-ovate %ape1 & r\nd$ & entire at ! dorsal extremity2 a l>ge c5tral plate =ms its base1 on :i* is plac$ a successive s]ies ( p5tagonal & hexagonal plates1 ! m>g9s ( :i* are 9 contact1 b n an*ylos$ nor firmly unit$2 to ! p]iph]y ( ?is cup are articulat$ five arms1 :i* subdivide into t5 rays1 or t5tacula4 ,! top ( ! receptacle 0 clos$ by an integum5t1 cov]$ by num]\s small semilun> plates1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 situat$ ! oral ap]ture4 ,! ext]nal surfaces ( ! plates ( ! receptacle are g5]ally granulat$ & radiat$1 z 9 ,lign4 #ib1 fig4 #c2 b 9 "s specim5s ! surface is q smoo?1 a "* :i* possibly may be specific4 ,"s examples h ! surface granulat$ & rug\s1 & ^! ,mr4 ,mill] reg>d$ z di/9ct1 & nam$ ,m4 ornatus4 ,i h n ( late ye>s be5 able to obta9 specim5s to det]m9e ?is "q4 ,! ,m>supites v>y 9 size1 f an in* to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 exclusive ( ! arms4 ,! receptacle is relatively v capaci\s comp>$ ) t ( o!r cr9oideans4 ,! c5tral plate is l>ge1 & ( a p5tagonal =m1 )\t ! slighte/ indication ( any column or process ( atta*m5t3 five p5tagonal plates are unit$ to ! sides ( ! basal plate1 & above ^! a l numb] ( hexagonals1 :i* receive ! five upp] plates t con/itute ! m>g92 ^! h ea* a semilun> depression1 to articulate ) ! fir/ bones ( ! arms1 or bra*ial app5dages4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #if4--,m>supites ,mill]i1 nat4 ,*alk1 ,lewes4 ,deta*$ plates & ossicula ( m>supites are n uncommon 9 ! ,*alk ( ,k5t & ,sussex2 ne>ly entire receptacles1 fill$ ) *alk or fl9t1 are occasionally f\nd 9 ! pits ne> ,lewes & ,brighton2 b examples ) rema9s ( ! arms are extremely r>e2 & ,i h se5 b "o specim5 7:i* ,i collect$ f ! ,sussex *alk71 9 :i* ! plates ( ! integum5t t cov]$ ! op5+ ( ! receptacle are pres]v$4#bhi #bhi ,x is figur$ 9 my ,s\? ,d4 ,foss4 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #f4 ,! ,m>supite is an exce$+ly int]e/+ type1 9 a zoological po9t ( view1 s9ce x =ms a l9k t unites ! ,cr9oidea ) ! ,comatul1 or fea!r-/>s1 :i* we %all pres5tly notice4 ,its g5]al =m & habits are suffici5tly indicat$ by ! num]\s specim5s t h be5 collect$ 9 ! ,*alk ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,! body ( ! animal 0 inclos$ 9 a cru/ace\s case =m$ ( l>ge plates1 articulat$ to ea* o!r by suture2 ! m\? or oral ap]ture 0 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! plat$ integum5tal cov] ( ! receptacle4 ,! organs ( locomotion & preh5sion consi/$ ( five arms or bra*ial app5dages1 =m$ ( ossicula z 9 ! cr9oidea1 & ! :ole 0 inve/$ ) s(t tissue or integum5ts4 ,:5 float+ 9 ! wat]1 ! creature c\ld spread out its t5tacula1 & =m a net to capture its prey1 & by clos+ !m1 secure x1 & convey x to its m\?4 ,! figure1 ,lign4 #if1 is re/or$ f specim5s :i* sep>ately exhibit ! p>ts "h repres5t$ 9 connexion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fossil ,a/]iad4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,a/]iad4 ,! radiat$ animals1 popul>ly call$ ,/>-fi%es1 f _! /ellul> =ms1 are s abundant on our coa/s1 t ! common five-ray$ species mu/ be famili> to all my read]s :o indulge 9 rambles on ! sea-%ore1 & w s]ve z an illu/ration ( ! g5]al appe>ance & /ructure ( ! be+s ^: petrifi$ rema9s n[ claim our att5tion4 ,?is species belongs to ! division ( ,a/]iad1 9 :i* ! rays are elongat$1 & f> exce$ 9 l5g? ! diamet] ( ! disk2 9 ano!r gr\p 7,gonia/ea1 or ,cu%ion-/>71 ! body is angul>1 & ! lobes or rays are %ort1 & n long] ?an ! diamet]2 :ile 9 a ?ird subdivision 7,comatula & ,ophiura71 ! arms are di/9ct f ! body1 & articulat$1 elongat$1 & ramifi$1 z 9 ! ,cr9oidea4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! common ,/>-fi% is s(t1 & atta*$ to a t\gh coriace\s integum5t1 inve/+ a skeleton compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( calc>e\s ossicula1 arrang$ 9 regul> s]ies along ! m>g9s ( ! rays4 ,ea* ray has a longitud9al furr[1 p]=at$ at ! sides by alt]nat+ r[s ( pores1 ?r\gh :i* tubul> t5tacula are protrud$4 ,! m\? is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! "u surface4 ,n[ if we imag9e a ,/>-fi% plac$ ) its m\? upw>ds1 & ! five rays fr+$ ) long articulat$ t5tacula1 z 9 ! ,comatula1 & fix$ by ! c5tre ( its dorsal surface ^u a jo9t$ /em1 we %all h ! ess5tial *>act]s ( a cr9oidean2 & ! animals ( "o rec5t tribe ( ,a/]iad are actually 9 ?is condition 9 ! e>li] /age ( _! exi/5ce3 ^! are ! ,comatul1 or ,fea!r-/>s1 9 "s ( :i* 7! ,euryale71 ! arms are z num]\sly subdivid$ z 9 ! ,p5tacr9ites4#bij #bij ,! read] int]e/$ 9 ?is subject %\ld p]use ! *>m+ volume on ,briti% ,/>-fi%es & o!r ,e*9od]ms1 by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,john ,van ,voor/4 #ahda4 ,f ! importance ( ! ,cr9oidea 9 ! economy ( ! anci5t _w1 ! hi/ory ( ! only type at pres5t inhabit+ ,europe1 ! anci5t seas ( :i* sw>m$ ) num]\s =ms ( ^! beautiful creatures1 pres5ts _m po9ts ( int]e/4 ,! receptacle ( ! s(t body ( ! ,comatula1 l t ( ! ,cr9oideans1 consi/s ( a cup-%ap$ calc>e\s base1 :i* s5ds (f f its m>g9 five arms1 t quickly subdivide1 & are beset on ea* side ) r[s ( articulat$ p9n2 on ! convexity !re are also num]\s sl5d]1 jo9t$1 simple1 t5tacula4 ,! m\? is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! area surr\nd$ by ! arms1 & is capable ( be+ elongat$ into a proboscis4 ,9 ! "y /ate1 ! ,comatul are atta*$ by a jo9t$ /em to o!r bodies1 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #ia1 fig4 #a1 :i* repres5ts sev]al ( ! natural size2 fig4 #a;a is an enl>g$ view ( an individual1 & closely resembles an exp&$ ,cr9oidean4 ,! /em is compos$ ( ab\t eighte5 jo9ts1 :i* are p5tangul>2 aft] a few weeks ! ,fea!r-/> becomes deta*$ f its p$uncle1 & ranges ! sea 9 fre$om4#bia #bia ,! rese>*es ( ,j4 ,v4 ,?ompson1 ,esq4 fir/ br\ght to light ^! int]e/+ facts 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,comatula2 ?is em95t naturali/ fir/ obs]v$ p$unculat$ ,comatul 9 ! ,cove ( ,cork4 ,:5 ?is discov]y 0 fir/ made kn[n to me1 ,i suspect$ t ! ,m>supite might h be5 p$unculat$ :5 "y2 b z v small specim5s ( ?is ,cr9oid are equally free f all traces ( a /em z ! adult1 ,i 0 l$ to rel9qui% t op9ion3 /ill ! collector1 :5 se>*+ = ,cr9oidean rema9s1 %\ld be> 9 m9d ! possibility ( ?is hav+ be5 ! case4 ,9 ! ,comatulid1 ! arms are di/9ct f ! body2 ^! animals !re=e closely approa* ! ,cr9oideans3 9 ! true ,/>-fi%1 ! angul> processes1 or arms1 are an integral "p ( ! body1 conta9+ a portion ( ! /oma*1 ova1 c41 & are furni%$ ) r[s ( pseudopodia4 ,fossil ,comatul h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,sol5h(5 slate2 & x is n improbable t "s ( ! num]\s ,cr9oideans may be ,a/]iad 9 ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 ano!r gr\p1 ,a/]iad1 7nam$ ,ophiur or ,s]p5t-/>s17 ! rays are long & sl5d]1 & )\t grooves or t5tacula1 & are di/9ct f ! body4 ,^! organs are extremely flexu\s1 & 9 "s species beset ) sp9es1 & enable ! animal to seize & entw9e r\nd its prey4 ,! m\? is c5tral1 & !re is an ov>ian ap]ture at ! base ( ea* ( ! five arms4 ,?\gh ! fossil ,/>-fi%es comprise _m ext9ct g5]a1 !y belong to ! same families z ! rec5t2 & ,comatul1 ,ophiur1 & ,a/]iad1 occur 9 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 & ,*alk1 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes has det]m9$ _m ( ! ,briti% species1 & x is to be hop$1 w publi% a monograph on ! ,fossil ,a/]iad1 z a companion to 8 delightful "w on ! rec5t ,/>-fi%es4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,ossicula ,,( ,,/>-,,fi%es4 ,fossil ,ossicula ( ,/>-fi%es4--,f ! imm5se numb] ( little bones :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! skeleton ( a s+le ,/>-fi%1 & :i* are b slightly held toge!r aft] ! dea? ( ! animal & ! decomposition ( ! s(t p>ts1 we c und]/& h[ lay] ^u lay] ( ossicula ( ,a/]iad may h be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! cretace\s seas2 z we f9d !m 9 ! qu>ries ne> ,arundel1 ,wor?+1 c4 ,:oev] has witness$ ! haul+ up ( ! dr$ge (f our coa/s1 & se5 ! mass ( liv+ ,/>-fi%es :i* x br+s up1 z if ! sea-bottom 7 a liv+ bank ( ^! ,radiata1 w n be surpris$ at ! va/ quantities ( _! fossil rema9s4 ,?is pr(usion ( ! liv+ animals ( ?is family1 s]ves also to acc\nt = ! enorm\s am\nt ( ^? k9dr$ b ext9ct =ms1 ^: relics 7 ! subject ( inve/igation 9 ! =m] "p ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,! ossicula v>y 9 %ape 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! skeleton1 & ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes affirms1 t ! c>eful det]m9ation ( _! *>act]s is ( great importance1 s9ce !y are ! only pa9ts ( ! animals likely to be pres]v$1 & ! %ape ( an ossicle is z truly indicative ( a g5us or species1 z is t ( a bone among ! v]tebrata4 ,!re is "o ossicle situat$ on ! side ( ! c5tre ( ! disk1 :i* is wor?y ( rem>k1 because x (t5 occurs 9 ! *alk m+l$ ) ! debris ( ! re/ ( ! skeleton1 & %\ld be pres]v$ by ! collector4 ,x diff]s f all ! o!r bones 9 be+ m>k$ ) radiat+ grooves1 & is call$ ! madrepori=m tub]cle2 x appe>s to be ! analogue ( ! /em ( ! ,cr9oide1 9 o!r words1 a rudim5tal condition ( an organ1 :i* is fully develop$ 9 t ord] ( radiata4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ophiura4 ,ophiura4 ,lign4 #ig1 fig4 #a4--,sev]al species ( ?is g5us1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! long1 sl5d]1 s]p5t-l arms1 & ! circul> disk cov]$ ) plates & sp9es1 h be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate3 "o species 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian deposits by ,pr(4 ,s$gwick1 & o!r =ms h be5 obta9$ f all ! succe$+ =mations4 ,! ,lias ne> ,lyme ,regis & ,*>m\? has yield$ _m beautiful examples ( ,ophiura ,eg]toni4 ,pr(essor ,john ,phillips has figur$ a species 7,oph4 ,mill]i1 ,geol4 ,york1 pl4 xiii47 f ! m>l/one ( ,york%ire1 & a species f ! ,ox=d ,clay has be5 describ$ z ,ophiura ,prattii4 ,9 ! ,cretace\s =mation1 rema9s ( sev]al species h be5 f\nd4 ,! fir/ specim5 f ! ,sussex ,*alk t came "u my notice1 0 discov]$ _m ye>s s9ce1 by my son1 9 a qu>ry at ,pre/on1 ne> ,brighton2 ! rays 7 admirably pres]v$1 z %[n 9 ! portion figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ig4 ,an example ( ?is species1 ) ! disk entire1 & portions ( five arms1 0 f\nd by ,h5ry ,catt1 ,esq4 & is repres5t$ 9 pl4 xxiii4 fig4 #b1 ( ,mr4 ,dixon's "w4,,kf #bib ,?ree plates are devot$ to ! ,cretace\s ,/>-fi%es3 ! descriptions by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes comprise tw5ty-five species1 belong+ to ! g5]a ,orea/]1 ,gonia/]1 ,/ella/]1 ,ar?ra/]1 & ,ophiura1 all f ! ,*alk ( ,sussex & ,k5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ig4 ,fossil rema9s ( ,/>-fi%es4 ,fig4 #a;a4--,"p ( ! ray ( ,ophiura s]rata2 nat4 ,*alk1 ,pre/on4 7,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell47 #a4--,portion ( ! same magnifi$4 #b4--;,gonia/] ,hunt]i4 ,*alk4 ,graves5d4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gonia/]--,,a/]ias4 ,gonia/]4 ,lign4 #ig & #ih4--,! />-fi%es ( ?is g5us1 popul>ly call$ ,cu%ion-/>s1 are ( a p5tagonal =m1 & h a d\ble s]ies ( l>ge m>g9al plates1 be>+ granules or sp9es2 ! latt] are seldom pres]v$ 9 ! fossils4 ,! upp] surface is nodulose4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ih4 ,fossil ,/>-fi%4 ,*alk1 ,k5t4 ,gonia/] ,mantelli4 7sp ,=bes4#bic7 #bic ,dixon's ,cret4 ,foss4 p4 #ccb4 ,! deta*$ ossicula ( ! skeletons ( ,cu%ion-/>s are frequ5t 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk2 & ! l>ge c5tral bone1 ! madrepori=m tub]cle1 :i* is pres5t 9 ! dorsal aspect ( all />-fi%es1 is l>ge1 & !re=e (t5 obs]v$1 & may be easily mi/ak5 = ! base ( a cr9oidean receptacle4 ,! lay]s 9 ! ,sussex ,*alk compos$ ( ! exuvi ( />-fi%es1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 are *iefly made up ( ossicula ( gonia/]s4 ,!re are two species n uncommon 9 ! ,*alk1 ( :i* portions may g5]ally be obta9$ f ! pits ne> ,graves5d2 & occasionally v f9e examples ( ! entire gonia/] are met )4 ,mr4 ,dixon's "w conta9s figures ( sev]al exquisite fossils ( ?is k9d4 ,^! organic rema9s 7 famili> to ! e>ly collectors3 ,mr4 ,p>k9son figures sev]al 9 ,org4 ,rem4 vol4 iii4 pl4 i4 & ii4#bid #bid ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 liii4 ,gonia/] ,hunt]i 7,lign4 #ig71 has ! body obtusely p5tagonal1 & ! sides ne>ly /raight2 ! sup]ior int]m$iate m>g9al plates are f\r1 equal1 broadly oblong1 co>sely mamillato-punctate2 ! ossicula ( ! disk hexagonal4#bie ,?is species is common 9 ! upp] *alk4 #bie ,pr(4 ,=bes1 ,dixon's ,cret4 ,foss4 p4 #cca4 ,9 ,gonia/] ,mantelli1 ,lign4 #ih1 ! body is p5tagonal1 b ! sides are curv$1 ) project+ angles2 ! ossicula ( ! disk are punctat$4 ,! sup]ior int]m$iate m>g9al plates are oblong1 n>r[1 punctate1 m>g9ate1 & six 9 numb]4#bif #bif ,ibid4 p4 #ccb4 ,specim5s ( ^! ,gonia/]s are sometimes met ) atta*$ to a nodule ( fl9t1 9 an extraord9>y /ate ( fre%ness2 %>p impr9ts ( ! ext]nal surface1 ! skeleton hav+ p]i%$1 are also f\nd 9 fl9ts1 &1 r>ely1 ca/s 9 pyrites4 ,! :et/one ( ,dorset%ire (t5 be>s di/9ct m\lds ( ,gonia/]s6 ,i h f\nd ossicula ( ?is =m ( ,/>-fi% 9 ! ,london ,clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,a/]ias4 ,lign4 #ii4--,! animals ( ?is g5us1 ( :i* ! common ,/>-fi% is ! type1 are /ellate 9 =m2 ! rays are flat1 & ext5d f ! body1 ( :i* !y are a prolongation--n m]e app5dages4 ,!y h deep grooves or furr[s bord]$ by m>g9al plates1 :i* are cont9u$ to ! extremities4 ,! ,lias ( ,g]many has yield$ sev]al species ( ,a/]ias2 "o ( :i* is figur$1 ,lign4 #ii4 ,a v l>ge species occurs 9 ! ,cornbra% ( ! ,oolite ( ,engl&4 ,a magnific5t specim5 ( ,a/]ias ar5icola 7,goldfuss71 f ! calc>e\s grit1 ne> ,pick]+1 ,york%ire1 measur+ #aj-a_/b in*es f ! extremity ( "o ray to t ( ano!r1 is figur$ 9 ! ,london ,palontological ,j\rnal1 pl4 xvii4 ,! same "w conta9s admirable figures ( ,ophiura ,eg]toni1 & ,oph4 s5atu 9 fl9t1 pl4 xix42 ,oph4 ,mill]i 9 ,/ai!s m>l/one1 & ,oph4 ,murravii1 pl4 xx42 & two specim5s ( ,oph4 ,mill]i on ! same slab ( ,lias f ,/ai!s1 ne> ,:itby1 pl4 viii4 ,! ,/>-fi%es ( ! ,briti% palozoic /rata are describ$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,geol4 ,survey1 ,decad4 #a4big #big ,see also ,pr(4 ,m',coy's ,l[] ,palozoic ,fossils1 p4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ii4 ,fossil ,/>-fi%4 ,lias1 ,wirtemb]g4 ,a/]ias prisca4 7,goldfuss47 ,sid5ote3 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,cr9oidea4 ,geological di/ribution ( ! ,cr9oidea4--,! great numb] ( ext9ct =ms ( ?is ord] ( ,radiata 9 ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s deposits1 is a rem>kable fact1 :i* has already be5 incid5tally adv]t$ to4 ,9 ! palozoic seas--includ+ ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,p]mian--! ,cr9oidea 7 repres5t$ by upw>ds ( fifty g5]a1 ^: exi/5ce began & end$ dur+ t geological cycle4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k all ^? peculi> types ( radiat$ animals 7 creat$1 & ea* liv$ ?r\gh ! de/9$ p]iod allot$ to its race1 & di$ out ere ! deposition ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one2 n a s+le species1 n a relic ( ! innum]able individuals t sw>m$ 9 ! palozoic oceans1 has be5 obs]v$ 9 any /rata above ! ,p]mian4 ,! ,trias1 :i* ranks z ! e>lie/ ( ! second>y =mations1 is *>act]iz$ by ! adv5t ( two typical g5]a2 ! true ,encr9us or ,lily-encr9ite1 & ! ,p5tacr9us2 ! =m] is unkn[n 9 any o!r deposits2 ! duration ( its race 0 compris$ )9 ! ,triassic epo*4 ,! ,p5tacr9us1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 p]petuat$ ?r\gh all ! succe$+ p]iods1 & "o species inhabits ! pres5t seas2 ! sole exi/+ repres5tative ( ! mo/ anci5t type ( ?is ord]4 ,9 ! ,oolite1 ano!r liv+ =m1 ! ,comatula1 fir/ appe>s4 ,! ocean ( ! ,cretace\s epo* 0 inhabit$ by five g5]a ( ,cr9oids1 unkn[n else:]e2 among !m is t rem>kable g5us1 ! ,m>supite4 ,! ,cr9oidea ( ! ,t]ti>y seas are z few 9 numb] & v>iety z ^? ( ! pres5t day2 n a ve/ige ( any ( ! anci5t tribes has be5 discov]$4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny's ,tab4 #ab pres5ts ! ph5om5a ?us briefly notic$1 9 a /rik+ po9t ( view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ?is review ( ! fossil ,cr9oidea & ,a/]iad1 ! /ud5t w be 9 "s measure prep>$ = ! collect+ ( in/ructive specim5s f ! imm5se accumulation ( rema9s imb$d$ 9 c]ta9 /rata ( ! ,oolitic1 ,liassic1 ,c>bonif]\s & ,silurian rocks4 ,! ,briti% species ( fossil ,cr9oidea am\nt to m ?an two hundr$1 & :5 ! great numb] ( bones t ent] into ! composition ( ! skeleton ( a s+le ,p5tacr9ite or ,encr9ite is consid]$1 ! prodigi\s quantity ( ! fossil rema9s ( ^! zoophytes 9 ! anci5t deposits may be readily conceiv$4 ,poli%$ slices ( ! encr9ital m>bles ( ,d]by%ire1 & ( ! ,lias lime/ones f ,lyme ,regis & ,*>m\?1 %\ld be obta9$1 z !y %[ sections ( ! imb$d$ cr9oidal /ems & deta*$ ossicula2 & sometimes ( ! receptacles4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fossil ,,e*9id1 ,,or ,,sea-,,ur*9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ajj4 ,turban ,e*9us1 ) its sp9es2 #a_/b nat4 7,hemicid>is cr5ul>is1 ,agassiz47 ,jura lime/one4 ,! fossils we h n[ to exam9e are among ! mo/ famili> ( ! objects commonly kn[n z petrifactions2 = z ! envelop+ cases ( ! ,e*9i possess consid]able durability1 !y h s]v$ z m\lds into :i* silex1 calc-sp>1 lime/one1 pyrites1 & o!r m9]al sub/ances1 :5 9 solution1 or 9 a semi-fluid /ate1 h p]colat$1 & =m$ %>p & endur+ ca/s1 :i* exhibit ! =ms ( ! plates1 & ! disposition ( ! pores1 /ri1 c4 ( ! orig9al /ructures4 ,! common ,e*9us ( our sea-coa/s 7,e*9us sphra71 kn[n by ! "n ( ,sea-egg1 ,sea-ur*91 or ,sea-h$gehog1 pres5ts ! typical *>act]s ( ?is ord] ( ,radiata1 :i* diff]s f ! ,cr9oids & ,/>-fi%es 9 ! abs5ce ( arms4 ,! calc>e\s envelope ( ! ,e*9us1 or %ell1 z x is popul>ly call$1 is compos$ ( _m calc>e\s1 polygonal plates1 closely fitt$ to ea* o!r1 & arrang$ 9 regul> & elegant patt]ns2 appe>+ 9 ! globul> & sph]ical k9ds l ! l9es ( ! m]idian on a globe4 ,! plates are dispos$ 9 t5 v]tical s]ies1 unit$ by s]rat$ sutures1 & =m sections1 into :i* ! envelope or case v commonly sep>ates ^u ! decay ( ! inve/+ integum5ts4 ,( ! t5 b&s five are l>ge & five small4 ,! l>ge b&s 7are7 are ea* compos$ ( a d\ble r[ ( plates1 ornam5t$ ) tub]cles support+ l>ge sp9es 7,lign4 #ajj74 ,! five n>r[] b&s consi/ ( mu* small] plates1 & ! sp9es are m9ute1 or altoge!r want+2 h5ce ^! b&s appe> l av5ues ?r\gh ! sp9\s tracks1 & h !re=e be5 fancifully t]m$ ambulacra or walks4 ,!y are ! equival5ts ( ! grooves or furr[s ( ! ,/>-fi%es 7,lign4 #ajh1 a472 & are trav]s$ by num]\s pores1 = ! exs]tion ( tubul> feet1 or t5tacula4 ,besides ^! r[s ( m9ute op5+s1 !re are two pr9cipal ap]tures1 ! m\? & ! outlet or v5t2 & also a few l>ge pores1 commonly five1 on ! summit1 = ! exclusion ( ! ova1 & ! free admission ( wat]4 ,! =m & relative position ( ! p>ts above describ$1 af=d *>act]s by :i* ! ord] is divid$ into g5]a4 ,! m\?1 :i* is situat$ on ! l[] "p1 is 9 "s species furni%$ ) five %>p angul> tee?1 atta*$ to a calc>e\s framework t admits ( be+ protrud$2 ?is app>atus1 :5 entire1 commonly be>s ! "n ( ,diog5es' lant]n4 ,! em95ces on ! surface ( ! plates v>y 9 size f m]e granules1 or papill1 to l>ge mamillat$ tub]cles2 !y s]ve = ! atta*m5t ( movable sp9es1 :i* also pres5t great v>iety ( =m & ornam5t4 ,! sp9es h a cup-l cavity at ! base :i* fits on ! papill1 & 9 _m species are only support$ by ! capsul> envelopm5t ( ! common integum5t2 b 9 o!rs1 ! l>ge sp9es are atta*$ by a ligam5t :i* passes f ! c5tre ( ! socket1 & is receiv$ 9 a p]=ation ( ! papilla ( ea* tub]cle1 9 ! same mann] z ! ligam5tum t]es ( ! human ?igh-bone4 ,transv]se slices ( ! sp9es exhibit ! int]nal /ructure1 & are beautiful objects "u ! microscope4 ,!re are also m9ute app5dages to ! integum5t1 call$ p$icell>i1 or p9*]s1 ( a v rem>kable "*1 ^: functions are n kn[n4 ,!y are sl5d] column> bodies1 ea* cr[n$ ) ?ree calc>e\s tee?-l sp9es1 beautifully sculptur$1 & :i* 9 "s species are long & sl5d]1 9 o!rs %ort & obtuse4 ,i h n obs]v$ any traces ( ^! bodies1 ev5 9 ! be/ pres]v$ e*9ites1 b z !y are z durable z ! sp9es & case1 !y may exi/ 9 a fossil /ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,,turban ,,e*9ites4 ,?is g5]al view ( ! /ructure ( ! rec5t ,e*9ites w enable ! /ud5t to und]/& ! nature ( ! fossil rema9s2 = ! p>ts above describ$1 are f\nd m or less p]fectly pres]v$1 ei!r 9 _! natural arrangem5t1 or sep>at$ & disp]s$ 9 ! rock4 ,! habits ( ^! animals1 ( burr[+ 9 ! s&1 7 fav\rable to _! pres]vation 9 a m9]aliz$ /ate2 & 9 "s ( ! oolitic lime/ones1 hundr$s ( beautiful examples ( ,turban ,e*9ites 7,cid>es71 hav+ _! sp9es spread out on ! face ( ! rock1 are f\nd ly+ 9 ! positions !y evid5tly occupi$ :5 liv+4 ,! qu>ries ne> ,calne & ,*ipp5ham1 9 ,wilts1 are celebrat$ = su* fossils4 ,x 0 my int5tion to give figures ( ! g5]a into :i* ! num]\s fossil species h be5 divid$ by mod]n au?ors3 b ,i f\nd ! attempt hopeless1 f ! *anges 9 nom5clature & arrangem5t :i* are con/antly tak+ place4 ,! monographs on ! fossil ,e*9id1 by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication by ! ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 w1 :5 complet$1 place ?is bran* ( ,palontology on a satisfactory basis4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( /udy1 ! fossil ,e*9i may be sep>at$ into ?ree pr9cipal gr\ps2 viz4 ! ,cid>itid1 or ,turban ,e*9ites2 ! ,clypea/]id1 or ,buckl]-%ap$ ,e*9ites2 & ! ,spatangid1 or ,he>t-%ap$ ,e*9ites4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cid>itid4 ,cid>itid4 ,turban ,e*9ites4--,9 ^! sea-ur*9s ! v5t is situat$ on ! summit ( ! %ell1 & is surr\nd$ by five m9ute ap]tures = ! exclusion ( ! ova4 ,! m\?1 or oral ap]ture1 is plac$ directly opposite1 9 ! middle ( ! base1 or inf]ior surface4 ,! m\? is l>ge1 & furni%$ ) a p[]ful app>atus1 arm$ ) tee?2 :i* is sometimes f\nd fossil 7see fig4 #a1 #c1 ,lign4 #aja74 ,! /ructure ( ! animal1 9 consequ5ce ( ! symmetrical position ( ! two *ief outlets ( ! %ells1 is /rictly radiat$2 t is1 all ! p>ts proce$ f1 or are arrang$ ar\nd "o common c5tre4 ,! tub]cles are l>g] & few] ?an 9 ! o!r tribes ( ?is family2 !y support long & p[]ful sp9es1 :i* v>y mu* 9 =m & ornam5t 9 diff]5t species 7see ,lign4 #ajb74 ,! l>g] tub]cles & sp9es are beset ) small] ones1 dispos$ 9 regul> s]ies4 ,! ,turban ,e*9ites are ! mo/ anci5t types ( ! ord]1 "s =ms appe>+ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s deposit4 ,! species are v num]\s4 ,! e*9ites ( ?is gr\p are subdivid$ into f\r tribes3 #a4 ,cid>es1 prop]ly s call$4--,9 ^! ! tub]cles are p]=at$2 ! ambulacra n>r[1 & beset ) granul> tub]cles1 & ! two l9es ( pores are close toge!r4 ,! pseudopodia c be protrud$ to a great l5g?1 ev5 beyond ! sp9es1 s z to rea* objects ! latt] c\ld n t\*4 #b4 ,e*9i1 :i* diff] f ! above 9 ! tub]cles be+ imp]=ate1 & ! ambulacral area wide3 ! sp9es & tubes are ( a mod]ate size4 #c4 ,diadem4--,! tub]cles are p]=at$1 & ! ambulacra wide & /udd$ ) l>ge tub]cles4 #d4 ,sal5i4--,! tub]cles are imp]=ate1 & relatively l>ge2 ! *ief di/9ction is a solid ov>ian disk on ! summit1 compos$ ( sev]al l>ge flat plates1 an*ylos$ toge!r4 ,! case ( ! ,turban ,e*9ites is compos$ ( tw5ty v]tical s]ies ( plates1 ! ambulacra1 or por\s grooves1 =m+ cont9u\s b&s f ! summit to ! m\?1 :i* is arm$ ) five angul> tee?4 ,?is tribe comprises _m ( ! mo/ elegant fossil species2 ^? :i*1 f _! %ape & highly ornam5t$ surface1 h receiv$ ! popul> "n ( ,fairy's night-caps4 ,! g5us ,cid>is1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by p]=at$ sp9\s tub]cles1 af=ds ! mo/ beautiful examples1 & ^! are occasionally f\nd ) ! sp9es 9 contact2 a circum/ance less r>e ?an might be suppos$1 :5 ! nature ( ! atta*m5t ( ^! organs is consid]$2 =1 ^u ! decomposition ( ! integum5t1 & ! ligam5ts :i* connect ! sp9es ) ! tub]cles 9 a liv+ /ate1 ^! app5dages quickly fall (f1 ev5 9 rec5t specim5s4 ,! int]e/+ fossil figur$ ,lign4 #ajj 7ante1 p4 #caa71 is a *oice example ( a ,cid>ite ) ! sp9es atta*$4 ,?is species 7,hemicid>is cr5ul>is1 ,agassiz7 is said to be *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,jura lime/one ( ,switz]l&1 & 0 suppos$ to be id5tical ) ,mr4 ,p>k9son's ,cid>is p>pillata v>4 7,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 lvi4 fig4 #f71 f ,calne1 9 ,wilt%ire2 b sp9es l ^? ( ,lign4 #ajj1 d n occur 9 ! ,engli% oolite4 ,^! sp9es are n homog5e\s ?r\gh\t2 ! c5tral "p appe>s to h be5 ( a less d5se tissue ?an ! out] coat1 z is %[n 9 ! fractur$ sp9e 9 ! figure4 ,?is /ructure does n exi/ 9 ! sp9es ( ! depress$ ,turban ,e*9ites1 b is /at$ by ,m4 ,agassiz to prevail 9 all ! species ( ! g5us ,hemicid>is1 ( :i* ! fossil figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ajj is ! type4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aja4 ,cid>ites f ! ,oolite & ,*alk4 ,fig4 #a4--;,hemicid>is int]m$ia2 view 9 pr(ile1 %[+ ! tee? project+3 #a_/c nat4 ,calne4 #b4--,! same se5 f above1 display+ ! outlet1 & surr\nd+ pores4 #c4--,! same1 view ( ! base1 display+ ! m\?1 surr\nd$ by five angul> bip>tite tee?4 ,! ambulacral tub]cles at ! base are omitt$ 9 ! figure4 #d4--;,diadema rotul>e 7,agass473 view$ 9 pr(ile3 n4 #e4--;,a silice\s ca/ ( ano!r species ( ,diadema4 ,s\? ,d[ns4 #f4--,view ( ! base ( ,diadema rotul>e4 ,?is species occurs 9 ! s-call$ ,neocomian ,=mation ( ,france4 ,cid>is 7,hemicid>is87 int]m$ia1 ,lign4 #aja1 fig4 #a1 #b1 #c4--,! %ell ( ?is e*9ite1 f ! ,oolite at ,calne1 s closely resembles t ( ,h4 cr5ul>is1 above describ$4 t )\t ! sp9es x c\ld n be di/+ui%$4#bih ,x is ( a depress$ =m1 & has v long subcyl9drical sp9es2 a specim5 is figur$ ,lign4 #ajb1 fig4 #i4 ,x is ?is cid>ite :i* occurs 9 su* imm5se numb]s 9 ! ,oolite at ,calne1 ,*ipp5ham1 ,f>+don1 c4 ,slabs ( lime/one are occasionally extract$ f ! qu>ries at ,calne1 ) m ?an ?irty ( ^! e*9ites surr\nd$ by _! sp9es4 ,i h "o specim51 atta*$ to a block ( lime/one1 ) fifty sp9es2 b x is difficult to deta* a p]fect sp9e4 #bih ,mr4 ,woodw>d4 ,i am indebt$ to ?is g5tleman = _m valuable rem>ks on fossil ,e*9od]ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cid>is ,,blum5ba*ii4 ,cid>is ,blum5ba*ii4 ,lign4 #abg1 fig4 #c4--,?is is ano!r beautiful *>act]i/ic ,turban ,e*9ite ( ! ,oolite4 ,! tub]cles are v l>ge & prom95t1 & ! sp9es rem>kably neat1 be+ cov]$ ) longitud9al granulat$ /ri2 !y are ( an elongat$ cucum]9e =m1 & homog5e\s 9 /ructure 7,lign4 #abg1 fig4 #e74 ,!y occur by hundr$s 9 "s ( ! lay]s ( friable /one 9 ! qu>ries ar\nd ,calne4 ,_m species ( ,turban ,e*9ites ab\nd 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk1 especially ne> ,graves5d1 ,nor?fleet1 ,purfleet1 ,*>lton1 & o!r places 9 ,k5t2 ! s(tness ( ! cretace\s /rata 9 ^? localities r5d]+ ! removal ( ! *alk an easy task4 ,spl5did specim5s1 ) ! sp9es & tub]cles almo/ z fre% z if rec5t1 h rew>d$ ! pati5ce & skill ( collectors4 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s _m f9e examples1 especially a specim5 ( ,cid>is clavig]a f ,*>lton1 ) sixte5 sp9es1 & ! d5tal app>atus 9 situ4#bii #bii ,sev]al col\r$ figures ( ,cid>ites & sp9es are giv5 9 ,pict1 ,atlas1 pl4 liii4 & lvi4 ,a f9e s]ies ( ,*alk specim5s are figur$ 9 ,dixon's ,fossils1 tab4 xxv42 _m f ! *oice cab9et ( ,h5ry ,catt1 ,esq4 ( ,brighton4 ,! collection ( ,*alk ,cid>ites ) _! sp9es1 =m$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,taylor1 ,esq4 ,f4,g4,s41 ( ,w9t]sl[-place1 ,brixton1 is ! mo/ spl5did assemblage ( ^! fossils ,i h se54 ,diadema4 ,lign4 #aja1 fig4 #d1 #f4--,! %ell 9 ?is g5us is ( a m depress$ =m ?an 9 ,cid>is2 !re are two r[s ( l>ge tub]cles1 :i* are cr5ulat$ & p]=at$1 on ! ambulacra z well z on ! int]ambulacral spaces4 ,! sp9es are sl5d] & annulat$4 ,mr4 ,woodw>d rem>ks t ! common ,*alk species ref]r$ by au?ors to ?is g5us1 belong to ! sub-g5us ,cyphosoma ( ,m4 ,agassiz1 9 :i* ! tub]cles are imp]=ate4 ,!re are ne>ly fifty fossil species kn[n1 & !y range f ! ,lias to ! ,*alk4 ,! rec5t analogues inhabit ! seas ( w>m regions4 ,e*9us4--,! %ells ( ! g5us ,e*9us resemble ^? ( ,cid>is 9 _! g5]al /ructure1 b ! tub]cles are imp]=ate4 ,m ?an tw5ty fossil species are describ$1 f ! ,oolite & ,*alk4 ,sal5ia4--,9 ! gre5s& pits ne> ,f>+don1 9 ,b]k%ire1 :i* ab\nd 9 fossil sponges & o!r porif] 7ante1 p4 #bbh71 !re are imm5se numb]s ( a small elegant ,turban ,e*9ite1 :i* belongs to ! g5us ?us nam$ by ! em95t zoologi/4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,gray1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! collector w easily recognize ^! sea-ur*9s by ! plat$ summit4 ,! %ell has five ov>ian & five int]ov>ian plates1 & an elev5? or odd "o4 ,! tub]cles are cr5ulat$4 ,! common species at ,f>+don is ,s4 petalif]a1 ( ,desm>e/4 ,two species ( ?is g5us1 viz4 ,s4 scutig]a & ,s4 /ellulata1 f ne> ,w>m9/]1 are figur$ 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 liii4 fig4 #ab1 #ac4 ,cid>ites ( ,new ,zeal&4--,deta*$ plates & sp9es ( sea-ur*9s1 belong+ to ! family ,cid>itid1 h be5 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 9 ! ,otot>a lime/one ( ,new ,zeal&2 :i* is a fawn-col\r$ /one1 compos$ ( =am9if]1 l ! ,*alk1 & conta9+ t]ebratul1 corals1 & tee? ( %>ks4#cjj #cjj ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cai4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sp9es ,,( ,,cid>ites4 ,sp9es ( ,cid>ites4 ,lign4 #ajb4--;,allusion has be5 made to ! imm5se numb]s ( ! sp9es ( two or ?ree k9ds ( ,cid>ites t occur 9 ! oolitic lime/ones ( c]ta9 localities4 ,! sp9es ( o!r species & g5]a ab\nd 9 ! ,*alk1 ,gre5s&1 c42 occurr+ deta*$ & int]m+l$ ) corals1 %ells1 & ! usual fossils ( ^? deposits4 ,!re is great v>iety 9 ! =m1 size1 & sculpture ( ^! organs4 ,9 ! subjo9$ ,lign4 #ajb1 a few di/9ct k9ds are repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ajb4 ,fossil ,spikes ( ,cid>ites4 ,fig4 #a4--,sp9e ( ,acrocid>is nobilis 7,agassiz74 #b4-- ---- ,cid>is cucumif]a4 #c4-- ---- ----- /emmacan?a4 #d4-- ---- ----- me&r9a4 #e4-- ---- ----- sp9osa4 #f4-- ---- ----- clunif]a4 #g4-- ---- ----- sceptrif]a4 #h4-- ---- ----- ,p>k9soni4 #i4-- ---- ,hemicid>is int]m$ia4 ,fl9t ,ca/s ( ,turban ,e*9ites4 ,lign4 #ajc4--,! silice\s ca/s ( ! %ells ( ! ,turban ,e*9ites are int]e/+ objects1 = !y are (t5 beautiful models ( ! int]ior4 ,a specim5 ( ?is k9d is repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #aja1 fig4 #e4 ,ca/s ( ! l>g] ,cid>ites are (t5 se5 on ! pl\gh$ l&s ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 9 b$s ( gravel1 & among ! %+le on ! sea-%ore ( *alk di/ricts2 appe>+ z flatt5$ sph]ical bodies1 ) a circul> protub]ance at ea* pole1 & v]tical r[s ( nodul> projections4 ,impressions ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! cases are also frequ5t on *alk-fl9ts1 & exhibit exquisite ca/s1 9 intaglio1 ( ! mamillat$ tub]cles1 & ambulacral grooves & pores4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ajc4 ,e*9ital ,rema9s 9 ,fl9t4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 7,"o-?ird ! natural size47 ,fig4 #a4--;,ca/ ( an ,anan*yte1 %[+ ! =m ( ! plates4 #b4--;,impr9t ( a segm5t ( a ,cid>ite on a pebble4 a4--,"o ( ! impressions ( a sp9\s tub]cle3 nat4 #c4--,portion ( an ,anan*yte1 hav+ ! cavity ( ! %ell cov]$ at ! bottom ) fl9t1 & l9$ above ) cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,a fragm5t ( a fl9t1 impress$ by a portion ( a ,cid>ite1 is repres5t$ ,lign4 #ajc1 fig4 #b4 ,! p]=ations ar\nd ! impr9t indicate tubul> cavities 9 ! fl9ty =m$ by ! sp9es1 & %[ t ^! processes 7 atta*$ to ! %ell :5 ! latt] 0 envelop$ by ! fluid silex2 ! case & ! sp9es hav+ s9ce p]i%$4 ,b 9 ! ,*alk1 exquisite specim5s ( ,cid>ites occur ) ! case p]fect1 & fill$ ) fl9t3 examples ( ?is k9d are (t5 atta*$ to a nodule by ! sl5d] column ( silex t fills up ! ap]ture ( ! %ell4 ,! m9]aliz$ condition ( ! orig9ally friable calc>e\s cases ( ,cid>ites & o!r ,e*9i1 is wor?y ( att5tion3 = :e!r ! %ell or sp9es be imb$d$ 9 *alk1 fl9t1 or pyrites1 if ! /ructure & =m rema91 ! con/itu5t sub/ance is inv>iably opaque cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime1 hav+ an oblique fracture4 ,z ?is conv]sion ( a cru/ace\s envelope into calc-sp> is con/ant1 x has probably result$ f ! peculi> nature ( ! orig9al animal /ructures2 b ! cause ( su* transmutation is unkn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cid>itid ,,( ,,! ,,pal,,ozoic ,,rocks4 ,cid>itid ( ! ,palozoic ,rocks4--,?ree g5]a ( ?is family1 compris+ sev]al species1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s lime/one ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,irel&4 ,"o g5us is undi/+ui%able f ,cid>is2 & ! species are plac$ "u t "n 9 ,mr4 ,morris's ,cat4 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,^! fossils h be5 figur$ & describ$ by ,pr(4 ,john ,phillips1 & ,col4 ,portlock4 ,pr(4 ,m',coy1 ) 8 accu/om$ p5etration & sagacity1 has asc]ta9$1 t not)/&+ ! g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! ,cid>ites ( ! second>y & ^? ( ! palozoic =mations1 ! latt] are con/ruct$ on an entirely diff]5t plan4 ,9 ! turban e*9i ( ! second>y1 t]ti>y1 & mod]n seas1 ! int]ambulacral plates always consi/ ( two r[s2 b 9 ! palozoic ,cid>ites !re are ?ree or "s great] odd numb] ( ^! plates4 ,?is em95t naturali/1 !re=e1 places ! e>lie/ type ( ,e*9id at pres5t kn[n 9 ! ord] ,p]is*oe*9id4 ,! case is sph]oidal1 =m$ ( m ?an tw5ty r[s ( plates2 five ambulacra compos$ ( two r[s ( p5tagonal plates ea*2 r[s ( int]ambulacral plates1 ?ree1 five1 or m1 t]m9at+ dorsally 9 five l>ge p5tagonal ov>ian plates4 ,z 9 ! m rec5t =ms1 ^! ,cid>ites are sep>able into two gr\ps or families2 "o 9 :i* ! sp9if]\s tub]cles are imp]=ate z 9 ! ,e*9us 7,pal*9id ( ,m',coy72 ! o!r ) num]\s small second>y tub]cles & a few l>ge prim>y ones1 p]=at$ = ! ligam5t ( ! sp9e z 9 ,cid>is 7! ,ar*ocid>id ( ,m',coy74#cja #cja ,pr(4 ,s$gwick's ,briti% ,palozoic ,fossils1 p4 #abd4 ,clypea/rid4--,! %ell 9 ?is family ( sea-ur*9s1 is oblong or r\nd$2 ! m\? is ( an angul> =m1 & situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! base or inf]ior face2 x is furni%$ ) well-develop$ d5tal organs4 ,! outlet is di/ant f ! summit4 ,! tub]cles are m]e granulations1 & ! sp9es proportionally small4 ,?is gr\p is subdivid$ into two tribes3 ! ,gal]itid 7helmet-l71 & ! ,clypeide 7buckl]-l74 ,gal]ites albo-gal]us4 ,lign4 #ajd4--,! tribe ( :i* ?is g5us is ! type has ! %ell inflat$1 orbicul>1 oblong1 or p5tangul>4 ,! ambulacra are simple1 nev] petaloid2 ! porif]\s zones ext5d un9t]rupt$ly f ! summit to ! m\?4 ,9 ! species figur$ ,lign4 #ajd1 fig4 #a1 ! %ell is ( a conical =m1 9 "s v>ieties subp5tagonal2 n>r[e/ at ! h9d] "p4 ,! m\? is ( a decagonal %ape1 & arm$ ) tee?3 x is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! base 7,lign4 #ajd1 fig1 #a;a72 ! outlet is ne> ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! base4 ,! surface ( ! %ell is cov]$ ) granulations irregul>ly di/ribut$4 ,?is species1 :i* receiv$ ! "n ( albo-gal]us1 f its fanci$ resemblance to ! :ite conical caps ( ! prie/s ( ,jupit]1 occurs 9 great numb]s & p]fection 9 ! ,k5ti% *alk2 x is less common 9 t ( ,sussex4 ,silice\s ca/s ( ! %ell are con/antly f\nd among ! drift & gravel1 & on ! pl\gh$ l&s ( *alk di/ricts2 !y are popul>ly t]m$ sug>-loaves4 ,! specim5s obta9$ f ! *alk1 :5 fill$ ) fl9t1 yield exquisite ca/s1 if ! %ell be dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid2 by ?is means ! =m ( ! plates1 & ca/s ( ! m9ute/ ambulacral pores are obta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,e*9ites ,,f ,,! ,,*alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ajd4 ,e*9ites f ! ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--;,gal]ites albo-gal]us3 nat4 #a;a4--,base ( ! same1 ) ! five tee?4 #b4--;,anan*ytes ovatus3 #a_/b nat4 #b;a4--,base ( ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aje4 ,holectypus 7,gal]ites7 inflatus4 ,kimm]idge ,clay1 ,switz]l&4 ,! left-h& figure %[s ! summit2 ! middle figure a pr(ile2 & ! "r h&1 a view ( ! base1 ) ! m\? 9 ! c5tre1 & ! outlet t[>ds ! m>g94 7,m4 ,agassiz74 ,holectypus 7,gal]ites7 inflatus4 ,lign4 #aje4--;,9 c]ta9 k9ds ( ,gal]ites1 ! %ell is /r5g!n$ int]nally by five /rong ribs or projections1 :i* ( c\rse leave correspond+ deep furr[s or *annels on ! fl9t ca/s m\ld$ 9 !m2 su* fossils are n num]\s on ! pl\gh$ l&s ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,^! e*9ites are plac$ by ,m4 ,desor 9 ! g5us ( :i* an example is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #aje4 ,! %ell is hemisph]ical1 & circul>2 ! base flat2 ! tub]cles are dispos$ 9 s]ies2 ! inside ( ! case is support$ by ribs4 ,sid5ote3 ,,discoidea ,,ca/anea4 ,discoidea 7,gal]ites7 ca/anea4 ,lign4 #ajf4--,! ,gal]itid1 :i* h a polygonal m\?1 ) ! tub]cles dispos$ 9 v]tical r[s f ! summit to ! c5tre ( ! base1 z 9 ! ,cid>ites1 in/ead ( be+ uni=mly spread ov] ! surface1 z 9 ,g4 albo-gal]us1 are plac$ 9 ! g5us ,discoidea1 by ,m4 ,agassiz4 ,a species1 9 :i* ! m\? is p5tagonal1 & ! outlet on ! m>g91 occurs 9 ! ,*alk-m>l ( ,sussex1 ,dorset1 & ! ,alps2 a specim5 is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #ajf4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ajf4 ,discoidea 7,gal]itcs7 ca/anea4 ,*alk-m>l1 ,dorset4 ,fig4 #a4--,pr(ile4 ,! pores & plates ( ! ambulacra only are ins]t$ 9 ?is figure4 #b4--,view f above4 #c4--,! base1 %[+ ! c5tral p5tangul> m\?1 & ! v5t 9 ! m>g94 ,! ,clypeide diff] f ! tribe ( e*9ites la/ describ$1 9 ! ambulacra be+ petaloid1 t is1 ( a leaf-l %ape1 & dispos$ 9 a /ellat$ figure on ! upp] "p ( ! %ell4 ,! ambulacra d n ext5d to ! m\?4 ,! %ell is g5]ally ( a depress$ =m2 & ! petaloid ambulacra 9 _m species appe> l an elegant />1 ri*ly frett$1 spread ov] ! %ell4 ,!re are num]\s species ( ?is type1 bo? rec5t & fossil2 _m ( ! latt]1 be+ ( a l>ge size1 are beautiful objects 9 a cab9et ( petrifactions4 ,clypeus s9uatus 7,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 liv4 fig4 #a74--,( ?is g5us1 :i* is ! type ( ! tribe1 a l>ge species1 ,c4 s9uatus1 is v common 9 ! ,oolite ( ,wilts1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ,ox=d%ire1 & mu/ be famili> to collectors4 ,! %ell is circul>1 & mu* depress$2 & has five petaloid ambulacra3 ! odd int]ambulacral area =ms a deep furr[ 9 :i* ! outlet is situat$3 ! m\? is m$ian1 p5tagonal1 & surr\nd$ by a /rong m>g94 ,! col\r$ figures 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 liv4 w enable ! /ud5t to recognize ^! fossils )\t difficulty4 ,spl5did specim5s ( an alli$ =m 7,clypea/]7 occur 9 ! t]ti>y lime/one ( ,malta1 7,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 lvi4 fig4 #g17 & are n uncommon 9 collections4 ,nucleolites 7,wond4 p4 #cbh74--,!re is a small type belong+ to ?is family1 ( :i* sev]al species are s abundant 9 ! ,oolite1 ,gre5s&1 & ,*alk-m>l1 t a brief notice ( _! *>act]s may be useful4 ,! %ell is oblong & inflat$1 r\nd$ 9 front & flat beh9d4 ,! pores are unit$ by grooves2 ! outlet is 9 a deep furr[ on ! sup]ior face2 ! m\? is sub-c5tral4 ,"o species occurs 9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata1 & !re is a rec5t species inhabits ! seas ( ,au/ralia4 ,!re are col\r$ figures ( ,nucleolites 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 liv4 fig4 #e1 pl4 lv4 figs4 #f1 #h4 ,spatangid4--,9 ?is tribe ( e*9ites1 ! case is oblong or cordi=m4 ,! m\?1 elongat$ transv]sely & de/itute ( prop] jaws1 is situat$ 9 front ( ! c5tre ( ! base1 ne> ! ant]ior bord] ( ! p]iph]y4 ,! outlet is t[>ds ! po/]ior m>g94 ,! tub]cles & sp9es are v small4 ,f\r subdivisions are e/abli%$1 namely1-- #a4 ,anan*ytes4--,a ?ick & oval %ell2 ! ambulacra simple & conv]g+ t[>ds ! summit2 ! m\? transv]se2 ! outlet is situat$ on ! inf]ior face4 7,lign4 #ajd1 fig4 #b47 #b4 ,spatangus4--,?is "n is n[ re/rict$ to ^? ,spatangid 9 :i* ! ambulacra are petaloid1 ! ext]nal r[ ( pores slightly elongat$1 & ! inn] r[s r\nd4 #c4 ,micra/]4--,by ?is t]m are n[ di/+ui%$ ! ,spatangid :i* h ! ambulacra depress$1 & ! %ell cordi=m4 ,! pores ( ! ev5 ambulacra are unit$ by a furr[4 ,! v5t is on ! po/]ior face4 ,! common *alk ,spatangus belongs to ?is g5us4 7,lign4 #ajg47 #d4 ,hola/]4--,! %ells are he>t-%ap$2 ! ambulacra simple1 & conv]g+ t[>ds ! summit2 ! m\? is transv]se2 ! outlet is )9 ! po/]ior face4 ,sid5ote3 ,,anan*ytes ,,ovatus4 ,anan*ytes ovatus4 ,lign4 #ajd4 fig4 #b4--,^! sea ur*9s are among ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! fossils ( ! ,upp] ,*alk1 & are peculi> to ! ,cretace\s =mation4 ,!y are readily di/+ui%$ by _! elevat$ helmet-l =m1 & by ! transv]se m\? & oblong outlet situat$ on ! inf]ior face ( ! flat base1 & t[>ds ! m>g94 7,lign4 #ajd4 fig4 #b;a47 ,! v]nacul> names ( ,%eph]d's ,cr[n1 & ,fairy ,loaf1 indicate ! =m ( ^! abundant fossils4 ,! %ell is oval 9 its longe/ diamet]2 flat1 or ne>ly s1 bel[2 & r\nd$1 conical1 & some:at lat]ally compress$ t[>ds ! summit4 ,! ambulacra are five1 betwe5 d\ble l9es ( pores2 ! tub]cles are m9ute & scatt]$2 ! sub/ance ( ! %ell is ( great ?ickness4 ,m ?an tw5ty species ( ! g5us are kn[n4 ,! helmet ,e*9ites1 l ! prec$+1 h giv5 rise to innum]able silice\s ca/s1 :i* are f\nd associat$ ) ^? ( o!r =ms 9 ! ,drift1 on ! pl\gh$ l&s1 & among ! %+le on ! sea-%ore2 !y are (t5 plac$ z ornam5ts on ! mantel-%elves ( ! cottag]s4 ,a fl9t ca/ ( an ,anan*yte1 9 :i* ! plates 7 p>tially sep>at$1 is repres5t$ ,lign4 #ajc1 fig4 #a4 ,! %ells are sometimes fill$ ) pyrites2 & occasionally are f\nd p>tially empty1 ) cry/als ( calc-sp> symmetrically arrang$ on ! inside ( ! %ell1 p>allel ) ! r[s ( ambulacral pores4 ,lign4 #ajc1 fig4 #c1 is a rem>kable example1 9 :i* fl9t occupies ! base ( ! %ell1 :ile ! upp] surface is l9$ ) cry/als ( calc>e\s sp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ajg4 ,micra/] 7,spatangus7 cor-angu9um4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--,view f above1 %[+ ! petaloid ambulacra4 #b4--,view ( ! base1 ) ! m\?4 ,micra/] cor-angu9um 7,snake-he>t74 ,lign4 #ajg4--,( ?is g5us !re are _m species 9 ! ,*alk4 ,?is type ( ,spatangid are m or less oval1 elongat$1 & he>t-%ap$1 wid] be=e ?an beh9d1 ) a sulcus1 or furr[1 9 front4 ,! %ell is fragile1 & compos$ ( l>ge polygonal plates2 ! tub]cles small & irregul>ly di/ribut$2 ! sp9es are %ort4 ,! m\? is transv]se1 situat$ ant]iorly1 & protect$ by a /rong projection ( ! odd int]ambulacrum1 :i* is nam$ ! lip4 ,! v5t is t]m9al1 & plac$ above ! m>g94 ,!re are b f\r ambulacra1 & ^! are incomplete1 comp>atively ( small ext5t1 & situat$ 9 deep furr[s4 ,a l>ge & new species ( ,micra/] 7,m4 cor-bovis1 ( ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes71 f ! ,sussex ,*alk1 is figur$ 9 ,dixon's ,fossils1 pl4 xxiv4 figs4 #c1 #d1 p4 #cdb4 ,sid5ote3 ,,toxa/] ,,complanatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ajh4 ,toxa/] complanatus4 ,gre5s&4 ,switz]l&4 ,fig4 #a4--,pr(ile4 #b4--,view ( ! summit1 %[+ ! ,v5t at ! side2 e4 #c4--,view ( ! base1 display+ ! situation ( ! m\?1 & ! union ( ! five ambulacra2 _! pores are n introduc$ 9 figs4 #b & #c4 a4 ,! n>r[ por\s divisions ( ! %ell1 t]m$ ,ambulacra4 b4 ,int]ambulacral spaces4 c4 ,are1 or spaces cov]$ by ! wide plates4 d4 ,! ,m\?4 e4 ,! ,v5t1 or ,outlet4 ,toxa/] 7,spatangus7 complanatus4 ,lign4 #ajh4--;,9 ?is =m ( ,spatangus 7con/itut+ ! g5us ,toxa/] ,agass471 ! ambulacra are n depress$ or furr[$1 z 9 ! prec$+ e*9ites1 nor petaloid 7leaf-%ap$71 z 9 ^? :i* ,m4 ,agassiz d5om9ates true ,spatangi1 b conv]ge to a po9t on ! summit1 z is %[n 9 fig4 #b2 ! ext]nal r[s ( pores are elongat$ horizontally1 & =m a k9d ( furr[4 ,! odd ambulacrum is 9 a deep groove4 ,! m\? is transv]se1 fig4 #c1 d2 & at ! ant]ior "p ( ! inf]ior face !re is a depression1 :i* results f ! conv]g5ce ( ! ambulacral are t[>ds t po9t4 ,! v5t is 9 ! po/]ior face4 ,?is species is f ! ,neocomian /rata ( ,france2 ,i introduce x to illu/rate ! *>act]s ( sev]al o!r e*9ites1 :i* ! ,fr5* geologi/s suppose to be conf9$ to ! s-call$ ,neocomian =mation2 b :i* also occur 9 ! ,upp] ,gre5s& ( ,blackd[n4 ,hola/] is ano!r g5us ( ,spatangid e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 = ^? e*9ites t are he>t-%ap$1 ) simple ambulacra conv]g+ t[>ds ! summit4 ,! m\? is elongat$ transv]sely2 ! outlet is on ! po/]ior face4 ,a specim5 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,foss4 ,s4 ,d4 7pl4 xvii4 fig4 #i1 #ba71 z ,spatangus planus1 is common 9 ! ,l[] ,*alk1 & ,*alk-m>l1 & abundant 9 ! ,fire/one ,malm-rock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our limits w n all[ ( a m ext5d$ notice ( ! fossil ,e*9id4 ,! /ud5t %\ld consult ! ,memoirs on ! g5]a1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication at ! ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes2 ! plates are exquisite1 z works ( art1 & ! descriptions all t c be desir$4 ,mr4 ,dixon's "w conta9s ?ree excell5t plates ( cretace\s ,e*9ites4 ,sev]al *alk species are figur$ 9 my ,foss4 ,s\? ,d[n4 ,! num]\s col\r$ figures ( fossil sea-ur*9s 9 ! ,pictorial ,atlas ( ,organic ,rema9s1 h already be5 m5tion$4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,e*9ites4--,no ve/iges ( ?is ord] ( radiata h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,silurian deposits3 ! e>lie/ kn[n occurr5ce ( any type is 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,e*9id1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 are ! ,cid>es1 9 ! modifi$ =m previ\sly notic$1--,ar*ocid>id 7ante1 p4 #cbb74 ,9 ! ,trias ano!r type appe>s1 ,hemicid>is1 :i* holds an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! ,cid>ites prop]ly s call$ & ! ,diadema4 ,9 ! ,oolite1 & ,jurassic =mations1 num]\s =ms are = ! fir/ "t met )1 con/itut+ ! g5]a ,e*9us1 ,clypeus1 ,disa/]1 ,holectypus1 ,diadema1 ,nucleolites1 c4 ,! ,cretace\s seas sw>m$ ) e*9i belong+ to g5]a ( :i* no traces h be5 f\nd 9 e>li] rocks2 viz4 ,hola/]1 ,sal5ia1 ,micra/]1 ,sal]ites1 ,discoidea1 ,anan*ytes1 ,cassidulus1 c4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 ,spatangus1 ,scutella1 ,clypea/]1 & o!r new g5]a appe>1 & _m ( ! anci5t ones are abs5t2 or at lea/ h n be5 obs]v$4 ,( ! g5]a pr9t$ above 9 italics1 no liv+ species are kn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,e*9od]mata4 ,on collect+ & develop+ fossil ,e*9od]mata4--,9 ! previ\s rem>ks on ! fossil rema9s ( radiat$ animals1 we h po9t$ out ^? rema9s t are ! mo/ important & in/ructive1 & %\ld be s\ght = by ! /ud5t4 ,?us1 9 collect+ ,cr9oids1 ! receptacle or body %\ld be ! pr9cipal object ( rese>*1 & if only deta*$ plates c be extract$ f ! rock1 _! relative position %\ld be c>efully not$1 & ! specim5s glu$ to a c>d or bo>d1 9 _! natural ord]2 & "s ( ! ossicula ( ! column1 & ( ! arms1 or t5tacula1 be plac$ ) !m4 ,mr4 ,mill] dissect$ specim5s ( e g5us1 & has figur$ ! sep>ate plates or bones t ent] into ! composition ( ! receptacle1#cjb & arms4 ,traces ( ! t5tacula1 & _! subdivisions1 mu/ be s\ght =1 & if discov]$1 %\ld be remov$ ) ! /one to :i* !y are atta*$1 & ! block be aft]w>ds r$uc$ 9 size by a mason's saw1 & n by ! bl[s ( a hamm]1 :i* might displace ! ossicula4 #cjb ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,cr9oidea4 ,if imb$d$ 9 ,lias %ale1 or o!r fragile mat]ial1 a ?ick slab %\ld be remov$1 = great] safety 9 conveyance2 ?is1 :5 r$uc$ to a conv5i5t size & ?9ness1 may be imb$d$ 9 a tray ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 or glu$ to a piece ( ?91 well-season$ mahogany1 or deal4 ,! specim5s ( ! ,pe> ,encr9ite ( ,brad=d1 & ( ! ,p5tacr9ites f ,lyme ,regis1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#cjc 7 prep>$ 9 ?is mann]4 #cjc ,petrifactions1 p4 #gh4 ,! cr9oideal rema9s 9 ,*alk belong b to few g5]a2 !y m]ely require ! usual manipulation ( cretace\s fossils4 ,! collector1 h[ev]1 %\ld rememb] t ! ossicula & plates ( ! receptacle 7z = in/ance ( ! ,m>supites71 are b slightly adh]5t to ea* o!r1 & ! *alk mu/ n be :olly remov$1 or ^! p>ts w become deta*$4 ,! receptacles ( ! ,apiocr9ites ( ! *alk are r>ely f\nd ) m ?an a few jo9ts ( ! column atta*$2 & ,i believe no ve/iges ( ! arms h be5 obs]v$3 ^! p>ts are !re=e desid]ata1 & %\ld be dilig5tly s\ght =3 ! radicles ( ^! cr9oideans are long1 articulat$1 & bran*+1 & )\t due caution may be mi/ak5 = ! arms1 or = ano!r species4 ,! fir/ rem>k w also apply to ! ,m>supite2 any specim5s ) b a few ossicula ( ! arms are v preci\s4 ,i may obs]ve t !re is yet mu* to le>n z to ! numb] ( species & g5]a1 & ! peculi> *>act]s ( ! ,cr9oidea ( ! *alk1 & t any addition to our k on ?is subject w be valuable4 ,! ,a/]id are s simple 9 =m & /ructure1 t x is unnecess>y to (f] any sugge/ions = _! developm5t2 ( c\rse !y mu/ n be remov$ f ! /one4 ,among ! deta*$ ossicula disp]s$ ?r\gh ! *alk1 ! /ud5t w rememb] t ! l>ge madrepore-l tub]cle ( ! ,/>-fi%es1 7ante1 p4 #cjd17 may (t5 occur4 ,x may easily be mi/ak5 = an encr9ital body1 or = a coral1 b an accurate inspection w %[ t x is n compos$ ( an*ylos$ plates1 l ! receptacle ( an ,apiocr9ite1 b has surfaces = atta*m5t to o!r ossicula2 :ile ! ends1 :i* 9 a cr9oideal column w\ld h radiat$ surfaces1 are r\nd$ & entire4 ,9 collect+ ,e*9ites1 mu* caution is requir$ 9 dissect+ specim5s surr\nd$ by sp9es4 ,if imb$d$ 9 h>d lime/one1 or 9 lam9at$ clay1 x is sc>cely possible to pres]ve ! sp9es 9 connexion ) ! %ell2 b x (t5 happ5s t ! ,cid>ites ( ! ,oolite are atta*$ by ! base to ! solid lime/one1 & ! case ) ! sp9es is imb$d$ 9 s&y1 friable aggregate1 n difficult ( removal4 ,a specim5 9 my cab9et1 ) upw>ds ( fifty sp9es atta*$ to ! %ell1 0 obta9$ "u su* circum/ances4#cjd #cjd ,n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,*alk ,e*9ites w be f\nd to possess sp9es m frequ5tly ?an is commonly suppos$1 if c>e be tak5 to explore ! surr\nd+ *alk be=e x be remov$4 ,t h (t5 procur$ ,cid>ites ) sp9es1 :5 !re 7 no app>5t ve/iges ( ^! app5dages1 by c>efully scrap+ away ! surr\nd+ mass until ! extremity ( a sp9e appe>$1 & !n trac+ x up to its connexion ) ! %ell2 ano!r po9t 0 discov]$ by fur!r removal1 & t 0 develop$ 9 ! same mann]2 & at l5g? a ,cid>is ) sev]al sp9es 0 obta9$4 ,! *alk ar\nd ! m\? %\ld always be cauti\sly remov$ 9 ! d5tat$ species1 9 ! hope ( pres]v+ ! tee?1 z 9 ! specim5s1 ,lign4 #aja1 fig4 #a1 & ,lign4 #ajd1 fig4 #a4 ,z ! %ells ( ,*alk ,e*9ites1 :5 holl[1 are (t5 l9$ ) cry/als 7see ,lign4 #ajc1 fig4 #c71 x is wor? :ile to break all indiff]5t specim5s ( ! common species1 ) ! *ance ( obta9+ an example ( ?is k9d4 ,! *alk mu/ n be scrap$ (f f ! cru/ or %ell ( ! ,e*9ites1 or ! m9ute granulations & papill w be injur$ or remov$2 x %\ld be flak$ (f ) a blunt po9t4 ,9 friable ar5ace\s /rata1 z 9 "s ( ! ,mae/ri*t & ,t]ti>y deposits1 ! ,e*9ites may be extricat$ 9 z p]fect a condition z if fre% f ! sea2 x is1 inde$1 probable1 f ! habit ( ^! animals ( burr[+ 9 mud & s&1 t 9 _m in/ances !y 7 entomb$ alive by ! s$im5t 9 :i* _! fossil rema9s are imb$d$4 ,beautiful ,cid>ites & _! sp9es may be collect$ 9 ! ,oolitic /rata at ,calne1 ,*ipp5ham1 ,ba?1 c42 & 9 ! corall9e ,oolite ne> ,f>+don2 & ( ,sal5i1 9 ! ,gre5s& gravel-pits ne> t t[n4 ,! ,upp] ,gre5s& ne> ,w>m9/]1 & at ,*ute ,f>m1 ne> ,heytesbury1 ab\nds 9 small ,cid>itid & o!r e*9ites4 ,! l>ge s9uat$ ,clypeus is f\nd 9 great p]fection 9 ! ,oolite at ,malton1 ,*elt5ham1 ,gl\ce/]1 c4 ,! cretace\s e*9ites are to be met ) 9 mo/ localities ( ! :ite *alk4 ,! *alk-pits 9 ,k5t1 especially at ,graves5d1 ,nor?fleet1 ,*a?am1 c4 are ri* 9 ,cid>ites1 & _! sp9es4 ,! ,gal]ites1 & ,anan*ytes1 are also v f9e & num]\s2 & ! s(tness ( ! *alk r5d]s _! extrication f ! /one a delightful task = ! "y geologi/4 ,specim5s ( ! common k9ds ( fossil ,e*9od]ms may be obta9$ at mod]ate prices ( ! deal]s nam$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,!re is a mat*less suite ( fossil ,e*9id 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* has be5 arrang$ & nam$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 & is n[ ! mo/ in/ructive & int]e/+ collection extant4 ,x conta9s examples ( ! foll[+ g5]a1 viz41 ,anan*ytes1 ,e*9ocorys1 ,e*9olampas1 ,hola/]1 ,gal]ites1 ,cid>is1 ,diadema1 ,acrosal5ia1 ,glypticus1 ,disa/]1 ,pygurus1 ,clypea/]1 ,scutella1 ,salmasis1 ,e*9ocyanus1 c4 ,!re is also a good s]ies ( e*9ital sp9es4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fossil ,,=am9if]a--,,microscopical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,*alk ,,& ,,fl9t4 ,:]e is ! du/ t has n be5 alive8 ,"y4 ,t ^? inf9itesimal =ms ( animal exi/5ce :i* sw>m ?r\gh\t ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 b ^: pres5ce c only be made manife/ by ! aid ( ! microscope1 are pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate1--t _! durable rema9s con/itute m\nta9 ranges1 & =m ! subsoil ( ext5sive regions1--& t ! mo/ /up5d\s monum5ts erect$ by man are con/ruct$ ( ! petrifi$ relics ( be+s invisible to ! unassi/$ eye1--are facts n ! lea/ a/\nd+ ( ^? :i* mod]n ,geology has reveal$4 ,?is int]e/+ field ( rese>*1 :i* ! lab\rs ( t em95t obs]v] ,m4 ,ehr5b]g fir/ made kn[n1 has s9ce be5 explor$ by o!r naturali/s1 & 9 e "p ( ! _w _m ( ! ,t]ti>y & ,second>y deposits h be5 f\nd to conta9 microscopic organisms 9 pr(usion4 ,at pres5t ?is bran* ( palontology is 9 its infancy1 & x (f]s to ! "y /ud5t an inexhau/ible & mo/ attractive pa? ( sci5tific inve/igation2 x possesses1 too1 ?is great advantage ov] _m o!rs1 t x c be pursu$ at home1 & ! mat]ials = its prosecution are ev]y:]e at h&4 ,unlike my explorations 9 ! ,weald51 9 :i* a few fragm5ts ( bones1 or tee?1 scatt]$ at wide int]vals ?r\gh ! rocks1 & 9 localities _m miles ap>t1 7 (t5 ! only rew>d ( a day's lab\r1 "h1 9 ! quiet ( my /udy1 ,i may discov] 9 a few atoms ( fl9t1 or gra9s ( *alk1 pick$ up by ! road-side1 ! fossil rema9s ( be+s z int]e/+ & extraord9>y z ! ext9ct colossal reptiles ( ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,microphytes4 ,! microphytes1 or fossil ,diatomace1 describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 7ante1 p4 #ic17 7 =m]ly class$ ) ! organisms t n[ claim our att5tion1 "u ! "n ,infusoria2 f ! belief t g5]ally prevail$ among naturali/s1 ( _! animal orig94 ,9 fact1 "s em95t microscopic obs]v]s1 :ile admitt+ ! vegetable "* ( ,xan?idium1 ,micra/]ias1 c4 consid] ! ,navicul1 ,ennoti1 c4 z belong+ to ! animal k+dom4 ,?us ,dr4 ,j1 ,w4 ,bailey1 9 a late ,memoir on ! ,microscopic ,organisms 9 ,v>i\s ,localities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 divides ^! bodies into ?ree gr\ps2 viz4 ,infusoria1 ,desmidie1 & ,diatomace2 ) ! rem>k1 t he has sep>at$ ! two latt] tribes f ! ,infusoria1 because s _m di/+ui%$ naturali/s consid] !m decid$ly to belong to ! vegetable k+dom3 b1 he adds1 :ile ,i believe t no positive l9e ( sep>ation c be drawn betwe5 c]ta9 animals & vegetables1 ,i am yet dispos$ to reg>d ! ,desmidie1 f ! sum ( all _! *>act]s1 z mo/ ne>ly alli$ to admitt$ vegetables2 :ile ! ,diatomace1 not)/&+ ,mr4 ,?waites's int]e/+ obs]vations on _! conjunction1#cje /ill seem to me1 z !y h always done1 to be true animals4 ,!re is su* app>5t volition 9 _! movem5ts1 su* an abundance ( nitrog5 9 ! composition ( _! s(t p>ts1 & su* resemblance betwe5 ! /ipitate ,gomphonemat & "s ( ! ,vorticell1 t ,i %\ld be /ill dispos$ to class !m z animals1 ev5 if ,ehr5b]g's obs]vations ( ! retractile ?reads & snail-l feet ( "s ( ! ,navicul %\ld n be confirm$4#cjf #cje ,! mode ( fructification1 or conjunction1 z x is t]m$1 9 ! ,alg1 consi/s 9 ! adhesion ( two cells or fru/ules toge!r1 & _! fusion into "o2 f _! unit$ cont5ts a mass ( granul> sub/ance is produc$1 t becomes consolidat$ & =ms ! spore or fruit1 :i*1 :5 arriv$ at maturity1 is set free by ! bur/+ ( ! cell4 ,mr4 ,?waites has asc]ta9$ t ! fructification is simil> 9 ! ,diatomace4 #cjf ,smi?sonian ,contributions1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cd4 ,?us1 :il/ ref]r+ ,clo/]ium1 ,ar?rodesma1 ,eua/rum1 ,xan?idium1 ,micra/]ium1 c4 z vegetables1 to ! ,desmidie1 ,dr4 ,bailey places1 ,act9ocyclus1 ,campilodiscus1 ,cosc9odiscus1 ,ennotia1 ,navicula1 ,gomphonema1 ,p9nul>ia1 ,tric]atium1 c4 among ! ,diatomace1 z animals4 ,( ! animal nature ( ! microscopic objects :i* n[ require our att5tion1 !re is h[ev] no "q1 al?\gh ! zoological position & aff9ities ( _m ( ! organisms includ$ 9 ?is survey are /ill b imp]fectly det]m9$4 ,! animals designat$ ,=am9if]a1#cjg or ,rhizopoda1#cjh are ( a m simple /ructure ?an ! ,polypif]a & ,e*9od]mata describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s2 yet z _! relics are = ! mo/ "p pres5t$ to ! notice ( ! geologi/ z aggregations ( %ells1 =m+ ext5sive b$s ( lime/one1 x w be conv5i5t to treat ( !m 9 ?is place4 #cjg ,=am9if]a1 i4e4 be>+ =am9a--a "n d]iv$ f ! m9ute op5+s 9 ! %ells & _! septa4 #cjh ,rhizopoda2 root-l feet2 f ! long fibr\s processes1 or pseudopodia4 ,! fact t ! fossil rema9s ( ,=am9if]a1 & ( ,mollusca1 alike consi/ ( %ells1 & con/itute /rata id5tical 9 m9]al *>act]s1 & deposit$ "u l physical conditions1 r5d]s ! exam9ation ( ^! ,microzoa#cji a fit introduction to ! /udy ( ! durable rema9s ( ! high] ord]--! ,mollusca4 #cji ,microzoa2 f 1 mikros1 small1 & 1 zoon1 animal2 a conv5i5t t]m to d5ote m9ute animal organisms ^: =ms c only be def9$ by ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,x is sc>cely m ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s ago1 t ! exi/5ce ( ?is num]\s ord] ( microzoa 0 fir/ made kn[n to naturali/s by ,becc>ius1 :o detect$ a consid]able numb] ( species 9 ! s& on ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic4 ,b ! /ructure ( ! animals t secret$ ^! %ells is a discov]y ( comp>atively mod]n date4 ,! e>ly collectors class$ ^! microscopic bodies ) ! %ells ( true mollusca2 & ev5 ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 ^: elaborate rese>*es ju/ly con/itute him a high au?ority 9 ?is bran* ( natural hi/ory1 9 8 fir/ memoir1 9 #ahbe1 describ$ ! involut$ discoidal =ms z ,cephalopoda4 ,?is error 0 correct$ by ! inve/igations ( ,m4 ,duj>d91 :o 9 #ahce satisfactorily demon/rat$ t ! ,=am9if]a are animals ( ! mo/ simple /ructure1 & entirely sep>at$ by _! organization f ! ,mollusca4 ,b ! true nature ( ?is class is s little und]/ood by ,briti% collectors ( fossil %ells1--( c\rse ,i mean ! un9itiat$1 & ! amateur naturali/1 = ^: use ^! unpret5d+ pages are design$1--t 9 ord] to inve/ ! /udy ( ! fossil species ) ! int]e/ :i* a k ( ! /ructure & economy ( ! liv+ orig9als c alone imp>t1 ,i mu/ give a hi/ory ( ! rec5t =ms some:at 9 detail1 tak+ ,m4 ,d',orbigny z my *ief au?ority4#caj #caj ,! be/ "w = ! /ud5t to consult is ,m4 ,d',orbigny's ,=am9ifres ,fossiles du ,basse ,t]tiaire de ,vi5ne1 ,autri*e4 ,p>is1 #ahdf4 #a vol4 #dto4 ) plates4 ,i rejoice to le>n t a ,monograph on ! ,briti% ,=am9if]a is 9 prep>ation by ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & ,pr(essor ,williamson3 ?an :om !re are none m compet5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=am9if]a4 ,! ,=am9if]a are m>9e animals ( l[ organization1 &1 ) b few exceptions1 extremely m9ute3 9 an ounce ( sea-s& betwe5 ?ree & f\r millions h be5 di/9ctly enum]at$4 ,:5 liv+1 !y are n aggregat$1 b always individually di/9ct2 !y are compos$ ( a body1 or vital mass1 ( a gelat9\s consi/5ce1 :i* is ei!r entire & r\nd1 or divid$ into segm5ts1 plac$ ei!r on a simple or alt]nate l9e1 or coil$ 9 a spiral1 or involut$ r\nd an axis4 ,?is body is cov]$ ) an envelope or %ell1 :i* is g5]ally te/ace\s1 r>ely c>tilag9\s1 is modell$ on ! segm5ts1 & foll[s all ! modifications ( =m & cont\r ( ! body4 ,f ! extremity ( ! la/ segm5t !re issue sometimes f "o1 sometimes f sev]al op5+s ( ! %ell1 or ?r\gh ! num]\s pores or =am9a1 v elongat$1 sl5d]1 contractile1 col\rless1 filam5ts1 m or less divid$ & ramifi$1 s]v+ = preh5sion1 & capable ( entirely inve/+ ! %ell4 ,! body v>ies 9 col\r1 b is always id5tical 9 individuals ( ! same species2 x is yell[1 o*re\s1 r$1 violet1 blue1 c4 ,its consi/5ce is v>iable2 x is compos$ ( m9ute globules1 ! aggregation ( :i* det]m9es ! g5]al t9t4 ,x is sometimes entire1 r\nd1 & )\t segm5ts1 z 9 ,gromia1 ,orbul9a1 c41 :i* repres5t at all ages ! embryonic /ate ( all ! o!r g5]a4 ,! animal increases by gemmation1 ea* segm5t be+ ess5tially di/9ct1 b connect$ ) ! prec$+ "o by a tube or neck4 ,:5 ! body is divid$ by lobes or segm5ts1 ! prim>y lobe1 z 9 ! p]man5t condition ( ! ,gromia1 is at fir/ r\nd or oval1 accord+ to ! g5us2 once =m$ x nev] enl>ges1 b is envelop$ ext]nally by te/ace\s matt]4 ,! segm5ts1 :i* successively appe>1 are agglom]at$ toge!r 9 sev5 diff]5t ways1 & ^! modifications are ! basis ( ,m4 ,d',orbigny's classification4 ,! discoidal =ms1 z ! ,rotalia1 ,rosal9a1 ,cri/ell>ia1 c4 are involute1 l ! ,nautilus1 & divid$ by septa or p>titions1 :i*1 l ! envelop+ %ell1 are p]=at$4 ,! lobes ( ! body occupy contemporane\sly e *amb]1 & are connect$ by a tube t ext5ds ?r\gh ! entire s]ies4 ,9 ! spiral =m1 z ! ,textul>ia1 c41 ! same /ructure is app>5t4 ,:atev] ! =m ( ! body1 ! filam5ts always consi/ ( a col\rless transp>5t matt]2 !y are capable ( be+ elongat$ to six times ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,!y (t5 divide & subdivide1 s z to appe> bran*$2 & ?\gh alike 9 =m 9 ! diff]5t g5]a1 v>y mu* 9 _! position4 ,9 "s species !y =m a bundle :i* issues f a s+le ap]ture1 & is )drawn into ! same by contraction2 9 o!rs1 ! filam5ts project only ?r\gh ea* ( ! pores 9 t portion ( ! %ell :i* cov]s ! la/ segm5t3 9 _m !y issue f bo? ! l>ge ap]ture & ! =am9a4 ,^! filam5ts or pseudopodia fulfil 9 ^! animals ! functions ( ! num]\s t5tacula 9 ! ,/>-fi%es2 s]v+ z in/rum5ts ( locomotion & atta*m5t4 ,nei!r organs ( nutrim5t nor ( reproduction h be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! g5]a hav+ "o l>ge ap]ture f :i* ! filam5ts issue & retract1 we c conceive nutrim5t to be absorb$ by t op5+2 b ?is _c be ! case 9 ! species :i* h ! la/ cell clos$ up2 9 ^! ! filam5ts issu+ ?r\gh ! =am9a are probably also organs ( nutrition4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny consid]s ! ,=am9if]a z con/itut+ a di/9ct class 9 zoology2 ?\gh less complicat$ ?an ! ,e*9od]ms & ! ,polypif]a 9 _! int]nal organization1 !y h ! mode ( locomotion ( ! fir/2 :ile by _! free1 individual exi/5ce1 !y are m advanc$ 9 ! scale ( be+ ?an ! aggregat$ & immovably fix$ animals ( ! latt] class4 ,b ?\gh ,i consid] ! animal ( ! ,=am9if]a z s+le1 & ! additional lobes1 or segm5ts1 z ! cont9u\s gr[? ( ! same individual1 ,i mu/ /ate t "s em95t naturali/s reg>d ! entire /ructure z a s]ies ( di/9ct individuals1 develop$ by gemmation f ! fir/ =m$ segm5t1 l ! clu/]s ( ! comp\nd ,tunicata2 & n z a s+le aggregat$ organism1 made up ( an assemblage ( simil> p>ts indef9itely repeat$4 ,9 a palontological po9t ( view1 x matt]s n :i* op9ion is adopt$4#caa #caa ,see a ma/]ly pap] on ! /ructure ( ,nummul9a & ,orbitoides1 by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]2 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #ba-ci1 ) admirable repres5tations ( ! /ructural details4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aji4 ,=am9if]a4 ,*alk4 ,*>+4 ,fig4 #a4--;,globig]9a cretacea2 ! orig9al is #a_/fj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 #b4--,textul>ia ,globulosa2 #a_/dj4 #c4--,v]neuil9a tric>9ata2 #a_/cj4 #d4--;,cri/ell>ia rotulata2 #a_/dj4 #e4--,rosal9a ,lorneiana2 #a_/dj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,=am9if]a4 ,classification ( ! ,=am9if]a4--,! numb] ( g5]a is s great1 t ,i c only attempt to convey a v g5]al idea ( ! pr9ciples ( classification adopt$ by ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 & give a few illu/rations ( "s ( ! mo/ abundant fossil species4 ,t ! read] may be cognizant ( ! usual aspect ( ^! %ells five specim5s f ! ,*alk1 belong+ to z _m g5]a1 are "h repres5t$ 7,lign4 #aji72 ! deposit :5ce !y 7 obta9$ w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,z ! mode 9 :i* ! gr[? ( ! body1 & consequ5tly ( ! %ell1 takes place1 diff]s greatly 9 c]ta9 gr\ps1 an obvi\s & natural arrangem5t is sugge/$1 by :i* ! class is divid$ into sev5 ord]s3-- #a4 ,! prim>y1 or simple/ type2 "o segm5t or cell2 z 9 ,orbul9a4 #b4 ,! segm5ts arrang$ 9 circul> l9es2 z 9 ,orbitol9a4 #c4 ,segm5ts dispos$ 9 a /raight or ar*$ s+le l9e2 successively increas+ f ! fir/ to ! la/ cell2 z 9 ,nodos>ia1 ,lign4 #aaa4 #d4 ,segm5ts1 spirally & discoidally dispos$1 on ! same plane1 l cells ( ! ,nautilus2 z 9 ,cri/ell>ia1 ,lign4 #aji4 ,! same type1 b coil$ obliquely1 & inequilat]ally1 l ! %ells ( ,ga/]opoda2 z 9 ,globig]9a1 ,lign4 #aji1 ,rosal9a1 ,lign4 #aji4 #e4 ,segm5ts develop$ alt]nately on ! "r & left ( ! fir/1 & successively on ea* side ! longitud9al axis2 z 9 ,textul>ia1 ,lign4 #aji4 #f4 ,arrangem5t ( ! segm5ts comb9+ ! modes ( #d & #e2 t is1 ! segm5ts are =m$ alt]nately1 b ! :ole are coil$ spirally1 ei!r obliquely1 or on ! same plane2 z 9 ,amphi/ig5a4 #g4 ,segm5ts r\nd a common axis1 on two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or five1 opposite faces1 return+ aft] ea* entire revolution2 ! new cells be+ plac$ exactly on ! prec$+ s]ies2 z 9 ,qu9quelocul9a1 ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 lxii4 fig4 #ab4 ,! ,=am9if]a v>y consid]ably 9 magnitude2 by f> ! great] numb] ( species are invisible to ! unassi/$ eye1 & ! aid ( a l5s or microscope is requir$ to def9e ! /ructure ev5 ( ! l>ge/2 yet _m are ( suffici5t size to be recogniz$1 z = example ! ,spirol91 ,lign4 #aab4 ,a few g5]a are f a qu>t] ( an in* to ne>ly an in* 9 diamet]1 z ! ,orbitoides ,mantelli ( ! t]ti>y =mations ( ,nor? ,am]ica1#cab & ! ,nummul9a1 commonly t]m$ ,nummulites1 ( ,europe1 ,lign4 #aaj4 ,we w n[ describe ! g5]a select$ = illu/ration1 comm5c+ ) ! l>ge & well-kn[n type1 ^: aggregat$ rema9s =m ext5sive b$s ( cry/all9e lime/one 9 ! ,alps1 & 9 ,asia1 & ,africa4#cac #cab ,dr4 ,morton's ,synopsis ( ! ,organic ,rema9s ( ! ,cretace\s gr\p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbd1 p4 #de1 pl4 v4 fig4 #i4 #cac ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 v4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aaj4 ,nummulites1 or ,nummul9a2 nat4 ,f ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,egypt4 ,fig4 #a4--,transv]se section ( a ,nummulite1 %[+ ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! cells4 #b1 #c4--,specim5s ) "p ( ! ext]nal plate remov$4 ,nummul9a lvigata4 ,lign4 #aaj4--,! %ell is ( a discoidal or l5ticul> =m1 compos$ ( num]\s cells1 conc5trically arrang$ r\nd an axis on ! same plane2 bo? sides ( ! disk cov]$ by a smoo? ?ick plate4 ,sid5ote3 ,,nummulites4 ,"u ! "n ( ,nummulites1 f _! resemblance to a piece ( money1 ! fossil %ells ( ?is g5us ( ,=am9if]a h long be5 kn[n to naturali/s1 & are figur$ 9 _m ( ! e>ly works on petrifactions4 ,!y occur 9 imm5se quantities 9 c]ta9 rocks1 & are ( all sizes1 f a m]e po9t1 to disks an in* & a half 9 diamet]2 ?us exce$+ 9 magnitude all o!r animals ( ?is class4 ,p]fect specim5s appe> z a calc>e\s solid circul> body1 ( a l5ticul> %ape2 smoo?1 & slightly convex on bo? sides1 & )\t any visible /ructure4 ,on splitt+ ! fossil transv]sely1 or rubb+ d[n "o ( ! convex planes1 a s]ies ( m9ute cells1 arrang$ 9 a discoidal spire1 is br\ght to view1 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #aaj1 fig4 #a4 ,b ?is description gives a v inadequate idea ( ! complicat$ & exquisite /ructure ( ! orig9al1 :i* has be5 admirably work$ out by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]4 ,?is em95t physiologi/ has %[n t ea* *amb] 0 occupi$ by a liv+ segm5t1 connect$ ) o!r segm5ts by "o or m tubul> prolongations1 :i* absorb$ nutrition f )\t1 by means ( filam5t\s pseudopodia1 t project$ ?r\gh a sy/em ( passages lead+ f ! m$ial plane to ! ext]nal surface4#cad ,a figure ( ! suppos$ =m ( a liv+ ,nummul9a is giv5 9 ,pict4 ,atlas1 p4 #ahg4 #cad ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ba4 ,see also a pap] by ,pr(4 ,williamson1 ,on ! m9ute ,/ructure ( ! ,calc>e\s ,%ells ( "s rec5t species ( ,=am9if]a4 ,trans4 ,microscop4 ,soc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aje4 ,! specim5s figur$ 9 ,lign4 #aaj are f ! lime/one t =ms ! f\ndation rock ( ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,egypt1 & ( :i* t /ructure is 9 great "p compos$4 ,/rabo alludes to ! ,nummulites ( ! ,pyramids1 z l5tils :i* _h be5 scatt]$ ab\t by ! artific]s employ$ on ^? /up5d\s monum5ts1 & become /one4#cae ,silicifi$ masses ( ,nummulites are occasionally met )2 poli%$ slices ( su* specim5s are ri*ly figur$ by ! sections ( ! inclos$ ,=am9if]a4 #cae ,an int]e/+ fact 0 communicat$ to me by a fri5d :o lately desc5d$ ! ,nile2 ! ,nummulitic lime/one rocks are 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\rse ( ! riv] wa%$ into ! /ream1 & becom+ dis9tegrat$1 ! ,nummulites are set free1 & re-deposit$ 9 ! rec5t mud ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,nummulitic lime/ones are ( ! ,eoc5e or anci5t4 ,t]ti>y epo*1 z ! lab\rs ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison 9 ! ,alps1 ,ap5n9es1 & ,c>pa?ians fir/ e/abli%$3 ,nummulites are unkn[n 9 ! ,second>y =mations4#caf #caf ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 v4 ,orbitoides4--,! fossil bodies ?us nam$ are disci=m1 l ! ,nummulites2 & "o species1 :i* =ms ! con/itu5t sub/ance ( ranges ( lime/one m\nta9s1 #cjj feet high1 ne> ,suggsville1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 0 fir/ describ$ by my lam5t$ fri5d1 ! late ,dr4 ,morton1 ( ,philadelphia1 z ,n4 ,mantelli1 9 8 "w on ! ,cretace\s ,fossils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! discov]y t ! ,nummulitic deposits ( ! ,old ,_w 7 ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 direct$ att5tion to _! suppos$ geological equival5ts 9 ,am]ica2 & on a c>eful exam9ation ( _! fossils1 ! rocks prov$ to be t]ti>y1 & ! %ells true ,=am9if]a alli$ to ! ,nummulites1 b g5]ically di/9ct4#cag ,a ref]5ce to ,dr4 ,c>p5t]s memoir1 previ\sly cit$1 is necess>y to compreh5d ! complicat$ /ructure ( ^! fossils4#cah #cag ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #bjh4 #cah ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 ,sid]ol9a1 or ,sid]olites1 is a g5us ( ,=am9if]a1 :i* may be describ$ z ,nummulites1 9 :i* ! turns ( ! spire are int]cept$ by elongat$ app5dages1 t project beyond ! p]iph]y ( ! disk1 & produce a /ellat$ figure4 ,^! fossils ab\nd 9 ! cretace\s /rata ( ,mae/ri*t4 ,fusul9a4--,! %ell is fusi=m1 be+ elongat$ transv]sely to ! axis2 ! cells are divid$ int]nally by con/rictions4 ,only "o species is kn[n1 7,f4 cyl9drica17 & ?is is conf9$ to ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation2 x is ! mo/ anci5t or e>lie/ type ( ! class1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aaa4 ,=am9if]a1 c4 ,fig4 #a & #b4--;,campilodiscus2 a p]fect fru/ule1 & "p ( ano!r1 se5 f above1 ,t]ti>y2 ,egra 9 ,bohemia4 ,see ante1 p4 #if4 #c;a4--,lituola nautilotdea4 ,*alk1 ,*i*e/]4 7,by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell47 ,side view1 #h4 #c;b4--,front view ( ! la/ cell ( #c;d1 to %[ ! =am9a ) :i* x is pi]c$4 #c;c4--,! la/ cell ( #c;a4 #c;d4--,side view ( a "y %ell1 be=e ! produc$1 or /raight "p appe>s1 #bj4 #d;a4--,flabell9a ,baudon9a4 ,*alk4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 ,a "y individual se5 9 pr(ile1 #ab4 #d;b4--,! same1 view$ lat]ally1 %[s ! oblique arrangem5t ( ! cells4 #e4--,nodos>ia4 ,*alk1 ,*i*e/]4 7,by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell47 ,! l9e bel[ indicates ! natural size4 ,sid5ote3 ,,nodos>ia4 ,,lituola4 ,nodos>ia4 ,lign4 #aaa1 fig4 #e4--,/raight1 elongat$ cells plac$ end to end1 sep>at$ by con/rictions2 ! la/ =m$ cell has a r\nd c5tral ap]ture4 ,sev]al beautiful species ab\nd 9 ! ,*alk2 specim5s (t5 occur adh]+ to ! surface ( ! fl9t nodules4 ,nodos>i are abundant 9 t]ti>y deposits4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell discov]$ ,=am9if]a ( ?is g5us 9 ! blue clay ( ,kakaunui1 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,cri/ell>ia4 ,lign4 #aji1 fig4 #d4--,! %ell is 9 ! =m ( a compress$ ,nautilus2 x has a s+le ap]ture1 :i* is situat$ at ! angle ( ! keel2 ! cells are oblique4 ,?is g5us comprises sev5ty fossil species1 :i* occur 9 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 & ,*alk4 ,liv+ species are abundant 9 almo/ e sea4 ,flabell9a4 ,lign4 #aaa1 fig4 #d;a4--,9 a "y /ate1 ?is %ell1 l ! prec$+1 resembles t ( a ,nautilus1 & ! cells are oblique2 b 9 ! adult1 are ( a zigzag 7*evron7 =m4 ,x has a s+le r\nd ap]ture4 ,fig4 #d;a %[s a "y individual1 se5 9 pr(ile2 fig4 #d;b a lat]al view1 exhibit+ ! obliquity ( ! cells4 ,species ( ,flabell9a are (t5 f\nd 9 cretace\s /rata4 ,! g5us is n kn[n 9 a rec5t /ate4 ,poly/omella4--,9 its g5]al =m ?is g5us resembles ! o!r nautiloid %ells above describ$1 b its /ructure diff]s ess5tially2 = !re are sev]al ap]tures along ! side ( ! %ell1 z well z ! op5+ 9 ! la/ segm5t4 ,! cells are simple1 & ea* is a s+le cavity4 ,! figures & details ( /ructure1 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,williamson1 mu/ be ref]r$ to1 = an insight into ! organization ( ?is beautiful & complicat$ type ( ,=am9if]a4#cai ,"o species ( ,poly/omella is said to occur 9 ! ,*alk2 ,i h n detect$ ?is g5us 9 our cretace\s deposits4 ,rec5t species sw>m 9 our seas2 & may be easily obta9$ f ! mud & s& on ! %ores at ,brighton4#cbj #cai ,trans4 ,microscop4 ,society1 vol4 ii4 #cbj ,mr4 ,p\lton has specim5s ( ! %ells1 & ! bodies ( ! animals depriv$ ( ! %ell1 m\nt$ = ! microscope4 ,lituola4 ,lign4 #aaa1 fig4 #c;a4--,9 a "y /ate ! %ell is nautiloid1 z 9 fig4 #c;b1 #c;d2 b becomes produc$ by age1 & assumes a crosi]-l =m1 z 9 fig4 #c;a4 ,! cells are fill$ ) a por\s te/ace\s tissue1 z %[n 9 figs4 #c;b1 #c;c2 :i* also illu/rate ! =am9if]\s "* ( ! %ells 9 ?is class ( animals2 = bo? ! ext]nal te/ace\s cov]+1 & ! septa ( ! cells1 exhibit p]=ations4#cba #cba ,! p]=ations are omitt$1 by mi/ake1 9 ! figure ( ! adult %ell1 fig4 #c;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aab4 ,spirol9ites 9 ,fl9t4 ,*alk4 ,sussex4 7,by ! late ,m>quis ( ,nor?ampton47 ,! specim5s are only sections ( ! %ells ,imb$d$ 9 fl9t1 & se5 z opaque objects ) a l5s ( mod]ate p[]4 ,! small figures d5ote ! size ( ! orig9als4 ,sid5ote3 ,,spirol9a4 ,spirol9a4 ,lign4 #aab4--,! g5]al =m resembles t ( ,lituola3 ! "y %ell be+ a discoidal1 involute1 & becom+ produc$ by age2 b ! int]nal /ructure is diff]5t2 ! cells are simple cavities4 ,! *alk & fl9ts ( ,sussex ab\nd 9 ^! crosi]-l %ells1 ^: exi/5ce 9 ! cretace\s rocks 0 fir/ made kn[n by my deeply lam5t$ fri5d1 ! late ,m>quis ( ,nor?ampton4 ,! annex$ lignograph1 f draw+s by 8 lord%ip1 %[s ! =m & /ructure z display$ by sections 9 fractur$ fl9ts4 ,f\r species 7 nam$ by ,"l ,nor?ampton 7see ,wond4 p4 #cb-e72 b x is d\btful :e!r all ! specim5s belong to m ?an "o species2 ! app>5t div]sity ( /ructure may arise simply f ! diff]5t planes 9 :i* ! sections happ5 to h be5 made4 ,globig]9a4 ,lign4 #aji1 fig4 #a4--,! %ell is turb9at$1 ! cells are sph]oidal1 & ! la/1 or t]m9al "o1 has a semilun> ap]ture at ! umbilical angle4 ,sev]al fossil species ab\nd 9 ! ,*alk & 9 ! t]ti>y deposits2 & _m liv+ species sw>m 9 our seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aac4 ,nonion9a ,g]manica1 #bij4 ,a rec5t specim5 ( ! body ( ! animal2 ! %ell remov$ by acids4 ,f ! ,nor? ,sea1 ,cuxhav54 7,m4 ,ehr5b]g47 a1 a4--,navicul & o!r organisms 9 ! segm5ts ( ! animal4 ,nonion9a4--,lign4 #aac4--;,a nautiloid %ell1 ) simple cells2 ! la/ cell has a s+le n>r[ ap]ture plac$ transv]sely ov] ! dorsal aspect ( ! spire4 ,"o species occurs 9 ! *alk =mation ( ,g]many2 sev]al 9 t]ti>y deposits1 & 9 ! exi/+ seas4 ,! figure1 ,lign4 #aac1 repres5ts ! body ( ! animal depriv$ ( its %ell1 to illu/rate ! nature ( c]ta9 fossils f ! ,*alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aad4 ,=am9if]a 9 ,*alk & ,fl9t4 4 7,se5 by transmitt$ light47 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f4--;,diff]5t =ms ( ,rotalia4 #b4--,resembles ! rec5t ,rotalia /igma2 ,ehr5b]g2 f ! ,nor? ,sea1 ne> ,cuxhav54 #d4--,portion ( a ,nautilus1 %[+ five *amb]s1 p>tially sep>at$1 ea* pi]c$ by ! siphunculus3 9 ,fl9t1 f ,irel&4 #e4--,! body ( a ,rotalia1 9 ,fl9t2 ! %ell is n app>5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rotalia--,,rosal9a4 ,rotalia4 ,lign4 #aad4--,! %ell1 ?\gh nautiloid 9 its cont\r1 is regul>ly turb9at$1 ! cells n globul>2 ! la/ cell has a c5tral1 semilun>1 transv]se1 ap]ture4 ,!re are fifty fossil species4 ,! ,rotali appe> 9 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 & ,*alk1 9 imm5se numb]s1 & sw>m 9 ! pres5t seas4 ,rosal9a4 ,lign4 #aji1 fig4 #e4--,! %ell is depress$2 ! spire app>5t on "o side2 ! ap]ture is a prolong$ slit ext5d+ f "o cell to ano!r1 & op5+ on ! umbilicus2 t is1 on ! side opposite to ! spire4 ,!re are eighte5 fossil1 & _m rec5t species ( ?is g5us4 ,textul>ia4 ,lign4 #aji4--,?is1 & ! foll[+ g5us1 belong to t ord] ( ,=am9if]a 9 :i* ! segm5ts or cells are arrang$ 9 two or ?ree di/9ct axes 7ante1 p4 #cdb71 & by _! gradual increase give rise to an elongat$ conical b n spiral %ell1 :i* 9 its g5]al outl9e resembles t ( c]ta9 ga/]opoda1 b is easily di/+ui%$ by its int]nal /ructure4 ,! %ell is conical1 compress$1 =m$ ( alt]nate cells1 ) a transv]se ap]ture plac$ on ! inn] side4 ,upw>ds ( ?irty fossil species are kn[n4 ,! ,textul>i are 9 great abundance 9 ! cretace\s rocks2 &1 toge!r ) ,rotali & ,rosal91 con/itute a l>ge proportion ( ! m9ute organisms ( ! second>y =mations z well z ( ! pres5t seas4 ,v]neuil9a4--,lign4 #aji1 fig4 #c4--;,a turriculat$ %ell1 ) a slit or ap]ture transv]se to ! axis ( involution1 & plac$ on ! umbilicus4 ,?is g5us1 ( :i* b "o species is kn[n1 is peculi> to ! cretace\s deposits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,*alk ,,animalculites4 ,/rata compos$ ( ,=am9if]a4--,f ?is concise exposition ( ! *>act]s ( ! g5]a t mo/ frequ5tly occur 9 a fossil /ate1 we pass to ! exam9ation ( ! organic composition ( ^? lime/ones :i* are 9 a great measure made up ( ! debris ( ,=am9if]4 ,we w comm5ce ! inve/igation ) t common sub/ance1 ! :ite *alk ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t a l>ge proportion ( ! pure/ :ite *alk consi/s ( m9ute *amb]$ %ells1#cbb & corals4 #cbb ,(t5 t]m$ ,poly?alamia1 mean+ _m *amb]s or cells4 ,mr4 ,lonsdale1 "s ye>s s9ce1 fir/ %[$ t by bru%+ *alk 9 wat]1 & exam9+ ! s$im5t1 %ells1 corals1 & =am9if]a might be obta9$ 9 abundance2 b x 0 n at t "t suspect$ t ! residue ( ! detritus 0 almo/ entirely compos$ ( di/9ct organic /ructures1 s m9ute z to require high magnify+ p[]s1 & a peculi> mode ( manipulation1 = _! detection & def9ition4 ,m4 ,ehr5b]g demon/rat$ t ev5 ! fossils discov]$ by ,mr4 ,lonsdale are colossal1 9 comp>ison ) ! inf9itesimal /ructures ( :i* ! f9] p>ticles ( ! *alk consi/2 = "o cubic in* ( ! lime/one is f\nd to conta9 upw>ds ( a million ( well-pres]v$ animal organisms4 ,! *alk1 !re=e1 is an aggregation ( extremely m9ute fossils & inorganic p>ticles4 ,! yell[1 s(t1 writ+ *alk ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 accord+ to ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 is compos$ ( ab\t half its mass ( organic rema9s2 b 9 ! *alk ( ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 ! fossils pr$om9ate4 ,! amorph\s atoms ( ! cretace\s lime/one d n1 z 0 =m]ly believ$1 arise f a precipitate ( lime previ\sly held 9 solution1 b f ! dis9tegration ( ! assembl$ organisms into m m9ute calc>e\s p>ticles2 & ^! h subsequ5tly be5 reunit$ by a cry/all9e action1 into regul>1 elliptical1 granul>1 bodies4 ,m4 ,ehr5b]g inf]s t ! compact fl9t nodules h orig9at$ f an aggregation ( pulv]ul5t p>ticles ( silice\s organisms2 & ^u ?is hypo!sis expla9s ! abs5ce ( fl9t nodules1 & ! abundance ( silice\s infusoria1 9 ! b$s ( m>l t alt]nate ) ! *alk 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 & _! pres5ce 9 ! *alk ( nor!rn ,europe1 9 :i* ! m>ls are want+4 ,9 o!r words1 he supposes1 t 9 ! =m] case ! silice\s %ells ( ! animalcules 7 spread abroad & deposit$ 9 lay]s or /rata2 & 9 ! latt] 7 aggregat$ into nodul> masses4 ,?is op9ion is n1 h[ev]1 support$ by facts2 =1 ?\gh ! animal orig9 ( lime1 fl9t1 & iron1 may be admitt$ to a great ext5t1 yet ! deposition ( silex & lime f aque\s solutions1 is c>ri$ on at ! pres5t mom5t ^u an enorm\s scale2 & x _c be d\bt$ t to su* a process is attributable ! =mation ( ! nodules1 lay]s1 dikes1 & ve9s ( fl9t1 :i* trav]se ! *alk1 & o!r rocks4#cbc #cbc ,see my ,memoir on a ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ,*alk & ,fl9t1 ,annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,aug4 #ahde4 ,! mo/ abundant microscopic organisms 9 ! ,engli% *alk & fl9t :i* ,i h exam9$1 are ,rotali1 or ,rosal91 & ,textul>i4 ,imm5se numb]s ( m9ut] ,=am9if]a also occur1 & _m %ells1 :i* are unque/ionably ! "y /ate ( te/ace\s ,cephalopoda 7z ,nautilus1 ,ammonite1 c474 ,sp9es ( ,sponges1 & ( ,e*9od]ms1 also frequ5tly appe> 9 ! field ( ! microscope3 & a sponge\s /ructure is s common 9 fl9t1 t an em95t obs]v] conceives t all ! fl9ts1 bo? nodul> & tabul>1 h orig9at$ f porif]\s zoophytes2#cbd an hypo!sis altoge!r inadmissible4 #cbd ,memoir on ! ,silice\s ,bodies 9 ! ,*alk1 ,gre5s&s1 & ,oolite1 by ,j4 ,s4 ,b[]bank1 ,esq4 ,f4,r4,s4 c4 ,geol4 ,trans1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aha4 ,! ass]tion t ! *alk e :]e consi/s almo/ :olly ( organic bodies mu/ likewise be accept$ ) "s limitation4 ,! assidu\s obs]v] :o se>*es = h\rs *alk & fl9t c>efully prep>$1 & ) ! aid ( an excell5t microscope1 ?\gh he w meet ) imm5se numb]s ( organisms1 w (t5 f9d a great proportion ( atoms )\t traces ( /ructure4 ,nei!r is !re mu* v>iety 9 ! easily recognizable =ms ( ! ,engli% *alk 7,i write f my own limit$ exp]i5ce72 _m ( ! species describ$ by ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 & o!rs1 are few & f> betwe52 & ,i h n detect$ a s+le example ( diatomace4 ,! /ud5t !re=e mu/ n be disc\rag$1 if1 aft] p]us+ ! gl[+ acc\nts ( ! discov]ies ( ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 he %\ld n be m successful ?an myself4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d1 t z ! fossil rema9s ( ! l>g] animals & plants are commonly associat$ toge!r 9 p>ticul> localities1 :ile 9 simil> rocks 9 o!r di/ricts !y are altoge!r want+2 9 l mann]1 "s /rata ( ! same s]ies may be made up ( organic bodies1 :ile o!rs are de/itute ( !m4 ,9 fact1 su* is ! case ) our ,engli% ,*alk3 "s lay]s 9 ! cliffs at ,dov] are lit]ally an aggregation ( =am9if]a & corals1 :ile o!r b$s h b few ve/iges ( organic rema9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*alk ,,=am9if]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aae4 ,*alk-du/2 *iefly compos$ ( ,=am9if]a2 highly magnifi$4 7,se5 by reflect$ light47 a1 a4 ,rotali4 b4 ,textul>i4 ,=am9if]a ( ! ,*alk & ,fl9t4 ,lign4 #aae4--;,if a few gra9s ( s(t :ite *alk f ,graves5d or ,dov] be exam9$ "u a high p[] 7#a_/d in* object-glass ( ,ross71 gr\ps ( =am9if]a w be p]ceiv$1 *iefly ( ,rotali1 ,rosal91 & ,textul>i1 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #aae4 ,if "s ( ! p[d] be imm]s$ 9 ,canada balsam1 7z direct$ 9 ! in/ructions at ! close ( ?is *apt] = prep>+ *alk = microscopical exam9ation17 ! outl9e ( ! %ells1 & ! cavities (1 ! cells1 w be app>5t2 z 9 ! sket*es ,lign4 #aad1 ante p4 #cea4 ,if a *ip or slice ( fl9t1 r5d]$ transp>5t by imm]sion 9 oil ( turp5t9e or ,canada balsam1 be view$ fir/ ) a l[ p[]1 7#a in* object-glass17 to discov] a good specim51 & aft]w>ds "u a high magnifi]1 7a #a_/d or an #a_/h object-glass17 ! =m ( ! %ell & ( ! cells w be di/9ctly se51 z 9 ,lign4 #aaf4 ,9 ?is beautiful fossil ,rotalia1 ! segm5ts are z %>ply def9$ z 9 a rec5t example3 & "o ( ! cells 7a7 is se5 to be l9$ ) qu>tz cry/als4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aaf4 ,section ( a ,rotalia 9 fl9t4 7,se5 by transmitt$ light1 & %[+ ! *amb]s p>tially fill$ ) m9]al matt]47 a4 ,a cell l9$ ) sp>4 7 #bej diamet]s47 ,at fir/ sight ?is fossil might be mi/ak5 = a nautilus p>tially fill$ ) sp>2 b ! read] w rem>k t ! septa1 or p>titions1 h _! convex surface t[>ds ! ap]ture2 :]eas 9 ! %ells ( ! ,cephalopoda 7,nautilus1 ,ammonite1 c47 ! septa are concave ant]iorly4 ,9 ,lign4 #aad1 fig4 #d1 a s]ies ( ca/s 9 fl9t ( ! septa ( a "y ,nautilus is repres5t$2 by comp>+ x ) ! ,rotali 9 ! same lignograph1 figs4 #b1 #c1 ?is di/9ction w be obvi\s4 ,& "h x may be necess>y aga9 to po9t out ! ess5tial "* ( ! animal ( ! =am9if]a1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( ! cephalopoda ) *amb]$ %ells4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! body ( ! mollusk only occupies ! l>ge out] *amb]2 ! int]nal comp>tm5ts are empty dwell+s1 :i* ! animal has successively quitt$ 9 ! progress ( its gr[?1 & ) :i* x has no connexion except by ! siphunculus4 ,9 ! ,rotalia1 & alli$ =ms1 ! body ( ! animal is inclos$ )9 ! %ells1 & occupies e *amb] contemporane\sly at e /age3 ! cells are always fill$ by ! segm5ts ( ! body4 ,h5ce :5 ! %ell1 :i* is calc>e\s1 is dissolv$ 9 weak hydro*loric acid1 ! s(t body is expos$1 & se5 to ext5d to ! inn]mo/ *amb]4 ,! segm5ts are connect$ by a membran\s tube1 :i* "s naturali/s reg>d z a common *annel ( communication betwe5 ! sev]al dige/ive sacs ( :i* ! body consi/s2 = m9ute diatomace :i* ! animal has swall[$1 7accord+ to ,ehr5b]g17 are se5 )9 ! membran\s sacs2 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #aac1 :i* repres5ts ! body ( a ,nonion9a1 depriv$ ( its %ell4 ,! importance ( obta9+ a correct idea ( ?is /ructure w pres5tly appe>4 ,:5 a rec5t ,rotalia is imm]s$ 9 dilute acid1 ! s(t p>ts ( ! body1 depriv$ ( ! %ell1 may be obta9$ entire2 !y consi/ ( a s]ies ( little bags or sacs1 unit$ by a tube4 ,! con/itu5t sub/ance appe>s to be a t\gh membrane1 & is g5]ally ( a ri* br[n or amb] col\r4 ,! sacs are sometimes full ( a granul> sub/ance1 b are (t5 empty & collaps$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,bodies ,,( ,,rotali4 ,fossil rema9s ( ! s(t p>ts ( ,=am9if]a4 ,lign4 #aac4--,:5 exam9+ *alk#cbe & fl9t "u ! microscope ) ! view ( discov]+ ! fossil bodies describ$ by ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 ,i obs]v$ t ! cells ( ! ,rotali 9 fl9t 7 frequ5tly occupi$ by a sub/ance v>y+ 9 col\r f a light amb] to a d>k br[n1 & closely resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! body ( ! rec5t =am9if] depriv$ ( its %ell4 ,"u a high p[]1 ! folds ( ! membran\s sacs & ! connect+ tube 7 app>5t1 & ,i felt conv9c$ t ! sub/ance fill+ ! cells 0 n inorganic1 b ! orig9al animal tissues 9 ! /ate ( molluskite4#cbf ,9 %ort1 t ! animal _h become imm]s$ & pres]v$ 9 ! fluid silex l ! insects 9 amb]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! fir/ discov]$ example ( ?is k9d is repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #aag4 #cbe ,9 #ahde4 #cbf ,molluskite3 a "n by :i* ,i propos$ to di/+ui% ! c>bonace\s sub/ance result+ f ! s(t bodies ( te/ace\s mollusca4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aag4 ,rotalia 9 ,fl9t1 ) ! fossiliz$ body ( ! animal 9 ! %ell3 highly magnifi$4 7,se5 by transmitt$ light47 ,sid5ote3 ,,s(t ,,bodies ,,( ,,=am9if]a4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahde1cbg ,i v5tur$ to affirm ! animal nature ( ! fossils 9 "q2 b ! supposition 0 reg>d$ by geologi/s z v />tl+ & unsatisfactory2 & z ! specim5s 7 envelop$ 9 fl9t1 ! appe>ance 0 attribut$ to ! infiltration ( m9]al matt] ( a diff]5t col\r f ! surr\nd+ silex1 into ! empty *amb]s2 a circum/ance ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,ammonites1 ,nautili1 & ev5 9 ! =am9if]a2 = ! latt] are (t5 fill$ ) *alk1 fl9t1 silicate ( iron1 cry/al1 c4 z 9 ,lign4 #aaf4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 ,i conceive ! %ells 7 ei!r empty :5 imm]s$ 9 ! fluid *alk or fl9t1 or spe$ily became s by ! decomposition ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! animal4 ,b 9 ! fossils "u consid]ation1 ,i believe ! live animal 0 sudd5ly envelop$1 & h]metically seal$1 z x 71 9 its %ell1 & t putrefaction 0 ?us prev5t$4 ,! uni=mity 9 col\r1 & ! /ructure ( ! sub/ance 9 ! cells1 appe>$ to me incompatible ) its assum$ m9]al orig91 & ,i resolv$ to foll[ up ! inquiry by an exam9ation ( ,rotali 9 *alk2 9 ! hope t by dissolv+ ! %ell 9 acid 7z 9 rec5t =am9if]a71 ! body ( ! animal might be detect$ 9 an unm9]aliz$ /ate4 ,aft] _m fruitless attempts1 sev]al examples ( ! s(t bodies ( ,rotali 7 obta9$ f ! grey *alk ( ,dov]1 9 an extraord9>y /ate ( pres]vation4#cbh #cbg ,notes ( a ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ! ,*alk & ,fl9t ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,engl&1 ) ,rem>ks on ! ,animalculites ( c]ta9 ,t]ti>y & ,mod]n ,deposits4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,aug4 #ahde4 #cbh ,to ,h5ry ,deane1 ,esq4 ( ,clapham ,common1 ,i am indebt$ = "s ( ! mo/ illu/rative specim5s hi!rto obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aah4 ,! ,s(t ,bodies ( ,=am9if]a2 extract$ f ,*alk3 highly magnifi$4 7,view$ by transmitt$ light47 ,fig4 #a4--;,an exquisite example ( ! body ( a ,rotalia2 ! sacs p>tially collaps$4 #b4--;,body ( a ,rotalia2 ! sacs di/5d$ ) a d>k granul> sub/ance4 ,^! m>vell\s relics 7 obta9$ by subject+ a few gra9s ( ! *alk to ! action ( weak hydro*loric acid1 by :i* ! calc>e\s e>? & ! %ells x conta9$ 7 dissolv$2 ! residue1 consi/+ ( p>ticles ( qu>tz & gre5 silicate ( iron1 & rema9s ( ! animal tissues1 7 plac$1 9 ! usual mann]1 9 ,canada balsam4 ,two exquisite specim5s ( ! bodies ( ,rotali ?us obta9$ are figur$ 9 ,lign4 #aah4cbi #cbi ,i communicat$ ?is discov]y to ! ,royal ,society4 ,see ,philos4 ,transactions1 #ahdf1 p4 #dfe4 ,9 ^! fossils ! sacs are g5]ally m or less di/5d$ ) a d>k sub/ance1 z 9 ,lign4 #aah1 fig4 #b3 b 9 "s1 !y are empty & collaps$ 9 folds1 j z membran\s p\*es w\ld appe> "u simil> conditions2 z 9 ! exquisite fossil1 ,lign4 #aah1 fig4 #a4 ,! sacs regul>ly dim9i% 9 size f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ cell1 & v>y 9 numb] f f\rte5 to tw5ty-six2 be+ m num]\s ?an 9 ! rec5t species ( ,rotali t h come "u my notice4 ,9 "s in/ances small papill are se5 on ! out] surface ( ! integum5t2 app>5tly ! ve/iges ( ! pseudopodia4#ccj #ccj ,admirably z my excell5t engrav]1 ,mr4 ,lee1 7( ,pr9ce's ,squ>e1 ,k5n+ton17 has execut$ ! lignograph1 #aah1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ! /eel plate 9 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahdf1 pl4 xxi4 = figures ( ^! m>vell\s fossils4 ,n only is ! =m & g5]al "* ( ! animal sub/ance pres]v$1 b ev5 its flexibility2 = 9 "o in/ance1 ! body1 releas$ by ! solution ( ! *alk & %ell1 0 uncoil$ & press$ out1 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #aai1 fig4 #d4 ,9 "o specim51 7figur$ 9 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahdf1 pl4 xxi4 fig4 #aj17 ! membrane ( ! l>ge/ sacs is mu* corrugat$1 & dispos$ 9 num]\s duplications1 probably ow+ to ! empty /ate ( ^! segm5ts1 :5 imm]s$ 9 ! *alk2 b ! discoidal cont\r ( ! orig9al is well pres]v$4 ,?is fossil s closely resembles ! decalcifi$ body ( a rec5t ,rotalia or ,rosal9a1 t an em95t obs]v] :o saw x "u ! microscope at ! meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society1 )\t kn[+ its hi/ory1 conclud$ x to be ! body ( a rec5t animal4 ,?is extraord9>y pres]vation ( ! s(t delicate tissues ( an animal ( ! cretace\s seas1 invisible to ! unassi/$ eye1 ?r\gh ! incalculable ages t mu/ h elaps$ s9ce ! deposition ( ! *alk 9 :i* x 0 en%r9$1 is a fact z rem>kable z ! occurr5ce ( ! c>cass ( ! ,l5a ,mammo?1 9 ! froz5 soil ( ,sib]ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=am9if]a ,,9 ,,*alk ,,& ,,fl9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aai4 ,rema9s ( ,=am9if]a2 9 ,*alk & ,fl9t4 7,view$ by transmitt$ light2 highly magnifi$47 ,fig4 #a4--,%ell ( a ,rosal9a1 fill$ ) m9]al matt]2 9 fl9t4 #b4--,s(t p>ts ( a ,textul>ia2 9 fl9t4 #c4--;,cells ( ,textul>ia elongata2 fill$ ) m9]al matt]2 ! %ell n visible2 9 fl9t4 #d4--,! s(t body ( a ,rotalia1 depriv$ ( its %ell1 & p>tially uncoil$2 obta9$ f ,*alk1 #dej diamet]s4 ,! s(t p>ts ( o!r =am9if]a h be5 discov]$ 9 a simil> /ate ( pres]vation4 ,a f9e example ( ! body ( a ,textul>ia1 9 fl9t1 is figur$1 ,lign4 #aai1 fig4 #b4 ,! =m & disposition ( ! segm5ts 9 ,textul>ia elongata1 is %[n 9 ,lign4 #aai1 fig4 #c4 ,^! cells are fill$ ) inorganic matt]4 ,! %ell ( a ,rosal9a fill$ ) an opaque m9]al sub/ance1 =m+ ca/s ( ! cells1 is repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #aai1 fig4 #a4 ,! pres]vation ( ! s(t p>ts ( =am9if]a & ( mollusks1 9 a fossil /ate1 is a ph5om5on ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & no long] que/ion$ by geologi/s1 not)/&+ ! scepticism ) :i* my fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! fact 0 receiv$4 ,dr4 ,bailey1 ( ,we/ ,po9t ,milit>y ,academy1 soon aft] ! publication ( my fir/ pap]1 s5t me specim5s f ! m>ls ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,=am9if]\s ,lime/ones ( ,india4--,s mu* d\bt 0 express$ z to ! accuracy ( my op9ion respect+ ! nature ( ! fossil ,rotali1 t its corroboration by obs]vations on c]ta9 lime/ones 9 ,india1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,c>t]1 ,esq4 ,secret>y ( ! ,bombay ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 0 z gratify+ z unexpect$4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( t g5tleman1 ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ( ,arabia is *iefly compos$ ( two di/9ct lime/one =mations2 ! "o av]ag+ ab\t #d1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & ! o!r #fjj feet4 ,! latt] =ms ! des]t ( ,akaf1 & ) ! int]v5tion ( ! m\nta9s ( ,oman1 :i* belong to ! great] =mation1 passes up into ! l[] ,s9dh2 :ile ! =m] con/itutes ! high l& ( ! coa/1 :i*1 p>t+ f ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,des]t ( ,akaf1 ext5ds ne>ly to ,cape ,ad54 ,! lime/ones ( bo? ^! gr\ps1 or =mations1 consi/ *iefly ( =am9if]a2 ! l>ge/ =ms be+ visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,mr4 ,c>t] /ates t 8 att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ! organic composition ( ! ,porebund] lime/one1 :i* is import$ into ,bombay = build+1 by small amb]-col\r$ specks on ! /one1 t resembl$ ! s(t p>ts ( =am9if]a figur$ & describ$ by me 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,on subject+ a portion ( ! lime/one to ! action ( acid1 ,i f\nd !m to be :at ,dr4 ,mantell's obs]vations _h l$ me to expect1 ! actual rema9s ( ! animals1 ( exquisite beauty 9 =m & symmetrical developm5t4 ,! m9ute k9ds 9 ! ,porebund] /one d n av]age m ?an #a_/ijj ( an in* 9 diamet]2 & ! composite =ms are held toge!r by ?read-l atta*m5ts1 :i* indicate ! tubul> communications t exi/$ betwe5 !m :5 liv+4#cca #cca ,on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,b$s ( ,=am9if]a1 ,rec5t & ,fossil1 on ! ,s\?-,ea/ coa/ ( ,arabia1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,c>t]1 ,esq42 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bombay ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #ahdh1 ,sid5ote3 ,,=am9if]\s ,,deposit ,,at ,,*>+4 ,=am9if]\s ,deposit at ,*>+4 ,lign4 #aji4--,! little t[n ( ,*>+1 9 ,k5t1 has acquir$ a celebrity among ^? naturali/s :o are int]e/$ 9 ! pres5t inquiry1 by ! rese>*es ( ,william ,h>ris1 ,esq4 ,f4,g4,s4 :o "s ye>s s9ce made kn[n ! exi/5ce ( a rem>kable deposit ( *alk detritus1 ab\t "o foot 9 ?ickness1 :i* ext5ds ov] ! outcrop or expos$ surface ( ! fire/one 9 t locality4 ,?is b$ consi/s ( a s(t1 :iti%1 t5aci\s clay1 :i*1 :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 is f\nd to be l>gely compos$ ( m9ute gra9s1 t prove to be =am9if]a4 ,^! %ells belong to _m species & g5]a2 & are associat$ ) ! cases ( entomo/race\s cru/aceans1 spicula ( sponges1 c4 ,! organisms readily sep>ate f ! amorph\s p>ticles by wa%+1 & specim5s may be easily obta9$ z di/9ct & p]fect z if rec5t4 ,see ,lign4 #aji1 ante1 p4 #cdb4 ,int]m+l$ ) ! cretace\s =ms1 are m9ute fre%-wat] %ells1 app>5tly d]iv$ f a mod]n s\rce4 ,! ,*>+ deposit appe>s to h orig9at$ f ! action ( wat] on ! unconsolidat$ *alk ( ! neighb\r+ ,d[ns1 be=e ! surface ( ! hills 0 protect$ by a cov]+ ( vegetable soil4 ,?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ,i h be5 able to exam9e an ext5sive s]ies ( ! ,*>+ ,=am9if]a2 & ,pr( ,williamson has figur$ & describ$ ! pr9cipal types 9 an int]e/+ memoir 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,man*e/] ,philos4 ,soc4 vol4 viii4 #ahdg4 ,z 9 mo/ ( ! cretace\s /rata1 ! prevail+ species are ref]able to ! g5]a ,textul>ia1 ,rotalia1 ,rosal9a1 ,cri/ell>ia1 ,lag5a1#ccb c4 ,!re are num]\s spicula ( sponges1 & ne$le-l calc>e\s prisms1 :i* are ! detritus ( ! fibr\s %ells1 call$ ,inoc]amus4 #ccb ,?is int]e/+ type ( ,=am9if]a is ! subject ( a ,memoir by ,pr(4 ,williamson2 ,annals1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #ahdh1 vol4 i4 ,=am9if]a ( ! ,oolite1 ,lias1 c4--,! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 g5]a 9 p>ticul> rocks has be5 incid5tally notic$ 9 ! previ\s descriptions1 & x is ne$less to p>ticul>ize any localities ( ! ,oolite1 ,lias1 & o!r second>y deposits4 ,x mu/ suffice to /ate t ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 ,pr( ,williamson1 ,pr( ,phillips1 ,mr4 ,sorby1 ,mr4 ,rup]t ,jones1 & o!r able obs]v]s1 h figur$ & describ$ =am9if]a f ! /rata betwe5 ! ,*alk & ! ,c>bonif]\s =mations3 ! report to be drawn up by ! two fir/-nam$ g5tlem5 = ! ,briti% ,association1 w pres5t a resume ( ! ,briti% fossil g5]a & species4 ,x is des]v+ record1 t no ve/iges ( =am9if]a h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,weald5 /rata2 ! fluviatile orig9 ( ^? deposits r5d]s x improbable t ! rema9s ( ^! m>9e organisms %\ld occur 9 great numb]s1 yet f1 ! e/u>y "* ( "s ( ! b$s1 ! pres5ce ( =am9if]a might be expect$4 ,=am9if]\s ,deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,dr4 ,bailey has made u famili> ) ! =am9if]\s rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! v>i\s memoirs on ?is class ( fossil animalculites1 & on ! diatomace 7ante1 p4 #ic71 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 & 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,transactions1 atte/ ! acum51 & unwe>i$ _s ( rese>*1 ( ?is able obs]v]4 ,n only f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b f num]\s localities 9 ,asia & ,arabia1 ,dr4 ,bailey has transmitt$ me specim5s ( lime/ones conta9+ =am9if]a1 *iefly ( ! g5]a ,rotalia & ,textul>ia4#ccc #ccc ,f ,beyr\t1 ,damascus1 ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 ,anti-,libanus4 ,9 ! calc>e\s m>ls ( ! ,upp] ,miss\ri riv]1 ext5d+ ne>ly to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 simil> fossils are met )4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,florida1 ! :ite orbitoidal lime/one is trav]s$ by fl9t2 & ! calc>e\s & silice\s masses are full ( microscopic =am9if]a4#ccd #ccd ,smi?sonian ,contributions1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afa4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=am9if]a ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,=mations4 ,=am9if]a ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mations4--,9 ! c>bonif]\s lime/ones ( ,engl&1 ! late ,mr4 ,b[man1 ,pr(4 ,t5nant1 & ,mr4 ,d>k]1 detect$ %ells ( =am9if]a1 app>5tly ( ! g5us ,fusul9a4#cce ,pr(4 ,phillips m5tions ! occurr5ce ( nautiloid =am9if]a 9 ! palozoic lime/ones ( ,c>r+ton ,p>k1 ,s\? ,devon1 & ,york%ire4#ccf #cce ,ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxx4 p4 #dd4 #ccf ,proce$+s ( ! ,polyte*nic ,society ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 #ahde4 ,dr4 ,dale ,ow5 is said to h obta9$ well *>act]iz$ poly?alamia f ! oolitic portion ( ! c>bonif]\s 7,p5tremitic1 ante1 p4 #bih17 lime/one ( ,indiana4#ccg ,& ,m4 de ,v]neuil discov]$ a species ( ,fusul9a1 9 ! ,mill/one-grit ( ! coal =mation ( ! ,ohio4 #ccg ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlvi4 note to p4 #caa4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable deposits ( =am9if]a 9 ! palozoic rocks1 are ^? ( ,russia1 describ$ by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison4#cch ,! upp] b$s ( ! ,m\nta9 lime/one 9 ! ,l[] ,volga1 consi/ ( lam9at$ calc>e\s %ales1 compos$ ( an aggregation ( %ells ( ,fusul94 ,b&s ( lime/one1 ?r\gh a v]tical ext5t ( two hundr$ feet1 are load$ ) ,fusul92 lay]s f five in*es to five feet 9 ?ickness1 consi/ ( a pure :ite ,fusul9a lime/one2 ! =am9if]a are all ( "o species1 ! ,fusul9a cyl9drica4 #cch ,geology ( ,russia 9 ,europe1 vol4 i4 p4 #hf4 pl4 i4 fig4 #a4 ,=am9if]\s ,lime/one ( ,new ,zeal&4--,on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,middle ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 to ! nor? ( ,otago1 /rata ( yell[ & fawn-col\r$ lime/one appe> on ! surface at ,otot>a1 & cont9ue to ,kakaunui4 ,?is rock is g5]ally friable & por\s2 x conta9s t]ebratul1 sp9es & cases ( e*9od]ms1 pseudo-belemnites1 tee? ( %>ks1 c4 ,a microscopical exam9ation %[s x to be 9 a great "p compos$ ( an aggregation ( v small poly?alamia4#cci ,! specim5s ( ! ,otot>a lime/one receiv$ f my son1 are v ri* 9 m9ute corals & %ells1 & =am9if]a ( ! ,european cretace\s type3 species ( ,rotalia1 ,cri/ell>ia1 ,globig]9a1 ,textul>ia1 ,rosal9a1 ,nodos>ia1 ,d5tal9a1 c4 ,among !m are two =ms :i* occur at ,*>+3 namely1 ,rosal9a ,lorneiana1 ,lign4 #aji1 fig4 #e1 & ,textul>ia elongata3 ( ! latt] a specim5 9 fl9t is figur$1 ,lign4 #aai1 fig4 #c4 ,! s(t p>ts ( ,rotali are pres]v$ 9 ! ,otot>a lime/one1 z 9 our *alk4 #cci ,notes on ! ,geological ,/ructure ( ! ,middle ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 by ,walt] ,mantell1 ,esq4 ( ,well+ton4 #ahdh4 ,!re are likewise1 z at ,*>+1 cases ( ,entomo/rac ( ! g5]a ,basidia & ,cy!reis4#cdj #cdj ,see ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cci4 pl4 xxix4 ,! assemblage ( fossil rema9s 9 ! ,otot>a rock has decid$ly a cretace\s aspect1 b till ! geological position ( ! /rata 9 relation to ! o!r =mations ( ! ,isl& is det]m9$1 x w\ld be premature to reg>d ^! lime/ones z ! equival5ts 9 "t ( ! ,*alk =mations ( ,europe4#cda #cda ,a li/ ( ! ,otot>an fossils collect$ by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 is giv5 9 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cbi4 ,t]ti>y ,=am9if]a4--,! m>9e t]ti>y deposits :i* conta9 =am9if]a 9 abundance1 are s num]\s1 t x is unnecess>y to p>ticul>ize any4 ,! s&s ( ! ,p>is bas9 9 "s localities are s full ( microscopic =ms1 t a cubic in* ( ! mass conta9s sixty ?\s&4 ,! friable calc>e\s /rata at ,grignon are a loose aggregate ( ! %ells ( =am9if]a & m9ute mollusks2 & z ! fossil %ells f t locality are v common1 & g5]ally fill$ ) debris1 ! /ud5t w h no difficulty 9 obta9+ specim5s = exam9ation4 ,! t]ti>y argillace\s deposits ( ,engl& are less ri* 9 =am9if]a ?an ! ar5ace\s2 b ! usual types occur 9 ! ,london ,clay1 at ,highgate1 ,clapham ,common1 ,brackle%am ,bay1 c4 ,! ,eoc5e m>ls ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ri* 9 =am9if]a4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=am9if]a ,,( ,,! ,,f5s4 ,=am9if]a ( ! ,f5s ( ,l9coln%ire & ,cambridge%ire4--,?\gh ! alluvial deposits ( ! f5-di/ricts are comp>atively ( mod]n date1 yet ! ri* assemblage ( =am9if]a conta9$ 9 ! clay ( c]ta9 di/ricts is s int]e/+ & in/ructive1 t a brief notice ( !m mu/ n be omitt$4 ,! =am9if]\s "* ( ! ,l9coln%ire alluvium 0 fir/ made kn[n to me by specim5s f ,bolton1 s5t me by ,pr(essor ,williamson2 & _! ext5sion ov] a wide area 9 ,cambridge%ire1 by a lib]al supply f ,mr4 ,smi?1 ( ,m>*4 ,! b$ t ab\nds 9 ^! %ells1 is ab\t sev5 feet b5ea? ! surface1 & consi/s ( a f9e sea s& comb9$ ) c>bonace\s & argillace\s matt]4 ,by wa%+ ab\t a gallon ( ?is e>? 9 wat]1 an ounce ( poly?alamia & organic detritus may be obta9$4 ,! p]fect %ells are z fre% z if j dr$g$ up f ! sea2 ! s(t p>ts--! membran\s segm5ts held toge!r by _! tubul> connexion--9 _m in/ances rema9+ 9 ! %ell2 ^! p>ts may be obta9$ by ! solution ( ! %ell 9 acid4 ,:5 ! ,rotali are r5d]$ transp>5t by imm]sion 9 ,canada balsam1 _! appe>ance1 by transmitt$ light is id5tical ) t exhibit$ by ! fossil specim5s2 & if view$ by reflect$ light1 ! body may be se5 occupy+ all ! cells ( ! %ell2 b ! segm5ts are some:at collaps$2 evid5tly f ! %r9k+ ( ! animal tissues aft] dea?4#cdb #cdb ,two specim5s are figur$ 9 my notice ( fossil ,=am9if]a4 ,phil4 ,trans1 p4 iv4 = #ahdf1 pl4 xxi4 figs4 #ac1 #ad4 ,! organisms ( ! ,l9coln%ire alluvium h be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,pr(4 ,williamson2 !y comprise _m species & g5]a1 ( ! usual types2 z ,rotali1 ,rosal91 ,poly/omell1 ,textul>i1 ,lag51 ,nodos>i1 c4 ,x is rem>kable1 t ?\gh a m>9e e/u>y deposit1 no ve/iges ( diatomace h be5 obs]v$4 ,! b$ s ri* 9 =am9if]a1 ext5ds we/ & s\?-we/ ( ! ,wa%4 ,mr4 ,smi? s5t me a mass ( s&y clay1 f a well sunk 9 ! t[n ( ,m>*1 to ! dep? ( tw5ty-five feet1 t 0 load$ ) ^! beautiful organisms4#cdc #cdc ,! read] int]e/$ 9 ^! inquiries %\ld p]use ! highly int]e/+ ,memoir by ,pr(4 ,williamson1 ,on "s ,microscopical ,objects f\nd 9 ! ,mud ( ! ,levant1 & o!r ,deposits4 ,man*e/] ,phil4 ,trans1 vol4 viii4 ,rec5t ,=am9if]\s ,deposit at ,brighton4--,an int]e/+ fact connect$ ) ! ph5om5a "u review is des]v+ record4 ,! pres5ce ( ! fossils ( an old] =mation1 9 /rata subsequ5tly deposit$1 & 9 "p compos$ ( ! detritus ( ! rocks :5ce ! organic rema9s 7 d]iv$1 is n uncommon3 su* fossils are t]m$ by ! ,fr5* geologi/s fossiles remanis4 ,! nature ( ^! re-deposit$ fossils is g5]ally obvi\s2 ei!r by ! wat]-worn condition ( %ells1 bones1 c4 or f _! conta9+ p>ticles ( _! p>5t b$2 or if ca/s1 f _! m9]al composition4 ,?us 9 ! *alk ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,m\nt1 ne> ,r\51 !re are num]\s ca/s ( ,ammonites1 ,scaphites1 & o!r %ells1 compos$ ( m>l full ( p>ticles ( gre5s&4 ,^! h evid5tly be5 wa%$ out ( ! prec$+ cretace\s b$s ( fire/one or glauconite2 & re-deposit$ 9 ! *alk /rata 9 :i* !y are n[ imb$d$4#cdd 99 99 99 99 99 #cdd ,m4 ,d',orbigny4 ,along ! sea-%ore1 to ! ea/ ( ,brighton1 !re is a bank ( s& & calc>e\s mud1 ! detritus ( ! neighb\r+ cliffs1 9 ! progress ( =mation2 & 9 ?is s$im5t ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,mantell discov]$ rec5t ,rotali1 ,nodos>i1 c41 ) fru/ules ( ,bacill>i1 ,cosc9odisci1 ,navicul1 & o!r diatomace2 associat$ ) cretace\s poly?alamia wa%$ out ( ! *alk1#cde ,! diff]5ce 9 ! aspect ( ! rec5t & fossil organisms 0 s evid5t1 z to leave no d\bt ( ! correctness ( ?is int]pretation4 ,"h1 !n1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 a deposit is go+ on1 ^: organic cont5ts consi/ ( an assemblage ( species ( liv+ animalcules ( our seas1 ) ! fossil =ms ( ! anci5t *alk ocean2 9 l mann] z 9 ! b$ ( ! ,nile1 ! ,nummulites ( ! t]ti>y rocks are be+ imb$d$ ) ! exi/+ mollusks & desmidi ( t riv] 7ante1 p4 #cde74 #cde ,see ante1 p4 #ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,=am9if]a4 ,geological di/ribution ( ! ,=am9if]a4--,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! tribes ( m9ute be+s :i* h play$ s important a "p 9 ! elaboration ( mat]ials = ! =mation ( ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! second>y & t]ti>y ages1 & are at ?is mom5t invisible b p[]ful ag5ts 9 ! accumulation ( calc>e\s s$im5ts at ! bottom ( ! sea1 0 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 & by a s+le type1 ! ,fusul9a 7ante1 p4 #cdf74 ,i believe no c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( ,=am9if]a 9 ,silurian or ,devonian deposits has be5 obta9$4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! di/ribution ( ! kn[n fossil & rec5t species3-- ,,g5]a4 ,,species4 ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em #a #a ,jurassic #e #bj ,cretace\s #cd #bhj ,t]ti>y #ef #dfj ,liv+ 9 ! pres5t ,seas #fh #ajjj ,( ! rec5t species1 #ege inhabit ! ,tropics4 ------ #cej ----- ,temp]ate zones4 ------ #ge ----- ,cold regions4 ,! above /ati/ical view 0 publi%$ six ye>s ago2 b ! great activity ( rese>* t has s9ce prevail$1 has l>gely augm5t$ ! kn[n numb] bo? ( fossil & rec5t =ms4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny's rec5t ,tables#cdf give = ! ,jurassic or ,oolite #aj g5]a2 ,cretace\s1 #ch g5]a2 ,t]ti>y1 #fj g5]a2 b ?is e/imate mu/ be f> too l[4 #cdf ,c\rs ,elm5taire de ,palontologie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h ?us endeav\r$ to convey a g5]al idea ( ! highly important results obta9$ by ! microscopical inve/igation ( ! m9ute organisms t ent] s l>gely into ! composition ( _m ( ! fossilif]\s deposits4 ,)\t ! aid ( ! mo/ p]fect optical in/rum5ts :i* mod]n sci5ce & art h produc$1 ev5 ! exi/5ce ( _m ( ^! /ructures c\ld n h be5 demon/rat$2 & we _c d\bt1 t 7 ! p[]s ( ! microscope increas$1 ! fossil rema9s ( be+s /ill m m9ute w\ld be detect$2 & t rocks & /rata :i* n[ appe> to consi/ ( amorph\s p>ticles ( lime1 ( silex1 & ( iron1 w\ld prove to be ! aggregat$ skeletons ( animals1 yet m inf9itesimal ?an ^? :i* h =m$ ! subject ( our contemplations4 ,h[ /rik+ly illu/rative are ^! ph5om5a ( ! pr(\nd rem>k ( ! illu/ri\s ,galileo--,la nature fait beauc\p avec peu1 et ses oprations sont t\tes galem5t m]veilleuses4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,*alk1 ,,fl9t1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,rocks4 ,sid5ote3 ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,*alk4 ,*alk4--,! foll[+ me?od is t recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,ehr5b]g1 ,place a drop ( wat] ^u a plate ( ?9 glass1 & put into x z mu* scrap$ *alk z w cov] ! f9e po9t ( a knife1 spread+ x out1 & leav+ x to re/ a few seconds2 !n )draw ! f9e/ p>ticles :i* are susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 toge!r ) mo/ ( ! liquid1 & let ! rema9d] become p]fectly dry4 ,cov] ?is dri$ spot ( *alk ) ,canada balsam 7! turp5t9e ( ,abies balsamea71 & hold ! plate ( glass ov] ! flame ( a lamp1 until ! balsam becomes slightly fluid1 )\t fro? or air-bubbles2 x %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ?is position 7! glass be+ kept z hot z ! f+] w be>7 = a few m9utes1 until ! balsam is f\nd to h ?or\ghly p]meat$ ! sub/ance to be exam9$4 ,x is pref]able to place a piece ( v ?9 glass ^u ! balsam1 & g5tly press x d[n1 & all[ x to rema94 ,! be/ flatt$ cr[n-glass %\ld be us$ = plac+ ! *alk or o!r objects on4 ,x is conv5i5t to h ! slips ( glass ( "o size1 or ! specim5s w require diff]5t boxes = _! reception2 ?ree in*es by "o in* is t usually employ$4 ,^! objects require to be view$ ) a p[] magnify+ ?ree hundr$ times l9e>1 t is1 9 diamet]2 & if ! process has be5 prop]ly conduct$1 x w be se5 t ! *alk is *iefly compos$ ( well-pres]v$ organisms4 ,9 ^! prep>ations ! cells ( ! =am9if]a appe> at fir/ black1 ) a :ite c5tral spot2 ?is is caus$ by ! air conta9$ 9 ^? cavities1 = air-bubbles always appe> z black annul> bodies2 by degrees1 ! balsam p5etrates into all ! s+le cells1 ! black r+s ( ! air vesicles disappe>1 & ! /ructure ( ! orig9al is beautifully display$4#cdg #cdg ,specim5s ( *alk1 fl9t1 & o!r rocks = exam9ation2 or specim5s prep>$ on slides1 may be obta9$ ( ! microscopic arti/s1 nam$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,s(t "p ( ,rotali 9 *alk4--,! mann] 9 :i* ,i obta9$ ! unm9]aliz$ s(t bodies ( =am9if]a f *alk has already be5 m5tion$ 7ante1 p4 #cfj72 b x may be useful to (f] a few additional sugge/ions2 = su* fossil rema9s are n easily extract$4 ,_m exp]i5c$ microscopical obs]v]s h n succe$$ 9 obta9+ "o good specim52 b o!rs h be5 m =tunate1 or p]sev]+4 ,9 sev]al glass te/-tubes1 7! m ! great] *ance ( success17 put a few gra9s ( *alk p[d]3 p\r ! tube half full ( dilut$ hydro*loric 7muriatic7 acid--ab\t t5 p>ts wat] to "o ( acid--agitate1 & set ! mixture by3 :5 all action has ceas$ add "o or two drops ( undilut$ acid to ea* tube1 & repeat ! process at due int]vals till all ! calc>e\s matt] is dissolv$4 ,p\r (f ! fluid1 sub/itute di/ill$ wat]1 agitate1 & !n let ! s$im5t subside4 ,! residue w consi/ ( atoms ( qu>tz & o!r insoluble m9]al matt]1 & animal tissue1 if !re be any4 ,!n1 ) a camel-hair p5cil1 place a small portion ( ! s$im5t on a glass slide1 & :5 dry cov] x ) ,canada balsam1 & treat x z above direct$4 ,among a doz5 slides ?us m\nt$1 !re w probably be two or m good examples ( ! body1 or deta*$ membran\s segm5ts ( ,rotali or ,textul>i1 l ^? figur$ 9 ,lign4 #aah4 ,calc>e\s ,s&/ones & ,m>ls4--,^! sub/ances may be exam9$ by ! same process2 b if ( loose texture1 ,dr4 ,bailey recomm5ds t "s ( ! s&y p[d] %\ld be spread v ?9ly on a plate ( glass1 ) or )\t wat]1 & by ! aid ( a l5s ( mod]ate p[] ! r\ndi% gra9s %\ld be select$ & pick$ up ) f9e =ceps1 or ! po9t ( a ne$le1 & transf]r$ to ano!r piece ( glass1 hav+ on "o spot a ?9 coat ( ,canada balsam4 ,?is %\ld be g5tly heat$ ov] a _s lamp1 :5 ! balsam w p5etrate ! gra9s1 & r5d] !m transp>5t2 by ?is process ! m9ute/ %ells1 c4 may be detect$4 ,= a ha/y exploration1 ! du/ may be r5d]$ suffici5tly transp>5t by a drop or two ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,s&y calc>e\s m>ls may be exam9$ by diffus+ a few gra9s 9 wat] 9 a w9e-glass1 ! light] portions w be susp5d$ 9 ! fluid1 & may be plac$ on glass1 & :5 dry prep>$ ) ,canada balsam 9 ! usual mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,fl9t4 ,fl9t4--,fl9t1 & o!r silice\s /ones1 require to be *ipp$ into v ?9 fragm5ts1 & imm]s$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e4 ,a cle>1 transluc5t fl9t %\ld be select$1 f :i* fragm5ts may be %att]$ (f by sm>t bl[s ( a hamm]1 ov] a %eet ( :ite pap]3 ! mo/ transp>5t flakes are to be select$1 & ^! %\ld be put 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 9 a wide-m\? glass bottle4 ,take out ! pieces = exam9ation ) =ceps1 & inspect !m z transp>5t objects1 by transmitt$ light4 ,:5 good specim5s are discov]$1 m\nt !m 9 ,canada balsam4 ,x is haz>d\s to entru/ su* fossils to ! lapid>ies2 an int]e/+ gr\p ( tw5ty sp9if]ites 0 r$uc$ to t51 by "o ( our be/ workm51 9 ^: h&s x 0 plac$ = poli%+1 ) ! view ( r5d]+ x m transp>5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,fossil ,,te/ace\s ,,mollusca1 ,,or ,,%ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abj4 ,fossil ,oy/]1 f ! ,*alk4 ,kempt[n1 ,brighton4 ,on ,fossil ,mollusca4--,num]\s z are ! fossil rema9s ( ! v>i\s types ( animal organization :i* h already pass$ "u review1 !y are f> exce$$ 9 numb] & v>iety by ^? ( ! be+s ^: m9]aliz$ relics we n[ propose to inve/igate4 ,al?\gh e "o is famili> ) ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! %ells ca/ up by ! waves on ! %ores ( our isl&1 & ( ^? :i*1 f _! v>i$ col\rs & elegant =ms1 are pres]v$ 9 ! cottage ( ! peasant1 & 9 ! mansion ( ! ri*1 b few p]sons are conv]sant ) ! nature ( ! animals t secret$ & 7 protect$ by ^! beautiful & endur+ /ructures4 ,! organization ev5 ( ! oy/]1 mussel1 :elk1 c41 is kn[n only to ! naturali/4 ,appe>+ to ! un9/ruct$ eye z a %apeless gelat9\s mass1 !re is no?+ to arre/ ! att5tion1 or excite ! curiosity4 ,yet ! be+s :i* inhabit$ ^! durable cases1 are objects ( ! highe/ int]e/ & pres5t a ri* field ( in/ructive inve/igation4 ,except z %$d+ "s light on ! /ructure & economy ( _! inhabitants1 ! %ells1 9 ! e/imation ( ! naturali/1 are ! lea/ int]e/+ "p ( ! organization ( ! ,mollusca2 b to ! geologi/1 f _! p]man5t nature1 & ! pro(s !y yield ( ! conditions "u :i* ! /rata t conta9 !m 7 deposit$1 !y are important 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,x has ev5 be5 f\nd conv5i5t to classify =mations1 9 :i* fossil %ells l>gely prevail1 by ! relative num]ical proportion ( ! rec5t & ext9ct species f\nd 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( /rata2 & ! t]ms1 ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e1 7propos$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell17 h ref]5ce to ?is "*1 z we h previ\sly expla9$ 7ante1 p4 #bd74 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,mollusca4 ,! ,mollusca1 a "n indicative ( ! s(t nature ( ! integum5ts ( ^! animals1 con/itute a v compreh5sive subdivision ( ! animal k+dom1 & are sep>able into two pr9cipal gr\ps1 viz4 ! ,acephala & ! ,encephala4 ,i4 ,! ,acephala 7s t]m$ because !y are de/itute ( a head7 h nei!r jaws1 tongue1 nor a di/9ct m\?4 ,!y are aquatic1 & are subdivid$ into classes1 accord+ to ! modification ( _! integum5t1 or ( _! gills4 a4 ,! ,tunicata 7f ! ela/ic tunic1 or mantle1 9 :i* !y are enclos$7 h no %ell1 & !re=e d n come )9 ! scope ( our inquiries3 yet x is possible t ! s(t p>ts ev5 ( ^! p]i%able /ructures may h left "s trace1 or t m>k+s ( _! integum5t on ! silt or mud may be pres]v$2#cdh & ,i w\ld recomm5d ! /ud5t to se>* = su* indications on ! rippl$ surface ( clays & s&/ones4 #cdh ,! ,is*adites ,knigi ( ! ,ludl[ rock 0 suppos$ to resemble ,bolt5ia1 a p$unculat$ ,ascidian4 b4 ,! ,bra*iopoda 7arm-feet7 h two long spiral fle%y arms1 or bra*ia1 develop$ f ! sides ( ! alim5t>y orifice1 are enclos$ 9 bivalve %ells1 & respire by means ( _! vascul> sk91 or mantle4 ,!y h n ! p[] ( locomotion1 b are fix$ by a p$uncle to o!r bodies4 c4 ,! ,lamellibran*ia 7plat$ gills7 h also bivalve %ells1 b _! respiration is effect$ by gills compos$ ( vascul> membrane dispos$ 9 plates1 & atta*$ to ! mantle2 ! be>d ( ! ,oy/] is ! bran*ial or respiratory app>atus ( t animal4 ,^! bivalve ,mollusca are subdivid$ into ^? :i* close _! %ells by "o adductor muscle1 h5ce call$ monomy>ia1 z ! ,oy/]2 & ^? :i* h two muscles1 dimy>ia1 z ! ,cockle4 ,z ! impressions left on ! %ells1 by ! atta*m5t ( ^! adductor muscles1 & by ! m>g9 ( ! mantle1 are f\nd z p]fect 9 ! fossil z 9 ! rec5t1 !y con/itute important di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,dr4 ,gray's def9ition ( ! respective p>ts ( univalve & bivalve %ells is at once cle>1 concise1 & natural1 be+ con=mable to ! /ructure ( ! body ( ! enclos$ mollusk4 ,! front ( ! %ell is ! "p :i* cov]s ! head ( ! animal2 ! back ( ! %ell is ! "p :i* cov]s ! tail2 ! left & "r sides correspond ) ! same p>ts ( ! mollusk4 ,9 univalves1 ! apex ( ! %elly cone :e!r x be simply conical or spiral 7except 9 ,patella7 is ov] ! h9d] "p ( ! animal3 :5 ! %ell is plac$ on its m\? ) ! apex t[>ds ! obs]v]1 ! p>ts ( ! %ell correspond ) ! position ( ! p]son look+ at x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,bivalve ,,%ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aba4 ,illu/ration ( ,fossil ,bivalve ,%ells2 nat4 ,petricola ,patagonica4 ,d',orb4 ,int]ior ( "r valve1 & ! same valve ) ! animal z se5 on ! removal ( ! left valve4 a4 ,labial ,palpi4 b4 ,mantle4 c4 ,m>g9 ( %ell4 d4 ,bran*i4 e4 ,anal siphon4 f4 ,bran*ial siphon4 g4 ,foot4 h4 ,retractor muscle ( siphons4 i4 ,po/]ior adductor4 j4 ,ant]ior adductor4 k4 ,ligam5t4 l4 ,umbo4 m4 ,lunule4 n4 ,base1 or v5tral m>g94 o4 ,ant]ior side4 p4 ,po/]ior side4 q4 ,pallial l9e4 7,! l5g? ( ! %ell is e/imat$ f o to p1 its bread? f l to n47 ,9 bivalves 7,lign4 #aba7 ! ligam5t is always on ! dorsal surface ( ! animal1 & ! m\? 9 front ( ! apex or umbo ( ! valves1 be=e ! ligam5t4 ,a bivalve plac$ ) ! h+e side upp]mo/ & ! ligam5t t[>ds ! obs]v] is 9 ! same relative position z ! p]son look+ at x2 viz4 ! head 9 front1 & ! "r & left valves 9 _! natural relations4 ,! l5g? ( ! %ell is !re=e f ! front to ! back ( ! animal3 ! wid? or transv]se diamet] is f ! umbo to ! m>g94 ,mu* confusion has aris5 f _m con*ologi/s hav+ describ$ ! l5g? & wid? ( a %ell diametrically opposite to ! prop] position ( its inhabitant4 ,,ii4 ,! ,encephal\s ,mollusca4--,^! possess a head1 ) feel]s or s(t t5tacula1 eyes1 & a m\? ) jaws2 !y are arrang$ 9 classes1 accord+ to ! modification ( _! locomotive organs2 =1 ) b few exceptions1 !y are free animals1 & c crawl1 climb1 or swim4 ,_! %ells are1 = ! mo/ "p1 compos$ ( "o piece1 or valve1 h5ce !y are t]m$ ,univalves4 ,9 "s g5]a ! %ell is a simple cavity1 spirally dispos$1 z 9 ! ,snail2 9 o!rs1 x is conical1 consi/+ ( "o or _m pieces1 z 9 ! ,limpet & ,*iton4 ,9 ! ,cephalopoda x is int]nally divid$ into cells1 or *amb]s1 z1 = example1 9 ! ,nautilus4 ,! ,encephal\s ,mollusca are subdivid$ into ! foll[+ classes2 viz4-- a4 ,pt]opoda 7w+-feet74--,9 ^! ! organs ( progression are two w+-l muscul> expansions1 proce$+ f ! sides ( ! neck1 by :i* !y c swim & float 9 ! op5 sea3 all ! species are ( small size4 b4 ,ga/]opoda 7feet "u ! body74--,^! crawl by means ( a muscul> disk1 or foot1 :i* is atta*$ to ! "u-"p ( ! body2 mo/ ( ! species are m>9e1 b "s are t]re/rial1 & o!rs inhabit fre%-wat]4 ,!y are v widely di/ribut$2 ! g>d5 snail is a famili> in/ance ( a t]re/rial ,ga/]opod4 c4 ,cephalopoda 7feet ar\nd ! head74--,! mollusca ( ?is ord] h p[]ful muscul> arms1 or t5tacula1 :i* surr\nd ! head1 or upp] "p ( ! body2 "s g5]a h no %ell1 b possess an int]nal skeleton1 z ! rec5t ,sepiad & ! fossil ,belemnitid4 ,mo/ ( ! te/ace\s ,cephalopoda h a discoidal1 univalve %ell1 :i* is divid$ int]nally by septa or p>titions2 z ! ,nautilus4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,mollusca4 ,9 _m univalves ! ap]ture or op5+ is entire1 t is1 )\t any not* or groove2 9 o!rs x is not*$ or ext5d$ into a canal1 or siphon1 & ?is "* has relation to ! respiratory organs3 ?us ! ,ga/]opods1 9 :i* ! wat] is conduct$ to ! int]ior by a muscul> tube1 or siphon1 h ! m>g9 ( ! ap]ture ( ! %ell *annell$2 z 9 ! ,:elk1 or ,bucc9um4 ,_m ( ! l& & fre%-wat] species h entire op5+s1 & are1 = ! mo/ "p1 h]bivor\s2 :ile ! great] numb] ( ! m>9e univalves h ! ap]ture ind5t$ or not*$1 & are c>nivor\s4#cdi ,"s ( ^! mollusca1 too1 h a retractile proboscis1 arm$ ) m9ute tee?1 by :i* !y c rasp or bore into ! %ells ( ! species on :i* !y prey4 ,!re are "s exceptions to ! above rules1 b ! preval5ce ( ! *>act]s specifi$ af=d pretty c]ta9 indications ( ! fluviatile or m>9e nature ( ! orig9als4 ,! application ( ^! data to geological inve/igations w be consid]$ h]eaft]4 #cdi ,! =m ( ! ap]ture does n necess>ily indicate fre%-wat] g5]a4 ,melanopsis1 ,pir5a1 & mo/ ( ! ,melani h a *annell$ or not*$ ap]ture4 ,fre%-wat] univalves frequ5tly h ! spire corrod$2 9 a fossil /ate !y c only be det]m9$ to be fre%-wat] species by _! analogy to rec5t g5]a & sub-g5]a4--,note by ,mr4 ,woodw>d4 ,9 ! g5]ic di/9ctions ( ! simple univalves1 ! =m ( ! m\? is an important "*2 :ile 9 ! bivalves1 ! configuration ( ! h+e af=ds an equally conv5i5t aid = _! classification4 ,"s tribes ( te/ace\s mollusca are exclusively m>9e2 _m are re/rict$ to ! bracki% wat] ( e/u>ies2 o!rs live only 9 fre%-wat]2 & "s on ! l&4 ,_! geographical di/ribution is alike v>i\s3 c]ta9 gr\ps inhabit deep wat] only1 & are provid$ ) means by :i* !y c ma9ta9 !mselves ne> ! surface ( ! ocean1 f> away f any %ore2 :ile o!rs are littoral1 t is1 live 9 ! %all[s along ! sea-%ores4 ,_m exi/ 9 quiet1 o!rs 9 turbul5t wat]s2 "s are greg>i\s1 l ! oy/]2 :ile o!rs occur s+ly1 or 9 gr\ps4 ,! v]tical range1 t is1 ! relative dep?s 9 :i* ! mollusca live 9 ! sea1 is also /rictly def9$2 c]ta9 g5]a be+1 9 a great measure1 re/rict$ to mod]ate dep?s1 o!rs to a few fa?oms1 & _m to ! pr(\nd abysses ( ! ocean1 :i* nei!r ! dr$ge nor ! plummet c rea*4 ,all ^! v>ieties ( condition are m or less /rongly impress$ on ! %ells1 :i* may be consid]$ z ext]nal skeletons2#cej & ! accompli%$ con*ologi/ is enabl$1 by c]ta9 *>act]s1 to det]m9e ! nature ( ! animals :i* inhabit$ !m1 & ! physical conditions 9 :i* !y 7 plac$4#cea #cej ,9 equivalve bivalves ! animal lives 9 an upright position4 ,9 inequivalves1 i4e4 "o l>ge & "o small valve1 ! animal lies on its side4 ,! situation ( bivalve %ells1 z oy/]s1 %\ld !re=e be notic$1 = if !y lie on _! concave %ell1 ) ! flat valve upp]mo/1 x is evid5t !y 7 ov]:elm$ 9 _! native b$ & 9 a liv+ /ate2 if !y lie indiscrim9ately on ei!r valve1 !y 7 probably dead %ells & ov]:elm$ 9 t /ate4 ,if ! pallial impr9t is not*$ by a s9us1 x %[s ! pres5ce & size ( ! tubes ( ! mantle4 ,:e!r !re be "o or two muscul> impressions is ( f> less importance4 #cea ,= an ext5d$ notice ( ! geographical di/ribution ( te/acea1 see ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,=bes1 ,briti% ,m>9e ,zoology1 ,"p ,i4 p4 #ada4 ,! numb] ( liv+ species ( mollusca kn[n to naturali/s1 n includ+ ! %ell-less g5]a1 exce$s twelve ?\s&2 & almo/ e day is add+ new species1 = sc>cely a vessel arrives f di/ant seas )\t enri*+ ! /ores ( ! con*ologi/4 ,! num]\s g5]a into :i* !y are divid$ by sy/emati/s1 & ! con/ant *anges effect$ 9 arrangem5t & nom5clature by e writ] on ! subject1 r5d] x difficult if n impossible to pres5t ! read] ) any satisfactory epitome ( mod]n con*ology4 ,i mu/ re/rict myself to a brief acc\nt ( "s ( ! mo/ common g5]a t occur 9 ! ,briti% /rata2 & %all dwell m p>ticul>ly on ^? species :i* prevail 9 ! second>y =mations1 because !y pres5t ! mo/ important deviations f ! rec5t types t are famili> to ! g5]al obs]v]2 by ?is means1 & by ref]5ce to figures 9 /&>d works1 ! collector w1 ,i tru/1 be enabl$ to id5tify ! fossil %ells :i* may mo/ frequ5tly come "u 8 notice 9 ! c\rse ( 8 geological rambles4 ,,fossil ,,bivalve ,,%ells2 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,bra*iopoda ,,& ,,lamellibran*ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,bivalve ,,%ells4 ,al?\gh 9 ! mod]n ,t]ti>y /rata1 z ! ,crag1 & 9 ! ar5ace\s b$s ( ! ,eoc5e =mations1 %ells are g5]ally f\nd 9 s p]fect a /ate1 t no caution or k is requisite = _! collection1 yet a few prelim9>y rem>ks are necess>y to po9t out c]ta9 conditions 9 :i* ! rema9s ( mollusca1 or evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce1 occur 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! old] fossilif]\s rocks4 ,%ells are f\nd 9 ! /rata 9 ! ?ree foll[+ /ates3-- #a/ly4 ,%ells 9 :i* ! con/itu5t sub/ance has und]gone b little *ange4 ,_m ( ! specim5s 9 ! s&s ( ! ,crag 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 & 9 ! ,eoc5e b$s at ,grignon1 ne> ,p>is1 & ! ,plioc5e ( ,pal]mo1 9 ,sicily1 are z p]fect z if collect$ f ! sea-%ore1 hav+ suff]$ no loss b t ( col\r4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ev5 ! v>i$ m>k+s on ! surface rema92 b 9 g5]al ! %ells are blea*$1 or h a f]rug9\s /a94 #b;dly4 ,! =m pres]v$1 b ! con/itu5t sub/ance m9]aliz$4 ,?is /ate is v common 9 %ells t are imb$d$ 9 h>d rock1 :atev] may be ! age ( ! deposit4 ,9 calc>e\s /rata ! te/ace\s sub/ance is g5]ally transmut$ into calc>e\s sp>1 z 9 mo/ ( ! specim5s f ! *alk1 oolite1 m\nta9 lime/one1 c4 ,9 s&s ab\nd+ 9 silex1 ! %ell is *ang$ into fl9t1 z 9 ! exquisite fossils f ! ,gre5s& ( ,blackd[n1 ,devon%ire2 9 deposits p]meat$ ) sulphuret ( iron1 ! %ells are (t5 metamorphos$ into pyrites1 z 9 ! ,ammonites 9 ! ,lias1 ,galt1 c4 #c;dly1 ,9 ! /ate ( ca/s & impressions4 ,al?\gh 9 loose s& ! %ells are ei!r empty1 or fill$ ) detritus easily removable by wa%+2 9 clay1 lime/one1 & s&/one1 ! cavities are g5]ally occupi$ by consolidat$ mat]ials1 :i* _h ent]$ :5 9 a s(t or fluid /ate2 & frequ5tly ! sub/ance ( ! %ell has disappe>$1 & ! /ony ca/ ( ! int]ior alone rema9s4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! spaces left by ! dissolution ( ! %ells are fill$ ) sp>1 or ! ca/s are closely inve/$ by ! surr\nd+ /one1 f long-cont9u$ sup]9cumb5t pressure :ile ! matrix 0 9 a pla/ic /ate2 & 9 su* cases ! ca/s are (t5 di/ort$ & flatt5$4 ,b ! vacancy is occasionally empty1 & on its walls is f\nd an impress ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! %ell1 ) all ! l9es & ornam5ts ( ! orig9al z %>p z if ca/ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abb4 ,turritell1 f ,brackle%am1 ,sussex4 ,t]t4 ,fig4 #a4--,turritella conoidea2 ! p]fect %ell3 nat4 #b4--,sept>ium1 ) ,turritell2 a poli%$ slab3 #a_/c nat4 #c4--;,a ca/ ( "o ( ! %ells1 9 calc>e\s sp>3 nat4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sept>ium ,,) ,,%ells4 ,! specim51 ,lign4 #abb1 fig4 #b1 f ! t]ti>y /rata at ,brackle%am ,bay1 ,sussex1 is a poli%$ slice ( indurat$ argillace\s lime/one1 f a sept>ium 7nodule divid$ by fissures71 ab\nd+ 9 spiral univalve %ells1 call$ ,turritell4 ,fig4 #a is a p]fect %ell ( ! same species1 extract$ f s(t clay2 & fig4 #c1 a ca/ 9 calc>e\s sp>1 obta9$ f ! sept>ium4 ,9 ! poli%$ slab1 fig4 #b1 sections ( num]\s %ells are se54 ,! d>k p>titions1 or septa1 are ve9s ( sp>1 :i* occupy int]/ices t h be5 =m$ 9 ! clay-nodule by %r9k+2 & if ! specim5 be closely exam9$1 ! %ells w be f\nd split across & displac$ by ! fissures2 ?us pres5t+ an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! faults1 or dislocations1 ( ! /rata1 s famili> to ! geological obs]v]4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! l9es on ! ext]ior ( ! %ell d n mat]ially diff] f ^? on ! int]ior1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! ca/1 fig4 #c1 & ! %ell4 fig4 #a1 resemble ea* o!r2 b 9 _m species !re is a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! out] & inn] surfaces1 ! ext]nal aspect be+ /rongly ornam5t$1 :ile ! int]nal is smoo?2 ! ca/1 !re=e1 9 su* examples1 s little resembles ! %ell1 t an inexp]i5c$ collector may readily suppose x belongs to a diff]5t species4 ,! bivalve call$ ,trigonia1 ,lign4 #abg1 figs4 #a1 #b1 is an in/ance ( ?is contra/4 ,! poli%$ slab ( ! ,sept>ium1 ,lign4 #abb1 fig4 #b1 demon/rates ano!r condition ( fossil %ells--t ( a compact argillace\s lime/one--& entire b$s ( m>ble are compos$ ( an aggregation ( ?is k9d1 =m$ ( %ells & o!r animal exuvi1 consolidat$ by m9]al infiltrations4 ,9 ! old] second>y /rata ?is /ate prevails2 & ! beautiful m>k+s ( _m valuable m>bles1 are m]ely sections ( ! enclos$ %ells4 ,b ?is process is n re/rict$ to ! deposits ( anci5t date2 at ! pres5t mom5t ! same op]ation is sil5tly b con/antly go+ on 9 our seas1 & an exam9ation ( ! specim51 ,lign4 #abc1 w af=d an exemplification ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! %elly lime/ones are produc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,brighton ,,%ell-,,conglom]ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abc4 ,%ell-,conglom]ate2 n[ =m+ 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel4 ,dr$g$ (f ,brighton4 ,fig4 #a4--;,an ,aggregation ( ,%ells & ,corals2 ! int]/ices are fill$ up ) s&1 & ! mass is consolidat$ by an infiltration ( c>bonate ( lime4 #b4--,tro*us ziziph9us2 extricat$ f ! mass ) ! foll[+3 #c4--,pect5 op]cul>is4 #d4--,s]pula4 #e4--,portion ( a ,cellepora2 magnifi$4 #f4--,sabella4 ,we h "h a solid mass ( /one1 compos$ ( sev]al rec5t species ( %ells1 corals1 c4 ,x is a fragm5t ( a l>ge block1 dr$g$ up f ! ,briti% ,*annel1 (f ,brighton4 ,simil> masses h be5 obta9$ at diff]5t s\nd+s along ?is "p ( ! ,sussex coa/2 & 9 "s specim5s num]\s o!r species ( rec5t %ells1 z oy/]s1 mussels1 :elks1 c4 ent] into ! composition ( ! consolidat$ rock4 ,! %elly & corall9e lime/ones & s&/ones1 s abundant 9 ! anci5t /rata ( ,engl& h be5 =m$ 9 a simil> mann]2 & :5 ! mod]n conglom]ate ( ,brighton %all h be5 p]meat$ ) cry/all9e matt]1 & subject$ to great pressure by sup]9cumb5t deposits1 ?r\gh c\ntless c5turies1 & at l5g? be elevat$ above ! wat]s1 x w con/itute b$s ( %ell-m>ble1 9 "s m\nta9 range1 & become an int]e/+1 p]haps ! only mem5to1 ( ! races ( mollusca & polypi>ia ( ! pres5t seas1 :5 all record & traces ( ,great ,brita9 & its inhabitants %all be de/roy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abd4 ,%ell-,lime/one2 f ! m\? ( ! ,?ames4 ,fig #a4--;,a mass ( ,cockle-%ells & ,:elks1 consolidat$ into a co>se lime/one4 #b1 #d4--,"o ( ! %ells1 ,c>dium edule1 extract$ f ! block4 #c4--;,a slice ( ! rock1 poli%$1 ! m>k+s on ! surface be+ d]iv$ f sections ( ! %ells4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mod]n ,,%ell-,,lime/one4 ,(f ! ,k5ti% coa/1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 a bank ( consolidat$ %ells1 *iefly ( "o species1 is 9 ! progress ( =mation1 f :i* blocks may be obta9$ ( great firmness & solidity 7,lign4 #abd72 ^!1 :5 cut & poli%$ 7fig4 #c71 display a v>iety ( m>k+s1 produc$ by ! sections ( ! %ells4 ,ext5sive %oals ( loose %ells1 compos$ almo/ :olly ( ! ,c>dium edule1 exi/ 9 sev]al localities1 ne> ! emb\*ure ( ! ,?ames2 & ^! are cont9ually %ift+ ) ! *anges ( ! w9d & tide2 x is only 9 a few places t consolidat$ blocks occur1 l t ( :i* a fragm5t is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #abd4 ,^! examples ( %elly lime/ones & s&/ones n[ 9 progress ( =mation w famili>ize ! /ud5t ) ! nature & orig9 ( ^? anci5t deposits ( a simil> "*1 :i* conta9 ext9ct species & g5]a ( mollusca4 ,! va/ deposits ( fluviatile %ells :i* exi/ 9 ,florida1 at ,picolata1 ,volusia1 & ,ent]prize are ( great geological int]e/4 ,! two latt] places pres5t bluffs & hills ( f =ty to fifty feet 9 height1 ext5d+ half a mile or m f ! riv]1 t are compos$ ( sc>cely any?+ b well-pres]v$ %ells ( ,palud9a vivip>a1 ,ampull>ia depressa1 "s undet]m9$ species ( ,unio1 ,helix septemvolvis1 ,melania1 & a few o!rs4 ,!re is b a scanty mixture ( e>?1 & ! %ells are clean1 & look z if !y _h be5 wa%$ a%ore aft] ! dea? ( _! inhabitants4 ,9 "s places ! b$s are s&y1 & are h>d5+ into a calc>e\s %elly s&/one4 ,9 "o su* b$ ! sup]ficial /ratum furni%$ a few bones ( turtles & undet]m9$ fragm5ts1 ! bones ( "s l>ge v]tebrate animal4 ,?is is1 ,i believe1 ! locality :]e ,c\nt ,p\rtals collect$ human bones 9 a rec5t s&/one4444 ,no microscopical =ms 7 detect$ 9 ^! b$s aft] ! mo/ c>eful se>*4#ceb #ceb ,dr4 ,j1 ,w4 ,bailey1 9 ,smi?sonian ,contributions1 vol4 ii4 ,article viii4 p4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abe4 ,t]ebratula & ,rhyn*onella2 nat4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--,rhyn*onella plicatilis4 #a;a4--,! same species1 p>tly op54 #b4--,rhyn*onella subplicata4 #b;a4--,front view ( ! same4 #c4--,t]ebratula semiglobosa2 side view4 #c;a4--,! same species1 se5 f above4 #d4--,t]ebratula subrotunda4 ,fossil ,%ells ( ! ,bra*iopod\s ,mollusca4--,^! are bivalve %ells1 ( :i* ne>ly five hundr$ species are f\nd 9 ! ,briti% /rata4 ,!y occur 9 incr$ible numb]s 9 ! anci5t rocks1 to :i* sev]al g5]a are re/rict$2 :ile "s cont9ue ?r\gh all ! =mations1 & inhabit ! pres5t seas2 b ! exi/+ g5]a are few4 ,sid5ote3 ,,t]ebratula4 ,t]ebratula 7bor$1 allud+ to ! p]=at$ beak71 ,lign4 #abe4--,! common species ( ?is g5us mu/ be famili> to all :o h ev] look$ into a qu>ry ( ,*alk1 or ( ,%ankl9 s&1 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,!y h be5 humor\sly call$ ! ,fossil ,ari/ocracy1 f ! incalculable antiquity ( _! l9eage4 ,! species are v num]\s2 m ?an #cjj ext9ct =ms h be5 det]m9$4#cec ,^? figur$ 9 ,lign4 #abe are f ! ,:ite ,*alk1 & are beautifully pres]v$2 ev5 ve/iges ( ! col\r occasionally rema94 ,9 a liv+ /ate1 ! animal is fix$ to =eign bodies by a byssus1 or p$uncle1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! beak1 or ar*$ extremity1 ( ! %ells1#ced ,! mo/ int]e/+ circum/ance relat+ to ^! mollusca1 is ! respiratory app>atus1 :i* consi/s ( two long ciliat$ tubes1 spirally coil$1 unit$ at _! base1 & support$ by sl5d] calc>e\s processes1 :i* are (t5 pres]v$ 9 ! fossils4 ,?us1 9 specim5s f ! s(t *alk1 ! calc>e\s e>? may be remov$ f ! int]ior ( ! %ell1 & ! app5dages expos$1 z 9 ! examples1 ,lign4 #abf1 figs4 #a1 #b2 & 9 ! %ells t are empty1 ^! processes occasionally rema9 di/9ct1 or are coat$ by a ?9 pellicle ( calc>e\s sp>1 or pyrites4 #cec ,see ,catalogue ( ,t]ebratulid1 publi%$ = ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ced ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,ea/]n ,zoological ,gall]y1 case table ,a7 !re are betwe5 ?irty & =ty rec5t t]ebratul 7,t4 au/ralis1 ,quoy1 a plait$ species1 mu* resembl+ ,t4 fimbria ( ! ,inf4 ,oolite1 ,*elt5ham7 atta*$ ) _! byssi to a block ( /one1 f ,port ,jackson1 :]e x 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,jukes j bel[ l[-wat]4 ,9 ! smoo? ,t]ebratul1 ! lam9ations ( ! %ell are full ( m9ute p]=ations1 :i* may be se5 by a l5s ( mod]ate p[]2 ! appe>ance ( ?is /ructure1 :5 highly magnifi$1 is %[n fig4 #b;a1 ,lign4 #abf4cee ,! ,rhyn*onell 7z ,lign4 #abe1 figs4 #a1 #b17 d n possess ?is organization4 #cee ,an int]e/+ ,memoir on ! ,microscopal ,exam9ation ( ,%ells has rec5tly be5 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]4 ,sev]al species ( ,t]ebratula are f\nd bo? liv+ & fossil1 e4g4 ,t]ebratula vitrea1 liv+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 fossil 9 ,sicily1--,t4 caput-s]p5tis1 rec5t 9 ! ,briti% seas1 fossil 9 ! ,crag1--& ,t4 l5ticul>is1 bo? rec5t & fossil 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abf4 ,t]ebratula & ,spirif]4 ,fig4 #a & #b4--,upp] & "u valve ( ,t]ebratula c>nea4 ,*alk2 ,lewes3 a1 a1 rema9s ( ! calc>e\s support ( ! bra*ia4 #b;a4--,portion ( ! %ell ( ,t]ebratula c>nea1 magnifi$ to exhibit ! p]=ations4 #c4--,spirif] trigonalis1 ) "p ( ! upp] valve remov$1 to %[ "o ( ! spiral processes4 7,m94 ,con*47 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,sid5ote3 ,,spirif]4 ,,p5tam]us4 ,spirif] 7conta9+ spiral processes74 ,lign4 #abf4--;,9 ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s lime/ones !re is a pr(usion ( sev]al g5]a ( ,bra*iopoda1 ^: peculi> =ms r5d] !m easily recognisable4 ,among ^!1 ! ,spirif]s are ! mo/ int]e/+1 on acc\nt ( _! spiral calc>e\s processes1 :i* 9 ! rec5t /ate support$ ! ciliat$ bra*ia1 be+ (t5 pres]v$4 ,a specim51 9 :i* "p ( ! upp] valve ( ! %ell has be5 remov$1 & "o ( ! spires expos$1 is figur$ ,lign4 #abf1 fig4 #c4 7,wond4 pp4 #gce1 #gcf74cef #cef ,see a ,memoir on ! ,anatomy ( ! ,bra*iopoda1 by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,zoological ,trans1 vol4 i4 p4 #ade1 et seq4 ,all ^! g5]a are ext9ct2 !y prevail 9 ! olde/ fossilif]\s rocks1 & gradually disappe> z we asc5d to ! new] =mations2 ! la/ trace ( _! exi/5ce is 9 ! ,lias1 9 :i* "o species has be5 f\nd4 ,b ! ,t]ebratul ab\nd 9 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 ,*alk1 c41 occur 9 ! t]ti>y =mations1 & sev]al liv+ species inhabit ! seas ar\nd ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 7,see ante p4 #cij47 ,rhyn*onella1 ,fis*]4 ,! plait$ ,t]ebratul diff] f ! typical species 7e4g4 ,t4 au/ralis1 caput-s]p5tis1 vitrea1 c47 m ?an ev5 ! ,spirif]s diff]1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z =m+ a di/9ct family1 ,rhyn*onellid1 :i* w include ,p5tam]us4 ,! %ell is n punctate2 ! arms are spiral1 support$ only at _! orig9s by %elly processes2 ! l>g] valve is beak$ acutely1 & has a not* )9 ! beak ?r\gh :i* ! p$icle passes2 sometimes ! not* is conv]t$ into a =am51 by two little plates1 7deltidium17 z 9 ,t]ebratula4 ,! =m ( ! ,rhyn*onell is tetrah$ral4 ,lign4 #abe4 ,p5tam]us1 ,ly4 p4 #ceb4--,) ! ,spirif]s1 & o!r ,bra*iopoda ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 "s bivalves :i*1 9 _! g5]al figure1 resemble c]ta9 species ( ,t]ebratul1 frequ5tly occur4 ,^! %ells diff] 9 _! int]nal /ructure f all o!r g5]a1 9 hav+ a septum1 or plate1 by :i* _! cavity is divid$ into f\r *amb]s2 & 9 "o valve ! septum itself conta9s a cell1 ?us mak+ five *amb]s1 :5ce ! "n ,p5tam]us 7five-cell$74 ,! ca/s ( ^! %ells (t5 h fissures1 produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! septa2 & occasionally ^! cavities are occupi$ by calc>e\s sp>4 ,specim5s ( ?is k9d commonly split into two p>ts1 9 "o ( :i* two1 & 9 ! o!r ?ree1 *amb]s may be detect$2 ! fif? *amb] is ! canal ( ! p$uncle4 ,f\r species are kn[n1 & all belong to ! ,silurian rocks4 ,or?is1 ,leptna1 & ,producta =m a ?ird family1 ) horizontal spiral arms1 unsupport$ by %elly processes4 ,davidsonia is a ,leptna atta*$ by ! v5tral valve1 & ! only g5us 9 ?is family :i* is fix$ by ! %ell itself4 ,calceola4 a g5us ( ,bra*iopoda2 ! %ell ( an inv]t$ pyramidal =m1 ! upp] valve ne>ly flat2 f\nd 9 ! ,devonian /rata ( ! ,eifel1 & 9 ,devon%ire4 ,crania1 ,ly4 fig4 #bje4 ,^! are small bra*iopod\s %ells1 atta*$ to o!r bodies2 v frequ5tly to ! ,e*9ites ( ! *alk4 ,! free valve is commonly want+1 b ,i h f\nd specim5s disp]s$ 9 ! rock4 ,9 _m ( ! qu>ries 9 ,k5t & ,sussex1 ! helmet ,e*9ites be> gr\ps ( ^! %ells4 ,ly4 fig4 #ac4 ,orbicula4 ,?is g5us resembles ,crania 9 =m1 ! upp] valve be+ l a limpet1 :il/ ! atta*$ valve is flat2 x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ,crania 9 be+ horny & flexible1 & is fix$ to rocks on ! b$ ( ! sea1 by a muscul> p$icle pass+ out ?r\gh a small fissure4 ,species ( ,orbicula are f\nd 9 /rata ( all ages1 f ! ,l[] ,silurian to ! ,t]ti>y1 & sev]al are n[ liv+ 9 tropical seas4 ,obolus4 ,ei*wald4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,silurian 7,obolite grit7 ( ,sw$5 & ,russia1 is a ,l+ula1 ) a h+e & a not* = ! p$icle2 x has n hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ,brita94 ,sid5ote3 ,,l+ula4 ,,hippurites4 ,l+ula4 ,ly4 p4 #cec1 fig4 #dab4--,! ,bra*iopoda ref]r$ to ?is g5us h a long p$uncle1 & _! respiratory app>atus has no calc>e\s support2 ! rec5t species burr[ 9 ! s&1 be+ usually inhabitants ( %all[ wat]s4 ,! ,l+ul are readily di/+ui%$ f ! ,t]ebratul by _! imp]=ate1 equivalv$ %ells4 ,"o species is f\nd 9 ! ,ayme/ry lime/one1 & sev]al h be5 collect$ f ! ,m\nta9 lime/one1 ,oolite1 & ,%ankl9 s&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ref]5ce to ! species ( ,bra*iopoda1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,t]ebratul1 :i* inhabit ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 obs]ves1 t bo? ! respiration & nutrition ( animals1 :i* exi/ b5ea? a pressure ( f sixty to n9ety fa?oms ( sea-wat]1 are subjects sugge/ive ( int]e/+ reflections1 & lead u to contemplate ) less surprise ! great /r5g? & complexity ( "s ( ! m9ute/ p>ts ( ! frame ( ^! dim9utive creatures4 ,9 ! unbrok5 /illness :i* p]vades ^? abysses1 ! exi/5ce ( ^! animals mu/ dep5d on _! p[] ( excit+ a p]petual curr5t ar\nd !m1 9 ord] to dissipate ! wat] lad5 ) _! effete p>ticles1 & to br+ )9 ! rea* ( _! preh5sile organs ! animalcules adapt$ = _! su/5ance4 ,hippurites4 ,?is g5us belongs to a gr\p ( fossil %ells ^: *>act]s are some:at problematical1 "s con*ologi/s ref]r+ !m to ! ord9>y bivalves1 & o!rs to ! ,bra*iopoda4 ,al?\gh ,hippurites h n be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,briti% /rata1 ,i am induc$ to notice !m 9 ?is place1 9 consequ5ce ( _! great abundance 9 ! ,cretace\s deposits ( ! ,s\? ( ,france1 & 9 ! ,oolite ( ! ,pyr5ees2 & also to illu/rate ! nature ( a ne>ly relat$ g5us1 ,sphrulites1 ( :i* "o or m species occur 9 ! ,sussex ,*alk4 ,! ,hippurite is ( an elongat$ conical =m1 & fix$ by its base2 x has int]nally a deep lat]al *annel1 =m$ by two obtuse longitud9al ridges4 ,! base is sometimes p>tition$ (f by transv]se septa1 =m+ cells or cavities1 z 9 ! ,euomphalus4 ,! ap]ture1 or op5+1 is clos$ by an op]culum1 or upp] valve4 ,! sub/ance ( ! %ell is cellul>1 & v ?ick1 & :5 fractur$ mu* resembles t ( ! lamellif]\s corals3 ! lam9 are sometimes sep>at$ into cells1 or cavities1 l ! ,spondyli4 ,^! %ells (t5 atta9 consid]able magnitude1 & 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ! ,pyr5ees1 :]e !y ab\nd1 are call$ petrifi$ horns by ! inhabitants4 ,x is rem>kable1 t1 :ile 9 ! ,*alk ( ! ,s\? ( ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,greece %ells ( ?is g5us s prevail1 z to be consid]$ ! *>act]i/ic fossils ( ! =mation1 9 ! ,nor? ( ,france !y are v r>e1 & 9 ,engl& h n hi!rto be5 discov]$4#ceg #ceg ,z m>k+ ! rapid progress ( ,palontology 9 ?is c\ntry1 x may be notic$ t ! only fossil figur$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,enclycopdia ,britannica1 9 illu/ration ( ! article1 ,petrifaction1 is "o ( ^! suppos$ petrifi$ horns1 describ$ by ! ,abb ,=tis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fossil ,%ells ( ! ,lamellibran*ia4--,^! are bivalve %ells1 ! animals ( :i* diff] f ! prec$+ class1 z we h already /at$1 9 p]=m+ respiration by means ( lamellat$ gills4 ,! valves are unit$ by a /rong sub/ance1 t]m$ ! ligam5t1 :i*1 by its ela/icity1 admits ( ! %ells be+ op5$ to a consid]able ext5t2 & !y are clos$ by p[]ful1 %ort1 ?ick muscles1 call$ adductors4 ,! %ells ( "s ( ! g5]a1 z ! ,oy/] & ,scallop1 h b "o muscle1 7monomy>ia72 o!rs1 z ! ,cockle1 or ,c>dium1 & ,v5us1 h two1 7dimy>ia72 & by ^! *>act]s ! class is arrang$ 9 two gr\ps4 ,monomy>ia3 ,bivalve ,%ells1 ) "o muscul> impression4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,oy/]s4 ,o/rea1 ,lign4 #abj4--,! ,oy/] is well kn[n to possess no p[] ( locomotion2 x is atta*$ to rocks1 pebbles1 & o!r bodies1 & =ms ext5sive b$s1 consi/+ ( num]\s individuals1 ( all sizes4 ,!re are _m fossil species2 ! ,briti% /rata yield betwe5 =ty & fifty4 ,9 "s localities4 ,oy/]s are f\nd 9 ?ick b$s1 ( great ext5t1 app>5tly on ! spots !y occupi$ :5 liv+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ localities ,i am acqua9t$ )1 is ,sundridge ,p>k1 ne> ,bromley1 9 ,k5t1 :]e a h>d conglom]ate1 entirely made up ( oy/]-%ells1 & ! %+le t =m$ _! native b$1 is qu>ri$4 ,?is /one is mu* employ$ = ornam5tal rock-"w1 & sev]al walls 9 & ne> ,bromley are con/ruct$ ( x3 ^! display ! fossils1 "s ) ! valves clos$1 o!rs op51 o!rs deta*$1 & ! :ole gr\p$ z if artificially imb$d$ to expose ! *>act]s ( ! %ells4 ,^! oy/]-b$s belong to ! t]ti>y /rata ( ! ,london bas92 !y ext5d to ,plum/ead1 & o!r places 9 ! vic9ity2 & 9 "s localities1 ! oy/]s are associat$ ) o!r bivalves1 call$ ,pectunculi4 ,9 ! t]ti>y clays ne> ,woolwi* & ,bexley1 fossil oy/]-%ells ab\nd4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,read+1 9 ,b]k%ire1 an ext5sive lay] ( fossil oy/]s occupies ! same geological position1 namely1 ! l[]mo/ s&s & clays ( ! ,london bas94 ,:]ev] ! /rata ar\nd ,london are p]=at$ to a suffici5t dep?1 ?is oy/]-b$ is rea*$4 ,v rec5tly an ,artesian well 0 bor$ at ,hanwell1 9 ,middlesex1 & at ! dep? ( two hundr$ & eighty feet ?is /ratum ( s& ) oy/]-%ells 0 f\nd4 ,at ,headley1 ne> ,reigate1 9 ,surrey1 !re is a simil> deposit4 ,^! oy/]s v closely resemble ! edible species4 ,! ,:ite ,*alk conta9s sev]al species ( ,o/rea1 b ,i believe no b$s ( ^! %ells h be5 f\nd 9 x2 on ! contr>y1 ! %ells are diffus$ promiscu\sly ?r\gh ! /rata4 ,i h collect$ a few gr\ps ( f ?irty to =ty %ells1 evid5tly ! "y or fry ( ! species 7,o4 semiplana7 figur$ ,lign4 #abj4 ,?is specim5 is an int]e/+ example ( ! petrifactive process :i* ! mollusca h occasionally und]gone2 ! s(t p>ts ( ! oy/] are transmut$ into fl9t1 & ! %ell is *ang$ into c>bonate ( lime1 hav+ a cry/all9e /ructure4 ,bo? valves 7 p]fect :5 discov]$1 b ,i *isell$ (f ! great] "p ( "o %ell to expose ! silicifi$ body ( ! animal4 ,a small oy/]1 call$ ,o/rea vesicul>is1 is a *>act]i/ic %ell ( ! *alk2 "o valve is convex1 ! o!r flat2 x is abundant 9 ! ,*alk ( ,norfolk1 & also 9 ! ,fire/one ( "s localities3 x is figur$ ,ly4 p4 #bab4 ,ano!r small species1 hav+ ! m>g9 plicat$ 7,o4 plicata71 is also frequ5t 9 ! ,*alk4 ,a l>ge %ell1 ) ! m>g9s deeply ind5t$ by angul> folds1 resembl+ ! rec5t cockscomb oy/]1 is abundant 9 ! ,*alk ,m>l & ,fire/one2 p>ticul>ly ne> ,dov]1 & ar\nd ,selb\rne 9 ,hamp%ire1 :]e x attract$ ! notice ( ,:ite1 by its resemblance to ! liv+ ,cockscomb ,oy/] ( ! ,we/ ,indies2 x is nam$ ,o/rea c>9ata1 & figur$ ,ly4 p4 #bab1 fig4 #bjd4 ,"o o!r species may be notic$1 ! ,o/rea deltoidea1 :i* has be5 f\nd 9 e locality ( ! ,kimm]idge ,clay 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,x is a v flat species1 & ( a triangul> =m2 ! specific "n is d]iv$ f a suppos$ resemblance to ! ,greek lett] 1 delta4 ,i believe t 9 ,engl& no %ells ( ?is g5us h be5 obs]v$ 9 /rata old] ?an ! ,lias4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abg4 ,%ells & ,e*9ite f ! ,oolite & ,lias4 ,fig4 #a4--,trigonia clavellata4 ,ox=d ,cloy1 ne> ,weym\?4 #b4--,trigonia gibbosa2 a lime/one ca/4 ,isle ( ,portl&4 #c4--;,cid>is ,blum5ba*ii4 ,oolite4 ,calne1 ,wilts4 #d4--,trigonia co/ata4 ,oolite4 ,highwor?1 ,wilts4 #e4--,sp9e ( ! ,cid>is ,blum5ba*ii4 #f4--;,gryphya incurva4 ,lias4 ,*elt5ham4 #g4--;,ammonites ,walcotii4 ,lias1 ne> ,ba?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gryphy,a4 ,gryphya4 ,lign4 #abg1 fig4 #f4--,! %ells to :i* ! t]m ,grypha1 or ,gryphites1 is appli$1 are relat$ to ! ,oy/]1 b di/+ui%$ by ! deep concave "u valve1 & its curv$ summit1 or beak1 & ! almo/ flat1 or op]cul> upp] %ell4 ,! ,gryphites are ( a f9] lam9at$ /ructure ?an ! oy/]s1 & ! ligam5t ( ! h+e is ins]t$ 9 an elongat$ curv$ groove4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty ,briti% fossil species1 none ( :i* h be5 notic$ bel[ ! ,lias1 9 :i* =mation "o v rem>kable species is s abundant z to be consid]$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,liassic deposits4 ,x is s fai?fully repres5t$1 ,lign4 #abg1 fig4 #f1 t description is unnecess>y4 ,9 ! upp] argillace\s b$s ( ! ,oolite & ,kimm]idge ,clay1 a v small gryphite1 7,g4 virgula1 ,ly4 p4 #bfj7 is s abundant1 t x con/itutes entire lay]s4 ,! l[ cliffs on ! we/ ( ,b\logne h>b\r1 l ^? ne> ,weym\?1 are compos$ ( ?is clay1 & myriads ( ! gryphites are scatt]$ on ! %ore1 ) o!r %ells ( ! same deposits2 ^! %elly b$s are call$ m>nes gryphes1 by ! ,fr5* geologi/s4 ,a v l>ge gryphite1 ,grypha s9uata1 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #ccf17 is f\nd 9 ! ,%ankl9 s& ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & ( ,k5t & ,sussex4 ,at l[ wat]1 9 ! s& along ! %ore "u ,dunnose ,cliff1 ne> ,%ankl9 ,*9e1 num]\s specim5s are always obta9able4#ceh #ceh ,! "n ,exogyra 0 appli$ to ! ,*ama-%ap$ species ( ,grypha by ! late ,mr4 ,s[]by1 & o!r writ]s2 b subsequ5t au?ors h includ$ ^! %ells 9 ! pres5t g5us4 ,sid5ote3 ,,spondylus4 ,,plagio/oma4 ,spondylus4 ,lign4 #abh4--;,a species ( ?is g5us is s frequ5t 9 ! ,*alk1 t x ranks ) c]ta9 ,t]ebratul1 z *>act]i/ic ( t =mation4 ,"o valve is cov]$ ) long sl5d] sp9es1 :i*1 9 ! usual examples1 are de/roy$ by ! mode ( extract+ !m4 ,! specim5 figur$ %[s ! appe>ance ( a %ell p>tly cle>$2 ! rema9d] ( ! *alk might be remov$ by a p5knife 7tak+ c>e to leave ! longe/ sp9es support$ by brackets ( *alk71 & x w\ld !n resemble ! beautiful fossils figur$ ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #gh1 & 9 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #abe4 ,betwe5 ! beaks !re is a triangul> ap]ture 9 ! sp9\s valve1 :i* "s naturali/s1 ) mu* probability1 suppose 0 once fill$ up ) %ell1 z 9 ! rec5t species4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abh4 ,spondylus sp9osus4 ,9 ,*alk-fl9t4 ,lewes4 ,9 ! cretace\s /rata ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,dr4 ,morton has discov]$ a ,spondylus 7,s4 dumosus7 v ne>ly relat$ to ,s4 sp9osus2 b x diff]s 9 its g5]al =m1 & has bo? valves beset ) /rong sp9es4 ,i h ! fragm5t ( a l>ge bivalve f ! ,k5ti% ,rag 7,mr4 ,b5/$'s qu>ry71 :i* has ! peculi> /ructure ( ! ,wat]-clam 7,spondylus v>ius ( ,mr4 ,brod]ip72 namely1 holl[ int]spaces =m$ by %elly lay]s or p>titions1 :i* 7 secret$ by ! po/]ior "p ( ! mantle1 or inve/+ integum5t ( ! animal1 z x gradually rec$$ f t "p ( ! %ell4 ,9 ! rec5t ,wat]-clam ! cells are full ( fluid4#cei #cei ,s ee ,p5ny ,cyclop4 ,art1 ,spondylid4 ,plagio/oma1 ,llhwyd1 #afii4 ,?is g5us1 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,s[]by 9 ! ,m9]al ,con*ology1 is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ,lima ( ,brugui]e 7#agia74 ,mo/ ( ! rec5t species are ornam5t$ ) small asp]ities1 f :i* ! "n lima 7file7 is d]iv$2 !y are symmetrical %ells atta*$ by a byssus4 ,sev]al smoo? species ( ?is g5us are f\nd 9 ! ,*alk1#cfj ,oolite1 & ,lias4 ,a v l>ge species 7,p4 giganteum71 sometimes t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ab\nds 9 ! ,lias 7,ly4 p4 #bgd74 ,x is some:at depress$ 9 =m1 ) ! surface slightly /riat$2 ea* valve has a po9t$ beak1 ) two lat]al expansions1 or e>s1 z !y are t]m$ by con*ologi/s4 #cfj ,see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d[ns11 plate xxvi4 ,plicatula1 is ano!r g5us ( ?is family1 ( :i* !re are ?ree ,briti% fossil species4 ,a delicate %ell1 ) sl5d] depress$ sp9es 7,p4 inflata4 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxvi471 occurs 9 ! ,*alk ,m>l4 ,! rec5t species are natives ( ! seas ( w>m climates4 ,pect54--,! common scallop-%ell w s]ve z a type ( ?is g5us4 ,! animals ( ^! %ells1 unlike ! oy/]s1 h ! p[] ( locomotion1 & :5 9 ! wat]1 may be se5 mov+ ) rapidity1 & flapp+ _! %ells to & fro ) great activity4 ,num]\s species are f\nd fossil4 ,9 ! ,plioc5e1 & o!r m>9e t]ti>y deposits1 ,pect5s ab\nd2 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk !re are sev]al elegant =ms 7see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 plate xxv472 _m k9ds 9 ! ,oolite & ,lias2 & sev]al 9 ! ,devonian /rata4 ,a l>ge ,m$it]ranean species 7,pect5 ,jacobu1 ,ly4 p4 #aeb7 occurs 9 ! ,plioc5e /rata ( ,pal]mo1 9 e /age ( gr[?1 & z p]fect z if rec5t4 ,! ,*alk & ,%ankl9 s& conta9 a small inequivalv$ ,pect51 ! l[] valve ( :i* is convex1 & p5tangul>1 ! upp] flat1 & bo? /rongly ribb$1 or pect9at$2 x is nam$ ,pect5 qu9queco/atus 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxvi4 ,ly4 p4 #bab72 & 9 ! cretace\s /rata ( ,nor? ,am]ica a v>iety ( ?is species is f\nd4 ,9 ! ,*alk ,m>l a l>ge & beautiful ,pect5 7,p4 ,beav]i4 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #aeh7 is v common1 & ,i h obta9$ f ,hamsey & ,s\!rham examples 9 ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( pres]vation2 x is a *>act]i/ic %ell ( ! ,*alk ,m>l ( ,engl& 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 plate ,,xxv4 fig4 #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #abi ,inoc]amus ,cuvi]i4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--;,beak & h+e ( an ,inoc]amus4 a4 ,! h+e l9e4 #b4--,two valves ( ,i4 ,cuvi]i1 displac$1 & bo? %[+ ! ext]nal surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,,inoc]amus4 ,inoc]amus4 ,lign4 #abi4--,?is "n1 :i* ref]s to ! fibr\s /ructure ( ! %ell1 has be5 giv5 to a fossil g5us1 ( :i* !re are ab\t ?irty species 9 ! cretace\s & oolitic =mations2 & v rec5tly f\r or five species h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,silurian /rata ( ,irel&4#cfa ,^! %ells are *iefly *>act]iz$ by _! h+e 7see ,lign4 #abi1 fig4 #a;a471 & by ! fibr\s /ructure ( _! con/itu5t sub/ance1 :i* closely resembles t ( ! rec5t ,p9na2#cfb & "u ! microscope is f\nd1 l t %ell1 to consi/ ( prismatic cells1 fill$ ) c>bonate ( lime4#cfc ,! species v>y 9 size f an in* to ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! %ell1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v]tical arrangem5t ( ! fibres1 readily breaks to pieces1 & x is (t5 extremely difficult to extricate a specim5 ) ! h+e & beaks tol]ably entire4 ,t !y 7 equally brittle :5 rec5t is evid5t f ! num]\s fragm5ts diffus$ ?r\gh ! *alk & fl9t1 & occasionally imb$d$ 9 pyrites4#cfd ,! =m ( ! h+e is %[n 9 ,lign4 #abi1 fig4 #a3 9 ! l[] specim5 two valves ( ! same individual are se5 displac$1 "o ly+ ov] ! o!r4 ,! usual *alk species are figur$ ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxvii4 & 9 ,m94 ,con*4 #cfa ,! t]m ,inoc]amus is re/rict$ by ! ,fr5* geologi/s to ! beak$ & lam9at$ species ( ! ,galt2 & ! *alk ,inoc]ami are arrang$ "u ! "n ,catillus4 #cfb ,p]na & all ! ,aviculid h ! same /ructure1 ,inoc]amus sc>cely diff]s f ,p]na4 #cfc ,dr4 ,c>p5t] on ! ,microscopical ,/ructure ( ,%ells4 ,to detect ?is /ructure1 ! %ell %\ld be imm]s$ 9 dilut$ hydro*loric acid1 & :5 p>tially dissolv$1 ! cells w be app>5t4 #cfd ,x 0 _m ye>s be=e ,i succe$$ 9 obta9+ a specim5 ) ! h+e p]fect2 & ,m4 ,brongni>t1 unable to obta9 "o f ! *alk ( ,france1 gave ! figure ( ?is g5us f my ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxvii4 9 ! ,gog4 ,m94 ,env4 de ,p>is4 ,9 ! ,galt1 or ,folk/one-m>l1 two small species ( ?is g5us are to be f\nd 9 e locality ,i h visit$4 ,!y 7 fir/ figur$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 "u ! "n ( ,inoc]amus sulcatus1 & ,i4 conc5tricus 7,wond4 p4 #ccj1 fig4 #a & #c74 ,9 mo/ examples ! %ell is 9 ! /ate ( a :ite1 friable e>?1 & readily decomposes1 leav+ pat*es ( iridesc5t nacre on ! ca/s2 b ,i h se5 examples :i* prove t ! orig9als 7 ( a fibr\s /ructure1 l ! ,inoc]ami ( ! ,*alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #acj4 ,fl9t1 ) fragm5ts ( ,inoc]amus4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 a4 ,m>ks ! section ( a fragm5t ( %ell1 ) num]\s cavities1 occasion$ by ! depr$ations ( ,cliona ,conybe>ei4 b4 ,portion ( %ell p>tially decompos$1 & expos+ silice\s1 globul> bodies1 connect$ by filam5ts1 :i* are fl9t ca/s ( ! holl[s left by ! ,cliona4 ,! %ells ( ! ,inoc]ami1 l ^? ( ! oy/]1 & o!r liv+ mollusca1 7 expos$ to ! attacks ( "s p>asite1 & p]haps ( "s ,annelid1 z ! ,n]eis4 ,! %ells are (t5 cellul> f ?is cause1 & ! cavities are f\nd ei!r holl[1 or fill$ ) *alk1 or1 z 9 ! example ,lign4 #acj1 ) fl9t4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ^u ! decomposition ( ! %ell1 ! silice\s ca/s rema9 9 relief on ! surface ( ! fl9t1 z 9 ,lign4 #acj1 b4 ,su* specim5s are common 9 ! brok5 fl9ts ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 & 9 ! %+le on ! sea-%ore ( *alk di/ricts2 & _! orig9 w\ld be difficult to und]/& )\t ?is explanation4#cfe #cfe ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,conybe>e fir/ asc]ta9$ ! orig9 ( ^! fossils1 & figur$ & describ$ !m 9 an elegant ,memoir1 publi%$ 9 ,geol4 ,trans1 vol4 ii4 fir/ s]ies4 ,mr4 ,morris proposes ! "n ( ,clionites = ! fossil bodies d]iv$ f ! depr$ations ( ! ,cliona on ! ,inoc]ami & o!r %ells4 ,see ,annals ,nat4 ,hi/4 #ahea1 & my ,pictorial ,atlas ( ,organic ,rema9s4 ,avicula4 ,lyell1 p4 #bgd4--;,above fifty species ( ?is g5us ( %ells h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,briti% /rata2 _! g5]al "* w be readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! pe>l-oy/]1 7,avicula m>g>itif]a17 :i* is s l>gely import$ = ! manufacture ( "m-(-pe>l ornam5ts4 ,a rem>kable species is f\nd 9 ! ,lias1 call$1 f ! great disproportion 9 ! size ( ! %ells1 ,avicula 9quivalvis1 7,lyell1 p4 #bgd47 ,! rec5t species are inhabitants ( w>m climates4 ,our limits w n admit ( fur!r notice ( ! ,monomy>ia1 & we proce$ to ! second division ( ! plat$-gill$ mollusca4 ,dimy>ia3 ,bivalve ,%ells1 ) two muscul> impr9ts4 ,! con*if]a1 or bivalve %ells1 ( ?is gr\p1 f\nd fossil1 are m ?an d\ble 9 numb] ^? ( ! prec$+2 ne>ly eight hundr$ species are kn[n 9 ! rocks ( ,great ,brita91 ( :i* by f> ! great] numb] is m>9e4 ,b we mu/ re/rict our notice ( ?is division to a few g5]a1 t m space may be devot$ to t important class1 ! ,cephalopod\s ,mollusca4 ,! ,c>dium1 ,v5us1 & ,mussel %ells1 are famili> examples ( ! ,dimy>ia4 ,! conglom]ates1 n[ =m+ 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel1 f accumulations ( ! rec5t species ( ,cockle 7,c4 edule71 h be5 previ\sly notic$2 see ,lign4 #abd1 p4 #chf4 ,9 ! /rata ( ,engl& !re are upw>ds ( ?irty species3 ! ,crag conta9s sev]al1 p>ticul>ly a l>ge & delicate %ell1 ! ,c>dium ,p>k9soni 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #di74 ,o!rs are peculi> to ! ,london clay1 z ! ,c>dium semigranulatum1 a beautiful %ell1 hav+ ! surface smoo?1 except on ! po/]ior side1 :i* is cov]$ ) /rong ridges1 beset ) m9ute granules2 x is f\nd 9 _m localities 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #add74 ,among ! silicifi$ %ells ( ! ,%ankl9 s& ( ,devon%ire1 an elegant ,c>dium1 ,c4 ,hillanum1 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #ad17 occurs4 ,b "o species is kn[n 9 ! =mations bel[ ! ,lias3 ! ,c>dium /riatum1 7,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 tab4 #f1 fig4 #b17 f\nd 9 ! ,ayme/ry lime/one4 ,sid5ote3 ,,v5]ic>dia4 ,,pectunculus4 ,v5]ic>dia4 ,ly4 p4 #aii4--,^! %ells are abundant 9 ! t]ti>y /rata2 "o l>ge species1 ,v4 planico/a1 7,ly4 p4 #aii1 fig4 #aga17 is f\nd 9 imm5se quantities 9 ! clay & s& at ,brackle%am ,bay1 9 ,sussex1 f ! "y to ! adult /ate2 "s examples are v l>ge1 & p]fect4 ,9 ! s& at ,grignon1 ne> ,p>is1 ! same %ell is abundant1 possess+ ! usual :ite & delicate aspect ( ! fossils ( t celebrat$ locality ( ! ,calcaire grossi]4 ,only "o species has be5 notic$ 9 ! ,briti% second>y /rata4 ,pectunculus4 ,wond4 p4 #bdd1 fig4 #h4--;,9 ! ,london clay at ,brackle%am ,bay1 ,highgate1 ,hordwell ,cliff1 & 9 ! ar5ace\s lime/one ( ,bognor rocks1 an imm5se numb] ( ! bivalve %ells1 call$ ,pectunculi 7little pect5s71 occur4 ,"s ( ! ,fr5* m>9e t]ti>y /rata also ab\nd 9 ! same1 & o!r species ( ?is g5us4 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ ,sussex localities1 ^! %ells are s num]\s1 z to be ! mo/ frequ5t fossils t come "u ! notice ( ! collector4 ,!y are readily kn[n f _! associates by _! r\nd$ equivalve %ells1 & ! s+le ar*$ r[ ( tee? along ! h+e1 resembl+ ! common ,arca4#cff 7,see ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #bg74 ,at ,plum/ead1 ne> ,woolwi*1 a small] species is f\nd2 & also occasionally ) ! oy/]s at ,bromley4 #cff ,! species s abundant at ,bognor1 is ,p4 breviro/ris1 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #dgb4 ,i h se5 a block ( ! lime/one1 9 :i*1 spread ov] an area ( a foot squ>e1 !re 7 upw>ds ( fifty specim5s ly+ 9 relief4 ,nucula4--,sev]al species ( a small elegant bivalve1 relat$ to ! prec$+1 b di/+ui%$ by hav+ two r[s ( tee? on ! h+e1 div]g+ f an int]space betwe5 ! beaks1 are f\nd 9 ! ,crag & o!r t]ti>y deposits 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #ahj1 #aib74 ,two species occur 9 ! ,galt 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xix4 fig4 #e1 #f1 #i71 at ,r+m]1 ,folk/one1 ,blet*+ley1 c41 sometimes ) ! %ell p]fect1 b g5]ally 9 ! /ate ( ca/s compos$ ( indurat$ clay1 & hav+ impressions ( ! muscles & ( ! two r[s ( h+e-tee?4 ,! %ell ( "o species is m>k$ ) f9e transv]se grooves1 or /ri 7,n4 pect9ata72 ! o!r is ( a flatt5$ ovate =m1 & ! surface smoo? 7,n4 ovata74 ,! mo/ beautiful species ( ,nucula are ! ,n4 bivirgata ( ! ,galt ( ,folk/one1 & ,f4 ,cobboldi ( ! ,norwi* ,crag4 ,! species ( ,nucula ) ! po/]ior side produc$ into a long beak h be5 sep>at$ "u ! "n ,l$a2 !y h a pallial s9us1 indicat+ a siphon to ! mantle2-- e4g4 ,nucula ovum ,alum ,%ale4 -- clavi=mis ,lias4 -- att5uata ,coal ,%ale4 -- arctica ,norwi* ,crag4 ,sid5ote3 ,,p9na4 ,,mytilus4 ,,modiola4 ,p9na4--,! common l>ge ,p9na1 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 is well kn[n1 & diff]s s entirely f o!r %ells1 z to be readily di/+ui%$4 ,!re are ab\t fifte5 or sixte5 ,briti% fossil species4 ,! e>lie/ appe>ance ( ?is g5us is 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one ( ,d]by%ire 7,phil4 ,york4 tab4 #f71 9 :i* !re are two species4 ,! ,lias conta9s "o species2 ! ,oolite eight2 ! ,cretace\s =mation f\r2 & ! ,london clay two4 ,"o ( ! t]ti>y species1 ,p9na aff9is 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #cac71 occurs 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! ,bognor rocks1 associat$ ) ,pectunculi2 x v>ies 9 l5g? f "o to six or sev5 in*es4 ,a beautiful & delicate species is f\nd 9 ! ,calcaire grossi] ( ,grignon4 ,%ells ( ?is g5us are v r>e 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk1 mo/ ( ! suppos$ ,p9n be+ imp]fect examples ( ,inoc]ami2 b ,i h se5 specim5s f ,norfolk 7collect$ by ! late ,mr4 ,woodw>d71 & "o f ,sussex1 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,m>quess ( ,nor?ampton4#cfg #cfg ,dr4 ,lee has rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! ,kimm]idge ,clay on 8 e/ate at ,h>twell1 ,bucks1 a species ( ,p9na n previ\sly obs]v$ 9 ,engl&4 ,pr(essor ,=bes in=ms me t x resembles ,p9na conica 7( ,rem]71 & is relat$ to ,p4 lanceolata ( ,s[]by1 b appe>s to be di/9ct f bo?4 ,mytilus1 or ,mussel4--,!re h be5 f\nd ab\t tw5ty species ( ?is well-kn[n g5us ( m>9e %ells 9 ! ,briti% /rata4 ,!y are sp>+ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! sev]al =mations1 f ! ,silurian to ! new] ,t]ti>y4 ,"o species 7,mytilus ,lyellii1 ,wond4 p4 #dje1 fig4 #b7 occurs 9 ! ,weald51 associat$ ) fre%-wat] %ells4 ,( ! g5us t]m$ ,modiola1 :i* comprises ^? mussels t h a r\nd$ ant]ior t]m9ation1 ne>ly =ty ,briti% species h be5 discov]$2 rang+ ?r\gh ! fossilif]\s /rata1 f ! ,silurian to ! ,crag4 ,a beautiful species 7,modiola elegans4 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #i71 ) ! %ell g5]ally reta9+ its pe>ly coat1 is f\nd 9 ! ,london ,clay1 & 9 ! lime/one ( ,bognor4 ,an undescrib$ /riat$ ,modiola 7:i* may be nam$ ,m4 /riata1 s9ce ! /ri are peculi>71 occurs 9 ! ,kimm]idge ,clay1 at ,h>twell4 ,^? species ( ,modiola1 :i* excavate holl[s 9 /ones1 & inhabit !m1 are arrang$ 9 a g5us t]m$ ,li?odomus4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! %ells 9 ! rema9+ erect pill>s ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,s]apis 7,wond4 p4 #ajf71 at ,puzzuoli1 has af=d$ important & unequivocal evid5ce ( ! physical mutations :i* t "p ( ,italy has und]gone4 ,two species ( ,li?odomi h be5 f\nd1 by ,mr1 ,lonsdale1 9 ! ,oolite4 ,pholadomya4 ,ly4 p4 #bgb1 fig4 #bij4--,?is g5us ( %ells 7e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,james ,de ,c4 ,s[]by 9 ! ,m94 ,con*4 #ahbf71 comprises ab\t tw5ty ,briti% fossils1 all ( :i*1 ) b two exceptions1 occur 9 ! ,lias & ,oolite4 ,!y are equivalv$ %ells1 ) ! po/]ior end %ort1 & r\nd$1 & ! ant]ior elongat$ & gap+4 ,! surface is g5]ally m>k$ ) ribs1 or alt]nate elevations & depressions1 div]g+ obliquely f ! beaks to ! m>g94 ,9 ! clay at ,osm+ton & ,radipole1 ne> ,weym\?1 a l>ge species 7,p4 qualis1 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #edf7 is abundant4 ,! ,oolite ( ,brora1 9 ,scotl&1 conta9s sev]al species4 ,! only species f\nd 9 our ,*alk1 is ! beautiful %ell 7,p4 decussatum71 figur$ ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 ,,xxv4 fig4 #c1 & fir/ discov]$ by me1 9 #ahbj1 9 a b$ ( ,*alk ,m>l1 :i* at t "t 0 expos$ at l[-wat]1 at ! base ( ! cliff at ,brighton1 ne> ! pres5t entrance to ! ,*a9-pi]4 ,! same species has s9ce be5 f\nd at ,clayton1 ,hamsey1 ,s\?b\rne1 & o!r localities ( ! ,m>l4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,pholades4 ,pholas4 ,lign4 #aff1 fig4 #e1 #f4--,! common bor+ bivalve call$ ,pholas1 mu/ h attract$ ! att5tion ( e /roll] by ! sea-%ore1 f ! num]\s p]=ations 9 blocks ( *alk1 & o!r lime/ones1 occasion$ by its op]ations4 ,"s species burr[ 9 wood1 & (t5 commit s]i\s ravages 9 piles & o!r subm>9e works con/ruct$ ( timb]4 ,9 ! e>li] ages ( our planet we f9d evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! same k9d ( liv+ in/rum5ts = ! dis9tegration ( float+ wood1 & ! r$uction ( masses ( rock into detritus4 ,b no traces ( ^! %ells h be5 f\nd 9 /rata bel[ ! ,oolite4 ,"o species occurs 9 ! ,coral ,rag1 ano!r 9 ! ,kimm]idge ,clay2 two 9 ! ,galt & ,gre5s&2 & ?ree or f\r 9 ! t]ti>y deposits4 ,9 ! ,crag1 blocks ( /one are occasionally f\nd ) ! %ells ( ,pholades occupy+ ! p]=ations !y orig9ally =m$ & inhabit$4 ,b all ! specim5s ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! ,galt1 ,gre5s&1 & ,oolite 7 xylophag\s 7wood-eat+7 species4 ,9 ! ,%ankl9 ,s&1 masses ( fossil wood1 lit]ally honey-comb$ by ! p]=ations ( ,pholades1 are frequ5t2 b ! %ells !mselves are r>e4 ,mr4 ,s[]by has figur$ a beautiful specim5 ( silicifi$ wood1 f ,s&gate1 ) num]\s %ells ( ?is g5us 7,pholas priscus4 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #eha74 ,lign4 #aff1 fig4 #e1 repres5ts a fragm5t ( fossil wood1 ) ?ree %ells 9 situ2 a1 a %ell se5 longitud9ally2 & bel[1 ! r\nd$ ant]ior extremities ( two o!r %ells are expos$4 ,masses ( wood p]=at$ by ,pholades1 f :i* all traces ( ! %ells h disappe>$1 h giv5 rise to "s curi\s fossil rema9s1 :i* are (t5 v enigmatical to ! "y collector4 ,9 ! ,k5ti% ,rag1 z = example1 9 ,mr4 ,b5/$'s qu>ry1 ne> ,maid/one1 l>ge blocks ( /one are f\nd1 cov]$ ) gr\ps ( subcyl9drical mammill>y projections1 :i* are obtuse or r\nd$ at ! apex4 ,9 "s examples ! int]/ices betwe5 ^! bodies are free2 9 o!rs !y are occupi$ by a r$di% br[n1 friable sub/ance1 pres5t+ obscure indications ( ligne\s /ructure3 & r>ely1 di/9ct woody fibres may be obs]v$1 ! direction ( :i* is transv]se1 or ne>ly at "r angles1 to ! mammillat$ projections4 ,^! blocks are1 9 tru?1 ! /ony ca/s ( cavities =m$ by ,pholades1 9 masses ( wood1 bo? ! vegetable /ructure1 & ! %ells1 hav+ p]i%$4 ,9 ! ,:ite ,*alk specim5s ( ?is k9d are occasionally f\nd4 ,a rem>kable fact1 relat+ to "s ( ! specim5s f ! ,iguanodon qu>ry1 rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,^u break+ (f ! projections1 to asc]ta9 if any traces ( ! %ells ( ! ,pholades rema9$1 we discov]$ 9 sev]al1 ne> ! apex1 a univalve %ell1 a species ( ,n]ita4 ,lign4 #aff1 fig4 #f1 repres5ts a fragm5t ( /one ) two ( ! ca/s1 :i* h be5 brok51 & 9 ea*1 at a1 a univalve is imb$d$4 ,at b1 ! ligne\s /ructure ( ! orig9al wood is visible4 ,! only hypo!sis t w acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( ^! univalves 9 _! pres5t position1 is t ( suppos+ t ! ,n]ites crawl$ into ! cavities made 9 ! mass ( timb]1 aft] ! %ells ( ! ,pholades _h be5 remov$2 & t ! wood became imb$d$ 9 a s&-bank1 & ! univalves enclos$ 9 ! cavities2 ! ligne\s /ructure 9 a great measure p]i%$1 & ! /ony ca/s ( ! p]=ations ( ! bor]s1 ) ! imprison$ univalves1 rema9$4 ,! ,n]ites1 z %[n 9 ! example figur$1 d n occupy any p>ticul> position 9 ! tubes2 "o has ! apex t[>ds ! end ( ! cavity1 & ! o!r lies 9 a transv]se direction4#cfh #cfh ,9 a fragm5t ( a p]=at$ column1 f ,puzzuoli1 9 my possession1 by fav\r ( ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 !re 7 num]\s liv+ univalves 9 ! cavities made & previ\sly inhabit$ by ! li?odomi4 ,sid5ote3 ,,t]$o4 ,t]$o4 ,ly4 p4 #bd4--;,x w be conv5i5t to notice 9 ?is place ano!r g5us ( bor+ %ells1 ^: fossil rema9s are f> m abundant ?an ^? ( ! ,pholas4 ,! ,t]$o navalis1 or ,%ip-worm1 :i* is ! mo/ v]mi=m ( all ! mollusca1 =ms tortu\s cyl9drical holl[s 9 wood2 & 9 "s climates commits ! mo/ ext5sive injuries to %ips1 ! piles ( h>b\rs1 bridges1 & o!r subm>9e works =m$ ( timb]4 ,a ref]5ce to ! illu/ration giv5 by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell w r5d] detail$ description unnecess>y4 ,! ,t]$o is furni%$ at "o extremity ) te/ace\s valves1 by :i* x bores its way into ! wood1 :ile f ! surface ( its s(t body a calc>e\s matt] is secret$1 :i* l9es ) a %elly cov]+ ! holl[s or *annels =m$ by ! animal 9 its progress4 ,! fossil species diff] f ! rec5t 9 ! valves be+ unit$ to ! calc>e\s tube4 ,wood p]=at$ by ,t]$9es1 & occupi$ by _! %elly tubes1 occurs 9 almo/ e locality ( ! ,london ,clay4 ,^? specim5s 9 :i* ! wood is petrifi$1 & ! cavities ( ! tubes are fill$ ) calc>e\s sp> ( v>i\s col\rs1 furni% beautiful sections1 :5 cut & poli%$ 7,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 viii4 fig4 #h1 #i74 ,:5 ! canal 9 ! ,reg5t's ,p>k 0 be+ =m$1 l>ge blocks ( p]=at$ calc>e\s wood 7 discov]$1 hav+ ! ligne\s /ructure well pres]v$1 & ! tubes ( ! ,t]$9es occupi$ by yell[1 grey1 & br[n sp>1 =m+ specim5s ( great beauty & int]e/4 ,wood1 ) ,t]$9es1 or "s analog\s bor+ mollusks1 occurs sp>+ly 9 ! *alk ( ?is c\ntry2 b 9 ! cretace\s /rata at ,mae/ri*t1 l>ge masses are frequ5tly f\nd4#cfi ,fossil wood may occasionally be obs]v$ ) p]=ations t h be5 made by o!r k9ds ( bor+ %ells2 b ! prec$+ rem>ks w suffice to convey an idea ( ! nature & orig9 ( su* appe>ances4#cgj #cfi ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a mass ( silicifi$ wood f ! ,upp] ,gre5s& ( ,blackd[n1 p]=at$ by a ,t]$o1 ^: valves rema9 9 ! burr[s4 #cgj ,o!r g5]a ( bor+ %ells also occur fossil1 z ,fi/ulana1 ,ga/ro*na 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #ebf71 ,saxicava 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #dff74 ,trigonia4 ,lign4 #abg1 fig4 #a1 #b1 #d4--,^! bivalves are relat$ to ! ,arcade & ,nucul1 b di/+ui%$ by ! peculi> "* ( ! h+e2 ! "r valve has two l>ge oblong tee?1 :i* div]ge f ! umbo1 & are /rongly furr[$1 & fit into two correspond+ groov$ cavities1 9 ! opposite1 or left valve4 ,^! %ells are v ?ick & nacre\s2 !y ab\nd 9 c]ta9 /rata ( ! ,oolite & l[] ,cretace\s =mation1 b h n be5 obs]v$ 9 any deposits ( ?is c\ntry old] ?an ! ,lias2 !re are ne>ly ?irty ,briti% species4 ,two liv+ species ( ,trigonia 7,trigonia m>g>itacea & ,t4 ,jukesii7 are kn[n1 bo? inhabitants ( ! seas ( ,new ,holl&1 :]e !y are associat$ ) ,t]ebratul4 ,"s ( ! argillace\s b$s ( ! ,oolite1 z ! ,ox=d & ,kimm]idge clays1 ab\nd 9 ,trigoni2 ,osm+ton & ,radipole1 ne> ,weym\?1 are celebrat$ localities = ^! fossil %ells1 :i* are f\nd !re 9 great p]fection2 & on ! ,fr5* coa/1 :]e simil> /rata appe>1 ! ,trigoni are equally abundant4 ,"u ! cliffs1 ne> ,b\logne h>b\r1 ! %ore is /rewn ) !m4 ,?ree common species are figur$ 9 ,lign4 #abg4 ,! ca/s ( mo/ ( ! species are smoo?1 z 9 fig4 #b2 & ! collector %\ld1 !re=e1 se>* = impressions ( ! out] surface1 :5 ! %ell is abs5t1 z is g5]ally ! case 9 ! ,portl& ,oolite & ,%ankl9 ,s&1 9 :i* ,trigoni are v num]\s4 ,ne> ,highwor?1 9 ,wilt%ire1 v f9e & l>ge examples ( ,trigonia co/ata1 fig4 #d1 occur1 ) ! %ell pres]v$4 ,! impressions ( ! l>ge1 oblong1 div]g+ tee? ( ! h+e1 are usually s /rongly m>k$ 9 ! ca/s1 z to r5d] x easy to id5tify ! %ells ( ?is g5us4 ,! qu>ries ( ! ,portl& ,oolite at ,sw9don1 ,wilts1 teem ) ca/s ( ,trigoni1 collocat$ ) ,ammonites4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,portl& !y are also v num]\s1 "s b$s ( /one be+ s friable1 f ! num]\s cavities left by ! removal ( ! sub/ance ( ! %ells1 z to be unfit = pav+1 or o!r economical purposes4 ,v %>p ca/s may be obta9$ f ?is rock by m]ely break+ ! /one to pieces4 ,9 ! ,:et/one ( ,blackd[n1 ,devon1 beautiful silicifi$ ,trigoni are occasionally f\nd4 ,tisbury1 9 ,wilt%ire1 yields v f9e specim5s1 & 9 "s examples1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,s[]by has detect$ rema9s ( ! ligam5t4 ,,fossil ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,bivalves4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,bivalves4 ,! animals ( ! %ells hi!rto describ$ are1 ) sc>cely any exception1 inhabitants ( ! sea2 & ! m>9e orig9 ( ! /rata 9 :i* !y occur1 may consequ5tly be inf]r$1 ) b little probability ( error4 ,i n[ propose notic+ ! fossil rema9s ( ^? bivalves :i* inhabit riv]s1 lakes1 /reams1 & pools ( fre% wat]4 ,! m>9e1 or fre%-wat]1 "* ( fossil %ells1 is inf]r$ f _! resemblance to ! rec5t mollusca1 ^: habits are kn[n2 = ! %ells alone pres5t no unequivocal m>ks1 by :i* ev5 ! exp]i5c$ con*ologi/ c pron\nce :e!r an ext9ct =m belong$ to a m>9e or to a fluviatile mollusk1 al?\gh c]ta9 *>act]s may admit ( an approximative inf]5ce4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 z none ( ! kn[n liv+ fre%-wat] bivalves belong to ! previ\s division1 ! ,monomy>ia1 ! pres5ce 9 a /ratum ( num]\s %ells ) b "o muscul> impression1 w\ld af=d a fair presumption ( ! m>9e orig9 ( su*1 deposit4 ,! rema9s ) :i* ! %ells are associat$ & ! m9]alogical *>act]s ( ! /rata 9 :i* !y occur1 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 af=d important corroborative evid5ce4#cga #cga ,see ,sir ,c4 ,lyell on ! di/9ction betwe5 fre%-wat] & m>9e deposits4 ,ly4 p4 #bg1 et seq4 ,! liv+ fre%-wat] bivalves comprise b a few g5]a & species2 & ^? :i* h be5 f\nd fossil 9 ! ,briti% /rata belong to b f\r or five g5]a4 ,_! di/ribution is re/rict$ to /rata ( und\bt$ fluviatile orig91 & to ^? local int]calations ( fre%-wat] & l& productions 9 m>9e deposits1 :i* occur 9 "s ( ! second>y1 & 9 _m ( ! t]ti>y =mations4 ,unio4 ,ly4 p4 #bh4--,! riv] ,mussels1 or ,unionid1 h a solid1 pe>ly %ell1 ) two pr9cipal & two lat]al tee? on ! h+e2 & _! umbones1 or bosses1 are g5]ally smoo?1 or longitud9ally undulat$4 ,^? :i* h no c>d9al tee? are arrang$ "u ! g5us ,anodon3 b x is n necess>y = our pres5t purpose1 to ent] into m9ute con*ological di/9ctions4 ,9 numb]1 v>iety1 & beauty1 ! species :i* inhabit ! l>ge riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica pres5t a /rik+ contra/ ) ! few & homely ,briti% fre%-wat] mussels2 nor h we1 9 a fossil /ate1 any %ells ( ?is family at all comp>able ) ^? liv+ types4#cgb ,! e>lie/ fossil ,mollusca ref]r$ to ! g5us ,unio appe> 9 c]ta9 lay]s ( clay & argillace\s iron/one belong+ to ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em ( ,d]by%ire1 ,coalbrook ,dale1 c4 7,m94 ,con*4 vol4 i4 tab4 #cc74 ,9 ! =m] c\nty1 ^! /rata are t]m$ mussel-b&2#cgc & "s b$s con/itute a compact %ell-lime/one1 :i* admits ( be+ manufactur$ into vases1 c41 & takes a good poli%2 ! sections ( ! %ells 9 ?is m>ble are :ite1 on a d>k gr\nd4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 consid]able d\bt :e!r any ( ! ,c>bonif]\s %ells really belong to ! g5us ,unio2 "s geologi/s ref] !m to ,c>d9ia1 a gr\p ( sea-%ells f\nd especially 9 ! ,lias4 #cgb ,see ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #djb1 ,unionid4 #cgc ,a solid /ratum ( iron/one1 :i* ext5ds f ,tupton ,moor to ,/aveley4 ,m>t9's ,petrificata ,d]bi5sia1 pl4 xxvii4 ,! e>lie/ und\bt$ %ells ( ?is g5us f ! ,briti% /rata1 are1 ,i believe1 ^? fir/ discov]$ by me 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 p4 #de1 & ,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=4 p4 #eg71 & subsequ5tly f\nd 9 num]\s localities ( ! ,weald54#cgd #cgd ,!y are figur$ 9 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bej2 & 9 ,dr4 ,fitton's ,memoir1 ,geol4 ,trans1 vol4 iv4 pl4 #ba4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aca4 ,unio ,vald5sis4 7#a_/c nat47 ,weald52 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,9 #ahdd ,i discov]$ a l>ge species 9 ! ,weald5 at ,brook ,po9t4 ,i h nam$ x ,unio ,vald5sis4#cge ,i h collect$ & obta9$ ne>ly fifty specim5s2 !y pres5t two v>ieties1 ! "o contract$ & n>r[1 ! o!r broad] & deep]2 ?is diff]5ce is probably sexual2 ! wide & deep %ells may be ! females2 = 9 ! liv+ ,am]ican ,uniones ! same *>act]s are obs]v$4 ,"s examples are rem>kably well pres]v$2 ! ligam5t rema9+ 9 a c>boniz$ /ate1 & ! body ( ! mollusk 9 ! condition ( molluskite2 ev5 a t9t ( ! orig9al tawny r$di% col\r ( ! %ell is pres5t4 ,! same species has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,weald5 /rata1 ne> ,tunbridge ,wells1 by ,mr4 ,b>l[1 ,c4 ,e4 #cge ,unio ,vald5sis resembles 9 =m ! ,mexican species1 ,u4 ,panacensis 7,riv] ,panaco71 b is probably m ne>ly alli$ to an unnam$ ,au/ralian species ( :i* ,mr4 ,g1 ,s[]by has num]\s examples4 ,i %all res]ve my rem>ks ^u ! important aid ^! fossils af=d$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! fluviatile orig9 ( ! ,weald51 = our ,excursion to ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #acb4 ,cyclas & ,melanopsis4 ,weald52 ,sussex4 ,cyclas4 ,wond4 p4 #djd4 ,ly4 p4 #bh4--;,ano!r g5us ( fre%-wat] bivalves is t]m$ ,cyclas1 ( :i* !re are t5 species 9 ! ,weald5 =mation3 &1 ) ! exception ( f\r or five rec5t =ms1 :i* occur 9 ! t]ti>y fre%-wat] /rata1 none o!rs h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&4#cgf ,! %ells ( ! g5us ,cyclas are oval1 transv]se1 equivalv$ bivalves1 ) ! h+e-tee? v small3 ! sub/ance ( ! %ell is ?9 & fragile2 ! figures 9 ,wond4 & ,ly4 accurately repres5t ! appe>ance ( ! fossil ,cyclades ( ! ,weald51 & t]ti>y /rata4 ,entire lay]s ( two or ?ree species ( ^! %ells occur 9 ! argillace\s deposits ( ! ,weald51 g5]ally 9 a friable /ate1 b f among ! masses ( cru%$ %ells1 p]fect specim5s may be obta9$1 & sometimes ) ! rema9s ( ! epid]mis & ligam5t4 ,! h>d /one1 t]m$ calcif]\s grit1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ha/+s1 ,tilgate ,=e/1 ,hor%am1 & o!r places 9 ! ,weald ( ,sussex1 ab\nds 9 ca/s ( ! same species1 associat$ ) ! ,uniones1 previ\sly describ$4 ,9 ! cliffs on ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,isle ( ,wight :]e ! ,weald5 b$s em]ge1 & also 9 ! ,isle ( ,purbeck1 ^! %ells are equally abundant4 ,toge!r ) ! ,uniones1 !y occasionally appe> 9 ! lime/one1 call$ ,sussex ,m>ble2 & 9 ! ,isle ( ,purbeck !re are b$s ( lime/one :olly compos$ ( bivalves belong+ to ^! two g5]a1 & pres5t+1 9 poli%$ slabs1 m>k+s =m$ by sections ( ! enclos$ %ells4 #cgf ,cyr5a1 is a g5us s ne>ly relat$ to ,cyclas1 t x is difficult to di/+ui% !m1 & x w be conv5i5t to reta9 only ! =m] "n4 ,,fossil ,,pt]opoda4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pt]opoda4 ,,ga/]opoda4 ,9 ! ,ludl[ /rata !re are f\nd small fragile elongat$ conical %ells )\t *amb]s1 :i* are suppos$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes to be id5tical ) a rec5t g5us ( pt]opod\s mollusca1 common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 call$ ,creseis4 ,!y seldom exce$ two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,( ano!r g5us1 nam$ ,conul>ia1 six ,species h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,silurian =mation4#cgg #cgg ,see ,geol4 ,trans1 second s]ies1 vol4 vi1 p4 #cbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #acc4 ,fossil ,%ells ( ,ga/]opoda4 ,fig4 #a4--,palud9a fluviorum4 ,weald54 #b4--,limna longiscata4 ,t]ti>y4 ,isle ( ,wight4 #c4--;,c]i?ium lapidorum4 ,t]ti>y1 ,grignon4 #d4--;,fusus contr>ius4 ,crag4 ,essex4 ,,fossil ,,%ells ,,( ,,ga/]opoda4 ,! univalve %ells1 z we h previ\sly expla9$1 are ! calc>e\s cases1 or cov]+s1 ( a m highly organiz$ class ( mollusc\s animals1 ?an ! inhabitants ( ! bivalves 7see p4 #cff71 = !y possess a head & m\? ) jaws1 eyes1 & feel]s2 & :ile ! ,acephala1 ) b few exceptions1 are incapable ( locomotion1 ! ,encephala are almo/ all ( !m furni%$ ) organs ( progression1 & c creep1 climb1 & swim1 or float on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,_! %ells are = ! mo/ "p =m$ ( "o valve1 h5ce ! "n ( univalve2 b 9 "s species x is compos$ ( sev]al pieces4 ,! mo/ simple =m ( %ell is t ( ! holl[ cone1 ( :i* ! ,patella1 or limpet1 af=ds an example2 & 9 ! m complicat$ modifications1 ! cone is twi/$1 or convolut$ spirally1 ei!r 9 ! same plane z 9 ! ,planorbis ( our riv]s1 or obliquely1 z 9 by f> ! great] numb] ( species4 ,! direction ( ! spire is g5]ally f left to "r1 ! ap]ture be+ dextral to ! obs]v] :5 ! %ell is plac$ ) its apex upp]mo/1 z 9 ,lign4 #acc1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c2 b 9 a few species ! spire turns 9 ! opposite mann]1 & ! m\? or ap]ture is to ! left1 or s9i/ral1 z 9 ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #d4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! =m ( ! ap]ture ( ! %ell1 ! entire or not*$ condition ( its m>g91 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a canal or siphon always hav+ relation to ! s(t p>ts ( ! animal1 ^! *>act]s af=d data by :i* ! g5]a & species ( ! %ells may be det]m9$1 & in=mation obta9$ z to ! /ructure & economy ( ! orig9als4 ,! ,ga/]opoda g5]ally creep by means ( a fle%y disk1 or foot1 :i* is situat$ "u ! belly4 ,"s k9ds are t]re/rial1 o!rs inhabit trees1 _m live 9 riv]s & /reams1 o!rs 9 /agnant & bracki% wat]s2 b ! great] numb] are d5iz5s ( ! sea4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,ga/]opoda4 ,! ,common ,snail1 ,riv] ,snail1 & ,p]iw9kle1 are in/ances ( t]re/rial1 fluviatile1 & m>9e =ms4 ,! organs ( respiration are situat$ 9 ! la/ :orl ( ! %ell2 & 9 "s g5]a ! bord] ( ! mantle1 or integum5t surr\nd+ ! body1 is prolong$ into a siphon1 by :i* ! wat] is freely admitt$1 )\t ! head or foot be+ protrud$3 9 ^! mollusks ! %ell has a correspond+ *annel to receive ! siphon1 z 9 ! ,:elk1 or ,bucc9um1 & 9 ! fossil %ell ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #d4 ,! ,ga/]opoda are g5]ally provid$ ) an op]culum1 or movable valve1 by :i* ! ap]ture is clos$ & def5d$ :5 ! animal retreats )9 its %ell4 ,9 "s species ! op]culum is a m]e horny pellicle2 9 o!rs x is a solid calc>e\s plate ( consid]able relative ?ickness4 ,^! mollusca1 z is b too well kn[n ( ! t]re/rial species1 consume l>ge quantities ( food4 ,"s are h]bivor\s1 & o!rs c>nivor\s2 _m prey on liv+1 & o!rs on decay+ animal & vegetable sub/ances4#cgh ,z 9 a fossil /ate ! %ells alone rema9 to af=d any clue z to ! /ructure & economy ( ! orig9als1 *>act]s h be5 s\ght =1 by :i* ! fluviatile or m>9e nature1 & ! c>nivor\s or h]bivor\s habits ( ! liv+ mollusca may be det]m9$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x w be f\nd1 t ! %ells ( t]re/rial & fre%-wat] ,ga/]opoda h ! ap]ture entire1 z 9 ! ,g>d5 ,snail1 & 9 ! fossil %ell1 ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #a2 & t a l>ge proportion ( ! m>9e species h ! op5+ not*$ or *annell$1 z 9 ! ,:elk1 & ,lign4 #acc1 figs4 #c1 #d2 & mo/ ( ! species ) entire ap]tures are h]bivor\s4 ,b ^! inf]5ces mu/ be reg>d$ 9 a v g5]al s5se1 & x w require corroborative evid5ce to e/abli% ! m>9e or fre%-wat] nature ( ^? fossil %ells :i* d n be> a close analogy to kn[n liv+ species4#cgi #cgh ,all ,ga/]opoda comm5ce life "u ! same =m1 bo? ( %ell & animal1 namely1 a v simple helicoid %ell1 & an animal furni%$ ) two ciliat$ w+s or lobes1 by :i* x c swim freely ?r\gh ! fluid 9 :i* x is conta9$4 ,at ?is /age ( exi/5ce ! animal corresponds to ! p]man5t /ate ( ! ,pt]opod1 & ! =m is alike1 :e!r x be aft]w>ds a %ell$ or a %ell-less species4--,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes1 ,ed94 ,philos4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #cbf4 ,! well kn[n ,tig] ,c[ry 7,cyprcea tigris7 9 its e>lie/ /age has a m9ute helicoid 7snail-l7 %ell4 #cgi ,see ,ly4 p4 #cj4 ,! v>i\s conditions 9 :i* ! rema9s ( univalve %ells occur 9 ! m9]al k+dom h already be5 s fully expla9$1 t b a few additional rem>ks on t subject are requir$ 7see p4 #chb74 ,! ,ga/]opoda are f\nd to progressively dim9i% 9 numb] ) ! antiquity ( ! deposits1 & x 0 once suppos$ t ?is type ( mollusc\s organization 0 n contemporane\s ) ! anci5t ,cephalopoda4 ,my discov]y ( sev]al g5]a associat$ ) ,ammonites 9 ! *alk 7see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xviii1 xix7 fir/ t5d$ to invalidate ?is hypo!sis2 & ! subsequ5t rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,fitton1 ,pr(essor ,phillips1 & o!r geologi/s h %[n t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ,ga/]opoda 9 a /ratum may g5]ally be ascrib$ to ! circum/ance ( ! deposit hav+ be5 =m$ 9 %all[1 or 9 deep wat]4 ,?us :5 simple univalves l>gely pr$om9ate "u circum/ances t indicate !y 7 imb$d$ 9 _! native habitats1 x may be safely conclud$ t ! rock is ( littoral =mation2 or1 9 o!r words1 0 deposit$ 9 %all[ wat]1 ne> ! sea-%ore2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ,nautili1 ,ammonites1 & ! %ells ( o!r mollusca kn[n to live 9 deep wat]s ab\nd 9 a =mation1 x may be presum$ t ! /rata 7 =m$ 9 ! tranquil dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,! numb] ( describ$ species f ! ,briti% /rata is ne>ly eight hundr$2 & ^! are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! s$im5t>y =mations1 f ! ,silurian to ! newe/ ,t]ti>y2 ! latt] conta9+ by f> ! great] proportion4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,univalves4 ,fre%-wat] ,univalves4--,! fossil %ells ( ,ga/]opoda t are und\bt$ly fluviatile1 comprise b few g5]a & species1 & are conf9$ to ^? deposits1 :i*1 f ! corroborative pro(s af=d$ by o!r organic rema9s1 are unque/ionably ( fre%-wat] orig94 ,su* are ! int]calat$ b$s ( clay & lime/one 9 ! ,london & ,p>is bas9s1 ! ,weald5 =mation1 & c]ta9 /rata 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,! mo/ num]\s specim5s are pr9cipally ref]able to ! common fluviatile g5]a1 ,palud9a1 ,limna1 ,planorbis1 & ,melanopsis 7see ,ly4 p4 #bi74 ,palud9a4 ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #a4 7,wond4 p4 #dja1 ,ly4 p4 #bi47--,?is common riv] %ell is ( a conoidal =m1 & ! :orls ( ! spire1 & ! ap]ture1 are r\nd$4 ,elev5 ,briti% species are kn[n4 ,9 ! t]ti>y fre%-wat] b$s ( ,headon ,hill1 at ,alum ,bay1 ,palud9 ) ! %ells p]fect1 & ( a dull :ite col\r1 are abundant2 & also 9 ! lime/one at ,%alcombe1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 9 ! /ate ( ca/s4 ,9 bo? ^! localities ! ,palud9 are associat$ ) o!r fre%-wat] %ells4 ,b ! gr& deposit ( %ells ( ?is g5us is ! ,weald5 =mation2 ?r\gh\t :i* !re are ext5sive b$s ( m>ble1 co>se lime/one1 & clays1 almo/ :olly compos$ ( ,palud91 & m9ute fre%-wat] ,cru/aceans1 ( ! g5us ,cypris1 :i* w be describ$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! compact palud9a-lime/one ( ,sussex1 call$ ,petwor? or ,sussex m>ble1 is pr9cipally made up ( "o species1 ! ,p4 fluviorum1 ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #a1 & is an aggregation ( ,palud91 held toge!r by cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime2 ! cavities ( ! %ells1 & _! int]/ices1 be+ (t5 fill$ ) :ite calc>e\s sp>4 ,a poli%$ slab1 display+ sections ( ! enclos$ %ells1 is figur$ 9 ,wond4 p4 #djb4 ,^u exam9+ slices ( ?is m>ble ) ! microscope1 ! cavities ( ! %ells are f\nd to conta9 myriads ( ! cases ( ,cyprides4#chj ,! ,weald5 lime/one ( ! ,isle ( ,purbeck1 ,lign4 #acd1 kn[n z ,purbeck m>ble1 is1 9 l mann]1 compos$ ( ,palud91 b ( a mu* small] species4 ,bo? ^! m>bles 7 9 great repute ) ! ar*itects ( ! middle ages1 & !re are b few ( our ca!drals & anci5t *ur*es :i* d n /ill conta9 examples1 ei!r 9 _! columns1 monum5ts1 or pavem5ts1 ( "o or bo? v>ieties4 ,! poli%$ m>ble columns ( ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral1 & ^? ( ! ,temple ,*ur*1 9 ,london1 are ( ,purbeck m>ble2 9 o!r words1 !y are compos$ ( ! petrifi$ %ells ( snails1 t liv$ & di$ 9 a riv]1 fl[+ ?r\gh a c\ntry inhabit$ by ! ,iguanodon & o!r colossal reptiles1 all ( :i* h long s9ce become ext9ct4 ,) ! exception ( ! mussel-b& lime/one ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 previ\sly describ$1 ^! are ! only ,briti% fre%-wat] m>bles#cha ,!re are f\r species ( ,palud9a 9 ! ,weald51 & f\r 9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata ( ,hants4 #chj ,= a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ?is m>ble1 see ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 pp4 #ahb-ahg4 #cha ,! collector may obta9 specim5s1 & poli%$ slabs ( ^! lime/ones1 ( ,mr4 ,m>t91 mason1 ,lewes1 ,sussex4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #acd4 ,poli%$ ,slab ( ,purbeck ,m>ble4 ,limna4 ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #b4--,sev]al species ( ^! fre%-wat] mollusks inhabit our lakes & ponds1 & may be kn[n by _! po9t$ spire1 elongat$ oval body1 & delicate ?9 %ell3 on ! inn] lip ( ! ap]ture !re is an oblique fold4 ,fossil %ells ( ?is g5us are f\nd ) ,palud9 9 ! fre%-wat] t]ti>y deposits4 ,headon ,hill & o!r localities 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight ab\nd 9 ^! %ells2 & 9 ! lime/one ( ,calb\rn beautiful ca/s are v num]\s4 ,! ,p>is bas9 yields sev]al species2 & !re are six species 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight ,t]ti>y2 ,i h n obs]v$ any decid$ examples 9 ! ,weald54 ,9 ! s&s & clays ! %ells are well pres]v$2 9 ! lime/ones ! ca/s only rema94 ,%ells ( ano!r g5us ( fre%-wat] spiral univalves1 t]m$ ,bulimus 7,ly4 p4 #cj71 are f\nd associat$ ) ! above4 ,a l>ge species 7,b4 ellipticus1 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #ccg71 occurs 9 ! lime/one at ,b9/ead1 ne> ,ryde1 & at ,calb\rn2 ,i h collect$ specim5s two in*es long f ! =m] locality2 !y are g5]ally 9 ! /ate ( ca/s1 ) a :ite friable coat+ ( ! %ell4#chb #chb ,a v l>ge species ( ,limna f ,bav>ia 7labell$ ,l4 maxima7 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is a ca/ six & a half in*es long1 & is plac$ ) ! rec5t %ells4 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes has discov]$ a ,limned 7,physa7 9 ! ,purbeck /rata4 ,planorbis4 ,ly4 p4 #bi4 ,wond4 p4 #djj4--,! %ells ( ?is g5us are also num]\s 9 our riv]s & lakes1 & may be di/+ui%$ by _! discoidal =m1 ! %ell be+ coil$ up 9 a ne>ly v]tical plane4 ,!re are ab\t tw5ty liv+ species2 & sixte5 are enum]at$ z fossil 9 ! ,briti% t]ti>y2 five occur 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight bas91 9 ! localities ( ! fre%-wat] g5]a already m5tion$2 ,headon ,hill1 9 p>ticul>1 yields %ells ( ?is g5us 9 great abundance & p]fection4 ,melanopsis4 ,ly4 p4 #bi4--,^! are spiral univalves1 ! appe>ance ( :i* w be bett] und]/ood by ! figures1 ?an by any description4 ,i allude to ?is g5us because a small species is v num]\s1 ) ! o!r fre%-wat] %ells1 at ,headon ,hill2 & two or m species are f\nd 9 ! argillace\s /rata ( ! ,weald5 7see ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bdi1 & ,lign4 #acb74 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,m>9e ,,univalves4 ,m>9e ,univalves4--,( ! fossil m>9e ,ga/]opoda !re are no less ?an eighty g5]a 9 ! /rata ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & ! species am\nt to sev]al hundr$s4 ,to di/+ui% ! species & g5]a1 ref]5ce mu/1 ( c\rse1 be made to works expressly devot$ to fossil con*ology1 z ,s[]by's ,m9]al ,con*ology1 & ,g5]a ( ,fossil ,%ells2 or to ! works ( ,fr5* au?ors1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,lam>ck1 edit$ by ,m4 ,de%ayes1 & ( ,m4 ,bla9ville4 ,! ,p5ny ,cyclop$ia conta9s admirable notices ( fossil %ells1 "u ! respective heads ( ! classes1 ord]s1 & g5]a1 ( ! rec5t ,mollusca4 ,bucc9um1 ( :i* ! common ,:elk is an example4--,fusus1 ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #d4 ,wond4 p4 #bdd4--,pleurotoma1 ,ly4 p4 #ca4 ,wond4 p4 #bdd4--;,c]i?ium1 ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #c4 ,wond4 p4 #bdd4--;,ancilla1 ,wond4 p4 #bdd4 ,ly4 p4 #ca4--,voluta1 ,ly4 p4 #bjb1 fig4 #ahj4--,murex1 ,ly4 p4 #afd4--,ro/ell>ia1 ,ly4 p4 #bja4--,to ! eight g5]a "h enum]at$ a v l>ge numb] ( ! m>9e simple univalve %ells belong2 & !y are pr9cipally f\nd 9 ,t]ti>y /rata4 ,! animals ( ^! %ells are *>act]iz$ by _! respiratory organs1 :i* are =m$ ( "o or two pect9i=m gills1 ) a tube or siphon m or less elongat$1 = ! free admission ( sea-wat] to ! bran*ial app>atus4 ,?is organization is indicat$ 9 ! %ell1 ei!r by a not*1 or by a prolong$ tubul> canal4 ,all ! species are1 ) sc>cely any exceptions1 inhabitants ( ! sea1 & c>nivor\s4 ,i h select$ = illu/ration ( ! g5us ,fusus1 a celebrat$ %ell ( ! ,crag1 kn[n among collectors z ! ,esssex rev]s$ ,:elk1 ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #d2 ! spire is twi/$ 9 ! opposite direction to ! usual mode1 & ! m\? is consequ5tly to ! left ( ! obs]v]2 ! same species occurs ) ! spire 9 ! common direction4 ,! %ells ( ! g5us ,pleurotoma are di/+ui%$ by an incision1 or not*1 9 ! side ( ! "r or out] lip2 & ^? ( ,c]i?ium1 by ! =m ( ! m\?1 see ,lign4 #acc1 fig4 #c4 ,! latt] is a v num]\s g5us1 & m ?an two hundr$ fossil species are enum]at$2 x conta9s _m elegant =ms4 ,! ,t]ti>y /rata at ,grignon are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 ^! fossils2 ! %ells are ( a pe>ly :it5ess1 & z p]fect z :5 rec5t4 ,"s ,c]i?ia are ( consid]able size2 ! ,c4 giganteum is f t5 to f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! g5us ,potamides compreh5ds %ells closely resembl+ ! ,c]i?ia 9 =m1 b :i* are inhabitants ( fre%-wat]4#chc ,?is is an in/ance ( ! difficulty :i* sometimes exi/s ( arriv+ at c]ta9 conclusions z to ! habits ( ! mollusks1 f _! te/ace\s cov]+s alone4 #chc ,mr4 ,woodw>d in=ms me t !y c only be di/+ui%$ :5 fossil1 by ! abs5ce ( v>ices1 or p]iodic m\?s4 ,! rec5t species are kn[n to be inhabitants ( fre%-wat]1 by _! d>k epid]mis1 corrod$ po9ts1 & horny multi-spiral op]cula4 ,! ,pla/ic ,clay b$s at ,ca/le ,hill1 ,ne:av51 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,woolwi*1 ab\nd 9 two species ( %ells1 :i* 7 orig9ally describ$ by ,mr4 ,s[]by1 z ,c]i?ia 7viz4 ,c4 funatum & ,c4 melanoides71#chd b are n[ ref]r$ to ! fre%-wat] g5us1 ,melania2 by "s con*ologi/s to ,potamides4 ,at ,ca/le ,hill !y are accompani$ by fre%-wat] bivalves1 & leaves ( dicotyl$on\s plants4 #chd ,foss4 ,s\? ,d[ns1 tab4 xvii4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,( ! g5us ,ro/ell>ia1 !re is a rem>kable species 9 ! ,london ,clay1 call$ ,r4 macropt]a1 f ! l>ge w+-l expansion ( its out] lip1 9 adult specim5s2 see ,ly4 p4 #bja4 ,an elegant ,ro/ell>ia is f\nd 9 ! ,galt1 at ,folk/one1#che 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xix4 figs4 #ab1 #ad17 & o!r localities2 & also 9 ! ,*alk ,m>l4 #che ,?is %ell belongs to ! rec5t g5us1 ,aporrhas1 & is relat$ to ,c]i?ium1 n to ,/rombus4--,mr4 ,woodw>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ca/s ( a l>ge v5tricose1 globul> univalve1 call$ ,dolium1,,nv h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,*alk ,m>l1 at ,clayton1 ne> ,hur/pi]po9t1 9 ,sussex4 ,?is species is di/+ui%$ by its transv]se tub]culat$ b&s2 x is a v r>e production ( ! l[] *alk ( ,sussex 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #cbf74 ,turb9at$ %ells relat$ to ,tro*us1 & belong+ to sev]al g5]a1 occur 9 ! ,cretace\s deposits4 ,z is ! case g5]ally ) ! univalves ( ?is =mation1 b slight traces ( ! %ells rema92 ! ?9 int]nal nacre\s l9+ is sometimes f\nd adh]+ to ! ca/4 #chf ,?is ,*alk fossil is n a ,dolium3 x is probably relat$ to ,r+9ella incrassata 7,geol4 ,suss4 t4 xix4 fig4 #c71 "o ( ! ,tornatellid1 a family l>gely develop$ 9 ! *alk4 ,9 ! ,*alk ( ,t\ra9e1 species ( ! g5]a ,conus 7,lign4 #ace1 fig4 #a7 & ,sol>ium 7,lign4 #ace1 fig4 #b7 are f\nd ) ! %ells pres]v$4 ,! specim5s figur$1 ,lign4 #ace1 are select$ to famili>ize ! /ud5t ) ! diff]5ce s commonly obs]vable1 betwe5 ! out] surface ( ! ca/s1 & t ( ! %ells3 9 bo? ^! fossils ! %ells are m>k$ ext]nally ) l9es & tub]cles2 b ! ca/s pres5t only ! smoo? surface ( ! int]ior ( ! %ell 9 :i* !y 7 m\ld$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ace4 ,univalves1 f ! ,*alk ( ,t\ra9e4--nat4 ,fig4 #a4--;,conus tub]culatus1 ) "p ( ! %ell rema9+ atta*$ to ! ca/4 #b4--,sol>ium ornatum1 ) ! %ell4 #b;a4--,specim5 ( ! same species1 depriv$ ( ! %ell4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s =mations1 ! ,c>bonif]\s2 ,devonian1 & ,silurian1 _m species & g5]a ( ,ga/]opoda h be5 discov]$4 ,pr(essor ,phillips enum]ates m ?an n9ety 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,york%ire 7,phil4 ,york471 belong+ to ! g5]a ,turbo1 ,pleurotom>ia1 ,natica1 ,euomphalus1 ,loxonema1 ,macro*eilus1 ,platyc]as1 & ,metoptoma4 ,?irty-f\r species f ! ,silurian rocks are figur$ & describ$ 9 ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #gjf4 ,! ,natica1 ,lign4 #acf1 fig4 #c1 sometimes atta9s ?rice ! size repres5t$1 & has be5 f\nd 9 _m localities 9 ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,pleurotom>ia4 ,lign4 #acf1 fig4 #d4--,?is is an ext9ct g5us1 di/+ui%$ f ,tro*us by a fissure on ! "r lip1 ! position ( :i* is indicat$ by ! b& along ! back ( ! :orl 9 ,lign4 #acf2 sev]al species occur 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one2 ! m>k+s ( ! orig9al %ell are sometimes pres]v$1 z 9 ! example del9eat$ ,?is g5us is common 9 ! ,oolite2 a spl5did species1 ) ! %ell entire1 is f\nd 9 ! ,kimm]idge ,clay1 at ,h>twell2 lime/one ca/s ( ! same species are abundant 9 ! ,portl& /one at ,sw9don1 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #acf4 ,univalves f ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,fig4 #a4--;,euomphalus p5tangulatus2 ,upp] surface4 #b4--,poli%$ section ( ! same species4 #c4--,natica plici/ria4 ,york%ire4 ,mt4 ,l4 #d4--,pleurotom>ia flammig]a4 7,phil4 ,york47 ,mt4 ,l4 ,!re are two species ( ?is g5us 7=m]ly nam$ ,cirrus by ,mr4 ,s[]by7 :i* are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,engl&1 9 ! /ate ( ca/s1 & are figur$ 9 my ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xviii41 "u ! names ( ,cirrus p]spectivus1 & ,tro*us l9e>is4 ,! ,*alk ,m>l ( ,sussex yields 9 "s localities 7,hamsey1 ,middleham1 ,clayton7 f9e ca/s ( ,pleurotom>ia1 :i* appe> to be di/9ct f ^? ( ! upp] cretace\s /rata4 ,sid5ote3 ,,euomphalus4 ,euomphalus4#chg ,lign4 #acf1 figs4 #a1 #b4--,! %ells ( ?is ext9ct g5us are deeply umbilicat$1 discoidal1 spiral univalves1 hav+ ! inn]mo/ :orls ( ! %ell divid$ by imp]=at$ p>titions4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ^! %ells w s]ve to prep>e ! /ud5t = ^? m complicat$ =ms ( ! te/ace\s app>atus pres5t$ by ! ,cephalopoda1 :i* w =m ! subject ( ! next *apt]4 ,!re are sev]al rec5t univalves ! animals ( :i* retreat 9 ! progress ( gr[? f ! apex ( ! spire1 & ! vacat$ portion is %ut (f by a %elly plate4 ,9 "s g5]a a s]ies ( concave septa are ?us =m$2 b 9 o!rs 7z ,magilus7 ! des]t$ cavity is fill$ by a compact accretion ( calc>e\s matt]1 & a solid elongat$ %ell is produc$4 ,! ,euomphalus1 ( :i* !re are _m species 9 ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s /rata1 belongs to ! =m] gr\p4 ,z ! animal increas$ 9 size1 x des]t$ ! small] & inn]mo/ portion ( ! spire1 & a nacre\s p>tition 0 secret$ by ! po/]ior "p ( ! mantle1 ! int]space rema9+ holl[2 z ?is process 0 repeat$ at diff]5t p]iods1 sev]al cells 7 successively =m$4 ,?is *amb]$ /ructure is %[n 9 ! specim5 ,lign4 #acf1 fig4 #b1 9 :i* ! cells are fill$ ) sp>1 b ! out] cavity is occupi$ by lime/one l t 9 :i* ! %ell 0 imb$d$2 a pro( t no communication exi/$ betwe5 ! *amb] occupi$ by ! body ( ! animal1 & ! space f :i* x _h )drawn4 ,! calc>e\s sp>1 z 9 ! vegetable rema9s previ\sly describ$ 7p4 #ga71 has p]colat$ ! sub/ance ( ! fossil1 & cry/alliz$ 9 ! inn]mo/ cells4 ,we %all aga9 h occasion to ref] to ?is int]e/+ fact1 :5 inve/igat+ ! *amb]$ cells ( ! ,cephalopoda4 ,x may be necess>y to rem>k1 t x does n appe> t ! vacant int]spaces 9 ! ,euomphalus s]v$ ! special purpose ( ! air-*amb]s ( ! ,nautilus & ,ammonite4 #chg ,s nam$ by ,mr4 ,s[]by1 9 allusion to ! deeply umbilicat$ "* ( ! disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #acg4 ,mur*isonia angulata4 ,devonian2 ,eifel4 ,mur*isonia4 ,lign4 #acg4 ,an elongat$ spiral %ell1 hav+ ! out] lip deeply not*$1 z 9 ! ,pleurotom>ia 7a1 ,lign4 #acg74 ,!re are upw>ds ( #ej species ( ?is g5us1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! palozoic rocks4 ,!y occur 9 ! ,p]mian1 ,devonian1 & ,l[] ,silurian deposits2 ! specim5 figur$ is f ! ,devonian1 or ,old ,r$ ( ! ,eifel4 ,*iton4 ,valves ( ,*itons h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,magnesian lime/one1 ne> ,sund]l&1 by ,pr(4 ,k+1 7,p]mian ,fossils1 ,pal4 ,soc4 p4 #bjb1 pl4 xvi471 & 9 ! ,silurian rocks ( ,irel&1 by ,mr4 ,salt]1 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sph,,rulites4 ,sphrulites4#chh ,lign4 #ach4--,no ve/iges ( a %ell ( ?is g5us _h be5 notic$ 9 ! ,engli% /rata1 until my discov]y ( "s fragm5ts 9 ! ,lewes ,*alk 9 #ahbj2 f ! lamellat$ /ructure ( ^! fossils1 ,i mi/ook !m = corals1 until specim5s 7 obta9$ suffici5tly p]fect to %[ ! =m ( ! orig9als2 ^! 7 describ$ 9 ! ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 7p4 #acj71 "u ! "n ( ,hippurites4 ,b ^! fossils are m ne>ly relat$ to ! ,sphrulites1 :i* diff] f ! %ells ( ! =m] g5us 9 hav+ only "o int]nal longitud9al ridge1 & 9 ! ext]nal surface be+ r\gh5$ by irregul>ly rais$ plates1 z 9 ,lign4 #ach1 fig4 #a1 :i* is a specim5 f ! ,pyr5ees1 collect$ by ,m4 ,alex4 ,brongni>t2 ! op]culum is se5 at a4 #chh ,?is g5us has be5 ref]r$ by "s con*ologi/s to ! ,bivalves1 & by o!rs to ! ,univalves4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ach4 ,sphrulites f ! ,*alk ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,fig4 #a4--,sphrulite1 ) its op]culum1 a4 #b4--,sphrulites ,mortoni 7,g4 ,a4 ,m471 f ,lewes3 #a_/b nat4 #b;a4--,cellul> /ructure ( fig4 #b1 9 a transv]se section3 #b;b4--,/ructure1 z se5 9 a v]tical section3 ,! species f\nd 9 ! ,sussex ,*alk1 ,lign4 #ach1 fig4 #b1 is *>act]iz$ by ! longitud9al /ri on ! out] surface4 ,9 "s examples !re is an ext]nal longitud9al furr[1 & a correspond+ int]nal ridge4#chi #chi ,! specific "n is 9 hon\r ( ,dr4 ,george ,morton1 ( ,philadelphia1 au?or ( ! ,synopsis ( ! ,cretace\s ,gr\p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,sphrulites sometimes occur 9 gr\ps 9 ! ,sussex *alk2 ,i _h a l>ge wat]-worn mass1 consi/+ ( five or six individuals1 an*ylos$ toge!r4 ,"s beautiful specim5s collect$ by ! late ,mr4 ,dixon f ! ,*alk1 ne> ,wor?+1 are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#cij ,! /ructure ( ! ,sphrulite is accurately del9eat$ 9 ,lign4 #ach1 figs4 #b;a #b;b4 ,! cavities ( ^! %ells are occasionally fill$ ) fl9t1 b 9 g5]al ) *alk1 :i* may be entirely cle>$ away1 z 9 fig4 #b4 ,! ,hippurites ( ! lime/one ( ! ,pyr5ees are frequ5tly occupi$ by calc>e\s sp>1 & ! sub/ance ( ! %ells is occasionally transmut$ into ! same m9]al4 #cij ,petrifactions1 p4 #dfh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,molluskite4 ,molluskite2 or ! c>boniz$ rema9s ( ! s(t p>ts ( mollusca4--,be=e proce$+ to ! consid]ation ( t num]\s & important division ( ! mollusca ! ,cephalopoda1 ,i w (f] a few rem>ks on a c>bonace\s sub/ance result+ f ! gelat9\s matt] ( :i* ! s(t bodies ( ^! animals are compos$1 & = :i* ,i h propos$ ! "n ( molluskite1 to indicate its nature & orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aci4 ,coprolites & ,molluskite4 ,*alk & ,gre5s&4 ,fig4 #a4--;,coprolite ( a fi% 7,macropoma74 ,*alk1 ,lewes4 #b4--;,coprolite ( a fi% 7,squalus74 ,*alk m>l4 ,ramsey4 #c4--,molluskite ( a ,ro/ell>ia4 7,mr4 ,b5/$47 ,k5ti% ,rag1 ,maid/one4 ,?is sub/ance is ( a d>k br[n or black col\r1 & occurs ei!r 9 %apeless masses1 :i* are irregul>ly di/ribut$ among ! %ells & o!r organic rema9s1 9 s&/one1 lime/one1 c41 or z ca/s ( %ells1 or occupy+ _! cavities1 z 9 ! specim5 ,lign4 #aci1 fig4 #c1 :i* is a v]tical section ( a spiral univalve 7,ro/ell>ia71 fill$ ) ! s(t p>ts ( ! animal1 conv]t$ into molluskite4 ,^u analysis ?is sub/ance is f\nd to conta9 a l>ge proportion ( animal c>bon4#cia ,! rocks ( fire/one at ,s\?b\rne1 on ! ,sussex coa/1 are mottl$ ) br[n molluskite & h>d amorph\s concretions1 consi/+ ( c>bon & phosphate ( lime1 mix$ ) s& & o!r extrane\s matt]4 ,ca/s ( %ells1 ( ! g5]a ,v5us1 ,arca1 c41 entirely compos$ ( ! same k9d ( mat]ials1 are also abundant 9 ^? rocks4 ,! l[]mo/ b$ ( ,galt1 at its l9e ( junction ) ! ,gre5s& b5ea?1 at ,folk/one1 & 9 _m o!r localities1 is l>gely compos$ ( simil> matt]1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! fossils call$ ,coprolites1 h]eaft] describ$4 ,! out] *amb] ( ! ,ammonites & o!r %ells1 s abundant 9 ! ,galt1 are (t5 fill$ ) ?is sub/ance4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ deposit ( molluskite is 9 ! ,k5ti% ,rag ( ,mr4 ,b5/$'s qu>ry1 ne> ,maid/one4 ,?is ph5om5on _h n escap$ ! notice ( t intellig5t & accurate obs]v]1 :o lib]ally plac$ at my disposal num]\s %ells1 p>ticul>ly ( ,trigoni & ,t]ebratul1 :i* 7 fill$ ) molluskite1 & l>ge slabs ( ! s&/one1 full ( concretion>y & amorph\s masses ( ! same4 ,! latt]1 ,mr4 ,b5/$ sugge/$1 may h be5 d]iv$ f ! s(t bodies ( ! dead ,mollusks1 :i*1 hav+ become dis5gag$ f _! %ells & aggregat$ toge!r1 _h float$ 9 ! sea1 until !y became envelop$ 9 ! s& & mud1 :i* h gradually consolidat$ into ! ar5ace\s /one t]m$ ,k5ti% ,rag1 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is op9ion1 ,mr4 ,b5/$ direct$ my att5tion to ! foll[+ rem>kable fact1 relat$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce3--,9 ! ye> #ahcf1 a fatal epidemic prevail$ among ! %ell-fi% ( ! ,musk+um ,riv]1 9 ! /ate ( ,ohio4 ,x comm5c$ 9 ,april1 & cont9u$ until ,june1 de/roy+ millions ( ! mollusca t inhabit$ ! b$s ( ! tribut>y /reams1 & ! riv]4 ,z ! animals di$1 ! valves ( ! %ells op5$1 &1 decomposition comm5c+1 ! muscul> adhesions gave way1 & ! fle%y portions rose to ! surface ( ! wat]1 leav+ ! %ells 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,z masses ( ! dead bodies float$ d[n ! curr5t1 ! headl&s ( isl&s1 piles ( drift$ wood1 & ! %ores ( ! riv]1 9 _m places1 7 cov]$ ) !m2 & ! air 9 ! vic9ity 0 ta9t$ ) ! putrid effluvium exhal+ f ^! accumulations ( decompos+ animal matt]4 ,! cause ( ! epidemic 0 unkn[n4 #cia ,"s ( ?is molluskite has1 at my reque/1 be5 analyz$ by ,mr4 ,rigg1 :o oblig$ me ) ! foll[+ rem>ks3--,aft] remov+ ! lime by means ( hydro*loric acid f t5 gra9s ( ?is sub/ance1 !re rema9$ #a4b gra9 ( d>k p[d]1 :i* gave1 by analysis ) oxide ( copp]1 4#af ( a cubic in* ( c>bonic acid1 & a small portion ( nitrog54 ,on subject+ to ! same k9d ( analysis two gra9s ( ! d>k] body1 )\t previ\sly act+ ^u x by any acid1 4#jed ( a cubic in* ( c>bonic acid 0 obta9$2 s t f ^! results !re is no d\bt b ! d>k] portion ( ! molluskite conta9s ab\t 4#ce p] c5t1 ( its weight ( c>bon 9 an organiz$ /ate4 ,n[ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! %ells 9 ! b$s ( ,k5ti% ,rag1 ,mr4 ,b5/$ rem>ks1 h _! %ells op51 z if !y 7 dead be=e _! envelopm5t 9 ! deposit4 ,&1 f ! l>ge quantity ( wat]-worn fragm5ts ( wood p]=at$ by ,pholades imb$d$ ) !m1 x seems probable t ?is /ratum _h orig9ally be5 a s&-bank cov]$ ) drift$ wood & %ells1 ?us pres5t+ a v analog\s condition to ! ph5om5on above describ$4 ,! gelat9\s bodies ( ! ,trigoni1 ,o/re1 ,ro/ell>i1 ,t]ebratul1 c41 deta*$ f _! %ells1 may h be5 int]m+l$ ) ! drift$ wood 9 a s&-bank2 :ile1 9 "s in/ances1 ! animal matt] w\ld rema9 9 ! %ells1 be conv]t$ into molluskite1 & reta9 ! =m ( ! orig9al1 z 9 ! spiral univalve1 repres5t$ 9 section1 ,lign4 #aci1 fig4 #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a microscopical exam9ation ( ! ,maid/one molluskite detects1 ) a l[ p[]1 innum]able portions ( ! nacre\s lam9 ( %ells1 int]m+l$ ) ! c>bonace\s matt]1 _m silice\s spicula ( ,sponges1 m9ute sp9es ( ,e*9od]ms1 & fragm5ts ( ,corals2 ^! extrane\s bodies probably became entangl$ among ! float+ animal matt]4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! %elly lam91 exam9$ ) a high p[]1 displays ! peculi> /ructure ( ! ,t]ebratul 7see ,lign4 #abf1 fig4 #b;a71 ( :i* sev]al species are abundant 9 ! ,k5ti% ,rag4 ,! d>k masses & ve9s s common 9 ! ,sussex & ,purbeck m>bles are produc$ by molluskite4 ,if at ! p]iod ( _! envelopm5t ! %ells 7 empty1 !y became fill$ ei!r ) grey m>l & lime/one1 or ) :ite calc>e\s sp>2 b if !y enclos$ ! bodies ( ! ,mollusks1 ! s(t mass 0 *ang$ into c>bonace\s matt]2 & 9 poli%$ sections ( ! m>ble1 ! molluskite appe>s ei!r 9 black or d>k br[n spots1 or fills up ! cavities ( ! %ells4 ,! d>k blot*es & ve9s obs]vable 9 ! f9e pill>s ( ,purbeck m>ble 9 ! ,temple ,*ur*1 ,london1 are produc$ by molluskite2 & ! mo/ beautiful slabs ( ,sussex m>ble owe _! appe>ance to ! contra/ produc$ by ?is black sub/ance 9 contact ) :ite calc>e\s sp>4#cib #cib ,see a ,memoir on ! ,c>boniz$ ,rema9s ( ,mollusca1 by ! au?or4 ,read be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 ,febru>y1 #ahdc2 & publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,c>bon1 result+ f animal rema9s1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 _m /rata2 & ! fetid emanations f c]ta9 lime/ones1 ^u be+ brok5 or rubb$1 are attributable to ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 f ! animal matt] :i* !y conta94 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,%ells4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ! ,bivalve & ,univalve ,mollusca4--,if ! m r>e & spl5did organic rema9s may be reg>d$ z ! ,m$als ( ,creation1 ! fossil te/ace\s mollusca1 f _! durability1 numb]s & v>iety1 may be consid]$ z ! curr5t co9 ( ,geology4 ,occurr+ 9 ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s /rata 9 small numb]s1 & ( peculi> types1--becom+ m abundant & v>i$ 9 ! second>y =mations1--& increas+ prodigi\sly1 bo? num]ically & specifically1 9 ! t]ti>y1 ^! relics are ( ine/imable value 9 ! id5tification ( a /ratum 9 di/ant regions1 & 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! relative age ( a s]ies ( deposits4 ,to ! solution ( ! =m] problem ! sagacity ( ! late ,dr4 ,william ,smi? fir/ sugge/$ _! applicability2#cic :ile ! idea1 s happily conceiv$1 & s philosophically c&i$ out1 by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 ( arrang+ t h]et(ore *aotic mass ( deposits1 t]m$ ! ,t]ti>y1 into gr\ps1 by ! relative numb] ( rec5t & ext9ct species ( %ells1 demon/rat$ ! important aid to be d]iv$ f ?is class ( organic rema9s1 9 ! det]m9ation ( "s ( ! mo/ difficult que/ions 9 geological sci5ce4 #cic ,see an int]e/+ memoir ( ,dr1 ,smi?1 f ! p5 ( 8 di/+ui%$ nephew1 ,pr(essor ,phillips4 ,_m useful tables h be5 con/ruct$ by ,pr(essor ,phillips1#cid ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 ,m4 ,de%ayes1 ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes1 & o!r em95t obs]v]s1 to illu/rate ! geological di/ribution1 9 ! sev]al =mations1 ( ! g5]a & species ( fossil %ells hi!rto describ$4 ,to ! ,engli% /ud5t1 ,mr4 ,morris's ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,fossils1 ( :i* an enl>g$ edition is 9 ! press1 w be ! mo/ valuable = ref]5ce4 ,9 ! works :i* we h especially recomm5d$ = ref]5ce 7ante1 p4 #aj71 figures are giv5 ( "s ( ! *>act]i/ic %ells f ea* =mation1 z foll[2 comm5c+ ) ! mo/ anci5t deposits4 #cid ,a ,treatise on ,geology2 & ,art4 ,geology1 ,encyclopd4 ,metropolitana4 ,silurian ,sy/em4 ,ly4 p4 #cej4 ,or?is orbicul>is2 ,ly4 fig4 #dji4 ------ gr&is2--fig4 #dbg4 ,t]ebratula navicula2--fig4 #daj4 ------------ ,wilsoni2--fig4 #dac4 ,p5tam]us ,knightii2--fig1 #daa4 ---------- lvis2--fig4 #dbf4 ,atrypa reticul>is2 fig4 #dad4 ,wond4 p4 #ghf4 ,l+ula ,lewisii2 ,ly4 fig4 #dab4 ,/rophom5a depressa2--fig4 #dba4 ,devonian ,sy/em4 ,ly4 p4 #cdb4 ,calceola s&al9a2 ,ly4 fig4 #djc4 ,/r+ocephalus ,burt9i2--fig4 #djd4 ,megalodon cucullatus2--fig4 #dje4 ,! ,silurian ,sy/em1 by ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 a spl5did "w on ! rocks & fossils ( ! above =mations1 conta9s num]\s figures ( ! %ells peculi> to ea* gr\p ( /rata2 & _m o!r species are del9eat$ 9 ! ,memoir on ! ,devonian deposits ( ,devon%ire & ,cornwall1 by ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison1 ,geol4 ,trans4 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 v4 plates lii-lvii4 ,a ,memoir on ! ,palozoic ,rocks ( ,g]many & ,belgium1 by ! same di/+ui%$ geologi/s1 is also accompani$ by _m figures ( fossil %ells belong+ to ! same geological epo*s4 ,geol4 ,trans4 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 vi4 ,see also ,pr(4 ,m',coy's ,silurian ,fossils ( ,irel&1 & 8 ,description ( ! ,briti% ,palozoic ,fossils 9 ! ,woodw>dian ,museum at ,cambridge1 9 ,pr(4 ,s$gwick's ,synopsis ( ! ,classification ( ! ,briti% ,palozoic ,rocks1 ( :i* two ,p>ts are already publi%$4 ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em4 ,ly4 #cjh4 ,wond4 p4 #gcf4 ,producta punctata2 ,wond4 p4 #gcf4 -------- ,m>t9i2 ,ly4 fig4 #cij4 ,pleurotom>ia flammig]a2 ,lign4 #acf1 fig4 #d4 ,euomphalus p5tangulatus2 ,lign4 #acf1 fig4 #a4 ,natica plici/ria2 ,lign4 #acf1 fig4 #c4 ,spirif]a trigonalis2 ,wond4 p4 #gcf4 --------- triangul>is2 ,wond4 p4 #gcf4 --------- glabra2 ,ly4 p4 #chi4 ,s]pula c>bon>ia2 ,ly4 fig4 #cge4 ,avicula papyracea2--fig4 #cgh4 ,= ! %ells ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! second vol4 ( ,pr(4 ,phillips's ,geology ( ,york%ire2 to ,pr(4 ,m',coy's ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one ,fossils ( ,irel&2 & to ,pr(1 de ,konick's ,anim4 ,foss4 ,belg4 ,! fossils ( o!r portions ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em are illu/rat$ 9 ,phillips's ,palozoic ,fossils ( ,devon2#cie & 9 ,pre/wi*'s ,memoir on ,coalbrook ,dale 7,geol4 ,trans474 #cie ,to prev5t confusion1 x may be necess>y to /ate t ,pr(essor ,phillips1 9 ! "w ref]r$ to1 t]ms ! ,silurian /rata ! l[] palozoic & ! m\nta9 lime/one1 ! upp] palozoic ,magnesian ,lime/one & ,trias4 ,ly4 p4 #cja4 ,producta calva2 ,ly4 p4 #bjc1 fig4 #ccg4 ,p]mian4 ,spirif]a undulata2--fig4 #cch4 ,posidonia m9uta2--p4 #bhh1 fig4 #cba4 ,triassic ,avicula socialis2--fig4 #cbb4 ,pr(4 ,k+'s elaborate ,monograph on ! ,p]mian ,fossils 7publi%$ by ! ,palontographical ,society7 %\ld be consult$ by ! /ud5t4 ,lias4 ,ly4 p4 #bgc4 ,pleurotom>ia ,anglica2 ,ly4 p4 #ci4 ,avicula 9quivalvis2 ,ly4 fig4 #cjb4 ,plagio/oma giganteum2 ,ly4 fig4 #cjc4 ,grypha incurva2 ,lign4 #abg4 ,oolite4 ,ly4 p4 #beg4 ,grypha virgula2 ,ly4 fig4 #bfh4 ,o/rea deltoidea 7,kimm]idge ,clay72--fig4 #bfi4 ,trigonia gibbosa2--fig4 #bgj4 -------- clavellata2 ,lign4 #abg4 -------- co/ata2 ,lign4 #abg4 ,n]9a ,goodhallii2 ,ly4 fig4 #bgd4 ,dic]as ariet9um2--fig4 #bge4 ,pleurotom>ia2--fig4 #bii4 ,t]ebratula sp9osa2--fig #big4 ----------- digona2--fig #bhc4 ,o/rea ,m>%ii2--fig4 #cjj4 ,phasianella ,h$d+ton5sis2--fig4 #eh4 ,_m ( ! *>act]i/ic %ells ( ! ,oolite & ,kimm]idge ,clay1 are figur$ 9 ,plates ,,xxii4 & ,,xxiii4 ( ,dr4 ,fitton's ,memoir on ! ,/rata bel[ ! ,*alk2 ,geol4 ,trans4 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iv4 ,! fossil %ells ( ! ,great ,oolite are figur$ & describ$ by ,messrs4 ,morris & ,lycett1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,palontographical ,society2 & valuable ,pap]s on ! ,bra*iopods ( ! ,oolite & ,lias1 by ,mr4 ,davidson1 h be5 publi%$ by ! same ,society4 ,weald5 & ,purbeck4 ,wond4 vol4 i4 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e41 ,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=41 & ,ly4 p4 #bbe4 ,melanopsis2 ,wond4 pp4 #dja & #djd4 ,cyclas2--p4 #djd4 ,palud9a ,sussexi5sis2--p4 #dja4 ,n]it9a ,fittoni2--p4 #dja4 ,mytilus ,lyellii2--p4 #dje4 ,unio antiquus2 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bej1 fig4 #a4 ---- compressus2--fig4 #b4 ---- aduncus2--fig4 #c4 ---- porrectus2--fig4 #d4 ,vald5sis2--,m94 ,con*4 pl4 #fdf1 & ,lign4 #aca4 ,corbula alata2 ,ly4 p4 #bbi4 ,o/rea di/orta2--p4 #bcb4 ,! %ells ( ! ,weald5 are also figur$ by ,dr4 ,fitton1 ,geol4 ,trans4 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iv4 ,pl4 ,,xxi4 ,*alk ,=mation4 ,i4--,%ankl91 or ,l[] ,gre5s&4 ,ly4 p4 #bai4 ,dr4 ,fitton's ,memoir1 previ\sly quot$1 conta9s num]\s figures ( ! *>act]i/ic %ells ( ?is division ( ! ,*alk1 p>ticul>ly ( ! species :i* ab\nd 9 ! celebrat$ ,:et/one ( ,devon%ire4 ,geol4 ,trans4 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iv4 ,pl4 ,,xiii-,,xviii4 ,see also ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes's ,catalogue ( ,l[] ,gre5s& ,fossils1 9 ! ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 i4 ,,ii4--,galt & ,upp] ,gre5s&4 ,wond4 p4 #cjg2 ,ly4 p4 #bah4 ,inoc]amus conc5tricus2 ,wond4 p4 #ccj1 fig4 #a4 ---------- sulcatus2--fig4 #c4 ,t]ebratula lyra2 ,ly4 fig4 #bai4 ,pect5 qu9queco/atus2--fig4 #bjc4 ,o/rea c>9ata2--fig4 #bjd4 ,9 ,plates ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 ( ,dr4 ,fitton's ,memoir1 !re are figures ( m ?an tw5ty *>act]i/ic %ells ( ?is division ( ! ,*alk4 ,,iii4--,:ite ,*alk4 ,ly4 p4 #baa1 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d41 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 ,"s cretace\s species are del9eat$ 9 ,lign4 #abe1 #abf1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #ach2 & ,sir ,c4 ,lyell figures o!r species2 b ,i mu/ ref] ! /ud5t to ! ,foss4 ,s\? ,d41 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e41 & ,dixon's ,fossils ( ,sussex1 z accessible works conta9+ num]\s figures ( ! fossil %ells ( ! ,*alk4 ,accurate descriptions & repres5tations ( all ! ,briti% *alk %ells1 h[ev]1 are /ill mu* requir$4 ,mr4 ,davidson has done mu* t[>ds ! illu/ration ( our ,cretace\s ,bra*iopods2 & ! %ells ( ! ,cretace\s /rata ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are figur$ & describ$ 9 an elegant "w by ,dr4 ,morton1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,t]ti>y ,=mations4 ,i4--,eoc5e4 ,ly4 p4 #agd2 ,wond4 p4 #bbf4 ,,ii4--,mioc5e4 ,ly4 p4 #afh4 ,,iii4--,plioc5e4 ,ly4 p4 #afa4 ,! specim5s figur$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell h be5 s c>efully select$1 & are s well engrav51 z to pres5t a c\p-d'il ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic %ells ( ! ?ree gr& divisions ( ! ,t]ti>y ,deposits4 ,i h res]v$ = especial m5tion 9 ?is place1 ! "w1 :i* w af=d ! /ud5t ( ,briti% fossil ,con*ology ! mo/ important aid 9 ! id5tification ( specim5s1 namely1 ! ,m9]al ,con*ology ( ,great ,brita91 by ! late em95t naturali/1 ,mr4 ,james ,s[]by1 & cont9u$ by 8 son1 ,mr4 ,james ,de ,c>le ,s[]by2 9 six volumes #hvo41 ) sev]al hundr$ col\r$ plates4 ,un=tunately1 ?is "w has long be5 discont9u$2 & ! rapid progress ( discov]y1 & ! num]\s =eign publications on e dep>tm5t ( fossil con*ology1 almo/ =bid ! hope t x w be resum$ by ! pres5t proprietor4 ,al?\gh ! high price ( ?is "w places x beyond ! rea* ( _m individuals1 x w be f\nd 9 mo/ libr>ies ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,%ells4 ,on ! ,collection & ,arrangem5t ( ,fossil ,%ells4--,! in/ructions already giv5 = ! collection ( corals1 e*9od]ms1 c41 w h famili>iz$ ! /ud5t ) ! me?ods g5]ally adopt$1 & r5d] x unnecess>y to ent] into mu* detail4 ,! %ells 9 ar5ace\s deposits1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 are commonly s p]fect1 z m]ely to require c>eful removal3 ^? 9 ! clays are m fragile1 & mu/ be extract$ ) great caution2 &1 :5 v delicate1 %\ld be left atta*$ to ! clay or %ale4 ,! specim5s extract$ entire may be kept ei!r 9 pap] trays1 l9$ ) wadd+1 or fix$ to pieces ( c>d or ?9 bo>d cov]$ ) pap]1 by ?ick gum-wat]2 ?ree or f\r specim5s be+ atta*$ 9 diff]5t positions1 s z to expose ! ess5tial *>act]s1 z ! ap]ture1 spire1 & back ( ! univalves1 & ! h+e1 muscul> impr9ts1 c4 ( ! bivalves4 ,:]e only ca/s rema91 se>* %\ld be made = an impression ( ! out] surface ( ! %ell1 & a ca/ tak5 ( x 9 wax1 knead$ bread1 or pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,9 indurat$ clays1 sometimes bo? %ells & ca/s may be obta9$2 & a specim5 ( ea* %\ld be pres]v$4 ,ma/ic v>ni%1 or solution ( gum tragacan?1 delicately appli$ to fragile %ells1 t5ds to pres]ve !m1 & improves _! appe>ance4 ,x is desirable to collect ! same species 9 v>i\s /ates ( gr[?2 ! =m ( ! "y %ell 7z 9 ,ro/ell>ia ampla1 ( ,sol&]7 (t5 diff]+ ess5tially f t ( ! adult4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t to h trays or bo>ds ( diff]5t col\rs2 & to select "o t9t = ! %ells collect$ f a p>ticul> =mation1 or deposit2 = example1 ! new] ,t]ti>y may be plac$ on yell[ pap]2 ! old]1 or ,eoc5e fossils1 on light-blue4 ,x is also desirable to sep>ate ! m>9e f ! fre%-wat] species4 ,%ells imb$d$ 9 *alk1 lime/one1 c41 (t5 require mu* lab\r to display _! m delicate & important *>act]s4 ,= cle>+ *alk specim5s1 a /\t p5knife1 & a few grav]s or g\ges ( v>i\s sizes1 w be necess>y2 & by a little practice1 ! sp9es ( ! ,spondylus 7,lign4 #abh71 & ! beaks & h+e ( ,inoc]ami 7,lign4 #abi71 c41 may be readily expos$4 ,a small /iffi% bru%1 us$ ) wat]1 is also s]viceable4 ,! %ells 9 compact /one1 z ^? ( ! m\nta9 lime/one1 mu/ g5]ally be cle>$ ) ! hamm] & *isel4 ,common species may be brok5 out1 &1 f sev]al examples1 probably "o or two w be f\nd p]fect2 b *oice & r>e specim5s %\ld n be ?us risk$2 !y w amply repay ! tr\ble ( ! less exp$iti\s me?od ( *isell+ away ! surr\nd+ /one4 ,ca/s may be tak5 9 gutta p]*a1 c4 ,to det]m9e ! names ( ! specim5s t he has collect$ %\ld be ! next c>e ( ! /ud5t4 ,no me?od w s readily initiate ! "y collector 9 fossil con*ology1 z ! c>eful exam9ation ( a small s]ies ( ! common species1 ) _! names atta*$4#cif ,by ! geological map1#cig ! nature ( ! deposit 9 :i* ! locality ( ! specim5s is situat$1 may be asc]ta9$2 & ! rem>ks previ\sly advanc$ on ! prevail+ %ells ( ea* =mation1 w af=d a g5]al idea ( ! g5]a to :i* !y belong2 &1 by ref]r+ to ! figures quot$1 ! specific names may be det]m9$4 #cif ,su* a s]ies may be obta9$1 at v little co/1 ( deal]s 9 objects ( natural hi/ory2 z1 ,messrs4 ,t5nant1 ,s[]by1 ! ,briti% ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 c4 ,see ,app5dix4 #cig ,a ,geological ,map ( ,engl& & ,wales1 col\r$ by ,mr4 ,woodw>d1 "u ! direction ( ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 has be5 publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 at ! l[ price ( #es4 ,al?\gh on a v small scale1 & !re=e n to be comp>$ = utility & conv5i5ce ) t by ,pr(4 ,phillips1 mu* less ) ,gre5\gh's l>ge map1 or ) ,knipe's1 x w be f\nd s]viceable4 ,i subjo9 a li/ ( "s localities ( fossil %ells1 to direct rese>* 9 places :i* are likely to be productive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,%ells4 ,sid5ote3 ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,%ells4 ,aldbor\gh1 ,suffolk4 ,! usual %ells ( ! ,crag4 ,alum ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,eoc5e t]ti>y2 m>9e & fre%-wat] %ells4 ,ancliff4 ,great v>iety ( m9ute %ells ( ! ,oolite4 ,arundel1 ,sussex4 ,*alk-pits 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,a!rfield1 ,isle ( ,wight1 ,%ells ( ! l[] b$s ( ! ,l[] ,gre5s&1 9 great v>iety & abundance4 ,aylesbury1 ,bucks4 ,kimm]idge ,clay3 ne> ,h>twell4 ,ayme/ry4 ,p5tam]us1 & o!r ,silurian %ells4 ,b>n/aple1 ,nor? ,devon4 ,num]\s ,devonian %ells4 ,b>ton ,cliff1 ,hants4 ,eoc5e %ells 9 pr(usion4 ,b$=d4 ,l[] ,oolite1 ,t]ebratul1 ,o/re1 ,myad1 c4 ,b9/ead1 ne> ,ryde1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,t]ti>y3 9 ! /one-qu>ries1 t]re/rial & fre%-wat] %ells1 z ,bulimus1 ,helix1 ,limnc1 & ,planorbis4 ,blackd[n1 ne> ,collumpton1 ,devon4 ,gre5s&4 ,num]\s silicifi$ %ells1 ( great beauty4 ,trigonia1 ,v5us1 ,corbula1 ,ro/ell>ia1 c4 c4 ,bognor ,rocks1 ,sussex4 ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y4 ,v]metus1 ,pectunculus1 ,p9na1 ,voluta1 c4 ,boll&4 ,num]\s %ells ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,brad=d1 ,wilts4 ,num]\s ,oolitic %ells4 ,avicula4 ,bram]ton ,hill1 ne> ,norwi*4 ,%ells ( ! ,norfolk ,crag4 ,brighton4 ,/rondylus1 ,t]ebratula1 ,o/rea1 ,pect51 ,inoc]amus1 c4 ,_m species 9 ! *alk4 ,bromley1 ,k5t4 ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y4 ,oy/] conglom]ate4 ,brook-po9t1 ,isle ( ,wight3 ab\t "o mile ea/ ( ! ,*9e4 ,weald53 ,unio vald5sis1 ,cyclades1 ,palud91 c4 ,brora1 ,scotl&4 ,oolite4 ,pholadomya1 ,sangu9ol>ia1 c4 ,calb\rn1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,t]ti>y4 ,fre%-wat] ,univalves4 ,cambridge4 ,9 ! ,galt & ,*alk-m>l1 ! usual %ells4 ,ca/le ,hill1 ne> ,ne:av51 ,sussex4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata1 on ! summit ( ! hill4 ,num]\s ,potamides1 ,cyclades1 & o!r fre%-wat] %ells1 ,o/re1 ) pebbles4 ,*>d/ock1 ,devon4 ,! fossils ( ! ,l[] ,*alk4 ,*elt5ham4 ,f9e %ells ( ! ,oolite & ,lias4 ,*ute1 ne> ,longleat1 ,wilts4 ,gre5s& %ells1 9 abundance4 ,clayton1 ne> ,hur/1 ,sussex4 ,9 ,*alk-m>l1 _m r>e %ells2 z1 ,dolium nodosum 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #cbf47 ,clifton4 ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one4 ,spirif]a1 ,producta1 c4 ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,silurian & ,c>bonif]\s fossils4 ,cork4 ,9 ! vic9ity4 ,c>bonif]\s lime/one %ells4 ,cri* ,hill1 ,d]by%ire4 ,! usual %ells ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,cuckfield1 ,sussex4 ,9 ! ,s&/one & ,grit1 fre%-wat] %ells ( ! ,weald54 ,dudley4 ,pr(usion ( %ells ( ! ,silurian /rata4 ,dundry1 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,beautiful %ells 9 ! ,inf]ior ,oolite4 ,e>l/oke1 ,wilts4 ,_m %ells ( ! ,gre5s&4 ,f>+don1 ,b]ks4 ,! usual %ells ( ! ,oolite 9 ! ,coral ,rag1 c42 & ( ! ,gre5s&1 9 ! ,gravel-pits4 ,folk/one1 ,k5t4 ,galt4 ,inoc]amus1 ,arca1 ,ro/ell>ia1 ,d5talium1 c4 ,l[] ,gre5s&1 ,grypha1 ,o/rea1 c4 ,graves5d4 ,beautiful %ells ( ! ,:ite ,*alk4 ,hamp/ead ,cliff1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,fre%-wat] ,t]ti>y %ells4 ,hampton ,qu>ry1 ne> ,ba?4 ,ab\nds 9 ,oolitic %ells4 ,h>twell1 ,bucks4 ,on ! e/ate ( ,dr4 ,lee1 beautiful %ells ( ! ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,h>wi* ,cliff1 ,essex4 ,! ,crag %ells4 ,voluta ,lamb]ti4 ,ha/+s1 ,sussex4 ,fre%-wat] %ells ( ! ,weald54 ,headon ,hill1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,fre%-wat] ,t]ti>y %ells 9 pr(usion4 ,h$d+ton4 ,oy/]s 9 ,kimm]idge ,clay 7,o/rea deltoidea74 ,p]na1 ,g]villia1 ,trigonia1 c4 ,highwor?1 ,wilts4 ,v f9e ,trigoni1 & o!r ,oolitic1 %ells1 9 ! /one-qu>ries4 ,holl+ton1 ne> ,ha/+s4 ,weald54 ,fre%-wat] bivalves1 c4 ,holywell1 ne> ,ipswi*4 ,%ells ( ! ,crag1 abundantly4 ,hordwell ,cliff1 ,hants4 ,! usual %ells ( ! ,eoc5e deposits1 9 imm5se quantity1 v>iety1 & p]fection4 ,horn+%am1 ne> ,frome1 ,wilts4 ,ox=d ,clay4 ,t]ebratula1 ,pect51 c4 9 great numb]s4 ,hor%am1 ,sussex4 ,fre%-wat] %ells ( ! ,weald51 9 ! /one-qu>ries4 ,humbleton ,hill1 ,sund]l&4 ,p]mian fossils4 ,hy!1 ,k5t4 ,gre5s&4 ,trigonia1 ,grypha1 ,pect51 c4 ,ilm9/]1 ,som]set4 ,bra*iopoda1 c4 ,inf4 ,oolite & ,m>l/one4 ,ipswi*4 ,! usual ,crag %ells4 ,langton ,gre51 ne> ,tunbridge ,wells4 ,weald54 ,9 ! s&/one qu>ries1 ,uniones1 ,cyclades1 c4 ,leckhampton ,hill1 ne> ,*elt5ham4 ,num]\s %ells ( ! ,inf]ior ,oolite & ,lias4 ,lewes4 ,inoc]amus1 ,pect51 & usual %ells ( ! ,:ite ,*alk & ,*alk ,m>l4 ,ludl[4 ,p5tam]us1 ,spirif]a1 c4 & o!r ,silurian %ells4 ,lyme ,regis4 ,lias4 ,plagio/oma1 ,grypha1 ,tro*us4 ,malton4 ,beautiful %ells ( ! ,oolite4 ,matlock1 ,d]by%ire4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one 9 ! vic9ity ab\nds 9 ! *>act]i/ic %ells ,leptna1 ,spirif]1 c4 ,m9*9hampton4 ,num]\s %ells ( ! ,great ,oolite4 ,osm+ton1 ne> ,weym\?4 ,purbeck2 fre%-wat] & m>9e %ells3 ,oolite2 ,trigonia1 ,g]villia1 ,p]na1 ,pholadomya1 & _m o!r g5]a4 ,portl&1 ,isle (4 ,oolite4 ,9 ! /one-qu>ries imm5se numb]s ( ! g5]a ,trigonia1 ,v5us1 ,o/rea1 ,pect51 c4 ,pluckley1 ,k5t4 ,l[] ,gre5s&4 ,trigoni1 ,t]ebratul1 c4 ,radipole1 ne> ,weym\?4 ,trigonia1 ,pholadomya1 c4 9 ,ox=d ,clay4 ,s&gate1 ne> ,m>gate4 ,9 ! ,gre5s&1 ! usual %ells4 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,9 ! cliffs along ! %ore1 a pr(usion ( ,oolitic & ,liassic %ells4 ,selb\rne1 ,hants4 ,9 ! fire/one1 ,o/rea c>9ata & o!r *>act]i/ic %ells4 ,%alfleet1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,9 t]ti>y fre%-wat] lime/one1 %ells ( v>i\s g5]a1 z ,bulimus1 ,helix1 ,planorbis1 c4 ,%ankl9 ,*9e4 ,gre5s&4 ,9 ! cliffs along ! %ore1 ,t]ebratid1 ,gryphites1 ,g]villi1 & _m o!r %ells4 ,%>nbrook1 ,b$=d%ire4 ,! usual %ells ( ! ,cornbra% & ,l[] ,oolite4 ,%eppey1 ,isle (4 ,eoc5e4 ,london ,clay %ells1 9 abundance4 ,s\? ,pe!rton1 ,som]set4 ,t]ebratul1 ,pholadomya1 ,o/re1 ,pleurotom>i1 c4 ( ! ,m>l/one4 ,/am=d1 ,l9coln%ire4 ,l[] ,oolite4 ,univalves & bivalves 9 pr(usion4 ,/onesfield1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,trigoni & o!r %ells ( ! ,l[] ,oolite4 ,/ubb+ton ,cliff1 ne> ,portsm\?4 ,eoc5e %ells4 ,swanage4 ,9 ! qu>ries 9 ! vic9ity1 ! prevail+ fre%-wat] %ells ( ! ,purbeck lime/one4 ,sw9don1 ,wilts4 ,oolite4 ,! ,portl& lime/one ab\nds 9 ! usual %ells ( t deposit4 ,trigoni1 ,g]villi1 c4 ,taunton1 ,som]set%ire1 7,pick]idge ,hill1 c47 ,lima1 ,pect51 & o!r ,liassic %ells4 ,tisbury1 ,wilts4 ,beautiful ,trigoni1 & o!r %ells ( ! ,portl& ,oolite4 ,v9c5t's1 ,/41 ne> ,clifton4 ,! rocks ab\nd 9 ! usual %ells ( ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,walton1 ,essex4 ,%ells ( ! ,crag1 9 great v>iety4 ,weym\?4 ,! ,ox=d ,clay & o!r /rata 9 ! vic9ity conta9 great v>iety ( fossil %ells4 ,:itecliff ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,eoc5e4 ,m>9e & fre%-wat] %ells4 ,wor?+4 ,! *alk qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood are rem>kably prolific 9 ! usual species2 & yield ,sphrulites4 ,note4--,a compreh5sive li/ ( ! localities = ,l[] ,palozoic %ells1 c4 is giv5 by ,pr(4 ,m',coy 9 ! second ,fasciculus ( ! ,briti% ,palozoic ,fossils2 & 9 ! little ,/ratigraphical ,li/1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,t5nant1 ref]5ce is c>efully made to ! localities = ! fossils ( e =mation4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bohn',s ,,sci5tific ,,libr>y4 ,,mantell',s ,,m$als ,,( ,,creation4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #b ,j4 ,d9kel del4 ,g4 ,s*>f li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,hullm&el ,walton ,,! ,m$als ( ,creation2 ,,or1 ,,fir/ ,,lessons ,,9 ,,geology1 ,,& ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,,by ,,gideon ,,alg]non ,,mantell1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,v4,p4,g4,s4 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,london ,,m$ical ,,society1 ,,etc4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,geology1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,incl9$ ,,/rata ,,( ,,mill/one ,,grit1 ,,cri* ,,hill4 ,,9 ,,two ,,vols4--,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,conta9+ ,fossil ,cephalopoda1 ,cru/acea1 ,insects1 ,fi%es ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammalia4 ,,) ,,notes ,,( ,,geological ,,excursions4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,entirely ,,rewritt54 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,frontispiece ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,illu/rative ( ! mode ( develop+ ,fossil ,fi%es 9 ,*alk4 ,osm]oides ,mantelli3 a ,fossil ,smelt2 f ! ,*alk1 ,lewes4 ,see page #fbf4 7,"o-?ird natural size47 ,fig4 #a4--,! two correspond+ surfaces ( a block ( ,*alk split asund]4 ,! irregul> oval l9es1 se5 on ea* surface1 are ! only app>5t indications t ! /one conta9s an extrane\s body4 #b4--;,9 ?is figure ! two pieces repres5t$ above are %[n cem5t$ toge!r2 c>e hav+ be5 tak5 t ! oval m>k+s on ea* surface 7 accurately adju/$4 ,! *alk has be5 *isell$ away 9 ! suppos$ longitud9al direction ( ! enclos$ extrane\s body1 & "p ( ! scaly surface ( a fi% has be5 ?us br\ght to light4 ,a portion ( *alk has also be5 remov$ t[>ds bo? ends1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! ext5t & direction ( ! fossil2 & at ea* place indications ( its pres5ce are visible4 #c4--,repres5ts ! specim5 completely develop$4 ,x proves to be a fi% almo/ p]fect1 ly+ on its back1 ) ! body uncompress$1 ! m\? op51 ! ar*es & op]cula ( ! gills exp&$1 & ! dorsal1 pectoral1 & v5tral f9s entire4 ,! caudal f91 or tail1 is imp]fect4 ,! orig9al is n9e in*es long1 & is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y fossil fi%es ev] discov]$4 ,x belongs to ! ,salmon family1 & is alli$ to ! ,osm]us1 or ,smelt2 x is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,we ?us p]ceive t ! oval m>k+s on ! surface ( fig4 #a 7 occasion$ by ! section ( ! scales cov]+ ! cyl9drical body ( ! fi% 7see p4 #fbg74 ,a magnifi$ view ( "o ( ! scales is figur$ ,lign4 #ahe1 fig4 #d1 p4 #efg4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,lignographs ,,9 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 7,illu/rative ( ,fossil ,zoology47 ,,lign4 ,,page #adj4 ,fossil ,cuttle-,fi% 7,kelno7 #ddg #ada4 ,belemnites1 f ! ,*alk1 c4 #dea #adb4 ,re/or$ outl9e ( ,belemnites #dec #adc4 ,re/or$ outl9e ( ! ,belemnites ,puzosianus #ded #add4 ,p]fect specim5 ( ,belemnites ,puzosianus #dee #ade4 ,belemnoteu?is antiquus #dfj #adf4 ,horny r+s & hooks ( ,belemnoteu?is antiquus #dfa #adg4 ,osselets ( ext9ct dibran*iate ,cephalopoda #dfc #adh4 ,bell]ophon #dfe #adi4 ,nautilus pompilius 9 its %ell #dfg #aej4 ,fossil ,nautili #dgj #aea4 ,nautilus elegans #dga #aeb4 ,nautilus ,saxbyi #dgb #aec4 ,ca/s ( ,*amb]s ( ,nautilus & ,ammonite #dgc #aed4 ,clym5i #dgc #aee4 ,or?oc]atites #dge #aef4 ,ammonites f ! ,cretace\s =mation #dgf #aeg4 ,ammonites communis #dgg #aeh4 ,ammonites ,jason #dgi #aei4 ,goniatites #dhb #afj4 ,%ells ( ! ,ammonitid #dhd #afa4 ,hamites1 c4 f ! ,*alk-m>l #dhj #afb4 ,scaphites #dhh #afc4 ,turrilites #dhi #afd4 ,turrilites tub]culatus #dia #afe4 ,apty*us sublvis #dib #aff4 ,fossil impression ( ,n]eis #ejd #afg4 ,fossil ,b>nacles & ,pholades #ejg #afh4 ,fossil ,cru/aceans f ! ,galt #eac #afi4 ,fossil ,cru/aceans f ! ,*alk #eag #agj4 ,fossil ,cru/acean f ! ,oolite #eai #aga4 ,ar*oniscus ,brodiei #eba #agb4 ,fossil ,limulus1 9 a ,nodule ( ,iron/one #ebb #agc4 ,limulus trilobitoides #ebc #agd4 ,fossil ,cyprides #ebg #age4 ,trilobites #ecc #agf4 ,homalonotus delph9ocephalus #ecf #agg4 ,phacops caudatus #ech #agh4 ,p>adoxides ,bohemicus #eci #agi4 ,fossil ,libellula #eea #ahj4 ,w+s ( ,neuropt]\s ,insects #eec #aha4 ,fossil ,w+s ( ,insects #eed #ahb4 ,insectif]\s ,lime/one #eef #ahc4 ,fossil ,insects f ,aix #eeh #ahd4 ,a gr\p ( ,fossil ,fi% f ,aix #efb #ahe4 ,fossil ,scales ( ,fi%es #efg #ahf4 ,lepidotus #ege #ahg4 ,amblypt]us #egf #ahh4 ,dorsal ,rays ( ,%>ks #egh #ahi4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,%>ks #ehe #aij4 ,m&ible ( ,edaphodon ,mantelli #ehi #aia4 ,m&ibles ( ,edaphodon ,leptogna?us #ehi #aib4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,%>ks #eia #aic4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,%>ks f ! ,*alk #eid #aid4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,fi%es #eih #aie4 ,dap$ius #fjc #aif4 ,scales & ,f9 ( ,lepidotus ,mantelli #fje #aig4 ,portion ( ! ,jaw ( ,lepidotus #fjf #aih4 ,gyrodus ,mur*isoni #fji #aii4 ,cephalaspis ,lyellii #faa #bjj4 ,cephalaspis ,lyellii #faa #bja4 ,cocco/eus & ,pt]i*?ys #fac #bjb4 ,tee? ( ,a/]olepis #fai #bjc4 ,sm]dis m9utus #fbf #bjd4 ,fossil ,tee? & ,jaws ( ,fi%es #fbi #bje4 ,! ,l[] ,jaw ( ,iguana #fdi #bjf4 ,fossil ,v]tebr ( ,reptiles #fec #bjg4 ,d]mal ,bone ( ! ,swanage ,crocodile #feh #bjh4 ,d]mal ,bones ( ,fossil ,reptiles #ffj #bji4 ,eye ( ,i*?yosaurus #ffd #baj4 ,tee? ( ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus #ffe #baa4 ,v]tebra ( ,i*?yosaurus #fff #bab4 ,pectoral ,ar* ( ,i*?yosaurus #ffg #bac4 ,pectoral ,ar* ( ,plesiosaurus #ffg #bad4 ,paddles ( ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus #ffh #bae4 ,h9d] ,paddle ( an ,i*?yosaurus1 ) its ,integum5t #ffi #baf4 ,skull & ,jaws ( ,teleosaurus & ,/5eosaurus #fge #bag4 ,fir/ ,caudal ,v]tebra ( ,crocodilus ,ha/+si #fgf #bah4 ,portion ( ,jaw ( ,megalosaurus ,buckl&i #fhf #bai4 ,too? ( ! ,megalosaurus ,buckl&i #fhg #bbj4 ,jaw ( ,iguanodon ,mantelli #fic #bba4 ,l[] ,too? ( ! ,iguanodon #fid #bbb4 ,upp] ,too? ( ! ,iguanodon #fie #bbc4 ,tee? ( ,iguanodon #fif #bbd4 ,six ,caudal ,v]tebr ( ! ,iguanodon #fii #bbe4 ,left ,femur ( ! ,iguanodon #gja #bbf4 ,bones ( ! ,feet & ,claws ( ,iguanodon #gjc #bbg4 ,mosasaurus ,h(fmanni #gjf #bbh4 ,mosasauroid ,tee? #gjg #bbi4 ,too? ( ,mosasaurus #gjh #bcj4 ,mosasauroid ,too? #gaj #bca4 ,rhyn*osaurus articeps #gab #bcb1 #bcc4 ,dicynodon lac]ticeps #gaf #bcd4 ,dicynodon te/udiceps 7too?7 #gai #bce4 ,tel]peton ,elg95se #gba #bcf4 ,tel]peton ,elg95se 7outl9e7 #gbb #bcg4 ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris #gbd #bch4 ,*elone ,b5/$i #gcc #bci4 ,m&ible ( a ,turtle #gcd #bdj4 ,*elone ,bellii #gce #bda4 ,treto/]non ,bakewelli #gcg #bdb4 ,palophis ,toliapicus #gch #bdc4 ,cryptobran*us ,s*eu*z]i #gda #bdd4 ,ar*egosaurus ,de*5ii #gdg #bde4 ,*eiro!rium ,kaupii #geb #bdf4 ,fossil ,bird #gfg #bdg4 ,orni?oidi*nites f ,massa*usetts #ggj #bdh4 ,bird-l ,footpr9t1 & ,impressions ( ,ra9-drops #gga #bdi4 ,zeuglodon cetoides 7tee?7 #ghj #bej4 ,tee? ( ,zeuglodon #gha #bea4 ,tee? ( ,rum9ant #ghb #beb4 ,leg-bones ( ,horse1 ,de]1 & ,anoplo!re #ghd #bec4 ,elephas ,ganesa 7skull & tusks7 #ghe #bed4 ,ma/odon ,too? #ghf #bee4 ,anoplo!rium 7outl9e7 #ghh #bef4 ,anoplo!re & ,palo!re 7tee?7 #gij #beg4 ,hyopotamus ,tee? #gib #beh4 ,too? ( ,ma/odon ,elephantoides #gid #bei4 ,elephant ,too? #gid #bfj4 ,elephant ,tee? #gid #bfa4 ,hippopotamus ,tee? #gie #bfb4 ,rh9oc]os ,tee? #gif #bfc4 ,tee? ( ,horse #gig #bfd4 ,foot & ,too? ( ,glyptodon #hjj #bfe4 ,jaws ( ,phascolo!rium & ,ampi!rium #hjf 7,illu/rative ( ,geological ,excursions47 #bff4 ,hamm]s #hcb #bfg4 ,brighton ,cliffs #heb #bfh4 ,section ( ,brighton ,cliffs #hed #bfi4 ,section at ,f>r+don #hfa #bgj4 ,section at ,d]w5t ,valley #hgf #bga4 ,cri* ,hill ,qu>ry #hhf #bgb4 ,view ( ,cri* ,hill #hhg #bgc4 ,plan ( ,cri* ,hill #hhi #bgd4 ,section ( ,cri* ,hill #hij #bge4 ,diagram ,section ( ,cri* ,hill #hie ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,description ( ! ,frontispiece ( ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 v4 ,li/ ( ,lignographs 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 vii4 ,cont5ts ( ,vol4 ,,ii4 ix4 ,*apt] ,,xii4--,fossil ,cephalopoda1 #ddg4 ,fossil ,dibran*iate ,cephalopods1 #dej4 ,belemnites1 #dea4 ,belemnitella1 #deg4 ,belemnoteu?is1 #dei4 ,belopt]a1 #dfc4 ,geoteu?is1 #dfc4 ,bell]ophon & ,argonaut1 #dfe4 ,fossil ,tetrabran*iate ,cephalopods1 #dff4 ,nautilus1 #dfg4 ,clym5ia1 #dgc4 ,or?oc]as1 #dgd4 ,ammonitid1 #dgf4 ,ammonites1 #dgh4 ,goniatites1 #dhb4 ,c]atites1 #dhc4 ,crioc]as1 #dhc4 ,ancyloc]as1 #dhd4 ,toxoc]as1 #dhe4 ,hamites1 #dhe4 ,pty*oc]as1 #dhe4 ,baculites1 #dhf4 ,scaphites1 #dhg4 ,turrilites1 #dhi4 ,apty*us1 #dia4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ! ,fossil ,cephalopoda1 #dib4 ,on ! ,collect+ ,briti% ,fossil ,cephalopoda1 #dif4 ,briti% ,localities ( ,fossil ,cephalopoda1 #dii4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,fossil ,articulata1 #ejc4 ,annelida1 #ejc4 ,s]pula1 #eje4 ,cirrip$ia1 #eje4 ,calamy1 #ejf4 ,lepadid1 #ejh4 ,cru/acea1 #ejh4 ,fossil ,crabs1 #eaa4 ,notopocory/es1 #ead4 ,fossil ,lob/]s1 #eae4 ,enoploclytia1 #eaf4 ,isopod\s ,cru/aceans1 #ebj4 ,entomo/raca1 #ebb4 ,limulus1 #ebb4 ,eurypt]us1 #ebd4 ,pt]ygotus1 #ebe4 ,di?yroc>is1 #ebe4 ,c]atioc>is1 #ebe4 ,hym5oc>is1 #ebf4 ,e/h]ia1 #ebf4 ,lep]ditia1 #ebf4 ,beyri*ia1 #ebf4 ,o/racoda1 #ebf4 ,cypris1 #ebg4 ,cy!re1 #eca4 ,cyprid9a1 #ecb4 ,trilobites1 #ecb4 ,calym5e1 #ece4 ,homalonotus1 #ecf4 ,asaphus1 #ecf4 ,isotelus1 #ecg4 ,buma/us1 #ecg4 ,ogygia1 #ecg4 ,phacops1 #ech4 ,tr9ucleus1 #ech4 ,p>adoxides1 #ech4 ,brontes1 #eci4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,cru/aceans1 #edb4 ,on ,collect+ ,fossil ,cru/aceans1 #edd4 ,briti% ,localities ( ,fossil ,cru/aceans1 #edf4 ,fossil ,insects1 ,scorpions1 & ,spid]s1 #edg4 ,insects1 #edg4 ,ara*nida1 #eej4 ,fossil ,scorpion1 #eej4 ,fossil ,spid]s1 #eej4 ,fossil ,insects1 #eea4 ,neuropt]a1 #eea4 ,libellulid1 #eea4 ,corydalis1 #eeb4 ,panorpa1 #eec4 ,coleopt]a1 #eed4 ,curculio1 #eee4 ,purbeck ,insects1 #eef4 ,aix ,insects1 #eeg4 n+5 ,insects1 #eei4 ,fossil ,l>v ( ,phryganea1 #eei4 ,on ,collect+ ,fossil ,insects1 #efj4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4--,fossil ,i*?yology2 compris+ ! ,%>ks1 ,rays1 & o!r ,placoid ,fi%es1 #efb4 ,fi%es1 #efb4 ,scales ( ,fi%es1 #eff4 ,f9s ( ,fi%es1 #efi4 ,tee? ( ,fi%es1 #egj4 ,skeletons ( ,fi%es1 #egb4 ,i*?yodorulites1 #egf4 ,hybodus subc>9atus1 #ehj4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,fi%es1 #ehb4 ,ce/racion1 #ehd4 ,acrodus1#ehd4 ,pty*odus1 #ehe4 ,psammodus1 #ehg4 ,c]atodus1 #ehg4 ,edaphodon1 #ehh4 ,hybodus1 #eia4 ,%>ks ) cutt+ ,tee?1 #eib4 ,c>*>odon1 #eic4 ,hemipri/is1 #eic4 ,lamna1 #eid4 ,notidanus1 #eie4 ,corax1 #eie4 ,fossil ,v]tebra ( ,%>ks1 #eif4 ,squaloraia1 #eif4 ,pri/is1 #eig4 ,rays1 #eig4 ,*apt] ,,xv4--,fossil ,i*?yology2 compris+ ! ,ganoid1 ,ct5oid1 & ,cycloid ,fi%es1 #fjj4 ,amblypt]us1 #fja4 ,paloniscus1 #fja4 ,dap$ius1 #fjc4 ,lepidotus1 #fjd4 ,pycnodus1 #fjg4 ,gyrodus1 #fjh4 ,cephalaspides1 #faj4 ,cephalaspis1 #faa4 ,pt]i*?ys1 #fab4 ,cocco/eus1 #fad4 ,fossil ,sauroid ,fi%es1 #fae4 ,lepido/ei1 #faf4 ,sauroidei1 #fag4 ,clacan?i1 #fah4 ,macropoma1 #fbj4 ,coprolites1 #fba4 ,cololites1 #fba4 ,d]cetis1 #fbb4 ,fossil ,ct5oid ,fi%es1 #fbc4 ,b]yx1 #fbd4 ,sm]dis1 #fbe4 ,fossil ,cycloid ,fi%es1 #fbe4 ,osm]oides1 #fbf4 ,saurocephalus & ,saurodon1 #fbh4 ,hypsodon1 #fcj4 ,en*odus1 #fcj4 ,i*?yolites ( rec5t ,species1 #fca4 ,i*?yopatolites1 #fcb4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,fi%es1 #fcb4 ,on ,collect+ & ,develop+ ,fossil ,fi%es1 #fce4 ,microscopical ,exam9ation1 #fci4 ,briti% ,localities ( ,fossil ,fi%es1 #fdj4 ,=eign ,localities1 #fda4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4--,fossil ,reptiles2 compris+ ! ,enaliosaurians & ,crocodiles1 #fdc4 ,! ,age ( ,reptiles1 #fdd4 ,classification ( ,reptiles1 #fdf4 ,tee? ( ,reptiles1 #fdf4 ,l[] ,jaw ( ,reptiles1 #fea4 ,v]tebr1 #fea4 ,ribs1 #fef4 ,extremities1 #feg4 ,d]mal ,bones1 #feg4 ,d]mal ,bones ( ,hylosaurus1 #fei4 ,d]mal ,sp9es ( ,hylosaurus1 #ffa4 ,horn ( ,iguanodon1 #ffa4 ,enaliosaurians1 #ffb4 ,i*?yosaurus1 #ffc4 ,paddle & ,sk9 ( ,i*?yosaurus1 #ffh4 ,plesiosaurus1 #fga4 ,pliosaurus1 #fgc4 ,crocodilians1 #fgd4 ,swanage ,crocodile1 #fgg4 ,pcilopleuron1 #fgi4 ,teleosaurus1 #fgi4 ,/reptospondylus1 #fhj4 ,cetiosaurus1 #fhb4 ,polypty*odon1 #fhc4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4--,fossil ,reptiles2 compris+ ! ,d9osaurians1 ,lac]tians1 ,pt]odactyles1 ,turtles1 ,s]p5ts1 & ,batra*ians1 #fhd4 ,d9osauria1 #fhd4 ,megalosaurus1 #fhf4 ,hylosaurus1 #fhh4 ,iguanodon1 #fia4 ,jaw & ,tee? ( ,iguanodon1 #fic4 ,v]tebra3 ( ,iguanodon1 #fih4 ,extremities ( ,iguanodon1 #gjj4 ,l5g? ( ,iguanodon1 #gjb4 ,lac]tian ,reptiles1 #gje4 ,mosasaurus1 #gje4 ,leiodon1 #gji4 ,geosaurus1 #gaa4 ,raphiosaurus1 #gaa4 ,delici\s1 #gaa4 ,rhyn*osaurus1 #gab4 ,!codontosaurus & ,palosaurus1 #gac4 ,dicynodon1 #gad4 ,tel]peton1 #gbj4 ,pt]osauria1 #gbc4 ,*elonia1 #gbf4 ,fossil ,turtles & ,tortoises1 #gbi4 ,fossil ,m>9e ,turtles1 #gcb4 ,*elone ,b5/$i1 #gcb4 ,*elone ,bellii1 #gcd4 ,fossil ,fre%-wat] ,tortoises1 #gcf4 ,ophidia1 or ,s]p5ts1 #gch4 ,batra*ia1 #gci4 ,batra*olites1 #gdj4 ,labyr9?odon1 #gda4 ,ar*egosaurus1 #gde4 ,p>abatra*us1 #gdf4 ,d5dr]peton1 #gdf4 ,i*nolites1 #gdi4 ,on collect+ ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,reptiles1 #gec4 ,briti% ,localities ( ,fossil ,reptiles1 #gef4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4--,orni?olites1 or ,fossil ,birds1 #gei4 ,o/eological ,*>act]s ( ,birds1 #gfj4 ,fossil ,birds ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*1 #gfc4 ,fossil ,birds ( ! ,old] ,t]ti>y ,deposits1 #gfe4 ,fossil ,birds ( ! ,weald51 #gfh4 ,orni?oidi*nites1 #gfh4 ,on collect+ ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,birds1 #ggc4 ,*apt] ,,xix4--,fossil ,mammalia1 #gge4 ,classification ( ,mammalia1 #ggf4 ,fossil ,cetacea1 #ggg4 ,otoli!s ( ,:ales1 #ggh4 ,brighton ,fossil ,:ale1 #ggh4 ,zeuglodon ,cetoides1 #ggi4 ,fossil ,rum9ants1 #ghb4 ,pa*yd]mata1 #ghe4 ,fossil ,elephants & ,ma/odons1 #ghe4 ,d9o!rium1 #ghg4 ,cuvi]ian ,pa*yd]mata1 #ghi4 ,tee? ( ,mammalia1 #gic4 ,fossil ,horse1 #gif4 ,fossil ,ed5tata1 #gih4 ,mega!rium1 #gih4 ,glyptodon1 #gii4 ,mylodon1 #hjj4 ,fossil ,rod5ts1 #hjb4 ,fossil ,m>supials1 #hjc4 ,triassic ,mammalian ,tee?1 #hje4 ,fossil ,mammalia ( ,/onesfield1 #hje4 ,fossil ,c>nivora1 #hjg4 ,k5t's ,hole1 #haj4 ,fossil ,seals1 #hab4 ,fossil ,insectivora4 #hab4 ,fossil ,bats1 #hac4 ,fossil ,quadrumana1 or ,monkeys1 #hac4 ,fossil ,ape ( ,france1 #had4 ,fossil ,monkey ( ! ,sub-,himalayas1 #had4 ,fossil ,monkey ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #had4 ,fossil ,briti% ,monkeys1 #hae4 ,fossil ,human ,bones1 #hae4 ,on collect+ & develop+ ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,mammalia1 #hae4 ,briti% ,localities ( ,fossil ,mammalia1 #hah4 ,bone-caves 9 ,franconia1 #hbj4 ,retrospect1 #hbb4 ,app5dix to ,"p ,,iii41 #hbf4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,notes ( ,excursions1 9 ,illu/ration ( ! ,mode ( ,inve/igat+ ,geological ,ph5om5a1 & ( ,collect+ ,organic ,rema9s1 #hbg4 ,*apt] ,,xx4--,g5]al ,in/ructions = ! ,collection ( ,specim5s ( ,rocks & ,fossils1 #hca4 ,*apt] ,,xxi4--,excursions illu/rative ( ! ,geological ,"* & ,organic ,rema9s ( ! ,t]ti>y ,deposits ( ! ,london ,bas91 #hcg4 ,excursion to ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 #hch4 ,excursion to ,brackle%am ,bay1 #hdd4 ,notes = an ,excursion to exam9e ! ,t]ti>y ,/rata ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 #hdg4 ,*apt] ,,xxii4--,notes = a ,geological ,excursion f ,london to ,brighton1 #hdi4 ,a ,/roll f ,brighton to ,rott+dean1 #heb4 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4--,geological ,notes ( v>i\s ,places on ! ,l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway2 illu/rative ( ! ,oolite1 ,lias1 c4 f ,london to ,clifton1 #hei4 ,f>r+don1 #hei4 ,sw9don1 #hfb4 ,ca9e & ,*ipp5ham1 #hfc4 ,ba? & ,bri/ol1 #hfd4 ,clifton1 #hfd4 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4--,excursion to ,matlock & its ,vic9ity1 #hfg4 ,geological ,position ( ,matlock ,dale1 #hga4 ,a ,walk to ! ,incru/+ ,spr+s1 #hgb4 ,visit to ! ,cav]n ( ! ,high ,tor1 #hge4 ,geological ,=mations ( ,d]by%ire1 #hgh4 ,excursion to ,cri* ,hill1 #hhj4 ,notes = a ,geological ,excursion by ,bonsal ,valley1 & ,wirkswor?1 to ,middleton ,moor & ,/onnis1 #hid4 ,*apt] ,,xxv4--,notes = a ,geological ,excursion to ,*>nwood ,=e/2 by ,leice/]1 ,m\nt ,sorel1 ,s)l& & ,woodh\se1 & ,b>don ,hill to ,:itwick1 #hih4 ,li/ ( ,deal]s 9 ,fossils & ,m9]als1 c4 #ijd4 ,g5]al ,index1 #iji4 ,,! ,,m$als ,,( ,,creation4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,fossil ,,cephalopoda2 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,belemnitid1 ,,nautilid1 ,,& ,,ammonitid4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #adj4 ,fossil ,sepia or ,cuttle-,fi%3 #a_/c nat4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 ,sol5h(54 7,kelno#cih speciosa4 ,c\nt ,mn/]47 ,! impression ( ! body1 head1 & arms1 ) _! clasps4 #cih ,kelno 7"o ( ! ,furies7 ,acan?oteu?is 7,wagn]72 probably id5tical ) ,belemnoteu?is1 :i* also has t5 sub-equal arms4--,mr4 ,woodw>d4 ,! mollusc\s animals nam$ ,cephalopoda 7f _! organs ( preh5sion be+ arrang$ ar\nd ! upp] "p ( ! body7 are ! mo/ anci5t1 num]\s1 & int]e/+ ( ?is division ( animat$ nature2 & _! fossil rema9s compreh5d ! mo/ v>i$ & /rik+ =ms ( ext9ct be+s t occur 9 ! s$im5t>y /rata1 f ! e>lie/ ,second>y to ! late/ ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,! liv+ species are b a feeble repres5tation ( ! c\ntless myriads :i* sw>m$ 9 ! anci5t seas2 yet !y af=d important assi/ance 9 develop+ ! *>act]s ( ! num]\s ext9ct g5]a1 ^: relics ab\nd 9 ! /rata1 & w cont9ually be pres5t$ to ! obs]vation ( ! collector4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to ent] some:at 9 detail on ! /ructure ( ^! be+s1 t ! /ud5t may obta9 a correct idea ( ! nature ( ! curi\s fossils to :i* ! m9]aliz$ rema9s ( ! durable p>ts ( ^! animals h giv5 rise1 & ^: orig9 has b lately be5 correctly asc]ta9$4 ,! body ( ^! mollusca is ei!r enclos$ 9 a %ell1 z 9 ! ,nautilus1 or conta9s a calc>e\s or c>tilag9\s "p1 z 9 ! ,sepia1 or cuttle-fi%2 !y h a di/9ct head1 & eyes z p]fect z 9 ! v]tebrate animals2 complicat$ organs ( he>+2 & a p[]ful m&ucatory app>atus1 surr\nd$ by arms s]v+ = preh5sion4 ,!y h bel[ ! head a tube :i* acts z a locomotive in/rum5t to propel ! animal backw>ds1 by ! =cible ejection ( ! wat] t has s]v$ ! purposes ( respiration1 & :i* c be ?r[n out ) consid]able =ce by ! contraction ( ! body4 ,! figures #a & #f1 ,lign4 #adb1 are views ( a nak$ 7t is1 %ell-less7 cephalopod1 %[+ ! arms1 eyes1 & a pair ( f9s1 = swimm+4 ,! ,cephalopoda1 ?us end[$ ) p[]ful organs ( locomotion1 trav]se ! seas unre/rict$1 & are se5 9 gr\ps ( myriads 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean1 & only appe> p]iodically ne> ! %ores4 ,_! fossil rema9s consi/ (-- #a/4 ,! ext]nal %ells2 :i* are g5]ally symmetrical1 & ei!r /raight 7z 9 ,or?oc]as1 ,lign4 #aee72 ar*$ or b5t 7z 9 ,crioc]as1 ,lign4 #afj72 spiral 7z 9 ,turrilites1 ,lign4 #afc72 or involute1#cii & simple 7z 9 ! ,argonaut71 or divid$1 by smoo? or foliace\s p>titions1 into *amb]s or air-cells1 connect$ by a hydraulic tube or siphuncle 7z 9 ,nautilus1 ,lign4 #adi & #aej1 & ,ammonites1 ,lign4 #aef & #aeg74 #cii ,involute1 z appli$ to ! %ells ( ,cephalopoda1 implies t ! inn] :orls are embrac$ by ! out] turn or :orl2 convolute1 ! inn] turns app>5t1 or expos$2 evolute1 ! :orls coil$ 9 "o plane1 b n t\*+ ea* o!r2 revolute1 ! extremities b5t inw>ds4 #b;dly4 ,! int]nal horny or calc>e\s support1 call$ osselet1 & its app5dages4#djj 7,lign4 #adc47 #djj ,! bone or %ell ( ! ,cuttle-fi%1 ! friable "p ( :i*1 r$uc$ to p[d]1 =ms p\nce1 is ! osselet ( t cephalopod4 #c;dly4 ,! ink-bladd]1 ) its inspissat$ cont5ts1 t]m$ sepia4 #d?ly4 ,! m&ibles ( ! m\?1 or beaks1 call$ ,rhyn*olites4 7,lign4 #aej1 fig4 #a47 #e?ly4 ,! s(t p>ts ( ! animal 9 ! /ate ( molluskite2 impressions ( ! head & t5tacula1 & rema9s ( ! clasps or curv$ hooks ( ! arms ( "s species 7see ,lign4 #adj & #ade74 ,^! sev]al p>ts are g5]ally f\nd sep>ate1 b !y sometimes occur 9 _! prop] relative position1 & f su* examples ! nature ( ! orig9al may be det]m9$4 ,! ,cephalopoda#dja are divid$ into two ord]s1 accord+ to ! numb] ( _! organs ( respiration1 or gills2 namely1 ! ,dibran*iata1 or ^? :i* h two gills1 7call$ also ,acetabulif]a1 f _! arms be+ furni%$ ) r[s ( little cups or suck]s27 & ! ,tetrabran*iata1 :i* h f\r gills1 or bran*i1 & v num]\s arms )\t suck]s4 #dja ,! be/ sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! ,cephalopoda & ,ga/]opoda1 bo? rec5t & fossil1 yet publi%$1 is conta9$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! v valuable ,manual ( ,mollusca1 by ,mr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,cephalopoda ,,fossil ,,dibran*iate ,,cephalopoda4 ,! ,argonaut1 or ,pap] ,nautilus1 ^: elegant fragile %ell is too well kn[n to require description1 is ! only liv+ g5us ( ?is ,ord]1 9 :i* ! animal is protect$ by a h>d calc>e\s ext]nal cov]+4 ,?is %ell is symmetrical1 & convolut$ on a v]tical plane1 & consi/s ( b "o cavity or *amb]4 ,! o!r g5]a are nak$1 & possess an int]nal *amb]$ %ell 7z 9 ! rec5t ,spirula71 or "s modification ( su* an app>atus4 ,! la/ *amb] or cell ( ^! enclos$ %ells is too small to admit any "p ( ! body ( ! animal2 a "* by :i* ! fossil species ( ?is ,ord] may be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! o!r ord]4 ,o!rs h a horny or calc>e\s osselet1 z ! bone ( ! ,cuttle-fi%1 & p5 ( ! ,calam>y or ,sea-p5 7see ,bd4 pl4 #bh72 & 9 an app5dage ( ?is k9d a conical *amb]$ %ell is conta9$ 9 _m ( ! fossil g5]a1 h]eaft] to be notic$4 ,^! animals h eight arms1 ) ! addition 9 "s g5]a ( two long t5tacula1 :i* are furni%$ ) r[s ( suctorial disks or cups1 call$ acetabula 7see ,lign4 #adb1 figs4 #a1 #f74 ,^! nak$ ,cephalopoda1 devoid ( any ext]nal def5ce1 possess a v extraord9>y means ( escape f _! enemies4 ,!y are furni%$ ) a bag or bladd]1 conta9+ a d>k fluid resembl+ ink 9 appe>ance1 :i* !y h ! p[] ( eject+ into ! surr\nd+ wat] ^u ! approa* ( dang]2 & by ! obscurity t u induc$1 !y foil ! pursuit ( _! adv]s>ies3 ! ,nautilus & o!r cephalopods1 protect$ by a l>ge ext]nal %ell1 are de/itute ( su* an app>atus4 ,! deep br[n col\r1 sepia1 0 =m]ly prep>$ f ! fluid ( ! ink-bags ( diff]5t species ( ,cuttle-fi%2 a simil> sub/ance secret$ by ext9ct nak$ ,cephalopoda1 z we %all pres5tly demon/rate1 is f\nd 9 a fossil /ate4 ,^! prelim9>y rem>ks on ! organization ( ! rec5t animals w prep>e u = ! inve/igation ( ! ext9ct species4 ,we w fir/ notice ^? rem>kable fossils1 call$ ,belemnites1 or ?und]-/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ada4 ,belemnites3 #a_/b nat4 ,*alk & ,oolite4 ,fig4 #a4--;,belemnitella mucronata4 ,*alk4 ,brighton4 ,on ! "r ( ! figure is a view ( ! ap]ture1 & a transv]se section4 #b4--,portion ( a ,belemnite1 conta9+ ! int]nal conical *amb]$ %ell1 call$ phragmocone4 ,oolite4 #c4--;,belemnitella quadrata4 ,beauvais1 ,france4 ,! quadrangul> cavity is %[n 9 ! upp] figure on ! left4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 #d4--;,belemnites dilatatus4 ,l[] ,gre5s& 7,nocomi574 ,france4 ,sid5ote3 ,,belemnites ,belemnite 7f a suppos$ resemblance to ! head ( a d>t or javel974 ,lign4 #ada to #add4 ,among ! innum]able relics ( an e>li] _w1 :i* sw>m 9 ! s$im5t>y deposits1 !re are p]haps no fossil bodies t h excit$ m curiosity1 & giv5 rise to s _m fruitless conjectures z to _! nature & orig91 z ! ,belemnites4#djb ,^! are long1 cyl9drical1 or fusi=m fossils1 m or less po9t$ at "o extremity1 & hav+ at ! o!r & l>g] end a conical cavity1 :i* is ei!r occupi$ by a *amb]$ %ell1 or fill$ up ) ! mat]ial 9 :i* ! fossils are imb$d$4 ,_! sub/ance is l fibr\s calc>e\s sp>1 v>y+ 9 col\r f a d>k br[n to a light amb]2 _m are transp>5t1 o!rs ne>ly opaque4 ,:5 brok5 transv]sely !y pres5t a radiat$ /ructure 7,lign4 #ada1 fig4 #a7 & a m9ute c5tral cavity1 or axis1 is se5 to ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! solid portion ( ! /one 7see ,lign4 #adb1 fig4 #e474 ,a longitud9al section 7,lign4 #adb1 figs4 #d & #e7 %[s ! conical cavity 9 ! upp] "p1 & t ! %aft consi/s ( a s]ies ( conc5tric lay]s4 ,su* are ! *>act]s ( ^! fossils 9 ! examples ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce4 #djb ,see ,p>k4 ,org4 ,rem4 vol4 iii4 p4 #abb4 ,! ,belemnites v>y 9 size f ! small1 delicate1 transp>5t species1 ,lign4 #adb1 figs4 #c & #d1 to massy opaque specim5s1 sev]al in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & f t5 to tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y pres5t also consid]able v>iety ( =m2 "s are regul>ly cyl9drical1 z 9 ,lign4 #ada fig4 #a2 o!rs broad & flatt5$1 z 9 fig4 #d2 or subfusi=m1 z 9 ,lign4 #adb1 figs4 #c & #d4 ,! small end is sl5d] & po9t$ 9 "s belemnites1 & 9 o!rs is obtuse1 or r\nd$1 ) a project+ po9t4 ,9 _m !re is a longitud9al groove or furr[ on ! v5tral aspect2 & "s species h a furr[ on ea* side1 z 9 t repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #adb1 fig4 #b4 ,b ! fossils above describ$ are only a "p ( ! orig9al /ructure ( ! ,belemnite4 ,:5 9 a p]fect /ate1 ! cavity se5 9 ,lign4 #adb1 fig4 #e1 is occupi$ by a *amb]$ conical %ell1 call$ ! phragmocone1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( %all[ concave cells1 ( a nacre\s or pe>ly sub/ance1 :i* are pi]c$ by a siphuncle at ! m>g92 see ,lign4 #ada1 fig4 #b4 ,! p>ts ( ! ,belemnite at pres5t kn[n consi/ (-- #a/4 ,! spa?ose osselet1 or gu>d1 hav+ at ! l>g] end a conical cavity1 call$ ! alveolus1 z 9 ,lign4 #ada1 fig4 #a1 & ,lign4 #adb1 fig4 #e4 #b;dly4 ,a conical1 *amb]$ pe>ly %ell1 t]m$ ! phragmocone1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! alveolus 7z 9 ,lign4 #ada1 fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #adb4 ,belemnites3 #a_/b nat4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a front view ( ! suppos$ animal ( ! ,belemnite1 by ,m4 ,d',orbigny4 b4 d5otes ! osselet1 to ! base ( :i* ! ,belemnite1 a1 is atta*$4 #b4--;,belemnites bip>titus2 ! figure bel[ %[s ! =m ( ! ap]ture4 ,neocomian ,=mation4 ,france4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 #c4--;,belemnites ,li/]i 7,g4 ,a4 ,m472 f ! ,galt4 ,r+m]4 #d4--;,a longitud9al section ( ,b4 ,li/]i4 #e4--;,belemnites semicaniliculatus3 a longitud9al section2 ! figure bel[ is ! ap]ture ( ! alveolus4 ,f ! ,fire/one 7,craie tufeau7 ( ,france4 #f4--;,a side view ( fig4 #a4 #c;dly4 ,! horny prolongation ( ! capsule 7! out] inve/m5t ( ! gu>d71 call$ ! receptacle1 z 9 ,lign4 #adc4 #d?ly4 ,! ink-bag1 & its inspissat$ fluid1 sepia2 7,bd4 pl4 #dd1 figs4 #g1 #i47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #adc4 ,! /ructure ( ! %]ry p>ts ( ! ,belemnites ,puzosianus4 ,ox=d ,clay4 ,*ri/ian ,mal=d4 7#a_/d nat4 size47 a1 a4 ,! dorsal basil> processes ( ! phragmocone4 b1 b4 ,upw>d ext5sion ( ! att5uat$ osselet4 c4 ,siphunculus4 d4 ,phragmocone3 ! transv]se l9es indicate ! septa4 e4 ,! capsule or out] inve/m5t ( ! gu>d4 f4 ,! di/al "p ( ! phragmocone4 g4 ,! alveolus or cavity 9 ! gu>d4 h4 ,v]tical section ( ! gu>d4 i4 ,! solid "p ( ! ro/rum or gu>d4 k4 ,! sulcus or groove on ! v5tral aspect ( ! ro/rum4 l4 ,%[s ! cont9uation ( ! capsule1 9 section1 cont9u$ f e4 m4 ,div]g+ p>allel /ri obs]vable betwe5 ! dorsal processes ( ! phragmocone4 n4 ,transv]se section ( half ! diamet] ( ! radiat$ /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #add4 ,v p]fect specim5 ( ,belemnites ,puzosianus4 ,ox=d ,clay4 ,*ri/ian ,mal=d1 ,wilts4 7#a_/f nat4 size47 a1 a4 ,basal processes ( ! phragmocone4 b4 ,! phragmocone4 c4 ,! ro/rum or gu>d ( ! osselet1 conta9+ ! apex ( ! phragmocone 9 its upp] "p4 ,! inv>iably radiat$ cry/all9e /ructure ( ! ,belemnite has evid5tly result$ f ! peculi> organization ( ! orig9al osselet1 :i* is =m$ ( ?9 conc5tric lam91 ( v m9ute prismatic trih$ral fibres1 arrang$ at "r angles to ! planes ( ! successive lay]s4#djc #djc ,! ,belemnitic %ell pres5ts ! same arrangem5t ( its con/itu5t lay]s z ! ,pe>l-mussel1 ,p9na1 & o!r ,aviculid1 viz4 ! out] lay] is prismatic-cellul>1 ! inn] nacre\s3 ! fir/ is =m$ by ! free m>g9 ( ! mantle1 ! second by ! visc]al 7p]itoneal7 "p ( ! mantle4--,mr4 ,woodw>d4 ,f ! obvi\s analogy ( ! /ructure above demon/rat$ ) t ( ! rec5t dibran*iate ,cephalopoda1 sev]al em95t naturali/s inf]r$ t ! animal ( ! ,belemnite 0 closely relat$ to ! exi/+ types2 & ! late ,mr4 ,mill]1 9 a communication to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 gave a re/or$ figure ( ! orig9al1 :i*1 z modifi$ by ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 is repres5t$ ,lign4 #adb1 figs4 #a & #f4 ,! indefatigable & successful rese>*es ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,buckl& h confirm$ ! g5]al correctness ( ?is re/oration4 ,9 ! ,lias ( ,dorset%ire two specim5s ( ! ,belemnite1 ) its *amb]$ %ell & horny or pe>ly receptacle1 /ill reta9+ ! ink-bag & its cont5ts1 h be5 discov]$1 & 7 figur$ 9 ! ,br4 ,treatise 7,bd4 pl4 #dd1 #dd74 ,a ?ird specim51 %[+ ! ink-bag1 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ink-bag ( ! ,belemnite is v small1 z might be expect$1 f ! ext5t to :i* x is protect$ by a *amb]$ %ell4 ,! m&ibles or beaks ( ! ,belemnite are suppos$ to h be5 horny1 z 9 ! o!r nak$ ,cephalopoda2 s9ce no calc>e\s beaks h be5 f\nd associat$ ) _! rema9s4 ,! ,belemnite hav+ ! advantage ( its d5se1 b well-balanc$ int]nal %ell1 mu/ h ex]cis$ ! p[] ( swimm+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 :i* x possess$ 9 common ) ! mod]n decapod 7t5-arm$7 ,dibran*iata1 ) great vig\r & precision4 ,its position 0 probably m commonly v]tical ?an 9 its rec5t cong5]s4 ,x w\ld rise swiftly & /eal?ily to infix its claws 9 ! belly ( a sup]natant fi%1 & !n p]haps z swiftly d>t d[n1 & drag its prey to ! bottom & dev\r x4 ,we _c d\bt at lea/ b t1 l ! hook$ ,calam>ies ( ! pres5t seas1 ! anci5t ,belemnites 7 ! mo/ =midable & pr$aci\s ( _! class4--,ow54 ,! ,belemnites ( ! oolitic lime/ones frequ5tly conta9 ! phragmocone1 ei!r fill$ ) calc>e\s sp>1 or ) its cells empty4 ,9 ! clays ! horny %ea? or receptacle is sometimes f\nd press$ flat & ext5d+ above ! alveolus ( ! osselet1 & has (t5 a ?9 coat ( nacre ( a pe>ly lu/re1 b x is m commonly deta*$4 ,! ,belemnites ab\nd 9 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 & ,*alk1 & h n be5 discov]$ 9 any o!r deposits2 !re are ne>ly ?irty ,briti% species1 "s ( :i* are re/rict$ to ! ,*alk1 & o!rs to ! ,oolite & ,lias4 ,a few *>act]i/ic =ms are repres5t$1 ,lign4 #ada & #adb1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! ?ree gr\ps :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 are peculi> to ! gr& divisions ( ! ,cretace\s =mation4 #a4 ,belemnitella mucronata4 ,lign4 #ada1 fig4 #a4--,! "n ,belemnitella is giv5 to ^? ,belemnites :i* h a slit1 or crevice1 on ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! alveolus or cavity1 & two lat]al impressions4 ,! surface is sometimes granulat$1 & (t5 has vascul> m>k+s1 produc$ by ! inve/+ integum5t ( ! liv+ animal4 ,! =m ( ! ap]ture is %[n 9 ! middle dextral figure2 & ! radiat$ /ructure1 z se5 by a transv]se section1 9 ! sket*4 ,?is species is abundant 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk1 p>ticul>ly 9 c]ta9 localities 9 ,norfolk & ,devon%ire4 ,x is m frequ5t 9 ! *alk ( ,k5t ?an 9 t ( ,sussex2 & 9 ! cretace\s /rata ar\nd ,brighton1 ?an 9 ^? ne> ,lewes4 ,i h nev] be5 able to detect ! lea/ ve/ige ( ! phragmocone1 or *amb]$ %ell1 9 ! alveolus4 ,?is ,belemnite is occasionally imb$d$ 9 fl9t nodules2 & su* examples possess ! calc>e\s cry/all9e /ructure ( ! *alk & lime/one specim5s4 ,9 ! *alk ( ,irel&1 ! ,belemnites :i* h be5 corrod$1 or p]=at$ by m>9e bor]s 7cliona71 are (t5 inject$ ) fl9t2 & if ! calc>e\s sub/ance be remov$ by imm]sion 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 exquisite silice\s ca/s may be obta9$ 7see also page #djc74 ,x is n unusual to f9d fl9ts ) a cavity1 occasion$ by ! solution & removal ( ! calc>e\s gu>d1 & hav+ a silice\s conical ca/ ( ! alveolus1 occupy+ ! upp] "p ( ! int]space4 ,! read] w recollect t ! pulley-/ones ( ! ,d]by%ire ,encr9ites 7 produc$ by a simil> process 7see p4 #bhe1 vol4 i474 ,! ,am]ican cretace\s s&s ab\nd 9 a species ( ,belemnitella1 ne>ly relat$ to ,b4 mucronata4 #b4 ,belemnites ,li/]i4 ,lign4 #adb1 fig4 #c4--,?is small elegant ,belemnite has two lat]al grooves1 & is g5]ally z transp>5t z amb]2 x has frequ5tly a nacre\s or calc>e\s pellicle p>tially inve/+ ! gu>d4 ,x seldom exce$s two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is abundant 91 & peculi> to1 ! ,galt1 or blue m>l ( ! ,*alk1 & is con/antly associat$ ) ! ,inoc]ami1 previ\sly describ$ z common at ,folk/one1 ,blet*+ley1 ,r+m]1 & o!r localities ( t deposit4 ,! ,r$ ,*alk ( ,norfolk conta9s ! same species 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #ehi74 #c4 ,belemnites dilatatus4 ,lign4 #ada1 fig4 #d4--,?is species is di/+ui%$ by its flatt5$ =m1 & by ! longitud9al furr[ be+ situat$ on ! m>g9 opposite to ! siphuncle ( ! phragmocone1 in/ead ( be+ on ! same side1 z is mo/ usual4 ,x is suppos$ by ,m4 ,d',orbigny to be *>act]i/ic ( ! ,neocomian b$s1 or l[]mo/ division ( ! ,%ankl9 ,s&4 #d4 ,! ,*alk-m>l conta9s a ,belemnite ( a m elongat$ =m ?an ^? above describ$1 ! apex gradually tap]+ to a po9t1 ) a slight d\ble furr[ on ea* side4 ,x is nam$ ,b4 lanceolatus 7,s[4 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #fjj1 figs4 #h1 #i71 & is v common 9 ! m>l-pits at ,/eyn+1 ,clayton1 & ,hamsey1 9 ,sussex4 ,at ! base ( ,gold5 ,cap ,hill1 ne> ,*>m\?1 !re are two /rata ( m>l-/one obs]vable on ! %ore1 :i* are lit]ally pav$ ) ,belemnites4 ,great numb]s ( ^! fossils h ,s]pul & o!r extrane\s %ells atta*$ to !m1 a pro( t ! ink-bags & o!r s(t p>ts ( ! mollusks _h decompos$1 & t ! gu>ds _h la9 uncov]$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,m4 ,de ,kon9ck has discov]$ 9 ! ,devonian lime/one ( ,belgium1 at ,c\v9 & ,vis1 a small fossil body :i* closely resembles 9 =m & /ructure ! ro/rum or gu>d ( a belemnite2 x is1 h[ev]1 too fragm5t>y to admit ( positive detem9ation4#djd #djd ,bullet9 del',acadmie ,roy ale de ,bruxelles1 tome x4 ,no4 #c4 p4 #bjg4 ,sid5ote3 ,,belemnoteu?is ,belemnoteu?is#dje 7,j4 ,c4 ,pe>ce74 ,lign4 #ade4--,)9 ! la/ few ye>s mu* additional k has be5 obta9$ reg>d+ ! nature ( ! ext9ct ,cephalopoda1 by ! discov]y 9 ! ,ox=d clay1 at ,*ri/ian ,mal=d1 n only ( sev]al examples ) ! receptacle & ink-bag 9 _! natural relative positions1 b also ) ! rema9s & impressions ( ! mantle1 body1 t5tacula ) _! hooks1 & ! f9s6 #dje ,= ! hi/ory ( ?is int]e/+ ,cephalopod consult ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahdh1 & #ahej2 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,june #ahej2 ,petrif4 p4 #dei1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ade4 ,belemnoteu?is antiquus4 7,pe>ce47 ,ox=d ,clay4 ,*ri/ian ,mal=d4 7#a_/b nat4 size47 a4 ,! unc9at$ arms & t5tacles4 b4 ,rema9s ( ! head & eyes4 c4 ,! mantle1 ) indications ( f9s4 d4 ,! pigm5tal sac or ink-bag4 e4 ,! osselet3 ! transv]se l9es indicate ! septa ( ! phragmocone1 :i* is cov]$ by a horny %ea? or capsule4 f4 ,! solid t]m9al apex ( ! osselet4 ,sid5ote3 ,,belemnoteu?is ,,antiquus ,c]ta9 argillace\s /rata ( ! ,oolite1 z well z ( ! ,lias1 appe> to h be5 peculi>ly fav\rable = ! pres]vation ( ! muscul> tissue & integum5ts1 & 9 _m specim5s ( ,belemnoteu?is1 ! arms1 ! l>ge sessile eyes1 ! funnel1 a great proportion ( ! muscul> p>ts ( ! mantle1 rema9s ( ! two lat]al f9s1 ! ink-bladd] & duct1 & ! phragmocone1 are well display$1 z 9 ! beautiful example1 ,lign4 #ade1 = ! draw+ ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 ,esq41 ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 7,see also ,lond4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 pl4 xv4 & xvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #adf4 ,horny r+s & hooks ( ,belemnoteu?is antiquus4 ,fig4 #a1 #c4--;,deta*$ hooks 7natural size74 #b4--,?ree hooks ) atta*$ horny r+s3 f a specim5 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,cunn+ton4 #d4--,"p ( "o ( ! arms1 %[+ f\r hook$ sp9es4 #e4--,transv]se section ( ! di/al "p ( ! osselet ( ,belemnoteu?is1 expos+ ! apex ( ! *amb]$ %ell 9 ! c5tre1 surr\nd$ by ! radiat$ osselet1 a 7magnifi$ f\r diamet]s74 ,f ! extraord9>ily p]fect condition ( ! ,belemnoteu?is "h figur$1 :i* ( itself exemplifies ! ess5tial p>ts ( its /ructure1 a brief description w suffice4 ,! body is ( an elongat$ =m1 ) a pair ( lat]al f9s1 two l>ge sessile eyes1 eight unc9at$ arms1 & a pair ( arm$ t5tacles2 ea* arm 0 furni%$ ) f tw5ty to =ty pairs ( hooks1 plac$ alt]nately4 ,l ! ,sepia x _h a pigm5tal sac or ink-bag1 :i* is g5]ally f\nd fill$ ) ! inspissat$ secretion4 ,! inf]ior "p ( ! body is ( a conical =m1 & conta9s a br[n horny osselet1 ) a siphunculat$ phragmocone1 t t]m9ates 9 a gu>d or ro/rum ( a fibr\s /ructure4 ,9 ! rec5t g5us ,ony*oteu?is1 ! t5tacles alone are arm$ ) claws2 ,enoploteu?is has claws bo? on ! arms & on ! t5tacles1 b ! latt] are long & feeble1 & ! hooks are conf9$ to _! extremities4 ,! ext9ct ,belemnoteu?is 7l ! ,acan?oteu?is ( ,sol5h(51 ,lign4 #adj7 _h eight ne>ly equal arms1 ! dorsal pair be+ r small] ?an ! re/2 ea* arm 0 furni%$ ) tw5ty to =ty pairs ( hooks1 =m+ a d\ble1 alt]nat+ r[4 ,! t5tacles 7 n long] ?an ! arms1 & l !m _h a d\ble s]ies ( hooks ext5d+ f _! bases to ! po9ts4 ,9 all ess5tial po9ts ( /ructure1 ! ,belemnoteu?is is mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! ,calam>ies 7,teu?id71 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! prolongation ( its po9t$ %ell po/]iorly1 ! f9s become lat]al 7z 9 ,sepiola & ,sepia71 in/ead ( t]m9al4 ,:il/ ! complicat$ 7*amb]$7 /ructure ( its %ell1 & ! peculi> "* ( ! t5tacles1 %[ t x mu/ be reg>d$ z a type di/9ct f & equal 9 importance to ! ,calam>ies4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! ,belemnite & ,conoteu?is pres5t simil> conditions ( ! s(t p>ts2 & ! f\r g5]a w =m ! ,family ,belemnitid4 ,! normal position ( ^! animals 9 ! sea is horizontal1 :il/ t ( ! ,nautiloid g5]a mu/ h be5 v]tical1 ) ! head d[nw>ds4--,mr4 ,woodw>d4 ,! fossils :i* h af=d$ ?is unexpect$ & highly int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! nature ( ! ext9ct animals ( ?is ,ord] h be5 obta9$ by closely exam9+ ! %ales 9 :i* !y ab\nd1 &1 be=e remov+ ! solid osselet1 c>efully se>*+ ! surr\nd+ /one = traces ( ! m p]i%able p>ts4 ,! att5tion ( ! collector c sc>cely be too (t5 direct$ to ! necessity ( exam9+ ! surr\nd+ matrix be=e extricat+ a fossil f its b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #adg4 ,osselets ( ext9ct dibran*iate ,cephalopoda4 7,woodw>d1 ,manual1 p4 #gf1 pl4 #a #b47 ,fig4 #a4--;,belosepia sepioides2 #a_/b nat4 ,eoc5e4 ,brackle%am4 #b4--,spiruliro/ra ,bell>dii2 #b_/c nat4 ,mioc5e4 ,tur94 #c4--;,beloteu?is subco/ata2 #a_/d nat4 ,lias4 ,wirtemb]g4 #d4--;,belopt]a belemnitoides2 #b_/c nat4 ,eoc5e4 ,brackle%am4 ,sid5ote3 ,,belopt]a ,belopt]a4 7,bd4 pl4 xliv4 fig4 #ae4 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #eia47--,"u ?is "n ,mr4 ,s[]by figures & describes a v curi\s fossil1 f ! ,london ,clay at ,highgate1 :i* seems to hold an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! ,cuttle-fi% & ! ,spiruliro/ra4 ,! gu>d1 :i* is ( an oblong =m1 ) an obtuse apex1 has ! /ructure ( ! osselet ( ! ,sepia1 & conta9s 9 its upp] "p a phragmocone1 ! cells ( :i* are v n>r[4 ,9 /rata ( ! same age1 9 ,france1 ?ree species h be5 discov]$ by ,m4 ,de%ayes4 ,i allude to ^! %ells1 t ! att5tion ( ! collector may be direct$ to ! se>* aft] o!r examples 9 our t]ti>y deposits4 ,fossil ,calam>y1 or ,squid4 ,geoteu?is4#djf 7,bd4 pl4 xxviii4 xxix47--,! common ,calam>y 7,loligo vulg>is7 is s (t5 se5 on our %ores1 t its g5]al aspect mu/ be famili> to all :o frequ5t ! sea-side4 ,9 ?is animal1 ! osselet1 or int]nal support1 is a c>tilag9\s elongat$ body1 :i*1 f its =m1 is call$ ,sea-p5 7,bd4 pl4 xxviii472 & ev5 ?is delicate /ructure is f\nd 9 a fossil /ate4 ,9 ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 ,miss ,m>y ,aim+ fir/ discov]$ specim5s ( ,sea-p5s 9 juxtaposition ) ! ink-bag1 z 9 ! rec5t ,calam>y2 & subsequ5tly _m simil> examples h be5 f\nd1 bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,dr4 ,buckl& has giv5 "s exquisite figures ( ^! fossils2 & 8 collection conta9s a mat*less s]ies ( ^! mo/ int]e/+ organic rema9s4 ,9 "s specim5s ! ink-bag & its tube or duct1 b little compress$1 are occasionally met )1 hav+ a brilliant nacre\s pellicle1 ! rema9s ( ! %ea?1 atta*$ to ! surface4 ,! ink-bag is sometimes ( consid]able magnitude2 specim5s h be5 f\nd at ,lyme ,regis ne>ly a foot 9 l5g?4#djg ,! circum/ance ( ! ink-bags be+ g5]ally full ( sepia admits ( ! inf]5ce 7z ,dr4 ,buckl& ) 8 wont$ acum5 rem>ks71 t ^! individuals di$ sudd5ly2 = _! liv+ analogues reject ! inky fluid ^u ! lea/ approa* ( dang]4 ,! p]fect condition ( ! bag proves also _! in/antane\s enclosure 9 ! deposit1 = ! di/5d$ membrane w\ld o!rwise h bur/ f decomposition1 & ! cont5ts w\ld h escap$4 ,! fossil m>9e reptiles1 ! ,i*?yosauri1 c41 ) :i* ^! fossils are associat$1 pres5t simil> ph5om5a1 z we %all h]eaft] h occasion to rem>k1 & /r5g!n ! probability1 t sw>ms ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,liassic ocean 7 sudd5ly de/roy$1 & imb$d$1 on ! area n[ occupi$ by _! rema9s4 #djf ,geoteu?is has hooks on its arms2 hut1 be+ a ,calam>y 7,teu?id71 x w\ld probably h unequal arms4--,mr4 ,woodw>d4 #djg ,! l>ge ink-bags figur$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& 7,br4 ,tr4 vol4 i4 pp4 #cgb-cgi1 pl4 xliv47 belong$ to ! great ,geoteu?is ,boll5sis1 ( ,s*uble4--,mr4 ,woodw>d4 ,9 ! cream-col\r$ lime/one1 ( ,sol5h(51 s ri* 9 organic rema9s ( ! highe/ int]e/ 7,wond4 p4 #egh71 ! s(t p>ts ( nak$ ,cephalopoda h also be5 discov]$4 ,i h figur$1 ,lign4 #adj1 a beautiful specim5 obta9$ by ! late ,c\nt ,mn/]1 :i* exhibits an impr9t ( ! body1 ! arms & t5tacles be+ repres5t$ by t5 d\ble r[s ( horny hooks1 :i* precisely resemble ^? ( ,belemnoteu?is4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny supposes t ! orig9al animal closely resembl$ a rec5t decapod call$ ,enoploteu?is leptura4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #adh4 ,fossil ,%ells relat$ to ! ,argonaut4#djh ,fig4 #a4--;,bell]ophon co/atus4 ,mt4 ,lime/one4 ,york%ire4 #b4--;,bell]ophon bilobatus4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 #djh ,"s naturali/s consid] ! ,bell]ophon to be alli$ to ! ,c>9>ia 7,het]opod74 ,bell]ophon4--,x has be5 already /at$1 t ! animals ( "o g5us ( ! exi/+ dibran*iate ,cephalopoda are protect$ by a ?91 flexible1 symmetrical1 keel$ %ell1 convolut$ on a v]tical plane1 & hav+ b "o *amb]--?is is ! ,argonaut1 or ,pap] ,nautilus1 an inhabitant ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is animal belongs to ! ,octopoda1 or ^? :i* h eight arms2 & 9 "o pair ( ^! processes ! extremities exp& into broad & ?9 membranes1 by :i* ! delicate1 ela/ic1 calc>e\s envelopem5t1 or %ell1 is secret$4 ,!re membranes usually encompass ! %ell1 & meet & ov]lap ea* o!r along its keel2 & by !m *iefly ! %ell is reta9$ 9 its position4 ,:5 ^! membranes are )drawn1 or ! animal dies1 ! %ell1 hav+ no muscul> connexion ) ! s(t p>ts1 readily sep>ates f ! body4 ,h5ce ! d\bts s long ent]ta9$ z to ! relation betwe5 ! animal ( ! ,argonaut & its %ell1 b :i* are n[ set at re/2 ! obs]vations on ! liv+ animal by ,madame ,t[]1 & ! anatomical demon/rations by ,m4 ,s&] ,rang1 hav+ remov$ ! obscurity 9 :i* ! subject 0 =m]ly involv$4 ,9 ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s deposits !re are sev]al species ( a g5us ( %ells1 ! animals ( :i* are by "s consid]$ to h be5 analog\s to ! rec5t ,argonaut4 ,x is nam$ ,bell]ophon4 ,i h figur$ two species2 "o f ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ,lign4 #adh1 fig4 #a2 ! o!r f ! ,silurian ,sy/em4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty ,briti% species1 mo/ ( :i* are ( small size2 "s ( !m are keel$1 o!rs h a slight dorsal depression1 z 9 fig4 #a4 & _m h ! back r\nd$1 & ! sides lob$1 z 9 ,lign4 #adh1 fig4 #b 4 ,,fossil ,,tetrabran*iate ,,cephalopoda4 ,i am n aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( any ,briti% fossils analog\s to ,spirula 7dibran*iate72 = ! m9ute fossil poly?alamia1 =m]ly ref]r$ to ?is class1 are n[ kn[n to h belong$ to animals possess+ an organization altoge!r diff]5t1 z we h already expla9$ 7see p4 #cfi74 ,i !re=e proce$ to notice ! fossil rema9s ( ^? ,cephalopoda :i* 7 furni%$ ) an ext]nal %ell hav+ its cavity divid$ by cells1 :i* are p]=at$ by a hydraulic tube or siphuncle2 & ( :i* gr\p ! rec5t ,nautilus is ! type4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #adi4 ,nautilus pompilius 9 its %ell4 a4 ,! animal1 occupy+ ! la/ or body *amb] ( ! %ell4 b4 ,! %ell cut v]tically ?r\gh ! middle1 & %[+ ! air-*amb]s & ! siphuncle4 ,! appe>ance & /ructure ( ! rec5t %ell are famili> to e "o2 a correct k ( ! nature ( ! orig9al animal has1 h[ev]1 be5 obta9$ b v rec5tly4 ,9 its g5]al *>act]s ! animal ( ! ,nautilus1 :i* is an inhabitant ( ! seas ( hot climates1 resembles ! nak$ ,cephalopoda2 x possesses f\r bran*i1 or gills1 & num]\s holl[ arms & retractile t5tacula4 ,its head is furni%$ ) a muscul> flatt5$ disk1 :i* s]ves z an op]culum to ! %ell :5 ! animal is retract$4 ,! beaks are horny1 & coat$ at _! tips by calc>e\s matt]4 ,x has no ink-bag1 & is de/itute ( f9s or o!r organs = swimm+4 ,! body occupies ! ample out] cell ( ! %ell1 to :i* x is firmly atta*$ by two lat]al muscles2 & x has a siphuncle1 t passes f ! po/]ior "p ( ! animal ?r\gh ! %elly tube1 & by :i* communication is ma9ta9$ ) ! entire s]ies ( cells or *amb]s4 ,! siphuncle is provid$ ) a small art]y & ve91 & trav]ses ! entire s]ies ( *amb]s1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! vitality ( ! %ell4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds consid]s t x may be look$ ^u z an elongat$ ccum1 & t x is n "u any circum/ances us$ by ! animal z a hydro/atic balance4#dji #dji ,! read] int]e/$ 9 ?is subject %\ld consult ! ,memoirs by ,m4 ,val5ci5nes1 ,mem4 de l',in/42 ,m4 ,v&] ,hov51 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society2 ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,memoir on ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus1 ,mr4 ,gray's pap] 9 ! ,an4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,mr4 ,edw>d's ,monograph 9 ! ,palont4 ,soc41 & ,mr4 ,woodw>d's ,manual4 ,^u mak+ a v]tical section ( ! %ell1 ! inn] volutions are expos$1 & ! cavity is se5 divid$ at regul> int]vals into cells1 by smoo?1 concave1 nacre\s septa2 ^! v>y 9 numb] accord+ to ! age ( ! individual2 !re are ab\t ?irty-five 9 an adult specim54 ,! p>titions are pi]c$ 9 ! c5tre by a %elly tube1 :i* trav]ses ea* cell to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! next p>tition2 & ?is tube is r5d]$ a cont9u\s *annel 9 ! liv+ animal1 by ! membran\s siphuncle4 ,?is s]ies ( air-*amb]s con/itutes an app>atus :i* r5d]s ! ,nautilus ne>ly ( ! same specific gravity z ! surr\nd+ wat]1 & enables x to rise to ! surface ( ! sea1 or s9k to ! bottom1 by a v small am\nt ( muscul> ex]tion4 ,! ,nautilus swims1 l ! ,cuttle-fi%1 by expell+ ! wat] f its respiratory *amb]2 ! walls ( :i* are v ?ick & p[]ful muscles4 ,f ?is v g5]al description ( ! only liv+ repres5tative ( ! num]\s g5]a ( tetrabran*iate ,cephalopoda1 :i* sw>m$ 9 su* prodigi\s numb]s 9 ! anci5t seas1 we may pass to ! consid]ation ( ! fossil ,nautili1 & _! relat$ cong5]s4 ,our rem>ks mu/ be limit$ to ! g5]a t w s]ve to demon/rate ! mo/ important modifications ( /ructure1 & expla9 ! nature ( ! fossil rema9s ( ?is ext5sive class ( ext9ct be+s4 ,! g5]a into :i* ^! %ells are di/ribut$ are f\nd$ ^u ! mode 9 :i* ! %ell is coil$1 its =m1 ! "* ( ! p>titions or septa1 & ! situation ( ! siphuncle4 ,a little reflection w enable ! /ud5t to und]/& ! pr9ciples ( ?is classification4 ,! ess5tial "* ( all ! %ells ( ?is class1 is to h an ext]nal *amb] l>g] ?an ! inn] *amb]s1 & :i* conta9s ! body ( ! animal2 to be divid$ int]nally into diff]5t comp>tm5ts1 by p>titions 7concavo-convex1 ) ! concavity outw>ds72 & to h a pipe or tube ext5d+ f ! out] op5 *amb] to ! inn]mo/ cell4 ,!y are divid$ into ?ree gr\ps or families4 #a4 ,! ,nautilid 7,bd4 pl4 xxxi473 9 ^! ! septa are smoo?1 or b slightly undulat$1 & ! siphuncle ei!r trav]ses ! c5tre ( ! cell-p>titions1 or is situat$ t[>ds ! inn] m>g9 or turn ( ! spire4 #b4 ,! ,or?oc]atid 7,lign4 #aee73 9 ^! ! siphuncle is complicat$ 9 its /ructure2 x is c5tral or lat]al2 ! septa are smoo?4 7,woodw>d's ,man4 ,moll4 p4 #hg47 #c4 ,! ,ammonitid 7,bd4 pl4 xxxv-xlii473 9 ^! ! septa are m or less wav$1 & _! m>g9s foliat$ or cr5at$1 t is1 ind5t$2 & ! siphuncle is situat$ at or ne> ! out] m>g94 ,9 ! ,nautilus1 ! %ell is convolut$ on ! same plane1 9 spiral :orls1 all ( :i* are contigu\s1 & ! siphuncle is c5tral4 ,! ,briti% /rata conta9 ab\t sixty species ( ,nautili4 ,! ,t]ti>y =mations h yield$ five or six2 ! ,cretace\s a l numb]2 ! ,lias & ,oolite t5 or elev52 ! ,c>bonif]\s ab\t ?irty species2 & ! ,devonian two species4 ,9 ! ,london ,clay a l>ge & beautiful species is abundant 7,nautilus imp]ialis4 ,m94 ,con*4 tab4 i471 hav+ ! %ell v commonly entire2 b ! out] opaque coat frequ5tly flakes (f1 & exposes ! pe>ly or nacre\s int]nal lay]4 ,! septa g5]ally reta9 _! orig9al nacre\s /ructure1 & ! cells are ei!r occupi$ by clay or m>l1 or are p>tially fill$ or l9$ ) calc>e\s sp>1 brilliant pyrites1 or o!r m9]al matt]4 ,^! ,nautili are (t5 f\nd con/itut+ ! nuclei ( ! sept>ia1 or clay nodules1 ) :i* ?is deposit ab\nds4#daj ,! small species1 ,n4 c5tralis 7,ly4 fig4 #agi71 & ,nautilus 7,aturia7 ziczac 7,wond4 p4 #bdg71 occur 9 ! same /rata4 ,! ,london ,clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey & ( ! coa/s ( ,hants & ,sussex is productive ( ^! fossils4 #daj ,?ree o!r well-m>k$ species are figur$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,edw>ds 7,monog4 ,pal4 ,soc47 f ! ,engli% eoc5e /rata3 viz4 ,n4 ,s[]byi1 ,n4 urbanus1 & ,n4 regalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aej4 ,fossil ,nautili4 ,*alk m>l4 ,fig4 #a4--;,beak ( a ,nautilus1 7,rhyncolite47 ,back view4 #a;a4--,ant]ior view ( ! same4 #a;b4--,pr(ile ( ! same4 #b4--,v]tical section ( ,nautilus pseudo-elegans4 ,hamsey4 a4 ,! siphuncle4 #c4--;,front view ( ,n4 ,deslong*ampsii4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 ,hamsey4 #c;a4--,lat]al view ( ! same4 ,9 ! ,:ite ,*alk ne> ,lewes1 ca/s ( sev]al v l>ge ,nautili h be5 f\nd2 b %ells ( ?is g5us are m abundant 9 ! l[] division1 ! ,*alk-m>l4 ,a l>ge & beautiful species1 ,nautilus elegans 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #aaf71 is n unusual 9 ! m>l-pits ne> ,lewes1 ,clayton1 ,/eyn+1 c4 & may be consid]$ z *>act]i/ic ( t portion ( ! ,cretace\s deposits4 ,! fir/ specim5 discov]$ 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xx7 0 f ! m>l-bank imm$iately at ! foot ( ! m\nd on :i* /&s ! *ur* ( ,hamsey1 a little hamlet on ! nor? ( ,lewes2 a spot f :i* ,i obta9$ num]\s o!r cephalopod\s %ells1 at t "t unkn[n z ,briti% species4 ,! collocation ( fossils at ,hamsey is simil> to t obs]vable 9 ! qu>ries at ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,m\nt1 ne> ,r\54 ,^! rema9s only occur z ca/s1 no ve/ige ( ! %ell rema9+2 b sections w sometimes %[ ! situation ( ! siphon1 its tube be+ fill$ ) a diff]5t mat]ial f t :i* occupies ! cells4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! section ( a small] species 7,n4 pseudo-elegans1 ,lign4 #aej1 fig4 #b71 9 :i* ! *annel ( ! siphon is fill$ ) a d>k-col\r$ m>l1 a2 ! l9es =m$ by ! section ( ! smoo? septa are also %[n4 ,9 ! same lignograph1 fig4 #c1 a front view & pr(ile ( ano!r *alk-m>l ,nautilite are figur$4#daa #daa ,! /ud5t w f9d a section ( ! %ell ( ! rec5t ,nautilus a v in/ructive object ( comp>ison1 9 ! inve/igation ( ! fossils ( ?is family4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aea4 ,nautilus elegans4 ,l[] ,*alk4 ,lewes4 7#a_/f nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aeb4 ,nautilus ,saxbyi4 ,l[] ,gre5s&4 ,9 ! ,*alk1 z well z 9 _m o!r calc>e\s deposits1 ! %ells ( ! ,nautili1 ,ammonites1 c4 are v r>ely pres]v$2 ev5 ! int]nal septa are (t5 dissolv$1 & ! /ony ca/s1 m\ld$ 9 ! cells1 rema9 di/9ct1 & readily sep>ate 7,lign4 #aec74 ,an entire s]ies1 f ! inn]mo/ cell to ! out] *amb]1 may sometimes be obta9$ 79 ! ,corall9e ,oolite72 =m+1 z x 71 a dissect$ model ( ! int]nal /ructure4#dab ,! beaks or m&ibles are occasionally f\nd fossil 7,lign4 #aej1 fig4 #a74 #dab ,bd4 pl4 xlii4 fig4 #a3 see also plates xxxi4 to xliii41 = illu/rations ( ,nautilites4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aec4 ,ca/s ( *amb]s ( ,nautilus & ,ammonite4 7#a_/b nat47 ,fig4 #a4--;,ca/ 9 calc>e\s sp> ( a *amb] ( ,nautilus4 ,f ! ,london ,clay4 #b4--;,ca/ ( a *amb] ( ,ammonites excavatus4 ,f ! ,coral ,rag4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aed4 ,clym5ia3 #a_/b nat4 ,devonian4 ,fig4 #a4--;,clym5ia ,s$gwickii4 #b4--;,front view ( ! same4 #c4--,v]tical section ( ,c4 /riata1 %[+ ! siphunculus on ! inn] edge ( ea* septum4 #d4--,suture ( ,c4 /riata4 ,clym5ia 7,lign4 #aed1 ,ly4 fig4 #djf74--,?is g5us belongs to ! ,nautilid1 & is peculi> to ! ,devonian deposits4 ,x diff]s f ! alli$ g5]a 9 ! siphuncle be+ situat$ on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! septa4 ,! %ell is discoidal1 & ! septa are v slightly lob$4 ,at ,elb]sreu?1 ne> ,b>eu?1 9 ! ,n4 ,e4 ( ,bav>ia1 ! ,devonian /rata ab\nd 9 ^! %ells2 ?irty-five species h be5 f\nd1 ! great] numb] be+ peculi> to t locality4 ,9 ,engl& !y are *iefly f\nd at ,s\? ,pe!rw91 ,cornwall1 & 9 ! ,devon%ire m>bles4 7,see ,phillip's ,pal4 ,foss4 ,devon%ire47 ,sid5ote3 ,,or?oc]as4 ,or?oc]as 7/raight %ell71 ,lign4 #aee4--,! %ells ( ?is g5us may be describ$ z ,nautili uncoil$ & ext5d$ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,!y are /raight1 elongat$1 *amb]$ %ells1 ) smoo? & g5tly undulat$ septa1 :i* are concave t[>ds ! op5+ or upp] "p1 & h ! siphuncle ei!r c5tral1 or n f> remov$ f ! c5tre4 ,! ,or?oc]atites m especially belong to ! anci5t ,second>y /rata4 ,!y fir/ appe> 9 ! ,silurian1 & ab\nd 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s4 ,!y v>y 9 size f a few in*es to sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 & eight or n9e in*es 9 diamet]2 & 9 =m1 f a sl5d] elongat$ cone1 to a %ort1 massy1 almo/ sph]ical figure1 ) a contract$ orifice4 ,"s examples h be5 notic$ ) upw>ds ( sixty cells4 ,mr4 ,s[]by figures & describes ,o4 giganteum 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 #bdf71 f ,scotl&1 z exce$+ sev5 or eight feet 9 l5g?2 & ,i discov]$ on ! bea* at ,brighton1 :]e x _h probably be5 br\ght by "s vessel1 among balla/1 a f9e fragm5t ( ! same species1 indicat+ z great a magnitude4 ,sev]al species are figur$1 ,lign4 #aee1 to %[ ! /ructure & appe>ance ( ^! fossils4 ,! ca/s ( ! sep>ate cells are (t5 f\nd4 ,! section1 fig4 #c1 f ! r$ m>ble ( ,devon%ire1 beautifully displays ! situation ( ! siphuncle1 & ! l9es ( ! septa4 ,! %elly siphuncle1 :i* is monili=m 7bead-l71 or dilat$ at ea* *amb]1 is replac$ by :ite sp>2 & ! membran\s int]nal tube is fill$ ) a d>k sub/ance1 probably molluskite4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aee4 ,or?oc]atites4 ,fig4 #a4--,or?oc]as /riatum4 7,m94 ,con*47 ,devonian4 #b4--,or?oc]as conicum4 ,:itby4 ,c>bonif]\s4 #c4--,v]tical section ( an ,or?oc]as1 %[+ ! c5tral siphon1 & ! *amb]s4 ,devon%ire4 #d4--,or?oc]as lat]ale4 ,c>b4 7,m94 ,con*47 #e4--,or?oc]as greg>ium4 7,mun*4 ,sil4 ,sy/47 a4 ,"o ( ! septa4 b4 ,a portion cov]$ at ! upp] "p by ! %ell4 c4 ,! l[] "p ( ! same specim51 display+ ! septa4 ,!re are "s species 9 :i* ! int]nal tube1 z well z ! ext]nal1 is calc>e\s1 & ! two are connect$ at regul> int]vals1 by radiat+1 holl[ processes4 ,^! ,or?oc]atites h be5 pr9cipally obta9$ f ! ,silurian lime/ones1 at ,lake ,huron2 !y also occur 9 ,irel&4 ,mr4 ,/okes1 :o fir/ inve/igat$ _! /ructure1 has arrang$ !m 9 a di/9ct g5us1 ) ! "n ( ,act9oc]as 7radiat$-horn74#dac #dac ,see ,geol4 ,trans1 second s]ies1 vol4 v4 p4 #gjh4 ,slabs ( r$di% ,devonian lime/one1 conta9+ ,or?oc]atites1 may be se5 9 "s ( ! pavem5ts at ,hampton ,c\rt1 & 9 ,*elsea ,college1 :i* :5 wet pres5t excell5t sections ( ! enclos$ %ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aef4 ,ammonites f ! ,cretace\s ,=mation4 ,fig4 #a--;,ammonites v>ians4 ,*alk-m>l4 ,hamsey4 #b4--;,ammonites ,dufr5oyi4 #b;a4--,%[s ! keel & septum ( ! same4 #c4--;,ammonites lautus4 ,galt4 ,folk/one4 #c;a4--,keel & septum ( ! same4 ,ammonitid4--,! ,ammonites1 or ,cornua ,ammonis 7s call$ f a suppos$ resemblance to ! horns engrav5 on ! heads ( ,jupit] ,ammon71 are among ! mo/ common & well-kn[n fossils ( ! ,briti% second>y /rata4 ,9 "s di/ricts1 z 9 ,york%ire & ,som]set%ire1 :]e ! ,ammonites abundantly prevail1 !y 7 notic$ 9 v remote times4 ,local leg5ds1 ascrib+ _! orig9 to sw>ms ( snakes turn$ into /one by ! pray]s ( "s patron sa9t1 are /ill extant1 & are p]petuat$ by ! "n ( snake-/ones1 by :i* ^! fossils are prov9cially kn[n4 ,! ,lias1 ne> ,:itby1 9 ,york%ire1 conta9s imm5se numb]s ( two or ?ree species1 "o ( :i* 7,am4 bifrons7 is figur$ 9 ,lign4 #abg1 fig4 #g1 & ano!r 9 ,lign4 #aeg4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aeg4 ,ammonites communis4 ,lias4 ,:itby4 ,! %ells compreh5d$ 9 ?is family are ei!r spiral1 involute1 ar*$1 or /raight2 _! septa are deeply lob$1 & h ! m>g9s foliat$4 ,! siphuncle is dorsal1 z %[n by ! not* 9 ! ca/1 ,lign4 #aef1 fig4 #c;a4 ,sev]al hundr$ species h be5 describ$2 !y are divid$ into g5]a :i* are *>act]iz$ by ess5tial modifications 9 ! direction ( ! spire1 & ! inflections ( ! septa4 ,?us1 9 ! ,ammonites1 ,lign4 #aef1 ! spire is involute1 & all ! turns contigu\s2 9 ,crioc]as 7curv$-horn71 ,lign4 #afj1 fig4 #b1 evolute2 9 ,scaphites1 incurv$ at bo? extremities1 ,lign4 #afb2 ,hamites1 b5t l a siphon1 or hook1 ,lign4 #afa1 fig4 #a2 ,turrilites1 spiral1 r\nd a v]tical axis1 ,lign4 #afc2 & 9 ,baculites1 /raight1 ,lign4 #afa1 fig4 #b4 ,new g5]a are cont9ually be+ add$1 to embrace modifications ( /ructure :i* appe> to be too important = specific di/9ctions4 ,i w endeav\r to r5d] ?is arrangem5t m cle> to ! /ud5t by ! foll[+ def9itions4 ,a /raight tube1 or horn1 ( an elongat$ conical figure1 tap]+ to a po9t1 & hav+ its cavity divid$ by transv]se p>titions1 :i* septa are n /raight1 b undulat$1 & _! edges1 :i* fit into ! walls ( ! tube1 deeply wr9kl$1 & ! :ole s]ies pi]c$ by a pipe runn+ along ne> ! out] m>g91 w\ld be ! model ( ! %ell t]m$ ,baculites1 ,lign4 #afa1 fig4 #b1 7,bd4 pl4 xliv4 fig4 #e27 :i* may be reg>d$ z a /raight ,ammonite4 ,a simil> %ell1 g5tly ar*$ or curv$1 w\ld be a ,toxoc]as1 ,lign4 #afj1 fig4 #a2 ! same tube1 b5t ^u itself1 l a siphon1 into unequal limbs1 n contigu\s1 a ,hamites1 ,lign4 #afa 7,bd4 pl4 xliv4 fig4 #aj72 b5t & approximate1 or an*ylos$ 9 a /raight l9e1 ,pty*oc]as1 ,lign4 #afa1 fig4 #d2 p>tially convolut$1 ! :orls contigu\s1 & ! free end recurv$1 ,scaphites1 ,lign4 #afb2 ! same =m1 b ! spire n contigu\s1 ,ancyloc]as1 ,lign4 #afj1 fig4 #c2 spirally twi/$ ar\nd an axis1 ,turrilites1 ,lign4 #afc 7,bd4 pl4 xliv4 fig4 #ad72 coil$1 b ! turns n t\*+ ea* o!r1 ,crioc]as1 ,lign4 #afj1 fig4 #b2 la/ly1 coil$ up 9 ! =m ( a disk1 all ! turns be+ contigu\s1 ,ammonites4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ammonite4 ,ammonites4 ,lign4 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh4--,%ell discoidal1 m or less compress$1 :orls ( ! spire contigu\s1 & (t5 visible2 septa lob$1 _! m>g9s deeply s9uat$2 ap]ture symmetrical1 bord] or lip ?ick5$1 (t5 not*$ & auriculat$4 ,siphuncle dorsal4 ,! /ud5t w be able readily to di/+ui% ,ammonites f ,nautili by att5tion to ! above def9ition4 ,! situation ( ! siphuncle1 ! foliat$ or wr9kl$ edges ( ! septa1 z %[n 9 ! ca/1 ,lign4 #aef1 fig4 #b2 & :5 ^! *>act]s are want+1 ! ar*$ ribs & elevations1 z 9 figs4 #a & #c1 w s]ve z discrim9at+ features4 ,l ! fossil ,nautili1 ! ,ammonites mo/ commonly occur z ca/s1 ! %ell hav+ be5 dissolv$4 ,sometimes ^! consi/ ( semi-transp>5t calc>e\s sp>1 ! ca/ ( ea* cell be+ di/9ct1 b held toge!r by ! int]lock+ ( ! foliations ( ! septa2 su* examples are ( great beauty & int]e/ 7see ,bd4 pl4 xlii4 figs4 #b1 #c72 !y mo/ frequ5tly occur 9 ! lime/ones ( ! ,oolite4 ,! siphuncle is (t5 pres]v$1 ev5 9 ! *alk specim5s1 9 :i* all traces ( ! %ell are lo/4 ,9 a l>ge ,ammonite f1 ne> ,lewes1 n only ! %elly siphuncle rema9s1 b ev5 ! int]nal membran\s tube1 conv]t$ into d>k molluskite4 ,sep>ate portions ( simil> siphuncles occur 9 ! *alk1 & h be5 mi/ak5 = tubul> %ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aeh4 ,ammonites ,jason4 #a_/b nat4 ,ox=d ,clay1 ,tr[bridge1 ,wilts4 a4--,lat]al processes ( ! m>g9s ( ! ap]ture4 ,! out] lip1 or m>g9 ( ! ap]ture1 is occasionally f\nd entire4 ,9 "s species !re is a dorsal process1 z 9 a v common ,*alk ,ammonite 7,a4 v>ians1 ,lign4 #aef1 fig4 #a71 :i* ext5ds f> beyond ! m>g92 9 o!r species1 f ! ,ox=d ,clay1 !re are long1 n>r[1 lat]al app5dages1 7,lign4 #aeh74 ,9 ! collection ( ,s4 ,p4 ,pratt1 ,esq41 !re is a small ,ammonite1 f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,norm&y1 9 :i* ^! processes meet ov] ! ap]ture1 leav+ only a circul> ap]ture t[>ds ! back ( ! %ell 7:]e ! siphuncle ( ! animal w\ld be situat$7 & a n>r[ fissure on ! side next ! involute spire4 ,! specim5 is unique1 & c sc>cely be reg>d$ z a normal =m4#dad 7,mr4 ,woodw>d47 #dad ,m4 ,/e5/rup has describ$ a species ( ,purpura1 :i* at ! close ( its life %uts up ! ap]ture ( its %ell1 ) ! exception ( ! respiratory siphon4--,mr4 ,woodw>d4 ,f ! small size ( ! cells ( ! ,ammonites1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? species :i* are ( a depress$ or flatt5$ =m1 x 0 long d\bt$ :e!r ! out] *amb] c\ld h be5 suffici5tly capaci\s to conta9 ! body ( ! animal2 & x 0 suppos$ t ^! %ells 7 int]nal1 l ! rec5t ,spirula1 or ,crosi]4 ,b ,dr4 ,buckl& has cle>ly demon/rat$1 t ! out] cell ( ! ,ammonite1 if re/rict$ 9 bread?1 is suffici5tly ample 9 l5g? to h conta9$ ! s(t p>ts ( a ,cephalopod1 equal 9 magnitude to ! l>ge/ kn[n specim5s1 its proportion to ! *amb]$ "p be+ z consid]able z 9 ! ,nautilus4 ,! out] *amb] (t5 occupies m ?an half1 & 9 "s in/ances ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! out] :orl 7see ,bd4 pl4 xxxvi474 ,9 c]ta9 argillace\s deposits1 z ! ,galt1 & ! clays ( ! ,lias1 ,ammonites ) ! %ell pres]v$ are abundant2 g5]ally ! out] opaque lay] is want+1 or adh]es to ! matrix :5 a specim5 is remov$1 leav+ only ! int]nal nacre\s1 or pe>ly coat4 ,folk/one1 on ! coa/ ( ,k5t1 is celebrat$ = examples ( ?is k9d1 :i* may easily be collect$ f ! ,galt1 :i* =ms ! base ( ! cliffs1 at ,ea/w>e ,bay4 ,wat*ett1 9 ,som]set%ire1 is equally ri* 9 ! pe>ly ,ammonites ( ! ,lias2 entire lay]s ( ^! beautiful organic rema9s occur 9 ! lime/ones & 9 ! %ale expos$ at l[ wat]4#dae #dae ,a spl5did gr\p ( ^! ,ammonites may be se5 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,fossils at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! %ell ( ! ,ammonite is g5]ally ?9n] & m delicate ?an t ( ! ,nautilus4 ,h[ev] ?9 ^! %ells may be1 !y are possess$ ( great /r5g? ( /ructure4 ,n only is ! %ell "o cont9u\s ar*1 b x is moreov] provid$ ) transv]se ar*es or corrugat$ ribs1 :i*1 l ! flut+s on metal p5cil-cases1 & corrugat$ %eet-iron1 greatly /r5g!n ! ?9 mat]ial4 ,^! ribs are fur!r subdivid$1 s z to multiply supports z ! convexity ( ! %ell enl>ges1 9 a mann] some:at simil> to ! gro9-"w ( vault$ ro(s4 ,! sp9es1 tub]cles1 & bosses1 :i* (t5 arise f ! ribs1 are s _m additions to ! /r5g? ( ! latt]4 ,! sides ( ! %ell are also support$ by ! transv]se plates =m+ ! septa1 or divisions ( ! *amb]s1 &1 z ^! plates are v s9u\s :]e !y meet ! sides ( ! %ell1 !y di/ribute _! support ov] a consid]able portion ( ! surface4#daf ,^! complicat$ edges ( ! septa =m ! delicate & intricate l9es ( foliation 7sutures7 se5 on ! ca/s ( ,ammonites 7,lign4 #aef1 fig4 #b71 ,baculites 7,lign4 #afa1 fig4 #c71 ,hamites1 c4 ,9 "s species ! %ell is ?ick & d5se1 z 9 ! ,ammonites ( ! ,kimm]idge ,clay ne> ,aylesbury1 9 :i* "o species 7,ammonites biplex1 ,m94 ,con*4 pl4 ccxciii47 9 p>ticul> ab\nds1 & is v g5]ally inve/$ ) ! %ell1 z p]fect z if rec5t4 ,! same ,ammonite occurs 9 ! ,portl& lime/one above1 9 ! /ate ( ca/s1 )\t any ve/ige ( ! %ell4 ,9 "s /rata ! %ell is replac$ by calc>e\s sp>2 9 o!rs by silex or fl9t4#dag ,9 ! pyrit\s clays & %ales ( ! ,lias1 ! %ell & all its delicate int]nal me*anism are coat$ ) or replac$ by brilliant sulphuret ( iron1 =m+ ! mo/ exquisite natural electrotype imag9able4 ,poli%$ v]tical sections ( ^! fossils (t5 exhibit ! inn] cells fill$ ) transp>5t :ite calc>e\s sp>2 sometimes ) gr\ps ( cry/als ( sulphate ( lime4 ,! ,ammonites ( ! ,galt1 & ( ! ,kimm]idge ,clay1 are also frequ5tly imbu$ ) ! same m9]al4 #daf ,see ,bd4 i4 p4 #cci1 c4 #dag ,see an admirable figure ( a *alc$onic specim51 exhibit+ ! foliat$ septa ( an ,ammonite1 ,bd4 pl4 xli4 ,!re are ab\t two hundr$ id5tifi$ species ( ,ammonite 9 ! ,briti% /rata1 rang+ ?r\gh all ! second>y =mations2 !y h n be5 f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,!y v>y 9 size f half an in* to f\r feet 9 diamet]4#dah #dah ,i h se5 impr9ts ( ! l>ge ,*alk ,ammonite1 ,a4 p]amplus 7,m94 ,con*4 pl4 ccclvii471 on ! %ore (f ,rott+dean1 & ,bea*y ,head1 :i* indicat$ ev5 l>g] proportions4 ,c]ta9 species are re/rict$ to p>ticul> =mations1 & are !re=e (t5times ( ess5tial aid 9 det]m9+ ! relations ( a deposit2 = example1 ! ,galt conta9s sev]al species n f\nd 9 ! upp] division ( ! ,*alk2 & 9 ! ,*alk-maid are species t h n be5 discov]$ 9 o!r /rata4 ,c]ta9 ,ammonites ( ! ,lias are peculi> to t =mation 7z ,a4 ,walcottii1 ,lign4 #abg1 fig4 #g1 p4 #cig2 & ,a4 communis1 ,lign4 #aeg74 ,ammonites ( species alli$ to ^? ( our ,middle & ,l[] ,oolites h be5 discov]$ 9 /rata 9 ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 sev]al ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aei4 ,goniatites4 nat4 ,c>b4 ,sy/4 ,fig4 #a4--;,goniatites ,li/]i4 #b4--;,goniatites /riatus4 #c4--,outl9e ( a suture ( ,goniatite4 #d4--,outl9e ( a suture ( ,ammonites v5u/us4 ,! ,arr[s 9 figs4 #c & #d d5ote ! direction ( ! dorsal l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,,goniatites4 ,,c]atites4 ,,crioc]as4 ,goniatites1 ,lign4 #aei4--;,f ! num]\s family ( ,ammonites1 a sep>ation has be5 made ( a l>ge division1 9 :i* ! m>g9s ( ! septa are n deeply not*$ or foliat$1 & are de/itute ( lat]al cr5atures or d5ticulations1 s t _! outl9e always pres5ts a cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ l9e4 ,! siphuncle is relatively small4 ,! la/ or out] cell ( ! %ell ext5ds beyond "o turn ( ! *amb]$ "p4 ,! back is occasionally keel$1 b 9 mo/ species is r\nd4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is g5us1 :i* is nam$ ,goniatites1 ,i h select$ two common species 7,lign4 #aei7 f ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/one1 & annex$ outl9es ( a suture 7! edge ( ! septum7 ( a ,goniatite1 & ( an ,ammonite1 = comp>ison4 ,! importance ( ! sep>ation ( ?is type ( ,ammonites into a di/9ct g5us1 relates to ! ,goniatites be+ re/rict$ to "s ( ! old] s$im5t>y /rata2 = al?\gh !re are sixty ,briti% species1 none ( !m h be5 obs]v$ above ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4#dai #dai ,g4 ,h5sl[i1 ,g4 /riatus1 & ,g4 sphricus1 are figur$ 9 ,bd4 pl4 xl4 ,9 ,c]atites ! sutures are m simple ?an 9 ! ,ammonite1 be+ lob$ r ?an foliat$2 & ! alt]nate lobes h _! edge cr5ulat$ or f9ely too!d4 7,c4 nodosus1 ,bd4 pl4 xl47 ,?is g5us is f\nd 9 ! ,mus*elkalk & ! ,keup] =mations ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,our limits w n p]mit u to ext5d ?is notice ( ! v num]\s family ( ,ammonitid1#dbj except to (f] a few illu/rations ( "s ( ! modifications 9 =m to :i* we h already allud$1 & :i* w assi/ ! /ud5t 9 discrim9at+ ^! fossil rema9s4 #dbj ,= fur!r in=mation1 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,treatise1 & ! respective articles 9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 may be ref]r$ to4 ,mr4 ,woodw>d's ,manual %\ld be consult$ = ! classification ( ! family1 & ,m4 ,d',orbigny's ,palontologie ,franaise = ! illu/ration ( species4 ,crioc]as 7coil$-horn71 ,lign4 #afj1 fig4 #b4--,?is %ell diff]s f ! ,ammonites 9 ! turns ( ! spire be+ di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,! siphuncle is cont9u\s1 & ! septa are regul>ly divid$ into six lobes4 ,i h f\nd specim5s ( ?is g5us 9 ! ,*alk-m>l at ,hamsey1 & 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk1 ne> ,lewes 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxiii4 fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afj4 ,%ells ( ! family ,ammonitid4 ,*alk & ,gre5s&4 ,fig4 #a4--,toxoc]as ,em]icianum1 & its septum4 ,hamsey4 #b4--;,crioc]as ,puzosianum4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 ,lewes4 #c4--;,ancyloc]as furcatum1 & its septum4 ,france4 ,9 ! g5us ,ancyloc]as 7incurv$ horn71 ,lign4 #afj1 fig4 #c1 ! :orls are sep>ate1 &1 at fir/1 spiral 7l ,crioc]as72 b aft]w>ds ! %ell is prolong$1 & !n inflect$ at ! l>ge extremity1 l a ,scaphite1 b ! :orls are n contigu\s4 ,a v l>ge species ( ,ancyloc]as occurs 9 ! ,k5ti% ,rag1 ne> ,maid/one1 "s specim5s ( :i* are eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is figur$ & describ$1 by ! "n ( ,scaphites ,hillsii1 9 ! admirable ,memoir ( ,dr4 ,fitton on ! ,/rata bel[ ! ,*alk 7,geol4 ,trans4 vol4 iv4 pl4 xv472 ! pres5t g5us 0 n !n e/abli%$4 ,! ,%ankl9 ,s& 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight also conta9s a gigantic species1 :i* is figur$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,s[]by1 9 ! ,geol4 ,trans41 z ,scaphites gigas4 ,ancyloc]as occurs also 9 ! ,oolite4 ,sid5ote3 ,,toxoc]as4 ,,hamites4 ,9 ,toxoc]as 7b[-horn71 ,lign4 #afj1 fig4 #a1 ! %ell is slightly curv$1 l a horn4 ,two or ?ree species ( ,toxoc]as are f\nd at ,hamsey4 ,! tub]cles1 9 ! ca/s1 are ! bases ( sp9es1 ) :i* ! back ( ! %ell 0 arm$1 z ,i h asc]ta9$ by examples exam9$ 9 ! rock 7see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxiii4 fig4 #a74 ,! specim5s figur$ ( ! above two g5]a occur 9 ! ,neocomian /rata ( ,france4 ,hamites 7hook-%ap$74 ,lign4 #afa1 fig4 #a4--,%ell involute1 spiral1 ! turns n contigu\s2 spire irregul>1 elliptical2 ! l>ge end reflect$ t[>ds ! spire4 ,! t]m ,hamite1 propos$ by ! late ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 0 =m]ly giv5 to all ! fragm5ts ( sub-cyl9drical *amb]$ %ells1 t 7 b5t1 or slightly hook$2 & ! g5]a ,ancyloc]as1 ,toxoc]as1 c41 h be5 sep>at$ f !m1 by ,m4 ,d',orbigny4 ,b f fossils rec5tly obta9$ f ,cretace\s /rata 9 ,pondi*]ry1 & o!r p>ts ( ,india1 x seems probable t ^! g5]a w be f\nd to m]ge into ea* o!r2 at pres5t x is conv5i5t to keep up ! di/9ction4 ,! ,hamites are di/+ui%$ f ,ancyloc]as1 :i* !y mo/ resemble1 by _! elliptical1 irregul> spire4 ,pty*oc]as 7fold$ horn74 ,lign4 #afa1 fig4 #d4--,?is is ano!r g5us =m$ f ! ,hamites4 ,! %ell is b5t d\ble 9 ! %ape ( a siphon1 & ! limbs are unit$ toge!r4 ,! specim5 figur$ is f ! ,neocomian /rata ( ! ,l[] ,alps4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afa4 ,hamites1 etc4 f ! ,*alk-m>l4 ,fig4 #a4--;,hamites cyl9draceus1 ) "p ( ! %ell4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 #b4--;,baculites baculoides1 ) ! m\? entire4 ,hamsey4 #c4--,"p ( ! /em ( ! same species1 %[+ ! s9u\s septa4 ,a deta*$ septum is figur$ above4 #d4--,pty*oc]as ,em]icianum4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 ,sid5ote3 ,,baculites4 ,baculites 7/aff-l74 ,lign4 #afa1 figs4 #b & #c4--,?is1 z ! "n implies1 is a /raight1 elongat$1 conical1 *amb]$ %ell2 ! upp] "p is de/itute ( septa1 & probably conta9$ ! body ( ! animal4 ,9 my e>ly rese>*es 9 ! ,*alk-m>l ( ,hamsey1 ,i discov]$ num]\s solid1 oval1 & cyl9drical pipes ( m>l1 ) sc>cely any ve/ige ( organic /ructure1 ^: orig9 x 0 impossible to det]m9e4 ,at l5g? ,i f\nd ! specim51 ,lign4 #afa1 fig4 #b1 :i* %[$ ! p]fect ap]ture ( a *amb]$ %ell2 & aft]w>ds ,i f\nd portions :i* display$ ! foliat$ septa4 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxiii4 figs4 #e1 #f1 #g47 ,! ,baculite1 :5 p]fect1 is elongat$ to a po9t2 ! septa are v num]\s & foliat$2 ! siphuncle is situat$ on ! m>g94 ,i h a spl5did specim5 f ! ,*alk ( ,france1 7collect$ by ,m4 ,alex4 ,brongni>t17 :i* is compos$ ( di/9ct ca/s ( ! cells1 held toge!r by ! deep inflections ( _! m>g9s1 9 ! same mann] z are ! sp>ry ca/s ( ,ammonites1 previ\sly describ$4#dba #dba ,see ,bd4 pl4 xliv1 fig4 #e4 ,! ,galt1 ne> ,folk/one1 ab\nds 9 fossils ( ! above g5]a1 pr9cipally ( ,hamites2 & ! nacre\s sub/ance ( ! %ells is v (t5 pres]v$4 ,f ! ,*alk-m>l ne> ,dov]1 ,s\?b\rn1 ,r+m]1 & ,s\!rham1 ne> ,lewes1 & f ,clayton1 ne> ,hur/pi]po9t1 9 ,sussex1 ,i h obta9$ examples ( sev]al species4 ,sid5ote3 ,,scaphites4 ,scaphites 7boat-l74 ,lign4 #afb4--,?is "n 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,p>k9son 7,org4 ,rem4 vol4 iii4 pl4 x4 ,see ,pict4 ,atlas7 to "s small *amb]$ %ells f ! ,*alk & ,%ankl9 ,s&1 ( a boat-l =m1 ) ! inn] :orls coil$ up 9 a spire1 & half hidd5 by ! out] *amb]1 :i* becomes contract$ & recurv$ on itself1 is de/itute ( septa1 & t]m9ates 9 an oval or transv]se m\?4 ,! siphuncle is dorsal4 ,an ,ancyloc]as closely coil$ w\ld be a ,scaphite4 ,hamsey m>l-pit yield$ to my e>ly rese>*es ! fir/ ,scaphites discov]$ 9 ! ,briti% /rata1 toge!r ) ,turrilites1 & o!r cephalopod\s %ells1 previ\sly unkn[n 9 ,engl&4#dbb ,! ,scaphite is ( an elliptical =m1 ! spire & ! m\? approa*+ close to ea* o!r2 ! spire occupies ab\t "o-half ( ! %ell4 ,except ! ?ick out] lip or m>g9 ( ! ap]ture1 :i* is almo/ con/antly f\nd *ang$ into pyrites1 x is r>ely t any ve/ige ( ! %ell rema9s4 ,! same m9]al con/itutes ca/s ( ! spiral "p2 & ^!1 :5 sep>at$ f ! o!r portion1 might be tak5 = ,ammonites2 see fig4 #b4 ,!re are two v>ieties at ,hamsey2 "o1 ) ! surface cov]$ by f9e transv]se /ri1 :i* arise s+ly f ! inn] m>g9s1 & bifurcate on ! dorsal "p2 fig4 #a4 ,! o!r is also /riat$1 b has a r[ ( prom95t ribs on ! inn] half ( ! broad c5tral portion ( ! %ell2 fig4 #d4 ,scaphites occur 9 ! ,upp] ,gre5 ,s& ( ,dorset%ire1 & 9 ! ,*alk-m>l 9 sev]al places 9 ,engl&2 & at ,r\51 9 ,france2 & a l>ge species1 ,s4 ,cuvi]i1 has be5 f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey4 #dbb ,s[4 ,m94 ,con*1 vol1 i4 p4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afb4 ,scaphites4 ,*alk-m>l4 ,hamsey4 ,fig4 #a & #d4--,scaphites qualis4 7,p>k9son47 #b4--;,ca/ 9 pyrites ( ! spiral "p ( a ,scaphite4 #b;a4--,front view ( ! same specim54 #c4--;,front view ( ,scaphites qualis4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afc4 ,turrilites4 ,*alk-m>l4 ,fig4 #a4--,turrilites cat5atus4 7,m4 ,d',orbigny47 ,france4 a4--,"o ( ! septa4 #b4--,turrilites co/atus4 ,hamsey4 ,sid5ote3 ,,turrilites4 ,turrilites4 ,lign4 #afc4--,%ell spiral1 m or less conical1 coil$ obliquely r\nd an axis1 & turriculat$4 ,spire s9i/ral1 :orls contigu\s1 app>5t1 ) a p]=at$ umbilicus4 ,edges ( septa v s9u\s4 ,siphuncle cont9u\s1 situat$ ei!r on ! ext]nal convexity1 or ne> ! suture at ! base ( ! wrea?4 ,! discov]y ( ?ree species ( ^! elegant %ells rew>d$ my rese>*es 9 ! little m>l-pit at ,hamsey1 already notic$1 & 7 ! fir/ examples ( ! g5us f\nd 9 ,engl&4#dbc ,l ! ,ammonites1 ,scaphites1 ,hamites1 c4 ) :i* !y are associat$1 ! ,turrilites ( our ,*alk-m>l seldom possess any traces ( _! %ells4 ,! specim5s are solid & tol]ably %>p ca/s1 ) occasional indications ( ! septa1 & m r>ely ( ! siphunculus4 ,!y v>y 9 size f two or ?ree in*es to two feet 9 l5g?2 & are frequ5tly m or less elliptical1 f compression4 ,! ?ree species :i* g5]ally occur 9 ! ,sussex & ,k5ti% *alk1 are ,t4 co/atus1 ,lign4 #afc1 fig4 #b2 ,t4 tub]culatus 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxiv4 fig4 #g71 *>act]is$ by its f\r r[s ( tub]cles2 & ,t4 undulatus 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxiv4 fig4 #h71 ! wrea?s ( :i* are ornam5t$ ) pla91 slightly undulat$1 transv]se ribs4 ,^! are all rev]s$1 or s9i/ral %ells2 t is1 ! spire is twi/$ to ! left1 ! ap]ture be+ on ! "r h& ( ! obs]v] :5 ! %ell is plac$ on its apex1 z 9 fig4 #a4 ,sev]al o!r species ( ,turrilites occur 9 ! ,*alk ( ,france1#dbd "o ( :i*1 ,t4 cat5atus1 is repres5t$ ,lign4 #afc1 fig4 #a4 #dbc ,s[4 ,m94 ,con*1 tab4 xxxvi4 #dbd ,see ,m4 ,d',orbigny's ,palontologie ,franaise4 ,"s ( ! ,turrilites atta9 a consid]able magnitude4 ,! l>ge/ f\nd 9 ,engl& is a specim5 ( ,t4 tub]culatus 7,m94 ,con*4 tab4 lxxiv471 f ,middleham1 9 ! p>i% ( ,r+m]1 ne> ,lewes2 :5 p]fect1 x mu/ h be5 full two feet 9 l5g?3 x consi/s ( six wrea?s1 ! siphuncle1 9 ! /ate ( pyrites1 appe>+ 9 ?ree or f\r2 portions ( ! nacre\s int]nal lay] ( ! %ell rema94#dbe ,9 "s specim5s 9 my possession1 ! =m ( ! ap]ture1 & ! t]m9ation ( ! columella1 are di/9ctly %[n2 z 9 ! f9e example ! la/ :orl ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #afd4 #dbe ,?is specim5 is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afd4 ,turrilites tub]culatus1 7,bosc47 nat4 ,*alk-m>l1 ,lewes4 ,%[+ ! =m ( ! ap]ture1 & ! sp9\s tub]cles4 ,! specim5 is a ca/ 9 indurat$ *alk-m>l2 ! la/ wrea? only is figur$4 ,fig4 #a4--,po/]ior view1 exhibit+ ! exp&$ out] lip1 & ! obtuse t]m9ation ( ! columella4 #b4--;,front view1 %[+ ! =m ( ! ap]ture4 a4--,two tub]cles1 be>+ sp9es4 ,! ,*alk-m>l ( ,lewes1 ( ! ,sussex coa/1 & ( ! cliffs ne> ,dov]1 & ! ,upp] ,gre5 ,s& ( ,dorset%ire1 h yield$ ! pr9cipal ,briti% specim5s ( ?is g5us4 ,sev]al species occur 9 ! l[] cretace\s /rata1 at ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,m\nt1 ne> ,r\51 associat$1 z 9 ,engl&1 ) ,scaphites1 ,hamites1 & o!r alli$ g5]a4#dbf #dbf ,see ,fossils ( ! ,s\?4 ,d[ns = figures ( _m species ( ! ,cephalopoda ( ! ,sussex ,*alk4 ,sid5ote3 ,,apty*us4 ,apty*us1 ,mey]4 7,trigonellites1 ,p>k9son47 ,lign4 #afe4--;,associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ,ammonites 9 sev]al localities1 are f\nd flatt5$ triangul> bodies1 f less ?an an in* to an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 ! nature ( :i* is /ill some:at problematical4 ,a good figure is giv5 by ,mr4 ,p>k9son ( "o species 7,org4 ,rem4 vol4 iii4 pl4 xiii4 figs4 #i1 #aj1 #ab4 ,see ,pict4 ,atlas71 ) ! "n ,trigonellites latus4 ,^! bodies frequ5tly occur 9 pairs & 9 apposition1 z 9 ! specim5 figur$ 9 ,lign4 #afe4 ,_! /ructure is cellul>2 "o surface is slightly concave & /riat$1 & ! o!r cov]$ ) m9ute circul> pores4 ,altoge!r _! appe>ance is t ( bodies enclos$ 9 vascul> integum5ts4 ,x is suppos$ t !y are ! op]cula ( ,ammonites4 ,^! fossils are commonly f\nd 9 ! la/ or body *amb] ( ,ammonites1 9 ! ,ox=d ,clay1 ne> ,*ipp5ham1 ! ,coral ,oolite ( ,malton1 ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 & ! li?ographic lime/one ( ,sol5h(54 ,m4 ,ewald /ates t !y may be f\nd 9 ! ,*alk ,scaphites by mak+ a longitud9al section ( ! body *amb]3 b ,i h n succe$$ 9 detect+ !m 9 ! examples f ! *alk-m>l :i* ,i h brok5 up = t purpose4 ,z ^! bodies 7allud$ to by au?ors z ,trigonellites1 ,apty*us1 ,mun/]ia1 c47 w probably come "u ! obs]vation ( ! collector1 especially among ! fossils ( ! ,kimm]idge ,clay1 ^! rem>ks are introduc$ to sugge/ dilig5t rese>*1 9 ! hope t ! orig9 ( ^! fossils may at l5g? be discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afe4 ,apty*us sublvis4 #a_/b nat4 ,kimm]idge ,clay1 ,h>twell1 ,bucks4 ,fig4 #a4--,! convex surface4 #a;a4--,magnifi$ section ( portion4 #b4--,! concave side4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,fossil ,,cephalopoda4 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,fossil ,cephalopoda4--,ev5 f ?is %ort review ( ! pr9cipal types ( ! fossil ,cephalopoda1 ! great int]e/ :i* atta*es to ! /udy ( ?is class ( organic rema9s is /rik+ly demon/rat$4 ,_! geological di/ribution is alike replete ) ph5om5a ( an important "*4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,palozoic 7,l[] & ,upp] ,silurian7 /rata1 ! *amb]$ mollusks belong 7) a v few d\btful exceptions7 to ! ,nautilid1 namely1 ,nautilus1 ,lituites1 ,cyrtoc]as1 ,or?oc]as1 c4 ,! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s sy/ems conta9 ,nautilus1 ,clym5ia1 ,gyroc]as1 ,cyrtoc]as1 & ,or?oc]as1 toge!r ) a peculi> gr\p ( ,ammonitid1 ! ,goniatites4 ,! ,trias 9 g5]al is extremely poor 9 ,cephalopoda2 ! ,p]mian gr\p af=d+ b two species ( ,nautilus1 & ! ,mus*elkalk two o!r species3 b1 9 addition to ^!1 ! ,mus*elkalk conta9s ,c]atites1 :i* is a g5us peculi> to ! ,triassic gr\p1 & *iefly ab\nds 9 ! ,/4 ,cassian b$s 79 ! ,au/rian ,alps71 :]e x is accompani$ by ,nautilus1 ,or?oc]as1 ,ammonites1 & ,goniatites4 ,9 ! ,lias & ,oolite ,nautili ab\nd1 & we meet = ! fir/ "t ) ,belemnites4 ,! same families1 viz4 ,nautilid1 ,ammonitid1 & ,belemnitid1 prevail ?r\gh\t ! ,cretace\s /rata4 ,! ,t]ti>y =mations conta9 a few ,nautilid only2 no ve/iges ( ! ,ammonitid & true ,belemnitid1 :i*1 z we h se51 sw>m$ 9 ! anci5t seas1 are p]ceptible1 :ile 9 ! exi/+ oceans1 ! ,nautilus & ,spirula are ! sole repres5tatives ( ! num]\s %ell-be>+ cephalopoda ( ! anci5t geological eras4 ,?us1 ! ,nautilid ext5d f ! olde/ to ! newe/ fossilif]\s /rata1 ! g5us be+ /ill 9 exi/5ce3 ! ,ammonitid1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh less anci5t 9 orig91 d n pass beyond ! limits ( ! cretace\s epo*4 ,9 ! foll[+ tabul> arrangem5t ^! facts are plac$ 9 a m di/9ct po9t ( view3-- ,tabul> ,view ( ! ,di/ribution ( ,cephalopoda ?r\gh ! ,geological ,epo*s4 ,exi/+ ,g5]a ,argonauta4 ,octopoda4 ,octopus1 c4 ,loligo1 ,cran*ia4 7,teu?id74 ,sepiola1 ,ony*oteu?is1 c4 ,dibran*iata4 ,decapoda4 ,sepia 7,sepiad74 ,spirula4 ,nautilus 7,nautilid74 ,tetrabran*iata4 ,g5]al fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y ,=mations ,sepiad ,sepia1 ,spiruliro/ra1 ,belopt]a1 ,belemnosis4 ,nautilid ,nautilus & ,aturia ,cretace\s ,deposits ,belemnitid ,belemnites1 ,belemnitella1 & ,conoteu?is4 ,nautilid ,nautilus4 ,ammonitid ,ammonites1 ,crioc]as1 ,scaphites1 ,ancyloc]as1 ,toxoc]as1 ,hamites4 ,pty*oc]as1 ,helicoc]as1 ,turrilites1 ,baculites4 ,oolite & ,lias ,sepiad ,sepia4 ,teu?id ,teudopsis1 ,beloteu?is1 ,geoteu?is1 ,leptoteu?is1 ,omma/rephes4 ,belemnitid ,belemnites4 ,acan?oteu?is1 & ,belemnoteu?is4 ,nautilid ,nautilus4 ,ammonitid ,ammonites1 ,ancyloc]as4 ,trias ,nautilid ,nautilus4 ,ammonitid#dbg ,ammonites1 ,goniatites1 & ,c]atites4 ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em ,nautilid ,nautilus1 ,gyroc]as1 ,cyrtoc]as1 ,gomphoc]as1 & ,or?oc]as1 ,act9oc]as1 c4 ,ammonitid ,goniatites4 ,devonian ,sy/em ,nautilid ,nautilus1 ,clym5ia1 ,cyrtoc]as1 ,phragmoc]as1 ,gomphoc]as1 ,or?oc]as1 ,act9oc]as1 c4 ,ammonitid ,goniatites4 ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian ,sy/ems ,nautilid ,nautilus1 ,lituites1 ,gyroc]as1 ,cyrtoc]as1 ,phragmoc]as1 ,gomphoc]as1 ,oncoc]as1 ,ascoc]as1 ,or?oc]as1 ,act9oc]as1 c4 ,x_/ #dbg ,! ,ammonitid are f ! ,/4 ,cassian b$s only4 ,) reg>d to ! zoological aff9ities betwe5 ! liv+ & ext9ct species ( te/ace\s ,cephalopoda1 ,dr4 ,buckl& rem>ks1 t !y are all connect$ by "o plan ( organization2 ea* =m+ a l9k 9 ! common *a9 :i* unites ! exi/+ species ) ^? t prevail$ among ! e>lie/ conditions ( life ^u our globe2 & all atte/+ ! id5tity ( ! design t has effect$ s _m simil> ends1 ?r\gh su* a v>iety ( in/rum5ts1 ! pr9ciple ( ^: con/ruction is1 9 e species1 fundam5tally ! same4 ,?r\gh\t ! v>i\s liv+ & ext9ct g5]a ( ^! be+s1 ! use ( ! air-*amb]s & siphuncle ( _! %ells1 to adju/ ! specific gravity ( ! animals 9 ris+ & s9k+1 appe>s to h be5 id5tical4 ,! addition ( a new transv]se plate )9 ! coil$ %ell add$ a new air-*amb]1 l>g] ?an ! prec$+ "o1 to c\nt]balance ! increase ( weight t att5d$ ! gr[? ( ! %ell & body ( ^! animals4 7,bd4 p4 #chj47 ,! occurr5ce ( ! ,nautilus1 & its cong5]s1 among ! e>lie/ traces ( ! animal k+dom1 & _! cont9uance ?r\gh\t ! imm5se p]iods dur+ :i* ! family ( ,ammonitid 0 creat$1 fl\ri%$1 & became ext9ct1 & ! exi/5ce ( species ( ! same g5us at ! pres5t "t1 are facts too rem>kable to h escap$ ! notice ev5 ( ^? :o are n pr(ess$ cultivators ( geological sci5ce2 & ,i am induc$ to quote ! foll[+ beautiful l9es1 by ,mrs4 ,h[itt1 to impress ?is int]e/+ ph5om5on m /rongly on ! m9d ( ! y\?ful read]4#dbh #dbh ,! poetess has1 h[ev]1 n be5 lit]ally accurate reg>d+ ! ,nautilus & its habits1 nor z to ! =mation ( /ratifi$ rocks1 b has giv5 a romantic r ?an a sci5tifically correct view ( ?is int]e/+ ,cephalopod1 & ( ! disappe>ance ( its cong5]4 ,! "y read] mu/1 !re=e1 rememb] t ! ,nautilus sometimes floats1 b nev] sails2 & t ! :ole race ( ,ammonites di$ out 9 c\rse ( "t1 & 7 n annihilat$ by convulsive movem5ts ( e>? & sea4 ,,to ,,! ,,nautilus4 ,?\ did/ laugh at sun & breeze1 ,9 ! new creat$ seas2 ,?\ wa/ ) ! reptile broods ,9 ! old sea solitudes1 ,sail+ 9 ! new-made light1 ,) ! curl'd-up ,ammonite4 ,?\ surviv'd/ ! awful %ock1 ,:i* turn'd ! ocean b$ to rock1 ,& *ang$ its myriad liv+ sw>ms1 ,to ! m>ble's ve9$ =ms4 ,?\ wa/ !re1 ?y little boat1 ,airy voyag]6 kept afloat1 ,o'er ! wat]s wild & dismal1 ,o'er ! yawn+ gulfs abysmal2 ,amid wreck & ov]turn+1 ,rock-imb$d+1 heav+1 burn+1 ,mid ! tumult & ! /ir2 ,?\1 mo/ anci5t m>9]1 ,9 t pe>ly boat ( ?9e1 ,sail'd/ ^u ! tr\bl$ br9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,cephalopoda4 ,on ! ,collection ( ,briti% ,fossil ,cephalopoda4--,9 ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,engl&1 ! rema9s ( b sev5 species ( ,nautilus 7compris+ ,aturia7 h be5 notic$2 ! l>ge species 7,n4 imp]ialis7 is ! mo/ common4 ,^! are g5]ally 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 & only require ! c>eful removal ( ! surr\nd+ clay or m>l4 ,:5 pyrites l>gely ent]s into ! composition ( ! specim5s1 ! inve/+ matrix c seldom be effectually cle>$ (f3 if ! out] surface1 & g5]al =m1 be n well display$1 break+ ! specim5 w (t5 expose ! inn] cells1 ) ! siphunculus1 9 a beautiful /ate4 ,! ,nautilus imp]ialis is occasionally imb$d$ 9 ! sept>ia ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 & ( ,bognor & ,brackle%am1 on ! ,sussex coa/4 ,sections ( su* examples1 9 ! v]tical direction ( ! enclos$ %ell1 af=d1 :5 poli%$1 v brilliant & int]e/+ fossils2 ! septa & ! %elly tube ( ! siphunculus are (t5 pres]v$4 ,! ,cephalopods ( ! ,cretace\s =mation1 ) ! exception ( ^? 9 ! argillace\s /rata ( ! ,galt1 are g5]ally de/itute ( _! %ells1 & only occur 9 ! /ate ( ca/s2 & ! ,*alk ,nautili are liable to sep>ate at ! divisions ( ! septa1 & an entire s]ies ( ! ca/s ( ! *amb]s may sometimes be obta9$1 s z to display ! entire =m ( ! orig9al %ell4 ,! ,ammonites ( ! ,:ite ,*alk1 al?\gh m]e ca/s1 yet reta9 _! configuration1 ! foliat$ m>g9s ( ! septa dove-tail+ !m toge!r4 ,i h already m5tion$ t se>* %\ld be made along ! back ( ^! specim5s = ! siphuncle1 ! %elly tube ( :i* is sometimes well def9$4 ,9 ! ,*alk-m>l ! ca/s are %>p] ?an 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk1 & g5]ally ( a deep o*re\s col\r1 ) ! l9es ( ! s9u\s septa cle>ly def9$4 ,! siphuncle is occasionally pres]v$ 9 pyrites1 9 ! ,ammonites1 ,nautili1 ,turrilites1 & ,scaphites2 & ! out] lip or m>g9 ( ! m\?1 or ap]ture1 ( ! latt]1 & ( ! ,ammonites1 is frequ5tly replac$ by ! same m9]al4 ,! ,ammonites1 ,hamites1 c4 ( ! ,galt h _! pe>ly coat rema9+1 b ?is inve/m5t is extremely delicate2 & al?\gh :5 fir/ remov$ f ! m>l x is beautifully iridesc5t1 ! vivid hues are v evanesc5t1 & ! %ell becomes opaque & ( a light fawn col\r4 ,v commonly ! %ell flakes (f1 :olly or 9 "p1 leav+ a ca/ ( indurat$ pyrit\s m>l4 ,i h pres]v$ specim5s ) ! %ell _m ye>s1 by apply+ a ?9 coat ( ma/ic v>ni% ) a s(t camel-hair p5cil1 be=e ! m>l _h become dry1 & :ile ! %ells 7 entire4 ,! ,galt ,ammonites1 l ! ,nautili ( ! ,london ,clay1 are (t5 inve/$ ) pyrites1 & h ! inn] cells & siphuncle well pres]v$4 ,! argillace\s /rata ( ! ,oolite & ,lias conta9 ,ammonites1 c4 9 mu* ! same /ate ( m9]alization z ^? ( ! ,galt4 ,! ,kimm]idge ,clay1 9 "s localities1 p>ticul>ly ar\nd ,aylesbury 7& especially at ,h>twell ,p>k1 ! seat ( ,dr4 ,lee71 ab\nds 9 ,ammonites ) ! %ell z p]fect & beautiful z if j dr$g$ up f ! sea4 ,b1 l ! fossils ( ! ,galt1 few ( ! specim5s are durable2 al?\gh 9 _m examples ! %ell may be pres]v$ by ! application ( ma/ic v>ni%4 ,! mo/ common ,ammonite at ,h>twell is ,a4 biplex 7,s[4 ,m94 ,con*471 :i* v>ies f ?ree in*es to "o foot 9 diamet]2 ! surface is cov]$ by v /rong ribs t encircle ! :orls4 ,! %ell is ?ick1 & compos$ ( sev]al lam94#dbi #dbi ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( my son1 ! out] lay]s1 :5 highly magnifi$1 pres5t an appe>ance ( opaque areol1 ) irregul> radiat+ fibres2 ! inn] lam9 are cov]$ ) m9ute pores1 app>5tly ! orifices ( tubuli1 "s ( :i* are arrang$ s+ly 9 cresc5ts1 & o!rs are conflu5t1 l %ort /r&s ( beads4 ,i m5tion ! fact to direct att5tion to ! microscopic exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ^! spl5did fossils4 ,! sp>ry ca/s ( ! sep>ate cells ( ,ammonites :i* occur 9 "s ( ! calc>e\s b$s ( ! ,oolite1 w n fail to be obs]v$ by ! collector4 ,x is conv5i5t to pres]ve su* specim5s ei!r on a tray or bo>d1 9 :i* a groove is made = _! reception1 or 9 a m\ld ( gutta p]*a4 ,9 collect+ ,belemnitid1 ! caution already giv51 ( exam9+ ! surr\nd+ clay or m>l1 mu/ n be disreg>d$2 ! /ud5t %\ld rememb]1 t traces ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! animals1 ev5 ( m]e impressions ( ! body & head1 ) ! t5tacula & _! acetabula1 or little horny r+s & hooks1 are m important ?an ! mo/ spl5did examples ( ! spa?ose durable osselet4 ,! gu>ds %\ld be select$ ) especial ref]5ce to _! conta9+ ! phragmocone 7see ,lign4 #ada1 fig4 #b71 or *amb]$ conical %ell1 9 ! alveolus or cavity ( ! upp] & l>g] end4 ,an app>5tly wor?less fragm5t ( a ,belemnite w (t5 be f\nd to possess ?is "p ( ! /ructure1 z 9 ! example figur$1 :i*1 until fractur$ longitud9ally1 _h be5 ?r[n by among useless duplicates4 ,! se>* = ! rema9s ( ! fossil nak$ ,cephalopoda1 z ! ,teu?id & ,sepiad1 & _! ink-bags1 mu/ be made 9 a l cauti\s mann]4 ,9 ! ,lias m>ls1 ! ink-bag & its duct is (t5 f\nd p>tially cov]$ by a pellicle ( nacre1 )\t any trace ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! animal4 ,a ref]5ce to ,dr4 ,buckl&'s plates 7,bd4 pl4 xxviii4 xxix7 w famili>ize ! /ud5t ) ! appe>ance ( ^! fossil rema9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,cephalopoda4 ,a ,,few ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,cephalopoda4 ,ab+don1 ,b]ks4 ,ammonites1 f9e ca/s 9 sp> & lime/one2 ,middle ,oolite4 ,aylesbury1 ,bucks4 ,ammonites1 sev]al species2 spl5did examples ( ,a4 biplex1 ) ! %ell rema9+1 9 ! ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,ayme/ry4 ,upp] ,silurian2 ,gomphoc]as1 ,or?oc]as1 c4 ,ba?4 ,f9e ,ammonites 9 ! ,oolite4 ,bea*y ,head4 ,along ! %ore1 gigantic ,ammonites 9 ! ,*alk1 at l[-wat]4 ,b5son1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,f9e ,hamites1 9 ,*alk-m>l4 ,blackd[n1 ,devon%ire4 ,beautiful silice\s ca/s ( ,ammonites2 ,gre5 ,s&4 ,bognor1 ,sussex4 ,nautili1 9 ! ,t]ti>y ,clays & s&y ,lime/ones2 also1 along ! neighb\r+ coa/1 9 ,sept>ia4 ,boll&1 ,york%ire4 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one2 ,goniatites4 ,boreham1 ne> ,w>m9/]1 ,wilts4 ,nautili & ,ammonites 9 ,gre5 ,s&4 ,brackle%am ,bay1 ,sussex4 ,nautili 9 ,t]ti>y ,clay4 ,bridport1 ,dorset4 ,ammonites2 ,inf]ior ,oolite4 ,brighton4 ,9 ! ,*alk1 ,ammonites1 ,belemnitell1 c4 ,brill1 ,lucks4 ,ammonites1 z at ,aylesbury4 ,buxton1 ,d]by%ire4 ,goniatites2 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,*>m\?1 ,dorset%ire4 ,ammonites1 ,belemnites1 c42 ,lias4 ,*elt5ham4 ,ammonites1 ,belemnites1 ,nautili1 c4 9 abundance2 ,inf]ior ,oolite & ,lias4 ,*icksgrove1 ,tisbury1 ,wilts4 ,ammonites1 sev]al species2 "s *alc$onic2 ,upp] ,oolite4 ,*ri/ian ,mal=d1 ne> ,*ipp5ham4 ,9 ,ox=d ,clay1 ,belemnites1 ,belemnoteu?is1 & ,geoteu?is2 v f9e4 ,clayton1 ne> ,hur/pi]po9t1 ,sussex4 ,9 ,*alk-m>l1 ,ammonites1 ,nautili1 & ,turrilites2 v f9e specim5s4 ,closeburn1 ,dumfries%ire4 ,or?oc]ata1 l>ge species2 ,silurian4 ,comb ,d[n1 ne> ,ba?4 ,ammonites & ,nautili2 ,oolite4 ,connaught1 ,irel&4 ,goniatites2 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,cork4 ,or?oc]ata2 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,crock]ton1 ne> ,w>m9/]4 ,ammonites1 9 ,galt4 ,dov]4 ,9 ! cliffs1 & along ! %ore1 9 ,*alk & ,*alk-m>l1 ,turrilites1 ,ammonites1 ,nautili1 c4 ,d[l&s1 ne> ,lyme4 ,f9e ,ammonites1 c4 9 ! ,lias4 ,dundry1 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,ammonites1 c4 ,inf]ior ,oolite4 ,e>l/oke1 ,wilts4 ,hamites1 ,ammonites1 c4 9 ,gre5 ,s&4 ,f>+don1 ,b]ks4 ,9 ! gravel-pits1 ,nautili1 ,ammonites1 c4 ,9 ! ,coral ,rag1 beautiful ca/s 9 lime/one & sp> ( ,ammonites1 ,belemnites1 c4 ,folk/one1 ,k5t4 ,9 ! ,galt1 at ,ea/w>e ,bay1 9 ! cliff1 & along ! %ore at l[-wat]1 ,belemnites1 ,hamites1 ,ammonites1 c4 9 pr(usion4 ,hamsey1 ne> ,lewes1 ,sussex4 ,*alk-m>l2 ,turrilites1 ,scaphites1 ,hamites1 ,baculites1 ,crioc]atites1 ,ammonites1 ,nautili2 ,belemnites1 v r>e4 ,h>twell1 ,bucks1 seat ( ,dr4 ,lee4 ,spl5did ,ammonites1 ) _! %ells1 9 ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,heytesbury1 ,wilts4 ,nautilus elegans1 & o!r ,*alk-m>l ,cephalopoda4 ,hornca/le4 ,v f9e ,ammonites4 ,hy!1 ,k5t4 ,9 ,gre5 ,s&1 l>ge ,ancyloc]atites1 ,ammonites1 c4 ,ilm9/]1 ,som]set4 ,upp] ,lias1 ,ammonites2 ,m>l/one1 ,belemnites & ,ammonites4 ,kell[ay4 ,_m beautiful ,ammonites1 c42 ,middle ,oolite4 ,keyn%am1 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,spl5did ,nautili & ,ammonites2 ! l>ge ,a4 giganteus1 two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]2 & specim5s ) ! *amb] fill$ ) sp>1 ( surpass+ beauty2 ,lias4 ,lewes1 ,sussex4 ,nautili1 ,ammonites1 c4 9 ! ,*alk & ,m>l qu>ries ( ! vic9ity4 ,london4 ,t]ti>y /rata 9 ! vic9ity4 ,highgate ,hill1 f9e ,nautili1 & ,aturia ziczac1 ,belopt]a1 c4 ,ludl[4 ,upp] ,silurian2 ,lituites1 ,or?oc]as1 ,phragmoc]as1 c4 ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorset%ire4 ,ammonites1 ,nautili1 ,belemnites1 ,sepi1 c4 9 pr(usion 9 ! ,lias2 & ,scaphites & ,turrilites 9 ! ,*alk4 ,lympne1 ,k5t4 ,ammonites1 ,ancyloc]atites1 c4 9 ,gre5 ,s&4 ,maid/one1 ,k5t4 ,ammonites1 ( l>ge size1 9 ,%ankl9 ,s&4 ,malton4 ,ammonites1 sev]al l>ge species4 ,l[] ,oolite4 ,m>%am1 ne> ,ab+don4 ,ammonites2 ,oolite4 ,m>/on ,magna1 ne> ,il*e/]4 ,ammonite-m>ble2 ,lias4 ,newton ,bu%el1 ,devon%ire4 ,nautilus1 ,or?oc]as1 ,cyrtoc]as1 ,goniatites1 c4 9 ! ,devonian rocks4 ,norwi*4 ,9 ,*alk1 ,belemnites 9 pr(usion2 ,ammonites1 c4 ,nutfield1 ,surrey4 ,full]'s-e>? pits3 beautiful ,nautili 7,n4 undulatus1 & ,a4 ,nutfieldi5sis71 & ,ammonites4 ,(fham1 ne> ,lewes4 ,9 ! ,*alk-pits1 l>ge ,ammonites2 ,*alk-m>l 9 a pit1 on ! "r-h& side ( ! road1 a qu>t] ( a mile nor? ( ! village1 ,hamites1 ,turrilites1 ,scaphites1 ,nautili1 r>e species ( ,ammonites1 c4 ,ox=d4 ,qu>ries 9 ! vic9ity1 ,ammonites1 ,belemnites1 c4 ,pe!rw91 ,cornwall4 ,clym5ia1 ,goniatites1 ,or?oc]as1 c4 9 ! ,upp] ,devonian rocks4 ,portl&4 ,upp] ,oolite2 gigantic ,ammonites4 ,roak1 ne> ,b5son1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,9 ,*alk-m>l1 ,hamites1 ,ammonites1 c4 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,kell[ay ,rock2 ,ammonites1 c4 ,sc>let1 ,isle ( ,man4 ,nautili1 c42 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,settle1 ,york%ire4 ,goniatites2 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,%]b\rn1 ,som]set%ire4 ,ammonite-m>ble2 ,lias4 ,s\!rham1 ne> ,lewes4 ,9 ! ,*alk-pits1 l>ge ,ammonites2 9 ! ,m>l1 ,nautili1 ,ammonites1 ,turrilites1 c4 ,s\? ,pe!rton1 ,som]set4 ,m>l/one2 ,belemnites & ,ammonites 9 pr(usion4 ,speeton1 ,york%ire4 ,galt2 ,crioc]as1 ,ancyloc]as1 c4 ,/eyn+1 ,sussex4 ,9 ,*alk-m>l ne> ! t[n1 ,belemnites 7,b4 lanceolatus71 ,nautili1 ,ammonites1 c4 ,sw9don1 ,wilts4 ,9 ! ,portl&-/one qu>ries1 ,ammonites1 9 abundance2 pr9cipally ca/s ( ,a4 biplex1 & ,a4 triplicate4 ,9 ! ,kimm]idge ,clay 9 ! vic9ity1 ,ammonites ) ! %ell pres]v$4 ,tisbury1 ,wilts4 ,9 ,portl&-/one1 f9e ,ammonites1 (t5 *alc$onic 7see ,bd4 pl4 xli474 ,tr[bridge1 ,wilts4 ,9 ,ox=d ,clay1 ,ammonites1 ,belemnites1 c4 7 obta9$ 9 great numb]s dur+ ! railway cutt+s4 ,wat*ett1 ,som]set%ire4 ,ink-bags ( ,sepiad1 c42 spl5did ,ammonites2 ,lias4 ,:itby1 ,york%ire4 ,ammonites1 ,belemnites1 c4 9 abundance2 ,nautili1 c42 ,lias4 ,yeovil1 ,som]set%ire4 ,nautili & ,ammonites2 ,inf]ior ,oolite4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,fossil ,,articulata2 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,annelides1 ,,cirrip$es1 ,,cru/aceans1 ,,& ,,insects4 ,! division ( ! ,animal ,k+dom t]m$ ,articulata1 embraces1 z ! "n implies1 ^? animals :i* h a jo9t$ body1 g5]ally possess+ an ext]nal-jo9t$ skeleton1 compos$ ( segm5ts m or less annul> & di/9ct4 ,x compreh5ds six classes2 namely-- #a4 ,annelata1 or ,annelida2 i4 e4 =m$ ( r+s2 compris+ ! ,r$-blood$ ,worms4 #b4 ,myriapoda2 z ! ,c5tip$e4 #c4 ,cirrip$ia2 i4 e4 hav+ curl$-feet2 z ! ,balanus & ,lepas 7,b>nacle74 #d4 ,cru/acea2 z ! ,crab1 ,lob/]1 & ,wat] ,flea4 #e4 ,ara*nida2 ,mites1 ,scorpions1 & ,spid]s4 #f4 ,insecta1 or ,insects4 ,( ! fir/1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & six? ( ^! classes1 rema9s occur 9 ! ,briti% /rata1 "s be+ ref]able to exi/+1 b ! great] "p to ext9ct species & g5]a4 ,i propose to describe a few illu/rative examples ( ! fossils belong+ to ea* ,class4 ,annelida4--,?is "n is giv5 to a class ( ,articulata1 consi/+ ( worms1 ^: bodies are =m$ ( little r+s1 or annul> segm5ts1 & :i* h r$ blood2 z ! ,lee*1 ,e>?-worm1 c4 ,"s are nak$ 7! ,dorsibran*iata & ,abran*iata71 & move ) great cel]ity2 z ! ,gordius1 or ,hair-worm1 & ! ,n]eis1 s frequ5t on ! s&s ( ! sea-%ore4 ,o!rs h %elly cov]+s 7! ,tubicol71 z ! ,s]pula1 & are s$5t>y1 or fix$ to o!r bodies4 ,! s(t bodies ( c]ta9 species are protect$ by a coat1 or tube1 =m$ by ! agglut9ation ( s&1 or o!r =eign sub/ances1 z 9 ! ,sabella 7,lign4 #abc1 fig4 #f1 p4 #che74 ,! fossil rema9s ( ! te/ace\s ,annelides are v abundant 9 "s deposits2 & ev5 ! nak$1 flexible1 s(t-bodi$ =ms h left pro(s ( _! exi/5ce 9 "s ( ! mo/ anci5t s$im5t>y rocks4 ,traces ( n9e species1 belong+ to five g5]a ( ^! s(t1 nak$ ,annelides1 h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,silurian /rata ( ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aff4 ,fossil impression ( ,n]eis4 ,silurian /rata4 7,drawn by ,miss ,murray47 ,n]eites ,cambr5sis4 7,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/47 ,llampet]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,n]eis4 ,,s]pula4 ,,cirrip$ia4 ,! fir/ notice ( ^! rem>kable rema9s appe>$ 9 ! invaluable "w ( ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison on ! ,silurian ,sy/em4#dcj ,! liv+ species ( ,n]eis 7,dorsibran*iate7 are free1 agile animals1 hav+ a di/9ct head1 provid$ ) ei!r eyes or ant5n1 or bo?2 !y are ! mo/ p]fect 9 /ructure ( all ! ,annelides4 ,! fossil repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #aff indicates t ! body ( ! orig9al 0 compos$ ( ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty segm5ts2 ! feet 7 half ! l5g? ( a segm5t ( ! body2 & ! cirri ( ! feet 7 long] ?an su* segm5t4 ,a m sl5d] species1 7,n]eites ,s$gwickii17 ! body consi/+ ( a great] numb] ( segm5ts1 is also figur$ & describ$ by ,sir ,x4 ,i4 ,mur*ison4 ,o!r impressions 9 ! same /one resemble ^? t w\ld be produc$ by smoo? ,annelides 7,abran*iate7 relat$ to ! ,gordius1 or ,hair-worm4#dca #dcj ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #fii4 #dca ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #gja1 pl4 xxvii42 & ,m',coy1 ,cambridge ,pal4 ,foss4 p4 #abh1 pl4 #a4 ,d4 ,s]pula4--,! animals ( ?is g5us are s$5t>y or fix$1 hav+ calc>e\s tubes or %ells1 b to :i* !y h no muscul> atta*m5t4 ,!y h plumose or arboresc5t gills affix$ to ! ant]ior "p ( ! body4 ,! %elly tubes ( ! ,s]pul are con/antly se5 on our coa/s1 encru/+ /ones1 rocks1 %ells1 sea-we$s1 c41 & may be kn[n by _! contort$ or twi/$ =ms4 ,!re are a hundr$ & fifty ,briti% fossil ,tubicol4 ,a l>ge species has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,silurian rocks 7,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 pl4 v4 fig4 #a72 sev]al occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ,oolitic1 & ,cretace\s1 & _m 9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,*alk1 a smoo? tortu\s ,s]pula is n uncommon 7,s4 plexus1 ,m94 ,con*1 tab4 #eih72 x occurs 9 masses sev]al in*es long4 ,b ,i h n obs]v$ ei!r 9 ! ,*alk1 or 9 any o!r deposit1 indications ( banks ( ,s]pulid1 l ^? n[ 9 progress (f ! ,b]mudas1 & :i* resemble coral-reefs 9 _! solidity & ext5t4 ,cirrip$ia4--,^! animals h a s(t body1 envelop$ 9 a membrane1 :i* 9 "s g5]a is protect$ only by a horny %ea?1 b 9 g5]al is enclos$ 9 a %ell compos$ ( v>i\s calc>e\s plates4#dcb ,!y h six pairs ( feet1 t]m9at+ 9 long1 sl5d]1 articulat$ t5tacula1 furni%$ ) cilia1 & coil$ up l t5drils at ! extremities ne> ! m\?4 ,! "n ( ! class 7curl$-feet7 has orig9at$ f ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! curl$ t5tacula :5 project+ f ! oval ap]ture ( ! %ell4 ,! te/ace\s ,cirrip$es or ,b>nacles are divid$ into two gr\ps2 namely1 ! sessile1 or ^? :i* 9 _! adult /ate are fix$ by ! base to o!r bodies1 7,balanid17 z ! ,acorn-%ell1 or ,balanus2 & ! p$unculat$1 :i* h a process ( atta*m5t1 p$uncle or /em1 7,lepadid17 z ! ,duck-b>nacle1 or ,lepas4 ,b ! "y animals ( ^! g5]a h p[]ful locomotive organs1 & are capable ( swimm+1 by sudd5 j]ks1 l "s ( ! cru/aceans1 to :i* class1 especially 9 ?is /age ( _! exi/5ce1 !y closely approa*4 ,b aft] a %ort p]iod ( fre$om1 ! "y ,cirrip$e fixes itself 9 "s locality suitable to its economy1 & rapidly und]goes ! trans=mation :i* results 9 ! sessile adult ,b>nacle or ,lepas4#dcc #dcb ,until )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! valves ( ! ,cirrip$es h be5 g5]ally figur$ & describ$ 9 works on ,con*ology z be+ alli$ to ! ,mollusca4 #dcc ,see ,mr4 ,c4 ,d>w9's admirable ,monograph on ! ,cirrip$ia1 publi%$ by ! ,ray ,society1 #ahea4 ,balanus4 ,lign4 #afg1 fig4 #a4c--,! %ell ( ?is sessile ,cirrip$e is ( a conical %ape & cellul> /ructure4 ,x consi/s ( a ?ick plate at ! base1 or place ( atta*m5t2 ( a s]ies ( plates1 unit$ by sutures1 arrang$ ar\nd ! body ( ! animal1 & call$ p>ietal valves2 & ( pieces t]m$ op]cul> valves1 by :i* ! ap]ture is clos$4 ,! %ell ( ! ,balanus1 s common on ! rocks ( our %ores1 & on e pile & pi] )9 rea* ( ! tide1 is compos$ ( six p>ietal1 & f\r op]cul> valves4 ,! fossil ,balanus1 ,lign4 #afg4 fig4 #a1 is f ! ,crag1 a =mation conta9+ _m %ells ( ?is g5us3 9 ?is example1 ! six p>ietal plates ( ! conical %ell only rema91 b 9 "s specim5s ! op]cul> valves are also pres]v$4 ,!re are ab\t twelve species ( ,balanus 9 ! ,crag2 b none h be5 f\nd ei!r 9 ! old] ,t]ti>y1 or 9 ! second>y rocks ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! new] ,plioc5e deposits ( ! ,sub-,ap5n9es1 & ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 sev]al species are common4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afg4 ,fossil ,b>nacles & ,pholades4 ,fig4 #a4--;,balanus tesselatus4 7,s[4 ,m94 ,con*47 ,crag4 ,suffolk4 #b4--,loricula pul*ella4 7,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,s[]by1 jun47 ,*alk4 ,k5t4 a4 ,! situation ( ! ap]ture ( ! %ell4 #c4--;,a valve 7,t]gum7 ( ,scalpellum maximum4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 #d4--;,ano!r valve 7,c>9a7 ( ! same species4 #e4--,pholas priscus#dcd2 9 wood4 ,l[] ,gre5 ,s&4 ,s&gate4 a4 ,"o ( ! %ells se5 9 pr(ile4 #f4--,univalve ,%ells 7,n]it7 9 holl[s =m$ by ,pholades4 7,mr4 ,b5/$47 ,l[] ,gre5 ,s&4 ,maid/one4 a4 ,! ,n]ites lodg$ 9 ! cavities4 b4 ,fragm5t ( wood rema9+ atta*$4 #dcd ,figs4 #e & #f are ref]r$ to & describ$ at pages #dji & #daj1 vol4 i4 ,lepadid4--,! p$unculat$ ,cirrip$es1 ( :i* ! common ,duck-b>nacle is a well-kn[n example1 h a /rong1 muscul>1 holl[ /alk1 or p$uncle1 :i* supports a multivalve %ell1 conta9+ ! body ( ! animal4 ,9 ,pollicipes & ,scalpellum !re are small calc>e\s plates cov]+ ! junction ( ! body ) ! p$uncle4 ,deta*$ valves ( sev]al species ( ^! two g5]a are met ) 9 ! ,*alk1 ,galt1 & ,%ankl9 ,s&1 ( ,k5t & ,sussex2 & ?ree species h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,engli% ,t]ti>y b$s4#dce ,! valves ( ^! fossil ,cirrip$es are mo/ usually f\nd 9 a disconnect$ /ate 7,lign4 #afg1 figs4 #c & #d72 b ! ,t]ti>y ,scalpellum quadratum is sometimes bett] pres]v$2 & ,mr4 ,morris has describ$ a mo/ beautiful gr\p ( ,pollicipes 7,p4 conc9nus71 atta*$ to an ,ammonite1 f ! ,ox=d ,clay4 ,mr ,we!rell1 ( ,highgate1 has also discov]$1 9 ! ,upp] ,*alk1 ne> ,ro*e/]1 an almo/ p]fect ,cirrip$e1 nam$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,s[]by1 jun41 ,loricula pul*ella 7,lign4 #afg1 fig4 #b71 & lately m fully describ$ 9 detail by ,mr4 ,d>w94#dcf #dce ,see ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,monograph ( ! ,fossil ,lepadid1 ,palontographical ,society1 #ahea4 #dcf ,monograph ( ! ,fossil ,lepadid1 p4 #ha1 pl4 v4 ,cru/acea4--,! animals ^: fossil rema9s we h n[ to consid]1 are *>act]is$ by _! cru/ace\s ext]nal integum5t or %ell1 :i* is dispos$ 9 segm5ts1 m or less di/9ct1 ! annul> portions support+ articulat$ limbs or app5dages4 ,!y are aquatic1 free1 locomotive be+s1 & possess di/9ct bran*i1 or organs fitt$ = aquatic respiration4 ,! ,crab & ,lob/] are examples ( ^? tribes 9 :i* ! ext]nal cru/ is calc>e\s1 & col\r$ by a pigm5tal sub/ance1 diffus$ m or less irregul>ly ?r\gh x2 & is =m$ ^u & by a vascul> organiz$ integum5t1 or corium1 :i* is l9$ by ! smoo? s]\s membrane ( ! visc]al cavities4 7,ow547 ,! subdivisions ( ?is class h relation to ! =ms1 comb9ations1 & proportions ( ! prim>y r+s or segm5ts ( ! ext]nal cru/ or integum5t1 b x w n be requisite = our pres5t purpose to ent] ^u ?is dep>tm5t ( ! subject4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be necess>y to m5tion1 t 9 ! normal type ( ,cru/aceans1 ! integum5t consi/s ( tw5ty-"o r+s or segm5ts1 :i* =m ! ?ree regions into :i* ! body is divid$2 namely1 ! head or cephalic1 ! ?oracic1 & ! abdom9al2 ea* ( :i* is assum$ to consi/ ( sev5 r+s1 al?\gh "s ( ^! are g5]ally an*ylos$1 & =m b "o segm5t2 & ev5 ! ?ree regions are occasionally m or less bl5d$ toge!r4 ,! cephalic portion ( ! cru/ conta9s ! pr9cipal organs ( s5se1 & ! comm5cem5t ( ! dige/ive app>atus1 & includes ! ma/icatory app5dages4 ,! ?oracic portion is =m$ ( ! r+s to :i* ! extremities s]v+ = locomotion are atta*$3 &1 toge!r ) ! cephalic1 conta9s almo/ all ! visc]a4 ,! consolidation ( ! r+s or segm5ts takes place mo/ g5]ally 9 ! cephalic1 & next 9 frequ5cy 9 ! ?oracic2 & b r>ely occurs 9 ! abdom9al region4 ,^! animals possess organs ( sight v>i\sly modifi$1 & 9 "s species highly complicat$2 "s h smoo? or simple eyes 7/emmata71 & o!rs comp\nd eyes1 l ^? ( insects1 ) di/9ct facets4 ,9 "o gr& division 7call$ ,edriop?almia71 ! eyes are sessile & immovable2 9 ! o!r 7,podop?almia71 !y are support$ ^u moveable /ems or p$uncles4 ,^! few rem>ks on ! organization ( ! rec5t cru/aceans are requir$1 to make our description ( ! fossil rema9s intelligible to ! g5]al read]4 ,z ! %ell1 or calc>e\s integum5t1 ev5 9 ^? species 9 :i* x is v d5se & ?ick1 is m\ld$ ^u ! s(t p>ts x envelopes1 ! exp]i5c$ naturali/ is able1 f its configuration alone1 to obta9 c]ta9 conclusions z to ! =m1 size1 & position ( ! conta9$ visc]a2 &1 z ^! animals annually %$ _! solid case & acquire a new "o1 :i* is m\ld$ on ! s(t p>ts1 ! =m & relative situation ( ! int]nal organs mu/ necess>ily be fai?fully repres5t$ by ! ext]nal integum5t1 ev5 :5 x has acquir$ its greate/ degree ( consolidation2 ?us ! regions ( ! /oma*1 he>t1 bran*i or respiratory organs1 c4 may be di/9ctly trac$ on ! ext]nal %ell4 ,h5ce ! fossil c>apaces may af=d important data reg>d+ ! /ructure & economy ( ! ext9ct species4 ,m4 ,desm>e/#dcg 0 ! fir/ naturali/ :o successfully appli$ ?is phr5ological me?od to ! inve/igation ( ! fossil cru/aceans4 #dcg ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,cru/acs ,fossiles2 p> ,,mm4 ,alex4 ,brongni>t et ,desm>e/4 #a tom4 #dto4 ,p>is1 #ahbb4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ,cru/aceans consi/ ( ! calc>e\s cov]+ or c>apace1 ) ! articulat$ extremities1 &1 r>ely1 ! jaws & ant5n4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! specim5s are mutilat$1 & pres5t only portions ( ! c>apace1 abdom9al segm5ts1 & deta*$ claws2 b 9 /rata compos$ ( v f9e detritus1 su* z ! cream-col\r$ lime/ones ( ,sol5h(5 & ,papp5heim1 examples (t5 occur 9 ! mo/ beautiful /ate ( pres]vation1 appe>+ z if ! animals _h be5 c>efully embalm$ 9 a s(t pa/e1 t _h quickly consolidat$ ar\nd !m1 & pres]v$ !m )\t mutilation or blemi%4 ,9 "s examples1 ev5 ! col\r ( ! orig9al rema9s4 ,! specim5s f\nd 9 h>d lime/ones & co>se conglom]ates are g5]ally mutilat$1 &1 z ! "u surface ( ! c>apace1 & ! /]nal plates to :i* ! legs are atta*$1 pres5t m irregul>ity ?an ! dorsal portion ( ! %ell1 !y are firmly impact$ 9 ! /one1 s z to r5d] ! developm5t ( "s ( ! mo/ important *>act]s difficult1 if n impossible4 ,! ant5n & claws are (t5 sep>at$1 or altoge!r want+2 ! mo/ common relics be+ ! p9c]s & ! c>apace1 or unit$ cephalo-?oracic segm5ts4 ,! sub/ance ( ! %ell1 :i* 9 ! rec5t /ate consi/s ( phosphate & c>bonate ( lime1 ) gelat9e or c>tilage1 is commonly a friable c>bonate ( lime1 t+$ ) oxide ( iron4 ,^! rem>ks apply m p>ticul>ly to ! crabs1 lob/]s1 %rimps1 prawns1 c4 ,num]\s species ( ! small] cru/aceans1 z ! ,cypris1 & ! ext9ct family ( ,trilobites1 occur 9 myriads1 &1 9 "s =mations1 are ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( deposits ( great ?ickness & ext5t4 ,! rema9s ( ?is class h be5 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! va/ s]ies ( ! fossilif]\s /rata4 ,ext9ct =ms appe> 9 prodigi\s numb]s 9 ! mo/ anci5t =mations1 & are succe$$ by g5]a :i* approa* m ne>ly to ! m highly organiz$ cru/aceans4 ,! ,crab & ,lob/] tribes are repres5t$ by c]ta9 species 9 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 & ,*alk2 :ile 9 _m ( ! ,t]ti>y /rata ! exi/+ types prevail4 ,! ,london ,clay1 9 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 yields _m beautiful examples ( ! high] ord] ( cru/aceans1 z ! ,crab1 ,lob/]1 c4 ,9 ! ,*alk ^! rema9s are m r>e1 b a few f9e specim5s h be5 obta9$4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 c]ta9 localities are extremely ri* 9 ^! rema9s4 ,upw>ds ( sixty species 7 discov]$ by ,c\nt ,mn/] 9 ! ,jura lime/one1 at ,sol5h(52 & ! ,mus*elkalk ( ,g]many has yield$ sev]al ext9ct g5]a4 ,! beautiful /ate 9 :i* ^! fossils occur1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! specim5 f ,sol5h(51 figur$ 9 ! frontispiece ( ?is "w2 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #b4 ,fossil ,crabs4--,( ! bra*yur\s1 or %ort-tail$1 cru/aceans1 ( :i* ! common ,crab is an example1 & ( ! ,anomura 7abnormal-tail$71 !re are rema9s ( sev]al g5]a 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,! ,isle ( ,%eppey is ! mo/ productive locality 9 ,engl&4 ,! c>apaces ( sev]al k9ds occur 9 ! sept>ia & nodules ( indurat$ clay2 ! *elate h&-claws 7p9c]-claws7 are (t5 f\nd deta*$1 & sometimes 9 connexion ) ! %ield4 ,! mo/ num]\s specim5s are ref]able to two species4 ,"o ( !m 7,canc] ,lea*ii7 is f two to ?ree in*es wide1 & has a convex %ell1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ by m9ute punctations1 ) ?ree tub]cles on ea* ant]ior lat]al m>g94#dch ,! c>apace ( ! o!r species is m di/9ctly lob$1 & /udd$ ) aculeat$ or sp9y tub]cles2 x is nam$ ,c4 tub]culatus4#dci #dch ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,cru/4 ,foss4 pl4 viii4 figs4 #e & #f4 #dci ,knig1 ,icones ,foss4 ,sect4 fig4 #ed4 ,^! two species are n[ ref]r$ to ! g5us ,zan?opsis4 ,a species ( ,crab1 *>act]is$ by its relatively l>ge claws1 is common 9 ! s(t ,t]ti>y lime/one ( ,malta2 & examples1 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation1 are (t5 se5 9 cab9ets2 see ,wond4 p4 #bea4 ,i am n aw>e t ve/iges ( m ?an "o g5us ( bra*yur\s cru/aceans h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,second>y =mations2 namely1 ! ,podopilumnus ,fittoni 7,m#8,coy71 f ! ,gre5s& ( ,lyme ,regis3 b sev]al small species belong+ to ! anomur\s gr\p h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,galt4 ,9 ! ,galt at ,r+m]1 a village ne> ,lewes1 ,i discov]$1 _m ye>s s9ce1 f\r or five species ( small cru/aceans1 :i* are figur$ & describ$1 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxiv42 _! natural relations 7 po9t$ out to me by ! late em95t naturali/1 ,dr4 ,lea*4 ,specim5s ( two ( ! species h s9ce be5 collect$ at ,folk/one1 b z ^! are only ! c>apaces1 no additional light has be5 ?r[n ^u ! /ructure ( ! orig9als4 ,! smalle/ species consi/s ( ! c>apace or cephalo-?oracic segm5ts1 unit$ into a transv]sely obovate1 obscurely trilobate %ell1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ ) m9ute irregul> papill2 ) f\r tub]cles on ea* lat]al portion1 & an irregul>ly tub]culat$ dorsal ridge 7see ,lign4 #afh1 fig4 #a1 #a;a472 x probably belongs to ! g5us ,etyus2 & ,i h nam$ x ,etyus ,m>t9i1 9 hon\r ( my fri5d1 ,p4 ,j4 ,m>t91 ,esq41 au?or ( sev]al excell5t ,memoirs on ! ,geology ( ,we/]n ,sussex4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afh4 ,fossil ,cru/aceans3 nat4 ,galt4 ,ne> ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4 --,etyus ,m>t9i 7,g4 ,a4 ,m473 %[+ ! empty c>apace or %ell4 ,r+m]4 #a;a4--,! dorsal surface ( ! same4 #b4 --,cory/es,a ,/okesii 7,g4 ,a4 ,m474 ,r+m]4 #c4 --,cory/es#ddj ,brod]ipii 7,g4 ,a4 ,m474 ,r+m]4 #c;a4--,! "u surface ( ! same species1 display+ ! /]nal plates & ! bases ( ! claws1 ?ree ( :i* are m>k$ a1 a1 a4 #ddj ,^! two cru/aceans are includ$ 9 ! fossil g5us ,notopocory/es1 e/abli%$ by ,pr(essor ,m',coy1 #ahdi4 ,!re are two species t appe> to h "s relations ) ,cory/es1 a g5us :i* includes sev]al rec5t cru/aceans t inhabit our %ores1 & are *>act]is$ by _! elongat$ oval %ell & f\r ant5n1 ! ext]nal pair be+ long1 setace\s1 & furni%$ ) two r[s ( cilia4 ,! tail is fold$ "u ! body :5 ! animal is 9 repose4 ,!y h t5 legs1 ! ant]ior pair *elate 7) p9c]s71 ! o!rs t]m9at+ 9 an acute elongat$ nail or claw4 ,! fossils consi/ ( ! c>apace1 & "o example possesses ! inf]ior or ?oracic plates & ! rema9s ( ! bases ( "s ( ! legs 7see ,lign4 #afh1 fig4 #c;a74 ,notopocory/es ,/okesii4 ,lign4 #afh1 fig4 #b4--,! c>apace is relatively wid] ?an 9 mo/ species ( ?is g5us2 is has a /rong dorsal ridge ( irregul> oblong tub]cles2 ! union ( ! cephalic & ?oracic segm5ts is m>k$ by a transv]se undulat$ groove2 !re are ?ree or f\r tub]cles on ! surface ( ea* lat]al portion ( ! =m]1 & "o on ea* ( ! latt]4 ,! :ole surface is f9ely granulat$4 ,! op5+s left by ! atta*m5t ( ! p$uncles ( ! eye rema94 ,notopocory/es ,brod]ipii4 ,lign4 #afh1 fig4 #c4--,?is species1 l ! =m]1 has a transv]se undulat$ furr[1 indicat+ ! union ( ! cephalic ) ! ?oracic segm5ts2 ! dorsal ridge is smoo?1 & !re are two tub]cles on ea* lat]al cephalic portion ( ! %ield4 ,! c>apace is longitud9ally ovate1 mu* depress$1 ) ?ree %>p po9ts direct$ =w>ds on ea* m>g9 ( ! ant]ior "p3 ! :ole surface is f9ely granulat$4 ,9 ! specim5 fig4 #c;a ! /]nal plates1 ) portions ( ! fir/ jo9ts ( ! claws1 rema92 "o example 7figur$ ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #afi7 possess$ six or sev5 arcuate abdom9al segm5ts1 :i* 7 turn$ "u ! body4#dda #dda ,i h describ$ ^! small cru/aceans some:at m9utely1 & h giv5 !m specific names1 9 ! hope ( direct+ ! att5tion ( collectors to ^! highly int]e/+ relics1 & lead+ to ! discov]y ( m illu/rative examples4 ,see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pp4 #if1 #ig4 ,! c>apace or %ell ( ! o!r cru/acean obs]v$ 9 ! ,sussex ,galt 7,notopocory/es ,be*ei7 is ( an orbicul> inflat$ =m 7see ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #afi1 fig4 #c71 & ornam5t$ ) twelve or ?irte5 aculeat$ tub]cles2 its m>g9 is d5tat$4 ,9 ! friable ar5ace\s lime/one ( ! ,cretace\s =mation at ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta91 ne> ,mae/ri*t1 ! *elif]\s claws ( a small k9d ( cru/acean 7,meso/ylus ,faujasii1 ,wond4 p4 #cch71 are frequ5tly discov]$ 7& occasionally 9 ! ,*alk ( ,k5t & ,sussex71 b ) no ve/ige ( ! c>apace or %ell4 ,?is curi\s fact is expla9$ by ! analogy exi/+ betwe5 ! fossil claws & ^? ( ! ,pagurus1 or ,h]mit-crab1 ^: body is only cov]$ by a delicate membrane1 ! claws alone hav+ a calc>e\s cov]+2 h5ce ! latt] might be pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate1 :ile no traces ( ! s(t p>ts rema9$4 ,9 ! fossil1 z 9 ! rec5t claws1 ! "r arm is ! /ronge/4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! cru/aceans to :i* ! fossil claws belong$ possess$ ! same modification ( /ructure z ! rec5t 7anomur\s7 ,h]mit-crab1 & mu/ h s\ght %elt] 9 ! %ells ( ! mollusks ) :i* _! durable rema9s are associat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,lob/]s4 ,fossil ,lob/]s4--,! macrur\s1 or long-tail$1 cru/aceans1 z ! ,lob/]1 are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! =m] divisions by ! prolong$ abdom5 7or tail1 z x is commonly t]m$71 :i* =ms a p[]ful in/rum5t ( locomotion1 & enables ! animal to d>t backw>ds ?r\gh ! wat] ) great rapidity2 & ?is is furni%$ ) an app5dage or tail1 :i* none ( ! ambulatory cru/aceans possess4 ,( ! fre%-wat] species1 ! ,cray-fi% 7,a/acus fluviatilis71 & ( ! m>9e1 ! ,lob/] 7,a/acus m>9us71 are illu/rative examples4 ,! rema9s ( ?ree macrur\s species occur 9 ! ,london ,clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 associat$ ) cong5]\s cru/aceans2 & ! segm5ts ( ! tails 7po/-abdom57 are (t5 well pres]v$4 ,! ,*alk conta9s a few species ( ! ,macrura1 :i* 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! qu>ries ne> ,lewes1 & are figur$ 9 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxx4 xxxi42 !y are among ! mo/ r>e & delicate ( ! fossils ( ! ,cretace\s /rata4 ,^! rema9s consi/ ( ! c>apace & claws1 & r>ely ( ! tail & ant5n1 & are compos$ ( a friable e>?y cru/1 :i*1 :5 fir/ discov]$1 is ( a d>k *ocolate col\r1 b quickly *anges to a pale fawn1 or r$di% br[n1 by exposure to ! air4 ,9 ! specim5s obta9$ by break+ ! /one1 ! cru/ace\s cov]+ rema9s atta*$ by its r\gh ext]nal surface to "o portion ( *alk1 & on ! correspond+ piece are %>p ca/s ( ! c>apace & claws1 hav+ a glossy surface cov]$ ) m9ute papill =m$ by ! bases ( tub]cles or sp9es4 ,f\r species h be5 obs]v$4 ,enoploclytia ,lea*ii4 ,lign4 #afi1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4--,?is is a long delicate cru/acean1 hav+ a pair ( equal1 sl5d]1 ant]ior *elate claws1 ! f+]s ( :i* are long1 att5uat$1 & arm$ ) a r[ ( obtuse cyl9drical sp9es4 ,! surface ( ! h&-claws is muricat$1 or cov]$ ) %ort erect aculeat$ tub]cles4 ,! p9c]s 9 ! specim5 figur$ ,lign4 #afi1 fig4 #c1 are %ort] ?an 9 mo/ examples4 ,! c>apace is elongat$ & sub-cyl9drical1 ) a dorsal ridge & two lat]al furr[s1 indicat+ ! normal division ( ! cephalic & ?oracic segm5ts ( ! %ield2 ! ant5n are long1 fili=m1 & setace\s 7bri/ly71 & are plac$ on squam\s p$uncles 7see ,lign4 #afi1 fig4 #b74 ,!re appe> to h be5 five legs on ea* side2 ! ant]ior or *elate pair are ! mo/ usual relics ( ?is animal2 ( ! o!r claws & ! bran*i1 b obscure indications h be5 obta9$4 ,! abdom9al segm5ts are arcuate1 & six or sev5 9 numb]2 _! surface is granulat$2 ! app5dage1 or tail1 is foliace\s & m>g9ate1 ) a few longitud9al ridges 7see ,lign4 #afi1 fig4 #a74ddb ,! claws ( ^! cru/aceans may be easily recognis$ by _! g5]al aspect1 & ! l5g? & /raightness ( ! f+]s or p9c]s4 ,9 mo/ examples traces rema9 ( ! t5d9\s expansion ( ! muscles ( ! moveable claw 7see ,lign4 fig4 #c74 #ddb ,see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 p4 #bba1 et seq4 = fur!r details4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #afi4 ,fossil ,cru/aceans3 nat4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--;,abdom9al app5dage1 or tail1 ( ,a/acus#ddc ,lea*ii 7,g4 ,a4 ,m471 ) ?ree abdom9al segm5ts4 #b4--,"p ( ! head ( ,a/acus ,lea*ii1 ) rema9s ( ! squam\s p$uncles ( ! ant5n1 & ( ! long setace\s ant5n4 #c4--;,*elate claw1 ) "p ( ! c>pus1 or wri/1 ( ,a/acus ,lea*ii4 #d4--;,*elate claw ( ,a/acus#ddc ,sussexi5sis 7,g4 ,a4 ,m474 #ddc ,^! fossil ,lob/]s are n[ to be ref]r$ to ,pr(4 ,m',coy's g5us ,enoploclytia4 ,enoploclytia ,sussexi5sis4 ,lign4 #afi1 fig4 #d4--,! claws ( ?is species are readily di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by _! broad] & /rong] proportions1 & sp9\s "*2 ! p9c]s are /rong & tub]culat$1 & ! moveable f+] is m curv$ & %ort] ?an its oppon5t4 ,! entire cru/ ( ?is lob/] is muricat$1 or beset ) sp9es & %>p tub]cles4#ddd #ddd ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxx4 fig4 #c4 ,9 ! beautiful "w ( ! late ,mr4 ,dixon1 on ! ,fossils ( ,sussex1 !re are figures ( v f9e specim5s ( ^! two species ( ,enoploclytia 7plate xxxviii9947 ) detail$ descriptions by ,pr(4 ,bell 7p4 #cdd72 b un=tunately1 f inadv]t5ce1 no ref]5ce is made to my =m] draw+s & descriptions ( ^! fossil ,lob/]s ( ! ,*alk1 & new names are giv5 by ! ,pr(essor2 ,e4 ,lea*ii appe>+ z ,pala/acus macrodactylus1 & ,e4 ,sussexi5sis z ,p4 ,dixoni4 ,i ne$ sc>cely rem9d my read]s t accord+ to ! e/abli%$ rules ( ,nom5clature ! e>li] specific names mu/ be pres]v$2 & t1 ,pr(4 ,m#8,coy hav+ already indicat$ ! di/9ction ( ^! fossils f ! rec5t ,a/acus by provid+ an appropriate g5]ic appellation1 ^! new names are altoge!r inadmissible4 ,claws ( o!r ,a/acid h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,*alk ( ,sussex & ,k5t2 "o species 9 p>ticul> is di/+ui%$ f ^? previ\sly describ$ by its %ort curv$ p9c]s1 & granulat$ surface2#dde & rema9s ( o!r species ( ,enoploclytia1 f ne> ,cambridge & ,maid/one1 are describ$ by ,pr(4 ,m',coy4 #dde ,?is species may be nam$ ,a/acus cretosus1 to indicate its geological habitat4 ,! ,lob/]-clays 9 ! ,l[] ,gre5s&1 or ,neocomian1 b$s at ,a!rfield af=d num]\s f9e specim5s ( a small long-claw$ cru/acean1 alli$ to ,a/acus2 a f9e specim5 is figur$ 9 ! ,geology ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 title-page vignette1 & see page #bcb4 ,"o or m species1 app>5tly di/9ct f ^? ( ,a!rfield1 h be5 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,beckles 9 b$s ( clay t appe> to occupy ! l9e ( junction betwe5 ! ,weald5 & ,gre5s&1 on ! ,sussex coa/1 betwe5 ,pev5sey & ,bexhill4 ,imp]fect claws ( ,a/acid h also be5 f\nd at o!r places 9 ! ,%ankl9 ,s&2 & ,i h collect$ f ! ,galt at ,r+m]1 ! abdom9al segm5ts ( a small species1 resembl+ ,mey]ia ornata1 ,lign4 #agj4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #agj4 ,fossil ,cru/acean4 ,speeton ,clay4 ,york%ire4 ,mey]ia ornata3 nat4 7,phillips & ,m',coy47 ,! c>apaces ( two or ?ree small ,a/acid1 sometimes ) ! abdom9al segm5ts atta*$1 z 9 ! beautiful fossil figur$ 9 ,lign4 #agj1 are f\nd 9 ! ,speeton ,clay1 ne> ,sc>bor\gh4 ,9 ?is example ! po/-abdom5 & its app5dages are entire1 & traces rema9 ( ! ant5n & "s ( ! feet4 ,^! specim5s are commonly imb$d$ 9 masses ( indurat$ clay1 z ! f]n-leaves 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s iron/one1 & are discov]$ by splitt+ ! nodules ?r\gh _! longe/ diamet]4 ,! c>apace ( ano!r small species 7,glyphea ro/rata7#ddf occurs 9 ! ,oolite ( ,sc>bor\gh4 ,my fri5d1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade1 has also discov]$ an example ( ?is species 9 t ri* repository ( organic rema9s1 ! ,kimm]idge ,clay1 at ,h>twell1 ,bucks4 #ddf ,?is is ! ,a/acus ro/ratus ( ,pr(4 ,phillips's ,geol4 ,york4 vol4 i4 tab4 #d1 fig4 #bj4 ,a rem>kable macrur\s cru/acean 7,eryon ,cuvi]i7 is f\nd 9 ! ,jurassic lime/one ( ,sol5h(54 ,p]fect specim5s ( ?is species are occasionally se5 9 collections2 x is di/+ui%$ by its v l>ge1 flat1 oval %ell1 ) ! front lat]al m>g9s /rongly d5tat$1 & by its %ort setace\s ant5n2 ! front claws are z long z ! body1 & arm$ ) p9c]s2 ! po/-abdom5 consi/s ( six segm5ts1 t]m9at+ 9 a caudal app5dage or tail4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates sev]al fossil cru/aceans h be5 notic$ 9 ! ,cretace\s /rata ( ,new ,j]sey2 "s ( :i* are said to be relat$ to ,pagurus1 & o!rs to ,a/acus4 ,fossil ,prawns & ,%rimps1 ( exquisite beauty1 are f\nd 9 ! li?ographic lime/one ( ,papp5heim3 a specim5 f t locality 7,palmon sp9ipes7 is figur$ ,wond4 p4 #eac3 see also ,frontispiece ( ?is "w4 ,a l>ge cru/acean ( ! ,%rimp family has be5 discov]$ by ! ,e>l ( ,enniskill5 9 ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis4#ddg ,o!r specim5s also ( ,macrura1 m or less p]fect1 h be5 obta9$ f ! same ri* m9e ( organic rema9s3 especially "s 9 :i* ! bran*i1 or respiratory organs1 rema92 & a portion ( ! po/-abdom51 or tail1 ( a ,cray-fi%1 z l>ge z ! common species4 #ddg ,?is beautiful fossil is figur$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,brod]ip1 ,geol4 ,trans1 second s]ies1 vol4 v4 pl4 xii4 "u ! "n ( ,coleia antiqua4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,isopod\s ,,cru/aceans4 ,isopod\s ,cru/aceans4 ,lign4 #aga4--;,isopoda 7equal-feet7 is ! t]m appli$ to an ord] ( cru/aceans 9 :i* ! body is compos$ ( a di/9ct head1 & sev5 r+s1 ea* hav+ a pair ( equal feet2 ! common ,oniscus1 or wood-l\se1 is a famili> example ( a t]re/rial ,isopod4 ,?is ord] includes _m g5]a & species1 "s ( :i* ne>ly approa* ! ext9ct family ( cru/aceans 7,trilobites7 ^: rema9s ab\nd 9 ! palozoic /rata2 & ! p>asitical ,isopod1 ,bopyrus1 t infe/s ! common ,prawn1 is closely relat$ to c]ta9 g5]a ( ,trilobites1 h]eaft] describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aga4 ,ar*oniscus ,brodiei4 ,purbeck lime/one4 ,vale ( ,w>d\r4 7,drawn by ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 ,esq47 ,impressions ( ! upp] & "u surfaces4 ,"o species ( fossil ,isopod has be5 f\nd 9 gre5 fissile m>l1 at ,montm>tre2 & ano!r 9 f9e-gra9$ lime/one1 probably1 f ,papp5heim4#ddh ,no fossil rema9s ( ?is ord] _h be5 notic$ 9 ! ,briti% /rata1 until ! discov]y ( ! ,ar*oniscus 9 ! ,purbeck /rata by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie4 ,! qu>ry 9 :i* ^! relics 7 f\nd is situat$ at ,dall>ds1 ne> ! village ( ,d9ton1 ab\t twelve miles we/ ( ,salisbury4 ,!y are pr9cipally di/ribut$ 9 a b$ ( light-br[n & grey lime/one1 9 ! l[] "p ( :i* are num]\s fre%-wat] bivalves 7cyclades71 & a few small oy/]s4 ,^! ,isopods (t5 occur 9 clu/]s 7see ,lign4 #aga72 ! l5ses ( ! comp\nd eyes are sometimes detectable 9 ! lime/one1 &1 r>ely1 atta*$ to ! head2 traces ( legs h be5 obs]v$1 b no ant5n4 ,9 ! same /ratum ! elytron 7%ea?1 or w+-case7 ( a coleopt]\s insect 0 discov]$4 ,mr4 ,brodie has obta9$ specim5s an in* & a half 9 l5g?1 & an in* broad4 ,^! fossils appe> to h be5 deposit$ tranquilly at ! bottom ( ! wat] :i* !y inhabit$1 s9ce !y are usually f\nd imb$d$ ) _! legs d[nw>ds1 & g5]ally well pres]v$4#ddi #ddh ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,cru/4 ,foss4 p4 #ach4 #ddi ,see ,brodie's ,fossil ,insects1 pp4 #c & #aj4 ,! ,ar*onisci also occur 9 ! ,purbeck insectif]\s lime/one ( ,durl/one ,bay1 ne> ,swanage1 & h be5 discov]$ 9 /rata ( a simil> "* at ! ,ridgway railway-cutt+ betwe5 ,dor*e/] & ,weym\?1 by ! ,rev4 ,osmond ,fi%]1 ( ,dor*e/]4 ,entomo/raca4--,! ,cru/aceans t we h above notic$ belong to ! ,sub-class ,malaco/raca2 & we h n[ to describe "s fossil g5]a belong+ to v>i\s divisions ( ! ,entomo/rac\s ,cru/aceans4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #agb4 ,fossil4 ,limulus1 9 a ,nodule ( ,iron/one3 #a_/b nat4 ,c>b4 ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,fig4 #a4 ,limulus ,rotundatus1 ! impr9t ( fig4 #c4 #b4--,! nodule be=e x 0 brok54 #c4--,limulus ,rotundatus1 7! correspond+ portion ( ! nodule1 fig4 #a17 %[+ ! entire =m ( ! c>apace4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,limulus4 ,! ,limulus 7,mollucca or ,k+ ,crab7 is a g5us belong+ to t ,division ( ! ,entomo/raca t]m$ ,pcilopoda & is abundant 9 ! seas ( ,india & ,am]ica4 ,! c>apace is cru/ace\s & ( a semilun> =m1 ! head & ?orax are bl5d$ toge!r1 & ! sup]ior abdom9al %ield1 :i* is compos$ ( conflu5t segm5ts1 appe>s l "o piece1 & has an indi/9ct trilob$ "*2 ! la/ segm5t is prolong$ into a ?ree-edg$1 %>p1 /yli=m weapon4 ,! ,limulus has two r5i=m1 comp\nd eyes1 compos$ ( facets ( a peculi> =m4 ,! gills are dispos$ on lamelli=m processes4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f all o!r cru/aceans by ! ma/ication ( its food be+ p]=m$ by ! fir/ jo9t ( ! ?oracic legs :i* surr\nd ! m\?1 in/ead ( by jaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #agc4 ,limulus trilobitoides4 ,coal ,measures4 ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,v f9e examples ( a fossil species ( ?is rem>kable g5us are occasionally obta9$ f ! li?ographic /one ( ,sol5h(54#dej ,9 ,engl& ?ree small species h be5 discov]$ 9 nodules ( iron/one & indurat$ clay1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,coalbrook ,dale1 by ,mr4 ,pre/wi*4#dea ,9 "o example 7,l4 ,an?rax#deb7 two ( ! legs are se5 ext5d+ f "u ! body2 9 ano!r species ! %>p1 po9t$ process ( ! tail is well develop$ 7,buckl4 p4 #cif1 & tab4 xlvi42 see also ,lign4 #agc74 ,! specim5 figur$ ,lign4 #agb is "o ( sev]al examples :i* ,i obta9$ by break+ up nodules f t celebrat$ locality4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! nodule unbrok51 & )\t any indication ( its cont5ts2 by a well-direct$ bl[ x 0 sep>at$ into two equal portions1 figs4 #a & #c1 9 :i* ! c>apace ( ! cru/acean1 & its m>g9al app5dages1 are well display$4 ,! r\nd$ =m ( ! c>apace1 & ! membrane :i* appe>s to connect ! sp9es1 sep>ate ?is species f all o!rs4 #dej ,hi/4 ,cru/4 ,foss4 pl4 xi4 fig4 #f4 #dea ,see ,mr4 ,pre/wi*'s ,memoir on ! ,geology ( ,coalbrook ,dale1 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 second s]ies1 vol4 v4 "p #c4 #deb ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 second s]ies1 vol4 v4 pl4 xli4 figs4 #a-d4 ,! ,eurypt]us & ,pt]ygotus are palozoic cru/aceans1 ( l>ge size4 ,!y are reg>d$ by ,pr(4 ,m#8,coy & ,mr4 ,salt] z belong+ to ! ,pcilopoda1 & z diff]+ f ! ,limulus *iefly 9 hav+ ! segm5ts ( ! abdom5 freely articulat+ ) ea* o!r4#dec ,! ,eurypt]us 0 fir/ describ$ by ,mr4 ,dekay1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 probably f ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,! head is r\nd1 ! ?oracic & cephalic portions ( ! c>apace be+ bl5d$ toge!r1 & ! abdom9al region is =m$ ( elev5 segm5ts1 ) a caudal app5dage4 ,x has two depress$1 lunat$ eyes1 remote f ea* o!r1 & eight feet1 ! ant]ior pairs furni%$ ) bran*i1 & ! h9dmo/ pair relatively l>g] ?an 9 any o!r cru/acean4 ,two ,am]ican species are describ$2 ! "o is five1 & ! o!r ab\t f\r in*es long4#ded ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata at ,burdie-h\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 & ( ,kirton1 ne> ,glasg[1 a l>ge species ( ?is curi\s g5ius has be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,hibb]t & ,dr4 ,sc\l]2 ! l5g? ( "s specim5s be+ e/imat$ at f twelve to eighte5 in*es4#dee #dec ,see ,salt] on ,pt]ygotus1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol viii p4 #chg4 #ded ,dr4 ,h>lan1 9 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,p5nsylvania1 vol4 i4 p4 #if4 #dee ,see ! elegant ,memoir on ! ,fre%-wat] ,lime/one ( ,burdie-h\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 by ,samuel ,hibb]t1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,e4,s4,e4 ,o!r species ( ,eurypt]us h be5 notic$ 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian rocks ( ,k5dal1 ,we/morel&1#def & ( ,k+ton1 ,radnor%ire2 & 9 ! ,devonian ( ,russia4 #def ,pal4 ,foss4 ,cambridge1 ,app5dix4 ,pt]ygotus4--,9 ! ,old ,r$ s&/one ( ,=f>%ire1 & o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&1 ! rema9s ( ?is rem>kable cru/acean h be5 long kn[n to ! qu>ry-m5 by ! "n ( petrifi$ ,s]aphims2 f an imag9>y resemblance ( ! exp&$ po/-abdom5 to ! usual repres5tations ( ^? ideal be+s6 ,?is g5us is *>act]is$ by ! angul> c>apace1 :i* =ms a loz5ge-%ap$ %ield2 & ! app5dage ( ! po/-abdom51 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ divid$ into segm5ts1 z 9 mo/ animals ( ?is class1 is a cont9u\s flap4 ,! eye-pits on ! c>apace are l ^? ( ,eurypt]us1 b are v l>ge4 ,! claws resemble ^? ( ! common lob/]4 ,! ext]nal cru/ace\s cov]+ is ornam5t$ ) circul> & elliptical m>k+s1 produc+ an imbricat$ or scaly appe>ance1 ! impr9ts ( :i* gave rise to ! enigmatical ,s]aphims ( ! ,=f>%ire s&/one4 ,"s specim5s indicate a total l5g? ( f\r feet6#deg #deg ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or ,new ,walks 9 an ,old ,field1 by ,hugh ,mill]1 p4 #adg4 ,!re are specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ! qu>ries ( ,c>mylie4 ,besides ?is ,devonian species 7,p4 anglicus71 !re is also a ,silurian species 7,p4 problematicus71 f ,h]e=d%ire4#deh #deh ,see ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 viii4 p4 #chf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sev]al fossil g5]a ( ! ,entomo/rac\s ,cru/aceans belong to ! ,phyllopoda 7leaf-feet71 :i* con/itute a subdivision ( ! ,bran*iopoda 7gill-feet74 ,( ^! p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable is ! ,di?yroc>is1 fir/ discov]$ by ,dr4 ,sc\l] 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s %ale ne> ,paisley4 ,?is g5us is alli$ to ! rec5t ,apus1 &1 l x1 has a broad1 flat1 ?9 c>apace1 easily divisible d[n ! middle ( ! back1 & a l5g!n$ tail or po/-abdom51 ) a trifid t]m9ation4 ,six species h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s deposits ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,c]atioc>is & ,hym5oc>is1 :i* are relat$ to ! rec5t ,nebalia1 are also ( ! ,phyllopod gr\p1 & maybe said to resemble a %rimp-l animal p>tly enclos$ 9 a bivalve c>apace1 :ile its tail is expos$1 & ei!r protrud$1 or turn$ b5ea? ! body4 ,( ! fir/-m5tion$ g5us !re are ?ree ,upp] ,silurian species2 & ( ,hym5oc>is ,mr4 ,salt] has describ$ a s+le species 7,h4 v]mic&a7 f ! ,l[] ,silurian 7,cambrian7 ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,! ,limnadiad1--ano!r ,phyllopod\s family1 ( :i* ! rec5t ,limnadia is ! type1--are well repres5t$ 9 ! old] rocks4 ,^! ,cru/aceans are also bivalv$1 b ! body is :olly enclos$4 ,!y are ( small size4 ,e/h]ia1 a g5us closely relat$ to ,limnadia1 occurs pl5tifully 9 ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex & ,g]many1 & 9 ! ,lias ( ,we/bury4 ,mr4 ,bean also has notic$ a species 7,e4 conc5trica7 9 ! ,oolite %ell ( ,gri/horpe ,bay2 & ! ,e4 m9uta#dei is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,keup] division ( ! ,trias 9 ,engl& & ,europe4 #dei ,?is 0 =m]ly describ$ z a ,posidonomya4 ,lep]ditia & ,beyri*ia are o!r fossil g5]a belong+ to ! ,limnadiad4 ,^! little cru/aceans 7 greg>i\s 9 _! habit1 &1 l ,e/h]ia1 occur locally 9 great pr(usion4 ,!y are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,silurian deposits2 ! =m] be+ an abundant ,upp] ,silurian fossil 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! latt]1--a v m9ute =m1--bo? 9 ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian4 ,! next gr\p ( ,entomo/raca t we h to notice belongs to ! ,lophyropoda 7feet cre/$ ) bri/les71 namely1 ! ,o/racoda 7%ell$74 ,! rec5t g5]a1 ,cypris1 ,cy!re1 & ,cyprid9a1#dfj are types ( ! ?ree families ( ?is gr\p1 & are ! exi/+ repres5tatives ( num]\s closely relat$ =ms t occur 9 a fossil /ate4 #dfj ,! /ud5t %\ld consult ,dr4 ,baird's elegant & elaborate "w on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,entomo/raca 7publi%$ by ! ,ray ,society71 = in=mation on ! *>act]s & habits ( ^! int]e/+ little cru/aceans & _! num]\s allies ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #agd4 ,fossil ,cyprides4 ,weald54 ,sussex & ,isle ( ,wight4 ,fig4 #a4--;,cypris ,vald5sis3 magn42 %[+ ! v5tral aspect ( ! unit$ valves4 ,cooksbridge4 #a;a4--,side view ( ! same1 magn4 ,! ?ree small figures are ( ! nat4 size4 #b4--;,cypris ,fittoni1 magn4 ,langton ,gre54 #c4--;,cypris tub]culata1 magn4 ,langton ,gre54 #c;a4--,view ( ! same1 %[+ ! l[] edges ( ! valves unit$3 ! ?ree small figures1 nat4 #d4--;,cypris granulosa1 magn42 view %[+ ! h+e-l9e4 #e4--;,a piece ( ,weald ,clay1 ) ,cyprides & ,%ells2 nat4 ,cypris4 ,lign4 #agd4--,! animals ( ?is g5us belong to ^? ,cru/aceans 9 :i* ! cov]+ ( ! body is n divid$ into transv]se segm5ts1 b consi/s ( a l>ge dorsal %ield1 hav+ ! =m ( a bivalve %ell4 ,!y are (t5 v m9ute1 & num]\s k9ds sw>m 9 our lakes & pools4 ,! species ( an alli$ g5us1 nam$ ,cy!re1 ! %ells ( :i* _c always ) c]ta9ty be di/+ui%$ 9 a fossil /ate f ^? ( ,cypris1 inhabit salt or bracki% wat]s4 ,z ! liv+ ,cyprides are int]e/+ objects = microscopic exam9ation1 !y are commonly %[n 9 ! exhibitions ( ! hydro-oxyg5 microscope1 & _! appe>ance is !re=e well kn[n4 ,two rec5t species are figur$ 9 ,ly4 p4 #ahc4 ,^! animals h ! body enclos$ 9 a bivalve1 horny case1 ! two pieces be+ unit$ by a h+e-l9e4 ,!y h f\r feet1 & two pairs ( ant5n1 ) a p5cil ( cilia at ! extremities2 & "o comp\nd eye4 ,!y swim ) rapidity1 by means ( _! ciliat$ ant5n1 & crawl ab\t actively on ! wat]-we$s & o!r subaque\s surfaces4 ,l ! o!r cru/aceans1 !y frequ5tly m\lt or ca/ _! cases1 & ! surface ( ! mud spread ov] ! bottoms ( /ill lakes is (t5 cov]$ ) _! exuvi4 ,! l>ge/ liv+ ,cypris 7,c4 clavata7 does n exce$ "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! fossil cases or %ells ( ,cyprides are f\nd 9 consid]able v>iety & 9 prodigi\s numb]s 9 c]ta9 ,t]ti>y & ,second>y /rata1 :i* appe> to h be5 deposit$ by fre%-wat]2 z1 = example1 9 ! lacu/r9e m>ls ( ,auv]gne 7,ly4 p4 #ahc71 & ! fluviatile clays & lime/ones ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,!y h n be5 obs]v$ 9 any decid$ly m>9e b$s2 b ,mr4 ,lonsdale discov]$ 9 ! ,*alk1 by means ( ! microscope1 cases ( cru/aceans1 t belong to ! g5us ,cy!re 7,ly4 p4 #bf1 figs4 #ba-bd71 ! rec5t species ( :i* inhabit ! sea4 ,"o or m species ( ,cypris h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! old] ,briti% ,t]ti>ies1--by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 9 ,hordwell ,cliff 7,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhh71 & by ,mr4 ,pre/wi* at ,hemp/ead ,cliff 7,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdf72 b 9 ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ! ,cypris & its cong5]s ab\nd1 & ( ^! ,mr4 ,r4 ,jones has enum]at$ n9e species 7,annals ,nat4 ,hi/4 #b;d s]4 vol4 iii474 ,9 _m di/ricts on ! ,cont95t1 ! ,eoc5e m>ls & clays ab\nd 9 ^! rema9s4 ,"s ( ! fre%-wat] ,t]ti>y /rata ( ,france conta9 myriads ( a ,cypris 7nam$ ,c4 faba1 f its bean-l =m7 :i* 0 =m]ly suppos$1 b errone\sly1 to be id5tical ) a species f\nd 9 ! ,weald54 ,! lam9at$ m>ls ( ,auv]gne conta91 betwe5 e lay]1 c\ntless myriads ( ! %ells ( ,cyprides1 ?r\gh a dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet2 al?\gh ea* lam9a ( m>l sc>cely exce$s ! ?ickness ( pap]4 ,ne> ,cl]mont1 ! gre5 cypridif]\s m>ls approa* to )9 a few y>ds ( ! granite :i* =ms ! bord]s ( t anci5t bas9 7,ly4 p4 #ahd74 ,9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! basaltic di/ricts ( ,india1 ,mr4 ,malcolmson has discov]$ two species ( ,cypris1 associat$ ) fre%-wat] univalves & bivalves4#dfa ,9 ,engl& ! pr9cipal deposits ( ! ,cyprides1 are ! clays & lime/ones ( ! ,weald5 & ! ,isle ( ,purbeck1#dfb to ! composition ( :i* ! relics ( ^! m9ute be+s h l>gely contribut$4 ,entire lay]s ( _! cases are f\nd 9 ! lam9at$ clays & m>ls on ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 at ,a!rfield & ,s&[n ,bay1 :]e "s ( ! ,weald5 b$s em]ge f b5ea? ! l[] division ( ! ,%ankl9 s&4 ,^u splitt+ ! clay 9 ! direction ( ! lam91 ! expos$ surfaces are f\nd to be cov]$ ) ^! m9ute bodies2 z 9 ! specim51 ,lign4 #agd1 fig4 #e4 #dfa ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 v4 pl4 xlvii4 #dfb ,on acc\nt ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( _! c>apace-valves1 ,m4 ,bosquet has sugge/$ ! appellation ,cypridea z a g5]ic "n = ! ,cypridid ( ! ,weald5 & ,purbeck b$s4 ,! appe>ance ( f\r *>act]i/ic ,weald5 ,cyprides1 ( _! natural size & magnifi$1 is %[n 9 ,lign4 #agd4 ,! "o nam$ ,c4 ,vald5sis1 or ,weald5 ,cypris1 by ,dr4 ,fitton & ,mr4 ,s[]by 7fig4 #a71 is ! mo/ frequ5t1 & occurs 9 num]\s localities 9 ,k5t & ,sussex4 ,a ,cypris hav+ ! case /udd$ ) relatively l>ge tub]cles 7fig4 #c71 is f\nd 9 _m ( ! f9] s&/ones ( ,tilgate =e/2 ano!r1 ) ! %ell tub]culat$1 b divid$ by a transv]se ridge 7fig4 #b71 indicat+ a rudim5t>y condition ( ! segm5ts :i* *>act]ise ! class1 is c]ta9ly di/9ct f ! =m]1 & c h no "n m appropriate ?an t ( ,c4 ,fittoni4 ,! o!r beautiful species 7,c4 granulosa1 fig4 #d7 has ! surface ( ! case cov]$ ) granules4 ,"o m species has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,weald clay1 at ,s&[n ,bay & ,a!rfield 7by ,mr4 ,lonsdale72 x is di/+ui%$ by a %ort conical sp9e on ea* valve1 & is !re=e nam$ ,c4 sp9ig]a4 ,9 ! ,weald clay at ,re/+-oak-hill1 ne> ,cooksbridge 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #ahg71 ,c4 ,vald5sis is s abundant1 t e ?9 flake is cov]$ ) its :ite calc>e\s %ells2 & ^u break+ ! nodules & sept>ia ( r$di%-br[n iron/one :i* occur 9 t locality1 myriads ( beautiful %>p ca/s ( ! cases are obs]vable 9 almo/ e fragm5t4 ,!y are associat$ ) fre%-wat] bivalves & univalves 7,cyclas & ,palud9a71 & m9ute scales ( fi%es4 ,! s&/one at ,langton ,gre51 ne> ,tunbridge ,wells1 :i* conta9s ca/s & impressions ( sev]al species ( fre%-wat] %ells1 ab\nds 9 ,cyprides2 & ! lay]s ( argillace\s iron/one1 int]/ratifi$ ) ! s&/one 9 "o ( ! qu>ries1 are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 ^! rema9s4 ,! surface ( a rec5tly brok5 slab is (t5 cov]$ by m9ute1 poli%$1 oblong1 convex bodies1 :i* are ! ca/s ( cypridean c>apaces4 ,! ,sussex m>ble is l>gely compos$ ( ! rema9s ( ^! m9ute cru/aceans4 ,^u exam9+ ?9 poli%$ slices ( ?is lime/one "u ! microscope1 ! cavities & int]/ices ( ! %ells are f\nd to be fill$ ) ! %ields ( ,cyprides1 entire or 9 fragm5ts2 & "s specim5s ( ! ,purbeck m>ble equally ab\nd 9 ^! rema9s4 ,! ,purbeck m>ls1 z well z ! lime/ones1 (t5 ab\nd ) ,cyprides4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes1 ^! belong to sev]al species1 all m or less di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,weald5 7,brit4 ,association1 #ahej74 ,! ,cyprides ( ! ,weald5 ( ,g]many h be5 figur$ & describ$ by ,dr4 ,dunk]2 & sev]al ( ! ,briti% =ms are f\nd !re4 ,z ! rec5t species inhabit /ill lakes1 or g5tly runn+ /reams1 & n ! turbul5t wat]s ( e/u>ies1 we _c d\bt t ! /rata 9 :i* ^! animals s l>gely pr$om9ate 7 deposit$ 9 lakes or bays1 communicat+ ) ! riv] :i* transport$ to _! pres5t situation ! bones & o!r rema9s ( ! colossal reptiles ( ! ,weald54 ,& ! b$s ( fre%-wat] snails1 ) sc>cely any int]mixture ( o!r organic rema9s b ! ,cyprides1 :i* are spread ov] ext5sive areas 9 ! ,weald5 & ,purbeck di/ricts1 appe> to af=d corroborative pro( ( ?is inf]5ce4 ,f\r species ( m9ute bivalv$ ,entomo/raca f ! ,c>bonif]\s deposits h be5 ref]r$ to ,cypris3 viz4 ,c4 arcuata1 ,bean1 f ! ,coal-%ale at ,newca/le2 ,c4 inflata1 ,mur*ison1 ,coal-measures1 ne> ,%rewsbury2 ,c4 ,scoto-,burdigal5sis1 ,hibb]t1 ,coal-measures at ,burdie-h\se1 & ,coal-%ale at ,d]ry2 & ,c4 subrecta1 ,portlock1 also f ,d]ry1 ,tyrone4 ,cy!re4#dfc--,?is animal diff]s b little f ,cypris except 9 hav+ an additional pair ( feet4 ,9 ! ,subg5us ,cy!reis ! valves are ?ick1 oblong1 & /rongly h+$2 ?us diff]+ f ! ?9 & m or less oval valves ( ! true ,cy!re & ( ,cypris4 ,sev]al species ( ,cy!re & its sub-g5]a occur 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 ,cretace\s1 ,oolitic1 ,liassic1 ,p]mian1 & ,c>bonif]\s deposits4#dfd #dfc ,= description & illu/ration ( ?is g5us1 see ,baird's ,briti% ,entomo/raca1 p4 #afc1 c4 #dfd ,consult ,m4 ,bosquet's ,memoir on ! ,t]ti>y ,entomo/raca ( ,belgium & ,france2 ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,jones's ,monograph ( ! ,cretace\s ,entomo/raca 7,palontographical ,society71 & ( ! ,p]mian ,entomo/raca1 9 ,pr(4 ,k+'s ,monograph ( ! ,p]mian ,fossils 7,palont4 ,soc472 & ,pr(4 ,m',coy's ,synopsis ( ! ,*>act]s ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one ,fossils ( ,irel&4 ,?ree species ( ,entomo/raca1 v closely relat$ to ,cyprid9a1#dfe f ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,belgium1 h>e be5 figur$ & describ$ by ,m4 ,de ,kon9ck2 "o species f ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,irel&1 by ,pr(4 ,m',coy2#dff & two species f ! ,cretace\s lime/one ( ,mae/ri*t1#dfg by ,m4 ,bosquet4 ,! g5]a ,cyprella & ,cypridella h be5 e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,de ,kon9ck = ! reception ( "s alli$ =ms f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,belgium2 & ,entomocon*us 7,m#8,coy7 & ,daphnoidia 7,hibb]t7 are alli$ ,briti% ,c>bonif]\s =ms4 #dfe ,see ,baird's ,briti% ,entomo/raca1 p4 #agf1 c4 #dff ,"u ! "n ( ,daphnia primva4 #dfg ,"u ! g5]ic appellation ( ,cyprella4 ,trilobites4--,among ! num]\s petrifactions :i* are f\nd 9 ! lime/ones 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dudley1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 !re are c]ta9 fossil bodies :i*1 f _! extraord9>y =m & appe>ance1 h = m ?an a hundr$ & fifty ye>s be5 objects ( great int]e/ to ! naturali/1 & ( wond] to ! g5]al obs]v]1 & h long be5 prov9cially t]m$ ,dudley insects1 or locu/s4#dfh ,by ! e>li] naturali/s ^! fossils 7 ref]r$ to fi%es1 to molluscs1 & to insects1 be=e _! real "* 0 discov]$4 ,! mo/ common type consi/s ( a convex1 oblong body1 divid$ transv]sely into ?ree pr9cipal p>ts1 & longitud9ally into ?ree lobes1 by two deep1 p>allel furr[s2 ?is la/ "* sugge/$ ! "n ,trilobita1 or ,trilobites1 by :i* ! family is n[ di/+ui%$ by naturali/s4 #dfh ,lhywd4 ,philos4 ,trans4 = ! ye> #afih4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #age4 ,trilobites4 ,silurian ,lime/ones4 ,fig4 #a4--;,illnus p]ovalis4 7,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/47 #b4--,tr9ucleus ,lloydii4 7,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/47 #c4--;,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii3 ! upp] surface ( ! c>apace1 view$ f above4 ,dudley4 #d4--,! same1 coil$ up1 & se5 9 pr(ile4 #d;a4--,! same1 se5 9 front4 ,^! fossils are ! c>apaces1 or %ells1 ( cru/aceans1 belong+ to an ext9ct family1#dfi :i* comprises _m g5]a1 & num]\s species4 ,mortim]1 ,da ,co/a1 ,guett>d1 & ,l9nu recognis$ ! cru/acean "* ( ?is int]e/+1 b obscure class ( organic rema9s3 _! true aff9ities1 h[ev]1 7 fir/ sci5tifically det]m9$ by ,alex4 ,brongni>t4#dgj ,_m memoirs on ! ,trilobites h s9ce be5 publi%$ by em95t ,cont95tal & ,am]ican writ]s2#dga & mu* light has be5 ?r[n on ! subject by ! lab\rs ( ,m>t91#dgb ,p>k9son1#dgc ,/okes1 ,phillips1#dgd ,knig1#dge ,dr4 ,buckl&1#dgf ,sir ,e4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1#dgg & o!rs4 ,! beautiful illu/rations & int]e/+ description ( ! ,trilobites 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,treatise 7,bd4 p4 #chi1 & pl4 xlv4 xlvi47 mu/ h r5d]$ ! read] famili> ) ! mo/ important facts relat+ to ^! ext9ct be+s2 b subsequ5t discov]ies h ?r[n additional light on _! /ructure & natural aff9ities4 ,! works ( ,m4 ,burmei/]1#dgh ,mr4 ,salt]1#dgi ,pr( ,m',coy#dhj & especially ( ,m4 ,b>r&e1#dha %\ld be c>efully ref]r$ to by ! /ud5t 9 ?is bran* ( ,palontology4 #dfi ,! ,trilobites appe> to h be5 relat$ m ne>ly to ! ,phyllopoda ?an to any o!r division ( ! ,cru/acea4 #dgj ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,cru/4 ,foss4 ,burmei/] on ,trilobites2 ,introduction4 #dga ,a ,monograph on ! ,trilobites ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,jacob ,gre51 ,m4,d4 ,philadelphia1 #ahcb4 #dgb ,petrificata ,d]bi5sia4 #dgc ,organic ,rema9s ( a ,=m] ,_w1 vol4 iii4 ,see ,pictorial ,atlas4 #dgd ,geology ( ,york%ire2 & ,palozoic ,fossils ( ,devon4 #dge ,icones ,fossilium ,sectiles4 #dgf ,bridgewat] ,treatise4 #dgg ,silurian ,sy/em1 *ap1 xlvii4 #dgh ,die ,organisation d] ,trilobit54 #ahdc4 ,translation3 ,ray ,society4 #dgi ,9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 & 9 ! ,memoirs & ,decades ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita94 #dhj ,palozoic ,fossils 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum4 #dha ,! ,silurian ,sy/em ( ,bohemia3 ! ,trilobites4 ,9 ! ,trilobites ! head is di/9ct1 & )\t ant5n1 & ! feet are suppos$ to h be5 rudim5t>y1 s(t1 & membranace\s3 ! ess5tial *>act]s :i* sep>ate !m f all o!r cru/aceans1 except ,bopyrus 7a p>asite on ! bran*i ( ! common prawn71 are1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,macleay1 ! defici5cy ( ant5n1 & ( lat]al po/]ior abdom9al app5dages1 & ! pres5ce ( evanesc5t feet4 ,l o!r cru/aceans1 ! ,trilobites 7 subject to ! process ( metamorphosis dur+ _! e>ly /ages ( life2 & ,m4 ,b>r&e has asc]ta9$ t "o species1 ! ,sa hirsuta1 appeal's 9 no less ?an tw5ty diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 its e>lie/1 embryonic condition1 x is a simple disk1 & x passes ?r\gh v>i\s /ages until x becomes a p]fect adult trilobite1 hav+ sev5te5 free ?oracic segm5ts & two caudal jo9ts4 ,no less ?an t5 g5]a & eighte5 species 7 in/itut$ by palontologi/s on "s ( ! =ms only :i* ?is "o species pres5ts 9 its diff]5t /ages ( metamorphosis1 be=e ,m4 ,b>r&e's labori\s & long-cont9u$ inve/igations gave him an insight into ! true relations ( ^! v>i\s conditions ( ! same animal to "o ano!r4 ,?is tal5t$ & indefatigable palontologi/ has arriv$ at l results ) o!r ,trilobites1 & has be5 enabl$ to add greatly to our k ( ! natural hi/ory & geological di/ribution ( ?is int]e/+ gr\p ( cru/aceans4 ,see ,transact1 ( ! ,sections1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdi & #ahej2 & ,trilob4 ,bohme1 pl4 vii4 ,! ,trilobites h be5 arrang$ 9 num]\s g5]a1 ! names ( :i* 9 a few cases are expressive ( natural *>act]s1 b 9 o!rs h ref]5ce to ! obscurity t /ill inve/s "s p>ts ( ! organization ( ^! animals4#dhb #dhb ,z1 = example1 ,asaphus1 obscure2 ,calym5e1 conceal$2 ,agno/us1 unkn[n4 ,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii4 ,lign4 #age1 figs4 #c1 #d4--,?is is ! ,trilobite s well kn[n z ! ,dudley locu/1 or insect4 ,x consi/s ( an ovate1 convex1 trilob$ cru/ace\s %ell1 or case1 & is f\nd ei!r exp&$1 z 9 ,lign4 #age1 fig4 #c1 ) its "u surface atta*$ to1 & bl5d$ )1 ! lime/one 7,wond4 p4 #ghi72 or coil$ up l an ,oniscus1 or wood-l\se1 z 9 figs4 #d & #d;a4 ,! head is l>ge1 convex1 r\nd$ 9 front1 ) a broad bord]1 & divid$ into ?ree lobes by two longitud9al depressions4 ,! eyes are two 9 numb]1 comp\nd1 & h num]\s facets2 !y are situat$ on ! sides ( ! head1 remote f ea* o!r4 ,! c>apace is deeply trilob$ by two longitud9al furr[s2 ! ?oracic portion is compos$ ( ?irte5 segm5ts2 ! caudal %ield is small & ne>ly semicircul>4 ,?is species is f "o to f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x occurs f ! ,l[] ,ll&eilo rocks up to ! ,upp] ,ludl[ inclusive4 ,! /ructure "h describ$ may be reg>d$ z ! normal type1 b num]\s & important modifications prevail 9 ! diff]5t g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #agf ,homalonotus deph9ocephalus4 7,r$uc$ f pl4 vii4 ,sil4 ,sy/47 ,upp] ,silurian4 ,dudley4 ,9 ! g5us ,homalonotus1 ,lign4 #agf1 ! ?oracic portion ( ! c>apace is b obscurely lob$1 & consi/s ( ?irte5 segm5ts2 ! abdom9al is di/9ct f ! ?oracic1 & =m$ ( n9e r+s2 x t]m9ates 9 a prolong$ po9t4 ,! ,h4 ,h]s*elii is a l>ge ,trilobite1 v pl5tiful 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian s*i/s ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,9 ano!r g5us1 ,asaphus 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,decade #b71 ! c>apace is wide & mu* depress$2 ! middle lobe di/9ct1 ! cephalic portion r\nd$ 9 front1 & t]m9at+ po/]iorly 9 a %>p process on ea* side4 ,! eyes are comp\nd1 & ea* conta9s upw>d ( six ?\s& l5ses1 _m ( :i* rema9 9 "s examples4#dhc ,"s ,am]ican species belong+ to ?is gr\p are ( a gigantic size1 z1 = example1 ! ,isotelus gigas 7( ,mr4 ,dekay71 :i* is eighte5 in*es long4 ,9 ! ,isotelus#dhd ! body is ( an oval %ape1 & ! po/]ior angles ( ! head are r\nd$2 ! ?orax is compos$ ( eight segm5ts4 #dhc ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,decade #b1 pl4 v4 p4 #b1 note4 #dhd ,isotelus1 i4 e4 equal extremities4 ,ano!r division ( ! ,trilobites has ! body contract$1 & v ?ick1 & ! abdom5 l>ge & scuti=m1 )\t any segm5t>y divisions2 ! small cru/acean 7,illnus p]ovalis1 ,mur*47 ,lign4 #age1 fig4 #a1 w s]ve to illu/rate ^! *>act]s4 ,! ,trilobite call$ ,buma/us by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison 7f its grape-l =m7 pres5ts a v curi\s modification ( ! normal type4 ,bo? ! head & caudal extremity are r\nd$1 ) no di/9ct longitud9al furr[s2 & ! :ole surface ( ! c>apace is cov]$ by extremely ?91 app>5tly imbricat$1 lamell1 ! edges ( :i* are undulat$1 & ! int]m$iate spaces /udd$ ) m9ute dots4 ,! eyes are smoo?1 & n granulose1 z 9 ,calym5e4 ,?is g5us is kn[n 9 ,engl& by ! "n ( ! ,b>r ,trilobite1 f its occurr5ce 9 ! lime/one ne> ,b>r1 9 ,/af=d%ire2 x is sometimes five in*es long1 & ?ree & a half wide 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,decade #b1 pl4 iii4 & iv474 ,! g5us ,ogygia 7,bd4 pl4 xlvi4 fig4 #i7 is *>act]is$ by ! elliptical & depress$ =m ( ! c>apace1 its ne>ly balanc$ extremities1 & ! prolongation ( ! buckl]1 or cephalic portion1 on ea* side1 into sl5d] spikes1 di/9ct f ! body2 ! ?oracic & abdom9al regions are divid$ by two deep1 longitud9al furr[s1 into ?ree lobes2 !re is also a /raight1 longitud9al groove1 9 ! front ( ! buckl] 7see figures & descriptions ( ,o4 ,bu*ii1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,decade #b74 ,! ,trilobites ( ?is g5us are f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks ( ,nor? ,wales & ,irel&2 !y occur also 9 great abundance 9 ! slate rocks ( ,ang]s1 & "s species are m ?an a foot 9 l5g?4 ,"s species ( ! g5us ,phacops h long1 po9t$ caudal app5dages1 z ! ,p4 7=m]ly ,asaphus7 caudatus 7,lign4 #agg2 ,bd4 pl4 xlv4 figs4 #aj1 #aj2 & ,geol4 ,surv4 ,decade #b1 pl4 i474 ,! eyes are (t5 well pres]v$1 & ea* conta9s ab\t #bdj sph]ical l5ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #agg4 ,phacops caudatus4 ,upp] ,silurian4 ,dudley4 ,! caudal extremity4 ,tr9ucleus4 ,lign4 #age1 fig4 #b2 ,ly4 fig4 #dcb4--,?is g5us comprises sev]al small =ms :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks ( ,engl&1 & occur 9 ! equival5t deposits ( ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,russia4#dhe ,9 ! ,tr9ucleus1 ! cephalic %ield is obtuse1 trilob$1 r\nd$1 & t]m9at+ 9 lat]al spikes2 & its m>g9 is m>k$ by num]\s pit-l depressions4 ,!re are six body-r+s or ?oracic segm5ts4 ,! caudal %ield is l>ge & some:at triangul>4 ,!re are no di/9ct eyes4 #dhe ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #bag4 ,p>adoxides4 ,lign4 #agh4--,! ,trilobites ( ?is g5us are easily recognis$ by ! ends ( ! lat]al segm5ts ( ! ?orax & abdom5 t]m9at+ 9 deflect$ po9ts1 :i* ext5d 9 spikes beyond ! membrane !y support$1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ne> ! tail1 :i* are mu* elongat$2 :]eas 9 ! o!r g5]a ! lat]al po9ts ( ! segm5ts are unit$ by a membrane1 :i* (t5 =ms a bord] beyond !m4 ,! cephalic buckl] is semicircul>1 & its lat]al angles are l5g!n$ out beh9d into two /rong sp9es2 x is divid$ on ! m$ian l9e into f\r protub]ances1 by transv]se grooves4 ,! ?orax consi/s ( f sixte5 to tw5ty segm5ts2 ! abdom9al buckl] is g5]ally v small & r\nd$4 ,! animals ( ?is g5us h ! body mu* depress$1 & ! lat]al lobes wid] ?an ! middle lobe3 "s species are ( consid]able size1 atta9+ sev]al in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #agh4 ,p>adoxides ,bohemicus3 nat4 ,silurian4 ,bohemia4 ,a v peculi> =m ( ,trilobite 7,brontes flabellif]1 ,ly4 p4 #cdh7 is f\nd 9 ! ,devonian /rata ( ! ,eifel & ,s\? ,devon%ire2 ! head1 or cephalic region1 is n>r[1 & has two lunat$ eyes2 ! ?oracic region is trilob$ & %ort1 & compos$ ( ab\t t5 small articulations2 ! abdom9al v small1 & bord]$ by segm5ts1 :i* radiate & =m a wide1 fan-%ap$ expansion4 ,o!r species ( ?is g5us occur 9 ! ,silurian rocks4 ,) reg>d to ! "u surface ( ! ,trilobites mu* rema9s to be kn[n4 ,no decid$ indications ei!r ( ant5n or extremities h be5 discov]$4 ,9 an ,am]ican specim51 ,mr4 ,/okes detect$ a plate1#dhf :i* appe>s to be a labrum1 or upp] m&ible or lip1 resembl+ t ( ,apus cancri=mis4 ,?is animal has a simil> labrum1 & lat]al influt$ t]m9ations ( ! %elly segm5ts ( ! body1 ) a di/9ctly trilob$ pygidium 7tail or caudal portion71 & a prolong$ tail3 ! feet be+ foliace\s1 & ! abdom5 m]ely cov]$ by a membrane4#dhg ,9 ! upp] or dorsal surface ( ! c>apace ! ,trilobites approa* c]ta9 ,isopoda1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! *>act]s ( ! buckl] & eyes4 ,mr4 ,macleay /ates t among ! exi/+ cru/aceans !re are c]ta9 g5]a :i* individually possess "s "o or m ( ! *>act]s1 :i* h be5 ?\ght peculi> to ! ext9ct ,trilobites4 ,?us ! ,s]olis 7,bd4 pl4 xlv4 fig4 #f71 & ! ,bopyrus1 h a trilob$ =m2 ! female ,cymo?o h ! coriace\s m>g9 ( ! body1 & 9 "s species are )\t eyes z are _m ( ! ,trilobites2 :ile ! eyes ( ! males ( "s ,cymo?o are compos$ ( l>ge facets1 & are situat$ on ! back ( ! head1 wide ap>t1 z 9 ! ,calym5e2 rudim5t>y feet1 & ! abs5ce ( ant5n occur 9 ,bopyrus2 & la/ly1 ! ,sphroma has an onisci=m body1 & ! p[] ( roll+ itself up into a ball1 l ! ,calym5e 7,lign4 #age1 fig4 #d74 ,! analogy betwe5 ! ,bopyrus & ! ,b>r ,trilobite is s close1 t if ! latt] _h a body ) ?irte5 equal segm5ts1 & %ort cru/ace\s feet1 x w\ld be 9 e ess5tial p>ticul> a male ,bopyrus4#dhh ,burmei/] reg>ds ! ,trilobites z be+ relat$ to ! ,bran*ipus4 ,f ! abs5ce ( eyes 9 ! female1 & _! pres5ce 9 ! male ( c]ta9 rec5t g5]a ( cru/aceans1 x is n improbable t a simil> "* may h prevail$ 9 ! ,trilobites1 & t c]ta9 fossils ref]r$ to diff]5t g5]a1 f ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( eyes1 may h be5 ! males & females ( ! same species4 #dhf ,geol4 ,trans1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjh4 ,see also ,bd4 pl4 xlv1 fig4 #ab2 & ,burmei/]1 pl4 vi4 #dhg ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #ffe4 #dhh ,ibid4 p4 #ffg4 ,! habits ( ! ,trilobites1 z d$ucible f ,mr4 ,macleay's exposition ( _! /ructure & aff9ities1 mu/ h resembl$ ^? ( ! ,cymo?oad1 "s ( :i*1 l ! ,calym5es1 coil !mselves up1 & are n p>asitical2 :ile _! close aff9ity to ,bopyrus1 & ! app>5t abs5ce ( di/9ct cru/ace\s feet1 imply t !y 7 to a c]ta9 degree s$5t>y4 ,! flat "u surface ( _! bodies1 & ! lat]al coriace\s m>g9 ( sev]al species1 :i* is s analog\s to t ( ! multivalve %ell ,*iton1 r5d] x probable t !y adh]$ by a s(t1 articulat$1 "u surface1 to ! rocks or sea-we$s4 ,_! in/rum5ts ( progression are unkn[n2 :e!r !y mov$ by means ( membranace\s feet1 or by ! undulations ( setig]\s segm5ts1 l ! e>?-worm1 or by wr9kl+ ! "u surface ( ! abdom51 l ! ,*iton1 are que/ions yet to be det]m9$4 ,x is evid5t1 f _! longitud9ally trilob$ =m1 & lat]al coriace\s m>g91 t !y _h ! p[] ( firmly adh]+ to flat surfaces2 & :ile ?us s$5t>y ! ?9 b h>d dorsal cru/ace\s %ell w\ld protect !m f ! attacks ( _! enemies4 ,! ,trilobites1 probably1 l ! ,*itones1 adh]$ 9 masses "o ^u ano!r1 & ?us =m$ ^? conglom]ations ( individuals :i* are s rem>kable 9 c]ta9 rocks2 b x is n likely t !y 7 p>asitical1 s9ce almo/ all ! exi/+ p>asites t adh]e to o!r animals1 h /rong feet1 arm$ at _! extremities ) hooks = t purpose4#dhi ,f ! =m ( ! labrum ( ! m\? 7,b>r&e1 pl4 i4 & ii ,a7 x is inf]r$ t !y 7 c>nivor\s1 prey+ on nak$ mollusks1 or on ! annelides1 ) :i* _! rema9s are associat$4 #dhi ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #ffi4 ,z ! comp\nd eyes ( ! ,trilobites#dij are simil> to ^? ( exi/+ cru/aceans & insects 7see ,wond4 p4 #gib71 ! highly int]e/+ & important fact is e/abli%$1 t ! mutual relations ( light to ! eye1 & ( ! eye to light1 7 ! same 9 ! remote epo* :5 ! ,trilobites fl\ri%$1 z at ! pres5t "t2 & t ! condition ( ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & ! atmosph]e1 & ! relation ( bo? ^! m$ia to light1 h und]gone no *ange ?r\gh ! c\ntless ages t h elaps$ s9ce ! deposition ( ! ,silurian /rata4#dia #dij ,! comp\nd eyes 9 _m specim5s rema9 9 a high /ate ( pres]vation4 ,m4 ,b>r&e 9 ! eye ( a ,brontes palif] c\nt$ #cj1jjj l5ses4 ,see also ,b>r&e1 pl4 iii4 #dia ,see ,dr4 ,buckl&'s eloqu5t & in/ructive comm5t>y on ?is subject1 ,bd4 pp4 #dja-djd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,fossil ,cru/aceans4 ,we h se5 t ! ,t]ti>y /rata conta9 ! rema9s ( _m ( ! highe/ organiz$ cru/aceans2 a few bra*yur\s1 macrur\s1 & entomo/rac\s g5]a appe> 9 ! ,cretace\s1 ,oolitic1 & ,liassic =mations2 :il/ ! ,isopod\s ,ar*oniscus & sev]al species ( ,cypris occur 9 ! ,weald5 & ,purbeck deposits4 ,"s few ,entomo/raca h be5 enum]at$ f ! ,trias & ,p]mian4 ,"o species ( macrur\s decapod has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,mus*elkalk ( ,g]many2 & ,mr4 ,pre/wi*'s ,apus dubius 7,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 v4 pl4 xli4 fig4 #i71 & ,dr4 ,ick's cru/acean1 notic$ 9 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 i4 p4 #aii1 bo? f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,engl&1 are probably true ,decapod\s ,cru/aceans4 ,) ^! exceptions n a species ( ! num]\s tribes ( ,crabs1 ,lob/]s1 c4 has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! old] =mations1 ?\gh compos$ ( su* enorm\s ?icknesses ( m>9e detritus1 & conta9+ c\ntless myriads ( ! relics ( ! inhabitants ( ! ocean4 ,a few species ( ,limulus1 sev]al ,cy!res & alli$ g5]a1 & a few ,trilobites 7,phillipsia & ,griffi?ides7 belong to ! /rata ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em4 ,9 ! ,devonian ,sy/em we f9d "s m9ute entomo/racans1 ! gigantic ,pt]ygotus1 & v>i\s ,trilobites 7,brontes1 ,*eirurus1 ,homalonotus1 ,phacops1 c472 b x is ! ,silurian rocks t con/itute ! gr& mausoleum ( ^? anci5t be+s1 ! ,trilobites4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty g5]a ( ,trilobites f\nd 9 ! ,silurian rocks ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,_m ( ^! are common to ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,divisions ( t sy/em2 & "s ( !m are met ) bo? 9 ! ,silurian & 9 ! ,devonian rocks1 z ,phacops1 ,brontes1 ,*eirurus1 ,h>pes1 & ,homalonotus4 ,! ,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii 7,lign4 #age1 figs4 #c & #d7 ranges ?r\gh ! ,ludl[ & ,w5lock1 to ! ,bala & ,ll&eilo =mations4 ,! ,phacops caudatus also 7,lign4 #agg71 ! ,*eirurus bimucronatus1#dib & ! ,encr9urus punctatus#dic ext5d f ! ,ludl[1 to ! ,ll&eilo =mation4 ,! ,upp] ,silurian rocks exclusively conta9 "s peculi> =ms1 z ,encr9urus v>iol>is1 ,buma/us ,b>ri5sis1 & sev]al species ( ,acidaspis4 ,& ! ,l[] ,silurian has sev]al di/9ct g5]a1 namely1 ! ,tr9ucleus 7,lign4 #age1 fig4 #b71 ,ogygia1 ,agno/us1 ,asaphus1 ,ol5us1 ,remopleurides1 c4 ,"o species ( ,pt]ygotus1 & "o ( ,eurypt]us1 ! ,c]atioc>is & ,hym5oc>is1 & sev]al species ( ! m9ute bivalv$ ,entomo/raca 7,lep]ditia & ,beyri*ia7 are all t rema9 to be enum]at$ z con/itut+1 9 company ) ! ,trilobites1 ! ,cru/acean fauna ( ! anci5t ,cambrian & ,silurian seas4#did #dib ,9 ,mur*ison's ,silurian ,sy/em ?is =m is figur$ 7pl4 xiv4 figs4 #h & #i7 & describ$ z ,p>adoxides bimucronatus4 #dic ,?is is describ$ & figur$ z ,asaphus tub]culatus 9 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 pl4 xlvi4 fig4 #f4 #did ,we h also to ref] to ! indications ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r l>ge ,silurian ,entomo/raca af=d$ by ! magnific5t s]ies ( fossil foot-tracks lately br\ght to ,engl& by ,w4 ,e4 ,logan1 ,esq41 & obta9$ by t g5tleman f ! ,potsdam ,s&/one 7,l[] ,silurian7 ( ,ea/]n ,canada4 ,^! foot-m>ks & trails h be5 det]m9$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 z be+ mo/ probably ref]able to "s l>ge ,cru/aceans ( ! ,limulus ,gr\p1 & are nam$ by him ,proti*nites4 7,see draw+s & descriptions 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 viii47 ,on ,collect+ ,fossil ,cru/aceans4--,! ,crabs & ,lob/]s ( ! argillace\s t]ti>y /rata are g5]ally imb$d$ 9 nodules ( indurat$ clay & sept>ia4 ,on ! %ore b5ea? ! cliffs on ! nor? ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 & ne> ,s\!nd1 specim5s may be obs]v$ 9 ! nodules t h be5 expos$ to ! action ( ! waves1 ! attrition to :i* !y h be5 subject$ hav+ p>tially worn away ! surr\nd+ /one1 & display$ ! enclos$ fossils4 ,9 ^! examples ! c>apace is occasionally se5 on "o side1 & ! pair ( p9c]-claws on ! o!r face ( ! b\ld]2 ! o!r feet & ! plates ( ! ?orax may sometimes be develop$ 9 su* examples by *isell+ away ! envelop+ mass4 ,9 ! lam9at$ m>ls ( ! t]ti>y & o!r deposits1 9 :i* ! m9ute cru/aceans1 z ! ,cyprides ab\nd1 ?9 slabs cov]$ ) ^! relics may be easily extract$2 & _m ( ! t]ti>y clays & s&s yield ,cy!res1 toge!r ) ,=am9if]a & o!r m9ute fossils1 on c>eful wa%+ & exam9ation ) a l5s4 ,! ,*alk cru/aceans1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are muricat$1 or beset ) sp9es & tub]cles1 z ! ,enoploclytia ,sussexi5sis & ,e4 ,lea*ii 7,lign4 #afi71 require consid]able pati5ce & dext]ity to develope successfully4 ,! cru/ace\s cov]+ ( ! c>apace & claws adh]es firmly to ! *alk by ! r\gh ext]nal coat1 :ile ! inn]1 smoo?1 glossy surface z readily sep>ates4 ,h5ce1 ^u break+ a block ( *alk conta9+ portions ( ^! cru/aceans1 we f9d "o piece exhibit+ a *alk ca/ ( ! claw or c>apace1 cov]$ ) tub]cles or papill1 t h be5 m\ld$ 9 ! bases ( ! sp9es ( ! cru/2 & on ! o!r portion ! cru/ace\s %ell imb$d$ by its out] surface1 & pres5t+ ! int]nal glossy l9+1 beset ) circul> depressions1 :i* are ! bases ( ! sp9es4 ,?is cru/ is exce$+ly friable1 & w flake (f by a v slight t\*4 ,to obta9 specim5s ) ! ext]nal *>act]s1 x is necess>y to proce$ ) great caution2 & :5 indications ( a cru/acean are obs]v$ 9 a block1 ! *alk %\ld be *isell$ or sawn (f to )9 half an in* ( ! surface ( ! fossil1 & ! rema9d] ( ! /one be cle>$ away1 piece by piece1 by means ( a p5knife or grav]4 ,by ?is process ! fossils figur$ ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxix4 xxx4 xxxi4 7 develop$4 ,:5 a f9e specim5 has be5 brok51 & ! %ell is atta*$ to "o piece ( ! /one & ! ca/ to ! o!r1 x is possible to obta9 an illu/rative example ( ! ext]nal surface1 by cem5t+ ! pieces accurately toge!r ) v ?9 hot glue2 &1 :5 firmly consolidat$1 ! *alk may be remov$1 & ! sp9es1 tub]cles1 & papill ( ! cru/ace\s cov]+ be develop$ by ! me?od previ\sly describ$4 ,a ?9 coat+ ( ma/ic v>ni% w give durability to ! cru/1 & improve its appe>ance2 b ! ri* br[n col\r x possesses :5 fir/ expos$ soon disappe>s4 ,! ,cru/aceans ( ! ,galt are (t5 f\nd among/ ! argillace\s & pyrit\s nodules flung aside 9 heaps :]e ! ,galt is us$ = brick-mak+4 ,! ,cy!rid ( ! ,*alk1 ,galt1 ,oolite1 c4 are to be obta9$ by dis9tegrat+ ! matrix 9 wat]1 & exam9+ ! debris1 aft] sift+1 "u a l5s4 ,! ,limuli ( ! ,coal-measures (t5 =m ! nuclei ( clay nodules1 z 9 ! example figur$ ,lign4 #agb1 9 :i* fig4 #b repres5ts ! nodule )\t any ext]nal indication ( its cont5ts1 & figs4 #a1 & #c1 ! same brok51 & display+ ! cru/acean4 ,traces ( ! legs1 bran*i1 & o!r app5dages1 %\ld be dilig5tly s\ght = 9 fossils ( ?is k9d1 = !y are m likely to be detect$ 9 su* specim5s ?an 9 ^? f\nd 9 lime/one4 ,x is possible t poli%$ sections ( ! coil$ up examples ( ,trilobites 7,lign4 #age1 fig4 #d7 w\ld ?r[ "s light ^u ! nature ( ! hi!rto undiscov]$ organs ( locomotion & respiration ( ?is ext9ct ord] ( ,cru/aceans4 ,a ,,few ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,cru/aceans4 ,abb]ley4 ,silurian3 ,trilobites & ,beyri*ia4 ,ab]y/)1 neighb\rhood (4 ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,arundel1 ,sussex4 ,*alk-pits 9 ! vic9ity4 ,a/acid & ,cy!rid4 ,a!rfield1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,weald53 ,cyprides 9 clay 7,lign4 #agd74 ,b>r1 ,/af=d%ire2 limeworks at ,hay ,head4 ,silurian3 ,trilobites1 p>ticul>ly ( ! g5us ,buma/us4 ,bewdley1 ,%rop%ire4 ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,boll&1 ,york%ire4 ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one3 ,trilobites 7,cyclus1 ,phillipsia74 ,burdie-h\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,fre%-wat] coal-measures4 ,cyprides & ,eurypt]i4 ,burham1 ne> ! banks ( ! ,m$way1 ,k5t4 ,qu>ry ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,lee1 a good section ( ! l[] ,*alk3 f9e ,cru/aceans4 ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,coal-measures & ,silurian4 ,limuli & ,trilobites4 ,coni/on1 ,lanca%ire4 ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,d9ley1 ,wilts4 ,purbeck4 ,isopoda 7,lign4 #aga7 & ,cyprides4 ,dov]4 ,9 ! l[] ,*alk1 ,a/acus 7,enoploclytia7 ,sussexi5sis1 c4 ,dudley4 ,upp] ,silurian3 ,trilobites 9 abundance4 ,durl/one ,bay1 ne> ,swanage4 ,purbeck3 ,cyprides & ,isopoda4 ,folk/one1 ,k5t4 ,9 ,galt3 small ,crabs 7,lign4 #afh71 & num]\s ,cy!res4 ,grays1 ,essex4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,cyprides4 ,gri/horpe ,bay1 ,york%ire ,oolite3 ,a/acid4 ,ha/+s1 ,sussex1 neighb\rhood (4 ,weald53 ,cyprides4 ,holl+ton1 ne> ,ha/+s4 ,weald53 ,cyprides4 ,hordwell ,cliff1 ,hamp%ire4 ,upp] ,eoc5e3 ,cyprides4 ,kild>e1 ,irel&4 ,c>bonif]\s & ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,langton ,gre51 ne> ,tunbridge ,wells4 ,weald53 ,cyprides4 ,lewes1 ,sussex4 ,9 ! ,*alk-pits ( ! vic9ity3 ,a/acid 7,lign4 #afi71 & o!r ,cru/aceans4 ,ll&eilo1 ,ca]m>!n%ire4 ,l[] ,silurian3 ,trilobites1 ,tr9uclei4 ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorset4 ,gre5 ,s&3 ,hoplop>ia4 ,lias3 ,coleia4 ,malv]n ,hills4 ,l[] ,silurian4 ,trilobites 7,ol5us74 ,meifod ,hills1 ,montgom]y%ire4 ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,m\nt ,pleasant1 ,ca]m>!n4 ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,newton ,bu%el4 ,devonian3 ,trilobites 7,brontes74 ,rhiwlas1 ne> ,bala1 ,nor? ,wales4 ,l[] ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,r+m]1 ne> ,lewes4 ,9 ,galt3 small ,crabs1 c4 ,s&[n ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,cyprides1 9 ,weald ,clay4 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,oolite3 ,a/acid1 9 clay nodules4 ,%eppey4 ,london ,clay3 ,lob/]s & ,crabs4 ,/eyn+1 ,sussex4 ,9 ,*alk-m>l3 ,lob/]s1 c4 ,tyrone1 ,irel&4 ,c>bonif]\s & ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,w5lock1 neighb\rhood (4 ,upp] ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,we/bury1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,lias3 ,e/h]ia & ,cyprides4 ,wilm+ton1 ne> ,m>ton1 ,salop4 ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,wi/an/[1 ,salop4 ,l[] ,silurian3 ,trilobites4 ,wor?+1 ,sussex4 ,neighb\r+ ,*alk-pits4 ,lob/]s1 c4 ,,fossil ,,insects1 ,,scorpions1 ,,& ,,spid]s4 ,f ! ,cru/aceans we pass by a natural transition to ! o!r ,articulata1 viz4 ! ,ara*nida 7,scorpions & ,spid]s7 & ! ,insecta1 9 ! la/ ( :i* ! highe/ problem ( animal me*anics is solv$1 & ! body & its app5dages c be lift$ f ! gr\nd & propell$ ?r\gh ! air 7,ow574 ,! skeleton 9 ^! animals1 z 9 ! ,cru/aceans1 is *iefly ext]nal1 & consi/s ( a h>d %ell or case 7compos$ ( a peculi> sub/ance1 t]m$ *it9e71 divid$ into segm5ts1 & furni%$ ) articulat$ or jo9t$ holl[ extremities4 ,! head is di/9ct1 & has a pair ( comp\nd eyes1 & ( jo9t$ ant5n4 ,to ! segm5ts t =m ! ?orax ! legs are atta*$1 & ^! consi/ ( ?ree pieces 9 ! hexapods 7insects ) six feet71 ea* support+ a pair ( feet4 ,! w+s 9 ! fly+ insects are atta*$ to ! middle & ?ird ?oracic segm5ts4 ,! legs1 or articulat$ app5dages1 are holl[1 z 9 ! ,cru/aceans1 & conta9 ! muscles & o!r s(t p>ts4 ,! g5]ic & o!r di/9ctions adopt$ by naturali/s1 to facilitate ! /udy ( ?is mo/ num]\s division ( ! animal k+dom1 are f\nd$ on ! /ructure & configuration ( ! ant5n & w+s4 ,! latt] consi/ ( flat membran\s expansions1 support$ by holl[ tubes or n]vures2 & 9 "s ord]s consi/ ( "o pair1 & 9 o!rs ( two4 ,9 burr[+ insects1 z ! ,beetle1 ! front pair ( w+s con/itutes a h>d case 7elytron71 :i* cov]s & protects ! membran\s po/]ior pair1 :5 ! animal is 9 repose or walk+4 ,! modifications ( ! w+s furni% ! *>act]s by :i* ! class is divid$ into ord]s4 ,?us ! ,coleopt]a 7%ea!d-w+s7 comprise ! beetles & o!r burr[+ insects1 9 :i* ! membran\s w+s are fold$ transv]sely b5ea? ! elytra1 or w+-cases4 ,! ,or?opt]a 7/raight-w+s71 ^? ) two pairs ( w+s1 ( :i* ! ant]ior encase ! o!rs1 ! po/]ior be+ membran\s1 & fold$ longitud9al dur+ repose2 z ! ,e>wig1 ,cockroa*1 ,mantis1 & ,locu/s4 ,neuropt]a 7n]v$-w+s71 ^? ) two pairs ( transp>5t reticulat$ w+s1 z ! ,libellula1 or ,dragon-fly1 ! ,ephem]a1 & ! ,t]mites4 ,hym5opt]a 7membran\s-w+s71 ) simply ve9$ membran\s w+s1 z ! ,gall-flies1 ! ,bee1 c4 ,! ,cicas1 ,aphis1 & ,coccus con/itute ! some:at anomal\s gr\p t]m$ ,homopt]a 7equal-w+s71 9 :i* ! ant]ior pair ( w+s are usually simil> to ! po/]ior 9 consi/5ce1 & %ut up 9 a ro(-l mann]4 ,! ,het]opt]a 7diff]5t-w+s7 include ! ,nepa1 ,notonecta1 c4 & h ! ant]ior w+s coriace\s at ! base1 membran\s t[>ds ! po9t1 & %utt+ up ne>ly horizontally1 p>tly lapp+ ov] "o ano!r4 ,lepidopt]a 7scaly-w+s7 h w+s cov]$ ) scales1 z ! ,butt]fly & ,mo?4 ,9 ! ,dipt]a 7two-w+s7 ! ant]ior pair ( w+s only are ! in/rum5ts = fly+1 & ! h9d] pair are r$uc$ to m]e clavate app5dages1 z ! ,gnat & ,fly4 ,! ,phrygane 7,caddis flies7 con/itute ! ord] ( ,tri*opt]a 7hairy-w+s71 relat$ to ! ,neuropt]a1 b resembl+ ! ,lepidopt]a 9 ! di/ribution ( ! n]vures ( ! w+s1 & 9 _m o!r *>act]s4 ,la/ly1 !re rema9 ! ,w+less ,insects1 divisible into ?ree ord]s1 ( :i* ! ,flea1 ! ,p>asites1 & ! ,podura are respectively ! types4 ,) ^! few rem>ks on ^? durable p>ts ( ! /ructure ( ,insects :i* _! fossil rema9s g5]ally pres5t1 we mu/ quit ?is "p ( ! subject1 & ent] ^u ! exam9ation ( ! relics :i* are ! imm$iate objects ( our pres5t inquiry4 ,f ! endur+ nature ( ! elytra1 segm5ts1 & articulat$ extremities ( insects1 ! fossil rema9s ( animals ( ?is class might naturally be expect$ to ab\nd 9 lacu/r9e & fluviatile deposits2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 & except 9 a few fav\r$ localities1 fossil insects are seldom met )1 & good specim5s rank among ! mo/ r>e & int]e/+ ( ! organic rema9s ( ! ,second>y =mations4 ,9 c]ta9 ,t]ti>y b$s1 z at n+51 & ,aix 9 ,prov5ce1 insects ( num]\s species & g5]a h be5 discov]$2 & ! cream-col\r$ lime/one ( ,sol5h(51 among its num]\s o!r treasures1 has yield$ "s f9e examples ( ?is class4 ,! /rata 9 :i* rema9s ( insects h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&#die are ! ,t]ti>y clays ( ! ,bag%ot s]ies1 ! ,ha/+s b$s1 ,purbeck m>ls & lime/ones1 ,kimm]idge ,clay1 ,ox=d ,clay1 ,=e/ ,m>ble1 ,/onesfield ,slate1 ,upp] & ,l[] ,lias1 & ! ,coal ,measures4 #die ,palontologi/s are p>ticul>ly indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,b4 ,brodie1 ,f4,g4,s4 = 8 comp5di\s & valuable ,hi/ory ( ! ,fossil ,insects 9 ! ,second>y ,rocks ( ,engl& 7#hvo4 #ahde72 & to ,j4 ,o4 ,we/wood1 ,esq4 ! em95t ,entomologi/1 = ! v important & int]e/+ ,obs]vations on ! ,insect ,rema9s1 prefix$ to ! above "w4 ,9 an int]e/+ pap] on ! ,geology ( ! vic9ity ( ,ilm9/]1 ,c4 ,moore1 ,esq4 has notic$ ! num]\s ,insect rema9s ( ! ,upp] ,lias ( t place4 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes & ,w4 ,r4 ,b9field1 ,esq4 h discov]$ ,insects 9 ! ,ha/+s s]ies2 & ,mr4 ,b9field1 besides hav+ mo/ successfully se>*$ ! ,upp] ,lias ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 has also detect$ "s specim5s 9 ! ,lias at ,lyme4 ,la/ly1 ,mr4 ,morris has f\nd ,insects 9 ! ,upp] ,lias 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,,ara*nida4 ,fossil ,scorpion4 7,bd4 pl4 xlvi47--,! discov] ( a fossil ,scorpion 9 coal-%ale1 associat$ ) leaves1 by ,c\nt ,/]nb]g1 & ( ,spid]s 9 ! lime/one ( ,sol5h(51 by ,c\nt ,mn/]1 proves ! exi/5ce at a v remote p]iod ( bo? ^! insectivor\s families ( ,ara*nidans1 or spid]s 7,bd4 p4 #dje74 ,! fossil ,scorpion 0 f\nd 9 a block ( argillace\s %ale1 at ,*omle1 9 ,bohemia4 ,x lies imb$d$ amid/ ! c>boniz$ rema9s ( leaves1 & a l>ge trifid c>poli! or se$-vessel 7see ,bd4 pl4 xlvi473 by a =tunate sep>ation ( ! %ale1 ! back or dorsal c>apace is %[n on "o surface2 & ! ?orax1 ) five or six legs atta*$1 & ! abdom9al segm5ts1 are expos$ on ! o!r1 toge!r ) a fragm5t ( ! tail ( ano!r & l>g] ,scorpion4 ,! head & eyes1 "o ( ! jaws ) tee?1 & a portion ( ! sk9 rema9 7,bd4 pl4 xlvi4 figs4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f74 ,! horny cov]+ seems to h und]gone no *ange2 x is /ill ela/ic & transi5t1 & consi/s ( two lay]s1 bo? reta9+ _! texture1 & /ructure1 & exhibit+ "u ! microscope hexagonal cells divid$ by /rong p>titions4 ,fossil ,spid]s4--,) ! num]\s insects pres]v$ 9 ! gypse\s m>ls at ,aix1 ( :i* we %all treat h]eaft]1 ,spid]s are occasionally f\nd4 ,a beautiful example1 %[+ ! "u surface ( a small spid]1 ) ! papill ( ! sp9n+ organs protrud$ by pressure1 f ! cab9et ( ,mrs4 ,mur*ison1 is figur$1 ,bd4 pl4 xlvi4 fig #ab ,9 ! beautiful li?ographic /one ( ,sol5h(5 ! rema9s ( spid]s are n unfrequ5t4 ,,insecta4 ,fossil ,neuropt]a4--,( ?is ord]1 ! insects ( :i* are di/+ui%$ by _! f\r f9ely reticulat$ membran\s w+s1 sev]al fossil species h be5 f\nd4 ,"s ( ^! are ref]able to ! family ,libellulid2--insects s well kn[n f _! light & elegant figure1 _! beautiful & v>iegat$ col\rs1 _! l>ge lu/r\s w+s1 & ! velocity & gracefulness ( _! motions4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #agi4 ,fossil ,libellula1 or ,dragon-fly4 ,sol5h(54 7,drawn by ,mr4 ,joseph ,d9kel47 ,9 ! cab9et ( ! late ,m>quess ( ,nor?ampton4 ,fossil ,libellulid4 ,lign4 #agi4--,( ! highly organiz$ family ( c>nivor\s insects1 ! ,libellulid1 five or six specim5s h be5 discov]$ 9 ! li?ographic lime/one ( ,sol5h(52 a beautiful specim5 f t locality is repres5t$1 ,lign4 #agi4 ,9 ?is example bo? pairs ( w+s rema91 b "o w+ is press$ d[n b5ea? ! abdom53 ! n]vures ( ! w+s are admirably pres]v$4 ,a few examples ( ! rema9s ( ?is family h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,briti% /rata4 ,"o species ( ,libellula & "o ( %na h be5 f\nd by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,brodie 9 ! ,purbeck b$s ( ! ,vale ( ,w>d\r4 ,two species ( ,libellula1#dif two ( %na1 & "s o!r alli$ species h be5 obta9$ by ,messrs4 ,/rickl&1 ,buckman1 ,b9field1 & ,brodie f ! ,lias4 ,! w+ ( ! %na liass9a1 discov]$ 9 ! ,lias1 ne> ,b9ton1 9 ,w>wick%ire1 by ,mr4 ,/rickl&1 is two in*es & t5 & a half l9es 9 l5g?1 & eight & a half l9es 9 its greate/ bread?1 be+ "o-?ird l>g] ?an ! w+ ( ! l>ge/ ,briti% species4 ,see ,wond4 ,lign4 #aai1 & p4 #ebh4 #dif ,a v int]e/+ specim5 ( fossil ,libellula1 discov]$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr ,brodie 9 ! ,upp] ,lias ne> ,*elt5ham1 is figur$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 = #ahdh1 vol4 v4 pl4 v4 ,fossil ,corydalis4 ,lign4 #aha1 fig4 #b4--,! w+ ( a rem>kable fossil ,neuropt]\s insect 0 discov]$ by me 9 a nodule ( iron/one1 f ,coalbrook ,dale1 & mi/ak5 = a leaf4 ,! specim5 consi/s ( "o w+1 :i*1 z ,m4 ,audo9 fir/ asc]ta9$1 closely resembles t ( ! liv+ ,corydalis ( ,c>ol9a2 see ,lign4 #aha1 fig4 #b4 ,! membran\s /ructure & ! di/ribution ( ! n]vures are di/9ctly pres]v$2 on ! portion figur$ ! surface ( ! w+ lies 9 relief on ! /one2 & on ! correspond+ "p ( ! nodule1 a %>p impr9t rema9s1#dig ,i h nam$ ?is fossil 9 hon\r ( ! em95t ,fr5* savant1 ,m4 ,alex4 ,brongni>t4 #dig ,?is specim5 is n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,w+s ( ,corydalis h also be5 f\nd 9 ! ,purbeck b$s ( ! ,vale ( ,w>d\r1 by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,brodie1 :o has also discov]$ rema9s ( ,phryganeid & a ,t]mes 9 ! same gr\p ( /rata4 ,panorpa 8 ,liassica4 ,lign4 #ahj4--;,9 ! ,lias1 on ! banks ( ! ,sev]n1 at ,wa9lode ,cliff1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 specim5s ( m9ute neuropt]\s w+s h be5 discov]$4 ,i subjo9 accurate figures ( two specim5s 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,geological ,society2 !y are repres5t$ twice ! natural size2 !y resemble ! w+s ( a rec5t g5us ( ,neuropt]a1 t]m$ ,panorpa2 p>ticul>ly ,p4 ,g]manica4 ,! transv]se l9es are n fractures1 b n]vures1 & are fai?fully copi$ f ! orig9als4 ,to ! above notice ( ,briti% fossil neuropt]\s insects1 ,i may add t ! w+ ( a l>ge species 7,hem]obioides giganteus7 has be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& 9 ! ,/onesfield slate4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahj4 ,w+s ( ,neuropt]\s ,insects4 ,twice nat4 size4 7,drawn by ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 ,esq47 ,lias4 ,wa9lode ,cliff4 ,portions ( ! ant]ior w+s ( a species resembl+ ,panorpa4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aha4 ,fossil ,w+s ( ,insects4 7,drawn by ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 ,esq47 ,fig4 #a4--;,elytron1 or w+-case ( ,bupre/is ,buckl&i1 ,great ,oolite2 ,/onesfield4 #b4--,w+ ( ,corydalis ,brongni>ti4 7,g4 ,a4 ,m47 ,c>bonif]\s2 ,coalbrook ,dale4 ,fossil ,coleopt]a4--,! elytra or w+-cases ( coleopt]\s insects h long s9ce be5 notic$ 9 ! oolitic slate at ,/onesfield1 ne> ,ox=d2 a locality celebrat$ = ! only mammalian relies hi!rto discov]$ 9 ! ,secondly /rata ( ,engl&4 ,! ,/onesfield elytra are always f\nd deta*$2 9 no in/ance1 ,i believe1 has any o!r "p ( an insect be5 obs]v$1 except a s+le leg ( a ,curculio 7,bd4 pl4 xlvi4 fig4 #aj74 ,! specim5 figur$ ,lign4 #aha1 fig4 #a1 displays ! usual *>act]s ( ! l>ge/ species4 ,^! fossils are ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 ) a f9ely granulat$ surface2 !re appe> to be f\r or five species1 all ( :i* belong to ,bupre/is1 a family ( beetles rem>kable = _! spl5did metallic lu/re4 ,rema9s ( ,coleopt]a occur 9 ! ,t]ti>y clays ne> ,corfe1 ,dorset1#dih & 9 ! ,lias ( ,worce/]%ire & ,gl\ce/]%ire2 & 9 ! ,danby oolitic coal-pits1 9 ! ea/]n moorl&s ( ,york%ire1 ! elytra ( beetles h also be5 discov]$1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,taylor 7,bd4 vol4 ii4 p4 #gh74 #dih ,see ,notice by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,brodie1 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ix4 p4 #ea4 ,a mo/ rem>kable fossil ( ?is k9d is describ$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&2 a unique specim5 ( ,bupre/is1 f ,japan1 ab\t an in* long1 conv]t$ into *alc$ony1 ) ! ant5n & portions ( ! legs f9ely pres]v$4 ,! surface ( ?is insect is cov]$ ) clu/]s ( m9ute conc5tric r+s ( *alc$ony2 an appe>ance common 9 silicifi$ %ells4 ,associat$ ) ?is fossil1 7 fragm5ts ( silicifi$ wood1 bor$ ) tubul> cavities1 app>5tly by ! l>v ( insects ( ?is family2 & )9 ^! cavities 0 a quantity ( du/ produc$ by ! bor+1 also conv]t$ into *alc$ony 7,bd4 vol4 ii4 p4 #gh74 ,( ! ,curculio1 a g5us ( coleopt]a di/+ui%$ by _! spl5did elytra1 ( :i* ! ,diamond ,beetle is a famili> example1 ! rema9s ( two species h be5 discov]$ 9 ! nodul> iron/one ( ,coalbrook ,dale1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,an/ice1 & are figur$ & describ$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& 7,bd4 vol4 ii4 p4 #gf2 & pl4 xlvi4 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,9 "o ( ^! specim5s 7,curculioides ,an/icii71 ) ! exception ( ! ro/rum & ant]ior "p ( ! head1 all ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ! insect are display$2 namely1 ! elytra1 ?orax1 & six legs1 ! h9dmo/ ( :i* exhibits ! enl>g$ femur1 or ?igh1 a "* peculi> to ! ,curculionid4 ,! legs possess a tuft$ appe>ance1 :i* t em95t entomologi/1 ,mr4 ,curtis1 conceives may h be5 caus$ by fungi1 aft] ! dea? ( ! animal1 z (t5 happ5s 9 tropical climates4 ,9 ! o!r example 7,c4 ,pre/vi*ii71 ! insect lies on its back1 ) ! left side rais$ upw>ds1 & exhibit+ a portion ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! left elytron2 !re are rema9s ( ! ant5n1 & indications ( ! proboscis & ( ! legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahb4 ,insectif]\s ,lime/one4 ,purbeck4 7,magnifi$ six diamet]s47 a1 b4 ,membran\s w+s ( ! ,corydalis type4 c4 ,punctate-/riate elytron ( a ,beetle4 d4 ,elytron ( a ,beetle1 ) a smoo? surface4 e4 ,smoo? elytron1 ! upp] "p impress$ ) transv]se l9es4 ,! ,or?opt]a1 ,homopt]a1 & ,dipt]a are also repres5t$ 9 ! ,lias ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & 9 ! ,purbeck /rata ( ! ,vale ( ,w>d\r1 by num]\s species1 :i* h be5 enum]at$1 & mo/ly discov]$1 by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,brodie4#dii ,?is obs]v] has1 inde$1 be5 v successful 9 8 rese>*es 9 ! latt] locality1 = 9 ! deposits ( lime/one & m>l :i* yield$ ! isopod\s cru/aceans1 previ\sly describ$ 7p4 #eba1 ,lign4 #aga71 he has discov]$ ! rema9s ( sev]al ord]s ( insects1 & /ates t1 = abundance & v>iety ( specim5s1 ! b$s may be said to resemble ! ,t]ti>y m>ls ( ,aix & n+54 ,^! rema9s 7 obta9$ f a qu>ry at ,d9ton1 ab\t twelve miles we/ ( ,salisbury4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( ,coleopt]a1 ) ! rema9s ( ,neuropt]a1 ,tri*opt]a1 & ,homopt]a1 & ( sev]al species ( ,dipt]a4 ,9 ! cream-col\r$ lam9at$ ,purbeck m>ls t axe expos$ 9 ,durl/one ,bay 7ab\t "o mile f ,swanage7 insectif]\s b$s h be5 f\nd by ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,fi%] & ,pr(4 ,e4 ,=bes1 :i* are ! equival5ts ( ^? ( ! ,vale ( ,w>d\r2 & simil> b$s 7 met ) 9 ! cutt+ ( ! railway ?r\gh ! ,ridgway ,hill1 betwe5 ,dor*e/] & ,weym\?4 #dii ,see ,brodie's ,fossil ,insects4 ,9 a qu>ry on ! road-side betwe5 ! village ( ,/one & ,h>twell1 ,bucks1 ! ,portl& ,oolite is cov]$ by ! ,purbeck m>ls2 9 ^! latt] rema9s ( ,insects occur1 toge!r ) scales & tee? ( small ,fi%es1 & abundance ( ,cyprides4 ,all ! ,briti% localities ( fossil insects h n[ be5 allud$ to2 b on ! ,cont95t1 indep5d5tly ( ! celebrat$ lime/ones ( ,sol5h(51 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 p4 #eej1 !re are sev]al t]ti>y deposits exce$+ly ri* 9 ^! int]e/+ fossils4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,insects4 ,fossil ,insects ( ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce4--,! t[n ( ,aix is situat$ 9 ! l[e/ "p ( a deep valley1 ! imm$iate flanks ( :i* are compos$ ( a ?ick fre%-wat] =mation1 ly+ uncon=mably ^u /rata ( ,jura lime/one4 ,! fre%-wat] s]ies consi/s ( :ite & grey calc>e\s m>ls1 calc>eo-silice\s grits1 & b$s ( gypsum2 & ! qu>ries =m$ 9 ! latt] rock h long be5 celebrat$ = ! prodigi\s quantity ( fi% & plants :i* !y conta94 ,m4 ,m>cel de ,s]res fir/ made kn[n ! great abundance ( insects 9 ^! gypse\s m>ls1 & has enum]at$ ne>ly sev5ty g5]a1 *iefly ( ! ,coleopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hemipt]a2 !y are mo/ly ref]able to ,european =ms1 & to exi/+ g5]a4 ,an int]e/+ ,memoir on ^! /rata1 by ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison & ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1#ejj fir/ direct$ ! att5tion ( ! ,engli% read] to ^! beautiful fossils4 ,9 ,wond4 p4 #bfa1 an epitome ( ?is valuable communication is giv51 & five specim5s ( insects are "h figur$1 :i* w convey "s idea ( _! =ms & p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 #ejj ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal = ,octob]1 #ahbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahc4 ,fossil ,insects4 ,t]ti>y4 ,aix 9 ,prov5ce4 ,fig4 #a4--,tettigonia spum>ia4 #b4--,mycetophila2 ! body di/5d$ by pressure4 #c4--,la?robium4 #d4--;,alli$ to ,p5!tria holos]icea4 ,! h9d] legs are brok5 (f1 & "o ( !m rev]s$1 s t ! t>si ne>ly t\* ! ?igh2 ! palpi are long & p]fect2 ! ant5n are rem>kably di/9ct4 #e4--,lip>us2 resembl+ ,l4 ,punctatus4 ,fossil ,insects ( n+54--,9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( n+51 ne> ,con/ance1 on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 !re is ! bas9 ( an anci5t lake1 fill$ up ) m>ls & lime/ones1 pres5t+ a f9e example ( a lacu/r9e =mation1 & ab\nd+ 9 fossil ,fi%es1 ,reptiles1 ,plants1 ,%ells1 ,cru/aceans1 & ,insects4#eja ,^! ,insects are (t5 9 an admirable /ate ( pres]vation1 & occur 9 ! diff]5t /ages ( l>va1 pupa1 & imago4 ,! pupa ( a ,libellula %[s ! mask1 ins]tion ( ! legs1 & ! spiracula4 ,"s belong to g5]a1 ! species ( :i* frequ5t m>%y plants ( ! same k9d z ^? :i* are f\nd associat$ ) ! insects2 & x seems probable t !y fell into ! lake f ! plants :i* grew on its bord]s1 & became envelop$ 9 ! f9e mud or s$im5t4 ,num]\s species ( sev]al g5]a ( ,ants also occur 9 ^! deposits ( n+5 & at ,radoboj 9 ,croatia4#ejb #eja ,see ! ,memoir by ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison on ! lacu/r9e =mation at n+51 ne> ,con/ance1 ,geol4 ,trans1 new s]ies1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgg4 #ejb ,see ,pr(4 ,o4 ,he]'s ,memoir1 translat$ 9 ! ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 vi4 pt4 ii4 p4 #fa2 & 8 ,hi/ory ( ,insects1 ibid4 p4 #fh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,caddis-,,worm4 ,fossil ,l>v ( ,phryganea4 ,ly4 p4 #ahe4--,! ,caddis-worm1 s well kn[n to all ! bre?r5 ( ! angle1 is ! l>va ( ! w+$ insect t]m$ ,phryganea1 & is abundant at ! bottom ( fre%-wat] /reams & lakes2 ! cases1 l ^? ( ! m>9e ,sabella 7p4 #che1 fig4 #f71 are always /udd$ ov] ) extrane\s bodies1 cem5t$ toge!r by a glut9\s secretion to ! silk5 integum5t1 or case1 :i* encloses ! lava4 ,"s species are coat$ ) pieces ( /ick or /raw1 o!rs ) m9ute %ells1 z planorbis1 bi?9ia1 & ! l2 & :5 ! l>v h pass$ into ! p]fect /ate1 _! cases1 or indusi1 rema94 ,_m ( ! ,t]ti>y fre%-wat] lime/ones ( ,auv]gne are almo/ :olly compos$ ( ! indusi ( ,caddis-worms1 cem5t$ toge!r by calc>eo-silice\s matt] into /one1 :i* is employ$ = build+1 & is call$ indusial lime/one 7,wond4 p4 #bgc74 ,^! lime/ones are associat$ ) m>ls ab\nd+ 9 fre%-wat] %ells & cyprides2 ! :ole assemblage pres5t+ all ! /ratigraphical & zoological *>act]s ( a lacu/r9e =mation4 ,if1 says ,mr4 ,scrope1#ejc we consid] t repeat$ /rata1 ( five or six feet 9 ?ickness1 almo/ entirely compos$ ( ^! tubes1 once ext5d$ ov] a di/rict pres5t+ a surface ( _m hundr$ squ>e miles1 we may h "s idea ( ! c\ntless myriads ( m9ute be+s :i* liv$ & di$ )9 ! bosom ( t anci5t lake4 #ejc ,on ! ,geology ( ,c5tral ,france1 by ,g4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 ,esq4 #d to4 #ahbg4 ,on ,collect+ ,fossil ,insects4--,! localities 9 :i* ! ,briti% collector may reasonably expect to discov] fossil rema9s ( ,insects1 are ,/onesfield1 :]e ! elytra ( beetles are by no means sc>ce1--,coalbrook ,dale1 9 :i* relics ( ?is class are sometimes1 b v r>ely1 f\nd 9 ! iron/one nodules1--,b$=d1 ,w>wick%ire1 & ! ,wa9lode & ,au/ ,cliffs1 = ,l[] ,lias insects1--,dumbleton & ,ilm9/]1 = ,upp] ,lias insects1--,dall>ds1 ne> ,d9ton1 & ,/one1 ne> ,aylesbury1 & ! exposures ( simil> b$s 9 ,dorset%ire1 = ! ,purbeck insects4 ,! :ite clays belong+ to ! ,bag%ot s]ies ( ,b\rnem\?1 ,poole1 & ,corfe1 s ri* 9 beautifully pres]v$ leaves & o!r p>ts ( plants1 %\ld be c>efully se>*$ = insect rema9s1 s9ce ^! clays at ,cree*1 ne> ,corfe1 h already af=d$ a few specim5s4#ejd #ejd ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ix4 p4 #ea4 ,at page #edi a few o!r ,engli% localities yield+ ^! delicate & v int]e/+ fossils are also indicat$ z hav+ be5 lately discov]$ by "s ( our mo/ acute & active geologi/s4 ,%\ld ! /ud5t visit ! celebrat$ sites ( ^! fossils 9 ,france & ,g]many1 namely1 ,aix1 n+51 ,sol5h(51 c41 he w h b little difficulty 9 obta9+ an int]e/+ s]ies1 at a mod]ate exp5se4 ,! m>ls & lime/ones 9 :i* insects occur are (t5 ( a lam9at$ "*1 & 9 g5]al readily split asund] 9 ! direction fav\rable = ! display ( ! insects4 ,9 "s examples1 only ! =m ( ! animal is se5 ?r\gh a ?9 opaque pellicle ( calc>e\s e>?1 :i* may be remov$ by a p5knife or grav]1 & ! w+s1 elytra1 ant5n1 legs1 c4 w ?us be disclos$4 ,a v ?9 coat+ ( ma/ic v>ni% height5s ! col\rs ( su* specim5s1 & r5d]s !m m durable4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,fossil ,,i*?yology2 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,%>ks1 ,,rays ,,& ,,o!r ,,placoid ,,fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahd4 ,a gr\p ( ,fossil ,fi%es4 ,t]ti>y4 ,aix4 ,lebias cephalotes 7,agassiz74 ,asc5d+ f ! two gr& subdivisions ( ! animal k+dom1 ! ,mollusca & ! ,articulata1 we advance to ! ,v]tebrata1 animals di/+ui%$ f all ^? :i* h previ\sly engag$ our att5tion1 by ! possession ( a bony1 jo9t$1 holl[ column ( support1 or sp9e1 =m$ ( bones t]m$ v]tebr 7turn or :irl bones71 & enclos+ & protect+ ^? /r&s or cords ( ! n]v\s sy/em call$ ! sp9al m>r[2 ! =m] classes1 be+ de/itute ( su* a /ructure1 h ! g5]al "n ( ,inv]tebrata4 ,9 ! be+s ^: m9]aliz$ rema9s =m ! subject ( our pres5t inve/igation1 ! durable p>ts ( ! frame-"w1 or skeleton1 are1 9 mo/ in/ances1 situat$ int]nally1 & _! fossil relics consi/ pr9cipally ( ! bones1 or solid e>?y portions ( _! /ructures1 ei!r imb$d$ 9 ! rocks 9 _! natural relative position1 or 9 a /ate ( dismemb]m5t & disp]sion4 ,9 mo/ cases ! tee?1 & 9 _m ! durable p>ts ( _! ext]nal integum5t1 or sk91 are also pres]v$1 9 a great] or less degree ( integrity4 ,9 ! l[e/ class ( v]tebrata1 ! ,fi%es1 ! sk9 is cov]$ ) num]\s pieces or scales1 ( a d5se1 durable sub/ance1 & /r5g!n$1 9 "s families1 by ! addition ( osse\s plates2 ?us con/itut+ a flexible & almo/ imp5etrable coat ( arm\r1 :i* af=ds suitable protection to be+s peculi>ly expos$ to ext]nal injuries1 f ! nature ( ! regions !y inhabit1 & ! /ate ( w>f>e ) ea* o!r 9 :i* !y are con/antly engag$4 ,conf9$ to a fluid m$ium1 !y are provid$ ) organs fitt$ = aquatic respiration1 call$ bran*i1 or gills1 & ) in/rum5ts ( progressive motion1 t]m$ f9s1 by :i* !y are enabl$ to propel !mselves ?r\gh ! wat] ) great velocity4 ,! app>atus = seiz+1 te>+1 & cru%+ _! prey pres5ts num]\s & important modifications1 correspond+ to ! habits & economy ( ! diff]5t g5]a2 _! tee? (f]+ z great v>iety ( =m & /ructure z ^? ( ! high] ord]s ( animals4 ,! c>tilag9\s or ! osse\s nature ( ! skeleton1 & ! numb] & position ( ! f9s1 7 ! *>act]s =m]ly employ$ 9 ! classification ( ,fi%es2 b ,pr(4 ,agassiz1 conceiv+ ! /ructure ( ! sk9 to af=d a natural index to ! ess5tial modifications ( organization & functions1 has1 ) great sagacity1 adopt$ an arrangem5t f\nd$ ^u ! =m & /ructure ( ! scales2 & he has divid$ ! :ole class into f\r ord]s1 ea* di/+ui%$ by ess5tial diff]5ces 9 ! d]mal 7sk97 sy/em4 ,to ! geologi/ ?is me?od has prov$ ( ine/imable value2 = x is simple1 easy ( application1 &1 s f> z our pres5t k ext5ds1 may be reli$ ^u z af=d+ accurate conclusions z to ! nature & relations ( ! orig9als to :i* a few deta*$ fossil scales may h belong$4 ,ano!r important aid has be5 d]iv$ f ! microscopical exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ! tee?2 & a spl5did "w on ?is subject by ,pr(essor ,ow5 has op5$ a wide field ( palontological inve/igation1 :i* is yet b v p>tially explor$4#eje #eje ,odontography2 or1 a ,treatise on ! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ! ,tee?2 _! ,physiological ,relations1 ,mode ( ,developm5t1 & ,microscopic ,/ructure2 illu/rat$ by upw>ds ( #aej plates4 ,by ,pr(4 ,r4 ,ow51 ,f4,r4,s4 c4 #dto4 ,london4 #ahdj-ahde4 ,! liv+ species ( ,fi%es exce$ eight ?\s&2 & ^? f\nd 9 a fossil /ate1 & det]m9$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 already am\nt to upw>ds ( "o ?\s& five hundr$2 :ile sev]al hundr$s are /ill undescrib$2 & ! rapid progress ( geological rese>* is cont9ually add+ to ! numb]3 upw>ds ( six hundr$ ,briti% fossil species are enum]at$4 ,9 an initiatory "w l ! pres5t1 x w be necess>y to conf9e our rem>ks to an illu/ration ( ! mode 9 :i* ! inve/igation ( ! fossil rema9s ( ! animals ( ?is class %\ld be conduct$2 &1 by ! elucidation ( a few lead+ pr9ciples1 prep>e ! /ud5t = ! p]usal ( works expressly devot$ to ?is bran* ( ,palontology4#ejf #ejf ,! admirable & important "w entitl$ ,re*]*es sur les ,poissons ,fossiles1 p> ,l\is ,agassiz1 /&s preem95t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,x consi/s ( five volumes1 #dto4 ( lett]-press1 & five volumes1 folio1 ( col\r$ plates4 ,x mu/ be consult$ by all :o w\ld acquire a correct view ( ! pres5t /ate ( fossil ,i*?yology4 ,x is f ?is "w t ! comm5t>y 9 ! text has be5 *iefly d]iv$4 ,! fossil rema9s ( fi%es rank 9 ! fir/ class ( ! ,m$als ( ,creation1 = !y demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( num]\s tribes ( highly organiz$ be+s 9 "s ( ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s /rata1 & ! cont9uance ( ! same type ( organization1 v>i\sly modifi$1 ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( subsequ5t deposits to ! pres5t "t4 ,ea* geological =mation conta9s peculi> gr\ps ( fossil fi%es1 di/+ui%$ by di/9ct modifications ( /ructure4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! data at pres5t obta9$1 all ! osse\s fi%es ant]ior to ! ,*alk belong to g5]a :i* h no repres5tatives among exi/+ species2 & !y are *>act]is$ by rhomboidal scales cov]$ ) enamel4 ,! /ate ( cons]vation 9 :i* ! fossils ( ?is class occur1 appe>s to h dep5d$ on ! relative delicacy or firmness ( ! orig9al /ructures1 & on ! nature ( ! deposits 9 :i* ! fi%es 7 imb$d$4 ,?us ! fossil fi%es ( ! e>ly =mations1 :i* are *>act]is$ by _! d5se integum5t & enamell$ scales1 (t5 pres5t ! entire =ms ( ! orig9als1 & g5]ally consid]able portions ( ! connect$ scales1 ) ! f9s & o!r app5dages3 :ile ! specim5s ( lat] deposits1 :i* conta9 a l>ge proportion ( species ) delicate scales1 m (t5 display ! m9]aliz$ osse\s skeleton1 ?an ! d]mal /ructure4 ,s$im5t>y /rata compos$ ( mud or f9e detritus1 ( :atev] age1 h be5 mo/ fav\rable to ! pres]vation ( ! entire =ms2 h5ce we (t5 f9d 9 ! pulv]ul5t clays & m>ls ( ! ,t]ti>y /rata1 9 ! ,*alk ( ,engl& & ,we/phalia1 & 9 ! f9e li?ographic /one ( ,sol5h(51 fi%es p]fect 9 =m1 & n only individuals1 b gr\ps1 ) ! scales1 f9s1 head1 tee?1 & ev5 ! capsule ( ! eye1 9 _! natural positions4 ,a small slab ( m>l f ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 9 ! collection ( ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 conta9s scores ( small fi%es1 z p]fect z if rec5tly imb$d$ 9 s(t mud3 a portion ( ?is specim5 is repres5t$1 ,lign4 #ahd2 & ! beautiful fi% figur$ 9 ! frontispiece ( vol4 i4 7pl4 i4 fig4 #c71 f ne> ,ca/ellam>e1 w s]ve to illu/rate ! /ate ( p]fection ( "s ( ! i*?yolites ( ! ,jura lime/one4 ,9 ! ,*alk1 _m ( ! fi%es are uncompress$1 ! body be+ z p]fect 9 =m z if ! orig9al _h be5 surr\nd$ by s(t pla/] ( ,p>is :ile float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,b 9 co>se lime/ones & conglom]ates1--9 o!r words1 9 mat]ials t h be5 subject$ to ! action ( ! waves & torr5ts1--deta*$ tee?1 scales1 bones1 c4 con/itute ! pr9cipal ve/iges ( ?is class ( be+s4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is dep>tm5t ( ,paleontology1 x w be exp$i5t to consid]1--#a/ly1 ! *>act]s af=d$ by ! scales & d]mal app5dages2 #b;dly1 ! tee?1 or d5tal organs2 #c;dly1 ! osse\s & c>tilag9\s skeletons2 & la/ly1 apply ! data ?us obta9$ to ! elucidation ( "s ( ! pr9cipal fossil g5]a & species4 ,scales ( ,fi%es4--,! d]mal plates or scales are compos$ ( two sub/ances1 dispos$ 9 lam9 or plates2 ! "o c>tilag9\s or horny1--! o!r d5se & osse\s1 possess+ ! /ructure ( bone4 ,9 mo/ species ! scales are imbricat$1 i4 e4 lie ov] ea* o!r l ! tiles ( a ro(2 ! m>g9 ( a front r[ p>tly cov]+ ! s]ies imm$iately beh9d4 ,f ?is arrangem5t1 ! app>5t %ape ( ! scales is v diff]5t f _! true =m2 ! processes ( atta*m5t & ! lat]al angles be+ conceal$4 ,! scales t are n imbricat$ are ei!r v small1 & imb$d$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! sk9 s z to be imp]ceptible to ! nak$ eye1 z 9 ! %agre5 ( ,%>ks2 or are dispos$ 9 ! =m ( bosses or scut*eons1 z 9 ! ,rays2 sometimes bri/l+ equally ov] ! surface ( ! body1 z 9 ! ,diodon2 & sometimes cov]+ x l mosaic "w2 or =m+ p>ticul> s]ies on c]ta9 regions ( ! body1 :ile ! o!r p>ts are g>ni%$ ) diff]5t scales1 z 9 ! ,/urgeon4 ,!re are a few g5]a de/itute ( scales4 ,9 almo/ all fi%es !re is a p>ticul> s]ies dispos$ 9 a g5tly undulat$ l9e along ea* side ( ! body1 f ! head to ! tail1 & con/itut+ :at is t]m$ ! lat]al l9e2 ^! scales are tubul>1 & s]ve an important purpose 9 ! economy ( ^! animals4 ,e "o mu/ be aw>e t ! body 9 mo/ liv+ fi%es is con/antly cov]$ ) a k9d ( mucus1 or slime1 :i* s]ves to lubricate ! sk9 & to def5d x f ! action ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,?is fluid is secret$ by a muc\s canal or duct1 :i* ext5ds along ! body1 & ramifies 9 all ! bones ( ! head1 jaws1 c42 & x is di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! head by num]\s pores 9 ! bones1 & ov] ! body by ! tubes =m$ by ! r[ ( scales above describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahe4 ,fossil ,scales ( ,fi%es4 7highly magn47 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--,scale or plate ( ! %agre5 ( a ,%>k4 #b4--,scale ( ,macropoma ,mantelli2 ! expos$ surface4 #c4--,scale ( ,b]yx ,lewesi5sis2 ! expos$ surface4 #d4--,scale ( ,osm]oides ,mantelli2 ! entire =m4 ,! f\r ord]s into :i* ?is gr& class ( v]tebrata is divid$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 are f\nd$ ^u ! peculi> /ructure ( ! scales2#ejg & are *>act]is$ z foll[3-- #ejg ,= illu/rations ( ! scales ( fi%es1 see ,wond4 p4 #cci1 ,lign4 #fh1 & p4 #cdj1 ,lign4 #fi2 ,foss4 ,brit4 ,mus4 p4 #dai2 & ,ly4 fig4 #cjf1 figs4 #cdb-cdg1 c4 ,& = _! m9ute /ructure1 see ,pr(4 ,williamson's important pap] 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #ahea4 ,ord] ,i4 ,placoid 7a broad plate74--,! sk9 cov]$ irregul>ly ) enamell$ plates1 sometimes ( a l>ge size1 b frequ5tly 9 small po9ts1 z ! %agre5 on ! d]mal integum5t ( ! ,%>ks & ! tub]cles ( ! ,rays4 ,lign4 #ahe1 fig4 #a1 a fossil placoidian scale f ! sk9 ( a %>k1 highly magnifi$4 ,ord] ,,ii4 ,ganoid 7spl5did1 f ! brilliant surface ( ! enamel74--,! scales are ( an angul> =m1 & compos$ ( plates ( horn or bone1 cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( enamel2 _! /ructure is id5tical ) t ( ! tee?4 ,! ,/urgeon is an example ( ?is ord]4 ,lign4 #aif1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 are fossil scales ( a ganoidian fi%4 ,ord] ,,iii4 ,ct5oid 7too!d1 or comb-l74--,! scales are =m$ ( plates1 :i* are too!d or pect9at$ on _! po/]ior m>g9 or edge1 l a comb4 ,z ! plates are sup]impos$ on ea* o!r1 s t ! l[]mo/ always ext5d beyond ! upp]mo/1 _! num]\s %>p po9ts or tee? r5d] ! scales v h>% to ! t\*4 ,! ,p]* belongs to ?is ord]4 ,lign4 #ahe1 fig4 #c1 repres5ts a fossil ct5oidian scale4 ,ord] ,,iv4 ,cycloid 7circul>74--,! scales are compos$ ( simple lam91 or plates ( bone or horn1 )\t enamel1 & h smoo? bord]s2 b _! ext]nal surface is (t5 ornam5t$ ) m>k+s4 ,! scales ( ! lat]al l9e consi/ ( funnels plac$ "o )9 ! o!r2 ! contract$ "p ( :i*1 appli$ aga9/ ! disk ( ! scale1 =ms ! tube ?r\gh :i* ! mucus fl[s4 ,to ?is ord] belong ! ,mullet1 ,salmon1 & ,c>p4 ,lign4 #ahe1 fig4 #d1 is ! scale ( a fossil cycloidian fi%4 ,f9s ( ,fi%es4--,z ! progression ( fi%es ?r\gh ! wat] is pr9cipally effect$ by ! action ( ! tail1 !y h no limbs commonly s call$4 ,! in/rum5ts = balanc+ ! body1 & = assi/+ progression1 are ! f9s1 :i* are compos$ ( num]\s rays t support a membran\s expansion2 & ! numb] & situation ( ! f9s pres5t v>i\s modifications 9 ! diff]5t ord]s & g5]a4 ,! f9s are nam$ accord+ to ! situation !y occupy2 = example1 pectoral1 ^? on ea* side ( ! *e/1 & :i* correspond to ! ant]ior extremities ( o!r v]tebrat$ animals2 dorsal1 on ! back2 v5tral1 on ! belly2 caudal1 on ! tail4 7,see outl9es ( ,fi%1 ,ligns4 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aie47 ,! rays are ( two k9ds2 #a/1 ! ,sp9\s rays2 ^! consi/ ( a s+le osse\s piece1 usually d5se & po9t$1 sometimes flexible & ela/ic1 & divid$ longitud9ally 7,ligns4 #ahh1 #aif72 #b;d1 ,s(t or articulat$ rays1 :i* are compos$ ( num]\s small articulations or jo9ts1 & divide into bran*es at _! extremities4 ,_m species ( fi%es h f\r f9s2 o!rs six2 "s b two2 & 9 c]ta9 g5]a !y are altoge!r want+4 ,9 a fossil /ate ! f9s are (t5 beautifully pres]v$2 ev5 ! s(t rays 9 _m ( ! ,t]ti>y m>ls & 9 ! ,*alk1 are f\nd entire1 & atta*$ to ! body 9 _! natural situation4 ,! l>ge1 /rong1 sp9\s rays ( ! dorsal f9s ( ! c>tilag9\s fi%es1 z ! ,%>ks & ,rays1 are g5]ally f\nd deta*$1 or connect$ only ) a few v]tebr2 b !y are s abundant 9 "s ( ! ,second>y deposits 7& 9 num]\s in/ances !y are ! only ve/iges ( ext9ct species & g5]a71 t !y possess great geological int]e/2 !y are di/+ui%$ by ! t]m ,i*?yodorulites 7fossil fi%-weapons71 "u :i* head !y w h]eaft] be describ$ 7see ,lign4 #ahh74 ,! fir/ ray 9 ! dorsal f9 ( "s fi%es is protect$ 9 front by a d\ble r[ ( enamell$ scales1 & ^! (t5 occur 9 a fossil /ate 7see ,lign4 #aif1 fig4 #e74 ,tee? ( ,fi%es4--,( all ! durable p>ts ( animals tee? occur 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 ! tee? ( fi%es pres5t by f> ! mo/ num]\s1 v>i$1 & /rik+ modifications ( =m1 /ructure1 composition1 mode ( arrangem5t1 & atta*m5t2 & yet ^! d5tal organs1 sep>ately consid]$1 d n 9 _m in/ances1 ei!r 9 _! /ructure or mode ( implantation1 af=d *>act]s by :i* ! natural aff9ities ( ! orig9al c be satisfactorily asc]ta9$2 & )\t ! aid ( o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton x is (t5 impossible to det]m9e1 f ext]nal *>act]s only1 :e!r an unkn[n =m ( too? belong$ to an animal ( ! class ( ,fi%es or ( ,reptiles4 ,al?\gh ! modifications ( =m are almo/ innum]able1 !y are ref]able to f\r pr9cipal types2 namely1 ! conical1 ! flatt5$1 ! prismatic1 & ! cyl9drical4#ejh #ejh ,! ,odontography ( ,pr(essor ,ow5 %\ld be consult$ by ^? :o w\ld ?or\ghly compreh5d ?is int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,see also ! ,article ,tee?1 by ,pr(4 ,ow5 9 ! ,cyclopdia ( ,anatomy & ,physiology4 ,! conical tee? are extremely v>iable 9 size & =m2 "s are sl5d]1 almo/ invisible po9ts1 di/ribut$ l ! pile ( velvet 7vill\s-tee?71 or set l ! hairs ( a bru% 7bru%-tee?72 "s are long & sl5d]1 or b>b$ at ! po9t2 o!rs are obtuse2 & _m are long & /riat$ at ! base1 & closely resemble ! tee? ( c]ta9 reptiles4 ,! depress$ tee? are equally div]sifi$2 "s h ! gr9d+ surface smoo?2 o!rs1 deeply groov$2 9 "s x is flat2 9 o!rs convex4 ,9 =m !y are ei!r loz5ge-%ap$1 elliptical1 squ>e1 oblong1 semilun>1 c4 ,! cyl9drical tee? are hemisph]ical1 or flatt5$2 9 "s fi%es !y are %ort & ?ick2 9 o!rs sl5d] & support an obtuse1 conical cr[n4 ,! prismatic =m is equally modifi$2 f ! compress$1 %>p1 lanceolate1 cutt+ tee?1 to ! /rong1 triangul>1 ?ree-po9t$ d5t>y organs4#eji #eji ,= illu/rations ( ! tee? ( fi%es1 see plate iv4 figs4 #a1 #b1 #h1 #aj1 & ,ligns4 #ahi1 #aia-aid1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjb1 #bje2 ,foss4 ,brit4 ,mus4 p4 #ddi2 & ,ly4 figs4 #bcf1 #cjh1 #cbd1 & #chc4 ,! mode ( arrangem5t & atta*m5t ( ! tee?1 is z div]sifi$ z _! =ms4 ,9 "s species all ! tee? are ( "o type1 & dispos$ 9 some:at ( a s]ial ord] on bo? sides ( ! jaws2 b 9 a l>ge proportion ( fi%es !re are sev]al k9ds ( tee?1 :i* are implant$ n only 9 ! jaws1 prop]ly s call$1 b on ! bones :i* =m ! cavity ( ! m\?1 ! ar*es ( ! palate1 tongue1 c42 & x is peculi> to ?is class ( v]tebrata to pres5t examples ( tee? develop$ 9 ! m$ian l9e 7along ! middle7 ( ! m\?1 z 9 c]ta9 species ( ,rays2 or cross+ ! symphysis 7! front l9e ( union ( ! two sides7 ( ! l[] jaw1 z 9 ,myliobates#eaj 7see ,lign4 #aid1 fig4 #b74 ,9 "s species ! tee? are implant$ 9 sockets1 to :i* !y are atta*$ only by ! s(t p>ts1 z 9 ! ro/ral tee? ( ! ,saw-fi%2 "s h holl[ bases1 support$ ^u bony prom95ces1 :i* rise f ! base ( ! socket2 z 9 sev]al fossil tee? f ! ,*alk4 ,b by f> ! mo/ common mode ( atta*m5t is by a cont9u\s ossification betwe5 ! d5tal pulp & ! jaw1#eaa ! tee? be+ ?us an*ylos$ to ! bone4 ,9 ! ,%>ks ! osse\s bases ( ! tee? are atta*$ by a ligam5t\s sub/ance to ! t\gh1 d5se cru/1 :i* cov]s ! c>tilag9\s jaws2 ! tee? ( ^! fi%es are !re=e g5]ally f\nd deta*$ 9 a fossil /ate1 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( ?is sub/ance4 #eaj ,odontography1 p4 #e4 #eaa ,op4 cit4 p4 #f4 ,! tee? are compos$ ( a d5se1 osse\s mat]ial1 ( a f9ely tubul> /ructure1 t]m$ d5t9e2 :i*1 9 _m species1 =ms on ! ext]nal surface ( ! too? a lay] ( firm] texture1 ) a glossy surface1 resembl+ enamel4 ,! ess5tial "* ( _! organization is to h a pulp or m$ull>y cavity1 or cavities1 fill$ ) a plexus ( blood-vessels & n]ves1 f :i* ! m9ute tubes compos+ ! d5t9e radiate4#eab ,! diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ! size1 mode ( ramification1 & di/ribution ( ! m$ull>y cavities or canals1 & ! calcig]\s tubes1#eac z reveal$ by microscopic exploration1 con/itute important di/9ctive *>act]s2 p>ticul>ly 9 ! exam9ation ( ! fossil tee? ( ext9ct fi%es4 ,9 "s tee? ! d5t9e is trav]s$ by equidi/ant1 p>allel1 m$ull>y canals2 9 o!rs1 ^! *annels frequ5tly subdivide1 & _! bran*es ana/omose ) ea* o!r4 ,9 "s ! m$ull>y canals =m a reticulat$1 or net-l /ructure 9 ! d5t9e1 ! me%es ( :i* are occupi$ by calcig]\s tubes1 & cells2 (t5 produc+ a d5dritical appe>ance1 z 9 ! too? ( a fossil fi% nam$ ,d5drodus4 ,9 ! highe/ type ( /ructure1 ! d5t9e consi/s ( a simple m$ull>y cavity or canal1 & a s+le sy/em ( calcig]\s tubes1 :i* radiate f ! c5tral or sub-c5tral pulp-cavity1 at "r angles to ! p]iph]y ( ! too? 7,ow571 z 9 ! tee? ( ! ext9ct ,sauroid 7liz>d-l7 fi%es4 ,a cont9u$ succession ( tee? takes place dur+ ! life ( ! fi%1 & we (t5 f9d 9 fossil specim5s a s]ies ( successional tee? b5ea? ! r[ 9 use2 z 9 ! fragm5t ( a jaw ( ,lepidotus1 f ,tilgate ,=e/ ,lign4 #ajg4 #eab ,see ,ow5's ,odontography2 & ,tome's ,d5tal ,physiology4 #eac ,calag]\s tubes2 s nam$ because !y are compos$ ( calx1 or lime4 ,skeletons ( ,fi%es4--,! skeletons ( ! animals ( ?is class diff] s rem>kably 9 _! relative degree ( firmness & ela/icity1 9 consequ5ce ( peculi> modifications ( _! con/itu5t sub/ance1 z to =m two gr& divisions2 "o ( :i* is t]m$ ! osse\s1 ! o!r ! c>tilag9\s4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! skeletons ( ^! two gr\ps consi/s 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( e>?y matt] 7phosphate & c>bonate ( lime7 9 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are con/ruct$4 ,9 ! c>tilag9\s fi%es1 ! skeleton is c>tilag9\s & transp>5t2 b 9 "s species1 ! sk9 has d5se osse\s p>ticles or plates on ! sk91 z 9 ! ,rays2 & 9 o!rs1 ! head & body are protect$ by l>ge osse\s scut*eons1 z 9 ! ,/urgeon4 ,!re is also an int]m$iate gr\p ( fi%es1 t]m$ ! fibro-c>tilag9\s1 9 :i* ! skeleton conta9s lime1 b 9 a mu* less proportion ?an 9 ! true osse\s fi%es4 ,9 "s g5]a1 c]ta9 portions ( ! skeleton1 z ! bodies ( ! v]tebra1 are c>tilag9\s1 :ile ! sp9\s processes1 ribs1 c4 are osse\s2 ^! *>act]s are ( consid]able importance 9 ! inve/igation ( ! fossil rema9s ( fi%es1 z we %all h]eaft] h occasion to demon/rate4 ,! skeleton consi/s ( ! cranium or skull1 :i* is compos$ ( num]\s bones1--! jaws1 & bones ( ! tongue1--! osse\s frame-"w ( ! organs ( respiration1 consi/+ ( ! bones1 rays1 & ar*es t support ! gills1 & ! op]cula1 or cov]s :i* close ov] ! bran*ial ap]tures1--& ( ! v]tebral column1 =m$ ( num]\s dorsal & caudal v]tebr1 ) ! ribs & o!r app5dages2 !re are no prop] c]vical v]tebr1 or sp9al bones ( ! neck4 ,! bran*ial ar*es are 9 g5]al f\r or five on ea* side1 & are atta*$ above to ! cranium1 & bel[ to a *a9 ( small bones1 by :i* !y are connect$ ) ! os hyoides1 or bone ( ! tongue4 ,! op]cul> bones1 compos+ ! cov] or lid ( ! op5+ ( ! gills1 consi/ ( ?ree pieces on ea* side1 & are di/+ui%$ by ! names1 op]cul>1 pre-op]cul>1 & sub-op]cul>1 accord+ to ! situations :i* !y respectively occupy4 ,! v]tebr are d\ble holl[ cones1#ead n unlike an h\r-glass 9 =m3 ! int]val betwe5 two ( ^! bones is fill$ up1 9 ! liv+ /ate1 by a gelat9\s fluid4 ,along ! upp] "p ( ea* v]tebra1 !re is an annul> cavity1 :i* 9 ! unit$ v]tebral column =ms a canal = ! sp9al m>r[2 ! po/]ior dorsal & caudal v]teb h also a *annel bel[1 = ! passage ( ! l>ge blood-vessels4 #ead ,!re are c]ta9 exceptions2 ?us 9 ! ,lepido/eus ! v]tebral column is a s]ies ( ball-&-socket jo9ts1 ! convexity be+ ant]ior1 z 9 ! l& ,salam&]1 & 9 ! fossil reptile kn[n z ! ,/reptospondylus4 ,!re are likewise bones analog\s to "s ( ^? :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! extremities1 *e/ or ?orax1 & pelvis ( ! high] v]tebrata2 b :i* x is n necess>y = our pres5t purpose "h to describe4 ,( ! organs ( vision "s fossil rema9s also occur4 ,! scl]otic coat1 or capsule ( ! eye1 be+ bony 9 fi%es1 is (t5 pres]v$2 & 9 sev]al *alk specim5s ,i h f\nd x occupy+ ! orbit4 ,9 addition to ^? durable p>ts ( fi%es1 already m5tion$1 z likely to be met ) 9 a fossil /ate1 ! bones call$ otoli!s 7e>-/ones7 mu/ be enum]at$4 ,^! calc>e\s bodies are f\nd 9 ! membran\s labyr9? ( ! organs ( he>+2 &1 al?\gh m or less develop$ 9 ! e>-bulb ( all animals1 !y are l>g] & ( m def9ite =ms 9 ! high] osse\s & c>tilag9\s fi%es4 ,! otoli!s are suppos$ to assi/ 9 communicat+ m vivid impressions ( s\nds to ! extremities ( ! auditory n]ves2 !y are /ony 9 mo/ aquatic animals1 & friable or pulv]ul5t 9 ^? t live on l&4 ,smoo?1 oblong otoli!s are n uncommon 9 ! ,crag deposits ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk2 & m9ute e>-bones are f\nd 9 ! ,b>ton ,clay4 ,tails ( ,fi%es4--,! tail1 z we h previ\sly m5tion$1 is ! *ief in/rum5t ( progressive motion 9 ^! animals2 x assumes two pr9cipal modifications4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( ! exi/+ species ! v]tebral column t]m9ates 9 a triangul> plate ( bone 7=m$ by ! fusion ( ! la/ few v]tebr71 to :i* ! caudal f9 is atta*$ symmetrically2 & its figure is ei!r r\nd$1 or divid$ into two equal lobes or bran*es2 ^! tails are t]m$ homoc]cal1 i4 e4 ev5-tail4 ,9 ! second modification ! v]tebral column t[>ds its extremity div]ges f a /raight l9e1 rises up1 & is prolong$ into ! upp] lobe ( ! tail2 ! caudal f9 appe>+ l a rudd]1 & its l['er lobe1 be+ de/itute ( v]tebr1 is proportionably v feeble & small1 z 9 ! ,%>k & ,dog-fi%3 ?is =m ( tail is call$ het]oc]cal1 i4 e4 unequal-tail 7see ,foss4 ,brit4 ,mus4 p4 #dba2 & ,ly4 figs4 #cdj1 #cda74 ,9 ! embryonic /ate ! tail 9 all fi%es is het]oc]cal1 & x becomes homoc]cal 9 ! progress ( developm5t 9 ^? g5]a :i* h ?is type ( ! caudal app5dage4 ,b few ( ! exi/+ species h ! het]oc]cal tail1 :ile x is f\nd 9 all ! fossil fi%es t occur 9 ! anci5t second>y /rata2 namely1 ! ,magnesian lime/one1 & antec$5t deposits4 ,! r\nd$ & equal-bilob$1 or homoc]cal1 tails1 are se5 9 ! fi%es f ! ,*alk1 ,wond4 pp4 #cdg1 c42 & 9 ! ,weald5 ,lepidotus1 ,lign4 #ahf2 & ! unequal or het]oc]cal tail is %[n 9 ! ,amblypt]us f ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata1 ,lign4 #ahg4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahf4 ,lepidotus4 ,weald54 7#a_/f nat4 size47 7,%[+ ! ,homoc]cal ,tail47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahg4 ,amblypt]us4 ,c>bonif]\s4 7#a_/d nat4 size47 a4 ,! het]oc]cal tail4 ,9 ! ,annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/1 = #ahdh1 p4 #cjd1 ,pr(4 ,m',coy has describ$ & figur$ an int]m$iate =m ( tail1 :i* he reg>ds z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,diplopt]us 7( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one7 & its allies3 ?is ! ,pr(essor t]ms ! ,diphyc]cal tail4 ,f ?is brief summ>y ( ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ^? durable p>ts ( ! organization ( fi%es1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly occur 9 a fossil /ate1 we pass to ! inve/igation ( "s illu/rative examples ( ?is class ( organic rema9s4 ,b be=e describ+ any entire specim5s1 x w be exp$i5t to notice ! sep>ate f9s1 & tee?1 :i* ab\nd 9 _m deposits2 9 "s in/ances occurr+ 9 connexion ) o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton1 b m g5]ally deta*$1 & con/itut+ ! only evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( num]\s ext9ct species & g5]a4 ,! great] "p belong to ! fir/ ord]--! ,placoidians 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 iii471 & to ! families ( ,%>ks & ,rays4 ,! osse\s dorsal rays ( c>tilag9\s fi%es 7nam$ ,i*?yodorulites 7fossil-fi%-weapons7 by ,dr4 ,buckl& & ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e7 fir/ dem& our notice4 ,i*?yodorulites4 ,lign4 #ahh4--,?is "n is appli$ to ! fossil sp9es1 or rays1 ( dorsal f9s1 ( :i* num]\s species occur 9 ! ,second>y deposits2 !y belong1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ext9ct c>tilag9\s fi%es ( ! ,ce/racionid & ,hybodontid gr\ps4 ,9 ! osse\s tribes ! dorsal sp9es h at _! base two articul> processes1 by :i* !y are unit$ to ! osselets t support !m1 z 9 ! ,silurus2 b 9 ! c>tilag9\s1 !y h no articulations at ! base1 & t]m9ate 9 an obtuse po9t1 :i* is implant$ 9 ! fle%2 ! po/]ior m>g9 is groov$ almo/ to ! upp] extremity4 ,!y are ( a fibr\s1 osse\s texture4 ,! common ,sp9ax1 or ,dog-fi% 7,acan?ias vulg>is71 has a sp9e ( ?is k9d 9 ! front ( ea* dorsal f94 ,! rays ( ! ,%>ks are compress$1 & "s h r[s ( tee? on ! po/]ior m>g92 9 ! g5us ,ce/racion 7,port-,jackson ,%>k71 ^! organs are /rong1 triangul>1 /raight1 po9t$1 r\nd$ 9 front1 flat at ! po/]ior face1 & wide/ at ! base2 9 ! ,hays !y are flatt5$ or depress$4 ,^! sp9es are g5]ally capable ( be+ elevat$ & depress$1 & n only s]ve ! purpose ( def5ce1 b1 9 _m in/ances1 af=d support & protection to ! s(t rays ( ! f92 =m+1 z x 71 a moveable ma/1 by :i* ! sail c be spread out or l[]$ at pleasure4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is subject1 ,i w\ld fir/ direct att5tion to ! beautiful fossil1 figur$ ,lign4 #ahh1 fig4 #a1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,*alk ne> ,lewes1 & is figur$1 ( ! natural size1 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxxix4 ,?is ray1 or sp9e1 belongs to "o ( ! ,ce/raciont fi%es 7,pty*odus71 ^: tee? are s abundant 9 ! ,*alk1 & w pres5tly be describ$4 ,x is compos$ ( f\rte5 ?ick1 flat1 osse\s rods1 or /r&s1 intimately unit$ toge!r1 ) longitud9al furr[s or sutures on ! surface4 ,! ant]ior m>g9 is emboss$1 & ! projections =m on ! sides wide1 r\nd$ ribs1 & transv]se depressions4 ,t[>ds ! base ( ! po/]ior "p1 !re are l>ge osse\s fibres ins]t$ v]tically & obliquely1 :i* appe> to h be5 processes ( atta*m5t4 ,! rods1 or plates1 are p>allel ,) ! po/]ior m>g91 & ea* t]m9ates 9 a r\nd$ extremity1 or boss1 on ! front edge ( ! sp9e4 ,?is ray is wid] at its base ?an at ! sup]ior "p ! ant]ior m>g9 is oblique1 & ! po/]ior /raight4 ,! surface1 :]e entire1 is cov]$ ) a d5se osse\s sub/ance1 :i* is f9ely engrail$4#eae #eae ,?is specim5 is figur$ 9 ,poiss4 ,foss42 b x is repres5t$ too %ort1 f ! two portions be+ drawn z if !y 7 connect$1 )\t any int]val betwe5 !m1 z 9 ,lign4 #ahh4 ,x is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,petrifactions1 p4 #dej4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahh4 ,dorsal ,rays ( ,%>ks4 ,sussex4 ,fig4 #a4--,pty*odus spectabilis4 #a_/e nat4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 #a;a4--,portion ( a ,dorsal ,ray1 ) oblique s]rat$ sutures4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 #b4--,pty*odus ,gibb]ulus4 #a_/e nat4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 #c4--;,hybodus subc>9atus4 nat4 ,weald4 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,9 #ahej ,i discov]$ 9 ! ,pla/ic ,clay ( ,ca/le ,hill ,ne:av51 a dorsal f9 ( ,pty*odus1 ) eight v]tebr4 ,a ne>ly entire f9-ray ( ?is species1 ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 has rec5tly be5 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,pott]1 ( ,lewes1 9 ! ,*alk ne> t t[n4 ,! rema9s ( ano!r ray1 ( equal proportions1 7 f\nd ne> x2 & ^! dorsal sp9es might h belong$ to ! same individual1 = !re are no reasons to =bid ! supposition t ! ,pty*odus _h two dorsal f9-rays4 ,! l5g? ( ^! sp9es necess>ily indicates a v l>ge fi%4 ,a small] species ( ,i*?yodorulite1 also f\nd 9 ! ,lewes ,*alk1 is di/+ui%$ f ,p4 spectabilis by its osse\s plates contract+ t[>ds _! extremities1 & t]m9at+ m sudd5ly on ! front m>g91 produc+ gibbosities less acute & m di/ant ?an 9 ,p4 spectabilis2 ?is species is nam$ ,p4 gibb]ulus3 see ,lign4 #ahh1 fig4 #b4eaf #eaf ,?is fossil is figur$ ( ! natural size1 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xl4 fig4 #c4 ,! bony plates ( ^! f9s are occasionally f\nd ly+ 9 irregul> gr\ps 9 ! ,*alk1 z if ! f9 _h p>tially decompos$ & ! plates sep>at$4 ,9 "o example1 ! rays are split asund] by a piece ( bone1 app>5tly a portion ( a long po9t$ too?1 firmly impact$ betwe5 !m2 z if ! fi% _h be5 seiz$ by "s enemy1 & _h escap$1 ) ! too? ( its adv]s>y 9 its f94 ,v f9e specim5s h be5 f\nd at ,*>+1 ,k5t1 by ,w4 ,h>ris1 ,esq4 ,f4,g4,s4 ,9 ! fragm5t ( an ,i*?yodorulite f ! ,lewes ,*alk1 a rem>kable /ructure is display$2 ! osse\s plates are unit$ lat]ally by smoo?1 longitud9al l9es1 z 9 ^? above describ$2 b !y are also trav]s$ by num]\s oblique1 f9ely-s]rat$ sutures4 ,lign4 #ahh1 fig4 #a;a4 ,! ,*alk conta9s rays ( o!r species ( ,pty*odus1 z well z ( "s alli$ g5]a4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ rem>kable are smoo?1 ar*$1 po9t$ sp9es1 hav+ a %all[ po/]ior groove1 ) an enamell$ surface1 m>k$ ) f9e longitud9al /ri1 & frequ5t1 p>allel1 oblique l9es4 ,^!1 accord+ to ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton1 belong to a true ,ce/racion 7see p4 #ehd73 !y 7 fir/ figur$ & describ$ by me 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxxiii4 fig4 #e7 z belong+ to ! ,acan?ias major1 & 7 subsequ5tly assign$ to ! g5us ,sp9ax by ,pr(4 ,agassiz 7,poiss4 ,foss4 iii4 p4 #fb74 ,x may be necess>y to rem>k1 t ! f9s fir/ describ$ h be5 ref]r$ to ! fi%es :i* yield$ ! l>ge groov$ tee? s common 9 ! ,*alk 7see ,pl4 ,,vi fig4 #b7 9 consequ5ce ( _! aff9ity to exi/+ species1 :i* h simil> f9s & tee?2 & f ! circum/ance t ! ,%>ks ( ! g5us ,lamna1 ^: tee? also ab\nd 9 ! ,*alk1 h no dorsal rays ( ?is k9d2 /ill ! pro( ( id5tity rema9s to be discov]$4 ,9 "o specim5 only h ,i obs]v$ indications ( any o!r "p ( ! skeleton2 x is a sp9e ( ,acan?ias major1 ! base ( :i* re/s on sev]al dorsal v]tebr 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxxiii474 ,hybodus subc>9atus4 ,lign4 #ahh1 fig4 #c4--,! fi%es ( ano!r ext9ct g5us ( ,%>ks1 t]m$ ,hybodus1 f ! gibb\s =m ( ! tee?1 7 also provid$ ) dorsal sp9es1 :i* may be readily di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+4 ,^! ,i*?yodorulites are g5]ally long1 slightly ar*$1 & t]m9ate 9 a po9t at ! extremity2 ! base1 :i* 0 implant$ 9 ! fle%1 is deeply groov$1 & mu* prolong$1 be+ sometimes equal to "o-?ird ( ! entire l5g?4 ,! surface is m>k$ ) /rong longitud9al ridges1 p>allel ) ! ant]ior m>g9 :i* is r\nd$ & lat]ally compress$4 ,! po/]ior edge1 :i* is m or less flat1 has1 t[>ds ! base two r[s ( %>p ar*$ tee?1 :i* gradually approa* 'ea* o!r1 & bl5d into "o l9e on ! upp] "p ( ! ray ,!re are num]\s species ( ?is g5us 9 ! ,oolite & ,lias4 ,i h f\nd "o species 9 ! ,*alk & a few 9 ! ,weald54 ,! small ,ray figur$ ,lign4 #ahh fig4 #c1 is f ,tilgate ,=e/1 & displays ! usual *>act]s ( ^! fossils4 ,f specim5s discov]$ 9 ! ,lias1 associat$ ) ! tee?1 x appe>s t ! ,hybodus _h two dorsal f9s1 ea* furni%$ ) rays1 z 9 ! rec5t ,dog-fi%4 ,! microscopic /ructure ( ^! rays is /at$ by ,m4 ,agassiz to resemble t ( ! tee?3 9 "s !re is a pulp cavity1 :i* occupies ! c5tre ( ! sp9e1 & is surr\nd$ by d5t9e1 9 :i* ! calcig]\s tubes radiate direct to ! surface2 ! ext]nal enamel is a lay] ( d5t9e1 9 :i* ! m$ull>y canals are want+4 ,9 ! /rata bel[ ! ,lias !re are num]\s ,i*?yodorulites1 "s ( a l>ge size1 belong+ *iefly to ! ,ce/racion family1 & ( ext9ct species1 n obs]v$ 9 m rec5t deposits4 ,?us !re are sev]al species ( dorsal rays 7nam$ ,on*us1 f _! hook$ =m17 t are wide at ! base1 & b5t backw>ds1 ) ! po/]ior m>g9 de/itute ( tee?1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ,devonian1 & ,silurian =mations2 also imm5se compress$ sp9es1 hav+ small tee? on ! po/]ior m>g91 & ! surface cov]$ ) longitud9al /ri1 & f9ely too!d1 transv]sely2 h5ce t]m$ ,ct5acan?us1 or pect9at$-sp9e 7,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #eif74 ,! fossil sp9e1 nam$ ,or?acan?us 7,poiss4 ,foss4 vol4 iii4 pl4 xlv471 & f\nd 9 ! ,coal ( ,man*e/]1 has be5 discov]$ 9 connexion ) ! body ( ! fi% to :i* x belong$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s deposits ( ,rupp]sdorf 9 ,bohemia 7,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #bc74 ,"s ,i*?yodorulites h ! surface ri*ly ornam5t$ ) /ellul> tub]cles1 & are t]m$ ,a/]acan?us1 or />ry-sp9e2 !re are v l>ge f9-rays ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,weald51 ,purbeck1 ,oolites1 & ,lias4#eag #eag ,= p>ticul> in=mation on ,i*?yodorulites1 consult ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 iii4 *ap4 i4 ,ab\t sev5ty species are enum]at$4 ,! ,i*?yodorulites ( ! ,rays h no cavity l ^? ( ! ,%>ks1 & are ( a depress$ =m1 & m or less flatt5$2 !y are arm$ ) tee? along _! ext]ior m>g9s1 & n on ! po/]ior edge1 z 9 ! latt] family4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,fi%es4--,f ! durable nature & /rik+ appe>ance ( _m ( ! fossil tee? ( fi%es1 & _! prodigi\s numb]s 9 "s deposits1 !y are famili> objects to ! collector4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! deta*$ tee? belongs to v>i\s species & g5]a ( t mo/ num]\s1 & widely di/ribut$ family ( voraci\s fi%es1 ! ,%>ks4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata tee? ( ?is k9d occur ( a v l>ge size2 9 ! ,*alk _m species ab\nd1 p>ticul>ly ( ! lanceolate & compress$ =ms1 & ( ! rug\s1 mammillat$1 palatal tee?1 commonly t]m$ palates4 ,z we pass to ! m anci5t =mations1 tee? ( diff]5t =ms prevail2 & ^? :i* approa* ! rec5t types are ei!r v r>e or altoge!r abs5t4 ,we w select "s examples ( ! diff]5t g5]a 9 illu/ration ( ?is subject2 ! previ\s obs]vations on ! =m & /ructure ( ! rec5t tee? r5d] b few introductory rem>ks necess>y4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,%>ks4--,! fi%es ( ! ,%>k & ,ray families belong to ! ,placoid ord]2 ! scales 9 ! =m] consi/ ( enamell$ plates & tub]cles1 =m+ a %agre5 surface2 & 9 ! d]mal integum5t ( ! latt] !y appe> z sp9es & bosses1 irregul>ly dispos$4 ,not)/&+ ! div]sity 9 appe>ance ( ! tee? ( ,%>ks1 !y all possess "o ess5tial "* ( /ructure1 namely1 a base1 or osse\s root ( v>iable =m1 :i* is implant$ 9 ! integum5ts2 & a cr[n1 or ext]nal portion1 :i* projects into ! m\?1 is cov]$ ) enamel or compact d5t9e1 & assumes num]\s modifications1 by :i* ! fossil g5]a are *>act]iz$4 ,^! tee? are nev] imb$d$ 9 sockets1 nor unit$ to ! d5t>y m>g9s ( ! jaws2 !y only adh]e to ! integum5ts ( ! m\?1 & ! cov]+ ( ! maxill2 !y possess1 9 mo/ ( ! ,%>ks1 great mobility4 ,!y are g5]ally dispos$ 9 r[s2 ! ant]ior ones1 be+ fir/ us$1 fall out1 & are replac$ by ^? on ! inn] s]ies4 ,new tee? are also cont9ually =m$ beh9d ^? 9 use1 & advance successively t[>ds ! ant]ior r[s z ! latt] are %$1 & 9 _! turn occupy ! front rank4 7,see ,cyclop4 ,anat4 ,art4 ,tee?47 ,an exam9ation ( ! fossil & rec5t tee? ( ,%>ks & ,rays proves t ! prevail+ exi/+ g5]ic types h b few1 if any1 repres5tatives 9 ! fossils1 except 9 ^? :i* belong to ! ,t]ti>y & ,cretace\s =mations2 :ile ! g5]a t appe> isolat$1 z x 71 9 ! pres5t seas h num]\s analogues 9 ! ,second>y /rata4 ,! fossil tee? ( ?is family may be divid$ into two gr& divisions2 namely1 ^? :i* are m or less ( a polygonal1 obtusely conical1 or depress$ =m1 hav+ a tesselat$ arrangem5t 9 ! m\?2 & ^? ( a triangul>1 lanceolate %ape1 ) cutt+1 or s]rat$ edges1 dispos$ 9 a s]ies ( r[s on ! jaws4 ,! tee? ( ! fir/ gr\p 7,ce/racionid7 h mo/ analogy to ^? ( ! liv+ g5us ,ce/racion 7,port-,jackson ,%>k72 ! second 7,sgualid7 to ! ,%>ks1 commonly s call$4 ,! ,ce/racion is ! only liv+ repres5tative ( a family ( squaloid fi%es ( a peculi> type1 ^: rema9s occur 9 almo/ ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s deposits2 x inhabits ! seas ( ,new ,holl& & ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,*9a4 ,! jaws ( ! ,ce/racion are relatively v l>ge1 & are arm$ ) num]\s r[s ( tee?1 ess5tially ( two k9ds2 ^? situat$ ant]iorly1 or t[>ds ! front ( ! m\?1 be+ adapt$ = seiz+ & reta9+ ! food1 & ! po/]ior ones = cru%+ & bruis+4 ,! preh5sile tee? are %>p1 angul>1 & po9t$3 ! o!rs are obtuse1 polygonal1 enamell$1 & dispos$ 9 oblique r[s along ! m>g9s & inn] surface ( bo? jaws2 !re are sometimes sixty 9 ea* jaw 7see ,bd4 ii4 pl4 xxvii #aa4 fig4 ,a74 ,fossil tee? ( ?is type are exce$+ly num]\s 9 ! ,*alk1 ,lias1 c4 b are v seldom f\nd 9 juxtaposition2 ! decomposition ( ! c>tilag9\s integum5ts 9 :i* !y are imb$d$1 hav+1 9 mo/ examples1 occasion$ _! displacem5t & disp]sion2 specim5s1 h[ev]1 are occasionally discov]$1 9 :i* num]\s tee?1 ( v>i\s sizes1 are dispos$ 9 mosaic1 9 _! natural relative positions4 ,! ext9ct =ms ( ?is family 7,ce/racionid7 are kn[n almo/ only by _! tee?2 & accord+ to ! %ape1 /ructure1 & sculpture ( ^! organs1 ,m4 ,agassiz has arrang$ !m into sev]al g5]a4 ,!y occur 9 mo/ ( ! fossilif]\s deposits4 ,ce/racion canaliculatus4--,! tee? ( a fi% belong+ to ! exi/+ g5us h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,*alk ( ,k5t2 !y are figur$ & describ$ by ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton 9 ! beautiful "w by ,mr4 ,dixon4#eah ,?is unique specim5 consi/s ( a gr\p ( ?irte5 po/]ior mol> & ?ree or f\r deta*$ preh5sile ant]ior tee?1 imb$d$ 9 a block ( *alk ab\t two in*es squ>e4 ,! *ief di/9ction f ! tee? ( ! rec5t ,ce/racion is 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge m$ull>y canal :i* trav]ses ! base ( ea* too?3 h5ce ! specific "n4 #eah ,dixon's ,fossils ( ,sussex1 c4 p4 #cfe1 tab4 xxxii4 fig4 #h4 ,f ! t exam9ation ( a specim5 lately f\nd at ,lewes1 ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton has be5 l$ to assign to ?is species ! sp9e =m]ly describ$ z ,sp9ax major4 ,acrodus 7ridge-too?7 nobilis4 ,lign4 #ahi1 fig4 #d1 ,ly4 p4 #bge1 fig4 #cjg4--;,9 ! ,lias & ,oolite1 oblong enamell$ tee?1 hav+ ! surface ( ! cr[n cov]$ ) f9e radiat+ grooves & /ri1 are well kn[n to collectors1 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 by ! "n ( fossil lee*es1 f a fanci$ resemblance to a contract$ lee*4 ,!y belong to an ext9ct g5us ( ,ce/racionts1 nam$ ,acrodus by ,m4 ,agassiz4 ,! cr[n ( ! too? is enamell$1 & cov]$ ) transv]se grooves1 :i* div]ge f a longitud9al furr[2 ! base is 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram incl9$ on its inn] side4 ,^! tee? 7 ins]t$ along ! jaws 9 oblique s]ies1 _! longitud9al direction correspond+ ) t ( ! bones :i* support$ !m2 9 _! natural position1 ! extremity ( a h9d] too? 0 enclos$ betwe5 ! two next ant]ior tee?4 ,a beautiful gr\p is figur$ ,bd4 ii4 pl4 xxviie4#eai #eai ,! microscopical /ructure ( ! tee? ( ,acrodus is well %[n 9 ! ,odontography1 pl4 xiv4 xv41 & beautifully illu/rates ! relation ( d5t9e to bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #ahi4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,%>ks4 ,fig4 #a4--,pty*odus ,mortoni4 7,g4 ,a4 ,m47 ,cret4 ,new ,j]sey4 #b4--,psammodus c9ctus4 7,ag47 ,mt4 ,l4 ,bri/ol4 #c4--,orodus c9ctus4 7,ag47 ,mt4 ,l4 ,bri/ol4 #d4--;,acrodus nobilis4 ,lias4 ,lyme ,regis4 ,pty*odus 7wr9kle-too?74 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #b2 ,lign4 #ahi1 & ,lign4 #aia4--,! palatal tee?1 :i* occur m or less abundantly 9 almo/ e *alk-pit1 & are kn[n by ! "n ( palates1 belong to sev]al species ( ! g5us ,pty*odus4 ,a v common =m is figur$ ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #b2 & microscopic views ( v]tical & transv]se sections1 z se5 by transmitt$ light1 are %[n 9 figs4 #b;b1 #b;c4 ,gr\ps ( ^! tee?1 some:at naturally arrang$1 & v>y+ 9 size & =m accord+ to ! situations !y occupi$ 9 ! jaws1 are occasionally f\nd3 "o specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & =m]ly 9 my collection1 conta9s m ?an #abj tee?4 ,9 g5]al !y occur 9 a v p]fect /ate1 ) ! osse\s base & enamell$ cr[n entire4 ,! dorsal rays or sp9es previ\sly describ$ 7p4 #egg71 are sometimes f\nd ) ! tee?1 & belong to fi%es ( ! same g5us4 ,^! tee? are ( an angul> =m1 & m or less squ>e1 ! cr[n is wid] ?an ! root1 :i* is obtuse1 truncat$1 & depress$ 9 ! c5tre2 ! enamell$ "p ( ! too? is exp&$ at ! edges1 & =ms 9 ! c5tre a flatt5$ or slightly convex mammill>y projection1 :i* is trav]s$ by l>ge1 acute1 transv]se1 p>allel ridges4 ,! bord]s are granulat$1 & ! sides ( ! projection m>k$ ) deep v]tical plic or folds2 ?is description p>ticul>ly applies to ! species nam$ ,p4 polygurus1 figur$ 9 ,plate ,,vi4 ,dr4 ,buckl& has repres5t$ a f9e gr\p ( ^! tee?1 ,bd4 ii4 pl4 xxvi4 ,ano!r common species 7,p4 decurr5s7 is di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by ! connexion betwe5 ! l>ge furr[s on ! cr[n & ! granulations on ! exp&$ bord]1 :i* div]ge f ! out] edge ( ! l>ge folds to ! m>g9 ( ! enamel4 ,! microscopic /ructure ( ^! tee? pres5ts ! same cong]ies ( m$ull>y & calcig]\s tubes z ^? ( ! rec5t ,ce/racion3 see ,plate ,,vi4 figs4 #b;b1 #b;c4 ,! tee? ( a species ( ,pty*odus occur 9 ! ar5ace\s /rata ( ! ,*alk-=mation 9 ,new ,j]sey1 :i* possess ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ! ,european types1 b diff] f !m 9 _! configuration2 ! only specim5 ,i h se5 is figur$ ,lign4 #ahi1 fig4 #a2 x 0 pres5t$ to me by ,dr4 ,morton4 ,! enamell$ cr[n =ms a conical projection1 trav]s$ by l>ge inosculat+ ridges1 :i* radiate f ! summit t[>ds ! m>g94#ebj #ebj ,i h nam$ x ,p4 ,mortoni1 9 hon\r ( my di/+ui%$ fri5d1 ! em95t ,am]ican naturali/ & physician1 ,dr4 ,george ,morton1 ( ,philadelphia1 by :om x 0 discov]$4 ,psammodus#eba 7s&y-too?74 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #a2 ,lign4 #abh1 fig4 #b4--,to ?is g5us are ref]r$ ! fossil tee? ( ! ext9ct ,ce/racionts1 :i* h ! cr[n =m$ ( small v]tical tubes1 ) ! gr9d+ surface m or less smoo?1 & pres5t+ only a punctat$ or s&y appe>ance4#ebb ,^! tee? are g5]ally flat or slightly convex1 & ( a squ>e or oblong =m2 ! base is osse\s1 & z l>ge z ! cr[n4 ,two species are figur$1 ,lign4 #ahi1 fig4 #b1 & ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #a;a4 ,a magnifi$ v]tical section ( ! cr[n1 display+ ! m$ull>y canals & radiat+ calcig]\s tubes1 is repres5t$ ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #a;b1 & a transv]se section1 fig4 #a;c2 !y are ?9 slices ( a too?1 ,p4 porosus1 f ! ,black ,rock 7,m\nta9 ,lime/one71 ne> ,clifton1 view$ by transmitt$ light4 ,! l>ge1 flat1 quadrilat]al1 oblong tee? t ab\nd 9 ! ,/onesfield ,slate belong to ! ,/rophodus magnus4 #eba ,see ,odontography1 pl4 xviii4 xix4 #ebb ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( fossil tee? :i* possess ! same ess5tial /ructure z ^? ( ,psammodus1 b diff] 9 _! ext]nal *>act]s2 ^! are ref]r$ to o!r g5]a by ,m4 ,agassiz4 ,?us ,orodus1 ,lign4 #ahi1 fig4 #c1 comprises ^? elongat$ tee? 9 :i* ! c5tre ( ! cr[n =ms an obtuse transv]se cone1 trav]s$ by a ridge f :i* oblique furr[s div]ge transv]sely t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,simil> tee?1 b ) a smoo?1 obtusely conical cr[n1 are ref]r$ to ! g5us ,helodus4 ,^? ) ! cr[n compress$ & elevat$1 ) a %>p edge1 & ) ! base surr\nd$ by conc5tric folds1 con/itute ! type ( ,*omatodes4 ,a simil> cr[n1 b subdivid$ by deep transv]se ridges into d5tations1 *>act]ises ! g5us ,ct5opty*ius4 ,c]atodus 7horn-too?7 em>g9atus4 ,lign4 #aid1 fig4 #a4--,v curi\s d5tal organs1 possess+ a /ructure analog\s to t ( ! tee? ( ,psammodus1 are f\nd 9 ! ,bone-b$ ( ! ,lias2 !y consi/ ( consolidat$ plates in/ead ( sep>ate tee?2 !re 0 probably b "o plate on ea* side ! jaws4 ,! upp] m>g9 is g5]ally undulat$1 & m or less worn by use4 ,^! d5tal plates are compos$ ( two di/9ct lay]s2 ! l[]mo/ portion1 or root1 is an osse\s1 reticulat$ tissue1 z 9 c>tilag9\s fi%es 9 g5]al2 & ! upp] consi/s ( d5t9e1 ) m9ute p>allel v]tical tubes1 z 9 ,psammodus2 ^! tubes are a cont9uation ( ! m$ull>y tissue ( ! osse\s root4 ,"o species occurs 9 ! ,great ,oolite at ,/onesfield1 & v _m =ms ab\nd 9 ! ,bone-b$ at ,au/ ,cliff1 ne> ,we/bury on ,avon3 & 9 ! ,trias 7bone-b$7 ( ,g]many ! tee? ( sev]al species ( ,c]atodus are v abundant4 ,! fi%es to :i* ^! fossil tee?1 ref]r$ to ,c]atodus1 belong$ 7 mo/ probably ,ce/racionts2 ! ray-sp9e kn[n z ,nemacan?us is provisionally assign$ to !m4 ,edaphodon4 ,lign4 #aij & ,lign4 #aia1 ,ly4 p4 #bgf1 fig4 #cji4--,! ,*imroid fi%es1 ?\gh =m]ly plac$ ) ! ,plagio/omes 7,%>ks & ,bays71 con/itute a di/9ct gr\p1 ( :i* !re are b two rec5t g5]a1 ?\gh sev]al occur 9 a fossil /ate4 ,_! d5tal organs are v peculi>4 ,_! m&ibles are furni%$ ) two or m pairs ( oblong tee?1 compos$ ( long holl[ cyl9drical columns1 plac$ ne>ly at "r angles to ! gr9d+ surface1 :i* is pitt$ ) m9ute depressions4 ,^! tee? are nev] %$1 b are p]si/5t1 & gr[ on ?r\gh life1 z 9 ! ,rod5tia1 exhibit+ 9 ?is respect a /rik+ contra/ ) ^? ( ! ,%>ks1 :i* are feeble & num]\s1 & con/antly replac$ by r[s ( successional tee?4 ,fossil tee? ( sev]al species1 "s mu* l>g] ?an ! rec5t1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 ,cretace\s1 & ,oolitic deposits4 ,! fir/ ,briti% specim5 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,*alk-m>l at ,hamsey1 9 #ahbj1 by myself2 b its nature 0 n suspect$ until m p]fect examples 7 obta9$ f ! ,kimm]idge ,clay at ,%otov] by ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton1 & 7 submitt$ to ,dr4 ,buckl&1 :o subsequ5tly asc]ta9$ _! *>act]s & relations by an exam9ation ( ! d5tal organs ( a rec5t ,*imra 9 ! ,museum at ,leyd5 9 #ahce4ebc #ebc ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bji4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aij4 ,m&ible ( ,edaphodon ,mantelli4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 7#a_/b nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aia4 ,edaphodon leptogna?us4 #a_/b nat4 ,london ,clay4 ,brackle%am4 ,! ,upp] & ,l[] ,m&ibles ( ! left side2 view$ mesially or f )94 ,fig4 #a4--,! ,upp] ,jaw2 left ramus4 p m4--,! premaxill>y bone4 #a1 #b1 #c4--,! ?ree d5tal tub]cles4 ,fig4 #b4--,! ,l[] ,jaw4 s4--,! symphysial surface1 by :i* ?is ramus is unit$ to ! opposite or "r side ( ! jaw4 #d1 #e1 #f4--,! ?ree d5tal tub]cles1 or triturat+ surfaces1 ( ! left ramus ( ! l[] jaw4 ,_m specim5s1 bo? ( ! upp] & l[] m&ibles1 h s9ce be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,eoc5e b$s1 ,*alk1 ,upp] ,gre5s&1 ,galt1 ,kimm]idge ,clay1 & ,/onesfield ,slate4 ,! subject has be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton2 & ?is em95t ,i*?yologi/ has tabulat$ ! pr9cipal =ms1 & arrang$ !m "u five g5]a4#ebd #ebd ,viz4 ,ganodus1 ,is*yodus1 ,edaphodon1 ,elasmodus1 & ,psaliodus4 ,see ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ce2 & ,dixon's ,foss4 ,sussex4 ,9 "s species ! ext]nal v]tical wall ( ! plate is =m$ ( h>d d5t9e1 resembl+ enamel2 9 o!rs ! d5t9e is dispos$ 9 isolat$ ramifications1 produc+ a d5dritical appe>ance2 ! modifications ( ?is /ructure occasion ! diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ! d5tal plates ( ! v>i\s species4 ,9 "s1 compact d5t9e ) p>allel canals con/itutes ! mass ( ! too?2 9 o!rs1 ! squam\s d5t9e ) ramify+ tubes prevails4 ,i h figur$ ! "r upp] & l[] m&ibles ( ! type nam$ ,edaphodon 7pavem5t-too?71 9 :i* !re are ?ree tee? or d5tal tub]cles on ea* ramus ( bo? jaws1 ,lign4 #aia3 ! l[] m&ible is produc$ ant]iorly into a falci=m beak3#ebe ! articulat+ surface ( ! symphysis 7#b s7 is broad at ! base1 & contracts gradually =w>d until ! m>g9s meet at ! apex4 ,9 ,is*yodus ! l[] jaw is deep]1 less produc$ 9 front1 & ! m>g9s ( ! symphysis are p>allel until abruptly truncat$ at ! extremities3 ! upp] jaw has f\r tub]cles on ea* side4 #ebe ,h5ce ,m4 ,agassiz propos$ ! "n ( ,psittacodon 7p>rot-too?7 = ?is g5us ( ,*imroids4 ,! upp] jaw 9 ,elasmodus has b ?ree tub]cles1 z 9 ,edaphodon1 b ! d5t9e ( :i* !y are compos$ is conflu5t1 be+ roll$ r\nd l a scroll 9 ! sub/ance ( ! bone1 "o edge =m+ ! m>g9 ( ! too?1 & ! o!r be+ buri$ deep 9 its c5tre4 ,! dorsal f9-ray or sp9e ( ! ,edaphodon is lat]ally compress$1 ) ! po/]ior m>g9 groov$1 & ! edges arm$ ) f9e tee?3 ,i h a specim5 ( ! sp9e1 ) a pair ( inf]ior m&ibles ( ! same individual1 imb$d$ 9 a block ( *alk f ,k5t2 by fav\r ( ,mrs4 ,smi?1 ( ,tunbridge ,wells4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aib4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,%>ks4 ,fig4 #a4--;,hybodus m$ius4 ,lias4 ,lyme ,regis4 #b4--;,hybodus r>ico/atus4 ,lias4 ,bri/ol4 #c4--;,c>*>odon productus4 ,t]t4 ,malta4 #d4--;,hemipri/is s]ra 7fragm5t74 ,*alk4 ,ratisbon4 #e4--,otodus ,obliquus4 ,t]t4 ,%eppey4 ,hybodus4 ,lign4 #aib1 figs4 #a1 #b4 7,bd4 pl4 xxviid47--,int]m$iate betwe5 ! obtuse cru%+ tee? ( ! ,%>ks previ\sly describ$1 & ^? %>p1 angul>1 po9t$1 d5tal organs ( ! ,squaloids1 are ^? ( ! fi%es :i* ,m4 ,agassiz has arrang$ 9 a sub-family or gr\p t]m$ ,hybodonts2 ! tee? ( :i* are *>act]is$ by _! transv]sely elongat$ =m1 & ! s]ies ( subacute1 compress$1 conical cusps or po9ts1 :i* compose ! cr[n4 ,! m$ian cone is ! pr9cipal1 ! lat]al po9ts be+ %ort] & small]1 z 9 ,lign4 #aib1 fig4 #b2 9 "s species ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m$ian & lat]al cones is great]1 9 o!rs less1 z 9 fig4 #a4 ,^! cusps h a coat+ ( d5se enamel1 :i* is plicat$ longitud9ally on bo? faces4 ,! base1 :i* almo/ equals ! cr[n 9 size1 is compos$ ( a co>se osse\s sub/ance4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! cr[n diff]s f t ( ! ,ce/racionts1 9 hav+ no pr9cipal pulp-cavity1 & 9 be+ *iefly compos$ ( d5dritical d5t9e1 ) reticulat$ m$ull>y canals4 ,! =m & organization ( ^! tee? %[ !m to h be5 in/rum5ts = cutt+ & te>+ food4 ,! ,hybodonts1 z we h already /at$ 7p4 #eha71 possess$ two sp9\s dorsal f9s2 9 _! habits & economy !y probably did n diff] f ! ord9>y ,%>ks4 ,tee? & sp9es ( ?is g5us are common 9 ! ,trias1 ,lias1 ,oolite1 & ,wald51 & occur 9 ! ,gre5 ,s& & ,*alk4 ,!re are sev]al species ( tee? & f9s 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/ 7,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 x474 ,9 g5]al ! tee? are f\nd deta*$1 b occasionally !y occur 9 _! natural position1 adh]+ to ! m9]aliz$ c>tilag9\s jaws 7,petrif4 ,lign4 #ig72 z 9 ! beautiful fossil figur$ ,bd4 pl4 xxvii4d2 & 9 ! f9e specim5 ( ,h4 basanus1 f ! ,isle ( ,wight1 figur$ 9 ! ,geol4 ,soc4 ,j\rn4 vol4 pl4 iv4 ,!re are sev]al relat$ g5]a1 f\nd$ on ! situation1 =m1 & division ( ! pr9cipal cusps ( ! tee?4 ,%>ks ) ,cutt+ ,tee?4--,! jaws ( ! common squaloid fi%es1 z ! ,lamna 7,porbeagle7 & ,c>*>ias 7,great ,:ite ,%>k71 are s common 9 collections ( natural hi/ory1 z to r5d] a description unnecess>y4 ,! num]\s v]tical r[s ( angul>1 lat]ally compress$1 po9t$ tee?1 ) %>p or s]rat$ edges--9 "s species consi/+ ( a simple tr5*ant cusp1 9 o!rs ) small lat]al tee?1 or d5ticles1 at ! base1 are *>act]s ) :i* all are famili>4 ,fossil tee? ( ?is =m are extremely abundant 9 ! ,t]ti>y & ,cretace\s deposits2 & are commonly 9 a beautiful /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! g5]a ( ^! fossil tee? are f\nd$ on ! solidity or holl[ /ructure ( ! cusps1 _! possess+ cutt+ or s]rat$ edges1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( lat]al d5ticles4 ,b ! la/ "* _c 9 e in/ance be reli$ ^u1 = "s rec5t ,%>ks h r[s ( tee? bo? ) & )\t d5ticles4 ,c>*>odon productus4 ,lign4 #aib1 fig #c4--,! g5us ,c>*>ias comprises ! l>ge ,%>ks ) cutt+ triangul> tee?1 cr5at$ 7not*$7 on _! m>g9s1 & hav+ a broad base4 ,9 ,c>*>odon1 ! tee? diff] f ^? ( ,c>*>ias 9 be+ solid 9 ! c5tre1 :ile 9 ! latt] !y are holl[2 b 9 bo? g5]a ! tee? exhibit ! same reticulat$ /ructure ( m$ull>y & calcig]\s tubes4 ,! ,:ite ,%>k & o!r l>ge species belong to ^! g5]a2 "s ( :i* are upw>ds ( =ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,b ev5 ^! colossal fi%es mu/ h be5 f> surpass$ 9 magnitude by ! ext9ct species ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits1 if ! tee? af=d a scale ( proportions2 = "s ( ! fossil tee? f ,malta & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are six in*es long1 & five wide at ! base2#ebf be+ twice ! size ( ! tee? 9 ! l>ge/ liv+ species4 ,! specim5 figur$ 9 illu/ration1 ,lign4 #aib1 fig4 #c1 is ( a small size4 #ebf ,= in/ance1 "s ( ! ,m>yl& specim5s ( ,c>*>odon megalodon4 ,see an admirable memoir on ! ,fossil ,squalid ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,gibbes1 ,j\rn4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci5ce1 ,philadelphia4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahea1 ,j4 ,s4 ,b[]bank1 ,esq4 ,f4,r4,s4 read "s int]e/+ obs]vations on ! comp>ison ( ^! l>ge fossil fi%es ) ! rec5t ,c>*>ias glaucus ( ,au/ralia4 ,see also ,ow51 ,cyclop4 ,anat4 ,art4 ,tee?4 ,hemipri/is s]ra4 ,lign4 #aib1 fig #d4--,! fossil tee? ( ?is g5us are di/+ui%$ by s]rat$ edges1 t d n ext5d to ! summit1 :i* is a %>p angul> po9t2 z 9 ! fossil repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aic4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,%>ks4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,fig4 #a4--;,corax pri/odontus4 #b4--,lamna crassid5s4 #c4--,notidanus microdon4 #d4--,pty*odus polygurus2 se5 lat]ally4 #e4--,pty*odus polygurus2 view$ f above4 #f4--,lamna elegans4 ,lamna elegans4 ,lign4 #aic1 fig4 #f4--,! fi%es ( ! g5us ,lamna 7to :i* ! rec5t %>k call$ ! ,porbeagle belongs7 h tee? ) smoo? tr5*ant edges1 & a small %>p d5ticle 7little too?7 on ea* side ! base1 z 9 ! fossil1 ,lign4 #aic1 fig4 #f4 ,! specim51 fig4 #b1 al?\gh devoid ( d5ticles1 probably belongs to ! same g5us1 = reasons already expla9$4 ,sev]al species ab\nd 9 ! ,*alk2 & !y are associat$ ) tee?1 :i* are relatively wid] & %ort]1 & h l>ge compress$ d5ticles2 ! latt] are arrang$ 9 a sep>ate g5us1 nam$ ,otodus 7e>$-too?71 by ,m4 ,agassiz4 ,! specim5 figur$ ,lign4 #aib1 fig4 #e1 repres5ts ,o4 obliquus2 ano!r species1 ,otodus app5diculatus1 is abundant 9 ! ,sussex ,*alk4 ,! l>ge1 wide1 triangul>1 smoo? tee?1 ) tr5*ant edges1 & de/itute ( lat]al d5ticles1 s common 9 ! ,*alk1 are relat$ to ,lamna1 & are compris$ 9 ! g5us ,oxyrh9a 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 tab4 xxxiii474 ,notidanus microdon4 ,lign4 #aic1 fig4 #c4--,^! tee? diff] rem>kably f ^? ( ! o!r g5]a ( ,%>ks4 ,! cr[n ( ea* too? is compos$ ( a s]ies ( %>p angul> enamell$ po9ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ! l>ge/1 & is not*$ on its ant]ior edge2 ! base or root is osse\s1 flat1 ) a slight longitud9al depression bel[ ! bord] ( enamel4 ,^! tee? are comp>atively r>e 9 ! ,*alk4 ,"o species has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ox=d ,clay2 & sev]al 9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata4 ,specim5s occur 9 ,hordwell ,cliff4 ,corax pri/odontus4 ,lign4 #aic1 fig4 #a4--,! tee? ( ! fossil ,corax *iefly diff] f ^? ( ! rec5t g5us ,galeus1 to :i* ! ,tope1 or ,grey ,%>k1 belongs1 9 be+ solid2 !y are ( a triangul> =m1 ) a deep concavity or not* on ! po/]ior m>g91 ! base ( :i* is prolong$ & =ms ?ree or f\r angul> po9ts3 ! ant]ior edge ( ! too? is f9ely s]rat$4 ,! root ( ! too?1 z 9 ,notidanus1 is a broad osse\s plate4 ,!re is mu* div]sity ( =m 9 ! ,*alk specim5s1 :i* are all ( a small size1 z 9 ,lign4 #aic1 fig4 #a4 ,9 ,sussex !y are m common 9 ! ,*alk-m>l ?an 9 ! ,*alk4 ,! only fossil tee? ( ! ,%>k family resembl+ ^? ( ! t]ti>y ,c>*>iodonts1 t h be5 discov]$ 9 ! /rata bel[ ! ,*alk1 are f ! c>bonif]\s deposits ( ,york%ire & ,armagh4 ,^! tee? are compress$1 triangul>1 cr5at$ on ! edges1 ) l>ge plaits or folds on ! enamell$ surface1 t[>ds ! base ( ! cr[n4 ,m4 ,agassiz ref]s !m to a new g5us1 viz4 ,c>*>opsis1 ) ! specific "n ( ,prototypus4 ,fossil ,v]tebr ( ,%>ks4--,z ! c>tilag9\s nature ( ! skeleton 9 ?is family r5d]s x unfav\rable to pres]vation 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 ! durable p>ts already describ$1 & ^? :i* are ossifi$1 are almo/ ! only relics f\nd 9 a fossil /ate4 ,! d]mal integum5t is1 h[ev]1 sometimes pres]v$2 & ,i _h a beautiful example ( %agre51 compos$ ( irregul> m9ute hexagonal scales1 "o ( :i* is repres5t$ highly magnifi$1 ,lign4 #ahe1 fig4 #a4 ,9 ! ,galeus & ,c>*>ias ! v]tebr are m ossifi$ ?an 9 _m o!r g5]a ( c>tilag9\s fi%es1 & fossil v]tebr ( ^! %>ks (t5 occur 9 ! cretace\s & o!r /rata4 ,gr\ps ( v]tebr ( a l>ge size occasionally occur 9 ! ,sussex ,*alk2 !y are circul>1 biconcave1 & v %ort2 "o specim5 is f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & "o in* long2 _! concavities are consequ5tly %all[4 ,^! v]tebra3 are compos$ ( two %all[ conical disks1 :i* are unit$ by _! summits1 at ! axis1 & are connect$ & support$ by num]\s w$ge-%ap$ plates1 t radiate f ! c5tre to ! p]iph]y 7see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xxxiii4 fig4 #aj74 ,my collection conta9$ a connect$ s]ies ( =ty small v]tebr f ! ,*alk ne> ,lewes1 :i* probably belong$ to ! same species ( ,%>k z ! dorsal sp9e nam$ ,sp9ax major 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 iii4 pl4 xla fig4 #f74 ,squaloraia4 ,9 ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 t inexhau/ible /oreh\se ( fossil treasures1 a consid]able portion ( ! skeleton ( a v rem>kable fi%1 p>tak+ ( ! *>act]s ( ! ,%>ks & ,rays1 0 discov]$ by ,miss ,m>y ,aim+1 & is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,bri/ol ,in/itution4#ebg ,9 ?is fi% ! jaws are prolong$ into a beak1 l ! ,pri/is 7,saw-fi%74 ,x has ! head ( a ,%>k1 ) a long beak2 v]tebr ( ! ,rays2 ) pectoral & v5tral f9s1 almo/ equally develop$2 a tail arm$ )1 a sp9e2 & sp9\s bosses1 z 9 ! true ,rays4 #ebg ,x is figur$ & describ$ by ,dr4 ,riley1 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 v4 pl4 iv4 ,see also ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 iii4 pl4 xlii4 ,fossil ,pri/is1 or ,saw-fi%4--,?is well-kn[n pr$atory fi%1 :i* is alli$ to ! ,rays & ,%>ks1 & ref]r$ by ,m4 ,agassiz to ! family ( ,raiid1 has project+ f its sn\t an osse\s1 flat1 horizontal plate1 or beak1 equal 9 l5g? to "o-?ird ( ! fi%1 & arm$ on ea* side by a r[ ( elongat$1 compress$1 po9t$ tee?1 implant$ 9 sockets2 ! front m>g9 ( ^! tee? is convex1 ! po/]ior concave2 ?is def5ce is t]m$ ! saw1 & con/itutes a mo/ p[]ful weapon4 ,! ,pri/is has also num]\s small obtuse tee? on ! jaws4 ,! rema9s ( ! beak1 or saw1 ( an ext9ct species ( ,pri/is h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,bag%ot ,s& at ,goldswor? ,hill1 ,surrey1#ebh & ?ree o!r species h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,london clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 & ! ,eoc5e b$s at ,brackle%am & ,hordwell4#ebi #ebh ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fhg4 #ebi ,two tee? are figur$ 9 ,dixon's ,fossils ( ,sussex1 pl4 xii42 ! specim5s are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 see ,petrifactions1 p4 #dad4 ,fossil ,rays4--,! tee? ( ^! fi%es are *>act]is$ by ! extraord9>y transv]sal developm5t ( ! m$ian tee? 9 bo? jaws4 ,in/ead ( po9t$ tee?1 !y h wide1 flat1 tesselat$ d5t>y plates 9 ea* jaw1 compos$ ( di/9ct pieces1 juxtapos$ & connect$ by _! m>g9s1 & unit$ by f9e sutures4 ,9 "s species ! tee? are equal1 9 o!rs ( v>i\s sizes2 !y pres5t num]\s modifications ( arrangem5t1 & are always dispos$ 9 symmetrical r[s4 ,9 ! g5us ,myliobatis 7,eagle-ray7 ! tee? ( ! m$ian r[ are ( an extraord9>y wid?1 :ile _! l5g? does n exce$ t ( ! lat]al plates1 or *evrons1 :i* are ( an irregul> hexagonal =m1 & dispos$ 9 two or ?ree r[s on ea* side4 ,!re are five liv+ species ( ,myliobatis1 & eighte5 fossil species h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata at ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 ,hordwell ,cliff1 & ,brackle%am ,bay4 ,i h figur$ a specim5 ( "p ( ! upp] jaw ( a species 7,m4 micropleurus1 ,lign4 #aid1 fig4 #b71 9 :i* ! m$ian tee? are v wide1 & h two lat]al r[s ( small1 irregul>ly hexagonal1 plates4 ,! surface ( ! tee? 9 ?is species is smoo?2 b 9 o!rs x is /riat$ longitud9ally 7,bd4 pl4 xxvid4 fig4 #ad74 ,9 an alli$ g5us1 tobatis1 f ! ,t]ti>y b$s at ,brackle%am1 ! l[] jaw projects beyond ! upp]1 & 9 ea* !re is a r[ ( flat1 transv]se tee?1 )\t lat]al plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aid4 ,fossil ,tee? ( ,fi%es ,fig4 #a4--;,c]atodus em>g9atus3 #a_/b nat4 ,lias ,bone-b$4 ,au/ ,cliff4 ,a s+le d5tal plate4 #b4--,myliobatis micropleurus3 #a_/c nat4 ,t]t4 ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,a s]ies ( six m$ian tee?1 ) ! correspond+ lat]al tee?4 #c4--,pycnodus ,mantelli4 ,weald4 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,?is specim5 consi/s ( ! vom]9e bone1 ) a m$ian r[ ( flat1 ar*$ tee?1 & two r[s on ea* side ( elliptical tee?1 arrang$ alt]nately4 ,to ?is notice ( ! fossil ,rays1 we may add1 t a gigantic ,torp$o has be5 discov]$ 9 t celebrat$ locality ( ,i*?yolites1 ,monte ,bolca3 & t ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton has rec5tly enri*$ 8 mat*less collection ( fossil fi%es1 by a p]fect ,ray1 f ,m\nt ,lebanon4 ,x is figur$ & describ$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 i4 pl4 v4 p4 #bbe1 "u ! "n ( ,cyclobatis oligodactylus4 ,x is a small species1 resembl+ ! common ,rays 9 its g5]al appe>ance1 b is surr\nd$ by a broad1 flexible1 c>tilag9o-membran\s f92 ! sk9 is smoo?1 ! tee? & eyes are small1 ! tail is sl5d]2 !re are no traces ( d]mal sp9es1 tub]cles1 or def5sive weapons4 ,9 _m po9ts ( /ructure x resembles ! ,torp$o2 & may possibly1 l t fi%1 h possess$ an electric organ4 ,x is #c-a_/b in*es long1 & #c in*es wide across ! exp&$ f9s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,fossil ,,i*?yology2 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,ganoid1 ,,ct5oid1 ,,& ,,cycloid ,,fi%es4 ,! fi%es we h hi!rto exam9$ belong to ! fir/ ord]1 ! ,placoidians2 we n[ pass to ! fossil rema9s ( ! second ord]1 ! ,ganoidians1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by _! brilliant angul> scales1 =m$ ( osse\s or horny plates1 d5sely cov]$ ) enamel4 ,?is ord] conta9s six or m families1 compris+ _m g5]a & num]\s species2 our inve/igation mu/ be re/rict$ to a selection f ! pr9cipal g5]a ( ! ,ganoids1 prop]ly s call$1 & ( ! ,sauroids1 or liz>d-l fi%es4#ecj #ecj ,! fi%es ( ^! ord]s are describ$ 9 ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 ii4 ,! fir/ family1 t]m$ ,lepidoides1 conta9s sev]al g5]a1 :i* are def9$ z possess+ ei!r num]\s r[s ( bru%-tee?1 or ( obtuse conical tee?2 flat1 rhomboidal scales1 arrang$ p>allel ) ! body2 & an osse\s1 or p>tially osse\s1 skeleton4 ,9 "o division ( ?is family1 ! body is ei!r elongat$ or fusi=m1 ! m\? furni%$ ) bra%-tee? only1 & ! tail het]oc]cal1 or unequally bilob$ 7see p4 #egf74 ,to ?is gr\p belong sev]al g5]a1 :i* are re/rict$ to ! ,second>y =mations m anci5t ?an ! ,oolite2 :ile ! o!r gr\p1 ) homoc]cal tails1 liv$ 9 ! ,oolitic & ,cretace\s seas4 ,two g5]a1 9 p>ticul>1 ab\nd 9 ! ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s /rata2 namely1 ,amblypt]us & ,paloniscus4#eca #eca ,= ! *>act]s1 aff9ities1 & di/ribution ( ^! & ! alli$ g5]a ( ! ,het]oc]que ,ganoid fi%es1 see ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton's ,memoir 9 ! six? volume ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,geological ,j\rnal4 ,amblypt]us4 ,lign4 #ahg4 ,wond4 p4 #gdj4 ,bd4 pl4 xxvii4b4--,! fi%es ( ?is g5us1 z ! "n indicates1 h v l>ge & wide f9s1 compos$ ( num]\s rays4 ,! scales are rhomboidal & f9ely enamell$2 ! tail is het]oc]cal4 ,! figures ref]r$ to convey a correct idea ( ! =m & ext]nal *>act]s4 ,beautiful pyrit\s impr9ts ( ,amblypt]i occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s slate ( ,sa>brck1 9 ,lorra9e2 & f9e specim5s 9 ! iron/one nodules ( ! same locality4 ,on ! %ore at ,ne:av51 ne> ,lei?1 simil> fossils occur 9 nodules wa%$ out ( ! cliffs ( coal-%ale 7,bd4 p4 #bgh74 ,paloniscus4 ,ly4 p4 #cjd4--,! fi%es ( ?is g5us diff] f ^? ( ,amblypt]us 9 ! relatively mod]ate size ( ! scales1 & ! num]\s little rays on _! m>g9s4 ,!y h rhomboidal scales1 :i* 9 "s species are v small1 & 9 o!rs l>ge4 ,!y h num]\s bru%-tee?4 ,sev]al peculi> species1 f\nd 9 ! m>l-slates & magnesian lime/ones ( ! ,p]mian sy/em1 are v widely di/ribut$1 occurr+ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 "s localities ! small species occur 9 gr\ps2 on a slab ( r$ s&/one1 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,society1 f ,tyrone1 betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ p]fect fi%es 7,p4 catopt]us7 are imb$d$ on a space n exce$+ two feet squ>e4 ,a rem>kable circum/ance relat+ to ! fi%es ( ?is g5us is ! almo/ con/ant abs5ce ( ! bodies ( ! v]tebr 9 o!rwise well-pres]v$ specim5s1 & 9 :i* ! sp9al processes & ! ribs are entire3 occasionally1 h[ev]1 examples occur ) "s ( ! v]tebr p]fect4 ,an explanation ( ! above ph5om5on may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! probable orig9ally c>tilag9\s nature ( ! bodies ( ! v]tebr1 & ! osse\s /ructure ( ! endur+ apophyses & ribs2#ecb :ile ^? r>e specim5s :i* possess a few bony v]tebr may be reg>d$ z exceptions1 9 :i* ossification took place 9 a /ructure ess5tially c>tilag9\s4 #ecb ,pr(essor ,ow5 /ates t a simil> condition ( ! sp9al column obta9s 9 ! fossil ,microdonts4--,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdf4 ,! fi%es f\nd 9 ! copp]-s*i/s ( ! ,ze*/e91 at ,mansfeld 9 ,saxony1 are g5]ally impregnat$ ) copp] pyrites1 & _! scales are z brilliant z burni%$ gold4 ,^! i*?yolites are almo/ always 9 contort$ & twi/$ positions2 :i* appe>ance ,m4 ,agassiz attributes to contraction ( ! muscul> tissues aft] dea?1 dur+ ! progress ( decomposition1 & be=e ! fi%es sank d[n & became imb$d$ 9 ! mud4 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 ii4 p4 #gj47 ,! fi%es ( ! g5us ,paloniscus are (t5 f\nd 9 ! %ales & m>ls ( ! ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s sy/ems ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,at ,ea/ ,?ickley1 9 ! c\nty ( ,durham1 num]\s specim5s h be5 f\nd4#ecc ,! l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata at ,burdie-h\se1 a locality we h be=e m5tion$1 h yield$ sev]al species ( ,paloniscus1 associat$ ) tee? & o!r rema9s ( l>ge sauroid fi%es4#ecd ,on ! cont95t also !y prevail 9 deposits ( ! same epo*2 ,eisleb5 & ,mansfeld1 iii ,saxony1 are well-kn[n localities4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !y h be5 discov]$ 9 /rata ( probably ! same age4#ece ,9 f9e1 ! g5]a ,amblypt]us & ,paloniscus may be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic m$als ( ! geological epo* :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! ,devonian & ,triassic =mations4 #ecc ,see ,pr(essor ,s$gwick on ! ,magnesian ,lime/one4 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 iii42 & ,pr(4 ,k+'s ,monograph on ! ,p]mian ,fossils1 publi%$ by ! ,palontographical ,society4 #ecd ,dr4 ,hibb]t's ,memoir on ! ,fossils ( ,burdie-h\se4 #ece ,geology ( ,massa*usetts1 by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,hit*cock4 ,we w next exam9e a few g5]a ( ! homoc]cal ,lepidoids & ,pycnodonts1 ^: relics are *iefly di/ribut$ 9 ! ,lias1 ,oolite1 ,purbeck1 & ,weald54 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aie4 ,outl9e ( ! ,dap$ius4 ,lias4 7#a_/b nat4 size74 ,dap$ius4 ,lign4 #aie4--;,at ,lyme ,regis1 & o!r productive localities ( ! fossils ( ! ,lias1 l>ge masses ( angul> enamell$ scales1 & occasionally entire specim5s ( ! fi%es to :i* !y belong$1 h = _m ye>s be5 collect$4 ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e fir/ sci5tifically inve/igat$ ! /ructure ( ^! ,i*?yolites1 & po9t$ out _! *>act]s & relations4 ,! ,dap$ius 7( :i* a re/or$ figure is giv5 9 ,lign4 #aie7 is a flat1 lat]ally compress$ fi%1 ) a r\nd$ head1 & f9s ( mod]ate size4 ,! body rapidly contracts t[>ds ! root ( ! tail1 ! f9 ( :i* is l>ge & symmetrically lob$4 ,! m\? is furni%$ ) sev]al r[s ( small conical tee?1 :i* are cr5at$ at _! summits1 & has bru%-tee? on ! palat9e bones2 ! jaws are %ort4 ,! scales are rhomboidal1 highly poli%$1 & unit$ lat]ally by %ort processes2 z 9 _m o!r ganoid fi%es4 ,x belongs to ! ,lepidoids4 ,! ,tetragonolepis is a ,liassic fi%1 v simil> 9 %ape to ! ,dap$ius4 ,x 0 =m]ly gr\p$ ) ! ,lepidoidei1 b ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton has lately discov]$ t x ess5tially diff]s f ^? fi%es 9 ! "* ( its scales & tee?1 & t x belongs to ! ,pycnodonts4 ,lepidotus4#ecf ,lign4 #ahf1 #aif1 #aig4--,scales ( a d>k-br[n1 almo/ black col\r1 ) a glossy enamell$ surface1 & ( a rhomboidal or loz5ge =m1 & tee? equally d>k & glossy1 ( an obtuse hemisph]ical figure1 are v common 9 ! ,weald5 /rata ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl& & 9 ! ,isle ( ,purbeck4 ,!y are call$ by ! qu>ry-m5 fi%es' scales & eyes4 ,! collectors ( ! la/ c5tury us$ to t]m ! obtuse circul> tee? ( ?is & ! relat$ g5]a ,bufonites1 f a supposition t !y 7 =m$ 9 ! heads ( toads4 ,^! relics belong to an ext9ct g5us nam$ ,lepidotus1 :i* conta9s num]\s species1 t are di/ribut$ 9 ! ,oolite1 ,purbeck1 & ,weald5 =mations4 ,^! fi%es resembl$ ! ,c>ps 9 _! g5]al =m1 b !y h no anatomical relations to t family4 ,! body is cov]$ ) l>ge rhomboidal scales1 :i* are protect$ on ! ext]nal surface by a ?ick plate ( enamel 7,lign #aif1 fig4 #c74 ,! lat]al l9e1 :i* is slightly ar*$1 passes direct f ! op]culum to ! middle ( ! ins]tion ( ! caudal f94 ,! head1 & ev5 ! face1 are cas$ ) osse\s & enamell$ plates4 ,! bones ( ! surface ( ! skull are v l>ge1 & are connect$ by s9u\s sutures4 ,! jaws are %ort & r\nd$1 & furni%$ ) a r[ ( obtuse1 conical1 circul> tee? 7see ,lign4 #aig71 & sev]al r[s ( sessile tee?1 m or less contract$ at ! base1 :i* =ms a v %ort p$icle t is an*ylos$ to ! bone4 ,! fossil ,lepidoti are f\nd1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 fluviatile deposits1 z 9 ! ,purbeck & ,weald5 /rata2 & x is probable !y inhabit$ ! riv]s or sea-coa/s1 & n deep wat]s4 #ecf ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 ii4 p4 #bcc4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aif4 ,scales & ,f9 ( ,lepidotus ,mantelli4 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 7,nat4 size47 ,fig4 #a4--,scale1 ) a s+le process ( atta*m5t4 #b4--,"o ( ! scales ( ! dorsal l9e4 #c4--,scale 7ext]nal surface71 ) a bifurcat+ process ( atta*m5t2 ! enamell$ portion 7:i* alone is visible :5 ! scales are 9 _! natural position on ! animal7 has longitud9al grooves or folds4 #d4--,scale 7view$ on ! inn] surface71 hav+ a bifurcat+ process ( atta*m5t & a too? or projection on ea* side1 to connect ! scale lat]ally ) ! adjo9+ scales4 #e4--,! front ray ( ! dorsal f91 cov]$ ) two r[s ( enamell$ scales1 & ano!r ray beh9d x4 ,! scales & tee? figur$ ,lign4 #aif1 #aig1 belong to ! l>g] species ( ! ,weald54 ,! rema9s ( ?is fi% 7 fir/ collect$ 9 ,tilgate ,=e/1 & sev]al tee? &3 scales are figur$ ,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 v4 & x42 consid]able portions ( connect$ scales h s9ce be5 f\nd2 also ! head entire1 & ! f9s m or less p]fect4 ,a specim5 9 my collection reta9$ a mass ( ! scales ne> ! ins]tion ( ! tail1 a foot wide2 indicat+ ! orig9al to h be5 twelve feet long1 & its body ?ree feet broad4 ,! scales are di/+ui%$ f o!r species by ! folds or grooves on _! enamell$ surface2 & ! tee? by ! contract$ base1 or p$icle1 :i* is a little n>r[] ?an ! cr[n 7,lign4 #aig1 & ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #aj74 ,a species 7,l4 ,fittoni7 closely relat$ to ! above is equally abundant 9 ! ,weald ( ,sussex2 ! scales are n /riat$1 & ! tee? h no p$icle4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aig4 ,portion ( ! ,jaw ( ,lepidotus4 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 7,nat4 size47 ,?is specim5 %[s ?ree successional tee? b5ea? a r[ ( tee? 9 use4 ,! intimate /ructure ( ! tee? ( ! ,lepidotus is beautifully pres]v$1 & may be easily exam9$ 9 ?9 transv]se & v]tical sections1 view$ by transmitt$ light3 see ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #aj4 ,! d5t9e is compos$ ( bundles ( tubes1 cont9u$ f ! cells ( ! osse\s base1 radiat+ 9 a v]tical direction to ! surface ( ! too?1 z se5 9 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #aj1 & giv+ (f bran*es at an acute angle2 b :5 m highly magnifi$1 ! f9] bran*es are se5 to be spread out & ar*$ at _! extremities1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( ! /ems ( corn1 beat5 d[n by heavy ra94#ecg #ecg ,odontography1 p4 #gj4 ,see ! beautiful repres5tation ( ?is /ructure1 pl4 xxxi4 ,! dorsal & pectoral f9s ( ^! fi%es are v /rong1 & consi/ ( sev]al bony rays4 ,!re is a d\ble r[ ( acum9at$ enamell$ scales1 arrang$ m or less obliquely1 on ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! dorsal & anal f9s1 & on bo? m>g9s ( ! caudal3 "p ( ! fir/ ray ( a dorsal f91 ) scales1 is repres5t$ ,lign4 #aif1 fig4 #e4 ,a small species ( ,lepidotus 7,a4 m9or7 is common 9 ! ,purbeck lime/one1 & specim5s may (t5 be procur$ f ! qu>ries ne> ,swanage2#ech x has also be5 f\nd at ,hilde%eim1 9 ,saxony1 by ,m4 ,roem]4 ,! deta*$ scales ab\nd 9 ! lime/ones2 & ! spl5did fossil reptile f ,swanage1 figur$ ,petrif4 ,lign4 #ch1 is spr9kl$ ) ! scales & m9ute tee? ( ?is fi%4 #ech ,f9e specim5s ( ?is fi% are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,petrifactions1 p4 #dbi71 & 9 ! ,museum at ,dor*e/]4 ,! majority ( ! species ( ,lepidotus belong to ! ,l[] ,oolites & ! ,lias4 ,! habits ( ! ,lepidoti1 z indicat$ by ! =m & /ructure ( ! tee?1 7 ^? ( fi%es ^: food consi/$ ( cru/aceans1 %elly mollusca1 c42 = ! d5tal organs are peculi>ly adapt$ = ! cru%+ & gr9d+ ( su* sub/ances2 & ! tee? ( ! adult fi%es are g5]ally worn d[n by use4 ,pycnodus4 ,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #c2 ,lign4 #aid1 fig4 #c4--,! fi%es ( ! family ( ,pycnodonts1 s nam$ f ! ?ickness ( _! tee?1 h an osse\s skeleton1 a flat body cov]$ ) rhomboidal scales1 & flat or r\nd$ tee? dispos$ 9 sev]al r[s on ! palat9e1 vom]9e1 int]maxill>y1 & prem&ibul> bones4#eci ,z 9 ! ,lepidotus1 ^! tee? are con/ruct$ = cru%+1 & h g5]ally a smoo?1 d5se1 convex or flatt5$ cr[n1 ) a highly poli%$ surface4 ,?is g5us belongs *iefly to ! ,oolite2 x is f\nd also 9 ! ,lias1 ,*alk1 & ,weald54 ,a p]fect fi% ( ! g5us ,pycnodus 7,p4 rhombus71 f ! ,jura lime/one1 at ,torre d',orl&o1 ne> ,ca/ellam>e1 is figur$ 9 ! frontispiece ( ! fir/ volume ( ?is "w2 & a vom]9e bone1 ) tee?1 f ,tilgate ,=e/1 9 ,lign4 #aid1 fig4 #c4 ,9 ! la/ fossil !re is a m$ian r[ ( flat11 elongat$1 transv]sely ar*$1 smoo?1 glossy tee?1 ) a d\ble alt]nate r[ ( small sub-circul> tee? on ea* side1 atta*$ to ! bone1 :i* is imb$d$ 9 ,tilgate grit4 ,specim5s ( ?is k9d1 belong+ to "o or m species ( ,pycnodus1 occur 9 ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex2 !y 7 among my e>lie/ discov]ies 9 ,tilgate ,=e/ 7,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 xvii4 figs4 #bf1 #bg74 ,examples are met2 ) 9 :i* all ! tee? are %$1 & ! bony plate ( ! vom] alone rema9s4 #eci ,! int]maxill>y1 palat9e1 & vom]9e bones compose ! vault or ro( ( ! m\?2 ! vom] occupy+ ! middle2 ! int]maxill>y ! front2 & ! palat9e bones ! sides2 ! prem&ibul> bones belong to ! l[] bord] ( ! m\?4 ,gyrodus4 ,lign4 #aih4--;,9 ano!r g5us ( ! ,pycnodonts1 t]m$ ,gyrodus1 ! cr[ns ( ! tee? are deeply furr[$1 ! /ructure ( ! d5t9e is v d5se1 & ! pulp-cavity l>ge & simple4 ,"o species occurs 9 ! ,speeton clay ( ,york%ire1 & ano!r 9 ! ,sussex weald2 b ! tee? are *iefly f\nd 9 ! ,oolite & ,*alk4 ,z 9 ,pycnodus1 ! tee? are di/ribut$ 9 r[s on ! bones compos+ ! ro(1 floor1 & sides ( ! m\?4#edj #edj ,an extraord9>ily p]fect l[] jaw ( a ,gyrodus is to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,foss4 ,brit4 ,mus4 p4 #dci74 ,^! *>act]s are beautifully display$ 9 ! ,russian specim51 ,lign4 #aih4 ,?is int]e/+ fossil 0 pres5t$ to me by ! late ,/eph5 ,cattley1 jun4 ,esq41 :o collect$ x 9 #ahci1 9 a valley ne> ,rjeff1 a village on ! banks ( ! ,volga4 ,mr4 ,cattley in=m$ me t _m fossils are f\nd 9 t & ! neighb\r+ valleys2 & ! locality is frequ5t$ by ,russian geologi/s :5 ! season p]mits1 :i* is b seldom1 ow+ to ! long duration ( ! sn[1 & ! heavy ra9s :i* accompany ! ?aw4 ,?is specim5 consi/s ( ! vom]9e bone1 :i* is ( a co>se texture1 & five r[s ( tee?2 ! m$ian r[ consi/s ( v l>ge elliptical tee?2 ^? ( ! lat]al r[s are mu* small] & arrang$ alt]nately4 ,! peculi> /ructure ( ! tee? ( ?is g5us#eda is f9ely display$ 9 ?is fossil4 ,! ample1 deep1 & simple pulp-cavity is se5 9 sev]al tee?1 :]e ! cr[n ( d5t9e has be5 worn (f1 fill$ ) a pure :ite calc>e\s sp>2 "o ( ^! cavities is m>k$ a4 ,! d5t9e is extremely d5se1 consi/+ ( v m9ute calcig]\s tubes1 & passes into an ext]nal lay] ( enamel4 #eda ,odontography1 p4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aih4 ,gyrodus ,mur*isoni#edb 7,g4 ,a4 ,m47 ,oolite8 ,russia4 7,collect$ by ! late ,/eph5 ,cattley1 jun4 ,esq47 ,fig4 #a4--,! vom]9e bone ( a fi%1 ) five r[s ( tee?2 se5 f above2 _m ( ! cr[ns ( ! tee? are worn away by use1 & ! l>ge pulp-cavities1 fill$ ) :ite sp>1 are expos$2 z at a4 #b4--,lat]al view ( ! same4 a4 ,"o ( ! pulp-cavities fill$ ) sp>4 #edb ,x is ) peculi> pleasure t ,i inscribe ?is new species ( ,gyrodus to ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 9 commemoration ( ^? ext5d$ & successful geological rese>*es 9 ! ,russian empire1 :i* h conf]r$ additional hon\r on 8 di/+ui%$ "n4 ,! fi%es ( ! g5us ,gyrodus h ! body l>ge1 flat1 & elevat$2 ! dorsal & anal f9s are v long2 & ! tail is =k$1 ) equal elongat$ lobes4 ,! scales are lat]ally connect$ by /rong processes1 z 9 ,lepidotus4 ,o!r g5]a relat$ to ! =ego+ occur 9 ! ,oolite2 z = example1 ,microdon1 ?us nam$ f ! smallness ( its v num]\s flat angul> tee?1 arrang$ 9 _m r[s2 ,placodus1 9 :i* ! tee? are few1 flat1 & ( great size2#edc & ,platysomus 7flat-body71 ) orbicul>1 clavate1 tee?4 #edc ,odontography1 pl4 xliii4 fig4 #a1 & pl4 xxx4 fig4 #b4 ,9 ^! fi%es1 also1 ! d5tal organs are well adapt$ = ! comm9ution ( %ell-fi%1 & o!r h>d bodies4 ,cephalaspides ( ! ,devonian ,sy/em4--,! rema9s ( ! ?ree g5]a ( ,ganoid fi%es t we h n[ to notice are ( a v rem>kable "*1 & are f\nd exclusively 9 ! ,devonian or ,old ,r$ sy/em2 mo/ frequ5tly 9 ,scotl&1 b also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,^! fi%es agree 9 "o g5]al "*1 t ( hav+ ext5sive osse\s plates1 or scut*eons2 _! g5]al aspect w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ,lign4 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,!re are no ve/iges ( ! bodies ( ! v]tebr1 :i*1 !re=e1 7 probably c>tilag9\s4 ,^! fi%es con/itute a di/9ct family ) ! "n ,cephalaspides1 f ! "* ( ! fir/ g5us we propose to describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #aii4 ,cephalaspis ,lyellii4 7#a_/d nat4 size47 ,devonian4 ,=f>%ire4 ,cru%$ specim52 se5 f above4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bjj4 ,cephalaspis ,lyellii4 7#a_/d nat4 size47 ,devonian4 ,glammis1 ,=f>%ire4 ,lat]al view1 %[+ ! produc$ dorsal lobe ( ! tail4 ,cephalaspis ,lyellii4 ,lign4 #aii1 #bjj4--,! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ! ,i*?yolites ( ?is g5us is ! enorm\s scut*eon1 or buckl]1 :i* =ms ! head1 & is prolong$ po/]iorly into two lat]al horns or po9ts2 ?is "p s closely resembles ! cephalic %ield ( c]ta9 trilobites 7see ,lign4 #age71 t ! fir/ f\nd specim5s 7 suppos$ to be ! rema9s ( unkn[n cru/aceans4 ,! "n ,cephalaspis 7buckl]-head7 is d]iv$ f ?is "*4 ,?is rem>kable appe>ance is occasion$ by ! intimate an*ylosis ( all ! bones ( ! cranium4 ,! body ( ^! fi%es is relatively small] ?an ! head2 x has "o dorsal f91 & t]m9ates 9 a tap]+ tail1 support+ a f94 ,!re are two small eyes1 plac$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! head4 ,! body is cov]$ ) rhomboidal scales2 & ! head ) discoidal scales1 :i* are highly ornam5t$ ) radiat$ m>k+s#edd 7,ly4 p4 #cdd1 fig4 #cif74 ,!re are f\r species ( ,cephalaspis at pres5t kn[n4 #edd ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 ii4 p4 #ace4 ,! o!r g5]a are equally unlike any rec5t types ( ! class ( fi%es4 ,no p]fect examples h be5 f\nd1 & "s p>ts ( _! /ructure are /ill unkn[n2 ! annex$ figures1 ,lign4 #bja1 h be5 drawn by ,mr4 ,d9kel 7! em95t arti/ employ$ by ,m4 ,agassiz71 ) scrupul\s accuracy1 no "p be+ introduc$ :i* is n cle>ly demon/rat$ 9 "s "o specim52 & ! =m ( ! scut*eons is made out v di/9ctly1 to aid ! collector 9 discrim9at+ ! deta*$ plates1 :i* are ! mo/ common relics ( ^! s+ul> be+s4 ,pt]i*?ys cornutus4#ede ,lign4 #bja1 fig4#a4--,?is fi% is di/+ui%$ by its two w+-l lat]al app5dages2 :5ce ! "n ( ! g5us 7w+$-fi%74 ,^! processes1 l ! sp9es on ! gill-cov]s ( ! common ,bullhead 7,cottus gobio71 are weapons ( def5ce4 ,9 "s specim5s !y are ext5d$ at "r angles to ! body 7,ly4 p4 #cde1 fig4 #djj74 #ede ,! fir/ fi% ( ?is g5us 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]1 9 ^: *>m+ little "w1 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 or1 ,new ,walks 9 an ,old ,field1 w be f\nd a v graphic description ( ! ,old ,r$ fi%es2 ,i "k n a m fasc9at+ volume on any bran* ( ,briti% geology4 ,consult also ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton's elaborate pap] on ! ,pt]i*?ys 9 ! ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cjb4 ,! head & ant]ior "p ( ! body are cov]$ ) l>ge angul> tub]culat$ scut*eons4 ,! "u surface ( ! body is flat & protect$ by five plates1 a quadrangul> plate occupy+ ! c5tre4 ,! upp] "p ( ! body is convex2 ! =m & disposition ( ! dorsal scut*eons are %[n 9 ,lign4 #bja1 fig4#a4 ,!re are two eyes1 :i* are plac$ 9 front ( ! lat]al sp9es3 see fig4 #a4 ,! tail is ( an angul> =m1 & z long z ! body2 x is cov]$ ) scales1 & consid]$ by ,m4 ,agassiz to h be5 ! only in/rum5t ( locomotion4 ,! ,briti% species ( ?is g5us1 ( :i* t5 are kn[n1 are all v small1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f "o to t5 in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bja4 ,fossil ,fi%es ( ! ,devonian ,sy/em4 7,drawn by ,mr4 ,joseph ,d9kel47 ,fig4 #a4--,pt]i*?ys cornutus1 se5 f above4 #b4--;,cocco/eus oblongus4 ,^! figures are re/or$ ) great c>e1 f ! be/ pres]v$ specim5s hi!rto discov]$4 ,cocco/eus oblongus4 ,lign4 #bja1 fig4 #b4--,! fi%es ( ?is g5us1 z may be se5 by ! lignograph1 v mu* resemble ^? ( ,pt]i*?ys2 9 bo? ! osse\s scut*eons ( ! body are v simil>ly dispos$4 ,9 ,cocco/eus1 ! head#edf is some:at r\nd$2 slight r\nd$ not*es on ! edge ( ! buckl] indicate ! place ( ! eyes on ! sides ( ! head4 ,!re is no indication ( lat]al sp9es4 ,! tail is v long1 cov]$ ) scales1 & supports a f94 ,! plates ( ! body are tub]culat$1 z 9 ,pt]i*?ys4 ,!re are six or eight tee? on ea* half ( ! l[] jaw 7& probably z _m on ! upp]71 ) a curi\s gr\p ( tee? situat$ on its symphisis4 ,! tee? are *iefly compos$ ( bone1 pass+ into d5t9e at _! surface4#edg #edf ,?is is ( c\rse only ! cranial buckl] ( ! animal1 =1 z ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill] obs]ves1 ( ! true int]nal skull !re rema9s n a ve/ige4 ,l t ( ! ,/urgeon1 x mu/ h be5 a p]i%able c>tilag9\s box4--,mill]'s ,foot-pr9ts1 p4 #ej4 #edg ,mill]1 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahej4 ,transact4 ,sect4 p4 #ib4 ,9 ! ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory = ,novemb]1 #ahdh1 ,pr(essor ,m#8,coy has giv5 a correct$ outl9e ( ! c>apace1 or bony cephalo-?oracic cas+1 ( ! ,cocco/eus4 ,see also ,mill]'s ,foot-pr9ts1 fig4 #aa4 ,^! fi%es are f a few in*es to two feet 9 l5g?2 six species h be5 discov]$2 & _! rema9s are ! mo/ abundant ( ! ,i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$4 ,pat*es ( deta*$ scales1 & isolat$ osse\s plates1 are v frequ5t 9 ! s&y corn/ones1 & ! subcry/all9e masses ( lime/one4 ,^! fragm5ts are usually ( a brilliant blue or purple col\r2 &1 /rongly contra/+ ) ! dull r$ t9t ( ! surr\nd+ rock1 are easily recognis$4 ,! col\r is suppos$ to be due to ! pres5ce ( phosphate ( iron1 :i* has communicat$ a simil> t9t to ! ,i*?yolites ( ! ,cai?ness ,s*i/4#edh #edh ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #ehh2 see also a detail$ description ( ! ,cephalaspis1 ,holopty*ius1 & o!r ,devonian ,i*?yolites1 by ,m4 ,agassiz1 ibid4 p4 #ehi-fja4 ,fossil ,sauroid ,fi%es4 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 ii47--,! family ( ,ganoid1 fi%es t]m$ ,sauroid1 or liz>d-l1 by ,m4 ,agassiz1 are s nam$ 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 _! organization :i* are f\nd 9 no o!r animals ( ?is class1 b exi/ 9 reptiles4 ,!re are b two liv+ g5]a2 namely1 ! ,lepido/eus1 ( :i* !re are _m species t inhabit ! riv]s ( ,am]ica2 & ! ,polypt]us1 t conta9s two species1 "o inhabit+ ! ,nile1 & ! o!r ! riv]s ( ,s5egal4 ,9 ^! fi%es ! bones ( ! skull are closely connect$ by sutures2 ! tee? are l>ge1 conical1 & longitud9ally /riat$1 z 9 ! crocodile1 plesiosaurus1 c42 ! sp9\s processes are unit$ to ! bodies ( ! v]tebr by suture1 z 9 mo/ reptiles2 & ! ribs are articulat$ to ! extremities ( ! transv]se processes2 ! skeleton is osse\s4 ,ev5 9 ! s(t p>ts _m analogies to reptilian /ructure are se52 ?us ! ,lepido/eus has a glottis1 z 9 ! ,sir52 & a cellul> air-bladd]1 ) a tra*eal vessel1 resembl+ ! lungs ( an ,ophidian 7s]p5t74 ,^! fi%es are ! only liv+ repres5tatives ( ^? voraci\s tribes ( ! mo/ anci5t m>9e fauna1 ^: rema9s ab\nd 9 ! ,second>y =mations4 ,_! relics h (t5 be5 mi/ak5 = ^? ( reptiles2 p>ticul>ly ! tee?1 :i* f _! l>ge size1 conical figure1 enamell$ & /riat$ surface1 & int]nal cavity1 7 g5]ally suppos$ to belong to crocodiles4 ,! scales are flat1 rhomboidal1 & p>allel to ! body4 ,! rec5t ,lepido/eus osseus1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! fossil g5]a2 a r$uc$ figure ( ?is fi%1 f ,poiss4 ,foss41 w be f\nd 9 ,bd4 pl4 xxviia42 & tee? ( "s fossil ,sauroids are repres5t$ ,bd4 pl4 xxvii4 ,! tee? ( ! ,sauroids consi/ ( two k9ds2 namely1 l>ge po9t$ /riat$ cones1 & num]\s small bru%-tee?4 ,! intricate /ructure ( ! conical tee? ( ! ,/ony-g>1 or ,lepido/eus1 is v rem>kable1 & pres5ts "s analogy to t obs]vable 9 ! d5tal organs ( ! ,labyr9?odon1 an ext9ct g5us ( reptiles1 ( :i* we %all treat 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! too? consi/s ( a l>ge conical pulp-cavity1 surr\nd$ by a mass ( d5t9e1 :i* is plicat$ longitud9ally1 its folds giv+ to ! pulp-cavity an appe>ance ( be+ divid$ into p>allel longitud9al bran*es2 resembl+1 9 ?is respect1 ! base ( ! too? ( ,i*?yosaurus1 z %[n 9 a transv]se section1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig #i4 ,if we imag9e ^! folds to be multipli$1 & to h m inflections1 & ! pulp-cavity to be r$uc$ 9 its proportions1 we %all h ! elegant organization ( ! tee? ( ! ,labyr9?odonts 7see ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #c;b74 ,! d5t9e is compos$ ( v m9ute calcig]\s tubes1 :i* pass (f at "r angles f ! pulp-cavity to ! p]iph]y2 & x is cov]$ by a lay] ( cem5t1 or co>s] d5t9e1 :i* is encas$ 9 a coat ( enamel1 =m+ ! ext]nal inve/m5t ( ! too?4#edi ,! long conical tee? are implant$ 9 alveoli or sockets1 to ! walls ( :i* !y are an*ylos$ at _! base4 #edi ,^! rem>ks are bas$ on ,m4 ,agassiz's description & my own obs]vations4 ,an int]e/+ pap]1 ,on ! ,microscopic ,/ructure ( ! ,tee? ( ! ,lepido/ei1 & _! analogy ) ^? ( ! ,labyr9?odonts1 ) a plate1 by ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman1 w be f\nd 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce1 ,octob]1 #ahdc1 p4 #cei4 ,lepido/ei4--,?is family1 hav+ ! above describ$ rec5t ,lepido/eus = its type1 comprises sev]al g5]a1 & is repres5t$ 9 all ! =mations f ! ,t]ti>y to ! ,coal-measures inclusive4 ,! ,lepido/eus itself has left its rema9s 9 ! ,eoc5e t]ti>y ( ,engl&4 ,! ,lepidotus 7be=e describ$1 p4 #fjd17 ranges f ! ,*alk to ! ,lias2 ! ,pholidophorus & ,dap$ius 7p4 #fjc7 ab\nd 9 ! ,lias2 ! latt] be+ f\nd also 9 ! ,weald51 & ! =m] 9 ! ,oolite & ,purbeck2 & ! ,paloniscus 7see p4 #fja7 is a well-kn[n ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s =m4 ,sauroidei4--,! rema9s ( ! ,sauroids prop] occur 9 ! ,*alk1 ,purbeck1 ,oolite1 ,lias1 ,p]mian1 & ,c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,! great /r5g? & size ( "s ( ^! tee? prove t ! seas ( ^? remote p]iods 7 inhabit$ by voraci\s fi%es ( enorm\s magnitude4 ,see ,petrif4 pp4 #dcb1 et seq4 ,! tee? & jaw ( a gigantic sauroid 7,megali*?ys71 f ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata at ,burdie-h\se1 are figur$ ,bd4 pl4 xxvii42 ! sections ( ! tee? %[n 9 figs4 #ac1 #ad1 ( t plate1 illu/rate ! size ( ! pulp-cavity & ! ?ickness ( ! lay] ( d5t9e4 ,^! rema9s 7 associat$ ) ! plants & cru/aceans previ\sly describ$2 an assemblage ( fossils indicat+ a lacu/r9e or e/u>y =mation4 ,simil> tee? h be5 f\nd 9 ! cannel-coal ( ,fife%ire4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,lias ( ,ilm9/]1 ,som]set1 ! nodul> calc>e\s rock is ri* ) ! rema9s ( ! ,pa*ycormus1 _m f9e specim5s ( :i* ,mr4 ,c4 ,moore1 ( t t[n1 has successfully work$ out f _! /ony encasem5t1 exhibit+ ! gap+1 contort$ fi%1 z x di$ 9 ! convulsive ?roes ( suffocation 9 ! muddy sea4 ,! little sauroid ,leptolepis1 ( ! ,lias & ! ,purbeck1 is also abundant 9 ! above m5tion$ locality4 ,9 ! li?ographic /one ( ,sol5h(51 & 9 ! ,purbeck /rata1 ,ox=d ,clay1 & ,lias ( ,engl&1 occur specim5s ( a sauroid fi% rem>kable = ! extreme %ortness ( ! l[] jaw1 & ! prolongation ( ! upp] into a beak2 x is nam$ ,aspidorhyn*us by ,agassiz4 ,! figure ( ?is fossil fi% is contra/$ on pl4 xxviia4 ,bd4 ) t ( its rec5t ally1 ! ,lepido/eus4 ,9 ! ,%ankl9 s& & 9 ! ,galt ( ,k5t & ,sussex1 l>ge1 conical1 /riat$ tee? belong+ to sauroid fi%es are occasionally f\nd4 ,!y inv>iably occur deta*$1 & no portion ( ! jaws has be5 obs]v$4 ,9 ! ,*alk ( ,sussex sev]al f9e sauroid fi%es h be5 discov]$2 su* z ! ,lophio/omus1#eej ,belono/omus1#eea & ,caturus2 ! la/ two ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,oolite & ,lias also4 ,^! h be5 describ$ & figur$ 9 ! late ,mr4 ,dixon's ,geology & ,fossils ( ,sussex4 #eej ,geol4 ,surv4 ,dec4 #f4 pl4 x4 xi4 #eea ,petrif4 p4 #dca4 ,! ,sauroidei-dipt]9i#eeb are f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ! ,devonian =mation4 ,o/eolepis1 ,diplopt]us1 & ,dipt]us are *>act]i/ic memb]s ( ?is family4 ,int]e/+ descriptions & in/ructive figures ( ! /ructure ( ^! g5]a are giv5 9 ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]'s late "w1 ,foot-pr9ts ( ! ,creator1 or ! ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness1 at pp4 #ej to #fa4 #eeb ,! *>act]s ( ! scales ( ?is & ! next family1 z well z ( ! ,acan?odei1 are succ9ctly giv5 9 ,mill]'s ,foot-pr9ts ( ! ,creator1 pp4 #cj1 et seq4 ,clacan?i4--,?is is a num]\s family ( sauroid fi%es1 t h d]iv$ _! "n1 holl[-sp9e1 f ! c5tral cavity 9 ! f9-rays1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may h _h orig9ally c>tilag9\s cores4 ,!y are f\nd f ! ,devonian to ! ,cretace\s s]ies4 ,9 ! =m]1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ! g5us ,holopty*ius1 di/+ui%$ by ! peculi> /ructure ( ! scales2 ! enamell$ surface ( :i* is cov]$ by undulat$ furr[s4 ,! :ole body is cov]$ by ?ick enamell$ scales ( ?is k9d4 ,a spl5did specim51 tw5ty-eight in*es long1 & twelve wide1 is figur$ ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 pl4 ii4bis4 ,scales h be5 f\nd exce$+ ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 by two & a half 9 wid?2 :i* mu/ h belong$ to a fi% ( great magnitude4 ,ly4 fig4 #cie4 ,9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,elg91 at a qu>ry at ,scat-craig1 "s peculi> tee? occur1 :i* possess a v rem>kable /ructure1 & h be5 ref]r$ to a g5us ( sauroid fi%es1 :i*1 f ! d5dritical or arboresc5t disposition ( ! calcig]\s tubes1 ,pr(4 ,ow5 has nam$ ,d5drodus4 ,^! tee? are ( a conical =m1 slightly curv$1 & solid ?r\gh\t4 ,on ! ext]nal surface !y are f9ely /riat$ longitud9ally1 & h two opposite v]tical ridges2 ! base is r\gh1 & its m>g9 r\nd$1 z if = atta*m5t to a %all[ socket4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 is "o & a half in* 9 l5g?4 ,9 ?9 sections1 view$ microscopically by transmitt$ light1 !re is a c5tral pulp-cavity1 ( small size2 ! m$ull>y canals pass into a few %ort ramifications1 l ! bran*es ( a %rub1 & ^! are di/ribut$ into irregul> dilatations1 simulat+ leaves1 :i* resolve !mselves into radiat+ bundles ( calcig]\s tubes2 a portion ( a transv]se section#eec is %[n ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #h4 #eec ,odontography1 pl4 lxii4 ,b fig4 #b2 & ,cycl4 ,anat4 ,art4 ,tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bjb4 ,a/]olepis4 ,devonian4 7#a_/b nat4 size7 ,inn] side ( portion ( ! l[] jaw4 7,aft] ,mill]47 ,sid5ote3 ,,a/]olepis4 ,9 ,mr4 ,h4 ,mill]'s *>m+ "w j ref]r$ to we h a full & cle> acc\nt ( ! s+ul> fossil fi% ! ,a/]olepis4 ,rema9s ( ?is gigantic ,ganoid 7 fir/ f\nd 9 ,russia4#eed ,its "n is d]iv$ f ! /ellate m>k+s on ! d]mal plates ( ! head1 :i* are ( great size1 & =m a /rong exp&$ buckl]1 ! orbits ( ! eyes be+ situat$ ne> ! ant]ior bord]4 7,see ,mill]'s ,a/]olepis1 pp4 #gd1 et seq4 figs4 #bg-bi47 ,lign4 #bjb %[s a "p ( ! l[] jaw ( ?is fi%1 se5 on ! inside4 ,along ! upp] m>g9 are se5 a ?ickly set r[ ( small broadly-bas$ tee?1--^! are ord9>y fi%-tee?2 & beh9d ?is edge-r[ ( small tee?1 b1 !re occur a ?9ly set r[ ( huge reptile-tee?1 bas$ on an int]ior plat=m ( bone1 :i* =m$ ! top ( ! c>tilage enclos+ box compos+ ! jaw4 7,mill]47 ,^! l>ge tee?1 a a1 are longitud9ally /riat$1 & g5]ally be> two %>p lat]al cutt+ edges4#eee #eed ,ca/s ( ! fossil bones f ,russia are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ,petrif4 p4 #dce4 #eee ,! microscopic /ructure ( bo? k9ds ( tee? is elegantly figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s "w1 pp4 #ha1 #hb4 ,macropoma ,mantelli4 ,wond4 p4 #cdh4 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxxvii4 xxxviii42 ,petrif4 p4 #dcf1 ,lign4 #hi47--,?is ,clacan? fi% is f "o to two feet 9 l5g?1 ( an elongat$ fusi=m %ape1 ) a l>ge head & two dorsal f9s2 ! ant]ior f9 is imb$d$1 & has sev5 or eight /rong sp9\s rays1 ! fir/ two ( :i* h num]\s sp9es4 ,! op]cula are v long & l>ge 7h5ce its "n72 ! scales#eef are g>ni%$ ) adpress$ sp9es1 dispos$ 9 semicircul> r[s 7see ,lign4 #ahe1 fig4 #b74 ,! tee? are small1 conical1 & num]\s4 #eef ,see ,pr(4 ,williamson's ,memoir1 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahdi1 p4 #dce2 pl4 xliii4 figs4 #bg1 #bh4 ,sev]al specim5s ( ?is fi% are almo/ p]fect4 ,! bones ( ! cranium1 ! jaws1 tee?1 op]cula1 bran*ial rays1 palat9e ar*es1 ! surface ( ! body cov]$ ) scales1 all ! f9s1 ! pelvic bones1 ! v]tebr & _! apophyses1 all rema94 ,9 "o example1 ! vom]1 cov]$ ) m9ute tee?1 is expos$4 ,b ! mo/ extraord9>y fact relat+ to ^! ,i*?yolites1 is ! pres]vation1 9 e specim51 ( ! air-bladd]2#eeg ev5 its membranes rema91 & sep>ate 9 flakes2 & ! ramification ( ! m9ute vessels is visible "u a high magnify+ p[]4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is bladd] is displac$ & mu* di/5d$2 b 9 g5]al x occupies its natural position1 & reta9s its elongat$1 sub-cyl9drical =m1 ) a few annul> con/rictions or folds4 #eeg ,see ,williamson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dfb-afe1 & figs4 #bi1 #cj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,coprolites4 ,,cololites4 ,coprolites4 ,lign4 #aci1 figs4 #a1 #b4--;,9 m ?an "o example ! solid e>?y residue ( dige/ion1 9 small lumps or pellets1 ( a conical =m & spirally convolut$1 lies 9 ! abdom5 ( ^! fossil fi%es4 ,fossil excrem5titi\s sub/ances ( ?is k9d are t]m$ ,coprolites 7,bd4 p4 #aih1 pl4 xv472 !y occur 9 _m deposits1 & belong n only to fi%es1 b to l>ge reptiles & o!r animals4 ,lign4 #aci1 p4 #dcb1 fig4 #a1 repres5ts ! coprolite ( a ,macropoma2 & fig4 #b1 t ( a species ( ,%>k1 f ,hamsey4 ,! convolut$ appe>ance ( ^! bodies arises f ! peculi> organization ( ! inte/9al canal ( ! orig9al fi%es1 9 :i*1 z 9 ! rec5t ,dog-fi%1 a portion ( ! inte/9e 0 spirally twi/$1 ! tube =m+ sev]al gyrations2 & ! passage ( ! calc>e\s sub/ance ?r\gh ?is con/rict$ canal gave rise to ! /ructure obs]vable 9 ! coprolites4 ,9 ! ,macropoma ! gyrations appe> to h be5 few2 seldom m ?an five or six turns be+ app>5t4 ,9 ! fossil ,%>ks ! convolutions are m num]\s1 t5 or twelve occurr+ 9 ! l5g? ( an in*4 ,9 _m ( ! coprolites1 ! impression ( ! muc\s or l9+ membrane ( ! inte/9al canal may be detect$4 ,"s ( ! coprolites ( ! ,macropoma are n convolut$2 probably f hav+ occupi$ ! upp] "p ( ! dige/ive tube1 & !re=e n hav+ be5 m\ld$ 9 ! spiral "p4 7,see ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #ade4 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 ix47 ,m9ute scales & bones ( fi%es are occasionally imb$d$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! coprolites1 af=d+ evid5ce ( ! c>nivor\s habits ( ! ,macropoma4 ,cololites4 ,bd4 pl4 xva--,x w be conv5i5t to notice 9 ?is place ^? curi\s fossils :i* occur 9 deta*$ masses 9 ! lime/one ( ,sol5h(51 & us$ to be kn[n to collectors by ! t]m lumbric>ia1 f ! supposition t !y 7 petrifi$ e>?-worms4 ,an excell5t repres5tation ( a f9e specim5 is giv5 by ,dr4 ,buckl& 9 ! plate ref]r$ to above4 ,^! convolut$ bodies ,m4 ,agassiz1 ) 8 wont$ sagacity1 has asc]ta9$ to be ! inte/9es ( fi%es2 & has !re=e nam$ !m ,cololites4 ,al?\gh g5]ally f\nd isolat$1 specim5s occur 9 :i* !y are imb$d$1 l ! coprolites ( ! ,macropoma1 9 ! abdom9al region ( fi%es4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ! ,cololites ap>t f ! body1 is expla9$ by ! usual process ( decomposition 9 fi%es4 ,m4 ,agassiz rem>ks t dead fi% always float on ! surface ( ! wat] ) ! belly upp]mo/1 until ! abdom5 bur/s f di/5tion4 ,! small inte/9es are !n expell$ by ! evolv$ gases ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 & soon become deta*$ f ! body4 ,i h obs]v$ indi/9ct traces ( simil> rema9s 9 ! b$s ( *alk 9 :i* fossil fi%es mo/ prevail4 ,dr4 ,buckl& m5tions ! discov]y1 by ,"l ,gre5ock1 ( a mass ( petrifi$ inte/9es di/5d$ ) coprolite1 & surr\nd$ by ! scales ( a fi%1 9 a block ( coal-%ale f ! neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh 7,bd4 p4 #aii74 ,d]cetis elongatus4 ,wond4 p4 #cdi4--;,be=e proce$+ to ! inve/igation ( examples ( ! next ord]1 ,i w describe a highly int]e/+ ,i*?yolite1 :i* 9 a mutilat$ /ate is extremely common 9 "s ( ! *alk /rata ( ! ,s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&2 x is notic$ 9 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 p4 #bcb4 ,?is fi% is plac$ by ,m4 ,agassiz 9 8 family ( ganoidians1 t]m$ ,scl]od]ms2 & he m5tions t ano!r species has be5 f\nd 9 ! *alk ( ,we/phalia4 ,! ,d]cetis has a v elongat$ body1 ) a %ort head t]m9at+ 9 a po9t$ beak2 ! upp] jaw is a little long] ?an ! l[]1 & bo? jaws are arm$ ) long1 conical1 elevat$ tee?1 & sev]al r[s ( v small ones4 ,on ea* side ( ! fi% !re are ?ree r[s ( osse\s scut*eons l ^? ( ! ,/urgeon 7see ,wond4 p4 #cdi72 ! body 0 also cov]$ ) num]\s small scales4 ,f ! =m ( ! body some:at resembl+ t ( ! eel1 be+ v long1 & sub-cyl9drical 9 uncompress$ examples1 ! specim5s are g5]ally call$ petrifi$ eels by ! qu>ry-m54 ,! examples usually f\nd consi/ ( ! elongat$ body1 m or less compress$1 & irregul>ly cov]$ ) pat*es ( scales confus$ly int]m+l$2 among :i* traces ( ! scut*eons may sometimes be di/+ui%$4 ,^! specim5s occasionally exce$ two feet 9 l5g?1 by "o or two in*es 9 bread?2 ) nei!r extremity p]fect1 & )\t any ve/ige ( ! f9s4#eeh ,! example figur$ ,wond4 ,lign4 #gd1 is ! only in/ance 9 :i* ,i h se5 ! cranium p]fect4 ,! scut*eons 9 ! ,we/phalian species h a prom95t longitud9al ridge or keel1 & _! surface f9ely granulat$2 !y are s l>ge t ! :ole body ( ! fi% is cov]$ ) !m4 #eeh ,see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 xl4 fig4 #b1 & pl4 xxxiv4 figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ct5oid ,,fi%es4 ,fossil ,ct5oid ,fi%es 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 iv474--,! fi%es ( ?is ord] h imbricat$ lam9at$ scales1 ! po/]ior m>g9s ( :i* are r\nd & f9ely pect9at$2 i4 e4 divid$ into little tee?1 l a comb4 ,^! scales are ne>ly circul>1 b m or less elongat$2 &1 z ! lam9 ( :i* !y are compos$ successively dim9i% f ! l[]mo/ to ! upp]mo/1 ! pect9at$ m>g9 ( ea* be+ app>5t1 ! surface is v scabr\s2 ! front edge is s9u\s4 ,! common ,p]* is ! type ( ! ,ct5oidians4 ,! tee? ( ^! fi%es are inv>iably small1 & ei!r vill\s or bru%-l4 ,f ! num]\s fossil g5]a ,i select1 9 illu/ration ( ! *>act]s ( ?is ord]1 ! ,b]yx2 ( :i* f\r species occur 9 ! ,engli% ,*alk1 & ?ree o!rs 9 ! ,*alk ( ,bohemia & ,we/phalia4 ,( ?is g5us1 :i* is closely relat$ to ! ,p]* 7,p]ca71 two liv+ species inhabit ! seas ( ,au/ralia4 ,! bones ( ! skull h d5tat$ cre/s2 ! dorsal f9 has sp9\s rays 9 front1 :i* are unit$ to ! s(t rays2 ! m>g9 ( ! caudal f9 has little sp9\s rays4 ,! ,b]yx is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t repres5tatives ( ! ,p]* tribe1 & ( ! ,ct5oid ord]4 ,b]yx ,lewesi5sis4#eei ,wond4 p4 #cea2 ,petrif4 ,lign4 #ij4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common ( ! ,i*?yolites ( ! ,*alk ( ! ,s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&2 x is call$ ,johnny ,dory by ! qu>ry-m52 ! specim5s are f six to twelve in*es long4 ,x occurs also 9 ! ,*alk ( ,we/phalia4 ,! outl9e ( ! p]fect =m ( ?is species1 ,wond4 p4 #cea1 by ,mr4 ,d9kel1 conveys an accurate idea ( its ext]nal *>act]s4 ,x has "o dorsal f91 ) sev]al sp9\s rays 9 front ( ! s(t ray4 ,! head is v l>ge1 & ! op]cul> pieces are ornam5t$ ) sculptur$ rays2 ! m>g9s ( ! jaws are cov]$ ) a broad b& ( bru%-tee?4 ,! orbit is l>ge1 & (t5 conta9s ! capsule 7scl]otica7 ( ! eye4 ,! rays ( ! gills are %ort & ?ick1 five are pres]v$ 9 "s examples4 ,! scales are v l>ge2 ab\t tw5ty-five 9 ! m$ian r[2 _! po/]ior m>g9s h sev]al conc5tric r[s ( sp9es 7see ,lign4 #ahe1 fig4 #c1 p4 #efg74 ,! lat]al l9e is (t5 di/9ctly app>5t1 9 ! =m ( a tube1 contract$ beh9d & exp&$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! scale4 ,! v]tebral column is compos$ ( l>ge %ort v]tebr1 ) v long apophyses2 ! ribs are slight4 #eei ,! fossil discov]$ by me1 & figur$ 9 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxxvi4 0 ! fir/ p]fect fi% obta9$ f ! ,*alk4 ,?is fi% 0 fir/ describ$ by me1 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxxv4 xxxvi4 z ,zeus ,lewesi5sis2 ,m4 ,agassiz has v prop]ly ref]r$ x to ! g5us ,b]yx2 b he has also sub/itut$ ano!r specific "n2 :i* is :olly unw>rantable1 = t fir/ impos$ ought to be reta9$2 see p4 #eah1 note4 ,b]yx sup]bus4--,?is is a l>g] species1 sometimes ?irte5 in*es long1 ) v l>ge & broad scales4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ! l[] *alk at ,lewes4 ,see ,dixon's ,foss4 ,sussex1 tab4 xxxvi4 fig4 #e4 ,b]yx radians4 ,wond4 p4 #cej4--,?is species is small]1 & relatively long]1 ?an ,b4 ,lewesi5sis2 x g5]ally occurs 9 ! ,*alk-m>l1 & is inv>iably ( a v d>k col\r1 ! scales hav+ a poli%$ or glossy aspect4 ,! scales are small1 ) a simple r[ ( div]g+ sp9es on ! po/]ior edge4 ,! scales ( ! lat]al l9e are peculi>2 ! muc\s canal is n =m$ ( a s]ies ( simple tubul> cyl9d]s1 z 9 ,b4 ,lewesi5sis1 b is divid$ into sev]al bran*es1 z may be se5 ) a l5s ( mod]ate p[]4 ,!re are m ?an ?irty scales 9 ! l5g? ( ! lat]al l9e4 ,b]yx microcephalus 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 iv4 tab4 ivc42 & ,dixon1 ,foss4 ,sussex1 tab4 xxiv4 fig4 #c74--,?is fi% is di/+ui%$ by its sl5d] =m1 & ! extreme smallness ( ! head1 z ! "n implies4 ,! scales h "o r[ ( v ?ick sp9es on ! po/]ior m>g92 !y are m elevat$1 & %ort] ?an 9 ,b4 radians2 ^? ( ! lat]al l9e are pi]c$ by an elongat$ conical tube1 & are n ramifi$ z 9 ! la/ species4 ,?is i*?yolite1 l ! ,b4 radians1 occurs 9 ! ,*alk-m>l1 & 9 a simil> /ate ( m9]alization4 ,sm]dis m9utus4 ,lign4 #bjc4--;,a pretty ct5oidian fi%1 f "o to ?ree in*es long1 ab\t ! dim5sions ( a p]* a ye> old1 is v common 9 ! m>ls ( ,aix 9 ,prov5ce1 ,wond4 p4 #bfj2 & _m are (t5 f\nd gr\p$ toge!r 9 e v>iety ( position4 ,?is species is *>act]is$ by ! elevat$ ant]ior rays ( ! dorsal1 & ! wide & v =k$ caudal f94 ,sev]al ct5oidian & cycloidian fi%es h be5 f\nd 9 ! nor? ( ! ,brazils1 by ,mr4 ,g>d9]1 9 /rata probably ( ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,fossil ,cycloid ,fi%es4 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 v47--,?is ord] comprises ! fi%es possess+ scales ( a cycloid1 or circul>1 =m1 ) smoo? m>g9s1 & compos$ ( plates ( horn or bone1 )\t enamel4 ,x conta9s num]\s families1 includ+ ! ,sc>oids1 or ,p>rot-fi%es1 & ! ,scomb]oids1 or ,mack]el tribe1 :i* are ,acan?opt]ygians1 ! ,lucioids1 or ,pikes1 ,clupeoids1 or ,h]r+s1 ,salmonoids1 or ,salmon tribe1 & ! ,cypr9oids1 or ,c>ps1 :i* are ,malacopt]ygians1 z well z o!r families4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ?is ord] are exce$+ly num]\s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,t]ti>y & upp] ,second>y deposits4 ,a g5us ( ,salmonid1 discov]$ 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,sussex1 w s]ve to exemplify ! *>act]s ( ! fossil cycloidian fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bjc4 ,sm]dis m9utus4 ,eoc5e4 7nat4 size47 ,aix 9 ,prov5ce4 ,osm]oides4 ,plate ,,ii4 & ,wond4 p4 #cdd1 #cdg4--,two species ( ?is g5us occur 9 ! ,*alk1 ne> ,lewes2 & pr9cipally1 if n exclusively1 9 ! ,l[] ,*alk1 )\t fl9ts4 ,!y are exce$+ly beautiful ,i*?yolites1 & are almo/ inv>iably f\nd ) ! body b little compress$2 ! fi%1 9 _m examples1 is z r\nd & p]fect z :5 liv+4 ,! entire cranium1 ! op]cula & bran*ial rays1 & all ! f9s are pres]v$ 9 "s examples4 ,^! fi%es belong to ! ,salmon family1#efj & are ne>ly relat$ to ! ,smelt 7,osm]us72 :5ce ! "n ( ! g5us4 ,!re are two species1 easily di/+ui%able4 ,! fir/ 7,o4 ,mantelli1 ,pl4 ,,ii47 has a %ort1 sub-cyl9drical body1 & seldom exce$s eight or n9e in*es 9 l5g?2 ! o!r 7,o4 ,lewesi5sis7 has an elongat$ & elliptical body1 & sometimes atta9s a l5g? ( f\rte5 in*es4 ,! dorsal f9 too 9 ?is species has m rays ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! fossil figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,ii4 is a v rem>kable specim5 ( ! fir/ species4 ,x is n9e in*es 9 l5g?2 & ! *alk has be5 cle>$ away1 s z to expose ! entire fi%1 six in*es 9 relief above ! surface ( ! block1 ,petrif4 ,lign4 #ib1 p4 #dde4 ,! fi% is ly+ on its back1 ) ! m\? op51 & ! op]cula1 or gill-cov]s1 & ! bran*ial ar*es exp&$2 ! pectoral & v5tral f9s1 & ! dorsal f91 are 9 _! natural position2 ! five rays ( ! dorsal are erect2 ( ! caudal f91 or tail1 b slight indications rema94 ,!re is b "o dorsal f92 b 9 a specim5 ( ,o4 ,lewesi5sis !re is a trace ( ! little adipose process obs]vable betwe5 ! dorsal f9 & ! tail1 z 9 ! rec5t species ( ,salmonid4 ,a magnifi$ view ( "o ( ! scales is repres5t$ ,lign4 #ahe1 fig4 #d1 p4 #efg4 #efj ,!y 7 fir/ describ$ by me 9 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 p4 #bce1 tab4 xxxiii4 & xl4 z ,salmo ,lewesi5sis4 ,( ! ,cypr9oids1 or fi%es ( ! ,c>p family 7,malacopt]ygians71 ! rec5t species ( :i* are inhabitants ei!r ( fre%-wat]1 or ! bracki% wat]s ( ! m\?s ( riv]s1 _m fossil species occur 9 ! fluviatile & lacu/r9e deposits ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,9 _! "* ( omnivor\s fi%es1 ! ,c>ps !n1 z n[1 =m$ ! pr9cipal mass ( ! f9ny population ( ! lakes1 & 9 _! turn s]v$ z food to ! c>nivor\s tribes1 z ! pikes1 eels1 c4 ,sev]al species are f\nd 9 a beautiful /ate 9 ! s*i/s ( n+51 & 9 ! ,t]ti>y m>ls at ,aix4 ,_m ( ! lay]s ( m>l at ! latt] locality are cov]$ ) gr\ps ( fi%es ( ! family ,cypr9odonts1 ! rec5t species ( :i* are ( a small size1 & inhabit ! fre%-wat] lakes ( temp]ate zones4 ,lign4 #ahd1 p4 #efb1 repres5ts a portion ( a l>ge slab ( m>l 9 ! cab9et ( ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison1 :i* is cov]$ ) scores ( a species resembl+ a rec5t fi% 7,lebias7 9 ! pr(ile ( its head1 & ! =m ( its f9s4 ,x is nam$ ,lebias cephalotes1 f ! relative l>g5ess ( its head4 ,! black appe>ance ( ! abdom5 9 _m ( ^! ,i*?yolites indicates ! orig9al situation ( ! inte/9es & ( ! liv]1 :i* is l>gely develop$ 9 ! fi%es ( ?is family1 & conta9s mu* col\r+ matt]4 ,saurocephalus & ,saurodon4 ,lign4 #bjd4--;,9 ! same qu>ry1 ne> ,lewes1 f :i* ! fir/ entire fi% ( ! ,sussex ,*alk 0 obta9$1 tee? ( a v peculi> "* 71 _m ye>s s9ce1 occasionally discov]$4#efa ,^! tee? are ( a lanceolate =m1 mu* compress$2 ) entire1 %>p edges1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t2 ! fang is s+le1 & broad2 ! surface ( ! cr[n is glossy1 & m>k$ ) fissures fill$ ) *alk 7see ,lign4 #bjd1 fig4 #a74 ,tee? ( ?is k9d1 atta*$ to portions ( ! jaw1 7 subsequ5tly f\nd 9 ! ,*alk at ,brighton & ,lewes4 ,simil> rema9s 7 collect$ f ! ,cretace\s m>ls ( ,miss\ri & ,new ,j]sey1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,am]ican specim5s compris$ two closely alli$ g5]a1 :i*1 f ! supposition t ! fossils 7 ! relics ( reptiles1 7 respectively designat$ ,saurocephalus & ,saurodon4#efb ,examples ( ! tee? & jaws ( bo? g5]a h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,sussex ,*alk 7see ,lign4 #bjd74 #efa ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xxxiii4 p4 #bbh4 #efb ,am]ican ,phil4 ,trans1 vol4 iii4 new s]ies1 pl4 xvi4 on ! ,saurodon1 by ,dr4 ,hays2 & ,j\rnal ,acad4 ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 vol4 iii4 on ! ,saurocephalus1 by ,dr4 ,h>lan4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bjd4 ,fossil ,tee? & ,jaws ( ,fi%es4 ,*alk4 ,sussex4 ,fig4 #a4--,too? ( ,saurocephalus lanci=mis4 ,lewes4 #b4--,tee? ( ,saurocephalus /riatus4 ,brighton4 ,portion ( ! jaw1 ) five tee?4 #c4--;,fragm5t ( a jaw1 ) two p]fect tee?1 & ! base ( ano!r1 ( ,saurodon ,leanus4 ,kempt[n1 ,brighton4 #d4--;,en*odus halocyon4 ,left bran* ( ! l[] jaw1 ) tee?2 & "o front too? ( ! opposite portion4 ,lewes4 ,m4 ,agassiz reta9s ! names impos$ by ! ,am]ican naturali/s1 & has plac$ ^! g5]a 9 ! family ( ,scomb]oids 7,mack]el1 ,swordfi%74 ,!y belong to ! ,ph>yngogna?i ( ,mull]4 ,! tee? are dispos$ 9 a s+le r[1 & fix$ 9 deep sockets by a simple root1 or fang1 :i* is frequ5tly some:at excavat$ by ! pressure ( a successional too?4 ,9 ,saurodon ,leanus ! cr[n ( ! too? is angul>1 & b>b$1 & support$ on a sub-cyl9drical %ank1 or /em 7see ,lign4 #bjd1 fig4 #c74 ,! microscopical /ructure ( ^! tee? pres5ts t peculi> reticulat$ disposition ( ! m$ull>y canals ?r\gh\t ! entire body ( ! too?1 :i* is only f\nd 9 ! d5tal organs ( fi%es4 ,hypsodon ,lewesi5sis4 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xlii47--,! ,sussex & ,k5ti% ,*alk also conta9 ! rema9s ( a v l>ge fi%1 belong+ to ! ,ph>yngogna?i1 ) extremely upright1 long1 conical1 compress$1 po9t$ tee?1 :i*1 l ^? ( ! ,saurodon1 are implant$ 9 sockets4 ,^! tee? are commonly ( a delicate fawn col\r ext]nally & ( a d>k br[n int]nally2 hav+ a l>ge simple pulp-cavity4 ,9 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 7tab4 xlii47 are repres5t$ portions ( an int]maxill>y & jaw-bone ) tee?2 a v]tebra1 deeply biconcave2 & a l>ge bone1 app>5tly a bran* ( ! os hyoides2 all f\nd 9 ! same block ( *alk4#efc #efc ,a magnific5t specim5 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 displays1 on ! same slab ( *alk1 a l>ge portion ( ! cranium1 tee?1 sev]al v]tebr1 ribs1 & _m o!r bones1 belong+ to a fi% ( consid]able magnitude4 ,petrif4 p4 #ddd4 ,en*odus 7sword-too?7 halocyon4 ,lign4 #bjd1 fig4 #d4 7,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 tab4 xxvc47--,! specim5 figur$ is a portion ( ! l[] jaw1 ) "o r[ ( elongat$1 conical1 slightly curv$1 po9t$ tee?2 ! two ant]ior tee? be+ mu* long] & l>g] ?an ! o!rs2 x af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! d5tal organs ( ,en*odus2 a g5us ( ,acan?opt]ygian fi%es1 ! jaws & tee? ( :i* are (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,sussex ,*alk4 ,! tee? are ( v>i\s sizes1 & atta*$ by an*ylosis1 "o r[ on ! prem&ibul> bone1 & ano!r irregul> r[ ( small] tee? to ! inside ( ! l[] jaw4 ,! two ant]ior tee? are v l>ge1 & ( a peculi> =m3 _! base is wide & solid1 & ! %ank ( ! too? is sudd5ly contract$ imm$iately above1 & becomes elongat$ into a po9t4 ,^! tee? are g5]ally ( a d>k col\r1 h a glossy aspect1 & are v brittle2 diff]+ s rem>kably 9 ?is respect f ! %>k's tee?1 ) :i* !y are usually collocat$1 t m]e fragm5ts c be readily id5tifi$4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! l[] jaw is m>k$ ) f9ely granulat$1 longitud9al ridges or /ri4#efd #efd ,a f9e example ( ! l[] jaw1 ) twelve tee?1 is figur$ ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 tab4 xli4 & ano!r1 ) ! upp] jaw & tee?1 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #adj4 ,beautiful figures ( ! rema9s ( ,saurocephalus1 ,en*odus1 ,hypsodon1 & _m o!r f9e ,*alk fi%es1 are giv5 9 ,dixon's ,fossils ( ,sussex1 #dto4 #ahej4 ,mr4 ,t\lm9 ,smi?1 ( ,highgate1 has 9 8 ,museum a portion ( ! l[] jaw ) fifte5 tee? ( a small individual1 imb$d$ 9 ! c5tre ( a fl9t nodule1 f ,graves5d1 :i* 0 discov]$ by accid5tally break+ ! /one4 ,! bone ( ! jaw & ! tee? are ( a dead :ite col\r1 & appe> n to be 9 ! slighte/ degree silicifi$2 b 9 ^? tee? :i* are brok5 ! pulp-cavity is fill$ ) qu>tz1 :i* mu/ h transud$ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! tee?4 ,i*?yolites ( rec5t species4--,! di/+ui%$ naturali/ to ^: lab\rs 9 fossil ,i*?yology we h be5 s l>gely indebt$1 /ates1 t ( ! _m hundr$ species submitt$ to 8 notice1 b "o c be id5tifi$ ) any fi% n[ liv+4 ,?is conclusion mu/1 h[ev]1 be receiv$ ) "s res]vation2 =1 among ! fossil g5]a1 f\nd$ on ! tee?1 !re are species :i* c]ta9ly _c be di/+ui%$ f rec5t =ms4 ,& 9 ! diluvial drift at ,breslau1 associat$ ) ! bones ( ! fossil elephant 7,elephas primig5ius71 ! rema9s ( a pike1 closely resembl+ ! common ,european species1 h lately be5 discov]$4#efe #efe ,agassiz1 ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 p4 #fh4 ,! exception above allud$ to1 is a little ,malacopt]ygian fi%1 r l>g] ?an a ,sprat1 call$ ! ,capelan 7,mallotus villosus71 :i* inhabits ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 & o!r p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ! nor!rn seas4 ,fossil specim5s ( ?is fi%4#eff occur 9 nodules ( indurat$ m>l or clay1 on ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&4#efg ,x is suppos$ t ^! ,i*?yolites are ( v rec5t date3 & t simil> fossils are 9 ! progress ( =mation4 #eff ,see ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 pl4 lx41 9 :i* ! skeleton ( ! rec5t fi%1 & specim5s ( ! fossil species1 are repres5t$4 #efg ,simil> fossils h be5 obta9$ f ! ,drift on ! ,saco ,riv]1 ?irty miles nor? ( ,portsm\?1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,see ,lyell's ,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 vol4 i4 p4 #bi4 ,i*?yopatolites1 or impr9ts ( ! pectoral f9-rays ( c]ta9 fi%es4 ,"u ?is "n ,dr4 ,buckl& describ$ c]ta9 problematical m>k+s obs]v$ on a flag-/one f a coal-pit at ,mo/yn1 9 ,fl9t%ire1 & n[ 9 ! ,geological ,society's ,museum4 ,x consi/s ( curvil9e> scrat*es or impr9ts1 dispos$ symmetrically at regul> int]vals on ea* side a smoo? level space1 ab\t two in*es wide1 :i* may correspond to ! body ( a fi%1 ! pectoral f9s ( :i* ,dr4 ,buckl& sugge/s 7 ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! m>k+s 9 "q 7 =m$4 ,^! scrat*es foll[ ea* o!r 9 ne>ly equidi/ant r[s ( ?ree 9 a r[1 & at int]vals ( ab\t two in*es f ! po9t ( ea* individual scrat* to ! po9ts ( ^? next succe$+ & prec$+ x2 !y are slightly convex outw>ds1 ?ree on ea* side ! m$ian space1 or suppos$ track ( ! body ( ! fi%4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 9 ! memoir ref]r$ to1 %[s t ^! m>k+s _c be ref]able to ! impr9t ( ! feet or claws ( reptiles1 & po9ts out ! /ructure ( ! bony ant]ior rays ( ! pectoral f9s1 z 9 c]ta9 ,siluroid & ,lophoid fi%es1 & 9 ! ,climb+ ,p]* 7,anabas sc&5s71 or ! ,hass> 7,doras co/ata71 & ref]s also to ! ambulatory movem5ts ( ! common ,gurn>d1 9 corroboration ( ?is op9ion4#efh #efh ,proce$+s ( ,geol4 ,society1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bjd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,fossil ,fi%es4--,f ! incid5tal notices ( ! geological habitats ( ! fossil fi%es enum]at$ 9 our survey ( ?is class ( be+s1 ! read] _c fail to h rem>k$1 t ! mo/ rec5t /rata ab\nd$ 9 =ms relat$ to ! inhabitants ( ! exi/+ seas & riv]s2 :ile ! mo/ anci5t teem$ ) species & g5]a ( families altoge!r ext9ct1 or ( prodigi\s r>ity 9 ! rec5t fauna4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 x may be /at$1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,agassiz1 t ! ,i*?yolites ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits approa* 9 _! *>act]s to ! liv+ g5]a1 b all ! species are ext9ct4 ,! new] ,t]ti>y1 z ! ,crag1 conta9 g5]a common to tropical seas1 z ! l>ge %>ks 7,c>*>ias71 & eagle-rays 7,myliobates71 c4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e1 or mo/ anci5t ,t]ti>y1 z ! ,london & ,p>is bas9s1 ,monte ,bolca1 c41 _m ( ! ,i*?yolites are closely relat$ to rec5t g5]a4 ,( ! ,*alk fi%es1 a few only are ( rec5t g5]a1 b ! majority are /ill alli$ to ,t]ti>y =ms4 ,9 ! ,*alk1 ! ,ph>yngogna?i1 ,acan?opt]i1 & ,malacopt]i are met ) z new types2 & indications ( ! ,hybodontid1 ,sauroidei1 & ,clacan?i 7! la/ d]iv$ f ! ,devonian1 & ! o!r two f ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one7 appe> = ! la/ "t4 ,! i*?yic fauna ( ! ,cretace\s deposits is closely relat$ by ! majority ( its family gr\ps ) t ( ! s]ies ( /rata f ! ,lias to ! ,weald51 inclusive4 ,9 & above ! ,lias all ! ganoid fi%es are homoc]cal4 ,bel[ ! ,lias1 ! g5]a & species are f> m remov$ f exi/+ types1 & almo/ all are het]oc]cal4 ,( ! eight ?\s& liv+ fi%es kn[n to naturali/s1 ?ree-f\r?s belong to ! ,cycloid & ,ct5oid ord]s1 & ( ^! no species are kn[n bel[ ! ,*alk2 ! o!r f\r? is ref]able to ! ,placoids & ,ganoids1 ( :i* !re are comp>atively b few exi/+ species4 ,yet fi%es ( ^! two ord]s almo/ solely fl\ri%$ dur+ ! anci5t ,second>y =mations2 = bel[ ! ,lias1 ! pr$om9ant rec5t ord]s are altoge!r abs5t4 ,b5ea? ! ,coal1 true c>nivor\s fi%es1 ) tr5*ant tee?1 are almo/ unkn[n2 b omnivor\s species1 ) ei!r bru% or obtusely conical tee?1 & great sauroid fi%es1 are ! prevail+ repres5tatives ( ! class4#efi ,9 f9e1 ! ,i*?yolites ( ! diff]5t =mations con/itute two gr& gr\ps1 :i* h _! b\nd>y l9e at ! base ( ! ,cretace\s deposits4 ,! fir/ & mo/ anci5t comprises ! ,ganoids & ,placoids2 ! second1 m intimately relat$ to exi/+ types1 compreh5ds =ms m div]sifi$2 ^! are pr9cipally ,ct5oid & ,cycloid1 ) a small numb] ( ! two prec$+ ord]s1 :i* ins5sibly disappe>2 & _! few liv+ analogues are v di/9ct f ! anci5t species4 ,n[1 al?\gh d$uctions ( ?is nature may require to be modifi$ ) ! progress ( k1 yet ! g5]alizations ?us obta9$ are f\nd$ on s va/ an accumulation ( facts & obs]vations1 z to r5d] x improbable t !y w be mat]ially invalidat$ by future discov]ies2 = !y rem>kably accord ) ! results d]iv$ f ! inve/igation ( ! fossil rema9s ( all ! o!r classes ( animals4 ,! mo/ mod]n deposits conta9 ! rema9s ( animals alli$ to ! exi/+ species2 ! mo/ anci5t1 ( =ms altoge!r ext9ct1 or ( excessive r>ity 9 ! rec5t faunas4 ,! discov]y ( exi/+ species1 or g5]a1 9 ! mo/ anci5t /rata1 w\ld modify1 b n de/roy1 ! inf]5ces d$uc$ f ! facts hi!rto obta9$2 & e geologi/ is prep>$ to f9d t su* may be ! case4 #efi ,9 ! sev]al *apt]s on ! diff]5t =mations1 z arrang$ 9 ! ,wond]s1 ! /ud5t w f9d succ9ct notices ( ! di/ribution ( ! g5]a ( fi%es ?r\gh\t ! fossilif]\s deposits4 ,a li/ ( ! ,*alk species kn[n 9 #ahdh is giv5 at pp4 #cef-cei1 ,wond4 ,?us ( ! ,%>ks1 ) triangul> not*$ tee?1 :i* are s common 9 ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 & 7 =m]ly unkn[n 9 ! anci5t ,second>y1 "o repres5tative has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em 7see p4 #eie74 ,b1 if tee? ( ?is type %\ld h]eaft] be discov]$ 9 e ,second>y deposit1 ! great prepond]ance ( ^! fi%es ov] ! ,sauroid 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 & 9 ! exi/+ seas1 w\ld n be ! less rem>kable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,collect+ & ,develop+ ,fossil ,fi%es4--,f :at has be5 advanc$1 ! read] w h obta9$ a g5]al k ( ! fossil rema9s ( ?is class t are likely to be met ) 9 p>ticul> deposits4 ,?us1 he w expect to f9d ! tee? ( l>ge %>ks & rays 9 ! ,t]ti>y clays & s&s2 & skeletons & p]fect specim5s ( num]\s ,ct5oid & ,cycloid fi%es 9 ! lam9at$ m>ls & f9e lime/ones ( ! same =mations4 ,9 ! ,*alk1 ) num]\s tee? ( %>ks1 he may discov] spl5did examples ( ,cycloid & ,ct5oid fi%es2 &1 9 ! ,weald51 l>ge ,ganoidian =ms4 ,pass+ to ! anci5t ,second>y /rata1 ! extraord9>y buckl]-head$ & ,sauroid fi%es w arre/ 8 att5tion2 & _! ve/iges w be f\nd1 m or less p]fect1 9 ! %ales & lime/ones1 & 9 ! indurat$ nodules ( clay & s&/one4 ,! deta*$ tee? ( fi%es 9 ,t]ti>y s&s & clays may be easily obta9$ entire1 & %\ld be arrang$ 9 ! same mann] z ! %ells 7see p4 #ddb71 ei!r 9 trays1 or on bo>ds4 ,! triangul> tee?1 ) lat]al d5ticles1 mu/ be c>efully extract$1 s z to pres]ve ^? app5dages on :i* ! specific & g5]ic di/9ctions ( _m ,i*?yolites dep5d4 ,m4 ,agassiz p>ticul>ly recomm5ds ! pres]vation ( all ! specim5s collect$ toge!r 9 ! same locality1 z _m may probably belong to ! same individual1 & ?us ! d5tal organization ( ! orig9al be det]m9$4 ,tee? collect$ f ! same /ratum 9 diff]5t places1 %\ld n1 !re=e1 be mix$ toge!r4 ,sev]al s]ies ( ! same k9d ( tee? %\ld be pres]v$1 & z _m z possible ( ea* k9d2 = specim5s app>5tly id5tical may prove to be highly in/ructive z a s]ies4 ,i h (t5 _h occasion to regret ! disposal ( suppos$ duplicates1 9 my e>li] rese>*es1 :i* w\ld h t5d$ to elucidate ! *>act]s ( ^? specim5s :i* 7 reta9$4 ,! ,i*?yolites1 & _! deta*$ tee? & f9s1 9 ! ,*alk & o!r s(t lime/ones1 may be cle>$ by means ( a p5knife or grav] & small %>p *isels4 ,x is pref]able to leave ! tee? atta*$ to small blocks ( ! *alk2 z 9 ! examples1 figur$ ,lign4 #aic4 ,b to develop ! beautiful ,*alk ,i*?yolites1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,osm]oides1 ,macropoma1 c4 "s practice & consid]able dext]ity are requir$4 ,! compress$ fi%es1 z ! ,b]yx1 l ^? 9 ! ,t]ti>y lime/ones1 (t5 lie 9 ! s$im5t>y plane ( ! /one1 & may be suffici5tly expos$1 by a bl[ ( a hamm] or a pick1 to %[ ! nature ( ! fossil1 & admit ( be+ easily develop$4 ,b ! fi%es ) sub-cyl9drical bodies v commonly split asund] 9 a transv]se direction3 & ^? ) sp9\s scales1 z ! ,macropoma1 adh]e s firmly to ! *alk1 t1 to display ! ext]nal surface ( _! scales1 ! surr\nd+ /one mu/ be remov$ piecemeal1 9 ! mann] describ$ = ! ,*alk cru/aceans 7see p4 #edd74 ,! collector :o sees ! spl5did ,*alk fi%es 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#egj & le>ns t !y 7 f\nd 9 ! ,*alk ( ,k5t & ,sussex1 w be griev\sly disappo9t$1 ^u visit+ ! qu>ries f :i* !y 7 obta9$1 if he expects to discov] specim5s ) any consid]able portion ( ! scales1 or body1 expos$4 ,x 0 _m ye>s be=e ! qu>ry-m5 acquir$ ! tact !y n[ possess1 ( detect+1 f v slight evid5ce1 ! pres5ce ( an ,i*?yolite 9 a block ( *alk3 pat*es ( scales1 :i* ! qu>ry-m5 call$ bran1 & deta*$ %>ks' tee?1 birds beaks1 & snakes' tongues1 & tee? ( ,pty*odus1 slugs1 be+ ! only rema9s ( fi%es g5]ally obs]v$ & laid aside by ! workm54 #egj ,petrifactions1 pp4 #dda1 #ddd4 ,! fossil ,salmon or ,smelt 7see p4 #fbf71 :i* may be consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ( ! ,*alk fi%es f\nd 9 ,engl&1 af=ds an excell5t illu/ration ( ! mode ( develop+ ! ,i*?yolites ( ?is =mation4 ,?is int]e/+ fossil is del9eat$ on a small scale1 9 ?ree diff]5t /ates1 9 ,plate ,,ii42 & af=ds a good practical lesson = ! "y collector4 ,among "s blocks ( *alk :i* a rec5t fall 9 "o ( ! qu>ries ne> ,lewes _h br\ght to light1 0 a l>ge mass split asund]1 & expos+ on ea* correspond+ surface an irregul> oval m>k+ ( a yell[i% br[n col\r2 ?is appe>ance is repres5t$ ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #a4 ,presum+ t ^! m>k+s 7 produc$ by a transv]se section ( ! body ( a fi%1 ! two blocks 7 trimm$ into a portable size1 & accurately cem5t$ toge!r ) v hot1 ?91 fre% glue4 ,:5 consolidat$1 "s ( ! *alk 0 *isell$ (f 9 ! suppos$ longitud9al direction ( ! enclos$ fi%1 & "p ( ! body1 cov]$ ) scales1 0 expos$1 z ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #b4 ,) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! ext5t ( ! ,i*?yolite1 "s ( ! surr\nd+ /one 0 !n remov$ t[>ds ea* extremity ( ! block1 & traces ( ! fi% 7 discov]$1 z %[n 9 ! same figure4 ,! task ( completely develop+ ! fossil 0 ?us r5d]$ comp>atively easy2 ! *alk 0 *isell$1 cut1 & scrap$ away1 till ! p]fect fi%1 z se5 9 fig4 #c1 0 develop$4#ega ,! block 0 !n r$uc$ to a conv5i5t size1 & ! edges sawn smoo?4 ,! *alk is easily cut ) a c>p5t]'s saw2 ! in/rum5t %\ld be %ort & /rong1 & ! tee? ( mod]ate size4 #ega ,! figure 9 ,pl4 ,,ii4 is too small to convey an accurate idea ( ?is ,i*?yolite1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 see ,petrifactions1 pp4 #dde1 #ddf4 ,m4 ,agassiz's figure v inaccurately repres5ts ! orig9al4 ,a beautiful li?ograph ( ?is fi%1 by ,mr4 ,poll>d1 ( ,brighton1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,mantellian ,museum1 #ahcf4 ,:5 a portion ( ! body ( an ,i*?yolite ( ?is k9d is f\nd 9 a block ( *alk1 & ! fracture ( ! block appe>s to be rec5t1 dilig5t se>* %\ld be made = ! correspond+ piece2 = x may probably be f\nd to conta9 ! o!r "p ( ! fi%4 ,a spl5did specim5 ( ,osm]oides ,lewesi5sis1 m ?an a foot long1 0 ?us obta9$4 ,! qu>ry-m51 9 a block ( *alk :i* a rec5t fall _h ?r[n d[n1 discov]$ a few in*es ( ! caudal portion ( ! body ( a fi%2 on ! brok5 surface ( ! /one1 a section ( ! body 0 di/9ctly se51 z 9 ! specim5 previ\sly describ$4 ,se>* 0 made among ! fall5 masses = ! correspond+ piece1 b )\t success4 ,^u obs]v+ ! face ( ! qu>ry expos$ by ! rec5t fall1 on a project+ block1 _m y>ds above our rea*1 a discol\r$ spot 0 indi/9ctly se51 & x 0 conjectur$ t ?is might prove to be ! o!r moiety ( ! ,i*?yolite4 ,! workm5 7 direct$ to pres]ve ?is block if possible2 b x rema9$ 9 situ sev]al mon?s1 & until ! rock 0 aga9 bla/$2 :5 ! /one s long covet$ roll$ away f ! fall5 mass1 & =tunately 0 soon discov]$4 ,x prov$ to be ! correspond+ portion ( ! fi%2 ) ! head1 op]cula1 bran*ial ar*es1 pectoral f9s1 & ! ant]ior "p ( ! body cov]$ ) beautiful cycloid scales4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( fossils ( ?is k9d1 glue z ! cem5t1 & a pa/e made ( pla/] ( ,p>is ) ?9 glue1 to fill up ! crevices & /r5g!n ! block1 are ! mat]ials ,i h employ$4 ,! fossil rema9s ( fi%es 9 o!r rocks require to be extract$ & develop$ 9 ! mann] previ\sly direct$ = ! ,e*9od]ms1 ,cephalopoda1 c4 7pp4 #ccb1 #dig47 ,! collector may be rem9d$1 t ,otoli!s1 or e>-/ones 7p4 #egd71 are f\nd 9 ! ,crag ( ,norfolk1 & o!r ,t]ti>y /rata2 & t ,coprolites1 associat$ ) m9ute scales1 bones1 c4 ( small fi%es1 con/itute1 9 "s localities1 lay]s ( consid]able ?ickness & ( great ext5t4 ,! bone-b$ ( ! ,lias1 ne> ,we/bury1 & t ( ! ,ludl[ s]ies on ! banks ( ! ,teme1 ne> ,ludl[1#egb are well-kn[n examples ( su* a deposit4 #egb ,see ,mr4 ,/rickl&'s int]e/+ notice ( ! di/ribution & cont5ts ( ?is bone-b$1 9 ! ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ix4 p4 #h ,microscopical ,exam9ation4--,a few words on ! microscopical exam9ation ( ! rema9s ( fi%es may be useful4 ,! /ructure ( ! l>ge1 & ! =ms ( ! m9ute scales1 may be se5 by a common l5s1 & )\t prep>+ ! specim5s4 ,b = ! exam9ation ( ! intimate organization ( scales1 tee?1 c4 ! microscope is requir$2 & ! me?od direct$ = ! inve/igation ( fl9t 7p4 #cgc7 %\ld be employ$4 ,! scales1 portions ( ! membranes ( ! air-bladd]1 /oma*1 c4 & ?9 *ips ( ! tee?1 r5d]$ tempor>ily transp>5t by oil ( turp5t9e1 or p]man5tly s by ,canada balsam1 %\ld be view$ by transmitt$ light4 ,b ! intricate /ructure ( ! d5tal organs1 ! m$ull>y canals1 & ! calcig]\s tubes1 _c be successfully inve/igat$ )\t ! aid ( ! lapid>y1 or ! adoption ( ! process describ$ at page #fg = ! prep>ation ( fossil wood = microscopical exam9ation4 ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,fi%es4 ,! deta*$ tee?1 scales1 v]tebr1 c4 ( fi%es are s ext5sively di/ribut$1 t !re is sc>cely a cliff or qu>ry ( fossilif]\s rock 9 ,great ,brita91 t does n conta9 "s examples4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( localities mu/1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z m]ely direct+ ! /ud5t to a few places1 9 :i* p>ticul> fossils ( ?is class h be5 discov]$4 ,ab]gav5ny4 ,mt4 ,l4 ,tee? ( ,psammodus1 ,orodus1 c4 ,armagh1 ,irel&4 ,mt4 ,l4 ,num]\s tee? & sp9es4 ,arundel1 ,sussex4 ,cret4 ,qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood2 beautiful ,*alk fi%es4 ,au/ ,cliff1 ne> ,we/bury1 ,som]set%ire4 ,l[] ,lias4 ,pholidophorus1 c4 ,base ( ,lias4 ,9 a lay] call$ ! bone-b$1 conta9+ bones1 scales1 tee?1 & ,coprolites ( fi%es4 ,tee? ( ,c]atodus1 c4 ,axm\?4 ,base ( ,lias3 ,bone-b$4 ,num]\s scales1 bones1 & tee?4 ,sauri*?ys1 c4 ,b>r[-on-,so>4 ,lias4 ,dap$ius4 ,brackle%am ,bay1 ,sussex4 ,eoc5e4 ,magnific5t specim5s ( ,rays1 z ,myliobatis1 ,atobatis1 & ( ,*imroids 7 collect$ by ! late ,f4 ,dixon1 ,esq41 & are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,brighton4 ,cret4 ,*alk qu>ries 9 ! vic9ity4 ,b]yx1 ,d]cetis1 ,saurocephalus1 ,saurodon1 & ! common species ( tee?1 c4 ,bri/ol4 ,mt4 ,l4 ,! usual species ( ,psammodus1 ,orodus1 ,on*us1 c4 ,burdie-h\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,c>b4 ,paloniscus1 ,megali*?ys1 ,holopty*ius1 c4 ,cai?ness1 ,scotl&4 ,old ,r$4 ,dipt]us1 c4 ,*>+1 ,k5t4 ,_m fi%es 9 ! ,*alk4 ,*a?am1 ,k5t4 ,cret4 ,b]yx1 ,hypsodon1 & ! usual tee?1 c4 ,*elt5ham4 ,base ( ,lias4 ,9 ! bone-b$ tee?1 scales1 ,coprolites4 ,clayton1 ,sussex4 ,l[] ,*alk4 ,b]yx microcephalus1 & o!r r>e ,i*?yolites4 ,clifton1 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,mt4 ,l4 ,psammodus1 ,orodus1 c4 ,crom>ty1 ,scotl&4 ,old ,r$4 ,cocco/eus1 ,pt]i*?ys1 c4 ,cuckfield1 ,sussex4 ,weald54 ,lepidotus1 ,hybodus1 ,acrodus4 ,cull]coats1 ,durham4 ,p]mian4 ,paloniscus1 c4 ,d9ton1 ,vale ( ,w>d\r4 ,purbeck4 ,leptolepis1 ,c]amurus1 c4 ,d[nton ,hall1 ne> ,ludl[4 ,devonian4 ,cephalaspis1 ,dipt]us1 c4 ,u4 ,sil4 ,9 a qu>ry on ! banks ( ! ,teme1 a fi%-b$ compos$ ( scales1 tee?1 & ,coprolites1 9 ,upp] ,ludl[ lime/one4 ,dudley4 ,sil4 ,i*?yodorulites4 ,dungannon1 ,irel&4 ,p]mian4 ,qu>ry at ,rhone-hill2 num]\s small ,palonisci1 ,p4 catopt]us4 ,ea/ ,?ickley1 ,durham4 ,magnesian ,lime/one4 ,palonisci4 ,glammis1 ,=f>%ire4 ,devon4 ,cephalaspis1 ,gyrolepis1 ,dipt]us4 ,graves5d & ,nor?fleet4 ,*alk-pits ri* 9 fi%-tee?1 c4 ,ha/+s4 ,weald54 ,lepidotus1 ,hybodus4 ,ilm9/]1 ,som]set4 ,upp] ,lias4 ,pa*ycormus & ,leptolepis4 ,le$s1 ,middleton ,qu>ry4 ,c>b4 ,lay]s ( fi%-coal1 abundance ( rema9s ( ,megali*?ys1 ,holopty*ius1 c4 7,geol4 ,proc4 iii4 p4 #aec47 ,lewes1 ,sussex4 ,cret4 ,all ! fi%es ( ! ,briti% ,*alk4 ,see ,wond4 pp4 #cef-cei4 ,lyme ,regis4 ,lias4 ,dap$ius1 ,hybodus1 ,squaloraia2 & num]\s o!r species & g5]a4 ,ne:av51 ne> ,lei?4 ,c>b4 ,on ! %ore1 nodules ( iron/one ) fi%es & ,coprolites4 ,amblypt]us1 ,paloniscus4 ,%eppey1 ,isle (4 ,t]t4 ,num]\s tee? ( ,rays1 ,%>ks1 c41 & o!r ,i*?yolites 9 great abundance4 ,%otov]1 ne> ,ox=d4 ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,is*yodus1 ,hybodus1 c4 ,s\!nd1 ,essex4 ,eoc5e4 ,fi%-bones & tee? 7,pisodus1 c47 are f\nd on ! %ore along ! foot ( ! cliff4 ,speeton1 ,york%ire4 ,galt4 ,macropoma ,eg]toni2 & _m o!r fi%es4 ,/eyn+1 ,sussex4 ,cret4 ,9 ! m>l-pits1 ,coprolites & tee? ( ,%>ks are abundant4 ,/onesfield4 ,great ,oolite4 ,hybodus1 ,lepidotus1 ,leptacan?us1 c4 ,swanage4 ,purbeck4 ,lepidotus1 ,hybodus1 ,ophiopsis1 c4 ,?urso1 ,scotl&4 ,devonian4 ,a/]olepis1 c4 ,we/bury1 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,base ( ,lias4 ,bone-b$ ) num]\s rema9s4 ,wor?+4 ,cret4 ,beautiful ,*alk fi%es 9 ! neighb\r+ qu>ries4 ,,=eign ,,localities4 ,al?\gh ! pres5t "w is expressly design$ z a guide to ! ,briti% collector1 ,i am induc$ to subjo9 a few =eign localities ( ,i*?yolites1 t lie )9 ! rea* ( ! cont95tal t\ri/4 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ! mo/ celebrat$ sites is giv5 by ,m4 ,agassiz1 ,poiss4 ,foss4 ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce4 ,t]ti>y4 ,"s ( ! b$s ( gypse\s m>l conta9 num]\s species 9 abundance4 ,eisleb51 ,upp] ,saxony4 ,p]mian4 ,num]\s ,i*?yolites 9 d>k %ale4 ,gl>is1 ,switz]l&4 ,cret4 ,imm5se numb]s ( fi%es 9 d>k s*i/4 ,! specim5s are (t5 contort$1 f ! contraction ( _! bodies1 dur+ decomposition4 ,mae/ri*t 7,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta974 ,upp] ,cret4 ,num]\s tee?1 v]tebr1 c4 ( fi%es ( ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,see ,wond4 p4 #cji4 ,mansfeld1 9 ,?ur+ia4 ,p]mian4 ,fi%es 9 copp]-slate1 9 great numb]s2 _m extremely beautiful4 ,monte ,bolca1 or ,ve/5a ,nova4 ,t]t4 ,! ri*e/ m9e ( ,i*?yolites 9 ! _w4 ,a catalogue ( ! num]\s g5]a & species f\nd 9 ?is celebrat$ locality1 is giv5 9 ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 iv4 pp4 #cc-eb4egc ,see ,wond4 p4 #bfe4 ,m\nt ,lebanon1 ,asia4 ,t]t4 ,num]\s ,i*?yolites1 9 great p]fection4 n+54 ,t]t4 fre%-wat]4 ,_m k9ds ( fi%es ( ! same g5]a z ^? :i* inhabit ! great ,european lakes2 z ! ,p]*1 ,salmon1 ,eel1 ,pike1 ,c>p1 c4 ,a li/ ( ^! ,i*?yolites w be f\nd 9 ,poiss4 ,foss4 tom4 ii4 "p ii4 p4 #gh4 ,see ,wond4 p4 #bfc4 ,sa>brck1 9 ,lorra9e4 ,c>b4 ,amblypt]us1 & o!r ,c>bonif]\s fi%es4 ,seefeld1 9 ! ,tyrol2 on ! pr9cipal road f ,insbruck to ,muni*4 ,lias4 ,abundance ( fi% 9 bitum9\s slate4 ,/abia1 ,italy1 at ,torre d',orl&o1 ne> ,ca/ellam>e4 ,oolite4 ,beautiful fi%es 9 fissile lime/one4 ,sol5h(54 ,oolite4 ,num]\s ,i*?yolites2 _m 9 great p]fection4 ,see ,wond4 p4 #eac4 #egc ,x is necess>y to caution ! collector aga9/ ! frauds practis$ by ! qu>ry-m51 & deal]s 9 fossils1 at ?is & o!r celebrat$ =eign localities4 ,specim5s1 app>5tly p]fect1 are +5i\sly con/ruct$ f ! fragm5ts ( v>i\s examples4 ,! head ( "o fi%1 ! body ( ano!r1 decorat$ ) ! f9s ( a ?ird1 & p]haps ! tail ( a f\r?1 ( diff]5t species1 or ev5 g5]a1 are dove-tail$ toge!r1 col\r$1 & v>ni%$1 s z to deceive ! common obs]v]1 &1 occasionally1 ev5 ! exp]i5c$ collector4 ,spong+ ! specim5s ) cold wat] w (t5 detect ! imposition2 = ! col\r if artificial w be remov$1 or r5d]$ pal]1 :ile ! same process w height5 ! natural t9ts4 ,at ,papp5heim1 ,sol5h(51 & o!r places1 :]e fossil cru/aceans1 z ,%rimps1 ,prawns1 c4 are f\nd 9 su* p]fection1 ! impr9ts ( good specim5s are (t5 col\r$1 & (f]$ = sale2 a wet sponge w spe$ily detect ! impo/ure4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,fossil ,,reptiles2 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,enaliosaurians ,,& ,,crocodiles4 ,n\s remontons done un autre ge du monde2 cet ge o la t]re n'toit encore p>c\rue que p> des reptiles a sang froid--o la m] abondoit en ammonites1 en blemnites1 en trbratules1 en encr9ites1 et o t\s ces g5res1 auj\rd'hui d'une r>et prodigieuse1 faisoi5t le fond de sa population4--,cuvi]1 ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 p4 #aj4 ,we advance n[ to ! inve/igation ( ! fossil rema9s ( ! m highly organiz$ classes ( ! ,v]tebrata2 ! ,fi%es be+ ! l[e/ 9 ! scale among/ ! be+s *>act]is$ by an osse\s skeleton1 ) a flexible sp9al column1 compos$ ( articulat$ bones1 & pres5t+1 9 ! v>i\s classes1 ord]s1 g5]a1 & species1 num]\s modifications ( =m & /ructure4 ,! m9]aliz$ relics ( ! v]tebrat$ animals consi/1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( s+le & displac$ bones1 or gr\ps ( bones & tee?1 & ! durable portions ( ! d]mal integum5ts2 entire skeletons be+ ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,a k ( anatomy & physiology1 & access to anatomical & zoological libr>ies & collections1 are !re=e indisp5sable = ! cultivation ( ?is mo/ attractive dep>tm5t ( ,palontology4 ,=tunately = ! ,engli% /ud5t1 ?is bran* ( ! sci5ce1 :i* a few ye>s s9ce 0 b little cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1#egd has be5 greatly advanc$1 by ! lib]al support af=d$ by ! ,briti% ,association ( ,sci5ce to ,pr(essor ,ow51 ^: ,reports on ! ,briti% ,fossil ,reptiles & ,mammalia1 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,association1#ege %\ld be ref]r$ to = m precise & detail$ in=mation ?an c be giv5 9 ^! unpret5d+ volumes4 ,our rem>ks w be limit$ to a g5]al notice ( ! fossil rema9s ( ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals2 ) descriptions ( su* *>act]i/ic examples1 z w s]ve to illu/rate ! nature ( ! specim5s t may probably come "u ! notice ( ! collector2 or :i*1 f _! peculi> *>act]s1 are objects wor?y 8 special att5tion4 #egd ,see ,petrif4 p4 #bbf1 note4 #ege ,report ( ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahci & #ahda2 see also ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #b;d s]4 vol4 v4 p4 #eae 7#ahch74 ,! ,age ( ,reptiles4#egf--,! ann\ncem5t by ! illu/ri\s f\nd] ( ,palontology1 9 ! quotation prefix$ to ?is *apt]1 t !re 0 a p]iod :5 ! lakes1 riv]s1 & seas ( our planet 7 peopl$ by reptiles1 & :5 cold-blood$ ovip>\s quadrup$s1 ( appall+ magnitude1 7 ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( ! dry l&s1 0 a proposition s novel & />tl+1 z to require ! pre/ige ( ! "n ( ,cuvi] to obta9 = x any degree ( cr$5ce1 ev5 ) ^? :o 7 prep>$ to admit t a univ]sal deluge c\ld n acc\nt = ! physical *anges1 :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? _h evid5tly und]gone4 ,subsequ5t obs]vations & discov]ies h1 h[ev]1 fully confirm$ ! tru? ( ?is induction1 & ! ,age ( ,reptiles is no long] consid]$ fabul\s4 #egf ,! ,age ( ,reptiles 0 ! title giv5 by ! au?or to a popul> summ>y ( ! evid5ce be>+ on ?is "q3 x 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 #ahca4 ,?is "n is n[ g5]ally employ$ to designate ! geological epo*s *>act]is$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ovip>\s quadrup$s2 namely1 f ! ,p]mian to ! ,*alk1 inclusive4 ,9 "s ( ! anci5t fossilif]\s deposits1#egg indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ,reptiles are visible1 9 ! indelible m>k+s left by _! foot/eps on ! muddy banks ( riv]s1 & on ! wet s&s ( ! sea-%ores1 n[ 9 ! /ate ( lay]s ( m>l & s&/one4 ,"h & !re 9 ! ,devonian1#egh ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,new ,r$ =mations1 tee? & bones are f\nd1 pres5t+ unequivocal pro(s ( ! pres5ce ( ext9ct =ms ( cold-blood$ ovip>\s quadrup$s4 ,z we asc5d 9 ! second>y =mations1 we are sudd5ly surr\nd$ by innum]able m>9e & t]re/rial reptiles1 belong+ to species & g5]a1 & ev5 ord]s1 ( :i* no liv+ repres5tatives are kn[n4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,liassic1 ,oolitic1 ,weald51 & ,cretace\s epo*s1 ! class ( ,reptiles 0 at its fulle/ developm5t4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iods :i* succe$$1 ! ,reptiles approa* ! rec5t types1 & _! relics are f\nd int]m+l$ ) ! bones ( mammif]\s quadrup$s2 ?us indicat+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t condition & relations ( ! animal k+dom4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,bd4 p4 #afe1 & ,wond4 pp4 #dji-ddd & #efg-ehh1 = a m compreh5sive view ( ?is subject1 we advance to ! exam9ation ( "s ( ! fossil g5]a & species2 & we propose1 9 ! fir/ place1 to expla9 a few ess5tial *>act]s ( =m & /ructure obs]vable 9 ^? durable p>ts ( ! skeletons :i* are mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 a fossil /ate2 namely1 ! tee?1 jaws1 v]tebr1 c41 & ! osse\s app5dages ( ! d]mal sy/em4 #egg ,devonian rooks ( ,elg91 ,nor? ,brita92 & ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,pottsville1 ,p5nsylvania4 #egh ,! mo/ anci5t ,reptile hi!rto discov]$ is ! ,tel]peton ,elg95se1 f ! ,old ,r$ ( ,scotl&1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ! sequel4 ,! animals compreh5d$ 9 ! ,class ( ,reptilia con/itute1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,ow5's arrangem5t1 eight pr9cipal gr\ps1 or ,ord]s1 z foll[3-- ,! ,batra*ia2 ,frogs3 ! body nak$1 ) only rudim5t>y ribs2 & ) two or f\r feet4 ,mo/ ( ^! reptiles brea! by bran*i or gills 9 _! "y /ate1 & by lungs 9 ! adult 7z = example ! ,frog72 9 "s 7! p]5ni-bran*iata71 ! bran*i are p]si/5t ?r\gh life4 ,hav+ a trip>tite he>t 7i4 e4 ) ,! ,ophidia2 ,s]p5ts3 ! body two auricles & de/itute ( feet4 "o v5tricle71 & simple transv]se ,! ,lac]tia or ,sauria2 ,liz>ds3 ! processes to ! body support$ by f\r or two feet1 & c]vical & ant]ior cov]$ ) scales4 dorsal v]tebr4 ,! ,*elonia2 ,tortoises3 ! body support$ by f\r feet or paddles1 & envelop$ 9 two osse\s buckl]s1 compos$ ( ! exp&$ bones ( ! /]num & ?orax4 ,! ,enaliosauria2 ,sea-saurians 7ext9ct73 body furni%$ ) f\r paddles1 & de/itute ( scaly cov]+4 ,! ,pt]osauria2 ,w+-saurians 7ext9ct73 body support$ on f\r ,hav+ a quadrip>tite feet1 ! out] f+] ( ea* =e-foot he>t 7i4 e4 ) two greatly l5g!n$1 & =m+ a support auricles & two = ! w+4 v5tricles71& d\ble transv]se processes to ,! ,crocodilia2 ,crocodiles3 body ! c]vical & ant]ior support$ on f\r p>tially webb$ feet1 dorsal v]tebr4 & encas$ ) an arm\r ( bony plates or scutes4 ,! ,de9osauria2 ,great-saurians 7ext9ct73 body support$ on f\r feet4 ,tee? ( ,reptiles4--,! tee? ( ! animals ( ?is class exhibit consid]able div]sity ( =m1 b ! *>act]i/ic type is t ( a conical1 po9t$ too?1 ) a simple root or fang2 =1 9 no reptile does ! base ( ! too? t]m9ate 9 m ?an "o fang1 & ?is is nev] bran*$4 ,any fossil1 !re=e1 :i* exhibits a too? implant$ by two fangs 9 a d\ble socket1 mu/ be mammif]\s1 s9ce ! socket$ tee? ( reptiles h b a s+le fang2 & ! only fi%es' tee? :i* approa* su* a too? 9 =m1 are ^? ( a bifurcate base1 belong+ to c]ta9 %>ks4 7,ow547 ,^! d5tal organs are only fitt$ = seiz+ & reta9+ ! prey or food2 = no liv+ reptiles h ! p[] ( p]=m+ ma/ication4 ,9 ! ,crocodiles ! too? has a cyl9drical %ank1 ) a conical1 longitud9ally /riat$1 enamell$ cr[n1 hav+ a ridge on ea* side 7,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #e74 ,9 ! ,labyr9?odon 7a fossil reptile71 ! cone is m curv$ & po9t$ 7,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #c72 9 ! ,hylosaurus1 ! %ank is cyl9drical1 & ! cr[n exp&$ & lanceolate1 ) blunt m>g9s 7,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #f72 9 ! ,megalosaurus1 ! too? is lat]ally compress$1 tr5*ant1 & slightly incl9$ backw>ds l a sabre1 ) s]rat$ edges 7,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #g72 9 ! ,iguanodon1 ! %ank is cyl9drical1 & ! cr[n ( a prismatic =m1 greatly exp&$1 ) broad d5ticulat$ edges1 & longitud9al ridges on "o side 7,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #d1 & ,ligns4 #bba1 #bbc74 ,9 ! ,s]p5ts1 ! tee? are v long & po9t$2 9 ! ,crocodiles & ,liz>ds1 may be se5 e modification ( ! conical =m1 d[n to a m]e hemisph]ical tub]cle or plate4 ,9 ! fossil ,dicynodon1 to be h]eaft] describ$1 ! d5tal sy/em consi/s ( b two tusks or can9e tee?1 l ^? ( ! ,walrus1 implant$ 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,! ,turtles & "s fossil ,lac]tians are ed5tul\s1 i4 e4 de/itute ( tee?2 _! d5tal organs consi/+ ( ! horny tr5*ant %ea?s ) :i* ! jaws are cov]$4 ,! tee? are v num]\s 9 reptiles2 ! individuals ( "s species h m ?an two hundr$4 ,9 "s g5]a1 !y are implant$ on ! jaws alone2 9 _m1 !y occupy ! palat9e1 vom]9e1 & o!r bones compos+ ! vault ( ! m\?1 z 9 c]ta9 fi%es4 ,! tee? are g5]ally an*ylos$ to ! bone2 b 9 "s g5]a !y are implant$ 9 di/9ct sockets1 z 9 ! ,crocodile & ,plesiosaurus2 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! ,i*?yosaurus1 !y are arrang$ 9 a deep furr[1 & reta9$ only by ! integum5ts2 9 "s1 !y are support$ ^u an elevat$ osse\s base4 ,9 ! ,labyr9?odonts1 & 9 ! great] "p ( ! ,s]p5t tribes1 ! too? is implant$ by ! base 9 a %all[ socket1 ) :i* x is conflu5t4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,lac]tians1 or true ,liz>ds1 ! atta*m5t ( ! tee? pres5ts a peculi> modification1 ( :i* ! l[] jaw ( ! ,iguana1 ,lign4 #bje1 p4 #fdi1 af=ds a good illu/ration4 ,! tee? are n plac$ 9 sockets1 b are atta*$ by ! %ank to an alveol> plate1 or p>apet1 t ext5ds along ! m>g9 ( ! jaw1 z %[n 9 figs4 #a & #c2 ! cr[ns ( ! tee? project above ?is plate1 z se5 9 figs4 #b & #d4 ,f ! an*ylosis ( ! tee? to ! side ( ! jaw1 ! ,liz>ds possess+ ?is d5tal /ructure are t]m$ ,pleurodonts4#egi #egi ,! ,pleurodonts are ^? liz>ds 9 :i* ! tee? are an*ylos$ to ! side ( ! d5t>y bone2 ,acrodonts1 ^? ) ! tee? fix$ to ! upp] m>g9 or ridge ( ! jaw-bone2 ,!codonts1 ^? hav+ ! tee? implant$1 ei!r loosely1 or an*ylos$ to ! walls ( _! sockets4 ,lac]tians are also said to be ,pleodont 7hav+ solid tee?71 or ,clodont 7holl[-too!d74 ,9 reptiles1 we h1 !re=e1 five ess5tial modifications 9 ! atta*m5t ( ! tee?2 namely1 9 di/9ct sockets2 9 a cont9u\s groove or furr[2 atta*$ lat]ally by ! %ank to an alveol> p>apet2 an*ylos$ by ! base to a %all[ socket2 & atta*$ to an osse\s support1 )\t sockets or an alveol> plate4#ehj #ehj ,see ! beautiful exemplification ( ?is subject1 & ! comp>ison betwe5 ! transitory /ages ( ! human tee? 9 _! progress ( developm5t1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,goodsir1 ) ! p]man5cy ( ^! conditions 9 reptiles4 ,odontography1 p4 #ahb4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bje4 ,! ,l[] ,jaw ( an ,iguana4 7,f ,b>badoes47 ,fig4 #a4--,! "r bran* ( ! l[] jaw ( an ,iguana2 view$ on its inn] aspect4 ,nat4 size4 a4 ,d5t>y bone4 b4 ,op]cul> bone4 c4 ,complem5t>y or coronoid bone4 d4 ,surangul> bone4 e4 ,angul> bone4 f4 ,articul> bone4 #b4--,! ext]nal aspect ( ! same4 #c4--;,inn] aspect ( ?ree tee? 7magnifi$7 atta*$ to ! alveol> p>apet2 ) ! g]m ( a successional too? at ! base ( ! middle too?2 & ! sockets ( o!r g]ms at ! bases ( ! out] two fully =m$ tee?4 #d4--;,ext]nal view ( ! cr[ns ( ?ree tee?2 slightly magnifi$4 ,! intimate /ructure ( ! tee? consi/s ( a simple pulp-cavity1 surr\nd$ by d5t9e1 :i* is p]meat$ by extremely m9ute calcig]\s tubes1 radiat+ at "r angles to ! p]iph]y1 or ext]nal surface ( ! too?4 ,"o ess5tial modification ( ?is /ructure consi/s 9 ! int]m+l+ ( cyl9drical processes ( ! pulp-cavity1 9 ! =m ( m$ull>y or vascul> canals1 ) ! f9] tubul> /ructure2 z 9 ! too? ( ! ,iguanodon1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 figs4 #d;b & #d;c4 ,b ano!r modification is t to :i* allusion 0 made :5 describ+ ! tee? ( ! ,lepido/eus 7see p4 #faf72 9 ?is mode1 ! d5t9e pres]ves its normal "*1 b ! ext]nal cem5t & surface ( ! too? are deeply inflect$ 9 longitud9al folds ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce2 & ?is /ructure is accompani$ ) correspond+ ext5sions ( ! pulp-cavity & d5t9e into ! int]spaces ( ^! inflect$ & conv]g+ folds4#eha ,?is organization is %[n1 9 its simple/ =m1 9 ! transv]se section ( ! base ( a too? ( ! ,i*?yosaurus1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #i2 & atta9s its mo/ complicat$ condition 9 t ( ! ,labyr9?odon1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 figs4 #c;a1 #c;b1 #c;c4 #eha ,!re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! int]nal /ructure ( ! tee? ( true ,saurians & ( ,sauroid ,fi%es4 ,9 ! =m]1 z well z 9 ! ,enaliosauria1 ! d5t9e consi/s ( tubes radiat+ f a sl5d] c5tral pulp-cavity to ! p]iph]y ( ! too?1 )\t any int]mixture ( vascul> canals4 ,9 ! sauroid fi% 7,d5drodus7 ! c5tral pulp-cavity is produc$ into num]\s irregul> canals1 f :i* vascul> s9uses radiate to ! p]iph]y1 s5d+ (f bran*es g5]ally at "r angles ?r\gh\t _! entire c\rse2 ?us1 !re is an ext5sive di/ribution ( ! vascul> sy/em ?r\gh ! body ( ! too?1 :i* does n exi/ 9 any saurian reptile2 ! ne>e/ analogy is 9 ! labyr9?9e tee? ( ! gigantic fossil batra*ians4 7,ow53 ,odontography2 & ,art4 ,tee?1 ,cyclop4 ,anat47 ,) reg>d to ! mode ( developm5t ( ! tee?1 we mu/ briefly /ate1 t ! g]m ( ! new too? is always produc$ at ! side ( ! base ( ! old "o2 t 9 its progress ( gr[? x presses aga9/ ! too? x is de/9$ to supplant1 occasions ! progressive absorption ( ! fang1 & ultimately displaces its pr$ecessor2 9 "s in/ances1 by splitt+ ! cr[n ( ! too?2 9 o!rs1 by ca/+ x (f1 accord+ to ! oblique or direct position ! new too? atta9s 9 its progress1 9 relation to its pr$ecessor4 ,?us1 9 ! tee? ( ! ,crocodile1 ! new too? is g5]ally f\nd imm$iately "u ! conical apex ( ! cr[n1 & b5ea? ! =m] a second successional too? appe>s1 l a s]ies ( ?imbles ( v>i\s sizes plac$ "o ^u ano!r2 = 9 reptiles ! production ( new tee? is unlimit$4 ,b 9 ! ,pleurodont liz>ds1 ! new too? makes its way obliquely1 & ! cr[n is (t5 %$ entire4 ,lign4 #bje1 fig4 #c1 exemplifies ! situation ( ! successional tee? 9 ! ,iguana4 ,l[] ,jaw ( ,reptiles4--,x is well kn[n t ! l[] jaw 9 mammif]\s animals is compos$ ( a s+le bone on ea* side2 & t 9 _m g5]a ^! pieces become unit$ 9 front1 & =m b "o bone 9 ! adult /ate4 ,b 9 reptiles1 ! l[] jaw consi/s ( six di/9ct bones on ea* side1 z 9 ,lign4 #bje2 & ^! und]go v>i\s modifications ( =m & arrangem5t 9 ! diff]5t g5]a4 ,^! bones are di/+ui%$ by names :i* h ref]5ce to _! (fice & situation1 & are z foll[3--,lign4 #bje1 a1 ! d5t>y bone1 support+ ! tee?2 b1 ! spl5ial or op]cul>2 c1 ! coronoid or complem5t>y2 d1 ! sur-angul>2 e1 ! angul>2 f1 ! articul>1 :i* =ms ! upp] portion ( ! jaw1 & includes ! condyle4 ,! =m & disposition ( ^! bones 9 ! ,iguana1 & o!r true liz>ds1 are %[n 9 ,lign4 #bje2 b !y diff] mat]ially 9 ! ,crocodile1 ,i*?yosaurus1 & o!r g5]a4 ,we mu/ re/rict our comm5ts to ?is %ort notice1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w suffice to enable ! collector :o discov]s a fragm5t ( a l[] jaw1 ) any traces ( ! /ructure above describ$1 to det]m9e t x is reptilian2 & if any portion ( ! d5t>y bone rema9s1 indications may be obta9$ ( ! family1 & p]haps g5us1 to :i* x belong$4#ehb #ehb ,to obta9 a correct k ( ! o/eological /ructure ( fossil ,reptiles1 ! /ud5t %\ld consult ,b>on ,cuvi]'s ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 tom4 v4 ,to ! ,engli% read]1 ! translat$ abridgem5t ( ,cuvi]'s ,fossil ,rema9s ( ! ,animal ,k+dom1 by ,e4 ,pidgeon1 #a vol4 #hvo4 ) plates1 #ahcj1 w be f\nd a v in/ructive volume4 ,see also ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 ,art4 ,saurians4 ,v]tebr ( ,reptiles4--,! bones ( ! v]tebral column ( ?is class ( animals pres5t su* num]\s & important modifications 9 ! diff]5t ord]s & families1 t ref]5ce to ! works already cit$ mu/ be made = satisfactory in=mation on ?is topic4 ,f ! great numb] ( v]tebr 9 _m reptiles1 am\nt+ 9 ! individuals ( "s species to ne>ly two hundr$1 ^! bones are ! mo/ abundant fossil relics ( ^! animals to be f\nd 9 our collections4 ,! v]tebr are commonly deta*$1 & depriv$ ( _! processes2 ! solid c5trum1 or body1 alone rema9+ 9 mo/ examples 7z 9 ,lign4 #bjf1 fig4 #h74 ,connect$ s]ies1 m or less complete1 are occasionally discov]$2 & ! entire column1 9 connexion ) o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton1 is pres]v$ 9 _m specim5s 9 ! ,briti% & o!r museums4#ehc ,al?\gh1 = ! reasons previ\sly /at$1 m9ute o/eological details _c be attempt$ 9 ?is "w1 "s acqua9tance ) ! elem5t>y *>act]s ( ! bones compos+ ! sp9al column1 & ( ! nom5clature employ$ to di/+ui% !m1 is necess>y to guide ! /ud5t1 & ev5 ! amateur collector1 9 _! rese>*es4 ,i h1 !re=e1 select$ a few specim5s f ,tilgate ,=e/ 9 illu/ration ( ! elem5ts ( ,saurian v]tebr1 & ( ! t]ms by :i* ! diff]5t processes are di/+ui%$2 ! g5]al read] w ?us be enabl$ to compreh5d ! descriptions ( ^! /ructures 9 o!r works on ,palontology4 #ehc ,see ,petrifactions1 pp4 #acf-ceb1 & pp4 #cfb-chg4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bjf4 ,fossil ,v]tebr or ,reptiles4 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,! figures are r$uc$ 9 ! proportions specifi$ by ! fractions4 ,fig4 #a4--;,caudal v]tebra ( an unkn[n reptile4 #b4--;,*evron bone ( ,iguanodon3 se5 9 front4 #c4--;,caudal v]tebra ( ,iguanodon1 view$ lat]ally 9 an oblique direction4 #c;a4--,front view ( ! same4 #d4--;,caudal v]tebra ( ,iguanodon1 )\t ei!r transv]se process or *evron-bone4 ,! lett] o m>ks ! deep holl[ left by ! removal ( ! transv]se process1 at ! suture ( ! annul> "p4 #e4--,v]tebra ( ,/reptospondylus3 #a_/af nat4 #f4--,lumb> v]tebra ( ,iguanodon1 ) ! neural sp9e brok5 (f4 #g4--,v]tebra ( ,/reptospondylus3 #a_/af nat4 c4 ,! pair ( po/]ior oblique processes 7zygapophyses74 #h4--,! bodies ( two dorsal v]tebr ( ,iguanodon3 view$ lat]ally4 ,! same lett]s ref] to ! same p>ts 9 ! respective figures1 ) ! exception ( c 9 fig4 #g4 a4 ,! body1 or c5trum1 ( ! v]tebra3 ! lett] d5otes ! ant]ior "p4 b4 ,! annul> "p1 =m$ ( ! two neurapophyses1 :i* conta9s ! sp9al cord4 c1 c4 ,! articul> or oblique processes 7zygapophyses71 :i* jo9 to ! next v]tebra 9 front4 d4 ,! sp9\s process or neural sp9e ( ! annul> "p4 e1 e4 ,! transv]se process ( ! annul> "p4 f4 ,! *evron-bone1 =m$ ( ! two hmapophyses & ! hmal sp9e4 g4 ,! d\ble articulat+ head ( ! *evron3 ! passage left by ^! processes 7hmal ar*71 se5 9 ! front view1 figs4 #b & #c1 is = ! passage ( ! l>ge blood-vessels :i* supply ! tail4 h4 ,! sp9e ( ! *evron-bone2 ! inf]ior sp9\s process1 or hmal sp9e4 i4 ,d5otes ! m$ull>y cavity ( ! annul> "p4 o1 o4 ,m>k ! sutures :i* connect ! annul> "p ) ! body ( ! v]tebra4 w1 w4 ,indicate ! place ( atta*m5t ( ! *evron-bone4 ,! bones compos+ ! sp9e1 are n only design$ to =m a flexible column ( support to ! trunk1 b also to af=d protection to ! gr& n]v\s *ords con/itut+ ! sp9al m>r[1 & :i* ext5d f ! bra9 to ! tail1 & give (f num]\s lat]al bran*es 9 _! c\rse1 conf]r+ s5sation & motive p[] to e "p ( ! frame4 ,to effect ?is purpose1 !re is atta*$ to ! upp] or dorsal "p ( ea* v]tebra a bony r+1 call$ ! neural-ar*1 :i* is compos$ ( two processes 7,lign4 #bjf1 b471 aris+ f ea* side ( ! body or c5trum 7,lign4 #bjf1 a471 & :i* unite above into a solid piece1 t]m$ ! sp9al process1 ox neural sp9e 7,lign4 #bjf1 d474 ,on ea* side ( ! annul> paid !re is a process1 call$ ! transv]se 7,lign4 #bjf1 e1 e471 = ! atta*m5t ( muscles2 & 9 ! middle & ! po/]ior dorsal regions ( "s reptiles1 z1 = example1 9 ! exi/+ ,crocodiles1 ^! processes articulate ) ! ribs4 ,! v]tebr ( ! tail h1 9 addition to ! above1 an inf]ior sp9\s process1 t]m$ ! *evron-bone 7,lign4 #bjf1 fig4 #b1 & fig4 #c1 f471 :i* gives support to ! inf]ior lay]s ( ! caudal muscles2 &1 bifurcat+ at its atta*m5t to ! body ( ! v]tebra1 leaves a *annel = ! passage ( ! l>ge blood-vessels1 by :i* ! circulation ( ! tail is effect$4 ,9 ! g5]ality ( liv+ reptiles 7z1 = example1 9 ! ,crocodile7 ! bodies ( ! v]tebr are concave 9 front1 & convex beh9d2 ! bones ( ! sp9e be+ unit$ by ball-&-socket jo9ts2 b1 9 mo/ fossil reptiles1 bo? faces are ei!r flat1 or m or less concave4 ,9 mammalian quadrup$s1 ! annul> "p is an*ylos$ to ! v]tebral c5tre2 b 9 reptiles1 x is unit$ by suture1 al?\gh1 9 old subjects1 ! connect+ l9e is (t5 oblit]at$4 ,by ref]5ce to ,lign4 #bjf1 & its description1 ! =m1 arrangem5t1 & connexion ( ! diff]5t v]tebral elem5ts1 9 c]ta9 fossil reptiles1 may be easily und]/ood4 ,! bones 9 ! v]tebral column ( ! same animal are consid]ably modifi$ 9 ! sev]al regions ( ! neck 7c]vical v]tebr71 back 7dorsal & lumb>71 & tail 7caudal74 ,! c]vical are g5]ally ( ! mo/ complicat$ /ructure2 & ! caudal1 ! mo/ simple4 ,f ?is exposition1 ! read] w p]ceive t e v]tebra consi/s ( ! foll[+ ess5tial p>ts3 fir/1 ! body1 or c5trum2 & secondly1 ! annul> "p1 or neural ar*1 s nam$1 because x protects ! n]v\s *ord2 :ile a caudal v]tebra has1 9 addition1 ! *evron-bone1 call$ also ! hmal ar*1 f its af=d+ a passage to ! l>ge blood-vessels4 ,! bodies ( ! v]tebr are 9 g5]al solid1 & consi/ ( ! ord9>y osse\s /ructure2 b 9 c]ta9 fossil v]tebr ! c5tre ( ! bone is fill$ ) calc>e\s sp>1 indicat+ an irregul> m$ull>y cavity1 z 9 ! caudal v]tebr ( ! ,ox4#ehd #ehd ,see ,petrifactions1 p4 #aff1 note4 ,! ,sacrum1 :i* may be t]m$ ! key-/one ( ! pelvic ar*1 is =m$ 9 exi/+ reptiles by ! union ( two v]tebr2 b 9 ! ,iguanodon & ! ,hylosaurus ! sacrum is compos$ ( six an*ylos$ v]tebr2 9 ! ,megalosaurus probably ( b five4#ehe #ehe ,report1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #aje1 & p4 #acj4 ,f ! sides ( ! two an*ylos$ v]tebr :i* =m ! sacrum1 /rong1 %ort1 rib-l processes are giv5 (f 9 ^? ,saurians :i* occasionally walk on dry l&1 & ^! con/itute a firm support to ! h9d] extremities4 ,9 ! ,crocodiles1 ! f\r or five v]tebr prec$+ ! sacrum h no ribs atta*$ to !m1 & are t]m$ lumb>2 9 ! ,liz>ds1 !re are b two lumb> v]tebr4 ,a peculi> modification exi/s 9 ! fir/ caudal v]tebra ( ! adult ,gavial & ,crocodile2 ! c5trum is convex bo? 9 front & beh9d1 z 0 fir/ demon/rat$ by me 9 #ahcf4 ,see ,wond4 p4 #dai1 & ,petrif4 p4 #afg4 ,! la/ ( ! an*ylos$ v]tebr =m+ ! sacrum is concave po/]iorly2 h5ce ! necessity ( an ant]ior ball 9 ! fir/ jo9t ( ! tail4 7,see ,lign4 #bag1 p4 #fgf1 illu/rative ( ,crocodilus ,ha/+si47 ,! la/ c]vical v]tebra 9 ! ,turtles & ,tortoises has a simil> con/ruction4 ,?is me*anism conf]s fre$om ( motion )\t risk ( dislocation4 ,ribs4--,! ,ribs1 :i* are reg>d$ z app5dages to ! v]tebr1 7homologues ( ! pleurapophyses17 are g5]ally sl5d] & r\nd 9 ! ,liz>ds1 & articulate ) ! sp9al column by a s+le head1 support$ on a %ort convex process or tub]cle4 ,9 ,crocodiles only ( all exi/+ ,reptiles1 b 9 sev]al ext9ct g5]a1 ! proximal end ( ! rib =ms a d\ble articulation1 by a di/9ct head & a tub]cle1 ) ! v]tebr 9 ! c]vical & ant]ior dorsal region ( ! sp9al column2 9 ! po/]ior dorsal region ! ribs are atta*$ to ! elongat$ transv]se processes ( ! v]tebr4 ,z ?is d\ble articulation ( ! ribs is inv>iably associat$ 9 exi/+ reptiles ) a he>t hav+ d\ble v5tricles1 :ile ! lac]tian s+le-head$ ribs are 9 l mann] connect$ ) a he>t hav+ b "o v5tricle1 ! /ud5t w p]ceive ! important physiological inf]5ces t spr+ f ! discov]y ( a m]e fragm5t ( a rib1 :5 int]pret$ by ! pr(\nd anatomi/4#ehf ,9 "s fossil reptiles ! ribs are flat & v broad2 z1 = example1 9 ! ,hylosaurus4#ehg #ehf ,see ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,report1 #ahda1 & ,memoirs1 ,palont4 ,soc4 #ehg ,9 ,crocodiles ! abdom9al region is /r5g!n$ by sl5d] ribs 7hmapophyses1 ,pr(4 ,ow571 t are affix$ to a ligam5t\s ext5sion ( ! c>tilag9\s /]num1 analog\s to ! l9ea alba 9 man2 & ! ,hylosaurus appe>s to h possess$ a simil> developm5t ( ! co/al elem5ts1 = ,i obs]v$ _m fragm5ts ( long1 sl5d]1 sub-cyl9drical rib-l bones :il/ *isell+ (f ! /one f ?is species1 & portions ( simil> bones occur 9 ! /one ar\nd ! sp9al column f ,bolney4 ,9 ! ,maid/one ,iguanodon !re are likewise "s long sl5d] bones ( ?is "*1 :i* ,i ?9k mu/ be prolongations ( ! ord9>y dorsal ribs4 ,extremities4--,! locomotive extremities are v>i\sly con/ruct$1 accord+ to ! adaptation ( ! animals to a t]re/rial1 fluviatile1 or m>9e exi/5ce4 ,! bones ( ! limbs 9 ! ext9ct colossal t]re/rial species mu* resemble ^? ( our l>ge pa*yd]mata1 ! ,rh9oc]os & ,hippopotamus4 ,! cyl9drical bones ( ! extremities 9 ! ,crocodilians1 & o!r rec5t reptiles1 are solid4 i4 e4 h no cavity fill$ ) m>r[2 su* also is ! case 9 ! fossil ,enaliosaurians2 b ! ?igh-bones & leg-bones ( ! ,iguanodon1 & ( o!r ext9ct l& saurians1 h ave a l>ge m$ull>y canal4 ,our limits w n admit ( fur!r o/eological details2 & we are compell$ to omit ! description ( ! bones compos+ ! ?oracic & pelvic ar*es4 ,d]mal ,bones4 ,ligns4 #bjg & #bjh4 ,9 _m ( ! reptile tribes1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,crocodilian or loricat$ 7mail$7 gr\p1 !re are imm$iately "u ! ext]nal integum5t or sk9 a s]ies ( osse\s scutes1 or scut*eons1 v>i\sly arrang$1 :i* s]ve z supports to ! integum5tal scales & sp9es4 ,9 ! gigantic ,gavial1 t inhabits ! ,ganges & o!r riv]s ( ,india1 & :i* is rem>kably di/+ui%$ f ! common ,crocodile & ,alligator by an extremely elongat$ sl5d] muzzle1 ! nape ( ! neck is protect$ by sixte5 or eighte5 transv]se r[s ( d]mal scutes2 & !re are likewise six r[s :i* ext5d d[n ! back4 ,^! bones are deeply corrugat$ or sculptur$ on _! upp] surface2 a /ructure adapt$ = ! firm adhesion ( ! horny integum5t4 ,deta*$ bones ( ?is "* occur 9 ! ,purbeck /rata2 & ! fir/ fragm5ts ,i collect$ 7 suppos$ by me to belong to ! s(t-sk9n$ turtles 7,trionyces72 b ! subsequ5t discov]y ( p]fect scutes demon/rat$ _! analogy to ! d]mal bones ( ! ,gavial1 & enabl$ me to det]m9e _! true "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bjg4 ,d]mal ,bone ( ! ,swanage ,crocodile3 #a_/c nat4 ,purbeck4 7,goniopholis crassid5s47 ,fig4 #a4--,! ext]nal aspect4 #b4--,! inn] surface4 a4--,! lat]al connect+ process4 ,9 ! spl5did specim5 ( ! fossil rema9s ( a ,crocodilian reptile 7,goniopholis71 f\nd at ,swanage 7,wond4 pp4 #dae2 & ,petrif4 p4 #agj71 !re are num]\s d]mal examples disp]s$ among ! bones1 z %[n 9 ,petrif4 ,lign4 ,"o ( ^! is figur$ ,lign4 #bjg2 fig4 #a repres5ts ! ext]nal surface1 :i* is deeply sculptur$ by irregul> r\ndi% pits or excavations2 ! "u or inn] surface1 fig4 #b1 is smoo?1 b m>k$ ) v f9e /ri1 decussat+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 z 9 ! d]mal bones ( ! ,hylosaurus 7,lign4 #bjh1 fig4 #a;a474 ,^! scutes diff] f ^? ( o!r rec5t & fossil ,crocodilians1 9 a lat]al conical projection1 m>k$ a1 figs4 #a1 #b1 ,lign4 #bjg1 :i* fits into a depression on ! "u surface ( ! opposite angle ( ! adjo9+ plate2 resembl+1 9 ?is respect1 ! scales ( ! ,lepidotus 7see ,lign4 #aif1 p4 #fje74 ,num]\s hexagonal & p5tagonal scutes1 articulat$ toge!r by m>g9al sutures1 also ent]$ into ! composition ( ! osse\s d]mal cuirass ( ?is reptile1 :i* mu/1 !re=e1 h possess$ a flexible1 yet imp5etrable1 coat ( arm\r1 capable ( af=d+ protection aga9/ ! attack ( any assailant4 ,9 ! ,oolite1 ! d]mal bones ( o!r sl5d]-nos$ ,crocodilians 7,teleosaurus7 are occasionally met )2 ! out] surfaces ( :i* are m>k$ ) small circul> di/9ct pits2 ^! scutes are ?ick] & m rectangul> ?an ^? above describ$1 & slightly ov]lapp$ ea* o!r lat]ally2 !y h no connect+ process4 ,9 ano!r species "o half ( ! out] surface is smoo?1 prov+ t x 0 cov]$ to t ext5t by ! adjo9+ scute4#ehh #ehh ,a description ( ! d]mal bones ( ,briti% fossil reptiles is giv5 9 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,report = #ahda1 pp4 #gj1 #gi1 c4 ,d]mal ,bones ( ! ,hylosaurus4--,elliptical & circul> d]mal scutes1 hav+ ! "u surface flat & ! upp] convex ) a conical tub]cle1 7 fir/ notic$ 9 ! specim5 ( ! ,hylosaurus1 figur$ ,wond4 pl4 iv42 & ,i h s9ce discov]$ simil> bones associat$ ) o!r rema9s ( t extraord9>y reptile2 r$uc$ figures ( two specim5s are repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #bjh1 figs4 #a1 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bjh4 ,d]mal ,bones ( ,reptiles4 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,fig4 #a1 & #c4--;,d]mal bones ( ! ,hylosaurus3 #a_/c nat4 #a;a4--,! "u surface ( a fragm5t ( a d]mal bone1 display+ f9e spicula1 decussat+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 & indicat+ a simil> /ructure to t ( ! ,curium1 9 :i* ! bones 7 imb$d$3 nat4 #a;b4---,a portion ( ! same1 highly magnifi$1 & view$ by transmitt$ light4 #b4--;,horn ( ,iguanodon3 #a_/f nat4 #d4--;,a ,dorsal ,sp9e ( ! ,hylosaurus2 ! orig9al is ?irte5 in*es long4 ,! /ructure ( ^! bodies is v rem>kable2 ^u closely inspect+ ! "u side1 & ! surface expos$ by a transv]se fracture1 v m9ute osse\s spicula1 decussat+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 are di/9ctly se52 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #bjh1 fig4 #a;a4 ,9 fig4 #a;b1 a ?9 slice ( ! same1 highly magnifi$1 & view$ by transmitt$ light1 displays m$ull>y canals1 ) v f9e l9es radiat+ f !m4 ,! peculi> "* ( ?is organization consi/s 9 ! disposition ( ! /raight bony spicula2 an appe>ance :i* fir/ attract$ my att5tion :5 develop+ ! orig9al specim5 ( ! ,hylosaurus 7see ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #cbg71 & l$ to ! discov]y ( "s p]fect examples1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 de/roy$4 ,?is /ructure closely resembles t pres5t$ by ! ligam5t\s fibres ( ! corium1 or sk91 & seems to h result$ f an ossifi$ condition ( ! d]mal integum5t4 ,^! bones v>y f half an in* to ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & 7 dispos$ 9 "o or m longitud9al s]ies on ea* side ! sp9e1 dim9i%+ 9 size z !y approa* ! end ( ! tail4 ,d]mal ,sp9es ( ,hylosaurus4 ,lign4 #bjh1 fig4 #d4--,) ! d]mal bones above describ$ !re are associat$ 9 ! fir/ discov]$ specim5 ( ! ,hylosaurus1 flat1 ?91 angul>1 osse\s plates1 f ?ree to sev5te5 in*es 9 l5g?2 "o ( :i* is figur$ ,lign #bjh1 fig4 #d4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y are imb$d$ 9 ! rocks1 9 connexion ) o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton1 is %[n ,wond4 pl4 iv4 & ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 pl4 v4 ,^! v rem>kable processes appe>$ to me to h =m$ "p ( a s]rat$ fr+e1 :i* ext5d$ along ! back ( ! reptile1 analog\s to t obs]vable 9 c]ta9 liv+ liz>ds 7,wond4 p4 #dcf1 ,lign4 #ajh72 & 7 provisionally describ$ z su* 9 my fir/ memoir on ! ,hylosaurus4 ,?is conjecture has be5 sub/antiat$ by subsequ5t discov]ies1 & ! true nature ( ! l>ge1 flat1 angul> sp9es1 & ! conical bones resembl+ ! horn-cones ( rum9ants1 :i* occur 9 ! ,weald51 is n[ e/abli%$4#ehi #ehi ,see ,fossils1 ,brit4 ,mus4 pp4 #bih1 #cbj4 ,horn ( ,iguanodon4--,9 ?is category may be plac$ ! nasal tub]cle or horn ( a saurian1 l t ( ! ,iguana 7,lign4 #bjh1 fig4 #b2 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 pl4 iii471 f\nd ) ! rema9s ( ! ,iguanodon1 & probably belong+ to t colossal reptile 7,wond4 p4 #dca2 & ,petrif4 p4 #bih74 ,x is f\r in*es 9 l5g? & #c4b in* by #b4a in* 9 diamet] at ! base1 :i* is ( an irregul> elliptical =m4 ,sev]al small] specim5s h rec5tly be5 discov]$4 ,examples ( d]mal scutes & sp9es1 pres5t+ modifications ( =m & /ructure di/9ct f ^? above describ$1 h be5 br\ght to me f v>i\s localities ( ! ,weald52 b1 z 9 no in/ance a connexion ) o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton c\ld be trac$1 ! p>ticul> reptiles to :i* !y belong$ _c be asc]ta9$4 ,we proce$ to notice "s ( ! pr9cipal g5]a ( ,fossil ,reptiles1 especially ( ^? ^: rema9s occur 9 ! ,briti% /rata2 ! arrangem5t ( ,pr(essor ,ow5 is adopt$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce to ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,reports1 #ahci & #ahda1 :i* %\ld be consult$ by ! /ud5t :o w\ld acquire a k ( ?is dep>tm5t ( ,palontology4 ,! subject w be consid]$ "u ! foll[+ heads2 namely3-- ,i4 ,enaliosaurians1 or ,m>9e ,reptiles2 ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus4 ,,ii4 ,crocodilians2 ,crocodile1 ,teleosaur1 c4 ,,iii4 ,de9osaurians2 compris+ ! ,iguanodon1 ,megalosaurus1 ,hylosaurus1 ,pelorosaurus1 c4 ,,iv4 ,lac]tians2 includ+ ! ,mosasaurus1 ,rhyncosaurus1 c4 ,v4 ,pt]osaurians2 ! ,pt]odactyles1 or fly+ ,reptiles4 ,,vi4 ,*elonians2 or ,tortoises & ,turtles4 ,,vii4 ,ophidians2 or ,s]p5ts4 ,,viii4 ,batra*ians2 or ! ,frog tribe2 compris+ ! ,labyr9?odonts4 ,i4 ,enaliosaurians4--,! ext9ct m>9e reptiles compris$ 9 ?is ord] con/itute two g5]a1 :i* are *>act]iz$ by ess5tial modifications ( o/eological /ructure2 !y are nam$ ,i*?yosaurus 7fi%-liz>d71 & ,plesiosaurus 7ak9 to a liz>d74 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ^! be+s is s well kn[n1 f ! spl5did collection ( _! fossil rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! num]\s specim5s 9 prov9cial & private collections1 & by v>i\s works1 bo? sci5tific & popul>1 9 :i* _! /ructure & physiological relations are fully elucidat$1 t !y mu/ be famili> to e read]4#eij #eij ,bd4 vols4 i4 & ii4 conta9 an admirable exposition ( _! habits & organization2 & ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,reports1 #ahci1 #ahda1 elaborate o/eological inve/igations ( bo? g5]a4 ,a folio volume on ^! ext9ct ,reptiles1 ) spl5did li?ographs1 by ,?omas ,hawk9s1 ,esq41 _c fail to delight ! read] by its graphic descriptions & beautiful illu/rations4 ,see also ! ma/]ly pap] on ! ,i*?yosaur & ! ,plesiosaur1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,conybe>e1 9 ! ,geological ,transactions1 #a/ s]ies1 vol4 v4 p4 #eei1 et seq4 ,side note3 ,,i*?yosaurus4 ,,plesiosaurus4 ,! liv+ ,i*?yosaurus mu/ h borne a resemblance to a ,grampus or ,porpoise1 ) f\r l>ge flipp]s or paddles & a long tail1 hav+ a v]tical caudal f9 ( mod]ate dim5sions2 ! sk9 probably be+ nak$ & smoo?1 z 9 ! ,cetaceans4 ,! ,plesiosaurus pres5t$ a configuration /ill m extraord9>y 7,wond4 p4 #ege74 ,) a v small head1 x possess$ a neck ( enorm\s l5g?1 a body ( mod]ate size1 ) f\r paddles1 resembl+ ^? ( turtles1 & a v %ort tail4 ,!y 7 bo? m>9e1 air-brea?+1 cold-blood$1 c>nivor\s1 v]tebrate animals2 sw>m+ 9 prodigi\s numb]s dur+ ! second>y epo*s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! seas ( ! ,liassic p]iod 7,ly4 p4 #bgg1 figs4 #caj1 #caa74 ,9 bo? g5]a ! con/ruction ( ! skeleton pres5ts _m important v>iations f all kn[n rec5t types2 & %\ld be c>efully inve/igat$ by ! /ud5t1 :o w f9d 9 ! ,reports ( ,pr(essor ,ow5 above ref]r$ to all ! in=mation t c be desir$4#eia #eia ,! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 ,art4 ,plesiosaurus1 conta9s an able ab/ract ( ^! ,reports2 & 9 ! ,fossils ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! /ud5t w f9d a full acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ! ,i*?yosaur & ,plesiosaur1 & ( ! deposits 9 :i* !y are *iefly f\nd1 z well z detail$ descriptions ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic /ructures ( ! diff]5t species4 ,x w suffice = our pres5t purpose to po9t out a few important & obvi\s *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bji4 ,eye ( ,i*?yosaurus4 #a_/f nat4 ,lias4 ,lyme ,regis4 ,portion ( ! facial "p ( ! skull ( an ,i*?yosaurus1 %[+ ! position ( ! no/ril1 & ( ! orbit ) its circle ( bony plates1 =m+ ! scl]otic coat ( ! eye4 n4 ,! left nasal ap]ture4 ,9 ! ,i*?yosaurus1 ! nasal ap]tures or op5+s ( ! no/rils are n t[>ds ! sn\t1 z 9 ! ,crocodile1 b ne> ! ant]ior angle ( ! orbit 7see ,lign4 #bji71 approa*+1 9 ?is respect1 "s ( ! rec5t liz>ds4 ,! orbit is v l>ge1 & ! scl]otic coat or capsule ( ! eye has 9 front an annul> s]ies ( bony plates 7,bd4 pl4 x4 figs4 #a1 #c71 :i* (t5 occur 9 _! natural position 7,lign4 #bji74 ,?is /ructure is n possess$ by fi%es1 b is analog\s to t obs]vable 9 ! eyes ( turtles1 liz>ds1 & _m birds2 z = example1 9 ! owl & eagle3 x conf]s on ! eye additional p[] ( adaptation & int5sity ( vision4 ,! muzzle ( ! ,i*?yosaurus is long & po9t$2 ! l[] jaw is =m$ ( two bran*es1 unit$ ant]iorly ?r\gh ne>ly half _! l5g?2 ea* bran* is compos$ ( six bones1 z 9 ! ,crocodile & ,liz>ds1 b diff]5tly arrang$ ?an 9 ^? reptiles4 ,! tee? are v num]\s1 am\nt+ to ne>ly two hundr$ 9 "s species1 & are plac$ 9 a s+le r[ along ! jaws1 be+ implant$ 9 a deep cont9u\s groove 7see ,bd4 pl4 xi474 ,^! tee? are ( a po9t$ conical =m1 longitud9ally /riat$1 ) an exp&$ base 7,lign4 #baj74 ,! new tee? are develop$ at ! inn] side ( ! base ( ! old1 & gr[ up & displace !m 7see ,lign4 #baj74 ,! microscopical /ructure ( ! tee? ( ! ,i*?yosaurus is beautifully illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 7,odontography1 p4 #bge1 pl4 lxiv474 ,! too? consi/s ( a pulp-cavity1 surr\nd$ by a body ( d5t9e1 :i* is inve/$ at ! base by a ?ick lay] ( cem5t2 & at ! cr[n by a coat ( enamel1 also cov]$ by a pellicle ( cem5t #c ! pulp-cavity1 9 fully-=m$ tee?1 is m or less occupi$ by co>se bone4 ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ?is /ructure consi/s 9 ! inflection ( ! cem5t into v]tical folds at ! base ( ! too?1 by :i* ! m>g9al portion ( ! basal d5t9e is divid$ into a correspond+ numb] ( processes2 produc+1 9 a transv]se section1 ! appe>ance repres5t$ 9 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #i4 ,?is organization1 z we h previ\sly rem>k$1 is simil> to t obs]vable 9 ! tee? ( ! ,lepido/eus 7see p4 #faf71 & ( ! ext9ct reptile1 call$ ,labyr9?odon1 h]eaft] to be notic$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #baj4 ,tee? ( ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus1 nat4 ,lias4 ,som]set%ire4 ,fig4 #a4--,too? ( ,plesiosaurus4 #a;a4 ,transv]se section ( ! l[] "p4 #b4--,too? ( ,i*?yosaurus4 #b;a4 ,transv]se section ( ! middle ( ! too?4 #c4 ,v]tical section ( "p ( l[] jaw ( ,i*?yosaurus1 ) a too?1 illu/rative ( ! mode ( d5tition4 a1 a1 a4 ,section ( ! l[] jaw1 %[+ ! deep furr[1 b 9 :i* ! tee? are implant$4 c4 ,! canal = ! d5tal vessels4 d4 ,=am5 = ! passage ( vessels to ! out] integum5ts4 e4 ,g]m ( a successional too? :i* has occasion$ ! absorption ( ! inn] portion ( ! base ( ! mature too?1 f4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #baa4 ,v]tebra ( ,i*?yosaurus4 #a_/c nat4 ,fig4 #a4--,neural ar* & sp9e4 #b4--;,body or c5trum4 a4 ,socket = ! reception ( ! correspond+ process ( ! neural ar*4 #c4--,v]tical section ( ! c5trum4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bab4 ,! bones compos+ ! ,pectoral ,ar* ( ,i*?yosaurus4 #a_/h nat4 s1 /]num4 cl1 cl1 clavicles4 sc1 sc1 scapul4 c1 c1 coracoids4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bac4 ,! bones compos+ ! ,pectoral ,ar* ( ,plesiosaurus4 #a_/h nat4 s1 /]num4 sc1 sc1 scapul or omoplates4 c1 c1 coracoids4 g1 g1 ! gl5oid cavities or sockets = ! head ( ! hum]us or arm-bones4 ,! v]tebr2 7,bd4 pl4 xii42 & ,lign4 #baa71 ( :i* !re are upw>ds ( "o hundr$ & =ty 9 ! individuals ( "s species1 are relatively v %ort 9 _! ant]o-po/]ior diamet] 7i4 e4 f front to back72 & deeply cupp$ on ea* articulat+ face1 z 9 fi%es4 ,! annul> "p is n unit$ to ! body ( ! v]tebra1 z 9 mammals1 nor connect$ by suture1 z 9 ,crocodiles1 b t]m9ates on ea* side 9 a compress$ oval base1 :i* fits into correspond+ sockets plac$ on ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! sp9al depression on ! body 7,lign4 #baj1 #b;a72 ?us complet+ ! m$ull>y canal 7see ,bd4 pl4 xii4 fig4 ,d1 ,e474 ,h5ce ! collector may easily recognise ! body ( an ,i*?yosaurian v]tebra1 by ! pits or depressions on ! sides ( ! sp9al int]space4 ,! fir/ & second v]tebra2 are an*ylos$ toge!r1 & h additional subv]tebral1 w$ge-%ap$ bones1 :i* r5d] ?is "p ( ! column a fix$ po9t ( support4#eib 7,bd4 pl4 xii4 figs4 #c1 #f47 ,! =m & arrangem5t ( ! bones t ent] into ! composition ( ! pectoral & pelvic ar*es1 & ( ! paddles1 are exemplifi$ 9 ,bd4 pl4 xii42 & full o/eological details are giv5 9 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahci1 p4 #ajd4 ,! *>act]s ( ! sev]al bones compos+ ! pectoral ar* ( ! ,i*?yosaur w be readily und]/ood f ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! /ructure ( ! pectoral ar* ( ! ,plesiosaur is also %[n 9 an accompany+ ,lignograph1 = ! sake ( comp>ison4 ,! bones ( a =e-paddle ( an ,i*?yosaurus are repres5t$ 7,lign4 #bad1 fig4 #a74 ,9 "s species ea* paddle consi/s ( ne>ly "o hundr$ bones4 ,^! locomotive extremities are v analog\s 9 _! o/eological con/ruction to ^? ( ! ,cetaceans1 b !y are connect$ ) ! trunk by means ( ! gl5oid socket =m$ by ! scapula & coracoid1 :i* are firmly unit$ to ! /]num2 :]eas 9 ! ,cetaceans ! pectoral f9 is only atta*$ to a simple scapula1 :i* is m]ely susp5d$ 9 ! muscles4 ,?is /ructure1 toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( a clavicle 9 ! ,i*?yosaurus 7see ,lign4 #bab71 :i* is want+ 9 ! ,cetaceans11 indicates1 9 ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 t ?is m>9e fi%-liz>d 0 capable ( "s degree ( locomotion on ! l&2 & t x might h resort$ to ! %ore to deposit its eggs1 or1 l ! ,crocodile1 to sleep4 ,f ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( a dislocation or abrupt b5d ( ! v]tebral s]ies ( ! tail1 at ab\t "o-?ird ( its l5g? f ! end1 suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by ! weight ( a l>ge f91 dur+ ! progress ( decomposition1 & f ! t]m9al caudal v]tebr be+ lat]ally compress$1 x is inf]r$ t ! ,i*?yosaurus _h a v]tical f9 at ! extremity ( ! tail1 :i* w\ld ?us be r5d]$ a p[]ful in/rum5t ( progressive motion4#eic ,f ! appe>ance ( ! ,coprolites1 :i* occur abundantly ) ! skeletons ( ^! animals1 x is obvi\s t ! inte/9al canal 9 ! ,i*?yosaurus 0 furni%$ ) spiral valves1 z 9 ! ,%>ks2 & ! comm9ut$ bones & scales 9 ! coprolites prove t fi%es con/itut$ ! pr9cipal food ( ^! m>9e reptiles4 #eib ,?is /ructure 0 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton4 ,see ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]ies1 vol4 v4 p4 #ahg1 pl4 xiv4 #eic ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 v4 p4 #eaa1 pl4 xlii4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bad4 ,paddles ( ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus1 #a_/h nat4 size4 ,lias ,%ale4 ,lyme ,regis4 ,fig4 #a4--,left =e-paddle ( ! ,i*?yosaurus4 #b4--,left =e-paddle ( ! ,plesiosaurus4 ,! ,i*?yosaurus has abdom9al ribs 7p4 #fef1 note71 z 9 ! ,crocodile1 & x is !re=e inf]r$ t1 if ovip>\s1 x did n produce ova 9 su* imm5se numb]s z ! ,batra*ians1 c4 ,a specim5 f\nd by ! late ,mr4 ,*ann+ ,pe>ce r5d]s x probable t ! ,i*?yosaurus may h be5 vivip>\s4 ,a rem>kably p]fect adult ,i*?yosaurus1 exam9$ by ?is g5tleman1 conta9$ ! bones ( a ftus 7a few in*es long7 9 ! cavity ( ! pelvis4 ,?is specim5 is 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,pe>ce1 at ,ba?4 ,rema9s or traces ( ! d]mal integum5t h be5 discov]$ 9 "s examples f ! ,lias ( ,b>r[-on-,so>1 ,lyme ,regis1 ,ilm9/]1 & ! neighb\rhood ( ,tewkesbury4#eid #eid ,see ,mr4 ,coles's int]e/+ pap] on ! ,sk9 ( ! ,i*?yosaurus1 9 ! ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ix4 p4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bae4 ,h9d] ,paddle ( an ,i*?yosaurus 7#a_/c nat473 ) ! impression ( its integum5ts4 ,lias4 ,b>r[-on-,so>4 7,f ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 pl4 xx47 ,integum5ts ( ! ,paddle4--,! importance ( c>efully exam9+ ! surr\nd+ /one be=e remov+ vegetable or animal rema9s f ! matrix 9 :i* !y are imb$d$1 & :i* has s (t5 be5 insi/$ ^u 9 ! prec$+ pages1 is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! highly int]e/+ example ( ! h9d] paddle ( an ,i*?yosaurus 7,i4 communis7 discov]$ by ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton4 ,lign4 #bae is r$uc$ f ! exquisite repres5tation ( ! specim5 accompany+ ! orig9al memoir by ,pr(4 ,ow5 on ?is fossil1 9 ! ,geological ,transactions4 ,! specim5 consi/s ( ! phalangeal bones ( a po/]ior paddle1 ) ! impression ( ! s(t p>ts or integum5ts 9 _! natural position2 a1 m>ks ! t]m9ation or di/al extremity ( ! f91 consi/+ entirely ( ! s(t] integum5ts2 ^! gradually wid5 & exp& to receive ! t]m9al r[s ( ! phalangeal ossicles or bones1 m>k$ b4 ,! upp] bord] ( ?is integum5t>y "p ( ! paddle 7c7 is =m$ by a smoo?1 well-def9$ l9e1 app>5tly a m]e duplicature ( integum5t4 ,b ! l[] m>g9 7d7 exhibits ! impressions ( a s]ies ( rays1 by :i* ! fold ( integum5t 0 support$2 ^! rays bifurcate z !y approa* ! m>g9 ( ! f91 & 7 probably ei!r c>tilag9\s1 or compos$ ( an album9\s horny tissue1 l ! m>g9al rays 9 ! f9s ( ,%>ks4 ,dr4 ,buckl& detect$ rema9s ( ! d]mal integum5t ( an ,i*?yosaurus 9 a specim5 f ! ,lias at ,b>r[-on-,so> 7,bd4 ii4 p4 #bb1 pl4 x472 & 9 a f9e skeleton ) ! f\r paddles 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum71 :i* ,i obta9$ f t locality1 !re 7 decid$ traces ( ! c>boniz$ integum5ts ar\nd ea* paddle1 b :i* 71 un=tunately1 *isell$ away1 9 develop+ ! bones1 be=e ,i 0 aw>e ( _! true nature4 ,9 ,mr4 ,coles's pap]1 already ref]r$ to1 ! /ud5t has an in/ructive in/ance ( ! value ( a c>eful exam9ation ( fa9t or obscure traces ( organic matt] accompany+ ^! saurian rema9s1 & h[ su* an exam9ation %\ld be made4 ,! ,plate illu/rative ( ! ,memoir exhibits ! m9ute1 hook$1 conical bodies1 t =m ! d5se felt-l mass :i* ! black film1 frequ5tly accompany+ ^! fossil bones1 appe>s to consi/ (1 :5 se5 "u ! microscope4 ,to :at ext5t ?is sub/ance ent]$ into ! con/itution ( ! integum5ts1 or ( ! exact relation ( ^! seti=m scales to ! surface or ! int]ior ( ! sk91 our pres5t k does n enable u to judge4 ,sid5ote3 ,,plesiosaurus4 ,plesiosaurus4 7,bd4 pl4 xvi4--xix47--,! animals ( ?is g5us pres5t 9 _! o/eological /ructure a rem>kable deviation f all kn[n rec5t & fossil reptiles2 unit+ ! *>act]s ( ! head ( a liz>d1 ) ! tee? ( a crocodile1 to a neck ( inord9ate l5g?1 ) su* modifications ( ! ribs1 ! pectoral & pelvic ar*es1 & ! paddles1 z to ju/ify ! graphic simile ( ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 t ! ,plesiosaurus might be comp>$ to a s]p5t ?read$ ?r\gh ! %ell ( a turtle4 ,! "* :i* imm$iately /rikes ! obs]v]1 is ! extraord9>y l5g? ( ! neck1 & ! relative smallness ( ! head4 ,! neck1 :i* 9 mo/ animals is =m$ ( b five v]tebr1 & 9 ! extreme/ rec5t example1 ! ,swan1 does n exce$ tw5ty-f\r1 is 9 ! ,plesiosaurus compos$ ( f tw5ty to =ty2 &1 9 "s species1 is f\r times ! l5g? ( ! head1 & equal to ! entire l5g? ( ! body & tail2 :ile ! l5g? ( ! head 79 ,p4 doli*odeirus7 is less ?an "o-?irte5? ( ! entire skeleton4 ,! skull resembles t ( ! crocodile 9 its g5]al =m1 b is relatively small]1 & is m relat$ to ! lac]tian type4 ,! p>ietal bone is m triquetal ?an 9 ! crocodiles2 b ! zygomatic bone is atta*$ to its l[] end4 ,! brea?+ ap]tures are situat$ ant]ior to ! orbits1 on ! highe/ "p ( ! head4 ,! l[] jaw has ! usual /ructure ( ! ,saurians2 b ! d5t>y bone is greatly exp&$ ant]iorly1 & unit$ 9 front 7see ,bd4 pl4 xix474 ,! tee? are implant$ 9 sep>ate sockets1 z 9 ! crocodile1 & !re are f ?irty to =ty on ea* side ! jaws4 ,!y are conical1 sl5d]1 long1 po9t$1 slightly recurv$1 & longitud9ally groov$ f ! base upw>ds2 hav+ a long r\nd fang4 ,! pulp-cavity is long & s+le1 surr\nd$ by a body ( firm d5t9e1 cov]$ on ! cr[n ) a lay] ( enamel1 & at ! base ) cem5t 7,odont4 pl4 lxxiv474 ,! d5tition 9 ! ,plesiosauri diff]s f t ( ! ,crocodiles1 9 ! successional tee? em]g+ ?r\gh di/9ct ap]tures on ! inn] side ( ! sockets ( _! pr$ecessors1 & n ?r\gh ! pulp-cavity4 ,! v]tebr are relatively long] ?an 9 ! ,i*?yosaurus1 & _! articul> faces are ei!r flat1 or slightly excavat$ t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 ) a g5tle convexity 9 ! c5tre 7,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 ix4 fig4 #d74eie #eie ,= details1 see ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahci1 p4 #ej4 ,! caudal v]tebr h two di/9ct hmapophyses1 n unit$ into a *evron-bone4 ,! c]vical ribs1 or hat*et-bones1 are atta*$ by two articul> facets to ! bodies ( ! v]tebr1 b ) a v n>r[ space betwe52 sc>cely l>ge en\gh ev5 = ! passage ( ! sympa!tic n]ve2 & app>5tly n suffici5t = ! v]tebral art]y4 ,! pectoral ar* is rem>kable = ! pair ( elongat$ & broad coracoid bones 7,bd4 pl4 xvii4 & ,lign4 #bac72 inde$ ! coracoids atta9 _! maximum ( developm5t 9 ! ,plesiosaurus4 ,! ribs1 :i* are v num]\s1 & ext5d ?r\gh\t a great portion ( ! v]tebral column1 are connect$1 ant]iorly1 9 ! abdom9al region1 by sev]al sl5d] bones1 call$ co/al-arcs1 consi/+ ( six or sev5 pieces to ea* pair ( ribs2 ! ,i*?yosaurus has a simil> /ructure1 b ! arcs are compos$ ( b five pieces4 ,z ^! connect+ bones are s con/ruct$ z to admit ( a c]ta9 degree ( glid+ motion ^u ea* o!r1 x is inf]r$ t1 by ?is me*anism1 consid]able expansion ( ! pulmon>y cavities 9 ^! air-brea?+ m>9e reptiles 0 obta9$ 7,bd4 pl4 xviii4 fig4 #c74 ,! paddles are compos$ ( few] & m sl5d] bones ?an 9 ! ,i*?yosaurus1 & mu/ h be5 ( a m elegant =m1 & possess$ great] flexibility 7,lign4 #bad1 fig4 #b74 ,! wri/ 7c>pus7 consi/s ( a d\ble r[ ( r\nd ossicles1 :i* are succe$$ by five elongat$ metac>pal1 & ^! by num]\s1 sl5d] & slightly-curv$ phalangeal bones4 ,sixte5 species ( ,plesiosaurus & t5 ( ,i*?yosaurus h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,briti% /rata1 & ne>ly =ty are n[ kn[n2 _! geological range is f ! ,lias to ! ,*alk1 inclusive4#eif ,_! rema9s are f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 ! ,lias & ,oolite4 ,i h collect$ _m ,plesiosaurian v]tebr 9 ! ,weald51 & 9 ! ,gre5 ,s& ( ,f>r+don4 ,no traces ( ,i*?yosauri h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,weald52 b v]tebr1 & jaws ) tee?1 occur 9 ! l[] ,*alk & ,galt ( ,k5t & ,cambridge%ire4#eig ,on ! ,cont95t ! rema9s ( ,enaliosaurians h also be5 discov]$ 9 ! same =mations4 #eif ,see ,petrifactions1 = an acc\nt ( ! specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #eig ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,trans4 #ahde1 ,sect4 p4 #fj4 ,! ,enaliosaurian bones & tee? f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s deposits ( ,engl& h be5 fully describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,pr(4 ,ow51 9 ,dixon's ,fossils ( ,sussex1 c41 & 9 8 ,monograph on ! ,fossil ,reptiles ( ! ,cretace\s ,=mation1 ,palontographical ,society1 #ahea4 ,pliosaurus4---,?is "n designates a gigantic ext9ct reptile1 ( :i* ! upp] & l[] jaws1 ) tee?1 consid]able portions ( ! v]tebral column1 & _m bones ( ! extremities h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,kimm]idge clay ( ,ox=d%ire1 & are pres]v$ 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s museum4 ,! tee? resemble ^? ( ! ,plesiosaurus 9 _! g5]al aspect1 be+ ( a conical =m1 longitud9ally groov$1 & hav+ a long fang2 b !y are readily di/+ui%$ by ! subtrih$ral =m ( ! cr[n1 produc$ by ! smoo?1 flat1 or slightly convex ext]nal surface2 !y approa* 9 ?is respect ! too? ( ! ,mosasaurus2 f ! latt]1 h[ev]1 ev5 fragm5ts may be kn[n by ! pres5ce ( longitud9al ridges4 ,! animal itself 0 an enorm\s m>9e reptile1 alli$ to ! ,plesiosaurians1 b m ne>ly relat$ to ! ,crocodilians4#eih #eih ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahda1 p4 #fj4 ,odont4 pl4 lxviii4 ,,ii4 ,crocodilians4--,! loricat$1 or mail$1 ,saurian reptiles1 viz4 ! ,alligators1 ,crocodiles1 & ,gavials1 are well kn[n z ! l>ge/ liv+ =ms ( cold-blood$ ovip>\s quadrup$s4#eii ,no relics ( any rec5t species h be5 obs]v$ 9 a fossil /ate2 except t ( ! ,gangetic ,gavial1 :i* has be5 f\nd fossil 9 ! ,sub-,himalayas by ,capt4 ,cantley & ,dr4 ,falcon]2 b rema9s ( ,crocodilians ( ! exi/+ g5]ic type1 hav+ ! sp9al column compos$ ( concavo-convex v]tebra2 7i4 e4 unit$ to ea* o!r by a ball & socket-jo9t71 ! convexity be+ beh9d1 or t[>ds ! tail1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,london ,clay at ,hackney & ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 & 9 ! eoc5e deposits on ! coa/ ( ,we/]n ,sussex & ,hants4#fjj ,b ! ,crocodiles ( ! ,weald51 ,purbeck1 ,oolite1 & ,lias diff] mat]ially 9 _! o/eological *>act]s f ! rec5t species1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! /ructure ( ! v]tebral column2 :i* 9 "o g5us is compos$ ( concavo-convex v]tebra2 plac$ 9 a rev]s$ position to ^? ( ! exi/+ species1 ! ball or convexity be+ ant]ior1 or direct$ =w>ds4 ,9 ! o!r g5]a1 bo? ! articul> faces ( ! v]tebr are ei!r flat1 or concave4#fja 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bif47 #eii ,a detail$ & philosophical exam9ation ( ! o/eology ( ! rec5t ,crocodilia has lately be5 giv5 to ! sci5tific _w by ,pr(4 ,ow51 9 8 ,monograph on ! ,reptilia ( ! ,london ,clay1 publi%$ by ! ,palontographical ,society ( ,london1 #ahej4 ,a cond5s$ notice1 by ,pr(4 ,ow51 ( ! d5tal app>atus ( ! ,crocodilians1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,cyclop4 ,anat4 ,art4 ,tee?4 #fjj ,see ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahdd1 ,sect4 p4 #ej2 & #ahdg1 ,sect1 p4 #fe4 #fja ,cuvi]1 ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 p4 #aec2 on ! fossil ,crocodiles ( ,honfleur1 :i* comprise bo? ! types allud$ to 9 ! text4 ,v]tebr ( two species ( ,crocodilians or ,alligators h be5 f\nd 9 ! cretace\s ,gre5 ,s& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ^! are ( ! true proclian#fjb type1 z 9 ! exi/+ species2 b !y pres5t peculi> *>act]s 9 ! modification ( ! apophyses4#fjc #fjb ,proclian1 concave be=e3 amphiclian1 concave at bo? ends platyclian1 flat 9 front & concave beh9d4 #fjc ,see ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 v4 p4 #chj1 pl4 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #baf4 ,skull & ,jaws ( ,teleosaurus4 #a_/h nat4 ,lias4 ,:itby4 ,fig4 #a4--,upp] view ( ! cranium ( ,teleosaurus4 c1 occipital condyle4 t1 t1 temporal foss4 o1 o1 orbits4 n1 nasal ap]tures4 #b4--,muzzle or ant]ior extremity ( ! jaws ( ,/5eosaurus4 #c4--,! same ( ,teleosaurus4 #d4--,lat]al view ( ! cranium & l[] jaw ( ,teleosaurus4 ,) ?is exception1 ! ,crocodilians ) broad muzzles1 z ! ,cayman & ,alligator1 h no repres5tatives bel[ ! ,t]ti>y =mations2 ! ,crocodilia ( ! ,second>y deposits be+ all ref]able to ! division hav+ elongat$ beaks1 l ! rec5t ,gavials 7,bd4 p4 #bej74 ,! fossil ,crocodiles ( ! latt] type are arrang$ 9 two g5]a2 namely1 ,teleosaurus#fjd 7,lign4 #baf1 fig4 #c71 9 :i* ! nasal ap]tures t]m9ate 9 two orifices1 7n bl5d$ into a s+le op5+ z 9 ! rec5t species17 9 front ( ! nose2 & ,/5eosaurus 7,lign4 #baf1 fig4 #b71 9 :i* ! brea?+ canals end 9 two ne>ly semicircul> v]tical op5+s at ! extremity ( ! muzzle4 7,see also ,bd4 pl4 xxv47 #fjd ,! skeleton ( a rec5t ,gavial1 & t ( a ,teleosaur1 are repres5t$ on "o plate1 = comp>ison1 9 ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,monograph1 loc4 cit4 ,! ,briti% fossil species1 mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! rec5t1 occur 9 ! ,l[] & ,middle ,eoc5e ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,two f9e specim5s ( ! skull ( ,crocodilus toliapicus1 ,cuvi] & ,ow5 7,c4 ,sp5c]i ( ,dr4 ,buckl&71 h be5 f\nd at ,%eppey1 z well z a skull ( ,c4 *ampsodes 7,ow571 & num]\s v]tebr ref]able to ea* species4 ,! eoc5e deposits ( ,hordwell ,cliff h yield$ ! ,crocodilus ,ha/+si1#fje & ! ,alligator ,hantoni5sis 7,petrif4 p4 #dfg2 & ,*>leswor?'s ,geol4 ,j\rn4 pl4 i472 & ! rema9s ( a ,gavial 7,gavialis ,dixoni1 ,ow51 9 ,dixon's ,foss4 ,suss47 h be5 f\nd at ,brackle%am4#fjf #fje ,?is fossil ,crocodile supplies a good illu/ration ( ! biconvex body ( ! fir/ caudal v]tebra already describ$ z peculi> to ^! loricat$ reptiles1 see page #fef2 & ,i h subjo9$ ,lign4 #bag 9 illu/ration ( ?is /ructure4 #fjf ,mo/ ( ^! valuable fossils are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y are all describ$ 9 detail & mo/ elaborately illu/rat$ 9 ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,monograph1 already ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bag4 ,fir/ ,caudal ,v]tebra ( ,crocodilus ,ha/+si4 #a_/c nat4 ,eoc5e4 ,hordwell ,cliff4 s1 sp9\s process1 or neural sp9e4 z1 ant]ior zygapophysis or oblique process4 z#a1 po/]ior zygapophysis4 d1 left diapophysis1 or transv]se process4 a1 p1 body or c5trum1 convex at bo? ends4 ,9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 associat$ ) innum]able rema9s ( reptiles ( v>i\s k9ds1 tee? ( ! ,crocodilian type1 belong+ to two g5]a1 are n uncommon4#fjg ,! fir/ k9d 7,su*osaurus#fjh cultrid5s ( ,pr(4 ,ow57 is a too? ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a sl5d] acum9at$ =m1 compress$ lat]ally1 & g5tly recurv$1 ) a %>p edge 9 front & beh9d2 resembl+1 9 its g5]al figure1 ! too? ( a ,megalosaurus1 ) ! s]rations on ! edges worn (f 7,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #g74 ,! sides ( ! cr[n are m>k$ ) a few longitud9al grooves4 ,"s biconcave v]tebr f\nd 9 ! same qu>ries1 & *>act]iz$ by ! compress$ w$ge-%ap$ =m ( ! c5tre 7,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 ix4 fig4 #aa71 are suppos$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 to belong to ! same reptile z ! tee? above describ$2 b x is haz>d\s to pron\nce on ! id5tity ( ^! deta*$ tee? & bones1 )\t m corroborative pro( ?an has hi!rto be5 obta9$4 #fjg ,foss4 ,s\? ,d[ns1 p4 #ej4 ,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=4 p4 #fd2 pl4 v4 figs4 #a-c1 #g4 ,cuv4 ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 p4 #afa1 pl4 x4 ,see also ,ow5's lat] exam9ation ( ^! rema9s1 ,report ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahaa1 p4 #fg2 & ,cyclop4 ,anat4 ,art4 ,tee?4 #fjh ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahda1 p4 #fh4 ,su*o-saurus is d]iv$ f ,su*us1 or ,su*is1 ! "n giv5 by ,/rabo to ! sacr$ crocodile ( ! ,egyptians4 ,swanage ,crocodile4 7,goniopholis crassid5s47 ,petrif4 p4 #agj1 ,lign4 #ch4--,"u ?is "n1 ! second species ( ,crocodilian tee? w be consid]$2 ! discov]y ( a consid]able portion ( a skeleton ( a reptile ) tee? ( ?is =m 7,wond4 p4 #daf71 9 a qu>ry ne> ,swanage1 hav+ disclos$ "s ( ! mo/ important o/eological *>act]s ( ! orig9al4 ,^! tee? are di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by _! cyl9drical base1 & r\nd$1 obtuse1 conical cr[ns 7,petrif4 p4 #aga73 !y some:at resemble 9 =m ^? ( ! ,crocodile1 b ! cr[n is /rongly m>k$ ) num]\s1 well-def9$1 longitud9al grooves & ridges2 & !re is a %>p ridge on ! middle ( ea* side4 ,a small specim51 brok5 (f at ! base1 is repres5t$ ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #e2 x %[s ! smoo? cyl9drical base ( ! too?1 :i* is cov]$ ) cem5t1 & ! f9ely /riat$ enamell$ cr[n2 "s ( ! tee? are m ?an two in*es 9 l5g?1 & "o in* 9 diamet] at ! base 7,foss4 ,til ,=4 pl4 v4 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,i h f\nd ^! tee? 9 num]\s localities2 !y are always well pres]v$1 ) ! ridges %>p1 & h a high poli% 7,geol4 ,i4 ,wight1 p4 #ceg1 ,lign4 #cj72 a s]ies ( successional tee? may (t5 be detect$ 9 ! pulp-cavity 7see ,wond4 p4 #dad74 ,! deta*$ tee?1 & fragm5ts ( d]mal bones 7,lign4 #bjg71 :i*1 f _! con/ant occurr5ce ) ?is species1 ,i _h be5 l$ to consid] z belong+ to ! same reptile1 7 ! only relics t _h come "u my obs]vation1 until ! discov]y ( ! ,swanage specim5 above m5tion$4#fji ,on ! two correspond+ slabs conta9+ ?is f9e fossil are imb$d$ _m deta*$ tee?2 a portion ( ! left side ( ! l[] jaw1 ) two tee? 9 place2 ribs & num]\s v]tebr1 :i* are biconcave1 & h an irregul> m$ull>y cavity 9 ! c5tre ( ! body2 *evron bones resembl+ ^? ( ! ,crocodile2 ! bones ( ! pelvic ar*1 & "s ( ^? ( ! extremities4 ,) ^! are ! rema9s ( ! osse\s d]mal cuirass1 consi/+ ( num]\s scutes 7figur$ & describ$ p4 #feg1 ,lign4 #bjg71 scatt]$ at r&om among ! o!r relics ( ! skeleton2 "s hav+ ! inn]1 & o!rs ! ext]nal surface expos$2 sev]al ( ^! bones are p]fect1 & exce$ six in*es 9 l5g?1 & two & a half 9 bread?4 ,num]\s scales ( a small ,ganoid fi% 7,lepidotus m9or71 common 9 ! ,purbeck /rata1 are also int]m+l$ ) ^! rema9s4 ,?is reptile is nam$ ,goniopholis crassid5s1 by ,pr(essor ,ow54#faj #fji ,n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum3 see ,petrif4 p4 #agj4 ,a li?ograph ( "o ( ! slabs 0 giv5 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,wond]s ( ,geology1 #ahci4 #faj ,gonio-pholis3--angle-scute4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahda1 p4 #gb4 ,bo? ! slabs ( ! ,swanage specim5 are admirably arrang$ 9 ! same case 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) bones & scutes ( ?is reptile f ,tilgate ,=e/2 !re c be no d\bt t ! entire l[] jaw ( ! ,swanage reptile might h be5 obta9$ if ! qu>ry-m5 _h tak5 ! precaution ( exam9+ ! adjo9+ block ( /one4 ,pcilopleuron4--,! rema9s ( an alli$ g5us ( ,crocodile1 ! ,pcilopleuron ,buckl&i 7( ,deslong*amps71 occur 9 ! ,oolite1 ne> ,ca51 ,norm&y4 ,?is reptile1 l ! ,goniopholis1 _h biconcave v]tebr1 ) a l>ge m$ull>y cavity 9 ! middle ( ! c5trum4 ,! body ( ! v]tebr is contract$ 9 ! middle1 ! neural ar* an*ylos$1 ) no trace ( suture1 & ) a ?9 sp9\s process1 :i* is rem>kable = its backw>d incl9ation4 ,v]tebr ( ?is "* also occur 9 ! ,weald5 /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/ & ! ,isle ( ,wight4#faa #faa ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahda1 p4 #hd4 ,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 ix4 fig4 #h1 repres5ts a caudal v]tebra4 ,teleosaurus4 7,bd4 pl4 xxv47--,9 ! ,oolite ( ,engl& & ! ,cont95t1 ! rema9s ( a g5us ( ext9ct reptiles1 hav+1 l ! rec5t ,gavial1 long sl5d] muzzles1 h be5 discov]$ 9 sev]al localities4 ,^! fossils consi/ ( ! osse\s scutes ( an imbricat$ d]mal cuirass2 ( ! cranium & jaws ) tee?2 ( ! v]tebral column2 & _m o!r bones4 ,! *>act]s ( ! d]mal scutes1 & ( ! muzzle ) its t]m9al nasal ap]tures1 h already be5 describ$ 7p4 #fei1 & p4 #fgf74 ,!re are sev]al species ( ,teleosaurus2 a spl5did specim5 ( ,t4 ,*apmanni1 fifte5 feet long1 f ! ,lias-%ale on ! ,york%ire coa/1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,:itby ,museum2 & !re are int]e/+ examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#fab ,teleosaurian rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,oolite at ,/onesfield1 & at ,d$d+ton1 ,ox=d%ire2 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,moore1 ( ,ilm9/]1 ^: museum is ri* ) p]fect ,i*?yosaurs & ,fi%es f ! ,upp] ,lias ( ! neighb\rhood1 has be5 highly successful 9 develop+ "s *>m+ specim5s ( small ,teleosaurs f out ( ! same deposit4 ,9 ! ,oolite ( ,ca51 9 ,norm&y1 v f9e specim5s ( ,t4 ,cadom5sis h be5 discov]$2 & f ^! ! illu/ri\s ,cuvi] fir/ det]m9$ ! "* & aff9ities ( ! orig9al4#fac ,! ,briti% ,oolite conta9s also ! relics ( a reptile ) biconcave v]tebr1 belong+ to ! g5us ,/5eosaurus3 ! cranium ) ! jaws & tee? h be5 f\nd 9 ,kimm]idge clay1 at ,%otov] 7,bd4 pl4 xxv474#fad #fab ,petrifactions1 p4 #agh4 #fac ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 p4 #abg4 #fad ,report ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #hb4 ,f ! ,jura lime/one at ,monheim1 9 ,franconia1 ! rema9s ( a small ,crocodilian reptile 7,teleosaurus priscus71 ) a long sl5d] muzzle1 h be5 obta9$4 ,9 a specim5#fae f ! =m] locality1 ! skull1 jaws ) tee?1 ! entire v]tebral column1 & _m p>ts ( ! skeleton are pres]v$3 ! entire l5g? is b ?ree feet4 #fae ,n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum3 see ,petrif4 p4 #agh1 :]e a detail$ description ( ?is unique fossil is giv54 ,see also ,ossem4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 pl4 vi4 ,/reptospondylus1 ,lign4 #bjf1 figs4 #e1 #g4--;,b>on ,cuvi] 9 8 celebrat$ "w1 ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 has giv5 an elaborate description ( ! rema9s ( two k9ds ( sl5d]-nos$ ,crocodilians1 f ! ,kimm]idge clay ( ,honfleur1 & ! ,ox=d clay ( ,havre4 ,! specim5s consi/ ( ! jaws ) tee?1 v]tebr1 & "s bones ( ! extremities4#faf ,9 "o species1 ! v]tebr are biconcave2 9 ! o!r1 !y are convexo-concave1 & pres5t a rem>kable deviation f ! rec5t ,crocodilian type1 namely1 t !y are plac$ 9 a rev]s$ position1--! convex face ( ! v]tebra be+ direct$ ant]iorly1 or t[>ds ! cranium1 & ! concavity po/]iorly2 ! "n ( ! g5us1 ,/reptospondylus 7rev]s$-sp9e71 d5otes ?is peculi>ity ( /ructure4 ,! bodies ( ?ree or f\r l>ge convexo-concave c]vical v]tebr1 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,tilgate /rata _m ye>s s9ce1 & are describ$ 9 my v>i\s works 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #cjj72 b no suspicion 0 !n ent]ta9$ ( _! belong+ to ?is g5us1 al?\gh ,i _h repeat$ly comp>$ !m ) ! figures ( ! ,honfleur crocodile1#fag ! imp]fect /ate ( ! processes obscur+ _! true *>act]s4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 fir/ detect$ ! true "* ( ^! ,weald5 v]tebr1 9 a l>ge c]vical1 six in*es long 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum71 9 :i* two oblique processes are pres]v$ on ! concave end ( ! bone1 _! flat1 oblong1 articul> faces1 are direct$ d[nw>ds & outw>ds1--a "* :i* at once proves !m to be ! po/]ior pair1 = ! ant]ior oblique processes w\ld be direct$ upw>ds & inw>ds4#fah ,v]tebr ( ! same species occur 9 ! ,weald5 ( ! ,isle ( ,wight2 & ( ano!r species 9 ! ,oolite at ,*ipp+ ,norton1 & 9 ! ,lias ( ,:itby4 #faf ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 p4 #adc1 pl4 viii4 ix4 #fag ,r$uc$ figures ( two ( ^! v]tebr are giv5 9 ,lign4 #bjf1 figs4 #e & #g1 p4 #fec4 #fah ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahda1 p4 #ib4 ,! position ( ! articulat+ surfaces ( ! oblique processes 7zygapophyses7 9 m p]fect specim5s1 subsequ5tly discov]$ 9 v>i\s localities ( ! ,weald51 e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce n only ( a saurian alli$ to ! ,/reptospondylus1 b also ( o!r reptiles ^: sp9al column 0 :olly or 9 "p made up ( v]tebr :i* 7 convex 9 front & concave beh9d1 z 9 ! c]vicals & ant]ior dorsals ( c]ta9 mammalia4 ,"s ( ^! fossil v]tebr ,dr4 ,melville has ref]r$1 ) great probability1 to ! c]vical region ( ! ,iguanodon 7see ,petrif4 p4 #bei72 o!rs _c at pres5t be satisfactorily assign$ to any kn[n g5us ( reptiles4 ,a concavo-convex caudal v]tebra1 ) ! relations ( :i* ,i am unacqua9t$1 0 f\nd 9 ! same qu>ry 9 ,tilgate ,=e/2 a r$uc$ outl9e ( ?is unique fossil is giv5 9 ,lign4 #bjf1 fig4 #a4 ,! c5trum is ( a sub-cyl9drical =m1 & ! articul> face 9 front is concave1 & t beh9d1 convex2 ) a *evron-bone t is an*ylos$ to ! body ( ! v]tebra1 z 9 "s ( ! caudals ( ! ,mosasaurus1 & t]m9ates 9 an inf]ior sp9e 7f472 ! pair ( ant]ior oblique processes rema9s2 ! neural sp9\s process is de/roy$4 ,cetiosaurus4--,f a consid]able numb] ( v]teb & bones ( ! extremities ( "s gigantic aquatic reptiles1 discov]$ 9 ! ,oolite 9 v>i\s places 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & ,york%ire1 ! pres5t g5us 0 e/abli%$2 ! "n be+ int5d$ to indicate a di/ant g5]al resemblance ( ^! ext9ct ,saurians to ! ,cetaceans4#fai ,! v]tebra2 diff] f ^? ( ! ,iguanodon 9 hav+ _! articul> faces ( a sub-circul> =m1 & ! body relatively %ort2 ! ant]ior face is ne>ly flat1 & ! po/]ior concave1 9 ! dorsal v]tebra22 b 9 ! caudal bo? faces are concave1 & h a well-def9$ elevat$ m>g91 :i* gives ! body a deeply excavat$ "*1 easily recognizable4 ,v]tebr ( ?is k9d 7 among my e>lie/ discov]ies 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/4 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bhb47 ,"s specim5s are eight in*es 9 ! transv]se diamet] ( ! articul> face1 & b f\r & a half in*es 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior l5g? ( ! body4#fbj ,! orig9al animals are suppos$ to h be5 ( aquatic1 & probably ( m>9e habits1 on ! evid5ce ( ! sub-biconcave /ructure ( ! v]tebr & ( ! co>se cancell\s tissue ( ! long bones1 :i* are de/itute ( a m$ull>y cavity4 ,!y mu/ h rivall$ ! mod]n :ales 9 bulk1 = "s specim5s indicate a l5g? ( =ty or fifty feet2 !y are suppos$ to h _h web-feet1 & a broad v]tical tail4#fba #fai ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #deg4 #fbj ,! o/eological *>act]s ( ^! rema9s1 & ! physiological relations ( ! orig9al animals1 are describ$ 9 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahda1 pp4 #id-ajb4 #fba ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahda1 p4 #ajb4 ,polypty*odon4#fbb--,! rema9s ( ano!r gigantic m>9e ,saurian h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,gre5 ,s& at ,hy!1 9 ,k5t2 !y consi/ *iefly ( ! bones ( ! pelvis & h9d] extremities4#fbc ,! femur mu/ h be5 ne>ly f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,! long bones h a cancellat$ /ructure1 )\t a m$ull>y cavity #c ! out] surface is f9ely /riat$4 ,probably 9 a rec5t /ate ! cells 7 fill$ ) oil1 z 9 ! ,cetacea4 ,nei!r ! v]tebr nor ! tee? ( ?is reptile are kn[n2 b1 provisionally1 ^! rema9s h be5 ref]r$ to ! same animal z t to :i* ! l>ge1 conical1 longitud9ally ridg$ tee? belong$1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,k5ti% ,rag1 at ,maid/one1 & 9 ! ,*alk ( ,sussex1 & h be5 nam$ ,polypty*odon cont9uus4#fbd ,tee? ( ,p4 int]ruptus are n unfrequ5t 9 ! ,cretace\s s]ies2 & a portion ( ! l[] jaw ( ?is species1 f ! ,*alk ( ,k5t1 is 9 ,mr4 ,t\lm9 ,smi?'s collection4#fbe #fbb ,poly-pty*-odon2 _m-wr9kle-too?4 #fbc ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ddi4 ,! bones f ,hy! 7 pres5t$ by _! discov]]1 ,h4 ,b4 ,makeson1 ,esq41 to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,petrifactions1 p4 #bjj4 #fbd ,ow5's ,monograph1 ,cretac4 ,reptilia1 ,pal4 ,soc4 p4 #dg4 #fbe ,ibid4 p4 #ee4 ,see also ,dixon's ,foss4 ,suss4 p4 #cgh4 ,tee? ( ! ,polypty*odon are figur$ 9 ,odontography1 pl4 lxxii4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,fossil ,,reptiles2 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,de9osaurians1 ,,pt]odactyles1 ,,turtles1 ,,s]p5ts1 ,,& ,,batra*ians4 ,,iii4 ,de9osaurians4--,! ,ord] ,de9osauria 7fe>fully-great liz>ds7 has be5 e/abli%$ = ! reception ( ^? ext9ct colossal reptiles1 compris+ ! ,megalosaurus1 ,hylosaurus1 ,iguanodon1 & ,pelorosaurus1 :i*1 9 _! organization1 pres5t ! transition f ! ,crocodilians to ! ,lac]tians1 & ^: ess5tial o/eological *>act]s ,pr(essor ,ow5 has describ$ z foll[3-- ,?is gr\p1 :i* includes at lea/ ?ree well-e/abli%$ g5]a ( ,saurians1 is *>act]iz$ by a l>ge sacrum1 compos$ ( five an*ylos$ v]tebr ( unusual con/ruction2 by ! height1 bread?1 & outw>d sculpture ( ! neural ar* ( ! dorsal v]tebr2 by ! two-fold articulation ( ! ribs to ! v]tebra31 viz4 at ! ant]ior "p ( ! sp9e by a head & tub]cle1 & along ! re/ ( ! trunk by a tub]cle atta*$ to ! transv]se process only2 by broad1 & sometimes complicat$1 coracoids1 & long & sl5d] clavicles2 :]eby ,crocodilian *>act]s ( ! v]tebral column are comb9$ ) a ,lac]tian type ( ! pectoral ar*4 ,! d5tal organs also exhibit ! same transitional or annect5t *>act]s1 9 a great] or less] degree4 ,! bones ( ! extremities are ( l>ge proportional size = ,saurians2 !y are provid$ ) l>ge m$ull>y cavities1 & ) well develop$ & unusual processes1 & are t]m9at$ by metac>pal1 metat>sal1 & phalangeal bones1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! ungual phalanges1 m or less resemble ^? ( ! heavy pa*yd]mal ,mammals1 & atte/1 ) ! holl[ long-bones1 ! t]re/rial habits ( ! species4 ,! comb9ations ( su* *>act]s1 "s1 z ! sacral ones1 altoge!r peculi> among ,reptiles1 o!rs borr[$1 z x 71 f gr\ps n[ di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & all manife/$ by creatures f> surpass+ 9 size ! l>ge/ ( exi/+ reptiles1 w1 x is presum$1 be deem$ suffici5t gr\nd = e/abli%+ a di/9ct tribe or sub-ord] ( ,saurian ,reptiles1 = :i* ,i w\ld propose ! "n ( ,d9osauria4 ,( ?is tribe ! pr9cipal & be/ e/abli%$ g5]a are ! ,megalosaurus1 ! ,hylosaurus1 & ! ,iguanodon2 ! gigantic ,crocodile-liz>ds ( ! dry l&2 ! peculi>ities ( ! o/eological /ructure ( :i* di/+ui% !m z cle>ly f ! mod]n t]re/rial & amphibi\s ,sauria1 z ! opposite modifications = an aquatic life *>act]ize ! ext9ct ,enaliosauria1 or ,m>9e ,liz>ds4#fbf #fbf ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahda1 p4 #ajc4 ,! elaborate inve/igation ( ! fossil rema9s ( ^! /up5d\s be+s1 & ! lum9\s exposition ( _! organization & physiological relations1 embodi$ 9 ! report to :i* ! above extract is introductory1 are among ! mo/ important contributions to ,palontology1 & af=d a /rik+ example ( ! successful application ( pr(\nd anatomical k to ! elucidation ( ! mo/ m>vell\s epo* 9 ! e>?'s physical hi/ory1 ! ,age ( ,reptiles4 ,f ! great size ( ! bones ( ^! reptiles1 _! rema9s h excit$ ! curiosity ev5 ( ! common obs]v]2 & al?\gh an exagg]at$ idea has be5 g5]ally ent]ta9$ ( ! magnitude ( ! orig9al animals1 yet1 ev5 :5 r$uc$ to _! natural proportions by ! rigor\s =mula ( ! anatomi/1 appli$ to ! accumulat$ relics :i* ye>s ( labori\s rese>* h exhum$ f _! rocky sepul*res & deposit$ 9 our museums1 _! dim5sions are suffici5tly /up5d\s to satisfy ! mo/ en?usia/ic lov] ( ! m>vell\s4 ,let ! read] visit ! ,briti% ,museum1#fbg & aft] exam9+ ! l>ge/ ?igh-bone ( ! ,iguanodon1 repair to ! zoological gall]y1 & inspect ! rec5t ,crocodilian reptiles1 "s tw5ty-five or ?irty feet 9 l5g?2 & obs]ve t ! fossil bone equals1 if n surpasses1 9 size1 ! entire ?igh ( ! l>ge/ ( exi/+ reptiles2 !n let him imag9e ?is bone clo!d ) proportionate muscles & integum5ts1 & reflect ^u ! enorm\s trunk :i* su* limbs mu/ h be5 de/9$ to move & to su/a9--& he w obta9 a j notion ( ! appall+ magnitude ( ! liz>ds :i* inhabit$ ! c\ntry ( ! ,iguanodon4 #fbg ,see ,fossils ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 p4 #bbg4 ,! g5]al *>act]s ( ! ext9ct reptiles compris$ 9 ! ord] ,de9osauria#fbh mu/ be kn[n to ! intellig5t read]1 f ! v>i\s popul> notices :i* h f "t to "t appe>$2 & _! names h become z famili> z h\sehold words4 ,i %all "h re/rict myself to a few g5]al rem>ks on ! =m & /ructure ( ! tee?1 & ( "s ( ! m important bones ( ! be/ kn[n species ( ^! great reptiles4#fbi #fbh ,9 ! new edition ( ,pictet's ,palontologie 7n[ 9 c\rse ( publication71 two #dto4 plates 7xxiii4 & xxiv47 are devot$ to ! illu/ration ( ! rema9s ( ^! colossal reptiles4 #fbi ,= fur!r acc\nt ( ! ,iguanodon1 see ,petrif4 p4 #bbd1 c42 ( ! ,hylosaurus1 ibid4 p4 #cad1 c42 ( ! ,pelorosaurus1 ibid4 p4 #ccj1 c42 ( ! ,regnosaurus1 ibid4 p4 #ccc1 c42 & ( ! ,megalosaurus1 ibid4 p4 #cbh1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bah4 ,megalosaurus ,buckl&i4 #a_/d nat4 ,great ,oolite4 ,/onesfield1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,portion ( ! left ramus ( ! l[] jaw1 conta9+ sev]al tee? 9 diff]5t /ages ( gr[?3 inn] aspect4 a1 a4 ,cr[ns ( successional tee?4 b1 b4 ,transv]se p>titions ( ! too?-sockets4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bai4 ,too? ( ! ,megalosaurus ,buckl&i4 7,nat4 size47 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,megalosaurus4 ,megalosaurus 7gigantic liz>d7 ,buckl&i4 ,lign4 #bah & #bai4 ,bd4 pl4 xxiii4 ,wond4 p #dba4--,! oolitic flag-/one ( ,/onesfield1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 has long be5 celebrat$ = ! bones & tee? ( a gigantic reptile1 :i* ,dr4 ,buckl& fir/ describ$ by ! "n ( ,megalosaurus1 9 a highly int]e/+ memoir 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 sec4 s]4 vol4 i471 illu/rat$ by figures ( ! tee? 9 a portion ( ! l[] jaw1 ! sacrum1 femur1 & o!r bones4 ,! rema9s ( ?is reptile are also frequ5tly discov]$ 9 ! ,weald5 7see ,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 p4 #fg1 pl4 ix4 figs4 #b1 #f74 ,! mo/ important relic ( ?is great c>nivor\s t]re/rial liz>d is a portion ( ! "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw1 conta9+ "o p]fect too?1 & ! g]ms ( sev]al tee? 7,lign4 #bah74 ,! too? ( ! ,megalosaurus1 7,lign4 #bai1 & ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #g17 has a conical1 lat]ally compress$ cr[n1 ) ! po9t recurv$ l a sabre1 & ! edges tr5*ant & f9ely s]rat$4 ,! implantation ( ! tee? is v peculi>1 & exhibits ! d5tition ( ! ,crocodilians bl5d$ ) t ( ! ,lac]tians4 ,! jaw has an out] p>apet1 z 9 ! true liz>ds 7see ,lign4 #bje71 b ! tee? are fix$ 9 di/9ct sockets1 =m$ by transv]se p>titions1 t are atta*$ to a mesial 7inn]7 p>apet1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( triangul> osse\s plates2 ! bases ( ! old tee?1 & ! g]ms ( ! new ones1 be+ ?us enclos$ & conceal$4 ,! too? is =m$ ( a c5tral body ( d5t9e1 ! cr[n hav+ a coat+ enamel2 & ! :ole an ext]nal inve/m5t ( cem5t1 :i* =ms a ?ick] lay] ar\nd ! fang2 ! pulp-cavity is occupi$ by co>se bone1 9 ! adult too?4 ,! microscopical exam9ation %[s ! d5t9e to consi/ ( v f9e calcig]\s tubes1 #a_/bhjjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 )\t any admixture ( m$ull>y canals1 radiat+ f ! pulp-cavity at "r angles ) ! ext]nal surface ( ! too?1 & s5d+2 (f num]\s second>y bran*es2 ^! ultimately dilate into1 or inosculate )1 a /ratum ( calcig]\s cells t sep>ates ! d5t9e f ! enamel4#fcj ,a ?9 slice ( a v]tical section1 view$ by transmitt$ light1 is repres5t$ ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #g b2 %[+ ! calcig]\s tubes radiat+ f ! c5tre1 & t]m9at+ 9 ! /ratum ( cells2 ?is cellul> /ructure is inve/$ ) a lay] ( enamel1 & ! latt] ) an ext]nal coat ( cem5t1 indicat$ by ! d>k outl9e4#fca #fcj ,ow5's ,odontography1 p4 #bga1 :i* %\ld be consult$ = m m9ute details4 #fca ,to fully compreh5d ! m9ute /ructure ( ^! & ! o!r tee? figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,pr(essor ,ow5's plates %\ld be exam9$2 ! small scale necess>ily adopt$ 9 ! pres5t "w r5d]+ x impossible to d ju/ice to ! subject4 ,f\r specim5s ( ! sacrum1 compos$ ( five an*ylos$ v]tebral 7,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 xix4 fig4 #ab71 h be5 discov]$2 "o ( ^! is f ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,! femur ( ! ,megalosaurus has two l>ge r\nd$ tro*ant]s ( ne>ly equal size1 bel[ ! head ( ! bone2 its %aft is sub-cyl9drical1 & slightly b[$4 ,?is colossal c>nivor\s ,saurian1 ^: l5g? is e/imat$ at ?irty feet1 appe>s to h be5 t]re/rial1 & an inhabitant ( ! same t]ra incognita z ! ,iguanodon2 x probably prey$ on ! small] reptiles1 & ! "y ( ! ,iguanodon1 ,crocodilians1 c4 ,hylosaurus 7,weald5 liz>d7 ,ow5ii4 ,wond4 pl4 iv4 & p4 #dce2 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 pl4 v4--,9 ! summ] ( #ahcb1 ,i obta9$ ! int]e/+ specim5 :i* fir/ demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( ! rema9s ( ano!r extraord9>y modification ( ,saurian organization 9 ! ,weald54 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ to ?is discov]y af=d an in/ructive lesson to ! "y collector4 ,^u visit+ a qu>ry 9 ,tilgate ,=e/1 :i* _h yield$ _m organic rema9s1 ,i p]ceiv$ 9 "s fragm5ts ( a l>ge mass ( /one1 :i* _h rec5tly be5 brok5 up & ?r[n on ! road-side1 traces ( num]\s pieces ( bone4 ,i !re=e collect$ all ! recognisable portions ( ! block1 & _h !m convey$ to my resid5ce4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to cem5t toge!r ^? pieces t w\ld admit ( juxtaposition1 & ^! 7 at l5g? unit$ into a block ( /one five feet long1 ?ree wide1 & ab\t "o foot ?ick4 ,?is 0 firmly fix$ 9 a /\t frame1 to prev5t ! sep>ation ( ! unit$ portions dur+ ! process ( *isell+4 ,guid$ by ! indications :i* ! sections visible on ! edge af=d$1 a ?9 iron w$ge 0 c>efully driv5 91 ab\t half an in* above ! upp]mo/ lay] ( bones1 & a l>ge slab 0 flak$ (f2 ! ?ree d]mal sp9es 7,wond4 pl4 iv4 #e7 9 ! middle ( ! specim5 7 ?us expos$1 & %iv]$ to pieces2 "s fragm5ts adh]$ to ! mass brok5 (f1 o!rs to ! block1 & _m 7 deta*$2 e piece1 h[ev] small1 0 collect$1 & ^? adh]+ to ! slab 7 *isell$ out2 & ! :ole 7 !n c>efully replac$ & cem5t$ to ! bones t rema9$ imb$d$ 9 ! l>ge block4 ,aft] an int]val ( "s days1 to all[ ( ! firm cohesion ( ! cem5t$ p>ts1 ! task 0 resum$1 & ! /one *isell$ away1 until "s portion ( ! l>ge bones ( ! pectoral ar* 7,wond4 pl4 iv4 #g7 7 obs]v$4 ,! specim5 0 at l5g? br\ght to ! /ate 9 :i* x n[ appe>s 79 ! ,briti% ,museum#fcb72 b dur+ ! progress ( its developm5t1 :i* occupi$ _m weeks1 x 0 repeat$ly necess>y to susp5d ! "w1 & unite displac$ fragm5ts ( bone1 & resume ! task aft] _! consolidation4 ,! plate 9 ! ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 conveys a good idea ( ! orig9al4 #fcb ,see ,fossils1 ,brit4 ,mus4 p4 #aci1 c4 ,! specim5 consi/s ( a "p ( ! sp9al column1 compos$ ( sev5 dorsal & ?ree or f\r c]vical v]tebr1 almo/ 9 _! natural juxtaposition1 ) obscure indications ( a "p ( ! base ( ! skull2 elev5 ribs2 ! bones ( ! pectoral ar* 7two coracoids & two scapul72 ) num]\s d]mal bones & sp9es4 ,a second specim5 ( ?is reptile 0 f\nd ne> ,bolney1 9 ,sussex2 & l ! =m]1 x 01 un=tunately1 almo/ :olly de/roy$ by ! lab\r]s2 b ,i obta9$ _m bones1 "s ( :i* are p]fect1 & indicate an animal ( consid]able magnitude3 a scapula1 n9ete5 in*es long1 an arm-bone or hum]us1 num]\s ribs1 bones ( ! phalanges1 c4 ,a f9e s]ies ( tw5ty-six caudal v]tebra1 hav+ a total l5g? ( ne>ly six feet1 ) *evron bones & d]mal sp9es1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcg1 9 ,tilgate ,=e/4#fcc ,a few deta*$ bones are ! only o!r relics ( ?is reptile t h come "u my obs]vation4#fcd ,! o/eological *>act]s pres5t$ by ^! rema9s af=d ano!r example ( tire bl5d+ ( ! ,crocodilian ) ! ,lac]tian type ( /ructure2 = we h 9 ! pectoral ar* ! scapula or omoplate ( a crocodile associat$ ) ! coracoid ( a liz>d4 ,ano!r rem>kable feature 9 ^! fossils is ! pres5ce ( ! l>ge angul> bones or sp9es 7describ$ p4 #ffj1 figur$ ,lign4 #bjh71 :i*1 !re is reason to inf]1 con/itut$ a s]rat$ cre/ along ! middle ( ! back3 & ! num]\s small oval d]mal bones1 :i* appe> to h be5 arrang$ 9 longitud9al s]ies along ea* side ( ! dorsal fr+e4 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #cbc47 #fcc ,see ,fossils1 ,brit4 ,mus4 p4 #cbc4 #fcd ,see ,memoir on ! ,rema9s ( ! ,iguanodon1 ,hylosaurus1 & o!r ,saurian ,reptiles1 by ! ,au?or1 9 ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahda1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! v]tebr1 ribs1 & o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton f\nd 9 ^! specim5s also pres5t modifications ( /ructure ( great int]e/4#fce ,no specim5s ( tee? h be5 f\nd associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! ,hylosaurus1 9 su* mann] z to af=d unequivocal pro( ( _! belong+ to t animal4 ,b 9 ! same qu>ries1 tee?1 decid$ly ( ! ,lac]tian /ructure1 are occasionally f\nd1 & may ) "s probability be ref]r$ to t reptile4 ,^! tee? 7see ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #f;a47 are ab\t #a-a_/d in* 9 l5g?1 & comm5ce at ! base ) a cyl9drical %ank1 :i* gradually enl>ges into a cr[n ( an obtuse lanceolate =m1 convex 9 front1 holl[$ beh9d1 & t]m9at+ 9 a r\nd$ obtusely angul> apex1 ! m>g9s ( :i* are g5]ally m or less worn4#fcf ,! cr[n is solid1 b ! fang encloses a small pulp-cavity2 ! surface is enamell$1 & cov]$ ) v f9e longitud9al /ri2 ! base 9 e specim5 appe>s brok5 transv]sely1 z if x _h be5 an*ylos$ to ! jaw1 or to ! base ( a socket4 ,! fang nev] pres5ts an appe>ance ( lat]al adhesion1 z if belong+ to a ,pleurodont liz>d4 ,sections ( ^! tee? expose a simple1 c5tral1 m$ull>y canal1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is g5]ally fill$ ) ! ossifi$ rema9s ( ! pulp2 & ?is is surr\nd$ by a body ( firm d5t9e1 ) extremely m9ute calcig]\s tubes radiat+ f ! c5tre to ! p]iph]y ( ! too?1 :i* is inve/$ ) a relatively ?ick coat ( enamel1 9 :i* no /ructure is app>5t4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #f;b repres5ts a small portion ( a v]tical slice1 highly magnifi$ & view$ by transmitt$ light4 ,! ref]5ce ( ^! d5tal organs to ! ,hylosaurus mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z conclusive1 until confirm$ by ! discov]y ( ! tee? atta*$ to ! jaw1 9 connexion ) o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,! locomotive organs ( ! ,hylosaurus are b imp]fectly kn[n2 a p]fect hum]us1 "o phalangeal bone1 & fragm5ts ( ! fibula 7! small bone ( ! leg7 are ! only bones hi!rto obs]v$4 ,! l5g? ( ?is reptile1 :i* 0 probably t]re/rial & h]bivor\s1 may be e/imat$ at f tw5ty to ?irty feet4 #fce ,see ,report1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 pp4 #aaa-abj4 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahda1 pp4 #ada-add1 pl4 x4 #fcf ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #aah4 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 ,engl&1 pl4 ii4 figs4 #b1 #d4 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahda1 p4 #add1 pl4 vi4 figs4 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,iguanodon4 ,ligns4 #bai to #bbf2 ,wond4 pl4 ii4 iii41 & pp4 #dbb1 c4--,soon aft] my fir/ discov]y ( ! rema9s ( v]tebrat$ animals 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 "s tee? ( a v rem>kable "* p>ticul>ly engag$ my att5tion1 f _! dissimil>ity to any t _h previ\sly come "u my notice4#fcg ,att5tion hav+ be5 direct$ to ^! int]e/+ fossils1 examples 7 soon discov]$ ( tee? 9 v>i\s conditions1 f ! %>p1 unus$ too? ( ! "y reptile1 to ! obtuse1 worn-out cr[n ( ! adult4 ,f ! resemblance ( ! p]fect tee? to ^? ( ! ,iguana 7,lign4 #bje1 p4 #fdi71 a l& liz>d ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,i propos$ ! "n ( ,iguanodon 7signify+ an animal ) tee? l ^? ( ! ,iguana7 = ! ext9ct reptile to :i* !y belong$4 ,! num]\s bones & tee? subsequ5tly exhum$ f ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/ & o!r localities 9 ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex & ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & ! consid]able portion ( ! skeleton ( an individual discov]$ by ,mr4 ,b5/$ 9 ! ,k5ti% ,rag1 h suppli$ ! data ^u :i* our pres5t k ( ! *>act]s ( ! orig9al is bas$4 #fcg ,^! are describ$ 9 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 #ahbb1 p4 #ed1 "u ! head ,tee? & bones ( unkn[n animals4 ,?is 0 ! e>lie/ publi%$ notice ( ! fossils ( ! ,weald52 x conta9s also a description ( a too? ( ! ,megalosaurus 7p4 #ee1 ,no4 #db74 ,9 ,wond1 pp4 #dbb-dce1 a brief acc\nt w be f\nd ( ! "* ( ! tee?1 horn1 femur1 v]tebr1 c41 & ( ! ,maid/one specim5#fch 7,pl4 ,,iii474 #fch ,9 a ,monograph on ! ,reptiles ( ! ,cretace\s ,deposits ( ,engl&1 publi%$ by ! ,palontographical ,society1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has lately figur$ anew & describ$ 9 detail ?is mo/ valuable fossil skeleton2 to :i* description are app5d$ ! ,pr(essor's late/ views on ! /ructure ( ! tee? ( ?is reptile4 ,! ,geology ( ! ,s\?-ea/ ( ,engl& conta9s accurate figures ( ! long bones ( ! leg 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 pl4 ii71 femur1 clavicles 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 pl4 iv471 tympanic bone 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 pl4 ii471 horn & ungual bone 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 pl4 iii474 ,9 ! ,fossils ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 !re are fifte5 qu>to plates devot$ to ! illu/ration ( ! bones & tee? ( ! ,iguanodon & o!r ,weald5 reptiles4 ,! o/eological /ructure is fully detail$ 9 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 pp4 #abj-add4 ,a g5]al notice ( ! pr9cipal bones ( ! ,iguanodon1 ) plates1 w be f\nd 9 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahda1 pp4 #aca-aea2 & 9 ,petrif4 *ap4 iii4 ! au?or has giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( ! mo/ important specim5s1 bo? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9 8 own collection1 toge!r ) a rsum ( ! palontology & geology ( ! ,weald5 di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbj4 ,iguanodon ,mantelli4 #a_/g nat4 size4 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,! "r ramus ( ! ,d[] ,jaw2 #fci discov]$ 9 #ahdh1 by ,capta9 ,lamb>t ,brick5d51 ,f4,g4,s4 ,fig4 #a4--,! inn] aspect1 %[+ ?ree tee?1 & ! sockets ( eighte54 a4 ,g]m ( a too?4 b4 ,p]fect cr[n ( a successional too?4 c4 ,rema9s ( a successional too?1 ! upp] "p hav+ be5 brok5 (f4 d4 ,! symphysial extremity ( ! jaw4 e4 ,! op]cul> furr[4 f4 ,! coronoid process4 #b1 #c1 & #d1 ! tee? a1 b1 & c1 9 fig4 #a1 repres5t$ on a l>g] scale4 #fci ,= ! out] aspect1 & a re/oration ( ! :ole jaw1 ,petrif4 pp4 #bdg & #bdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bba4 ,l[] ,too? ( ! ,iguanodon3 nat4 size4 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,! apex slightly worn4 ,fig4 #a4--;,inn] aspect1 %[+ ! longitud9al ridges1 & d5ticulat$ m>g9s ( ! cr[n ( ! too?4 #b4--,view ( ! out] surface ( ! too?4 a4 ,! d5ticulat$ m>g94 b4 ,! apex ( ! cr[n1 worn by use2 b4 fig4 #b1 %[s ! oblique smoo? surface produc$ by ma/ication4 c4 ,a transv]se fracture ( ! fang1 %[+ a section ( ! m$ull>y cavity occupi$ by ! ossifi$ rema9s ( ! pulp4 d4 ,m>ks ! inf]ior limit ( ! d5ticulat$ m>g92 if a l9e 7 c>ri$ horizontally f d1 across ! too?1 ! "u figure w\ld repres5t a too? worn fl[n bel[ ! d5ticulations1 & depriv$ ( its peculi> d5tal *>act]s2 9 ?is latt] /ate ! too? some:at resembles an incisor ( a ,rh9oc]os 7see ,ligns4 #bbb1 #bbc2 & ,petrif4 ,lign4 #dh74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbb4 ,upp] ,too? ( ! ,iguanodon3 nat4 size4 ,weald54 ,brook ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,! cr[n is worn d[n to an oblique smoo? surface1 & ! fang is absorb$4 ,jaw & ,tee? ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,ligns4 #bai-bbc4--;,al?\gh ! =m & /ructure ( ! cranium are unkn[n1 yet ! half ( a l[] jaw1 discov]$ 9 ,sussex by ,capt4 ,l4 ,brick5d51#fdj & a fragm5t ( an upp] jaw1 f\nd "s ye>s s9ce1#fda enable u to =m a tol]ably p]fect idea ( ! /ructure & functions ( ! d5tal organs ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,! unus$ too? ( ?is reptile is *>act]iz$ by ! prismatic =m ( ! cr[n1 ! pres5ce ( f two to f\r longitud9al ridges on its enamell$ face1 ! d5ticulat$ m>g9s 7,lign4 #bba1 a71 & f9ely s]rat$ edge ( ! summit1 z se5 9 ,lign4 #bbj1 fig4 #c4 ,! %ank or fang ( ! too? 7,ligns4 #bba1 #bbc1 fig4 #b7 is sub-cyl9drical1 slightly curv$1 & tap]s to a po9t4 ,! inn] surface ( ! cr[n 9 ! l[] tee?1 & ! out] surface 9 ! upp]1 are cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( enamel1 b ! opposite face ( ! cr[n & ! sides h b a ?9 coat+ ( ?is sub/ance4 ,! tee? ( ! upp] jaw 7,lign4 #bbb7 are curv$ 9 ! opposite direction to ^? ( ! l[]1 & h ! convexity ext]nal1 & ! concavity int]nal4 ,?us ! upp] & l[] mol>s 7 relat$ to ea* o!r ne>ly z 9 ! ,rum9ants2 ! out] aspect bel[ correspond+ to ! inn] above 7see ,petrif4 ,lign4 #ef1 p4 #bed74 ,! specim5s met ) h almo/ always ! apex ( ! cr[n m or less worn d[n by use#fdb 7see ,lign4 #bbc71 & pres5t+ an oblique1 triangul>1 smoo? surface1 z 9 ! f9e l>ge specim5 figur$ 9 ,lign4 #bba1 :i* 0 f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! trunk ( a ,cla?r>ia1 z if x _h snapp$ (f :ile ! animal 0 9 ! act ( gnaw+ ! t\gh /em4 ,! d5ticulat$ m>g9s are well develop$2 9 fig4 #a1 !y appe> z simple s]rations2 b view$ lat]ally1 !y are se5 to be =m$ by a s]ies ( d5ticulat$ plates 7,lign4 #bbc1 fig4 #f74 ,! cr[n ( a too? ( a "y animal1 worn at ! summit1 & pres5t+ b ?ree longitud9al ridges1 is repres5t$ ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #d;a4 ,! microscropical /ructure consi/s ( a simple pulp-cavity 9 ! c5tre ( a body ( d5t9e p]meat$ by calcig]\s tubes1 b ) ?is peculi> modification1 t ! d5t9e is trav]s$ by vascul> canals1 radiat+ at def9ite int]vals f ! pulp-cavity ne>ly to ! p]iph]y ( ! too?1 & runn+ p>allel ) ! calcig]\s tubes2 ?us con/itut+ a s(t] & co>s] d5t9e ?an 9 ! o!r reptiles1 & resembl+ t :i* *>act]izes ! tee? ( "s ( ! h]bivor\s mammals4#fdc ,! cr[n ( ! too? is cov]$ ) a lay] ( enamel1 :i* is ?icke/ on ! ext]nal surface3 & ! fang is inve/$ ) cem5t4 ,! /ructure "h describ$ is %[n 9 ,pl4 ,,vi42 fig4 #d;b1 a v]tical1 & fig4 #d;c1 a transv]se section ( a too?1 se5 by transmitt$ light1 ) a high magnify+ p[]4 ,! calcig]\s tubes are #a_/bejjj an in* 9 diamet]4 ,sections ( ! tee? ( ! ,iguanodon are beautiful objects "u ! microscope1 = ! m$ull>y canals are g5]ally ( a deep yell[i% br[n col\r4 #fdj ,figur$ & describ$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahdh1 p4 #ahh1 pl4 xvi4 xvii4 #fda ,bo? specim5s are fully describ$ 9 ,petrif4 pp4 #bdb1 et seq4 #fdb ,plates iv4 & xvii4 9 ! ,fossils ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 conta9 repres5tations ( upw>ds ( ?irty specim5s ( tee? 9 v>i\s /ates ( developm5t & detrition4 #fdc ,tomes on ! ,microscopic ,/ructure ( ! ,too? ( ! ,iguanodon1 ,petrif4 pp4 #bci1 #bdj4 ,see also ,ow5's ,odontography1 p4 #bdi1 & pl4 lxxi42 & ,cycl4 ,anat4 ,art4 ,tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbc4 ,tee? ( ,iguanodon4 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,fig4 #a4--,out] aspect ( an upp] too? 79 a rev]s$ position71 worn flat1 & ) ! fang absorb$2 fig4 #c1 inn] aspect ( ! same too?4 a1 a4 ,flat gr9d+ surface1 produc$ by ma/ication :5 all ! ?ickly enamell$ portion ( ! cr[n is worn away4 c4 ,cavity produc$ by ! pressure ( a new too?4 #b4--,l[] too? ( a "y animal1 slightly worn3 inn] aspect4 #d4--,out] ,surface ( a l[] too? ( an adult2 & fig4 #e1 inn] surface ( ! same4 a1 a4 ,! h>d cutt+ edge ( ! oblique surface worn by ma/ication4 c4 ,ind5tation produc$ by ! pressure ( a successional too?4 #f4--;,edge view ( ! s]ration on fig4 #e2 magnifi$4 ,! d5t9e is less vascul>1 & !re=e h>de/1 on t side ( ! cr[n :i* has ! ?ick] coat ( enamel2 h5ce ! too? we>s away fa/] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 & an oblique gr9d+ surface1 ) a %>p edge ( enamel1 is ma9ta9$ until ! cr[n is worn away4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! tee? ( ! ,iguanodon is ?us 9 p]fect accordance ) _! ext]nal configuration1 & mu/ h be5 admirably adapt$1 9 e /age1 = ! lac]ation & comm9ution ( ! t\gh vegetable sub/ances :i*1 !re is e reason to conclude1 con/itut$ ! food ( ?is colossal ovip>\s quadrup$4 ,v]tebra ( ! ,iguanodon1#fdd ,lign4 #bjf1 p4 #fec2 ,lign4 #bbd4--,! rema9s ( ! v]tebral column ( ! ,iguanodon1 consi/+ g5]ally ( brok5 & wat]-worn dorsal & caudal v]tebr1 depriv$ ( _! processes & r$uc$ to ! /ate ( ! specim5s repres5t$ ,lign4 #bjf1 figs4 #f & #h1 are s abundant 9 "s ( ! ,weald5 /rata1 t a %ort acc\nt ( _! *>act]s may be useful4 ,a ref]5ce to ,lign4 #bjf1 & its description1 w r5d] ! foll[+ rem>ks intelligible to ! g5]al read]4 ,! v]tebr ( ! ,iguanodon are di/+ui%able f ^? ( o!r reptiles :i* occur 9 ! same /rata by ! foll[+ peculi>ities1 :i* ! figure ( a p]fect specim5 ( a caudal v]tebra 7,lign4 #bjf1 fig #c7 w s]ve to illu/rate4 ,! body1 or c5trum1 is ei!r flat or some:at depress$ on bo? articul> faces2 its sides are ne>ly flat1 or some:at convex1 v]tically 7z 9 fig #c71 & slightly concave l5g?wise1 or f front to back3 9 "s examples1 ! body is m contract$ t[>ds ! inf]ior surface1 z 9 fig4 #f2 & 9 ! v]tebr1 ne> ! middle ( ! tail1 ! sides are compress$1 s z to give an angul> cont\r & some:at v]tical elongation to ! face1 z 9 fig4 #d2 b 9 ! dorsal v]tebr1 ! articul> faces are ne>ly circul>1 b some:at high] ?an wide4 ,9 ! caudal v]tebr1 ! inf]ior angles ( ! body are truncat$ 7w1 figs4 #c1 #d71 & pres5t an oblique1 smoo? face1 to articulate ) ! *evron bone 7fig4 #c1 f74 ,! annul> "p is unit$ to ! body by suture 7fig4 #c1 o71 & an*ylos$ 9 ! dorsal v]tebr2 & 9 ^! bones ! neural ar* is v high1 & greatly exp&$1 & its bases ext5d transv]sely inw>ds1 & jo9 ea* o!r bel[ ! sp9al canal1 =m+ a r+1 or bony *annel1 to conta9 ! sp9al *ord4#fde ,! transv]se processes are /raight1 & v long 9 ! v]tebr f ! middle ( ! trunk1 indicat+ a consid]able expanse ( ! abdom9al cavity1 adapt$ = ! lodgm5t ( ! capaci\s visc]a ( a h]bivor\s quadrup$4 7,ow547 ,! sp9\s processes 7,lign4 #bjf1 fig4 #c1 d7 are l>ge & ( great height 9 ! ant]ior caudal v]tebr1 ,lign4 #bbd2 & "h ! *evrons1 or hmapophyses 7,lign4 #bbd1 b1 & ,lign4 #bjf1 fig4 #b1 & fig4 #c1 f71 are also ( consid]able l5g?2 ! bases ( ! latt] are always unit$ 7,lign4 #bjf1 fig4 #b1 g71 & (t5 bl5d$1 s z to =m b "o face = articulation ) ! truncat$ inf]ior angles ( ! body ( ! v]tebra31 leav+ a v]tically elongat$ *annel = ! passage ( ! l>ge blood-vessels ( ! tail4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! v]tebr ( ! ,iguanodon is m or less m>k$ ) f9e longitud9al /ri2 ^? ( ! ,megalosaurus h a smoo!r & m poli%$ surface4#fdf #fdd ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ! elem5ts ( ! sp9al column ( ! ,iguanodon1 & rem>ks on v>i\s fossil v]tebr1 ! relations ( :i* ) ! ,iguanodon h be5 consid]$ d\btful1 w be f\nd 9 ,petrif4 pp4 #bef-bgi4 #fde ,see also li?ographs ( dorsal & caudal v]tebr f ! ,k5ti% ,rag2 ,ow5's ,monog4 ,cret4 ,rept4 7,pal4 ,soc47 #ahea4 #fdf ,see ,rep4 ,brit ,assoc4 #ahda1 pp4 #abe-acc1 :]e an elaborate inve/igation ( ! v]tebra3 ( ! ,iguanodon is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbd4 ,six ,caudal ,v]tebra ( ! ,iguanodon4 #a_/ad nat4 size4 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 a1 a4 ,sp9\s processes 7neurapophyses71 f #ac to #ae-a_/b in*es 9 height4 b1 b4 ,?ree displac$ *evron bones 7hmapophyses71 imb$d$ 9 ! /one ne> _! orig9al position at ! junction ( ! bodies ( ! v]tebr4 c4 ,ant]ior articul> face ( a v]tebra4 ,bones ( ! ,extremities4 ,ligns4 #bbe & #bbf4--,! ?igh-bone 7femur71 bo? bones ( ! leg 7tibia & fibula71 & _m ( ! metat>sal & phalangeal bones h be5 discov]$2 ! o/eology ( ! h9d] extremity is1 !re=e1 almo/ p]fect4 ,! ?igh-bone 7,lign4 #bbe2 & ,petrif4 p4 #bib17 is ( a v rem>kable "*1 hav+ a clos] resemblance to ! femur ( a huge mammalian1 ?an to t ( a reptile4#fdg ,sev]al p]fect specim5s h be5 discov]$1 z well z ! associat$ bones ( ! leg 7,petrif4 p4 #bic1 ,lign4 #fb72 b ! fir/ fragm5t t came "u my notice1 0 ! middle portion ( ! %aft ( a femur ( enorm\s size1 & ( an irregul> quadrangul> =m2 & s %apeless & un9telligible x !n appe>$1 t sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e its real nature 0 det]m9$4 7,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=4 pl4 xviii47 #fdg ,see ,cuvi]'s ,ossem4 ,foss4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cf4 ,an entire ?igh-bone ( an adult ,iguanodon1 f ! ,weald clay 9 ! we/ ( ,sussex1 measur$ ?ree feet eight in*es 9 l5g?4#fdh end ?irty-five in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! condyles2 & ,i h a femur ( a v "y animal1 t is b five in*es long4 ,! =m ( ! ?igh-bone is s peculi>1 t fragm5ts may easily be recognis$4 ,! head ( ! femur 7,lign4 #bbe1 f17 is hemisph]ical1 & projects inw>ds2 !re is no appe>ance ( a ligam5tum t]es2 a flatt5$ process or tro*ant] 7,lign4 #bbe1 a17 =ms ! ext]nal b\nd>y ( ! neck ( ! bone1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a deep & n>r[ v]tical fissure2 ! %aft is ( a sub-quadrangul> %ape1 & a slightly elevat$ ridge1 produc$ by ! union ( two broad1 flat1 longitud9al surfaces1 ext5ds d[n ! middle ( ! ant]ior face1 &1 div]g+ t[>ds ! inn] condyle1 gradually disappe>s4 ,! bone t]m9ates bel[ 9 two l>ge condyles1 sep>at$ 9 front & beh9d by a deep1 n>r[ cleft1 or groove 7,lign4 #bbe1 e74 ,ne> ! middle ( ! inn] edge ( ! %aft1 !re is a compress$ ridge1 ) an angul> projection1 or tro*ant]4 ,?us ! upp] "p ( ! femur maybe kn[n by ! pres5ce ( ! flatt5$1 or lat]ally compress$ tro*ant]2 & if t process be want+1 a fractur$ surface indicat+ its position may be detect$2 ! middle ( ! %aft is *>act]iz$ by its broad angul> faces1 & ! inn] subm$ian tro*ant]3 ! condyloid or inf]ior extremity ( ! bone may be di/+ui%$ by ! deep groove betwe5 ! condyles1 bo? 9 front & beh9d4 #fdh ,! av]age l5g? ( ! adult femur is e/imat$ at ab\t f\r feet five in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbe4 ,left ,femur ( ! ,iguanodon4 #a_/aj nat4 size4 ,ant]ior aspect4 ,weald54 ,brook ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight4 a4 ,out] tro*ant]4 b4 ,m$ian tro*ant]4 c4 ,inn] condyle4 d4 ,out] condyle4 e4 ,ant]ior infra-condyloid fissure4 f4 ,head ( ! femur4 ,! arm-bone 7hum]us7 ( ! ,iguanodon has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,weald5 ( ! ,isle ( ,wight by ,mr4 ,f[l/one2 x is figur$ & describ$ 9 ,petrif4 p4 #bhf4 ,! hum]us is also pres5t 9 ! ,maid/one specim5#fdi ( ,iguanodon1 be=e ref]r$ to at page #fib3 9 pl4 ii4 ( ,wond4 ?is bone is t]m$ ! radius4 ,! hum]us ( ?is reptile is mu* small] ?an ! femur2 9 ! ,maid/one specim5 ! =m] is ab\t #bj in*es1 & ! latt] ab\t #cc in*es 9 l5g?4 #fdi ,! two bones m>k$ #f 9 pl4 ii4 ,wond4 & 9 ,lign4 #fe1 ,petrif4 7"o ( :i* is figur$ 9 outl9e 9 ,lign4 #bbf1 fig4 #d17 reg>d$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 z ! radius & ulna 7! two bones ( ! =e-arm73 ! au?or's reasons = reg>d+ ^! bones z metac>pals are giv5 9 full at p4 #bhi1 ,petrif4 ,z sep>ate bones ( ! feet ( ! ,iguanodon1 = example1 metac>pals1 metat>sals1 phalangeals1 & unguals1 (t5 occur 9 ! /rata ( ! ,weald51 figures ( sev]al specim5s1 on a r$uc$ scale1 are introduc$ 9 ,lign4 #bbf1 & may enable ! /ud5t to id5tify ^? he may meet ) 9 8 rese>*es4#fej ,! ungual phalanges1 or claw-bones1 :i* 7 inve/$ ) ! nail1 are sometimes f\nd ( an enorm\s size2 f a qu>ry ne> ,hor%am1 ,mr4 ,holmes obta9$ specim5s m ?an five in*es long1 & ?ree in*es wide at ! articul> extremity4 #fej ,see ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 pp4 #acg-adb4 ,l5g? ( ! ,iguanodon4--,! l5g? ( ! unit$ head & trunk1 accord+ to my e/imate 9 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #caf1 is sev5te5 feet & a half2 by ,pr(essor ,ow5's e/imate x is r$uc$ to fifte5 feet2#fea a diff]5ce ( no importance 9 su* m]ely approximative calculations1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! =m ( ! cranium is unkn[n4#feb #fea ,ibid4 p4 #add4 #feb ,! m rec5tly discov]$ specim5 ( l[]-jaw1 already ref]r$ to1 page #fic1 indicates a l5g? ( betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet = ! entire jaw1 ,petrif4 p4 #bdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbf4 ,bones ( ! ,feet & ,claws ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 7,see ,wond4 pl4 947 ,fig4 #a4--,metat>sal3 orig9al #f in*es long3 upp] surface4 #b4--,metac>pal bone4 #c4--,"u surface ( fig4 #a4 #d4--;,a phalangeal bone ( ! =e-foot3 ! orig9al #ad in*es long4 #d;a4--,a transv]se section ( ! same1 %[+ ! m$ull>y cavity4 #e4--,"o ( ! second r[ ( phalangeal bones ( ! =e-foot4 #f4--,view f above ( "o ( ! claw-bones ( ! h9d-foot2 #a_/f nat4 #g4--,pr(ile ( claw-bone ( =e-foot3#fec #a_/f nat4 #h4--,metat>sal1 or bone ( ! h9d-foot3 #a_/h nat4 a4 ,d5otes ! proximal articulation1 or t ne>e/ ! trunk4 b4 ,! di/al1 or extremity mo/ di/ant f ! trunk4 #fec ,?is bone is conjecturally ref]r$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 to ! ,megalosaurus4 ,! e/imat$ ext5t ( ! tail has be5 subject to v>iation4 ,my e>ly e/imate ( its l5g? gave rise to ! idea ( ?is reptile hav+ atta9$ sev5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,pr(essor ,ow51 h[ev]1 consid]$ t ! abbreviat$ "* ( ! ant]ior caudal v]tebr indicat$ a f> less ext5t ( tail1 :i* ! ,pr(essor e/imat$ at ?irte5 feet2 ?is op9ion1 f ! evid5ce !n be=e u1 seem$ well f\nd$1 b f evid5ce s9ce af=d$ by a s]ies ( elev5 caudal v]tebra1 belong+ to ! middle region ( ! tail1 t h be5 lately discov]$1 7,petrif4 p4 #cab17 x is n at all improbable1 t1 in/ead ( all ! caudal v]tebr be+ abbreviat$1 ^! elem5ts ( ! tail 7 elongat$ z 9 ! correspond+ "p ( ! skeleton ( ! ,iguana1 & t ! l>ge/ ,iguanodons may h atta9$ a l5g? ( f sixty to sev5ty feet4 ,! au?or's physiological inf]5ces z to ! /ructure & economy ( ! ,iguanodon1 d$uc$ f ! /udy ( ! osse\s rema9s ( ?is s+ul> creature1 especially ! lately discov]$ rema9s ( ! jaw-bones1 are giv5 9 full at pp4 #cjg-cac ,petrif4 or ,foss4 ,brit4 ,mus43 & at pp4 #cce-cch1 ibid4 may be f\nd "s g5]al rem>ks on ! physical geography & ! nature ( ! fauna & flora ( ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ^! /up5d\s reptiles1 ^: rema9s are s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,weald5 rocks4 ,jaw ( ! ,regnosaurus4 7,petrif4 p4 #ccc47--;,a portion ( ! "r ramus1 or side1 ( ! l[] jaw ( ?is reptile 0 discov]$ 9 a block ( s&/one f ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,x consi/s ( a fragm5t1 six in*es long1 ( ! d5t>y bones1 ) a small portion ( ! op]cul>2 & x conta9s ! fangs ( fifte5 tee?1 :i* are closely & ev5ly set 9 a regul> s]ies1 & imb$d$ lat]ally 9 grooves1 or sockets1 9 ! d5t>y bone2 !re are ?ree or f\r sockets ( successional tee? on ! inn] side ( ! bases ( ! old tee?4 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ahda1 pl4 v4 figs4 #a1 #b47 ,un=tunately1 all ! cr[ns ( ! tee? are want+4 ,! out] p>apet ( ! d5t>y piece is entire1 & its upp] m>g9 is f9ely cr5at$4 ,all ! fangs ( ! tee? are expos$1 b !re are traces ( a ?9 inn] wall1 indicat+ ! probability t1 z 9 ! ,megalosaurus1 ! tee? 7 support$ m$ially by an osse\s plate1 & 7 implant$ 9 di/9ct sockets4#fed ,9 my memoir on ?is fossil jaw 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 7#ahda1 p4 #aca71 ,i ref]r$ x to ! g5us ,iguanodon2 b subsequ5t obs]vations h l$ me to conclude t x is g5]ically di/9ct2 & 9 my ,memoir on ! ,jaw ( ! ,iguanodon1 9 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahdh 7p4 #ahc71 ,i h propos$ = ! animal to :i* x belong$ ! di/9ct g5]ic appellation1 ,regnosaurus1 ) ! specific "n ,nor?amptoni4 #fed ,! collector w p]ceive ! importance t atta*es to ! discov]y ( ev5 a fragm5t ( ! jaw ( an unkn[n reptile1 conta9+ tee? 9 _! natural position4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lac]tian ,,reptiles4 ,,iv4 ,lac]tian ,reptiles4--,! rec5t ,lac]tians1 or true ,liz>ds1 are small] & less highly organiz$ reptiles ?an ! ,saurians ( ! ,crocodilian ord]2 & _! d]mal cov]+ consi/s ( a f9] & m delicate squam\s integum5t4 ,!y are also *>act]iz$ by important modification 9 _! o/eological /ructure4 ,! sp9al column is almo/ always compos$ ( concavo-convex v]tebr1 ) ! convexity beh9d2 ! ribs are sl5d] & r\nd$1 hav+ a s+le convex tub]cle ( atta*m5t4 ,! fossil species are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( gigantic dim5sions1 & deviate 9 a /rik+ mann] f any t n[ exi/4 ,v]tebr ( ! rec5t lac]tian type are v r>e 9 ! second>y /rata2 ,i believe a few 9 my cab9et1 obta9$ f ! s&/one ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 & :i* belong$ to a v small unkn[n reptile1 are ! mo/ anci5t examples at pres5t kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbg4 ,mosasaurus ,h(fmanni4 7,! orig9al is feet by #b-a_/b feet47 ,rema9s ( ! jaws ( ! great fossil reptile ( ,mae/ri*t4 ,mosasaurus4 ,bd4 pl4 xx42 ,wond4 p4 #caa2 ,petrif4 p4 #aic4--,( ! fossil liz>d ( ,mae/ri*t1 nam$ ,mosasaurus 7liz>d ( ! ,meuse7 f ! riv] adjac5t to ! qu>ries ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nta91 9 :i* its rema9s h be5 discov]$1 ,i h giv5 a detail$ acc\nt at pages #aic-aif ( ,petrif4 ,a specim51 ) ! jaws1 & bones ( ! palate arm$ ) tee?1 n[ 9 ! museum at ,p>is1 has long be5 celebrat$1 & is /ill ! mo/ preci\s relic ( ?is ext9ct reptile hi!rto discov]$2 a r$uc$ repres5tation is giv5 9 ,lign4 #bbg2 & ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 lxx4 ,?is is ! ,mosasaurus ,h(fmanni4#fee ,! specim5 is f\r & a half feet long1 & two & a half feet wide2 x consi/s ( bo? sides ( ! l[] jaw1 ) ! "r ramus ( ! upp] jaw 9 its natural position1 & ! left1 :i* is displac$1 ly+ across ! articul> extremity ( ! left bran* ( ! l[] jaw3 ( ! pt]ygoid bones1 :i* are arm$ ) tee?2 ( ! left tympanic bone 7os quadratum71 :i* is b little remov$ f its natural situation1 & connects ! l[] jaw ) ! cranium2 "o ( ! metac>pal or metat>sal bones1 & "s fragm5ts4#fef #fee ,sev]al f9e portions ( ! jaws1 & _m v]tebr ( ?is animal1 are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum3 see ,foss4 ,brit4 ,mus4 p4 #aci4 ,9 a spl5did "w1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle de la ,montagne de ,/4 ,pi]re1 by ! late ,faujas ,/4 ,fond 7#a vol4 folio1 ) num]\s plates71 !re are admirable figures ( ! rema9s ( ! ,mosasaurus4 #fef ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a ca/ ( ?is specim51 9 a case ne> ! bones ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbh4 ,mosasauroid ,tee?4#feg #a_/b nat4 size4 ,figs4 #a;a1 #b;a4 ,transv]se sections ( ! cr[ns ( ! tee?1 figs4 #a & #b respectively4 #feg ,r$uc$ f figures accompany+ ,dr4 ,gibbes's ,memoir ,on ! ,mosasaurus & ?ree alli$ new g5]a1 7) plates17 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,contributions1 vol4 ii4 #ahdi4 ,?is int]e/+ pap] comprises mu* in=mation reg>d+ ! ,mosasaurians ( ! ,cretace\s deposits ( ,n4 ,am]ica2 b we _c fully co9cide ) ! au?or 9 8 palontological det]m9ations4 ,! tee? are l>ge1 & support$ on exp&$ conical osse\s em95ces1 :i* are an*ylos$ to ! alveol> ridge ( ! jaw 7acrodont74 ,! cr[n ( ! too? is conical & recurv$1 ) ! out] face ne>ly flat1 & ?is space is bord]$ on ea* side by a longitud9al ridge2 giv+ ! too? some:at ( a pyramidal figure4 7,see ,ligns4 #bbh-bcj47 ,pr(essor ,ow5 /ates t ! cr[n consi/s ( a body ( simple & firm d5t9e1 ) f9e & close-set calcig]\s tubes1 enclos+ a simple pulp-cavity2 irregul> processes ( ! latt] ext5d z m$ull>y canals into ! conical base ( ! too?1 b n1 z 9 ! ,iguanodon1 into ! sub/ance ( ! coronal d5t9e2 ! d5t9e is inve/$ ) a mod]ately ?ick coat ( enamel4#feh #feh ,see ,odontography1 p4 #beh1 & pl4 lxxii42 ! /ud5t %\ld also consult ,cyclop4 ,anat4 ,phys4 ,art4 ,tee?4 ,! v]tebr ( ! ,mosasaur1 z is usual 9 ! exi/+ liz>ds & crocodiles1 are concave 9 front & convex beh9d1 & ! neural ar* is unit$ to ! c5trum by suture4 ,! entire v]tebral column ( ,m4 ,h(fmanni appe>s to h consi/$ ( #aca v]tebr1 ( :i* #ig belong$ to ! tail4#fei ,?is ,mosasaur 0 ab\t tw5ty-five feet long4 #fei ,see ,cuvi]1 ,oss4 ,foss4 vol4 v4 pp4 #cbf-ccd4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bbi4 ,too? ( ,mosasaurus3 magn4 twice4 ,ei!r a pt]ygoid too? ( ,m4 ,h(fmanni1 or a jaw-too? ( ,m4 gracilis4 ,*alk4 ,graves5d4 7,9 ,mr4 ,we!rell's ,collection47 ,?is ext9ct lac]tian reptile =ms an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! ,saurians )\t pt]ygoid tee? 7,monitors7 & ^? ) !m 7,iguanas74 ,its crocodilian aff9ities are b p>tial4 ,! ,mosasaurus appe>s to h _h webb$ feet1 adapt$ or crawl+ on l& z well z = swimm+1#ffj & a long & v]tically exp&$ tail1 s]v+ z a p[]ful o>1 & enabl+ ! animal to /em ! r\ghe/ wat]s4 #ffj ,see ,pr(4 ,ow5's obs]vations on ! bones t h be5 reg>d$ z ref]able to ! extremities ( ?is creature1 & especially on ! phalangeal & o!r bones ( ! ,mosasaur ( ! ,new ,j]sey gre5s&2 ,monog4 ,cret4 ,rept4 #ahea1 pp4 #cf-dj4 ,pr(4 ,goldfuss has describ$ ! rema9s ( ano!r & small] species ( ,mosasaurus 7,m4 ,maximiliani71 f ,upp] ,miss\ri1 ,u4,s42 & ,pr(4 ,ow51 9 ,dixon's ,fossils ( ,sussex1 has e/abli%$ a ?ird & /ill small] species 7,m4 gracilis71#ffa to :i* he ref]s ! f\r or five mosasaurian v]tebr f\nd 9 ! ,*alk ( ,sussex4 ,two ( ^! 7caudal7 are figur$ 9 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #adf1 & ,petrif4 ,lign4 #dd2 & ^! & o!rs are li?ograph$ 9 plate viii4 ( ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,monog4 ,cret4 ,reptilia1 #ahea4 #ffa ,see also ,monograph on ! ,reptiles ( ! ,*alk1 #ahea1 p4 #ca1 & plate ix4 ,! rema9s ( ,mosasaurus occur also 9 ! cretace\s s&s ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4 ,s4 7,see ,dr4 ,morton's ,synopsis ( ! ,organic ,rema9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahcd2 & ! ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 v4 #ahdi47 ,leiodon anceps4#ffb--,"u ?is "n ,pr(essor ,ow5 has describ$ a spl5did fossil1 consi/+ ( a portion ( ! l[] jaw ( an acrodont reptile1 ) tee?1 obta9$ by ,edw>d ,*>leswor?1 ,esq4 f ! ,*alk nor? ( ! ,?ames4 ,?is specim5 0 submitt$ to my inspection1 _m ye>s s9ce1 by ,mr4 ,*>leswor?1 & ,i !n po9t$ out ! analogy ( ?is acrodont jaw to t ( ! ,mosasaurus4 #ffb ,ibid4 p4 #db1 pl4 ix4 ,a4 ,pr(4 ,ow5 9 #ahdj 7,odontog4 p4 #bfa71 & 9 #ahda 7,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 p4 #add71 describ$ & figur$ "s tee? f ! same specim51 :i* 7 l5t by ,mr4 ,*>leswor?4 ,^! tee? ! ,hunt]ian ,pr(essor reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( a new g5us ( ,mosasauroid reptile1 to :i* he gave ! "n ,leiodon 79 allusion to ! smoo?ness ( ! tee?74 ,9 #ahde 7,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 p4 #fj7 ,mr4 ,*>leswor? notic$1 & 9 #ahdf 7,london ,geol4 ,j\rnal1 p4 #bc1 plates iv4 & vi47 figur$ & describ$1 ! above m5tion$ portion ( jaw ) tee?1 "u ! "n ,mosasaurus /5odon2 & 9 #ahea ,pr(4 ,ow5 figur$ & describ$ ?is specim5 "u ! "n ( ,leiodon anceps1 :i* 0 orig9ally propos$ = ! animal1 z kn[n f its tee?1 9 #ahdj4 ,! portion ( bone on :i* ! tee?1 five 9 numb] are implant$ is sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & is1 9 ,pr(essor ,ow5 s op9ion1 ! d5t>y piece ( ! l[] jaw1 & n a portion ( a pt]ygoid bone4 ,mr4 ,*>leswor? has _h a section made ( f\r ( ! tee?1 & f9ds t ! pulp-cavities are m or less occupi$ ) solid cones ( silex1 :i* mu/ h p]meat$ ! osse\s p>ietes ( ! tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bcj4 ,mosasauroid ,too?4 ,resembl+ ! back-tee? 9 ! l[] jaw ( ,mosasaurus ,h(fmanni4 ,*alk4 ,graves5d4 7,9 ! ,collection ( ,mr4 ,we!rell47 ,! tee? ( ,leiodon h a simple pulp-cavity1 surr\nd$ by f9e d5t9e1 ) an ext]nal lay] ( smoo? enamel4 ,! apex ( ! cr[n is %>p-po9t$2 ! body ( ! cr[n is slightly recurv$2 its base is exp&$ into a ?ick circul> fang1 :i* is an*ylos$ to a %ort conical process ( ! alveol> bord] ( ! jaw3 ! tee? diff] f ^? ( ! ,mosasaurus 9 hav+ ! out] side z convex z ! inn] side1 ! transv]se section be+ an ellipse ) po9t$ ends1 :i* latt] correspond ) ! lat]al tr5*ant edges ( ! cr[n ( ! too?3 ! tee? are m closely set ?an 9 ! ,mosasaur & ,geosaur4 7,ow547 ,geosaurus ,smm]+ii4 ,petrif4 p4 #age4--;,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are ! rema9s ( a reptile f ! :ite ,jura 7upp] oolite7 ( ,monheim1 9 ,franconia1 :i* ,cuvi] describes z be+ m ne>ly relat$ to ! ,liz>ds ?an ,crocodiles4 ,! l5g? ( ?is reptile is e/imat$ at ab\t t5 feet4 ,! eyes _h a circle ( osse\s plates 9 ! scl]otica1 l ^? ( ! ,i*?yosaurus2 ! tee? resemble ^? ( ! ,mosasaurus 9 be+ sub-compress$ & recurv$1 b !y are at once di/+ui%$ by _! ant]ior & po/]ior f9ely s]rat$ %>p edges2 ! cr[n is inve/$ ) an ext]nal coat ( enamel4#ffc #ffc ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 p4 #cdc4 ,raphiosaurus subulid5s4--,a portion ( a l[] jaw1 conta9+ tw5ty-two closely set1 subulate tee?1 an*ylos$ by _! bases to a %all[ alveol> groove & an out] alveol> p>apet ( bone1 z 9 ! ,iguana1 ?us correspond+ ) ! pleurodont ,liz>ds1 is describ$ "u ?is "n by ,pr(essor ,ow51 7,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 pl4 xxxix472 & ,monog4 ,cret4 ,rept4 7,pal4 ,soc47 #ahea1 p4 #ai1 pl4 x4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,x is f ! ,l[] ,*alk1 ne> ,cambridge1 & is 9 ! collection ( ,james ,c>t]1 ,esq4 ( t place4 ,rema9s ( ,raphiosaurus h be5 f\nd also 9 ! ,*alk at ,nor?fleet1 ,k5t4 ,doli*osaurus longicollis4--,9 ! ,*alk ( ,k5t 0 f\nd1 "s ye>s s9ce1 a consid]able portion ( ! skeleton ( a lac]tian reptile1 consi/+ ( ! po/]ior half ( ! sp9al column1 ) rema9s ( ! pelvic & ?igh bones2 x 0 figur$ 9 ! ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 pl4 xxxix42 & is n[ 9 ! collection ( ,sir ,p4 ,g4 ,eg]ton4 ,f ! rese>*es ( ! late ,mr4 ,dixon1 x appe>s t a mutilat$ reptilian head & ant]ior portion ( a sp9al column1 ) =e-arm & scapul> bones1 n[ 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,smi?1 ( ,tunbridge ,wells1 belong to ! same skeleton z ! v]tebral rema9s above m5tion$4 ,bo? specim5s 7 obta9$ at ! same "t f ! well-kn[n *alk-pit at ,burham1 ,k5t4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has lately describ$ ^! int]e/+ rema9s 9 detail 7,monog4 ,cret4 ,rept4 #ahea1 pp4 #bb1 c471 & f9ds no intr9sic contradiction to exi/ to ! hi/orical evid5ce adduc$ z to ! probability ( ! two moieties hav+ belong$ to ! same individual4 ,9 ! two specim5s !re exi/ sixty-?ree concavo-convex 7proclian7 v]tebr1 ( :i* fifty-sev5 =m ! s]ies betwe5 ! skull & ! pelvis1 giv+ ! trunk a l5g? ( ab\t eighte5 in*es4 ,?is unique reptile 0 elongate & snake-l 9 its =m1 ) ! abdom5 deep & n>r[1 l t ( ! wat]-snakes3 its limbs 7 %ort2 its tail1 f ! "* ( ! few caudal v]tebr rema9+1 mu/ h be5 relatively long & p[]ful4 ,?is long & sl5d] lac]tian 0 !re=e probably to a consid]able degree aquatic 9 its habits1 swimm+ ) an undulatory eel-l movem5t4 ,! ,doli*osaurus 7long-liz>d7 pres5ts some:at ( ! ophidian "* 9 ! numb] & size ( its c]vical v]tebr1 9 ! size & %ape ( its ribs1 & 9 ! sl5d] proportions ( its trunk & head2 b1 ) ^! p>tial exceptions1 its aff9ities are truly lac]tian4 7,ow547 ,rhyn*osaurus articeps4 ,lign4 #bca4--;,9 a qu>ry ( ,upp] ,new ,r$ ,s&/one at ,gr9sell1 ne> ,%rewsbury1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,w>d discov]$ a skull 7#c-a_/b in*es long71 v]tebr1 ribs1 bones ( ! pectoral & pelvic ar*es1 portions ( two femora ) m$ull>y cavities1 & fragm5ts ( o!r bones ( a v rem>kable lac]tian reptile 7,lign4 #bca74 ,! l[] jaw is pres]v$ ) ! skull 9 its natural position4 ,! cranium 9 its g5]al aspect resembles t ( a turtle1 r ?an ( a liz>d2 = ! int]maxill>y bones are d\ble1 z 9 ,*elonians1 & symmetrical1 & are n unit$ by a m$ian process2 !y are v long1 & curve d[nw>ds1 giv+ ! =e "p ( ! skull ! pr(ile ( a p>rot4 ,see ,lign4 #bca4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bca4 ,rhyn*osaurus articeps4 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one2 ne> ,%rewsbury ,fig4 #a4--,lat]al view ( ! cranium & l[] jaw3 #a_/b nat size4 ,cranium4 a1 a4 ,int]maxill>y bones4 b4 ,nasal4 c4 ,frontal4 d4 ,maxill>y4 e4 ,ant]ior frontal4 f4 ,la*rymal4 g4 ,mal>4 h4 ,po/]ior frontal4 i4 ,orbital division ( po/]ior frontal4 k4 ,temporal4 l4 ,tympanic4 ,l[] ,jaw4 m4 ,d5t>y4 n4 ,coronoid4 o4 ,articul>4 p4 ,angul>4 q4 ,op]cul> or spl5ial4 r4 ,! orbit4 ,fig4 #b4--,! upp] aspect ( a dorsal v]tebra3 nat4 size4 ,!re are no tee? app>5t 9 ei!r jaw3 ! m>g9 ( ! upp] maxill>y has feeble d5tations1 b 9 ! l[] jaw ev5 ^! indications are want+1 & x is probable t ?is reptile _h its jaws encas$ by a bony or horny %ea?1 z 9 birds & turtles4#ffd 7,ow547 #ffd ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #aej4 ,see also ,camb4 ,phil4 ,trans1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ceg1 tab4 #e1 #f4 ,!codontosaurus & ,palosaurus4 ,ly4 p4 #cjf1 figs4 #cdh1 #cdi4--,num]\s bones & tee? ( reptiles occur 9 ! ,magnesian ,conglom]ate1 ne> ,bri/ol1 & h be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,riley & ,mr4 ,/ut*bury 9 an int]e/+ memoir to :i* ref]5ce %\ld be made = details 7,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 v4 p4 #cdi1 pl4 xxix4 xxx474 ,! bones d5ote an approa* to ! liz>ds2 ! tee? are implant$ 9 sockets2 ^! reptiles1 !re=e1 belong$ to ! gr\p t]m$ !codont1 & ! "n ,!codontosaurus1 giv5 to ^! ext9ct ,saurians by ,dr4 ,riley1 has ref]5ce to ?is "*4 ,! tee? are po9t$1 compress$ lat]ally1 slightly convex on ea* side1 ) a tr5*ant1 f9ely s]rat$ edge 9 front & beh9d2 ! fang is sub-cyl9drical4 ,o!r tee? f ! same deposit1 possess+ ! same g5]al *>act]s1 b di/+ui%$ by peculi>ities ( =m1 h be5 ref]r$ to ano!r g5us1 nam$ ,palosaurus4 ,! v]tebr f\nd associat$ ) ! tee? & jaws are biconcave1 & are rem>kably *>act]iz$ by ! great dep? ( ! sp9al canal 9 ! middle ( ! c5trum or body ( ! v]tebr1 s t ! sp9al *ord mu/ h pres5t$ a monili=m or bead-l appe>ance4 ,^! reptiles1 9 _! !codont type ( d5tition1 biconcave v]tebr1 d\ble-head$ ribs1 & proportionate size ( ! bones ( ! extremities1 are ne>ly alli$ to ! ,teleosaurus1 7see ante1 p4 #fgi72 b !y comb9e a lac]tian =m ( too?1 & a lac]tian /ructure ( ! pectoral1 & probably ( ! pelvic ar*es1 ) ^! crocodilian *>act]s2 !y h also di/9ctive modifications3 su*1 = example1 z ! monili=m sp9al *ord4#ffe #ffe ,ow52 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #aee1 c4 ,dicynodon4 ,ligns4 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd4--,?is s+ul> fossil reptile 0 discov]$1 by ,mr4 ,ba91 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is di/+ui%$1 by "s rem>kable peculi>ities ( /ructure1 f o!r animals ( ! ,saurian ord]2 ( :i* x repres5ts a new tribe1 or sub-ord]4 ,! cranium is n>r[2 ! no/rils are divid$1 z 9 ,liz>ds1 & n conflu5t1 z 9 ,*elonia2 ! skull1 9 o!r respects1 mu* resembles 9 g5]al appe>ance t ( a ,turtle2 ! orbits are l>ge2 ! jaws are ed5tul\s1 z 9 ! ,turtles1 ) ! exception ( a pair ( long tusks1#fff implant$ 9 sockets 9 ! upp] maxill>y bone1 l ^? ( ! ,walrus2 ^! tusks are ( a f9] texture ?an t ( ! ,crocodile's tee?1 & almo/ z d5se z 9 ! ,hyna4 ,^! creatures pres5t 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] t bl5d+ ( ! peculi>ities ( sev]al exi/+ ord]s1 :i* is cont9ually pres5t$ to ! palontologi/2 = ) a type ess5tially lac]tian are comb9$ crocodilian & *elonian modifications4 ,al?\gh no ve/iges ( ^! reptiles h be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl& or 9 ,europe1 yet ! occurr5ce ( an alli$ =m1 ! ,rhyn*osaurus 7,lign4 #bca71 9 our ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 & ! probability t ! ,s\? ,african reptilif]\s deposits may1 f _! position1 belong to ! ,triassic ,epo*1 induce me to give a some:at ext5d$ notice ( ^! extraord9>y fossils3 & ,i am l$ to d s on ano!r acc\nt1 namely1 because ! memoir1#ffg ( :i* ! foll[+ is a brief ab/ract1 is s excell5t an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* inve/igations %\ld be conduct$1 s z to arrive at any satisfactory conclusions z to ! *>act]s & relations ( ! lo/ types ( be+s1 ^: fragm5t>y & petrifi$ relics are ! only ve/iges t rema94 #fff ,h5ce ! g5]ic "n1 ,dicynodon3 f 7twice71 & 7can9e too?74 #ffg ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,memoir on ! ,dicynodon1 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vii4 pp4 #ei1 et seq42 & plates iii4 to vi4 ,! fossils "u consid]ation 7 exhum$ "s ye>s s9ce by ,mr4 ,&rew ,g$des ,ba91 f ! int5sely h>d argillo-calc>e\s nodules ( ! s&/one /rata :i* range ov] an imm5se tract ( c\ntry beyond ! m\nta9s nor? ( ,capet[n1#ffh ,! ext5sive s]ies ( ^! & o!r fossils f ,s\? ,africa1 collect$ by ! indefatigable lab\r ( ,mr4 ,ba91 h lately be5 deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 b ! specim5s describ$ & figur$ 9 ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,memoir1 above allud$ to1 are ne>ly all t h z yet be5 successfully work$ out f ! exce$+ly h>d matrix 9 :i* ! bones are imb$d$4 ,^! consi/ ( crania & jaws1 ref]able to f\r species4#ffi #ffh ,= a notice ( ! geological /ructure ( ?is region1 see ,mr4 ,ba9's pap] 9 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vii4 pp4 #ec1 c42 & ! ab/ract ( a lat] ,memoir by ,mr4 ,ba91 9 ! ,lit]>y ,gazette1 ,dec4 #ah1 #aheb 7,no4 #ahgd74 #ffi ,namely1 ,dicynodon lac]ticeps 7liz>d-head71 ,d4 te/udiceps 7turtle-bead71 & ,d4 /rigiceps 7owl-head71 ! trivial names ( :i* h ref]5ce to ! g5]al =m ( ! head2 & ,d4 ,ba9ii1 ! l>ge/1 b un=tunately z yet ! lea/ kn[n species1 :i* takes ! "n ( ! intellig5t & en]getic discov]] & collector ( ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bcb & ,lign4 #bcc4 ,dicynodon lac]ticeps4 7,ow547 ,s\? ,africa4 7,see ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vii4 pl4 iii47 ,! lett]s ( ref]5ce correspond 9 ! two figures4 ,lign4 #bcb4 ,side view ( ! ,cranium & ,l[] ,jaw3 #a_/c nat4 size4 ,lign4 #bcc4 ,upp] aspect ( ! ,cranium3 #a_/c nat4 size4 ,cranium & ,upp] ,jaw4 a1 a4 ,int]maxill>y bone4 b1 b4 ,nasal4 c1 c4 ,frontal4 d1 d4 ,maxill>y4 e1 e4 ,prefrontal4 f1 f4 ,la*rymal4 g1 g4 ,mal>4 h1 h4 ,po/-frontal4 i1 i4 ,p>ietal4 k1 k4 ,temporal4 l1 l4 ,tympanic4 m1 m4 ,ma/oid4 n1 n4 ,nasal ap]tures4 o1 o4 ,orbits4 oc1 oc4 ,basi-occipital4 t1 t4 ,temporal foss4 t1 t4 ,can9e tee? 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,l[] ,jaw4 #a4 ,d5t>y bone4 #b4 ,coronoid4 #c4 ,op]cul>4 #d4 ,angul>4 #e4 ,articul>4 #f4 ,surangul>4 ,! mo/ /rik+ "* 9 ^! crania is ! pres5ce ( a pair ( long1 %>p-po9t$1 g5tly curv$ tusks1 implant$ 9 ! sup]ior maxill>y bones1 & :i* desc5d1 "o on ea* side ( ! =e-"p ( ! l[] jaw1 z se5 9 ,ligns4 #bcb & #bcc1 t1 t4 ,?is is a d5tal "* :i*1 ) ?is exception1 is peculi> to ! mammalia 7! ,walrus1 ,musk-de]1 & ,ma*airodus71 & is r>e ev5 9 t class4 ,exam9ation ( ! skull4--,"o ( ! crania %[$ ! m$ian undivid$ process ( a s+le int]maxill>y bone1 asc5d+ & sep>at+ two di/9ct ant]ior nasal ap]tures2 9 ano!r1 ! b\nd>ies ( a v mu* contract$ cranial cavity 7 evid5t3 ^! *>act]s comb9$ to prove t ! skulls 7 ref]able to air-brea?+ ovip>\s & cold-blood$ animals1 or ,reptiles2 b nei!r to ,crocodilians nor ,*elonians1 & = ! foll[+ reasons3-- #a/ly4 ,! orig9als 7 n mammalians2 = no mammalian has ! int]maxill>y bone s+le 7z 9 ,lign4 #bcc1 a71 or ! ext]nal bony nasal ap]ture d\ble2 & nei!r mammalian nor bird has ! cavity = ! bra9 s relatively small z 9 ?is fossil4 #b;dly4 ,!y 7 n ,crocodiles2 = 9 all crocodiles ! int]maxill>y bone is divid$ by a suture1 & ! ant]ior nasal ap]ture is s+le & on ! m$ian l9e1 z 9 mammalia4 #c;dly4 ,!y 7 n ,*elonians2 = all turtles h ! nasal op5+ s+le & plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! =e-"p ( ! skull1 9 ! v situation :i*1 9 ! ,dicynodon1 is occupi$ by ! convex imp]=ate m$ian plate ( ! broad int]maxill>y bone4 #d?ly4 ,!y c\ld n be ,fi%es1 z ^? animals h no well-def9$ ext]nal respiratory nasal ap]tures4 #e?ly4 ,!y 7 nei!r ,batra*ians 7frogs7 nor ,ophidians 7s]p5ts72 =1 al?\gh ! reptiles ( ^! two ord]s h a s+le int]maxill>y & d\ble no/rils1 l ! fossils1 ! latt] are at once sep>at$ f !m by ! pres5ce ( a /rong & complete zygomatic ar* 7,ligns4 #bcb & #bcc1 g1 d71 cont9u$ f ! tympanic bone to ! l>ge immovably articulat$ sup]ior maxill>y4 ,la/ly1 ! *>act]s la/ nam$1 & ! pres5ce ( v]tical tympanic p$icles 7,lign4 #bcb1 l71 susp5d$ by _! upp] "p to ! junction ( ! zygomatic & ma/oid bones1 prove ! aff9ity to ! lac]tians or true liz>ds4 ,^! bid5tal crania h c]ta9 *>act]s 9 common ) t ( ! ,rhyn*osaur1 :i* is also1 z we h be=e se51 ( ! true lac]tian gr\p1 b ! ,dicynodonts are m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,crocodiles & ! ,*elonians ?an ! ,rhyn*osaurus appe>s to be4 ,ref]r+ to ! orig9al ,memoir = anatomical details1 ,i mu/ limit ?is notice to a few additional g5]al rem>ks4 ,bo? ! jaws are ed5tul\s1 ) ! exception ( ! pair ( tusks1 z 9 ,*elonians2 !re are no traces ( tee?1 or ( _! sockets1 9 ! l[] jaw1 :i* is %ort & v deep1 & an*ylos$ at ! symphysis1 z 9 turtles2 ! alveol> bord] =ms a smoo? tr5*ant edge1 :i* %uts )9 ! correspond+ "p ( ! upp] jaw3 x is probable t bo? jaws 7 cov]$ by horn1 z 9 ! *elonians4 ,! tusks are implant$ 9 wide & deep conical alveoli 9 ! suborbital "p ( ! maxill>y bone1 & project ab\t two in*es beyond ! sockets 7,lign4 #bcb72 !y are long & po9t$1 & are direct$ d[nw>ds & =w>ds1 ) a slight backw>d curve1 & slightly conv]ge t[>ds _! extreme po9ts 7,lign4 #bcc74 ,^! tee? consi/ ( a simple body ( unvascul> d5t9e1 ) a v ?9 ext]nal coat ( enamel4 ,! too?-ivory is m d5se ?an 9 any kn[n reptile1 & approa*es 9 its intimate texture t ( ! can9es ( ! c>nivor\s mammals4 ,! base ( ! too? has a conical cavity 7,lign4 #bcd71 indicat+ a p]si/5t matrix or d5tal pulp1 ! re/ ( ! too? )\t ! socket be+ solid4 ,!re are no traces :atev] ( ! g]ms ( successional tee?4 ,x is !re=e inf]r$1 t1 l ! tusks & scalpri=m incisors ( mammalia1 ! can9e or maxill>y tee? ( ! ,dicynodon 7 capable ( con/ant gr[? & r5ovation2 ?us (f]+ an approa* to ! typical d5tition ( mammalia1 unkn[n 9 any o!r reptiles4 ,z ! po9ts ( ! tee? 9 ! only kn[n p]fect specim5 are unworn1 x is inf]r$ t ^! tusks 7 n employ$ ei!r z in/rum5ts = obta9+ food1 z 9 ! ,dugong1 or = locomotion1 z 9 ! ,walrus1 b 7 simply (f5sive & def5sive weapons4#fgj #fgj ,see ,pr(4 ,ow5's detail$ acc\nt ( ^! curi\s d5tal organs 9 ! ,memoir already ref]r$ to1 & 9 ! ,art4 ,tee?1 9 ! ,cyclopdia ( ,anatomy & ,physiology4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bcd4 ,dicynodon te/udiceps4 7,ow547 7,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vii4 pl4 v4 figs4 #c #d47 ,fig4 #a4--,longitud9al section ( ! fang ( ! too? implant$ 9 its socket3 #a_/c nat4 size4 #a;a4--,transv]se section ( ! too?4 ,a few sub-biconcave v]tebr & o!r undet]m9$ bones 7 associat$ ) ^! rema9s2 & _m simil> crania1 bo? ) & )\t ! tusks1 & o!r cranial rema9s ) jaws arm$ ) num]\s tee?1 z well z indications ( small] reptiles1 =m "p ( ,mr4 ,ba9's collections n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum1 await+ ! skilful manipulation ( ! exp]i5c$ workman to cle> away _! h>d inve/+ matrix1 & ! sci5tific exam9ation ( ! palontologi/ to elucidate _! zoological *>act]s4 ,tel]peton ,elg95se 7,mantell74 ,ligns4 #bce & #bcf4--,?is is ! olde/ ,reptile yet kn[n4#fga ,its rema9s consi/ ( ! impression#fgb ( a skeleton ( a small1 f\r-foot$1 v]tebrate animal1 on a block ( ! ,old ,r$ or ,devonian ,s&/one f ,spynie1 ne> ,elg91 ,nor? ,brita94 ,x 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,patrick ,duff1 9 #ahea2 & a detail$ description ( ?is unique fossil1 ) an illu/rative plate1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #ajj1 et seq42 toge!r ) a notice by ,capta9 ,brick5d5 ( ! geology ( ! di/rict :]e ! specim5 0 f\nd1 & a pap] on "s fossil foot-pr9ts1#fgc discov]$ by ?is geologi/ 9 ! same rock4 #fga ,! ^w ,tel]peton simply d5otes ! remote antiquity ( ?is ,devonian reptile ( ,scotl&1 7f> (f71 7reptile72 ! trivial "n1 ,elg95se1 records ! locality f :5ce x 0 obta9$4 #fgb ,a model ( ?is mo/ delicate & valuable impression has be5 deposit$ 9 ! palontological gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #fgc ,a g5]al notice ( ! fossil foot-pr9ts1 or ,i*nolites1 t h be5 ref]r$ to ,reptiles w be giv5 at a subsequ5t page ( ?is *apt]4 ,by ref]5ce to ,lign4 #bce1 x w be se5 t ! cranium is almo/ :olly lo/2 a few conical tee?1 mo/ly ( a v small size1 7 obs]v$ 9 connexion ) ! ve/ige ( ! jaws4 ,! sp9al column is repres5t$ by ! impressions ( ab\t ?irty-six v]tebr1 elev5 or twelve ( :i* belong to its caudal portion4 ,! v]tebr pres5t "s fa9t evid5ce ( _! possess+ a biconcave =m2 ! l5g? ( "o ( ! dorsal v]tebr is #a_/i? ( an in*4 ,!re are tw5ty-"o pairs ( long sl5d] ribs4 ,! pectoral ar* & ant]ior extremities h ne>ly disappe>$ 9 ! fracture ( ! /one4 ,! pelvis & sacrum are v obscure2 ! latt] is =m$ probably ( two an*ylos$ v]tebra24 ,! ?igh-bones are some:at curv$2 ! tibia is g5tly b[$1 & exp&$ at ea* extremity4 ,!re are no rema9s ( ! feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bce4 ,tel]peton ,elg95se 7,mantell74 ,dev4 ,elg94 ,impression ( ! skeleton 7nat4 size72 %[+ ! outl9e ( ! v]tebral column1 ribs1 pelvis1 femora1 tibi & fibul1 "p ( ! caudal s]ies ( v]tebr1 ! left hum]us1 radius1 & ulna1 imp]fect traces ( ! "r ant]ior extremity1 & obscure indications ( "p ( ! cranium4 a4 ,! rema9s ( ! cranium4 b1 b4 ,impr9ts ( portions ( ! ant]ior extremities4 c1 c4 ,well-def9$ impressions ( ! ?igh-bones & leg-bones1 ) an obscure sub-quadrangul> pelvis4 #a4 ,"o ( ! tee?3 nat4 size & mag4 ,! /ructure ( ?is reptilian skeleton1 z f> z ! specim5 c s]ve to %[1 indicates a peculi> type ( organization1 9 :i*1 z 9 num]\s o!r ext9ct =ms1 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r ,classes1 o/eological *>act]s are associat$ :i* 9 exi/+ ovip>\s quadrup$s are re/rict$ to di/9ct ord]s & g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bcf4 ,tel]peton ,elg95se 7,mantell74 ,outl9e ( ! re/or$ =m ( ! orig9al reptile3 #a_/b nat4 ,! lac]tian aff9ities ( ! ,tel]peton are well m>k$ 9 ! relative size & =m ( ! bones ( its extremities1 ! situation ( its pelvis1 & probably 9 ! articulation & ! l5g? ( its ribs2 b ! contract$1 biconcave c5trum1 & ! %ort neural sp9e ( ! v]tebr1 z well z ! horizontality ( ! articulat+ surfaces ( ! zygapophyses1 & ! g5]al uni=mity ( "* ?r\gh\t ! sp9al column1 are to be reg>d$ z batra*ian modifications4 ,probably ! orig9al 0 a peculi> type1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 x w\ld be ra% to ascribe to ei!r ord]4 ,! l5g? ( ! orig9al animal c\ld n h exce$$ six or sev5 in*es4 ,lign4 #bcf repres5ts 9 outl9e ! probable =m ( ?is small1 b mo/ int]e/+ reptile4 ,v4 ,pt]osaurians1 or ,fly+ ,reptiles4--,pt]odactylus 7w+-f+]$ reptile74 ,lign4 #bcg4 ,petrif4 p4 #ahg2 ,wond4 p4 #egg2 ,bd4 pl4 xxi4 xxii4--,! ext9ct reptiles d5om9at$ ,pt]odactyles1 con/itut+ a few g5]a ( an ord] ( ,saurians organiz$ = arial life1#fgd are unque/ionably ! mo/ m>vell\s ev5 ( ! wond]ful be+s :i* ! relics ( ! ,age ( ,reptiles h enabl$ ! palontologi/ to recon/ruct4 ,) a long-sn\t$ head & long neck1 mu* resembl+ t ( a bird1 bat-l w+s1 & a small trunk & tail1 ) lac]tian aff9ities 9 its skull1 tee?1 & skeleton1 & ) a bird-l /ructure ( /]num & scapul> ar*1 ^! creatures pres5t an anomaly ( /ructure z unlike _! fossil contempor>ies1 z is ! duck-bill$ ,orni?orhyn*us1 ( ,au/ralia1 to exi/+ animals4 ,! cranium1 or bra9-case1 is small2 ! jaws are ei!r long1 & arm$ ) num]\s %>p-po9t$ tee?1 or too?less1 l ^? ( a bird4 ,! tee? ( ! ,pt]odactyle are all lani>y2 !y are simple1 ( a conical =m1 recurv$1 ) b little diff]5ce 9 _! =m & size1 & implant$ 9 di/9ct sockets1 ) wide int]vals betwe5 ea*4 ,9 "s species !re are tw5ty-eight or ?irty 9 ! l[]1 & tw5ty-two 9 ! upp] jaw4 #fgd ,! only kn[n rec5t reptile at all analog\s is ! little ,draco volans ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,isl&s2 b ev5 ?is c sc>cely be reg>d$ z a fly+ animal1 its lat]al membran\s expansions1 :i* are r p>a*utes ?an w+s1 & =m$ by elongat$ ribs1 n by ! f+]s1 pres5t+ b a rudim5t>y condition ( w+s comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,bat & ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,! orbit is v l>ge2 ! scl]otica consi/s ( an annul> r[ ( bony plates1 b less 9 numb] ?an 9 ! ,i*?yosaurus2 ! ext]nal orifice ( ! no/rils is ne> ! orbits2 rema9s ( ! os hyoides 7bone ( ! tongue7 h be5 obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bcg4 ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris3 #a_/b nat4 size4 ,oolite4 ,sol5h(54 ,! c]vical v]tebr are l>ge & /rong1 & capable ( great flexibility =w>ds & backw>ds1 probably to all[ ! head to fall back to ! c5tre ( gravity dur+ flight4 ,!re are frequ5tly traces ( ossifi$ condition ( ! t5dons ( ! muscles ( ! neck4 ,?is is well se5 9 ,p4 macronyx & ,p4 crassiro/ris 7,lign4 #bcg71 & is a peculi>ity dep5d5t on ! additional support requir$ by ! long neck ( ! animal4 ,! dorsal v]tebr are f sev5te5 to tw5ty 9 numb]4 ,! sacrum is =m$ by ! coalesc5ce ( two v]tebr only1 z 9 exi/+ reptiles1 & n ( _m1 z 9 birds & c]ta9 ext9ct saurians4 ,! tail is g5]ally %ort1 an unusual "* ) saurians2 b a species ) a long tail occurs at ,sol5h(54 ,!re are five toes or digits on ea* foot2 ! out] f+] ( ! =e-arm is imm5sely elongat$1 = ! support ( a membran\s expansion 7! impression ( ?is w+-membrane is pres]v$ on ! /one 9 "s examples72 & ! o!r digits1 ( =e & h9d feet1 t]m9at$ 9 long curv$ claws4 ,! size & =m ( ! extremities %[ t ! ,pt]odactylus 0 capable ( p]*+ on trees1 ( hang+ aga9/ p]p5dicul> surfaces1 & ( /&+ firmly on ! gr\nd1 :51 ) its w+s fold$1 x might crawl on all-f\rs1 & walk or hop l a bird4 ,a ref]5ce to ! graphic description ( ! *>act]s & probable habits ( ^! be+s1 by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ,bd4 i4 p4 #bba1 & ! beautiful illu/rations accompany+ x 7,bd4 ii4 pl4 xxi4 xxii471 w equally in/ruct & gratify ! read]4 ,! mo/ p]fect examples ( ! ,pt]odactyles h be5 discov]$ 9 ! li?ographic /one ( ,monheim1 ,papp5heim1 & ,sol5h(51 :]e _! bones are associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ,dragon-flies 7see p4 #eea7 & o!r insects4 ,9 ,engl&1 bones ( ^! reptiles h be5 obta9$ f ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 f ! ,oolitic slate ( ,/onesfield1 f ! ,weald5 /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 & ! ,*alk ( ,k5t4#fge ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ,briti% specim5s consi/s ( a consid]able "p ( ! skeleton ( a species ab\t ! size ( a ,rav51 discov]$ by ! late ,m>y ,ann+1 9 ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 & n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#fgf ,x consi/s ( ! pr9cipal bones ( ! extremities1 & ( sev]al v]tebra31 & is figur$ & describ$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 iii4 pl4 xxvii4 ,?is specim5 is di/+ui%$ by a great] l5g? ( ! claws 7:5ce ! "n ( ! species1 ,p4 macronyx1 long-claw17 ?an 9 any previ\sly kn[n4 #fge ,= a detail$ description ( ! ,pt]osaurian rema9s f ! ,engli% ,*alk1 ) num]\s beautiful illu/rations1 see ,pr(4 ,ow5 s ,monograph1 publi%$ by ! ,palontographical ,society1 #ahea4 ,o!r important memoirs on ,pt]odactyles & _! /ructure1 n m5tion$ 9 ! text1 are1 by ,von ,mey]1 9 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,curios4 vol4 xv4 "p ii4 & ,palontographica1 "p i4 #ahdf2 ,goldfuss1 ,nova ,acta1 vol4 xv4 "p i41 & ,reptili5 d] ,vorwelt1 #ahca2 ,pr(4 ,ow5 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 iii4 & ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 ibid4 vol4 iv4 #fgf ,see ,petrif4 p4 #ahi4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,pt]odactyles ( ! ,*alk1 = ! mo/ "p1 indicate a l>ge size = ! orig9al animals4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t "s ( ^! gigantic fly+ reptiles possess$ an ext5t ( w+ surpass+ t ( ! great albatross4 ,! ,pt]odactylus ,cuvi]i _h probably an expanse ( w+ n less ?an eighte5 feet f tip to tip2 ano!r ,*alk species1 ,p4 compressiro/ris1 fifte5 feet2 :il/ ! ,p4 macronyx1 ( ! ,lias1 measur$ ab\t f\r feet sev5 in*es f ! extremity ( "o w+ to t ( ! o!r4#fgg #fgg ,b[]bank1 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahea1 & ,ow51 ,monograph1 p4 #ajd4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*elonians4 ,,vi4 ,*elonian ,reptiles4--,^? s+ul> reptiles1 commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ,tortoises & ,turtles1 & designat$ by naturali/s ,*elonia 7f ,*elone1 ! ,greek t]m = a ,tortoise71 are di/+ui%$ f all o!r animals by ! osse\s cuirass 9 :i* _! bodies are enclos$1 ! head & neck1 extremities1 & tail1 alone be+ exclud$4 ,?is rem>kable bony case is produc$ by ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! bones ( ! ?orax & back2 & consi/s ( an "u 7/]nal7 & an upp] 7dorsal7 portion4 ,! brea/-plate1 or pla/ron1 :i* is ! true /]num1 is compos$ ( n9e pieces ( bone1 eight ( :i* are 9 pairs1 & ! n9?1 or odd plate1 is situat$ betwe5 ! f\r ant]ior plates4 ,! v>iation 9 ! =m ( ^! plates is consid]able1 & af=ds important di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,9 ! "y /ate ( l& & fre%-wat] tortoises1 !re are vacancies betwe5 ! pieces1 :i* are fill$ up 9 ! adult1 ! :ole be+ ultimately unit$ into "o bony plate2 b 9 ! m>9e turtles 7& also 9 ! ,trionyces1 or s(t tortoises71 ^! pieces d n completely unite1 & int]spaces always rema94 ,! bones ( :i* ! dorsal buckl]1 c>apace1 or upp] %ield is compos$ consi/ ( eight ( ! t5 pairs ( ribs1 unit$ by a longitud9al s]ies ( angul> plates1 :i* are atta*$ to ! annul> "p ( ! v]tebra ?r\gh\t ! :ole1 or a great "p ( _! l5g?1 accord+ to ! age & species ( ! individual4#fgh ,num]\s modifications exi/ 9 ! =m ( ! buckl]1 9 its flatness or convexity1 9 ! degree ( ext5sion ( ! ribs1 & _! angul> plates1 & 9 ! *>act]s ( ! scutes or horny integum5t ) :i* ! c>apace is cov]$2 & ) correspond+ v>iations 9 ! head1 & 9 ! locomotive extremities1 9 ! num]\s species & g5]a ( ! ,*elonian reptiles1 accord+ to _! adaptation to a t]re/rial1 fluviatile1 or m>9e exi/5ce4 #fgh ,9 ! ,monograph on ,eoc5e ,reptiles1 #ahdi1 ,pr(4 ,ow5 has giv5 a succ9ct acc\nt ( ! c>apace & pla/ron ( ! ,*elone1 & a brief notice ( ! composition & homologies ( ^! bony encasem5ts 9 ! ,tortoise1 ) ref]5ces to m p>ticul> & compreh5sive memoirs by himself & o!rs4 ,! animals ( ?is ord] are arrang$ 9 f\r pr9cipal gr\ps1 viz4 ! m>9e1 or ,turtles 7,*elones72 ! fluviatile1 or riv]-,tortoises 7,trionyces72 ! m>%-,tortoises 7,emydes72 & ! t]re/rial or l&-,tortoises 7,te/ud9es74 ,! m>9e ,*elonians g5]ally fe$ ^u vegetables2 ! ,emys & ,trionyx approa* m ne>ly to ! t]re/rial ?an to ! m>9e species2 !y are c>nivor\s1 fe$+ on frogs1 fi%es1 fre%-wat] mollusca1 & o!r small animals4 ,! ,trionyces diff] f _! cong5]s 9 be+ de/itute ( a horny ext]nal integum5t1 hav+ no scutes on ! buckl] or any o!r "p ( ! body b ! osse\s c>apace is inve/$ ) a /rong t\gh sk91 :i* equally cov]s ! dorsum & /]num1 to :i* x firmly adh]es2 ! d]mal surface ( ! bones 9 ^! ,tortoises is always rugose1 & ei!r granulat$1 or cov]$ ) punctations & depressions4 ,! buckl] ( ! ,trionyces is ( a depress$ =m1 ) a s(t flatt5$ m>g94 ,! ,te/ud9id1 or l&-,tortoises1 are too well kn[n to r5d] any description requisite = our pres5t purpose4 ,9 ! m>9e species1 eight pairs ( ribs & ?irte5 plates ( ! longitud9al s]ies =m ! buckl]2 ! ribs or co/al plates are unit$ to ea* o!r ?r\gh a great "p ( _! ext5t2 b t[>ds _! di/al or out] extremities ea* rib contracts1 & t]m9ates 9 a po9t1 :i* is support$ on a m>g9al s]ies ( bony plates2 ! int]vals betwe5 ! ribs are fill$ up 9 ! liv+ animal by a c>tilag9\s membrane :i* nev] becomes ossifi$4 ,?is "*1 !re=e1 af=ds an important aid 9 ! discrim9ation ( ! fossil rema9s ( ?is family4#fgi #fgi ,! read] w recognise ?is peculi>ity 9 ! gild$ skeleton ( ! c>apace ( ,turtles1 frequ5tly exhibit$ 9 ! s\p-%ops ( ! metropolis4 ,9 ! t]re/rial & ! m>% ,tortoises1 ! ossification is complete 9 ! adult /ate2 b 9 ! fluviatile ,trionyces1 :i* are )\t a horny integum5t1 !re is no bord]1 or m>g9al s]ies ( bony plates1 & ! extremities ( ! ribs are !re=e always di/9ct1 & g5]ally h an obtuse extremity4 ,! skeletons ( ! ?ree gr\ps pres5t correspond+ modifications1 & an accurate k ( ! o/eology ( ! rec5t animals is necess>y to enable ! palontologi/ to arrive at secure conclusions z to ! *>act]s & relations ( ! fossil species4#fhj ,we c only adv]t to "o rem>kable o/eological "*1--! con/ruction ( ! %\ld]1 :i* diff]s f t ( all o!r animals1 9 be+ situat$ )9 ! cavity ( ! ?orax1 in/ead ( )\t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is modification1 a process ( ! %\ld]-blade 7scapula or omoplate71 t]m$ ! acromion1 is l>gely develop$1 & ! %\ld]-bone is tri-mucronate1 or ?ree-prong$1 consi/+ ( a %ort1 ?ick head1 conta9+ a concavity 7:i*1 ) t on ! coracoid-bone1 =ms a socket = ! arm-bone71 & ( two div]g+ bran*es4 ,?is =m is s peculi>1 t ! collector c be at no loss to recognise ! %\ld]-bone ( a ,*elonian1 %\ld x come "u 8 notice ) o!r fossil relics 7see ,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 xix4 fig4 #aa74 ,! %\ld]-blade & its associat$ coracoid-bone und]go c]ta9 modifications 9 ! ?ree gr\ps ( ,turtles1 by :i* ! anatomi/ may pretty c]ta9ly det]m9e ! t]re/rial1 fluviatile1 or m>9e "* ( ! animals to :i* !y belong$4 ,! successful application ( a p]fect k ( ?is dep>tm5t ( o/eology1 is admirably exemplifi$ 9 ! works to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made2 & ev5 b a slight acqua9tance ) its pr9ciples w (t5 enable u to obta9 "s g5]al in=mation z to ! nature & relations ( fossil ,*elonians4 #fhj ,! /ud5t %\ld consult ,cuvi]'s ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 tom4 v4 "p iime4 *ap4 ii43 & ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,monographs1 publi%$ by ! ,palontographical ,society1 #ahdi1 #ahea1 #ahec4 ,! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 ,art4 ,tortoises1 conta9s an excell5t summ>y ( ! o/eology ( ^! reptiles1 also an ab/ract ( ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,report on ! ,fossil ,*elonia4 ,! /ud5t w rememb] t all ! ,*elonians are ed5tul\s1 i4 e4 too?less2 _! bony jaws be+ cov]$ by horny %ea?s1 z 9 birds2 ^! m&ibles are !re=e ! only d5tal organs t c occur 9 a fossil /ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,,turtles ,,& ,,tortoises4 ,fossil ,turtles & ,tortoises4#fha--,"s ( ! e>lie/ indications ( ! pres5ce ( ,reptiles on our planet are af=d$ by ! foot-pr9ts ( ,*elonian animals on ! surfaces ( ! lay]s ( s&/one ( ! ,old ,r$ =mation at ,elg91 & ( ! ,new ,r$ 9 ,dumfries%ire1 at ,/oreton1 ne> ,liv]pool1 & at "s places 9 ,g]many 7see ,bd4 i4 p4 #bei1 & p4 #bfe1 note74 ,b no osse\s rema9s ( ! animals ( ?is family h hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 /rata antec$5t to ! ,oolite4 ,! ,sol5h(5 qu>ries 7,kelheim7 h yield$ ! bones & c>apaces ( sev]al ,emydian tortoises1 & "s rema9s ( ,*elonians h be5 f\nd at ,/onesfield1 & 9 ! ,portl& ,s&/one4#fhb ,9 ! ,jura lime/one at ,soleure1 two l>ge species ( ,emydians h be5 discov]$4 ,! ,weald5 & ,purbeck =mations ab\nd 9 ,*elonian rema9s ( bo? fluviatile & m>9e g5]a4 ,f ! ,isle ( ,purbeck num]\s f9e examples h be5 obta9$2#fhc my own rese>*es 9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/ 7,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 p4 #fj7 h also br\ght to light sev]al species1 & 9 p>ticul> an int]e/+ ,*elonian relat$ to ! s(t-sk9n$1 fre%-wat] tortoises1 ,trionyces 7,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bee74 ,9 ! ,cretace\s =mation ( ,engl& ! rema9s ( ^! reptiles are n frequ5t4 ,! ,gre5s& ( ,cambridge%ire 7,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #agb17 has yield$ a m>9e species1 & t ( ,k5t a f9e ,emydian =m 7,ow51 ,monog4 #ahea72 & 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk a few examples h be5 obta9$1 to :i* we %all h]eaft] m p>ticul>ly allude4 ,on ! ,cont95t f9e examples h be5 f\nd 9 ! slate ( ,gl>is 7see ,bd4 pl4 xxv472 & 9 ! upp] ,cretace\s /rata ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 at ,mae/ri*t1 & at ,melsbroeck1 ne> ,brussels1 _m beautiful specim5s ( fre%-wat] tortoises 7,emydes71 & m>9e turtles 7,*elones71 h f "t to "t be5 obta9$2 ^! are figur$ & describ$ by ,b>on ,cuvi] 7,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 pp4 #bcf1 #bci74 ,9 ! ,eoc5e /rata ( ,engl&1 sev]al species ( ,*elonians h be5 collect$2 ( ^! elev5 belong to ! m>9e g5us ,*elone2 eight to ! fre%-wat] ,trionyx2 & eight to ! m>%-tortoises1 ,emys & ,platemys4 ,! ,isle ( ,%eppey & ,hordwell h yield$ ! majority ( ^! relics2 ! turtles are small] ?an ! rec5t analogues1 :i* n[ inhabit int]tropical latitudes4#fhd ,! ,eoc5e /rata ( ,france conta9 sev]al fre%-wat] tortoises1 "s ( :i* are ref]able to ! ,emydes1 & o!rs to ! ,trionyces4 ,f ! gypsum b$s1 ne> ,p>is1 ! rema9s ( "o or two species ( ,trionyx h be5 obta9$ 7,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 p4 #bbb71 ( ano!r at ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 & ( ?ree or f\r species 9 o!r localities4 ,a f9e specim5 ( fre%-wat] tortoise f n+51 ne> ,con/ance1 is describ$ & figur$ by ,pr(essor ,bell 9 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 iii4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ,te/ud9id1 or l&-tortoises1 are exce$+ly r>e4 ,no well-det]m9$ rema9s are kn[n 9 ! ,briti% /rata2 ! impressions ( scutes f\nd 9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 & ! foot-pr9ts above describ$1 be+ ! only indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! reptiles4 ,! pres5ce ( l&-tortoises 9 ! /rata ( ,france appe>s to be equally problematical1 = ! relics obta9$ f ,montm>tre & ,aix 7,oss4 ,foss4 p4 #bde7 af=d no c]ta9 data z to ! "* ( ! orig9al4 #fha ,see ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 pp4 #afh1 et seq4 #fhb ,see ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda4 pp4 #afj & #afi4 #fhc ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ^! almo/ p]fect specim5s h lately be5 figur$ & describ$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 9 8 ,monograph on ! ,fossil ,*elonian ,reptiles ( ! ,weald5 & ! ,purbeck2 ,palontographical ,society1 #ahec4 #fhd ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #agg1 & ,monograph on ,fossil ,reptiles1 ,pal4 ,soc4 #ahdi1 9 :i* ! anatomical details are giv5 ) ! *>act]i/ic accuracy & m9ut5ess ( ! au?or4 ,! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,india1 h[ev]1 h furni%$ decid$ examples ( fossil t]re/rial tortoises2 & among ! innum]able relics ( ! be+s ( an e>li] _w1 :i* ! indefatigable lab\rs ( ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,capta9 ,cautley h br\ght to light1 & :i* ^? accompli%$ naturali/s h s skilfully develop$1 are ! rema9s ( l& tortoises ( prodigi\s magnitude 7,colosso*elys atlas72 "o specim5 indicat+ a l5g? ( twelve or f\rte5 feet1 ) a bread? & height ( correspond+ proportions6 ,^! rema9s are associat$ ) ! bones gigantic ext9ct mammalia1 alli$ to ! ,palo!ria & o!r pa*yd]ms ( ! eoc5e deposits ( ! ,p>is bas92 & ) ^? ( ,emydian & ,crocodilian reptiles4#fhe #fhe ,petrif4 pp4 #aa & #dfh4 ,fossil ,m>9e ,turtles4--,9 illu/ration ( ?is subject1 ,i select a specim5 discov]$ 9 ! l[] ,*alk1 at ,burham1 ,k5t1 :i* is rem>kable = its beautiful /ate ( pres]vation1 & its peculi> o/eological *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bch4 ,*elone ,b5/$i3 nat4 size4 ,*alk4 ,k5t4 ,! dorsal %ield or c>apace ( ?is specim5 admits ( be+ remov$2 & f\r /]nal plates1 a coracoid-bone1 & sev]al v]tebr are !n expos$4 ,*elone ,b5/$i4 ,lign4 #bch4--,to ,mr4 ,b5/$1 ( ,maid/one1 ^: discov]ies h r5d]$ 8 qu>ry ( ,k5ti% ,bag classic gr\nd to ! ,briti% palontologi/1 ,i am indebt$ = ?is spl5did fossil turtle4 ,! qu>ry :5ce x 0 obta9$ is situat$ at ,burham1 a %ort di/ance f ! banks ( ! ,m$way1 betwe5 ,*a?am & ,maid/one1 & pres5ts a good section ( ! l[] ,*alk4 ,?is locality is ri* 9 fossil rema9s1 rivall+ 9 ?is respect ! qu>ries ne> ,lewes1 ,wor?+1 & ,arundel1 9 ,sussex4 ,two o!r fossil ,turtles h be5 obta9$ f ?is qu>ry1 & n[ enri* ! cab9ets ( ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton & ,mr4 ,b[]bank4 ,o!r relics ( ,*elonians f\nd 9 ?is place are f\r m>g9al plates ( ! c>apace1 & fragm5ts ( ribs1#fhf "s m>g9al plates ( a mu* l>g] individual1 m&ibles1 & o!r fragm5ts1 :i* are notic$ 9 ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,monograph1 #ahea4 ,! specim51 ( :i* ,lign4 #bch is a r$uc$ figure1 consi/s ( ! dorsal buckl] or c>apace almo/ entire2 x is ( a depress$ elliptical =m1 ) a longitud9al m$ian ridge2 x is six in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?ree & a half in*es 9 bread? across ! middle4 ,x is compos$ ( eight ribs1 or co/al plates1 on ea* side ! dorsal ridge1 :i* is =m$ ( t5 neural plates2 & !re is a bord] ( m>g9al plates4 ,^! plates are unit$ to ea* o!r by f9ely ind5t$ sutures1 & be> ! impr9ts ( ! horny scutes1 or tortoise-%ell1 ) :i* !y 7 orig9ally inve/$4 ,! exp&$ ribs are unit$ ?r\gh\t ! proximal half ( _! l5g?1 & gradually tap] to _! m>g9al extremities1 :i* are support$ by ! plates ( ! osse\s bord]4#fhg ,?is description applies to ! specim5 z se5 9 ,lign4 #bch2 b ,mr4 ,b5/$ s skilfully cle>$ away ! *alk z to admit ( ! removal ( a great "p ( ! dorsal %ield1 by :i* means "s ( ! v]tebr1 f\r /]nal 7hyo/]nal & hypo/]nal7 plates1 & "o ( ! coracoid bones are display$4 ,?is brief description w suffice to convey a g5]al idea ( ! *>act]s ( ?is fossil1 :i* diff]s f any kn[n rec5t turtle1 & possesses "s anomal\s features1 t appe> to indicate "s slight ,emydian aff9ities4 #fhf ,see ,geol4 ,proce$1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bii4 #fhg ,see also ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahda1 p4 #aec1 pl4 xi4 & xii42 & ,palontograph4 ,monograph1 #ahea1 p4 #d1 plates i4 ii4 & iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bci4 ,beak or ,m&ible ( a ,turtle3 nat4 size4 ,*alk4 ,lewes4 ,among ! num]\s fossils obta9$ f ! ,*alk ( ,sussex1 ! only trace ( a ,*elonian reptile t has come "u my obs]vation is ! bony m&ible or beak ( a ,turtle1 ,lign4 #bci4 ,its surface displays a fibr\s cancellat$ /ructure1 d5ot+ ! atta*m5t ( ! horny %ea? ) :i*1 9 a rec5t /ate1 x 0 cov]$4 ,m or less p]fect specim5s ( su* m&ibles also occur 9 ! ,*alk ( ,k5t & else:]e1 b no bones ( ! skull h yet be5 met ) 9 t deposit4 ,9 ! ,gre5s& ( ,cambridge%ire1 h[ev]1 ! cranium ( a small turtle has be5 f\nd4 ,x is figur$ & describ$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 z ,*elone pul*riceps 7,monograph1 #ahea74 ,*elone ,bellii4 ,lign4 #bdj1 ,petrif4 #aee4--;,9 ! /rata ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 fragm5ts ( ! c>apace1 ( ! pla/ron or /]num1 & ( ! m>g9al plates1 ) "s ( ! bones ( ! extremities1 ( a l>ge m>9e turtle h be5 discov]$2 sev]al specim5s are figur$ 9 ,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 vi4 & vii4 ,"s examples mu/ h belong$ to an individual at lea/ ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,un=tunately1 ! specim5s hi!rto obta9$ are v imp]fect1 & d n exhibit ess5tial di/9ctive *>act]s1 ) ! exception ( ! ribs1 :i* are unit$ to )9 a %ort di/ance ( _! di/al or m>g9al extremities2 h5ce ! co/al int]spaces are r$uc$ to mu* small] dim5sions ?an 9 any rec5t or fossil ,turtles ) :i* ,i h _h ! means ( comp>+ !m4 ,! fragm5t ( a rib1 imb$d$ 9 ,tilgate grit1 figur$ ,lign4 #bdj1 well exhibits ?is "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bdj4 ,*elone ,bellii#fhh 7,g4 ,a4 ,m474 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,portion ( a co/al plate1 & ! extremities ( a rib3 nat4 size4 7,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=4 pl4 vi4 fig4 #b47 a4 ,! /riat$ po9t$ extremity ( rib4 b4 ,! di/al portion ( ! co/al plate4 #fhh ,! rema9s ( ?is reptile 7 notic$ 9 ! ,fossils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 or ,illu/rations ( ,geology ( ,sussex1 #dto4 #ahbb1 p4 #dg1 & subsequ5tly figur$ 9 ! ,illu/rations ( ! ,geology ( ,sussex1 ) figures & descriptions ( ! ,fossils ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 #dto4 #ahbg1 p4 #fj1 pl4 vi4 & vii42 & ?is ext9ct ,*elone 0 reg>d$ z a species1 *>act]iz$ by ! great developm5t ( ! rib-plates1 & nam$ aft] ,pr(essor ,bell1 ! em95t zoologi/1 9 ! fir/ ,edition ( ! ,m$als4 ,b 9 ! ,monograph1 ,weald4 ,rept4 #ahec1 ?is det]m9ation has lately be5 ov]look$2 & ! specim5 figur$ ,tilg4 ,foss4 pl4 vi4 fig4 #b1 is ref]r$ to ! newly nam$ ,*4 co/ata1 *>act]iz$ by its broad & prom95t ribs4 ,a ?ird "n ev5 7,*4 ,mantelli7 has be5 be/[$ on ?is int]e/+ fossil1 by a ,g]man palontologi/4 ,fossil fre%-wat] ,tortoises4--,! rema9s ( fre%-wat] ,tortoises1 ref]able to ! ,emydid1 occur 9 ! ,purbeck & ,weald5 /rata 7,ow5's ,monograph1 #ahec1 & ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda72 ! resemblance ( "s ( ^! to ! ,jurassic species f ,soleure 0 notic$ by ,cuvi] 7,oss4 ,foss4 vol4 v474 ,among ! ,*elonian rema9s ( ! ,weald51 "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable are ! co/al plates & o!r bones ( a ,tortoise1 :i* 9 its ess5tial *>act]s is closely alli$ to ! ,trionyces1#fhi b diff]s f ! rec5t =ms1 9 hav+ possess$ a d]mal horny integum5t1 =m$ ( scutes ( tortoise-%ell4 ,! *elonians ( ! g5us ,trionyx 7s nam$ f _! hav+ ?ree claws7 h ! extremities ( ! ribs free1 & n articulat$ to a bord] ( m>g9al plates1 & !re are int]vals betwe5 _! co/al plates ev5 9 ! adult /ate4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! bones ( ! buckl] is cov]$ ) granulations1 or ) little pits1 = ! atta*m5t ( ! s(t sk91 ! only integum5t ) :i* ^! animals are inve/$2 &1 be+ de/itute ( horny scutes1 _! bones exhibit no furr[s1 z 9 ! o!r g5]a4 ,b ! fossil rib-plates 7see ,lign4 #bda7 h a %agre5-l or punctat$ surface1 l ! rec5t ,trionyces1 & at ! same "t be> ! impr9ts ( horny scutes2 &1 in/ead ( be+ ne>ly ( an equal wid? ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g?1 z 9 ! exi/+ species1 h "o extremity mu* wid] ?an ! o!r1 z 9 ! l&-tortoises4 ,f ! slight degree ( convexity ( ! ribs1 x is evid5t t ! c>apace 0 mu* flatt5$1 z 9 ! ,trionyx4#fij ,except 9 hav+ a def5sive d]mal integum5t1 & agree+ 9 ?is respect ) _m ( ! ,crocodilian reptiles1 ) :i* its bones are associat$1 ! orig9al mu/ h closely resembl$ ! exi/+ pr$ace\s fre%-wat] s(t ,turtles2 &1 d\btless1 l ^? reptiles1 inhabit$ ! muddy b$s ( lakes & riv]s1 prey+ ^u ! eggs & "y ( ! l>g] reptiles1 & on ! uniones & o!r fluviatile mollusca1 ^: %ells are v commonly f\nd imb$d$ ) its rema9s4 #fhi ,! relations ( ^! peculi> rema9s to ,trionyx 7 po9t$ out 9 ,foss4 ,s4 ,d4 #ahbb1 p4 #dg4 #fij ,see ,petrif4 p4 #aeg1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bda4 ,treto/]non ,bakewelli2 #fia #a_/c nat4 size4 ,weald54 ,tilgate ,=e/4 7,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=4 pl4 vi4 fig4 #a47 ,"o ( ! co/al plates4 #fia ,?is ,tortoise1 ) ! sanction ( ,b>on ,cuvi]1 0 describ$ "u ! "n ,trionyx1 9 ,foss4 ,tilg4 ,=4 #ahbg1 p4 #fj1 & its di/9ctive *>act]s 7 po9t$ out4 ,9 ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 #ahcc1 p4 #bee1 ! specific "n ,bakewelli 0 propos$ 9 hon\r ( ! late ,rob]t ,bakewell1 ,esq41 ^: excell5t works h s greatly promot$ ! advancem5t ( geology2 a privilege to :i*1 z ! orig9al discov]] ( ! species1 & ( its zoological relations1 ,i 0 fairly entitl$4 ,b ?is "n does n appe> 9 ! li/ ( ,briti% ,*elonians1 ei!r 9 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 or 9 ,mr4 ,morris's ,cat4 ,brit4 ,org4 ,rem4 #ahdc4 ,) a melan*oly pleasure ,i n[ re/ore ! "n ( my lam5t$ fri5d1 z a j1 b v inadequate tribute ( respect to 8 memory4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bdb4 ,palophis toliapicus3 #b_/c nat4 size4 ,london ,clay4 ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,six concavo-convex v]tebr ( ! trunk4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,s]p5ts4 ,,vii4 ,ophidians1 or ,s]p5ts4 ,lign4 #bdb4--,! rema9s ( ! v]tebral columns ( ext9ct ,s]p5ts 7 discov]$ _m ye>s s9ce 9 ! ,london clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 & specim5s 7 obta9$ by ! celebrat$ ,hunt]1 & pres]v$ 9 8 museum4 ,^! specim5s1 toge!r ) o!rs 9 ! collections ( ,messrs4 ,saull1 ,b[]bank1 ,dixon1 ,combe1 & ,s4 ,wood1 h be5 figur$ & describ$1 & _! relations to exi/+ types elaborately work$ out1 by ,pr(essor ,ow54#fib ,! ,palophis typhu1 f ! ,brackle%am clay1 _h a l5g? ( ab\t tw5ty feet1 &1 f ! compress$ "* ( its caudal v]tebr1 0 probably a sea-s]p5t4 ,a some:at small] species also occurs at ,brackle%am4 ,! ,%eppey specim5s are ref]r$ to ano!r species ( ?is ext9ct g5us1 namely1 ! ,p4 toliapicus 7,lign4 #bdb72 x 0 f t5 to twelve feet 9 l5g?4 ,! rema9s ( two species ( l&-s]p5ts1 respectively ab\t f\r & ?ree feet long1 h be5 f\nd at ,hordwell ,cliff4 ,^! belong to ! ext9ct g5us ,pal]yx1 ?us nam$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ne> aff9ities ( ! ,hordwell v]tebr to ^? ( ! rec5t ,eryx1 "o ( ! ,boa & ,py?on gr\p ( s]p5ts4#fic #fib ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 p4 #bji1 c4 pl4 xxii42 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #ahj2 ,dixon's ,geology & ,fossils ( ,sussex1 pp4 #baa-bag1 pl4 xii4 fig4 #ad2 & especially ,palontographical ,monograph1 #ahej1 p4 #ea1 et seq42 & plates xii4 to xvi4 #fic ,see ,monograph on ,eoc5e ,reptiles1 #ahej1 f :i* ^! notices ( ! ,eoc5e ,ophidians are abridg$4 ,! v]tebr ( ,s]p5ts are di/+ui%$ by a transv]sely oblong ant]ior concavity1 =m+ a deep cup1 & a correspond+ po/]ior convexity or hall2 by ! int]lock+ ( ! project+ po/]ior oblique processes ) ! ant]ior pair2 & by ! oblong tub]cle on ea* side ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! body ( ! v]tebra1 = moveable articulation ) ! head ( ! ribs2 a sp9al column ?us con/ruct$ comb9es 9 ! highe/ degree p]fect flexibility ) great /r5g?4 ,9 addition to ! ophidian relics above ref]r$ to1 fossil v]tebr ( a small s]p5t 7,palophis87 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,eoc5e s& bel[ ! ,b$ ,crag1 at ,kyson 9 ,suffolk2#fid a locality t has yield$ o!r organic rema9s ( great int]e/ 7see *ap4 xix42 & ,wond4 p4 #beh74 ,! only fossils ( ?is ord] ( reptiles kn[n to ,b>on ,cuvi] appe> to h be5 "s v]tebr f ! bone-breccia ( ,cette 7,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 iv4 p4 #agg74 #fid ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #aha2 & ,monograph1 #ahej1 p4 #ff4 ,fossil eggs ( snakes are occasionally met ) 9 a comp>atively rec5t lime/one1 ( fre%-wat] orig91 9 ,g]many1 ne> ,(f5ba*1 associat$ ) %ells ( l& & fre%-wat] molluscs4 ,l ! turtles' eggs on ! %ores ( ,asc5sion ,isl&1 ^! ova 7 probably laid 9 ! moi/ mud1 & became encru/$ & pres]v$ by a deposit ( tufa4#fie #fie ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 vi4 "p #b1 p4 #db4 ,sid5ote3 ,,batra*ians4 ,,viii4 ,batra*ians4--,! reptiles t]m$ ,batra*ians 7f ! ,greek "n = ,frog7 are *>act]iz$ by ! metamorphoses :i* !y und]go 9 ! progress ( _! developm5t f ! "y to ! adult /ate2 ! ,frog1 ,toad1 & ,newt are famili> examples ( ?is ord]4 ,_! organs ( arial respiration consi/ ( a pair ( lungs2 b 9 _! "y /ate !y are provid$ ) gills1 support$1 z 9 fi%es1 by c>tilag9\s ar*es4 ,^! organs disappe>1 9 mo/ species1 :5 ! animals arrive at maturity2 b 9 a few g5]a1 z ! ,sir5 & ,proteus1 !y are p]si/5t4 ,! skeletons ( ^! reptiles pres5t correspond+ modifications4 ,! skull is1 = ! mo/ "p1 mu* depress$1 & ! c]ebral cavity small2 x is unit$ to ! v]tebral column by two di/9ct condyles1 situat$ on ! sides ( ! occipital or cranio-sp9al ap]ture4#fif ,! v]tebral column1 9 "s g5]a 7z1 = example1 9 ! common frog71 is v %ort1 & is r$uc$ to eight or t5 bones1 ! caudal v]tebr be+ fus$ into a long cyl9drical /yle2 b 9 ! high] organis$ ,batra*ians ! sp9e is compos$ ( concavo-convex v]tebr1 z 9 ! ,crocodile3 9 ! l[] type1 z ! ,sir51 ,proteus1 & ,axolotl1 ! v]tebr are biconcave1 z 9 num]\s species ( fossil ,saurians4 ,! ribs are m]ely rudim5t>y1 be+ v %ort & few2 a condition :i* has relation to ! mode ( reproduction 9 ^! animals1 ! eggs be+ accumulat$ & %$ at once4#fig ,"s ( ! ,batra*ians are ed5tul\s1 b o!rs h num]\s small1 conical1 uni=m1 closely-arrang$ tee?1 plac$ ei!r 9 a s+le r[1 or aggregat$ l ! rasp-tee? 9 fi%es4#fih #fif ,saurians1 l birds1 h a s+le occipital condyle4 #fig ,see ,dr4 ,roget's ,bridgewat] ,essay1 p4 #cie4 #fih ,! v>iations 9 ! d5tal sy/em ( ^! animals are giv5 9 ,odontography1 *ap4 ii4 p4 #ahg4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,batra*ians4 ,batra*olites2 or fossil rema9s ( ,batra*ians4--,! skeletons1 ve/iges ( ! s(t p>ts1 & impr9ts ( ! feet ( sev]al g5]a ( ,batra*ians occur 9 a fossil /ate 9 t]ti>y deposits1 all ( :i*1 l ! exi/+ races1 appe> to belong to fre%-wat] or t]re/rial species4 ,9 ! plioc5e or new] t]ti>y /rata1 on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 at n+51 & 9 ! papi]kohle ( ! ,eifel1 sev]al species ( ,frog1 ,toad1 & ,newt1 h be5 discov]$4 ,fossil frogs ( a small species1 v simil> to ! rec5t1 occur 9 numb]s 9 a d>k %ale1 ov]laid by basalt1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bombay4#fii #fii ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bba4 ,a celebrat$ fossil ( ?is class is ! gigantic ,salam&] 7,cryptobran*us71 ?ree feet 9 l5g? 7,lign4 #bdc71 f\nd at n+5 7see ,wond4 pp4 #bfc1 #ehj71 :i* a ,g]man physician ( "s note 7,s*eu*z]7 suppos$ to be a fossil man6#gjj & he describ$ x 9 an essay1 entitl$ ,homo diluvii te/is et ,!oscopos1 z be+ ! moiety1 or ne>ly s1 ( a human skeleton1 ) ! bones & fle% incorporat$ 9 ! /one4#gja ,a f9e example ( ?is fossil ,salam&] is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,petrif4 p4 #ahf74 #gjj ,phil4 ,trans1 = #agbf1 vol4 xxxiv4 #gja ,ample description & figures ( ?is highly int]e/+ fossil are giv5 by ,cuvi]1 ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #dca1 pl4 xxv4 xxvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bdc4 ,cryptobran*us ,s*eu*z]i3 #a_/aa nat4 size4 ,t]ti>y4 n+54 ,sid5ote3 ,,labyr9?odon4 ,labyr9?odon4 ,ly4 p4 #bij-bic2 ,wond4 p4 #eej4 ,by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ,batra*ian reptiles 9 ! e>li] ages ( our planet has be5 af=d$ by ,pr(essor ,jg]'s discov]y ( ! skull1 tee?1 & o!r rema9s ( gigantic ext9ct animals1 alli$ to ! ,salam&]1 9 ! ,upp] ,new ,r$ ,s&/one 7,keup]7 ( ,wirtemb]g4#gjb #gjb b] die ,fossile ,reptili5 wel*e 9 ,wrtemb]g aufgefund5 word5 s9d1 von ,dr4 ,geo4 ,fri$r4 ,jg]4 #dto4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahbh4 ,see also ,h]mann von ,mey]'s ,notice ( ! ,saurians ( ! ,mus*elkalk1 ,bant] ,s&/e91 & ,keup]1 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv4 pt4 ii4 p4 #dj4 ,^! rema9s 7 ref]r$ by ?is em95t physician & naturali/ to saurian g5]a1 al?\gh ! d\ble condyle ( ! occipital bone indicat$ ,batra*ian aff9ities4 ,x 0 res]v$1 h[ev]1 = our di/+ui%$ c\ntryman1 ,pr(essor ,ow51 to correct ! error into :i* ! ,g]man savant _h fall51--remove ! obscurity 9 :i* ! subject 0 involv$1--det]m9e ! natural relations ( ! orig9al1--& develope a modification ( d5tal organization ( ! mo/ unexpect$ & int]e/+ "*4 ,dr4 ,lloyd1 ( ,leam+ton1 hav+ discov]$ "s fossil tee? & bones 9 ! light-col\r$ s&/one ( ! ,new ,r$1 at ,w>wick & ,leam+ton1 submitt$ !m to ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o1 /ruck ) _! g5]al resemblance to ! tee? ( ! gigantic ,salam&rodes ( ,wirtemb]g1 in/itut$ a microscopic exam9ation ( ! ,briti% & ,g]man specim5s4 ,! result prov$ t ! tee? f bo? localities possess$ a rem>kable & complicat$ /ructure1 produc$ by ! conv]g5ce ( num]\s inflect$ folds ( ! ext]nal lay] ( cem5t t[>ds ! pulp-cavity2 to :i*1 z we h already se5 7p4 #fff71 a v slight approa* 0 made 9 ! too? ( ! ,i*?yosaurus1 & a /ill clos] approximation by ! tee? ( c]ta9 fi%es 7,lepido/eus1 p4 #faf74 ,f ! intricate me&]+s or labyr9?9e inflections obs]vable 9 ! sections ( ^! tee?1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has giv5 ! "n ( ,labyr9?odon to ^! ext9ct ,batra*ian reptiles1 & has det]m9$ five ,briti% species2 "o ( :i* 7,l4 ,jg]i7 he conceives to be id5tical ) a species describ$ by my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,jg]4 ,! rema9s ( ! skeletons ( ^! reptiles1 hi!rto f\nd 9 ,w>wick%ire1 consi/ ( portions ( ! cranium1 & ( ! upp] & l[] jaws1 ) tee?1 v]tebr1 a /]num1 & "s ( ! bones ( ! pelvis & ! extremities4 ,f a specim5 7( ,l4 scutulatus7 consi/+ ( an aggregat$ gr\p ( bones1 imb$d$ 9 s&/one1 compris+ f\r v]tebr1 portions ( ribs1 a hum]us1 a ?igh-bone1 & two leg-bones1 ) sev]al small osse\s scutes1 x appe>s t "o species1 at lea/1 resembl$ ! ,crocodiles 9 its d]mal /ructure4 ,b ,pr(essor ,ow5 rem>ks1 t ?is modification ( ! d]mal sy/em does n affect ! claims ( ! ,labyr9?odonts to be consid]$ z ,batra*ians1 al?\gh all ! kn[n liv+ species ( ?is ord] are cov]$ ) a s(t1 lubric\s1 nak$ integum5t2 = ! sk9 is ! seat ( ! mo/ v>iable *>act]s 9 all animals2 & ! d\ble occipital condyle1 ! simple l[] jaw1 ! palatal vom]9e bones1 & ! tee? ( ^! fossil reptiles mu/ be deem$ decisive ( _! ess5tially ,batra*ian nature4 ,f ! specim5s ( ! cranium ! important fact has be5 asc]ta9$1 t ! ,labyr9?odonts _h subt]m9al no/rils lead+ to a wide & %all[ nasal cavity1 :i* is sep>at$ by a broad & almo/ cont9u\s palatal floor+ f ! cavity ( ! m\?2 indicat+1 by its horizontal position1 t ! po/]ior ap]tures 7 plac$ f> beh9d ! ext]nal no/rils2 :]eas 9 ! rec5t air-brea?+ ,batra*ians ! nasal canal is %ort & v]tical1 & ! inn] ap]tures pi]ce ! ant]ior "p ( ! palate4 ,! nasal cavities 9 ! ,frog are v]tical2 = ?is reptile swall[s air4 ,! ,labyr9?odonts mu/1 !re=e1 h brea!d air l ! ,crocodiles1 & 7 probably provid$ ) well-develop$ ribs1 & n m]e rudim5t>y /yles1 z 9 mo/ liv+ ,batra*ians4 ,too? ( ! ,labyr9?odon4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #c4--,! too? ( ! ,labyr9?odon is ( a conical figure1 v slightly recurv$1 & m>k$ ext]nally ) %all[1 f9e1 longitud9al /rife4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #c;a1 repres5ts 7#a_/b nat4 size7 a specim5 pres5t$ to me by ,dr4 ,jg]4 ,! too? is implant$1 by a s+le fang1 9 an alveol> groove to :i* x is an*ylos$4 ,x consi/s ( a simple c5tral pulp-cavity1 surr\nd$ by a body ( d5t9e1 :i* has an ext]nal ?9 coat ( cem5t2 & a v]tical duplication or fold ( ?is cem5t p5etrates ! sub/ance ( ! too? at ea* ( ! /ri1 :i* are arrang$ at int]vals ( ab\t "o l9e ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! too?4 ,! inflect$ folds ( cem5t ext5d inw>ds t[>ds ! c5tre1 9 a /raight direction = ab\t half a l9e1 !n become undulat$1 & f9ally t]m9ate 9 a dilatation or loop1 close to ! pulp-cavity1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a ?9 lay] ( d5t9e4 ,)9 ^! inflections ( ! cem5t1 ! d5t9e1 or too?-bone1 is simil>ly dispos$2 a lay] ( d5t9e l9+ ! folds ( cem5t1 & hav+ correspond+ int]spaces1 :i* are fill$ up by ! processes f ! pulp-cavity4 ,x is ?is bl5d+ ( ! cem5t & d5t9e 9 labyr9?9e folds1 t gives ! peculi> "* obs]vable 9 transv]se sections ( ! tee?4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #c;a1 repres5ts a transv]se section ( half ! diamet] ( ! too?2 ! vacancy 9 ! middle ( ! l9e at ! bottom is a section ( half ! pulp-cavity4 ,fig4 #c;b is a v]tical section ( a fragm5t ne> ! summit ( ! too?2 & fig4 #c;c1 a highly-magnifi$ view ( "o ( ! anfractuosities1 %[+ a fold ( cem5t1 surr\nd+ a fold ( d5t9e1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! latt] ! t]m9ation ( a process ( ! pulp4 ,! section ( ! too? ( ! ,i*?yosaurus1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 fig4 #i1 %[s ! mo/ simple modification ( ?is /ructure2 ! app>5t complication ( t ( ! ,labyr9?odon arises f ! inflections ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( d5tal organization be+ m num]\s & div]sifi$4 ,b ! beautiful plates & ! graphic description ( ! orig9al discov]] mu/ be se5 & p]us$ to obta9 an adequate idea ( ! exquisite /ructure ( ! fossil tee?2 = ! di/ribution ( ! extremely m9ute calcig]\s tubes ( ! d5t9e is z div]sifi$ z t ( ! con/itu5t sub/ances4 ,& ev5 aft] view+ ^! *efs-d'uvres ( /ructural del9eations1 %\ld ! read] h an opportunity ( exam9+ a transv]se section ( a too? "u ! microscope1 he w feel h[ feebly any engrav+ c repres5t ! *>act]s ( ! orig9al4#gjc #gjc ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,memoir on ! ,labyr9?odonts1 9 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 pp4 #ejc-edc1 ) five admirable li?ographs by t excell5t arti/1 ,mr4 ,s*>f1 & ! description ( ! /ructure ( ! tee?1 ,odontography1 p4 #aie1 pl4 lxiii4 lxiv4 %\ld be consult$4 ,see also ,cyclop4 ,anat4 ,art4 ,tee?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ar*egosaurus4 ,ar*egosaurus4 ,lign4 #bdd1 ,ly4 p4 #ccf1 figs4 #chd1gjd #che4--,! occurr5ce ( reptilian rema9s 9 deposits ( high] antiquity ?an ! ,triassic 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 #ahdd1 by ! discov]y ( ! skull & o!r portions ( ! skeleton ( an air-brea?+ reptile1 ! ,apateon p$e/ris1 relat$ to ! ,salam&]s1 & ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 9 ! coal ( ,mn/]-,appel 9 ,rh5i% ,bav>ia4 ,9 #ahdg ,pr(essor ,von ,de*5 obta9$1 9 nodules ( argillace\s iron/one1 f ! coal-field ( ,leba*1 9 ! di/rict ( ,sa>brck1 ?ree species ( ! same type ( reptiles2 ^! h be5 describ$ by ,goldfuss1 "u ! "n ( ,ar*egosaurus4#gje ,"o ( !m 0 well kn[n to collectors1 b _h previ\sly be5 reg>d$ z a fi% 7! ,pygopt]us lucius ( ,m4 ,agassiz74 #gjd ,! orig9al ( ?is figure ( ,ar*egosaurus m9or is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #gje ,see a notice ( ! rese>*es ( ,goldfuss1 ,von ,de*51 & ,von ,mey] 9 ! geological & zoological hi/ory ( ?is int]e/+ gr\p ( batra*oid reptiles1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 iv4 "p ii4 7,miscell47 p4 #eac1 et seq4 ,! skull & portions ( ! trunk ( ?is species 7,a4 ,de*5ii71 see ,lign4 #bdd1 indicate an animal ?ree & a half feet 9 l5g?4 ,sev5te5 dorsal v]tebr1 impr9ts ( ! ribs1 & rema9s ( ! extremities1 h be5 collect$4 ,! jaws to beyond ! orbit h small f9e conical tee?1 longitud9ally /riat$4 ,! eye 0 furni%$ ) an osse\s r+4 ,! sk91 ( :i* a consid]able "p 0 deta*$1 0 cov]$ by long1 n>r[1 w$ge-%ap$1 horny scales1 arrang$ 9 r[s 7,lign4 #bdd74 ,! cranial bones are *>act]iz$ by reticulat+ grooves & pitt+s1 simil> 9 "* to ! reticulate m>k+s on ! cranial bones ( ! ,labyr9?odon1 b ( a m delicate sculptur+4 ,! orig9al reptiles 7 quadrup$2 ! =e & h9d feet _h di/9ct toes2 b ! limbs 7 feeble1 & only capable ( swimm+1 or1 :5 on l&1 ( a sl[ creep+ movem5t4 ,! ,ar*egosaurus is closely alli$ to ! ,labyr9?odonts2#gjf &1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,ow51#gjg x is ess5tially ,batra*ian1 & mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! p]5nibran*iate1 or l[e/ or mo/ fi%-l ( t ,ord] ( ,reptiles4 #gjf ,we may rem>k t 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,goldfuss & ,von ,mey] 7loc4 cit47 ! ,labyr9?odon & ! ,ar*egosaurus are saurian =ms connect+ ! ,crocodiles & ! ,liz>ds1 & repres5t+ 9 ! anci5t fauna an arre/$ or p]man5t l>va-condition ( ! loricat$ reptiles1 z ! sir5s d among ! rec5t batra*ians4 ,pr(essor ,ow5's e/imation ( ! aff9ities ( ^! g5]a is /at$ above1 & 9 ! note at p4 #ee1 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv4 "p ii4 #gjg ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ix4 p4 #fi4 ,p>abatra*us ,colei4--,"u ?is appellation ,pr(essor ,ow5 has lately describ$ 7,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ix4 p4 #fg1 pl4 ii4 fig4 #a17 a batra*oid fossil1 consi/+ ( cranial & maxill>y bones ) tee?1 probably f ! %ale ( ! ,glasg[ coal-field1 at ,c>luke1 ,lan>k%ire4 ,! slab ( coal-%ale 9 :i* ! specim5 is imb$d$ conta9s also a l>ge scale ( ! ,holopty*ius 7see p4 #fah74 ,sid5ote3 ,,d5dr]peton ,,acadianum4 ,d5dr]peton ,acadianum4#gjh 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahec1 pp4 #eh-fg1 plates ii4 & iii47--,! rema9s ( a reptile & a l&-%ell1 resembl+ a ,pupa1 7 discov]$ 9 #aheb1 by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell & ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 9 ! int]ior ( an erect /amp ( a fossil tree 7,sigill>ia71 9 ! coal-measures at ! ,s\? ,jogg9s cliffs1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,^! rema9s 7 fully describ$ by ,pr(essor ,jeffries ,wyman1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,u4 ,s41 & ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ! ,app5dix to ! ,memoir by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell & ,mr4 ,dawson1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 ix4 ,"s ( ! bones 7 recognis$ z hav+ a ne> resemblance to ^? ( ! rec5t ,m5obran*us & ,m5opoma 7,p]5nibran*iate ,batra*ians1 inhabit+ ,nor? ,am]ican fre%-wat]s72 ! sculptur$ cranial bones are analog\s to ^? ( ! ,labyr9?odon & ,ar*egosaurus2 & ! tee? h a ,labyr9?odontoid /ructure3 num]\s1 small1 conc5trically /riat$ scutes1 ( an irregul> oval %ape1 accompany ! bones & tee?4 #gjh ,! ,tree-reptile ( ,acadia 7,acadia be+ ! anci5t ,indian "n = ,nova ,scotia74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bdd4 ,ar*egosaurus ,de*5ii4 #a_/b nat4 size4 ,coal ,=mation4 ,sa>brck4 ,fig4 #a4--,! cranium & "p ( ! l[] jaw4 #b4--;,a portion ( ! sk91 or d]mal scutes1 magnifi$4 #c & #d4--,magnifi$ figures ( two tee?4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at by ! em95t comp>ative anatomi/s to ^: exam9ation ! rema9s 9 "q 7 submitt$1 %[ t ! "* ( ! fossils are ^? ( ,p]5nibran*iate ,batra*ians2 t1 ) reg>d to ! long bones1 x is n improbable t ! correspond+ bones 9 ! ,ar*egosaurus 7p4 #gde7 & ,labyr9?odon 7p4 #gda7 w\ld pres5t simil> correspond5ces ) ^? ( ! exi/+ p]5nibran*iates2 & t1 al?\gh ! ,d5dr]peton _c be ref]r$ to any kn[n =m ( ! two g5]a j m5tion$1 yet !re exi/s /rong evid5ce ( its close aff9ity ) ^! ext9ct ,batra*ians4 ,! ,d5dr]peton ,acadianum 0 probably betwe5 two & ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,a s]ies ( m9ute biconcave v]tebr 7 f\nd ) ! o!r rema9s 9 ! erect tree1 ^!1 h[ev]1 f _! relatively small size1 & f o!r *>act]i/ics1 are reg>d$ by ,pr(essor ,wyman z hav+ probably belong$ to "s o!r associat$ reptile4 ,! ,labyr9?odont reptiles h be5 reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,p]mian & ,triassic epo*s1 _! rema9s be+ f\nd 9 ,g]many & ,engl& 9 rocks ( t age4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is family ( sauroid-batra*ians1 h[ev]1 is ( great] antiquity1 s9ce _! relics also occur 9 ! =mations ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,! ,ar*egosaurus 7p4 #gde71 a batra*ian b slightly remov$ f ! true ,labyr9?odont type1 has left its well-*>act]iz$ rema9s 9 ! ,coal ( ,g]many2 ! ,p>abatra*us1 9 t ( ,scotl&2 & ! alli$ ,d5dr]peton1 9 ! ,nova ,scotian coal-field4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ great c>bonif]\s =mation has1 h[ev]1 af=d$ fossil evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! true ,labyr9?odonts 9 ! ,coal-p]iod1 = "s cranial bones1 imb$d$ 9 a mass ( ,pict\ coal1 lately s5t to ,engl& by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 & ! subject ( a ,pap] by ,pr(essor ,ow51 read be=e ! ,geological ,society1 7 demon/rat$ by t di/+ui%$ palontologi/ to h close aff9ity ) ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! skull ( ! ,triassic g5]a ,capitosaurus & ,metopias4 ,sid5ote3 ,,i*nolites4 ,i*nolites 7,foot-pr9ts on /one74 ,lign4 #bde4--,! s&/ones & mud-/ones ( _m localities reta9 ! track-pr9ts ( animals t h pass$ along on ! surface ( ! b$s :5 9 a s(t /ate4 ,^! foot-pr9ts1 or i*nolites1 ei!r occur z impressions on ! surface orig9ally m>k$ lay ! animal 9 ! act ( progression1 or z ! rev]se ( su* impressions1 be+ ca/s 9 relief on ! "u side ( ! lay] cov]+ ! surface orig9ally impress$4 ,su* indications ( foot/eps & trails h be5 notic$ especially 9 ! =e/ m>ble1 a memb] ( ! ,l[] ,oolite s]ies1 :]e ,cru/acea & ,mollusks h left _! m>k+s1 & 9 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 :]e ! indications ( reptilian quadrup$s & ( bird-l bip$s#gji h be5 "h & !re pres]v$ 9 great di/9ctness4 ,tracks ref]able to ,cru/aceans h be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,logan1 on ! v anci5t & rippl$ surfaces ( ! ,potsdam ,s&/one ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7see p4 #edc1 note72 & v lately ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,salt] has communicat$ to ! ,geological ,society ! discov]y ( m>k+s1 ref]r$ by him to ! little entomo/rac\s ,hym5oc>is 7see p4 #ebf71 on ! ,l[] ,l+ula ,flags ( ,nor? ,wales1--deposits ( z great an age1 if n old]4 ,! mo/ anci5t reptilian i*nolites are ^? discov]$ by ,capt4 ,l4 ,brick5d5#gaj 9 ! ,old ,r$1 at ,cumm+/on1 ne> ,elg91 :i* h "s resemblance to ! track ( a club-foot$ ,*elonian 7,ly4 fig4 #eba72 & ^? ( ! ,devonian s&/one ( ,%>p ,m\nta91 ,p5nsylvania1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,i4 ,lea1#gaa :i* exhibit di/9ct toes1 & are probably alli$ to ! ,*eiro!rian i*nolites1 ab\t to be m5tion$1 z are also o!r anci5t fossil foot-tracks 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s deposits#gab ( ,p5nsylvania1 :i* are figur$ & describ$ 9 ,ly4 pp4 #ccg-cdj4 #gji ,see ,orni?oidi*nites1 9 *ap1 xviii4 #gaj ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ig1 pl4 iii4 #gaa ,across ! ridges ( ! ripples on ?is slab is a n>r[ groove1 pass+ along betwe5 ! two r[s ( foot-pr9ts2 ?is might h be5 made by ! body or ! tail ( ! animal4 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdi1 ,sect4 pp4 #ef & #acd2 & ,trans4 ,am]ic4 ,phil4 ,soc4 new s]ies1 vol4 x4 "p ii4 plates xxxi4 & xxxii4 #gab ,) reg>d to ! di/ribution ( reptilian life dur+ ! c>bonif]\s & succe$+ epo*s1 see above1 page #gdh4 ,! s&/ones ( ! ,new ,r$ or ,triassic s]ies frequ5tly reta9 ! track-pr9ts ( animals1 & num]\s notices ( su* occurr5ces h be5 publi%$4#gac ,9 addition to ! acc\nt ( ^! invaluable evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( bygone creatures t is "h giv51 ! att5tion ( /ud5ts is especially direct$ to ,dr4 ,buckl&'s mo/ int]e/+ description & illu/rations ( su* z 7 kn[n :5 8 ,treatise 0 publi%$ 7,bd4 i4 p4 #bei1 c42 & ii4 p4 #cf1 pl4 xxvi4 c474 #gac ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal notices ( i*nolites by ,engli% au?ors :i* are n ref]r$ to 9 ! text3--,cunn+ham1 ,yates1 & ,eg]ton on ,*eiro!rian traces 9 ,*e%ire1 ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ab-ae2 ,dr4 ,black on foot-pr9ts at ,runcorn1 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fe1 pl4 ii42 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham4 ,liv]pool ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,proc4 #ahdh1 p4 #abi1 plates iii4-v42 ,mr4 ,hawk%aw on ! ,new ,r$ ) foot-pr9ts at ,lymm1 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdb1 ,sect4 p4 #ef2 ,mr4 ,rawl9son on ! same1 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cg2 ,pr(4 ,h>kness on ! track-be>+ b$s ( ,dumfries%ire1 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahej1 ,sect4 p4 #hc2 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 vi4 pp4 #chi & #cic2 & ,annals ,nat4 ,hi/4 #ahej1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bjc2 ,sir ,w4 ,j>d9e1 ,annals ,nat4 ,hi/4 loc4 cit4 ,=eign au?orities may be f\nd by ref]5ce to ,pictet's ,trait de ,palontologie1 a new & enl>g$ edition1 vol4 i4 #ahec1 p4 #efg1 et seq4 ,! impr9ts ( ! feet ( "s l>ge quadrup$s1 hav+ ! =e-paws mu* small] ?an ! h9d]1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,saxony 7see ,wond4 p4 #eee1 ,bd4 p4 xxvi472 & also 9 /rata ( ! same age 9 ,w>wick%ire & ,*e%ire4 ,! qu>ries at ,/oreton ,hill1 ne> ,liv]pool1 are celebrat$ = ! abundance & v>iety ( ^! impr9ts4#gad ,"s ( ! /rata ( s&/one 9 ?is locality are divid$ by ?9 b$s ( clay2 a li?ological /ructure :i* admits ( ! ready sep>ation ( ! /one 9 ! direction ( ! s$im5t>y planes4 #gad ,! ,museums at ,w>wick1 ,w>r+ton1 & ,liv]pool are ri* 9 impress$ slabs f ! ,triassic di/ricts4 ,num]\s f9e specim5s may be also se5 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,som]set ,h\se1 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 9 ,j]myn ,/reet1 & 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7see ,petrif4 pp4 #ad & #fc74 ,sid5ote3 ,,ra9-,,pr9ts ,,on ,,/one4 ,impr9ts are f\nd on ! face ( ea* successive /ratum2 & on "s ( ! lay]s1 n only ! tracks ( animals t h walk$ ov] ! clay :5 s(t are di/9ctly obs]vable1 b ! surface is (t5 trav]s$ ) ca/s ( ! cracks caus$ by ! desiccation ( "o lay] ( clay previ\sly to ! deposition ( ! succe$+ lay] ( s& or mud2 & x (t5 pres5ts a bli/]$ or w>ty appe>ance1 be+ cov]$ ) ei!r little hemisph]ical em95ces or depressions1 :i* an accurate inve/igation ( ! ph5om5on has prov$ to h be5 produc$ by %[]s ( ra9 7,ly4 figs4 #ebf-ebh74 ,on ! slabs ( s&/one1 ! =ms ( ! sun-cracks1 ra9-drops1 & foot-pr9ts appe> 9 relief1 be+ ca/s m\ld$ 9 ! s(t clayey mud ^u :i* ! orig9al impressions 7 made2 :ile on ! clay or %ale1 correspond+ depressions are app>5t4#gae #gae ,! impressions ( ra9-drops on /one 7 fir/ notic$1 & _! orig9 expla9$1 by ,mr4 ,cunn+ham4 ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ii4 ,see also an int]e/+ ,pap] by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 vii4 p4 #bdj4 ,! foot-pr9ts on ^! /rata are ( sev]al k9ds2 "s appe> to h be5 produc$ by small reptiles & cru/aceans2 b ! pr9cipal impr9ts are id5tical ) ^? :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,saxony1 & are ref]able to "s l>ge quadrup$1 9 :i* ! =e-feet 7 ( a mu* small] size ?an ! h9d-feet 7,lign4 #bde74 ,f a suppos$ resemblance ( ! impr9ts to ^? ( a human h&1 ,pr(essor ,kaup propos$ ! "n ( ,*eiro!rium1 to designate ! unkn[n animal :i* _h left ^! foot/eps on ! s&s ( ,"t4 ,b s9ce ,pr(essor ,ow5's discov]y1 t ! bones & tee? ( reptiles f\nd 9 simil> /rata 9 ,w>wick%ire belong to gigantic ,batra*ians1 & s9ce ! =e & h9d-feet ( ! frog-tribe are (t5 z dissimil> 9 size z ! impressions ( ! ,*eiro!rium1 x has be5 sugge/$1 ) mu* probability1 t ! foot-pr9ts 9 "q may be ^? ( ,labyr9?odonts2 b until ! =m ( ! feet ( ^! ext9ct ,batra*ians c be asc]ta9$1 ?is inf]5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z conjectural 7,ly4 fig4 #cca74 ,sid5ote3 ,,*eiro!rium4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bde4 ,*eiro!rium ,kaupii4 #a_/h nat4 size4 ,ca/s ( ! foot-m>ks ( a gigantic ext9ct ,batra*ian1 probably a ,labyr9?odon2 ) ca/s also ( ! cracks ( ! oppos$ surface4 ,trias4 ,hessburg1 ne> ,hildburghaus51 ,saxony4 ,fig4 #a4--;,ca/s ( ! impr9ts ( a h9d & a =e-foot ( ! same animal4 #b4--,simil> tracks ( ano!r individual on ! same /one4 ,allusion has already be5 made to foot-pr9ts1 suppos$ to be ^? ( tortoises 7see p4 #gbi71 on slabs ( ,triassic s&/one 9 ,scotl&4 ,( ^! !re are five species at ,corncockle ,muir1 9 ,dumfries%ire3 !y are t]m$ ,*eli*nus by ,sir ,w4 ,j>d9e1 :o has lately describ$ !m 9 8 ,i*nology ( ,ann&ale1 a spl5did folio "w1 illu/rat$ ) full-siz$ li?ographs1 col\r$ aft] nature4 ,!y are accompani$ ) ?ree o!r =ms ( foot/ep 7,h]peti*nus1 ,batra*nis1 & ,actibatis71 "o ( :i* ,sir ,w4 ,j>d9e reg>ds z indicative ( an animal probably ( a saurian =m4 ,at ,gr9sill qu>ry1 f :i* ! rema9s ( ! ,rhyn*osaurus 7p4 #gab7 7 obta9$1 "s small foot-pr9ts h be5 obs]v$1 :i*1 ) "s probability1 h be5 ref]r$ to t animal 7,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #adf74 ,a beautifully di/9ct s]ies ( foot-pr9ts1 ) ! m>k ( a trail+ tail1 on a rippl$ slab f ! ,new ,r$ ( ,%rewley ,common1 ,w>wick%ire1 are figur$ & describ$ by ,/rickl& & ,mur*ison 7,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 v4 pl4 xvviii474 ,?is i*nolite has be5 provisionally assign$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 to ,labyr9?odon leptogna?us4#gaf ,simil> impressions occur 9 company ) o!r ,*eiro!rian impr9ts at ,/oreton ,hill & at ,gr9%ill4 #gaf ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 p4 #ebe4 ,! probable relations ( ,*eiro!rium ,h]cules to ,labyr9?odon ,jg]i1 & ( ,*4 ,kaupii to ,l4 pa*ygna?us1 are po9t$ out by ! same high au?ority1 ibid4 pp4 #ecg1 #ech4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,reptiles4 ,on ,collect+ ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,reptiles4--,! l5g? to :i* ?is article has ext5d$1 compels me to omit a retrospect ( ! geological di/ribution ( fossil reptiles2 & ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! brief review ( ! ,age ( ,reptiles 9 ,wond4 p4 #efh1 et seq41 & ,petrif4 p4 #adg1 c41 & close ?is *apt] ) "s directions = collect+ reptilian rema9s1 & a li/ ( a few ,briti% localities4#gag #gag ,an able ,summ>y on ,briti% ,fossil ,reptiles is app5d$ to ,pr(4 ,ow5's ,report1 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #aia4 ,! fossil ,tee? ( ,reptiles are commonly f\nd 9 z p]fect a /ate ( pres]vation z ^? ( fi%es2 & require b ! usual c>e = _! pres]vation4 ,b ! collector %\ld assidu\sly se>* = ve/iges ( ! jaw & cranium2 & x is desirable to place 9 ! same draw] any undet]m9$ bones f\nd associat$ ) ! tee?2 z !y may ultimately af=d "s clue to ! nature ( ! orig9al animal4 ,! microscopical exam9ation ( ! tee? is to be conduct$ 9 ! mann] previ\sly direct$ 7p4 #fci72 b = valuable specim5s ! lapid>y %\ld be employ$1 & transv]se sections made f ne> ! apex1 ! middle1 & base ( ! too?2 if due c>e be tak51 sev]al slices may be obta9$ f "o specim54 ,i h t5 slices f "o too? ( ! ,labyr9?odon4 ,! bones imb$d$ 9 lime/one g5]ally p>take ( ! *emical "* ( ! rock1 & are (t5 p]meat$ ) calc>e\s sp>2 m]e fragm5ts1 :5 poli%$1 frequ5tly display ! int]nal /ructure4 ,! sugge/ions = repair+ fossil bones 7p4 #df7 r5d] fur!r in/ructions on t head unnecess>y2 & ! description ( ! developm5t ( ! specim5 ( ,hylosaurus 7p4 #fhi7 af=ds a practical lesson to ! "y collector4 ,:5 a v]tebra is f\nd 9 an imp]fect /ate1 x %\ld be closely exam9$ on ! spot1 &1 if x pres5t pro(s ( rec5t fracture1 ! deta*$ processes %\ld be s\ght =2 ev5 if ! body ( a v]tebra be imb$d$ 9 /one1 & ! processes appe> to h be5 brok5 (f be=e x 0 envelop$ 9 ! rock1 ! correspond+ p>ts w (t5 be f\nd 9 ! same mass ( /one4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a v f9e ,saurian v]tebra imb$d$ 9 a l>ge slab ( ,tilgate /one1 9 :i* ! sp9\s process is se5 ly+ 9 ! same block1 sev]al in*es di/ant f ! c5trum or body2 :5 obs]v$ 9 ! qu>ry ! latt] only 0 expos$1 & ,i 0 ab\t to deta* x f ! slab1 = ! conv5i5ce ( c>riage1 :5 ,i p]ceiv$ indications ( ! sp9\s process4 ,! v]tebra 0 !re=e all[$ to rema91 & ! /one *isell$ away1 s z to expose ! sp9e2 & ! specim5 !n display$ its pres5t int]e/+ "*4 ,x may frequ5tly happ5 t a fragm5t ( a l>ge bone1--z1 = example1 ! ?igh-bone ( ! ,iguanodon1--may be obta9$ f a qu>ry2 & aft] an int]val ( "s weeks ! correspond+ portions be discov]$4 ,?is 0 rem>kably exemplifi$ 9 ! fir/ specim5 :i* reveal$ to me ! peculi> *>act]s ( ! femur ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,! l[] "p1 or condyloid extremity1 ( a gigantic bone1 firmly impact$ 9 a block ( ,tilgate-grit1 0 f\nd 9 a qu>ry ne> ,cuckfield2 x 0 evid5tly b a fragm5t ( ! fossil1 = ! fracture 0 rec5t2 ,i !re=e reque/$ ! qu>ry-m5 to make dilig5t se>* = ! correspond+ portion1 b )\t success4 ,sev]al mon?s aft]w>ds1 ^u a fre% explosion 9 ! qu>ry1 ! head ( a l>ge bone 0 f\nd loose among ! fall5 mass2 b !re 7 no indications t x belong$ to ! specim5 previ\sly f\nd2 & x 0 reg>d$ z ano!r relic ( "s "o ( ! colossal animals ^: bones 7 di/ribut$ 9 ! ,weald5 deposits4 ,tee?1 fragm5ts ( bones1 & o!r fossils 7 f "t to "t obta9$ f ! same qu>ry2 & among ^! a huge quadrangul> fragm5t ( bone1 simil> to ! enorm\s mass t _h s long be5 9 my possession1 & _h defi$ all attempts to asc]ta9 its "*4#gah ,x 0 "s "t be=e x occurr$ to me1 t ! ?ree portions ( unkn[n colossal bone might belong to ! same specim52 b ev5tually !y 7 f\nd to correspond1 & ^u cem5t+ !m toge!r1 ! femur ( ! ,iguanodon 01 = ! fir/ "t1 develop$4 #gah ,! fragm5t allud$ to is figur$1 ,foss4 ,til4 ,=4 pl4 xviii4 ,! figures 9 ,lign4 #bjf w assi/ ! collector 9 recognis+ ! diff]5t v]tebral processes1 ev5 :5 occurr+ z deta*$ fragm5ts4 ,:5 specim5s are evid5tly roll$ or wat]-worn1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no probability t ! correspond+ portions w be met )4 ,e fragm5t ( a bone ! nature ( :i* is n obvi\s %\ld be c>efully pres]v$2 = soon] or lat] its *>act]s may be asc]ta9$4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y aga9 to rem9d ! collector1 t se>* %\ld be made = indications ( ! s(t p>ts ar\nd ! bones2 ! specim5 ( ! paddle ( ! ,i*?yosaurus 7,lign4 #bae1 p4 #ffi71 ) its integum5t1 mu/ h impress$ ?is fact too /rongly on ! m9d to be soon =gott54 ,if ! impression ( ! extremities ( a bone1 ( :i* a fragm5t only rema9s1 be obs]v$1 ! block ( /one %\ld be pres]v$1 z a ca/ may be tak51 & ! entire =m ( ! orig9al be asc]ta9$4 ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,reptiles4 ,au/ ,cliff1 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,lias4 ,plesiosaurus4 ,b>r[-on-,so>4 ,lias4 ,i*?yosaurus1 ,plesiosaurus4 ,ba?4 ,lias4 ,plesiosaurus4 ,battle1 ,sussex4 ,weald54 ,iguanodon1 ,cetiosaurus1 ,goniopholis1 ,*elonians4 ,b9/ead1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,upp] ,eoc5e4 ,fre%-wat] ,tortoises4 ,bognor4 ,l[] ,eoc5e4 ,*elone4 ,bolney1 ,sussex4 ,weald54 ,hylosaurus1 ,iguanodon1 ,*elonia1 ,goniopholis4 ,brackle%am ,bay4 ,middle ,eoc5e4 ,crocodiles1 ,s]p5ts1 ,*elonians4 ,brighton4 ,*alk4 ,v]tebra ( ,mosasaurus or ,leiodon4 ,bri/ol4 ,lias4 ,i*?yosaurus4 ,brook-,po9t1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,weald54 ,iguanodon1 ,cetiosaurus1 c4 ,burham1 ne> ,maid/one4 ,*alk4 ,*elone1 ,doli*osaurus1 ,pt]odactylus4 ,bur wa%1 ,sussex4 ,weald52 qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,goniopholis1 ,turtles4 ,cambridge4 ,l[] ,*alk4 ,raphiosaurus1 ,polypty*odon4 ,*>m\?4 ,lias4 ,i*?yosaurus4 ,*>m\?4 ,lias4 ,i*?yosaurus4 ,*elt5ham4 ,lias4 ,i*?yosaurus4 ,*ipp+ ,norton4 ,oolite4 ,/reptospondylus4 ,clayton4 ,*alk4 ,coniosaurus4 ,corncockle ,muir1 ,dumfries4 ,new ,r$4 ,impr9ts ( feet ( ,reptiles4 ,coton-,end1 ,w>wick%ire4 ,new ,r$4 ,labyr9?odon1 c4 ,cubb+ton1 ,w>wick%ire4 ,new ,r$4 ,labyr9?odon4 ,cuckfield4 ,weald52 qu>ries 9 ! vic9ity4 ,iguanodon1 ,pelorosaurus1 ,hylosaurus1 ,trionyx1 c4 ,culv] ,cliff1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,weald54 ,/reptospondylus4 ,dov]4 ,*alk4 ,i*?yosaurus1 ,plesiosaurus4 ,g>s+ton1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,oolite4 ,cetiosaurus4 ,gla/onbury4 ,lias4 ,i*?yosaurus4 ,gr9sill1 ,w>wick%ire4 ,new ,r$4 ,rhyn*osaurus4 ,guy's ,cliff1 ,w>wick4 ,new ,r$4 ,labyr9?odon4 ,h>wi*4 ,london ,clay4 ,*elonia4 ,ha/+s4 ,weald54 ,iguanodon1 ,pelorosaurus1 ,goniopholis1 ,turtles4 ,h$d+ton1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,pliosaurus4 ,hordwell4 ,middle ,eoc5e4 ,crocodiles1 ,*elonians1 ,s]p5ts4 ,hor%am1 ,sussex4 ,weald52 qu>ries 9 ! vic9ity4 ,hylosaurus1 ,iguanodon1 ,goniopholis1 ,turtles1 c4 ,ilm9/]4 ,upp] ,lias4 ,i*?yosaurus1 ,teleosaurus4 ,kyson1 ,suffolk4 ,eoc5e4 ,s]p5t1 ,liz>d4 ,leam+ton4 ,new ,r$4 ,labyr9?odon4 ,lewes4 ,*alk4 ,v]tebra2 ( ,mosasaurus or ,leiodon4 ,lyme ,regis4 ,lias4 ,pt]odactyles1 ,i*?yosauri1 & ,plesiosauri 9 abundance4 ,maid/one4 ,l[] ,gre5 ,s&2 qu>ries ne> ! t[n2 p>ticul>ly ,mr4 ,b5/$'s ,iguanodon qu>ry4 ,iguanodon1 ,plesiosaurus1 ,polypty*odon1 ,fre%-wat] ,tortoise4 ,malton4 ,oolite4 ,megalosaurus4 ,m>ket ,ras54 ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,pliosaurus4 ,norfolk8 ,*alk4 ,leiodon3 v r>e4 ,portl&1 ,isle (4 ,oolite4 ,turtles4 ,purbeck1 ,isle (4 ,purbeck4 ,goniopholis1 ,*elonians4 ,kim4 ,clay4 ,pliosaurus4 ,r$l&1 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,magnesian ,conglom]ate4 ,palosaurus1 ,!codontosaurus4 ,saltwick4 ,lias4 ,teleosaurus4 ,%eppey1 ,isle (4 ,london ,clay4 ,turtles1 ,s]p5ts1 ,crocodiles4 ,%otov]1 ne> ,ox=d4 ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,pliosaurus1 ,teleosaurus4 ,s\!rham4 ,*alk4 ,mosasaurus1 ,plesiosaurus4 ,/onesfield4 ,oolite4 ,megalosaurus1 ,teleosaurus1 ,pt]odactyles4 ,/\rton1 ,*e%ire4 ,new ,r$4 ,foot-pr9ts ( reptiles 7,*eiro!rium71 c4 ,/reet1 ,som]set%ire4 ,lias4 ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri4 ,swanage1 ,isle ( ,purbeck4 ,goniopholis1 ,*elonians4 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,weald52 qu>ries 9 v>i\s localities4 ,iguanodon1 ,megalosaurus1 ,hylosaurus1 ,su*osaurus1 ,turtles1 & ,tortoises4 ,wat*ett1 ,som]set%ire4 ,lias4 ,plesiosauri1 ,i*?yosauri4 ,w>wick1 ,guy's ,cliff1 ne>4 ,new ,r$4 ,labyr9?odon4 ,we/brook1 ,wilts4 ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,i*?yosaurus4 ,we/on1 ne> ,ba?4 ,lias4 ,plesiosaurus4 ,:itby1 ,york%ire4 ,lias4 ,i*?yosauri1 ,plesiosauri1 ,teleosaurus4 ,wight1 ,isle (2 along ! s\!rn %ore1 ne> ,brook-,po9t4 ,weald54 ,iguanodon1 ,cetiosaurus1 c41 wa%$ up on ! sea-%ore4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,orni?olites2 ,,or ,,fossil ,,birds4 ,except+ 9 /rata ( comp>atively mod]n orig91 ! rema9s ( ,birds are ( extreme r>ity 9 a fossil /ate4 ,9 ! cav]ns t conta9 ! skeletons ( c>nivor\s animals1 & :i* 9 _m cases 7 once _! d5s1 ! bones ( sev]al species ( exi/+ g5]a ( ,birds h be5 discov]$1 9 ,engl&1 on ! ,cont95t1 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ,au/ralia2 & rec5tly !re h be5 obta9$ f alluvial deposits 9 ,new ,zeal& ! skeletons ( ,birds1 "s ( enorm\s magnitude1 & "u conditions :i* leave "s d\bt :e!r1 l ! ,dodo1 ! species may n h be5 extirpat$ by man dur+ ! la/ few c5turies2 or ev5 if "s /ray individuals ( ! race may n1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! aborig9es1 be /ill1 9 exi/5ce 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,f ! gypsum qu>ries at ,montm>tre1 ne> ,p>is1 ,b>on ,cuvi] obta9$ sev]al species ( ,orni?olites2 & ,pr(4 ,ow5 has describ$ ! relics ( ?ree or f\r species f ! ,london ,clay3 ^! fossil birds ( ! eoc5e t]ti>y deposits are ! mo/ anci5t relics ( ?is class kn[n to ! geologi/1 ) ! exception ( ! foot-pr9ts on ! ,new ,r$ s&/one ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 t h be5 ref]r$ to animals ( ?is class4 ,! r>ity ( ! rema9s ( ,birds may probably 9 "s measure be attributable1 z ,sir ,c4 ,lyell has sugge/$1 to ! peculi> organization ( ^! animals2 = _! p[] ( flight necess>ily r5d]s !m less liable to be engulph$ & imb$d$ 9 ! deltas ( riv]s or 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean1 ?an quadrup$s2 & ! lightness ( _! /ructure1 occasion$ by _! tubul> bones & fea!ry d]mal integum5t1 g5]ally prev5ts ! s9k+ ( ! bodies ( su* z die on1 or fall into1 ! wat]2 s t _! c>cases are dev\r$ or decompos$4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is subject1 ,i purpose1 9 ! fir/ place1 to expla9 su* peculi>ities 9 ! o/eology ( ! animals ( ?is class1 z may assi/ ! collector 9 ! id5tification ( _! fossil rema9s2 secondly1 to take a cursory survey ( ! geological di/ribution ( fossil ,birds1 & exam9e a few ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples2 & la/ly1 consid] ! /rik+ ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! foot-pr9ts ( suppos$ ,birds on ! /rata ( ^? anci5t deposits :i* are compris$ 9 ! ,trias or ,new ,r$ =mation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,o/eology ,,( ,,birds4 ,i4 ,o/eological ,*>act]s4--,! skull 9 adult birds pres5ts ?is rem>kable feature1 t x is compos$ ( b "o bone )\t any trace ( suture3 ! osse\s tissue is v compact2 ! bone is :ite1 & v smoo? ext]nally4 ,! l[] jaw is =m$1 z 9 reptiles1 ( sev]al bones1 namely1 articul>1 angul>1 supra-angul>1 & d5tal2 x is unit$ to ! skull by ! int]v5tion ( a bone 7os quadratum71 z 9 c]ta9 reptiles4 ,bo? jaws are de/itute ( tee?1 & are protect$ by d5se horny %ea?s1 :i* =m p[]ful d5t>y organs4 ,! v]tebral column ( ! neck is exce$+ly flexible1 & is compos$ ( a great] numb] ( bones ?an 9 any o!r liv+ animals2 = ! c]vical v]teb1 :i* 9 ! mammalia am\nt to sev51 9 birds v>y f t5 to tw5ty-f\r1 z 9 ! ,swan4 ,to admit ( ?is extreme mobility ( ! neck )\t injury to ! enclos$ sp9al cord1 ! annul> "p1 or neural ar*1 ( ea* c]vical v]tebra is enl>g$ at ! extremities t =m a junction ) ! correspond+ bones2 ?us pres5t+ a modification ( v]tebral developm5t directly ! rev]se ( t possess$ by ! ext9ct saurian ( ! ,magnesian conglom]ate 7see p4 #gad74 ,! dorsal & sacra v]tebral1 on ! contr>y1 are firmly int]lock$1 & (t5 an*ylos$ toge!r1 & con/itute a /rong1 inflexible pill> to af=d a fix$ po9t ( support to ! p[]ful locomotive organs ( flight4 ,!re are no lumb>1 or rib-less v]tebr4 ,! sacrum (t5 consi/s ( eighte51 tw5ty1 or m v]tebr1 an*ylos$ into a solid bone4 ,9 ! "y ,o/ri* ! v]tebr may be f\nd sep>ate & di/9ct2 & ! neural ar* is %ift$ to ! union ( two v]tebr1 z 9 ! ,megalosaurus4 ,! sacral sp9al cord is almo/ z l>ge z ! bra92 to supply ! l>ge muscles4 ,! =am9a = ! passage ( ! n]ves are d\ble1 "o = ! s5sitive1 & ! o!r = ! motive root1 :i* pass out sep>ately & unite 94 a ganglion ext]nally4 ,! ribs are =m$ s z to comb9e /r5g? ) lightness 9 ! con/ruction ( ! walls ( ! *e/1 = ea* rib has a recurr5t apophysis1 or process1 t ext5ds backw>ds1 & glides ov] ! contigu\s bone2 ?is is a v peculi> & obvi\s "*4#gai ,! ribs are unit$ 9 front to ! /]num by bony processes1 analog\s to ! co/al-arcs ( ! ,plesiosaurus4 ,! pectoral ar* is di/+ui%$ by ! prom95t longitud9al keel or cre/ ( ! /]num2 a /ructure design$ to give atta*m5t to ! p[]ful pectoral muscles :i* move ! w+s1 & :i* pres5ts *>act]i/ic modifications 9 ! diff]5t ord]s2 & by ! peculi> bone1 t]m$ ! furcula1 or m]ry-?\ght1 :i* connects ! clavicles4 ,! clavicles are /ronge/ & mo/ op5 9 birds ( /ronge/ flight4 ,! coracoids 79 birds7 relate to respiration1 & s]ve to admit ( contraction & expansion ( ! /]num & abdom54 ,! bones ( ! ant]ior extremities are modifi$ to adapt ^! in/rum5ts = ! purposes ( flight1 & ^? ( ! =e-arm 7radius & ulna7 are v long1 & firmly unit$ toge!r2 ! ulna has a r[ ( slight em95ces = ! atta*m5t ( ! quills ( ! second>y fea!rs4 ,! wri/1 or c>pus1 is compos$ ( b two bones1 articulat$ to ! radius & ulna1 & :i* admit only ( a lat]al movem5t1 by :i* ! w+s are fold$ close to ! body4 ,! bones ( ! h9d] extremities consi/ ( ! ?igh or femur2#gbj ! leg-bones1 tibia#gba & fibula1 ! latt] v small & an*ylos$ to ! =m]2 & ( a s+le %ank-bone1 :i* supplies ! place ( ! t>sal & metat>sal bones ( o!r animals4 ,?is bone is articulat$ at its upp] extremity to ! tibia1 & t]m9ates at ! l[] end 9 di/9ct processes1 :i* correspond 9 numb] ) ! toes2 ea* process hav+ a groove = ! pulley-l t5don t moves ! correspond+ toe4 ,?is con/ruction is peculi> to birds2 = al?\gh 9 "s quadrup$s1 z ! horse = example1 ! metat>sus consi/s ( b "o piece1 ! t>sus is compos$ ( sev]al bones4 #gai ,9 v old crocodiles an analog\s apophysis1 :i* is g5]ally c>tilag9\s1 is sometimes f\nd1 ossifi$ 7,ow574 #gbj ,! acetabulum1 or socket = ! head ( ! ?igh-bone1 is always p]=at$4 ,! femur has a surface = ! articulation ( ! fibula2 & by ?is "* ! femur ( all birds may be di/+ui%$4 ,!re is always a patella4 #gba ,! l[] end ( ! tibia is v l t ( ! femur4 ,! toes ( birds pres5t deviations equally recognisable2 = ! numb] ( ! articulations 7or phalangeal pieces ( bone7 9 ea* toe is diff]5t4 ,?us ! ?umb1 or %ort toe1 has two bones2 ! fir/ toe on ! inn] side ?ree2 ! ! middle toe f\r2 & ! out] toe five4 ,9 g5]al1 ?ree toes are direct$ =w>ds1 & "o backw>ds4 ,9 "s species1 ! ?umb or opposable toe is altoge!r want+2 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! swall[1 x is direct$ =w>ds2 9 climb+ birds1 bo? ! out] & ! back toe are situat$ beh9d4 ,! position ( ! h9d toe1 !re=e1 af=ds an important indication ( ! habits ( ! bird 7see ,wond4 p4 #adf1 ,lign4 #bc71 & f a fragm5t ( ! l[] extremity ( ! %ank or t>so-metat>sal bone1 ) any trace ( ?is articulation1 we may det]m9e :e!r ! individual to :i* x belong$ 0 a climb]1 wad]1 c4 ,9 ! toes ( ,crocodiles alone1 ! numb] ( jo9ts is ! same z 9 birds2 b 9 ^! reptiles1 ea* toe is support$ by a di/9ct metat>sal bone4 ,! o/eological peculi>ities above enum]at$ may assi/ ! collector 9 arriv+ at "s g5]al inf]5ces z to ! nature ( any fossil rema9s ( birds4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,birds4 ,,ii4 ,orni?olites1 or ,fossil ,birds4--,! fossil rema9s ( birds consi/ 9 g5]al ( _! osse\s skeletons1 & ( deta*$ bones1 & r>ely ( ! fea!rs & eggs4 ,plei/oc5e ,epo*4--,bones ( ! ,dodo#gbb 7see ,wond4 p4 #aca71 a bird :i* appe>s to h become ext9ct by human ag5cy )9 ! la/ two c5turies1 h be5 f\nd1 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( a rec5t species ( ,tortoise1 b5ea? a b$ ( lava 9 ! ,isle ( ,france4 ,& 9 "s cav]ns 9 ! isl& ( ,rodriguez1 ! bones ( "o or m l>ge birds alli$ to ! ,dodo h also be5 discov]$4 #gbb ,see ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 ,art4 ,dodo1 & ! beautiful "w on ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,dodo & its ,k9dr$1 by ! late lam5t$ ,mr4 ,/rickl& & ,dr4 ,melville1 #dto4 ,d9ornis 7fe>fully great bird74 ,pict4 ,atlas1 frontispiece1 & p4 #agb--,num]\s bones ( l>ge ext9ct birds h be5 obta9$ 9 ,new ,zeal& by ,mr4 ,rule1 ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,williams1 ,col4 ,wakefield1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 & o!rs4 ,^! h be5 ref]r$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 to tridactyl\s /ru?i\s birds 7"o ( :i* 0 "o-?ird l>g] ?an ! ,african o/ri*71 resembl+ ! liv+ ,apt]yx ( ,new ,zeal& 7,wond4 p4 #abh1 ,petrif4 p4 #ajf7 9 ! proportions ( ! tibia to ! metat>sus1 & also 9 ! rudim5tal /ate ( ! w+s4 ,! bones are f\nd 9 ! rec5t alluvium1 b probably 9 "s cases at lea/ !y h be5 wa%$ by ! /reams f old] alluvial deposits4 ,an acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ! gigantic ,moa's bones 9 ,new ,zeal& 7,wond4 p4 #abi7 is giv5 9 full 9 ,petrif4 p4 #ic1 et seq42 & ! sci5tific description ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ! ,d9ornis & ,palapt]yx1 *iefly collect$ f ,pr(essor ,ow5's elaborate & f9ely illu/rat$ memoirs 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,zoological ,society1 %\ld be consult$1 ,petrif4 p4 #ajh1 c4 ,( ,d9ornis ,pr(essor ,ow5 discrim9ates sev5 or eight species2 ( ,palapt]yx1 ?ree species2 & indications ( a species ( a ?ird associat$ g5us1 ,aptornis4 ,fragm5ts ( egg-%ell accompany ^! int]e/+ relics ( birds f ,new ,zeal&4 ,f ,madagasc> also bird-bones & eggs h be5 obta9$ 9 a fossil /ate1 t indicate ! orig9al bird 7pyornis7 to h be5 ev5 ( a great] size ?an ! ,d9ornis4 ,orni?olites ( ! ,cav]ns4--,_m lime/one di/ricts ab\nd 9 fissures & caves1 :i* v>y 9 ext5t f m sup]ficial holl[s to deep excavations & cav]ns ( consid]able magnitude 7,wond4 p4 #age1 c47 ,b5ea? ! /alagmitic or sp>ry floors ( "s ( ^! cav]ns1 ! bones ( ext9ct species ( ,cats1 ,be>s1 & ,hynas1 occur 9 imm5se quantities2 b ! full consid]ation ( ^! ph5om5a w be res]v$ = ! next *apt]4 ,! skeletons & deta*$ bones ( sev]al k9ds ( ,birds are (t5 f\nd imb$d$ ) ^! rema9s2 & "u circum/ances :i* seem to indicate t !y 7 br\ght into ^! cav]ns z prey by ! c>nivora1 ) ^: relics !y are n[ associat$4 ,"s examples %[ t ! birds _h fall5 into ! fissure2 o!rs1 t _! bones _h be5 transport$ to _! pres5t situation by ! action ( wat]4 ,9 ! ,cave ( ,kirkdale1 9 ,york%ire 7,wond4 p4 #agi71 ,dr4 ,buckl& f\nd bones ( ! ,rav51 ,l>k1 ,pigeon1 ,duck1 & o!rs2 & z almo/ all ! specim5s 7 ! rema9s ( w+-bones1 x is consid]$ probable t !y are ! relics ( dead birds1 :i* _h be5 br\ght into ! cave by ! hynas1 ^: d5 x is suppos$ to h be5 = a consid]able p]iod 7,reliqui ,diluvian1 p4 #cd74 ,simil> rema9s h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,k5t's ,hole cav]n1 & 9 t at ,b]ry ,head1 ,torbay2 f ! latt] ,pr(essor ,ow5 has obta9$ ! w+-bones ( a ,falcon 7,brit4 ,fos4 ,mam4 & ,birds1 p4 #eeh74 ,9 ,france1 ! ,lunel-,viel cav]ns h yield$ a few bird-bones2 & _m su* rema9s occur 9 ! caves ( ,brazil1 describ$ by ,m4 ,lund4 ,! s-call$ bone-breccia ( ! coa/s & isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7,wond4 p4 #ahe7 conta9s frequ5t rema9s ( birds3 !y h be5 especially notic$ at ,cette1 ,nice1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,gibralt>4 ,9 ! deposits especially ref]r$ to ! nor!rn drift or ,b\ld]-clay p]iod1 fossil birds appe> to be v r>e1 al?\gh ! rema9s ( v]tebrate t]re/rial animals are locally abundant4 ,dr4 ,buckl& /ates t "s bones1 app>5tly ( a species ( goose1 f\nd at ,law=d1 ) ! rema9s ( ,hyna1 ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 c41 is ! only in/ance he has met ) ( fossil birds 9 ! drift ( ,engl& 7,reliq4 ,diluv4 p4 #bg74 ,on ! ,cont95t1 bird-bones h be5 f\nd1 at ,qu$l+b\rg1 ,meiss51 & 9 ! ,lahn ,valley1 9 deposits said to be ( ?is age4 ,orni?olites ( ! old] ,t]ti>y ,deposits4 7,lign4 #bdf47--,! v ri* plioc5e deposits at n+5 7p4 #eei7 h af=d$ a few fragm5ts ( birds' bones4 ,?ree or f\r species ( ,orni?olites 7,duck1 ,h]on1 ,flam+o1 c471 & sev]al examples ( ! eggs ( birds1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! lacu/r9e /rata ( ,auv]gne4 ,birds' bones also occur 9 ! fre%-wat] lime/one ne> ,issoire1 9 ! ,buy de ,dme1 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( eoc5e mammalia4 ,9 ,g]many1 bird-bones h be5 f\nd 9 t]ti>y deposits at ,wiesbad51 ,wiesnau1 & ,mornba*4 ,9 ! ,siwalik ,hills ! rema9s ( birds are associat$ ) ! fossil reptilia & mammalia1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made 7p4 #gca74 ,f ! qu>ries ( gypse\s lime/one ( ,montm>tre1 ne> ,p>is1 ,b>on ,cuvi] obta9$ _m bones1 & "s connect$ portions ( ! skeletons ( sev]al birds relat$ to ! ,pelican1 ,sea-l>k1 ,curlew1 ,woodcock1 ,owl1 ,buzz>d1 & ,quail4#gbc ,9 sev]al ( ^! examples !re are ! impr9ts & rema9s ( ! quills & fea!rs2 9 "s ! skeleton has p]i%$1 & a pellicle ( d>k-br[n sub/ance1 ) ! configuration ( ! orig9al1 alone rema9s 7see ,lign4 #bdf74 ,^! ,orni?olites are associat$ ) ! bones ( ! ,palo!ria1 & o!r ext9ct mammalia ( ! eoc5e p]iod4 ,two or ?ree ,orni?olites h be5 discov]$ at ,montm>tre1 9 :i* almo/ ! entire skeleton is pres]v$4 ,9 "o example1 describ$ by ,cuvi]1 ! rema9s ( a bird are display$ 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] x probable t ! animal _h fall5 on its belly1 & become p>tially impact$ 9 ! surface ( ! s(t gypsum1 :i* is n[ become solid /one2 & t1 previ\sly to its be+ completely envelop$1 ! pr9cipal "p ( its head & ! left leg 7 remov$ ei!r by "s voraci\s animal1 or by ! action ( ! wat]4 ,9 addition to ! o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton1 ! "u side ( ! bill is v di/9ctly impress$ on ! /one1 & ! left bran* is entire2 !re are also ! rema9s ( ! cellul> basis ( ! skull2 & bo? ! w+s are well pres]v$4 ,n9e or t5 species ( fossil birds 7 id5tifi$ by ,cuvi] f ! ,p>is eoc5e /rata4 #gbc ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 tom4 iii4 p4 #cjb1 plates lxxii4--lxxv4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,vulture4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bdf4 ,fossil ,bird4 ,eoc5e4 ,montm>tre4 7,cuvi]1 ,oss4 ,foss4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cah1 pl4 lxxiii4 fig4 #b47 ,! rema9s ( ?is individual consi/ only ( a ?9 br[n pellicle1 indicat+ ! =m & proportions ( ! head1 body1 & limbs4 ,li?ornis vultur9us4 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]ies1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bjf1 pl4 xxi4 figs4 #e & #f4--,"u ! "n ( ,li?ornis 7petrifi$-bird71 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has describ$ ! fossil rema9s ( a bird1 consi/+ ( two mo/ *>act]i/ic bones1--! /]num & sacrum1--& fragm5ts ( o!r bones1 obta9$ f ! ,london ,clay ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,^! relics pres5t a close agreem5t ) ! correspond+ bones ( ! ,vulture tribe1 b indicate a small] species ( ,vulture ?an any n[ kn[n to exi/4 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,fossil ,mammalia & ,birds1 #ahdf1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has also describ$ ano!r sacrum f ! ,%eppey ,clay1 a /]num f ,primrose ,hill1 & ! cranium ( a bird1 probably ( ! ,halcyonid family1 f ! same eoc5e deposit at ,%eppey4 ,?is has also yield$ a portion ( %ank-bone1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 indicates a bird ( ! size ( a full-gr[n albatross4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahea4 ,"s few specim5s ( cyl9drical bones f ! ,*alk & ! ,weald5#gbd h be5 previ\sly ref]r$ to ,birds1 & describ$ z rema9s ( species ( t family4 ,^! fossils1 h[ev]1 h lately be5 reexam9$ 9 comp>ison ) m p]fect bones ( simil> "*2 &1 ) ! exception ( a few1 ! /ructure ( :i* decid$ly has ! *>act]s belong+ to bird's bone1 ! result ( ?is inve/igation has assign$ !m to ,pt]odactyles4#gbe ,! long ?9 cyl9drical bones f ! ,/onesfield ,oolite are probably all ,pt]odactylian also1 z sugge/$ by ! late ,mr4 ,mill]4 #gbd ,"o fragm5t ( a bone1 app>5tly ( an ulna1 reta9$ a r[ ( small em95ces1 probably ! po9ts ( atta*m5t = ! quills ( ! second>y fea!rs ( ! w+s4 ,?is specim5 w\ld appe> to h a decid$ ref]5ce to orni?ic /ructure1 b x 0 transf]r$ to ! ,briti% ,museum1 & is n n[ to be se54 #gbe ,see ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ii4 p4 #if1 c42 & ,ow5's ,monograph on ,*alk ,reptiles1 #ahea1 p4 #hj1 et seq4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! em95t microscopi/s1 ,mr4 ,b[]bank & ,pr(essor ,quekett1 may be enabl$ be=e long to elucidate ! intimate /ructure ( pt]odactylian bone2 :i*1 al?\gh ( an ess5tially reptilian type1 has *>act]s ( its own1 (f]+ "s resemblances to bird-/ructure1 t h n yet be5 fully describ$4 ,"s specim5s ( bones f ! ,weald5 7= in/ance1 ! specim5 figur$ 9 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 v4 pl4 xiii4 fig4 #f1 & ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv4 pl4 i4 fig4 #i17 exhibit "u ! microscope an intimate /ructure resembl+ t se5 9 bird-bone1 9 contradi/9ction to t *>act]i/ic ( reptilian bone4 ,b until we are bett] acqua9t$ ) ! microscopic /ructure ( ! osse\s tissue ( ! ,pt]osaurians1 & are 9 possession ( m p]fect specim5s ( bones1 x _c be satisfactorily det]m9$ to :at ext5t ! class ( ,birds exi/$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,sid5ote3 ,,orni?oidi*nites4 ,,iii4 ,orni?oidi*nites4 7,bird-l foot-pr9ts47 ,ligns4 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,bd4 pl4 xxvi4 a1 xxvi4b4--,! palontological hi/ory ( ! class ( birds1 z evid5c$ by ! =ego+ pages1 is c>ri$ back b to a comp>atively rec5t era 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory3 & inde$1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 x may be said t all positive evid5ce ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( ?is highly organiz$ class ( v]tebrat$ animals is conf9$ to ! ,t]ti>y & ,weald5 deposits4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ discov]y1 h[ev]1 by ,dr4 ,james ,deane1#gbf ( ,gre5field1 ,u4 ,s4 seems to prove t num]\s bird-l bip$s1 & "s ( gigantic size1 exi/$ at ! p]iod :5 ! ,triassic or ,new ,r$ /rata 7 9 ! progress ( =mation2 t p]iod1 z ! read] w rememb]1 9 :i* ! ,labyr9?odonts & o!r extraord9>y reptiles fl\ri%$4 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahda1 p4 #bcj1 note4 #gbf ,see ,illu/rations ( ,fossil ,foot-pr9ts ( ! ,valley ( ! ,connecticut1 #ahdi1 #dto4 ) n9e plates4 ,9 c]ta9 localities ( ! ,new ,r$ s&/one 9 ! valley ( ! ,connecticut1 num]\s tridactyle m>k+s _h be5 occasionally obs]v$ on ! surfaces ( ! slabs ( /one :5 split asund]1 9 l mann] z ! ripple-m>ks appe> on ! successive lay]s ( s&/one 9 ,corncockle ,muir1 ,tilgate ,=e/1 c4 ,"s rem>kable di/9ct impressions ( ?is k9d at ,turn]'s ,falls 7,massa*usetts7 happ5+ to attract ! att5tion ( ,dr4 ,deane1 t sagaci\s obs]v] 0 /ruck ) _! resemblance to ! foot-m>ks left on ! mud-banks ( ! adjac5t riv] by ! aquatic birds :i* _h rec5tly frequ5t$ ! spot4 ,! conviction t ! impr9ts on ! /one 7 ref]able to a simil> orig9 ) ^? on ! mud 0 s /rongly impress$ on 8 m9d1 t he imm$iately collect$ a s]ies ( specim5s1 & communicat$ 8 discov]y & op9ion to ,pr(essor ,e4 ,hit*cock1 :o foll[$ up ! inquiry ) a zeal & success t h l$ to ! mo/ int]e/+ results4 ,no reasonable d\bt n[ exi/s t ! impr9ts 9 "q h be5 produc$ by ! tracks ( bip$s1 impress$ on ! /one :5 9 a s(t /ate4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on 0 fir/ made by ,pr(essor ,hit*cock1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 7,janu>y1 #ahcf72 & t em95t geologi/ has subsequ5tly publi%$ full descriptions ( ! diff]5t species ( impr9ts :i* he has detect$1 ) excell5t li?ographs1 9 8 ,geology ( ,massa*usetts4 7,see ,petrif4 pp4 #fd-gc47 ,?ree highly int]e/+ specim5s ( ! ,orni?oidi*nites ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 collect$ & develop$ by ,dr4 ,james ,deane1 h be5 lately add$ to ! collection ( organic rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y exhibit sev]al v>ieties ( ! foot-pr9ts1 & are 9 a v f9e /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! surface ( ! l>ge/ slab is eight feet by six1 & be>s upw>ds ( sev5ty di/9ct impressions1 dispos$ 9 sev]al tracks1 z %[n 9 ! ,lign4 #bdg4 ,! direction & disposition ( ! foot-tracks are r5d]$ m di/9ct by ! l9es drawn f "o impr9t to ano!r 9 ! consecutive s]ies4 ,! pr9cipal tracks on ?is slab1 ,lign4 #bdg1 are z foll[2 ,fig4 #a to #a1 direct$ f bel[ upw>ds1 is a track consi/+ ( six l>ge foot/eps4 #b to #b1 f above d[nw>ds2 a track ( f\r foot-pr9ts1 dispos$ almo/ 9 a "r l9e1 & v f> ap>t4 #c to #c1 a track ( five foot-pr9ts1 f above d[nw>ds1 ( a l>ge1 heavy animal1 l fig4 #a4 #d to #d1 f above d[nw>ds1 f\r foot-pr9ts l fig4 #b1 dispos$ 9 a ne>ly /raight track1 & f> ap>t4 #e1 a track ( five heavy foot-pr9ts1 direct$ obliquely upw>ds4 #f to #f1 five foot-pr9ts ( a l>ge bip$1 9 a track f bel[ upw>ds4 #g1 a s]ies ( five delicate foot-pr9ts4 #h to #h1 a track ( elev5 v small foot-pr9ts1 dispos$ 9 zigzag1 & ext5d+ obliquely f ! "r extremity to ! upp] edge ( ! slab4 #i to #i1 a track ( f\r l>ge & di/ant foot-pr9ts1 pass+ obliquely across ! /one f left to "r4 ,i subjo9 also a repres5tation ( "o ( ! small] foot-pr9ts1 ( ! natural size1 ! surface ( ! /one be+ spr9kl$ also ) hemisph]ical m>k+s produc$ by drops ( ra94 7,lign4 #bdh47 ,a ,slab ( ,new ,r$ ,s&/one 7eight feet by six71 f ,turn]'s ,falls1 ,massa*usetts1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 cov]$ ) num]\s ,foot-m>ks ( ,bip$s2 indicat+ ! ,tracks ( t5 or twelve individuals1 ( v>i\s sizes4 ,discov]$ by ,dr4 ,james ,deane1 ( ,gre5field1 ,massa*usetts4 ,?is ,specim5 is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4--7,f ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlvi4 p4 #gc47 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bdg4 ,orni?oidi*nites1 or ,impr9ts ( ! ,foot/eps ( ,bip$s ) ,bird-l ,feet1 on ,s&/one4 ,to face p4 #ggj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,orni?oidi*nites4 ,! above w suffice to give ! read] a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ^! extraord9>y impressions4 ,a few %apeless fragm5ts ( bones are ! only ve/iges ( ! skeletons ( any animals1 ) ! exception ( fi%es1 t h be5 f\nd 9 ! /rata :i* h furni%$ ! slabs ( ,orni?oidi*nites4 ,"s ,coprolites also h be5 discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bdh4 ,bird-l ,footpr9t1 & impressions ( ,ra9-drops1 on ,s&/one 7nat474 ,new ,r$ ,=mation2 ,massa*usetts4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce1 7#ahdc17 vol4 xlvi4 p4 #gc4 ,! enorm\s size ( "s ( ! foot-m>ks is calculat$ to excite great surprise4 ,i h 9 my possession 7?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,deane7 impr9ts t prove ! size ( ! foot to h be5 fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & t5 in*es 9 wid?1 exclusive ( ! h9d claw1 :i* is pres5t 9 "s species1 & is "h two in*es long4 ,! foot-pr9ts ( ?is bip$ :5 9 a consecutive s]ies ( five or six1 are f f\r to six feet ap>t2 :i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h be5 ! l5g? ( ! /ride2 ! longe/ /ride 0 probably made by ! animal :5 runn+2 ! %orte/1 :5 walk+ at a mod]ate pace4 ,^! foot/eps indicate proportions s f> exce$+ ^? ( all kn[n liv+ bip$s1--= ! foot ( ! ,african o/ri* is b t5 in*es long1--t ! geologi/ may be p>don$ = hav+ hesitat$ to adopt ! op9ions ( ! ,am]ican savans1 9 ! abs5ce ( any relics ( ! osse\s /ructure ( ! suppos$ birds2 al?\gh sanction$ by ! high au?ority ( ,dr4 ,buckl&1 :o1 f ! fir/1 concurr$ 9 ! views ( ,pr(essor ,hit*cock 7,bd4 ii4 p4 #ci73 b ?is objection has be5 9 a great measure remov$ by ! discov]y ( ! rema9s ( ! gigantic ,moa or ,d9ornis ( ,new ,zeal&1 ) feet equal 9 magnitude to ! l>ge/ ( ! ,connecticut foot-pr9ts4 ,see p4 #gfc1 & ,pict4 ,atlas1 frontispiece4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock is ( op9ion t upw>ds ( =ty species ( ^! bip$ foot-pr9ts may be di/+ui%$4 ,foot-pr9ts ref]able to *elonians1 batra*ians1 & liz>ds are associat$ ) ! above4#gbg #gbg ,trans4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 n4 s4 vol4 x4 pt4 ii4 p4 #cab4 ,9 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,/\rton ,hill1 ne> ,liv]pool1 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham has obs]v$ tridactyl\s1 webb$ foot-pr9ts1#gbh #b-a_/b in*es long1 :i* he ref]s to a bird2 ,mr4 ,hawk%aw also notic$ "s bird-l tracks at ,lymm2 & ,pr(essor ,h>kness met ) a trace ( a bip$ at ,we/on ,po9t1 ne> ,runcorn4 ,^! appe> to be ! only indications ( orni?oidi*nites 9 ! ,trias ( ,engl&2 & ^! are v obscure4 #gbh ,^! are accompani$ by *eiro!rian pr9ts1 & by ! ca/ ( an impression q simil> to t made on ! s&s ( ! sea-bea* ( to day1 by ! ,m$usa 7sea-nettle or jelly-fi%7 left by ! reflux ( ! tide & expos$ to a few h\rs ( sun%9e4 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham & ,mr4 ,pidgeon h furni%$ a figure ( ?is int]e/+ impression ( ! jelly-fi%1 :i* has left ! solid memorial ( its evanesc5t exi/5ce en ! anci5t /r& ( ! ,triassic sea1 %[+ t ! physical conditions ( l&1 wat]1 & atmosph]e 7 ! same !n z ^? t n[ obta94--,liv]pool ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,proc4 #ahdh1 p4 #abh1 fig4 #a4 ,a simil> impr9t on a ,jurassic rock 9 ,g]many is ref]r$ to at p4 #bhj4 ,9 ! ,weald5 ( ,ha/+s & ! ,isle ( ,wight1 ! natural ca/s ( l>ge tridactyl\s foot-pr9ts h be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,tagg>t & ,mr4 ,beckles 7see ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfg1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aag1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cif1 & ,geol4 ,isle ( ,wight1 p4 #cbh71 b z yet no solution ( ! my/]y at pres5t enwrapp+ ^! gigantic1 tridactyl\s1 bip$ 787 i*nolites has pres5t$ itself3 we only "k t ! creature t left !m trav]s$ ! bord]s ( ! mighty riv] :i* float$ d[n ! bulky c>cases ( ! ,hylosaur & ,iguanodon4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,birds4 ,on ,collect+ ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,birds4--,not)/&+ ! extreme r>ity ( fossils ( ?is class1 ! /ud5t %\ld n be disc\rag$ 9 8 se>* = ! rema9s ( ,birds 9 ! second>y rocks4 ,t f> m in/ructive specim5s ?an any t h fall5 "u my obs]vation may be discov]$ 9 ! ,weald5 /rata by dilig5t rese>*1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt4 ,x is also v probable t ! ,/onesfield slate1 :i* ab\nds 9 rema9s ( t]re/rial plants & animals1 w be f\nd to conta9 ,orni?olites4 ,x is important = ! collector to be> 9 m9d1 t :5 only a fragm5t ( ! %aft ( a bone rema9s imb$d$ 9 ! /one1 if ! impr9t ( ! o!r portions be pres]v$1 he may obta9 a k ( ! =m ( ! extremities2 9 ! same mann] z ! ext]nal m>k+s ( ! surface ( a %ell may be asc]ta9$1 :5 ! %ell itself is lo/ or de/roy$1 & a smoo? /ony ca/ ( ! int]nal cavity only is left4 ,! same rem>k w apply to ! bones ( reptiles & o!r animals2 = example1 a p]fect leg-bone may be imb$d$ 9 a block ( lime/one2 b1 :5 expos$ by break+ ! /one1 a portion ( ! %aft may alone rema9 atta*$1 & bo? extremities be %att]$ to pieces by ! concussion ( ! bl[2 yet1 if ! impression rema9s1 ! entire =m ( ! orig9al may be det]m9$4 ,! foot-pr9ts1 n only ( birds1 b ( reptiles & o!r animals1 %\ld be dilig5tly s\ght = on ! surfaces ( lam9at$ /rata ( s& & clay1 & especially :]e ! pres5ce ( ripple-m>ks1 & ! impressions ( ra9-drops1 indicate t ! b$s 7 deposit$ 9 %all[ wat]4 ,! =e/-m>ble flags at ,ca/le ,comb1 nor? ( ,ba?1 ! ,/onesfield slates1 & ! s&/ones ar\nd ,hor%am 79 ,sussex71 & p>ticul>ly at ,/amm]ham 7see ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #bac71 are (t5 rippl$1 & x is !re=e probable t ! foot-pr9ts ( "s ( ! ,oolitic & ,weald5 quadrup$s & bip$s1 if su* exi/$1 w soon] or lat] be discov]$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,fossil ,,mammalia4 ,! rema9s ( ,mammalia discov]$ 9 a fossil /ate include an imm5se numb] ( species1 & furni% examples ( almo/ e liv+ g5us1 & ( num]\s g5]a1 & ev5 ord]s1 ( :i* no exi/+ species are kn[n4 ,yet amid/ ! va/ accumulations ( ! skeletons ( ! high] ord]s ( v]tebrata conta9$ 9 ! t]ti>y deposits1 & 9 ! sup]ficial drift1 belong+ to species :i* h successively appe>$ on ! surface ( our planet1 fl\ri%$ = indef9ite p]iods ( "t1 & !n become annihilat$1 no ve/iges ( ,man1 or ( 8 works1 h be5 detect$4 ,human skeletons1 naturally imb$d$1 h hi!rto only be5 obs]v$ 9 ! silt ( mod]n alluvial pla9s1#gbi 9 peat-bogs 7,wond4 p4 #fd71 & 9 conglom]ates ( rec5t date1 su* z are 9 ! progress ( =mation on ! sea-%ores1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! wat] is load$ ) ! detritus ( %ells & corals1 & ! waves transport ! calc>e\s matt] along ! m>g9s ( creeks & bays1 or deposit x 9 ! %all[s along ! coa/ 7see ,wond4 p4 #hg1 & ,petrif4 p4 #dhc74 #gbi ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 reason to believe t ! human skulls & bones f\nd ) elephant9e & o!r rema9s 9 ! ,alps ( ,swabia1 are ( contemporane\s orig9 ) ^! ext9ct mammals4 7,see ,lit]>y ,gazette1 #ahec1 p4 #ajbg47 ,! geological di/ribution ( fossil mammalia1#gcj--! occurr5ce ( ! entire c>cases ( ext9ct species ( ,elephant & ,rh9oc]os 9 blocks ( ice 7,wond4 p4 #aea71--( rec5t species 9 ! sup]ficial alluvial clay & silt1--( rec5t & ext9ct =ms 9 ! ,drift or ,plei/oc5e deposits 7,wond4 p4 #adg71--( ! gradual prepond]ance ( unkn[n species & g5]a1 9 proportion z we c>ry back our retrospect to ! mo/ anci5t ,t]ti>y /rata 7,wond4 p4 #bed71 --! sudd5 disappe>ance ( all ve/iges ( ! entire ,class ( ,mammalia1 ) ! la/ b$ ( ! ,eoc5e deposits1--) ! exception ( a few m9ute jaws 9 "o set ( b$s ( ! ,oolite 9 ,engl& 7,wond4 p4 #eaj71 & ( a few tee? 9 ! ,trias 787 ( ,g]many1#gca ! sole records ( ! exi/5ce ( any ( ! highe/ types ( animal organization ?r\gh\t ! va/ p]iods ( ! second>y =mations--are s fully treat$ ( 9 ! ,wond]s ( ,geology1 t ,i ne$ n dwell ^u ! subject 9 ! pres5t volumes4 ,nei!r is x desirable to ent] at l>ge ^u ?is dep>tm5t ( ,palontology1 = x 7 va9 to attempt ! elucidation ( ! anatomical *>act]s ( b "o ext9ct species ( ,mammalia1 )\t giv+ details ( /ructure1 t c\ld only be successfully demon/rat$ 9 a "w expressly devot$ to ! subject4 ,ref]r+1 !re=e1 to ,cuvi]'s ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 & to ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,fossil ,mammalia1 #hvo4 #ahdf1 ,i mu/ limit my rem>ks on ! ,fossil ,mammalia to a brief summ>y ( mod]n discov]ies1 ) sugge/ions = ! id5tification & collection ( "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ or preval5t rema9s4 #gcj ,= a notice ( ! di/ribution ( mammalian rema9s 9 ! ,upp] ,t]ti>ies ( ,europe1 see ,phillips's ,geology1 #ahec1 vol4 i4 p4 #de1 c4 #gca ,= an acc\nt ( ^! tee? ( small insectivor\s mammals f ! bone-b$ ( ,wrtemb]g1 :i* has an analog\s position at ! top ( ! ,trias ) ! bone-b$ ( ,axm\? & ,au/ ,cliff1 see ,ly4 p4 xiv4 figs4 #ebi-eca4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ,mammalia w be consid]$ "u ! foll[+ heads3-- ,i4 ,cetacea1 or animals ( ! ,:ale tribe4 ,,ii4 ,rum9antia2 includ+ ! ,camel1 ,giraffe1 ,de]1 ,%eep1 ,ox1 c4 ,,iii4 ,pa*yd]mata2 compris+ ! ,proboscideans1 z ! ,elephant1 & ! ord9>y ,pa*yd]ms1 z ! ,rh9oc]os1 ,horse1 ,sw9e1 c4 ,,iv4 ,ed5tata3 animals )\t tee?1 or ) only mol>s1 z ! ,ant-eat]1 ,slo?1 ,mega!rium1 ,mylodon1 c4 ,v4 ,rod5tia1 or ,gnaw]s2 z ! ,h>e1 ,beav]1 ,rat1 c4 ,,vi4 ,m>supialia2 animals ) an abdom9al p\*1 z ! ,kang>oo1 ,opossum1 c4 ,,vii4 ,c>nivora2 includ+ ! ,bats1 ,moles1 & ! c>nivor\s tribes 9 g5]al4 ,,viii4 ,quadrumana2 ,apes & ,monkeys4 ,,ix4 ,bimana2 or ,man4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,:ales4 ,i4 ,fossil ,cetacea4#gcb--,! ,cetaceans1 al?\gh popul>ly t]m$ fi%es1 are z p]fect air-brea?+ v]tebrat$ animals1 z ! t]re/rial mammalia1 &1 l !m1 give suck to _! "y4 ,in/ead ( =e-feet or arms1 !y h a pair ( f9s or paddles1 b are de/itute ( h9d] extremities1 ! place ( ! latt] organs be+ suppli$ by a p[]ful c>tilag9\s horizontal f91 app5d$ to ! tail4 ,! ,cetaceans1 !re=e1 diff] 9 ?is respect f ! fossil m>9e reptiles1 ! ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus 7see p4 #ffb71 :i* h two pairs ( paddles4 ,?is ord]1 z is well kn[n1 comprises ! mo/ colossal =ms ( animal exi/5ce1--! ,:ales4 ,"s are h]bivor\s1 o!rs c>nivor\s2 _m h p[]ful tee?2 o!rs are ed5tul\s1 ! jaw be+ furni%$ ) a s]ies ( elongate plates ( ! sub/ance famili>ly kn[n by ! "n ( :ale-bone4 #gcb ,cetacea3 an ord] ( aquatic mammalia1 compris+ ! ,w hales1 ,n>:als1 ,porpoises1 ,dolph9s1 & ,dugongs4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ,cetaceans h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 obs]v$ 9 alluvial silt & b$s ( drift1 9 valleys /ill trav]s$ by riv]s2 b _m examples h be5 discov]$ 9 elevat$ sea-bea*es1 prov+ t1 al?\gh1 geologically speak+1 ^! b$s are ( mod]n orig91 yet great *anges 9 ! relative level ( ! l& & sea mu/ h tak5 place s9ce ^! rema9s 7 imb$d$4 ,?us1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,=?1 ne> ,alloa1 9 ,scotl&1 ! skeleton ( a ,:ale 7,balnopt]a71 sev5ty-two feet long1 0 discov]$ imb$d$ 9 clay1 tw5ty feet above ! highe/ tide4#gcc ,cuvi] m5tions ! discov]y ( bones ( a ,lamant9 at ,ang]s2 ( a ,dolph91 & ,rorqual1 9 ,lomb>dy2 & ( a ,grampus1 9 ! plioc5e ( ! ,sub-,ap5n9es4#gcd #gcc ,dr4 ,flem+'s ,briti% ,animals1 p4 #ci4 #gcd ,= notices & descriptions ( ,cetacean rema9s f\nd 9 ,engl&1 see ,ow5's ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mammalia1 p4 #eaf1 et seq4 ,otoli!s ( ,cetaceans4--,petro-tympanic bones ( sev]al l>ge :ales h be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! r$ ,crag ( ,felix/[2 among !m is "o ( ! g5us ,physet]1 or ,sp]m-,:ale4#gce #gce ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 = #ahde1 p4 #da2 & ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #ebf1 c4 ,brighton ,fossil ,:ale4--,an int]e/+ discov]y ( ! ant]ior half ( "o side ( ! l[] jaw ( a ,:ale1 und\bt$ly coeval ) ! ext9ct ,mammo? 7,elephas primig5ius71 0 made 9 #ahbh 9 ! ,cliff1 ea/ ( ,kemp ,t[n1 ,brighton1 "u ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,on ! face ( ! ,cliff1 9 ! anci5t %+le :i* lies imm$iately ^u ! *alk & is surm\nt$ by b$s ( calc>e\s rubble1 conta9+ bones & tee? ( ,elephants1 to ! height ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 "s fi%]m5 _h obs]v$ a huge bone1 t _h be5 laid b>e by an unusually high tide & n[ project$ two or ?ree feet beyond ! face ( ! ,cliff4 ,unable to remove x1 !y broke (f ! extremity1 a fragm5t ( :i* 0 s5t to me4 ,^u repair+ to ! spot a few days aft]w>ds1 ,i f\nd t ! fi%]m5 _h r5ew$ _! attack1 & demoli%$ a consid]able portion ( ! bone 9 ineffectual attempts to dislodge x f its b$2 & _h desi/$ only f ! appreh5sion ( be+ buri$ b5ea? ! ov]hang+ cliff1 :i* is compos$ ( loosely aggregat$ mat]ials4 ,un=tunately1 ! bone ext5d$ directly into ! cliff1 & x requir$ sev]al h\rs ( lab\r1 n unatt5d$ ) dang]1 be=e an excavation 0 made suffici5tly l>ge to expose ! entire specim54 ,x prov$ to be ! ant]ior n9e feet ( ! left bran* ( ! l[] jaw ( a :ale-bone ,:ale 7,balna my/icetus74 ,x 0 ( a light fawn col\r ext]nally1 b ! int]nal co>se osse\s /ructure 0 delicately :ite2 x 0 extremely brittle1 &1 ^u attempt+ to move x1 broke into a ?\s& pieces4 ,"t w\ld n p]mit ( ! application ( a coat+ ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 = ere we _h complet$ our task ! tide 0 rapidly approa*+1 or ?is int]e/+ relic might h be5 extract$ entire4 ,?is portion ( l[] jaw1 be=e x 0 mutilat$ by ! fi%]m51 0 twelve feet long1 & ?irty-six in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! l>ge/ extremity4 ,x mu/ h belong$ to a ,:ale f sixty to sev5ty feet 9 l5g?4#gcf #gcf ,! fragm5ts ( ?is jaw t 7 pres]v$ are n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ,room ,v4 ,9 ! fluviatile silt ( ! valley ( ! ,ouse1 ne> ,lewes 7,wond4 p4 #fc71 ! skull ( a ,porpoise & a portion ( ! cranium1 ) ! socket ( ! long /raight too?1 ( a ,n>:al 7,monodon monoc]os71 7 f\nd twelve feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! bones ( an h]bivor\s ,cetacean1 ! ,manatus1 a g5us n[ peculi> to ! torrid zone1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! eoc5e /rata 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,france1 associat$ ) ^? ( ! ,palo!ria & o!r ext9ct mammalia ( ! ,p>is bas94 ,sid5ote3 ,,zeuglodon4 ,zeuglodon cetoides4 ,lign4 #bdi4gcg--,! rema9s ( a v rem>kable ,cetacean1 ( an ext9ct g5us1 7 fir/ made kn[n by ,dr4 ,h>lan1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o obta9$ a consid]able portion ( ! jaws ) tee?1 v]tebr1 & o!r bones ( an animal ( enorm\s size1 f ,alabama & ,arkansas1 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! relics 7 discov]$ 9 t]ti>y 7eoc5e7 lime/one1 associat$ ) a m>9e %elly conglom]ate1 f a cliff ne> ! b$ ( ! riv] ,owa*ita4 ,:5 fir/ obs]v$1 ! bones ext5d$ along ! face ( ! rock1 ) int]vals betwe5 !m1 to ! ext5t ( "o hundr$ feet1 & ! animal to :i* !y belong$ mu/ h exce$$ sev5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,dr4 ,h>lan ascrib$ ^! bones to an unkn[n reptile1 :i* he call$ ,basilosaurus 7k+ ( ! liz>ds72 b a m correct inve/igation1 by ,pr(essor ,ow51 prov$ _! cetacean "*1 & ! peculi> =m ( ! worn mol> tee? sugge/$ ! "n ( ,zeuglodon 7yoke-too?74 #gcg ,ow51 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 p4 #fi1 c41 plates vii4 viii4 ix42 ,h>lan's ,m$ical & ,physical ,rese>*es1 p4 #ccg1 c42 ,gibbes1 ,j\rn4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sc4 ,philadelphia1 #b;d s]4 #ahdg1 vol4 i4 pp4 #e & #af2 ,bulkley1 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 xliv4 p4 #dji2 ,c>us1 ,nova ,acta ,cur4 ,nat4 vol4 xxii4 pt4 ii4 #ahdh4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bdi4 ,zeuglodon cetoides4 ,portion ( ! ,jaw1 ) ,tee?1 & a ,v]tebra4 ,eoc5e4 ,alabama1 ,unit$ ,slates4 ,fig4 #a4--,portion ( ! ,upp] ,jaw1 ) ?ree tee?3 #a_/h nat4 a4 ,! expos$ fang ( a too?4 #b4--,transv]se section ( ! base ( ! cr[n ( a too?1 %[+ ! deep con/riction 9 ! middle3 #a_/d nat4 #c4--;,a caudal v]tebra3 #a_/ab nat4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bej4 ,tee? ( ,zeuglodon3 #a_/b nat4 ,eoc5e4 ,france & ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,fig4 #a4--,upp] too? ( ,z4 squalodon2 f ne> ,bordeaux4 #b4--,mol> too? ( ,z4 cetoides2 f ,alabama1 ,unit$ ,/ates4 #c4--;,can9e too? ( ,z4 cetoides4 ,! tee? 7,lign4 #bej7 are ( two k9ds1 "s hav+ b "o fang1 & o!rs two1 implant$ 9 sep>ate sockets & plac$ obliquely 9 ! jaw2 !y are ( a compress$1 conical =m1 ) an obtuse apex1 ! cr[n be+ deeply conjugate1 or contract$ 9 ! middle1 z %[n 9 ! transv]se section1 ,lign4 #bdi1 fig4 #b4 ,!y are devoid ( enamel1 b ! d5t9e is coat$ ) cem5t1 & _! /ructure is decid$ly mammalian2 & a microscopical exam9ation1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 /ates1 inconte/ably proves _! cetacean "*4 ,! longitud9al diamet] ( ! middle too? is ?ree in*es4 ,! v]tebr resemble ^? ( ! l>ge cetacean kn[n by ! "n ( ,hyp]oodon2 a caudal v]tebra is figur$ ,lign4 #bdi1 fig4 #c4 ,! orig9al animal 0 relat$ to ! ,dugong & ,ca*olot1 & appe>s to h held an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! latt] & ! h]bivor\s species4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,rum9ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bea4 ,tee? ( a ,rum9ant4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,gibralt>4 ,imb$d$ 9 a mass ( ! osse\s breccia4 ,,ii4 ,fossil ,rum9ants4 7,ow5's ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #ddd1 et seq47--,! fossil bones ( animals ( ?is ord] are v num]\s 9 ! alluvial deposits1 9 caves1 & 9 plei/oc5e deposits1 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w4 ,!y are g5]ally associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! next gr\p4 ,! skulls ( ,ox51 & horns & bones ( ! ,bison & ,auro*1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,cliff1 ,york%ire1 at ,walton 9 ,essex1 & o!r p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! fossil ox5 appe> to h be5 "o-?ird l>g] ?an ! rec5t species2 & ! horns are relatively m massive ?an 9 ! dome/ic race2 "s ( ! horns measure f\r feet across1 at ! wide/ expansion4 ,9 ! imm5se accumulations ( l>ge mammalia 9 ! t]ti>y b$s ( ! ,sub-,himalayan or ,siwalik range1 num]\s rema9s ( ox5 occur4 ,! tee? ( "o species are (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,elephant-b$ at ,brighton4 ,( ! ,de] family ! relics ( sev]al k9ds h be5 discov]$ 9 ,drift & ,cav]ns4 ,! cave ( ,kirkdale alone conta9$ ! rema9s ( ?ree species4#gch ,! bones ( a species t _c be di/+ui%$ f ! common ,b$ ,de] are f\nd 9 ! mod]n %ell-m>ls ( ,scotl&1 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ox51 horse1 bo>1 dog1 wolf1 & beav]4 ,! bones & antl]s ( ! ,re9de] h be5 f\nd at ,br5t=d & o!r places 7,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #dgi2 & ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahea4 ,sect4 p4 #fi74 ,! ossif]\s cav]ns1 :i* conta9 bones ( ,c>nivora1 also yield ^? ( ,de]2 z ! caves ( ,kirkdale & ,banwell1 c4 9 ,engl&1 & ! celebrat$ cav]ns ( ,mugg5dorf1 on ! ,cont95t4 ,a species ( ,musk-de] has be5 f\nd at ,epple%eim2 & bones ( de] are associat$ ) ^? ( ! ,d9o!rium1 9 ,rh5i% ,hesse1 9 late ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,! tee? & a l[] jaw1 ) o!r bones1 ( a species ( de]1 7 obta9$ f ! ,brighton ,elephant b$ 7,wond4 p4 #aad74 #gch ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,reliqui ,diluvian2 or1 ,obs]vations on ! ,organic ,rema9s f\nd 9 ,caves1 ,fissures1 & ,gravel2 #a vol4 #dto4 #ahbc1 pl4 viii4 & ix4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ fossil animal ( ?is family is ! ,gigantic ,/ag or ,de] ( ,irel& 7see ,petrif4 p4 #dee2 ,wond4 p4 #acb71 ^: bones & antl]s are f\nd 9 imm5se quantities 9 sup]ficial m>l1 9 ,irel&1 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 & occasionally 9 ,engl&4 7,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv4 p4 #db47 ,a skeleton t 0 f\nd1 almo/ entire1 9 m>l ab\nd+ 9 fre%-wat] %ells1 at ! dep? ( tw5ty feet1 is six feet high1 n9e feet long1 & n9e & a half feet 9 height1 to ! top ( ! "r horn4 ,"s antl]s are s l>ge1 t ! int]space f "o po9t to ! o!r exce$s twelve feet4#gci #gci ,see ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 lxxi42 a good figure ( ! skeleton ( ! fossil ,iri% ,de] is giv5 9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cfd2 = a detail$ acc\nt ( ?is gigantic animal1 see ,ow5's ,foss4 ,brit4 ,mammalia1 p4 #ddd1 & ,*>leswor?'s ,j\rnal1 p4 #hg4 ,! ,giraffe1 ! talle/ ( kn[n quadrup$s1 & n[ re/rict$ to ! des]ts ( ,africa1 0 once a native ( ,europe & ,asia1 = fossil bones ( a species ( ?is rem>kable rum9ant h be5 f\nd at ,iss\dun1 9 ,france1 & 9 ! ,siwalik m\nta9s1 ) sev]al v>ieties ( ,elk & ,de]4 ,( ! ,camel1 ! only rum9ant ) incisor tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 a gigantic species has be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,capta9 ,cautley1 9 ! ,siwalik range4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #beb4 ,bones ( ! ,feet ( ,horse1 ,de]1 & ,anoplo!rium4 ,fig4 #a4--;,=e-foot ( ! ,horse4 #b4 ---- ,de]4 #c4 ---- ,anoplo!rium gracile4 m1 m4 ,metac>pal bones 7canon-bone 9 ! ,horse47 s1 9 fig4 #a1 ! spl9t-bone1 or rudim5t>y metac>pal4 p1 p4 ,fir/ or proximal phalangeal-bones 7pa/]n 9 ! ,horse74 p#b1 p#b4 ,second phalangeals 7coronet or cr[n-bone 9 ! ,horse74 u1 u4 ,unguals1 or bones ( ! ho( 7c(f9-bone 9 ! ,horse74 ,9 ?is category we mu/ notice ano!r mo/ int]e/+ discov]y ( ! indefatigable & em95t naturali/s above m5tion$1 namely1 ! ,siva!rium 7see ,wond4 p4 #afc71 an ext9ct animal1 :i* =ms1 z x 71 a l9k betwe5 ! rum9ants & ! l>ge pa*yd]mata4 ,! skull has f\r p]si/5t horns1 & 0 furni%$ ) a nasal proboscis4 ,! liv+ creature mu/ h resembl$ an imm5se ,antelope or ,gnu1 ) a %ort ?ick head & an elevat$ cranium1 cre/$ ) two pairs ( horns4 ,a spl5did specim5 ( ! skull ( ! ,siva!rium has be5 plac$ 9 ! palontological collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum by ,dr4 ,falcon] 7,petrif4 p4 #def1 ,lign4 #ih74 ,sid5ote3 ,,elephant4 ,,ma/odon4 ,,iii4 ,pa*yd]mata4#gdj--,! fossil rema9s ( ?is ord] ( mammalia are mo/ abundant1 & belong to num]\s species1 compris+ _m ext9ct g5]a ( a highly int]e/+ "*4 ,see ,pictet's ,palontologie1 new edit4 #ahec1 vol4 i4 p4 #abg1 et seq4 #gdj ,see ,ow5 on ! ,classification ( ! ,pa*yd]mata1 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv4 p4 #abg1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bec4 ,elephas ,ganesa4 ,front view ( ! ,cranium & ,tusks4 7,! orig9al is #ad feet long47 ,fossil ,elephants & ,ma/odons4 ,lign4 #bec1 #bed1 #beh-bfj4 ,ow5's ,hi/4 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #bag1 c42 ,wond4 pp4 #adg1 #aeg4--,! bones1 tee?1 & tusks ( ,elephants1 equal 9 magnitude to1 & di/9ct f ! exi/+ ,african & ,asiatic species1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! sup]ficial alluvial & plei/oc5e accumulations ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bed4 ,ma/odon giganteus4 ,unworn ,mol> ,too?3 #a_/c nat4 size4 ,upp] ,t]ti>y4 ,banks ( ! ,hudson1 ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,! fossil bones & tee? 7,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 lxxi4 lxxiv47 ( ^! gigantic animals are s abundant1 t examples may be f\nd 9 all ! prov9cial1 & 9 mo/ private collections2 & ! ,briti% ,museum possesses an unrivall$ s]ies ( specim5s ( bo? gr\ps ( ^! colossal h]bivor\s mammalia1 namely1 ! ,elephants prop]ly s call$ & ! ,ma/odons 7,petrif4 pp4 #dfc1 #dga74 ,x conta9s an invaluable s]ies ( specim5s f ! ,siwalik hills1 pres5t$ by ,capt4 ,cautley & ,dr4 ,falcon] 7,petrif4 p4 #dfi72 among/ :i* are rema9s 9 :i* ! d5tal organs pres5t e modification ( /ructure1 f t ( ! ma/oid tub]cles ( ! too? ( ! ,ma/odon1 to ! v]tical lam9 ( cem5t1 enamel1 & d5t9e ( ! ,elephant4 ,! ,museum also possesses ! entire skeleton ( ! ,ma/odon 7,petrif4 ,lign4 #ajg7 =m]ly exhibit$ by ,m4 ,ko*1 z well z ! f9e suite ( jaws & tee? obta9$ by ! same indefatigable collector4 ,?is collection demon/rates t all ! bones & tee?1 app>5tly ( sev]al species1 &1 z "s h suppos$1 ( di/9ct g5]a1 belong b to ! "o gr& ,ma/odon--! ,m4 giganteus ( ,cuvi]2 x also cle>ly proves t ! "y ma/odon _h a pair ( tusks plac$ horizontally 9 ! l[] jaw2 & t b "o ( ^! tusks became develop$ 9 ! adult1 & t only 9 ! male4#gda #gda ,?is rem>kable circum/ance1 9 ! infancy ( palontological sci5ce1 gave rise to a v v5ial error2 x 0 made to con/itute ! "* ( a new g5us1 to :i* ! "n ,tetracaulodon 0 appli$4 ,x is !re=e unnecess>y to enl>ge ^u ?is subject1 = an inspection ( a few specim5s w af=d ! /ud5t a cle>] insight into ! /ructure ( ! skeletons & tee? ( ^! animals ?an any description4 ,! =m ( ! tee?1 & ! disposition ( ! d5tal elem5ts1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,wond4 p4 #adc1 & ,ly4 p4 #aei4 ,sid5ote3 ,,d9o!rium4 ,d9o!rium4 ,petrif4 p4 #dgd2 ,wond4 p4 #agc2 ,bd4 i4 p4 #ace1 pl4 ii4--,at ,epple%eim1 =ty miles nor?-ea/ ( ,d>m/adt1 9 b$s ( s& & m>l ( ! m$ian ,t]ti>y =mations1 ! jaws1 tee?1 skull1 & o!r rema9s ( ! ,d9o!re1 "o ( ! mo/ gigantic ( t]re/rial mammalians1 h be5 discov]$2 !y are pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,d>m/adt4 ,! l5g? ( ! l>ge/ species is e/imat$ at eighte5 feet4 ,! tee? _h previ\sly be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 ,bav>ia1 & ,au/ria2 &1 f _! close analogy to ^? ( ! ,tapir1 7 describ$ by ,cuvi] z belong+ to an ext9ct colossal animal ( t g5us4 ,b subsequ5t discov]ies h %[n t ! ,d9o!rium 0 probably a proboscideal animal1 & _h two l>ge curv$ tusks direct$ d[nw>ds 9 ! ant]ior extremity ( ! l[] jaw4#gdb #gdb ,!re are "s f9e specim5s1 & good models ( ! ,d>m/adt specim5s1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,petrif4 p4 #dgd74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bee4 ,anoplo!rium ,commune4 ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y4 ,montm>tre4 ,re/or$ outl9e ( ! animal2 aft] ,cuvi]4 7,! orig9al 0 ab\t ! size ( an ,ass47 ,sid5ote3 ,,cuvi]ian ,,pa*yd]ms4 ,cuvi]ian ,pa*yd]ms4 ,lign4 #bee1 #bef4 ,ow5's ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #bii1 c42 ,wond4 p4 #bed2 ,bd4 i4 p4 #ha2 ,petrif4 p4 #dge4--;,a l>ge proportion ( ! num]\s bones & tee? :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y gypse\s deposits at ,montm>tre1 ne> ,p>is1 are ref]able to ! sev]al ext9ct g5]a ( ,pa*yd]mata1 :i* ! g5ius ( ,cuvi] fir/ made kn[n4 ,! ,palo!ria & ,anoplo!ria mu/ be famili> to ! intellig5t read]1 = ! re/or$ outl9es ( sev]al species are app5d$ to almo/ e "w t treats ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( our globe4 ,! details ( _! anatomical *>act]s are giv5 at l5g? 9 ,oss4 ,foss4 tom4 iii41 illu/rat$ ) num]\s plates4 ,! ,palo!ria 7,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #caf1 et seq47 resembl$ ! ,tapirs 9 _! head & %ort proboscis1 :ile _! mol> tee? approa*$ ^? ( ! ,rh9oc]os1 & _! feet 7 divid$ into ?ree toes1 in/ead ( f\r1 z 9 ! ,tapirs4 ,upw>ds ( elev5 species h be5 discov]$1 v>y+ f ! size ( ! ,rh9oc]os to t ( ! ,hog4 ,_! rema9s are ext5sively diffus$ 9 ! ,upp] ,eoc5e /rata 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,france2 & h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,! ,lophiodon 7cre/$-too?71 a g5us di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by ! *>act]s ( ! tee?1 :i* m ne>ly resemble ^? ( ! ,tapirs1 compreh5ds twelve species1 all f\nd 9 ! fre%-wat] ,t]ti>y m>ls ( ,france4 ,a can9e too? ( a species ( ,lophiodon 0 f\nd 9 ! ,london ,clay1 9 s9k+ a well on ,syd5ham ,common1 ne> ! railway4#gdc #gdc ,see ,mr4 ,d\glas ,allport's int]e/+ ,hi/ory ( ,camb]well1 p4 #ag1 & ,ow5's ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #cjf4 ,! ,anoplo!ria h two *>act]s n obs]v$ 9 any o!r animal1 namely feet ) two toes 7see ,lign4 #beb71 ! metac>pal & metat>sal bones ( :i* d n unite into a s+le piece1 z is ! case 9 ! rum9ants2 & tee? plac$ 9 a cont9u$ s]ies )\t any int]val betwe5 !m 7,petrif4 ,lign4 #aaa72 man alone has ! tee? arrang$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,i subjo9 figures ( mol> tee? ( ,palo!rium & ,anoplo!rium 7,lign4 #bef74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bef4 ,tee? ( ,palo!rium & ,anoplo!rium4 ,upp] ,eoc5e4 ,isle ( ,wight & ,montm>tre4 ,fig4 #a4--,upp] mol> too? 7ext]nal surface7 ( ,palo!rium magnum4 ,b9/ead4 #b4--,l[] mol> ( ,palo!rium magnum4 #c4--;,gr9d+ surface ( fir/ upp] mol> ( ,anoplo!rium secund>ium4 ,b9/ead4 #d4--;,inn] side view ( "r upp] can9e ( ,anoplo!rium commune4 #e4--,upp] mol> ( ,anoplo!rium commune4 ,montm>tre4 #f4--,l[] mol> ( ! same animal4 ,!re are also sub-g5]a1 z = example1 ,xiphodon & ,di*obune1 *>act]iz$ by peculi>ities ( d5tal & o/eological /ructure2 & ,an?raco!rium 7s nam$ f two species hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a b$ ( ,an?racite or ,lignite1 ne> ,savone71 a g5us int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,palo!ria & ,hogs4 ,! skeletons ( ^! rem>kable animals are imb$d$ ) ! rema9s ( c>nivora1 m>supialia1 bats1 birds1 crocodiles1 tortoises1 & fi%es4 ,9 ,engl&1 no rema9s ( ! ext9ct ,pa*yd]mata ( ! ,p>is ,t]ti>y /rata 7 discov]$ until a few ye>s s9ce1 & !y are /ill exce$+ly r>e4 ,!re h be5 f\nd 9 ! fre%-wat] lime/one at ,b9/ead1 ne> ,ryde1 & at ,seafield1 ,isle ( ,wight1 7see ,geol4 ,i4 ,wight1 #ahed1 ,prefat4 ,note17 tee? & portions ( ! jaws ( two species ( ,anoplo!rium1 f\r ( ,palo!rium1 & "o ( ,*ropotamus1 an animal alli$ to ! ,hog ,tribe 7,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 pl4 iv42 & ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #dac1 c474 ,! ,hyopotamus 7,lign4 #beg7 is a g5us ( ,an?raco!rioid pa*yd]ms1 two species ( :i* h be5 det]m9$ by ,pr(4 ,ow5 7,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv4 p4 #ajc1 c471 f specim5s ( tee? f\nd 9 ! upp] eoc5e ( ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 by ! ,m>*ioness ( ,ha/+s4 ,! ,palo!rium1 ,di*obune1 ,di*odon1 ,paloplo!rium1 & o!rs occur 9 ! upp] eoc5e fre%-wat] deposits ( ,hordwell ,cliff 7see ,*>leswor?'s ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #e1 & pl4 ii42 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv4 p4 #ag1 & pl4 iii42 & ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahea1 sect4 p4 #fg74 ,two species ( a new g5us1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,hog & ! ,hyrax1 nam$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 ,hyraco!rium1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! eoc5e s&s at ,kyson1 9 ,suffolk1 & 9 ! ,london ,clay ( ! cliffs at ,/udd ,hill1 ab\t a mile to ! we/ ( ,h]ne ,bay4#gdd ,! latt] specim5 consi/s ( a mutilat$ skull1 ab\t ! size ( t ( a ,h>e1 ) ! mol> tee? p]fect4 #gdd ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 pl4 xxi4 p4 #bjc2 & ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #dai1 c4 ,! ,paloplo!rium1 an alli$ g5us1 f ,hordwell ,cliff1 is describ$ 9 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv4 p4 #ajc4 ,! o!r l>ge fossil ,pa*yd]ms1 belong+ to ! two exi/+ g5]a ( ,rh9oc]os & ,hippopotamus1 are f\nd v ext5sively di/ribut$ 9 alluvial debris1 9 ! ossif]\s breccia ( cav]ns1 & 9 o!r plei/oc5e deposits2 & _! rema9s are frequ5tly dug up 9 ! sup]ficial m>ls1 clays1 gravel1 & s& ( ,engl&4 ,z ! tee? ( ^! animals w occasionally be met ) by ! collector1 a brief explanation ( _! =m & /ructure may be useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #beg4 ,hyopotamus4 ,incisor ,tee?3 nat4 size4 ,upp] ,eoc5e4 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,fig4 #a4--;,inn] surface ( an incisor ( ,hyopotamus4 #c4--,lat]al view ( an upp] incisor ( ,hyopotamus4 #d4--,out] aspect ( ! cr[n ( ! same too?4 #e4--;,inn] aspect ( ditto4 #b4--,lat]al view ( ! upp] incisor ( rec5t ,hog 7,sus scr(a74 7,^! figures are f plate vii4 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iv42 b ! draw+s h be5 accid5tally rev]s$47 ,sid5ote3 ,,tee? ,,( ,,mammalia4 ,tee? ( ,mammalia4#gde--,! organization ( ! tee? 9 ! h]bivor\s mammalia ess5tially consi/s 9 ! adaptation ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( d5tal /ructure to ! peculi> conditions requir$ by ! habits & economy ( ! diff]5t species4 ,?us1 9 ! ,elephant 7,lign4 #bei1 #bfj71 ,horse 7,lign4 #bfc71 c41 ! d5t9e1 cem5t1 & enamel are dispos$ 9 v]tical plates m or less inflect$1 ! enamel & cem5t p5etrat+ ! body ( ! too?1 & embrac+ correspond+ processes ( d5t9e2 an arrangem5t by :i* a gr9d+ surface1 compos$ ( ?ree sub/ances ( unequal d5sities1 is produc$ & ma9ta9$ 9 e /ate ( detrition 7,ow574 ,b ^! tee? d n possess ! symmetrical & complicat$ /ructure obs]vable 9 ^? ( _m ( ! reptiles & fi%es we h previ\sly inve/igat$4 ,9 ! c>nivor\s mammalia1 ! enamel con/itutes an ext]nal %ell or case1 inve/+ ! body ( d5t9e & pres5t+ %>p cusps or tr5*ant ridges1 adapt$ = ! lac]ation ( fle%1 z 9 ! ,tig]1 or modifi$ s z to =m in/rum5ts = snapp+ & cru%+ bones1 z 9 ! tee? ( ! ,hyna4 ,9 ! ,ma/odon1 ! cr[n ( ! too?1 :5 fir/ em]g$ f ! gum1 pres5ts a s]ies ( /rong conical em95ces 7,lign4 #bed71 t become worn d[n by use1 at fir/ into disks 7,ly4 p4 #aeg71 :i*1 by fur!r detrition1 coalesce4 ,! too? ( ! ,elephant 7,lign4 #bei & #bfj71 on ! contr>y1 consi/s ( v]tical plates ( d5t9e1 ) an imm$iate inve/m5t ( enamel1 ov] :i* !re is an ext]nal lay] ( cem5t t b9ds toge!r ! entire s]ies ( plates1 (t5 am\nt+ to tw5ty or m2 ! horizontal surface produc$ by ! detrition ( su* a /ructure1 gives rise to ! well-kn[n gr9d+ surface ( ! mol>s ( ! elephant 7,lign4 #bei1 #bfj2 ,wond4 pp4 #adc & #afj2 ,ly4 p4 #aei2 ,ow5s ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 figs4 #hh-ij1 c474 ,deta*$ plates ( ! tee? ( ,elephants1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :i* belong to ! back "p ( ! po/]ior gr9d]1 & h n come into use1 are puzzl+ to ! inexp]i5c$ collector ( fossil rema9s2 & ! fir/ indication ,i obta9$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! rema9s ( fossil ,elephants 9 ,brighton ,cliffs 7,wond4 p4 #aej71 0 f a mass ( ?is k9d1 dug up 9 s9k+ a well 9 ,dorset ,g>d5s1 & s5t to me z a petrifi$ caulifl[]4 #gde ,= ! m9ute /ructure ( ! d5tal organs1 ! modes ( d5tition preval5t 9 ! mammalia1 & ! homologies ( ! tee?1 we mu/ ref] to ,pr(4 ,ow5's (t5-quot$ works1 ! mat*less ,odontography1 & ! lucid & comp5di\s ,article on ,tee?1 9 ! ,cyclopdia ( ,anatomy & ,physiology4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #beh4 ,too? ( ,ma/odon elephantoides3 #a_/f nat4 size4 ,upp] ,t]ti>y4 ,ava1 ,burmah4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bei4 ,too? ( ,elephas primig5ius3 #a_/f nat4 size4 ,upp] ,t]ti>y4 ,big-bone-lick4 ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfj4 ,tee? ( ,elephants3 #a_/f nat4 size4 ,! gr9d+ surfaces ( ! tee? exhibit ! arrangem5t ( ! b&s ( enamel1 :i* h an analog\s1 b some:at diff]5t di/ribution 9 ! tee? ( ! diff]5t species ( ,elephant4 ,fig4 #a4--,! worn surface ( a mol> too? ( ! ,african ,elephant4 #b4--,t ( ! ,fossil ,elephant or ,mammo? 7,elephas primig5ius74 #c4--,t ( ! ,asiatic ,elephant4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hippopotamus4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfa4 ,fossil ,mol> ,tee? ( ,hippopotamus3 #b_/c nat4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,fig4 #a4--;,gr9d+ surface ( a mol> too?1 ) ! cusps p>tially worn away4 ,k5t's ,cav]n1 ,devon%ire4 #b4--,p]fect mol> too?1 se5 lat]ally4 ,h]t=d%ire4 ,i subjo9 7,lign4 #bfa1 fig4 #a7 a figure ( ! cr[n ( a fossil mol> too? ( a ,hippopotamus1 f ,k5t's ,cav]n1 ,devon%ire2 9 ?is specim5 ! summits ( ! cusps are worn d[n by use2 & ano!r1 fig4 #b1 repres5t+ a p]fect mol>1 ) ! conical cusps ( ! cr[n entire1 f\nd 9 ,h]t=d%ire by ,w4 ,d4 ,saull1 ,esq4 ,! =m ( ! worn surfaces ( ! mol>s ( ! ,rh9oc]os1#gdf is %[n 9 two diff]5t /ages 9 ! fossil tee? repres5t$ ,lign4 #bfb4 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell has giv5 figures ( ! tee? ( ! ,horse1 ,ox1 ,de]1 c4 7,ly4 p4 #afj72 b tee? ( ! rec5t species are s readily obta9$1 & s mu* m in/ructive1 t ,i w\ld recomm5d ! /ud5t to procure tee? ( ! dome/ic h]bivor\s1 c>nivor\s1 & rod5t animals1 & pres]ve !m 9 8 cab9et z objects = comp>ison ) ! fossil mammalian tee? he may discov] 7see ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 lxxii474 #gdf ,see ,translation ( a ,memoir by ,giebel on ! fossil rema9s ( ,rh9oc]os 9 ! ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 viii4 "p ii4 p4 #i1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfb4 ,fossil ,mol> ,too? ( ,rh9oc]os3 #b_/c nat4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a mol> too? mu* worn d[n by use2 ) ! fangs ne>ly p]fect4 ,9 gravel2 ,pett]idge ,common1 ,surrey4 #b4--,l>ge mol>1 v mu* worn by use2 ! fangs brok5 (f4 ,k5t's ,cav]n1 ,devon%ire4 ,sid5ote3 ,,horse4 ,fossil ,horse4 ,lign4 #bfc2 & ,ow5's ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #chc1 et seq4--,! bones & tee? ( "o or m species ( ?is widely di/ribut$ g5us are f\nd 9 ! alluvium1 9 osse\s breccia1 & 9 cav]ns 9 num]\s localities 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4 ,! tee? & bones ( ! horse are (t5 met ) 9 ! ,elephant-b$ 9 ,brighton cliffs2 !y are ref]able to a small species1 ab\t ! size ( a ,%etl& pony4 ,! blue alluvial clay or silt ( our exi/+ riv]-valleys conta9s abundance ( ! rema9s ( a horse n di/+ui%able f ! rec5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfc4 ,tee? ( ,fossil ,horse3 nat4 size4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,engl&4 ,fig4 #a4--,"r l[] can9e too? ( "y ,equus plicid5s2 f ! ,cave at ,ore/on 7,ow5's ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #cid74 #b4--,upp] mol> ( a fossil ,horse2 f ! ,elephant-b$ ( ,brighton ,cliffs4 ,9 ! ,siwalik hills1 collocat$ ) ! gigantic pa*yd]mata1 rum9ants1 & c>nivora1 ! rema9s ( two or m species ( ,horse h be5 discov]$4 ,"o =m 7,hippo!rium7 is rem>kably di/+ui%$ f any previ\sly kn[n by ! extreme l5g? & sl5d]ness ( its ,i legs1 9 :i* respect x mu/ h closely resembl$ ! ,antelope2 x did n surpass 9 size ! common ,de]4 ,,iv4 ,fossil ,ed5tata4 ,petrif4 p4 #dgf4--,! rema9s ( ext9ct colossal mammalia1 relat$ to ! exi/+ dim9utive ,slo?s 9 ! ess5tial *>act]s ( _! organization1 b modifi$ to suit ! peculi> conditions 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ & ! enorm\s increase 9 bulk ( _! colossal frames1 are /rewn all ov] ! va/ area ( ^? alluvial pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 call$ ! ,pampas 7,wond4 p4 #afd74 ,! deposits ( ^! regions#gdg consi/ (--#a4 ,b$s ( clay1 s&1 & lime/one1 conta9+ m>9e %ells & tee? ( %>ks2 ^! are ! l[]mo/ /rata4 #b4 ,indurat$ m>l4 #c4 ,r$ clayey e>? ) calc>e\s concretions1 9 :i* ! bones ( colossal t]re/rial mammalia are abundant4 ,?is v]tical section demon/rates1 t an ext5sive bay ( salt-wat] 0 gradually encroa*$ ^u1 & at l5g? conv]t$ into a muddy e/u>y1 by detritus br\ght d[n f ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 & 9 :i* c>cases ( l&-animals float$ & ultimately became engulph$ 9 ! silt4 ,x is 9 ^! la/ deposits1 :i* n[ =m ! imm$iate subsoil ( ! ,pampas1 t ! tee? ( ! ,mega!rium1 ,mylodon1 ,glyptodon1 ,ma/odon1 ,horse1 c4 h be5 f\nd4#gdh #gdg ,see ,bu5os ,ayres1 c41 by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 #aheb1 pp4 #bji-bbc4 #gdh ,see ! *>m+ volume entitl$1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,voyage ( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,beagle1 by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,esq2 see also ,pr(4 ,ow5's descriptions 9 ! ,zoology ( ! ,beagle1 & 8 ,report1 laid be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdg4 ,! ,mega!rium 7,petrif4 p4 #dgh1 ,lign4 #aab1 #aac2 ,wond4 p4 #afg2 ,bd4 p4 #aci1 & pl4 v47 is ! be/ kn[n to ! g5]al read]1 f ! graphic exposition ( its configuration & habits by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 & ! spl5did rema9s ( its skeleton pres5t$ to ! ,hunt]ian ,museum by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%2 b ?is animal is only "o ( sev]al species ( ,ed5tata1 equally int]e/+1 & almo/ rivall+ x 9 magnitude1 :i* ! lab\rs ( our own naturali/s1 ,sir ,w4 ,p>i%1 ,mr4 ,d>w91 & ,mr4 ,p5tl&1 & ( ,dr4 ,lund & o!r =eign savants1 h br\ght to light4 ,i c only adv]t to two o!r g5]a1 namely1 ! ,glyptodon & ,mylodon4#gdi #gdi ,an able memoir 9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 ,art4 ,mega!rid1 & ano!r "u ! title ,unau1 w pres5t ! /ud5t ) an epitome ( all t is at pres5t kn[n ( ^! ext9ct be+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,glyptodon4 ,glyptodon 7sculptur$-too?7 clavipes4 ,lign4 #bfd4--,! bony tesselat$ c>apace1 or %ield1 :i* 0 =m]ly assign$ to ! ,mega!rium 7,bd4 i4 p4 #aei7 has be5 prov$1#gej by ! discov]y ( o!r specim5s1 to belong to a gigantic animal1 ^: bones are occasionally f\nd associat$ ) ^? ( ! ,mega!rium1 & :i* is closely alli$ to ! ,armadillo4 ,?is discov]y 0 made by my fri5d1 ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 to ^: indefatigable ex]tions ! ,hunt]ian ,museum is indebt$ = its mo/ spl5did relics ( fossil ,ed5tata4#gea ,! bony d]mal coat ( ! ,glyptodon 7a f9e specim5 ( :i* is 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum7 0 n dispos$ 9 r+s z 9 ! ,armadillo1 b is made up ( polygonal pieces1 accurately articulat+ ) ea* o!r1 & cont9u\s ov] ! :ole ( ! upp] "p ( ! body & "p ( ! tail2 ! tail also is enclos$ 9 a case ( ?is k9d1 l a sword 9 its scabb>d 7,petrif4 p4 #cei1 ,lign4 #ge74 #gej ,see ,geol4 ,trans4 #ahce1 p4 #dch1 c42 & ,pr(4 ,ow5's elaborate ,memoir on ! ,glyptodon 9 ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 p4 #ha1 pl4 x4 xiii4 #gea ,a re/or$ figure ( ! ,glyptodon1 toge!r ) ! skeletons ( ! ,mega!re & ! ,mylodon1 are beautifully illu/rat$ 9 ! int]e/+ volume on ,bu5os ,ayres & ! ,prov9ces ( ,rio de la ,plata4 #b;d ,edit4 ,by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 ,k4 ,c4 ,h4 c4 ,! tee? ( ?is animal1 :i* are eight 9 numb] on ea* side ( ea* jaw1 are sculptur$ lat]ally1 by two wide & deep *annels 7,lign4 #bfd1 fig4 #a71 :i* divide ! gr9d+ surface ( ! too? into ?ree portions 7,lign4 #bfd1 fig4 #b74 ,! h9d foot is v peculi> 7see ,lign4 #bfd1 fig4 #c71 pres5t+ an extreme modification ( ! same g5]al plan ( /ructure z t ( ! ,armadillo4 ,! skeleton ( ?is animal con/itutes ! type ( a di/9ct g5us 7,glyptodon71 relat$ to ! ,armadillo 7,dasypus74 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfd4 ,glyptodon clavipes4 ,too? & ,bones ( ! ,left ,foot ( a colossal ,quadrup$ alli$ to ! ,armadillo 7r$uc$ size74 ,plei/oc5e1 ne> ,monte ,video4 ,fig4 #a4--,side view ( a too?1 %[+ ! deep lat]al *annels4 ,! orig9al f\r in*es long4 #b4--;,gr9d+ surface ( ! same4 #c4--,outside view ( ! left h9d-foot4 ,l5g? ( ! orig9al ab\t f\rte5 in*es1 f ! heel to ! toe4 7,f ! ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d4 s]4 vol4 vi4 pl4 x47 ,sid5ote3 ,,mylodon4 ,mylodon4#geb--;,by ?is "n is designat$ a gigantic ed5tate animal1 alli$ to ! ,slo?1 & =m]ly describ$ z a species ( ,megalonyx1 an almo/ p]fect skeleton ( :i* has be5 obta9$ f a fluviatile deposit1 a few leagues to ! nor? ( ! city ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 & is n[ articulat$ & exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons ( ,engl&4#gec ,! animal appe>s to h be5 imb$d$ entire1 & soon aft] its dea?1 = ! p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 f\nd b little displac$1 & ! v few bones t are want+1 are su* z might easily h escap$ ! se>* ( ! collector4 ,b ?is magnific5t specim5 ( ! ext9ct fauna ( ,s\? ,am]ica mu/ be se5 to be prop]ly appreciat$4 ,! skeleton measures elev5 feet f ! =e "p ( ! skull to ! extremity ( ! tail1 ! latt] be+ ?ree feet 9 l5g?2 ! circumf]5ce ( ! trunk ar\nd ! t5? pair ( ribs is n9e feet n9e in*es2 ! ,mega!rium is eighte5 feet 9 l5g?1 & its gir? f\rte5 & a half feet4 ,^! p>ticul>s w s]ve to convey an idea ( ! relative size ( ^! gigantic animals4 ,f c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! con/ruction ( ! skeleton ( ! ,mylodon1 ,pr(4 ,ow51 p]ceiv+ f ! tee? t x 0 a vegetable fe$]1 & probably liv$ on leaves & ! t5d] buds ( trees1 & its enorm\s bulk & weight =bidd+ ! assumption t x climb$ up trees & susp5d$ itself by ! bran*es1 l ! dim9utive exi/+ ,slo?s1--assigns to ?is creature ! task ( uproot+ & fell+ trees1 & fe$+ ^u ! foliage ( ! =e/s x laid pro/rate4 ,a rem>kable developm5t ( ! sub/ance ( ! bones ( ! skull is presum$ to h>e be5 a provision aga9/ ! fatal effects ( a fracture ( ! cranium1 to :i* ! ,mylodon1 f its suppos$ uproot+ prop5sities1 is conjectur$ to h be5 peculi>ly expos$2 & ! skull ( ! specim5 9 ! ,college be>s pro(s ( hav+ _h two fractures1 f bo? ( :i* ! animal recov]$4 ,b :oev] looks at ! skeleton w p]ceive t ! =e-feet are admirably adapt$ = seiz+ & wr5*+ (t ! bran*es1 & ! h9d] feet = clasp+ ! trunk ( a l>ge tree2 & !re is no?+ to =bid ! supposition1 t ! animal c\ld obta9 a con/ant & ready supply ( food1 by climb+ up ! /em to a suffici5t height1 & wr5*+ (f ! bran*es4 ,pr(4 ,ow5 /ates1 t ! ,mylodon unites ! two great gr\ps ( ! ,unguiculata 7animals ) nails & claws71 & ! ,ungulata 7ho($ animals71 = x has bo? ho(s & claws on ! same feet4 #geb ,signify+ mol>-too?1--a "n int5d$ to express t ! animal has only tee? adapt$ = gr9d+2 b ?is t]m is equally applicable to all ! o!r mega!roid animals4 #gec ,see ,description ( ! ,skeleton ( an ext9ct gigantic ,slo? 7,mylodon robu/us71 c41 by ,ri*>d ,ow51 ,f4,r4,s4 ,hunt]ian ,pr(essor ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 #a vol4 #dto4 ) tw5ty-f\r plates1 #ahdb4 ,! li?ographs 9 ?is "w1 by ,mr4 ,s*>f1 are ( ! highe/ excell5ce3 ! figure ( ! entire skeleton ( ! animal1 on a scale ( two in*es to a foot1 is admirable4 ,! d5tal organs consi/ ( f\r mol>s on ea* side ! l[]1 & five on ea* side ! upp] jaw4 ,! tee? are implant$ 9 v deep sockets1 & are ( ! same size & =m ?r\gh\t1 ) a conical pulp-cavity at ! base1 indicat+ t _! gr[? cont9u$ dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,9 /ructure !y resemble ^? ( ! ,mega!rium & ,slo? 7,bradypus72 be+ compos$ ( a pill> ( co>se d5t9e1 trav]s$ by num]\s vascul> or m$ull>y canals1 :i* is inve/$ ) a lay] ( v f9e1 d5se d5t9e1 ) m9ute calcig]\s tubes1 & ! :ole surr\nd$ by a ?ick coat+ ( cem5tum3 no enamel ent]s into _! composition4 7,ow547 ,v4 ,fossil ,rod5ts4--,( ! mammalia t]m$ ,rod5tia or ,gnaw]s 7see ,wond4 p4 #adc71 ( :i* ! ,m\se1 ,rabbit1 & ,beav] are examples1 ! rema9s ( sev]al g5]a are f\nd 9 a fossil /ate2 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cav]ns conta9+ ! bones ( ,c>nivora4 ,dr4 ,buckl& collect$ f ,kirkdale ,cave-bones ( a species ( ,h>e or ,rabbit1 ,m\se & ,wat]-,rat 7,reliq4 ,diluv4 pl4 xi474 ,9 ! eoc5e gypse\s /rata ( ,france1 two species ( ,dorm\se & two ( ,squirrel h be5 f\nd4 ,f ! t]ti>y s& at ,epple%eim1 ) ! bones ( ! ,d9o!rium1 ^? ( a species ( ,ham/] or ,g]man ,dorm\se 7,cricetus7 7 obta9$4 ,fossil tee? ( a species ( ,porcup9e 7,hy/rix7 occur 9 ! plioc5e deposits ( ,tuscany4 ,( ! ,beav] 7,ca/or71 "s und\bt$ rema9s h be5 collect$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^? ( a species app>5tly id5tical ) ! rec5t ,beav] ( ! ,danube1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! fre%-wat] deposits ( ,essex1#ged ,norfolk1 ,cambridge%ire1 & ,b]ks1 & 9 ,scotl&2 & ! rema9s ( ! v l>ge ext9ct species fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,russia 7& nam$1 by ,m4 ,fis*]1 ,trogon!rium17 h be5 f\nd 9 ! subt]ranean =e/ at ,bacton1 9 ,suffolk4#gee #ged ,see ,mr4 ,br[n's ,pap] on ,cop=d1 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ahh4 #gee ,see ,hi/4 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #ahd1 c42 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 iv4 p4 #db2 & ,petrif4 p4 #ceg4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,m>supialia4 ,,vi4 ,fossil ,m>supialia4#gef--,t ! rema9s ( an ext9ct species ( gigantic ,kang>oo %\ld be f\nd 9 ! fissures ( ! rocks & 9 ! cav]ns ( ,au/ralia1 a c\ntry 9 :i* m>supial animals are ! pr9cipal exi/+ mammalia1 is a fact t w n excite mu* surprise2 b t be+s ( ?is rem>kable type ( organization %\ld ev] h inhabit$ ! c\ntries situat$ 9 ! latitude ( ! ,european cont95t & ( ,great ,brita91 w\ld nev] h be5 suspect$1 b = ! rese>*es ( ! geologi/4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ?is class discov]$ 9 ,au/ralia#geg occur 9 ! plei/oc5e deposits ( ,d>l+ ,d[ns1 ,melb\rne1 c4 & 9 fissures & caves 9 ! lime/one ( ,well+ton ,valley1 imb$d$ 9 r$ o*re\s loam1 & are (t5 incru/$ by /alactitic concretions4 ,"o ( ! species exce$s ! l>ge/ exi/+ ,kang>oo1 & its bones are associat$ ) ^? ( ! ,wombat1 & o!r m>supial animals 7,ly4 p4 #aee74 #gef ,m>supialia2 animals t c>ry _! "y 9 a p\* 7m>supium71 z ! ,kang>oo4 #geg ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdd1 p4 #bbc4 ,a species ( ,didelphys 7,opossum7 has be5 discov]$ 9 ! gypse\s lime/one ( ,montm>tre1 & is figur$ & describ$ by ,cuvi] 7,oss4 ,foss4 vol4 iii4 pl4 lxxi42 see also ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #gf74 ,x consi/s ( a consid]able "p ( ! skeleton ( a small animal1 imb$d$ 9 gypsum2 ! block conta9+ ! specim5 has be5 split asund]1 & "s ( ! bones are atta*$ to ! surface ( "o moiety1 & ! rema9d] to ! o!r4 ,f ! "* ( ! jaws & tee?1 ,cuvi] pron\nc$ t ! animal 0 relat$ to ! ,opossum1 & confid5tly pr$ict$ t ! two peculi> bones :i* support ! p\* 9 ^! animals w\ld be f\nd atta*$ to ! =e-"p ( ! pelvis2 accord+ly he *isell$ away ! /one1 & disclos$ ^! m>supial bones2 ?us prov+ ! tru? ( ^? laws ( correlation ( /ructure1 :i* he 0 ! fir/ to enunciate & e/abli%4 ,b z !re are true m>supials 9 :i* ! ossa m>supialia are m]ely rudim5t>y1 = example1 9 ! ,dog-head$ ,opossum1 or ,hyna ( ! ,tasmanian coloni/s 7,?ylac9us ,h>risii71 9 :i* !y are m]ely two small1 oblong1 flatt5$ fibro-c>tilages1 imb$d$ 9 ! int]nal pill>s ( ! abdom9al r+s1 & are only six l9es long & ?ree or f\r l9es broad1--x foll[s t 9 a fossil /ate ! pelvis ( a true m>supial animal may be de/itute ( ^? app5dages :i* are commonly suppos$ to be an ess5tial "* ( ! m>supial skeleton4 ,?us ! fossil pelvis ( ! ,?ylac9us1 _h t species be5 long ago1 z x is soon likely to be1 ext9ct1 w\ld n h af=d$ ! c]ta9 evid5ce ( its m>supial "* to :i* ,cuvi] triumphantly appeal$ 9 demon/ration ( ! ,didelphys ( ! gypsum qu>ries ( ,montm>tre2 yet ! ,?ylac9us w\ld n !re=e h be5 less ess5tially a m>supial animal4#geh #geh ,see ,pr(4 ,ow51 ,zoological ,society's ,proce$+s1 ,dec4 #ahdd4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,mammalia4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e s& at ,kyson1 ne> ,woodbridge1 9 ,suffolk1 among o!r mammalian rema9s 7,ly4 p4 #bjc71 ,mr4 ,col*e/]1 ( ,ipswi*1 ^: rese>*es h be5 rew>d$ by _m int]e/+ fossils1 f\nd a fragm5t ( ! jaw1 ) "o premol> too? hav+ two fangs1 ( a small animal 7,didelphys ,col*e/]i1 ,ow572 & :i* ,mr4 ,*>leswor? 7,curator ( ! ,philosophical ,in/itution ( ,york7 asc]ta9$ to belong to a m>supial animal alli$ to ! ,opossum4#gei #gei ,see ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #ahci1 p4 #dej2 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdb1 p4 #gc2 & ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #ga1 fig4 #bb4 ,b ! specim5s above describ$ are f> surpass$ 9 int]e/ by ^? discov]$ 9 ! ,triassic ,bone-b$ ( ,wrtemb]g & 9 ! ,oolite ( ,/onesfield2 ! latt] consi/+ ( sev]al jaws & tee? ( m>supial animals4 ,triassic ,mammalian ,tee?4--,9 ! ?9 lay] ( roll$ bones1 tee?1 scales1 & coprolite1 s ext5sively spread ov] ! top ( ! ,trias & at ! base ( ! ,lias1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,wrtemb]g1 & well kn[n to collectors z ! ,bone-b$ ( ,au/ ,cliff1 c4 7,wond4 p4 #ebi71 a few m9ute mammalian tee? h be5 discov]$ by ,m4 ,pli5+] at ,dieg]lo*1 ne> ,/uttg>t1 ,wrtemb]g4 ,!y appe> to h belong$ to "o or m small ,insectivor\s quadrup$s1 & h be5 describ$ by ,pli5+] & ,jg]4 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 9 ! ,prefatory ,note to 8 ,manual1 #aheb1 fully treats ( ^! int]e/+ & mo/ anci5t mammalian rema9s1 & gives sev]al exact figures ( ! tee?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/onesfield ,,mammalia4 ,fossil ,mammalia ( ,/onesfield4#gfj ,lign4 #bfe4 7,bd4 pl4 ii4 ,ly4 p4 #bfh4 ,wond4 p4 #eaj47--,! be/ kn[n examples ( ! fossil rema9s ( mammalia 9 ! ,second>y =mations1 &1 except+ ! tee? j m5tion$1 ( ! highe/ antiquity1 accord+ to our pres5t k ( ! e>?'s physical hi/ory1 are sev]al mutilat$ l[] jaws ) tee?1 ( "s v small animals1 :i* are suppos$ to belong to insectivor\s m>supial quadrup$s4#gfa #gfj ,see ,ow5's ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 pp4 #bi-gj1 figs4 #ae-bj2 & ,petrifactions1 p4 #dja1 et seq4 #gfa ,a small mammalian v]tebra f ,/onesfield is 9 ,mr4 ,morris's collection1 & has be5 figur$ by ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 ,quat4 ,geol4 ,j\r4 vol4 iv4 pl4 i4 fig4 #d1 & pl4 ii4 fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfe4 ,l[] ,jaws ( ,mammalia2 nat4 ,great ,oolite4 ,/onesfield4 ,fig4 #a4--,phascolo!rium ,buckl&i4 ,! "r bran* ( ! l[] jaw1 se5 f )91 ) sev5 gr9d]s1 "o can9e too?1 & ?ree incisors4 #b4--;,amphi!rium ,brod]ipii4 ,! left bran* ( ! l[] jaw ! inn] side2 ! incisor & can9e tee? are want+ ,! upp] figures are enl>g$ views ( ?ree mol> tee?4 7,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 pl4 vi47 ,^! mo/ important organic rema9s h all be5 f\nd 9 ! oolitic calc>e\s flag-/ones ( ,/onesfield3 deposits :i*1 z we h already _h occasion to notice1 teem ) o!r relics ( great int]e/4 ,two specim5s ( ! natural size are repres5t$ ,lign4 #bfe1 & w s]ve = ref]5ce to ! collector :o may visit t int]e/+ locality4 ,! exi/5ce ( und\bt$ mammalia 9 ! second>y =mations 0 fir/ made kn[n by ,dr4 ,buckl& 79 #ahbc71 :o1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,cuvi]1 /at$ t ! two specim5s !n discov]$ at ,/onesfield belong$ to m>supials alli$ to ! ,opossum 7,didelphys74 ,^! fossils 7 ! left bran*es ( two l[] jaws2 bo? 7 imb$d$ 9 ! /one by ! ext]nal surface1 ! inn] side only be+ expos$4 ,"o ( ! specim5s has t5 mol> tee? 9 a r[2 ! o!r 7! beautiful fossil1 fig4 #a1 ,lign4 #bfe1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum17 has sev5 mol>s1 "o can9e too?1 & ?ree incisors4 ,five o!r specim5s h s9ce be5 f\nd4#gfb #gfb ,see ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 pp4 #ae-gj1 = ample details ( _! anatomical *>act]s1 & physiological relations4 ,! ,amphi!rium _h ?irty-two tee? 9 ! l[] jaw1 t is1 sixte5 on ea* side2 x is presum$ to h be5 insectivor\s1 & to h belong$ to ! plac5tal mammalia4 ,! ,phascolo!rium _h f\r true mol> tee?1 & ?ree or f\r false mol>s1 "o can9e1 & ?ree incisors 9 ea* bran* ( ! l[] jaw2 & closely approximates to m>supial g5]a n[ re/rict$ to ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,x is1 inde$1 z ,pr(essor ,phillips fir/ rem>k$1 an int]e/+ fact1 t ! o!r organic rema9s ( ! ,briti% ,oolite correspond ) ! exi/+ =ms n[ conf9$ to ! ,au/ralian cont95t & neighb\r+ seas2 = 9 ^? di/ant latitudes1 ! ,ce/racionts1 ,trigoni1 & ,t]ebratul inhabit ! ocean1 & ! ,cycade & ,arauc>i fl\ri% on ! dry l& 7,wond4 p4 #hid74 ,?us we h evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,m>supial ord] dur+ ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y =mations1 a pro(1 z ,dr4 ,buckl& obs]ves 7,bd4 p4 #gc71 t ?is ord]1 in/ead ( be+1 z 0 once suppos$1 ( m rec5t introduction ?an o!r ord]s ( mammalia1 01 9 reality1 ! mo/ anci5t condition "u :i* animals ( ?is class fir/ exi/$ 9 ! e>li] geological epo*s1 & 0 coexi/5t ) _m o!r ord]s ?r\gh\t ,europe 9 ! ,eoc5e p]iod2 :ile its geographical di/ribution 9 ! exi/+ fauna is re/rict$ to ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & to ,new ,holl&1 & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,,vii4 ,fossil ,c>nivora4--,! fossil bones & tee? ( num]\s species ( ,c>nivora1 ! ord] compris+ ! mammalia :i* prey on o!r animals1 ( :i* ! ,weasel1 ,be>1 ,cat1 ,dog1 c4 are examples1 ab\nd 9 fissures & cav]ns1 9 conglom]at$ rocks1 & 9 drift$ s& & gravel4 ,! rema9s ( ! colossal ,pa*yd]ms1 ! ,ma/odons & ,elephants1 lie buri$1 = ! mo/ "p1 z we h previ\sly %[n1 9 ! sup]ficial alluvial deposits2 b ! ,c>nivora1 al?\gh occasionally entomb$ ) ! ,h]bivora 9 sup]ficial gravels & loams1 are pr9cipally f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! floors ( ext5sive cav]ns4#gfc ,9 _m in/ances1 su* imm5se quantities ( bones & tee? ( individuals ( all ages1 & belong+ to b "o or two species1 occur 9 c]ta9 caves1 z to r5d] x probable t ^! 7 = a long p]iod ! d5s ( ! ext9ct species ( ,be>s1 ,hynas1 c4 ^: bones !y enclose4 #gfc ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdb1 sect4 p4 #fb4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ossif]\s caves ( ! ,brazils1 see ,petrif4 p4 #dhc4 ,ano!r rem>kable geological condition 9 :i* fossil bones ( ,c>nivora occur1 is t ( an ossif]\s conglom]ate1 or bone-breccia2 t is1 a conglom]ate =m$ ( fragm5ts ( lime/one & bones1 cem5t$ toge!r into a h>d rock by a r$di% calc>e\s concretion4 ,?is breccia is f\nd 9 almo/ all ! isl&s on ! %ores ( ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 z = example1 at ,gibralt>1 ,cette1 ,nice1 ,c]igo1 ,corsica1 ,pal]mo1 c4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! bone-caves are situat$ 9 ,franconia1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,h>tz4 ,t ( ,gail5reu? has long be5 kn[n = its fossil treasures1 :i* pr9cipally consi/ ( ! bones & tee? ( two ext9ct species ( ,be>s4 ,"o ( ^! is equal 9 size to a l>ge horse1 & is t]m$ ,ursus spelu 7,be> ( ! ,cav]ns72 & skeletons h be5 f\nd ( all ages1 f ! adult to ! cub b a few days old 7see ,wond4 pp4 #agf1 #agg74 ,!re are num]\s cav]ns 9 ! neighb\r+ di/rict1 "s ( :i* are equally ri* 9 ! rema9s ( ,c>nivora4#gfd ,simil> fossils are also f\nd 9 ! consolidat$ gravel & drift 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many1 & 9 ! fissures ( rocks conta9+ iron-ore1 at ,kropp1 9 ,c>niola4 #gfd ,a highly int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,ossif]\s ,caves ( ! ,h>tz & ,franconia1 by ,sir ,philip ,grey ,eg]ton1 ,b>t1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahcd1 ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #id4 ,see also ,capta9 ,montagu's notice ( ! ,sophi5hhle fur!r on1 at p4 #hbj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,bone-,,cav]ns4 ,ev5 9 ,au/ralia1 caves ) ossif]\s breccia are num]\s2 b ! bones belong to ext9ct m>supial animals ( g5]a /ill exi/+ 9 ! c\ntry 7see ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdd2 ,petrif4 p4 #acc2 & ,wond4 p4 #ahh74 ,9 ,engl&1 sev]al cav]ns pres5t+ simil> ph5om5a h be5 discov]$4 ,t ( ,kirkdale1 ne> ,kirby ,moorside1 ,york%ire1 is well kn[n f ! celebrity x acquir$ by ! graphic illu/ration ( its cont5ts by ,dr4 ,buckl&4#gfe ,?is cave1 or r fissure1 = its dim5sions 7 too limit$ to m]it ! "n ( cav]n1 0 situat$ 9 oolitic lime/one2 x 0 two hundr$ & fifty feet long1 f two to f\rte5 high1 & six or sev5 wide4 ,! floor 0 occupi$ by a b$ ( indurat$ mud1 cov]$ ov] ) a ?ick cru/ ( /alagmite2 ! ro( & sides be+ inve/$ ) a simil> calc>e\s sp>ry coat+1 z is commonly ! case 9 all fissures 9 lime/one rocks4#gff ,f ?is cave 7 obta9$ num]\s bones ( ,hynas1 associat$ ) bones1 m or less fractur$1 ( ,tig]1 ,be>1 ,wolf1 ,fox1 ,weasel1 ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,hippopotamus1 ,horse1 ,de]1 ,ox1 ,h>e or ,rabbit1 ,m\se1 ,wat]-rat1 & fragm5ts ( skeletons ( ,rav5s1 ,pigeons1 ,l>ks1 & ,ducks4 ,_m ( ! bones exhibit$ m>ks ( hav+ be5 gnaw$1 & cru%$ by ! tee? ( "s animals4 ,f all ! facts obs]v$1 & :i* are detail$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& ) 8 wont$ graphic p[]1 x is inf]r$ t ! cave 0 inhabit$ = a consid]able p]iod by ,hynas2 t _m ( ! rema9s f\nd !re 7 ( individuals c>ri$ 9 & dev\r$ by ^? animals1 & t 9 "s in/ances ! hynas prey$ ^u ea* o!r4 ,! portions ( bone ref]able to ! elephant seem to prove t occasionally ! l>ge mammalia 7 also obta9$ = food2 b x is probable t ! small] animals 7 ei!r drift$ 9 by curr5ts ( wat]1 or fell into ! *asm ?r\gh fissures n[ clos$ up by /alactitical incru/ations4 #gfe ,dr4 ,buckl&'s celebrat$ "w1 ,reliqui ,diluvian1 conta9s an admirable description ( ^! cav]ns & _! cont5ts1 ) num]\s plates4 ,! /ud5t1 9 consult+ ?is volume1 mu/ sep>ate ! facts f ! diluvial !ory1 :i*1 at ! p]iod ( its publication 7#ahbc71 !y 7 suppos$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& & o!r em95t geologi/s to confirm4 #gff ,= a g5]al description ( ! cave at ,kirkdale1 see ,wond4 p4 #agi2 & = details1 ,reliq4 ,diluv4 pp4 #a-ai4 ,! ossif]\s caves at ,kirkdale1 ,torquay1 & ,banwell are notic$1 ,petrif4 p4 #dhb4 ,k5t's ,cave1 ne> ,torquay1 ,ore/on ,cave1 ne> ,plym\?1 & sev]al o!r caves 9 ,devon%ire1 h yield$ great numb]s ( bones & tee? ( ,c>nivora & ,pa*yd]mata 7see ,reliq4 ,diluv4 p4 #fg74 ,k5t's ,hole is ! mo/ productive ossif]\s cav]n 9 ,engl&1 & its vic9ity to ,torquay r5d]s x ( easy access4 ,an ext5sive collection ( tee? & bones 0 obta9$ f ?is cave by ! late ,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,enery1 compris+1 9 addition to ! usual ext9ct ,c>nivora1 skulls & tee? ( ,badg] 7,meles taxus71 ,ott] 7,lutra vulg>is71 ,pole-cat 7,putorius vulg>is71 ,/oat or ,erm9e 7,p4 erm9ius71 c4 ,a selection ( ! *oice/ specim5s 9 ?is collection is deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ,glamorgan%ire1 two l>ge cav]ns1 call$ ,goat's ,hole1 & ,pavil& ,cave1 conta9+ num]\s bones ( ,be>1 ,hyna1 ,wolf1 ,fox1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,elephant1 c41 are situat$ 9 a l(ty cliff ( lime/one1 betwe5 ,oxwi* ,bay & ! ,worm's ,head1 on ! prop]ty ( ,e>l ,talbot1 fifte5 miles we/ ( ,swansea 7,reliq4 ,diluv4 p4 #hb74 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,c>nivora4 ,9 ! we/]n di/rict ( ! ,m5dip ,hills1 9 ,som]set%ire1 !re are sev]al ossif]\s fissures & caves4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ are ^? ( ,hutton1 on ! nor!rn esc>pm5t ( ,bleadon ,hill2 & ( ,banwell1 ly+ ab\t a mile to ! ea/ ( ,hutton4 ,!y conta9 rema9s ( two species ( be>1 "o 7,ursus spelu7 ( imm5se size & /r5g?2 & ( ,tig]1 ,hyna1 ,wolf1 ,fox1 ,de]1 ,ox1 & ,elephant4#gfg #gfg ,see a ,memoir ,on ! ,cav]ns & ,fissures 9 ! ,we/]n ,di/rict ( ! ,m5dip ,hills1 by ! late ,rev4 ,d4 ,williams4 ,proc4 ,royal ,society1 ,june #b1 #ahca1 p4 #ee4 ,f ! caves at ,hutton1 ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,williams obta9$ ! milk-tee? & o!r rema9s ( a calf-elephant1 ab\t two ye>s old1 & ^? ( a "y tig]1 j %$d+ its milk-tee?2 also ! gr9d]s ( a "y horse1 t 7 ca/+ _! coron>y surfaces2 & rema9s ( two species ( hyna4 ,b "o in/ance ( ! fossil bones ( ,c>nivora has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,x occurr$ 9 a fissure 9 a qu>ry ( s&/one at ,b\ghton1 ne> ,maid/one2 among o!r bones1 ! l[] jaw ( a ,hyna 7see ,frontispiece ( ,vol4 ,i471 ) ! tee?1 0 obta9$4#gfh #gfh ,see ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #ahcf1 vol4 ix4 p4 #eic2 & ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 vii4 p4 #chc4 ,9 ! mod]n silt ( our alluvial di/ricts1 ! rema9s ( c>nivor\s animals1 =m]ly indig5\s to ?is isl&1 are occasionally met )2 & ! skeleton ( ! ,br[n ,be> 7a species :i* inhabit$ ,scotl& eight c5turies ago71 & ( ! ,wolf1 ^: ext9ction is ( a yet lat] date1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! ,woodw>dian ,museum at ,cambridge conta9s an entire skull ( ! ,br[n ,be> 7,ursus arctos71 f\nd 9 ! ,manea ,f5 ( ,cambridge%ire2#gfi 9 an anci5t fre%-wat] deposit1 ne> ,bacton1 9 ,norfolk1 ! "r l[] jaw ( ! ,be> ( ! ,cav]ns 7,ursus spelu71 has be5 discov]$2#ggj & ! phalangeal bone ( a l>ge ,be> has be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,j4 ,br[n 9 ! plei/oc5e deposits at ,cop=d1 ,essex1 ) ! rema9s ( ,beav]1 ,elephant1 ,/ag1 c4 7,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ahg47 #gfi ,a beautiful lignograph ( ?is specim5 is giv5 9 ,hi/4 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #gg1 fig4 #bd4 #ggj ,hi/4 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #hi4 ,?us ! rema9s ( fossil ,c>nivora discov]$ 9 ,engl& comprise sev]al k9ds ( ,be>#gga 7includ+ ! two species ( ! cav]ns ( ,g]many1 ,u4 priscus & ,u4 spelu71 & ( ,tig]1 ,hyna1 ,wolf1 ,fox1 c4 #gga ,petrif4 p4 #cih4 ,9 ! ,pict4 ,atlas1 pl4 lxxiii41 is a good figure ( a l>ge ,be>'s too?4 ,tee? ( ,be>1 ,tig]1 ,hyna1 & ,arvicola1 are figur$ 9 ,ly4 p4 #afa4 ,al?\gh we _c dwell on =eign localities ( ,c>nivora1 ,i may m5tion t ! lacu/r9e plioc5e =mation ( n+5 occasionally yields f9e rema9s4 ,a spl5did specim51 obta9$ f t locality by ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 displays almo/ ! entire skeleton ( a ,fox-l animal1 ! ,galecynus n+5sis ( ,pr(4 ,ow54#ggb #ggb ,see ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 iii4 pl4 xxxiii42 & ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ee4 ,! ,seal1 :i* is "o ( ! m>9e c>nivor\s mammalia1 also occurs 9 a fossil /ate 9 ,engl&4 ,a femur ( a species ( ,phoca has be5 f\nd1 ) ! rema9s ( a ,monkey & ,bat1 9 a t]ti>y deposit 9 ,suffolk4 ,9 ! t]ti>y /rata ( ,malta an ext9ct species ( ,seal has also be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! bone-b$s ( ,new ,zeal& my son frequ5tly f\nd bones & tee? ( ,seals1 probably ( ! species n[ inhabit+ ! ,s\? ,pacific4 7,petrif4 p4 #acj47 ,( ! ,insectivora1 ! fossil rema9s ( sev]al g5]a occur4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! jaw ) tee? ( a l>ge species ( ,mole 7nam$ ,palospalax1#ggc anci5t mole71 has be5 discov]$ 9 a lacu/r9e deposit at ,o/5d1 ne> ,bacton1 on ! coa/ ( ,norfolk1 associat$ ) bones ( ,elephant1 ,de]1 ,roebuck1 & ,beav]4 ,?is animal mu/ h be5 z l>ge z a h$gehog4 ,! only "p ( ! skeleton hi!rto obta9$ is a portion ( ! left side ( ! l[] jaw1 conta9+ six mol>s2 its natural aff9ities h !re=e be5 inf]r$ f ! *>act]s ( ! cr[ns ( ! tee?4 #ggc ,hi/4 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #be4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fossil ,,*eiropt]a ,,& ,,quadrumana4 ,! ,*eiropt]a 7h&-w+s7 or ,bats1 are mammalia :i* h ! p[] ( flight1 f ! bones ( ! phalanges or f+]s be+ enorm\sly elongat$ & giv+ support to a f9e membran\s expansion2 !y are r>ely f\nd fossil1 al?\gh1 f _! habits ( haunt+ & hyb]nat+ 9 fissures & caves1 _! skeletons (t5 occur m+l$ 9 ! e>? ( ! floor ( cav]ns1 & imb$d$ 9 crannies ( rocks1 ) bones ( ext9ct animals4 ,! rema9s ( a consid]able portion ( ! skeleton ( "o species ( ,bat 0 discov]$ by ,cuvi] 9 ! gypsum ( ,montm>tre1#ggd & ano!r example 9 a gypse\s deposit1 at ,k/ritz1 9 ,g]many1 ) rema9s ( ext9ct species ( o!r mammalia4 ,two in/ances ( ,briti% fossil ,bats are record$2#gge ! "o f ,k5t's ,cav]n1 collocat$ ) ! ext9ct ,c>nivora1 & ref]r$ to ! ,horse-%oe ,bat 7,rh9olophus72 ! o!r f ,kyson1 9 ,suffolk1 f\nd 9 ! same deposit ) ! rema9s ( ! ,monkey1 pres5tly to be notic$4 #ggd ,disc\rs sur les ,rvolutions de la ,surface du ,globe1 p> ,b>on ,g4 ,cuvi]1 #dto4 #ahbf1 pl4 ii4 fig4 #a4 #gge ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdb1 & ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 pp4 #aa-ah4 ,,viii4 ,fossil ,quadrumana1 or ,monkeys4--,! illu/ri\s ,cuvi]1 :5 comm5t+ on ! extraord9>y fact1 t among ! innum]able fossil relics ( ! mammalia :i* peopl$ ! cont95ts & isl&s ( our planet1 ?r\gh ! va/ p]iods compreh5d$ 9 ! t]ti>y =mations1 no traces ( ,man or ( 8 works occur1 emphatically rem>k$1 t x 0 a ph5om5on n less surpris+1 t no rema9s ( ! quadruman\s races1 :i* rank next to ,man 9 physical con=mation1 %\ld h be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate2 & t ! circum/ance 0 ! m rem>kable1 because ! majority ( ! mammalia f\nd 9 ! y\ng] & old] t]ti>y /rata h _! cong5]s at ! pres5t "t 9 ! w>me/ regions ( ! globe2 9 ^? int]tropical climates :]e ! exi/+ quadrumana are almo/ exclusively locat$4#ggf #ggf ,disc\rs sur les ,rvolutions de la ,surface du ,globe1 p4 #aga4 ,fossil ,ape ( ,france4--,b ! rema9s ( ?is ord] h at l5g? be5 discov]$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! t]ti>y deposits1 & "u circum/ances :i* admit ( no d\bt z to ! antiquity ( ! fossils or ! /rata 9 :i* !y 7 imb$d$2 & almo/ at ! same "t 9 ,france & 9 ! ,sub-,himalayas2 & v rec5tly 9 ! ,brazils & 9 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ ,european specim5 0 discov]$ at ,sansan1 ne> ,au*1 ab\t =ty miles we/ ( ,t\l\se1 by ,m4 ,l>tet1 ) rema9s ( ! ,rh9oc]os1 ,de]1 ,antelope1 ,palo!rium1 c4 ,x consi/s ( ! l[] jaw1 almo/ complete1 ) all ! tee?1 ( an adult animal1 ( an ext9ct species1 relat$ to ! long-limb$ & tail$ monkey1 call$ ,semnopi!cus1 ( :i* ! ,negro ,monkey is an example4 ,a fragm5t ( ano!r jaw has be5 f\nd 9 ! same locality4 ,fossil ,monkey ( ! ,sub-,himalayas4--,9 ! inexhau/ible m9e ( fossil bones1 discov]$ by ,briti% ,(fic]s 9 ,india1 ! upp] jaw ( an ,ape 0 f\nd by ,messrs4 ,bak] & ,dur&1 & fragm5ts ( o!r jaws & "s bones 7 subsequ5tly collect$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,capta9 ,cautley4 ,^! relics conjo9tly e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( a gigantic quadruman\s animal 9 ! groves ( ,india at ! ,eoc5e epo*1 :5 ! gigantic ,tortoise1 ! l(ty ,siva!rium1 & ! colossal ,ma/odon t5ant$ ! pla9s1 & ,hippopotami frequ5t$ ! m>%es & riv]s4 ,?is fossil ,ape also is relat$ to ! ,semnopi!cus4 ,fossil ,monkey ( ,s\? ,am]ica4--,dr4 ,lund1 ! em95t ,dani% naturali/1 to ^: indefatigable rese>*es1 & successful det]m9ation ( ! colossal ,ed5tata1 we h previ\sly allud$1 has discov]$ ! bones ( a gigantic ,ape1 f\r feet 9 height1 relat$ to ! ,capu*9 ,monkey1 9 ! ossif]\s breccia ( ! caves ( ,brazil4 ,briti% ,fossil ,monkeys1 ,ly4 p4 #bjb4--,! fir/ fossil relic ( a quadruman\s animal f ! ,briti% /rata 0 obta9$ 9 #ahci1 f a b$ ( ,eoc5e s&1 at ,kyson1 a few miles ea/ ( ,woodbridge1 9 ,suffolk1 by ,w4 ,col*e/]1 ,esq4 ,! fir/ specim5 f\nd consi/$ ( a small fragm5t ( ! "r side ( ! l[] jaw1 ) ! la/ mol> too? entire 9 its socket2 ano!r relic is ! cr[n ( "o fang ( ! fir/ mol> too?1 ( ! same species4 ,^! relics h be5 ref]r$ to an ext9ct species ( ,monkey1 relat$ to ! ,macacus1 :i* has be5 nam$ ,macacus eocnus1 9 allusion to ! geological age ( ! /ratum 9 :i* ! rema9s 7 discov]$4#ggg ,9 ?is ,eoc5e s& h also be5 discov]$ ! rema9s ( a ,bat 7p4 #hac71 & ( a ,m>supial 7,didelphys1 p4 #hje71 & num]\s fi%-tee? 7,lamna1 p4 #eid72 :il/ 9 ! clay ov]ly+ ?is s& 7 f\nd ! v]tebra ( a ,s]p5t 7,palophis1 p4 #gch7 & sev]al tee? ( a ,pa*yd]m 7,hyraco!rium1 p4 #gia74 ,pr(4 ,ow5 9 ! ,hi/4 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 xlvi4 figures & briefly notices ! relics ( ano!r species ( ,macacus1 f ! new] plioc5e1 or plei/oc5e1 brick e>? at ,grays1 ,essex4 #ggg ,ow51 ,briti% ,fossil ,mammalia1 p4 #a1 figs4 #a1 #c4 ,fossil ,human ,bones4--,9 ! ,swabian ,alps1 human tee? & sev]al p]fect human skulls are said to h be5 f\nd 9 deposits 9 :i* elephant9e rema9s also occur4 ,?is subject 0 br\ght be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,g]man ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ,tub+51 by ,fraas & ,jg]1 &1 if correctly report$1 naturally leads to ! conclusion t human be+s 7 contemporane\s ) ! ext9ct elephants & "s ( ! o!r l>ge pa*yd]mata 9 ! regions ref]r$ to4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,mammalia4 ,on ,collect+ & ,develop+ ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,mammalia4--,b few directions = ! develop+ & repair+ ( ! fossil rema9s ( mammalia w be requir$ 9 ?is place1 ! sugge/ions already (f]$1 & p>ticul>ly ^? 9 vol4 i4 pp4 #de-di1 embrac+ full in/ructions on ?is head4#ggh ,on ! me?od recomm5d$ 9 p4 #df1 = /r5g!n+ ! friable bones ( ! l>ge mammalia1 ,i may obs]ve1 t ! dry+-oil is prep>$ by boil+ li?>ge 9 oil1 9 ! proportion ( "o ounce ( ! li?>ge to a p9t ( oil4 #ggh ,cem5t4--,! foll[+ =mula 0 giv5 me by an em95t collector & develop] ( fossils3-- ,gum ma/ic1 "o ounce2 ,rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 suffici5t to dissolve x4 ,is+lass1 "o ounce1 soak$ 9 wat] until s(t2 !n dissolve x 9 pure rum or br&y until x is 9 ! /ate ( /iff glue3 add to ?is a qu>t] ( an ounce ( gum ammoniacum1 well rubb$ & mix$4 ,put ! two solutions toge!r 9 an e>!n vessel1 ov] a g5tle heat2 :5 ?or\ghly melt$ & unit$1 put ! mixture into smoo?1 well-cork$ bottles4 ,use4--,imm]se ! bottle 9 hot wat] until ! cem5t is suffici5tly liquid = use4 ,! se>* = fossils ( ?is class is att5d$ ) mu* less c]ta9ty ( success ?an = o!r animal rema9s4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/1 page #hah1 ! localities mo/ likely to be productive are enum]at$2 b we h no cav]ns1 z 9 ,g]many1 s ri* 9 rema9s ( ?is k9d z to ensure ! discov]y ( specim5s by ! casual visitor2 = ! treasures ( ! mo/ productive cave1 t ( ,banwell1 are prohibit$2 ! proprietor c>efully pres]v+ e fragm5t4 ,a %ort resid5ce ne> "s ( ! be/ localities & daily rese>* are requir$ = obta9+ int]e/+ specim5s4 ,= example1 a resid5ce at ,ryde1 = a se>* 9 ! fre%-wat] t]ti>y lime/one at ,b9/ead2 at ,torquay1 = ,k5t's cav]n2 or "s o!r t[n or village ne> ! o!r caves 9 ,devon%ire2 ,h]ne ,bay1 = ! ,london ,clay at ,/udd's ,hill1 t produc$ ! ,hyraco!rium2 ,woodbridge or ,kyson1 = ! ,suffolk mammalia2 ,walton & ,clacton1 9 ,essex1 = rema9s ( ,elephants 9 ! plei/oc5e deposits ( t coa/4 ,9 se>*+ = bones & tee? 9 an unexplor$ cave1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions by ,dr4 ,buckl& w be f\nd ( great value4 ,select ! l[e/ p>ts 9 ! cav]n or fissure into :i* any mud or clay c h be5 drift$ or accumulat$2 & !n break ?r\gh ! /alagmitic cru/ ( ! floor1 & dig d[n into ! silt & pebbles1 c4 bel[1 9 :i* bones & tee? w be f\nd1 if ! spot conta9s any relics ( ?is k9d4 ,z a te/ = di/+ui%+ ! anci5t bones f\nd 9 ^! caves f ^? :i* may h be5 rec5tly introduc$1 ! tongue %\ld be appli$ to !m :5 dry1 & !y w adh]e 9 consequ5ce ( ! loss ( _! animal glut51 )\t ! sub/itution ( any m9]al sub/ance1 su* z we commonly f9d 9 ! fossil bones ( ! regul> /rata4 ,human bones f\nd 9 caves always possess too mu* animal glut5 to adh]e to ! tongue :5 dry4#ggi #ggi ,dr4 ,buckl& on ,fossil ,bones ( ,be>s 9 ! ,grotto ( ,osselles1 ne> ,besanon1 9 ,france4 ,geol4 ,proc4 vol4 i4 p4 #bb4 ,along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,engl&1 & (t5 (f ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 ! fi%]m5 dr$ge up tee?1 tusks1 & bones ( ,elephants2 & good specim5s may sometimes be ?us procur$4 ,! ,ramsgate fi%]m5 employ$ 9 trawl+ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & ,engli% *annel1 frequ5tly br+ up 9 _! ge> fragm5ts ( fossil bones ( ,mammo?s1 & o!r mammalia4 ,f ! bank ( ! ,goodw9-s&s1 l>ge tusks h be5 procur$4 ,on ! %ore ne> ,h]ne ,bay1 v f9e mammalian rema9s are occasionally obta9$4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,cant]bury1 !re 0 7& ,i believe is7 a good collection ( fossil bones ( l>ge ,pa*yd]mata procur$ f ! neighb\r+ coa/4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 t imm5se quantities ( ! bones ( ,mammo?s1 or fossil ,elephants1 are /rewn ov] ! b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean & ,engli% ,*annel4#ghj ,! late ,mr4 ,woodw>d in=m$ me1 t ! tee? & tusks ( ,elephants collect$ along ! ,norfolk & ,suffolk coa/s1 )9 8 own cognizance1 mu/ h belong$ to upw>ds ( five hundr$ individuals4 #ghj ,geol4 ,trans4 #b;d s]4 vol4 vi4 p4 #afa4 ,,briti% ,,localities ,,( ,,fossil ,,mammalia4 ,bacton1 ,norfolk4 ,see ,o/5d4 ,banwell ,cave1 fifte5 miles f ,bri/ol1 & ?ree f ,banwell ,/ation4 ,bones & tee? ( ,be>s1 ,hynas1 a ,felis l>g] ?an ! ,lion2 b *iefly ( ,de] & ,ox54 ,b]ry ,head1 ,devon%ire2 ,cave4 ,c>nivora2 z ,be>1 ,badg]1 ,tig]1 ,pole-cat1 ,/oat4 ,b9/ead1 ne> ,ryde1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,upp] ,eoc5e4 ,fre%-wat] lime/one4 ,tee? & bones ( ,anoplo!rium1 ,palo!rium1 ,*ropotamus1 ,di*obune4 ,brighton ,cliffs4 ,betwe5 ,kempt[n & ,rott+dean1 9 ! b$s above ! ,*alk4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,tee? & bones ( ,elephant1 ,horse1 ,de]1 ,ox52 jaw ( a ,:ale4 ,cop=d1 ,essex4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,elephant1 ,/ag1 ,ox1 ,beav]1 ,be>1 c4 ,cray=d1 ,k5t4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,elephant1 ,horse1 c4 ,ea/on1 a mile & a half nor? ( ,s\?wold4 ,ma/odon too?1 & ,c>nivora4 ,folk/one1 ,k5t4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,on ! top ( ! we/ cliff & 9 ! valley2 bones ( ,elephant1 ,hyna1 ,hippopotamus1 ,ox1 ,horse1 ,/ag1 c4 7,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 vii4 p4 #beg47 ,grays1 ,essex4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,elephant1 ,monkey1 c4 ,h>wi*1 ,essex4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,elephant's tee?1 c4 ,h]ne ,bay4 ,9 ,london ,clay2 ,hyraco!rium1 ,*ropotamus4 ,9 ,plei/oc5e deposits2 ,elephant1 ,:ale4 ,hoe1 ne> ,plym\?1 rais$ ,bea* at4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,be>1 ,de]1 ,:ale1 c4 ,hor/ead1 ,norfolk4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,ma/odon too?4 ,hutton ,caves1 ne> ,banwell1 ,som]set%ire4 ,c>nivora1 ,pa*yd]mata1 c4 ,see p4 #ghc4 ,isle ( ,man4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,! gigantic ,iri% ,de] 7,c]vus megac]os47 ,k5t's ,cave1 ne> ,torquay4 ,! mo/ productive ( ! ,briti% ossif]\s cav]ns 7see p4 #hac74 ,be>1 ,badg]1 ,tig]1 ,wolf1 & o!r ,c>nivora2 ,rh9oc]os1 ,elephant1 & o!r ,pa*yd]mata4 ,kirkdale1 by ,kirby ,moorside1 ,york%ire 7see p4 #ghc74 ,i "k n if any accessible "p ( ?is celebrat$ cave rema9s4 ,kyson1 ne> ,woodbridge1 ,suffolk4 ,on ! side ( ! riv] ,deb51 ab\t a mile f ,woodbridge1 9 ! p>i% ( ,kyson 7,k+/on74 ,! /rata consi/ (1 #a4 ,r$ crag1 ! upp]mo/4 #b4 ,london clay1 ab\t twelve feet4 #c4 ,:ite & yell[ s&4 ,9 ?is l[] ,eoc5e b$ ! relics ( ,monkey1 ,didelphys1 & ,bat4 ,manea ,f51 ,cambridge%ire4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,skull ( ,be>4 ,newb\rn1 ,suffolk4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,ma/odon too?4 ,leop>d4 ,newbury1 ,b]ks4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,9 ! peat & %ell-m>l1 ,bo>1 ,ox1 ,roebuck1 ,/ag1 ,beav]1 ,wolf1 ,ass1 c4 ,norwi*4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,mammo?'s tee? & bones4 ,ore/on ,cave1 ne> ,plym\?4 ,c>nivora1 ,wolf1 ,be>1 ,hyna1 c4 ,o/5d1 ne> ,bacton1 on ! coa/ ( ,norfolk4 ,9 a lacu/r9e deposit ( d>k clay & gre5i% s&1 ) *>r$ trunks & bran*es ( trees4 ,a section pres5ts--#a4 ,upp]mo/3 ,drift4 #b4 ,black e>?1 ) %ells4 #c4 ,r$di% s&4 #d4 ,norwi* crag1 9 pat*es4 #e4 ,*alk4 ,nos4 #b & #c are lacu/r9e2 & 9 ^! ,plei/oc5e b$s h be5 f\nd ,gigantic ,mole 7,palospalax71 ,elephant1 ,de]1 ,roebuck1 fossil ,beav] 7,trogon!rium71 jaw ( ,be> 7,ursus spelu74 ,see ,hi/4 ,brit4 ,foss4 ,mam4 p4 #he4 ,pavil& ,cave1 fifte5 miles we/ ( ,swansea2 betwe5 ,oxwi* ,bay & ! ,worm's ,head1 ,glamorgan%ire4 ,rh9oc]os1 ,mammo?1 ,hyna1 ,wolf4 ,plym\?4 ,cav]ns ne> elevat$ ,bea*1 at ! ,hoe4 ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,be>1 c4 ,po/wick1 ne> ,norwi*4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,too? ( ,ma/odon4 ,seafield1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,upp] ,eoc5e4 ,palo!rium4 ,s\?b\rn1 ,sussex4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,! pla9 ( alluvial mud & clay1 call$ ! ,wi%3 a section se5 on ! sea-%ore betwe5 ! ,sea-h\ses & ! foot ( ! *alk hills4 ,elephant1 ,hippopotamus1 ,de]1 ,horse1 ,ox4 ,s\?wold1 ,suffolk4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,horse1 ,de]1 ,ma/odon3 ,ott]1 9 ,r$ ,crag4 ,/onesfield1 ne> ,wood/ock1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,great ,oolite4 ,! only kn[n locality 9 ,engl& ( rema9s ( mammalia ( ! ,second>y p]iod4 ,see p4 #hje4 ,/udd ,hill1 a mile we/w>d ( ,h]ne ,bay4 ,london clay4 ,hyraco!rium4 ,swansea 7,pavil& ,cave1 ne>74 ,see ,pavil&4 ,wirkswor?1 ,dream ,cave4 ,a p]fect skull ( ,rh9oc]os2 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s museum1 at ,ox=d4 ,woodbridge1 ,suffolk4 ,at ,kyson1 ne> ,woodbridge4 ,eoc5e4 ,tee? ( ,monkey1 c4 ,note4--,= notices ( ! occurr5ce ( ,mammalian ,bones at ,bet*wor?1 ,brighton1 ,dov]1 ,ea/ ,b\rn1 ,folk/one1 ,maid/one1 ,m>d51 ,peasem>%1 ! valley ( ! ,wey1 ,/onesfield ,slate1 ,?ames ,valley1 c41 see ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 vii4 7consult ,index74 ,( =eign localities1 ,tibet1 ,upp] ,punjab1 ,siwalik ,hills1 ,vi*y1 c41 are also ref]r$ to 9 ! same volume4 ,,bone ,,caves ,,9 ,,franconia4 ,capta9 ,will\ghby ,montagu hav+ fav\r$ me 9 #ahdd ) an acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ! pr9cipal caves 9 ,franconian ,switz]l&1 :i* he _h lately visit$1 ! subjo9$ extract may be useful to ! cont95tal travell]4 ,! cave ( ,sophi5hhle appe>s to be highly int]e/+2 ! /alactites rema9+ un9jur$1 & ! ossif]\s floor 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 discov]$2 :il/ ! mu*-frequ5t$ cav]ns h be5 /ripp$ ( e relic by ! spoliations ( visitors dur+ ! la/ c5tury & a half4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ,bav>ia1 :i* is d5om9at$ ',franconian ,switz]l&1' is situat$ ab\t ! c5tre ( a triangle1 =m$ betwe5 ,bamb]g on ! ,n4,w41 ,bayreu? ,n4,e41 & ,nuremb]g ,s42 ! be/ road f ?is latt] city div]g+ beyond ,erlang5 to ! nor?4 ,! ne>e/ r\te f ,london is ?r\gh ,belgium1 f ,o/5d or ,antw]p1 by ! l9e ( railroad :i* 7s9ce ,octob]1 #ahdc7 passes on f ,liege & ,v]vi]s1 by ,aix-la-,*apelle to ,cologne4 ,!nce by /eam up ! ,rh9e1 by ,cobl5tz to ,may5ce1 & aga9 by railway to ,frank=t4 ,9 summ] !re are /eam boats up & d[n ! ,ma9e1 z f> z ,wurzburg1 daily1 & high] up1 betwe5 ,s*we9furt & ,bamb]g1 :i* latt] di/ance is p]=m$ 9 eight h\rs go+ up4 & five d[n4 ,or !re is a dilig5ce 7eilwag57 f ,frank=t direct to ,nuremb]g1 f :i* place 7or ,bamb]g1 c47 a c>riage mu/ be hir$ to ,mugg5dorf1 ! pr9cipal village ( t int]e/+ di/rict4 ,x lies ab\t half way on ! po/ road betwe5 ,erlang5 & ,bayreu?1 & has two tol]able c\ntry inns2 ! p are civil1 & mod]ate 9 _! *>ges1 at lea/ = ! fre%e/ tr\t & good w9e ( ,bav>ia4 ,?is *>m+ spot & neighb\rhood attracts n only ! geologi/ & lov] ( ! picturesque1 b also ! angl]1 :o f9ds excell5t fi%+ 9 ! cle>1 rapidly-w9d+ /reams ( ! ,wies5t1 ) its tribut>y wat]s1 all ( :i* are romantically plac$ 9 ! sudd5ly deep dales ( ?is table-l&4 ,! ,wies5t fl[s ?r\gh ,=*heim into ! ,regnitz1 we/w>d1 & ?is into ! ,ma9e1 nor?4 ,z to ! "t necess>y to get !re1 dur+ ! summ] days x w\ld only require "o to pass ?r\gh ,belgium to ,aix1 includ+ ! transit ( ?is fronti] into ,prussia1 ) slight se>* ( baggage4 ,!n1 9 betwe5 f\r & five h\rs to ,cologne1 :]e ! /eam]s g5]ally wait = ! arrival ( ^! tra9s2 &1 tak+ ! fir/ boat up1 x is possible to rea* ,b+5 7if n ,may5ce late7 ! same ev5+4 ,f ,frank=t1 by dilig5ce1 />t+ at #aa ,a4,m41 & travell+ all night1 ,nuremb]g may be rea*$ on ! second day2 & ! c5tre ( op]ations1 ab\t ,mugg5dorf1 on ! fif? f quitt+ ! sea-coa/4 ,9 return+ by ! ,ma9e1--f ,wurzburg to ,may5ce maybe p]=m$ 9 "o long day1 & !n on ! ,rh9e1 ! desc5t be+ mu* quick] ?an ! upw>d c\rse aga9/ ! /reams1 ! return homew>ds may be accompli%$ 9 "o day less4 ,! ne>e/ way to ,o/5d is by ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railroad to ,dov]1 & emb>k = ,belgium4 ,! newly-discov]$ cave1 call$ ,sophi5hhle1 lies on ! "r bank ( a /reamlet1 :i* gives its "n to a romantic & rocky valley1 ,ahorn-?al1 & fl[s ,s4,w4 t[>d ,gswe9/e91 until x falls into ! ,wies5t4 ,! situation ( ! cave is ne> ,klau/em]hhle1 & opposite to ,ludwig%hle3 & x is f> easi] ( access ?an ,gail5reu?1 & may be inspect$ by ladies ) ! greate/ facility4 ,an intellig5t female %[$ u ?r\gh its l(ty & int]e/+ details4 ,?is cave is ne>ly #cjj feet wide1 & #aej feet 9 height4 ,! quantity ( fossil bones /rew$ ab\t ! floor 0 v great1 not)/&+ _m ( ! f9e/ specim5s _h be5 remov$1 & 7 to be se5 9 ! neighb\r+ ca/le ( ,c\nt ,s----2 add$ to ?is1 ! long1 p5dant curta9s ( /alactite1 & ! /up5d\s size ( ! cav]n1 contribut$ to make x appe> to me f> surpass+ 9 int]e/ t ne> ,gail5reu?1 call$ ,zooli!n-,hhle1 :i* ,i _h visit$ ! day be=e4 ,! keys ( ?is cav]n--= ?is1 z well z ! o!r celebrat$ caves1 is lock$ up1 to gu>d aga9/ depr$ations--are kept at ! l>ge f>m or /ew>d's h\se1 h>d by4 ,! /ate ( ! wea!r prev5t$ our visit+ ,=/]%hle 7,=e/ ,cav]n71 :i* lies fur!r ,n4,e4 beyond ! little t[n ( ,weis*5feld1 ne> ,zeuba*2 b :i*1 we 7 in=m$1 0 equal 9 int]e/ to ?is ( ,sophi5hhle4 ,! t\ri/ desir\s ( visit+ ?is int]e/+ di/rict1 w f9d ,mr4 ,murray's ,h&book ( ,s\!rn ,g]many an excell5t guide3 ,i c v\* = its accuracy4 ,,retrospect4 ,ce que n\s connaissons e/ peu de *ose2 ce que n\s ignorons e/ imm5se4 ,la ,place4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! close ( ?is argum5t2 we h tak5 a g5]al survey ( ! fossiliz$ relics ( ! v>i\s classes ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 & h expla9$ ! me?ods by :i* ! inscriptions on ^! ,m$als ( ,creation may be deciph]$4 ,b num]\s z are ! facts t h pass$ 9 review be=e u1 & great z ! accession ( geological k has be5 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 ! data hi!rto obta9$ are insuffici5t to elucidate _m ( ! obscure pages ( ! e>?'s physical hi/ory2 & to future discov]ies mu/ be left ! full int]pretation ( _m ph5om5a z yet obscurely pres5t$ to u4 ,9 va9 we endeav\r to p5etrate ! veil :i* %r\ds f our view _m ( ! mighty ev5ts t prec$$ ! hi/ory ( our race1 =1--al?\gh ! %ades ( colossal & unkn[n =ms belong+ to ! remote ages ( a pa/ et]nity obey ! spell ( ! true magician ,sci5ce1--yet ( ! innum]able be+s :i* ?r\gh c\ntless c5turies ,! ,e>? has ga!r'd to h] brea/ aga91 ,& yet aga91 ! millions t 7 born ,( h] unnumb]'d1 unrememb]'d tribes-- h[ few1 comp>atively1 c\ld ev5 ! transc5d5t g5ius ( ,cuvi] reveal6 ,if we endeav\r to trace ! ord] ( succession1 9 :i* ! ext9ct & exi/+ types ( animal & vegetable organization h appe>$ ^u ! face ( our globe1 z demon/rat$ by fossil rema9s1 we at once p]ceive h[ imp]fectly our k enables u to pres5t a true picture ( ! developm5t ( organic life z x exi/$ 9 ! remote/ ages4 ,asc5d+ f ! ,granite--t %r\d :i* conceals = ev] f human k5 ! e>lie/ sc5es ( ! e>?'s physical drama--! fir/ glimpses we obta9 ( animat$ nature are a few sea-we$s1 %ells1 & ,cru/acea4 ,b c we d\bt = a mom5t t t anci5t sea _h its b\nd>ies & its %ores--t !n1 z n[1 !re 7 isl&s & cont95ts1 & hills & valleys1 & /reams & riv]s1 teem+ ) appropriate inhabitants8 ,! little ,lycopodiace\s se$-vessels 9 ! ,ludl[ bone-b$ af=d z c]ta9 indication ( dry l&1 z ! olive bran* :i* ! dove br\ght back to ! ,ark2 "o fact ( ?is k9d ov]?r[s a ho/ ( !ories bas$ ^u negative evid5ce4 ,?r\gh\t ! l[] palozoic rocks organic life pres5ts num]\s modifications2 & ! rema9s ( small placoid fi%es appe> 9 ! upp]mo/ ,silurian4 ,9 ! ,devonian we meet ) r>e reptilian rema9s & foot-pr9ts4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ! sauroid ,batra*ians h left _! relics & _! foot-tracks4 ,9 ! succe$+ p]iod ^! reptiles pr$om9ate2 & on ! s&s ( ! ,triassic ocean we h ! foot-pr9ts ( mon/] reptiles & ! tracks ( bip$s--colossal bird-foot$ creatures--( :i* no o!r ve/iges rema91 & to :i* ! exi/+ ord] ( creation af=ds no p>allel4 ,! la/ b$ ( ! ,trias af=ds ! fir/ indication ( ,mammalian life4 ,we n[ ent] ^u t m>vell\s epo*1 dur+ :i* reptilian organization obta9$ its fulle/ developm5t--:5 ! ,iguanodon & ,megalosaurus-- ,mighty ,pre-,adamites :o walk$ ! e>?1 ,( :i* ours is ! wreck-- ,byron4 7 ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( va/ isl&s & cont95ts4 ,b "h1 z at an e>li] p]iod1 we h pro( t w>m-blood$ animals exi/$2 & ! dim9utive m>supial insectivor\s ,mammalia ( ! ,oolite & ! birds ( ! ,weald5 atte/ t ! sy/em ( animal creation 0 complete4 ,leav+ beh9d u ! ,age ( ,reptiles1 we approa* t ( ! colossal ,mammalia1 :5 ext5sive c\ntries 7 peopl$ by ! enorm\s h]bivor\s ,mega!res1 ! ,ma/odons1 & gigantic ,pa*yd]ms1 long s9ce become ext9ct4 ,b ) ^! lo/ =ms _m exi/+ races 7 contempor>y2 includ+ ! ,monkey tribes1 :i*1 ( all animals1 approa* ne>e/ to man 9 _! physical organization4 ,?us1 by sl[ & almo/ ins5sible gradations1 we arrive at ! pres5t /ate ( animate & inanimate nature4 ,b ev5 aft] ! exi/+ cont95ts _h atta9$ _! pres5t configuration1 9 ! p]iod imm$iately antec$5t to ! human epo*1 innum]able tribes ( c>nivor\s animals sw>m$ ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate climates ( ,europe2 ! ,tig]1 ,hyna1 & ,be> pr[l$ ?r\gh ! woods & inhabit$ ! cav]ns2 & ! ,horse & ,elephant1 ) gigantic ,de] & ,ox51 t5ant$ ! pla9s4 ,b ( ,man & ( 8 works n a ve/ige appe>s ?r\gh\t ! va/ p]iods embrac$ 9 ?is review4 ,yet 7 any ( ! exi/+ isl&s or cont95ts to be engulph$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 & load$ ) m>9e detritus1 & 9 future ages be elevat$ above ! wat]s1 cov]$ ) consolidat$ mud & s&1 h[ diff]5t w\ld be ! *>act]s ( ^? /rata f any :i* h prec$$ !m6 ,_! mo/ /rik+ features w\ld be ! rema9s ( ,man1 & ! productions ( human art--! domes ( 8 temples1 ! columns ( 8 palaces1 ! ar*es ( 8 /up5d\s bridges ( iron & /one1 ! ru9s ( 8 t[ns & cities1 & ! durable rema9s ( 8 e>?ly t5em5t imb$d$ 9 ! rocks & /rata--^! w\ld be ! ,m$als ( ,creation ( ! ,human ,epo*1 & transmit to ! remote/ p]iods ( "t a fai?ful record ( ! pres5t condition ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ( its inhabitants4#gha #gha ,see ,sir ,h4 ,davy's ,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,pr(essor ,,ow5',s ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom4 7,f ! ,hunt]ian ,lectures = #ahdc47 ,k+dom--,,animalia 7animals74 ,sub-k+dom--,v]tebrata 7hav+ a sp9al column74 ,class--,mammalia 7animals t give suck74 ,aves 7birds74 ,reptilia 7reptiles74 ,pisces 7fi%es74 ,sub-k+dom--,articulata 7hav+ ext]nal-jo9t$ skeletons74 ,class--,cru/acea 7hav+ an ext]nal cru/1 or h>d sk974 ,ara*nida 7spid]s74 ,insecta 7insects74 ,annelata 7compos$ ( r+s74 ,cirrip$ia 7hav+ curl$-feet74 ,sub-k+dom--,mollusca 7s(t animals74 ,class--,cephalopoda 7feet ar\nd ! head74 ,ga/]opoda 7belly-feet74 ,pt]opoda 7w+-l feet74 ,lamellibran*iata 7) lamellat$ gills74 ,palliobran*iata 7mantle-gill$74 ,tunicata 7envelop$ 9 a cloak74 ,sub-k+dom ,radiata 7radiat$ animals74 _/-------------------------------------- --- ,nematoneura ,acrita 7) ?read-n]ves74 7) indi/9ct n]ves74 ,class--,radi>ia 7ray$ animals74 _/-------------------------------------- - ,e*9od]mata ,acaleph 7hav+ a sp9\s sk974 7) a /++ sk974 ,class--,polypi 7polypes74 _/-------------------------------------- ---------- ,ciliobra*iata ,an?ozoa ,nudibra*iata 7) ciliat$ arms74 7fl[] animals74 7) nak$ arms74 ,class--,entozoa 7int]nal animals74 _/-------------------------------------- --- ,clelm9?a ,/]elm9?a 7holl[ worms74 7solid worms74 ,class--,infusoria 7infusorial animalcules74 _/-------------------------------------- -- ,rotif]a ,polyga/rica 7:eel animalcules74 7) _m dige/ive sacs74 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,notes ,,( ,,excursions1 ,,9 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,inve/igat+ ,,geological ,,ph5om5a1 ,,& ,,( ,,collect+ ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,,geological ,,excursions4 ------------ ,let ! moon ,%9e on !e 9 ?y solit>y walk2 ,& let ! mi/y m\nta9 w9ds be free ,to bl[ aga9/ !e2 & 9 aft] ye>s1 ,:5 ^! wild ec/asies %all be matur$ ,into a sob] pleasure1--:5 ?y m9d ,%all be a mansion = all lovely =ms1 ,?y memory be a dwell+ place ,= all sweet s\nds & h>monies1 oh6 !n ,if solitude1 or fe>1 or pa91 or grief ,%\ld be ?y portion1 ) :at heal+ ?\ghts ,( t5d] joy wilt ?\ rememb] me ,& ^! my b5$ictions6 ,wordswor?4 ,i n[ propose to conduct ! read] to a few ,briti% localities1 & po9t out ! mode ( exam9+ geological ph5om5a 9 ! field1 & ( collect+ organic rema9s f ! rocks & /rata2 9 o!r words1 af=d a practical illu/ration ( ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! k acquir$ by our previ\s inve/igations4 ,b f want ( space1 only "o or two excursions c be describ$ 9 detail2 & ,i mu/ re/rict myself 9 a great measure to extracts f my note-book1 & explanatory rem>ks & sugge/ions = ! guidance ( ! /ud5t & collector4 ,! subjects w be arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- #a4 ,in/ructions = collect+ specim5s4 #b4 ,excursions illu/rative ( ! geological "* & organic rema9s ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,london & ,hamp%ire bas9s2 namely1 to ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 ,brackle%am ,bay1 c4 #c4 ,notes = a geological ,excursion ov] ! ,*alk & ,weald5 di/ricts ( ! ,s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&2 f ,london1 by ,tilgate ,=e/1 to ,brighton4 ,also1 f ,brighton to ,rott+dean4 #d4 ,geological notes ( v>i\s places on ! l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 f ,london to ,clifton4 #e4 ,excursion to ,matlock & its vic9ity2 to exam9e ! nature & position ( ! m\nta9 lime/one & associat$ /rata ( t "p ( ,d]by%ire4 #f4 ,geological ,notes = an exam9ation ( ! c5tral gr\p ( ! plutonic or igne\s rocks ( ,engl&1 & ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,slate /rata ?r\gh :i* !y are protrud$3 9 an ,excursion to ,*>nwood ,=e/1 by ,leice/]1 ,m\nt ,sorel1 ,s)l&1 ,woodh\se1 c4 to ,:itwick4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,g5]al ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,collection ,,( ,,specim5s4 ,& "s r9 up hill & d[n dale1 knapp+ ! *ucky /ones to pieces wi' hamm]s l sae _m road-mak]s run daft--!y say 'tis to see h[ ! _w 0 made4 ,/4 ,ronan's ,well4 ,be=e we proce$ on a geological excursion1 x is necess>y to be provid$ ) suitable in/rum5ts to deta* specim5s f ! rocks1 & extract fossils f ! /rata 9 :i* we may f9d !m imb$d$1 & ) mat]ials = pack+ up our treasures1 & not+ _! localities on ! spot4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! foll[+ articles w be f\nd m or less requisite1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> object ( ! collector3-- #a4 ,a hamm] ( "o ( ! =ms figur$ 9 ,lign4 #bff4 ,fig4 #c w be f\nd mo/ g5]ally useful4 #b4 ,a lea!r or /rong camlet bag1 & "o or two ( small] size2 ! =m] ) /r+s1 or ) a /rap = ! %\ld]4 ,if travell+ 9 a c>riage1 a box or basket may also be provid$4 #c4 ,/\t & ?9 pap]1 & "s ( a s(t k9d1 = wrapp+ up specim5s4 #d4 ,*ip boxes1 & raw cotton1 wadd+1 or t[1 = ! same purpose4 #e4 ,/r+1 seal+-wax1 & writ+ pap] gumm$ on "o side1 = labels to affix to specim5s on ! spot4 #f4 ,a /rong pair ( gloves1 & a pair ( eye pres]v]s2 common spectacle frames cov]$ ) f9e black crape w be m agreeable ?an glass4 #g4 ,a measur+ tape1 a pocket compass1 & draw+ mat]ials w be requir$1 if ! obs]v] int5d to note ! geological *>act]s ( ! di/rict4#ghc #ghc ,on ! con/ruction ( geological maps & sections1 see ! ,app5dix to ,de la ,be*e's ,geological ,obs]v]4 #h4 ,a good geological map ( ! c\ntry2 if ?is _c be procur$1 ! be/ geographical map4 #i4 ,a /rong d\ble-blad$ knife2 "o or m *isels4 #aj4 ,a pocket set ( s+le l5ses ( ?ree p[]s1 to exam9e m9ute objects2 blank memor&um books4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bff4 ,geological & ,m9]alogical ,hamm]s4 ,fig4 #a & #d1 #f1 are adapt$ = break+ l>ge /ones or masses ( h>d rock2 ! ?9n] ends are conv5i5t = splitt+ & trimm+ fragm5ts to a mod]ate size4 ,! head %\ld be f f\r to five in*es long1 "o & a half in* wide on ! cr[n1 & f two to ?ree p\nds 9 weight2 ! l5g? ( ! h&le f eighte5 to tw5ty in*es4 #b & #c4--,?is is my fav\rite hamm]1 & w be f\nd mo/ g5]ally useful2 ! %ort squ>e head = break+1 & ! pick = splitt+ /ones1 & extract+ fossils ( mod]ate size2 weight ( ! head two p\nds1 l5g? sev5 in*es2 wid? ( ! cr[n "o & a half in*2 h&le f twelve to f\rte5 in*es long1 & "o in* wide at ! l[] "p1 = ! conv5i5ce ( a firm hold4 ,if ! h&le be graduat$ z a foot measure1 z 9 fig4 #e1 x w be f\nd useful4#ghb #ghb ,hamm]s ( ?is k9d may be obta9$ at ,messrs4 ,knight's1 ,fo/]-lane1 ,london2 & at #di1 ,cockspur-/reet1 ,*>+ ,cross3 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! heads are ( well-temp]$ /eel1 & ! h&les ( t\gh wood4 #e & #h1 #g1 are small] hamm]s = break+ & *ipp+ /ones & m9]als2 ! heads f ?ree to f\r in*es long1 & "o & a half p\nd 9 weight2 ! h&le "o foot long4 ,su* are ! articles t w be requir$ = a geological excursion int5d$ to compreh5d a sci5tific exam9ation ( a di/rict2 b = a m]e trip to collect fossil rema9s1 sev]al may be disp5s$ )4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 an em95t geologi/1 ,dr4 ,fitton1 drew up "s excell5t in/ructions = collect+ specim5s1 = ! use ( ! p>ty employ$ "u ,capta9 ,k+ to survey ! ,we/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia2 by p]mission ( ! au?or1 !y are "h subjo9$4#ghd #ghd ,= ! collection ( rock specim5s1 & = ! mode ( obs]v+ ! ph5om5a ( physical geology1 ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e s in/ructive volume1 ,h[ to ,obs]ve1 %\ld be consult$4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,collect+ ,,geological ,,specim5s4 ,x may be prop] to premise1 t two ( ! pr9cipal objects ( geological inquiry are1 to det]m9e--#a/1 ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! e>? is compos$3 &1 #b;dly1 ! relative ord] 9 :i* ^! mat]ials are dispos$ 9 relation to ea* o!r4 #a4 ,specim5s ( rocks ought n1 9 g5]al1 to be tak5 f loose pieces1 b f l>ge masses 9 _! native place1 or :i* h rec5tly fall5 f _! natural situation4 #b4 ,! specim5s %\ld consi/ ( ! /one un*ang$ by exposure to ! elem5ts1 :i* sometimes alt] ! *>act]s to a consid]able dep? f ! surface4 ,petrifactions1 h[ev]1 are (t5 be/ di/+ui%able 9 masses some:at decompos$2 & are ?us ev5 r5d]$ visible 9 _m cases :]e no trace ( any organiz$ body c be disc]n$ 9 ! rec5t fracture4 #c4 ,! specim5s ought n to be v small2--ab\t ?ree in*es squ>e1 & ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 is a conv5i5t size4 #d4 seldom happ5s t l>ge masses1 ev5 ( ! same k9d ( rock1 are uni=m ?r\gh\t any consid]able space2 s t ! g5]al "* is asc]ta9$ by geologi/s1 :o exam9e rocks 9 _! native places1 f ! av]age ( an ext5sive surface4 ,a collection ought1 !re=e1 to embrace specim5s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic v>ieties2 & ! mo/ spl5did examples are1 9 g5]al1 n ! mo/ in/ructive4 ,:]e sev]al specim5s are tak5 f ! same place1 a s]ies ( numb]s %\ld be add$ to ! note ( _! locality4 #e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ advantage\s situations = obta9+ specim5s & exam9+ ! relations ( rocks is 9 ! sections af=d$ by cliffs on ! sea-%ore2 especially aft] rec5t falls ( l>ge masses1 t commonly happ5s t ! b$s ?us expos$ are m or less incl9$2 & 9 ?is case1 if any ( !m be inaccessible at a p>ticul> po9t1 ! decl9e ( ! /rata w frequ5tly enable ! collector to supply himself ) ! requir$ specim5s1 )9 a %ort di/ance4 #f4 ,to exam9e ! int]ior ( an unkn[n c\ntry1 m skill & practice are requir$2 ! rocks be+ g5]ally conceal$ by ! soil1 accumulations ( s&1 gravel1 c41 & by ! vegetation ( ! surface4 ,b ! /rata are commonly disclos$ 9 ! sides ( rav9es1--9 ! b$s ( riv]s & m\nta9-/reams2 & ^!1 especially :]e !y cross ! direction ( ! /rata1 may be f\nd1 by c>eful exam9ation1 to af=d in/ructive sections4 ,! mud & gravel 9 ! b$s ( riv]s & 9 deltas (t5 conta9 gra9s ( gold1 plat9a1 & o!r native metals1 rubies1 sapphires1 & o!r preci\s /ones2 & a g5]al k ( ! rocks ( an unexplor$ c\ntry (t5 may be ga9$ f ! detritus at ! emb\*ure ( a riv]4 #g4 ,among ! cont5ts ( ! /rata1 ! rema9s ( organiz$ bodies1--%ells1 corals & o!r zoophytes1--! bones & tee? ( animals1--wood1 & ! impressions ( vegetable /ems1 roots1 or leaves1 c4 are ( ! greate/ importance2 af=d+ g5]ally ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]s ( ! b$s 9 :i* !y occur4 ,^! %\ld1 !re=e1 be p>ticul>ly s\ght aft]1 & _! relative abundance or r>ity 9 diff]5t situations notic$4 ,! fossils %\ld1 if possible1 be kept unit$ ) portions ( ! rock or matrix 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 & :]e !y are num]\s1--9 s&1 clay1 or any moi/ or friable matrix1--x is1 9 g5]al1 bett] to reta9 a l>ge portion ( ! :ole mass1 to be exam9$ aft]w>ds1 ?an to attempt _! sep>ation at ! "t ( collect+4 #h4 ,! loose sub/ances :i* are f\nd above ! solid rocks1 9 ! =m ( gravel1 silt1 roll$ pebbles1 c41 %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! solid /rata ^u :i* !y re/4 ,& ! m anci5t ( ^! wat]-worn mat]ials1 f\nd on ! sides or summits ( hills1 c41 %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! rec5t mud1 s&1 & gravel1 br\ght d[n by l&-floods or by riv]s4 ,! bones & tee? ( quadrup$s are n unfrequ5tly f\nd 9 ! m anci5t gravel2 & ! collection ( ^! rema9s f di/ant qu>t]s ( ! globe is an object ( ! greate/ int]e/ to geology4 #i4 ,besides a note ( ! locality1 !re ought1 if possible1 to accompany e specim5 a %ort notice ( its geological circum/ances2 z1 = example1 :e!r x be f\nd 9 l>ge %apeless masses1 or 9 /rata8 ,if 9 /rata1--:at are ! ?ickness1 incl9ation to ! horizon1 & direction ) respect to ! compass1 ( ! b$s8 ,if ^! _c be measur$1 an e/imate %\ld always be record$ :ile ! objects are 9 view4 ,are !y uni=m 9 dip & direction8--curv$1 or contort$8--cont9u\s1 or int]rupt$ by fissures or ve9s8 ,is ! :ole cliff1 or mass ( /rata 9 sight1 ( uni=m composition8--or does x consi/ ( diff]5t k9ds ( /one8 ,if ! /rata be diff]5t1 :at is ! ord] 9 :i* !y are plac$ above ea* o!r successively8 #aj4 ,a label1 di/9ctly writt51 %\ld accompany e specim51 /at+ its native place1 its relative situation1 c41 & ^! labels %\ld be atta*$ to ! specim5s imm$iately1 on ! spot :]e !y 7 f\nd4 ,?is injunction may appe> to be sup]flu\s2 b s mu* valuable in=mation has be5 lo/ to geology f ! neglect ( x1 t e obs]v] ( exp]i5ce w ackn[l$ge its necessity4 ,x is useful to m>k on ! labels ! day1 & ev5 ! h\r1 :5 ea* specim5 is collect$4 ,?is1 ) a correspond+ note 9 ! memor&um-book1 prev5ts confusion1 & w be f\nd to assi/ ! memory4 #aa4 ,a sket* ( a coa/ or cliff1 h[ev] slight1 frequ5tly conveys m in=mation respect+ ! disposition & relations ( rocks1 ?an a long memor&um4 ,if numb]s1 d5ot+ ! situation ( ! specim5s collect$1 be m>k$ ^u su* sket*es1 mu* "t may be sav$ at ! mom5t ( collect+4 ,b 9 all su* cases1 ! memor&um %\ld be look$ ov] soon aft]w>ds1 & labels1 di/9ctly expla9+ _! situation1 c4 be atta*$ to ! specim5s4 #ab4 ,! specim5s %\ld be s pack$1 t ! surfaces may be def5d$ f exposure to air1 moi/ure1 & friction3 = :i* purpose1 if /rong pap] _c be obta9$1 dry moss1 or /raw1 or leaves may be employ$4 ,:]e pap] is us$ = wrapp+ ! specim5s1 !y are be/ secur$ by fa/5+ ! envelope ) seal+-wax4 ,la/ly4 ,! collector mu/ n be disc\rag$1 nor be prev5t$ f collect+1 by f9d+ t ! place :i* he may *ance to visit 9 a remote situation has n a /9k+ appe>ance1 or ! rocks )9 8 view a v int]e/+ "*2 s9ce x frequ5tly1 & ev5 commonly happ5s1 t facts & specim5s1 9 !mselves ( v little importance1 become valuable by subsequ5t comp>ison2 s t sc>cely any obs]vation1 if record$ ) accuracy1 w be ?r[n away4 ,^! g5]al in/ructions w suffice to prep>e ! read] = an excursion to "s kn[n locality1 :]e 8 rese>*es w c]ta9ly be rew>d$ by _m int]e/+ organic rema9s2 & he may be s =tunate z to meet ) "s r>e fossils1 & p]haps ) "o or two t h n previ\sly be5 discov]$2 = !re is always a *ance ( f9d+ relics hi!rto unkn[n1 ev5 9 a cliff or qu>ry t is daily visit$ by collectors4 ,& z an old sportsman desir\s ( inspir+ a novice ) a love ( field sports1 takes him at fir/ to pres]ves :]e game is pl5tiful1 9 l mann] ,i w\ld initiate my read] 9 ! delightful pursuit ( collect+ ,m$als ( ,creation1 by conduct+ him to a spot :]e ^! antiquities ( nature are scatt]$ ab\t 9 great pr(usion & v>iety4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,excursions ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,organic ,,rema9s ,,( ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,deposits ,,( ,,! ,,london ,,bas94 ,9 leav+ ,london = any "p ( ,engl&1 ! read] w rememb] t ! area on :i* ! metropolis is situat$1 z well z ! surr\nd+ di/rict to a di/ance v>y+ f a radius ( t5 to tw5ty or ?irty miles1 consi/s ( ! m>9e ,t]ti>y eoc5e /rata 7see p4 #bd71 :i* h be5 deposit$ 91 & /ill occupy1 a depression1 or excavation ( ! ,*alk1 call$ ! ,london ,bas9 7,wond4 p4 #bbi74 ,ar\nd ?is =mation1 ! ,*alk =ms a di/9ct b\nd>y on ! s\?1 we/1 & nor?1 ris+ up into *a9s ( hills or d[ns2 b on ! ea/ ! range is brok51 & ! ,t]ti>y bas9 lies op5 to ! sea1 af=d+ a passage = ! ,?ames & its tribut>y /reams4 ,f ?is geological "* ( ! metropolitan di/rict1 x results1 t all ! l9es ( railroad proce$+ f ,london trav]se1 = ! fir/ t5 or tw5ty miles1 b$s ( clay1 loam1 & loosely aggregat$ s& & gravel2 h5ce ! num]\s slips t h tak5 place 9 ! embankm5ts2 z = example1 at ,new ,cross1 ,w&swor? ,common1 ne> ,hanwell1 c42 & 9 all ^! l9es x is obvi\s1 f ! nature ( ! /rata & ! /eepness ( _m ( ! cutt+s1 t simil> cata/rophes w aga9 occur4 ,! next geological feature obs]vable 9 ! l9es ( all ! ,london railroads is ! ,*alk1 :i* is inv>iably pass$ ei!r by /eep cutt+s1 or tunnels1 or bo?2 z = example1 f ne> ,croydon to ,m]/ham1 by ! ,s\?-,ea/]n2 f ne> ,bas+/oke to beyond ,w9*e/]1 by ! ,s\?-,we/]n2 f ,maid5head to beyond ,wall+=d1 by ! ,great ,we/]n2 & f beyond ,wat=d to ne> ,iv+hoe1 by ! ,birm+ham l9e4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! ,*alk1 & ov] ! m>ls & s&/one /rata ( ! ,cretace\s =mation1 ! ,oolitic gr\p 7consi/+ ( ,portl& /one1 ,kimm]idge clay1 c471 ! ,lias1 ,new ,r$ or ,triassic1 & ,c>bonif]\s deposits successively appe> on ! l9es ( railroad2 except+ on ^? ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n1 :i*1 ^u leav+ ! ,*alk-=mation1 trav]se ! fluviatile b$s ( ! ,weald51 z we %all h]eaft] m p>ticul>ly describe4 ,,excursion ,,to ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,%eppey4 ,e "o kn[s t ,%eppey is a small isl& ab\t t5 miles 9 l5g?1 ly+ at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 at ! di/ance ( betwe5 =ty & fifty miles ea/ f ,london2 b e "o does n "k t ! ,isle ( ,%eppey is an inexhau/ible m9e ( fossil treasures2 & t f its cliffs1 & on its %ores1 may be ga!r$ innum]able relics ( tropical plants1 ( quadrup$s1 birds1 s]p5ts1 turtles1 fi%es1 crabs1 lob/]s1 %ells1 c4 all belong+ to species t n[ no long] exi/4 ,a visit to ! t[n ( ,que5bor\gh af=d$ me1 :5 a boy1 ! fir/ opportunity ( behold+ fossil rema9s 9 su* a /ate ( pres]vation1 & 9 su* pr(usion1 z to excite 9 my m9d an uncontrollable desire to inve/igate ! nature & orig9 ( objects :i* ,i _h be5 taught to believe 7 ei!r produc$ spontane\sly 9 ! e>?1 or 7 left 9 _! pres5t situations by ! wat]s ( a univ]sal deluge4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ! inn :]e we soj\rn$1 0 a vitriol manufactory1 & consid]able plots ( gr\nd 7 cov]$ ) ! pyrit\s clay1 obta9$ f ! neighb\rhood4 ,to my great a/oni%m5t1 ,i p]ceiv$ t masses ( ?is fossil e>? 7 almo/ :olly made up ( /ems1 twigs1 & fragm5ts ( wood1 ) innum]able fruits1 se$-vessels1 & b]ries1 ( k9ds altoge!r unkn[n to me4 ,^! fossils 7 ( a d>k col\r1 "s q black1 v heavy1 & p]meat$ ) ! m9]al sub/ance t]m$ sulphuret ( iron1 or pyrites4 ,_m 7 s brittle z to fall to pieces ^u be+ h&l$1 b o!rs 7 ( a /ony h>dness1 & ,i quickly fill$ a h&k]*ief ) my newly discov]$ treasures1 & ha/5$ home to exam9e !m at leisure4 ,!y consi/$ ( ! usual k9ds ( fossil fruits s abundant 9 ! isl& 7see ,lign4 #fc & #fd1 p4 #ahh71 ) ca/s ( %ells1 & a few claws ( crabs1 & tee? ( fi%es4 ,mo/ ( ! specim5s fell to pieces 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r mon?s1 b a few 7 durable1 & ^! /ill occupy a corn] 9 my cab9et z preci\s mem5tos ( my juv5ile rese>*es4 ,_m ye>s aft]w>ds ,i revisit$ ,%eppey1 & made a l>ge collection ( its fossils1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,( late ye>s1 ! increas+ ta/e = ,palontology has br\ght num]\s visitors to ! isl&1 :i* /eam navigation has n[ plac$ )9 a few h\rs' di/ance ( ! metropolis2 & ! dem& = *oice fossils has giv5 rise to sev]al local deal]s4 ,! /ud5t may1 ) b little tr\ble or exp5se1 visit ! isl&1 make himself famili> ) its geological "*1 & return lad5 ) ! fruits ( ! anci5t spice isl&s1 ( ^: ru9s ?is mass ( clay1 9 ! emb\*ure ( ! ,?ames1 is almo/ :olly compos$4 ,z x is "s ye>s s9ce ,i la/ visit$ ?is int]e/+ spot1 ,i h obta9$1 z a ,cic]one = ! read]1 ! mo/ indefatigable & successful inve/igator ( its fossil ,flora1 ,mr4 ,b[]bank2 & z ! c\rtesy ( ?is g5tleman is equal to 8 intellig5ce & sci5tific atta9m5ts1 ! travell] w h no reason to regret ! abs5ce ( ! au?or4 ,a trip f ,london to ,%eppey & back1 af=d+ "t to procure a good collection ( fossils1 may be easily accompli%$ 9 ?ree days4 ,,excursion ,,to ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,%eppey1 ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,b[]bank1 ,,esq4 ,f4,r4,s4#ghe #ghe ,abridg$ f ! ,annals ( ,philosophy1 by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,! be/ conveyance is by ! ,s\!nd & ,%e]ness /eam-packets1 :i* leave ,london-bridge on ,tuesdays1 ,?ursdays1 & ,saturdays1 at #aa o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & rea* ,%e]ness ab\t #d or #e o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! t[n is divid$ into two p>ts1--! "o conta9$ )9 ! limits ( ! g>rison be+ designat$ ! ,blue t[n1 :ile t beyond ! =tifications to ! nor?-ea/ is designat$ ! ,mile-t[n2 & x is to ?is portion t ,i %\ld recomm5d ! visitor to proce$1 & take up 8 qu>t]s ei!r at ! ,royal ,hotel1 or at ! ,well+ton3 ! latt] is an exce$+ly snug & com=table h\se1 to :i* ,i h resort$ = _m ye>s4 ,aft] hav+ e/abli%$ himself 9 ! inn1 he %\ld reque/ ! att5dance ( ,mr4 ,hays 7bett] kn[n p]haps by ! "n ( ,paddy ,hays71 f :om he may pur*ase1 at a reasonable rate1 "s good fossils1 su* z crabs1 lob/]s1 heads & portions ( fi%es1 & num]\s species ( fossil fruits4 ,our travell] w !n h accompli%$ all t c be done t[>ds ! acquisition ( fossils until ! foll[+ morn+2 !re n be+1 ,i believe1 any o!r collector 9 ! t[n f :om pur*ases c be made4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ an e>ly breakfa/ is desirable1 z a consid]able ext5t ( gr\nd is to be trav]s$4 ,x is advisable to g provid$ ) live or six %eets ( s(t pap]1 to wrap fragile specim5s 92 & a few cotton or l95 bags1 ( ab\t f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 to sep>ate ! l>ge f ! small fossils2 ! :ole to be c>ri$ 9 a good-siz$ blue bag1 or hav]sack2 a *isel & light hamm] are ! only in/rum5ts requir$4 ,if ! geologi/ has a desire to view ! great section ( ! ,london ,clay1 af=d$ by ! cliffs on ! nor? %ore ( ,%eppey1 & is cont5t ) ! comp>atively few fossils :i* he may be able to procure by 8 own ex]tions1 he may proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,leav+ ,%e]ness by ! new t[n1 he w pass along ! sea-wall1 t[>ds ,m9/]1 until he rea*es ,scaps-gate1 :]e ! cliffs beg9 to rise f ! l[ l&s ( ! we/]n end ( ,%eppey4 ,a few cottages are scatt]$ r\nd ?is po9t1 "s ( ! inhabitants ( :i* "w ^u ! bea*1 collect+ ei!r cem5t-/one or pyrites1 ! latt] be+ bett] kn[n by ! "n ( copp]as4 ,to ^! application %\ld be made = #8curiosities1' & v frequ5tly excell5t specim5s1 & at a small price1 may be ?us procur$4 ,f ?is po9t ! r\te w be "u ! cliffs ^u ! %+le1 amid/ :i*1 d>k pat*es1 t5 or fifte5 y>ds 9 l5g?1 w be obs]v$1 compos$ ( nodules ( pyrites1 int]mix$ ) pyritiz$ fragm5ts ( bran*es ( trees1 9 great abundance4 ,x is at su* spots t ! num]\s & beautiful specim5s ( fossil fruits are f\nd2 b1 to ensure success1 ! collector mu/ be cont5t to g ^u 8 knees1 & c>efully se>* among ! fragm5ts4 ,! :ole ( ! bea*1 f ab\t ! p>allel ( ,m9/] *ur* to ,w>d5 ,po9t1 ab\nds ) ^! pat*es ( pyrites2 & ,i h by ?is means obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( a morn+ upw>ds ( "o hundr$ f9e fruits ( v>i\s sizes4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 su* an inve/igation ( ! coa/1 t x be und]tak5 dur+ ! fall+ ( ! tide1 or unpleasant consequ5ces may arise f be+ %ut 9 betwe5 ! banks ( mud :i* are project$ into ! sea at _m po9ts ( ! coa/4 ,if ! pr9cipal object be ! atta9m5t ( ! greate/ quantity ( fossils1 a diff]5t c\rse %\ld be pursu$4 ,! collector %\ld !n1 aft] hav+ made 8 pur*ases at ,scaps-gate1 direct 8 /eps t[>ds ,m9/] *ur*1 pass+ :i*1 he w proce$ on ! road t[>ds ,w>d54 ,ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile beyond ! *ur* !re is a lane on ! left h&1 lead+ t[>ds ! ,royal ,oak1 9 :i* lives a woman nam$ ,mumm]y1 & sev]al o!rs1 :o "w ^u ! bea*1 & f :om fossils are frequ5tly to be procur$4 ,^! p w direct him to ! cottage ( a family nam$ ,crock=d1 :o h usually a good assortm5t ( fossils2 & to _m o!r p>ties :o also "w ^u ! bea*1 & reside betwe5 ?is po9t & ,h5sbrook1 to :i* place he mu/ n[ direct 8 /eps4 ,at ,h5sbrook inquiry %\ld be made = a man nam$ ,pead1 :o has g5]ally a consid]able numb] ( good specim5s 9 8 possession4 ,f ?is po9t 7,h5sbrook7 ! collector mu/ proce$ along ! top ( ! cliff t[>ds ,w>d51 call+ at ! v>i\s cottages 9 8 way1 until he arrives at ,w>d5 ,po9t1 at :i* place he mu/ inquire = ,mud-r[1 _m ( ! inhabitants ( :i* "w ^u ! bea*1 & f :om a consid]able addition to ! specim5s already collect$ may be pur*as$4 ,beyond ?is po9t no?+ w be obta9$1 & ! be/ way to return to ,%e]ness1 is by ! road :i* runs ?r\gh ! mo/ level portion ( ! c\ntry2 ! pa? along ! nor? cliff undulates v consid]ably m ?an ! road4 ,! c\rse ( proce$+ ?us sket*$ applies to ! supposition t ! "t is limit$ to ?ree days1 b if a long] p]iod c be sp>$1 ,i %\ld recomm5d ! t\ri/ n to leave ,%e]ness )\t view+ ! dock-y>d2 & ! return to ,london may be made by ! way ( ,*a?am & ,graves5d1 af=d+ ! gratification ( a view ( ! dock-y>d & l9es at ,*a?am1 & ( ! f9e old ca!dral & ca/le at ,ro*e/]2 at ! same "t1 enabl+ him to arrive 9 ,london on ! ev5+ ( ! day t he quits ,%e]ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,,h]ne ,,bay4 ,,graves5d4 ,if ! /ud5t's "t w p]mit1 a day or two may be pr(itably sp5t at ,h]ne ,bay on 8 return2 & se>* %\ld be made = fossils "u ,swale ,cliff & ,/udd ,hill1 :]e num]\s fruits & "s unique mammalian rema9s h be5 f\nd by ,william ,ri*>dson1 ,esq4 7see p4 #gia74 ,%\ld he l& at ,graves5d1 z recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 he %\ld proce$ t[>ds ! lime-kilns :i* lie on ! ,london side ( ! pi]1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,?ames4 ,to ! left ( ! lime-kilns he w p]ceive a road lead+ by "s bold *alk cliffs to ! high gr\nd above ,graves5d2 & on ! "r h& !re is a r[ ( cottages1 or r huts1 inhabit$ by ! lab\r]s t "w 9 ! qu>ries & kilns4 ,_m ( ! usual fossils ( ! ,k5ti% ,*alk may be obta9$ ( ! wom5 or *ildr5 9 ^! huts2 & sometimes ,cid>es1 or turban ,e*9ites 7p4 #cad71 ) sp9es2 & ,/>-fi% 7p4 #cjf74 ,a visit to ! *alk-pits at ,purfleet1 on ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 is v desirable2 _m int]e/+ fossils hav+ be5 f\nd 9 t locality4 ,! ,k5ti% ,*alk 9 ?is di/rict is mu* s(t] ?an t ( ,sussex1 & ! fossils may be easily cle>$ ) a p5knife1 or by bru%+ 9 wat]2 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to wa% !m r\ghly1 z !y w readily sep>ate f ! *alk4 ,! fossils procur$ f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 by su* an excursion1 w probably consi/ ( portions ( /ems & bran*es ( trees1 & fragm5ts ( wood1 p]=at$ by ,t]$9es 7see p4 #aic72 specim5s ( ! fruits ( palms1 resembl+ ! rec5t ,nipas ( ! ,moluccas 7p4 #ahh71 & ( plants alli$ to ! ,cucumb]1 ,bean1 ,cypress1 ,laburnum1 c4 7p4 #ahi72 claws & fragm5ts ( ! %ields ( ,crabs 7p4 #eab72 bones ( ,crocodiles1 ,s]p5ts1 & ,turtles2 bones & tee? ( ,%>ks 7p4 #eia72 ,rays 7p4 #eih71 & o!r fi%es2 & sev]al species ( ! usual %ells ( ! ,london ,clay 7p4 #chc71 & a specim5 or two ( ,nautilus 7p4 #dfi74 ,,notes ,,= ,,an ,,excursion ,,to ,,brackle%am ,,bat1 ,,on ,,! ,,we/]n ,,coa/ ,,( ,,sussex4 ,! l9e ( l[ cliffs ext5d+ f ,selsea ,bill to ! m\? ( ,*i*e/] ,h>b\r exhibits a section ( ! ,eoc5e deposits1 v>y+ 9 height f five or six feet to t5 or twelve2 x is cov]$ at its base by a b$ ( %+le1 fifte5 or tw5ty y>ds wide1 t ext5ds t[>ds ! sea4 ,! space betwe5 ! t]m9ation ( ! %+le & ! limit ( l[-wat]-m>k is occupi$ by a b$ ( d>k grey & gre5i% s&2 & at c]ta9 seasons1 numb]less specim5s ( ! fossil %ells common 9 ! ,eoc5e /rata ( ! ,london & ,p>is bas9s are ?ickly spread ov] ?is area4 ,mr4 ,web/] fir/ direct$ att5tion to ?is locality1 9 8 celebrat$ ,memoir on ! ,t]ti>y ,/rata ( ,engl&2 & my fri5d1 ! late ,john ,hawk9s1 ,esq4 ( ,bignor ,p>k1 foll[$ up ! inquiry4 ,9 #ahba ,i made a f9e collection ( ! ,brackle%am fossils1 & publi%$ a li/ ( !m 9 ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 & ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 ,messrs4 ,b[]bank1 ,saull1 ,dixon1 ,coombe1 c4 h subsequ5tly made consid]able & important additions to ! catalogue2 & besides _m new species ( %ells1 ! v]tebr & o!r bones ( ,turtles1 ,s]p5ts1 & ,crocodiles h be5 discov]$4 ,an excell5t notice ( ?is locality1 f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 appe>$ 9 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 7#ahdj72 & ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ! au?or = ! foll[+ notes = ! guidance ( my read]s4 ,! "p ( ! bay mo/ int]e/+ to ! geologi/ is t imm$iately 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,brackle%am ,b>n1 especially at ab\t a furlong to ! ea/ ( t spot1 :]e !re is a small break or *9e 9 ! l[ clay cliff4 ,at ?is place1 & at a few paces ea/ & we/ ( x1 b5ea? ab\t six or sev5 feet ( clay1 !re is a /ratum ( light gre5 m>ly s&1 ab\nd+ 9 rema9s ( ,v5]ic>dia planico/a & o!r %ells1 b :i* is (t5 entirely hidd5 by ?r[n-up %+le1 & x is v r>ely t m ?an a few feet 9 l5g? ( ?is b$ c be se54 ,x is f ?is b$1 or f "o exce$+ly l x1 some:at l[] 9 ! s]ies1 t p]haps mo/ ( ! int]e/+ %ells ( ?is di/rict are to be procur$4 ,if we proce$ f ?is little break or *9e we/w>d1 = ab\t =ty paces p>allel to ! coa/1 & !n 9 ! direction ( a l9e at "r angles to ! cliff1 & at ! "t ( l[ wat]1 we %all f9d1 ne> ! l[-wat]-m>k1 ! b$ we h describ$ z ab\nd+ 9 fossils expos$ by ! action ( ! sea 9 ! mo/ fav\rable mann]4 ,at ?is spot ,v5]ic>dia planico/a is f\nd lit]ally by ?\s&s1 ) ! valves unit$1 ! %ells re/+ ^u _! edges1 & pack$ close to ea* o!r1 exactly 9 ! mann] t we might expect to h f\nd !m1 suppos+ !m to h be5 rec5t %ells ) ! animals yet inhabit+ !m4 ,comp>atively v few are gap+1 & _! condition & position /rik+ly impress ^u ! m9d ! idea t :5 alive !y mu/ h inhabit$ ! spot f :i* !y are n[ dis9t]r$2 especially z !re are num]\s small & fragile species ( o!r well-kn[n ,london ,clay %ells1 :i* c\ld n h rema9$ :ole _h !y be5 subject$ to mu* attrition amid ! l>g] %ells surr\nd+ !m4 ,on ! s&s 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is spot1 ,i f\nd l>ge masses ( ,nummulites lvigatus cem5t$ toge!r1 & num]\s deta*$ specim5s ( ! same %ell4 ,at ! ea/]n extremity ( ?is b$1 :i*1 at ! "t ( my visit1 0 op5$ = ab\t fifty y>ds1 ,i f\nd ,sangu9ol>ia ,holl[aysii1 a r>e & fragile1 b v beautiful %ell1 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation4 ,at ab\t tw5ty or ?irty y>ds we/w>d ( ! we/]n end ( ?is int]e/+ pat* ( %ells1 !re are l>ge blocks ( ?is b$1 :i*1 be+ ( a firm] texture ?an ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ! deposit1 h suff]$ less f ! action ( ! wat]1 & project ab\t twelve or eighte5 in*es above ! surr\nd+ s&1 &1 by pres5t+ an ob/ruction to ! ebb+ tide1 !y usually induce ! =mation ( a small pool amid/ :i* !y /&4 ,at ! s\?-ea/]n side ( ?is pool on "o occasion ,i f\nd ! /ratum1 :i* is usually cov]$ by ! s&1 completely expos$4 ,at ?is spot !re 0 sc>cely a specim5 ( ,v5]ic>dia planico/a to be se51 b in/ead ( ?is %ell1 ,turritella conoidea & ,t4 edita 7 imb$d$ 9 a d>k gre5 m>ly s&2 & among !m1 toge!r ) ,fusus longvus & o!r well-kn[n ,london ,clay %ells1 ,i f\nd ,v5]ic>dia acutico/ata & ,v4 mitis1 & a spl5did specim5 ( ,conus dep]ditus1 fully equal 9 size to ! "o figur$ by ,de%ayes4 ,we/w>d ( ?is po9t ,i did n meet ) any?+ p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,ab\t midway betwe5 ,brackle%am ,b>n & ! ,?orney coa/-gu>d /ation1 a s]ies ( pat*es ( a deposit ( *alk-fl9ts 0 expos$2 ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ne>ly at l[-wat]-m>k1 & ! rema9d] ( !m ran1 at %ort di/ances f ea* o!r1 9 a diagonal l9e t[>ds ! coa/1 ne>ly 9 ! direction ( a /raight l9e drawn f _! we/]n extremity to ! ,?orney /ation-h\ses4 ,app>5tly1 ?is /ratum ( fl9ts has n1 at any "t1 exce$$ eight in*es or a foot 9 ?ickness2 !y are1 inde$1 s ?9ly scatt]$1 z r>ely to occur pil$ ^u ea* o!r3 v few ( !m h suff]$ f attrition1 & ! great] "p reta9 _! orig9al =m & :it5$ surface4 ,!y are imb$d$ 9 ! same light gre5 m>ly s& :i* ,i be=e describ$ z occurr+ at ! bottom ( ! ,london ,clay 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! little *9e ne> ,brackle%am ,b>n4 ,among/ ! fl9ts !re are num]\s rema9s ( ! roots ( trees1 9 ! /ate ( s(t bog-wood2 :i* indicate t ?is portion ( ! /rata has be5 v ?9ly cov]$ by ! sup]impos$ clay4 ,^u "o ( ! b\ld]$ fl9ts1 firmly imb$d$ 9 ! m>ly s&4 ,i f\nd ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! valuable s]ies ( fossils :i* ,i _h ! good =tune to obta9 dur+ ?is excursion1 namely1 a f9e specim5 ( ,a/ra#ghf atta*$ to ! upp] & expos$ surface ( a fl9t4 #ghf ,a/ra1 a species ( coral2 see p4 #bfb4 ,z to ! accommodation t may be procur$ ne> ?is int]e/+ geological locality1 ,mr4 ,b[]bank in=ms me t homely f>e c be obta9$ at ! little inn at ,brackle%am1 b !re is only "o sp>e b$4 ,at ,selsea1 ab\t six miles di/ant1 !re is a mu* bett] inn4 ,,notes ,,= ,,an ,,excursion ,,to ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,/rata ,,( ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,wight4 ,see ,geological ,excursions r\nd ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & along ! adjac5t ,coa/s ( ,dorset%ire1 by ! ,au?or4 #hvo4 #c;d edit4 ,) ,prefatory ,note by ,t4 ,rup]t ,jones4 #ahed4 ,bohn4 ,london4 ,l& at ,c[es2 exam9e ! blocks ( fre%-wat] lime/one along ! %ore1 :i* ab\nd 9 %ells4 ,drive to ,alum ,bay 7,wond4 p4 #bda71 tak+ ,calb\rn 9 y\r r\te1 :]e !re are qu>ries ( ! fre%-wat] lime/one1 ) innum]able ca/s ( ,palud9a1 ,helix1 ,bulimus1 c4 ,put up at ,groves' ,hotel1 on ! summit ( ! hill1 comm&+ a glori\s view ( ,alum ,bay1 ) ! ,hamp%ire coa/1 & ! ,isle ( ,purbeck on ! "r1 & ,portl& ,isl& loom+ 9 ! remote di/ance2 & on ! left1 ! v]tical cliffs ( ,*alk1 & ! ,ne$les4 ,! pa?way t leads d[n to ! sea-%ore trav]ses a *asm1 sep>at+ ,headon-hill on ! "r1 f ,alum ,bay on ! left2 9 ! =m]1 fre%-wat] %ells--9 ! v]tical b$s ( clay1 9 ! latt]1 m>9e %ells--may be obta9$ 9 great abundance & v>iety4 ,if y l& at ,ryde1 ! small qu>ries at ,b9/ead are wor?y ( con/ant rese>*1 = ! *ance ( mammalian rema9s 7see p4 #gia74 ,! foll[+ extract f ! spl5did "w ( ,sir ,h5ry ,englefield on ! ,isle ( ,wight describes c]ta9 geological *anges /ill 9 progress on ! %ore ne> ,ryde1 t are well des]v+ ! visitor's att5tion4 ,a great & v s+ul> *ange has tak5 place )9 no v di/ant p]iod ( "t on ! %ores ( ! ,sol5t1 ne> to ,ryde2 & :i* seems to be /ill s5sibly proce$+4 ,:5 ,field+1 9 ! ye> #agec1 0 at ,ryde1 on 8 voyage to ,lisbon1 he describes ! t[n z totally inaccessible by sea except at or ne> high-wat]2 z ! tide1 on its recess1 left a va/ ext5t ( mud1 too s(t to be> ! lighte/ weight4 ,?is mud-bank is n[ entirely cov]$ by a /ratum ( f9e :ite s&1 smoo? & firm en\gh to be> :eel-c>riages1 & :i* r5d]s ! ba?+ at all times safe & agreeable4 ,?is b$ ( s& n[ rea*es to ,b9/ead1 hav+ cov]$ at lea/ two miles ( ! %ore )9 ! la/ half-c5tury2 & ! inhabitants say t x is /ill ext5d+ to ! we/w>d4 ,on digg+ ?r\gh ! s&1 ! old mud pres5tly appe>s1 ! s& /ratum be+ v ?94 ,to :at cause ?is *ange is ow+ x is difficult to guess2 b x is an example ( ! alt]nation ( deposits f ! action ( ! sea1 9 circum/ances app>5tly un*ang$1 :i* may af=d cause = reflection to ! geologi/4#ghg #ghg ,sir ,h4 ,englefield's ,isle ( ,wight1 p4 #af4 ,if ! visitor h leisure1 he %\ld make a t\r ( ?is int]e/+ isl&1 f ,ryde to ,%ankl9 & ,v5tnor1 along ! beautiful sc5]y ( ! ,"u ,cliff1 =m$ by ! slips ( ! ,l[] ,gre5 ,s&2 to ,black ,gang ,*9e1 & ,fre%-wat] ,bay2 visit+ ,brook-,po9t 7,wond4 p4 #cgh7 to collect fossils f ! ,weald5 /rata on ! sea-%ore4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,notes ,,= ,a ,,geological ,,excursion1 ,,ov] ,,! ,,*alk ,,& ,,weald5 ,,=mations ,,( ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,f ,,london ,,to ,,brighton1 ,,& ,,f ,,brighton ,,to ,,rott+dean4 ,9 travell+ f ,london to ,brighton by ! railway1 ! foll[+ geological features ( ! c\ntry may be obs]v$2 by a ref]5ce to ,wond4 p4 #cfj1 ! /ructure ( ?is rem>kable di/rict may be easily und]/ood4 ,leav+ ! /ation at ,london ,bridge1 ! ,london ,clay1 ) its *>act]i/ic fossils1 is se5 beyond ,dept=d1 by ,new ,cross1 ,syd5ham1 c42 & approa*+ ,croydon1 b$s ( gravel appe>1 ) int]sp]sions ( olive-gre5 s&4 ,^! /rata belong to ! ,eoc5e =mation1 & lie above & ^u ! ,*alk4 ,! valley beyond ,croydon 7,smi?am ,bottom71 along ! side ( :i* ! railroad is c>ri$1 is compos$ ( gravel re/+ on *alk2 beyond ! /ation call$ ,/oat's ,ne/1 !re is a f9e section ( ! *alk1 ) lay]s ( fl9t1 & two p>allel seams ( m>l1 at ! di/ance ( six or eight feet f ea* o!r4 ,^! ext5d1 ) b little int]ruption1 sev]al miles1 pres]v+ _! p>allelism1 al?\gh ! /rata 9 _m places h su/a9$ consid]able di/urbance4 ,! ,m]/ham ,tunnel1 ?r\gh ! ,surrey *alk hills1 is n[ ent]$4 ,at ,m]/ham ! *alk1 *alk-m>l1 & fire/one are int]sect$1 & ! ,l[] ,gre5s& ( ,r$ ,hill appe>s2 & f !nce to ,horley /ation1 ! l[] s&s & clays ( ! ,*alk =mation are pass$ ov] or cut ?r\gh2 af=d+ sections ( s&/one1 iron/one1 & full]'s e>?4 ,! /rata we h hi!rto trav]s$ are ( m>9e orig91 & conta9 fossil %ells1 fi%es1 ,cru/acea1 c41 & rema9s ( o!r inhabitants ( =m] oceans4 ,b we n[ ent] ^u ! s]ies ( riv] deposits#ghh :i* =m ! ,weald51 & conta9 ! relics ( t]re/rial or fre%-wat] animals & plants4 #ghh ,a limit$ int]calation ( a m>9e "* occurs 9 ! ,ha/+ ,s&s ( ,swanage ,bay2 ?is 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,c4 ,au/51 & is notic$ ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 vii4 p4 lix4 ,at ,horley ! weald clay appe>s1 & is succe$$ by s&1 s&/one1 & %ale1 to ,crawley4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! tunnel ( ! ,weald5 /rata1 we arrive at ,balcombe1 :]e s&/one 9 lam9 & 9 ?ick b$s1 hav+ ! surface at ! l9es ( junction cov]$ ) ripple m>ks1 is se5 on ea* side ! railroad2 ! dip ( ! /rata is to ! nor?-ea/4 ,aft] cross+ ! deep valley at ,balcombe1 ov] ! magnific5t viaduct1 ! l9e runs along alt]nations ( s& & clay1 dipp+ s\?-we/2 we h ?us pass$ ov] :at is t]m$ ! anticl9al axis ( ! ,weald54 ,arriv+ at ,hayw>d's ,hea? /ation1 ! tunnel exposes a good section ( ! ,weald5 s&1 s&/one1 %ale1 & blue m>l or oak-tree clay1 to a dep? ( ab\t ?irty-six y>ds4 ,! /rata are dispos$ 9 ! same ord] & ?ickness z 9 ! qu>ries ar\nd ,cuckfield2 namely1 fawn-col\r$ s& & s&/one1 l ^? ( ,little ,hor/$1 ) b$s ( calcif]\s grit or ,tilgate /one2 &1 b5ea?1 lay]s ( ! blue clay4 ,! /rata are v b>r5 9 organic rema9s2 sev]al h\rs' rese>* only af=d$ imp]fect vegetable relics1 su* z comm9ut$ /ems & leaves ( ! v>i\s species ( f]ns1 :i* occur 9 ,tilgate ,=e/ 7see ,wond4 p4 #cib74 ,"s ( ! grey lam9at$ s&/ones & %ales at ?is place v closely resemble c]ta9 /rata ( ! ,coal measures4 ,proce$+ ov] ! ,weald clay ) ! ,sussex m>ble ( ,/4 ,john's ,common1 ! l9e enc\nt]s ! ,l[] ,gre5s& ( ,sussex1 at ,/one-p\nd gate4 ,"h !n we quit ! fre%-wat] /rata ( ! ,weald51 & aga9 ent] ^u ! m>9e deposits ( ! ,*alk-=mation4 ,at ! foot ( ! nor!rn esc>pm5t ( ! ,s\? d[ns1 ! ,*alk is p5etrat$ at ! base ( ,clayton ,hill1 ! tunnel runn+ ?r\gh ! l[] memb]s ( ! ,*alk--! ,galt & ,*alk-m>l--& em]g+ at ,piecombe ?r\gh ! ,:ite ,*alk2 f !nce to ,brighton1 ! sections & tunnels int]sect or p]=ate ! same cretace\s deposits4 ,sid5ote3 ,,london ,,& ,,brighton ,,railway4 ,9 our trav]se we %all h se5 t ! v>i\s /rata cut ?r\gh1 are repeat$ on ! nor? & s\? ( a l9e drawn f ea/ to we/ ?r\gh ! ,=e/ ,ridge 7see ,wond4 ,geol4 ,map1 pl4 #a74 ,?us1 ! railroad has to pass ?r\gh two ranges ( *alk hills by tunnels ^? ( ,m]/ham & ,clayton2 two pr9cipal ridges ( ,weald5 /rata--at ,balcombe & ,hayw>d's ,hea?2 & ! ,%ankl9 or ,l[] ,gre5s& at ,r$ ,hill1 9 ,surrey1 & ne> ,hur/pi]po9t1 9 ,sussex4 ,!re is no railroad 9 ! k+dom t1 9 ! di/ance ( fifty miles1 exhibits geological ph5om5a ( great] v>iety or int]e/4 ,if ! /ud5t w ref] to ,wond4 p4 #cfb1 ! /ratification above po9t$ out w be bett] compreh5d$4 ,! sections visible on ! turnpike road f ,london to ,brighton are describ$1 ,wond4 p4 #cfc4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ,balcombe /ation w af=d "s sections ( easy access2 & f ,hayw>d s ,hea? /ation1 ,cuckfield is ab\t two miles di/ant4 ,! qu>ries on ! hill above t t[n 7 =m]ly v productive1 & ! usual ,weald5 fossils may /ill be obta9$2 namely1 ca/s ( sev]al species ( fre%-wat] %ells 7p4 #daf71 scales & tee? ( fi%es 7,lepidotus1 p4 #fjd71 bones ( reptiles1 & vegetable rema9s4 ,*ap4 ,,xxii4 ,,geological ,,/ructure ,,( ,,brighton ,,cliffs4 ,yes6 :]e ! huntsman w9ds 8 mat9 horn1 ,& ! c\*'d h>e b5ea? ! cov]t trembles2 ,:]e %eph]ds t5d _! flocks1 & gr[s ! corn2 ,:]e ,fa%ion on our gay ,p>ade assembles-- ,wild ,horses1 ,de]1 & ,elephants h /ray$1 ,tread+ b5ea? _! feet old ,ocean's races4 ,horace ,smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfg4 ,brighton ,cliffs1 ne> ,kempt[n1 ,f ! ,sea-%ore1 look+ ,ea/1 or t[>ds ,rott+dean4 a4--,! ,elephant-b$4 b4--,an anci5t ,sea-bea*1 compos$ ( %+le & b\ld]s ( granite1 porphyry1 c4 c4--,! ,*alk :i* =ms ! base ( ! cliff4 ,a /roll f ,kempt[n along ! sea-%ore to ,rott+dean is replete ) int]e/1 = ! /rata ( :i* ! cliffs are compos$ cle>ly demon/rate t 9 v remote p]iods great *anges h tak5 place 9 ! relative position ( ! sea & l& along ! ,sussex coa/4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 ! b>e face ( ! ,cliffs1 f ! entrance to ! esplanade ( ! ,*a9-pi] at ! ,old ,/eyne1 to ,kempt[n1 0 completely expos$1 & pres5t$ a mo/ int]e/+ section ( ! /rata4 ,b at ! pres5t "t1 z e "o kn[s1 no portion ( ! cliffs is visible we/ ( ! gro9 bel[ ,kempt[n & ! sections 9 my fir/ "w 7,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 pl4 iv4 & v47 are ! only records ( ! appe>ances =m]ly pres5t$1 & n[ conceal$ by ! sea-wall4 ,ev5 ! cliffs imm$iately beyond ,kempt[n are rapidly dim9i%+ f ! action ( ! waves1 :i* da% ) great] viol5ce aga9/ _! base 9 consequ5ce ( ! means tak5 to protect ! adjo9+ t]races f ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,cliffs ea/ ( ,kempt[n is %[n 9 ! sket*1 ,lign4 #bfg4 ,b fur!r along ! %ore1 t[>ds ,rott+dean1 9 a rav9e excavat$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea1 ! anci5t *alk-cliff beh9d ! mass ( /rata se5 above is expos$2 ?is is repres5t$ 9 ,lign4 #bfh4 ,a description ( ! appe>ances at ?is po9t w elucidate ! nature ( ! /rata ( :i* ^! cliffs are compos$4 ,^u exam9+ ! %ore at l[-wat]1 masses ( *alk1 cov]$ ) fuci 7sea-we$71 c4 are se5 protrud+ ?r\gh ! s&s2 & t[>ds ! base ( ! cliff a b$ ( sea-bea* is spread ^u ! s&2 a l[ wall or t]race ( :ite *alk con/itutes ! b\nd>y ( ?is %+le1 z se5 9 ,lign4 #bfg1 c4 ,?us we p]ceive1 t ! pres5t %ore is =m$ by ! cont9uation ( ! *alk /rata ( ! neighb\r+ ,d[ns1 p>tially cov]$ ) s& & bea*1 :i* are ! detritus ( ! fl9ts t h be5 wa%$ out ( previ\sly exi/+ lay]s ( *alk1 & gr\nd d[n by ! action ( ! waves4 ,n[1 along ! ea/]n "p ( ! coa/1 t[>ds ,rott+dean & ,ne:av51 ! *alk rises into mural precipices imm$iately f ! sea-%ore2 b at ?is place ! cliffs are compos$ ( v diff]5t mat]ials4#ghi #ghi ,wond4 p4 #aac2 & ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 vii4 pp4 #cfe1 #cif4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is1 ly+ imm$iately on ! t]race ( *alk t =ms ! b\nd>y-wall ( ! base ( ! cliff 7,lign4 #bfg1 c1 & ,lign4 #bfh1 c c171 a b$ ( s& 7d5ot$ by ! lett] o1 ,lign4 #bfh71 ( irregul> ?ickness & v>iable ext5t3 f ?is s& m>9e %ells & ! jaw ( a ,:ale 7see p4 #ggh71 h be5 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfh4 ,cliffs betwe5 ,kempt[n & ,rott+dean3 se5 f ! ,we/4 a4--,elephant-b$2 calc>e\s /rata1 conta9+ tee? & bones ( ,elephants4 b4--,anci5t ,%+le1 or sea-bea*4 o4--,r$ ( ,s&2 conta9+ bones ( ,:ales1 & m>9e %ells4 c1 c4--,/rata ( undi/urb$ ,*alk1 dipp+ t[>ds ! ,d[ns4 #b4 ,^u ! s& is a b$ ( loose %+le--a regul> sea-bea* appe>+ 9 no respect diff]5t1 to ! common obs]v]1 f t =m+ at ! foot ( ! cliffs at ! pres5t mom5t2 ?is b$ is m>k$ b1 9 ,lign4 #bfg1 & #bfh4 ,^u exam9+ ?is %+le1 x is f\nd to conta9 num]\s pebbles & b\ld]s ( granite1 porphyry1 sy5ite1 & o!r plutonic rocks 7see p4 #cd71 none ( :i* occur 9 ! pres5t bea*4 ,& 9 ?is anci5t %+le1 tee? & bones ( ext9ct species ( ,elephant1 ,horse1 & ,de] h be5 discov]$4 ,we h "h1 !n1 unque/ionable evid5ce t ?is bea* has be5 =m$ "u conditions altoge!r diff]5t f ^? :i* n[ prevail2 = n only is ?is %+le-b$ elevat$ above ! pres5t sea-level1 b its cont5ts are ( su* a nature z c\ld n h be5 ?r[n up by ! sea1 9 its pres5t relation to ! c\ntries t =m its %ores4 #c4 ,a s]ies ( loosely aggregat$ calc>e\s deposits1 obscurely /ratifi$1 re/s ^u ?is b$ ( %+le1 & =ms ! upp] portion ( ! cliff1 v>y+ 9 total ?ickness f fifty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,^! /rata are compos$ ( *alk rubble & loam1 ) fl9ts p>tially wat]-worn1 & b\ld]s & pebbles ( t]ti>y s&/one2 ! :ole promiscu\sly int]m+l$1 & deposit$ 9 ne>ly horizontal lay]s1 f "o to ?ree or f\r feet ?ick4 ,b ! face ( ! cliff g5]ally pres5ts a wea!r-worn & crumbl+ aspect1 & l>ge masses are con/antly fall+ d[n1 9 consequ5ce ( ! removal ( ! anci5t %+le1 by ! effects ( ! waves at ! spr+-tides4 ,f ! loose /ate ( aggregation ( ^! b$s1 ! fall5 masses are spe$ily wa%$ away1 b "h & !re blocks ( great h>dness1 prov9cially t]m$ ,coombe-rock1 rema9 ^u ! %ore2 &1 b a few ye>s s9ce1 !re 0 a gr\p ( high rocks ( ?is k9d ne> ! ,*a9-pi]4 ,?is compact conglom]ate has be5 produc$ simply by an infiltration ( calc>e\s sp>1 :i* has cem5t$ toge!r ! fragm5ts ( *alk1 fl9t1 c4 ,9 "s places1 ?is infiltration has rea*$ ! b$ ( anci5t %+le bel[1 & l>ge blocks are occasionally f\nd1 consi/+ ( pebbles ( fl9t1 granite1 c4 held toge!r by ve9s ( calc-sp>1 9 acicul> or ne$le-l cry/als4 ,9 ^! sp>ry conglom]ates1 ! tee? & bones ( ! mammalia previ\sly notic$ are sometimes f\nd4#gij #gij ,my daught] discov]$ "p ( ! l[] jaw ( a ,de]1 ) tee?1 imb$d$ 9 ?is conglom]ate1 9 a mass on ! %ore ne> ,rott+dean4 ,x is 9 ?is accumulation ( calc>e\s /rata t num]\s bones & tee? ( ! ,mammo?1 or fossil ,elephant1 h be5 discov]$2 ,i h !re=e designat$ x1 ! ,elephant-b$1 to di/+ui% x f o!r loose calc>e\s deposits4 ,z se5 imm$iately beyond ,kempt[n 7,lign4 #bfg71 ! cliffs appe> to be entirely compos$ ( ! mat]ials above describ$2 b f>!r on1 ! face ( ! anci5t *alk-cliff is expos$ 7see ,lign4 #bfh72 & if we ext5d our walk to ,rott+dean1 we f9d 9 _m places ! ,*alk alone =m+ ! pres5t cliff2 ! ,elephant-b$ & its associat$ %+le & s& hav+ be5 swept away4 ,a l de/ruction awaits ! rema9d] ( ^! int]e/+ deposits at no v di/ant p]iod4#gia #gia ,see ,foss4 ,s\? ,d4 p4 #bgg1 pl4 iv42 & ,geol4 ,s4 ,e4 p4 #cj2 ,wond4 p4 #aac4 ,aft] collect+ specim5s ( ! ,elephant-b$1 bo? ( ! friable v>ieties1 & ( ! coombe-rock1 & a few ( ! pebbles ( granite1 porphyry1 c4 f ! anci5t bea*1 & also "s ( ! s& b5ea? ! %+le1 to exam9e microscopically on our return home1 let u sit d[n on ?is mass ( fall5 *alk1 & consid] ! nature ( ^? *anges 9 ! relative position ( ! l& & sea1 :i* ! ph5om5a be=e u appe> to indicate4 ,we h se5 t ^! cliffs are compos$ ( ! foll[+ deposits3--#a4 ,! ,elephant-b$ 7,lign4 #bfg & #bfh1 a72 a s]ies ( calc>e\s /rata1 ) bones & tee? ( ,elephants1 ,horses1 ,de]1 & ,ox54 #b4 ,an anci5t sea-bea* 7b71 ) pebbles & b\ld]s ( plutonic rocks1 & bones ( mammalia2 & a b$ ( s& b5ea?1 9 :i* cetacea & mollusca 7app>5tly ( exi/+ species7 h be5 f\nd4 #c4 ,la/ly1 ! regul> ,*alk-/rata 7,lign4 #bfh1 c1 c71 ext5d+ f> out to sea4 ,^! appe>ances demon/rate ! foll[+ sequ5ce ( physical *anges1 namely-- #a/ly4 ,! ,*alk t]race 7c1 c71 on :i* ! anci5t %+le-b$ 7b7 re/s1 0 on a level ) ! sea = a long p]iod2 = ?is bea* mu/ h be5 =m$1 l ! mod]n1 by ! action ( ! waves on ! !n exi/+ *alk cliffs 7see ,lign4 #bfh1 ,*alk74 ,b !re mu/ h be5 "s cause 9 op]ation1 by :i* pebbles & b\ld]s ( granite1 porphyry1 & o!r rocks1 =eign to our %ores1 & bones ( ,elephants1 c4 7 ?r[n up on ! /r&1 & imb$d$ 9 ! bea* !n 9 ! progress ( =mation4 ,^! transport$ mat]ials may h be5 float$ to ! ,sussex coa/ by iceb]gs2 an ag5cy by :i* ! delicate bones & tee? might be deposit$ )\t injury1 al?\gh surr\nd$ by ! wat]-worn detritus 7see p4 #dc74 #b;dly4 ,! :ole l9e ( coa/1 ) ! anci5t %+le1 mu/ h subsid$ to su* a dep?1 z to h all[$ ( ! deposition ( ! calc>e\s /rata1 =m+ ! ,elephant-b$4 ,& f ! abs5ce ( gravel & bea*1 & ! circum/ance ( ! *alk-rubble1 ( :i* !y are l>gely compos$1 (t5 pres5t+ angul> fragm5ts1 x w\ld appe> t ?is deposition took place 9 "s tranquil bay or inl& sea4 ,la/ly4 ,! l& 0 elevat$ to its pres5t level2 & at ?is p]iod ! =mation ( ! exi/+ sea-bea* & l9e ( cliffs comm5c$4 ,! read] mu/ n conclude1 f our rem>ks be+ re/rict$ to ! cliffs be=e u1 t ! ph5om5a "h contemplat$ 7 limit$ to ?is di/rict2 on ! contr>y1 if our space w\ld p]mit1 x might be %[n t !y are ref]able to ext5sive geological *anges1 :i* took place 9 ! p]iod imm$iately antec$5t to ! pres5t4 ,9 all ! valleys ( ! ,s\?-ea/ & ,ea/ ( ,engl& t op5 into ! sea1 traces1 m or less ext5sive & important1 ( simil> deposits exi/4 ,! level pla91 call$ ! ,/eyne1 at ,brighton1 is entirely =m$ ( ! ,elephant-b$1 :i* ext5ds up ! valley to ,pre/on & ,pat*am2 9 ! latt] place bones & tee? ( ,elephants h be5 f\nd4 ,at ,s\?b\rn1 ! pla9 at ! foot ( ! ,*alk hills1 call$ ,! ,wi%1 conta9+ rema9s ( ! ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 & ,hippopotamus1 evid5tly belongs to ! same epo*4 ,at ,folk/one1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c>r has discov]$ l>ge blocks ( ,coombe-rock1 & ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,mackie abundance ( bones2 & at ,dov]1 above ! ,*alk1 simil> masses occur4 ,on ! opposite coa/ ( ,franco !re are also indications ( ^! deposits4 ,all ^! ph5om5a are no d\bt connect$ ) ! occurr5ce ( imm5se quantities ( mammalian rema9s 9 ! sup]ficial loam1 c4 on ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,engl&1 & are ref]able to ! same geological epo*4 ,imb$d$ 9 ! ,*alk1 :i* is expos$ at l[ wat] along ! %ore1 v l>ge ,ammonites may sometimes be f\nd betwe5 ,kempt[n & ,rott+dean2 & num]\s examples ( fossil sponges & o!r amorphozoa 7p4 #bai74 ,! tee? & bones ( mammalia are r>e 9 ^! cliffs1 & x is n probable t any w be obta9$ 9 a fir/ visit2 b f ! fi%]m5 & boys se5 /roll+ along ! %ore1 specim5s may (t5 be pur*as$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,geological ,,notes ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,places ,,on ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railroad1 ,,f ,,london ,,to ,,clifton4 ,t spl5did railway1 ! ,great ,we/]n1 by :i* ! geologi/ may be transport$ 9 five or six h\rs f ! ,t]ti>y /rata ( ! metropolis to ! magnific5t cliffs ( ,m\nta9 lime/one at ,clifton1 exposes 9 its c\rse sev]al f9e sections1 & passes )9 a mod]ate di/ance ( "s int]e/+ localities ( organic rema9s4 ,?is railroad trav]ses ! ,t]ti>y /rata by ,eal+1 ,hanwell1 & ,sl\gh1 ent]+ ! ,*alk ne> ,maid5head1 & pursu+ r a circuit\s r\te to ,wall+=d1 beyond :i* /ation x passes ov] ! ,oolite1 & displays "s bold sections ( ! lime/ones & clays ( t =mation4 ,ne> ,ba? x em]ges on ! ,lias1 & cross+ a n>r[ belt ( ! ,new ,r$1 passes on to ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ! ,bri/ol coal measures4#gib ,9 ?is r\te1 !re are f\r places p>ticul>ly des]v+ a visit f ! geological /ud5t1 & collector ( organic rema9s1 namely1 ,f>r+don1 ,sw9don1 ,ca9e1 & ,*ipp5ham4 #gib ,see ,geological ,map ( ,engl&4 ,visit to ,f>r+don4--,! railway /ation is rea*$ 9 f two to two & a half h\rs f ,london2 & an omnibus meets ! morn+ & ev5+ tra9s1 to convey pass5g]s to ! t[n ( ,f>r+don1 :i* is ab\t five miles di/ant4#gic ,!re are two ,inns 9 ! t[n1 ! ,cr[n & ! ,bell1 :]e com=table accommodation may be obta9$4 #gic ,z !re is n a conveyance f ,f>r+don to meet e tra9 t /ops at ! /ation1 ! visitor :o objects to a long walk %\ld previ\sly asc]ta9 ! "t :5 ! omnibus or coa* does arrive1 & select a tra9 accord+ly4 ,! t[n is situat$ 9 a valley1 betwe5 ,f>r+don ,hill1 an em95ce se5 f a consid]able di/ance 9 ! approa* f ,ox=d1 & ,badbury ,hill 7see ,lign4 #bfi74 ,a small /ream divides ! t[n into two ti?+s1 call$ ,port & ,we/-port1 & fl[s into ! ,?ames on ! nor?4 ,! summits ( ! highe/ em95ces ne> ,f>r+don consi/ ( b$s ( s& & gravel1 re/+ on ,coral ,bag & ,kimm]idge ,clay1 & belong+ to ! ,cretace\s =mation1 be+ ! littoral deposits 9 ?is area ( "s sea ( t p]iod4 ,! ,l[] ,gre5 or ,%ankl9 ,s&1 ! ,galt1 ,*alk-m>l1 & ,*alk successively appe> 9 ! valley bel[ ,coxwell ,furze up to ! ,:ite ,horse ,d[ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,,excursion ,,to ,,f>r+don4 ,i h n obs]v$ any organic rema9s 9 ! /rata on ! top ( ,f>r+don & ,badbury ,hills1 b f ! pits 9 ! l[ c\ntry num]\s fossil sponges & o!r amorphozoa 7see pp4 #bbg-bbi7 maybe obta9$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ productive gravel-pits1 z !y are "h t]m$1 is situat$ on ! road to ,little ,coxwell1 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile f ,f>r+don4 ,x lies on ! left ( ! road lead+ to ! pretty village ( ,%riv5ham4 ,9 ?is pit1 ! /rata consi/ ( a co>se aggregate ( silice\s p>ticles1 ) "s l5ticul> masses 9 ! /ate ( compact conglom]ate2 ! l[] b$s are ( a :iti% grey1 ! upp] ( a deep f]rug9\s col\r4 ,! ,w9dmill public-h\se1 close by1 is kept by ! own] ( ! pit 7,pant+71 & specim5s ( ! petrifi$ salt-cell>s 7see p4 #bbh7 & o!r sponges may g5]ally be obta9$ ( ! inmates2 b ! collector1 9 a few h\rs1 w be able to ga!r an ext5sive & int]e/+ collection2 ! pick-hamm]1 ,lign4 #bff1 fig4 #b1 w be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t in/rum5t4 ,!re are two o!r pits )9 a mod]ate di/ance ( ,pant+ s pit1 :i* are also ri* 9 fossils4 ,! pr9cipal organic rema9s to be obta9$ f ^! b$s are ! zoophytes figur$ p4 #bbg1 & ,wond4 p4 #fcg4 ,! read] %\ld recollect t ! beautiful cup-%ap$ sponge1 ,*55dopora fungi=mis 7,lign4 #ga71 is ! petrifi$ salt-cell> ( ! qu>ry-m54 ,z _m specim5s z possible ( ! int]e/+ coral1 ,v]ticellipora 7p4 #bbg1 ,lign4 #gj1 fig4 #d17 %\ld be procur$1 to exam9e ! int]nal /ructure at leisure4 ,! cup-%ap$ sponges %\ld be collect$ uncle>$1 = !y are (t5 full ( m9ute corals1 %ells1 e*9ital sp9es1 c4 ,!re are also num]\s specim5s to be met ) ( ,t]ebratul1 ,o/re1 ,nautili1 & o!r %ells2 also roll$ ,belemnites f ! ,oolite1 & bones ( ,plesiosauri & ,i*?yosauri4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bfi4 ,section ( ! /rata at ,f>r+don1 ,b]ks2 f ,f>r+don ,hill to ! ,*alk ,d[ns on ! ,s\?4 ,! summits ( ,f>r+don & ,bradbury ,hills1 & ,coxwell ,furze1 are =m$ ( s&s & gravels ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod4 ,! l9es on ! ,corall9e ,oolite are n int5d$ to d5ote ! dip ( ! /rata4 ,note3--,see ,memoirs on ! ,f>r+don ,s&s1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,c4 ,au/51 9 ,qu>t4 ,geol4 ,j\rn4 vol4 vi4 & by ,mr4 ,d4 ,%>pe1 ibid4 vol4 x4 ,fossils ( ! ,corall9e ,oolite4--,at a %ort di/ance f ! t[n !re is a l>ge qu>ry ( ,coral-rag1 call$ ,lamb-close-pit1 f :i* ,cid>ites 7p4 #caf7 & sp9es1 & sev]al species ( corals & %ells may be procur$4 ,occasionally ,ammonites & ,belemnites are met ) 9 ! lime/one at ?is place4 ,/an=d pit1 ab\t ?ree miles s\?-ea/ ( ,f>r+don1 is well wor?y ( a visit2 x consi/s ( ! foll[+ /rata3-- #a4 ,upp]mo/2 ,coral-rag1 ?ree & a half feet4 #b4 ,lime/one1 conta9+ an abundance ( %ells1 p>ticul>ly ( ,trigoni 7p4 #dab71 c4 f\r & a half feet4 #c4 ,portl& s&1 ( an olive-gre5 col\r1 ?ree feet4 #d4 ,kimm]idge clay4 ,"s %ells are extremely num]\s2 pr9cipally ( ! g5]a ,trigonia1 ,g]villia1 ,pect51 ,o/rea1 ,t]ebratula1 c42 f9e ,belemnites also occur4 ,! oolitic /ructure is v app>5t 9 ! upp] b$s ( lime/one4 ,sw9don1 ,wilts4--,f\rte5 miles beyond ! ,f>r+don /ation ( ! railway1 we arrive at t ( ,sw9don4 ,ab\t a mile f ?is /ation1 on ! ris+ gr\nd to ! s\?1 /&s ! little1 & =m]ly retir$1 t[n ( ,sw9don4 ,"h1 :5 a s*oolboy1 my curiosity 0 /rongly excit$ by ! s-call$ petrifi$ ram's horns1 & oak1 s abundant 9 ! solid masses ( /one 9 ! neighb\r+ qu>ries1 & :i* daily came "u my notice 9 my rambles ar\nd ! t[n4 ,x is inde$ a locality mo/ prolific 9 ! ,ammonites & o!r %ells1 & 9 ! fossil wood peculi> to ! upp] division ( ! ,oolite =mation--! ,portl& b$s2 ! hill on :i* ! t[n is built consi/+ ( ^? /rata2 ! ,kimm]idge ,clay1 on :i* !y re/1 is expos$ 9 ! railway cutt+s 9 ! valley on ! nor?4 ,!re are two little ,inns1 ! ,bell & ! ,godd>d ,arms1 :]e ! visitor may meet ) accommodation4 ,! qu>ries1 :i* are 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! t[n1 ab\nd 9 ,ammonites1 ,trigoni1 & o!r %ells3 & "s lay]s are entirely compos$ ( ! ca/s ( sev]al species4 ,! ,ammonites are pr9cipally ( two k9ds1 viz4 ,a4 biplex & ,a4 triplicatus1 & v>y 9 size f a few in*es to upw>ds ( ?ree feet 9 diamet]2 ! specim5s are ca/s only1 no ve/iges ( ! %ells rema9+4 ,at ,aylesbury ! same species occur 9 clay1 ) ! %ells entire 7see p4 #dha74 ,a l>ge collection may be made 9 a few h\rs2 & f "s ( ! qu>ry-m5 ! less common =ms may probably be obta9$4 ,ca/s ( ! bivalves call$ ,g]villia & ,p]na ab\nd 9 ! qu>ry on ! "r h& ( ! road4 ,i h collect$ f ?is place1 9 addition to ^? above m5tion$1 ca/s ( ! g5]a ,bucc9um1 ,c>dium1 ,cy!rea or ,v5us1 ,n]ita1 ,t]ebra1 ,pulla/ra1 ,pect52 & ( ! l>ge species ( ,pleurotom>ia :i* occurs 9 ! ,kimm]idge clay ( ,h>twell1 ) ! %ell p]fect 7p4 #dbh72 also v]tebr ( ,i*?yosauri4 ,a section ( ! /rata f ,sw9don to ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! *alk hills w\ld pass ov]1 9 succession1--#a4 ,portl& ,oolite2 #b4 ,l[] ,gre5s&2 #c4 ,galt2 #d4 ,upp] ,gre5s&2 #e4 ,*alk-m>l2 &1 #f4 ,*alk4 ,sid5ote3 ,,excursion ,,to ,,*ipp5ham ,,& ,,calne4 ,*ipp5ham & ,calne4--,9 f ?ree & a half to f\r h\rs ! travell] f ,london rea*es ! t[n ( ,*ipp5ham1 n9ety-?ree miles f ,london1 & situat$ on ! ,ox=d clay2 ! locality :]e ,mr4 ,william ,bye obta9$ ^? int]e/+ specim5s ( ,belemnoteu?is1 t conta9 ve/iges ( ! s(t bodies & arms 7see page #dei1 & ,lign4 #ade74 ,calne1 ab\t six miles f ,*ipp5ham1 /&s on ,oolitic lime/one2 & ! qu>ries ar\nd ! t[n h long be5 celebrat$ = ! p]fection & abundance ( _! fossil rema9s2 p>ticul>ly ( v>i\s species ( ! turban e*9ites 7,cid>ites1 see p4 #caf71 & _! sp9es4 ,a day or two at ea* ( ^! t[ns w be well sp5t by ! geologi/ & ! collector ( organic rema9s4 ,ba? & ,bri/ol4--,! imm$iate vic9ities ( ^! cities are ri* 9 int]e/+ localities = ! geologi/4 ,a visit to ! public museums 9 ,ba? & ,bri/ol _c fail to gratify ! /ud5t1 & w at once po9t out to him ! places mo/ wor?y 8 exam9ation4 ,t ( ,bri/ol is admirably arrang$1 & conta9s1 among o!r treasures1 ! specim5 ( fossil ,squaloraia 7see p4 #eif72 ! rema9s ( ! reptiles ( ! magnesian conglom]ate1 ! ,!codontosaurus 7p4 #gac72 & ! celebrat$ collection ( ,cr9oidea 7p4 #bhc7 =m$ by ! late ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,excursion ,,to ,,clifton4 ,clifton4--,! /up5d\s rocks ( m\nta9 lime/one :i* flank bo? sides ( ! ,avon 9 its c\rse f ,clifton to ! ,sev]n are too well kn[n to r5d] a g5]al description necess>y1 & our limits w n admit ( details4 ,! geological /ud5t %\ld fir/ obta9 a c\p d'il ( ! appe>ance & position ( ! /rata1 by sail+ d[n to ! emb\*ure ( ! riv] 9 a /eam-packet1 & aft]w>ds visit on foot ! mo/ int]e/+ localities4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 ne> ! ,black ,rock1 ! tee? ( sev]al k9ds ( fi%es ( ! g5]a ,psammodus 7p4 #ehg71 ,hybodus 7p4 #eia71 ,c]atodus 7p4 #ehg71 c4 may be obta9$1 & %ells & corals ( ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,poli%$ specim5s ( ! corall9e m>bles may be pur*as$ at ! %ops4 ,porti%ead1 a pretty little village on ! s\?-ea/ bank ( ! ,sev]n1 is well wor? a visit2 &1 by go+ 9 ! morn+ /eam] & return+ 9 ! ev5+1 sev]al h\rs may be agreeably sp5t along ! %ore bel[ ! hotel2 & fossil plants & %ells1 f ! blocks ( mill/one grit1 & num]\s rock specim5s may be collect$4 ,a sail to ,*ep/[1 & up ! ,wye z f> z ,t9t]n ,abbey1 return+ on foot1 or 9 a c>riage1 by ,pi]cefield to ,*ep/[1 is an excursion replete ) ! highe/ int]e/ & enjoym5t4 ,! picturesque beauties ( ! ,wye are dep5d5t1 l ^? ( ,clifton & ,matlock1 on ! disruptions :i* ! /rata ( m\nta9 lime/one h su/a9$4 ,! magnific5t sc5]y z we pass up ! riv]1 & ! int]e/+ associations connect$ ) ! ru9s ( ,t9t]n ,abbey1 _c fail to delight ! travell]2 b ! en*ant+ sc5e t bur/s ^u ! sight f ! heights ( ,pi]cefield is magnific5t 9 ! extreme1 & equal to ! gr&e/ views on ! ,rh9e4 ,look+ d[n f ^? elevat$ p9nacles ( rock1 :i* are cov]$ ) ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation1 & cre/$ ) =e/s ( p9e1 oak1 & bee*1 we p]ceive ! ,wye pursu+ its tortu\s c\rse at our feet1 & w9d+ along1 ar\nd promontories ( lime/one1 t[>ds ,*ep/[2 :ile imm$iately beyond1 & app>5tly sep>at$ f ! opposite bank ( ! riv] only by a precipit\s ramp>t or m\nta9 lime/one1 ! ,sev]n appe>s z a va/ inl& sea1 b\nd$ 9 ! remote di/ance by ! c\ntry ar\nd ,gl\ce/]1 & ext5d+ on ! "r to ! ,bri/ol ,*annel4 ,among o!r int]e/+ geological sites )9 a few miles ( ,clifton & ,bri/ol1 may be m5tion$-- #a4 ,au/ ,cliff2 a section ( ! ,lias1 f :i* _m int]e/+ fossils h be5 procur$4 #b4 ,banwell ,cave2 :i* is p>ticul>ly des]v+ ( exam9ation 7see p4 #hji74 #c4 ,*$d> ,cliffs2 :i* are equally int]e/+ to ! geologi/ & to ! lov] ( picturesque sc5]y4 ,!y are ab\t tw5ty miles f ,bri/ol2 & a c>riage & pair w be requir$1 if ! visitor int5ds to return ! same day4 ,! be/ arrangem5t is to visit ! cav]n at ,banwell1 rema9 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n ! foll[+ night1 & make an excursion to ,*$d> ,cliffs ! next day4 ,!re has lately be5 op5$ at ,*$d> a cav]n :i* surpasses 9 ! beauty ( its /alactites any hi!rto discov]$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,conybe>e /ates1 t x is ! only "o t at all realizes any idea we h ( ! f>-fam$ ,grotto ( ,antip>os4 ,x consi/s ( "o gr& ar*1 or por*1 & ?ree or f\r lat]al bran*es & n>r[ fissures1 ab\t t5 or twelve feet broad1 & f ?irty to =ty feet high1 ve/$ & drap$ ) ! mo/ fanta/ic hang+s ( /alactite4 ,! floor is a mass ( /alagmite1 cov]+ a b$ ( gravel ( ! m\nta9 lime/one1 :i* fills up ab\t t5 feet ( ! bottom4 ,i am n aw>e t any fossil bones h be5 obs]v$4 ,:5 visit+ ,banwell1 inquiry %\ld be made if !re be any ,cave at ,hutton accessible to ! visitor4 ,! above rem>ks mu/ be reg>d$ only z sugge/ions2 = x w\ld require a volume to p>ticul>ize ! geological objects ( int]e/ )9 a %ort di/ance ( ,bri/ol4 ,! coal-m9es 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ba? & ,bri/ol %\ld be visit$1 & fossil plants collect$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,geological ,,excursion ,,to ,,matlock4 ------ ,9 fam$ ,attica su* lovely dales ,are r>ely se52 nor c fair ,temp boa/ ,a *>m !y "k n4 ,"l ,byron4 ,! beautiful & romantic ,dale ( ,matlock1 al?\gh "o hundr$ & =ty-two miles di/ant1 is n[ br\ght )9 n9e h\rs ( ! metropolis4 ,leav+ ,london f ! ,eu/on-squ>e /ation ( ! ,birm+ham ,railway1 at elev5 o'clock 7tak+ ! precaution to h a ticket t w ensure a passage f ,rugby by ! ,midl& ,c\nties ,railroad to ,d]by71 we pass ov] 9 succession ! clays1 s&s1 & b$s ( gravel1 compos+ ! ,t]ti>y /rata ( ! ,london bas92 & at ,wat=d1 /eep cutt+s ( ^! deposits are se5 on ea* side ( ! /ation4 ,a long tunnel ?r\gh ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,h]t=d%ire is !n pass$2 & at ,tr+ we arrive at ! t]m9ation ( ! ,*alk1 & obta9 a f9e view ( ! nor?-we/ esc>pm5t ( ! ,d[ns1 :i* is se5 ext5d+ on ! "r t[>ds ,iv+hoe1 & atta9+ an elevation ( #ijj feet4 ,! railway !n proce$s ov] ! ,*alk-m>l1 ,galt1 & ,l[] ,gre5s&1 to ne> ,leighton1 :]e ^! memb]s ( ! ,cretace\s sy/em are succe$$ by ! ,oolite ( ,buck+ham%ire & ,nor?ampton%ire2 & ! l9e crosses ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal ne> ! em]g5ce ( ! ,lias2 ! ,rugby /ation be+ situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( t =mation4 ,we !n ent] ! ,midl& ,c\nties l9e1 & pass on to ,/oney ,/anton1 :]e ! ,lias t]m9ates1 & ! ,triassic or ,new ,r$ /rata appe>2 proce$+ t[>ds ,leice/]1 clays & m>ls ( a dull r$ col\r1 d5ot+ ! ,triassic deposits1 con/itute ! slopes on ea* side ! railway4 ,z we approa* ,leice/]1 ! craggy summits ( ,*>nwood ,=e/ appe> 9 ! di/ance ,on ! left1 ) "h & !re an isolat$ conical hill1 indicat+ ! protrud$ masses ( granite1 porphyry1 & sy5ite1 :i* belong to ! gr\p ( plutonic rocks ( ! c5tral c\nty ( ,engl&4 ,! granitic mass ( ,m\nt ,sorel is se5 along ! railway f ,sileby to ,b>r[1 ,*>nwood ,=e/ appe>+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,leav+ ,leice/] = ,d]by1 ! r\te cont9ues along ,triassic /rata2 & a good section ( ! v>iegat$ m>ls1 ) ve9s ( :ite fibr\s gypsum1 may be obs]v$ at ,r$ ,hill1 :]e a %ort tunnel p]=ates a ridge ( ! same deposits4 ,! railroad !n em]ges on ! v]dant alluvial pla9 ?r\gh :i* ! ,tr5t1 its wat]s increas$ by ! conflu5ce ( ! ,dove & ! ,so>1 pursues its c\rse t[>ds ! nor?1 & jo9s ! ,humb] at ,alkbor\gh1 :5ce ! unit$ /reams fl[ on1 & empty !mselves into ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,at ,d]by1 :]e ! tra9 arrives at half-pa/ five1 half an h\r is all[$ = d9n]2 & we !n proce$ by ! ,nor? ,midl& l9e1 by ,duffield & ,help]1 ?r\gh a beautiful valley wat]$ by ! ,d]w5t1 :i* is se5 w9d+ its way t[>ds ,d]by4 ,! high gr\nds skirt+ ?is valley are compos$ ( ! mill/one-grit & s&/one ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em 7see p4 #ca74 ,t5 miles beyond ,d]by1 we arrive at ,amb] ,gate /ation1 :]e an omnibus & o!r conveyances are 9 wait+1 to convey pass5g]s to ,crom=d & ,matlock4#gid #gid ,z x frequ5tly happ5s t m pass5g]s are br\ght by ! tra91 ?an ! omnibus or coa* c convey1 "s activity is necess>y to secure an outside place1 :i* x is mo/ desirable = ! s geological t\ri/ to possess1 t he may comm& a good view ( ! spl5did sc5]y1 :i* w be con/antly op5+ on 8 sight1 ?r\gh ! romantic pass t leads to ,matlock4 ,sid5ote3 ,,excursion ,,to ,,matlock ,,dale4 ,! road f ,amb] ,gate leads ?r\gh a succession ( picturesque sc5es ( surpass+ beauty4 ,at ,:at/&well-bridge#gie 7see ,lign4 #bgc71 ov] :i* ! ,d]w5t is cross$1 ! view is mo/ impos+4 ,! riv] is se5 rapidly pursu+ its c\rse betwe5 ri*ly wood$ rav9es1 fr+$ ) luxuriant foliage to ! wat]'s edge4#gif ,z we advance1 ! bold m\nta9 ridge ( ,cri* ,hill appe>s on ! light1 ) ! village ( ,holl[ay at a consid]able elevation1 & ,lea ,mills ne> ! base ( ! range2 :ile on ! left are ! hills & ov]hang+ woods ( ,ald]wasley4 ,asc5d+ to ! ,inn at ,crom=d1 ! road turns sudd5ly to ! "r1 & by an op5+ cut ?r\gh a mass ( /rata tw5ty feet ?ick1 call$ ,sc>?+ ,rock1 conducts to ! s\!rn entrance ( ,matlock ,dale4 ,on pass+ ?is *asm1 ! glori\s features ( ?is en*ant+ region bur/ on ! view4 ,on ! ea/ is a range ( lime/one cliffs1 ri*ly wood$1 ) ,will]sley ,ca/le1 ! seat ( ! ,arkwrights1 embosom$ 9 trees on a comm&+ em95ce2 & on ! we/1 a rocky precipice1 cre/$ ) =e/s1 & its sides p>tially cov]$ ) copses & bru%wood2 :ile ! riv]1 da%+ ?r\gh ! rav9e on ! "r1 completes ! magic ( ! picture-- ,s wond'r\s wild1 ! :ole might seem4 ,! sc5]y ( a fairy dream4 ,lady ( ! ,lake4 #gie ,hot/&well 9 ! guide-books2 ,:at/&well 9 ! ,ordnance ,map4 #gif ,! p$e/rian %\ld alight at ! little ,inn at ,:at/&well1 & walk on to ,matlock ! foll[+ morn+4 ,at ! di/ance ( ab\t half a mile1 we pass ! toll-gate1 & a bold mural precipice ( m\nta9 lime/one sudd5ly appe>s on ! ea/]n bank ( ! riv]2 :ile on ! we/]n1 a /eep slope1 clo!d ) v]dure1 rises rapidly to ! l(ty p9e-clad em95ce call$ ,masson ,hill1 an elevation ( upw>ds ( #a1jjj feet4 ,! base ( ?is m\nta9 /ret*es directly across ! dale 9 front1 & app>5tly pres5ts a b>ri] to an egress f ! valley on ! nor?2 b z we advance1 ! road is se5 to w9d r\nd its foot by a defile along ! left bank ( ! riv]2 & ! magnific5t rock call$ ! ,high ,tor rises 9 maje/ic gr&eur on ! "r4 ,! valley n[ gradually exp&s1 &1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t two & a half miles f ! entrance at ,sc>?+'s rock1 t]m9ates 9 ! *ampaign c\ntry beyond ,matlock village4#gig ,f ! precipit\s nature ( ! esc>pm5t ( m\nta9 lime/one :i* =ms ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! dale1 ! build+s at ,matlock ,ba? are conf9$ to ! left or we/]n side ( ! ,d]w5t1 & are scatt]$ "h & !re among ! trees1 on ! project+ plots & t]races =m$ by ! fall5 cliffs ( s&/one1 :i*1 dur+ ! lapse ( ages1 h become p>tially dis9tegrat$ & are m or less conceal$ by vegetable soil2 ! project+ rocks are cov]$ ) li*5s1 mosses1 & f]ns4 #gig ,! prop] "n ( ! hamlet 9 ! valley1 g5]ally call$ ,matlock1 is ,matlock ,ba?4 ,! hotels1 ( :i* !re are sev]al1 are all delightfully situat$2 b ! ,temple ,hotel1 :i* /&s on a t]race on ! side ( ,masson ,hill1 ab\t a hundr$ feet above ! riv]1 has ! pref]5ce 9 my e/imation2 its elevat$ situation1 its seclusion f ! noise & bu/le ( ! village1 & its b[]s & h$ge-r[s ( sweet-bri> & roses1 imp>t+ a "* ( sylvan beauty to ! spot1 peculi>ly grateful to ! travell] :o wi%es to enjoy a quiet soj\rn at ,matlock ,dale4 ,! local guide-books af=d ! necess>y in=mation to direct ! visitor to ! celebrat$ picturesque spots ( ?is beautiful region2 our imm$iate object is to po9t out ! mo/ important geological ph5om5a4#gih #gih ,! book entitl$ ,! ,gem ( ! ,peak1 by ,w4 ,adams1 price ,is41 & ! ,brief ,rem>ks on ! ,geology & ,botany ( ,d]by%ire1 by ! same au?or1 price #as41 w be f\nd to conta9 mu* valuable in=mation4 ,! ,d]by%ire ,t\ri/'s ,guide1 ) plates1 #hvo41 by ,e4 ,rhodes1 price #fs41 is a delightful h&-book4 ,sid5ote3 ,,london ,,to ,,matlock4 ,geological ,position ( ,matlock ,dale4--,t ! read] may cle>ly compreh5d ! geological "* ( ! romantic di/rict 9 :i* he is n[ situat$1 we w briefly enum]ate ! sev]al =mations ov] :i* we pass$1 9 our rapid transit f ,london2 by ! aid ( ! geological map1 ! foll[+ description w be easily compreh5d$4 ,our r\te f ! metropolis comm5c$ f ! c5tre ( ! ,t]ti>y /rata1 ^u :i* ,london is situat$1 & :i* fills up an ext5sive depression or bas9 9 ! ,*alk2 we !n pass$ ov]1 or r 7by ! tunnel7 ?r\gh ! nor?-we/ b\nd>y ( ! ,*alk bas91 & successively came ^u ! ,portl& /one & o!r b$s ( ! ,oolite1 & ! ,lias2 ! /rata ( ^! =mations successively ris+ f b5ea? ea* o!r z we proce$$4 ,9 ,leice/]%ire1 ! b$s ( ! ,new ,r$ or ,triassic =mation em]g$ f "u ! ,lias2 & at ! ,tr5t ,junction ! nature ( ! deposits 0 conceal$ by ! alluvial pla9s ( ! riv]4 ,beyond ,d]by1 we ent]$ ^u /rata ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 ! ,mill/one grits & s&/ones1 & f9ally rea*$ ! ,m\nta9 lime/one & its associat$ ,magnesian lime/ones1 :i* compose ! m\nta9\s di/rict ( ,d]by%ire4 ,! foll[+ diagram w s]ve to illu/rate ?is description4 ,illu/ration ,! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,matlock is1 !re=e1 a region ( ,c>bonif]\s lime/one & mill/one /rata1 :i*1 z we h previ\sly expla9$ 7see p4 #ca71 are ( m>9e orig92 & ^? b$s t conta9 organic rema9s ab\nd 9 ext9ct species ( %ells & cr9oidea4 ,^! rocks are also ! gr& depository ( ! ores ( lead 7see ,wond4 p4 #fha71 calam9e1 c41 & conta9 a v>iety ( m9]als ( great beauty & int]e/4 ,?is di/rict has also be5 ! !atre1 9 v remote p]iods1 ( great physical *anges1 & ! /rata h be5 upheav$ & displac$ by volcanic action1 ! solid rocks r5t asund]1 & b$s ( m9]al sub/ances1 r5d]$ fluid by int5se heat1 h be5 inject$ betwe5 ! lay]s1 & into ! fissures ( ! s$im5t>y /rata2 to ^! revolutions1 ! pres5t bold & picturesque features ( ! c\ntry are attributable4 ,"h !n are ph5om5a replete ) ! highe/ int]e/2 ! v b$s ( lava may /ill be se5--! r5ts & fissures caus$ by _! explosive action1 & n[ l9$ ) ri* metallic ores & sp>s1 may be exam9$--& ! !rmal wat]s1 ris+ 9 p]petual f\nta9s f an incalculable dep?1 te/ify t ! int]nal fires1 ! s\rces ( ^! cata/rophes1 ?\gh lat5t1 are n ext+ui%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,matlock ,,incru/+ ,,spr+s4 ,a ,walk to ! ,incru/+ ,spr+s4--,! s-call$ petrify+ spr+s & wells ( ,d]by%ire are celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,engl& = ! incru/$ birds' ne/s1 baskets1 c4 :i* are v g5]ally pur*as$ by visitors1 z mem5tos ( a trip into ?is c\nty4 ,! nature ( ?is deposition ( calc>e\s matt] has already be5 expla9$ 7see p4 #ci2 & ,wond4 p4 #ge72 &1 al?\gh ! objects above m5tion$ are sc>cely wor?y ( notice1 ! natural op]ations by :i* ! tufa & trav]t9e are produc$1 are extremely int]e/+4#gii #gii ,if ! proprietors ( ^! spr+s c\ld be induc$ to foll[ ! example ( ! ,italians at ,san ,filippo 7see ,wond4 p4 #ge71 or ( ! ,fr5*1 9 ,auv]gne1 or ! ,g]mans at ,c>lsbad1 elegant bas-reliefs & o!r beautiful objects might be obta9$1 = ! incru/+ p[] ( ! ,matlock wat]s is v consid]able4 ,our fir/ /roll %all !re=e be to ! b$s ( tufa :i* h be5 =m$ 9 remote ages by ?is op]ation & :i* n[ con/itute ! t]race on :i* ! ,old ,ba? & two o!r hotels1 & ! elegant mod]n ,*ur* are situat$4 ,proce$+ f our ,inn1 ! tuface\s rock may be se5 protrud+ 9 masses on ! "r h&1 9 front ( ! beautiful p>t]res ( ! hotels2 & ^u cross+ ! road1 :]e a n>r[ pa? leads d[n to ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & ne>ly opposite to ! new *ur*1 ! l[] b$s ( tufa are expos$ 9 a qu>ry1 f :i* l>ge blocks ( ! co>se1 por\s /one are extract$ = grotto & rock-"w4 ,f ?is spot ,i collect$ v f9e impressions ( ! foliage ( ! oak1 elm1 & hazel1 leaves ( add]'s tongue 7scolop5drium71 c4 & l>ge portions ( moss1 beautifully incru/$4#hjj #hjj ,i c\ld n obta9 any specim5s ( ?is k9d f ! qu>ry-m5 nor f ! %ops or museums1 z !y are t]m$2 su* objects n be+ deem$ curiosities by ! good folks ( ,matlock2 & ! workm5 =bade me to se>* = m 9 ! qu>ry6 ,! orig9 ( ?is deposit ( tufa1 :i* cov]s s huge an area along ! we/]n flank ( ! m\nta9 range ( ,masson ,hill1 is attributable to ! !rmal spr+s hav+1 at "s v remote p]iod1 issu$ f a mu* high] s\rce ?an at pres5t1 & fl[+ d[n ! side ( ! hill into ! riv] at its foot1 ! wat]1 z x cool$1 deposit$ ! lime ) :i* x 0 *>g$ on ! /ems1 bran*es1 leaves1 & o!r extrane\s bodies4 ,at ?is "t ! spr+s escape f crevices 9 ! rocks at an elevation ( ab\t "o hundr$ feet above ! b$ ( ! riv]2 ! wat]s1 at _! s\rce1 h a temp]ature ( f #ff to #fh1 & conta9 free c>bonic acid & m9ute quantities ( muriates & sulphates ( magnesia1 lime1 & soda4 ,_! orig9 is n[ conceal$1 & ! wat] conduct$ by pipes to ! v>i\s ba?s & f\nta9s2 b :]ev] a rill escapes1 & fl[s d[n ! hill1 ! moss1 c4 is quickly incru/$4 ,i 0 in=m$1 t 9 ab\t eight m\?s a basket ( eggs w\ld be entirely envelop$ 9 a ?ick mass ( tufa4 ,! uni=m high temp]ature ( ^! wat]s %[s t !y emanate f a v deep s\rce2 & x is probable t !y orig9ate f /eam1 :i* is cool$ & cond5s$ z x approa*es ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! m9]s assur$ me1 t ! spr+s bur/ out f b5ea? ! volcanic rock1 "h t]m$ toad/one1 & t ! wat]1 :5 x fir/ issues1 is ( a high] temp]ature ?an ! ,matlock ,ba? wat]2 b its heat is r$uc$ by ! cool l&-spr+s ) :i* x becomes int]m+l$4 ,mo/ wat]s t fl[ ?r\gh lime/one di/ricts deposit trav]t9e m or less abundantly2 & ,i obs]v$ sev]al /reams 9 my rambles 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,matlock :i* appe>$ to possess ?is prop]ty 9 z great a degree z ! !rmal spr+s4 ,!re is a lovely wat]fall1 :i* issues f ! side ( a m\nta9 t flanks ! road lead+ by ,via ,gellia to ,middleton ,moor1 at an elevation ( two hundr$ feet1 & fl[s into ! adjac5t valley1 b\nd+ & danc+ f "o mossy knoll to ano!r1 & appe>+ f ! opposite hill l a /ream ( molt5 silv]1 undulat+ ?r\gh a c>pet ( em]ald gre54 ,! wat]s ( ?is cascade h =m$ a ?ick b$ ( trav]t9e along ! side ( ! hill2 & ! /one is ( s firm a texture1 t ! walls ( a cottage h>d by are con/ruct$ ( x4 ,i ga!r$ f ! banks ( ?is wat]fall1 bundles ( moss & gr\ps ( small %ells incru/$ ) a beautiful :ite tufa2 & impressions ( leaves1 twigs1 c4 7 obs]vable 9 ! blocks ( trav]t9e rec5tly qu>ri$4 ,9 contemplat+ ! effects produc$ by ^! limpid /reams1 by :i* p]i%able leaves & fragile %ells are pres]v$ = ages 9 solid masses ( rock1 we are rem9d$ ( ! =cible & eloqu5t rem>ks ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :5 obs]v+ simil> ph5om5a 9 ! volcanic regions ( ,italy4 ,h[ m>vell\s are ^? laws1 by :i* ev5 ! humble/ types ( organic exi/5ce are pres]v$ ?\gh born amid/ ! s\rces ( _! de/ruction2 & by :i* a species ( immortality is giv5 to g5]ations1 float+1 z x 71 l evanesc5t bubbles on a /ream rais$ f ! deepe/ cav]ns ( ! e>?1 & in/antly los+ :at may be call$ its _s 9 ! atmosph]e6#hja #hja ,consolations 9 ,travel2 or1 ! ,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]2 by ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,see also ,wond4 p4 #gg4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cav]n ,,( ,,! ,,high ,,tor4 ,visit to ! ,cav]n ( ! ,high ,tor4--,aft] ! visitor has tak5 a g5]al view ( ! romantic sc5]y ar\nd him1 a visit to ! cav]n at ! foot ( ! ,high ,tor w enable him to compreh5d ! nature ( ^? physical *anges :i* h imp>t$ to ?is di/rict its picturesque "*4 ,desc5d+ into ! valley & pass+ nor?w>ds1 ?r\gh ! only /reet 9 ,matlock ,ba?1 along ! banks ( ! ,d]w5t1 :i* are beautifully ov]%ad[$ by copses & =e/ trees1 ! bold cliff ( m\nta9 lime/one1 call$ ! ,high ,tor1 ! mo/ impos+ feature 9 ! dale1 sudd5ly appe>s on ! "r bank ( ! riv]4 ,?is rock rises to ! height ( f\r hundr$ feet2 ! upp] half =m+ a b>e & ne>ly p]p5dicul> wall ( lime/one2 ! l[] portion be+ conceal$ by bru%wood & luxuriant foliage to ! riv] s edge4 ,at ?is spot1 a rude wood5 h&-rail is /ret*$ across ! ,d]w5t1 :i* is "h ( consid]able bread?1 & da%es along ov] fall5 masses ( rock 9 its c\rse t[>ds ! s\?4 ,! ,high ,tor 7,lign4 #bgj7 consi/s ( a capp+ ( ,drift & ( ,mill/one grit 7#b72 ( a s]ies ( b$s ( lime/one ) encr9ites & %ells1 slightly incl9$ s\?w>d 7#a72 ( a lay] ( volcanic matt]1 t]m$ 9 ,d]by%ire toad/one1 f its mottl$ yell[ & gre5i% appe>ance 7#c72 & ( a b$ ( ,trap1 or toad/one 7b71 at ! base1 & ne> ! floor at ! entrance ( ! fissure or excavation 9 ! lime/one =m+ ! cav]n 7a72 :i* trap rock also appe>s on ! opposite bank ( ! riv] 7c71 b5ea? ! highly incl9$ & dislocat$ masses ( lime/one1 =m+ "p ( ! base ( ,masson ,hill4 ,! upp] b$ ( toad/one 7#c7 _c be se51 = ! face ( ! cliff 7al?\gh repres5t$ b>e = ! sake ( p]spicuity 9 ! plan1 ,lign4 #bgj7 is entirely conceal$1 half-way up1 by d5se foliage2 b an intellig5t m9] assur$ me t su* 0 ! fact1 & t1 9 s9k+ a %aft 9 ! opposite hill1 toad/one 0 f\nd 9 a correspond+ situation4 ,^u ent]+ ! cav]n1 :i* is n ( consid]able ext5t1 ! fir/ ph5om5on to be obs]v$ is ! b$ ( toad/one1 :i* protrudes ne> ! floor1 b5ea? a /ratum ( lime/one4 ,! lime/one 9 contact ) ! trap is 9 "s places *ang$ to a light gre5 col\r1 & has a slaty texture1 f ! effects ( int5se heat "u great pressure2 x is (t5 p]meat$ ) ve9s ( pyrites1 & :ite calc>e\s sp>4 ,! inn] recesses ( ! cav]n are lit]ally cov]$1 bo? on ! floor & sides1 ) v l>ge rhomboidal cry/als ( c>bonite ( lime1 ( ! =m commonly call$ dog-too? sp>2 ! cave surpasses1 9 ?is respect1 e o!r 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,a4 ,m4 delt4 ,j4 ,:imp]1 lignt4 ,lign4 #bgj4 ,section across ! ,valley ( ! ,d]w5t1 at ! ,high ,tor1 ,matlock4 #a4--,! ,high ,tor1 compos$ ( /rata ( ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 #b4--;,capp+ ( ,mill/one ,grit & ,drift4 #c4--,suppos$ position ( an intrusion ( ,trap4 #d4--;,cliff ( lime/one on ! opposite side ( ! valley4 a4--,entrance to ! ,high ,tor ,cav]n4 b4--,trap se5 at ! bottom ( tile ,cave4 c4--,trap b5ea? ! lime/one on ! opposite bank ( ! ,d]w5t4 ,)9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! cav]n1 a gall]y has be5 driv5 into ! cliff1 & a ve9 ( lead 7gal5a7 discov]$1 & work$ ) "s success4 ,t9e masses ( blue fluor 7prov9cially t]m$ blue ,john7 & d\ble refract+ calc>e\s sp> 7 also obta9$4 ,on ! opposite bank ( ! ,d]w5t1 b5ea? ! lime/one1 & ext5d+ along ! road-side = two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 a b$ ( toad/one1 evid5tly ! cont9uation ( t at ! base ( ! ,high ,tor1 is di/9ctly expos$4 ,proce$+ nor?w>ds1 ! l9e ( mural precipices1 ( :i* ! ,high ,tor is ! mo/ elevat$ po9t1 gradually desc5ds2 b !re is a bold & b>e rock1 call$ ! ,*ur* ,tor1 f ! *ur* ( ! village ( ,matlock be+ situat$ ne> its summit1 t requires p>ticul> rem>k2 = on ! face ( ?is cliff ! /rata pres5t a s]ies ( curves1 or r ar*es1 n[h]e brok51 b hav+ su* an appe>ance z w\ld result f an expansive =ce f b5ea? uplift+ a gr\p ( horizontal /rata1 :ile yet 9 a s(t or pla/ic /ate4 ,! upp] b$s ( lime/one at ! ,*ur* ,tor ab\nd 9 m>9e %ells 7,spirif]1 see p4 #cij1 p>ticul>ly ! l>ge species1 ,s4 giganteus74 ,su* are ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! /rata 9 ?is locality1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,d]w5t4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! valley are b$s ( lime/one1 _m ( !m v>y+ 9 m9]al con/itution f ^? we h exam9$1 be+ ( a light yell[i% dun or cream col\r 7h5ce call$ ,dun-/one71 & conta9+ magnesia2 9 ^! /rata traces ( fossil plants are occasionally f\nd4 ,^! magnesian lime/ones are ( a granul> texture & extremely h>d2 !y are said to be v ri* 9 lead & calam9e1 & h be5 ext5sively work$4 ,! prevail+ rocks on ?is 7! we/]n7 side ( ! valley belong to ?is gr\p4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=mations ,,( ,,d]by%ire4 ,geological ,=mations ( ,d]by%ire4--,be=e we proce$ on our walk1 let u sit d[n a:ile on ?is mossy bank1 b5ea? ! magnific5t knoll ( trees t "h ov]%ad[s ! riv]1 &1 by a ref]5ce to ! geological table 7p4 #ca7 & ! geological map1 obta9 a cle> idea ( ! nature & succession ( ! /rata ar\nd u2 9 o!r words1 ! ord] ( sup]position ( ! deposits ( ,d]by%ire4 #a4 ,l[]mo/4 ,a b$ ( compact ,basalt or ,trap 79 ,d]by%ire call$ ,toad/one71 ( unc]ta9 ?ickness & ext5t4 ,?is rock consi/s ( m9]al matt] t has und]gone complete fusion1 & be5 erupt$ f ! pr(\nd dep?s ( "s int]nal s\rce ( int5se heat 7see ,wond4 pp4 #fhd1 #hdh74 ,! upheav+ =ce ?us put 9 action hav+ be5 unequally ex]t$ 9 diff]5t places1 ! sup]9cumb5t b$s ( lime/one h be5 protrud$ 9 dome-%ap$ masses ?r\gh ! upp] /rata2 & are n[ se5 b5t & curv$1 =m+ :at is t]m$ ar*$ /ratification4#hjb #hjb ,my excell5t fri5d1 ! late ,rob]t ,bakewell1 ,esq41 0 ! fir/ geologi/ :o correctly expla9$ ! ph5om5a "h describ$4 ,see 8 ,introduction to ,geology1 #e? edit4 p4 #adg4 ,vesicul> or amygdaloidal ,toad/one4 ,?is p>takes m ( ! "* ( scori1 be+ full ( little cells or cavities =m$ by air bubbles2 :5 ^! cavities are fill$ ) o!r m9]al matt]1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! rock is t]m$ amygdaloidal4 ,?is b$ ( ,trap 0 =m]ly consid]$ to be di/9ct f ! l[]mo/2 b x is n[ suppos$1 & ) mu* probability1 t all ! masses ( igne\s rock t pi]ce1 or are int]calat$ )1 ! s$im5t>y /rata1 h sprung f "o common s\rce1 & are b lat]al protrusions f "s gr& mass ( erupt$ mat]ials4#hjc #hjc ,see an analog\s example1 ,wond4 p4 #heg4 #b4 ,lime/ones ) int]v5+ lay]s ( clay1 & ,magnesian lime/ones1 or ,dun/ones4 #c4 ,alt]nation ( ,lime/one & ,%ale4 ,_m ( ^! lime/ones ab\nd 9 organic rema9s2 & x is 9 ?is gr\p t ! ornam5tal m>bles ( ,d]by%ire are compris$4 ,! upp] b$s are g5]ally ( a slaty texture1 & conta9 lay]s & nodules ( *]t1 :i* (t5 af=d exquisite silice\s ca/s ( ! /ems ( ,cr9oidea 7pulley-/ones1 see p4 #bhd2 & ,wond4 p4 #fej71 & %ells2 :ite *]t or porcela9-/one1 & black jasp] or fl9ty slate also occur 9 ^! b$s4 #d4 ,mill/one ,grit & ,%ale1 & co>se s&/ones2 ^! =m ! subsoil ( ! pr9cipal heights ( ! m\nta9 ranges1 _! /]ile soil support+ only a cov]+ ( l+ & hea?4 #e4 ,coal ,measures2 consi/+ ( b$s ( ,coal1 ) int]v5+ lay]s ( %ale1 clay1 & iron/one 7see p4 #hj74 #f4 ,p]mian & ,triassic /rata 7see pp4 #bi1 #cj74 ,! m9]al sub/ances f\nd 9 ! above /rata 9 ,d]by%ire are v num]\s1 & ! organic rema9s equally s1 & ( a highly int]e/+ "*4#hjd #hjd ,a good1 catalogue ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,adams's pamphlet previ\sly recomm5d$2 & specim5s may be obta9$ at 8 museum 9 ,matlock1 & f ,mr4 ,t5nant 7,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy to ,k+'s ,college71 #adi1 ,/r&1 ,london4 ,?is enum]ation ( ! geological =mations ( :i* ! c\ntry ar\nd ,matlock is compos$ w enable u to proce$ on our rambles )\t fur!r digression1 & %\ld ! read] be at a loss to compreh5d ! nature ( any ( ! rocks or /rata we may meet ) on our way1 he c ref] to ! above description4 ,mr4 ,bakewell1 ) 8 wont$ p5etration1 fir/ detect$ ! true "* ( ! /ratification ( ! ,high ,tor1 previ\s writ]s hav+ describ$ ?is cliff z be+ compos$ ( ne>ly horizontal lay]s4 ,b ?is is a deceptive appe>ance2 =1 al?\gh1 :5 view$ 9 front1 or 9 ! direction ( _! planes1 ! /rata appe> to be horizontal1 yet !y are 9 reality highly incl9$1 z may be se5 9 ! l9e ( dip1 & enfold or envelope ! back ( ! cliff2 & !y are cont9u$ into ! hill 7,masson7 on ! opposite side ( ! valley1 :]e !y pres5t a simil> arrangem5t4 ,! cont9uity ( ! /rata is brok5 by ! vale ( ! ,d]w5t1 :i* has evid5tly orig9at$ 9 a fissure ext5d+ along ! axis ( elevation1 9 a direction f nor? to s\?2 ?us =m+ ! wat] *annel = ! dra9age ( ! c\ntry on ! nor?1 & ! b$ ( ! pres5t riv]4 ,we h already po9t$ out ! curv$ position ( ! /rata on ! face ( ! ,*ur* ,tor4 ,sid5ote3 ,,excursion ,,to ,,cri* ,,hill4 ,excursion to ,cri* ,hill4--,! appe>ances obs]vable at ! ,high ,tor are ( s /rik+ a "*1 & involve ! consid]ation ( s _m int]e/+ ph5om5a relat+ to ! physical mutations :i* ?is di/rict has und]gone1 t x is desirable1 :ile !y are /rongly impress$ ^u ! m9d1 to take an excursion to ,cri*1 a few miles to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,matlock4 ,"h !re is an entire m\nta9 ( lime/one1 =m$ by a protrusion ( num]\s /rata1 _m hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 ?r\gh ! once sup]9cumb5t b$s ( mill/one grit & s&/one1 into a dome-%ap$ mass1 upw>ds ( #hjj feet high4 ,& !re x /&s1 a /up5d\s monum5t ( "o ( ! pa/ revolutions ( ! globe1 ) its ar*es ( rift$ rock1 support$ by a c5tral m\nd ( erupt$ m9]al matt]1 n[ cool$ d[n into an amorph\s mass ( compact basalt6 ,7 !re no o!r object ( int]e/ ne> ,matlock1 ,cri* ,hill w\ld alone r5d] x wor?y ( resort4 ,f ! heights above our hotel1 look+ t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 a m\nta9 rem>kable = its elevation & obtusely conical configuration1 & di/+ui%$ by a t[] on ! summit1 =ms a /rik+ object on ! horizon1 at an app>5t di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles--?is is ,cri* ,hill2 & on ! same range1 to ! "r1 is se5 ! *ur*-spire ( ,cri* village 7see ,lign4 #bgb74 ,a long summ]'s day is n too long to visit ?is m\nta91 & exam9e all its int]e/+ details4 ,a good p$e/rian %\ld proce$ ) 8 hamm] & hav]sack1 = e /ep ( ! road is replete ) int]e/2 & z num]\s specim5s w be obta9$1 bags1 pap]1 & boxes %\ld be tak54 ,if an invalid or ladies be ( ! p>ty1 x w be desirable to h a c>riage = ! day1 & d9e at ! little village ( ,cri*2#hje &1 if "t p]mit1 ! int]e/+ ru9s ( ,s\? ,w+field ,manor-,h\se 7once ! prison ( ,m>y ( ,scotl&71 ab\t two miles f ,cri*1 may also be visit$4 #hje ,a good1 guide w be a great acquisition1 & save mu*1 "t & tr\ble2 & ,b5jam9 ,froggatt1 :o has conduct$ ,dr4 ,buckl& & o!r geologi/s to ! pr9cipal localities 9 ! neighb\rhood1 w be f\nd an oblig+ & intellig5t att5dant1 p]fectly conv]sant ) ! ri*e/ geological & botanical sites ar\nd ,matlock4 ,! %orte/ drive f ,matlock to ,cri* ,hill is ov] ,crom=d-bridge2 b a f> m picturesque r\te is by ! ,d]by-road to ,:at/&well-bridge 7see ,lign4 #bgc71 & f !nce asc5d+ ! hill to ,cri*1 & return+ home by ,holl[ay2 mak+ ! entire di/ance ab\t twelve miles4 ,z our imm$iate object is to exam9e ! geological features ( ! m\nta91 we %all proce$ by ! ne>e/ road2 & ^u rea*+ ,sc>?+ ,rock1 turn to ! left1 by ,well]sley ,ca/le gr\nds1 hav+ on ! "r a bold esc>pm5t ( m\nta9 lime/one1 ) lay]s ( *]t 9 nodules & amorph\s masses4 ,at ,crom=d ,canal1 ! lime/one sudd5ly t]m9ates1 & s9ks b5ea? ! surr\nd+ alluvial silt ( ! riv] valley1 & ! mill/one grit4 ,we w *ip (f a few specim5s ( ! *]t1 to exam9e at leisure4 ,cross+ ! bridge1 ! road w9ds r\nd ! foot ( ! hills ( s&/one1 :i* lie on our left1 :ile on ! "r is ! valley ( ! ,d]w5t1 & ! riv] is se5 "h & !re ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! copses & h$ge-r[s1 me&]+ ?r\gh ! ri* mead[-l&s ( ! valley1 :i* are flank$ on ! we/ by a magnific5t range ( l(ty hills1 clo!d ) ! luxuriant woods ( ,ald]wasley4 ,! "* ( ! sc5]y f ?is po9t ( ! road1 till we asc5d ! high gr\nd1 is fai?fully & graphically portray$ by ,mr4 ,rhodes4#hjf #hjf ,d]by%ire ,t\ri/'s ,guide1 p4 #dh4 ,! road lies ?r\gh a beautiful valley by ! side ( ! ,d]w5t2 slop+ mead[s1 cr[n$ high above ) a long range ( magnific5t woods1 skirt ! road-side on ! left3 on ! "r ! riv]1 pursu+ its w9d+ way b5ea? ! umbrage\s bran*es ( oak1 a%1 ald]1 hazel1 & sycamore1 & bubbl+ z x passes along1 is a beautiful object4 ,ab\t two miles bel[ ,crom=d-bridge1 ! road leaves ! m op5 "p ( ! valley1 & plunges into ! ?ick woods t environ ! little hamlet ( ,lea2 a lovely spot1 romantically situat$ by ! side ( a sp>kl+ /ream1 9 a deep holl[1 among/ /eep hills cov]$ ) foliage1 & fields ( ! fre%e/ v]dure4 ,! h\ses ( ?is seclud$ village1 ) ! exception ( "h & !re a com=table cottage1 are h&some resid5ces1 ne/l+ among or*>ds & p>t]res ( fl[]s4 ,ev]y?+ 0 fl\ri%+ mo/ luxuriantly2 & :5 we pass$ ?r\gh ! place1 ! hollyhocks1 dahlias1 & roses 7 9 full blossom1 & gave an extremely bright & *e]ful aspect to ! sc5e4 ,! road cont9ues ?r\gh ,lea ,wood to ,holl[ay by a v /eep asc5t1 & f ! toll-gate at ! top ( ! hill x trav]ses ! side ( a m\nta9\s ridge1 cov]$ ) wood & int]v5+ rock4 ,! prospect is n[ magnific5t3 on ! "r a sc5e ( great ext5t op5s to ! view1 ri* 9 all t con/itutes ! highe/ beauty 9 l&scape4 ,! summits ( ! two ranges ( hills t =m ! ea/]n & we/]n b\nd>ies ( ! f]tile valley at our feet are "h f ?ree to f\r miles ap>t2 & ! ext5t f nor? to s\? is f t5 to twelve4 ,_m m9or em95ces1 ri* ) wood & int]v5+ v]dure1 adorn ?is en*ant+ sc5e1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,d]w5t1 sometimes hidd5 by ov]hang+ trees1 & sometimes sp>kl+ ) light1 fl[s ) busy spe$ & un9t]rupt$ curr5t by ,belp]1 ,mil=d1 & ,duffield1 to ,d]by2 ! :ole pres5t+ an assemblage ( spl5did sc5]y f9ely div]sifi$ & ri* 9 picturesque beauty4 ,! woods ( ,ald]wasley1 t cov] ! hills f bel[ ,:at/&well-bridge1 to ! d>k p9e-cr[n$ em95ce ( ,/onnis1 are peculi>ly impos+ & magnific5t4 ,ne> ! village ( ,holl[ay !re are sev]al qu>ries op5$ on ! side ( ! hill1 :i* enable u to asc]ta9 t ?is range is compos$ ( /rata ( mill/one grit & s&/one1 highly incl9$ & dipp+ f ! hill4 ,! b$s are s split & %att]$ 9 e direction1 t no l>ge blocks c be procur$1 & ! /one1 al?\gh a good build+ mat]ial1 is !re=e only employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cottages & h\ses 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,! vignette ( ?is volume repres5ts a mass ( ! incl9$ s&/one /rata ne> ?is place4 ,! read] w recollect t ! hills on ! opposite side ( ! valley1 on our "r1 are also compos$ ( simil> /rata2 & t ! ridge1 cov]$ ) fir-trees1 m>ks ! bold esc>pm5t ( ! mill/one grit at ,/onnis1 ov] ,crom=d2 s t ! geological horizon ( ! valley1 z se5 f ?is spot1 is :olly =m$ by ! mill/one grits & s&/ones4 ,a mile beyond ,holl[ay toll-gate1 ! road turns to ! left1 & ! b>e dome ( m\nta9 lime/one ( ,cri* ,hill is be=e u4 ,we soon arrive at a lime/one qu>ry1 9 :i* ! /rata are se5 to be di/9ctly ar*$ 7see ,lign4 #bga1 p4 #hhf71 z 9 ! cliff at ,matlock ,*ur* ,tor4 ,we w alight "h to exam9e ! rock m closely1 & obta9 specim5s4 ,"h we see t ! /rata are incl9$ bo? to ! "r & to ! left1 & also lean t[>ds ! c5tral axis ( ! hill 9 front ( u2 pres5t+ su* an appe>ance z w\ld be af=d$ by an excavation made 9 an onion1 or o!r sph]oidal body1 =m$ ( a s]ies ( conc5tric lay]s4 ,! lime/one 9 ?is qu>ry is ( ! usual subcry/all9e "*1 ab\nd+ 9 %ells1 pr9cipally ,spirif]4 ,!re are num]\s v]tical & oblique fissures 9 ! rock1 & ^! are m or less incru/$ ) m9]als & sp>s1 :i* h evid5tly be5 deposit$ by electro-*emical action1 & admirably exemplify ! mann] 9 :i* ! ri* ve9s ( lead1 c4 are di/ribut$ 9 ! /rata ( ! int]ior ( ! m\nta94 ,9 a crevice ( ! rock1 9 :i* ! m9]al cont5ts 7 undi/urb$1 ! arrangem5t ( ! prevail+ m9]als ( ?is "p ( ,d]by%ire1 namely1 gal5a 7sulphuret ( lead71 sulphate ( b>ytes 7"h t]m$ cawk71 & fluor sp>1 0 beautifully display$4 ,a lay] ( ! blue sulphuret ( lead1 or gal5a1 0 spread ov] ! surface ( lime/one =m+ ! walls ( ! fissure3 ^u ?is 0 a ?ick /ratum ( :ite sulphate ( b>ytes2 & on ! latt]1 fluor sp>1 ( a light blue col\r1 =m+ cubic cry/als on ! surface ne>e/ ! cavity ( ! fissure1 :i* !re=e appe>$ to be l9$ ) cry/als ( fluor4#hjg #hjg ,! workm5 at ?is & ! o!r qu>ries g5]ally h specim5s ( ! fossils & m9]als = sale1 at mod]ate prices4 ,sid5ote3 ,,trap ,,( ,,cri* ,,hill4 ,ab\t half a mile beyond1 we arrive at ,wakebridge1 ne> :i* !re are sev]al v productive lead m9es4 ,! ,glory-m9e1 "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 ,d]by%ire1 is said1 "s t5 ye>s s9ce1 to h be5 wor? f ?irty to =ty ?\s& p\nds a-ye>4#hjh ,a m9+ e/abli%m5t1 on ! left h&1 :]e a p[]ful /eam-eng9e is con/antly at "w1 af=ds num]\s specim5s ( ! usual ,i ,d]by%ire sp>s & m9]als2 & f among ! heaps ( refuse ?r[n by ! visitor may make an int]e/+ collection4 ,ne> ?is spot1 a v]tical %aft 0 sunk 9 ! side ( ! hill1 9 se>* = lead ore1 & at ! dep? ( tw5ty fa?oms1 a rock ( compact ,trap 0 rea*$2 ! "w 0 cont9u$ = a few y>ds deep]1 b ultimately ab&on$ z fruitless4 ,a gall]y 0 subsequ5tly driv5 into ! side ( ! hill1 l[] d[n1 & "h1 too1 ! trap 0 f\nd2 ?us prov+ ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral protrusion ( igne\s rock1 ov] :i* ! b5t /rata ( m\nta9 lime/one are n[ dispos$ 9 consecutive lay]s4 ,num]\s blocks ( ?is compact trap or basalt1 "s ( :i* are ve9$ ) r$ jasp]1 lie scatt]$ ab\t ! site ( ! old %aft1 & an int]e/+ suite ( specim5s may be collect$4 ,pursu+ our way1 ! lime/one /rata are se5 9 op5+s on ! hill side1 hav+ ! same rem>kable arrangem5t z ^? be=e describ$4 #hjh ,d]by%ire ,t\ri/1 p4 #ej4 ,^u arriv+ :]e ! road divides1#hji we mu/ proce$ on foot & visit ! qu>ries1 & exam9e ! expos$ masses ( rock1 t we may cle>ly compreh5d ! /ructure ( ! m\nta94 ,we w n[ asc5d by ! pa?way t leads to ! summit1 & on ! left sev]al good sections ( ! /rata are display$4 ,on rea*+ ! t[] on ! cre/ ( ! m\nta9 7,lign4 #bgb1 p4 #hhg71 a magnific5t panorama bur/s ^u our sight2 b :i* no language c adequately describe4 ,"h & !re b>e p9nacles ( rift$ rock protrude ?r\gh ! gre5 sw>d2 & masses ( :ite1 yell[i%1 & p9k sulphate ( b>ytes1 pyrites1 fluor1 & o!r m9]als lie /rewn ^u ! surface4#haj #hji ,! c>riage %\ld "h be s5t on to ! village1 & ord]s giv5 = refre%m5ts4 #haj ,good specim5s may (t5 be obta9$ f ! piles ( /ones1 & f ! walls on ! side ( ! hill4 ,hav+ repos$ = "s "t at ! foot ( ! t[] to enjoy ! glori\s prospect spread ar\nd u1 correct our notes1 look ov]1 trim1 & wrap up our specim5s1 we w n[ desc5d to ! nor?-ea/]n side ( ! hill1 t ! appe>ance ( ! /rata on t aspect may also be exam9$4 ,b ere we leave ! summit1 aga9 let me call y\r att5tion to its ext]nal configuration4 ,7 x n on too ext5d$ a scale1 we might suppose t we 7 /&+ on an anci5t e>?-"w1 or encampm5t1 =m$ ( lime/one1 surr\nd$ by a deep fosse or dit*1 & flank$ by precipit\s embankm5ts ( mill/one grit & s&/one1 s /rongly def9$ are ! physical features ( ?is rem>kable m\nta94 ,we w n[ visit a l>ge qu>ry on ! ea/]n side1 :i* pres5ts a f9e section ( ! lime/one /rata1 above #ajj feet ?ick 7see ,lign4 #bga71 & :i*1 l ^? we h previ\sly obs]v$1 are dispos$ 9 curves1 & enfold1 z x 71 ! c5tral axis ( ! hill2 & ! rock is %iv]$ & fissur$ 9 e direction4 ,a ?ick b$ ( drift1 or alluvial debris1 cov]s ! lime/one /rata1 z %[n 9 ,lign4 #bga2 & 9 x1 p>tially roll$ blocks ( s&/one1 "s ( !m ( great size1 are imb$d$4 ,! direction ( ! dip ( ! /rata 9 ?is qu>ry is indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn by ,h5ry ,c>r1 ,esq4 ,c4 ,e4 delt4 ,j4 ,:imp]1 lignt4 ,lign4 #bga4 ,qu>ry ( ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ,cri* ,hill4 ,sid5ote3 ,,view ,,( ,,cri* ,,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn by ,h5ry ,c>r1 ,esq4 ,c4 ,e4 ,j4 ,:imp]1 lignt4 ,lign4 #bgb4 ,view ( ,cri* ,hill1 ,d]by%ire1 f ! ,we/4 ,let u n[ take a retrospect ( ! facts inve/igate dur+ ?is morn+'s ramble1 & consid] h[ f> ,mr4 ,bakewell's int]pretation ( ^! ph5om5a 7see p4 #hgi7 is 9 accordance ) ! data we h obta9$4 ,! outl9e ( ,cri* ,hill1 z se5 f a mod]ate di/ance1 is t ( an insulat$ oblong dome1 encircl$ by precipit\s esc>pm5ts1 or angul> em95ces ( less elevation4 ,! annex$ sket* 7,lign4 #bgb71 by my fri5d1 ,h5ry ,c>r1 ,esq4 ,c4,e41 ( ,duffield1 to :om ,i am also indebt$ = a survey ( ,cri* ,hill1 & admeasurem5ts ( ! dip ( ! /rata1 w r5d] ?is feature 9 ! physical geography ( ! c\ntry m app>5t4 ,9 ,lign4 #bgb1 ! protrud$ elongat$ cone ( m\nta9 lime/one is d5ot$ by ! t[]1 or ,/&1 on ! summit2 & ! o!r heights1 & ! =egr\nd1 are compos$ ( mill/one grit & s&/one4 ,! highe/ po9t ( lime/one is #gaf feet above ! level ( ! ,d]w5t 9 ! adjac5t valley2 & 0 e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,bakewell at ab\t #ijj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! hill ( s&/one on ! "r1 on :i* ! mill /&s1 is #djb feet high1 & conceals ,cri* village 9 ?is view2 t 9 ! middle di/ance1 on ! left1 m>k$ a1 is #djj feet high4 ,?is disposition ( ! mill/one esc>pm5ts ar\nd ! c5tral cone ( elevat$ lime/one is %[n m 9 detail 9 ! gr\nd-plan1 ,lign4 #bgc4 ,?us we p]ceive t ! /rata ( m\nta9-lime/one dip f ! c5tre ( ! hill 9 e direction1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s1 at v>i\s angles1 f #bj to #ej2 & ^? ( ! s&/one hills1 :i* =m an irregul> zone ar\nd ,cri*1 are also highly incl9$1 & 9 l mann] dip f ! c5tral axis1 z is %[n by ! direction ( ! arr[s4 ,n[ we "k1 by obs]vations made 9 places :]e ! relative position ( ! ,mill/one & ,lime/one has suff]$ no di/urbance1 t ^! two s]ies ( /rata 7 orig9ally dispos$ horizontally & con=mably ^u ea* o!r1 ?us-- #a4 ,upp]mo/--,mill/one ,grit & ,s&/one4 ----------------------------- #b4 ,l[]mo/--,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,cri* ,,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bgc4 ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,cri* ,hill1 ,d]by%ire4 7,scale1 "o in* to a mile47 ,by ,h5ry ,c>r1 ,esq4 ,c4 ,e4 f actual ,survey4 ,! area1 enclos$ )9 a l9e1 & m>k$ ,/&1 ,cri* ,hill1 is ! elevat$ oblong dome ( lime/one4 ,all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is compos$ ( mill/one grit & s&/one4 ,! arr[s on ! b\nd>y l9e ( ,cri* ,hill d5ote ! direction ( ! dip ( ! lime/one /rata 9 n9e positions measur$ & det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,c>r4 ,! dip vanes f #bj to #ej1 ! greate/ incl9ation is on ! s\?-ea/ ( ! t[]4 ,! arr[s on ! surr\nd+ mill/one esc>pm5ts m>k ! dip ( ^? /rata 9 a suffici5t numb] ( /ations1 to convey a g5]al idea ( ! position ( ! m\nta9 masses environ+ ,cri* ,hill4#haa #haa ,at ,:at/&well1 abridge crosses ! ,d]w5t2 & dose by1 !re is ! ,bull ,inn1 :]e good accommodation & sleep+ ap>tm5ts maybe obta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cri* ,,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bgd4 ,section ( ,cri* ,hill2 f ,a to ,b on ! plan1 ,lign4 #bgc4 7,natural scale47 ,by ,reg9ald ,neville ,mantell4 ,a1 ,b4--,/rata ( ,mill/one ,grit1 highly incl9$1 & dipp+ f ! c5tral axis4 ,protrusion ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 on ! summit ( :i* is ,cri* ,t[]1 #gaf feet above ! level ( ! riv] ,d]w5t4 ,c5tral mass ( ,trap1 rea*$ by a v]tical %aft f above1 & by a gall]y on ! side ( ! hill4 ,x is !re=e evid5t1 t at ,cri* ! /rata ,no4 #b mu/ h be5 =c$ up1 & protrud$ ?r\gh ! /rata ,no4 #a1 or !y c\ld n occupy _! pres5t position4 ,we rem>k$1 on asc5d+ ,holl[ay ,hill1 ! great di/urbance :i* ! ,mill/one b$s _h su/a9$ 7see ! vignette ( ?is volume72 & ! %aft & gall]y ne> ,wakebridge 7p4 #hhd7 disclos$ ! exi/5ce ( a mass ( basalt1 or trap1 ( unkn[n ext5t1 b5ea? ! lime/one1 9 ! c5tre ( ! m\nta92 :ile ! fissures & crevices1 fill$ ) metallic ores & sp>s1 atte/ ! action ( int5se heat1 "u great pressure4 ,accord+ to a survey made by my son1 a section 9 ! l9e m>k$ ,a--,b on ! plan1 ,lign4 #bgc1 pres5ts ! arrangem5t ( ! /rata se5 9 ,lign4 #bgd3 ! heights are f actual admeasurem5ts4 ,f ! data ?us obta9$1 we may con/ruct an ideal section 9 illu/ration ( ^! ph5om5a1 z 9 ! foll[+ diagram 7,lign4 #bge74 ,"h !n1 z ,mr4 ,bakewell =cibly obs]v$1 we h cause & effect 9 conjunction4 ,"h is ! cool$ & consolidat$ molt5 rock1 ^: expansive =ce elevat$ ! horizontal /rata ( lime/one1 & =c$ !m ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t b$s ( grit & s&/one4 ,b ?is eruption mu/ h tak5 place "u great pressure1 & at ! bottom ( ! sea2 =1 _h ! ph5om5a be5 sub-arial1 ! result w\ld h be5 altoge!r ( a diff]5t nature2 & we %\ld h _h cool$ lava /reams1 & n masses ( basalt4 ,we h se5 t ! /rata rise r\nd & enfold ?is c5tral nucleus ( volcanic rock1 display+ ne>ly hemisph]ical segm5ts & curves4 ,n[ if we suppose a v]tical transv]se fissure across su* a hill z t repres5t$ 9 ! diagram 7,lign4 #bge71 ! face ( ! rema9+ /rata w\ld be 9 e respect simil> to t ( ! ,high ,tor 7see ,lign4 #bgj1 p4 #hgf72 namely1 a mass ( ,trap1 or toad/one1 at ! base1 & a s]ies ( ar*$ /rata ( lime/one above2 ) fissures conta9+ ores ( lead1 z9c1 b>ytes1 c4 & v>i\s k9ds ( sp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,lign4 #bge4 ,ideal transv]se ,section ( ,cri* ,hill4 ,a1 ,a4--,highly incl9$ /rata ( ,mill/one ,grit4 ,b1 ,b4--,ar*$ /rata ( ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,c4--,a c5tral nucleus ( ,trap or ,toad/one4 ,to a m9d accu/om$ to inve/igations ( ?is nature1 a slight exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a "u review w1 ,i appreh5d1 suffice to demon/rate ! correctness ( ^! d$uctions2 b ,i may h fail$ to place ! subject be=e ! g5]al read] 9 an intelligible & lucid po9t ( view2 %\ld ?is be ! case1 /ill1 if ! attempt to pres5t a famili> exposition ( ! physical /ructure ( ?is rem>kable di/rict %all induce him to visit ! sc5es ,i h s imp]fectly portray$1 & int]rogate ,nature 9 a "r _s1 ! h\rs we h pass$ toge!r 9 our excursion to ,cri* ,hill w n h be5 sp5t 9 va92 = 9 ! beautiful language ( ! noble b>d3-- ,to sit on rocks1 to muse o'er flood & fell1 ,to sl[ly trace ! =e/'s %ady sc5e1 ,:]e ?+s t own n man's dom9ion dwell1 ,& mortal foot ha? ne'er or r>ely be52 ,to climb ! trackless m\nta9 all unse51 ,) ! wild flock t nev] ne$s a fold2 ,alone o'er /eeps & foam+ falls to lean2 ,?is is n solitude2 'tis b to hold ,conv]se ) ,nature's *>ms1 & view h] /ores unroll'd4--,*ilde ,h>old1 ,canto ,,ii4 xxv4 ,specim5s ( ,fossils & ,m9]als4--,on our return1 our fir/ c>e mu/ be to look ov] all ! specim5s we h ga!r$1 arrange !m1 & select ^? :i* are ! mo/ illu/rative ( ! ph5om5a we h exam9$2 & ticket e specim51 z recomm5d$ 9 ! ,in/ructions4 ,! fossils1 consi/+ ( sev]al species ( spirif] & o!r bra*iopoda1 & ( portions ( encr9ital /ems1 require no p>ticul> c>e4 ,! rocks %\ld comprise specim5s ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( lime/one & s&/one2 & ( ! gre5 lime/one1 alt]$ by contact ) ! toad/one2 & examples ( ! compact trap1 & ( ! v>iety ve9$ ) r$ jasp]1--( ! amygdaloidal toad/one1--& ! vesicul>1 or t 9 :i* ! cavities are empty4 ,! m9]als %\ld comprise ! ores ( lead1 z9c1 b>ytes1 fluor1 & calc>e\s sp>2 ( ! la/ "s good cle> pieces %\ld be select$1 t w exhibit its d\ble refract+ prop]ty4 ,( ! common metal1 ,pyrites1 a few specim5s %\ld be pres]v$2 ?is m9]al1 f its spl5did yell[ appe>ance1 is (t5 mi/ak5 = gold2 b a m]e bl[ ( ! hamm] w imm$iately detect x1 = ,pyrites is brittle1 & readily cracks to pieces1 :ile gold1 z is well kn[n1 is rem>kably ductile4 ,if ! collector be n satisfi$ ) ! fruits ( 8 day's rese>*es1 he %\ld look ov] ! catalogue ( ,mr4 ,adams1 & pur*ase su* specim5s z w r5d] 8 collection suffici5tly ext5sive to pres5t a full illu/ration ( ! geological "* ( ! sc5es he has ?is day visit$4 ,!re is a v>iety ( sulphate ( b>ytes f ne> ,y\lgreave exhibit$ 9 ! %ops at ,matlock1 ( :i* "o or two examples %\ld be obta9$4 ,! surface ( ! poli%$ specim5s mu* resembles ! ri* v>iegat$ appe>ance ( d>k tortoise-%ell4 ,?is m9]al has be5 =m$1 l ! common calc>e\s /alactite1 by infiltration ?r\gh "s por\s rock2 transv]se sections exhibit conc5tric lay]s ( v>i\s %ades2 :ile ! longitud9al h ! v>i$ col\rs dispos$ l ^? 9 tortoise-%ell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,bonsal ,,valley4 ,,notes ,,= ,a ,,geological ,,excursion ,,by ,,crom=d1 ,,up ,,bonsal ,,valley1 ,,by ,,via ,,gellia1 ,,to ,,middleton ,,moor2 ,,return+ ,,by ,,/onnis4 ,?is excursion w pres5t _m objects ( int]e/1 & "o day at lea/ %\ld be devot$ to ! exam9ation ( ! diff]5t localities po9t$ out 9 ! foll[+ notes4#hab ,to ,crom=d1 & !n take ! road t leads ?r\gh ,bonsal vale4 ,a f9e range ( lime/one on ! "r1 & a sp>kl+ /ream 7,bonsal-brook7 on ! left4 ,on ! banks ( ?is brook !re is a manufactory ( m9]al col\rs 7,pooley's7 well wor?y a visit4 ,b be=e we rea* ?is e/abli%m5t1 !re is an op5+ on ! hill side :]e ! /rata are expos$1 & a b$ ( ,trap is se5 b5ea? ! lime/one2 ne> ?is place specim5s ( fluor1 calc-sp>1 c41 t h be5 ?r[n out 9 =m+ ! excavation1 may be collect$4 ,f b5ea? ! trap a w>m spr+ issues & fl[s into ! neighb\r+ brook4 #hab ,b5jam9 ,froggatt %\ld be engag$ to conduct ! p$e/rian2 & a c>riage p>ty w\ld also d well to place !mselves "u 8 guidance4 ,proce$ up ! road lead+ to ,via ,gellia1 & ?r\gh a valley flank$ ) high ranges ( lime/one & dun-/one4 ,on ! "r1 is ! beautiful cascade previ\sly m5tion$1 ne> ,dunsley4 ,?is valley is a celebrat$ botanical region1 = sev]al species ( plants :i* are ( great r>ity or unkn[n else:]e are "h met )4 ,at ! direction po/1 turn to ! left up ! /eep hill t leads to ,middleton ,moor4 ,on ea* side num]\s fossils ( ! m\nta9 lime/one may be collect$ f ! blocks ly+ on ! flanks ( ! hill4 ,views spl5did 9 picturesque sc5]y & ( a highly int]e/+ geological "* are obta9$ z we asc5d4 ,on ! summit ( ,middleton ,moor1 :i* is f #a1cjj to #a1djj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 a mo/ ext5sive panoramic view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry may be obta9$4 ,! geological map w enable ! obs]v] to id5tify ! crags ( ,*>nwood ,=e/1 ! ,high ,peak1 c4 c4 ,almo/ e "p ( ! ,moor is /udd$ ) ! disus$ %afts ( exhau/$ m9es1 & :i* are s c>elessly cov]$ ov] z to be extremely dang]\s1 & ! visitor mu/ be> ?is caution 9 m9d2 = ! heaps ( /one plac$ at irregul> int]vals on ! hill1 & :i* tempt ! geologi/ to seek = specim5s1 are = ! mo/ "p pil$ ov] ! op5+s ( deep %afts4#hac #hac ,my son n>r[ly escap$ be+ drawn 9 by a heap ( /ones :i* gave way "u 8 feet1 & sudd5ly disappe>$ 9 ! *asm bel[4 ,9 rambles ( ?is k9d 9 a m9+ c\ntry1 ! "y geologi/ mu/1 !re=e1 be ^u 8 gu>d1 or he may be engulph$ ) masses ( lime/one 9 "s deep *asm1 & 8 bones1 incru/$ ) /alactite1 =m an ossif]\s breccia1 t 9 future ages may p]plex "s collector ( organic rema9s to det]m9e its relative antiquity6 ,pass on by ,workswor?1 to ! qu>ries ( m\nta9 lime/one1 :]e ! encr9ital m>ble1 s l>gely employ$ = side-bo>ds1 *imney-pieces1 c4 is procur$4 ,ne> ! approa* to ! entrance ( ! qu>ry1 an in/ructive example ( curv$ /rata ( lime/one is se5 on ! left2 & on ! "r1 a f9e v]tical artificial section4 ,on ! wea!r$ surface ( ! left side ( ?is entrance1 & on ! face ne>e/ ! qu>ry1 good specim5s ( ! /ems ,i & ossicula ( ! usual ,d]by%ire cr9oidea may be extract$ 7p4 #bhd7 f ! lay]s ( r$di% lime/one2 & good blocks ( ! m>ble may be select$4 ,l>ge spirif]s c be procur$ f ! lime/one 9 ^! qu>ries2 ! qu>ry-m5 (t5 h specim5s4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! entrance1 lay]s ( fl9ty slate 7call$ p>t+s ( black b9d by ! m9]s7 occur betwe5 ! b$s ( lime/one4 ,9 a field ne> ?is qu>ry1 on ! left ( ! road lead+ to ,crom=d1 :]e "s m9+ op]ations are go+ on1 blocks ( ! /one call$ *]t h be5 ?r[n up1 & (t5 conta9 beautiful examples ( ! pulley-/ones 7p4 #bhe71 or silice\s ca/s ( ! /ems ( ! cr9oidea4 ,a l>ge collection ( fossils may be ga!r$ 9 ! localities above m5tion$4 ,we n[ drive to ! esc>pm5t ( mill/one grit at ,/onnis1 call$ ,black-rock1 ^: p9e-clad summit =ms s conspicu\s an object 9 ! view f ,cri* ,hill2 x is ab\t a mile f ,crom=d1 & ov]looks ,matlock ,dale4 ,on ! "r ( ! road1 ! refuse work+s ( a m9e cov] ! side ( ! hill2 among :i* "s specim5s ( sp>s or m9]als may p]haps be f\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,,view ,,f ,,/onnis4 ,b ! gr& attraction ( ,/onnis is ! view ( ,matlock ,dale & ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 obta9$ f ! v]ge ( ! precipit\s esc>pm5t ( s&/one rocks1 "u ! knoll ( p9es4 ,x is1 inde$1 a sc5e ( transc5d5t beauty & magnific5ce1 & is said1 by "o :o has asc5d$ e m\nta9 top & trav]s$ e rav9e & valley 9 ?is di/rict1 to be unrivall$4 ,9 t species ( beauty :i* 9 l&scape sc5]y approa*es to gr&eur1 x is unequall$ 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,! p>ts ( :i* x is compos$ are ( ! fir/ ord] ( f9e ?+s1 & !y are comb9$ ) a felicity t b r>ely occurs 9 nature4 ,sc>?+ ,rock1 ! woods ( ,will]sley ,ca/le1 ,matlock ,high ,tor1 ! hills ( ,masson1 ,cri*1 & ,rib] are all noble objects2 & ! rude masses t con/itute ! =egr\nd ( ! picture are ?r[n toge!r1 & gr\p$ & col\r$ 9 a mann] /rik+ly picturesque4 ,i h scal$ ! highe/ em95ces 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ,d]by%ire--se5 f _! summits ! lovely dales t repose 9 ,h tranquil beauty at _! base--m>k$ ! multitude ( hills includ$ )9 ! wide horizon !y comm&1 & my he>t has ?rill$ ) emotion at ! sight2 b n an em95ce t ,i ev] be=e asc5d$--n a prospect1 h[ev] ri*1 & v>i$1 :i* ,i !nce beheld--is at all comp>able ) ! view f ,/onnis4#had #had ,d]by%ire ,t\ri/'s ,guide1 p4 #db4 ,e "o possess$ ( ta/e & feel+ :o gazes ^u ?is glori\s l&scape w p>take1 9 a great] or less] degree1 ( ! emotions ?us f9ely express$ by ! ard5t lov] ( ! sublime & beautiful 9 nature2 b to ! natural philosoph] ! physical *>act]s ( ?is en*ant+ region are fraught ) a deep] int]e/1 & pres5t subjects = ! mo/ pr(\nd contemplation4 ,to him ! rocks & ! m\nta9s are ! gr& monum5ts ( nature1 on :i* are inscrib$ ! hi/ory ( ! physical revolutions ( ! globe :i* took place 9 p]iods incalculably remote & long antec$5t to ! creation ( ! human race4 ,!y pres5t to 8 m9d a succession ( ev5ts1 ea* s va/ z to be beyond 8 f9ite compreh5sion2 ages ( tranquillity1 ) l&s & seas teem+ ) life & happ9ess1 succe$$ by p]iods 9 :i* ! e>?quake & ! volcano spread univ]sal ru9 & de/ruction--& !y tea* him t all ^! awful *anges be> ! impress ( ! ,almighty's h&1 & 7 subs]vi5t to ! et]nal purpose ( r5d]+ ?is planet ! fit abode ( man1 dur+ 8 mortal pilgrimage4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,notes ,,= ,a ,,geological ,,excursion ,,to ,,*>nwood ,,=e/1 ,,to ,,exam9e ,,! ,,c5tral ,,gr\p ,,( ,,plutonic ,,rocks ,,( ,,engl&2 ,,& ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,& ,,cambrian ,,/rata1 ,,?r\gh ,,:i* ,,!y ,,h ,,be5 ,,erupt$4 ,9 ! c5tral c\nty ( our ,isl&1 )9 a hundr$ miles ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 a gr\p ( plutonic rocks em]ges f b5ea? ! /rata ( lime/one1 coal1 & r$ m>l :i* con/itute ! pr9cipal geological features ( ! midl& prov9ces1 & rises up into ! bold & picturesque range ( hills ( ,*>nwood ,=e/4 ,almo/ ! entire s]ies ( ,briti% rocks is n[ br\ght by ! railroads )9 a few h\rs di/ance ( ! metropolis2 & ! geological inquir] may1 9 ! c\rse ( a =tnight1 exam9e 9 _! natural situations ! ,eoc5e deposits ( ! ,london & ,hamp%ire bas9s--! ,cretace\s & ,weald5 /rata ( ,sussex1 ,k5t1 & ,surrey--! ,oolitic1 ,liassic1 ,triassic1 ,p]mian1 & ,c>bonif]\s sy/ems--! ,m\nta9 lime/one & its metallif]\s treasures--,traps1 or anci5t lavas1 & _! effects--/rata ( ! ,silurian & ,cambrian sy/ems--&1 la/ly1 ,granite1 ,sy5ite1 ,porphyry1 & o!r modifications ( ! plutonic or igne\s rocks4 ,! pres5t notes ref] to two or ?ree days sp5t 9 explor+ ! c\ntry ar\nd ,leice/]1 & 9 exam9+ ! granite ( ,m\nt ,sorel#hae--! slate qu>ries ( ,s)l&--! sy5itic crags ( ,b>don ,hill--! porphyritic masses ( ,m>kfield & ,grooby--& ! coal-m9es ( ,:itwick4 ,on our previ\s excursion by railway to ,leice/] 7see ,excursion to ,matlock1 p4 #hfg71 ! ord] ( ! succession ( ! /rata f ! metropolis to t t[n 0 describ$2 on ?is occasion x w only be requisite to direct ! travell]'s att5tion to ! abrupt isolat$ hills1 by ,h9ckley1 ,grooby1 & ! craggy peaks ( ,*>nwood ,=e/1 9 ! di/ance1 on ! left ( ! railroad1 be=e rea*+ ,leice/]4 ,if a p$e/rian excursion be resolv$ ^u1 ?ree or f\r days at lea/ w be requir$ to foll[ ! r\te pres5tly po9t$ out2 9 a c>riage & pair1 x may be accompli%$ 9 a long summ] s day1 by />t+ f ,leice/] at six1 & return+ by t5 or elev54#haf #hae ,sorel1 a corruption ( ,so> ,hill1 or hill on ! riv] ,so>4 #haf ,x maybe well to rem9d ! visitor t at ,leice/] ! foll[+ objects are wor?y ( notice3--! ,roman ,mile/one1 n[ plac$ 9 ! ,high-/reet2 ! rema9s ( ! ,roman ,wall2 & ! ,blue ,bo> ,hotel1 :]e ,ri*>d ,,iii4 slept ! night be=e ! battle ( ,boswor?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,excursion ,,to ,,*>nwood ,,=e/ ,! geological localities to be visit$ 9 ?is excursion are ! foll[+-- ,i4 ,b>r[-on-,so>4#hag ,lias lime/one4--,! qu>ries at ?is locality are celebrat$ = ! organic rema9s t h f "t to "t be5 obta9$ f ! lime/one4 ,bones ( ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri 7see p4 #ffi71 fi%es 7,dap$ius1 p4 #fjc71 leaves ( cycade1 & fossil wood1 toge!r ) ammonites1 t]ebratul1 c4 may g5]ally be obta9$4 #hag ,!re is a /ation at ,b>r[1 & ! p$e/rian may be put d[n )9 a %ort di/ance1 by ! railway4 ,al?\gh at ! v foot ( ! plutonic rocks1 & on ! v]ge ( ! gr& focus ( volcanic action :i* erupt$ ! sy5itic masses ( ,*>nwood ,=e/1 ! /rata 9 ?is spot appe> to h suff]$ b little di/urbance4 ,b ?is ph5om5on is 9 accordance ) :at occurs 9 o!r volcanic di/ricts4 ,=1 z ,m4 ,con/ant ,prevo/ rem>ks1 volcanoes may op5 across all ! /rata1 )\t occasion+ great d]angem5ts2 ?us1 at ,limagne1 ,aurillac1 & ,puy 7see ,wond4 p4 #bfi71 ! t]ti>y /rata h pres]v$ _! horizontality1 ev5 ar\nd ! v5ts ?r\gh :i* issu$ ! volcanic matt] t cov]$ ^? c\ntries ) num]\s cones ( eruption4 ,,ii4 ,m\nt ,sorel4 ,granite & ,sy5ite4--,! road f ,leice/] asc5ds a ridge ( ,triassic or ,new ,r$ /rata1 call$ ,bir/al ,hill1 f :5ce !re is a f9e view ( ! t[n4 ,9 ! mead[s on ! left1 "s ru9$ walls1 cov]$ ) ivy1 m>k ! site1 & are ! only rema9s ( ! ,abbey 9 :i* ,c>d9al ,wolsey expir$4 ,approa*+ ,m\nt ,sorel1 an abrupt hill1 ) a mill on ! summit1 d5otes1 f a consid]able di/ance1 ! geological "* ( ! spot4 ,!re is a small ,inn 9 ! village1 :]e accommodation may be procur$4 ,visit ! qu>ries1 & also ! e/abli%m5t ( ,mr4 ,jackson1 :]e ! granite is work$ into pill>s1 side-bo>ds1 c4#hah #hah ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is manufactory w be f\nd 9 ,sir ,ri*>d ,phillips's ,p]sonal ,t\r4 ,! hill is ab\t #abj feet 9 height1 & #a1djj y>ds long2 & is e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t two hundr$ millions ( cubic feet ( workable granite1 above ! g5]al level ( ! di/rict4#hai #hai ,! granite resembles t ( ,ab]de51 b conta9s a l>g] proportion ( felsp>4 ,,iii4 ,s)l&4 ,slate-rocks4--,f ,m\nt ,sorel proce$ to ,s)l&3 z we approa* ! qu>ries1 ! employm5t ( slate = e available purpose1 9 ! footpa?s1 walls ( cottages1 c41 indicates ! abundance ( ?is mat]ial 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,at ,s)l&1 ! qu>ries are v ext5sive1 & expose magnific5t sections1 f #ajj to #abj feet ?ick1 ( /rata ( ,slate1 highly incl9$2 & =m+ "o side ( an anticl9al axis1 ! summit ( :i* w be pass$ ov] 9 our r\te by ,woodh\se4 ,9 "o qu>ry1 at ! "t ( my visit1 a s]ies ( ne>ly horizontal /rata ( r$ m>l 0 expos$1 ly+ uncon=mably ^u ! edges ( ! highly incl9$ b$s ( ,slate4 ,! ,slate-rocks ( ,*>nwood ,=e/ h a s+le anticl9al axis1 :i* /rikes f ,,nn4,w4 to ,,ss4,e42 & ! axis ( ! adjac5t coal-field ( ,nuneaton has a simil> direction4#hbj #hbj ,mur*4 ,sil4 ,sy/4 p4 #efi4 ,sid5ote3 ,,woodh\se4 ,,b>don ,,hill4 ,,iv4 ,woodh\se4 ,slate-rocks4--,f ,s)l& to ,woodh\se1 is a cont9uation ( ! highly incl9$ ,slate /rata4 ,! village is romantically situat$ on ! ridge or cre/ ( ! anticl9al axis ( ,*>nwood ,=e/4 ,on ! sides ( ! road1 !re are occasional op5+s :]e ! /rata are expos$4 ,!re is1 9 p>ticul>1 a f9e section on ! sides ( ! elevat$ po9t on :i* ! *ur* & s*ool are built1 ly+ to ! left ( ! road 9 ! approa* f ,s)l&4 ,a day might be well sp5t 9 ?is place1 & at ,s)l&4 ,v4 ,b>don ,hill4 ,sy5ite4--,we next proce$ to ,b>don ,hill1 asc5d+ to ! highe/ ridge ( ! protrud$ mass ( igne\s rock1 ( :i* ?is m\nta9-range is compos$4 ,! craggy & b>e p9nacles :i* are e :]e pres5t+ !mselves1 %oot+ up1 z x 71 f ! gre5 sw>d1 _c fail1 f _! novel & /rik+ "*1 /rongly to impress ! m9d ( ! "y geologi/1 :o n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 visits a region ( plutonic rocks4 ,! view f ! summit ( ! hill is gr& & impos+2 x %\ld be /udi$ ) a geological map ( ! c\ntry be=e u1 t ! position ( ?is c5tral mass ( volcanic rocks1 & its relation to ! surr\nd+ s$im5t>y /rata1 may be fully compreh5d$4 ,,vi4 ,:itwick & ,snib/one4 ,coal-measures4--,spread ar\nd ! foot ( ! ,sy5itic m\nta9 :i* we are desc5d+ are ! coal-be>+ /rata ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em2 & 9 ! works at ,:itwick & ,snib/one ! geological inquir] c exam9e ! nature ( ^! deposits 9 ! coal-m9es1 :i* he %\ld desc5d1 & obta9 specim5s ( ! /rata & fossils f ! b$s 9 situ4#hba #hba ,%\ld he be s =tunate z to see ! resid5t eng9e] ( ,snib/one ,colli]y1 ,mr4 ,george ,vaughan1 he w be c]ta9 ( meet+ ) a c\rte\s reception1 & e facility = pursu+ 8 inquiries1 desc5d+ ! %aft1 & obta9+ fossils4 ,m\nta9 lime/one is br\ght to ?is place to be conv]t$ into lime2 & good specim5s ( %ells1 encr9ites1 c4 may sometimes be extract$ f ! blocks ( /one4 ,among ! refuse ( ! work+s ?r[n up f ! v>i\s %afts1 se>* %\ld be made = /ems ( calamites 7p4 #ajh71 se$-vessels 7p4 #adi71 f]n-leaves 7p4 #aji71 c4 ,a section f ,:itwick1 ?r\gh ,*>nwood ,=e/1 to ,b>r[-on-,so>1 9 ! direction ( ! r\te we h trav]s$1 w\ld give ! foll[+ succession ( rocks3--#a4 ,:itwick2 ,coal-/rata1 highly incl9$4 #b4 ,slate-rocks ( ,woodh\se1 highly incl9$4 #c4 ,protrusions ( ,sy5ite4 #d4 ,slate-rocks ( ,s)l&1 highly incl9$1 ) uncon=mable /rata ( r$ m>l4 #e4 ,granite & ,sy5ite ( ,m\nt ,sorel4 #f4 ,r$ m>l & s&/one1 support+ ! ,lias1 at ,b>r[-on-,so>4 ,! p$e/rian %\ld sp5d "o or two days at ,snib/one1 :]e !re is humble1 b com=table accommodation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m>kfield ,,& ,,grooby1 ,,vii4 ,m>kfield & ,grooby4 ,sy5ite & ,porphyry1 c4--,^! places may be visit$ on our way back to ,leice/]4 ,illu/ration ,,miscellane\s4 ,li/ ( ,deal]s 9 ,fossils1 ,m9]als1 c4 ,briti% ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 = ! di/ribution ( ,fossils & ,rec5t ,%ells1 ,london ,ag5t = !1 #cj1 ,tavi/ock-/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,*>lton1 ,mr41 at ! ,geological ,society's ap>tm5ts1 ,som]set ,h\se4 ,= bo>ds & tablets = fossils2 prep>$ & back$ pap] = diagrams2 cab9ets = specim5s1 c4 ,an excell5t & intellig5t workman1 & mod]ate 9 8 *>ges4 ,cuttell1 ,mr41 #eb1 ,new ,compton-/reet1 ,lapid>y4 ,prep>es fossil tee?1 c4 = ! microscope4 ,d>k]1 ,mr41 ,lapid>y1 #i1 ,p>adise-/reet1 ,lambe?4 ,fossil & rec5t objects = ! microscope4 ,specim5s ( ! infusorial e>?s1 tee? ( fi%es & reptiles1 m>bles1 c4 ,edw>ds1 #dj1 ,high-/reet1 ,camd5 ,t[n4 ,= ho>ds = cab9ets1 to affix fossils1 %ells1 c4 in/ead ( trays4 ,mc,lellan1 #ajg1 ,great ,russell-/reet1 ,bloomsbury4 ,manufactures ! trays = ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,wood5 trays ) black sides1 #b in*es by #b1 to #f in*es by #b1 price #gs4 p] doz54 ,?is price is mu* too high1 except = public collections4 ,common c>d or pa/ebo>d trays answ] e purpose4 ,simmons1 ,mr41 #f1 ,francis-/reet1 ,new+ton ,butts4 ,collector ( fossils2 especially ( *oice ,*alk fossils & fossil ,=am9if]a4 ,s[]by1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 7! em95t naturali/71 #ej1 ,great ,russell-/reet1 ,bloomsbury4 ,all k9ds ( m9]als1 fossils1 & rec5t %ells4 ,t5nant1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy & ,geology to ,k+'s ,college1 #adi1 ,/r&4 ,e pur*asable species ( fossil1 m9]al1 or %ell may be obta9$2 z well z ! v>i\s microscopic fossils1 infusorial e>?s1 slices ( tee?1 wood1 m>ble1 c4 ,! collections =m$ by ,mr4 ,t5nant = ! /ud5t 9 ,geology1 ,palontology1 & ,m9]alogy are admirably calculat$ to af=d t practical acqua9tance ) specim5s1 s indisp5sable to ! acquisition ( a k ( ,geology4 ,a s]ies may be obta9$1 illu/rative ( ! sy/em ( in/ruction sugge/$ 9 ^! volumes1 & arrang$ 9 a sequ5ce correspond+ to ! ord] 9 :i* ! fossils are describ$4 ,! price ( a mahogany cab9et ) five trays1 conta9+ #bjj specim5s1 illu/rative ( ! elem5t>y works on ,geology1 is five gu9eas3 cab9ets ) few] & less valuable specim5s f two to ?ree gu9eas4 ,! foll[+ is an outl9e ( ! cont5ts ( ! five gu9ea cab9et-- ,m9]als :i* are ei!r ! compon5ts ( ,rocks1 or occasionally imb$d$ 9 !m3--,qu>tz1 ,agate1 ,*alc$ony1 ,jasp]1 ,g>net1 ,zeolite1 ,hornbl5de1 ,augite1 ,asbe/us1 ,felsp>1 ,mica1 ,talc1 ,t\rmal9e1 ,calc>e\s ,sp>1 ,fluor1 ,sel5ite1 ,b>yta1 ,/rontia1 ,salt1 ,sulphur1 ,plumbago1 ,bitum51 c4 ,native ,metals1 or ,metallif]\s ,m9]als2 ^! are f\nd 9 masses or b$s1 9 ve9s1 & occasionally 9 ! b$s ( riv]s4 ,specim5s ( ! foll[+ ,metallic ,ores are put 9 ! ,cab9et3--,iron1 ,manganese1 ,lead1 ,t91 ,z9c1 ,copp]1 ,antimony1 ,silv]1 ,gold1 ,plat9a1 c4 ,rocks2 ,granite1 ,gneiss1 ,mica-slate1 ,clay-slate1 ,porphyry1 ,s]p5t9e1 ,s&/ones1 ,lime/ones1 ,basalt1 ,lavas1 c4 ,silurian ,fossils f ! ,ll&eilo1 ,w5lock1 & ,ludl[ ,rocks4 ,second>y ,fossils f ! ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 ,p]mian1 ,triassic1 ,lias1 ,oolite1 ,purbeck1 ,weald51 & ,cretace\s ,gr\ps4 ,t]ti>y ,fossils f ! ,?anet ,s&s1 ,woolwi* & ,read+ b$s1 ,brackle%am1 ,b>ton1 & ,london ,clays1 ,isle ( ,wight fre%-wat] s]ies1 ,crag1 c4 ,mr4 ,t5nant has also models ( _m unique & r>e fossils2 z = example1 tee?1 horn1 claw-bones1 c4 ( ! ,iguanodon2 lily encr9ite2 small models ( ! upright coal-trees1 ne> ,bolton2 ( ! magnific5t ,plesiosaurus ( ,mr4 ,hawk9s's collection1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7price #dl4 #ds472 ,mr4 ,sop)'s models ( /ratification1 c4 ,topp+1 ,mr4 #a1 ,york-place1 ,p5tonville-hill2 supplies bo>ds & cases1 & e k9d ( fossil infusoria1 c42 poli%$ slices ( fossil wood & tee?2 & all k9ds ( microscopical objects1 admirably prep>$1 & at mod]ate prices4 ,briti% ,museum4--,models ( "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable fossils 9 ! ,national ,collection 7a li/ ( :i* is publi%$ 9 ! ,synopsis ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7 may be pur*as$ ( ! ,=matore4 ,microscopes4--,a microscope is n[ an indisp5sable in/rum5t = ! collector ( fossil rema9s2 &1 9 fact1 = ! cultivator ( any natural sci5ce4 ,a microscope suffici5t = e useful purpose may be obta9$1 at ! price ( f sev5 to tw5ty gu9eas1 (-- ,p\lton1 ,mr4 ,c41 ,wooburn1 ne> ,m>l[1 ,bucks2 beautiful prep>ations ( m9ute fossil animal & vegetable /ructures = ! microscope at #as4 #c;d4 p] slide4 ,infusorial e>?s admirably prep>$4 ,specim5s ( =am9if]a1 rec5t & fossil4 ,grignon s& )1 =am9if]a1 c4 ,p[ell1 ,mr41 #bd1 ,cl>5don-/reet1 ,cl>5don-squ>e4 ,prit*>d1 ,mr4 ,&rew1 ,fleet-/reet2 ! au?or ( v>i\s useful works on microscopical subjects4 ,mr4 ,prit*>d's microscope1 ( f sev5 to t5 gu9eas1 has be5 pur*as$ by sev]al ( my geological fri5ds1 & admirably answ]s ! purpose ( inve/igation4 ,ross1 ,mr4 #ba1 ,fea!r/one-build+s1 ,holborn2 ju/ly celebrat$ = ! p]fection ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,smi? & ,beck1 ,messrs4 #f1 ,coleman-/reet1 ,city4 ,,brighton4 ,night+ale1 ,mr4 #eb1 ,fr$]ick-/reet1 ne> ! railway /ation ,brighton ,a l>ge assortm5t ( ,sussex *alk & o!r fossils4 ,mr4 ,night+ale is a fir/-rate arti/ 9 cle>+ *alk fi%es & cru/aceans4 ,?at*]1 ,mr41 ,we/ ,cliff1 ,k+'s-road1 has (t5 v *oice *alk fossils1 admirably cle>$1 & at fair prices4 ,mo/ ( ! pebbles cut & set 9 broo*es1 & sold by ! lapid>ies & jewell]s 9 ?is t[n1 z ,brighton common ,g]man moss-agates4 ,! gre5 broo*es call$ ,brighton aqua m>9es6 are roll$ fragm5ts ( bottle-glass4 ,occasionally good sections ( ! ,*oanites 7see p4 #bcd7 may be obta9$3 inquire = petrifi$ sea-anemones4 ,,*ipp5ham1 ,,wilts4 ,buy1 ,william2 = ,ox=d ,clay fossils ( ! greate/ v>iety & 9 ! highe/ p]fection4 ,especially celebrat$ = 8 discov]y & admirable developm5t ( ! s(t p>ts ( ,belemnoteu?ides1 ,belemnites ) phragmocones1 c4 ,,dov]4 ,griffi?s1 ,p>adise-/reet4 ,moses1 ,/r\d-/reet2 has g5]ally a l>ge collection ( ,*alk & ,galt fossils4 ,,ha/+s4 ,biss5d51 ,?omas1 ,we/-/reet2 ,oliv]1 ,elizabe?1 #g1 ,p>ade2 ( :om ,weald5 fossils f ! neighb\r+ cliffs may (t5 be obta9$4 ,,ryde1 ,,isle ,,( ,,wight ,f[l/one1 ,mr41 #d1 ,victoria ,arcade4 ,,%e]ness4 ,hayes1 ,patrick1 ,%eppey-/reet1 ,blue ,t[n4 ,! usual ,%eppey fossils4 ,accord+ to 8 own li/1 he has = sale1--petrifi$ :elk-%ells1 cockles1 clams1 screws1 ,nautilus4 ,fruits1 v>i\s2 z beans1 c(fee1 figs nuts4 ,crabs1 lob/]s1 turtles4 ,fi%es' heads1 tee?1 & sp9e-bones4 ,8 *>ge = p]fect specim5s is high2 a ,nautilus1 cut 9 half & poli%$1 pres5t+ two p]fect sections1 #bes42 if imp]fect1 #as4 or #bs4 ,a fi%'s head1 or lob/]1 #ajs4 to #aes42 imp]fect examples1 #f;d4 to #bs42 see p4 #hdj4 ,,v5tnor1 ,,isle ,,( ,,wight4 ,:eel]1 ,*>les1 ,hold]'s ,sea-side ,cottage4 ,an excell5t guide to ! mo/ int]e/+ localities along ! s\!rn %ore ( ! isl&4 ,collects & sells specim5s4 ,,w>m9/]4 ,bak]1 ,mr42 deal] 9 fossils4 ,! ,w>m9/] ,gre5s&1 & ,*alk fossils4 ,,weym\?4 ,damon ,mr4 ,rob]t1 deal] 9 fossils2 has always on sale a l>ge & excell5t collection ( ! organic rema9s f ! neighb\rhood ( ,weym\?1 ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 & ,lyme ,regis1 c4 ,a s]ies ( rec5t ,briti% %ells1 f #bjj to #djj species1 correctly nam$4 ,,york4 ,briti% ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 = ! di/ribution ( ,fossils & rec5t %ells2 conductor1 c4 ,mr4 ,*>leswor?1 ,curator ( ! ,york ,museum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes on ! ,prices ( ,fossils4--,a ,%ort communication by ! ,au?or to ,*>leswor?'s ,london ,geological ,j\rnal1 ,no4 ,i4 p4 #ac1 conta9s a li/ ( ! prices ( sev]al int]e/+ fossils & collections ( fossils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]als4--,a complete s]ies ( ! m9]als ( ,cumb]l& compris+ specim5s ( great beauty & int]e/1 c be obta9$ ( ,john ,c[p]1 ,al/on1 ,cumb]l&2 he may be reli$ ^u = 8 k & att5tion1 & 8 prices are mod]ate4 ,,g5]al ,,index4 ,,g5]al ,,index4 ,a4 ,abies1 #agg4 ,abietites ,dunk]i1 #agi4 ,acaleph1 #bhj1 #ggb4 ,acan?oteu?is furiosa1 #ddg1 #dfb4 ,acephala1 #cge4 ,acetabulif]a1 #ddi4 ,a*illeum1 #bbc4 ,acorn-%ell1 #ejf4 ,acrocid>is nobilis1 #cai4 ,acrodont reptiles1 #fdh4 ,acrodus nobilis1 #ehd4 ,acrog5s1 #fj4 ,actibatis1 #gec4 ,act9ia1 #bed4 ,act9ocr9ites1 #bhg1 #bid1 #bie4 ,act9ocr9us ,p>k9soni1 #bid4 ,agassiz1 ,m41 on cololites1 #fbb4 --------------- ,fi%es1 #efc1 #efh1 et passim4 ,age ( ,reptiles1 #fdd4 ,air-bladd] ( ,fi%es1 fossil4 #fbj4 ,aix1 fossil insects f1 #eeg4 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 #bje4 ,aix1 ,prov5ce1 #ahe1 #aii1 #eej1 #eeg1 #fbe1 #fbh1 #gca4 ,alabama1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ghj4 ,alcyonium1 #bed4 --------- *onoides1 #bdg4 ,alg1 fossil1 #hg4 ,allanbank1 ,b]wick%ire1 #afg4 ,allesley1 ne> ,cov5try1 #abd4 ,alligator ,hantoni5sis1 #fgf4 ,alloa1 ,scotl&1 #ggh4 ,allport1 ,mr4 ,d41 rese>*es (1 #ghi4 ,alum ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #gc1 #age1 #dba1 #hdg4 --------1 lignite at1 #gc4 ,amb]1 #eb1 #ahb4 ,amblypt]us1 #fja4 ,ammonites communis1 #dgg4 --------- ,dufr5oyi1 #dgf4 --------- ,jason1 #dgi4 --------- lautus1 #dgf4 --------- v>ians1 #dgf4 --------- ,walcottii1 #cig1 #dhb4 ,ammonitid1 #dfi1 #dgf4 ,amorphozoa1 #bai4 ,amphig5s1 #fa4 ,amphi!rium ,brod]ipii1 #hjf4 ,analysis ( ,molluskite1 #dcc4 ,anan*yte1 fl9t-ca/ (1 #cbj4 ,anan*ytes ovatus1 #cbc1 #cbg4 ,ancyloc]as furcatum1 #dhd4 ----------- gigas1 #dhe4 ,ang]s1 #ecg4 ,angiosp]ms1 fossil1 #aig4 ,animal ,k+dom1 classification (1 #bag1 #hbf4 ,animal rema9s1 fossil1 #dc4 ,annelida1 #ejc4 ,ann+1 ,miss ,m4 rese>*es (1 #dh1 #dfd1 #eif4 ,annul>ia1 #adf1 #adg4 ,anomopt]is ,m\geotii1 #aag4 ,anomura1 #eab4 ,anoplo!rium comm9e1 #ghi4 ------------- secund>ium1 #gij4 ,an/ice1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #eee4 ,an?olites liliaceus1 #aih4 ,an?ophyllum ,atlanticum1 #beg1 #bfb4 ,an?ozoa1 #bec4 ,an?raco!rioid pa*yd]ms1 #gia4 ,an?raco!rium1 #gij4 ,antigua1 #ahe1 #bfd4 ,apateon p$e/ris1 #gde4 ,ape1 fossil1 ( ,france1 #had4 ,apiocr9ites1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bia4 ,apiocr9us ellipticus1 #bij4 ---------- flexuosus1 #bia4 ---------- ,p>k9soni1 #bhh4 ---------- rotundus1 #bhi4 ,aporrhais1 #dbf4 ,apty*us sublvis1 #dib4 ,arabia1 #cfb4 ------1 =am9if]a-rocks 91 #cfb4 ,ara*nida1 #eej4 ,arauc>ia p]egr9a1 #age4 ,arauc>ites1 #afh4 ,arboresc5t f]ns1 fossil /ems (1 #abb4 ,ar*ocid>id1 #cbb4 ,ar*oniscus ,brodiei1 #eba4 ,ar*egosaurus ,de*5ii1 #gde4 ------------- lucius1 #gde4 ------------- m9or1 #gde4 ,argonaut1 #dej1 #dfe4 ,arkansas1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ghj4 ,armagh1 ,irel&1 #eie4 ,artisia1 #afh4 ,asaphus1 #ecf4 ,aspidorhyn*us1 #fag4 ,a/acid1 #eae4 ,a/]acan?us1 #eha4 ,a/]iad1 #bhj1 #cja4 ,a/]ias ar5icola1 #cjg4 -------- prisca1 #cjh4 ,a/]oida1 #bed4 ,a/]olepis1 #fai4 ,a/]ophyllites1 #ade4 --------------- equiseti=mis1 #adg4 ,a/ra ananas1 #bfb4 ------- p5tagona1 #bfb4 ------- ,tisburi5sis1 #bfc4 ,a!rfield1 #eah1 #ebi4 ,au/ ,cliff1 #efj1 #ehh1 #hje1 #hfe4 ,au/51 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,c41 rese>*es (1 #hej1 #hfa4 ,au/91 ,messrs41 on cr9oidea1 #bhh4 ,au/ralia1 #hjc1 #hji4 ,autun1 ,france1 #acj1 #agh4 ,auv]gne1 #ebi1 #efj1 #gfe4 ,ava1 ,burmah1 #ahe1 #bgh1 #gid4 ,avicula 9quivalvis1 #djd4 ,aylesbury1 #dha1 #dih1 #hfc4 ,ayme/ry1 #cic1 #dje4 ,b4 ,babbicombe1 ,devon1 #bei1 #bfa4 ,bacill>ia1 #hh1 #ia4 ,bacton1 ,suffolk1 #hjc1 #haa4 ,baculites baculoides1 #dhf4 ,bailey1 ,dr41 on diatomace1 #ic1 #ccg4 ----------- on =am9if]a1 #cfd4 ----------- on rec5t %elly s&/one1 #chg4 ----------- on ! mixture ( m>9e & fluviatile species 9 ! ,hudson ,riv]1 #ajj4 ,ba91 ,mr4 ,a4 ,g41 fossil reptiles 9 ,s\? ,africa1 discov]$ by1 #gad4 ,bak] & ,dur&1 ,messrs1 rese>*es (1 #had4 ,bakewell1 ,mr41 ! rese>*es (1 #gcg1 #hgh1 #hhg4 ,balanid1 #ejf4 ,balanus tesselatus1 #ejg4 ,balcombe1 #hea4 ,bann ,riv]1 ,irel&1 diatomace f ! banks ( !1 #id4 ,banwell1 ,som]set1 #ghc1 #hji1 #haa1 #haf1 #hfe4 ,b>don ,hill1 #ija4 ,b>nacles1 #ejf4 ,b>r1 ,/af=d%ire1 #ecg4 ,b>r&e1 ,m41 on trilobites1 #ecd1 #eda4 ,b>r[-on-,so>1 #ffi1 #hii4 ,ba?1 #cig1 #hfd4 ,batra*ia1 #fdf1 #gci4 ,batra*nis1 #gec4 ,batra*olites1 #gdj4 ,bats1 fossil1 #hac4 ,bav>ia1 #dbc1 #ghg4 ,bay ( ,fundy1 ,nova ,scotia1 upright fossil trees on ! cliffs ( !1 #abh4 ,bea*y ,head1 #dha4 ,bean1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #ebf1 #eca4 ,be>s1 fossil1 #haa4 ,beauvais1 ,france1 #dea4 ,beav]1 fossil1 #hjc4 ,becc>ius1 =am9if]a fir/ discov]$ by1 #cci4 ,beckles1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #ebi1 #ggc4 ,belemnitella mucronata1 #dea1 #deg4 ------------ quadrata1 #dea4 ,belemnites bip>titus1 #dec4 ---------- dilatatus1 #dea1 #deh4 ---------- lanceolatus1 #dei4 ---------- ,li/]i1 #dec1 #deh4 ---------- ,puzosianus1 #ded4 ---------- semicanaliculatus1 #dec4 ,belemnoteu?is antiquus1 #dei4 ,belfa/1 #ga1 #bcf4 ------- ,l\gh1 peat 91 #ga4 ,belgium1 #aia4 ,bell]ophon bilobatus1 #dfe4 ----------- co/atus1 #dfe4 ,belopt]a belemnitoides1 #dfc4 ,belosepia sepioides1 #dfc4 ,beloteu?is subco/ata1 #dfc4 ,b5ett1 ,miss ,e41 rese>*es (1 #da1 #bca4 ,b5/$1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h41 rese>*es (1 #bfi1 #dji1 #dcd1 #gcb4 ,b]gh-mehl ( ,norway1 #if4 ,b]gmann on fossils1 #ag4 -------- on ! solubility ( silex 9 wat]1 #db4 ,b]mudas1 #bgd4 ,b]ry ,head1 ,torbay1 #gfd4 ,b]yx ,lewesi5sis1 #fbd4 ----- microcephalus1 #fbd4 ----- radians1 #fbd4 ----- sup]bus1 #fbd4 ,bexhill1 ,sussex1 #eai4 ,bexley1 #cie4 ,beyri*ia1 #ebf4 ,bid=d1 ,w>wick%ire1 #efj4 ,bignor1 ,sussex1 #bcb4 ,bil91 diatomace\s deposit at1 #if4 ,b9field1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #edi4 ,b9ney1 ,mr41 on /igm>ia1 #acf4 ,b9/ead1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #dbc1 #gij1 #haf1 #hdg4 ,b9/wick1 ,hold]ness1 #ie4 ,b9ton1 ,w>wick%ire1 #eeb4 ,bird-l bip$s1 impr9ts ( feet (1 #gfh4 ,birds1 #gei1 #gfc4 ,bivalve mollusks1 ! p>ts (1 #cgg4 ,blackd[n1 ,devon1 #cej1 #daa1 #dac4 ,bleadon1 ,som]set1 #haa4 ,blet*+ley1 #djf1 #deh4 ,bognor1 ,sussex1 #age1 #aic1 #bce1 #dje1 #djg4 ,bohemia1 #if1 #eci1 #fbc4 -------1 diatomace\s deposit 91 #if4 ,boil+ spr+s1 #dj4 ,bolton1 ,l9coln%ire1 #cfg4 ,bombay1 #gda4 ,bon*ur*1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #afb4 ,bone-breccia ( ! cav]ns1 #hjh4 ,bone-cav]ns1 #gfd1 #hjh1 #hba4 ,bones1 fossil1 #de4 ,botanical pr9ciples1 #eh4 ,botany1 fossil1 #ea4 ,bo?rodr5dron1 #add1 #ade4 ,b\ghton1 ne> ,maid/one1 #haa4 ,b\logne1 #cih1 #dab4 ,b\rgueticr9us1 #bhf1 #bia4 ,b\rnem\?1 ,hants1 #bjj1 #efj4 ,bovey ,hea?field1 ,devon1 #gb4 -----------------------1 lignite at1 #gb4 ,b[]bank1 ,mr41 excursions to ,%eppey & ,brackle%am by1 #hdj1 #hdd4 --------- on c>*>odon1 #eic4 ------------ fl9t1 #ced4 ------------ fossil bird f ,%eppey1 #gfh4 ------------ fossil fruits f ,%eppey1 #ec1 #ahg4 ------------ moss-agates1 #ajc4 ------------ pt]odactyles1 #gbf4 ,b[man1 ,mr41 on sigill>ia1 #abg4 ,bra*iolites1 #bbf4 ------------ angul>is1 #bfg4 ,bra*iopoda or ,palliobran*iata1 #cgf1 #chh4 ,bra*yura1 #eaa4 ,brackle%am ,bay1 #age1 #aic1 #bfd1 #cfg1 #chc1 #dje1 #dfc1 #dgj1 #ehi1 #eig1 #fgg1 #gch1 #hdd4 ,brad=d encr9ite1 #bij4 ,brad=d1 ,wilts1 #bhh4 ,bran*iopoda1 #ebe4 ,brazils1 #fbe1 #hjh1 #had1 #hae4 ,brebisson on diatomace1 #hh4 ,br5t=d1 #ghc4 ,brick5d51 ,capt41 rese>*es (1 #fic1 #gbj1 #gdi4 ,bridgewat] ,essay1 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s1 #h1 #bb1 et passim4 ,brighton1 #ii1 #bbd1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bhi1 #bii1 #cdh1 #cfh1 #chd1 #djh1 #dea1 #deh1 #fbh1 #ggh1 #ghc1 #gie1 #heb4 --------1 diatomace at1 #ii4 -------- fossil :ale1 #ggh4 ,bri/ol1 #ehe1 #eia1 #gac1 #hfd4 ,briti% localities ( fossil cephalopods1 #dii4 ---------------------------- cru/aceans1 #edf4 ---------------------------- fi%es1 #fdj4 ---------------------------- mammals1 #hah4 ---------------------------- plants1 #bac4 ---------------------------- reptiles1 #gef4 ---------------------------- %ells1 #ddc4 ---------------------------- zoophytes1 #bgh4 ---------------------------- fossil monkeys1 #hae4 ,briti% ,museum1 fossils 91 #ge1 #ada1 #bhb1 #bhh1 #ccc1 #chi1 #daa1 #fcj1 #fcg1 #fgj1 #fgh1 #fha1 #fhc1 #fhe1 #ggj1 #ghd1 #ghf1 #hjg1 #haj4 -------------- /rata1 synopsis (1 #bc4 ,brittle-worts1 #hh4 ,brod]ip1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #hjf4 ,brodie1 ,rev4 ,p4 ,b41 rese>*es (1 #eba1 #edi1 #eeb1 #eef4 ,bromley1 ,k5t1 #cie1 #djf4 ,brongni>t & ,cuvi] on fossils1 #ah4 ,brongni>t on a/]ophyllites1 #adf4 ------------- ,cru/acea1 #ecc4 ------------- moss-agates1 #ajc4 ------------- ps>olites1 #abd4 ------------- sigill>ia1 #acb4 ------------- /igm>ia1 #acd4 ------------- ! classification ( plants1 #fa4 ------------- ! di/ribution ( fossil plants1 #bjh4 ,bronteus flabellif]1 #eci4 ,brook ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #afd1 #agj1 #agh1 #dae1 #fie1 #gja1 #hdh4 ,brora1 ,scotl&1 #djh4 ----- oolite1 #bh4 ,br[n-coal1 #ga4 ,br[n1 ,dr4 ,r41 on triplosporites1 #adb4 ----- ,mr4 ,j41 rese>*es (1 #hjc1 #haa4 ----- ,mr4 ,r41 on /igm>ia1 #acg4 ,brunswick1 #bib4 ,brussels1 #aia1 #gcj4 ,bryans=d1 ne> ,newca/le1 #ie4 ,bryozoa1 #bec1 #bfe4 ,buckl&1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,bridgewat] ,essay1 #h1 #bb1 et passim4 ------------------ on belemnites1 #def4 ------------------ c>polites1 #aic4 ------------------ cave-bones1 #haj4 ------------------ cephalopoda1 #dha4 ------------------ coal1 #hd4 ------------------ coprolites1 #fba4 ------------------ fossil bird's-bones1 #gfe4 ------------------ insects1 #eea4 ------------------ geoteu?is1 #dfd4 ------------------ i*nolites1 #ggj4 ------------------ i*?yopatolites1 #fcb4 ------------------ ,kirkdale ,cave1 #hjh4 ------------------ ,mantellia1 #aef4 ------------------ on m>supialia1 #hjf4 ------------------ megalosaurus1 #fhg4 ------------------ mega!rium1 #gih4 ------------------ p>am\dra1 #bcf4 ------------------ pt]odactyles1 #gbe4 ------------------ ,reliq4 ,diluv41 #hji4 ------------------ trilobites1 #ecd4 ,buckman1 ,pr(41 rese>*es (1 #eeb4 ,bu5os ,ayres1 #gii4 ,bufonites1 #fjd4 ,bulimus1 #dbc4 ,buma/us1 #dcg4 ,bupre/is ,buckl&i1 #eed4 ,burdie ,h\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 #gi1 #aac1 #ebd1 #eca1 #fjb1 #fag4 ------------1 fre%-wat] coal at1 #gi4 ,burham1 ,k5t1 #gab1 #gcb4 ,burmei/]1 ,m41 on trilobites1 #ecd1 #edj4 ,buy1 ,mr4 ,w41 rese>*es (1 #hfc4 ,c4 ,caddis-worms1 fossil1 #eei4 ,ca51 ,norm&y1 #fgi1 #fhj4 ,cai?ness1 #fad4 ,calamites approximatus1 #ajh4 --------- decoratus1 #ajg4 --------- radiatus1 #ajh4 ,calamod5dron1 #adf4 ,calb\rn1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #dbc1 #hdg4 ,calceola1 #cib4 ,ca9e1 ,wilts1 #cac1 #cae1 #cig1 #hfd4 ,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii1 #ece4 ,cambrian rocks1 l[]1 #cd4 ,cambridge1 #eah1 #gaa1 #gcj4 ,cambridge%ire1 #ie1 #cfg1 #haa4 -------------- f5s1 diatomace\s deposits 9 !1 #ie4 -------------- fossil =am9if]a ( !1 #cfg4 ,camel1 fossil1 #ghd4 ,campilodiscus1 #cdg4 ,cannel-coal1 #ga4 ,cape ,breton1 ,nova ,scotia1 #acg4 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #ecf1 #gad4 ,c>adoc ,s&/one1 #cc4 ,c>bonif]\s ,flora1 #bji4 ------------- s]ies1 #ca4 --------------------1 =am9if]a ( !1 #cfe4 ,c>boniz$ rema9s ( mollusks1 #dcb4 ,c>*>odon productus1 #eia1 #eic4 ,c>*>opsis prototypus1 #eie4 ,c>d9ia1 #dad4 ,c>dioc>pon acutum1 #adg4 ,c>dium edule1 #chf4 ,c>luke1 ,lan>k%ire1 #gdf4 ,c>nivora1 fossil1 #hjg4 ,c>p5t]1 ,dr41 on ! /ructure ( nummulites1 #cde4 ---------------------- /ructure ( %ells1 #cij4 ,c>poli!s ,buckl&i1 #adi4 ----------- ovulum1 #aif4 ----------- ,smi?i1 #bjb4 ,c>r1 ,mr4 ,h41 rese>*es (1 #heh1 #hhi4 ,c>r+ton ,p>k1 ,devon1 #cfe4 ,c>t]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g41 rese>*es (1 #cfb4 ----------------- on =am9if]a-rocks 9 ,arabia & ,india1 #cfb4 ,c>yophyllia annul>is1 #beh1 #bfb4 ------------ c5tralis1 #beg1 #bfh4 ,ca/le ,comb1 ne> ,ba?1 #ggd4 ,ca/or1 fossil1 #hjc4 ,cat5ipora es*>oides1 #bei4 ,catillus1 #djb4 ,caulopt]is macrodiscus1 #abc4 ,cautley1 ,capt41 discov]ies by1 #fgd1 #ghd1 #ghf1 #gig1 #had4 ,cave-bones1 #gfd1 #hjh4 ,cav]n ( ,high ,tor1 ,matlock1 #hgf4 ,cav]ns1 ,orni?olites ( !1 #gfd4 ,cellepora1 #che4 ,cellul> plants1 #ei4 ,cem5t1 #haf4 ,cephalaspides1 #faj4 ,cephalaspis ,lyellii1 #faj4 ,cephalopoda1 #cgh1 #ddg4 ,c]atioc>is1 #ebe4 ,c]atites1 #dhc4 ,c]atodus em>g9atus1 #ehg1 #eih4 ,c]igo1 #hjh4 ,c]i?ium lapidum1 #dah1 #dbe4 ,ce/racion canaliculatus1 #ehj1 #ehd4 ,cetacea1 #ggg4 ,cetiosaurus1 #fhb4 ,cette1 #gfe1 #hjh4 ,*ropotamus1 #gia4 ,*alk & fl9t1 microscopical exam9ation (1 #cga4 ,*alk animalculites1 #cec4 ----- detritus at ,*>+1 #cfc4 ----- =mation1 #be4 ----- dicotyl$ons 9 !1 #bje4 ----- fossil wood 9 !1 #agc4 ----- sponges 91 #bbb4 ,*>a helict]es1 #aif4 ----- m$icag9ula1 #aif4 ,*>+1 ,k5t1 #cdb1 #cfc1 #egi4 -------1 *alk-detritus at1 #cfc4 ,*>leswor?1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #bbf1 #gji1 #hje4 ,*>lton1 ,k5t1 #cag4 ,*>m\?1 ,dorset1 #aic1 #bic1 #cjd1 #dei4 ,*>nwood ,=e/1 #hfh4 ,*$d>1 ,som]set1 #hff4 ,*eiropt]a1 fossil1 #hac4 ,*eiro!rian tracks1 notices (1 #gej4 ,*eiro!rium ,h]cules1 #gec4 ------------- ,kaupii1 #geb1 #gec4 ,*eli*nus1 #gec4 ,*elone ,bellii1 #gcd4 ------- ,b5/$i1 #gcb4 ------- co/ata1 #gce4 ------- ,mantelli1 #gce4 ------- pul*riceps1 #gcd4 ,*elonia1 #fdf1 #gbf4 ,*elsea ,hospital1 fossils 9 pavem5t (1 #dgf4 ,*elt5ham1 #cig4 ,*emnitz1 ,saxony1 #abc4 ,*55dopora fungi=mis1 #bbh4 ,*i*e/]1 #bbd1 #bfh1 #cdg4 ,*ipp5ham1 ,wilts1 #cac1 #cag1 #dib1 #hfc4 ,*ipp+ ,norton1 #fhb4 ,*iton1 #dcj4 ,*oanites ,knigii1 #bcc4 --------- turb9atus1 #bdc4 ,*omle1 ,bohemia1 #eej4 ,*ondrites ,bignori5sis1 #ajb4 ,*ri/ian ,mal=d1 ,wilts1 #ded1 #dei4 ,*ronological arrangem5t ( ! ,briti% /rata1 #bc4 ,cid>is ,blum5ba*ii1 #cag1 #cig4 ------- clunif]a1 #cai4 ------- cucumif]a1 #cai4 ------- int]m$ia1 #caf4 ------- me&r9a1 #cai4 ------- ,p>k9soni1 #cai4 ------- sceptrif]a1 #cai4 ------- sp9osa1 #cai4 ------- /emmacan?a1 #cai4 ,cid>ite1 impression (1 on fl9t1 #cbj4 ,cid>ites ( ,new ,zeal&1 #cah4 ,cid>itid1 #cad4 ---------- palozoic1 #cba4 ,ciliobra*iata1 #bff4 ,cirrip$ia1 #eje4 ,clacton1 #hag4 ,classification ( fossil cephalopods1 #did4 ----------------- plants1 #fi4 ----------------- /rata1 #bc4 ----------------- ! ,animal ,k+dom1 #bag1 #hbf4 ,cla?r>ia ,lyellii1 #aei4 ,cla?ropt]is m5iscoides1 #aba4 ,claycross1 ne> ,*e/]field1 #abg4 ,clayton1 ,sussex1 #djh1 #dbf1 #dbi1 #dei1 #dga1 #dhg1 #hea4 ,cl]mont1 ,auv]gne1 #ebi4 ,clifton1 ne> ,bri/ol1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #hfd4 ,clionites ,conybe>i1 #bch1 #djc4 --------- ,inoc]amus1 %ell p]=at$ by1 #djc4 ,club-mosses1 #adj4 ,clym5ia ,s$gwickii1 #dgc4 -------- /riata1 #dgc4 ,clypea/rid1 #cbb4 ,clypeid1 #cbb1 #cbe4 ,clypeus s9uatus1 #cbe4 ,clove-encr9ites1 #big4 ,cnemidium a/rophorum1 #bbg4 ,coal1 ,bovey1 #gb4 ---- br[n1 #ga4 ---- cannel1 #ga4 ---- field1 /ratification ( a1 #hj4 ---- =mation1 #ca4 ---- measures1 #ca4 ---- nature & geology (1 #gf4 ---- ( ! ,weald51 #gc4 ,coalbrook ,dale1 #adj1 #add1 #baj1 #dad1 #ebb1 #eeb1 #eee4 ,cocconeis1 #ia4 ,cocco/eus oblongus1 #fac4 ,clacan?i1 #fah4 ,clodont liz>ds1 #fdh4 ,col*e/]1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #hje1 #hae4 ,coles1 ,mr4 ,h41 on ! sk9 ( ! ,i*?yosaurus1 #fgj4 ,collect+ & arrang+ fossil %ells1 directions =1 #dda4 ---------- & develop+ fossil fi%es1 #fce4 ---------- rema9s ( mammalia1 #hae4 ---------- & pres]v+ fossil leaves & fruits1 #ec4 ---------- fossil bones1 #de4 ---------- cephalopoda1 #dif4 ---------- corals1 #bgf4 ---------- ,cru/acea1 #edd4 ---------- e*9od]mata1 #cca4 ---------- insects1 #efj4 ---------- plants1 #baa4 ---------- rema9s ( birds1 #ggc4 ---------- rema9s ( reptiles1 #gec4 ,cololites1 #fba4 ,colosso*elys atlas1 #gcb4 ,comatula1 #bhf1 #cjb4 ,conf]v1 fossil1 #ajj4 ,conf]vites ,woodw>dii1 #aja4 ,conif]1 fossil1 #afd4 -------- /ructure (1 #eg4 ,conif]\s =e/s1 petrifi$1 #afi4 ---------- wood1 fossil1 #afg4 ----------------------- 9 ! ,*alk-=mation1 #agc4 ----------------------- 9 ! ,ox=d ,clay1 #agb4 ,conul>ia1 #dag4 ,conus tub]culatus1 #dbg4 ,conybe>e1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,d41 rese>*es (1 #djd1 #ffc4 ,cooksbridge1 ,sussex1 #ebg4 ,cop=d1 ,essex1 #hab4 ,coprolites1 #dcb1 #fba4 ,coral-rag1 #bg1 #bfc1 #hfb4 ,corals1 fossil1 9 iron-ore1 #bfe4 -------------- ( ,babbicombe1 #beh4 ----------------- ,clifton1 #bfj4 ----------------- ,dudley1 #bfa4 ------1 gr[? (1 #beb4 ,corax pri/odontus1 #eie4 ,corfe1 ,dorset1 #efj4 ,cornbra%1 #bh4 ,corncockle ,muir1 #gec4 ,cornua ,ammonis1 #dgf4 ,corsica1 #hjh4 ,corydalis ,brongni>ti1 #eed4 ,cotta on fossil f]n-/ems1 #abd4 ,c\v91 ,belgium1 #dei4 ,c[es1 #hdg4 ,crabs1 fossil1 #eaa4 ,craiglei?1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 #afg4 ,crania1 #cib4 ,cree*1 ne> ,corfe1 #efj4 ,creseis1 #dag4 ,cretace\s =mation1 #be4 -------------------- fossil plants ( !1 #agc1 #bje4 -------------------- zoophytes ( !1 #bgd4 ,cri* ,hill1 #hhj1 #hhc4 ,cr9oidea1 #bhj1 #bha1 #cji4 ,crioc]as ,puzosianum1 #dhd4 ,crisia ,john/oniana1 #bfi4 ,cri/ell>ia rotulata1 #cdb1 #cdh4 ,crocodilia1 #fdf1 #fgc4 ,crocodilus *ampsodes1 #fgf4 ---------- ,ha/+si1 #fgf4 ---------- ,sp5c]i1 #fgf4 ---------- toliapicus1 #fgf4 ,crom=d1 ,d]by%ire1 #bhe4 ,croydon1 #hch1 #hdi4 ,cru/ac1 #ejh4 -------- ,i*nolites (1 #edc1 #gdi4 ,cryptobran*us ,s*eu*z]i1 #gda4 ,cryptogamia1 #eh4 ,ct5acan?us1 #eha4 ,ct5oid fi%1 #efh1 #fbc4 ,cuckfield1 #afj1 #gee1 #hea4 ,cucumites v>iabilis1 #ahh4 ,cumm+/on1 ne> ,elg91 #gdi4 ,cunn+ham1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #gej1 #gea1 #ggb4 ,cupanoides lobatus1 #ahi4 ,cup-encr9ite1 #bie4 ,curculioides ,an/icii1 #eee4 ------------ ,pre/vi*ii1 #eee4 ,cu%ion-/>1 #cja4 ,cuttle-fi% bone1 #ddi4 ----------- fossil1 #ddg4 ,cuvi] & ,brongni>t on fossils1 #ah4 ------ ,b>on1 discov]ies (1 #gff1 #ghi1 #hjd1 #hjf1 #hac4 ,cya?ocr9ites1 #bhg1 #bie4 ,cya?ocr9us planus #bhi1 #bif4 ------------ tub]culatus1 #bhf4 ,cya?ophyllum dian?us1 #bfa4 ------------- turb9atum1 #bfa4 ,cycade1 #aej4 ------- fossil /ems (1 #aef4 ,cycadites megalophyllus1 #aeg4 --------- microphyllus1 #aeh4 ,cycas revoluta 7rec5t71 #aej4 ,cyclas1 #daf4 ,cyclobatis oligodactylus1 #egi4 ,cycloid fi%1 #efh1 #fbe4 ,cyclopt]is tri*omanoides1 #aad4 ,cyphosoma1 #cah4 ,cyprella1 #ecb4 ,cypresses1 fossil1 #ahj4 ,cypridella1 #ecb4 ,cyprid9a1 #ecb4 ,cypr9oid fi%1 #fbg4 ,cypris faba1 #ebi4 ------ ,fittoni1 #ebg4 ------ granulosa1 #ebg4 ------ tub]culata1 #ebg4 ------ ,vald5sis1 #ebg4 ,cyr5a1 #daf4 ,cy/idea1 #bih4 ,cy/iphyllum1 #bfa4 ,cy!re1 #eca4 ,cy!reis1 #eca4 ,d4 ,dadoxylon1 #afh4 ,dall>ds1 ,wilts1 #eba4 ,dana on ,silicification1 #ch1 #db4 ,dana's ,m9]alogy notic$1 #i4 ,dap$ius1 #fjc4 ,daphnoidia1 #ecb4 ,d>l+ ,d[ns1 ,au/ralia1 #hjc4 ,d>m/adt1 #ghg4 ,d>w91 ,mr4 ,c41 rese>*es (1 #ejf1 #ejh1 #gih4 ,dawson1 ,mr4 ,j41 rese>*es (1 #gdg1 #gdh4 ,deane1 ,dr4 ,j41 on orni?oidi*nites1 #gfi4 ----- ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #bda1 #cei4 ,debey1 ,dr41 on fossil plants f ,aix-la-,*apelle1 #bje4 ,d$d+ton1 ,oxon1 #fhj4 ,de]1 fossil1 #ghc4 ,de la ,be*e1 ,sir ,h41 ! works (1 ref]r$ to1 #hcc4 ,deless]ites ,lam\r\xii1 #ajc4 ,d5dr]peton ,acadianum1 #gdf4 ,d5drodus1 #fah4 ,d5ny on fossil /ems 9 ! ,coal1 #adc4 ,deposition ( ! ,coal-measures1 #gi4 ,d]by%ire1 #bhd1 #djg1 #dad4 ,d]cetis elongatus1 #fbb4 ,d]mal bones ( reptiles1 #feg4 ------ cov]+ ( ,glyptodon1 #gii4 ,d]ry1 ,tyrone1 #eca4 ,d]w5t ,valley1 ,au/ralia1 #aga4 ,desmeopora semicyl9drica1 #bga4 ,desmidi1 #hh4 ,devonian =mation1 #ca4 -------- fossil plants1 #bab4 ,diadema rotul>e1 #caf1 #cah4 ,diamond1 #eb4 ,diatomace1 fossil1 #hh1 #ic4 ---------- rec5t1 #ia4 ---------- ! food ( mollusks1 c41 #ii4 ,dibra*iata1 #ddi1 #dej4 ,di*obune1 #gia4 ,di*odon1 #gia4 ,dicotyl$on\s plant-rema9s ( ! ,*alk-=mation1 #bae4 -------------- trees1 fossil1 #bjc4 ,dicotyl$ons1 #ei4 ,dictyophyllum crass9]vum1 #aih4 ,dicynodon ,ba9ii1 #gag4 --------- lac]ticeps1 #gaf4 --------- /rigiceps1 #gag4 --------- te/udiceps1 #gag4 ,didelphys1 fossil1 ( ,montm>tre1 #hjd4 --------- ,col*e/]i1 #hje4 ,dieff5ba* on ! ,flora ( ,new ,zeal&1 #baj4 ,dimy>ia1 #djd4 ,d9ornis1 #gfc4 ,d9osauria1 #fdf1 #fhd4 ,d9o!rium ,kaupii1 #ghg4 ,diog5es' lant]n1 #cab4 ,diplograpsus1 #bef4 ,diprion1 #bef4 ,dirt-b$ 9 ! ,purbeck /rata ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 #aef4 ,discoidea ca/anea1 #cbd4 ,di?yroc>is1 #ebe4 ,dixon1 ,mr4 ,f41 fossils & "w ( ! late1 #bga1 #ccj1 #che1 #eah1 #ehd1 #fca1 #fgc1 #gch4 ,dixonfold1 ne> ,man*e/]1 #abe1 #acg4 ,dodo1 #gfc4 ,doli*osaurus longicollis1 #gaa4 ,d',orbigny4 ,m41 re/oration ( ! ,belemnite by1 #dec4 --------- on =am9if]a1 #cci4 ,dorm\se1 fossil1 #hjb4 ,dov]1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bda1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #cee1 #cif1 #heh4 ,dracna ,b5/$i1 #aid4 ,draco volans1 #gbc4 ,drift deposits1 #bc4 ,dudley1 ,/af=d%ire1 #bfb1 #ecc4 ------ lime/one1 #cc1 #bfa1 #bgb4 ,duj>d91 ,m41 on =am9if]a1 #cci4 ,dum>e/1 ,m41 on fossil ,cru/acea1 #eaj4 ,dumbleton1 #efj4 ,dumfries1 #gcj1 #gej1 #gec4 ,dunmore ,cliff1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #cih4 ,dun-/one ( ,matlock1 #hgh4 ,durl/one ,bay1 ,purbeck1 #aif1 #ebb1 #eeg4 ,e4 ,e>-bones ( fi%es1 #egd1 #fci4 ------------ :ales1 #ggh4 ,ea/ ,cliff ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #aie4 ,ea/ ,?ickley1 ,durham1 #fjb4 ,ea/w>e ,bay1 ,k5t1 #dhj4 ,e*9id1 #bhj1 #caa4 ,e*9us1 #cah4 ,edaphodon leptogna?us1 #ehi4 --------- ,mantelli4 #ehh4 ,ed5tata1 fossil1 #gih4 ,ed9burgh1 #fbb4 ,edw>ds1 ,mr4 ,f41 on ! siphuncle ( ! ,nautilus1 #dfg4 ,eg]ton1 ,sir ,p4 ,g41 rese>*es (1 #egi1 #ehd1 #eij1 #eii1 #fja1 #fjd1 #ffg1 #fgj1 #gej1 #hji4 ,eggs1 fossil1 #gci1 #gfd4 ,egra1 ,bohemia1 #if1 #ahb1 #cdg4 ,egypt1 #agj1 #cde4 ,ehr5b]g on infusoria1 #hh4 ------------ ! ,*alk microzoa1 #cec4 ------------ ,poli]s*ief] ( ,bil91 #if4 ,eifel1 #beh1 #cib1 #dcj1 #eci1 #gda4 ,eisleb51 ,saxony1 #fjb4 ,elasmodus1 #eij4 ,elb]sreu?1 ,bav>ia1 #dgd4 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell's1 #aj1 et passim4 ,elephants1 fossil1 #ghe1 #hag4 ,elephas ,ganesa1 #ghe4 ------- primig5ius1 #gid4 ,elg91 #fde1 #gbj1 #gcj4 ,emydid1 #gbg1 #gcf4 ,emys1 #gbg4 ,enaliosauria1 #faf1 #ffb4 ,encephal\s mollusks1 #cgh4 ,en*odus halocyon1 #fcj4 ,encr9us lilii=mis1 #bhf1 #bib4 ,endog5ites erosa1 #afc4 ,endog5\s /ems1 #ef4 ,endog5s1 #ei4 ,enniskill51 ,e>l (1 rese>*es (1 #ebj4 ,enoploclytia ,lea*ii1 #eaf4 ------------ ,sussexi5sis1 #eag4 ,enoploteu?is1 #dfb4 ,entomocon*us1 #ecb4 ,entomo/raca1 #ebb4 ,entro*ites1 #bhd4 ,eoc5e deposits1 #bd4 ,epple%eim1 #ghc1 #ghg4 ,equisetace1 #ajd4 ,equisetites column>is1 #aje4 ,equisetum ,lyellii1 #aje4 ,equus plicid5s1 #gig4 ,es*>a1 #bfg4 ,e/h]ia1 #ebf4 ,etyus ,m>t9i1 #eac4 ,eug5iacr9us1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #big4 ,eunotia1 #ib4 ,euomphalus p5tangulatus1 #dbh4 ,eurypt]us1 #ebd4 ,excursions1 geological1 #hbi4 ---------------------- to ,brackle%am ,bay1 #hdd4 ------------------------- ,brighton1 #hdi4 ------------------------- ,bri/ol1 #hfd4 ------------------------- ,*>nwood ,=e/1 #hih4 ------------------------- ,*ipp5ham & ,ca9e1 #hfc4 ------------------------- ,clifton1 #hfd4 ------------------------- ,cri* ,hill1 #hhj4 ------------------------- ,f>r+don1 #hei4 ------------------------- ,isle ( ,%eppey1 #hch4 ------------------------- ,isle ( ,wight1 #hdg4 ------------------------- ,matlock1 #hfg4 ------------------------- ,middleton ,moor1 #hid4 ------------------------- ,rott+dean1 #heb4 ------------------------- ,sw9don1 #hfb4 ,exog5\s /ems1 #ef4 ,exog5s1 #ei4 ,exogyra1 #cih4 ,extremities ( ,iguanodon1 #gjj4 ----------- ,reptiles1 #feg4 ,eye ( ,i*?yosaurus1 #ffd4 ,f4 ,faboidea bifalcis1 #ahh4 -------- semicurvil9e>is1 #ahh4 ,fairies' night-caps1 #cae4 ,fairy-loaf1 #cbg4 ,fairy-/ones1 #bhd4 ,falcon]1 ,dr41 discov]ies by1 #fgd1 #ghd1 #ghf1 #gig1 #had4 ,f>nham1 ,surrey1 #bcc4 ,f>r+don1 ,b]ks1 #bbf1 #bfb1 #bgc1 #bgg1 #cag1 #cah1 #hei4 ----------1 fossil zoophytes f1 #bbf4 ,favosites ,go?l&ica1 #bei1 #bfb4 --------- polymorpha1 #beh4 ,favul>ia1 #adc4 ,felix/[1 #ggh4 ,f5e/ella1 #bgj4 ,f]ns1 fossil1 #aji4 ----- fossil arboresc5t1 #abb4 ----- /ems1 sections (1 #fb4 ,f]ry ,bridge1 ,york%ire1 #dd1 #ga4 -----------------------1 buri$ =e/ at1 #dd4 ,fife%ire1 #fag4 ,filicites1 #aji4 ,fi%]1 ,rev4 ,o41 rese>*es (1 #aif1 #ebb1 #eeg4 ,fi%es1 *>act]s (1 #efc4 ------ t9s (1 #efi1 #egf4 ------ scales (1 #eff4 ------ skeletons (1 #egb4 ------ tails (1 #egd4 ------ tee? (1 #egj1 #ehb4 ,fitton1 ,dr41 works & rese>*es (1 #agg1 #bcj1 #dbj1 #ebi1 #hcc4 ,flabell9a ,baud\niana1 #cdg4 ,flambor\gh ,head1 #bbf4 ,fl9t1 ca/s ( e*9ites 91 #cbj4 ----- =m$ f zoophytes1 #bdc4 ----- fossil wood 91 #agd4 ----- polype 91 #bej4 ----- sponges 91 #bbb4 ,flora ( ,new ,zeal&1 #baj4 ----- ( n+51 fossil1 #bjj4 ----- ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 #bji4 ,flor5ce ,c\rt1 #bgh4 ,florida1 #cfe1 #chg4 ,fl[]s1 fossil1 #aig4 ,flu/ra1 #bff4 ,fly+ reptiles1 #gbc4 ,folk/one1 #bbh1 #djb1 #djf1 #dbf1 #dcc1 #deh1 #dgf1 #dhg1 #eab1 #heh4 ,foot-tracks ( bip$s1 #gfh4 ----------- ( ,cru/acea1 #edc1 #gdi4 ----------- ( reptiles1 #gdi4 ,=am9if]a deposit at ,brighton1 #cfh4 ----------------------- ,*>+1 #cdb1 #cfc4 -------------------- 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cfd4 ------------ fossil1 #cdd4 ------------ fossil rema9s ( ! s(t p>ts (1 #ceg1 #cgb4 ------------ 9 *alk & fl9t1 #cee4 ------------ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation1 #cfe4 ------------------- f5s ( ,l9coln%ire & ,cambridge%ire1 #cfg4 ------------------- ,oolite1 ,lias1 c41 #cfd4 ------------ rec5t1 #cci4 ------------ t]ti>y1 #cff4 ,=am9if]a-rocks 9 ,arabia1 #cfb4 ------------------ ,india1 #cfb4 ------------------ ,new ,zeal&1 #cff4 ,=bes1 ,pr(4 ,e41 works & rese>*es (1 #bjj1 #bii1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cjh1 #chj1 #dag1 #dai1 #dbc1 #ecj1 #eai1 #eeg4 ,=eign localities ( fossil fi%es1 #fda4 ,=e/ m>ble1 #bh4 ,=e/s1 subm>9e1 #gj4 ,=f>%ire1 #bab1 #ebe1 #faa4 ,fossil animal rema9s1 #dc4 ------ articulata1 #ejc4 ------ birds1 #gei1 #gfc4 ------ bones1 #de4 ------ botany1 #ea4 ------ bra*iopoda1 #chh4 ------ cephalopoda1 #ddg4 ------ *elonians1 #gbi4 ------ diatomace1 #hh1 #ic4 ------ e*9od]mata1 #caa4 ------ fi%es1 #efb4 ------ fl[]s1 #aig4 ------ =am9if]a1 #ccf4 ------ fre%-wat] plants1 #aie4 ------ fruits f ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 #ec1 #ahf4 ------ mammalia1 #gge4 ------ microphytes1 #hh4 ------ plants 9 ! ,devonian rocks ------ ( ,=f>%ire & ,irel&1 #bab4 ------ polypif]a1 #bea4 ------ porif]a1 #bai4 ------ reptiles1 #fdc4 ------ res91 #eb1 #aha4 ------ %ells1 #cha1 #cid1 #dac1 #dag1 #dba1 #dbd4 ------ sug>-loaves1 #cbc4 ------ vegetables1 #ea1 #fa1 #hf4 ------ wood1 exam9ation (1 #fe4 ------ zoology1 #baf4 ,fossilif]\s rocks1 ord] ( !1 #ba4 ,fossils1 def9ition (1 #ae1 #cg4 ------- nature (1 #cg4 ------- once ?\ght to be ,lusus ,natur1 #b4 ,f[l/one1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #gjb4 ,franconia1 #hjh1 #hbj4 ,frank=t1 #bjb4 ,fre%-wat] plants1 fossil1 #aie4 ---------- %ells1 fossil1 #dac1 #dba4 ---------- turtles1 fossil1 #gcf4 ,frogs1 fossil1 #gdj4 ,fucoides ,lam\r\xii1 #ajc4 ,fucoids1 fossil1 #aja4 ,full]'s-e>? oolite1 #bh4 ,fungia1 #bec1 #bef4 ,fusul9a cyl9drica1 #cdf4 ,fusus contr>ius1 #dah1 #dbe4 ,g4 ,gail5reu?1 #hjh4 ,galecynus n+5sis1 #hab4 ,gal]ites albo-gal]us1 #cbb4 ,gal]itid1 #cbb4 ,galionella1 #ib1 #if4 ,ganoid fi%1 #efh1 #fjj4 ,g>d9]1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #fbe4 ,ga/]opoda #cgh1 #dag4 ,gavialis ,dixoni1 #fgg4 ,geological di/ribution ( bivalve & univalve mollusca1 #dcf4 -------------------------- ,cephalopoda1 #dib4 -------------------------- ,cr9oidea1 #cji4 -------------------------- ,cru/acea1 #edb4 -------------------------- ,e*9od]mata1 #ccj4 -------------------------- ,fi%es1 #fcb4 -------------------------- ,=am9if]a1 #cfi4 -------------------------- ,sauroid-batra*ians1 #gdh4 -------------------------- ,zoophytes1 #bgc4 ,geological ,excursions4 ,see ,excursions4 ,geology1 mean+ ( t]m1 #a4 ,geoteu?is1 #dfc4 ,geys]s ( ,icel&1 #dj4 ,gibbes1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,w41 on fossil mosasaurus1 #gjg4 ---------------------------- squalid1 #eic4 ,gibralt>1 #gfe1 #ghb1 #hjh4 ,gigantic cru/aceans1 fossil1 #ebd4 -------- de] ( ,irel&1 fossil1 #ghc4 -------- slo?s1 fossil1 #gih4 ,giraffe1 fossil1 #ghd4 ,glammis1 ,=f>%ire1 #faa4 ,gl>is1 ,switz]l&1 #gcj4 ,glasg[1 #gdf4 ,globig]9a cretacea1 #cdb1 #cej4 ,glossopt]is ,phillipsii1 #aaf4 ,glyphea ro/rata1 #eai4 ,glyptodon clavipes1 #gii4 ,goldfuss1 ,dr41 & ,von ,mey]1 on ! ,ar*egosaurus1 #gdf4 ,goldswor? ,hill1 ,surrey1 #eig4 ,gonia/ea1 #cja4 ,gonia/] ,hunt]i1 #cje4 --------- ,mantelli1 #cjf4 ,goniatites ,li/51 #dhb4 ---------- /riatus1 #dhb4 ,goniopholis crassid5s1 #feh1 #fgg4 ,gorgonia1 #bec1 #bfe4 ,grantia1 #bba4 ,graptolites ,lud5sis1 #bee4 ----------- ,mur*isoni1 #bee4 ,graptolitid1 #bed4 ,grauwacke s]ies1 #cb4 ,graves5d1 ,k5t1 #cje1 #cag1 #cee1 #gjh1 #gaj1 #hdc4 ,grays1 ,essex1 #hae4 ,great ,oolite1 #bh4 ,gre5l&1 #fcb4 ,gre5ock1 ,"l1 rese>*es (1 #fbb4 ,grignon1 ,france1 #dah1 #dbe4 ,gr9sell1 ,salop1 #gab1 #gec4 ,gri/horpe ,bay1 ,york%ire1 #ebf4 ,grooby1 #ijc4 ,grypha incurva1 #cig4 -------- s9uata1 #cih4 -------- virgula1 #cih4 ,gryphites1 #cif4 ,gymnosp]ms1 #fj4 ,gyrodus ,mur*isoni1 #fji4 ,gyrogonites1 #aie4 ,h4 ,hackney1 #fgd4 ,hali*ondria1 #bba4 ,halonia regul>is1 #add4 ,hamites cyl9draceus1 #dhf4 ,hamm]s1 #hcb4 ,hampton ,c\rt1 poli%$ ,devonian m>bles 9 pavem5ts at1 #dgf4 ,hamsey1 ,sussex1 #dja1 #djh1 #dbh1 #dei1 #dgj1 #dgf1 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #dhg1 #ehh1 #fba4 ,ham/] fossil1 #hjc4 ,hanwell1 #cie1 #hcg1 #hei4 ,h>e1 fossil1 #hji4 ,h>kness1 ,pr(41 rese>*es (1 #gej1 #ggb4 ,h>lam1 ,dr41 on ! ,zeuglodon1 #ghj4 ,h>ris1 ,mr4 ,w41 rese>*es (1 #cfc1 #egi4 ,h>twell1 ,bucks1 #djh1 #dbh1 #ebj1 #eeg1 #hfc4 ,h>tz1 #hjh4 ,ha/+s1 ,m>*ioness (1 rese>*es (1 #fgf1 #gia4 ,ha/+s1 ,sussex1 #afd1 #ahj1 #dag1 #ggc4 ,havre1 #fhj4 ,hawk9s1 ,mr4 ,t41 rese>*es (1 #dh1 #ffc4 ,hawk%aw1 ,mr41 on fossil foot-pr9ts1 #gej4 ------------------------ trees1 #abg4 ,hayw>d's ,hea?1 #hej4 ,headley1 ,surrey1 #cie4 ,headon ,hill1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #dba1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #hdg4 ,hea?field1 ,sussex1 #ahj4 ,helian?oida1 #bed4 ,hem]obioides giganteus1 #eec4 ,hemicid>is cr5ul>is1 #caa4 ----------- int]m$ia1 #caf1 #cai4 ,hemipri/is s]ra1 #eia1 #eic4 ,hemp/ead ,cliff1 #fbh4 ,h5sl['s1 ,pr(41 works ref]r$ to1 #ed4 ,h]mit-crab1 fossil1 #eae4 ,h]ne ,bay1 #gia1 #haf1 #hdc4 ,h]peti*nus1 #gec4 ,hessburg1 ,saxony1 #geb4 ,highgate ,hill1 #aha1 #cfg1 #dje1 #dfc4 ,high ,tor1 ,matlock1 #hge4 ,highwor?1 ,wilts1 #cig1 #dab4 ,hilde%eim1 ,saxony1 #fjg4 ,himalayas1 #dhb4 ,hippopotamus1 fossil1 #gie4 ,hippurites1 #cic4 ,hit*cock1 ,pr(41 on ,orni?oidi*nites1 #gfi4 ,ho]1 ,scania1 #abb4 ,hoh5-,w>te1 ,o/]wald1 #gd4 -----------1 br[n-coal (1 #gd4 ,hola/]1 #ccj4 ,holectypus inflatus1 #cbd4 ,holl[ay1 #hhb4 ,holmes1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #gjb4 ,holopty*ius1 #fah4 ,holo?uriad1 #bhj4 ,homalonotus delph9ocephalus1 #ecf4 ,homosol5 ramulosus1 #bfh1 #bga4 ,honfleur1 #fhj4 ,hook]1 ,dr4 ,j41 on ,arctic ,diatomace1 #hi4 -------------- on ,lepidod5dron1 #aci4 ,hordwell1 ,hants1 #dje1 #ebh1 #eie1 #eig1 #fge1 #gca1 #gch4 ,horley1 #hej4 ,horn ( ,iguanodon1 #ffa4 ,horse1 fossil1 #gig4 ,hor%am1 ,sussex1 #dag1 #ggd4 ,h[itt1 ,mrs41 /anzas by1 #dif4 ,hudson ,riv]1 mixture ( fluviatile & m>9e species 9 !1 #ajj4 ,human bones1 fossil1 #gge1 #hae4 ,hunt]ian ,museum1 fossils 9 !1 #gii1 #hja4 ,hur/pi]po9t1 #hea4 ,hutton1 ,som]set1 #haa1 #hff4 ,hyna1 fossil1 #gic1 #hjh1 #haa4 ,hybodus m$ius1 #eia4 ------- r>ico/atus1 #eia4 ------- subc>9atus1 #egh1 #ehj4 ,hydra1 common fre%-wat]1 #beb1 #bec4 ,hydroida1 #bed4 ,hylosaurus ,ow5ii1 #feh1 #fhh4 ,hym5oc>is1 #ebf4 ,hyopotamus1 #gia4 ,hypan?ocr9us1 #big4 ,hypog5e rocks1 #cd4 ,hypsodon ,lewesi5sis1 #fcj4 ,hyraco!rium1 #gia4 ,hy!1 ,k5t1 #ahb1 #fhc4 ,i4 ,icel&1 #gb4 -------1 lignite 91 #gb4 ,i*nolites ( ,cru/acea1 #edc1 #gdi4 ------------- reptiles1 #gdi4 ----------1 tridactyl\s1 #gfh4 ,i*?yodorulites1 #egf4 ,i*?yolites1 #efb4 ,i*?yopatolites1 #fcb4 ,i*?yosaurus1 #ffb4 ,idmonea ,comptoniana1 #bfh1 #bgb4 ------- cretacea1 #bfh1 #bga4 ------- ,dixoniana1 #bfh1 #bga4 ,iguana1 tee? (1 #fdh4 ,iguanodon ,mantelli1 #ffa1 #fia4 ,illnus p]ovalis1 #ecc4 ,ilm9/]1 #edi1 #efj1 #fag1 #ffi1 #fhj4 ,impr9ts ( acalephs or jelly-fi% on /one1 #bhj1 #ggb4 ----------- feet ( bird-l bip$s1 #gfh4 ----------- f9-m>k+s1 #fcb4 ----------- leaves1 #bja4 ----------- ra9-drops on /one1 #gea1 #gga4 ,incru/ation1 #ch4 ,incru/+ spr+s at ,matlock1 #hgb4 ,india1 b$s ( =am9if]a 91 #cfb4 ,indiana1 #cfe4 ,inf]ior ,oolite1 #bh4 ,inoc]amus conc5tricus1 #djb4 ---------- ,cuvi]i1 #dja4 ---------- %ell p]=at$ by ,clionites1 #djc4 ---------- sulcatus1 #djb4 ,insectif]\s ,purbeck lime/one1 #eef4 ,insectivora1 fossil1 #hab4 ,insects1 fossil1 #edg4 ,in/ructions = collect+ specim5s1 #hca4 ---------------- ! microscopical exam9ation ( *alk1 c4 #cga4 ,int]nal /ructure ( sigill>ia1 #acj4 ,inve/igat+ fossil rema9s ( plants1 in/ructions =1 #ed1 #fa4 ,irel&1 #gj1 #id1 #bab1 #cba1 #dbg1 #dcj4 -------1 fossil microphytes f1 #id4 -------1 peat-bogs (1 #gj4 ,iri% de]1 fossil gigantic1 #ghc4 ,is*yodus1 #eij4 ,isle ( ,france1 #gfc4 ------- ,man1 #ghc4 ------- ,portl&1 #gj1 #aef1 #afi1bcj1 #cig1 #dab4 ---------------- petrifi$ =e/ 9 !1 #gj4 ------- ,purbeck1 #dag1 #dbb1 #fjd1 #gcf4 ------- ,%eppey1 #age1 #ahf1 #aic1 #bjb1 #cjg1 #dgj1 #eaa1 #eae1 #eia1 #eig1 #fgd1 #fgf1 #gca1 #gch1 #gfg1 #hch1 #hdj4 ------- ,wight1 passim4 ,isoletus1 #ecg4 ,isopoda1 #eba4 ,issoire1 #gfe4 ,j4 ,jg]1 ,dr41 rese>*es (1 #gdb1 #hje1 #hae4 ,japan1 #eee4 ,j>d9e1 ,sir ,w41 rese>*es (1 #geb1 #gec4 ,j>r[1 #aci1 #add4 ,jaw ( ,iguanodon1 #fic4 ,jeff]y1 ,mr41 on silicification1 #ch4 ,jelly-fi%es1 #bhj1 #ggb4 ,jet1 #gb4 ,john/on1 ,dr4 ,g41 on ! porif]a1 #bai4 ,juglans nux-taur95sis1 #aih4 ,jurassic =mation1 #bg4 ,k4 ,kakaunui1 ,new ,zeal&1 #cdh4 ,kang>oo1 fossil1 #hjc4 ,kelno furiosa1 #ddg4 ,k5dal1 ,we/morel&1 #ebd4 ,k5t's ,cave1 #haj1 #hac1 #haf4 ,k5tucky1 #bih1 #gid4 ,kimm]idge clay1 #bg4 ,k+ton1 ,radnor%ire1 #ebd4 ,kirkdale1 ,york%ire1 #gfd1 #ghc1 #hjb1 #hji4 ,kirton1 ne> ,glasg[1 #ebd4 ,kle91 ,bal?az>1 on coal1 #gf4 ,knorria tax9a1 #add4 ,knigsb]g1 ,prussia1 #ahb4 ,k/ritz1 #hac4 ,kropp4 ,c>niola1 #hji4 ,kyson1 ,suffolk1 #gci1 #gia1 #hje1 #hab1 #hac1 #hae4 ,l4 ,labyr9?odon ,jg]i1 #gdb1 #gec4 ------------- leptogna?us1 #gec4 ------------- foot-pr9ts (1 #gec4 ------------- pa*ygna?us1 #gec4 ------------- scutulatus1 #gdc4 ,labyr9?odontoid reptiles1 ! geological di/ribution (1 #gdh4 ,labyr9?odonts1 #gda4 ,lac]tia1 #fdf1 #gje4 ,lahn ,valley1 #gfe4 ,lake ,huron1 #dgf4 ---- ,macqu>rie1 ,au/ralia1 #aga4 ,lamellibran*iata1 #cgf4 ,lamna crassid5s1 #eid4 ----- elegans1 #eid4 ,l&-tortoises1 #gbg4 ,langton ,gre51 ,k5t1 #ebg4 ,lapl&1 #if4 -------1 diatomace\s e>? 91 #if4 ,l>tet1 ,m41 rese>*es (1 #had4 ,la?robium1 #eeh4 ,law=d1 #gfe4 ,lea1 ,mr4 ,i41 rese>*es (1 #gdi4 ,lea*1 ,dr41 rese>*es (1 #eab4 ,leam+ton1 #gdb4 ,leaves1 fossil1 f ,/radella1 #bja4 ------1 inve/igation ( fossil1 #fd4 ,leba*1 ,sa>brck1 #gde4 ,lebias cephalotes1 #efb1 #fbh4 ,legum9osites dimidiatus1 #ahi4 ------------- subquadrangul>is1#ahi4 ,leiodon anceps1 #gji4 ,l5g? ( ,iguanodon1 #gjb4 ,l5nel ,braes1 ne> ,cold/ream1 #afg4 ,lepadid1 #ejf1 #ejh4 ,lep]ditia1 #ebf4 ,lepidod5dron1 #acg4 ,lepidoid fi%es1 #fjj4 ,lepido/eus1 #faf4 ,lepido/robus1 ! fruit ( ,lepidod5dron1 #adj4 ,lepidotus ,fittoni1 #fjf4 --------- ,mantelli1 #fje4 --------- m9or1 #fjg4 ,leptna1 #cib4 ,leptolepis1 #fag4 ,lewes1 ,sussex1 #agd1 #bcd1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bhf1 #bia1 #bii1 #cbj1 #cbc1 #chh1 #cij1 #cii1 #dja1 #djc1 #dca1 #deh1 #dga1 #dia1 #eac1 #eag1 #efg1 #egg1 #egi1 #ehd1 #ehi1 #ehd1 #eif1 #fbd1 #fbf1 #fbh1 #gcd1 #ggi4 ,lias s]ies1 #bh4 ,libellula1 fossil1 #eea4 ,lignite1 #ga4 ,liliace1 #aid4 ,lily-encr9ite1 #bhe1 #bib4 ,lily-l animals1 #bhj4 ,limnadiad1 #ebf4 ,limnu longiscatus1 #daj1 #dbc4 ,limulus rotundatus1 #ebb4 ------- trilobitoides1 #ebc4 ,l9coln%ire1 #cfg4 ------------ buri$ =e/s 91 #gj4 ------------ f5s1 diatomace\s deposits 9 !1 #ie4 -----------------1 fossil =am9if]a ( !1 #cfg4 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 on fossil rema9s ( plants1 #fa4 ,l9dley1 ,dr41 on ! pr9ciples ( botany1 #eh4 ------------ on v5ation ( leaves1 #fd4 ,l+ula1 #cic4 ,l9nu on ,trilobites1 #ecc4 ,lip>us1 #eeh4 ,li/]1 ,dr4 ,m>t91 on fossils1 #c1 #ah4 ,li?odod5dron sociale1 #bbg1 #bfd4 ,li?odomus1 #djh4 ,li?ornis vultur9us1 #gfg4 ,li?o/rotion column>e1 #bfj4 ,lituola nautiloidea1 #cdg1 #cdi4 ,liv]pool1 #aih4 ,llampet]1 #ejd4 ,ll&eilo or ,bala s]ies1 #cc4 ,lloyd1 ,dr41 rese>*es (1 #gdb4 ,lob/]-clays ( ,a!rfield1 #eah4 ,lob/]s1 fossil1 #eae4 ,localities1 ,briti%1 ( fossil cephalopods1 #dii4 ------------------------------ cru/aceans1 #edf4 ------------------------------ fi%es1 #fdj4 ------------------------------ mammalians1 #hah4 ------------------------------ reptiles1 #gef4 ------------------------------ vegetables1 #bac4 ------------------------------ zoophytes1 #bgh4 ----------1 =eign1 ( fossil fi%es1 #fda4 ,lodve1 #agh4 ,logan1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e41 rese>*es (1 #ha1 #edc1 #gdi4 ,lon*opt]is ,mantelli1 #aai4 ,lonjumeau1 ,france1 #aig4 ,lonsdale1 ,mr4 ,w41 rese>*es (1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #ceb1 #djh1 #ebh1 #ecj4 ,lophiodon1 #ghi4 ,loricula pul*ella1 #ejg4 ,l[] ,gre5s&1 #be4 ----- jaw ( reptiles1 #fea4 ----- ,silurian1 or ,cambrian s]ies1 #cc4 ,ludl[1 #bee1 #fci4 ------ ,bone-b$1 #fci4 ------ s]ies1 #cc4 ,lund1 ,dr41 rese>*es (1 #gii1 #hjh1 #had4 ,lunel-,viel1 #gfe4 ,lunulites radiatus1 #bbg1 #bgc4 ,lycopodites1 #adc4 ,lycopodium1 or club-moss1 #adj4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,c41 works & rese>*es (1 #bj1 #bjf1 #bhi1 #cge1 #dac1 #ebh1 #eeh1 #gdg1 #gea1 #hje4 ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorset1 #agf1 #bic1 #cjd1 #dfd1 #dib1 #eab1 #ebj1 #edi1 #ehe1 #eia1 #eif1 #fjc1 #ffd1 #ffi1 #gbe4 ,lymm1 ,*e%ire1 #gej1 #ggb4 ,m4 ,maccullo* on coal1 peat1 lignite1 c41 #gf4 ,mac,enery1 ! late ,rev4 ,j41 rese>*es (1 #haj4 ,mackeson1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #fhc4 ,mackie1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s41 rese>*es (1 #heh4 ,macleay1 ,mr41 on trilobites1 #ecd1 #edj4 ,m',coy1 ,pr(4 ,f41 works & rese>*es (1 #beb1 #bge1 #cba1 #ebd1 #ecb1 #ecd1 #egf1 #ead4 ,macropoma ,mantelli1 #fbj4 ,macrura1 #eae4 ,madrepora1 #bec1 #bfd4 ,mae/ri*t1 #bfe1 #bfi1bgd1 #cdf1 #daa1 #eae1 #gje1 #gcj4 ---------- *alk1 #be4 ,magnesian lime/one s]ies1 #cj4 --------- lime/ones ( ,matlock1 #hgh4 ,maid/one1 ,k5t1 #agc1 #ahj1 #aid1 #bfh1 #dji1 #dcc1 #dhe1 #ejg1 #eah1 #fhc1 #fib4 ,ma9e1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #gf4 -----1 lignite 9 ! hogs (1 #gf4 ,malcolmson1 ,mr41 rese>*es ( 9 ,india1 #ebi4 ,mallotus villosus1 #fca4 ,malta1 #cbf1 #eab1 #eia1 #hab4 ,malton1 #adi1 #dib4 ,mammalia1 fossil1 #gge4 -------- ( ,/onesfield1 fossil1 #hje4 -------- tee? (1 #gic4 -------- ,triassic1 #hje4 ,man*e/]1 #abi4 ,mansfeld1 ,saxony1 #agh1 #fjb4 ,mantell1 ,mr4 ,reg9ald1 rese>*es (1 #bdj2 #bij1 #cfi4 ------- ,mr4 ,walt]1 rese>*es (1 #ie1 #baa1 #bgc1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cff1 #gjb4 ,mantellia cyl9drica1 #aeh4 --------- nidi=mis1 #aeg4 ,m>bles compos$ ( fre%-wat] %ells1 #dbb4 ,m>*1 ,l9coln%ire1 #cfh4 ,m>gate1 ,k5t1 #bcj4 ,m>9e univalves1 fossil1 #dbd4 ,m>kfield1 #ijc4 ,m>l/one ( ! ,lias1 #bi4 ,m>supialia1 fossil1 #hjc4 ,m>supites ,mill]i1 #bhi1 #bii4 ,m>yl&1 ,u4 ,s41 #eic4 ,massa*usetts1 #gfi4 -------------1 bip$ foot-tracks (1 #gfi4 ,masson ,hill1 #hgj1 #hgc4 ,ma/odon elephantoides1 #gid4 -------- giganteus1 #ghf4 ,matlock1 #hgj4 ,mauritius1 #gfc4 ,m$als ( creation1 fossils s call$1 #ag4 ,megali*?ys1 #fag4 ,megalosaurus ,buckl&i1 #fhf4 ,megaphyton1 #add1 #ade4 ,mega!rium1 #gih4 ,meiss51 #gfe4 ,melania1 #dbf4 ,melanopsis1 #daf1 #dbd4 ,melb\rne1 ,au/ralia1 #hjc4 ,melville1 ,dr41 rese>*es (1 #fha1 #gfc4 ,memel1 ,prussia1 #ahb4 ,m5dip ,hills1 #haj4 ,m]idion v]nale1 ,dr4 ,bailey on !1 #ic4 ,m]/ham1 #hdi4 ,meso/ylus ,faujasii1 #eae4 ,metamorphic rocks1 #cd4 ,mey]ia ornata1 #eai4 ,micra/] cor-angu9um1 #cbh4 ,microdon1 #faj4 ,microphytes1 fossil1 #hh1 #ccg4 ,microscopical exam9ation1 #fe1 #cga1 #fci4 ,microzoa1 #cch4 ,middleton ,moor1 ,d]by%ire1 #bhe1 #hid4 ,millepora rhombif]a1 #bfd1 #bfh4 ,mill]1 ,mr41 works & rese>*es (1 #bhh1 #cca1 #def1 #hfd4 ------ ,mr4 ,hugh1 works & rese>*es (1 #cb1 #fab1 #fad1 #fah1 #fai4 ,mill/one-grit1 #ca4 ,mimosites ,br[niana1 #ahi4 ,m9]als1 def9ition (1 #ae4 ,mioc5e deposits1 #bd4 ,mississippi1 float+ wood-rafts ( !1 #gi4 ,miss\ri1 ,u4 ,s41 #cfe1 #fbh1 #gjh4 ,mo*a-/ones1 #ajc4 ,modiola1 #djg4 ,moira1 ,irel&1 #bcg4 ,mole1 fossil1 #hab4 ,mollusca1 #cgd4 ,molluskite1 #ceh1 #dcb4 ,monheim1 ,franconia1 #gaa4 ,monkeys1 fossil1 #hac4 ,monoc>ya c5tralis1 #beg4 ,monocotyl$ons1 #ei4 ,monomy>ia1 #cie4 ,monoprion1 #bef4 ,montagu1 ,capt4 ,w41 notice ( bone-caves 9 ,franconia1 #hbj4 ,monte ,bolca1 #aig1 #eii4 ,montm>tre1 #aih1 #eba1 #gca1 #gff1 #ghi1 #hjd1 #hac4 ,moore1 ,mr4 ,c41 rese>*es (1 #edi1 #feg1 #fhj4 ,mornba*1 #gff4 ,morris1 ,mr41 works & rese>*es (1 #bcc4 #bch1 #djd1 #ejh1 #edi4 ,morton1 ,dr41 rese>*es (1 #beg1 #cdd1 #cii1 #ehf4 ,mosasaurus gracilis1 #gji4 ---------- ,h(fmanni1 #gje4 ---------- ,maximiliani1 #gjh4 ,moss-agate1 #ajc4 ,mosses1 fossil1 #ajd4 ,mo/yn1 ,fl9t%ire1 #fcb4 ,m\nt ,lebanon1 #eii4 ,m\nt ,r&51 ,switz]l&1 #big4 ,m\nt ,sorel1 #hfh1 #ijj4 ,m\nta9 lime/one1 #ca4 ,m\se1 fossil1 #hji4 ,mugg5dorf1 #ghc4 ,mn/]-,appel1 #gde4 ,mn/]1 ,c\nt1 rese>*es (1 #dfe1 #eej4 ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,r4 ,i41 works & rese>*es (1 #cc1 #hj1 #bef1 #cfe1 #ejd1 #eeh1 #eei1 #gec1 #hab4 ,mur*isonia bil9eata1 #dcj4 ,mussel-b& 9 ! coal-measures1 #dad4 ,mycetophila1 #eeh4 ,myliobatis micropleurus1 #eih4 ,mylodon robu/us1 #hjj4 ,mytilus1 #djg4 ,n4 ,natica plici/ria1 #dbh4 ,nautilid1 #dfi4 ,nautilus ,deslong*ampsii1 #dgj4 -------- elegans1 #dga4 -------- pompilius1 #dfg4 -------- pseudo-elegans1 #dgj4 -------- ,saxbyi1 #dgb4 ,nave-encr9ites1 #bid4 ,navicula1 #ia4 ,nemacan?us1 #ehh4 ,n]eis1 #ejd4 ,n]eites ,cambr5sis1 #ejd4 ,n]ita1 #ejg4 ,neub]'s liquid glue1 #df4 ,neuropt]a1 fossil1 #eea4 ,neuropt]is acum9ata1 #aae4 ,newca/le1 #ach1eca4 ,new ,cross1 #hcg1 #hdi4 ,ne:av51 lignite at1 #gc4 --------1 ne> ,lei?1 #fja4 --------1 ,sussex1 #gc1 #age1 #bja1 #dbe1 #egh ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4 ,s41 #ebj1 #ehe1 #fbh1 #gjh4 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one s]ies1 #bi4 ,new ,zeal&1 #ie1 #agb1 #cah1 #cij1 #gfc1 #hab4 -----------1 cid>ites f1 #cah4 ----------- fossil birds (1 #gfc4 ----------- fossil diatomace 91 #ie4 ----------- fossil =am9if]a 91 #cff4 ----------- ! flora (1 #baj4 ,niag>a ,riv]1 #bei4 ,nice1 #gfe1 #hjh4 ,nicol's me?od ( microscopical exam9ation ( fossil plants1 #fe4 ,nipadites cordi=mis1 #ahh4 --------- lanceolatus1 #ahh4 ,nodos>ia1 #cdg4 ,nodules1 me?od ( op5+1 #di4 ,ngg]a?ia1 #aha4 ,nonion9a ,g]manica1 #cej4 ,norm&y1 #dgj4 ,nor?ampton1 ! late ,m>quis (1 rese>*es (1 #cej4 ,nor?fleet1 ,k5t1 #cag1 #gaa4 ,norway1 #bef1 #ech4 ,norwi*1 #djf4 ,notidanus microdon1 #eid4 ,notopocory/es ,be*ei1 #ead4 -------------- ,brod]ipii1 #eac4 -------------- ,/okesii1 #eac4 ,nucleolites1 #cbf4 ,nucula1 #djf4 ,nummulites lvigatus1 #cdd4 ,nympha are?usa1 #aif4 ,o4 ,obolus1 #cib4 ,ocell>ia inclusa1 #bdg4 ,odontopt]is ,s*lo!imii1 #aaf4 n+51 ne> ,con/ance1 #bjj1 #eei1 #fbg1 #gca1 #gda1 #gfe1 #hab4 -------1 fossil fox (1 #hab4 ------- fossil insects f1 #eei4 ,(f5ba*1 #gci4 ,(fham1 ,sussex1 #bfg4 ,ogygia ,bu*ii1 #ecg4 ,ohio4 ,u4,s41 #bei1 #bfb1 #bgh1 #bhf1 #cfe4 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one s]ies1 #ca1 #fah4 ,ony*oteu?is1 #dfb4 ,oolite =mation1 #bg4 ------ zoophytes ( !1 #bge4 ,ophidia1 #fdf1 #gch4 ,ophiura ,eg]toni1 #cje4 ------- ,prattii1 #cje4 ------- s]rata1 #cje4 ,ophiurid1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,opossum1 fossil1 #hjd4 ,orbicula1 #cib4 ,orbitoides ,mantelli1 #cdf4 ,ore/on1 ne> ,plym\?1 #haj4 ,organic rema9s1 nature (1 #cg4 ,orni?oidi*nites1 #gfh4 ,orni?olites1 #gei1 #gfc4 ,or?acan?us1 #eha4 ,or?is1 #cib4 ,or?oc]atid1 #dfi1 #dgd4 ,or?oc]as conicum1 #dge4 ---------- giganteum1 #dgd4 ---------- greg>ium1 #dge4 ---------- lat]ale1 #dge4 ---------- /riatum1 #dge4 ,osm]oides ,lewesi5sis1 #fbg4 ---------- ,mantelli1 #fbg4 ,osm+ton1 ,dorset1 #djh1 #dab4 ,ossicles ( encr9ites1 #bhd4 -------- />fi%es1 #cjc4 ,ossif]\s cav]ns1 #hjh4 ,o/5d4 ne> ,bacton1 #hab4 ,o/eology ( birds1 #gfj4 --------- fi%es1 #egb4 --------- mammals1 #ggf4 --------- reptiles1 #fea4 ,o/eolepis1 #fah4 ,o/racoda1 #ebf4 ,o/rea c>9ata1 #cif4 ------ deltoidea1 #cif4 ------ plicata1 #cif4 ------ semiplana1 #cif4 ------ vesicul>is1 #cif4 ,otodus obliquus1 #eia1 #eid4 ,otoli!s1 #egd1 #fci1 #ggh4 ,otot>a1 ,new ,zeal&1 #cff4 ,ow51 ,pr(41#hbb classification ( animals1 #hbf4 #hbb ,we h "h refra9$ f mak+ _m ref]5ces to ! v num]\s passages 9 ! text 9 :i* our great palontologi/'s inve/igations & op9ion1 9 almo/ e bran* ( v]tebrate & inv]tebrate zoology1 h be5 freely & ( necessity quot$ by ! ,au?or & ,editor1--always1 h[ev] ) due & grateful ackn[l$gm5t4 ------------------------------- reptiles1 #fdf4 ----------- on ! ar*egosaurus1 #gdf4 ------------------ belemnite1 #def4 ------------------ bra*iopoda1#cic4 ------------------ d5dr]peton1 #gdh4 ------------------ d9osauria1 #fhd4 ------------------ labyr9?odonts1 #gdb4 ------------------ tee? ( reptiles1 #fdf4 ------------------ zeuglodon1 #gha4 ----------- "w on ,briti% fossil mammals & birds ref]r$ to1 #ggf1 et passim4 ------------------ odontography1 #efd1 #egj1 et passim4 ------------------ ! mylodon1 #hja4 ,ox=d clay1 #bg4 ----------- fossil wood 9 !1 #agb4 ,oy/]-%ells1 fossil1 #cie4 ,p4 ,pa*ycormus1 #fag4 ,pa*yd]mata1 fossil1 #ghe4 ,pa*ypt]is lanceolata1 #aab4 ,paddle ( i*?yosaur1 #ffh4 --------- plesiosaur1 #ffh4 ,paisley1 #ebe4 ,palo*9id1 #cbb4 ,paloniscus1 #fja4 ,palontology1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #b4 ,palophis toliapicus1 #gch4 --------- typhu1 #gch4 ,palosaurus1 #gac4 ,palospalax1 #hab4 ,palo!rium magnum1 #ghi4 ,paloxylon1 #afg4 ,palozoic cid>itid1 #cba4 --------- rocks1 #cj4 --------- zoophytes1 #bge4 ,palapt]yx1 #gfd4 ,pal]mo1 #hjh4 ,pal]yx1 #gch4 ,palliobran*iata or ,bra*iopoda1 #cgf4 ,palmacites1 #ahc4 ,palm-fruits1 fossil1 #ahf4 ,palm-leaves1 fossil1 #ahe4 ,paloplo!rium1 #gia4 ,palud9a fluviorum1 #dah1 #dba4 ,pampas1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #gih4 ,p&anus1 fossil fruit (1 #aib4 ,panorpa ,liassica1 #eec4 ,pap]-nautilus1 #dej1 #dfe4 ,papp5heim1 #ebj1 #eba4 ,p>abatra*us ,colei1 #gdf4 ,p>adoxides ,bohemicus1 #ech4 ,p>am\dra1 #bcf4 ,p>is4 ,see ,montm>tre4 ,p>i%1 ,sir ,woodb9e1 works & rese>*es (1 #gih1 #gii4 ,p>k9son1 ,mr41 8 "w & rese>*es1 #gg1 #bib1 et passim4 ,see ,pict4 ,atlas4 ,pe>ce1 ,mr4 ,c41 rese>*es (1 #bhh1 #def1 #ffi4 ,pe>-encr9ite1 #bhg4 ,peat1 #gj4 ,pecopt]is lon*itica1 #aah4 ---------- ,murrayana1 #aah4 ---------- ,sillimani1 #aaj4 ,pect5 ,beav]i1 #djj4 ------ ,jacobu1 #djj4 ------ qu9queco/atus1 #djj4 ------ op]cul>is1 #che4 ,pectunculus1 #dje4 ,p$icell>i1 #cac4 ,p5tacr9us caput-m$us1 #bhb4 ----------- ,hiem]i1 #bic4 ,p5tam]us1 #cia4 ,p5!tria1 #eeh4 ,p5tremites pyri=mis1 #bhf1 #big4 ,p]mian deposits1 #cj4 ,p]na1 #djb4 ,petalopora pul*ella1 #bbd1 #bgj4 ,pet]sburgh1 ,virg9ia1 #ig4 ------------------1 diatomace\s e>? at1 #ig4 ,petricola ,patagonica1 #cgg4 ,petrifactions1 nature (1 #cg4 ,petrifi$ =e/s ( conif]s1 #afi4 --------- horns1 #cid4 --------- mu%rooms1 #bdb4 --------- rams'-horns1 #bfj1 #hfb4 --------- salt-cell>s1 #hfa4 --------- trees 9 ,egypt1 #bjc4 ,petrophiloides ,ri*>dsoni1 #ahh4 ,peuce1 #afh4 ,pev5sey1 #eai4 ,phacops caudatus1 #ech4 ,phan]ogamia1 #ei4 ,phascolo!rium ,buckl&i1 #hjf4 ,phlebopt]is ,phillipsii1 #abj4 ------------ prop9qua1 #abj4 ,phillips1 ,pr(41 works & rese>*es (1 #dd1 #cba1 #cfe1 #dbj1 #dbg1 #hjg4 ,pholadomya1 #djh4 ,pholas priscus1 #djh1 #ejg4 ,phryganea1 fossil l>v (1 #eei4 ,physa 9 ! ,purbeck b$s1 #dbc4 ,pick]+1 ,york%ire1 #cjg4 ,pict\1 ,nova ,scotia1 #aji4 ,pictorial ,atlas1 ref]r$ to1 #i1 #ahg1 #bbh1 #beg1 #bfc1 #bhe1 #cag1 #djd1 et passim4 ,p9ites ,fittoni1 #agg4 ,p9na1 #djf4 ,p9us1 #agg4 ,placodus1 #faj4 ,placoid fi%1 #efh1 #ehb4 ,plagio/oma giganteum1 #djj4 ,planorbis1 #dbc4 ,plants1 fossil1 #ea4 ,platycr9us1 #bhg4 ,platysomus1 #faj4 ,plei/oc5e deposits1 #bc4 ,pleodont liz>ds1 #fdh4 ,plesiosaurus1 #ffb4 #fga4 ,pleurodont reptiles1 #fdh4 ,pleurotoma1 #dbe4 ,pleurotom>ia flammig]a1 #dbg4 ,plicatula inflata1 #djj4 ,pli5+]1 ,m41 rese>*es (1 #hje4 ,plioc5e deposits1 #bd4 ,pliosaurus1 #fgc4 ,plum/ead1 ,k5t1 #cie1 #djf4 ,plutonic rocks1 #cd4 ,podoc>ya1 #aib4 ,podosph5ia1 #ib4 ,podozamites ,mantelli1 #aed4 ,pcilopleuron ,buckl&i1 #fgi4 ,poli]s*ief] ( ,bil91 #if4 ,polp]ro1 ,cornwall1 #bch4 ,polycotyl$ons1 #fj4 ,polyp>ium1 #beb4 ,polype 9 fl9t1 #bej4 ,polypidom1 #beb4 ,polypif]a1 #bea1 #bhj4 ,polypo!cia di*otoma1 #bca4 ,polypty*odon cont9uus1 #fhc4 ------------- int]ruptus1 #fhc4 ,polyzoa1 #bec4 ,pondi*]ry1 #dhe4 ,poole1 ,dorset1 #efj4 ,populus geca1 #bja4 ,porcup9e1 fossil1 #hjc4 ,porif]a1 #bai4 ,porti%ead1 #hfd4 ,portl&4 ,see ,isle ( ,portl&4 -------- oolite1 #bg4 ,po/-plioc5e deposits1 #bc4 ,potamides1 #dbe4 ,potamogeton1 fossil1 #ajf1 #bja4 ,pot]iocr9us1 #bhg4 ,potsville1 ,u4,s41 #fde4 ,pott]1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #egi4 ,p\nce=d1 ,sussex1 #aje4 ,pre/wi*1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #ebc1 #ebh1 #edb ,pre/on1 ,sussex1 #bbg1 #cje4 ,primrose ,hill1 #gfg4 ,pri/is1 #eig4 ,productus1 #cib4 ,protozoa1 #bai4 ,psammodus1 #ehg4 ,ps>olites1 #abc4 ,pseudomorphic cry/als1 #db4 ,pt]i*?ys cornutus1 #fab4 ,pt]odactylus compressiro/ris1 #gbf4 ------------- crassiro/ris1 #gbd4 ------------- ,cuvi]i1 #gbf4 ------------- macronyx1 #gbf4 ,pt]ophylluni comptum1 #aeb4 ,pt]opoda1 #cgh1 #dag4 ,pt]osauria1 #fdf1 #gbc4 ,pt]ygotus1 #ebe4 ,pty*oc]as ,em]icianum1 #dhf4 ,pty*odus gibb]ulus1 #egh4 --------- polygurus1 #eid4 --------- spectabilis1 #egh1 #ehe4 ,pulley-/ones1 #bhe4 ,purbeck4 ,see ,isle ( ,purbeck4 ------- m>ble1 #dbb1 #dce4 ------- s]ies1 #bf4 ,purfleet1 #cag1 #hdc4 ,pu/ulopora pu/ulosa1 #bfh1 #bgj4 ,puy-de-,dome1 #gfe4 ,puy en ,velais1 #ahf4 ,puzzuoli1 #djh4 ,pycnodus1 #fjg4 ,pyr5ees1 #cic1 #dcb4 ,pyrites1 #hic4 ,pyrit\s fossil fruits1 #ec4 ,pyxidiculum1 #ia4 ,q4 ,quadrumana1 fossil1 #hac4 ,qu$l+b\rg1 #gfe4 ,que5bor\gh1 #hch4 ,r4 ,radiata1 #bhj4 ,radipole1 ,dorset1 #djh1 #dab4 ,radoboj1 ,croatia1 #eei4 ,railway sections1 #hcg1 #hdi1 #hei4 ,ra9-pr9ts on /one1 #gea1 #gga4 ,raphiosaurus subulid5s1 #gaa4 ,ra/rites1 #bef4 ,ratisbon1 #eia4 ,rays1 fossil1 #eig4 ,reade1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,b41 rese>*es (1 #bda1 #bej4 ,read+1 ,b]k%ire1 #cie4 ,rec5t %ell-rock1 #chd1 #chf4 ,r$l&1 ne> ,bri/ol1 #gac4 ,reg5t's-p>k1 ,london1 #aid1 #daa4 ,regnosaurus ,nor?amptoni1 #gje4 ,rema9s1 fossil animal1 #dc4 ,reptilia1 #fdc4 ,reptiles1 ,i*nolites (1 #gdi4 ,res9s1 fossil1 #eb1 #aha4 ,retepora laxa1 #bfi4 ,retrospect ( fossil ,botany1 #bjf4 -------------------- zoology1 #hbb4 ,rh9e1 br[n-coal ( !1 #gb4 -----1 tripoli ( !1 #ij4 ,rh9oc]os1 fossil1 #gif4 ,rhizopoda1 #cch4 ,rhodocr9us1 #bhg1 #big4 ,rhyn*onella plicatilis1 #chh1 #cia4 ------------ subplicata1 #chh1 #cia4 ,rhyn*osaurus articeps1 #gab4 -------------1 foot-pr9ts (1 #gec4 ,ri*>dson1 ,mr4 ,w41 rese>*es (1 #gia1 #hdc4 ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 #ig4 ------------------1 diatomace\s e>? at1 #ig4 ,ridgway ,hill1 ,dorset1 #ebb4 #eeg4 ,riley1 ,dr41 rese>*es (1 #gac4 ,r+9ella1 #dbf4 ,r+m]1 ,sussex1 #djf1 #dec1 #deh1 #dhg1 #dij1 #eab1 #eai4 ,riv]-tortoises1 #gbg4 ,rjeff on ! ,volga1 #fjh4 ,roane ,hill1 ,tyrone1 #fja4 ,ro*e/]1 #ejh4 ,rocks & /rata1 #ai4 ,rod5ts1 fossil1 #hjb4 ,rodriquez ,isl&1 #gfc4 ,ro( ( ! coal1 #hb4 ,rosal9a1 #cdb1 #cea1 #cef1 #ceh1 #cei4 ,ro/ell>ia1 #dbf4 ,rotalia1 #cea4 ,rott+dean1 #heb1 #hef1 #heh4 ,r\51 #cfh1 #dga1 #dia4 ,rule1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #gfc4 ,rum9ants1 fossil1 #ghb4 ,runcorn1 ,*e%ire1 #gej1 #ggb4 ,rupp]sdorf1 ,bohemia1 #eha4 ,russia1 #cfe1 #cib1 #ebd1 #ech1 #fjh1 #fai4 ,ryde1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #haf1 #hdg4 ,s4 ,sa>brck1 ,lorra9e1 #fja4 ,sabella1 #che4 ,sacrum ( reptiles1 #fee4 ,sah>a ,des]t1 #agj4 ,salam&]1 fossil1 #gda4 ,salam&rodes1 #gdb4 ,sal5ia1 #cah4 ,salt]1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #ebd1 #ebf1 #ecd1 #gdi4 ,s&gate1 ,k5t1 #dji1 #ejg4 ,s&[n ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #aee1 #afd1 #ebi4 ,sansan1 ne> ,audi1 #had4 ,santa ,fiora1 diatomace\s e>? at1 #if4 ,s>d9ia1 #gfe4 ,saull1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d41 rese>*es (1 #gie4 ,sauria1 #fdf4 ,saurocephalus lanci=mis1 #fbi4 ------------- /riatus1 #fbi4 ,saurodon ,leanus1 #fbi4 ,sauroid fi%es1 #fae4 ,sauroidei1 #fag4 ,sauroidei-dipt]9i1 #fah4 ,savone1 #gij4 ,saw-fi%1 fossil1 #eig4 ,scales ( fi%es1 #eff4 ,scalpellum maximum1 #ejg4 ,scaphites qualis1 #dhh4 ,sc>bor\gh1 #gc1 #aac1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aeb1 #aed1 #afh1 #eai4 ,scat-craig1 ,elg91 #fah4 ,s*a]beek1 ,belgium1 #aia4 ,scorpion1 fossil1 #eej4 ,sc\l]1 ,dr41 rese>*es (1 #ebe4 ,screw-p9es1 #aib4 ,screw-/ones1 #bhe4 ,scrope1 ,mr4 ,p41 on fossil phrygane1 #efj4 ,scutes ( reptiles1 #feg4 ,scyphia =am9osa1 #bbg4 ------- int]m$ia1 #bbg4 ------- ramosa1 #bbg4 ,sea anemones1 #bed4 --- eggs1 #cab4 --- slugs1 #bhj4 --- ur*9s1 #bhj1 #cab4 ,seafield1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #gia4 ,seal1 fossil1 #hab4 ,second>y rocks1 #be4 ,selb\rne1 ,hants1 #cif4 ,sepia1 fossil1 #ddg4 ,sept>ium ) %ells1 #chc4 ,s]p5ts1 #gch4 ,s]pula1 #che1 #eje4 ,s]res1 ,m>cel de1 rese>*es (1 #eeg4 ,s]tul>ia1 #bec4 ,%alcombe1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #dba4 ,%ankl91 or ,l[] ,gre5s&1 #be4 ,%>ks1 fossil tee? (1 #ehb4 ------ v]tebr (1 #eif4 ,%>p ,m\nta91 ,p5nsylvania1 #gdi4 ,%eph]d's cr[ns1 #cbg4 ,%eppey1 ,see ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,%otov]1 ,oxon1 #fhj4 ,%rewley ,common1 ,w>wick%ire4 #gec4 ,%rewsbury1 #eca1 #gab4 ,%rimps1 fossil1 #ebj4 ,sicily1 #cij4 ,sid]a/ra ,web/]i1 #bfd4 ,sid]ol9a1 #cdf4 ,sigill>i & ,/igm>i1 #abe4 ,sigill>ia ,defrancii1 #abh4 ---------- elegans1 #acj4 ---------- ,saullii1 #abi4 ,silesia1 #ahe4 ,silicification1 #dj4 ,silurian sy/em1 #cb4 ,s9d1 #cfb4 ,siphonia lobata1 #bca4 -------- ,morrisiana1 #bbd1 #bcc4 -------- pyri=mis1 #bca4 ,siwalik ,hills1 #ahe1 #bgh1 #fgd1 #gca1 #gff1 #ghb1 #ghd1 #ghf1 #gig1 #had4 ,skeleton ( fi%es1 #egb4 ,sk9 ( ,i*?yosaur1 #fgj4 ,slo?s1 fossil gigantic1 4#gih4 ,smee1 ,mr41 on fossilization ( bones1 #dd4 ,sm]dis m9utus1 #fbe4 ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,william1 on fossils & /rata1 #ah4 -----1 ,mr4 ,t\lm91 on ! v5triculid1 #bbf1 #bdi1 #bfh4 ,snakes1 fossil eggs (1 #gci4 ,snib/one1 ,leice/]%ire1 #adi1 #ijb4 ,sol>ium ornatum1 #dbg4 ,sol5h(51 #ddg1 #dib1 #eaa1 #ebj1 #ebc1 #eej1 #eea1 #fag1 #fba1 #gbd4 ----------1 fossil insects f1 #eea4 ,soleure1 #gcj4 ,s\? ,africa1 #ecf1 #gad4 ------------1 fossil reptiles f1 #gad4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 bone-caves (1 #hjh4 -------------1 fossil ed5tata (1 #gih4 --------------------- monkey (1 #had4 -------------1 ,pampas (1 #gih4 ,s\?b\rn1 ,sussex1 #bcb1 #djh1 #dcc1 #dhg1 #heh4 ,s\!rham1 ,sussex1 #dja1 #dhg4 ,s\? ,jogg9s1 ,bay ( ,fundy1 #abh1 #gdg4 ,s\? ,pe!rw91 ,cornwall1 #dgd4 ,spatangid1 #cbf4 ,spatangus planus1 #ccj4 ,sphrulites ,mortoni1 #cic1 #dcj4 ,sph5ophyllum erosum1 #adf1 #adh4 ------------- ,s*lo!imi1 #adg1 #adh4 ,sph5opt]is elegans1 #aab4 ------------ ,mantelli1 #aac4 ------------ nephroc>pa1 #aac4 ,spicula ( sponges1 #bcd1 #bch4 ,spid]s1 fossil1 #eej4 ,sp9ax major1 #ehj1 #ehd4 ,sp9es ( ,cid>ites1 #cai4 ,sp9if]ites palmatus1 #bda4 ------------ ramosus1 #bci1 #bdj4 ------------ ,reg9aldi1 #bci1 #bda4 ,spirif] trigonalis1 #cij4 ,spirol9a1 #cdi4 ,spiruliro/ra ,bell>dii1 #dfc4 ,spondylus sp9osus1 #cii4 ,sponges1 *>act]s (1 #bbj4 -------1 arrangem5t ( rec5t1 #bba4 ------- 9 *alk & fl9t1 #bbb4 ,spongilla1 #bba4 ,spongites clavellatus1 #bbd4 --------- flexuosus1 #bbf1 #bac4 --------- labyr9?icus1 #bbe1 #bdc4 --------- ramosus1 #bbc4 --------- ,t[ns5di1 #bbe4 ,spynie1 ne> ,elg91 #gbj4 ,squaloraia1 #eif4 ,squirrel1 fossil1 #hjb4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #bcc4 --------------- ,m\nt4 ,see ,r\54 ,/4 ,cu?b]t's beads1 #bhd4 ,/4 ,eti5ne1 ,france1 #abg1 #agh4 ,/4 ,hel5's1 ne> ,liv]pool1 #acf4 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt4 ,see ,mae/ri*t4 ,/a>5-/e91 #abc4 ,/ag-horn encr9ite1 #bia4 ,/ai!s1 ne> ,:itby1 #cjg4 ,/amm]ham1 ,sussex1 #ggd4 ,/eganodictyum1 #bcc4 ,/e9haur1 ,rev4 ,h41 on ,/igm>ia1 #acd4 ,/ell>id1 #bhj4 ,/ems ( arboresc5t f]ns1 #abb4 -------- encr9ites1 #bhd4 -------- p5tacr9ites1 #bhd4 -------- plants1 /ructure (1 #ee1 #fb4 ,sigill>i1 #abh4 ,/5eosaurus1 #fgf4 ,/]nb]gia1 #afh4 ,/]num ( i*?yosaur1 #ffg4 ---------- plesiosaur1 #ffg1 #fgb4 ,/eyn+1 ,sussex1 #dei1 #dga4 ,/igm>ia ficoides1 #acc4 ,/igm>i1 ! roots ( sigill>ia & lepidod5dron1 #acb1 #aci4 ,/okes1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #dgf1 #edj4 ,/one-lily1 #bib4 ,/one1 ,bucks1 #eeg4 ,/one p]=at$ by li?odomi1 #djh4 ,/onesfield1 ,oxon1 #aeb1 #afh1 #aha1 #eec1 #ehg1 #fhf1 #gbe1 #gcj1 #gfe1 #hje4 -----------1 fossil mammalia (1 #hje4 ----------- slate1 #bh4 ,/onnis1 #hhc1 #hif4 ,/oreton ,hill1 ne> ,liv]pool1 #gcj1 #gea1 #gec1 #ggb4 -------------1 i*nolites at1 #gea1 #ggb4 ,/radella1 ne> ,pavia1 #bja4 ,/rata & rocks1 #ai4 ------ compos$ ( =am9if]a1 #ceb4 ------1 synopsis ( ,briti%1 #bc4 ,/ratification ( a coal-field1 #hj4 ,/r5%am1 ,worce/]%ire1 #ajf4 ,/reptospondylus1 #fhj4 ,/rickl&1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,e41 rese>*es (1 #eeb1 #fci1 #gec1 #gfc4 ,/romatopora1 #bfb4 ,/rombodes1 #bfb4 ,/rophodus magnus1 #ehg4 ,/ructure ( conif]1 #eg4 ------------ vegetables1 #ee4 ,/udd ,hill1 #hdc4 ,/ut*bury1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #bfe1 #gac4 ,/uttg>t1 ,wrtemb]g1 #hje4 ,/yla/rit1 #bhg4 ,sub-,ap5n9es1 #ejc4 ,sub-,himalayas4 ,see ,siwalik ,hills4 ,subm]g$ =e/s1 #gj4 ,su*osaurus cultrid5s1 #fgf4 ,suggsville1 ,u4 ,s41 #cdf4 ,sulz-les-ba9s1 ne> ,/rasburg1 #aag1 #aha4 ,sund]l&1 #dcj4 ,sundridge1 ,k5t1 #cie4 ,sussex m>ble1 #dbb1 #dce4 ,swabia1 #gge1 #hae4 ,swanage1 ,purbeck1 #aif1 #fjg1 #feh1 #fgg4 ------- crocodile1 #fgg4 ,swansea1 #haj4 ,sw$51 #bef1 #cib1 #ech4 ,sw9don1 #afh1 #dab1 #dbh1 #hfb4 ,s)l&1 #ijj4 ,switz]l&1 #bhi4 ,syd5ham1 #ghi1 #hdi4 ,synh$ra1 #ib4 ,synopsis ( ,briti% /rata1 #bc4 ,syr+opora ramulosa1 #bei1 #bfb4 ,t4 ,tniopt]is latifolia1 #aah4 ,tagg>t1 ,mr41 rese>*es (1 #ggb4 ,tails ( fi%es1 #egd4 ,taxites1 #aha4 ,tee? ( ,fi%es1 #egj1 #ehb4 -------- ,glyptodon1 #gii4 -------- ,i*?yosaur1 #ffe4 -------- ,iguanodon1 #fic4 -------- ,labyr9?odon1 #gdc4 -------- ,mammalia1 #gic4 -------- ,plesiosaur1 #ffe4 -------- ,reptiles1 #fdf4 -------- ,%>ks1 fossil1 #ehb4 ,teleosaurus ,cadom5sis1 #fhj4 ----------- ,*apmanni1 #fge1 #fgi4 ----------- priscus1 #fhj4 ,tel]peton ,elg95se1 #gbj4 ,temple ,*ur*1 ! pill>s (1 compos$ ( fre%-wat] m>ble1 #dbb1 #dce4 ,temple ( ,jupit] ,s]apis1 ! columns (1 p]=at$ by ,li?odomi1 #djh4 ,t]ebratula c>nea1 #cij4 ----------- semiglobosa1 #chh4 ----------- subrotunda1 #chh4 ,t]$o1 #aic1 #daj4 ,t]ti>y conif]\s wood1 #age4 -------- =am9if]a1 #cff4 -------- orni?olites1 #gfe4 -------- rocks1 #bd4 -------- zoophytes1 #bgd4 ,te!a1 #bba4 ,tettigonia spum>ia1 #eeh4 ,tetrabran*iata1 #ddi1 #dff4 ,tetragonolepis1 #fjd4 ,textul>ia globulosa1 #cdb1 #ceb4 ,?alictroides ,p>isi5sis1 #aih4 ------------- ,web/]i1 #aih4 ,?ames ,riv]1 #chf4 ,!codontosaurus1 #gac4 ,!codont reptiles1 #fdh4 ,?uites ,kurrianus1 #ahj4 ,tilgate ,=e/1 ,sussex1 #ge1 #aac1 #aai1 #aei1 #dad1 #dag1 #ecj1 #egh1 #ehj1 #eib1 #fje1 #fjh1 #ffj1 #fgg1 #fha1 #fhg1 #fij1 #gjd1 #gbe1 #gcd1 #ggc1 #gfh4 ,tisbury1 ,wilts1 #bfc1 #dac4 ,toad/one ( ,d]by%ire1 #hge1 #hgh1 #hic4 ,torbay1 ,devon1 #bei1 #bfb1 #gfd1 #haj1 #haf4 ,torp$o4 #eih4 ,tortoises1 #gbf4 ,t\ra9e1 #dbf4 ,toxa/] complanatus1 #cbi4 ,toxoc]as ,em]icianum1 #dhd4 ,track-m>ks ( bip$s1 #gfh4 -------------- cru/aceans1 #edc1 #gdi4 -------------- fi%es1 #fcb4 -------------- reptiles1 #gdi4 ,tragos ,f>r+doni5sis1 #bbi4 ------ peziza1 #bbi4 ,transition s]ies1 #cb4 ,trap ( ,cri* ,hill1 #hhd1 #hia4 ,trav]t9e1 or tufa1 #dj4 ,trees1 fossil1 dicotyl$on\s1 #bjc4 -------------1 9 ! ,coal-measures1 #acf4 --------------------- ,purbeck s]ies1 #afi4 --------------------- ,weald51 #agj4 -----1 silicifi$1 9 ,au/ralia1 #agj4 --------------------- ,egypt1 #agj1 #bjc4 ,treto/]non ,bakewelli1 #gcg4 ,trevelyan1 ,mr41 fossil upright /ems 9 ,nor?umb]l& notic$ by1 #abh4 ,trias s]ies1 #bi4 ,triassic mammalian tee?1 #hje4 ,tridactyl\s impr9ts1 #gfh1 #ggb4 ,trigonia clavellata1 #cig1 #dab4 -------- co/ata1 #cig1 #dab4 -------- gibbosa1 #cig1 #dab4 ,trigonoc>pum ,ngg]a?i1 #adi4 ------------- oliv=me1 #adi4 ,trilobites1 #ecb4 ----------1 geological di/ribution (1 #edc4 ,tr9ucleus ,lloydii1 #ech4 ,trionyx1 #gbg4 ,triplosporite1 #adb4 ,tro*ites1 #bhd4 ,tro*us ziziph9us1 #che4 ,trogon!rium1 #hjc4 ,tr[bridge1 ,wilts1 #dgi4 ,trunks & /ems ( fossil cycads1 #aef4 ------ ( sigill>i ) roots1 #abf4 --------- trees1 inve/igation (1 #fb4 ,tufa or trav]t9e1 #dj1 #hgb4 ,tunbridge ,wells1 #dae1 #ecj4 ,tunicata1 #cge4 ,turban-e*9ites1 #cac4 ,turb9olia ,knigii1 #beg4 ,tur91 #aih1 #dfc4 ,turn]'s ,falls1 ,massa*usetts1 #gfi4 ,turrilites cat5atus1 #dhi4 ---------- co/atus1 #dhi4 ---------- tub]culatus1 #dia4 ,turritella conoidea1 #chc4 ,turtles1 #gbf4 ,tuscany1 #hjc4 ,u4 ,ulod5dron1 #add1 #ade4 ,"u-clays ( ! coal1 #ha4 ,unio1 #dad4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bef1 #beg1 #cfd1 #cfg1 #cii1 #djj4 ,univalve mollusks1 #cgh1 #dag4 ,upp] ,silurian s]ies1 #cc4 ,upright trunks ( sigill>i1 #abe4 ,ursus arctos1 #haa4 ----- priscus1 #hab4 ----- spelu1 #haa4 ,v4 ,vale ( ,w>d\r1 #eba1 #eeb1 #eef4 ,valley ( ! ,d]w5t1 #hhb4 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 #agj4 ,vegetables1 fossil1 #ea4 ----------1 organization (1 #ed4 ,v5ation ( leaves1 #fj1 #fd4 ,v5]ic>dia1 #dje4 ,v5tnor1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #bcj4 ,v5triculites alcyonoides1 #bdg4 ------------- quadrangul>is1 #bfg4 ------------- radiatus1 #bdb1 #bdd4 ,v5us's fan1 #bfe4 ,v]neuil9a tric>9ata1 #cdb1 #ceb4 ,v]tebr ( ,fi%1 #egd4 ----------- ,i*?yosaur1 #fff4 ----------- ,iguanodon1 #fih4 ----------- ,reptiles1 #fea4 ----------- ,s]p5ts1 #gci4 ,v]ticellipora ana/omosans1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bgc4 ,virg9ia1 #ig1 #agj4 --------1 fossil microphytes f1 #ig4 ,vis1 ,belgium1 #dei4 ,volcanic rocks1 #ce4 ,volkmannia1 #adf4 ,voltzia1 #ahj4 ,w4 ,waihora ,lake1 ,new ,zeal&1 diatomace f1 #ie4 ,wa9lode ,cliff1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 #eec4 ,wakebridge1 #hhd4 ,wakefield1 ,col41 rese>*es (1 #gfc4 ,wal*ia hypnoides1 #agh4 ,wald5burg1 ,silesia1 #aab4 ,walton1 ,essex1 #hag4 ,w&swor?1 #hcg4 ,w>d1 ,dr4 ,o41 rese>*es (1 #gab4 ,w>eham1 ,dorset1 #bjj4 ,w>m9/]1 ,wilts1 #bca1 #cah4 ,wat]-rat1 fossil1 #hji4 ,w>wick1 #gdb4 ,wat*ett1 ,som]set1 #dhj4 ,weald5 coal1 #gc4 ------- =mation1 #bf4 -------1 rema9s ( birds 9 !1 #gfh4 -------1 tridactyl\s i*nolites 9 !1 #ggc4 ,web/]1 ,pr(41 rese>*es (1 #bb1 #aef1 #bjb4 ,well+ton ,valley1 ,au/ralia1 #hjc4 ,w5lock s]ies1 #cc4 --------------1 corals 9 !1 #beh1 #bfa4 -------1 graptolites 9 !1 #bee4 ,we/bury-on-,avon1 #ebf1 #ehh4 ,we/]n ,l9es1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #bcj4 ,we/phalia1 #fbb1 #fba4 ,we/wood1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,o41 rese>*es (1 #edi4 ,we!rell1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,t41 rese>*es (1 #ejh1 #gjh4 ,we!rellia v>iabilis1 #ahh4 ,weym\?1 #cig4 ,:ales1 fossil1 #ggg4 ,:itby1 #gc1 #ajf1 #aab1 #dgg1 #fge1fhb4 ,:itecliff ,bay1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #ahe4 ,:itt+ham1 ,norfolk1 #bcf4 ,:itwick1 #ijb4 ,wiesbad51 #gff4 ,wiesnau1 #gff4 ,williams1 ,rev4 ,d41 rese>*es (1 #haa4 --------1 ,rev4 ,w41 rese>*es (1 #gfc4 ,williamson1 ,pr(41 rese>*es (1 #aee1 #cfc1 #cfg1 #efh1 #fbj4 ,will+don1 ,sussex1 #aef1 #agc4 ,)am's me?od ( microscopical exam9ation ( fossil plants1 #fe4 ,wood1 exam9ation ( fossil1 #fe4 ----1 fossil conif]\s1 #afg4 ---- p]=at$ by pholades1 #dji4 ------------------ t]$9es1 #aic1 #daa4 ,woodh\se1 #ija4 ,woodw>d41 ,mr4 ,s4 ,p41 notes by1 #bcf1 #cag1 #cgi1 #dbe1 #dbf1 #ddg1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dgi4 --------1 ,manual ( ,molluscs by1 #cha1ddi1 #dhc4 ,woolwi*1 ,k5t1 #cie1 #dbe4 ,wor?+1 ,sussex1 #bce1 #dca4 ,wrtemb]g1 #cjh1 #dfc1 #gdb1 #hje4 ,wyman1 ,pr(4 ,j41 on d5dr]peton1 #gdg4 ---------------1 on ,lepido/eus1 #faf ,x4 ,xan?idium1 #ia4 ,xiphodon1 #gij4 ,y4 ,york%ire1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bfh1 #cje1 #dbg1 #dfe1 #dgg1 #eai1 #eie1 #fjh4 --------- oolite1 #bg4 ,z4 ,zami1 #aej4 ,zamites crassus1 #aee4 ------- ,mantelli1 #aed4 ------- ovatus1 #aee4 ------- pect9atus1 #aeb4 -------,sussexi5sis1 #aef4 ,zan?opsis ,lea*ii1 #eab4 ---------- tub]culatus1 #eab4 ,zeuglodon cetoides1 #ggi4 --------- squalodon1 #gha4 ,zoology1 fossil1 #baf4 ,zoophytes1 #bah4 ---------1 di/ribution ( fossil1 #bgc4 ,zul9osprionites latus1 #ahi4 ,,! ,,end4 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,transcrib] ,note ,"s /&>dization ( ^w usage & =matt+ 0 made2 b "s ( ! orig9al v>iant spell+s reta9$ 7ex41 ,m',coy & ,mc,coy74 ,italiciz+ ( species1 publications1 au?ors1 etc4 0 pres]v$4