,transcriber ,note ,text emphasis is denoted as ,italics and ,bold4 ,whole and fractional parts of numbers as #abc-d_/e4 ,,thoughts ,,on ,a ,,pebble4 ,illustration ,,reeve1 ,,benham1 ,,and ,,reeve1 ,,printers ,,and ,,publishers ,,of ,,scientific ,,works1 ,,king ,,william ,,street1 ,,strand4 ,illustration3 ,,gideon ,,algernon ,,mantell1 ,l4,l4,d4 ,f4,r4,s ,vice-,president of the ,geological ,society c4 c4 ,,thoughts ,,on ,a ,,pebble1 ,,or1 ,a ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,geology4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,wonders ,,of ,,geology4 ,illustration3 ,the ,nautilus and the ,ammonite4 ,vide1 p4 #eg4 ,there is no picking up a pebble by the brook-side1 without finding all nature in connexion with it4 ,contemplations of ,nature4 ,,eighth ,,edition2 ,,with ,,thirty-,,two ,,illustrations4 ,,london3 ,,reeve1 ,,benham1 ,,and ,,reeve1 ,,king ,,william ,,street1 ,,strand4 #ahdi4 ,,to ,,my ,,son1 ,reginald ,nebille ,mantell1 ,c4,e41 ,,these ,,thoughts ,,on ,a ,,pebble ,,are ,,most ,,affectionately ,,inscribed4 ,,london1 #ai1 ,,chester ,,square1 ,,pimlico4 #ahdi4 ,every grain of sand is an immensity--every leaf a world--every insect an assemblage of incomprehensible effects in which reflection is lost4 ,lavater4 ,to the natural philosopher there is no natural object that is unimportant or trifling4 ,from the least of ,nature's works he may learn the greatest lessons4 ,the fall of an apple to the ground may raise his thoughts to the laws which govern the revolutions of the planets in their orbits2 or the situation of a pebble may afford him evidence of the state of the globe he inhabits1 myriads of ages before his species became its denizens4 ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,herschel4 ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,deeply impressed with the conviction that it is of the highest importance the young and inquiring mind should have a correct idea of natural phenomena--that it should not be left to its own unaided efforts to unravel the mysteries of the beautiful world in which this first state of being is destined to be passed--or have its curiosity stifled or misled by unsatisfactory or erroneous conjectures--,i have endeavoured in this little work to explain in a simple and attractive guise1 some of the grand truths relating to the ancient physical history of our planet1 which modern geology has established4 ,the favourable reception of these desultory ,thoughts which were originally penned for the amusement and instruction of an intelligent boy1 is a gratifying proof that the attempt has not been unsuccessful2 and ,i would fain indulge the hope1 that this ,first ,lesson in ,geology may still be productive of good1 by exciting in some youthful minds a desire for the acquisition of natural knowledge2 and inculcating the important truth1 that ,he who formed the ,universe has created nothing in vain2 that ,his works all harmonize to blessings unbounded by the mightiest or most minute of ,his creatures2 and that the more our knowledge is increased1 and our powers of observation are enlarged1 the more exalted will be our conception of ,his wondrous works4 ,chester ,square1 ,pimlico4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,thoughts on a ,pebble3 ,part ,i4 #e ,more ,thoughts on a ,pebble3 ,part ,,ii4 #cc ,the ,nautilus and the ,ammonite #eg ,supplementary ,notes #fa ,note ,i4 ,shells in ,chalk #fa ---- ,,ii4 ,wood in ,flint #ff ---- ,,iii4 ,whitby ,ammonites #fi ---- ,,iv4 ,fossil ,nautili #gb ---- ,v4 ,brighton ,cliffs #ge ---- ,,vi4 ,rotali in ,chalk and ,flint #gi ---- ,,vii4 ,isle of ,wight ,pebbles #hb ---- ,,viii4 ,zoophytes of the ,chalk #hg ---- ,,ix4 ,minute ,corals from the ,chalk #ib ---- ,x4 ,infusorial ,earths #ig ,,lignographs4 ,page4 #a4 ,vignette of ,title-page4 #b4 ,fossil ,turban-echinus 7,cidaris71 with spines4 #i #c4 ,bivalve with spines 7,plagiostoma spinosum7 in chalk2 from ,lewes4 #aa #d4 ,teeth of several species of the ,shark tribe1 in chalk2 from ,lewes4 #ab #e4 ,chalk-dust highly magnified1 consisting of minute shells4 #ac #f4 ,shells 7,rotali7 from the chalk1 highly magnified4 #ad #g4 ,ammonite 7,a4 communis7 from the ,lias1 at ,whitby4 #bj #h4 ,nautilus 7,n4 elegans7 from the chalk-marl1 ,lewes4 #bb #i4 ,view of the ,cliffs east of ,brighton4 #bg #aj4 ,fossil animalcules 7,xanthidia7 in flint4 #ce #aa4 ,xanthidium palmatum1 in flint4 #cg #ab4 ,rotalia in flint4 #ci #ac4 ,minute scales of fishes in flint4 #dj #ad4 ,choanites from the chalk2 near ,lewes4 #dd #ae4 ,a branch of fossil coral attached to the pebble #df #af4 ,coral-polype in flint4 #dg #ag4 ,minute ,corals from chalk4 #ej #ah4 ,fossil cases or shields of animalcules from ,richmond1 ,virginia2 highly magnified4 #ec #ai4 ,several species of ,lamp-shells 7,terebratul7 from the chalk1 near ,brighton4 #fc #bj4 ,silicified ,oyster from the chalk4 #fe #ba4 ,coniferous wood in flint1 from ,lewes ,priory4 #fh #bb4 ,several species of ,ammonite4 #fi #bc4 ,the body of a recent microscopic animalcule 7,nonionina71 the shell having been removed by immersion in acid4 #ha #bd4 ,a branch of ,sponge in flint2 a minute ,coral from chalk2 and a section of a pebble enclosing a zoophyte 7,siphonia ,morrisiana74 #he #be4 ,flints deriving their shapes from ,zoophytes 7,ventriculites74 #hi #bf4 ,ventriculites in chalk2 from ,lewes4 #ij #bg4 ,portions of three kinds of recent corals4 #id ,,lithographs4 ,page4 ,plate ,i4 ,a rolled flint pebble1 having a ,choanite as a nucleus1 and the remains of an echinus and spine1 shell1 and coral1 apparent on the surface4 #e ,plate ,,ii4 ,a longitudinal section of the pebble1 showing the structure of the enclosed ,choanite4 #db ,plate ,,iii4 ,a polished section of an ,ammonite1 having the septa or chambers filled with variously coloured spar1 c4 #gj ,plate ,,iv4 ,polished sections of two pebbles from the ,isle of ,wight2 in the upper specimen1 the transition from opaque flint to cloudy chalcedony and transparent quartz crystals1 is beautifully shown2 the lower specimen is richly tinted2 the dark appearance is derived from manganese4 #hf ,illustration3 ,plate ,i4 ,,the ,,pebble ,page #e ,,thoughts ,,on ,a ,,pebble4 ,honoured1 therefore1 be thou1 thou small pebble1 lying in the lane2 and whenever any one looks at thee1 may he think of the beautiful and noble world he lives in1 and all of which it is capable4 ,leigh ,hunt's ,london ,journal1 p4 #aj4 ,,part ,i4 ,well might our immortal ,shakspeare talk of ,sermons in stones2 and ,lavater exclaim1 that ,every grain of sand is an immensity and the author of ',contemplations of ,nature' remark1 that there is no picking up a pebble by the brook-side without finding all nature in connexion with it4 ,i shall confine my remarks to a flint pebble1 as being the kind of stone familiar to every one4 ,the pebble ,i hold in my hand was picked up in the bed of the torrent which is dashing down the side of yonder hill1 and winding its way through that beautiful valley1 and over those ,huge rocks and mounds confus'dly hurl'd4 ,the fragments of an earlier world1 which partially filling up the chasm1 and obstructing the course of the rushing waters1 give rise to those gentle murmurings that are so inexpressibly soothing and delightful to the soul4 ,sidenote3 ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,pebble4 ,upon examining this stone ,i discover that it is but the fragment of a much larger mass1 and has evidently been transported from a distance1 for its surface is smooth and rounded1 the angles having been worn away by friction against other pebbles1 produced by the agency of running water4 ,i trace the stream to its source1 half way up the hill1 and find that it gushes out from a bed of gravel lying on a stratum of clay1 which forms the eminence where ,i am standing1 and is nearly #cjj feet above the level of the ,british ,channel4 ,from this accumulation of water-worn materials the pebble must have been removed by the torrent1 and carried down to the spot where it first attracted our notice2 but we are still very far from having ascertained its origin4 ,the bed of stones on the summit of this hill is clearly but a heap of transported gravel--an ancient sea-beach or shingle--formed of chalk-flints1 that at some remote period were detached from their parent rock1 and broken1 rolled1 and thrown together1 by the action of the waves4 ,we are certain of this because we know that flints cannot grow2,a that they were originally formed in the hollows or fissures of other stones2 and upon inspecting the pebble more attentively1 we perceive1 not only that such was the case1 but also that it has been moulded in ,chalk1 for it contains the remains of certain species of extinct shells and corals1 which are found exclusively in that rock4 ,here then a remarkable phenomenon presents itself for our consideration2 this flint1 now so hard and unyielding1 must once have been in a soft or fluid state1 for the delicate markings of the case and spine of an ,echinus1 or ,sea-,urchin1 are deeply impressed on its surface2,b and a fragile shell with its spines1 is partially imbedded in its substance4,c ,nay more1 upon breaking off one end of the pebble1,d we find that a sponge1 or some analogous marine zoophyte1 is entirely enveloped by the flint2 and also that there are here and there portions of minute corals1 and scales of fishes4 ,what a ,medal of ,creation is here--what a page of nature's volume to interpret--what interesting reflections crowd upon the mind6 ,a ,flints cannot grow4--,here ,i would digress for a moment to notice an opinion so generally prevalent1 that perhaps some of my young readers will not be prepared at once to answer the question--,do stones grow8 ,the farmer who annually ploughs the same land1 and observes a fresh crop of stones every season1 will probably reply in the affirmative2 and the general observer who has for successive years noticed his gardens and plantations strewn with stones1 notwithstanding their frequent removal1 may possibly entertain the same opinion2 but a little reflection will show that stones cannot be said to grow or increase1 in the proper acceptation of the term4 ,animals and plants grow1 because they are provided with vessels and organs by winch they are capable of taking up particles of matter and converting them into their own substance2 but an inorganic body can only increase in bulk by the addition of some extraneous material2 hence stones may become incrusted1 or they may be cemented together and form a solid conglomerate1 but they possess no inherent power by which they can increase either in size or number--they cannot grow4 ,b ,plate ,i1 a4 ,c ,plate ,i1 b4 ,d ,plate ,i1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,,fossil ,,echinus ,,with ,,spines4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #b3--;,fossil ,turban ,echinus1 with its spines2 in limestone4 7,see ',medals of ,creation'1 p4 #cdj47 ,sidenote3 ,,fossil ,,shells ,,in ,,chalk4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #c3--,shell with spines1 imbedded in ,chalk2 from ,lewes4 7,see ',medals of ,creation1' #a p4 #cij47 ,to avoid confusion1 we will reverse the order of our inquiry1 and first contemplate the formation of the flint in its native rock4 ,the ,chalk1 that beautiful white stone1 which 7as an ,american friend1 who saw it for the first time1 observed71 is so like an artificial production1 abounds in marine shells and corals1 and in the remains of fishes1 crabs1 lobsters1 and reptiles1 all of which differ essentially from living species2 although a few of the corals and shells resemble1 in some particulars1 certain kinds that inhabit the seas of hot climates4 ,these remains are found in so perfect a state--the shells with all their spines and delicate processes 7,lign4 #c71 and the fishes with their teeth 7,lign1 #d71 scales1 and fins1 entire--that no doubt can be entertained of the animals having been surrounded by the chalk while living in their native sea1 and that many of them were entombed in their stony sepulchres suddenly1 when the rock was in the state of mud1 or like liquid plaster of ,paris4,e ,e ,see ,note ,i4 ,shells in the ,chalk4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #d3--;,fossil teeth of ,fishes of the ,shark family1 in ,chalk2 from ,lewes4 7,see ',medals of ,creation4' p4 #fbe47 ,sidenote3 ,,shells ,,and ,,fishes ,,in ,,chalk4 ,but besides the fossils which are obvious to the unassisted eye1 the ,chalk teems with myriads of minute forms that may readily be detected with a lens of moderate power2 and even when these have been extracted1 the residue1 which appears to be merely white calcareous earth1 is found1 when examined under the microscope1 to consist almost wholly of bodies yet more infinitesimal--of perfect shells and corals1 so minute1 that a cubic inch of chalk may contain upwards of a million of these organic remains 7see ,lign4 #e76 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #e3--;,a few grains of ,chalk-dust highly magnified1 and shown to consist of shells1 c4 a1 a1 ,shells called ,rotalia4 b1 ------------- ,textularia4 7,see ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #bcb47 ,the ,chalk is stratified--that is1 divided into strata or layers--as if a certain quantity of mud had sunk to the bottom of the sea1 and enveloped the shells1 corals1 c41 which fell in its way1 and had become somewhat solid before another layer was deposited upon it4 ,sidenote3 ,,flint ,,nodules ,,and ,,veins4 ,the mineral substance termed silex or flint1 is variously distributed in the chalk4 ,it most commonly occurs in the state of nodules of an irregular or spheroidal1 globular figure1 which are arranged in rows parallel and alternating with1 the cretaceous strata2 it is likewise disposed in continuous thin layers1 which are spread over considerable areas2 and it often forms horizontal1 vertical1 and oblique veins1 that fill up the fissures and interstices of the chalk4 ,the siliceous nodules frequently enclose corals1 shells1 sponges1 and other organic remains1 as in the pebble before us2 and in many instances these fossils are found partly imbedded in the chalk and partly invested with flint4 ,but though flints contain in abundance relics of the same species of marine animals as the chalk1 they are not like that rock composed of an aggregation of fossil remains2 on the contrary1 the siliceous earth1 which is their constituent substance1 was evidently once in a state of complete solution in water1 and precipitated into the chalk before the latter was consolidated1 the organic bodies serving as nuclei or centres around which the silex concreted2 for the deposition of the flint1 like that of the chalk1 appears to have taken place periodically4,f ,f ,note ,,ii4 ,wood in flint4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #f3--,minute fossil shells from ,flint and ,chalk1 very highly magnified1 and seen by transmitted light4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f1 ,rotali2 #d1 ,portion of a ,nautilus2 #e1 ,rotalia composed of flint4 7,see ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #bcb47 ,sidenote3 ,,animalcules ,,in ,,chalk4 ,the composition of the ,chalk1 and the prevalence throughout that rock of the relics of animals that can only live in salt-water1 prove incontestably that the chalk and flint were deposited in the sea2 and that our beautiful ,south ,downs1 now so smooth and verdant1 and supporting thousands of flocks and herds1 and the rich plains and fertile valleys spread around their flanks1 were once the bed of an ocean4 ,it is also evident not only that such must have been the case1 but also that the ,chalk was deposited in the basin of a very deep sea--in the profound abyss of an ocean as vast as the ,atlantic4 ,sidenote3 ,,ammonites ,,and ,,nautili4 ,from the absence of gravel1 shingle1 and sea-beach1 it is certain that the white chalk-strata were formed at a great distance from sea-shores and cliffs2 and this inference is confirmed by the swarms of shells termed ,ammonites and ,nautili1 which we know from their peculiar structure were1 like the recent pearly ,nautilus1 inhabitants of deep waters only4 ,for these are chambered shells2 that is1 are divided internally by thin transverse shelly septa or plates1 into numerous cells2 the body of the animal occupied only the outer compartment1 but was connected with the entire series of chambers by a tube or siphuncle1 which passed through each partition4 ,this mechanism constituted an apparatus which contributed to the buoyancy of these animals when afloat on the waves2 for the ,ammonites and ,nautili were able to swim on the surface1 or sink to the depths of the ocean at pleasure4 ,the fragile ,nautilus that steers his prow1 ,the sea-born sailor of his shell canoe1 ,the ,ocean ,mab1 the fairy of the sea1 ,o'er the blue waves at will to roam is free4 ,he1 when the lightning-winged tornadoes sweep ,the surf1 is safe1 his home is in the deep2 ,and triumphs o'er the ,armadas of mankind1 ,which shake the world1 yet crumble in the wind4 ,byron1 ,the ,island4 ,sidenote3 ,,whitby ,,snake-,,stones4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #g3--;,ammonite from ,whitby4 ,the ,ammonites1 so called from the supposed resemblance of their shells to the fabled horn of ,jupiter ,ammon1 are only known in a fossil state2 but they must have swarmed in the ancient seas1 for several hundred species have been discovered in the ,chalk and antecedent strata1 though none have been found in any deposits of more recent formation2 at the termination of the chalk epoch the whole race1 therefore1 appears to have perished4 ,the ,ammonites are commonly termed snake-stones1 from the origin ascribed to them by local legends2 those of ,whitby are well known 7see ,lign4 #g74;,g ,g ,note ,,iii4 ,whitby ,ammonites4 ,thus ,whitby's nuns exulting told-- ,how that of thousand snakes1 each one ,was changed into a coil of stone1 ,when holy ,hilda prayed3 ,themselves1 within their sacred bound1 ,their stony folds had often found4 ,scott's ,marmion4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #h3--,nautilus from the ,chalk1 near ,lewes1 7one-eighth the natural size47 ,the ,nautili were the contemporaries of the ,ammonites1 and many kinds are found associated with those shells1 in strata far more ancient than the ,chalk2 and several species of both genera1 as we have previously shown1 were inhabitants of the cretaceous ocean4 ,when the ,ammonites became extinct1 the ,nautili continued to flourish1 and numerous examples occur in the strata that were deposited during the vast period which intervened between the close of the ,chalk formation1 and the dawn of the existing condition of the earth's surface4 ,at the present time two or three kinds only are known in a living state1 and these are restricted to the seas of tropical climes1 and so seldom approach the shores1 that but few specimens of the animals that inhabit the shells have been obtained4 ,the ,nautilus1 therefore1 is one of those types of animal organization that have survived all the physical revolutions to which the surface of the earth was subjected during the innumerable ages that preceded the creation of the human race4,h ,this remarkable fact is portrayed with much force and beauty by ,mrs4 ,howitt1 in the following stanzas3 ,h ,note ,,iv4 ,fossil ,nautili4 ,,to ,,the ,,nautilus4 ,thou didst laugh at sun and breeze ,in the new created seas2 ,thou wast with the reptile broods ,in the old sea solitudes1 ,sailing in the new-made light1 ,with the curled-up ,ammonite4 ,thou surviv'dst the awful shock1 ,which turn'd the ocean-bed to rock2 ,and chang'd its myriad living swarms ,to the marble's veined forms4 ,thou wert there1 thy little boat1 ,airy voyager6 kept afloat1 ,o'er the waters wild and dismal1 ,o'er the yawning gulfs abysmal2 ,amid wreck and overturning1 ,rock-imbedding1 heaving1 burning1 ,mid the tumult and the stir1 ,thou1 most ancient mariner6 ,in that pearly boat of thine1 ,sail'dst upon the troubled brine4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,sea-,,shore4 ,we have thus acquired satisfactory proof that the flint of which our pebble is composed1 was once fluid in an ocean teeming with beings1 of genera and species unknown in a living state1 and that it consolidated and became imbedded in the chalk1 which was then being deposited at the bottom of the sea2 hence the shells1 corals1 and other organic remains1 which we now find attached to its surface1 and enclosed in its substance4 ,thus much for the origin of the pebble2 let us next inquire by what means it was dislodged from its rocky sepulchre1 cast up from the depths of the ocean1 and transported to the summit of the hill whence it was dislodged by yonder torrent4 ,if we stroll along the sea-shore1 and observe the changes which are there going on1 we shall obtain an answer to these questions2 for ,there is a language by the lonely shore-- ,there is society where none intrudes1 ,by the deep ,sea1 and music in its roar6 ,byron4 ,the incessant dashing of the waves against the base of the chalk-cliffs1 undermines the strata1 and huge masses of rock are constantly giving way and falling into the waters4 ,the chalk then becomes softened and disintegrated1 and is quickly reduced to the state of mud1 and transported to the tranquil depths of the ocean1 where it subsides and forms new deposits2 but the flints thus detached1 are broken and rolled by attrition into the state of boulders1 pebbles1 and gravel1 and ultimately of sand4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #i3--,view of ,brighton ,cliffs2 looking eastward from ,kemp ,town4,i a4 ,cliff's composed of chalk rubble4 b4 ,ancient elevated sea-beach4 c4 ,chalk forming the base of the ,cliffs4 ,i ,note ,v4 ,brighton ,cliffs4 ,sidenote3 ,,brighton ,,cliffs4 ,now we must bear in mind1 that had the chalk remained at the bottom of the deep sea in which it was originally deposited1 it would not have been exposed to these destructive operations4 ,it is therefore manifest1 that at some very distant period of the earth's physical history1 the bed of the ,chalk-ocean was broken up1 extensive areas were protruded above the waters1 lines of sea-cliffs were formed1 and boulders1 sand1 and shingle accumulated at their base4 ,subsequent elevations of the land took place1 and finally1 the sea-beach was raised to its present situation1 which is several hundred feet above the level of the sea6 ,every part of the earth's surface presents unequivocal proofs that the elevation of the bed of the ocean in some places1 and the subsidence of the dry land in others1 have been1 and are still1 going on2 and that1 in truth1 the continual changes in the relative position of the land and water1 are the effects of laws which the ,divine ,author of the ,universe has impressed on matter1 and thus rendered it capable of perpetual renovation3-- ,art1 ,empire1 ,earth itself1 to change are doomed2 ,earthquakes have raised to heaven the humble vale1 ,and gulfs the mountain's mighty mass entombed1 ,and where the ,atlantic rolls wide continents have bloomed4 ,beattie4 ,sidenote3 ,,immutability ,,of ,,the ,,sea4 ,our noble poet1 ,lord ,byron1 in his sublime apostrophe to the ,sea1 has most eloquently enunciated the startling fact revealed by modern geological researches1--namely1 that if the character of immutability be attributable to anything on the surface of our planet1 it is to the ocean and not to the land6-- ,roll on1 thou deep and dark blue ocean--roll6 ,ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain2 ,man marks the earth with ruin--his controul ,stops with the shore3--upon the watery plain ,the wrecks are all thy deed1 nor doth remain ,a shadow of man's ravage1 save his own4 ,when1 for a moment1 like a drop of rain4 ,he sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan1 ,without a grave1 unknell'd1 uncoffin'd1 and unknown6 ,thy shores are empires1 changed in all save thee1-- ,assyria1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,carthage1 what are they8 ,thy waters wasted them while they were free1 ,and many a tyrant since2 their shores obey ,the stranger1 slave1 or savage1--their decay ,has dried up realms to deserts3--not so thou1 ,unchangeable1 save to thy wild waves' play-- ,time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow3 ,such as ,creation's dawn beheld1 thou rollest now6 ,thou glorious mirror1 where the ,almighty's form ,glasses itself in tempests2 in all time1 ,calm or convulsed--in breeze1 or gale1 or storm1 ,icing the ,pole1 or in the torrid clime ,dark-heaving1 boundless1 endless1 and sublime-- ,the image of ,eternity--the throne ,of the ,invisible2 even from out thy slime ,the monsters of the deep are made2 each zone ,obeys thee3 thou goest forth1 dread1 fathomless1 alone6 ,childe ,harold4 ,canto ,,iv4 ,sidenote3 ,,apostrophe ,,to ,,the ,,ocean4 ,i will conclude this first lesson with the following beautiful remark of an eminent living philosopher3,j--,to discover order and intelligence1 in scenes of apparent wildness and confusion1 is the pleasing task of the geological inquirer2 who recognises1 in the changes which are continually taking place on the surface of the globe1 a series of necessary operations1 by which the harmony1 beauty1 and integrity of the ,universe are maintained and perpetuated2 and which must be regarded1 not as symptoms of frailty or decay1 but as wise provisions of the ,supreme ,cause1 to ensure that circle of changes1 so essential to animal and vegetable existence4 ,j ,dr4 ,paris4 ,illustration ,,more ,,thoughts ,,on ,a ,,pebble4 ,not a mote in the beam1 not an herb on the mountain1 not a pebble on the shore1 not a seed far-blown into the wilderness1 but contributes to the lore that seeks in all the true principle of life--the beautiful--the joyous--the immortal4 ,sir ,e4 ,bulwer ,lytton's ,zanoni4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,more thoughts on a pebble6--is not the subject exhausted8 have not all the hieroglyphics impressed on the flint been interpreted8--can ,science1 like the fabled wand of the magician1 call forth from the stone and from the rock their hidden lore1 and reveal the secrets they have so long enshrined8--,gentle ,reader6 but one page of the eventful history of the pebble has been deciphered2 ,i proceed to transcribe this natural record of the past1 explain its mysterious characters1 and present to thy notice the marvels they disclose4 ,our previous examination of the specimen showed that the flint had once been in a fluid state1 and had consolidated in a sea inhabited by shells1 echini1 fishes1 corals1 sponges1 and other zoophytes2 and the appearance of the fractured end 7,plate ,i1 c71 indicated that some organic body had formed the nucleus of the pebble1 and that traces of the structure of the original still remained4 ,to ascertain if this inference is correct1 it will be necessary to divide the stone in a longitudinal direction--but ,i will first strike off a small fragment1 and examine it by the aid of a microscope4 ,sidenote3 ,,fossil ,,animalcules4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #aj3--;,fossil animalcules 7,xanthidia7 in ,flint4 ,by a sharp blow of a hammer1 a very thin and minute portion of the flint has been detached 7see ,lign4 #aj1 fig4 #a72 it is translucent1 and when held between the eye and a strong light1 appears like a slice of horn2 and a few extremely minute specks may with difficulty be detected4 ,under the microscope1 five of these almost invisible points are well defined1 and present a radiated appearance 7see fig4 #c72 but ,i will substitute a higher power1 and lo6 they are seen to be distinct globular or spherical bodies beset with spines 7fig4 #c72 and with a still more powerful lens1 one which magnifies many hundred times1 their nature is completely displayed4 ,the whole five possess this general character--a central globular case or shell1 from which radiate tubes or hollow spines1 that terminate in fringed or divided extremities 7figs4 #d1 #e1 #f72 but these bodies differ from each other in the relative proportions of the shell and spines1 and in the number1 shape1 and length of the tubular appendages4 ,the group1 in short1 is separable into three distinct species1 of the same kind of fossil remains2 and several other varieties occur in the chalk and flint4 4 ,sidenote3 ,,xanthidia ,,in ,,flint4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #aa3--,xanthidium palmatum in flint3 highly magnified4 ,but what are these bodies8--,they are the durable cases of animalcules1 many species of which swarm in our seas1 and are so minute1 that thousands may be contained in a drop of water6 ,in a living state1 the case is flexible and filled with a granular jelly1 which is the soft body of the animalcule1 and the tubes and the outer surface are invested with a similar substance4 ,after death the soft parts dissolve2 but the case and its spines often remain unchanged4 ,in another magnified portion of the pebble1 a specimen of the microscopic discoidal shells which we have already seen compose the greater part of the white chalk 7,lign4 #e1 p4 #ad71 is beautifully displayed when viewed by transmitted light1 under a highly magnifying power 7,lign4 #ab74,k ,our investigation has thus shown1 that a great part of the pebble is actually composed of the aggregated fossil remains of animalcules1 so minute as to elude our unassisted vision1 but which the magic power of the microscope reveals to us1 preserved1 like flies in amber1 in all their original sharpness of outline and delicacy of structure4 ,k ,note ,,vi4 ,rotali in chalk and flint4 ,sidenote3 ,,rotalia ,,in ,,flint4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #ab3--,rotalia in flint3 highly magnified4 ,on another fragment of this stone two glittering specks1 not larger than a pin's head1 are discernible 7,lign4 #i73 these with a magnifier of moderate power1 are seen at a glance to be scales of fishes4 ,but they differ from each other2 both have the surface smooth1 and without enamel3 in the one the margin or edge is simple 7fig4 #c72 in the other1 it is divided like the teeth of a comb 7fig4 #b72--trifling as this difference may appear1 it is sufficient to enable the naturalist to determine that the fishes which furnished these scales belonged to two distinct orders1 of which the ,salmon and the ,mullet are living examples4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #ac3--,scales of ,fishes in flint4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a fragment of the pebble with the scales of the natural size4 #b4--,one of the ,scales 7of a species of ,beryx7 highly magnified4 #c4--,the other ,scale 7of a species of ,salmo74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,longitudinal section of the ,pebble4 ,page #da4 ,sidenote3 ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,pebble4 ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,pebble4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,we will now avail ourselves of the assistance of the lapidary1 and divide the pebble in a longitudinal direction2--what a beautiful and interesting section is thus obtained6 ,the markings observable on the fractured portion of the stone 7see ,plate ,i1 c71 are thus shown to have originated1 as we surmised1 from some organic body1 which the flint1 when fluid1 had penetrated and enveloped4 ,the enclosed fossil was obviously one of those soft marine zoophytes1 allied to the ,actini or ,sea-,anemones1 which are of a globular1 spherical1 or inversely conical shape1 and consist of a tough1 jelly-like substance1 permeated with tubes1 disposed in a radiated manner around a central cavity1 or digestive sac2 a structure admitting of that constant supply and circulation of sea-water1 which the economy of these curious forms of animal existence requires4 ,sidenote3 ,,isle ,,of ,,wight ,,pebbles4 ,the surface exposed by the division of the pebble1 is an oblique vertical section of the petrified zoophyte4 ,it shows a central canal filled with bluish-grey flint 7,plate ,,ii1 c71 in a mass traversed by tubes or channels1 which possess considerable beauty and variety of colour from an impregnation of iron4,l ,a transverse section 7see ,lign4 #ad4 fig4 #a7 would1 of course1 have a central spot1 with rays proceeding thence to the circumference1 as in the oblique fracture 7,plate ,i1 c74,m ,l ,specimens of this kind form beautiful objects when polished1 and are mounted as brooches by the lapidaries of ,brighton1 ,bognor1 and the ,isle of ,wight1 who term them petrified sea-animal flowers4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,fowlstone 7#d1 ,victoria ,arcade7 of ,ryde1 has many splendid examples1 and also agates and jaspers1 the genuine productions of the ,island4 ,m ,note ,,vii4 ,isle of ,wight ,pebbles4 ,sidenote3 ,,choanites ,,konigi4 ,the form of the original zoophyte when living1 must have been that of an inverted cone or funnel1 7hence the scientific name ,choanite or funnel-like17 with a long cylindrical digestive cavity in the centre1 from which tubes ramified through every part of the mass4 ,it was attached to a rock1 stone1 or shell1 by root-like fibres which spread out from its base2 and its soft body was strengthened1 as is the case in many sponges and animals of a similar nature1 by numerous siliceous spines or spicula1 which are often found in the flint and chalk 7see ,lign4 #aj4 fig4 #e74,n ,n ,note ,,viii4 ,zoophytes of the ,chalk4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #ad3--;,choanites ,konigi3 from the ,chalk4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a transverse section4 #b4--,upper portion of the body4 #c4--,vertical section1 like the pebble1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 p4 #da4 #d4--;,a flint1 enclosing a ,choanite1 which is exposed on the upper surface4 #e4--,various forms of siliceous spines of ,choanites and other analogous bodies2 magnified slightly4 7,see ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #bfd47 ,the ,choanites must have swarmed in the ,chalk ocean1 for in some of the strata almost every flint exhibits traces of these zoophytes4,o ,o ,the shingle at ,brighton and ,bognor in ,sussex1 and in various localities in the ,isle of ,wight1 abounds in specimens more or less perfect4 ,i would inform my fair readers who may visit these places1 and be inclined to purchase a brooch1 in illustration of these ,thoughts on a ,pebble1 that by far the greater number of the so-called ,brighton and ,isle of ,wight moss-agates1 jaspers1 c41 sold by the lapidaries and jewellers1 are of ,german or ,scotch origin2 and that the false-emeralds1 and aquamarines1 are water-worn fragments of common green glass bottles6 ,sidenote3 ,,corals ,,in ,,chalk4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #ae3--;,branch of ,coral on the ,pebble4 ,fig4 #a4--;,a portion magnified4 #b4--;,a fragment represented as when alive4 a1 a1 ,two polypes collapsed4 b1 b1 ,two polypes with their tentacula extended4 ,one more character inscribed on the pebble remains to be interpreted2 it is the minute branch of coral partially imbedded in the flint4,p ,the surface of this coral1 when seen with a powerful lens1 is found to be studded with small pores or cells4 ,in a recent state1 each cell was inhabited by a living polype or animalcule1 which1 though permanently united at its base to the general mass1 had an independent existence1 and possessed sensation and voluntary motion2 expanding its thread-like feelers or tentacula to catch its prey1 and withdrawing1 at will1 into its little cell4,q ,p ,plate ,i4 immediately below the shell and spine of ,echinus4 ,q ,for a popular account of recent and fossil corals1 see ',wonders of ,geology1' #fth ,edit41 vol4 ii4 ,lecture ,,vi4 p4 #ehi4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #af3--;,a ,coral-polype preserved in flint3 magnified #ejj diameters4 ,from these investigations1 we learn that the ,pebble1 which has formed the subject of our contemplation1 had its origin in a living zoophyte that was growing on a rock1 in a sea whose boundaries have long since been swept away2 that corals1 shells1 and echini inhabited the bottom of the deep2 and that fishes related to existing families1 sported in the waters of that ancient ocean4 ,in fine1 we have presented to us the scene so exquisitely described by the ,american poet3-- ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,coral ,,grove4 ,,the ,,coral ,,grove4 ,deep in the waves is a coral grove4 ,where the purple mullet and gold fish rove1 ,where the sea-flower spreads its leaves of blue1 ,that never are wet with the falling dew4 ,but in bright and changeful beauty shine1 ,far down in the green and glassy brine4 ,the floor is of sand1 like the mountain drift4 ,and the pearl-shells spangle the flinty snow2 ,from coral rocks the sea-plants lift ,their boughs1 where the tides and billows flow2 ,the water is calm and still below4 ,for the winds and the waves are absent there1 ,and the sands are bright as the stars that glow ,in the motionless fields of upper air3 ,there with its waving blade of green1 ,the sea-flag waves through the silent water1 ,and the crimson leaf of the dulse is seen4 ,to blush like a banner bathed in slaughter4 ,there with a light and easy motion ,the fan-coral sweeps through the clear deep sea2 ,and the yellow and scarlet tufts of ocean1 ,are bending like corn on the upland lea2 ,and life in rare and beautiful forms1 ,is sporting amidst those bowers of stone4 ,percival4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #ag3--,minute ,corals from the ,chalk2,r highly magnified4 ,r ,note ,,ix4 ,minute corals from the ,chalk4 ,sidenote3 ,,microscopic ,,corals4 ,our previous examination of the pebble had prepared us for these results2 but the microscope1 that mighty talisman of wisdom1 has shown us1 that even those infinitesimal creatures to whom a drop of water is an unbounded ocean--those living atoms of that world of being which is for ever concealed from the uninstructed mind--the inhabitants of that universe beneath us1 which the eye of science can alone penetrate1 existed in ages incalculably remote1 and were1 like their gigantic contemporaries1 the living instruments by which a large proportion of the solid materials of the surface of our planet was elaborated2 their imperishable siliceous and calcareous skeletons1 constituting no inconsiderable amount of the crust of the earth4,s ,s ,see ,thoughts on ,animalcules1 or a ,glimpse of the ,invisible ,world revealed by the ,microscope1 by the ,author4 ,published by ,mr4 ,murray1 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,fossil animalcules and corals similar to those we have discovered in the pebble and in the chalk1 and hundreds of other genera and species equally minute1 occur in such prodigious numbers1 as to warrant the conclusion1 that this class of animal existence has contributed more largely than any other1 to the formation of the sedimentary strata4 ,not only the ,chalk hills1 but whole mountain-ranges formed of other deposits of great thickness and extent1 are found to consist almost entirely of similar remains4 ,in the state of rock1 of sand1 of clay1 of marl--in the coarsest limestone1 and in the purest crystal1 the petrified skeletons of animalcules alike abound4 ,the town of ,richmond1 in ,virginia1 is built on a bed of stone twenty feet thick1 which is wholly composed of the fossil skeletons of different kinds of marine animalcules4 ,the polishing slate of ,bilin1 in ,germany1 is wholly made up of the siliceous shields of similar beings1 disposed in layers without any connecting medium2 and these belong to species so minute1 and are so closely compressed together1 that in a cubic inch of the stone1 weighing but two hundred and twenty grains1 there are the remains of forty-one thousand millions of animalcules6,t ,t ,see ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #bba4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #ah3--;,animalcules from the ,richmond earth3 very highly magnified,u ,u ,note ,x4 ,richmond ,infusorial earth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sidenote3 ,,reflections4 ,here we must bring our ,thoughts on a ,pebble to a close2 but not without adverting to the pure and elevating gratification which investigations of this nature afford1 and the beneficial influence they exert upon the mind and character4 ,in circumstances where the uninstructed and incurious eye can perceive neither novelty nor beauty1 he who is imbued with a taste for natural science will everywhere discover an inexhaustible mine of pleasure and instruction1 and new and stupendous proofs of the power and goodness of the ,eternal6 ,for every rock in the desert1 every boulder on the plain1 every pebble by the brook-side1 every grain of sand on the sea-shore1 is fraught with lessons of wisdom to the mind which is fitted to receive and comprehend their sublime import4 ,from millions take thy choice1 ,in all that lives a guide to ,god is given2 ,ever thou hear'st some guardian angel's voice1 ,when nature speaks of heaven6 ,amidst the turmoil of the world and the dreary intercourse of common life1 we possess in these pursuits a never-failing source of delight1 of which nothing can deprive us--an oasis in the desert1 to which we may escape1 and find a home wherever the intellect can pierce1 and the spirit can breathe the air4,v ,for like the plant which the ,prophet threw into the waters of ,marah1,w that changed the bitterness of the wave into sweetness1 a branch from the tree of knowledge thrown into the turbid stream of life1 purifies its waters1 and imparts to them a healing virtue1 which sheds a hallowing and refreshing influence over the soul6 ,v ,sir ,e4 ,bulwer ,lytton4 ,w ,exod4 ,,xv4 #bc4 ,,the ,,nautilus and the ,,ammonite4 7,see ,page #bb47 ,,from ,,sketches ,,in ,,prose ,,and ,,verse1 ,by the late ,g4 ,f4 ,richardson1 ,esq4 ,the ,nautilus and the ,ammonite ,were launch'd in storm and strife2 ,each sent to float1 in its tiny boat1 ,on the wide1 wild sea of life4 ,and each could swim on the ocean's brim1 ,and anon1 its sails could furl2 ,and sink to sleep in the great sea deep1 ,in a palace all of pearl4 ,and their's was a bliss1 more fair than this1 ,that we feel in our colder time2 ,for they were rife in a tropic life1 ,in a brighter1 happier clime4 ,they swam 'mid isles1 whose summer smiles ,no wintry winds annoy2 ,whose groves were palm1 whose air was balm4 ,where life was only joy4 ,they roam'd all day1 through creek and bay1 ,and travers'd the ocean deep2 ,and at night they sank on a coral bank1 ,in its fairy bowers to sleep4 ,and the monsters vast1 of ages past4 ,they beheld in their ocean caves2 ,and saw them ride1 in their power and pride1 ,and sink in their billowy graves4 ,thus hand in hand1 from strand to strand1 ,they sail'd in mirth and glee2 ,those fairy shells1 with their crystal cells1 ,twin creatures of the sea4 ,but they came at last1 to a sea long past1 ,and as they reach'd its shore1 ,the ,almighty's breath spake out in death1 ,and the ,ammonite liv'd no more4 ,and the ,nautilus now1 in its shelly prow1 ,as o'er the deep it strays1 ,still seems to seek1 in bay and creek1 ,its companion of other days4 ,and thus do we1 in life's stormy sea1 ,as we roam from shore to shore2 ,while tempest-tost1 seek the lov'd--the lost-- ,but find them on earth no more6 ,geology1 in the magnitude and sublimity of the objects of which it treats1 ranks next to ,astronomy in the scale of the sciences4 ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,herschel4 ,illustration ,,supplementary ,,notes4 ,note ,i4 ,page #ac4 ,shells in ,chalk4 ,the shells of mollusca1 in consequence of their durability1 are the most abundant fossils in the sedimentary strata2,x entire layers of marble and other limestone1 of great thickness and extent1 are wholly composed of an aggregation of a few species or genera3 in some instances of fresh-water snails--as1 for example1 the ,sussex and ,purbeck marbles2,y in others1 of marine bivalves and univalves1 as the oyster-conglomerate of ,bromley1 and the shelly limestones of ,portland1 ,dorsetshire1 c4 ,x ,for an account of the geological value of fossil shells1 see ',medals of ,creation1' vol4 i4 p4 #cfc4 ,y ,see ',wonders of ,geology1' #fth ,edition1 p4 #djb4 ,the cretaceous strata contain many hundred species of bivalves and univalves1 by far the greater part of which belong to extinct genera2 and the species1 with but four or five exceptions1 are unknown in more recent deposits4 ,in loose sandy strata1 fossil shells are oftentimes beautifully preserved1 and may be obtained in as perfect a condition as if gathered from the sands on the sea-shores3 such is the state of the specimens which abound in the sandy clays near ,barton in ,hampshire1 and in the ,crag of ,essex and ,suffolk4 ,in certain beds of clay1 shells are also found entire2 sometimes retaining the epidermis1 and the cartilaginous ligament of the hinge4 ,the bivalves in the white chalk are generally perfect2 but the univalves1 probably from the more delicate structure of the originals1 seldom retain any vestiges of the shell1 excepting portions of the internal nacreous coat adhering to the chalk casts1 which have been moulded in the interior of the shells4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #ai3--;,bivalve shells 7,terebratul7 from ,chalk 7natural size74 #a1 #b4 ,plicated species4 #a4 ,t4 octoplicata4 #b4 ,t4 subplicata4 #c1 #d4 ,smooth species4 #c4 ,t4 semiglobosa4 #d4 ,t4 subrotunda4 ,sidenote3 ,,terebratul ,,from ,,chalk4 ,in some of the cretaceous strata several extinct species of ,oyster1 ,scallop1 ,arca1 ,tellina1 and other well-known marine bivalves abound2 and with them are associated many genera of which no living species have been observed4 ,among the bivalves that prevail in the ,english chalk1 are three or four kinds of ,terebratul3 which are small1 elegant1 subglobular shells1 belonging to a family of which nearly #ejj species1 referable to several genera1 have been obtained from the ,british strata4,z ,certain genera are restricted to the most ancient sedimentary rocks1 in which they occur in almost incredible numbers2 others have a wider range and are met with in the later secondary deposits2 while a few are found in the newest beds1 and have living representative species in the seas of warm climates4 ,from the immense antiquity of their lineage1 these ,terebratul have been humourously termed the fossil aristocracy4 ,some of the most common chalk species are figured of the natural size in ,lign4 #ai4 ,when living the animal was attached to a rock or other body by means of a byssus or peduncle1 exserted through the aperture in the beak or curved extremity of the largest valve4,,aa ,the shells of the smooth ,terebratul are full of minute holes or perforations1 which may readily be distinguished with a lens of moderate power4 ,z ,see ',wonders of ,geology1' #fth ,edit4 p4 #cbi4 ,,aa ,in the ,conchological ,gallery of the ,british ,museum there is a group of thirty or forty recent ,terebratul attached to a stone by their peduncles2 from ,australia4 ,sidenote3 ,,petrified ,,oyster4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #bj3--,oyster from the ,chalk1 near ,brighton 7natural size74 ,occasionally the soft body of the mollusk completely silicified--that is1 transmuted into flint--is found in its natural position in the shell4 ,a beautiful example of this kind is represented in ,lign4 #bj4 ,it is an extinct species of oyster3 both valves were entire when ,i removed the chalk and cleared the specimen2 part of one valve has been broken away to expose the petrified body of the animal4 ,i have seen a ,trigonia,,ab from the oolite of ,tisbury in ,wiltshire1 in which the entire body of the mollusk was transformed into flint1 and the branchi or lamellated gills were beautifully defined1 though converted into semi-transparent chalcedony4 ,,ab ,trigonia3 a genus of bivalves1 of which there are many extinct species in the chalk and oolite2 some bands of ,portland stone are an aggregation of ,trigoni3 a few very small species1 inhabitants of the seas of ,australia and ,new ,zealand1 are the only known living forms of this once prevailing type of mollusca4 ,see ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #djg4 ,note ,,ii4 ,page #ag4 ,wood in ,flint4 ,sidenote3 ,,wood ,,in ,,flint4 ,i would remind the reader that the white chalk1 together with the various strata of sand1 clay1 and limestone1 comprising the cretaceous formation of ,england1 must be regarded as an ancient ocean-bed2 in other words1 an accumulation of earthy sediments1 formed in the profound depths of the sea1 in periods of long duration and of incalculable antiquity1 and more or less consolidated by subsequent chemical and mechanical agency4 ,these deposits are made up of organic and inorganic materials3 the former consist of the debris of the cliffs and shores which encompassed the ancient ocean1 of the spoils of the land brought into the waters by floods and rivers1 and of mineral matter thrown down from chemical solutions4 ,the organic substances are the durable remains of the animals and plants which lived and died in the sea1 and of terrestrial and fluviatile species that were transported from islands or continents by rivers and their tributaries4 ,the whole constitutes such an assemblage of strata as would probably be presented to observation1 if a mass of the bed of the ,atlantic #b1jjj feet in thickness1 were elevated above the waters1 and became dry land2 the only essential difference would be in the generic and specific characters of the imbedded animal and vegetable remains4 ,the vestiges of terrestrial and fluviatile animals and plants found in the chalk are comparatively but few3 ,i have collected from ,kent and ,sussex1 bones of gigantic land lizards1 7the ,iguanodon71 of flying reptiles1 7,pterodactyles71 and of fresh-water ,turtles1 and water-worn fragments of stems of coniferous trees allied to the ,araucaria or ,norfolk ,island ,pine2 fruits or aments of coniferse2 and stems and foliage of plants related to the ,cycas and ,zamia4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #ba3--;,fragment of coniferous wood in flint4 ,a fragment of silicified wood imbedded in a flint1 is represented in ,lign4 #ba4 ,it was obtained from a wall in ,lewes ,priory in ,sussex2 and though it has been exposed to the atmosphere seven or eight centuries1 still exhibits the characteristic internal structure4 ,note ,,iii4 ,page #bj4 ,whitby ,ammonites4 ,sidenote3 ,,ammonites4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #bb3--;,ammonites from the cretaceous formation4 #a4 ,ammonites varians1 from ,hamsey4 #b4 ,a4 ,dufresnoyi3 #b;a1 part of the same4 #c4 ,a4 lautus3 #c;a1 keel and septum of the same4 ,the ,ammonites differ from the ,nautili in having the margins of the septa or internal shelly partitions 7which in the latter are smooth71 foliated or wrinkled2 and the siphunculus or tube placed along the back of the shell1 whereas in the ,nautilus it is central4 ,the sides of the shell in the ,ammonites are very generally more or less ornamented with arched elevations and depressions1 and studded with spines and tubercles1 as in the specimens above figured4 ,there are several kinds of ,ammonites found in the ,lias at ,whitby and other places in ,yorkshire2 the most common species is figured in ,lign4 #g4 p4 #bj2 the dark colour of this fossil is produced by the argillaceous stone with which it is now filled4 ,the internal structure of these ,ammonites is generally well preserved1 the chambers being lined with spar or other mineral matter2 transverse polished sections are often very beautiful from the several cells being occupied by variously coloured marble1 susceptible of a high polish4 7,pl4 ,,iii47 ,in some examples the entire shell is transmuted into brilliant pyrites 7sulphuret of iron71 and the chambers are filled with white spar2 a specimen of this kind in my possession1 collected by ,lady ,murchison1 is the most elegant fossil imaginable4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,polished section of an ,ammonite4 ,page #gj4 ,sidenote3 ,,ammonite-,,marble4 ,it is not unusual for the visitors at ,whitby to inquire of the collectors how it is that the head of the animal is never found8 and the crafty dealers1 willing to accommodate the taste of their customers1 carve the extremity of an ,ammonite into the semblance of a serpent's head1 and affix two red eyes2 thus producing a veritable proof of the truth of the legend of ,st4 ,hilda6 ,my young readers will not be duped by this trick-of-trade1 if they reflect but a moment on the real nature of a fossil ,ammonite3 they will remember that it is a shell which1 when empty1 became filled with what was then soft mud1 but is now stone2 in like manner as if liquid plaster of ,paris were poured into an empty snail-shell and consolidated4 ,in some parts of ,somersetshire1 a beautiful marble composed of an aggregation of two or three small species of ,ammonites1 is used for sideboards and other ornamental purposes3 the polished slabs are diversified by the numerous sections of the shells4 ,some of the clays of the ,lias abound in a species of ,ammonite of extraordinary beauty from the iridescent lustre of the pearly coat of the shell3 a slab of stone from ,watchett1 on which a hundred or more ,ammonites of this kind are displayed1 may be seen in the ,british ,museum4 ,note ,,iv4 ,page #bc4 ,fossil ,nautili4 ,the beauty1 elegant form1 and remarkable internal structure of the shell of the ,nautilus1 have rendered it in all ages an object of curiosity and admiration3 yet an accurate knowledge of the organization of the animal to which it belongs1 has but recently been obtained4 ,the ,nautili may be regarded as ,cuttle-fish or ,sepi1 inhabiting shells furnished with an apparatus to impart buoyancy1 and enable the animals to swim on the surface1 or sink to the profound depths of the ocean4 ,a few explanatory remarks on the nature of the recent ,sepia may be necessary to render the subject intelligible to the unscientific reader4 ,sidenote3 ,,recent ,,nautilus4 ,the ,sepia or ,cuttle-fish of our seas is of an oblong form1 and composed of a soft substance covered with a tough integument or skin3 it varies from a few inches to a foot or more in length4 ,the mouth is placed in the centre of one extremity of the body1 and has a pair of powerful1 curved1 horny mandibles1 much resembling the beaks of a parrot3 it is surrounded by eight long arms like the rays of a star-fish1 and these are beset with rows of little cups which act as suckers1 and enable the animal to secure its prey1 and attach itself with great firmness to any object4,,ac ,it has a distinct head1 with two eyes as perfect as in the vertebrated animals1 and complicated organs of hearing3 and below the head there is a tube or funnel which acts as a locomotive instrument1 and propels the animal backwards by the forcible ejection of the water which has served the purpose of respiration1 and can be thrown out with considerable force by the contraction of the body4 ,the soft parts are supported by a large internal bone or osselet of a very curious structure1 which1 when dried and reduced to powder1 forms the substance used by scriveners1 termed pounce4 ,these naked mollusca also possess a membranous bag or sac1 containing a dark-coloured fluid resembling ink in appearance1 which they eject into the surrounding water upon the approach of danger1 and by the obscurity thus induced foil the pursuit of their enemies4 ,this fluid1 when inspissated1 forms the base of the colour termed sepia by artists4 ,,ac ,from this arrangement of the organs of prehension around the head1 this order of mollusca is termed the ,cephalopoda2 i4 e41 the feet around the head4 ,the body of the ,nautilus resembles in its essential characters that of the ,cuttle-fish1 and occupies the large outer receptacle of the shell2 maintaining a connection with the inner compartments by means of the membranous siphunculus or tube1 which is only partially invested with shell4 ,the internal chambers are air-cells1 and the animal can fill the siphunculus with fluid1 or exhaust it at will2 the difference thus effected in its specific gravity enables it to rise to the surface or sink to the bottom with facility4 ,now if' we imagine a ,cuttle-fish placed in the outer chamber of a ,nautilus-shell1 and provided with a siphuncule1 but having neither ink-bag nor osselet--these organs being unnecessary to an animal possessing a chambered shell--we shall have a general idea of the nature of the recent species4 ,the ,nautilus is essentially an inhabitant of deep water3 it creeps along the ground at the bottom of the sea1 with its shell upwards like the snail2 and by means of its arms can proceed with considerable speed4,,ad ,,ad ,see ',conchologia ,systematica1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cjb1 and ',elements of ,conchology1' p4 #bb1 by ,mr4 ,lovell ,reeve1 ,f4,l4,s41 for an admirable description of the recent ,nautilus1 with illustrations4 ,a large and splendid species of fossil ,nautilus is not uncommon in the ,london ,clay of the ,isle of ,sheppey1 ,sussex1 and ,hampshire4 ,the chambers are often lined with spar or other brilliant mineral matter2 and polished sections1 like those of the ,ammonites1 admirably display the internal structure4,,ae ,,ae ,see ,dr4 ,buckland's ',bridgewater ,treatise' for numerous figures of ,ammonites and ,nautili2 plates #ca to #cd4 ,consult also ',medals of ,creation1' vol4 ii4 p4 #deg4 ,note ,v4 ,page #bg4 ,brighton ,cliffs4 ,sidenote3 ,,brighton ,,cliffs4 ,the stranger who approaches ,brighton by the railroads through deep tunnels and cuttings in the chalk1 and perceives the town spread over the plain and on the sides of a valley of the ,south ,downs1 will naturally expect to find the sea-shore bounded by chalk-cliffs4 ,but a wall of admirable construction1 extends from the ,steyne to beyond ,kemptown1 and effectually conceals from view the materials that compose the site of that part of ,brighton2 a ramble along the shore to ,rottingdean is therefore necessary to reveal to the inquiring observer1 the nature of the strata that flank the southern border of the ,downs4 ,the sketch given in page #bg1 represents the appearance of part of the coast to the east of ,kemptown4 ,the base of the cliff to the height of a few feet1 is seen to consist of the white chalk with its usual layers of flint nodules1 forming a low wall or terrace1 which slopes seaward1 and extends far into the ,british channel--probably to the opposite coast of ,france3 at low-water a considerable expanse of modern shingle and sand is spread over1 and in a great measure conceals1 the chalk1 at a few yards distance from the cliff4 ,upon the terrace of chalk1 at the height of from ten to fifteen feet above the modern beach1 there is a bed of pebbles and sand1 containing also a considerable number of boulders of granite1 porphyry1 and other crystalline rocks foreign to the south-east of ,england3 in fact1 a sea-beach1 which must have been formed at some remote period1 in the same manner as the modern shingle4 ,upon this ancient beach are strata of loam1 and chalk-rubble1 with flints partially water-worn1 and boulders of sandstone1 breccia1 granite1 c41 constituting the upper sixty or eighty feet of the cliff4 ,in these beds1 and also in the ancient shingle1 many teeth and bones of mammoths 7extinct species of elephant71 horse1 deer1 oxen1 and other ruminants1 and bones of whales1 have been discovered4,,af ,,af ,see ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #iad4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,sussex ,,coast4 ,a few hundred yards beyond ,kemptown the inroads of the sea have destroyed all vestiges of the strata above described1 and the cliffs consist of a perpendicular wall of chalk2 if we extend our walk to ,rottingdean1 we shall perceive here and there isolated patches of the ancient shingle1 and of the calcareous strata containing elephants' bones4 ,the appearances described demonstrate the following changes in this part of the ,sussex coast4 ,firstly1 the chalk terrace 7,lign4 #i1 c2 p4 #bg7 on which the ancient shingle 7b7 rests1 was on a level with the sea for a long period2 for this beach must have been accumulated1 like the modern1 by the action of the waves on the then existing chalk cliffs4 ,but there must also have been some cause not now in operation1 by which pebbles1 and boulders of granite and other rocks foreign to this coast1 with bones of extinct mammalia1 c41 were thrown up on the strand1 and imbedded in the beach then in progress of formation4 ,these materials were probably brought from some distant part of the then continental shores by floating ice3 an agency by which delicate bones and shells may be transported and deposited without injury amidst pebbles and boulders4 ,secondly4 ,the whole line of coast with the ancient shingle must have subsided to such a depth as to admit of the deposition of the calcareous materials forming the ,elephant bed2 and from the absence of beach and shingle in these strata1 it may be inferred that this deposition took place in tranquil water3 possibly at that period this part of the ,sussex coast formed a sheltered bay4 ,lastly4 ,the land was elevated to its present level1 and the formation of the modern sea-beach and cliffs commenced4,,ag ,,ag ,see ',medals of ,creation1' ,on the ,geological structure of ,brighton ,cliffs1 p4 #iac4 ,note ,,vi4 ,page #ch4 ,rotali in ,chalk and ,flint4 ,sidenote3 ,,fossil ,,foraminifera4 ,the shells called ,rotali 7see ,lign4 #e and #f1 p4 #ad and #af7 belong to a group of marine animals of very simple organization1 and which present great variety in the form and markings of their testaceous coverings2 but they all agree in having the sides of the shell pierced by numerous holes or foramina2 whence the scientific term of the ,order1 ,foraminifera1 is derived3 these openings are for the egress of delicate filaments1 which appear to be organs of progression and respiration4 ,the ,foraminifera are1 with but few exceptions1 exceedingly minute2 in an ounce of sea-sand1 between three and four millions have been detected4 ,the body of these animalcules consists of uniform granules enclosed in a skin or integument1 having one or more digestive sacs or cavities2 these creatures appear1 in fact1 to be mere polypes1 protected by testaceous coverings4 ,some have but a single cell2 others have many1 disposed in a conical or cylindrical form2 many kinds1 of which the ,rotali are examples1 are discoidal involutes1 and divided internally by septa into distinct chambers3,,ah they resemble in this respect the shell of the ,nautilus1 but are readily distinguished by the perforations4 ,,ah ,see ',wonders of ,geology1' #fth ,edit4 p4 #cbb4 ,all the various kinds of ,foraminifera swarm in the present seas1 and were not less numerous in the ancient ocean4 ,we have seen that the white chalk almost wholly consists of a few genera of these animalcules2 and in many strata of sand they are so abundant1 that a cubic inch of the mass contains upwards of sixty thousand4 ,in the ,rotalia1 the body is entirely enclosed within the shell1 and occupies all the cells2 and long1 soft1 tentacula are sent off through the foramina4 ,the shell1 therefore1 though resembling in form that of the ,nautilus1 is essentially different2 for in the latter1 the outer chamber only is occupied by the body of the animal1 the internal ones being successively quitted empty dwellings2 whereas1 in the ,rotali and analogous ,polythalamia1,,ai all the cells are contemporaneously filled by the soft parts of the animalcule4 ,,ai ,polythalamia1 many-chambered1 is a general term applied to these shells4 ,sidenote3 ,,recent ,,foraminifera4 ,when the shell is removed1 which is readily effected by immersion in diluted hydrochloric acid1 the body is exposed1 and found to consist of a series of lobes or sacs1 united by a tube corresponding somewhat in its position with the siphuncle of the ,nautilus1 but which is the digestive canal4 ,the body of a recent animalcule of this kind1 deprived of the shell1 is figured in ,lign4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #bc3--,the body of a recent animalcule allied to the ,rotalia1 deprived of its shell2 highly magnified4 ,not only the characters of fossil shells of such infinite minuteness can be revealed by the microscope1 but even the soft parts of the animalcules which inhabited them2 for these are occasionally preserved1 and may be demonstrated with as much distinctness as the recent examples4,,aj ,in flint the soft parts of ,rotali1 ,textulari1 c41 are abundant1 and may be seen1 with but little preparation1 like insects in amber3 the specimen figured in ,lign4 #ab1 p4 #ci1 shews the body of a ,rotalia well defined2 the only preparation this atom of flint has undergone1 is immersion in ,canada balsam4 ,to detect such delicate structures in chalk requires1 however1 some experience in microscopic manipulation1 as the calcareous matter must be dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 and the animal substance separated from the residuum4,,ak ,,aj ,see ',wonders of ,geology1' #fth ,edit41 p4 #cbb4 ,,ak ,see my ',memoir on the fossil remains of the soft parts of ,foraminifera in ,chalk1 c4' ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahdf1 p4 #dfe4 ,note ,,vii4 ,page #dc4 ,isle of ,wight ,pebbles4 ,sidenote3 ,,isle ,,of ,,wight ,,pebbles4 ,the nodules and veins of flint that are so abundant in the upper chalk1 have probably been produced by the agency of heated waters and vapours2 the perfect fluidity of the siliceous matter before its consolidation is proved1 not only by the sharp moulds and impressions of shells and other organisms retained by the flints1 but also by the presence of numerous remains in the substance of the nodules1 and the silicified condition of the sponges and other zoophytes which abound in the cretaceous strata4 ,now although silex1 or the earth of flint1 is but sparingly soluble in water of the ordinary temperature1 its solution readily takes places in vapour heated a little above that of fused cast iron1 as has been proved by direct experiment2,,al and similar effects are being produced at the present moment by natural causes4 ,the siliceous deposits thrown down by the intermittent boiling fountains1 called the ,geysers1 in ,iceland1 are well known2,,am and in ,new ,zealand this phenomenon is exhibited on a still grander scale4 ,from the crater of the volcanic mountain of ,tongariro1,,an which is several thousand feet above the level of the sea1 jets of vapour and streams of boiling water highly charged with silex1 are continually issuing forth1 and dashing down the flanks of the volcano in cascades and torrents1 empty themselves into the lakes at its base4 ,as the water cools1 siliceous sinter is deposited in vast sheets1 and incrustations of flint form around the extraneous substances lying in the course of the thermal streams4 ,silex is also precipitated by the boiling waters in stalagmitic concretions1 and in nodules resembling in colour and solidity the flints of the ,english chalk4 ,the complete impregnation and silicification of organized bodies is attributable to an agency of this kind2 and although the origin of the siliceous waters that deposited the nodules and veins of flint in the chalk is still involved in obscurity1 the mode in which the latter were formed is satisfactorily elucidated4 ,,al ,see ',wonders of ,geology1' p4 #ajj4 ,,am ,ibid41 p4 #ie4 ,,an ,ibid41 p4 #ih4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #bd3--,zoophytes in ,chalk and ,flint4 #a4 ,a minute coral from chalk and flint2 the lower figure is of the natural size4 #b4 ,branch of a sponge in flint4 #c4 ,pebble enclosing a zoophyte4 ,of the perfect transmutation into flint of the most delicate organic structures1 the pebbles strewn along the sea-shore of the south coast of ,england1 afford a beautiful illustration2 those from the ,isle of ,wight are especially celebrated for their rich and varied colours4 ,the most common and interesting are those which exhibit sections of ,choanites1 as in the specimen which suggested the reflections embodied in these pages4 ,other allied forms are scarcely less beautiful2 the petrified zoophytes called ,siphonia1 which1 when living1 consisted of a soft mass traversed by tubes1 for the free ingress and egress of the water1 often display the internal structure of the original3 as in the polished transverse section figured above1 ,lign4 #bd1 fig4 #c4 ,other bodies of this class occur in the flint1 and present interesting examples of the zoophytes of the chalk ocean4 ,but many of the ,isle of ,wight pebbles exhibit no traces of animal structure1 yet are valuable and instructive as mineralogical specimens3 such are the clear and transparent pebbles with bands and veins of quartz and chalcedony4 ,some specimens are as pellucid as rock-crystal2 others are of a bright yellow1 amber1 dark-brown1 and bluish-black colour1 and are often mottled with dendritical or arborescent manganese4 7,plate ,,iv47 ,the moss agates1 as they are called by the lapidaries1 are silicified sponges4 ,small pebbles of pure transparent rock-crystal are often found among the shingle in ,compton and ,sandown bays1 and have probably been washed out of the wealden strata2 for similar stones occur in the ,tilgate grit1 and at ,tunbridge ,wells3 in the latter place1 they are cut and polished for rings1 brooches1 c4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,polished sections of ,pebbles4 ,page #hf4 ,sidenote3 ,,zoophytes ,,of ,,the ,,chalk4 ,on the shores of the ,isle of ,wight1 pebbles of jasper1 resembling those from ,egypt1 and of banded quartz1 with arborescent markings1 or with zones of rich brown1 are also met with2 these do not appear to have originated from the chalk strata4 ,pebbles of silicified wood have been collected in ,sandown bay by ,mr4 ,fowlstone2 and water-worn boulders and pebbles of petrified wood1 bones1 c41 are common in ,brook bay2 rolled masses of the fresh-water shelly limestones 7,sussex and ,purbeck marbles7 are also abundant in the same localities4,,ao ,,ao ,all these varieties may be obtained of ,mr4 ,fowlstone1 #d1 ,victoria ,arcade1 ,ryde4 ,note ,,viii4 ,page #de4 ,zoophytes of the ,chalk4 ,zoophytes1 especially sponges1 occur in such prodigious numbers in some of the chalk strata1 that the nucleus of almost every flint nodule is an organic body4 ,in many instances the silex has completely permeated the animal substance1 as in the pebbles before described2 but sometimes the sponge is a white calcareous mass1 occupying a hollow in the flint3 a branched specimen of this kind1 exposed on breaking a small nodule1 is represented at ,lign4 #bd1 fig4 #b4 ,in describing sponge as an animal substance1 it may be necessary to explain that the sponge in ordinary use is the flexible skeleton of a living zoophyte1 and was originally invested with a gelatinous or slimy matter1 which lined all the pores and channels4 ,when alive in the water1 currents constantly enter the outer pores1 traverse all the internal inosculating canals1 and issue from the larger orifices which often project above the surface in perforated papill4 ,by the circulation of the sea-water through the porous structure1 the nutrition of the animated mass is effected2 and the modifications observable in the number1 size1 form1 and arrangement of the pores1 canals1 and apertures1 in the different kinds of this type of organization1 are subservient to this especial function4 ,but associated with the true ,porifer or sponges1 are numerous zoophytes which resemble them in form1 but are of an entirely distinct nature2 for they are the fossilized remains of ,polyparia1 that is1 of the frame-work of an aggregation of polypes1 each individual of which had an independent existence1 although the whole were united by one common living integument1 like the ,alcyonium1 or dead-men's fingers1 of our coasts4,,ap ,,ap ,see ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #bea4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #be3--;,flints deriving their forms from the zoophytes they enclose4 ,sidenote3 ,,fungiform ,,flints4 ,among the flints whose forms depend on the organic bodies they enclose1 are some which bear so close a resemblance in shape to ,fungi1 that they are provincially called in ,sussex petrified mushrooms2 several of them are figured above 7,lign4 #be74 ,in these fossils there are openings at the base1 and a groove on the margin of the upper part1 in which the structure of the enclosed body is generally more or less distinctly seen2 and upon breaking one of these bodies1 a section of a funnel-shaped zoophyte is obtained4 ,the origin of these flints will be understood by reference to the four interesting specimens here delineated1 one-sixth of the natural size in linear dimensions4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #bf3--,ventriculites from the ,chalk1 ,lewes4 #a4 ,a perfect specimen in ,chalk1 shewing the external net-like surface4 #b4 ,an expanded specimen1 displaying the inner surface studded with cells4 #c4 ,a ,ventriculite with the lower part enveloped in ,flint4 #d4 ,part of a ,ventriculite2 the base invested with ,flint3 the root-like fibres are seen at a4 ,sidenote3 ,,ventriculites4 ,this zoophyte1 to which the name of ,ventriculite has been given to denote its usual shape1 was a hollow inverted cone1 terminating at the base in a point1 whence radicles or root-like processes were sent off1 by which the animal was firmly attached to the rock4 ,the outer integument was disposed in meshes like a net 7see ,lign4 #bf1 fig4 #a71 and the inner surface was beset with regular circular openings1 the orifices of tubular cells 7fig4 #b72 each of which was probably occupied by a polype4 ,the substance of the ,polyparium1 or general support of this family of animalcules1 which alone occurs in a fossil state1 appears to have been analogous to that of the soft ,alcyonia1 and to have possessed a common irritability2 the entire mass contracting and expanding1 as is the case in many recent zoophytes4,,aq ,,aq ,see ',wonders of ,geology1' #fth ,ed41 p4 #faj2 ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #bgc-bgf2 and ',geological ,excursions round the ,isle of ,wight1' pp4 #agi-ahd1 for an account of the silicification of these and other ,zoophytes4 ,the flints1 figs4 #c1 #g1 #h1 #i1 ,lign4 #be1 were evidently formed in the manner exemplified in fig4 #c1 ,lign4 #bf2 figs4 #b1 #d1 #f1 are illustrated by fig4 #d1 ,lign4 #bf2 for the chalk specimens1 ,lign4 #bf1 shew that all these flints have been moulded around ,ventriculites1 and that their diversity of figure has arisen from the quantity of silex that happened to permeate the substance of the zoophyte2 if but a small portion1 flint like figs4 #b and #d1 were the result2 if the quantity were considerable1 the larger fungiform examples were produced4 ,note ,,ix4 ,page #ej4 ,minute ,corals from ,chalk4 ,some layers of chalk are composed of an aggregation of many kinds of delicate corals1 the interstices being filled up with ,rotali and other foraminiferous shells4 ,in the cliffs near ,dover there are several beds of this nature1 well known to collectors for the profusion of exquisite specimens they yield to the experienced investigator4 ,lign4 #ag1 p4 #ej1 represents several varieties from different localities2 the small figures shew the natural size1 and the enlarged ones their appearance when magnified4 ,attached to the surface of shells1 and sometimes standing erect in crannies of flint nodules1 beautiful corals may often be detected by the aid of a lens of moderate power4 ,by brushing chalk in water1 and examining the deposit1 delicate fossils of this kind may also be obtained4,,ar ,,ar ,refer to ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #bhd1 and to ',wonders of ,geology1' ,lecture ,,vi4 p4 #ehh1 for a comprehensive view of ,recent and ,fossil ,corals4 ,sidenote3 ,,nature ,,of ,,corals4 ,from the close analogy of the fossil corals to existing forms1 it would not be difficult to give restored figures of the originals4 ,every little branch might be represented fraught with living polypes3 in some cells the agile inmates might be shown with the mouth expanded1 and the tentacula in rapid motion2 in others withdrawn into their stony recesses1 and devouring the infinitesimal atoms that constitute their food3 even their varied hues might be introduced1 and thus a vivid picture be presented of the microscopic beings which peopled the waters of the ancient chalk ocean4 ,that the ,corals1 which from their elegance and beauty are preserved in almost every cabinet1 have been fabricated--or1 in other words1 built up--by polypes1 in the same manner as the honey-comb of the bee and wasp1 is so prevalent yet erroneous an opinion1 that ,i am induced to point out its fallacy1 by giving a brief account of the formation of these substances4 ,the three recent specimens represented in ,lign4 #bg will serve to illustrate my remarks4 ,illustration3 ,lign4 #bg3--,recent ,corals4 #a4 ,oculina ramea4 #b4 ,madrepora muricata4 #c4 ,isis hippuris4 ,the coral1 fig4 #a1 was an internal axis or skeleton1 deposited by the soft fleshy integument with which1 when living1 it was wholly invested2 in the same manner as are the bones of animals1 by the special membrane 7periosteum7 that secretes them4 ,this integument lined every cell1 and the polypes were permanently united to it4 ,when the live coral is taken out of the water1 the animalcules shrink up and quickly perish2 their soft parts and the external investing substance putrefy1 and the stony axis beset with the radiated cells alone remains4 ,sidenote3 ,,recent ,,corals4 ,in the example of ,oculina ramea1 or ,may-blossom ,coral1 fig4 #a1 from the ,mediterranean1 the cells are large and distinct2 in the ,madrepore from the ,west ,indies1 fig4 #b1 they are small and very closely aggregated4 ,the specimen of ,isis 7fig4 #c7 belongs to a group of coral-zoophytes in which the polype-cells consist of a substance that is durable1 but not so hard as coral1 and invests an axis composed of a tough flexible material1 which is exposed at the base of fig #c1 by the removal of the external or cortical part in which the polypes were situated4 ,the ,gorgonia1 or ,venus's fan1 has a similar structure and composition4,,as ,,as ,see ',wonders of ,geology1' vol4 ii4 p4 #faf4 ,in the ,red ,coral1 so largely employed in the manufacture of beads1 brooches1 and other ornaments1 not only the animalcules1 but also their receptacles1 are composed of a soft perishable substance4 ,when alive1 the polypes1 as well as the investing fleshy integument1 are of a delicate bluish tint2 the internal calcareous axis alone possesses the peculiar red colour4 ,upon being taken out of the sea1 vitality quickly ceases1 the soft parts decompose1 and the beautiful crimson stone commonly known as the true coral1 is obtained free from all traces of the soft mass by which it was secreted4 ,although an actual investigation of the facts described can only be instituted near the seas of warm climates1 yet our coasts abound in certain coral-zoophytes in which similar phenomena may readily be observed4 ,most persons in their rambles by the sea-side must have noticed on the fuci1 alg1 shells1 pebbles1 c41 patches of a white earthy substance1 which when closely examined resemble delicate lace-work4 ,these apparently calcareous incrustations are clusters of the zoophytes termed the ,flustra1 or sea-mat4,,at ,when removed from the water1 this aggregation of polypes seems coated over with a glossy film or varnish2 and with a lens of moderate power the surface is seen to be full of pores1 disposed with much regularity4 ,if viewed under the microscope while immersed in sea-water1 a very different appearance is presented4 ,every pore is found to be the opening of a cell whence issues a tube fringed with several long feelers or arms2 these expand1 then suddenly contract and withdraw into the cell1 and again issue forth2 the whole surface of the ,flustra being covered with these hydra-like animalcules4 ,the ,flustra1 therefore1 like the corals1 constitutes an assemblage of polypes1 each individual being permanently fixed in a durable cell1 and the whole attached to a common integument by which the calcareous frame-work was secreted and maintained4,,au ,,at ,see ',wonders of ,geology1' ,plate #e4 ,,au ,see ,dr4 ,johnson's beautiful work on ',british ,zoophytes1' in which are numerous figures of various species of ,flustra4 ,note ,x4 ,page #ec4 ,infusorial earth from ,richmond in ,virginia4 ,sidenote3 ,,infusorial ,,earths4 ,the greatest natural operations are produced by the most simple and apparently inadequate agents3 for as the illustrious ,galileo emphatically remarked1 ,la nature fait beaucoup avec peu1 et ses oprations sont toutes galement merveilleuses4 ,the profound thinker ,hobbes1 in the same spirit observes1 ,the majesty of ,god appeareth no less in small things than in great1 and as it exceedeth human sense in the immensity of the universe1 so also doth it in the smallness of the parts thereof4 ,this sublime truth is strongly impressed on the mind of the geological inquirer1 who perceives that whole countries and mountain ranges of great elevation and extent1 are wholly composed of the aggregated remains of beings of such infinite minuteness that but for the powerful optical instruments of modern times1 their presence would never have been suspected4 ,a few years only have elapsed since the sagacious ,ehrenberg first drew attention to this subject1 and pointed out the proper method of investigation2,,av and so rapid has been the progress of discovery in this department of science1 that infusorial deposits1 as these beds of fossil animalcules are designated1 have been detected in every quarter of the globe4 ,a fact equally unexpected and remarkable has also been established1 namely1 that at the present moment similar minute living agents are largely contributing to the increase of the solid materials of the crust of our planet4 ,,av ,see ',medals of ,creation1' p4 #bdd1 for instructions for the microscopical examination of earths1 chalk1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,,richmond ,,earth4 ,the infusorial earth of ,virginia1 alluded to in the text1 is a yellowish siliceous clay1 forming a deposit from twelve to fifteen feet in thickness1 upon which the towns of ,richmond and ,petersburgh are built4 ,the surface of the country over which it extends is characterized by a scanty vegetation1 owing to the siliceous nature of the soil dependent on the minute organisms of which it almost entirely consists4 ,when a few grains of this earth are properly prepared for microscopic examination1 immense numbers of the shields or cases of animalcules are visible under a magnifying power of #cjj diameters2 in fact1 the merest stain left by the evaporation of water in which some of the marl has been mixed1 teems with these fossil remains4,,aw ,,aw ,specimens of ,infusorial earths1 prepared for the microscope1 may be obtained of ,mr4 ,topping1 #d1 ,new ,winchester ,street1 ,pentonville ,hill1 ,new ,road1 ,london4 ,these organisms are of exquisite structure1 and comprise many species and genera4 ,the most beautiful and abundant are the circular shields1 termed ,coscinodisci 7sieve-like disks71 which are elegant saucer-shaped cases1 elaborately ornamented with hexagonal apertures disposed in curves1 somewhat resembling the engine-turned sculpturing of a watch2 these shells are from #a_/ajjj to #a_/ajj of an inch in diameter4 ,a segment of one of these disks1 highly magnified1 is represented in ,lign4 #ah1 fig4 #b4 ,the body of the living animalcule was protected and enclosed by a pair of these concave shells1 the perforations admitting of the exsertion of filaments or tentacula4 ,this species of ,coscinodiscus abounds in the present seas1 and constitutes no inconsiderable proportion of the food of ,pectens and other testaceous mollusca4,,ax ,,ax ,see ',thoughts on ,animalcules1' p4 #ajc4 ,all the animalcules found in the ,richmond earth are marine1 and most of them belong to genera1 and many to existing species2 although the position of the ,american strata proves that they are referable to a period of immense antiquity4 ,in ,germany1 beds of a white infusorial earth1 resembling magnesia in appearance1 and termed ,bergh-mehl1 or fossil farina1 occur at ,bilin1 and several other places3 at ,san ,fiora in ,tuscany1 near ,egra in ,bohemia1 in the ,bermudas1 ,barbadoes1 c41 similar deposits have been discovered2 all being composed of the shields of various kinds of animalcules4 ,but ,i must not extend these remarks1 and will only add a few observations on the infusorial earth of ,barbadoes1 which has but recently been brought under the notice of geologists by ,sir ,robert ,schomburgk1 and is especially interesting for the exquisite beauty and variety of its organisms1 and the circumstances under which the deposit occurs4 ,sidenote3 ,,fossil ,,infusoria ,,of ,,barbadoes4 ,barbadoes1 an island of the ,west ,indies1 is about twelve miles in length from north to south1 and consists of coral reefs1 capped in one district by tertiary sandstones and limestones1 which attain a height of #abjj feet above the sea4 ,over the rest of the island1 coral reefs form the entire surface1 which is divided by vertical walls of coral1 some of them nearly #bjj feet high1 into six terraces1 indicating as many periods of upheaval4 ,in the lowest reef1 ,indian hatchets have been found twenty feet above high water mark2 shewing that the last movement1 at least1 took place within the human period4 ,the tertiary strata are more or less inclined1 and in many places vertical1 and contorted4 ,strata of marl1 several hundred feet thick1 predominate2 and there are beds of bituminous coal1 sandstone1 clays1 and ferruginous sands4 ,arenaceous limestone containing teeth of sharks1 spines of echini1 and shells1 forms the summit of a hill nearly #a1jjj feet high4 ,the white marls abound in #cjj species of the most beautiful siliceous infusoria2 many are peculiar1 others the same as occur in the ,richmond earth1 and some belong to recent species4,,ay ,,ay ,sir ,r4 ,h4 ,schomburgk3 ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahdg4 ,,the ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,in #b ,vols1 foolscap #hvo1 cloth1 lettered1 with numerous ,illustrations and ,coloured ,plates1 price #ahs4 the ,sixth ,edition of ,,the ,,wonders ,,of ,,geology2 ,,or1 ,a ,,familiar ,,exposition ,,of ,,geological ,,phenomena4 ,by ,,gideon ,,algernon ,,mantell1 ,esq41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s1 ,vice-,president of the ,geological ,society of ,london4 ,dr4 ,mantell's ,wonders of ,geology will continue to be a favourite work equally in the ,geological schools1 in the private study1 and in the family circle4 ,it may be read and understood by any intelligent and educated individual2 its exact science1 sound logic1 and dignity of style ensure its acceptance with the learned2 its elegance1 beauty1 and perspicuity1 with the polite and refined2 and its comprehensive brevity1 with the student of the elements of ,geology4 ,it realizes1 indeed1 our beau-ideal of a familiar yet dignified philosophical style3 being alike condensed and luminous1 possessing a graceful flowing eloquence1 and rising as the subject may require1 into the sublime as well as the beautiful4 ,we are not aware of the existence of any work1 on any department of science1 which has higher claims at once to a place in the library of the philosopher1 and on the table of a refined family4--,review of the ,american ,edition of the ,wonders of ,geology4 ,american ,journal of ,science4 ,dr4 ,mantell's eloquent and delightful work1 the ,wonders of ,geology4--,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,lytton4 ,in #b vols4 foolscap #hvo1 cloth1 lettered1 with ,coloured ,plates1 and several hundred ,figures of ,fossil ,remains1 price ,one ,guinea4 ,,the ,,medals ,,of ,,creation2 ,,or1 ,,first ,,lessons ,,in ,,geology1 ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,organic ,,remains4 ,these volumes comprise a ,popular ,introduction to the study of ,organic remains1 and a general view of ,fossil ,botany and ,zoology4 ,geological ,excursions to some of the most interesting places in ,england are described1 in illustration of the method of observing and investigating ,geological ,phenomena1 and of collecting ,organic ,remains4 ,ample instructions are given for the development and arrangement of ,fossil ,vegetables1 ,corals1 ,shells1 ,bones1 ,teeth1 c43 and practical directions for the microscopical examination of rocks composed of ,fossil ,infusoria1 and the intimate structure of mineralized ,plants1 ,teeth1 c4 ,in fine1 these volumes are offered as a popular guide and hand-hook for the ,student and ,amateur ,collector of ,fossil ,remains1 and the ,reader who may desire a general acquaintance with a science replete with objects of the highest interest2 and for the ,tourist who may wish1 in the course of his travels1 to employ profitably and agreeably a leisure hour1 in the various districts he may visit4 ,such a work has long been required2 and the present will be found to comprise all that can reasonably be expected in two pocket volumes4 ,the plates are alike beautiful and faithful representations of the originals4 ,very rarely can we find a work which is so perfect an example of the art of book1 making1 in the best understanding of that term2 we mean technically and mechanically as well as intellectually4 ,dr4 ,mantell's ',medals of ,creation' are1 indeed1 among the chef d'oeuvres of the art2 and1 being elegantly bound in embossed covers1 of the still portable size of the larger #abmo1 will and must take their place as the companions1 not only of the geologist in his study1 but in the field2 while they will also accompany the intelligent travellers of both sexes as most instructive and delightful ,mentors in their journeyings among the grand and beautiful scenes of our globe4 ,this work is a classic of high excellence1 of great research1 and formidable labour2 and we cannot close our remarks without again expressing our admiration of the perspicuity1 method1 and condensation by which it is distinguished4--,american ,journal of ,science for ,january1 #ahde4 ,in one volume square #hvo1 with #ab coloured plates2 price #ajs4 ,,thoughts ,,on ,,animalcules2 ,,or1 ,a ,,glimpse ,,of ,,the ,,invisible ,,world ,,revealed ,,by ,,the ,,microscope4 ,in this beautiful work ,dr4 ,mantell has presented a vast deal of information on the most interesting genera and species of ,infusoria1 and clothed it with that fascinating garb1 that persuasive eloquence1 with which he has been ever wont to impart knowledge4--,westminster and ,foreign ,quarterly ,review4 ,in one volume #hvo1 with numerous plates1 sections1 coloured geological maps1 c42 price #abs4 ,,geological ,,excursions ,,round ,,the ,,isle ,,of ,,wight ,,and ,,along ,,the ,,adjacent ,,coasts ,,of ,,hampshire ,,and ,,dorsetshire4 ,illustrative of the most interesting geological phenomena and organic remains4 ,this work is a popular guide to the geology of the beautiful ,island1 pointing out and explaining the most remarkable localities and the fossils with which they abound2 not only of the ,isle of ,wight1 but also of the ,isles of ,purbeck and ,portland4 ,in one volume1 with plates2 price #es4 ,a ,,day',s ,,ramble ,,in ,,and ,,about ,,the ,,ancient ,,town ,,of ,,lewes2 ,,illustrative ,,of ,,the ,,objects ,,of ,,historical1 ,,geological1 ,,and ,,antiquarian ,,interest ,,of ,,the ,,town ,,and ,,neighbourhood4 ,a charming guide to a charming spot2 rich in picturesque scenery1 and historical associations of the highest interest4 ,a day's ramble which every one who visits ,brighton and has leisure will not fail to undertake with so instructive and delightful a companion4--,brighton ,gazette4 ,preparing for ,publication4 ,,the ,,phenomena ,,of ,,the ,,nervous ,,system2 ,,or1 ,a ,,familiar ,,exposition ,,of ,,the ,,nature ,,and ,,functions ,,of ,,the ,,nerves3 ,being the substance of a course of popular ,lectures4 ,in one volume1 with numerous illustrations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,august1 #ahej4 ,,list ,,of ,,works ,,principally ,,on ,,natural ,,and ,,physical ,,science1 ,,published ,,by ,,reeve ,,and ,,benham1 #e1 ,,henrietta ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 #a4 ,,popular ,,field ,,botany2 ,,comprising ,a familiar and technical description of the ,plants most common to the ,british ,isles1 adapted to the study of either the ,artificial or ,natural ,system4 ,by ,,agnes ,,catlow4 ,second ,edition4 ,arranged in twelve chapters1 each being the ,botanical lesson for the month4 ,a useful aid to young persons at a loss how to take the first steps in ,botany4 ,one of the impediments in their way is the uncertainty that attends all attempts at making out the names of the objects they have to examine1 and this impediment can only be removed by drawings and very familiar descriptions4 ,miss ,catlow1 in the work before us1 has furnished a clear and concise supply of both4 ,we recommend her ',popular ,botany' to favourable notice4--,gardeners' ,chronicle4 ,the design of this work is to furnish young persons with a ,self-instructor in ,botany1 enabling them with little difficulty to discover the scientific names of the common plants they may find in their country rambles1 to which are appended a few facts respecting their uses1 habits1 c4 ,the plants are classed in months1 the illustrations are nicely coloured1 and the book is altogether an elegant1 as well as useful present4--,illustrated ,london ,news4 999999 ,in one vol4 royal #afmo1 with twenty plates of figures4 ,price #gs4 plain2 #ajs4 #f;d4 coloured4 #b4 ,,instinct ,,and ,,reason4 ,by ,alfred ,smee1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,author of ',electro-,biology4' ,one vol4 #hvo4 ,with coloured ,plates by ,wing1 and ,woodcuts4 #afs4 #c4 ,,the ,,tourist',s ,,flora4 ,a ,descriptive ,catalogue of the ,flowering ,plants and ,ferns of the ,british ,islands1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,italy1 and the ,italian ,islands4 ,by ,joseph ,woods1 ,f4,a4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 and ,f4,g4,s4 #hvo4 #d4 ,,popular ,,history ,,of ,,mammalia4 ,by ,adam ,white1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,assistant in the ,zoological ,department of the ,british ,museum4 ,with sixteen coloured ,plates of ,quadrupeds1 c41 by ,b4 ,waterhouse ,hawkins1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,royal #afmo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 #e4 ,,voices ,,from ,,the ,,woodlands2 or1 ,history of ,forest ,trees1 ,lichens1 ,mosses1 and ,ferns4 ,by ,mary ,roberts4 ,with twenty coloured ,plates by ,fitch4 ,royal #afmo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 #f4 ,,thoughts ,,on ,a ,,pebble2 or1 ,a ,first ,lesson in ,geology4 ,by ,dr4 ,mantell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,eighth ,edition1 considerably enlarged4 ,with four coloured plates1 twenty-seven woodcuts1 and a ,portrait of the ,author4 ,square #abmo4 #es4 #g4 ,,the ,,poetry ,,of ,,science2 or1 ,studies of the ,physical ,phenomena of ,nature4 ,by ,robert ,hunt1 ,esq41 ,author of ',panthea4' ,second ,edition4 ,revised by the ,author4 ,with an ,index4 ,an able and clever exposition of the great generalities of ,science1 adapted to the comprehension of those who know little of her mysteries4--,athenum4 ,one of the most readable epitomes of the present state and progress of science we have yet perused4--,morning ,herald4 ,this book displays a fund of knowledge1 and is the work of an eloquent and earnest man4--,examiner4 999999 ,one vol4 demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #h4 ,,episodes ,,of ,,insect ,,life4 ,first ,series4 ,the letterpress is interspersed with vignettes clearly and cleverly engraved on stone1 and the whole pile of natural history--fable1 poetry1 theory1 and fact--is stuck over with quaint apophthegms and shrewd maxims1 deduced for the benefit of man from the contemplation of such tiny monitors as gnats and moths4--,altogether the book is a curious and interesting one--quaint and clever1 genial and well-informed4--,morning ,chronicle4 999999 ,one vol4 crown #hvo1 with #af illustrations4 ,price #afs4 elegantly bound in fancy cloth4 ,coloured and bound extra1 gilt1 #bas4 #i4 ,,episodes ,,of ,,insect ,,life4 ,second ,series4 999999 ,one vol4 crown #hvo1 with #cf illustrations4 ,price #afs4 elegantly bound in fancy cloth4 ,coloured and bound extra1 gilt1 #bas4 #aj4 ,,popular ,,history ,,of ,,british ,,sea-,,weeds2 ,comprising a familiar and technical description of the ,sea-weeds of the ,british ,isles4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,david ,,landsborough1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,member of the ,wernerian ,society of ,edinburgh4 ,this charming contribution to the study of a very interesting branch of ,natural ,history combines scientific correctness with artistical beauty4--,literary ,gazette4 ,the book is as well executed as it is well timed4 ,the descriptions are scientific as well as popular1 and the plates are clear and explicit4 ,not only the forms1 but the uses of ,alg1 are minutely described4 ,it is a worthy sea-side companion--a hand-book for every occasional or permanent resident on the sea-shore4--,economist4 ,a work of much general interest1 and one which every dweller by the sea-side1 who makes a right use of his eyes1 would do well to procure4--,edinburgh ,witness4 ,mr4 ,landsborough's very beautiful volume is meant for young students of ,sea-weeds4 ,the volume is illustrated with many coloured plates1 executed in a superb style4--,glasgow ,daily ,mail4 ,profusely illustrated with specimens of the various ,sea-weeds1 beautifully drawn and exquisitely coloured4--,sun4 ,this elegant work1 though intended for beginners1 is well worthy the perusal of those advanced in the science4--,morning ,herald4 ,those who desire to make themselves acquainted with ,british ,sea-weeds1 cannot do better than begin with this elegantly illustrated manual4--,globe4 999999 ,in one vol4 royal #afmo1 with twenty-two plates of figures by ,fitch4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 coloured4 #aa4 ,,panthea1 ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,nature4 ,by ,robert ,hunt4 ,author of ',the ,poetry of ,science4' ,one vol4 #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a brave attempt to range from the elemental to the universal1 from the known to the unknown4--,literary ,gazette4 ,there is1 throughout1 the closeness of matter and eloquence of style that distinguish the ',poetry of ,science4'--,spectator4 #ab4 ,a ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,revolution ,,of #ahdh4 ,by ,captain ,chamier1 ,r4,n4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 ,price #bas4 #ac4 ,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,ireland4 ,by ,william ,thompson1 ,esq41 ,president of the ,natural ,history and ,philosophical ,society of ,belfast4 ,birds4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,price #afs4 cloth4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,price #abs4 #ad4 ,,the ,,rhododendrons ,,of ,,sikkim-,,himalaya4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,hooker4 ,second ,edition4 ,in handsome imperial folio1 with ten beautifully coloured plates4 ,price #bas4 #ae4 ,,travels ,,in ,,the ,,interior ,,of ,,brazil1 principally through the ,northern ,provinces and the ,gold and ,diamond ,districts1 during the years #ahcf-da4 ,by ,george ,gardner1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,second and ,cheaper ,edition4 #hvo4 ,plate and ,map4 ,price #abs4 #af4 ,,illustrations ,,of ,,british ,,mycology2 or4 ,figures and ,descriptions of ,british ,funguses4 ,by ,mrs4 ,t4 ,j4 ,hussey4 ,royal #dto4 ,ninety plates1 beautifully coloured4 ,price #gl4 #abs4 #f;d41 cloth4 #ag4 ,,the ,,esculent ,,funguses ,,of ,,england1 ,by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,badham4 ,super-royal #hvo4 ,price #bas41 coloured plates4 #ah4 ,,narrative ,,of ,,the ,,voyage ,,of ,h4,m4,s4 ,,samarang in the ,eastern ,archipelago during the years #ahdc-df4 ,by ,captain ,sir ,edward ,belcher1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 and ,g4,s4 ,in #b vols4 #hvo1 #ce ,charts1 ,coloured ,plates1 and ,etchings4 ,price #cfs41 cloth4 #ai4 ,,curtis',s ,,british ,,entomology1 being ,illustrations and ,descriptions of the ,genera of ,insects found in ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 comprising coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species and of the plants upon which they are found4 ,by ,john ,curtis1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,sixteen vols4 royal #hvo4 #ggj copper-plates1 beautifully coloured4 ,price #ba4 7,published at #dc #afs47 #bj4 ,,popular ,,british ,,ornithology2 ,,comprising ,a familiar and technical description of the ,birds of the ,british ,isles4 ,by ,p4 ,h4 ,,gosse1 ,author of ',the ,ocean1' ',the ,birds of ,jamaica1' c4 ,in twelve chapters1 each being the ,ornithological lesson for the month4 ,goes over every month of the year1 figures the birds naturally in painted colours1 describes them and their habits well1 and is a capital manual for youthful naturalists4--,literary ,gazette4 ,to render the subject of ornithology clear1 and its study attractive1 has been the great aim of the author of this beautiful little volume4 ,it contains descriptions of all our ,british birds1 with the exception of those which may be considered in the light of stragglers1 and which are not likely to fall in the way of the young naturalist1 for whose use this work is intended4 ,it is embellished by upwards of #gj plates of ,british birds beautifully coloured4--,morning ,herald4 ,we can answer for this compact and elegant little volume being beautifully got up1 and written in a manner likely to attract the interest of the youthful student4--,globe4 ,this was a book much wanted1 and will prove a boon of no common value1 containing1 as it does1 the names1 descriptions1 and habits of all the ,british birds4 ,it is handsomely got up1 and ought to find a place on the shelves of every book-case4--,mirror4 999999 ,in one vol4 royal #afmo1 with twenty plates of figures4 ,price #gs4 plain2 #ajs4 #f;d4 coloured4 #ba4 ,,the ,,dodo ,,and ,,its ,,kindred2 or1 the ,history1 ,affinities1 and ,osteology of the ,dodo1 ,solitaire1 and other extinct birds of the ,islands ,mauritius1 ,rodriguez1 and ,bourbon4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,strickland1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,g4,s42 and ,a4 ,g4 ,melville1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,one vol4 royal quarto1 with eighteen plates and numerous wood illustrations4 ,price #bas4 #bb4 ,a ,,century ,,of ,,orchidaceous ,,plants1 the ,plates selected from the ,botanical ,magazine4 ,the descriptions re-written by ,sir ,william ,jackson ,hooker1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,director of the ,royal ,gardens of ,kew2 with ,introduction and instructions for their culture by ,john ,charles ,lyons1 ,esq4 ,one hundred coloured plates1 royal quarto4 ,price ,five ,guineas4 #bc4 ,,conchologia ,,systematica2 or1 ,complete ,system of ,conchology4 #cjj plates of upwards of #a1ejj figures of ,shells4 ,by ,lovell ,reeve1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,two vols4 #dto1 cloth4 ,price #ajl4 coloured2 #fl4 plain4 #bd4 ,,conchologist',s ,,nomenclator2 or4 ,catalogue of recent ,shells4 ,by ,agnes ,catlow and ,lovell ,reeve1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,price #bas4 #be4 ,,flora ,,antarctica2 or4 ,botany of the ,antarctic ,voyage4 ,by ,joseph ,dalton ,hooker1 ,m4,d41 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,two vols4 royal #dto1 #bjj plates4 ,price #ajl4 #aes4 coloured2 #gl4 #ajs4 plain4 #bf4 ,,cryptogamia ,,antarctica2 or1 ,cryptogamic ,botany of the ,antarctic ,voyage4 ,by ,joseph ,dalton ,hooker1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,royal #dto4 ,price #dl4 #ds4 coloured2 #bl4 #ags4 plain4 #bg4 ,,the ,,british ,,desmidie2 or1 ,fresh-,water ,alg4 ,by ,john ,ralfs1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,price #cfs4 coloured plates4 #bh4 ,,conchylia ,,dithyra ,,insularum ,,britannicarum4 ,by ,william ,turton1 ,m4,d4 ,reprinted verbatim from the original edition4 ,large paper1 price #bl4 #ajs4 #bi4 ,,the ,,planetary ,,and ,,stellar ,,universe4 ,by ,robert ,james ,mann4 ,price #es41 cloth4 #cj4 ,,illustrations of the ,,wisdom and ,,benevolence of the ,,deity1 as manifested in ,nature4 ,by ,h4 ,edwards1 ,,ll4,d4 ,price #bs4 #f;d41 cloth4 #ca4 ,,popular ,,british ,,entomology2 ,,comprising ,a familiar and technical description of the ,insects most common to the ,british ,isles4 ,by ,,maria ,e4 ,,catlow4 ,in twelve chapters1 each being the ,entomological lesson for the month4 ,judiciously executed1 with excellent figures of the commoner species1 for the use of young beginners4--,annual ,address of the ,president of the ,entomological ,society4 ,miss ,catlow's ',popular ,british ,entomology' contains an introductory chapter or two on classification1 which are followed by brief generic and specific descriptions in ,english of above #bjj of the commoner ,british species1 together with accurate figures of about #gj of those described4 ,the work is beautifully printed1 and the figures nicely coloured1 and will be quite a treasure to any one just commencing the study of this fascinating science4--,westminster and ,foreign ,quarterly ,review4 999999 ,in one vol4 royal #afmo1 with sixteen plates of figures4 ,price #gs4 plain2 #ajs4 #f;d4 coloured4 ,serials4 #cb4 ,,curtis',s ,,botanical ,,magazine2 by ,sir ,william ,jackson ,hooker1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,v4,p4,l4,s41 c41 ,director of the ,royal ,gardens of ,kew4 ,with observations on the culture of each species1 by ,mr4 ,john ,smith1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,curator of the ,royal ,gardens4 ,in monthly numbers1 each containing six plates1 price #cs4 #f;d4 coloured4 #cc4 ,,hooker',s ,,journal ,,of ,,botany1 and ,,kew ,,garden ,,miscellany4 ,edited by ,sir ,william ,jackson ,hooker1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,in monthly numbers4 ,price ,one ,shilling4 #cd4 ,,zoology ,,of ,,the ,,voyage ,,of ,h4,m4,s4 ,,samarang4 ,edited by ,arthur ,adams1 ,assistant-,surgeon1 ,r4,n4 ,fishes4 ,by ,sir ,john ,richardson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,crustacea4 ,by the ,editor and ,adam ,white1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,mollusca4 ,by the ,editor and ,lovell ,reeve1 ,f4,l4,s41 including the anatomy of the ,spirula1 by ,prof4 ,owen1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ce4 ,,phycologia ,,britannica2 or1 ,history of the ,british ,sea-weeds4 ,by ,professor ,harvey1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,in parts1 price #bs4 #f;d4 coloured2 large paper1 #es4 ,to be completed in #fj parts4 ,part #di just published4 #cf4 ,,nereis ,,australis2 or1 ,illustrations of the ,alg of the ,southern ,ocean4 ,by ,professor ,harvey1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,to be completed in ,four ,parts1 each containing #be coloured plates1 imp4 #hvo1 price #al4 #as4 ,parts #a and #b recently published4 #cg4 ,,contributions ,,to ,,ornithology4 ,by ,sir ,william ,jardine1 ,bart4 ,in parts1 each containing #d plates1 price #cs4 #ch4 ,,conchologia ,,iconica2 or1 ,figures and ,descriptions of the ,shells of ,molluscous ,animals4 ,by ,lovell ,reeve1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,demy #dto4 ,monthly4 ,eight plates4 #ajs4 coloured4 ,part #hg just published4 #ci4 ,,elements ,,of ,,conchology2 or1 ,introduction to the ,natural ,history of ,shells and their molluscous inhabitants4 ,by ,lovell ,reeve1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,royal #hvo4 ,in twelve parts1 each containing five plates4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 coloured4 #dj4 ,,curtis',s ,,british ,,entomology4 ,re-issued in monthly parts1 each containing #d coloured plates and corresponding text4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 #da4 ,a ,,century ,,of ,,orchidaceous ,,plants4 ,published in monthly numbers1 each containing five plates4 ,price #es4 ,,london3 ,,reeve and ,,benham1 ,,henrietta ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,note ,illustrations may have been moved to prevent splitting paragraphs4 ,minor typos were corrected4 ,produced from materials made available on ,the ,internet ,archive and all derived products are placed in the ,public ,domain4