,introductions to ,books ,i & ,,ii ( ,david ,hume's ,treatise ( ,human ,nature ,?omas ,hill ,gre5 ,a ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 be+ an attempt to introduce ! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od ( ,reason+ into ,moral ,subjects & ,dialogues ,conc]n+ ,natural ,religion by ,david ,hume1 ,edit$1 ) prelim9>y diss]tation & ,notes1 by ,t4,h4 ,gre5 & ,t4,h4 ,grose ,london1 ,longmans ,gre5 ,co1 #ahgd ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! ,introduction to ,book ,i is tak5 f an #ahih repr9t2 t to ,book ,,ii f an #ahhb repr9t1 bo? by ,longmans4 ,! tables ( cont5ts h be5 *ang$ to ref] to p>agraphs in/ead ( pages1 z 0 done by ,r4,l4 ,nettle%ip 9 8 edition ( ,gre5's ,philosophical ,works4 ,! p>agraph numb]s are ! same z 9 ! orig9als1 & z 9 ,nettle%ip's edition4 ,! ,notes :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 ! m>g9s ( ! orig9als h be5 plac$ z captions above ! relevant p>agraphs4 ,gre5's footnotes h be5 plac$ bel[ ! p>agraphs to :i* !y relate4 ,because ?is book does n conta9 ,hume's text1 :]e ,gre5 cites ,hume by page numb]1 a ref]5ce to ! relevant section has be5 add$ 9 squ>e brackets4 ,greek phrases are translat$ 9 footnotes m>k$ ,tr4 ,,preface4 ,9 ?is edition we h s\ght to avoid ! inconv5i5ces :i* are apt to att5d comm5t>ies on philosophical writ]s1 by ! plan ( putt+ toge!r1 9 ! =m ( cont9u\s introductions1 su* explanation & criticism z we _h to (f]1 & conf9+ ! footnotes almo/ entirely to ref]5ces1 :i* h be5 c>efully di/+ui%$ f ,hume's own notes4 ,= ! introductions to ! fir/ & second volumes ,mr4 ,gre5 alone is responsible4 ,! introduction to ! ?ird is ! "w ( ,mr4 ,grose1 :o also has und]tak5 ! revision ( ,hume's text4 ,?r\gh\t ! introductions to ,volumes ,i4 & ,,ii41 except :]e ! contr>y is /at$1 #8,hume' mu/ be und]/ood to mean ,hume z repres5t$ by ! #8,treatise on ,human ,nature4' ,9 tak+ ?is z intr9sically ! be/ repres5tation ( 8 philosophy1 we may be ?\ght to h ov]look$ ! well-kn[n adv]tisem5t :i* 79 an edition po/hum\sly publi%$7 he prefix$ to ! volume conta9+ 8 #8,inquiries conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+ & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals4' ,9 x1 aft] /at+ t ! volume1 is ma9ly a reproduction ( :at he _h previ\sly publi%$ 9 ! #8,treatise1' he expresses a hope t #8"s neglig5ces 9 8 =m] reason+1 & m 9 ! expression1' h be5 correct$1 & desires #8t ! foll[+ ,pieces may alone be reg>d$ z conta9+ 8 philosophical s5tim5ts & pr9ciples4' ,0 n ,hume himself !n1 x may be ask$1 ! be/ judge ( :at 0 an adequate expression ( 8 ?\ghts1 & is !re n an unbecom+ assurance 9 disreg>d+ su* a voice f 8 tomb8 ,our answ] is t if we _h be5 treat+ ( ,hume z a great lit]>y "*1 or exhibit+ ! hi/ory ( 8 individual m9d1 due acc\nt mu/ h be5 tak5 ( x4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 has n be5 ! object :i*1 9 ! ,introductions to ,volumes ,i4 & ,,ii41 we h pres5t$ to ourselves1 7,see ,introd4 to ,vol4 ,i4 #d47 ,our conc]n has be5 ) him z ! expon5t ( a philosophical sy/em1 & !re=e specially ) t /atem5t ( 8 sy/em :i* alone purports to be complete1 & :i* 0 writt5 :5 philosophy 0 /ill 8 *ief int]e/1 )\t alloy f ! disappo9tm5t ( lit]>y ambition4 ,anyone :o w be at ! pa9s to read ! #8,inquiries' alongside ( ! orig9al #8,treatise' w f9d t _! only ess5tial diff]5ce f x is 9 ! way ( omission4 ,!y consi/ 9 ! ma9 ( exc]pts f ! #8,treatise1' re-writt5 9 a light] /yle1 & ) ! m difficult p>ts ( x left out4 ,x is n t ! difficulties :i* logically arise out ( ,hume's sy/em are met1 b t ! passages :i* mo/ obvi\sly sugge/ !m h disappe>$ )\t any?+ to take _! place4 ,?us 9 ! #8,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+' !re is no?+ :atev] correspond+ to ,p>ts ,,ii4 & ,,iv4 ( ! fir/ ,book ( ! #8,treatise4' ,! effect ( ?is omission on a ha/y read] is1 no d\bt1 a feel+ ( great relief4 ,common-s5se is no long] actively repell$ by a doctr9e :i* seems to und]m9e ! real _w1 & c m easily put a con/ruction on ! acc\nt ( ! law ( causation1 :i* rema9s1 compatible ) ! #8objective validity' ( ! law--su* a con/ruction z 9 fact =ms ! basis ( ,mr4 ,mill's ,logic4 ,h[ inconsi/5t ?is con/ruction is ) ! pr9ciples f :i* ,hume />t$1 & :i* he nev] gave up2 h[ impossible x w\ld be to anyone :o _h assimilat$ 8 sy/em z a :ole2 h[ close is ! organic connection betwe5 all ! p>ts ( ?is z he orig9ally conceiv$ x--we mu/ tru/ to ! foll[+ introductions to %[4 7,see1 9 p>ticul>1 ,introd4 to ,vol4 ,i4 #cja & #cba47 ,! only discussion 9 ! #8,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1' to :i* no?+ 9 8 e>li] publication corresponds1 is t on ,miracles4 ,on ! relation 9 :i* ?is /&s to 8 g5]al !ory "s rem>ks w be f\nd 9 ! ,introduction to ,vol4 ,i4 7 #cbd1 note74 ,! *ief v>iations1 o!r ?an 9 ! way ( omission1 betwe5 ! lat] r$action ( 8 e?ical doctr9e & ! e>li]1 are notic$ 9 ! ,introduction to ,vol4 ,,ii4 7 #ca1 #dc1 & #df1 & notes74 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,cont5ts ( ! ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,to ,,vol4 ,i #a4 ,h[ ! hi/ory ( philosophy %\ld be /udi$4 #b4 ,hume ! la/ great ,engli% philosoph]4 #c4 ,kant 8 true successor4 #d4 ,di/9ction betwe5 lit]>y hi/ory & ! hi/ory ( philosophical sy/ems4 #e4 ,object ( ! pres5t enquiry4 #f4 ,locke's problem & me?od4 #g4 ,8 notion ( ! #8?9k+ ?+'4 #h4 ,?is he w passively obs]ve4 #i4 ,is su* obs]vation possible8 #aj4 ,:y x seems s4 #aa4 ,locke's acc\nt ( orig9 ( ideas4 #ab4 ,its ambiguities 7a7 ,9 reg>d to s5sation4 #ac4 7b7 ,9 reg>d to ideas ( reflection4 #ad4 ,:at is ! #8tablet' impress$8 #ae4 ,does ! m9d make impressions on itself8 #af4 ,s\rce ( ^! difficulties4 ,! #8simple' idea1 z ,locke describes x1 is a complex idea ( sub/ance & relation4 #ag4 ,h[ ?is contradiction is disguis$4 #ah4 ,locke's way ( int]*ang+ #8idea' & #8quality' & its effects4 #ai4 ,prim>y & second>y qualities ( bodies4 #bj4 #8,simple idea' repres5t$ z involv+ a !ory ( its own cause4 #ba4 ,phrases 9 :i* ?is is impli$4 #bb4 ,feel+ & felt ?+ confus$4 #bc4 ,! simple idea z #8ectype' o!r ?an m]e s5sation4 #bd4 ,x involves a judgm5t 9 :i* m9d & ?+ are di/+ui%$4 #be4 ,& is equival5t to :at he aft]w>ds calls #8k ( id5tity'4 ,only z su* c x be nam$4 #bf4 ,! same impli$ 9 call+ x an idea ( an object4 #bg4 made =1 n by1 u1 & !re=e accord+ to ,locke really exi/5t4 #bh4 ,:at did he mean by ?is8 #cj4 ,exi/5ce z ! m]e pres5ce ( a feel+4 #ca4 ,exi/5ce z reality4 #cb4 ,by confusion ( ^! two mean+s1 reality & its conditions are repres5t$ z giv5 9 simple feel+4 #cc4 ,yet reality involves complex ideas :i* are made by ! m9d4 #cd4 ,su* are sub/ance & relation :i* mu/ be f\nd 9 e object ( k4 #ce4 ,ab/ract idea ( sub/ance & complex ideas ( p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ance4 #cf4 ,! ab/ract idea accord+ to ,locke at once prec$es & foll[s ! complex4 #cg4 ,ref]5ce ( ideas to nature or ,god1 ! same z ref]5ce to sub/ance4 #ch4 ,b x is explicitly to sub/ance t ,locke makes !m ref] !mselves4 #ci4 ,9 ! process by :i* we are suppos$ to arrive at complex ideas ( sub/ances ! beg9n+ is ! same z ! end4 #dj4 ,doctr9e ( ab/raction inconsi/5t ) doctr9e ( complex ideas4 #da4 ,! confusion cov]$ by use ( #8p>ticul>s'4 #db4 ,locke's acc\nt ( ab/ract g5]al ideas4 #dc4 #8,?+s n g5]al4' #dd4 ,g5]ality an inv5tion ( ! m9d4 #de4 ,! result is1 t ! feel+ ( ea* mom5t is alone real4 #df4 ,h[ ,locke avoids ?is result4 #dg4 ,! #8p>ticul>' 0 to him ! individual qualifi$ by g5]al relations4 #dh4 ,?is is ! real ?+ f :i* ab/raction is suppos$ to />t4 #di4 ,yet1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( relation1 a creation ( ?\ght4 #ej4 ,summ>y ( ! above contradictions4 #ea4 ,!y _c be ov]come )\t viol5ce to ,locke's fundam5tal pr9ciples4 #eb4 ,z real exi/5ce1 ! simple idea c>ries ) x #8inv5t$' relation ( cause4 #ec4 ,correlativity ( cause & sub/ance4 #ed4 ,h[ d we "k t ideas correspond to reality ( ?+s8 ,locke's answ]4 #ee4 ,x assumes t simple ideas are consci\sly ref]r$ to ?+s t cause !m4 #ef4 ,lively ideas real1 because !y mu/ be effects ( ?+s4 #eg4 ,pres5t s5sation gives k ( exi/5ce4 #eh4 ,reasons :y its te/imony mu/ be tru/$4 #ei4 ,h[ does ?is acc\nt fit ,locke's def9ition ( k8 #fj4 ,locke's acc\nt ( ! te/imony ( s5se r5d]s 8 "q z to its v]acity sup]flu\s4 #fa4 ,confirmations ( ! te/imony turn ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 #8impression' & #8idea'4 #fb4 ,!y dep5d on language :i* pre-supposes ! ascription ( s5sation to an outw>d cause4 #fc4 ,?is ascription means ! clo?+ ( s5sation ) inv5t$ relations4 #fd4 ,:at is meant by re/rict+ ! te/imony ( s5se to pres5t exi/5ce8 #fe4 ,su* re/riction1 if ma9ta9$1 w\ld r5d] ! te/imony unmean+4 #ff4 ,b x is n ma9ta9$3 ! te/imony is to op]ation ( p]man5t id5tical ?+s4 #fg4 ,locke's treatm5t ( relations ( cause & id5tity4 #fh4 ,t f :i* he d]ives idea ( cause pre-supposes x4 #fi4 ,rationale ( ?is #8petitio pr9cipii'4 #gj4 ,relation ( cause has to be put into s5sitive exp]i5ce 9 ord] to be got f x4 #ga4 ,orig9 ( ! idea ( id5tity accord+ to ,locke4 #gb4 ,relation ( id5tity n to be di/+ui%$ f idea ( x4 #gc4 ,?is #8inv5t$' relation =ms ! #8v be+ ( ?+s'4 #gd4 ,locke fails to di/+ui% betwe5 id5tity & m]e unity4 #ge4 ,feel+s are ! real1 & d n admit ( id5tity4 ,h[ !n c id5tity be real8 #gf4 ,yet x is f reality t ! idea ( x is d]iv$4 #gg4 ,transition to ,locke's doctr9e ( ess5ce4 #gh4 ,?is repeats ! inconsi/5cy f\nd 9 8 doctr9e ( sub/ance4 #gi4 ,plan to be foll[$4 #hj4 ,:at ,locke und]/ood by ess5ce4 #ha4 ,only to nom9al ess5ces t g5]al propositions relate1 i4e4 only to ab/ract ideas hav+ no real exi/5ce4 #hb4 ,an ab/ract idea may be a simple "o4 #hc4 ,h[ !n is sci5ce ( nature possible8 #hd4 ,no #8uni=mities ( ph5om5a' c be kn[n4 #he4 ,locke n aw>e ( ! full effect ( 8 own doctr9e 444 #hf4 444 :i* is to make ! real an ab/ract residuum ( consci\sness4 #hg4 ,gr\nd ( di/9ction betwe5 actual s5sation & ideas 9 ! m9d is itself a ?+ ( ! m9d4 #hh4 ,two mean+s ( real ess5ce4 #hi4 ,accord+ to "o1 x is a collection ( ideas z qualities ( a ?+3 #ij4 444 ab\t real ess5ce 9 ?is s5se !re may be g5]al k4 #ia4 ,b su* real ess5ce a creature ( ?\ght4 #ib4 ,h5ce ano!r view ( real ess5ce z unkn[n qualities ( unkn[n body4 #ic4 ,h[ ,locke mixes up ^! two mean+s 9 ambiguity ab\t body4 #id4 ,body z #8p>cel ( matt]' )\t ess5ce4 #ie4 ,9 ?is s5se body is ! m]e individuum4 #if4 ,body z qualifi$ by circum/ances ( "t & place4 #ig4 ,su* body ,locke held to be subject ( #8prim>y qualities'3 b are ^! compatible ) p>ticul>ity 9 "t8 #ih4 ,h[ ,locke avoids ?is "q4 #ii4 ,body & its qualities suppos$ to be outside consci\sness4 #ajj4 ,h[ c prim>y qualities be outside consci\sness1 & yet kn[able8 #aja4 ,locke answ]s t !y copy !mselves 9 ideas--,b]keley's rejo9d]4 ,locke gets out ( ! difficulty by 8 doctr9e ( solidity4 #ajb4 ,9 :i* he equivocates betwe5 body z unkn[n opposite ( m9d & body z a #8nom9al ess5ce'4 #ajc4 ,rationale ( ^! contradictions4 #ajd4 ,:at k c feel+1 ev5 z ref]r$ to a #8solid' body1 convey8 #aje4 ,only ! k t some?+ is1 n :at x is4 #ajf4 ,h[ x is t ! real ess5ce ( ?+s1 accord+ to ,locke1 p]i%es ) !m1 yet is immutable4 #ajg4 ,only ab\t qualities ( matt]1 z di/9ct f matt] itself1 t ,locke feels any difficulty4 #ajh4 ,^!1 z kn[able1 mu/ be our ideas1 & !re=e n a #8real ess5ce'4 #aji4 ,are ! #8prim>y qualities' !n1 a #8nom9al ess5ce'8 #aaj4 ,accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt !y are relations1 & ?us inv5tions ( ! m9d4 #aaa4 ,body is ! complex 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,d we d]ive ! idea ( body f prim>y qualities1 or ! prim>y qualities f idea ( body8 #aab4 ,ma!matical ideas1 ?\gh ideas ( #8prim>y qualities ( body1' h #8b>ely an ideal exi/5ce'4 #aac4 ,summ>y view ( ,locke's difficulties 9 reg>d to ! real4 #aad4 ,:y !y d n tr\ble him m4 #aae4 ,!y re-appe> 9 8 doctr9e ( propositions4 #aaf4 ,! k express$ by a proposition1 ?\gh c]ta91 may n be real 444 #aag4 444 :5 ! k conc]ns sub/ances4 ,9 ?is case g5]al tru? mu/ be m]ely v]bal4 ,ma!matical tru?s1 s9ce !y conc]n n sub/ances1 may be bo? g5]al & real4 #aah4 ,significance ( ?is doctr9e4 #aai4 ,fatal to ! notion t ma!matical tru?s1 ?\gh g5]al1 are got f exp]i5ce3 #abj4 444 & to receiv$ views ( natural sci5ce3 b ,locke n s cle> ab\t ?is4 #aba4 ,ambiguity z to real ess5ce causes l ambiguity z to sci5ce ( nature4 ,p>ticul> exp]im5t _c af=d g5]al k4 #abb4 ,:at k x c af=d1 accord+ to ,locke4 #abc4 ,n ! k :i* is n[ suppos$ to be got by induction4 ,yet m ?an ,locke 0 entitl$ to suppose x c\ld give4 #abd4 ,) ,locke ma!matical tru?s1 ?\gh ideal1 true also ( nature4 #abe4 ,two l9es ( ?\ght 9 ,locke1 betwe5 :i* a foll[] w\ld h to *oose4 #abf4 ,transition to doctr9e ( ,god & ! s\l4 #abg4 ,?9k+ sub/ance--s\rce ( ! same ideas z out] sub/ance4 #abh4 ,( :i* sub/ance is p]ception ! effect8 #abi4 ,t :i* is ! s\rce ( sub/antiation _c be itself a sub/ance4 #acj4 ,to get rid ( ! inn] s\rce ( ideas 9 fav\r ( ! out] w\ld be false to ,locke4 #aca4 ,! m9d1 :i* ,locke opposes to matt]1 p]petually %ift+4 #acb4 ,two ways out ( su* difficulties4 #8,matt]' & #8m9d' h ! same s\rce 9 self-consci\sness4 #acc4 ,difficulties 9 ! way ( ascrib+ reality to sub/ance z matt]1 re-appe> 9 reg>d to sub/ance z m9d4 #acd4 ,we ?9k n always1 yet ?\ght con/itutes ! self4 #ace4 ,locke nei!r disguises ^! contradictions1 nor attempts to ov]come !m4 #acf4 ,is ! idea ( ,god possible to a consci\sness giv5 9 "t8 #acg4 ,locke's acc\nt ( ?is idea4 #ach4 #8,inf9ity1' accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt ( x1 only applicable to ,god1 if ,god has p>ts4 #aci4 ,c x be appli$ to him #8figuratively' 9 virtue ( ! indef9ite numb] ( ,8 acts8 #adj4 ,an act1 f9ite 9 its nature1 rema9s s1 h[ev] (t5 repeat$4 #ada4 ,god only inf9ite 9 a s5se 9 :i* "t is n inf9ite1 & :i* ,locke c\ld n recognize #adb4 --! same s5se 9 :i* ! self is inf9ite4 #adc4 ,h[ d ,i "k my own real exi/5ce8--,locke's answ]4 #add4 ,x _c be kn[n consi/5tly ) ,locke's doctr9e ( real exi/5ce4 #ade4 ,b he ignores ?is 9 treat+ ( ! self4 #adf4 ,s5se 9 :i* ! self is truly real4 #adg4 ,locke's pro( ( ! real exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,!re mu/ h be5 some?+ f et]nity to cause :at n[ is4 #adh4 ,h[ #8et]nity' mu/ be und]/ood if ?is argum5t is to be valid3 #adi4 444 & h[ #8cause'4 #aej4 ,! _w :i* is to prove an et]nal ,god mu/ be itself et]nal4 #aea4 ,b w ! ,god1 ^: exi/5ce is s prov51 be a ?9k+ be+8 #aeb4 ,yes1 accord+ to ! true notion ( ! relation betwe5 ?\ght & matt]4 #aec4 ,locke's ant9omies--,hume takes "o side ( !m z true4 #aed4 ,hume's scepticism fatal to 8 own premises4 ,?is d]iv$ f ,b]keley4 #aee4 ,b]keley's religi\s int]e/ 9 mak+ ,locke consi/5t4 #aef4 ,:at is meant by relation ( m9d & matt]8 #aeg4 ,confusions involv$ 9 ,locke's mat]ialism4 #aeh4 ,two ways ( deal+ ) x4 ,b]keley *ooses ! mo/ obvi\s4 #aei4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 visible & tangible ext5sion4 ,we d n see bodies )\t ! m9d 444 #afj4 444 nor yet feel !m4 ,! #8esse' ( body is ! #8p]cipi'4 #agj4 ,:at !n becomes ( di/9ction betwe5 reality & fancy8 #aga4 ,! real ideas t ,god causes4 #agb4 ,is x !n a succession ( feel+s8 #agc4 ,b]keley goes wrong f confusion betwe5 ?\ght & feel+4 #agd4 ,:i*1 if idea feel+1 does away ) space & body4 #age4 ,he does n ev5 reta9 !m z #8ab/ract ideas'4 #agf4 ,on ! same pr9ciple all p]man5t relations %\ld disappe>4 #agg4 ,by mak+ col\r relations ( col\r$ po9ts1 ,b]keley repres5ts relation z se54 #agh4 ,/ill he admits t space is con/itut$ by a succession ( feel+s4 #agi4 ,if s1 x is n space at all2 b ,b]keley ?9ks x is only n #8pure' space4 ,space & pure space /& or fall toge!r4 #ahj4 ,b]keley disposes ( space = fe> ( limit+ ,god4 #aha4 ,h[ he deals ) possibility ( g5]al k4 #ahb4 ,8 !ory ( univ]sals 444 #ahc4 444 ( value1 z imply+ t univ]sality ( ideas lies 9 relation4 #ahd4 ,b he fancies t ea* idea has a positive nature ap>t f relation4 #ahe4 ,traces ( progress 9 8 idealism4 #ahf4 ,8 way ( deal+ ) physical tru?s4 #ahg4 ,if !y imply p]man5t relations1 8 !ory prop]ly excludes !m4 ,he supposes a div9e decree t "o feel+ %all foll[ ano!r4 #ahh4 ,locke _h expla9$ reality by relation ( ideas to outw>d body4 ,livel9ess 9 ! idea evid5ce ( ?is relation4 #ahi4 ,b]keley reta9s ?is notion1 only sub/itut+ #8,god' = #8body'4 #aij4 ,n reg>d+ ! _w z a sy/em ( intelligible relations1 he c\ld n reg>d ,god z ! subject ( x4 #aia4 ,8 view ( ! s\l z #8naturally immortal'4 #aib4 ,endless succession ( feel+s is n immortality 9 true s5se4 ,b]keley's doctr9e ( matt] fatal to a true spiritualism3 #aic4 444 z well z to a true ,!ism4 ,8 inf]5ce to ,god f necessity ( a p[] to produce ideas2 #aid4 444 a necessity :i* ,hume does n see4 ,a diff]5t turn %\ld h be5 giv5 to 8 idealism1 if x 0 to s]ve 8 purpose4 #aie4 ,hume's mission4 ,8 acc\nt ( impressions & ideas4 ,ideas are fa9t] impressions4 #aif4 #8,ideas' t _c be s repres5t$ mu/ be expla9$ z m]e words4 #aig4 ,hume1 tak5 /rictly1 leaves no di/9ction betwe5 impressions ( reflection & ( s5sation4 #aih4 ,locke's !ory ( s5sation disappe>s4 ,physiology won't answ] ! "q t ,locke ask$4 #aii4 ,^? :o ?9k x w don't und]/& ! "q4 #bjj4 ,hume's psy*ology w n answ] x ei!r4 #bja4 ,x only seems to d s by assum+ ! #8fiction' x has to acc\nt =2 by assum+ t impression repres5ts a real _w4 #bjb4 ,s ! #8,positivi/' juggles ) #8ph5om5a'4 #bjc4 ,ess5tial diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ,hume & ! #8,positivi/'4 #bjd4 ,he adopts ,b]keley's doctr9e ( ideas1 b )\t ,b]keley's sav+ suppositions1 #bje4 444 9 reg>d to #8_s'1 #bjf4 444 9 reg>d to relations4 ,8 acc\nt ( ^!4 #bjg4 ,x corresponds to ,locke's acc\nt ( ! sorts ( agreem5t betwe5 ideas4 #bjh4 ,c\ld ,hume consi/5tly admit idea ( relation at all8 #baj4 ,only 9 reg>d to id5tity & causation t he sees any difficulty4 ,^! he treats z fictions result+ f #8natural relations' ( ideas3 i4e4 f resemblance & contiguity4 #bab4 ,is resemblance !n an impression8 #bac4 ,di/9ction betwe5 resembl+ feel+s & idea ( resemblance4 #bad4 ,sub/ances collections ( ideas4 #bae4 ,h[ c ideas #89 flux' be collect$8 #baf4 ,are !re g5]al ideas8 ,b]keley said1 #8yes & no'4 #bag4 ,hume #8no' simply4 ,h[ he acc\nts = ! appe>ance ( !re be+ su*4 #bai4 ,8 acc\nt implies t #8ideas' are conceptions1 n feel+s4 #bbj4 ,he virtually yields ! po9t 9 reg>d to ! pr$icate ( propositions4 #bba4 ,z to ! subject1 he equivocates betwe5 s+l5ess ( feel+ & individuality ( conception4 #bbb4 ,result is a !ory :i* admits pr$ication1 b only z s+ul>4 #bbc4 ,all propositions re/rict$ 9 same way z ,locke's propositions ab\t real exi/5ce4 #bbd4 ,! "q1 h[ ! s+ul> proposition is possible1 ! vital "o4 #bbe4 ,n relations ( resemblance only1 b ^? ( quantity also1 treat$ by ,hume z feel+s4 #bbf4 ,he draws ! l9e betwe5 c]ta9ty & probability at ! same po9t z ,locke2 b is m def9ite z to probability1 #bbg4 444 & does n admit opposition ( ma!matical to physical c]ta9ty--"h foll[+ ,b]keley4 #bbh4 ,8 criticisms ( ! doctr9e ( prim>y qualities4 #bbi4 ,x w n d to oppose bodies to our feel+ :5 only feel+ c give idea ( body4 #bcj4 ,locke's %uffle ( #8body1' #8solidity1' & #8t\*1' fairly expos$4 #bca4 ,true rationale ( ,locke's doctr9e4 #bcb4 ,) ,hume #8body' logically disappe>s4 ,:at !n8 #bcc4 ,c space survive body8 ,hume d]ives idea ( x f sight & feel+4 ,significance ) him ( su* d]ivation4 #bcd4 ,x means1 9 effect1 t col\r & space are ! same1 & t feel+ may be ext5d$4 #bce4 ,! p>ts ( space are p>ts ( a p]ception4 #bcf4 ,yet ! p>ts ( space are co-exi/5t n successive4 #bcg4 ,hume _c make space a #8p]ception' )\t be+ false to 8 own acc\nt ( p]ception2 #bch4 444 z appe>s if we put #8feel+' = #8p]ception' 9 ! passages 9 "q4 #bci4 ,to make s5se ( !m1 we mu/ take p]ception to mean p]ceiv$ ?+1 #bdj4 444 :i* x c only mean z ! result ( c]ta9 #8fictions'4 #bda4 ,if felt ?+ is no m ?an feel+1 h[ c x h qualities8 #bdb4 ,! ?+ w h ceas$ be=e ! quality beg9s to be4 #bdc4 ,hume equivocates by putt+ #8col\r$ po9ts' = col\r4 #bde4 ,c a #8disposition ( col\r$ po9ts' be an impression8 #bdf4 ,! po9ts mu/ be !mselves impressions1 & !re=e n co-exi/5t4 #bdg4 ,a #8comp\nd impression' exclud$ by ,hume's doctr9e ( "t4 #bdh4 ,! fact t col\rs mix1 n to ! purpose4 #bdi4 ,h[ ,hume avoids appe>ance ( id5tify+ space ) col\r1 & acc\nts = ! ab/raction ( space4 #bej4 ,9 s do+1 he implies t space is a relation1 & a relation :i* is n a possible impression4 #bea4 ,no logical alt]native betwe5 id5tify+ space ) col\r1 & admitt+ an idea n copi$ f an impression4 #beb4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! idea z ab/ract1 ,hume really introduces di/9ction betwe5 feel+ & conception2 #bec4 444 yet avoids appe>ance ( do+ s1 by treat+ #8consid]ation' ( ! relations ( a felt ?+ z if x 7 itself ! feel+4 #bed4 ,summ>y ( contradictions 9 8 acc\nt ( ext5sion4 #bee4 ,he gives no acc\nt ( quantity z su*4 #bef4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 ,"t & ,numb]4 #beg4 ,:at does x come to8 #beh4 ,unites alone really exi/3 numb] a #8fictiti\s d5om9ation'4 ,yet #8unites' & #8numb]' are correlative2 & ! suppos$ fiction unacc\ntable4 #bei4 ,idea ( "t ev5 m unacc\ntable on ,hume's pr9ciples4 #bfj4 ,8 o/5sible explanation ( x4 #bfa4 ,x turns ^u equivocation betwe5 feel+ & conception ( relations betwe5 felt ?+s4 #bfb4 ,he fails to assign any impression or comp\nd ( impressions f :i* idea ( "t is copi$4 #bfc4 ,h[ c he adju/ ! exact sci5ces to 8 !ory ( space & "t8 #bfd4 ,9 ord] to seem to d s1 he mu/ get rid ( #8,inf9ite ,divisibility'4 #bfe4 ,quantity made up ( impressions1 & !re mu/ be a lea/ possible impression4 #bff4 ,yet x is admitt$ t !re is an idea ( numb] n made up ( impressions4 ,a f9ite division into impressions no m possible ?an an inf9ite "o4 #bfg4 ,9 ,hume's in/ances x is n really a feel+1 b a conceiv$ ?+1 t appe>s z f9itely divisible4 #bfh4 ,^u true notion ( quantity inf9ite divisibility foll[s ( c\rse4 #bfi4 ,:at are ! ultimate elem5ts ( ext5sion8 ,if n ext5d$1 :at are !y8 #bgj4 ,col\rs or col\r$ po9ts8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce8 #bga4 ,true way ( deal+ ) ! "q4 #bgb4 #8,if ! po9t 7 divisible1 x w\ld be no t]m9ation ( a l9e4' ,answ] to ?is4 #bgc4 ,:at becomes ( ! exactness ( ma!matics accord+ to ,hume8 #bgd4 ,! univ]sal propositions ( geometry ei!r untrue or unmean+4 #bge4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,hume's doctr9e & t ( ! hypo!tical nature ( ma!matics4 #bgf4 ,! admission t no relations ( quantity are data ( s5se removes difficulty z to g5]al propositions ab\t !m4 #bgg4 ,hume does virtually admit ?is 9 reg>d to numb]s4 #bgh4 ,) ,hume idea ( vacuum impossible1 b logically n m s ?an t ( space4 #bgi4 ,h[ x is t we talk z if we _h idea ( vacuum accord+ to ,hume4 #bhj4 ,8 explanation implies t we h an idea virtually ! same4 #bha4 ,by a l device t he is able to expla9 ! appe>ance ( our hav+ su* ideas z ,causation & ,id5tity4 #bhc4 ,k ( relation 9 way ( ,id5tity & ,causation exclud$ by ,locke's def9ition ( k4 #bhd4 ,inf]5ce a transition f an object p]ceiv$ or rememb]$ to "o t is n s4 #bhe4 ,relation ( cause & effect ! same z ?is transition4 #bhf4 ,yet seems o!r ?an ?is4 ,h[ ?is appe>ance is to be expla9$4 #bhg4 ,inf]5ce1 re/+ on supposition ( necess>y connection1 to be expla9$ be=e t connection4 #bhh4 ,acc\nt ( ! inf]5ce giv5 by ,locke & ,cl>ke reject$4 #bhi4 ,?ree po9ts to be expla9$ 9 ! inf]5ce accord+ to ,hume4 #bij4 a4 ,! orig9al impression f :i* ! transition is made b4 ,! transition to inf]r$ idea #bia4 c4 ,! qualities ( ?is idea4 #bib4 ,x results t necess>y connection is an impression ( reflection1 i4e41 a prop5sity to ! transition describ$4 #bic4 ,! transition n to any?+ beyond s5se4 #bid4 ,nor det]m9$ by any objective relation4 #bie4 ,def9itions ( cause3 a4 ,z a #8philosophical' relation4 #bif4 ,is ,hume entitl$ to reta9 #8philosophical' relations z di/9ct f #8natural'8 #big4 ,exam9ation ( ,hume's language ab\t !m4 #bih4 ,philosophical relation consi/s 9 a comp>ison1 b no comp>ison betwe5 cause & effect4 #bii4 ,! comp>ison is betwe5 pres5t & pa/ exp]i5ce ( succession ( objects4 #cjj4 ,obs]vation ( succession already goes beyond s5se4 #cja4 ,z also does ! #8obs]vation conc]n+ id5tity1' :i* ! comp>ison involves4 #cjb4 ,id5tity ( objects an unavoidable crux = ,hume4 ,8 acc\nt ( x4 #cjc4 ,prop]ly ) him x is a fiction1 9 ! s5se t we h no su* idea4 ,yet he implies t we h su* idea1 9 say+ t we mi/ake some?+ else = x4 #cjd4 ,succession ( l feel+s mi/ak5 = an id5tical object3 b ! feel+s1 z describ$1 are already su* objects4 #cje4 ,fiction ( id5tity ?us impli$ z s\rce ( ! prop5sity :i* is to acc\nt = x4 #cjf4 ,) ,hume cont9u$ exi/5ce ( p]ceptions a fiction diff]5t f _! id5tity4 ,c p]ceptions exi/ :5 n p]ceiv$8 #cjg4 ,exi/5ce ( objects1 di/9ct f p]ceptions1 a fur!r fiction /ill4 #cjh4 ,are ^! sev]al #8fictions' really diff]5t f ea* o!r8 #cji4 ,are !y n all involv$ 9 ! simple/ p]ception8 #caj4 ,yet !y are n possible ideas1 because copi$ f no impressions4 #caa4 ,comp>ison ( pres5t exp]i5ce ) pa/1 :i* yields relation ( cause & effect1 pre-supposes judgm5t ( id5tity2 #cab4 444 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no recognition ( an object z "o obs]v$ be=e4 #cac4 ,hume makes conceptions ( id5tity & cause ea* come be=e ! o!r4 ,_! true correlativity4 #cad4 ,hume q "r 9 say+ t we d n g m beyond s5se 9 reason+ ?an 9 p]ception4 #cae4 ,h[ 8 doctr9e might h be5 develop$4 ,its actual outcome4 #caf4 ,no philosophical relation admissible ) ,hume t is n d]iv$ f a natural "o4 #cag4 ,exam9ation ( 8 acc\nt ( cause & effect z #8natural relation'4 #cah4 ,d\ble mean+ ( natural relation4 ,h[ ,hume turns x to acc\nt4 #cai4 ,if an effect is m]ely a con/antly obs]v$ sequ5ce1 h[ c an ev5t be an effect ! fir/ "t x is obs]v$8 ,hume evades ?is "q2 #cbj4 ,/ill1 he is a long way (f ! ,inductive ,logic1 :i* supposes an objective sequ5ce4 #cba4 ,c ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity ( nature be d]iv$ f sequ5ce ( feel+s8 #cbb4 ,) ,hume ! only uni=mity is 9 expectation1 z det]m9$ by habit2 b /r5g? ( su* expectation mu/ v>y indef9itely4 #cbc4 ,x c\ld n s]ve ! same purpose z ! conception ( uni=mity ( nature4 #cbd4 ,hume *anges ! mean+ ( ?is expectation by 8 acc\nt ( ! #8remembrance' :i* det]m9es x4 ,be>+ ( 8 doctr9e ( necess>y connexion ^u 8 argum5t aga9/ miracles4 ,?is remembrance1 z he describes x1 supposes conception ( a sy/em ( nature4 #cbf4 ,?is expla9s 8 occasional inconsi/5t ascription ( an objective "* to causation4 #cbg4 ,reality ( rememb]$ #8sy/em' transf]r$ to #8sy/em ( judgm5t'4 #cbh4 ,reality ( ! =m] #8sy/em' o!r ?an vivacity ( impressions4 #cbi4 ,x is con/itut$ by relations1 :i* are n impressions at all2 & 9 ?is lies explanation ( ! inf]5ce f x to #8sy/em ( judgm5t'4 #ccj4 ,n see+ ?is1 ,hume has to expla9 inf]5ce to latt] sy/em z some?+ =c$ ^u u by habit4 #cca4 ,b if s1 #8sy/em ( judgm5t' mu/ consi/ ( feel+s con/antly exp]i5c$2 #ccb4 444 :i* only diff] f rememb]$ feel+s inasmu* z _! livel9ess has fad$4 ,b h[ c x h fad$1 if !y h be5 con/antly repeat$8 #ccc4 ,inf]5ce !n c give no new k4 #ccd4 ,nor does ?is m]ely mean t x _c con/itute new ph5om5a1 :ile x c prove relations1 previ\sly unkn[n1 betwe5 ph5om5a4 ,su* a di/9ction inadmissible ) ,hume4 #cce4 ,8 di/9ction ( probability ( causes f t ( *ances might seem to imply conception ( nature1 z det]m9+ inf]5ce4 #ccf4 ,b ?is di/9ction he only pr(esses to adopt 9 ord] to expla9 x away4 #ccg4 ,laws ( nature are unqualifi$ habits ( expectation4 #cch4 ,exp]i5ce1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt ( x1 _c be a p>5t ( k4 #cci4 ,8 attitude t[>ds doctr9e ( ?9k+ sub/ance4 #cdj4 ,z to ,immat]iality ( ! ,s\l1 he plays (f ,locke & ,b]keley aga9/ ea* o!r1 & proves ,b]keley a ,sp9ozi/4 #cda4 ,causality ( _s treat$ 9 ! same way4 #cdb4 ,disposes ( #8p]sonal' id5tity by %[+ contradictions 9 ,locke's acc\nt ( x4 #cdc4 ,yet c only acc\nt = x z a #8fiction' by suppos+ ideas :i* ) him are impossible4 #cdd4 ,9 orig9 ?is #8fiction' ! same z t ( #8,body'4 #cde4 ,possibility ( su* fictiti\s ideas implies refutation ( ,hume's doctr9e4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,cont5ts ( ! ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,to ,,vol4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,hume's doctr9e ( morals p>allel to 8 doctr9e ( nature4 #b4 ,its relation to ,locke3 ,locke's acc\nt ( fre$om1 w1 & desire4 #c4 ,two que/ions3 ,does man always act f ! /ronge/ motive8 &1 ,:at con/itutes 8 motive8 ,! latt] ! important "q4 ,di/9ction betwe5 desires t are1 & ^? t are n1 det]m9$ by ! conception ( self4 #d4 ,effect ( ?is conception on ! objects ( human desire4 #e4 ,objects s con/itut$ ,locke %\ld consi/5tly exclude3 ,b he f9ds room = !m by treat+ e desire = an object1 ( :i* ! atta9m5t gives pleasure1 z a desire = pleasure4 #f4 ,confusion cov]$ by call+ #8happ9ess' ! g5]al object ( desire4 #g4 #8,greate/ sum ( pleasure' & #8,pleasure 9 g5]al' unmean+ expressions4 #h4 ,9 :at s5se ( happ9ess is x true t x #8is really j z x appe>s8' ,9 :at s5se t x is e "o's object8 #i4 ,no real object ( human desire c ev] be j z x appe>s4 #aj4 ,c ,locke consi/5tly all[ ! di/9ction betwe5 true happ9ess & false8 ,or responsibility8 #aa4 ,objections to ! ,utilit>ian answ] to ^! que/ions4 #ab4 ,accord+ to ,locke pres5t pleasures may be comp>$ ) future1 & desire susp5d$ till comp>ison has be5 made4 #ac4 ,:at is meant by #8pres5t' & #8future' pleasure8 ,by ! suppos$ comp>ison ,locke ought only to h meant ! competition ( pleasures equally pres5t 9 imag9ation3 #ad4444 & ?is c\ld give no gr\nd = responsibility4 ,9 ord] to d s1 x mu/ be und]/ood z imply+ det]m9ation by conception ( self4 #ae4 ,locke f9ds moral fre$om 9 necessity ( pursu+ happ9ess4 #af4 ,if an action is mov$ by desire = an object1 ,locke asks no que/ions ab\t orig9 ( ! object4 ,b :at is to be said ( actions1 :i* we only d because we ought8 #ag4 ,_! object is pleasure1 b pleasure giv5 n by nature b by law4 #ah4 ,con=mity to law n ! moral good1 b a means to x4 #ai4 ,hume has to d]ive f #8impressions' ! objects :i* ,locke took = grant$4 #bj4 ,que/ions :i* he f\nd at issue1 a4 ,is virtue int]e/$8 b4 ,:at is consci5ce8 #ba4 ,hobbes' answ] to fir/ "q4 #bb4 ,c\nt]-doctr9e ( ,%aftesbury4 ,vice is selfi%ness2 b no cle> acc\nt ( selfi%ness4 #bc4 ,confusion 9 8 notions ( self-good & public good2 ,is all liv+ = pleasure1 or only too mu* ( x1 selfi%8 #bd4 ,:at h ,butl] & ,hut*eson to say ab\t x8 ,*iefly t affections t]m9ate ^u _! objects2 b ?is does n exclude ! view t all desire is = pleasure4 #be4 ,( moral goodness ,butl]'s acc\nt circul>4 ,hut*eson's inconsi/5t ) 8 doctr9e t reason gives no end4 #bf4 ,s\rce ( ! moral judgm5t3 receiv$ notion ( reason incompatible ) true view4 ,%aftesbury's doctr9e ( rational affection2 spoilt by doctr9e ( #8moral s5se'4 #bg4 ,consequ5ces ( ! latt]4 #bh4 ,is an act done = #8virtue's sake' done = pleasure ( moral s5se8 #bi4 ,hume excludes e object ( desire b pleasure4 #cj4 ,8 acc\nt ( #8direct passions'3 all desire is = pleasure4 #ca4 ,yet he admits #8passions' :i* produce pleasure1 b proce$ n f x4 #cb4 ,desire = objects1 z he und]/&s x1 exclud$ by 8 !ory ( impressions & ideas4 #cc4 ,pride det]m9$ by ref]5ce to self4 #cd4 ,?is means t x takes its "* f t :i* is n a possible #8impression'4 #ce4 ,hume's attempt to repres5t idea ( self z d]iv$ f impression4 #cf4 ,ano!r device is to sugge/ a physiological acc\nt ( pride4 #cg4 ,fallacy ( ?is3 x does n tell u :at pride is to ! subject ( x4 #ch4 ,acc\nt ( love involves ! same difficulties2 & a fur!r "o z to nature ( sympa?y4 #ci4 ,hume's acc\nt ( sympa?y4 #dj4 ,x implies a self-consci\sness n r$ucible to impressions4 #da4 ,ambiguity 9 8 acc\nt ( b5evol5ce3 x is a desire & !re=e has pleasure = its object4 ,:at pleasure8 #db4 ,pleasure ( sympa?y ) ! pleasure ( ano!r4 #dc4 ,all #8passions' equally int]e/$ or dis9t]e/$4 ,confusion arises f use ( #8passion' alike = desire & emotion4 ,( ?is ,hume avails himself 9 8 acc\nt ( active pity4 #dd4 ,explanation ( app>5t conflict betwe5 reason & passion4 #de4 ,a #8reasonable' desire means "o t excites little emotion4 ,enum]ation ( possible motives4 #df4 ,if pleasure sole motive1 :at is ! di/9ction ( self-love8 ,its opposition to dis9t]e/$ desires1 z commonly und]/ood1 disappe>s4 ,x is desire = pleasure 9 g5]al4 #dg4 ,h[ ,hume gives mean+ to ?is o!rwise unmean+ def9ition4 #8,int]e/1' l o!r motives describ$1 implies det]m9ation by reason4 #dh4 ,?us ,hume1 hav+ degrad$ morality = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 aft] all is n consi/5t4 #di4 ,if all good is pleasure1 :at is moral good8 ,ambiguity 9 ,locke's view4 #ej4 ,developm5t ( x by ,cl>ke1 :i* breaks d[n = want ( true view ( reason4 #ea4 ,) ,hume1 moral good is pleasure excit$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 viz42 9 ! spectator ( ! #8good' act & by ! view ( its t5d5cy to produce pleasure4 #ec4 ,moral s5se is ?us sympa?y ) pleasure qualifi$ by consid]ation ( g5]al t5d5cies4 #ed4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! facts x has to become sympa?y ) unfelt feel+s4 #ee4 ,c ! di/9ction betwe5 ! #8moral' & #8natural' be ma9ta9$ by ,hume8 ,:at is #8artificial virtue'8 #ef4 ,no gr\nd = su* di/9ction 9 relation betwe5 motive & act4 #eg4 ,motive to artificial virtues4 #eh4 ,h[ artificial virtues become moral4 #ei4 ,int]e/ & sympa?y acc\nt = all obligations civil & moral4 #fj4 ,:at is meant by an action :i* ought to be done4 #fa4 ,s5se ( morality no motive3 :5 x seems s ! motive is really pride4 #fb4 ,di/9ction betwe5 virtu\s & vici\s motive does n exi/ = p]son mov$4 #fc4 #8,consci\sness ( s9' disappe>s4 #fd4 ,only respectability rema9s3 & ev5 ?is n consi/5tly acc\nt$ =4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,to ,,vol4 ,i4 ,h[ ! hi/ory ( philosophy %\ld be /udi$4 #a4 ,!re is a view ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 by ?is "t famili>is$ to ,engli%m51 :i* deta*es f ! *aos ( ev5ts a connect$ s]ies ( rul+ actions & beliefs--! a*ievem5t ( great m5 & great epo*s1 & assigns to ^! 9 a special s5se ! t]m #8hi/orical4' ,accord+ to ?is !ory--:i* inde$1 if !re is to be a !ory ( ,hi/ory at all1 alone gives ! ne$ful simplification--! mass ( nations mu/ be reg>d$ z left 9 swamps & %all[s outside ! ma9 /ream ( human developm5t4 ,!y h ei!r nev] come )9 ! rea* ( ! hopes & in/itutions :i* make hi/ory a progress in/ead ( a cycle1 or !y h /iff5$ ^! into a dead body ( c]emony & ca/e1 or at "s great epo* !y h fail$ to disc]n ! sign ( ! times & reject$ ! c\nsel ( ,god aga9/ !mselves4 ,?us p]man5tly or = g5]ations1 ) no pr9ciple ( motion b unsatisfi$ want1 )\t ! assimilative ideas :i* f ! /rife ( passions elicit moral results1 !y h trodd5 ! old r\nd ( w>1 trade1 & faction1 add+ no?+ to ! spiritual h]itage ( man4 ,x w\ld seem t ! hi/orian ne$ n tr\ble himself ) !m1 except s f> z relation to !m det]m9es ! activity ( ! progressive nations4 ,hume ! la/ great ,engli% philosoph]4 #b4 ,a correspond+ !ory may ) "s confid5ce be appli$ to simplify ! hi/ory ( philosophical op9ion4 ,! common plan ( seek+ ?is hi/ory 9 comp5dia ( ! sy/ems ( philosophical writ]s1 tak5 9 ! gross or ) no discrim9ation except 9 reg>d to "t & popul>ity1 is ma9ly to blame = ! common notion t metaphysical enquiry is an endless process ( ?re%+ old /raw4 ,su* enquiry is really progressive1 & has a real hi/ory1 b x is a hi/ory repres5t$ by a few great names4 ,at r>e epo*s !re appe> m51 or sets ( m51 ) ! true speculative impulse to beg9 at ! beg9n+ & g to ! end1 & ) ! faculty ( disc]n+ ! true po9t ( dep>ture :i* previ\s speculation has fix$ = !m4 ,! int]vals are occupi$ by comm5tators & expon5ts ( ! la/ true philosoph]1 if x has be5 8 mission to con/ruct2 if x has be5 sceptical1 by writ]s :o _c und]/& ! fatal "q t he has ask$1 & ?us /ill dig 9 ! old ve9 :i* he _h exhau/$1 & ( :i* 8 f9al dilemma _h %[n ! bottom4 ,su* an int]val 0 t :i* 9 ! gr[? ( cont95tal philosophy foll[$ on ! epo* ( ,leibnitz2 an int]val ( academic exposition or =mulation1 9 :i* ! sy/em1 t _h be5 to ! ma/] an incomplete enquiry1 became 9 ! h&s ( 8 disciples a "o-sid$ dogmatism4 ,9 ! l9e ( speculation m di/9ctively ,engli%1 a l rgime ( #8/r5ua in]tia' has prevail$ s9ce ! "t ( ,hume4 ,9 ! mann] ( its unpr(itabl5ess1 inde$1 x has diff]$ f ! ,wolfian p]iod 9 ,g]many1 j z ! dis9t]e/$ scepticism ( ,hume diff]$ f ! sy/em-mak+ = purposes ( edification to :i* ,leibnitz appli$ himself4 ,x has be5 unpr(itable1 because its repres5tatives h p]si/$ 9 philosophis+ ^u pr9ciples :i* ,hume _h pursu$ to _! legitimate issue & _h %[n1 n z _! enemy b z _! advocate1 to r5d] all philosophy futile4 ,adopt+ ! premises & me?od ( ,locke1 he cle>$ !m ( all illogical adaptations to popul> belief1 & exp]im5t$ ) !m on ! body ( pr(ess$ k1 z "o only c\ld d :o _h nei!r any twi/ ( vice nor any bias = do+ good1 b 0 a philosoph] because he c\ld n help x4 ,kant 8 true successor4 #c4 ,z ! result ( ! exp]im5t1 ! me?od1 :i* began ) pr(ess+ to expla9 k1 %[$ k to be impossible4 ,hume himself 0 p]fectly cognisant ( ?is result1 b 8 successors 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& w\ld seem s f> to h be5 unable to look x 9 ! face4 ,!y h ei!r ?ru/ _! heads aga9 into ! bu% ( uncriticis$ belief1 or !y h gone on elaborat+ ,hume's doctr9e ( association1 9 app>5t =getfulness ( ,hume's own pro( ( its insuffici5cy to acc\nt = an intellig5t1 z oppos$ to a m]ely in/9ctive or habitual1 exp]i5ce4 ,an enquiry1 h[ev]1 s ?or\gh & passionless z ! #8,treatise ( ,human ,nature1' c\ld n be 9 va92 & if no ,engli% a?lete _h /r5g? to c>ry on ! tor*1 x 0 transf]r$ to a m vigor\s l9e 9 ,g]many4 ,x awoke ,kant1 z he us$ to say1 f 8 #8dogmatic slumb]1' to put him into t /ate ( m9d by "s call$ wond]1 by o!rs d\bt1 9 :i* all true philosophy beg9s4 ,?is /ate1 ) less ambiguity ( t]ms1 may be describ$ z t ( fre$om f presuppositions4 ,x 0 because ,kant1 read+ ,hume ) ! eyes ( ,leibnitz & ,leibnitz ) ! eyes ( ,hume1 0 able to a great ext5t to rid himself ( ! presuppositions ( bo?1 t he />t$ t new me?od ( philosophy :i*1 z elaborat$ by ,hegel1 claims to set man free f ! artificial impot5ce ( 8 own false logic1 & ?us qualify him = a complete int]pretation ( 8 own a*ievem5t 9 k & morality4 ,?us ! #8,treatise ( ,human ,nature' & ! #8,critic ( ,pure ,reason1' tak5 toge!r1 =m ! real bridge betwe5 ! old _w ( philosophy & ! new4 ,!y are ! ess5tial #8,propa$eutik1' )\t :i* no "o is a qualifi$ /ud5t ( mod]n philosophy4 ,! close correspond5ce betwe5 ! two works becomes m app>5t ! m ea* is /udi$4 ,x is su* z to give a /rong presumption t ,kant _h /udi$ ,hume's doctr9e 9 its orig9al & complete expression1 & n m]ely z x 0 made easy 9 ! #8,essays4' ,! "o ) full & reason$ articulation asks ! "q1 :i* ! o!r ) equal fulness seeks to answ]4 ,x is probably because ! "q 9 its complete /atem5t has be5 s little /udi$ among u1 t ! intellectual necessity ( ! ,kantian answ] has be5 s little appreciat$4 ,to trace ! orig9 & br+ out ! po9ts ( ! "q1 9 ord] to ! exhibition ( t necessity1 w be ! object ( ! foll[+ treatise4 ,to d ?is ?or\ghly1 inde$1 w\ld c>ry u back ?r\gh ,hobbes to ,bacon4 ,b z pres5t limits d n all[ ( s long a j\rney1 we mu/ be cont5t ) %[+ ,hume's direct filiation to ,locke1 :o1 inde$1 suffici5tly ga!r$ up ! results ( ! #8empirical' philosophy ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,di/9ction betwe5 lit]>y hi/ory & ! hi/ory ( philosophical sy/ems4 #d4 ,su* a task is v diff]5t f an ord9>y und]tak+ 9 lit]>y hi/ory1 & requires diff]5t treatm5t4 ,to ! hi/orian ( lit]ature a philosoph] is int]e/+1 if at all1 on acc\nt ( ! p]sonal qualities :i* make a great writ]1 & h a p]man5t effect on lett]s & g5]al culture4 ,locke & ,hume und\bt$ly _h ^! qualities & produc$ su* an effect--an effect 9 ,locke's case m int5se ^u ! imm$iately foll[+ g5]ations1 b 9 ,hume's m rem>kable z hav+ reappe>$ aft] ne> a c5tury ( app>5t =getfulness4 ,ea*1 inde$1 l e true philosoph]1 0 ! m\?-piece ( a c]ta9 sy/em ( ?\ght det]m9$ = him by ! /age at :i* he f\nd ! dialectic movem5t t con/itutes ! progress ( philosophy1 b ea* gave to ?is sy/em ! /amp ( t p]sonal p[] :i* p]suades m54 ,_! mode ( expression _h none ( t academic or #8ex ca!dra' "*1 :i* has made ,g]man philosophy almo/ a =eign lit]ature 9 ! c\ntry ( its bir?4 ,!y wrote z citiz5s & m5 ( ! _w1 anxi\s 79 no bad s5se7 = effect2 & ev5 :5 _! conclusions 7 remote f popul> belief1 /ill pres5t$ !m 9 ! fle% & blood ( curr5t t]ms us$ 9 ! curr5t s5ses4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 _! human individuality & its effects ^u lit]ature1 b z ! vehicles ( a sy/em ( ?\ght1 t x is propos$ "h to treat !m2 & ?is purpose w be/ be fulfill$ if we foll[ ! l9e ( _! speculation )\t div]g5ce into lit]>y criticism or hi/ory1 )\t rem>ks ei!r on ! peculi>ities ( _! g5ius or on any ( ! second>y influ5ces :i* affect$ _! writ+s or arose out ( !m4 ,= a me?od ( ?is sort1 x w\ld seem1 !re is "s ne$ among u4 ,we h be5 le>n+ ( late to "k mu* m ab\t philosoph]s1 b x is possible = k ab\t philosoph]s to fl\ri% inv]sely z ! k ( philosophy4 ,! reviv$ int]e/ :i* is noticeable 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy may be an indication ei!r ( philosophical vig\r or ( philosophical decay4 ,9 ^? :om intellectual indol5ce1 or a misund]/ood & disav[$ metaphysic1 has l&$ 9 scepticism !re (t5 survives a curiosity ab\t ! lit]>y hi/ory ( philosophy1 & ! writ+s :i* ?is curiosity produces t5d fur!r to spread ! notion t philosophy is a matt] ab\t :i* !re has be5 mu* guess+ by great intellects1 b no def9ite tru? is to be atta9$4 ,x is o!rwise ) ^? :o see 9 philosophy a progressive ef=t t[>ds a fully-articulat$ conception ( ! _w z rational4 ,to !m its pa/ hi/ory is ( int]e/ z repres5t+ /eps 9 ?is progress :i* h already be5 tak5 = u1 & :i*1 if we w make !m our own1 c>ry u s f> on our way t[>ds ! fre$om ( p]fect und]/&+2 :ile to ignore !m is n to return to ! simplicity ( a pre-philosopic age1 b to condemn ourselves to grope 9 ! maze ( #8cultivat$ op9ion1' itself ! confus$ result ( ^? pa/ sy/ems ( ?\ght :i* we w n tr\ble ourselves to ?9k out4 ,object ( ! pres5t enquiry4 #e4 ,! value ( t sy/em ( ?\ght1 :i* f\nd its cle>e/ expression 9 ,hume1 lies 9 its be+ an ef=t to ?9k to _! logical issue c]ta9 notions :i* s9ce !n h become commonplaces ) educat$ ,engli%m51 b :i*1 = t reason1 we mu/ deta* ourselves f popul> controv]sy to appreciate rightly4 ,we are famili> en\gh ) ^! 9 ! =m to :i* adaptation to ! ne$s ( plausibility has gradually r$uc$ !m1 b because we d n ?9k !m out ) ! consi/5cy ( _! orig9al expon5ts1 we miss _! true value4 ,!y d n c>ry u1 z !y w d if we re/ore _! orig9al significance1 by an intellectual necessity to ^? tru] notions :i*1 9 fact1 h be5 _! sequel 9 ! developm5t ( philosophy1 b h n yet f\nd _! way into ! #8culture' ( our "t4 ,an attempt to re/ore _! value1 h[ev]1 if ?is be ! "r view ( its nature1 _c b seem at fir/ sight invidi\s4 ,x w seem z if1 :ile we talk ( _! value1 we 7 imp]t95tly try+ to #8pull !m to pieces4' ,b ^? :o und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 philosophical failures1 :i* are s because !y are ana*ronisms1 & ^? :i* 9 _! failure h br\ght out a new tru? & compell$ a /ep =w>d 9 ! progress ( ?\ght1 w und]/& t a process1 :i* looks l pull+ a great philosoph] to pieces1 may be ! true way ( %[+ rev]5ce = 8 greatness4 ,x is a ,ph>isaical way ( build+ ! sepul*res ( philosoph]s to pr(ess _! doctr9e or extol _! g5ius )\t mak+ _! _s our own4 ,! g5ius ( ,locke & ,hume 0 _! read9ess to foll[ ! lead ( ,ideas3 _! _s 0 ! _s ( ,rationalism--! _s :i*1 h[ev] baffl$ & =c$ into inconsi/5t admissions1 is /ill gov]n$ by ! fai? t all ?+s may ultimately be und]/ood4 ,we be/ d rev]5ce to _! g5ius1 we mo/ truly appropriate _! _s1 9 s explor+ ! difficulties to :i* _! enquiry l$1 z to f9d 9 !m ! sugge/ion ( a !ory :i* may help u to walk firmly :]e !y /umbl$ & fell4 ,locke's problem & me?od4 #f4 ,ab\t ,locke1 z ab\t e o!r philosoph]1 ! ess5tial que/ions are1 ,:at 0 8 problem1 & :at 0 8 me?od8 ,locke1 z a man ( bus9ess1 gives u ! answ]s at />t+4 ,8 problem 0 ! orig9 ( #8ideas' 9 ! individual man1 & _! connection z con/itut+ k3 8 me?od t ( simply #8look+ into 8 own und]/&+ & see+ h[ x wr\ght4' ,^! answ]s comm5d !mselves to common s5se1 & /ill =m ! text ( popul> psy*ology4 ,if its confid5ce 9 _! value1 z expla9$ by ,locke1 is at all beg9n+ to be %ak51 ?is is n because1 accord+ to a /rict logical developm5t1 !y issu$ 9 ,hume's unansw]$ scepticism1 :i* 0 too subtle = popul> effect1 b because !y are n[ op5 to a r\gh] batt]y f ! physiologi/s4 ,our conc]n at pres5t is m]ely to %[ _! precise mean+1 & ! difficulties :i* accord+ to ?is mean+ !y involve4 ,8 notion ( ! #8?9k+ ?+'4 #g4 ,!re are two propositions on :i* ,locke is con/antly insi/+3 "o1 t ! object ( 8 inve/igation is 8 own m9d2 ! o!r1 t 8 attitude t[>ds ?is object is t ( m]e obs]vation4 ,he speaks ( 8 own m9d1 x is to be notic$1 j z he might ( 8 own body4 ,x meant some?+ born )1 & dep5d5t on1 ! p>ticul> animal organism t fir/ saw ! light at ,wr+ton on a p>ticul> day 9 #afcb4 ,x 0 z exclusive ( o!r m9ds z 8 body ( o!r bodies1 & he c\ld only inf] a resemblance betwe5 !m & x4 ,) all 8 animosity to ! co>se spiritualism ( ! doctr9e ( innate ideas1 he 0 ! victim ( ! same notion :i* gave t doctr9e its falsehood & grotesqu5ess4 ,he1 j z mu* z ! untutor$ ,c>tesian1 reg>d$ ! #8m9ds' ( diff]5t m5 z s _m diff]5t ?+s2 & 8 refutation ( ! objectionable hypo!sis proce$s :olly f ?is view4 ,:e!r ! m9d is put complete into ! body1 or is born & gr[s ) x2 :e!r x has c]ta9 *>act]s /amp$ ^u x to beg9 )1 or receives all its ideas ?r\gh ! s5ses2 :e!r x is simple & !re=e indisc]ptible1 or comp\nd & !re=e p]i%able--all ^! que/ions to ,locke1 z to 8 oppon5ts1 conc]n a multitude ( #8?9k+ ?+s' 9 him & !m1 m]ely individual1 b happ5+ to be pretty mu* alike4 ,?is he w passively obs]ve4 #h4 ,?is #8?9k+ ?+1' !n1 z he f9ds x 9 himself1 ! philosoph]1 accord+ to ,locke1 has m]ely & passively to obs]ve1 9 ord] to und]/& ! nature ( k4 #8,i c\ld look into nobody's und]/&+ b my own to see h[ x wr\ght1' he says1 b #8,i ?9k ! intellectual faculties are made & op]ate alike 9 mo/ m54 ,b if x %\ld happ5 n to be s1 ,i c only make x my humble reque/1 9 my own "n & 9 ! "n ( ^? t are ( my size1 :o f9d _! m9ds "w1 reason1 & "k 9 ! same l[ way t m9e does1 t ! m5 ( a m happy g5ius w %[ u ! way ( _! nobl] flights4' 7,second ,lett] to ,bi%op ( ,worce/]47 ,z w appe> 9 ! sequel1 x is f ?is imag9>y me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! orig9 & nature ( k by passive obs]vation ( :at goes on 9 "o's own m9d t ! emb>rassm5ts ( ,locke's sy/em fl[4 ,x 0 ! function ( ,hume to exhibit ! radical flaw 9 8 ma/]'s me?od by foll[+ x ) m ?an 8 ma/]'s rig\r4 ,is su* obs]vation possible8 #i4 ,z an obs]vation ( ! #8?9k+ ?+1' ! #8philosophy ( m9d' seems to assume ! "* ( a natural sci5ce1 & ?us at once acquires def9it5ess1 & if n c]ta9ty1 at lea/ plausibility4 ,to d5y ! possibility ( su* obs]vation1 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 is = mo/ m5 to tamp] ) ! unque/ion$ h]itage ( all educat$ intellig5ce4 ,h5ce ! unpalatability ( a consi/5t ,positivism2 h5ce1 too1 on ! o!r side1 ! g5]al conviction t ! ,hegelian r$uction ( ,psy*ology to ,metaphysics is ei!r an intellectual juggle1 or a wilful return ( ! philosophy1 :i* psy*ologi/s _h wa%$1 to ! mire ( s*ola/icism4 ,x is ! m important to asc]ta9 :at ! obs]vation 9 "q precisely means4 ,:at obs]ves1 & :at is obs]v$8 ,accord+ to ,locke 7& empirical psy*ology has nev] sub/antially v>i$ ! answ]7 ! matt] to be obs]v$ consi/s = ea* man fir/ly 9 c]ta9 impressions ( 8 own individual m9d1 by :i* ?is m9d f be+ a m]e blank has become furni%$--by :i*1 9 o!r words1 8 m9d has become actually a m9d2 &1 secondly1 9 c]ta9 op]ations1 :i* ! m9d1 ?us con/itut$1 p]=ms ^u ! mat]ials :i* con/itute x4 ,! obs]v]1 all ! :ile1 is ! con/itut$ m9d itself4 ,! "q at once arises1 h[ ! develop$ man c obs]ve 9 himself 7& x is only to himself1 accord+ to ,locke1 t he c look7 t primitive /ate 9 :i* 8 m9d 0 a #8tabula rasa4' ,9 ! fir/ place1 t only c be obs]v$ :i* is pres5t2 & ! /ate 9 "q to ! suppos$ obs]v] is pa/4 ,if x be repli$ t x is recall$ by memory1 !re is ! f>!r objection t memory only recalls :at has be5 previ\sly kn[n1 & h[ is a man's own primitive consci\sness1 z yet void ( ! cont5t :i* is suppos$ to come to x ?r\gh impressions1 orig9ally kn[n to him8 ,h[ c ! #8tabula rasa' be cognisant ( itself8 ,:y x seems s4 #aj4 ,! cov] "u :i* ?is difficulty 0 hidd5 f ,locke1 z f popul> psy*ologi/s ev] s9ce1 consi/s 9 ! implicit assumption ( c]ta9 ideas1 ei!r z possess$ by or act+ ^u ! m9d 9 ! suppos$ primitive /ate1 :i* are yet held to be arriv$ at by a gradual process ( comp>ison1 ab/raction1 & g5]alisation4 ,?is assumption1 :i* r5d]s ! :ole sy/em re/+ ^u ! int]rogation ( consci\sness a p>alogism1 is yet ! condition ( its app>5t possibility4 ,x is only z already *>g$ ) a cont5t :i* is yet 7& = ! individual1 truly7 ma9ta9$ to be ! gradual acquisition ( exp]i5ce1 t ! primitive consci\sness has any answ] to give to its int]rogator4 ,locke's acc\nt ( orig9 ( ideas4 #aa4 ,let u consid] ! passage :]e ,locke sums up 8 !ory ( ! #8orig9al ( our ideas4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #bc1 #bd47 #8,s9ce !re appe> n to be any ideas 9 ! m9d1 be=e ! s5ses h convey$ any 91 ,i conceive t ideas 9 ! und]/&+ are coeval ) s5sation2 :i* is su* an impression1 made 9 "s "p ( ! body1 z produces "s p]ception 9 ! und]/&+4 ,x is ab\t ^! impressions made on our s5ses by outw>d objects1 t ! m9d seems fir/ to employ itself 9 su* op]ations z we call p]ception1 rememb]+1 consid]ation1 reason+1 c4 ,9 "t ! m9d comes to reflect on its own op]ations ab\t ! ideas got by s5sation1 & !reby /ores itself ) a new set ( ideas1 :i* ,i call ideas ( reflection4 ,^! impressions t are made on our s5ses by outw>d objects1 t are extr9sical to ! m9d2 & its own op]ations1 proce$+ f p[]s intr9sical & prop] to itself1 :i*1 :5 reflect$ on by itself1 become also objects ( its contemplation1 are1 z ,i h said1 ! orig9al ( all k4' ,its ambiguities 7a7 ,9 reg>d to s5sation4 #ab4 ,c we f ?is passage elicit a di/9ct acc\nt ( ! beg9n+ ( intellig5ce8 ,9 ! fir/ place x consi/s 9 an #8idea1' & an idea is else:]e 7,introduction1 sec4 #h7 /at$ to be #8:atsoev] is ! object ( ! und]/&+1 :5 a man ?9ks4' ,b ! prim>y idea is an #8idea ( s5sation4' ,does ?is mean t ! prim>y idea is a s5sation1 or is a di/9ction to be made betwe5 ! s5sation & ! idea !re(8 ,! passage be=e u w\ld seem to imply su* a di/9ction4 ,look+ m]ely to x1 we %\ld probably say t by s5sation ,locke meant #8an impression or motion 9 "s "p ( ! body2' by ! idea ( s5sation #8a p]ception 9 ! und]/&+1' :i* ?is impression produces4 ,! acc\nt ( p]ception itself gives a diff]5t result4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #c47 #8,:atev] impressions are made on ! outw>d p>ts1 if !y are n tak5 notice ( )91 !re is no p]ception4 ,fire may burn our bodies ) no o!r effect ?an x does a billet1 unless ! motion be cont9u$ to ! bra91 & !re ! s5se ( heat or idea ( pa9 be produc$ 9 ! m9d1 :]e9 consi/s actual p]ception4' ,"h s5sation is id5tifi$ at once ) ! idea & ) p]ception1 z oppos$ to ! impression on ! bodily organs4 #a ,to conf\nd ! confusion /ill f>!r1 9 a passage imm$iately prec$+ ! above1 #8,p]ception1' "h id5tifi$ ) ! idea ( s5sation1 has be5 di/+ui%$ f x1 z #8ex]cis$ ab\t x4' #8,p]ception1 z x is ! fir/ faculty ( ! m9d ex]cis$ ab\t our ideas1 s x is ! fir/ & simple/ idea we h f reflection4' ,tak+ ,locke at 8 ^w1 !n1 we f9d ! beg9n+ ( intellig5ce to consi/ 9 hav+ an idea ( s5sation4 ,?is idea1 h[ev]1 we p]ceive1 & to p]ceive is to h an idea2 i4e4 to h an idea ( an idea ( s5sation4 ,b ( p]ception aga9 we h a simple or primitive idea4 ,!re=e ! beg9n+ ( intellig5ce consi/s 9 hav+ an idea ( an idea ( an idea ( s5sation4 #a ,cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xix4 sec4 #a4 #8,! p]ception1 :i* actually accompanies & is annex$ to any impression on ! body1 made by an ext]nal object1 be+ di/9ct f all o!r modifications ( ?9k+1 furni%es ! m9d ) a di/9ct idea :i* we call s5sation2 :i* is1 z x 71 ! actual entrance ( any idea into ! und]/&+ by ! s5ses4' 7b7 ,9 reg>d to ideas ( reflection4 #ac4 ,by insi/+ on ,locke's acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 ! ideas ( s5sation & ^? ( reflection we might be br\ght to a diff]5t b n m lum9\s conclusion4 ,9 ! passages quot$ above1 :]e ?is relation is mo/ fully spok5 (1 x appe>s t ! latt] are ess5tially sequ5t to ^? ( s5sation4 #8,9 "t ! m9d comes to reflect on its own op]ations1 ab\t ! ideas got by s5sation1 & !reby /ores itself ) a new set ( ideas1 :i* ,i call ideas ( reflection4' ,( ^! only two are prim>y & orig9al 7,book ,,ii4 c4 xxi4 sec4 #gc71 viz4 motivity or p[] ( mov+1 ) :i* we are n at pres5t conc]n$1 & p]ceptivity or p[] ( p]ception4 ,b accord+ to ,locke1 z we h se51 !re _c be any1 ! simple/1 idea ( s5sation )\t p]ception4 ,if1 !n1 ! idea ( p]ception is only giv5 lat] & ^u reflection1 we mu/ suppose p]ception to take place )\t any idea ( x4 ,b ) ,locke to h an idea & to p]ceive are equival5t t]ms4 ,we mu/ ?us conclude t ! beg9n+ ( k is an unp]ceiv$ p]ception1 :i* is aga9/ 8 express /atem5t else:]e 7,book ,,ii4 c4 xxvii4 sec4 #i71 t x is #8impossible = any "o to p]ceive )\t p]ceiv+ t he does p]ceive4' ,:at is ! #8tablet' impress$8 #ad4 ,mean:ile a p]petual equivocation is kept up betwe5 a suppos$ impression on ! #8outw>d p>ts1' & a suppos$ impression on ! #8tablet ( ! m9d4' ,x is n ! impression ^u1 or a motion 91 ! outw>d p>ts1 z ,locke admits1 t con/itutes ! idea ( s5sation4 ,x is n an agitation 9 ! tympanum ( ! e>1 or a picture on ! ret9a ( ! eye1 t we are consci\s ( :5 we see a sight or he> a s\nd4 #a ,! motion or impression1 h[ev]1 has only1 z he seems to suppose1 to be #8cont9u$ to ! bra91' & x becomes an idea ( s5sation4 ,not)/&+ ! r\gh l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 s\l & body1 :i* he draws else:]e1 8 !ory 0 practically gov]n$ by ! supposition ( a c]ebral some?+1 9 :i*1 z 9 a ?ird equivocal tablet1 ! imag9>y m5tal & bodily tablets are bl5d$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( s5sation1 z an object ( ! und]/&+ :5 a man ?9ks1 diff]s absolutely f #8a motion ( ! outw>d p>ts1' x does s no less absolutely1 h[ev] language & metaphor may disguise ! diff]5ce1 f su* motion z #8cont9u$ to ! bra94' ,an in/ruct$ man1 d\btless1 may come to ?9k ab\t a motion 9 8 bra91 z ab\t a motion ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun1 b to speak ( su* motion z an idea ( s5sation or an imm$iate object ( intellig5t s5se1 is to confuse betwe5 ! object ( consci\sness & a possible physical !ory ( ! conditions ( t consci\sness4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 by su* an equivocation t any idea1 accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt ( ! idea1 c be describ$ z an #8impression' at all1 or t ! repres5tation ( ! m9d z a tablet1 :e!r born blank or ) *>act]s /amp$ on x1 has ev5 an app>5t mean+4 ,a metaphor1 int]pret$ z a fact1 becomes ! basis ( 8 philosophical sy/em4 #a ,cf4 ,locke's own /atem5t 7,book ,,iii4 c4 iv4 sec4 #aj74 #8,! cause ( any s5sation1 & ! s5sation itself1 9 all ! simple ideas ( "o s5se1 are two ideas2 & two ideas s diff]5t & di/ant "o f ano!r1 t no two c be m s4' ,does ! m9d make impressions on itself8 #ae4 ,z appli$ to ! ideas ( reflection1 inde$1 ! metaphor loses ev5 its plausibility4 ,9 its application to ! ideas ( s5sation x ga9s popul> acceptance f ! ready confusion ( ?\ght & matt] 9 ! imag9>y c]ebral tablet1 & ! supposition ( actual impact ^u ?is by #8outw>d ?+s4' ,b 9 ! case ( ideas ( reflection1 x is ! m9d t at once gives & takes ! impression4 ,x mu/ be suppos$1 t is1 to make impressions on itself4 ,!re is ! fur!r difficulty t z p]ception is necess>y 9 ord] to give an idea ( s5sation1 ! impress ( p]ception mu/ be tak5 by ! m9d 9 its e>lie/ receptivity2 or1 9 o!r words1 x mu/ impress itself :ile /ill a blank1 /ill void ( any #8furniture' :]e) to make ! impression4 ,!re is no escape f ?is result unless we suppose p]ception to prec$e ! idea ( x by "s int]val ( "t1 :i* l&s u1 z we h se51 9 ! c\nt] difficulty ( suppos+ an unp]ceiv$ p]ception4 ,locke disguises ! difficulty f himself & 8 read] by con/antly %ift+ bo? ! receptive subject & ! impressive matt]4 ,we f9d ! #8tablet' p]petually rec$+4 ,fir/ x is ! #8outw>d "p' or bodily organ4 ,!n x is ! bra91 to :i* ! impression receiv$ by ! outw>d "p mu/ someh[ be cont9u$1 9 ord] to produce s5sation4 ,!n x is ! p]ceptive m9d1 :i* takes an impression ( ! s5sation or has an idea ( x4 ,f9ally1 x is ! reflective m9d1 ^u :i* 9 turn ! p]ceptive m9d makes impressions4 ,b ! ha/y read]1 :5 he is told t ! m9d is passively impress$ ) ideas ( reflection1 is apt to =get t ! matt] :i* ?us impresses x is1 accord+ to ,locke's %[+1 simply its p]ceptive1 i4e4 its passive1 self4 ,s\rce ( ^! difficulties4 ,! #8simple' idea1 z ,locke describes x1 is a complex idea ( sub/ance & relation4 #af4 ,! real s\rce ( ^! emb>rassm5ts 9 ,locke's !ory1 x mu/ be not$1 lies 9 ! attempt to make ! individual consci\sness give an answ] to its int]rogator z to ! beg9n+ ( k4 ,! individual look+ back on an imag9>y e>lie/ exp]i5ce pron\nces himself 9 t exp]i5ce to h be5 simply s5sitive & passive4 ,b by ?is he means consci\sly s5sitive ( some?+ & consci\sly passive 9 relation to some?+4 ,t is1 he supposes ! primitive exp]i5ce to h involv$ consci\sness ( a self on ! "o h& & ( a ?+ on ! o!r1 z well z ( a relation betwe5 ! two4 ,9 ! #8idea ( s5sation' z ,locke conceiv$ x1 su* a consci\sness is cle>ly impli$1 not)/&+ 8 confusion ( t]ms4 ,! idea is a p]ception1 or consci\sness ( a ?+1 z oppos$ to a s5sation prop] or affection ( ! bodily organs4 ,( ! p]ception1 aga91 !re is an idea1 i4e4 a consci\sness by ! man1 9 ! p]ception1 ( himself 9 negative relation to ! ?+ t is 8 object1 & ?is consci\sness 7if we w\ld make ,locke consi/5t 9 exclud+ an unp]ceiv$ p]ception7 mu/ be tak5 to g along ) ! p]ceptive act itself4 ,no less ?an ?is inde$ c be involv$ 9 any act t is to be ! beg9n+ ( k at all4 ,x is ! m9imum ( possible ?\ght or intellig5ce1 & ! ?9k+ man1 look+ = ?is beg9n+ 9 ! e>lie/ exp]i5ce ( ! individual human animal1 mu/ ne$s f9d x !re4 ,b ?is means no less ?an t he is f9d+ !re already ! conceptions ( sub/ance & relation4 ,h5ce a d\ble contradiction3 fir/ly1 a contradiction betwe5 ! prim>9ess ( self-consci\s cognisance ( a ?+1 z ! beg9n+ ( possible k1 on ! "o h&1 & ! prim>9ess ( animal s5sation 9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual man on ! o!r2 secondly1 a contradiction betwe5 ! prim>9ess 9 k ( ! ideas ( sub/ance & relation1 & ! seem+ly gradual atta9m5t ( ^? #8ab/ractions' by ! individual intellect4 ,! =m] ( ^! contradictions is blurr$ by ,locke 9 ! two ma9 confusions :i* we h s f> notic$3 7a7 ! confusion betwe5 s5sation prop] & p]ception1 :i* is cov]$ "u ! phrase #8idea ( s5sation2' a phrase :i*1 if s5sation means ! fir/ act ( intellig5ce1 is pleona/ic1 & if x means ! #8motion ( ! outw>d p>ts cont9u$ to ! bra91' is unmean+2 & 7b7 ! confusion betwe5 ! physical affection ( ! bra9 & ! act ( ! self-consci\s subject1 cov]$ "u ! equivocal metaphor ( impression4 ,! latt] contradiction1 t conc]n+ ! ideas ( sub/ance & relation1 has to be fur!r consid]$4 ,h[ ?is contradiction is disguis$4 #ag4 ,x is n difficult to %[ t to h a simple idea1 accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt ( x1 means to h already ! conception ( sub/ance & relation1 :i* are yet accord+ to him #8complex & d]iv$ ideas1' #8! workman%ip ( ! m9d' 9 opposition to its orig9al mat]ial1 ! result ( its action 9 opposition to :at is giv5 x z passive4 ,! equivocation 9 t]ms "u :i* ?is contradiction is g5]ally cov]$ is t betwe5 #8idea' & #8quality4' #8,:atev] ! m9d p]ceives 9 itself1 or is ! imm$iate object ( p]ception1 ?\ght1 or und]/&+1 t ,i call idea2 & ! p[] to produce t idea ,i call quality ( ! subject :]e9 t p[] is4 ,?us a sn[ball hav+ p[] to produce 9 u ! ideas ( :ite1 cold1 & r\nd1 ! p[]s to produce ^! ideas 9 u1 z !y are 9 ! sn[ball1 ,i call qualities2 & z !y are s5sations or p]ceptions 9 our und]/&+s1 ,i call !m ideas2 :i* ideas1 if ,i speak ( sometimes z 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 ,i w\ld be und]/ood to mean ^? qualities 9 ! object :i* produce !m 9 u4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #h47 ,locke's way ( int]*ang+ #8idea' & #8quality' & its effects4 #ah4 ,an equivocation is n ! less s because x is ann\nc$4 ,x is j because ,locke all[s himself at 8 conv5i5ce to int]*ange ! t]ms #8idea' & #8quality' t 8 doctr9e is at once s plausible & s holl[4 ,! ess5tial "q is :e!r ! #8simple idea1' z ! orig9al ( k1 is on ! "o h& a m]e feel+1 or on ! o!r a ?+ or quality ( a ?+4 ,?is "q is ! crux ( empirical psy*ology4 ,adopt+ ! "o alt]native1 we h to face ! difficulty ( ! g5esis ( k1 z an appreh5sion ( ! real1 out ( m]e feel+2 adopt+ ! o!r1 we virtually end[ ! nasc5t intellig5ce ) ! conception ( sub/ance4 ,by play+ fa/ & loose ) #8idea' & #8quality1' ,locke disguis$ ! dilemma f himself4 ,"h aga9 ! metaphor ( ,impression did him yeoman's s]vice4 ,! idea1 or #8imm$iate object ( ?\ght1' be+ confus$ ) ! affection ( ! s5sitive organs1 & ?is aga9 be+ acc\nt$ = z ! result ( actual impact1 x 0 easy to repres5t ! idea itself z caus$ by ! action ( an outw>d body on ! #8m5tal tablet4' ,?us ,locke speaks ( ! #8objects ( our s5ses obtrud+ _! p>ticul> ideas on our m9ds1 :e!r we w or no4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #be47 ,?is s5t5ce holds 9 solution an assumption & two fallacies4 ,! assumption 7) :i* we h no fur!r conc]n "h7 is ! physical !ory t matt] affects ! s5sitive organs 9 ! way ( actual impact4 ,( ! fallacies1 "o is ! confusion betwe5 ?is affection & ! idea ( :i* x is ! occasion to ! individual2 ! o!r is ! implication t ?is idea1 z su*1 9 its prime simplicity1 recognises itself z ! result (1 & ref]s itself z a quality to1 ! matt] suppos$ to cause x4 ,?is recognition & ref]5ce1 x is cle>ly impli$1 are involv$ 9 ! idea itself1 n m]ely made by ! philosoph] !oris+ x4 ,o!rwise ! #8obtrusion' w\ld be describ$ z ( a prop]ty or effect1 n ( an idea1 :i* means1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ! object ( consci\sness j z ! object ( consci\sness4 ,( ! same purport is ! /atem5t t #8! m9d is furni%$ ) simple ideas z !y are f\nd 9 ext]ior ?+s4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #a47 ,x only requires a mom5t's consid]ation1 inde$1 to see t ! beg9n+ ( consci\sness _c be a physical !ory1 :i*1 h[ev] true x may be & h[ev] natural x may h become to u1 involves n only ! complex conception ( mat]ial impact1 b ! application ( ?is to a case hav+ no palpable lik5ess to x4 ,b ! #8int]rogator ( consci\sness' f9ds 9 its primitive /ate j :at he puts !re1 & ?us ,locke1 ) all 8 pa9s #8to set 8 m9d at a di/ance f itself1' involunt>ily supposes x1 9 ! fir/ elem5t ( intellig5ce1 to #8report' t action ( matt] ^u itself1 :i*1 z ! result ( a famili> !ory--involv+ n m]ely ! conceptions ( sub/ance1 p[]1 & relation1 b special qualifications ( ^!--x reports to ! educat$ man4 ,prim>y & second>y qualities ( bodies4 #ai4 ,?is w appe> m cle>ly ^u an exam9ation ( 8 doctr9e ( #8! ideas ( prim>y & second>y qualities ( bodies4' ,! di/9ction betwe5 !m he /ates z foll[s4 ,! prim>y qualities ( bodies are #8! bulk1 figure1 numb]1 situation1 motion1 & re/ ( _! solid p>ts2 ^! are 9 !m1 :e!r we p]ceive !m or no2 & :5 !y are ( t size t we c discov] !m1 we h by ^! an idea ( ! ?+ z x is 9 itself4' 444 ,?us #8! ideas ( prim>y qualities are resemblances ( !m1 & _! patt]ns d really exi/ 9 ! bodies !mselves4 ,b ! ideas produc$ 9 u by ! second>y qualities h no resemblance ( !m at all4 ,!re is no?+ l !m exi/+ 9 ! bodies !mselves4 ,!y are 9 ! bodies1 we d5om9ate f !m1 only a p[] to produce ^! s5sations 9 u2 & :at is sweet1 blue1 or w>m 9 idea is b ! c]ta9 bulk1 figure1 & motion ( ! ins5sible p>ts 9 ! bodies !mselves :i* we call s4' ,?is p[] is !n expla9$ to be ( two sorts3 7a7 #8,! p[] t is 9 any body1 by reason ( its ins5sible prim>y qualities1 to op]ate aft] a peculi> mann] on any ( our s5ses1 & !reby produce 9 u ! diff]5t ideas ( sev]al col\rs1 s\nds1 smells1 ta/es1 c4 ,^! are usually call$ s5sible qualities1 7b7 ,! p[] t is 9 any body1 by reason ( ! p>ticul> con/itution ( its prim>y qualities1 to make su* a *ange 9 ! bulk1 figure1 texture1 & motion ( ano!r body1 z to make x op]ate diff]5tly on our s5ses f :at x did be=e4 ,?us ! sun has a p[] to make wax :ite1 & fire to make lead fluid4 ,^! are usually call$ p[]s4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #ae1 #bc47 #8,simple idea' repres5t$ z involv+ a !ory ( its own cause4 #bj4 ,:at we h "h is a !ory ( ! causes ( simple ideas2 b we %all f9d ,locke con/antly repres5t+ ?is !ory z a simple idea itself1 or ! simple idea z involv+ ?is !ory4 ,by ?is unconsci\s device he is enabl$ readily to exhibit ! g5esis ( k out ( #8simple ideas1' b x is at ! co/ ( conv]t+ ^! into #8creations ( ! m9d1' :i* ) him are ! anti!ses ( #8facts' or #8reality4' ,! process ( conv]sion takes a diff]5t =m z appli$ respectively to ! ideas ( prim>y & to ^? ( second>y qualities4 ,we propose to foll[ x 9 ! latt] application fir/4 ,phrases 9 :i* ?is is impli$4 #ba4 ,! simple idea caus$ by a quality he calls ! idea ( t quality4 ,"u cov] ( ?is phrase1 he n only id5tifies ! idea ( a prim>y quality ) ! quality itself ( :i* he supposes x to be a copy1 b he also habitually reg>ds ! idea ( a second>y quality z ! consci\sness ( a quality ( a ?+1 ?\gh "u w>n+ t ! quality z x is to consci\sness is n z x is 9 ! ?+4 ,?is res]vation r adds to ! confusion4 ,!re are 9 fact1 accord+ to ,locke1 z appe>s f 8 di/9ction betwe5 ! #8nom9al' & #8real ess5ce1' two diff]5t ?+s d5ot$ by e common n\n2 ! ?+ z x is 9 itself or 9 nature1 & ! ?+ z x is = consci\sness4 ,! =m] is ! ?+ z con/itut$ by a c]ta9 configuration ( p>ticles1 :i* is only an object = ! physical philosoph]1 & nev] fully cognisable ev5 by him2 #a ! latt] is ! ?+ z we see & he> & smell x4 ,n[ to a ?+ 9 ?is latt] s5se1 accord+ to ,locke1 su* a simple idea z to ! philosoph] is "o ( a second>y quality 7i4e4 n a copy1 b an effect1 ( some?+ 9 a body71 is already 9 ! orig9 ( k ref]r$ z a quality1 ?\gh )\t di/9ction ( prim>y & second>y4 ,he does n inde$ /ate ?is 9 s _m words4 ,to h done s might h =c$ him to reconsid] 8 doctr9e ( ! m]e passivity ( ! m9d 9 respect ( simple ideas4 ,b x is impli$ 9 8 con/ant use ( su* phrases z #8reports ( ! s5ses1' #8inlet ?r\gh ! s5ses'--:i* h no mean+ unless some?+ is report$1 some?+ let 9--& 9 ! famili> comp>ison ( ! und]/&+ to a #8closet1 :olly %ut f light1 ) only "s little op5+ left1 to let 9 ext]nal visible resemblances1 or ideas1 ( ?+s )\t4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #ag47 #a ,?is di/9ction is m fully treat$ bel[1 p>agraphs #hh1 c4 ,feel+ & felt ?+ confus$4 #bb4 ,phraseology ( ?is k9d1 ! /&+ h]itage ( ! philosophy :i* seeks ! orig9 ( k 9 s5sation1 assumes t ! individual s5sation is f ! fir/ consci\sly repres5tative2 t x is m ?an :at x is simply 9 itself--fleet+1 mom5t>y1 unnameable 7because1 :ile we "n x1 x has become ano!r71 & = ! same reason unkn[able1 ! v negation ( kn[ability2 t x %[s ! pres5ce ( some?+1 :e!r ?is be a #8body' to :i* x is ref]r$ z a quality1 or a m9d ( :i* x is a modification1 or be ultimately r$uc$ to ! p]man5t conditions ( its own possibility4 ,?is assumption = ! pres5t has m]ely to be po9t$ out2 its legitimacy ne$ n be discuss$4 ,nor ne$ we n[ discuss ! attempts t h be5 made s9ce ,locke to %[ t m]e s5sations1 dumb to beg9 )1 may yet become articulate ^u repetition & comb9ation2 :i* 9 fact end[ !m ) a faculty ( inf]5ce1 & suppose t ?\gh prim>ily !y report no?+ beyond !mselves1 !y yet someh[ come to d s z an explanation ( _! own recurr5ce4 ,! s5sational !ory 9 ,locke is /ill1 s to speak1 unsophi/icat$4 ,x is true t1 9 conc]t ) t #8?9k+ g5tleman1' ,mr4 ,molyneux1 he _h satisfi$ himself t :at we reckon simple ideas are (t5 really inf]5ces f su* ideas :i* by habit h become in/9ctive2 b 8 acc\nt ( ?is habitual process presupposes ! ref]5ce ( s5sation to a ?+4 #8,:5 we set be=e our eyes a r\nd globe ( any uni=m col\r1 x is c]ta9 t ! idea !reby impr9t$ 9 our m9d is ( a flat circle1 v>i\sly %ad[$ ) sev]al degrees ( light & brightness com+ to our eyes4 ,b we hav+ by use be5 accu/om$ to p]ceive :at k9d ( appe>ance convex bodies are wont to make 9 u1 :at alt]ations are made 9 ! reflections ( light by ! diff]5ce ( ! s5sible figures ( bodies2 ! judgm5t pres5tly1 by an habitual cu/om1 alt]s ! appe>ances into _! causes4 ,s t f t :i* truly is v>iety ( col\r or %ad[1 collect+ ! figure1 x makes x pass = a m>k ( figure1 & frames to itself ! p]ception ( a convex figure1 & an uni=m col\r4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #h47 ,! !ory "h /at$ involves two assumptions1 ea* inconsi/5t ) ! simplicity ( ! simple idea4 7a7 ,! actual impression ( ! #8plane v>i\sly col\r$' is suppos$ to pron\nce itself to be ( some?+ outw>d4 ,once call ! s5sation an #8impression1' inde$1 or call x any?+1 & ?is or an analog\s sub/antiation ( x is impli$4 ,x is only z ?us report+ some?+ #8objective' t ! simple idea ( ! plane v>i\sly col\r$ gives any?+ to be correct$ by ! #8p]ception ( ! k9d ( appe>ance convex bodies are wont to make 9 u1' i4e4 #8( ! alt]ations made 9 ! reflections ( light by ! diff]5ce ( ! s5sible figure ( bodies4' ,?is p]ception1 inde$1 z describ$1 is already itself j ! in/9ctive judgm5t :i* has to be acc\nt$ =1 & ?\gh ?is objection might be met by a bett] /atem5t1 yet no /atem5t c\ld s]ve ,locke's purpose :i* did n make assumption 7b7 t s5sations ( light & col\r--#8simple ideas ( second>y qualities'--are 9 ! v beg9n+ ( k appe>ances1 if n ( convex bodies1 yet ( bodies2 if n ( bodies1 yet ( some?+ :i* !y reveal1 :i* rema9s !re :ile !y pass away4 ,! simple idea z #8ectype' o!r ?an m]e s5sation4 #bc4 ,! same assumption is pat5t 9 ,locke's acc\nt ( ! di/9ction betwe5 #8real & fanta/ic1' #8adequate & inadequate1' ideas4 ,?is di/9ction re/s ^u t betwe5 ! ?+ z ar*etype1 & ! idea z ! correspond+ ectype4 ,simple ideas he holds to be necess>ily #8real' & #8adequate1' because necess>ily answ]+ to _! ar*etypes4 #8,n t !y are all ( !m images or repres5tations ( :at does exi/3 444 :it5ess & coldness are no m 9 sn[ ?an pa9 is3 444 yet are !y real ideas 9 u1 :]eby we di/+ui% ! qualities t are really 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,= ^! sev]al appe>ances be+ design$ to be ! m>ks :]eby we are to "k & di/+ui% ?+s :i* we h to d )1 our ideas d z well s]ve u to t purpose1 & are z real di/+ui%+ *>act]s1 :e!r !y be only con/ant effects1 or else exact resemblances ( some?+ 9 ! ?+s !mselves4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxx4 sec4 #b47 ,! simple idea1 !n1 is a #8m>k' or #8di/+ui%+ "*1' ei!r z a copy or z an effect1 ( some?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,only z ?us reg>d$1 does ! di/9ction betwe5 real & fanta/ic possibly apply to x4 ,s too ) ! di/9ction betwe5 true & false ideas4 ,z ,locke himself po9ts out1 ! simple idea 9 itself is nei!r true nor false4 ,x c become s only z #8ref]r$ to some?+ extrane\s to x4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxxii4 sec4 #d47 ,= all t1 he speaks ( simple ideas z true & necess>ily true1 because #8be+ b>ely su* p]ceptions z ,god has fitt$ u to receive1 & giv5 p[] to ext]nal objects to produce 9 u by e/abli%$ laws & ways 444 _! tru? consi/s 9 no?+ else b 9 su* appe>ances z are produc$ 9 u1 & mu/ be suitable to ^? p[]s ,he has plac$ 9 ext]nal objects1 or else !y c\ld n be produc$ 9 u4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxxii4 sec4 #ad47 ,"h aga9 we are br\ght to ! same po9t4 ,! idea is an #8appe>ance' ( some?+1 necess>ily true :5 x _c seem to be ! appe>ance ( any?+ else ?an t ( :i* x is ! appe>ance4 ,we ?us come to ! foll[+ dilemma4 ,ei!r ! simple idea is ref]r$ to a ?+1 z its patt]n or its cause1 or x _c be reg>d$ z ei!r real or true4 ,if x is /ill object$ t x ne$ n be s ref]r$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( k1 ?\gh x comes to be s 9 ! develop$ intellig5ce1 ! answ] is ! fur!r "q1 h[ c t be k ev5 9 its mo/ elem5t>y phase--! phase ( ! reception ( simple ideas --:i* is n a capacity ( di/9ction betwe5 real & app>5t1 betwe5 true & false8 ,if its beg9n+ is a mode ( consci\sness1 su* z m]e s5sation w\ld be--:i*1 because exclud+ all ref]5ce1 excludes t ref]5ce ( itself to some?+ else )\t :i* !re c\ld be no consci\sness ( a di/9ction betwe5 an #8is' & an #8is n1' & !re=e no true judgm5t at all--h[ c any repetition ( su* modes give su* a judgm5t8 #a #a ,cf4 ! gr\nd ( di/9ction betwe5 cle>ness & obscurity ( ideas2 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxix4 sec4 #b7 #8,our simple ideas are cle> :5 !y are su* z ! objects !mselves1 :5ce !y are tak51 did or might 9 a well-ord]$ s5sation or p]ception1 pres5t !m4' ,z ,locke always assumes t imm$iate consci\sness c tell :e!r an idea is cle> or n1 x foll[s t imm$iate consci\sness mu/ tell ( #8! object itself1 :5ce ! idea is tak54' ,x involves a judgm5t 9 :i* m9d & ?+ are di/+ui%$4 #bd4 ,! fact is t ! #8simple idea' ) ,locke1 z ! beg9n+ ( k1 is already1 at its m9imum1 ! judgm5t1 #8,i h an idea diff]5t f o!r ideas1 :i* ,i did n make = myself4' ,8 confusion ( ?is judgm5t ) s5sation is m]ely ! fundam5tal confusion1 on :i* all empirical psy*ology re/s1 betwe5 two ess5tially di/9ct que/ions--"o metaphysical1 ,:at is ! simple/ elem5t ( k8 ! o!r physiological1 ,:at are ! conditions 9 ! individual human organism 9 virtue ( :i* x becomes a vehicle ( k8 ,?\gh he fail$1 h[ev]1 to di/+ui% ^! que/ions1 _! diff]5ce made itself appe> 9 a c]ta9 div]g5ce betwe5 ! second & f\r? books ( 8 ,essay4 ,s f> we h limit$ our consid]ation to passages 9 ! second book1 9 :i* he treats eo nom9e ( ideas2 ( simple ideas z ! orig9al ( k1 ( complex ones z =m$ 9 its process4 ,"h ! physical !ory is pr$om9ant4 ,! beg9n+ ( k is t )\t :i* ! animal is incapable ( x1 viz4 s5sation reg>d$ z an impression ?r\gh #8animal spirits' on ! bra94 ,b x c only be s repres5t$ because s5sation is id5tifi$ ) t :i* lat] psy*ology di/+ui%$ f x z ,p]ception1 & = :i* no physical !ory c acc\nt4 ,z we h se51 ! :ole !ory ( ?is 7! second7 book turns ^u ! supposition t ! simple idea ( s5sation is 9 e case an idea ( a s5sible quality1 & t x is s1 n m]ely = u1 consid]+ x ex p>te po/1 b consci\sly = ! individual subject1 :i* c mean no?+ else ?an t x di/+ui%es itself f1 & ref]s itself to1 a ?+4 ,locke himself1 inde$1 accord+ to 8 plan ( br++ 9 a #8faculty ( ! m9d' :5ev] x is conv5i5t1 w\ld p]haps r h said t x is s di/+ui%$ & ref]r$ #8by ! m9d4' ,he consid]s ! simple idea n1 z x truly is1 ! m9d itself 9 a c]ta9 relation1 b a datum or mat]ial ( ! m9d1 ^u :i* x p]=ms c]ta9 op]ations z ^u some?+ o!r ?an itself1 ?\gh all ! :ile x is con/itut$1 at lea/ 9 its actuality1 by ?is mat]ial4 ,betwe5 ! ref]5ce ( ! simple idea to ! ?+1 h[ev]1 by itself & #8by ! m9d1' !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,9 ei!r case ! ref]5ce is inconsi/5t ) ! simplicity ( ! simple idea2 & if ! latt] expression avoids ! seem+ awkw>dness ( ascrib+ activity to ! idea1 x yet ascribes x to ! m9d 9 t elem5t>y /age 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,locke1 x is m]ely receptive4 ,& is equival5t to :at he aft]w>ds calls #8k ( id5tity'4 ,only z su* c x be nam$4 #be4 ,s mu* = ! !ory #8( ideas4' ,z if1 h[ev]1 9 treat+ ( ideas he _h be5 treat+ ( any?+ else ?an k1 he aft]w>ds consid]s #8k' 9 a book by itself 7! f\r?7 "u t title1 & "h ! "q z to ! relation betwe5 idea & ?+ comes be=e him 9 a some:at diff]5t %ape4 ,accord+ to 8 well-kn[n def9ition1 k is ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( our ideas4 ,! agreem5t or disagreem5t may be ( f\r sorts4 ,x may be 9 ! way 7#a7 ( id5tity1 7#b7 ( relation1 7#c7 ( co-exi/5ce1 7#d7 ( real exi/5ce4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! la/ sort ( agreem5t1 x may be rem>k$ by ! way1 he dep>ts at once & op5ly f 8 def9ition1 mak+ x an agreem5t1 n ( idea ) idea1 b ( an idea ) #8actual real exi/5ce4' ,! fatal b connatural w\nd 9 8 sy/em1 :i* ?is inconsi/5cy m>ks1 w appe> m fully bel[4 ,= ! pres5t1 our conc]n is = ! adju/m5t ( ! def9ition ( k to ! doctr9e ( ! simple idea z ! beg9n+ ( k4 ,accord+ to ! def9ition1 x _c be ! simple idea1 z su*1 t con/itutes ?is beg9n+1 b only ! p]ception ( agreem5t or disagreem5t betwe5 simple ideas4 #8,!re c\ld be no room1' says ,locke di/9ctly1 #8= any positive k at all1 if we c\ld n di/+ui% any relation betwe5 our ideas4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #e47 ,yet 9 ! v context :]e he makes ?is /atem5t1 ! p]ception ( relation is put z a di/9ct k9d ( k ap>t f o!rs4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! o!r k9ds1 h[ev]1 he is fai?ful to 8 def9ition1 & treats ea* z a p]ception 7i4e4 a judgm5t7 ( a relation 9 ! way ( agreem5t or disagreem5t4 ,! prim>y k is t ( id5tity--! k ( an idea z id5tical ) itself4 #8,a man infallibly kn[s1 z soon z ev] he has !m 9 8 m9d1 t ! ideas he calls :ite & r\nd1 are ! v ideas !y are1 & n o!r ideas :i* he calls r$ & squ>e4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #d47 ,n[1 z ,hume aft]w>ds po9t$ out1 id5tity is n simple unity4 ,x _c be pr$icat$ ( ! #8idea' z m]ely s+le1 b only z a manifold 9 s+l5ess4 ,to speak ( an idea z ! #8same ) itself' is unmean+ unless x mean #8same ) itself 9 its manifold appe>ances' i4e4 unless ! idea is di/+ui%$1 z an object exi/+ cont9u\sly1 f its pres5t appe>ance4 ,?us #8! infallible k1' :i* ,locke describes 9 ! above passage1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t on ! occurr5ce ( a c]ta9 #8idea' ! man recognises x z "o1 :i* at o!r times ( its occurr5ce he has call$ #8:ite4' ,su* a #8syn!sis ( recognition1' h[ev]1 express$ by ! application ( a common t]m1 implies ! ref]5ce ( a pres5t s5sation to a p]man5t object ( ?\ght1 9 ?is case ! object ?\ght "u ! t]m #8:ite1' s t ! s5sation becomes an idea ( t object4 ,7 !re no su* objects1 !re w\ld be no significant names1 b only noises2 & 7 ! pres5t s5sation n s ref]r$1 x w\ld n be nam$4 ,x may be said inde$ t ! #8p]man5t object ( ?\ght' is m]ely ! in/9ctive result ( a s]ies ( pa/ resembl+ s5sations1 & t ! common "n is m]ely ! regi/] ( ?is result4 ,b ! "q is ?us m]ely ?r[n fur!r back4 ,unless ! s+le fleet+ s5sation 01 to beg9 )1 fix$ & def9$ by relation to & di/9ction f some?+ p]man5t--9 o!r words1 unless x ceas$ to be a m]e s5sation--h[ did x happ5 t o!r s5sations 7 ref]r$ to x1 z diff]5t cases ( an id5tical ph5om5on1 to :i* ! noise sugge/$ by x might be appli$ z a sign8 ,! same impli$ 9 call+ x an idea ( an object4 #bf4 ,?is prim>y di/9ction & relation ( ! simple idea ,locke implicitly ackn[l$ges :5 he sub/itutes = ! simple idea1 z 9 ! passage la/ quot$1 ! man's k t he has ! idea2 = su* k implies ! di/9ction ( ! idea f its p]man5t consci\s subject1 & its det]m9ation by t negative relation4 #a ,?us det]m9$1 x becomes itself a p]man5t object1 or 7:i* comes to ! same7 an idea ( an object2 a phrase :i* ,locke at 8 conv5i5ce sub/itutes = ! m]e idea1 :5ev] x is want$ = mak+ 8 !ory ( k squ>e ) k itself4 ,once become su* an object1 x is a basis to :i* o!r s5sations1 l & unlike1 may be ref]r$ z diff]5tiat+ attributes4 ,its id5tity becomes a def9ite id5tity4 #a ,cf4 ! passage 9 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #g4 #8,:5 ideas are 9 our m9ds1 we consid] !m z be+ actually !re4' ,! m]e #8idea' is 9 fact ess5tially diff]5t f ! #8consid]ation ( x z actually !re1' z s5sation is diff]5t f ?\ght4 ,! #8consid]ation1 c41' really means ! ?\ght ( ! #8idea' 7s5sation7 z det]m9$ by relation to ! consci\s subject4 ,made =1 n by1 u1 & !re=e accord+ to ,locke really exi/5t4 #bg4 ,^u analysis1 !n1 ( ,locke's acc\nt ( ! mo/ elem5t>y k1 ! p]ception ( id5tity or agreem5t ( an idea ) itself1 we f9d t l ! #8simple idea1' :i* he else:]e makes ! beg9n+ ( k1 x really means ! ref]5ce ( a s5sation to a conception ( a p]man5t object or subject1 #a ei!r 9 su* a judgm5t z #8?is is :ite' 7sc4 a :ite ?+71 or 9 ! m elem5t>y "o1 #8?is is an object to me4' ,9 ! latt] =m ! judgm5t repres5ts :at ,locke puts z ! consci\sness1 #8,i h an idea1' or z ! #8consid]ation t ! idea is actually !re2' 9 ! =m] x repres5ts :at he calls #8! k t ! idea :i* ,i h 9 my m9d & :i* ,i call :ite is ! v idea x is1 & n ! idea :i* ,i call r$4' ,x is only because ref]r$1 z above1 t ! s5sation is 9 ,locke's phraseology #8a te/imony' or #8report' ( some?+4 ,z we said above1 8 notion ( ! beg9n+ ( k is express$ n m]ely 9 ! =mula #8,i h an idea diff]5t f o!r ideas1' b ) ! addition1 #8:i* ,i did n make = myself4' #b ,! simple idea is suppos$ to te/ify to some?+ )\t t caus$ x1 & x is ?is int]pretation ( x :i* makes x ) him ! ultimate crit]ion ( reality4 ,b unless x 7 at once di/+ui%$ f & ref]r$ to bo? a ?+ ( :i* x is an effect & a subject ( :i* x is an exp]i5ce1 x c\ld n 9 ! fir/ place te/ify to any?+1 nor secondly to a ?+ z made =1 n by1 ! subject4 ,?is br+s u1 h[ev]1 ^u ,locke's :ole !ory ( #8real exi/5ce1' :i* requires full] consid]ation4 #a ,= a recognition by ,locke ( ! correlativity ( ^! 7( :i* m w h to be said bel[7 cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxiii4 sec4 #ae4 #8,:il/ ,i "k by see+ or he>+1 c41 t !re is "s corporeal be+ )\t me1 ! object ( t s5sation1 ,i d m c]ta9ly "k t !re is "s spiritual be+ )9 me t sees & he>s4' #b ,cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xii4 sec4 #a4 ,:at did he mean by ?is8 #bh4 ,x is a !ory1 we mu/ premise1 :i* is n[h]e explicitly /at$4 ,x has to be ga!r$ *iefly f ^? passages ( ! second book 9 :i* he treats ( #8complex' or #8artificial' ideas 9 di/9ction f simple ones1 :i* are necess>ily real1 & f ! discussion 9 ! f\r? book ( ! #8ext5t' & #8reality' ( k4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to beg9 )1 9 ! enum]ation ( simple ideas1 a m5tion ( #8exi/5ce1' z "o ( ^? #8receiv$ alike ?r\gh all ! ways ( s5sation & reflection4' ,x is an idea #8sugge/$ to ! und]/&+ by e object )\t & e idea )94 ,:5 ideas are 9 our m9ds1 we consid] !m z be+ actually !re1 z well z we consid] ?+s to be actually )\t u2 :i* is1 t !y exi/1 or h exi/5ce4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #g47 #bi4 ,! two consid]ations "h m5tion$1 ( #8ideas z actually 9 our m9ds1' ( #8?+s z actually )\t u1' are meant sev]ally to repres5t ! two ways ( reflection & s5sation1 by :i* ! idea ( exi/5ce is suppos$ to be sugge/$4 ,b s5sation1 accord+ to ,locke1 is an organ ( #8ideas1' j z mu* z reflection4 ,tak+ 8 doctr9e /rictly1 !re are no #8objects' b #8ideas' to sugge/ ! idea ( exi/5ce1 :e!r by ! way ( s5sation or by t ( reflection1 & no ideas t are n #89 ! m9d4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #c1 c47 ,exi/5ce z ! m]e pres5ce ( a feel+4 #cj4 ,! designation ( ! idea ( exi/5ce1 !n1 z #8sugge/$ by e idea )91' cov]s e possible sugge/ion4 ,x c mean no?+ else ?an t x is giv5 9 e act & mode ( consci\sness2 t x is insep>able f feel+ z su*1 be+ itself at ! same "t a di/9ct simple idea4 ,?is1 we may rem>k by ! way1 involves ! conclusion t e idea is composite1 made up ( :atev] di/+ui%es x f o!r ideas toge!r ) ! idea ( exi/5ce4 ,( ?is idea ( exi/5ce itself1 h[ev]1 x w be impossible to say any?+ di/9ctive2 =1 z x accompanies all possible objects ( consci\sness1 !re w be no cases :]e x is abs5t to be di/+ui%$ f ^? :]e x is pres5t4 ,n m]ely w x be undef9able1 z e simple idea is2 x w be impossible #8to s5d a man to 8 s5ses' 7accord+ to ,locke's fav\rite subt]fuge7 9 ord] to "k :at x is1 s9ce x is nei!r giv5 9 "o s5se z di/9ct f ano!r1 nor 9 all s5ses z di/9ct f any o!r modification ( consci\sness4 ,?us reg>d$1 to treat x z a simple idea alongside ( o!r simple ideas is a palpable contradiction4 ,x is ! m]e #8,x is felt1' ! ab/raction ( consci\sness1 no m to be reckon$ z "o among o!r ideas ?an col\r 9 g5]al is to be co-ord9at$ ) r$1 :ite1 & blue4 ,:e!r ,i smell a rose 9 ! summ] or recall ! smell 9 w9t]2 :e!r ,i see a horse or a gho/1 or imag9e a c5taur or ?9k ( gravitation or ! philosoph]'s /one--9 e case alike ! idea or #8imm$iate object ( ! m9d' exi/s4 ,yet we f9d ,locke di/+ui%+ betwe5 real ideas1 z ^? t #8h a con=mity ) ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1' & fanta/ic ideas1 z ^? :i* h no su* con=mity 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxx4 sec4 #a72 & aga9 9 ! f\r? book 7*ap4 i4 sec4 #g1 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #ba1 c47 he makes ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t ( an idea ) exi/5ce a special k9d ( k1 diff]5t f t ( agreem5t ( idea ) idea2 & hav+ done s1 raises ! "q :e!r we h su* a k ( exi/5ce at all1 & decides t our k ( x is v n>r[4 ,exi/5ce z reality4 #ca4 ,h[ are su* a di/9ction & su* a "q to be reconcil$ ) ! attribution ( exi/5ce to e idea8 ,! answ] ( c\rse w be1 t :5 he speaks ( ideas z n con=m+ to exi/5ce1 & makes k or ! agreem5t ( ideas ) ea* o!r some?+ diff]5t f _! agreem5t ) exi/5ce1 he means & g5]ally says #8real actual exi/5ce1' or ! #8exi/5ce ( ?+s1' i4e4 an exi/5ce1 :atev] x be1 :i* is oppos$ to m]e exi/5ce 9 consci\sness4 ,d\btless he s means1 b ?is implies t ^u m]e consci\sness1 or ! simple pres5ce ( ideas1 !re has sup]v5$ a di/9ction1 :i* has to be acc\nt$ =1 ( ideas f ?+s :i* !y repres5t on ! "o h&1 & f a m9d ( :i* !y are affections on ! o!r4 ,ev5 9 ! passage fir/ quot$ 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #g71 :]e exi/5ce is ascrib$ to e idea1 on look+ closely we f9d ?is di/9ction obtrud+ itself1 ?\gh )\t explicit ackn[l$gm5t4 ,9 ! v same brea?1 s to speak1 9 :i* ! idea ( exi/5ce is said to be sugge/$ by e idea1 x is fur!r describ$ z be+ ei!r ( two consid]ations--ei!r ! consid]ation ( an idea z actually 9 our m9d1 or ( a ?+ z actually )\t u4 ,su* consid]ations at once imply ! sup]v5tion ( t di/9ction betwe5 #8m9d' & #8?+1' :i* gives a :olly new mean+ to #8exi/5ce4' ,!y are n1 9 tru?1 z ,locke suppos$1 two sep>ate consid]ations1 "o or o!r ( :i*1 z ! case may be1 is int]*angeable ) ! #8idea ( exi/5ce4' ,"o is correlative ) ! o!r1 & nei!r is ! same z simple feel+4 ,consid]$ z actually 9 ! m9d1 ! feel+ is di/+ui%$ f ! m9d z an affection f ! subject !re(1 & j 9 virtue ( ?is di/9ction is ref]r$ to a ?+ z ! cause ( ! affection1 or becomes repres5tative ( a ?+4 ,b = su* consid]ation !re w\ld = u1 if ! doctr9e ( ideas means any?+1 be no #8?+ )\t u' at all4 ,to #8consid] ?+s z actually )\t u' is to consid] !m z causes ( ! ideas 9 our m9d1 & ?is is to h an idea ( exi/5ce q diff]5t f m]e consci\sness4 ,x is to h an idea ( x :i* at once sugge/s ! "q :e!r ! exi/5ce is real or app>5t2 9 o!r words1 :e!r ! ?+1 to :i* an affection ( ! m9d is ref]r$ z its cause1 is really its cause or no4 ,by confusion ( ^! two mean+s1 reality & its conditions are repres5t$ z giv5 9 simple feel+4 #cb4 ,betwe5 ^! two mean+s ( exi/5ce--its mean+ z int]*angeable ) simple consci\sness1 & its mean+ z reality--,locke fail$ to di/+ui%4 ,j z1 hav+ ann\nc$ #8ideas' to be ! sole #8mat]ials ( k1' he all[s himself at 8 conv5i5ce to put #8?+s' 9 ! place ( ideas2 s hav+ id5tifi$ exi/5ce ) mom5t>y consci\sness or ! simple idea1 he sub/itutes = exi/5ce 9 ?is s5se reality1 & 9 consequ5ce f9ds reality giv5 solely 9 ! simple idea4 ,?us :5 ! conceptions ( cause or sub/ance1 or relations ( any k9d1 come "u view1 s9ce ^! _c be repres5t$ z giv5 9 mom5t>y consci\sness1 !y h to be pron\nc$ n to exi/1 & s9ce exi/5ce is reality1 to be unreal or #8fictions ( ! m9d4' ,b )\t ^! unreal relations !re c\ld be no k1 & if !y are n giv5 9 ! elem5ts ( k1 x is difficult to see h[ !y are introduc$1 or to avoid ! appe>ance ( con/ruct+ k out ( ! unkn[n4 ,giv5 9 ! elem5ts ( k1 h[ev]1 !y _c be1 if ^! are simple ideas or mom5t>y recurr5ces ( ! #8x is felt4' ,b by help ( ,locke's equivocation betwe5 ! two mean+s ( exi/5ce1 !y c be cov]tly introduc$ z ! real4 ,exi/5ce is giv5 9 ! simple idea1 exi/5ce equals ! real1 !re=e ! real is giv5 9 ! simple idea4 ,b ?9k or speak ( ! real z we w1 we f9d t x exhibits itself z sub/ance1 z cause1 & z relat$2 i4e4 accord+ to ,locke z a #8complex' or #8inv5t$' or #8sup]9duc$' idea4 ,yet reality involves complex ideas :i* are made by ! m9d4 #cc4 ,9 ! second book ( 8 ,essay1 :i* treats ( ideas1 he makes ! gr& di/9ction betwe5 #8! simple ideas :i* are all f ?+s !mselves1 & ( :i* ! m9d c h no m or o!r ?an :at are sugge/$ to x1' & ! #8complex ideas :i* are ! workman%ip ( ! m9d4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xii47 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! latt] !re are "s curi\s cross-divisions1 b he f9ally enum]ates !m z ideas ei!r ( modes1 sub/ances1 or relations4 ,! "* ( ^! ideas he !n proce$s to expla9 9 ! ord] giv51 "o aft] ! o!r1 & z if ea* 7 indep5d5t ( ! re/2 ?\gh accord+ to 8 own /atem5t ! idea ( mode presupposes t ( sub/ance1 & ! idea ( sub/ance involves t ( relation4 #8,modes ,i call su* complex ideas1 :i*1 h[ev] comp\nd$1 conta9 n 9 !m ! supposition ( subsi/+ by !mselves1 b are consid]$ z dep5d5cies on1 or affections (1 sub/ances2 su* are ! ideas signifi$ by ! words #8triangle1' #8gratitude1' #8murd]1' c4 ,( ^! !re are two sorts4 ,fir/1 !re are "s :i* are only v>iations or diff]5t comb9ations ( ! same simple idea )\t ! mixture ( any o!r--z a doz51 or score--:i* are no?+ b ! ideas ( s _m di/9ct units add$ toge!r2 & ^! ,i call simple modes1 z be+ conta9$ )9 ! b\nds ( "o simple idea4 ,secondly1 !re are o!rs comp\nd$ ( simple ideas ( sev]al k9ds1 put toge!r to make "o complex "o2 e4 g4 beauty1 444 & ^! ,i call mix$ modes4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xii4 secs4 #d1 #e47 ,s soon z he comes to speak m 9 detail ( simple modes1 he falls into app>5t contradiction ) 8 doctr9e t1 z complex ideas1 !y are ! m]e workman%ip ( ! m9d4 ,all p>ticul> s\nds & col\rs are simple modes ( ! simple ideas ( s\nd & col\r4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xviii4 sees4 #c1 #d47 ,aga91 ! ideas ( figure1 place1 di/ance1 z ( all p>ticul> figures1 places1 & di/ances1 are simple modes ( ! simple idea ( space4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xiii47 ,to ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t ! ideas ( space1 s\nd1 or col\r 9 g5]al 7z simple ideas7 7 tak5 f ?+s !mselves1 :ile ^? ( p>ticul> spaces1 s\nds1 & col\rs 7z complex ideas7 7 #8made by ! m9d1' 0 = ,locke impossible4 ,?us 9 ! v next *apt] aft] t 9 :i* he has oppos$ all complex ideas1 ^? ( simple modes includ$1 z made by ! m9d to all simple ones z tak5 f ?+s !mselves1 he speaks ( simple modes #8ei!r z f\nd 9 ?+s exi/+1 or z made by ! m9d )9 itself4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 sec4 #a47 ,x 0 n = ,locke to get ov] ?is confusion by d5y+ ! anti!sis betwe5 t :i* ! m9d #8makes' & t :i* x #8takes f exi/+ ?+s' & = ! pres5t we mu/ leave x z x /&s4 ,we mu/ fur!r note t a mode be+ consid]$ #8z an affection ( a sub/ance1' space mu/ be to ! p>ticul> spaces :i* are its simple modes1 z a sub/ance to its modifications4 ,s too col\r to p>ticul> col\rs1 c41 c4 ,b ! idea ( a sub/ance is a complex idea #8fram$ by ! m9d4' ,!re=e ! idea ( space--at any rate su* an idea z we h ( x :5 we ?9k ( di/ances1 places1 or figures1 & :5 else d we ?9k ( x at all8--mu/ be a complex & artificial idea4 ,b accord+ to ,locke ! idea ( space is emphatically a simple idea1 giv5 imm$iately bo? by sight & t\*1 conc]n+ :i* if a man enquire1 he #8s5ds him to 8 s5ses4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 v47 ,su* are sub/ance & relation :i* mu/ be f\nd 9 e object ( k4 #cd4 ,^! contradictions are n avoidable blund]s1 due to c>elessness or want ( a cle> head 9 ! individual writ]1 #8,! complex idea ( sub/ance' w n be exorcis$2 ! m9d w %[ its workman%ip 9 ! v elem5ts ( k t[>ds :i* its relation seems mo/ passive--9 ! #8exi/+ ?+s' :i* are ! conditions ( its exp]i5ce no less ?an 9 ! individual's consci\s reaction ^u !m4 ,! int]rogator ( ! individual consci\sness seeks to "k t consci\sness1 & j = t reason mu/ f9d 9 x at e /age ^? =mal conceptions1 su* z sub/ance & cause1 )\t :i* !re c be no object ( k at all4 ,he ?us sub/antiates s5sation1 :ile he ?9ks t he m]ely obs]ves x1 & calls x a s5sible ?+4 ,s5sations1 ?us unconsci\sly trans=m$1 are = him ! real1 ! actually exi/5t4 ,:atev] is n giv5 by imm$iate s5se1 out] or inn]1 he reckons a m]e #8?+ ( ! m9d4' ,! ideas ( sub/ance & relation1 !n1 n be+ giv5 by s5se1 mu/ 9 8 eyes be ?+s ( ! m9d1 9 di/9ction f1 really exi/5t ?+s4 ,b spee* bewraye? him4 ,he _c /ate any?+ t he kn[s save 9 t]ms :i* imply t sub/ance & relation are 9 ! ?+s kn[n2 & h5ce an inevitable obtrusion ( #8?+s ( ! m9d' 9 ! place ( real exi/5ce1 j :]e ! opposition betwe5 !m is be+ insi/$ on4 ,aga91 z a man seems to obs]ve consci\sness 9 himself & o!rs1 x has no?+ t x has n receiv$4 ,x is a blank to beg9 )1 b passive ( t :i* is )\t1 & ?r\gh its passivity x becomes in=m$4 ,if ! #8m9d1' !n1 means ?is or t individual consci\sness1 ! ?+s ( ! m9d mu/ be gradually develop$ f an orig9al passivity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let anyone try to "k ?is orig9al passive consci\sness1 & 9 x1 z 9 e o!r kn[n object-matt]1 he mu/ f9d ^! ?+s ( ! m9d1 sub/ance & relations4 ,if nature is ! object1 he mu/ f9d !m 9 nature2 if 8 own self-consci\sness1 he mu/ f9d !m 9 t consci\sness4 ,b :ile nature kn[s n :at is 9 h]self1 self-consci\sness1 x w\ld seem1 ex vi t]m9i1 does "k4 ,!re=e n m]ely sub/ance & relation mu/ be f\nd 9 ! orig9al consci\sness1 b ! k1 ! ideas1 ( !m4 ,ab/ract idea ( sub/ance & complex ideas ( p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ance4 #ce4 ,z we foll[ ,locke's treatm5t ( ^! ideas m 9 detail1 we %all f9d ! logical see-saw1 "h acc\nt$ =1 appe>+ ) sc>cely a disguise4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! #8complex ideas ( sub/ances' is z foll[s4 #8,! m9d be+ furni%$ ) a great numb] ( ! simple ideas1 convey$ 9 by ! s5ses1 z !y are f\nd 9 ext]ior ?+s1 or by reflection on its own op]ations1 takes notice also t a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! simple ideas g con/antly toge!r2 :i* be+ presum$ to belong to "o ?+1 & words be+ suit$ to common appreh5sions & made use ( = quick despat*1 are call$1 s unit$ 9 "o subject1 by "o "n2 :i* by inadv]t5cy we are apt aft]w>ds to talk ( & consid] z "o simple idea1 :i* inde$ is a complication ( _m ideas toge!r2 because1 z ,i h said1 n imag9+ h[ ^! simple ideas c subsi/ by !mselves1 we accu/om ourselves to suppose "s sub/ratum1 :]e9 !y d subsi/1 & f :i* !y d result2 :i* !re=e we call sub/ance4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #a47 ,9 ! controv]sy ) ,/ill+fleet1 :i* arose out ( ?is *apt]1 ,locke 0 con/ra9$ fur!r to di/+ui% 7z he c]ta9ly did n d 9 ! orig9al text7 betwe5 ! #8ideas ( di/9ct sub/ances1 su* z man1 horse1' & ! #8g5]al idea ( sub/ance4' ,x is to ideas ( ! =m] sort t he mu/ be tak5 to ref] 9 ! above passage1 :5 he speaks ( !m z =m$ by #8complication ( _m ideas toge!r1' & ^! alone are complex 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,! g5]al idea ( sub/ance on ! o!r h&1 :i* l all g5]al ideas 7accord+ to ,locke7 is made by ab/raction1 means ! idea ( a #8sub/ratum :i* we accu/om ourselves to suppose' z t :]e9 ! complicat$ ideas #8d subsi/1 & f :i* !y d result4' ,?is1 h[ev]1 he reg>ds z itself "o1 #8! fir/ & *ief1' among ! ideas :i* make up any ( ! #8di/9ct sub/ances4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xii4 sec4 #f47 ,nor is he fai?ful to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! g5]al & ! complex4 ,9 "o passage ( ! fir/ lett] to ,/ill+fleet1 he di/9ctly speaks ( ! g5]al idea ( sub/ance z a #8complex idea made up ( ! idea ( some?+ plus t ( relation to qualities4' #a ,not)/&+ ?is confusion ( t]ms1 h[ev]1 he no d\bt _h be=e him :at seem$ a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! #8ab/ract g5]al idea' ( sub/ance1 z su*1 i4e4 ( #8some?+ relat$ z a support to accid5ts1' b :i* does n include ideas ( any p>ticul> accid5ts1 & ! composite idea ( a sub/ance1 made up ( a multitude ( simple ideas plus t ( ! some?+ relat$ to !m z a support4 ,we %all f9d ea* ( ^! ideas1 accord+ to ,locke's /atem5t1 presuppos+ ! o!r4 #a ,^u a ref]5ce to ! *apt] on #8complex ideas' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xii471 x w appe> t ! t]m is us$ 9 a /rict] & a loos] s5se4 ,9 ! loos] s5se x is n conf9$ to comp\nd ideas1 b 9 opposition to simple ones includes ^? ( relation & ev5 #8ab/ract g5]al ideas4' ,:5 ,locke ?9ks ( ! g5]al idea ( sub/ance ap>t f ! complication ( accid5ts ref]r$ to x1 he opposes x to ! complex idea1 accord+ to ! /rict] s5se ( t t]m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 he ?9ks ( x z #8made up' ( ! idea ( some?+ plus t ( relation to qualities 7z if !re c\ld be an idea ( some?+ ap>t f su* relation71 x seems to him to h two elem5ts1 & !re=e to be complex4 ,! ab/ract idea accord+ to ,locke at once prec$es & foll[s ! complex4 #cf4 ,9 ! passage above quot$1 our aptness to consid] a complication ( simple ideas1 :i* we notice to g con/antly toge!r1 z "o simple idea1 is acc\nt$ = z ! result ( a presumption t !y belong to "o ?+4 ,?is presumption is aga9 describ$ 9 ! words t #8we accu/om ourselves to suppose "s sub/ratum1 :]e9 !y d subsi/1 & f :i* !y d result2 :i* !re=e we call sub/ance4' ,"h x is impli$ t ! idea ( sub/ance1 i4e4 #8! g5]al idea ( some?+ relat$ z a support to accid5ts1' is "o gradually =m$ ^u obs]vation ( ! regul> co9cid5ce ( c]ta9 simple ideas4 ,9 ! sequel 7sec4 #c ( ! same *apt] ,i4 xxiii47 we are told t su* an idea--#8an obscure & relative idea ( sub/ance 9 g5]al--be+ ?us made1 we come to h ! ideas ( p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ances by collect+ su* comb9ations ( simple ideas z are1 by exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( m5's s5ses1 tak5 notice ( to exi/ toge!r4' ,?us a g5]al idea ( sub/ance hav+ be5 =m$ by "o gradual process1 ideas ( p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ances are =m$ by ano!r & lat] "o4 ,b !n ! v same #8collection ( su* comb9ations ( simple ideas z are tak5 notice ( to exi/ toge!r1' :i* 7accord+ to sec4 #c7 con/itutes ! lat] process & foll[s ^u ! =mation ( ! g5]al idea ( sub/ance1 has be5 previ\sly describ$ z prec$+ & condition+ t =mation4 ,x is ! complication ( simple ideas1 notic$ to g con/antly toge!r1 t 7accord+ to sec4 #a7 leads to ! #8idea ( sub/ance 9 g5]al4' ,to ?is see-saw betwe5 ! process prec$+ & t foll[+ ! =mation ( ! idea 9 "q mu/ be add$ ! difficulty1 t ,locke's acc\nt makes ! g5]al idea prec$e ! p>ticul>1 :i* is aga9/ ! :ole t5or ( 8 doctr9e ( ab/raction z an op]ation :]eby #8! m9d makes ! p>ticul> ideas1 receiv$ f p>ticul> objects1 to become g5]al4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #i47 ,ref]5ce ( ideas to nature or ,god1 ! same z ref]5ce to sub/ance4 #cg4 ,x may be said p]haps t ,locke's self-contradiction 9 ?is reg>d is m app>5t ?an real2 t ! two processes ( comb9+ simple ideas are ess5tially diff]5t1 j because 9 ! lat] process !y are comb9$ by a consci\s act ( ! m9d z accid5ts ( a #8some?+1' ( :i* ! g5]al idea has be5 previ\sly =m$1 :]eas 9 ! e>li] "o !y are m]ely pres5t$ toge!r #8by nature1' &1 ex hypo!si1 ?\gh !y gradually sugge/1 d n c>ry ) !m any ref]5ce to a #8sub/ratum4' ,b ^u ?is we mu/ rem>k t ! pres5tation ( ideas #8by nature' or #8by ,god1' ?\gh a mode ( spee* ( :i* ,locke 9 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( k freely avails himself1 means no?+ else ?an _! relation to a #8sub/ratum1' if n #8:]e9 !y d subsi/1' yet #8f :i* !y d result4' ,if !n x is = consci\sness t ideas are pres5t$ toge!r by nature1 !y already c>ry ) !m t ref]5ce to a sub/ratum :i* is suppos$ gradually to result f _! concurr5ce4 ,if x is n = consci\sness t !y are s pres5t$1 if !y d n sev]ally c>ry ) !m a ref]5ce to #8some?+1' h[ is x !y come to d s 9 ! gross8 ,if a s+le s5sation ( heat is n ref]r$ to a hot ?+1 :y %\ld x be s ref]r$ on ! ?\s&? recurr5ce8 ,because p]haps1 recurr+ con/antly 9 ! same relations1 x compels ! inf]5ce ( p]man5t antec$5ts8 ,b ! #8same relations' mean relations to ! same ?+s1 & ! obs]vation ( ^! relations presupposes j t conception ( ! ?+ :i* x is s\ght to acc\nt =1 ,b x is explicitly to sub/ance t ,locke makes !m ref] !mselves4 #ch4 ,we are e/opp$1 h[ev]1 f any su* explanation ( ,locke z w\ld sugge/ ^! ult]ior que/ions by 8 explicit /atem5t t #8all simple ideas1 all s5sible qualities1 c>ry ) !m a supposition ( a sub/ratum to exi/ 91 & ( a sub/ance :]e9 !y inh]e4' ,! v9dication ( himself aga9/ ! pa!tic compla9t ( ,/ill+fleet1 t he _h #8almo/ disc>d$ sub/ance out ( ! reasonable "p ( ! _w1' 9 :i* ?is /atem5t occurs1 0 c]ta9ly n ne$$4 ,already 9 ! orig9al text ! simple ideas1 ( :i* ! association sugge/s ! idea ( sub/ance1 are su* z #8! m9d f9ds 9 ext]ior ?+s or by reflection on its own op]ations4' ,b to f9d !m 9 an ext]ior ?+ is to f9d !m 9 a sub/ance1 a #8some?+ x kn[s n :at1' reg>d$ z outw>d1 j z to f9d !m by reflection on its own op]ations1 z its own1 is to f9d !m 9 su* a sub/ance reg>d$ z inw>d4 ,! process !n by :i*1 accord+ to ,locke1 ! g5]al idea ( sub/ance is arriv$ at1 presupposes ?is idea j z mu* z ! process1 by :i* ideas ( p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ances are got1 presupposes x1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two processes1 z he puts x1 disappe>s4 ,9 ! process by :i* we are suppos$ to arrive at complex ideas ( sub/ances ! beg9n+ is ! same z ! end4 #ci4 ,! same p>alogism appe>s "u a slightly alt]$ =m :5 x is /at$ 79 ! fir/ lett] to ,/ill+fleet7 t ! idea ( sub/ance z ! #8g5]al indet]m9$ idea ( some?+ is by ! ab/raction ( ! m9d d]iv$ f ! simple ideas ( s5sation & reflection4' ,n[ #8ab/raction' ) ,locke means ! #8sep>ation ( an idea f all o!r ideas t accompany x 9 its real exi/5ce4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xii4 sec4 #a47 ,x is cle> !n t x is impossible to ab/ract an idea :i* is n !re1 9 real exi/5ce1 to be ab/ract$4 ,accord+ly1 if ! #8g5]al idea ( some?+' is d]iv$ by ab/raction f simple ideas ( s5sation & reflection1 x mu/ be orig9ally giv5 ) ^! ideas1 or x w\ld n aft]w>ds be sep>at$ f !m4 ,conv]sely !y mu/ c>ry ?is idea ) !m1 & _c be simple ideas at all1 b comp\nd ones1 ea* made up ( #8! g5]al idea ( some?+ or be+1' & ( an accid5t :i* ?is some?+ supports4 ,h[ !n does ! g5]al idea ( sub/ance or #8some?+1' z d]iv$1 diff] f ! idea ( #8some?+1' z giv5 9 ! orig9al ideas ( s5sation & reflection f :i* ! suppos$ process ( ab/raction />ts8 ,:at c be said ( ! "o t _c be said ( ! o!r8 ,if ! d]iv$ g5]al idea is ( some?+ relat$ to qualities1 :at1 accord+ to ,locke1 are ! orig9al ideas b ^? ( qualities relat$ to some?+8 ,x is true t ! g5]al idea is ( some?+1 ( :i* no?+ fur!r is kn[n1 relat$ to qualities 9 g5]al1 n to any p>ticul> qualities4 ,b ! #8simple idea' 9 l mann] c only be ( an indet]m9ate quality1 = 9 ord] to any det]m9ation ( x1 ! idea mu/ be put toge!r ) ano!r idea1 & s cease to be simple2 & ! #8some?+1' to :i* x is ref]r$1 mu/ = ! same reason be a purely indet]m9ate some?+4 ,if1 9 ord] to avoid conclud+ t ,locke ?us unwitt+ly id5tifi$ ! ab/ract g5]al idea ( sub/ance ) any simple idea1 we say t ! simple idea1 because n ab/ract1 is n indet]m9ate b ( a real quality1 def9$ by manifold relations1 we fall ^u ! new difficulty t1 if s1 n only does ! simple idea become manifoldly complex1 b j su* an #8idea ( a p>ticul> sort ( sub/ance' z1 accord+ to ,locke1 is d]iv$ f ! d]iv$ idea ( sub/ance 9 g5]al4 ,z an idea ( a quality1 x is also necess>ily an idea ( a correlative #8some?+2' & if x is an idea ( a quality 9 its reality1 i4e4 z det]m9$ by v>i\s relations1 x mu/ be an idea ( a v>i\sly qualifi$ some?+1 i4e4 ( a p>ticul> sub/ance4 ,!n n m]ely ! middle ( ! tw(old process by :i* we are suppos$ to get at #8complex ideas ( sub/ances'--i4e4 ! ab/ract some?+2 b its end--i4e4 ! p>ticul> some?+--turns out to be ! same z its beg9n+4 ,doctr9e ( ab/raction inconsi/5t ) doctr9e ( complex ideas4 #dj4 ,! fact is1 t 9 mak+ ! g5]al idea ( sub/ance prec$e p>ticul> ideas ( sorts ( sub/ances 7z he c]ta9ly h[ev] confus$ly does1 9 ! #bcrd *apt] ( ! ,second ,book1 #a z well z by implication 9 8 doctr9e ( modes4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xii4 sec4 #d71 ,locke /umbl$ ^u a tru? :i* he 0 n aw>e (1 & :i* w n fit into 8 ord9>y doctr9e ( g5]al ideas3 ! tru? t k is a process f ! m ab/ract to ! m concrete1 n ! rev]se1 z is commonly suppos$1 & z ,locke's def9ition ( ab/raction implies4 ,?r\gh\t 8 prolix discussion ( #8sub/ance' & #8ess5ce' we f9d two opposite notions p]petually cross ea* o!r3 "o t k beg9s ) ! simple idea1 ! o!r t x beg9s ) ! real ?+ z p>ticul>iz$ by manifold relations4 ,accord+ to ! =m] notion1 simple ideas be+ giv51 void ( relation1 z ! real1 ! m9d ( its own act proce$s to br+ !m into relation & comp\nd !m3 accord+ to ! latt]1 a ?+ ( v>i\s prop]ties 7i4e4 relations #b7 be+ giv5 z ! real1 ! m9d proce$s to sep>ate ^! f ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to ! "o notion ! intellectual process1 z "o ( complication1 ends j :]e1 accord+ to ! o!r notion1 z "o ( ab/raction1 x began4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ce4 #b ,cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #cg4 ,mo/ ( ! simple ideas t make up our complex ideas ( sub/ances are only p[]s 444 e4g4 ! great] "p ( ! ideas :i* make up our complex idea ( gold 444 are no?+ else b s _m relations to o!r sub/ances4' ,! confusion cov]$ by use ( #8p>ticul>s'4 #da4 ,! *ief v]bal equivocation1 "u :i* ,locke disguises ! confusion ( ^! two notions1 is to be f\nd 9 ! use ( ! ^w #8p>ticul>1' :i* is sometimes us$ = ! m]e individual hav+ no community ) any?+ else1 sometimes = ! ?+ qualifi$ by relation to a multitude ( o!r ?+s4 ,! simple idea or s5sation2 ! #8some?+' :i* ! simple idea is suppos$ to #8report1' & :i* ,locke at 8 pleasure id5tifies ) x2 ! complex idea2 & ! ?+ z ! collection ( ! prop]ties :i* ! simple idea #8reports1' all are m]g$ by ,locke "u ! "o t]m #8p>ticul>s4' ,z ! only consi/5cy 9 8 use ( ! t]m seems to lie 9 its opposition to #8g5]als1' we naturally turn to ! passage :]e ?is opposition is spok5 ( mo/ at l>ge4 ,locke's acc\nt ( ab/ract g5]al ideas4 #db4 #8,g5]al & univ]sal belong n to ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b are ! inv5tions & creatures ( ! und]/&+1 made by x = its own use1 & conc]n only signs1 :e!r words or ideas4 ,words are g5]al :5 us$ = signs ( g5]al ideas1 & s are applicable indiff]5tly to _m p>ticul> ?+s2 & ideas are g5]al1 :5 !y are set up z ! repres5tatives ( _m p>ticul> ?+s2 b univ]sality belongs n to ?+s !mselves1 :i* are all ( !m p>ticul> 9 _! exi/5ce1 ev5 ^? words & ideas :i* 9 _! signification are g5]al4 ,:5 !re=e we quit p>ticul>s1 ! g5]als t re/ are only creatures ( our own mak+1 _! g5]al nature be+ no?+ b ! capacity !y are put into by ! und]/&+1 ( signify+ or repres5t+ _m p>ticul>s4 ,= ! signification !y h is no?+ b a relation t by ! m9d ( man is add$ to !m4 444 ,! sort+ ( ?+s "u names is ! workman%ip ( ! und]/&+1 tak+ occasion f ! similitude x obs]ves among !m to make ab/ract g5]al ideas1 & set !m up 9 ! m9d1 ) names annex$ to !m1 z patt]ns or =ms 7= 9 t s5se ! ^w =m has a v prop] signification71 to :i* z p>ticul> ?+s are f\nd to agree1 s !y come to be ( t species1 h t d5om9ation1 or are put into t classis4 ,= :5 we say ?is is a man1 t a horse2 ?is ju/ice1 t cruelty1 :at d we else b rank ?+s "u diff]5t specific names1 z agree+ to ^? ab/ract ideas1 ( :i* we h made ^? names ! signs8 ,& :at are ! ess5ces ( ^? species1 set out & m>k$ by names1 b ^? ab/ract ideas 9 ! m9d2 :i* are1 z x 71 ! bonds betwe5 p>ticul> ?+s t exi/1 & ! names !y are to be rank$ "u8' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 secs4 #aa & #ac47 #8,?+s n g5]al4' #dc4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! rem>kable passages we beg9 ) ! famili> opposition betwe5 ideas z #8! creatures ( ! m9d' & real ?+s4 ,ideas1 & ! words :i* express !m1 may be g5]al1 b ?+s _c4 #8,!y are all ( !m p>ticul> 9 _! exi/5ce4' ,!n ! ideas & words !mselves appe> z ?+s1 & z su* #89 _! exi/5ce' c only be p>ticul>4 ,x is only 9 its signification1 i4e4 9 its relation to o!r ideas :i* x repres5ts1 t an idea1 p>ticul> itself1 becomes g5]al1 & ?is relation does n belong to ! #8exi/5ce' ( ! idea or to ! idea 9 itself1 b #8by ! m9d ( man is add$ to x4' ,! relation be+ ?us a fictiti\s addition to reality1 #8g5]al & univ]sal are m]e inv5tions & creatures ( ! und]/&+4' ,! next passage1 9 spite ( ! w>n+ t all ideas are p>ticul> 9 _! exi/5ce1 /ill speaks ( g5]al ideas1 b only z #8set up 9 ! m9d4' ,to ^! #8p>ticul> ?+s exi/+ are f\nd to agree1' & ! agreem5t is express$ 9 su* judgm5ts z #8?is is a man1 t a horse2 ?is is ju/ice1 t cruelty2' ! #8?is' & #8t' repres5t+ #8p>ticul> exi/+ ?+s1' #8horse' & #8cruelty' ab/ract g5]al ideas to :i* ^! are f\nd to agree4 ,g5]ality an inv5tion ( ! m9d4 #dd4 ,"o anti!sis is c]ta9ly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ^! passages--t betwe5 #8real exi/5ce :i* is always p>ticul>1 & ! workman%ip ( ! m9d1' :i* #8inv5ts' g5]ality4 ,real exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 is ascrib$ 7a7 to ?+s !mselves1 7b7 to words & ideas1 ev5 ^? :i* become ( g5]al signification1 7c7 to mix$ modes1 = 9 ! proposition #8?is is ju/ice1' ! #8?is' mu/ repres5t a mix$ mode4 7,cf4 ,,ii4 xii4 #e47 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! #8really exi/5t1' :i* di/+ui%es x f ! workman%ip ( ! m9d1 w\ld seem to be m]e individuality1 exclusive ( all relation4 ,! simple #8?is' & #8t1' ap>t f ! relation express$ 9 ! judgm5t1 be+ m]e individuals1 are really exi/5t2 & conv]sely1 ideas1 :i* 9 !mselves h real exi/5ce1 :5 a relation1 9 virtue ( :i* !y become significant1 has be5 #8add$ to !m by ! m9d1' become #8inv5tions ( ! und]/&+4' ,?is consi/s ) ! express /atem5t 9 ! *apt] on #8relation' 7,,ii4 xxv4 #h71 t x is #8n conta9$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b is some?+ extrane\s & sup]9duc$4' ,?us g5]ality1 z a relation betwe5 any "o ( a multitude ( s+le 7n necess>ily simple7 ideas1 e4g4 s+le ideas ( horses1 & all ! re/--a relation :i* belongs n to any "o ( !m s+ly--is sup]9duc$ by ! und]/&+ ^u _! real1 i4e4 _! s+le exi/5ce4 ,ap>t f ?is relation1 x w\ld seem1 or 9 _! m]e s+l5ess1 ev5 ideas ( mix$ modes1 e4g4 ?is act ( ju/ice1 may h real exi/5ce4 ,! result is1 t ! feel+ ( ea* mom5t is alone real4 #de4 ,! result ( ,locke's /atem5t1 ?us exam9$1 cle>ly is t real exi/5ce belongs to ! pres5t mom5t>y act ( consci\sness1 & to t alone4 ,ascrib$ z x is to ! #8?+ itself1' to ! idea :i*1 z g5]al1 has x n1 & to ! mix$ mode1 x is 9 ea* case ! mom5t>y pres5ce to consci\sness t con/itutes x4 ,to a ?+ itself1 z di/9ct f ! pres5tation to consci\sness1 x _c belong1 = su* a #8?+' means t :i* rema9s id5tical ) itself "u manifold appe>ances1 & bo? id5tity & appe>ance imply relation1 i4e4 #8an inv5tion ( ! m9d4' ,z little c x belong to ! cont5t ( any idea1 s9ce ?is is 9 all cases con/itut$ by relation to o!r ideas4 ,?us if ,i judge #8?is is sweet1' ! real exi/5ce lies 9 ! simple #8?is1' 9 ! m]e =m ( pres5tation at an individual n[1 n 9 ! relation ( ?is to o!r flav\rs :i* con/itutes ! det]m9ate sweetness1 or to a sweetness at o!r times ta/$4 ,if ,i judge #8?is is a horse1' a pres5t vision really exi/s1 b n s its relation to o!r s5sations ( sight or t\*1 closely prec$5t or sequ5t1 :i* make up ! #8total impression2' mu* less its relation to o!r l impressions ?\ght (1 9 consid]ation ( :i* a common "n is appli$ to x4 ,if1 aga91 ,i judge #8?is is an act ( ju/ice1' ! pres5t ?\ght ( ! act1 z pres5t1 really exi/s2 n s ^? relations ( ! act :i* ei!r make x j1 or make me apply ! "n to x4 ,x is true t accord+ to ?is doctr9e ! #8really exi/5t' is ! unmean+1 & t any /atem5t ab\t x is impossible4 ,we _c judge ( x )\t br++ x into relation1 9 :i* x ceases to be :at 9 its m]e s+l5ess x is1 & ?us loses its reality1 ov]laid by ! #8inv5tion ( ! und]/&+4' ,nay1 if we say t x is ! m]e #8?is' or #8t1' z su*--! simple #8"h' & #8n['--! v #8?is1' 9 be+ m5tion$ or judg$ (1 becomes relat$ to o!r ?+s :i* we h call$ #8?is1' & ! #8n[' to o!r #8n[s4' ,?us ea* acquires a g5]ality1 & ) x becomes fictiti\s4 ,z ,plato long ago taught--?\gh ! lesson seems to require to be taught anew to ea* g5]ation ( philosoph]s--a consi/5t s5sationalism mu/ be spee*less4 ,locke1 himself1 9 "o ( ! passages quot$1 implicitly admits ?is by indicat+ t only ?r\gh relations or 9 _! g5]ality are ideas #8significant4' ,h[ ,locke avoids ?is result4 #df4 ,he 0 n ! man1 h[ev]1 to become spee*less out ( %e] consi/5cy4 ,he has a r$undancy ( t]ms & tropes = disguis+ f himself & 8 read] ! real import ( 8 doctr9e4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! passage quot$ we f9d t ! relation or community betwe5 ideas1 :i* ! und]/&+ inv5ts1 is occasion$ by a #8similitude :i* x obs]ves among ?+s4' ,! g5]al idea hav+ be5 ?us inv5t$1 #8?+s are f\nd to agree ) x'--z is natural s9ce !y sugge/$ x4 ,h]eupon we are =c$ to ask h[1 if all relation is sup]9duc$ ^u real exi/5ce by ! und]/&+1 an obs]v$ relation ( similitude among ?+s c occasion ! sup]9duction2 & aga9 h[ x happ5s1 if all g5]ality ( ideas is a fiction ( ! m9d1 t #8?+s are f\nd to agree ) g5]al ideas4' ,h[ c ! real exi/5ce call$ #8?is' or #8t1' :i* only really exi/s s f> z no?+ c be said ( x b t x is #8?is' or #8t1' agree ) any?+ :atev]8 ,agreem5t implies "s cont5t1 "s det]m9ation by prop]ties1 i4e4 by relations1 9 ! ?+s agree+1 :]eas ! really exi/5t excludes relation4 ,h[ !n c x agree ) ! ab/ract g5]al idea1 ! import ( :i*1 accord+ to ,locke's own %[+1 dep5ds solely on relation8 ,! #8p>ticul>' 0 to him ! individual qualifi$ by g5]al relations4 #dg4 ,su* que/ions did n occur to ,locke1 because :ile ass]t+ ! m]e individuality ( ?+s exi/5t1 & ! simplicity ( all ideas z giv51 i4e4 z real1 he nev] fully recognis$ ! mean+ ( 8 own ass]tion4 ,"u ! %elt] ( ! ambigu\s #8p>ticul>' he c\ld at any "t sub/itute = ! m]e individual ! det]m9ate individual1 or individual qualifi$ by community ) o!r ?+s2 j z1 aga91 "u cov]+ ( ! #8simple idea' he c\ld sub/itute = ! m]e mom5t>y consci\sness ! p]ception ( a def9ite ?+4 ,?us :5 he speaks ( ! judgm5t #8?is is gold' z express+ ! agreem5t ( a real 7i4e4 individual7 ?+ ) a g5]al idea1 he ?9ks ( #8?is' a already hav+1 ap>t f ! judgm5t1 ! det]m9ation :i* x fir/ receives 9 ! judgm5t4 ,he ?9ks ( x1 9 o!r words1 n z ! m]e #8p]i%+' s5sation #a or individual void ( relation1 b z a s5sation symbolical ( o!r possibilities ( s5sation :i*1 z s _m relations ( a ?+ to u or to o!r ?+s1 are connot$ by ! common n\n #8gold4' ,x ?us #8agrees' ) ! ab/ract idea or conception ( qualities1 i4e4 because x is already ! #8creature ( ! und]/&+1' det]m9$ by relations :i* con/itute a g5]ality & community betwe5 x & o!r ?+s4 ,su* a notion ( ! really exi/5t ?+--:olly inconsi/5t ) 8 doctr9e ( relation & ( ! g5]al--,locke has be=e him :5 he speaks ( g5]al ideas z =m$ by ab/raction ( c]ta9 qualities f real ?+s1 or ( c]ta9 ideas f o!r ideas t accompany !m 9 real exi/5ce4 #8,:5 "s "o fir/ lit on a p>cel ( t sort ( sub/ance we d5ote by ! ^w gold1 444 its peculi> col\r1 p]haps1 & weight 7 ! fir/ he ab/ract$ f x1 to make ! complex idea ( t species 444 ano!r p]haps add$ to ^! ! ideas ( fusibility & fix$ness 444 ano!r its ductility & solubility 9 aqua regia4 ,^!1 or "p ( ^!1 put toge!r1 usually make ! complex idea 9 m5's m9ds ( t sort ( body we call gold4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #i47 ,"h ! supposition is t a ?+1 multitud9\sly qualifi$1 is giv5 ap>t f any action ( ! und]/&+1 :i* !n proce$s to act 9 ! way ( successively deta*+ 7#8ab/ract+'7 ^! qualities & recomb9+ !m z ! idea ( a species4 ,su* a recomb9ation1 inde$1 w\ld seem b wa/$ lab\r4 ,! qualities are assum$ to be already f\nd by ! und]/&+ & f\nd z 9 a ?+2 o!rwise ! und]/&+ c\ld n ab/ract !m f x4 ,:y %\ld x !n pa9fully put toge!r 9 imp]fect comb9ation :at has be5 previ\sly giv5 to x complete8 ,( ! complex idea :i* results f ! "w ( ab/raction1 no?+ c be said b a small "p ( :at is pr$icable ( ! kn[n ?+ :i* ! possibility ( su* ab/raction presupposes4 #a #8,all impressions are p]i%+ exi/5ces4'--,hume4 ,see bel[1 p>agraph #bjh4 ,?is is ! real ?+ f :i* ab/raction is suppos$ to />t4 #dh4 #8,! complex idea ( a species1' spok5 ( 9 ! passage la/ quot$1 corresponds to :at1 9 ,locke's !ory ( sub/ance1 is call$ ! #8idea ( a p>ticul> sort ( sub/ance4' ,9 consid]+ t !ory we saw t1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 ! beg9n+ ( ! process by :i* ! #8ab/ract idea ( sub/ance' 0 =m$1 0 ei!r t ab/ract idea itself1 ! m]e #8some?+1' or by a d\ble contradiction ! #8complex idea ( a p>ticul> sort ( sub/ance' :i* yet we only come to h aft] ! ab/ract idea has be5 =m$4 ,9 ! passage n[ be=e u !re is no direct m5tion ( ! ab/raction ( ! #8sub/ratum1' z su*1 b only ( ! quality1 & h5ce !re is no ambiguity ab\t ! p>alogism4 ,x is n a m]e #8some?+' t ! man #8lights ^u1' & ?us x is n ?is t holds ! place at once ( ! giv5 & ! d]iv$ b a some?+ hav+ manifold qualities to be ab/ract$4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! #8idea ( a p>ticul> sort ( sub/ance' t he />ts f1 & x is j ?is aga9 to :i* z a #8complex idea ( a species1' 8 und]/&+ is suppos$ gradually to lead him4 ,! und]/&+1 inde$1 accord+ to ,locke1 is nev] adequate to nature1 & accord+ly ! qualities ab/ract$ & recomb9$ 9 ! complex idea always fall va/ly %ort ( ! fulness ( ^? giv5 9 ! real ?+2 or z he /ates x 9 t]ms ( ! multiplication table 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #aj71 #8"s :o h exam9$ ?is species m accurately c\ld1 ,i believe1 enum]ate t5 times z _m prop]ties 9 gold1 all ( !m z insep>able f its int]nal con/itution1 z its col\r or weight2 & x is probable if any "o knew all ! prop]ties t are by div]s m5 kn[n ( ?is metal1 !re w\ld an hundr$ times z _m ideas g to ! complex idea ( gold1 z any "o man has yet 9 82 & yet p]haps t w\ld n be ! ?\s&? "p ( :at is to be discov]$ 9 x4' ,^! two million prop]ties1 & upw>ds1 :i* await ab/raction 9 gold1 are all1 x mu/ be not$1 accord+ to ,locke's /atem5t else:]e 7,book ,,ii4 *ap xxiii4 sec4 #cg71 #8no?+ b s _m relations to o!r sub/ances4' ,x is j on acc\nt ( ^! multitud9\s relations ( ! real ?+ t ! und]/&+ is inadequate to its compreh5sion4 ,yet accord+ to ,locke's doctr9e ( relation ^! mu/ all be !mselves #8sup]9ductions ( ! m9d1' & ! great] ! fulness :i* !y con/itute1 ! fur!r is ! di/ance f ! m]e individuality :i* else:]e1 9 contra/ ) ! fictiti\sness ( #8g5]als1' appe>s z ! equival5t ( real exi/5ce4 ,yet1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( relation1 a creation ( ?\ght4 #di4 ,! real ?+ & ! creation ( ! und]/&+ ?us *ange places4 ,t :i* is giv5 to ! und]/&+ z ! real1 :i* x f9ds & does n make1 is n n[ ! b>e atom ^u :i* relations h to be artificially sup]9duc$4 ,nor is x ! m]e pres5t feel+1 :i* has #8by ! m9d ( man' to be made #8significant1' or repres5tative ( pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,x is itself an inexhau/ible complex ( relations1 :e!r !y are consid]$ z subsi/+ betwe5 x & o!r ?+s1 or betwe5 ! s5sations :i* x is #8fitt$ to produce 9 u4' ,^! are ! real1 :i* is ?us a sy/em1 a community2 & if ! #8g5]al1' z ,locke says1 is t :i* #8has ! capacity ( repres5t+ _m p>ticul>s1' ! real ?+ itself is g5]al1 = x repres5ts--nay1 is con/itut$ by--! manifold p>ticul> feel+s :i*1 m$iately or imm$iately1 x excites 9 u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! inv5tion ( ! und]/&+1 in/ead ( giv+ #8significance' or cont5t to ! m]e individuality ( ! real1 z x does accord+ to ,locke's !ory ( #8g5]als1' n[ appe>s z deta*+ fragm5ts f ! fulness ( ! real to recomb9e !m 9 an #8ab/ract ess5ce' ( its own4 ,in/ead ( add+ complexity to ! simple1 x subtracts f ! complex4 ,summ>y ( ! above contradictions4 #ej4 ,to ga!r up1 !n1 ! l9es ( contradiction :i* trav]se ,locke's doctr9e ( real exi/5ce z x appe>s 9 8 acc\nt ( g5]al & complex ideas3--,! idea ( sub/ance is an ab/ract g5]al idea1 n giv5 directly 9 s5sation or reflection1 b #8inv5t$ by ! und]/&+1' z by consequ5ce mu/ be ideas ( p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ances :i* presuppose ! ab/ract idea4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ideas ( s5sation & reflection1 f :i* ! idea ( sub/ance is ab/ract$1 & to :i* z real x z an inv5tion is oppos$1 are ideas ( #8some?+1' & are only real z repres5tative ( some?+4 ,b ?is idea ( some?+ ! idea ( sub/ance4 ,!re=e ! idea ( sub/ance is ! presupposition1 & ! condition ( ! reality1 ( ! v ideas f :i* x is said to be d]iv$4 ,aga91 if ! g5]al idea ( sub/ance is got by ab/raction1 x mu/ be orig9ally giv5 9 conjunction ) ! ideas ( s5sation or reflection f :i* x is aft]w>ds ab/ract$1 i4e4 sep>at$4 ,b 9 su* conjunction x con/itutes ! ideas ( p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ances4 ,!re=e ^! latt] ideas1 :i* yet we #8come to h' aft] ! g5]al idea ( sub/ance1 =m ! prior exp]i5ce f :i* ?is g5]al idea is ab/ract$4 ,fur!r1 ?is orig9al exp]i5ce1 f :i* ab/raction />ts1 be+ ( #8sorts ( sub/ances1' & ^! sorts be+ con/itut$ by relations1 x foll[s t relation is giv5 9 ! orig9al exp]i5ce4 ,b t :i* is s giv5 is #8real exi/5ce' 9 opposition to ! inv5tion ( ! und]/&+4 ,!re=e ^! relations1 & ! community :i* !y con/itute1 really exi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m]e individuals alone really exi/1 :ile relations betwe5 !m are sup]9duc$ by ! m9d4 ,once m1 ! simple idea giv5 9 s5sation or reflection1 z x is made = n by u1 has or results f real exi/5ce1 :]eas g5]al & complex ideas are ! workman%ip ( ! m9d4 ,b ?is workman%ip consi/s 9 ! ab/raction ( ideas f ea* o!r1 & f t to :i* !y are relat$ z qualities4 ,x ?us presupposes at once ! g5]al idea ( #8some?+' or sub/ance1 & ! complex idea ( qualities ( ! some?+4 ,!re=e x mu/ be g5]al & complex ideas t are real1 z made = & n by u1 & t af=d ! inv5tive und]/&+ its mat]ial4 ,yet if s--if !y are giv5--:y make !m ov] aga9 by ab/raction & recomplication8 ,!y _c be ov]come )\t viol5ce to ,locke's fundam5tal pr9ciples4 #ea4 ,we may get ov] ! la/ difficulty1 inde$1 by di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! complex & confus$1 betwe5 ab/raction & analysis4 ,we may say t :at is orig9ally giv5 9 exp]i5ce is ! confus$1 :i* to u is simple1 or 9 o!r words has no def9ite cont5t1 because1 till x has be5 analys$1 no?+ c be said ( x1 ?\gh 9 itself x is inf9itely complex2 t ?us ! process1 :i* ,locke r\ghly calls ab/raction1 & :i*1 z he describes x1 consi/s m]ely 9 tak+ gra9s f ! big heap t is giv5 9 ord] to make a little heap ( "o's own1 is yet1 rightly und]/ood1 ! true process ( k--a process :i* may be said at once to beg9 ) ! complex & to end ) x1 to take f ! concrete & to con/itute x1 because x beg9s ) t :i* is 9 itself ! fulness ( reality1 b :i* only becomes s = u z x is gradually spelt out by our analysis4 ,to put ! case ?us1 h[ev]1 is n to correct ,locke's /atem5t1 b :olly to *ange 8 doctr9e4 ,x r5d]s futile 8 easy me?od ( #8s5d+ a man to 8 s5ses' = ! discov]y ( reality1 & de/roys ! supposition t ! elem5ts ( k c be asc]ta9$ by ! int]rogation ( ! individual consci\sness4 ,su* consci\sness c tell no?+ ( its own beg9n+1 if ( ?is beg9n+1 z ( ! purely indef9ite1 no?+ c be said2 if x only becomes def9$ ?r\gh relations1 :i* 9 its /ate ( primitive pot5tiality are n actually 9 x4 ,! s5ses aga91 s f> f be+1 9 t m]e passivity :i* ,locke ascribes to !m1 organs ( ready-made reality1 c h no?+ to tell1 if x is only ?r\gh ! active processes ( #8disc]n+1 comp>+1 & comp\nd+1' t !y acquire a def9ite cont5t4 ,b to admit ?is is no?+ else ?an1 9 ord] to avoid a contradiction ( :i* ,locke 0 n aw>e1 to efface j t *>act]i/ic ( 8 doctr9e :i* comm5ds x to #8common s5se'--! supposition1 namely1 t ! simple datum ( s5se1 z x is = s5se or 9 its m]e individuality1 is ! real1 9 opposition to ! #8inv5tion ( ! m9d4' ,t ?is supposition is to make ! real ! unmean+1 ! empty1 ( :i* no?+ c be said1 he did n see because1 "u an unconsci\s delusion ( words1 ev5 :ile ass]t+ t ! names ( simple ideas are undef9able 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #d71 :i* means t no?+ c be said ( su* ideas1 & :ile admitt+ t ! processes ( disc]n+1 comp>+1 & comp\nd+ ideas1 :i* mean no?+ else ?an ! br++ !m into relation #a or ! sup]9duction ^u !m ( fictions ( ! m9d1 are necess>y to con/itute ev5 ! beg9n+s ( k1 he yet all[s himself to inve/ ! simple idea1 z ! real1 ) ^? def9ite qualities :i* c only accrue to x1 accord+ to 8 %[+1 f ! #8inv5tive' action ( ! und]/&+4 #a ,locke only /ates ?is explicitly ( comp>ison1 #8an op]ation ( ! m9d ab\t its ideas1 ^u :i* dep5ds all t l>ge tribe ( ideas1 compreh5d$ "u relation4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #d47 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! same rem>k mu/ apply to ! #8disc]nm5t ( ideas1' :i* is /rictly correlative to comp>ison1 & to _! composition1 :i* means t !y are br\ght into relation z con/itu5ts ( a :ole4 ,t ^! ?ree processes are necess>y to con/itute ! beg9n+s ( k1 accord+ to ,locke1 appe>s f ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #ae1 tak5 9 connection ) :at prec$es 9 t *apt]4 ,z real exi/5ce1 ! simple idea c>ries ) x #8inv5t$' relation ( cause4 #eb4 ,?us inve/$1 x is already sub/ance or symbolical ( sub/ance1 n a m]e feel+ b a felt ?+1 recognis$ ei!r "u t m9imum ( qualification :i* enables u m]ely to say t x is #8some?+1' or 79 ,locke's language7 ab/ract sub/ance1 or "u ! great] complication ( qualities :i* con/itutes a #8p>ticul> sort ( sub/ance'--gold1 horse1 wat]1 c4 ,real exi/5ce ?us means sub/ance4 ,x is n ! simple idea or s5sation by itself t is real1 b ?is idea z caus$ by a ?+4 ,x is ! ?+ t is prim>ily ! real2 ! idea only second>ily s1 because x results f a p[] 9 ! ?+4 ,z we h se51 ,locke's doctr9e ( ! necess>y adequacy1 reality1 & tru? ( ! simple idea turns ^u ! supposition t x is1 & ann\nces itself z1 an #8ectype' ( an #8ar*etype4' ,b !re is n a diff]5t ar*etype to ea* s5sation2 if !re 71 9 #8report+' x ! s5sation w\ld d no m ?an report itself4 ,x is ! suppos$ s+le cause ( manifold diff]5t s5sations or simple ideas1 to :i* a s+le "n is appli$4 #8,if sug> produce 9 u ! ideas :i* we call :it5ess & sweetness1 we are sure !re is a p[] 9 sug> to produce ^? ideas 9 our m9ds4 444 ,& s ea* s5sation answ]+ ! p[] t op]ates on any ( our s5ses1 ! idea s produc$ is a real idea 7& n a fiction ( ! m9d1 :i* has no p[] to produce any s+le idea71 & _c b be adequate 444 & s all simple ideas are adequate4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #b47 ,! sug>1 :i* is "h ! #8ar*etype' & ! s\rce ( reality 9 ! idea1 is j :at ,locke else:]e calls #8a p>ticul> sort ( sub/ance1' z ! #8some?+' f :i* a c]ta9 set ( s5sations result1 & 9 :i*1 z s5sible qualities1 !y inh]e4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,locke1 t :i* inh]es 9 ! ?+ is n ! quality1 z x is to u1 b a p[] to produce x4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #bh1 & c4 xxiii4 #cg47 ,correlativity ( cause & sub/ance4 #ec4 ,9 call+ a s5sation or idea ! product ( a p[]1 sub/ance is presuppos$ j z mu* z 9 call+ x a s5sible quality2 only t ) ,locke #8quality' convey$ ! notion ( inh]5ce 9 ! sub/ance1 p[] t ( relation to an effect n 9 ! sub/ance itself4 #8,second>y qualities are no?+ b ! p[]s :i* sub/ances h to produce sev]al ideas 9 u by our s5ses1 :i* ideas are n 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 o!rwise ?an z any?+ is 9 its cause4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #i47 #8,mo/ ( ! simple ideas1 t make up our complex ideas ( sub/ances1 are only p[]s 444 or relations to o!r sub/ances 7or1 z he expla9s else:]e1 #8relations to our p]ceptions1' #a71 & are n really 9 ! sub/ance consid]$ b>ely 9 itself4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #cg1 & xxxi4 #h47 ,t ?is implies ! inclusion ( ! idea ( cause 9 t ( sub/ance1 appe>s f ,locke's /atem5t t #8:atev] is consid]$ by u to op]ate to ! produc+ any p>ticul> simple idea :i* did n be=e exi/1 ha? !reby 9 our m9ds ! relation ( a cause4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxvi4 sec4 #a47 ,?us to be consci\s ( ! reality ( a simple idea1 z t :i* is n made by ! subject ( ! idea1 b results f a p[] 9 a ?+1 is to h ! idea ( sub/ance z cause4 ,?is latt] idea mu/ be ! condition ( ! consci\sness ( reality4 ,if ! consci\sness ( reality is impli$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( k1 s mu/ ! correlative ideas be ( cause & sub/ance4 #a ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxi4 sec4 #c4 ,h[ d we "k t ideas correspond to reality ( ?+s8 ,locke's answ]4 #ed4 ,on exam9+ ,locke's second rehe>sal ( 8 !ory 9 ! f\r? book ( ! ,essay--t #8,on ,k'--we are l$ to ?is result q z inevitably z 9 ! book #8,on ,ideas4' ,he has a special *apt] on ! #8reality ( human k1' :]e he puts ! problem ?us3--#8,x is evid5t ! m9d kn[s n ?+s imm$iately1 b only by ! int]v5tion ( ! ideas x has ( !m4 ,our k !re=e is real only s f> z !re is a con=mity betwe5 our ideas & ! reality ( ?+s4 ,b :at %all be "h ! crit]ion8 ,h[ %all ! m9d1 :5 x p]ceives no?+ b its own ideas1 "k t !y agree ) ?+s !mselves8' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #c47 ,x kn[s ?is1 he proce$s to %[1 9 ! case ( simple ideas1 because #8s9ce ! m9d c by no means make !m to itself1 !y mu/ be ! product ( ?+s op]at+ on ! m9d 9 a natural way4 444 ,simple ideas are n fictions ( our fancies1 b ! natural & regul> productions ( ?+s )\t u1 really op]at+ ^u u2 & s c>ry ) !m all ! con=mity :i* is int5d$1 or :i* our /ate requires1 = !y repres5t to u ?+s "u ^? appe>ances :i* !y are fitt$ to produce 9 u2 :]eby we are enabl$ to di/+ui% ! sorts ( p>ticul> sub/ances1' c4 c4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #d47 ,! :ole =ce ( ?is passage dep5ds on ! notion t simple ideas are already to ! subject ( !m n 8 own mak+1 b ! product ( a ?+1 :i* 9 its relation to ^! ideas is a #8p>ticul> sort ( sub/ance4' ,x is ! reception ( su* ideas1 s relat$1 t ,locke calls #8s5sitive k ( p>ticul> exi/5ce1' or a #8p]ception ( ! m9d1 employ$ ab\t ! p>ticul> exi/5ce ( f9ite be+s )\t u4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ii4 sec4 #ad47 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he di/+ui%es f two o!r #8degrees ( k or c]ta9ty1' #8intuition' & #8demon/ration1' ( :i* ! =m] is atta9$ :5 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas is p]ceiv$ imm$iately1 ! latt] :5 x is p]ceiv$ m$iately ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( c]ta9 o!r agreem5ts or disagreem5ts 7less or m71 ea* ( :i* mu/ 9 turn be p]ceiv$ imm$iately4 ,demon/ration1 be+ ?us really b a s]ies ( intuitions1 c>ries ! same c]ta9ty z intuition1 only x is a c]ta9ty :i* x requires m or less pa9s & att5tion to appreh5d4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ii4 sec4 #d47 ,( ! #8o!r p]ception ( ! m9d1 employ$ ab\t ! p>ticul> exi/5ce ( f9ite be+s )\t u1' :i* #8passes "u ! "n ( k1' he expla9s t al?\gh #8go+ beyond b>e probability1 x rea*es n p]fectly to ei!r ( ! =ego+ degrees ( c]ta9ty4' #8,!re c be no?+ m c]ta91' he proce$s1 #8?an t ! idea we receive f an ext]nal object is 9 our m9ds2 ?is is intuitive k4 ,b :e!r !re be any?+ m ?an b>ely t idea 9 our m9ds1 :e!r we c !nce c]ta9ly inf] ! exi/5ce ( any?+ )\t u :i* corresponds to t idea1 is t :]e( "s m5 ?9k !re may be a "q made2 because m5 may h su* ideas 9 _! m9ds1 :5 no su* ?+ exi/s1 no su* object affects _! s5ses4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ii4 sec4 #ad47 ,x assumes t simple ideas are consci\sly ref]r$ to ?+s t cause !m4 #ee4 ,x is cle> t "h 9 8 v /atem5t ( ! "q ,locke begs ! answ]4 ,if ! intuitive c]ta9ty is t #8! idea we receive f an ext]nal object is 9 our m9ds1' #a h[ is x possible to d\bt :e!r su* an object exi/s & affects our s5ses8 ,?is impossibility ( speak+ ( ! simple idea1 except z receiv$ f an object1 may acc\nt = ,locke's app>5t inconsi/5cy 9 f9d+ ! assurance ( ! reality ( k 7"u ! phrase #8evid5ce ( ! s5ses'7 j 9 t #8p]ception' :i* rea*es n to intuitive or demon/rative c]ta9ty1 & only #8passes "u ! "n ( k4' ,9 ! passage j quot$ he %[s t he is cognizant ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! simple idea & ! p]ception ( an exi/5ce correspond+ to x1 & 9 consequ5ce di/+ui%es ?is p]ception f prop] intuition1 b 9 ! v /atem5t ( ! di/9ction x eludes him4 ,! simple idea1 z he speaks ( x1 becomes itself1 z consci\sly #8receiv$ f an ext]nal object1' ! p]ception ( exi/5ce2 j z we h previ\sly se5 x become ! judgm5t ( id5tity or p]ception ( ! #8agreem5t ( an idea ) itself1' :i* is 8 fir/ k9d ( k4 #a ,i d n n[ raise ! "q1 ,:at are "h ! ideas1 :i* mu/ be imm$iately p]ceiv$ to agree or disagree 9 ord] to make x a case ( #8intuitive c]ta9ty' or k accord+ to ,locke's def9ition4 ,see bel[1 p>agraphs #ei1 #aja1 & #adg4 ,lively ideas real1 because !y mu/ be effects ( ?+s4 #ef4 ,9 %ort1 ) ,locke ! simple idea1 ! p]ception ( exi/5ce correspond+ to ! idea1 & ! judgm5t ( id5tity1 are absolutely m]g$1 & 9 mutual involution1 sometimes "u "o designation1 sometimes "u ano!r1 are alike pres5t$ z ! beg9n+ ( k4 ,z occasion requires1 ea* does duty = ! o!r4 ,?us1 if ! #8reality ( k' be 9 "q1 ! simple idea1 :i* is giv51 is treat$ z involv+ ! p]ception ( exi/5ce1 & ! reality is e/abli%$4 ,if 9 turn ?is p]ception is di/+ui%$ f ! simple idea1 & x is ask$ :e!r ! correspond5ce betwe5 idea & exi/5ce is prop]ly matt] ( k1 ! simple idea has only to be treat$ z involv+ ! judgm5t ( id5tity1 :i* aga9 involves t ( exi/5ce1 & ! "q is answ]$4 ,s 9 ! context "u consid]ation 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ii4 sec4 #ad71 aft] rais+ ! "q z to ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ correspond+ to ! idea1 he answ]s x by ! c\nt] "q1 #8:e!r anyone is n inv9cibly consci\s to himself ( a diff]5t p]ception1 :5 he looks on ! sun by day1 & ?9ks on x by night2 :5 he actually ta/es wormwood1 or smells a rose1 or only ?9ks on t sav\r or od\r8 ,we z pla9ly f9d ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 any idea reviv$ 9 our m9ds by our own memory1 & actually com+ into our m9ds by our s5ses1 z we d betwe5 any two di/9ct ideas4' ,! =ce ( ! above lies 9 its appeal to ! p]ception ( id5tity1 or--to apply ! language 9 :i* ,locke describes ?is p]ception--! k t ! idea :i* a man calls ! smell ( a rose is ! v idea x is4 #a ,! m]e diff]5ce 9 livel9ess betwe5 ! pres5t & ! recall$ idea1 :i*1 z ,b]keley & ,hume rightly ma9ta9$1 is ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m z m]e ideas1 _c by itself con/itute ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! k ( ! pres5ce ( a ?+ answ]+ to ! idea & ! k ( its abs5ce4 ,x c only d ?is if ! m lively idea is id5tifi$ ) pa/ lively ideas z a repres5tation ( "o & ! same ?+ :i* #8agrees ) itself' 9 contra/ to ! multiplicity ( ! s5sations1 its signs4 ,only 9 virtue ( ?is id5tification c ei!r ! livel9ess ( ! idea %[ t ! ?+--! sun or ! rose--is !re1 or ! want ( livel9ess t x is n1 = )\t x !re w\ld be no ?+ to be !re or n to be !re4 ,x is because ?is id5tification is :at ,locke und]/&s by ! fir/ sort ( p]ception ( agreem5t betwe5 ideas1 & because he virtually f9ds ?is p]ception aga9 9 ! simple idea1 t ! simple idea is to him ! index ( reality4 ,b if s1 ! idea 9 its primitive simplicity is ! sign ( a ?+ t is ev] ! same 9 ! same relations1 & we f9d ! #8workman%ip ( ! m9d1' its inv5tions ( sub/ance1 cause1 & relation1 9 ! v rudim5ts ( k4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #be4 ,pres5t s5sation gives k ( exi/5ce4 #eg4 ,) t curi\s t5d5cy to r$uplication1 :i* is "o ( 8 *>act]i/ics1 ,locke1 aft] devot+ a *apt] to ! #8reality ( human k1' ( :i* ! sali5t passage z to simple ideas has be5 already quot$1 has ano!r ^u our #8k ( exi/5ce4' ,"h aga9 x is ! s5sitive k ( ?+s actually pres5t to our s5ses1 :i* ) him is m]ely a synonym = ! simple idea1 t is ! prime crit]ion4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 secs4 #e & #b1 & *ap4 ii4 sec4 #b47 ,aft] speak+ ( ! k ( our own be+ & ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god 7ab\t :i* m w be said bel[71 he proce$s1 #8,no p>ticul> man c "k ! exi/5ce ( any o!r be+1 b only :51 by actually op]at+ ^u him1 x makes itself p]ceiv$ by him4 ,= ! hav+ ! idea ( any?+ 9 our m9d no m proves ! exi/5ce ( t ?+1 ?an ! picture ( a man evid5ces 8 be+ 9 ! _w1 or ! visions ( a dream make !reby a true hi/ory4 ,x is !re=e ! actual receiv+ ( ideas f )\t1 t gives u notice ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r ?+s1 & makes u "k t some?+ do? exi/ at t "t )\t u1 :i* causes t idea 9 u1 ?\gh p]haps we nei!r "k nor consid] h[ x does x2 = x takes n f ! c]ta9ty ( our s5ses & ! ideas we receive by !m1 t we "k n ! mann] :]e9 !y are produc$2 e4g4 :il/ ,i write ?is1 ,i h1 by ! pap] affect+ my eyes1 t idea produc$ 9 my m9d1 :i*1 :atev] object causes1 ,i call :ite2 by :i* ,i "k t ! quality or accid5t 7i4e4 ^: appe>ance be=e my eyes always causes t idea7 do? really exi/1 & ha? a be+ )\t me4 ,& ( ?is ! greate/ assurance4 ,i c possibly h1 & to :i* my faculties c atta91 is ! te/imony ( my eyes1 :i* are ! prop] & sole judges ( ?is ?+1 ^: te/imony ,i h reason to rely on1 z s c]ta91 t ,i c no m d\bt :il/ ,i write ?is1 t ,i see :ite & black1 & t some?+ really exi/s t causes t s5sation 9 me1 ?an t ,i write & move my h&4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 secs4 #a1 #b47 ,reasons :y its te/imony mu/ be tru/$4 #eh4 ,reasons are aft]w>ds giv5 = ! assurance t ! #8p]ceptions' 9 "q are produc$ 9 u by #8ext]ior causes affect+ our s5ses4' ,! fir/ 7a7 is1 t #8^? t want ! organs ( any s5se nev] c h ! ideas belong+ to t s5se produc$ 9 _! m9d4' ,! next 7b71 t :]eas #8if ,i turn my eyes at noon t[>d ! sun1 ,i _c avoid ! ideas :i* ! light or ! sun !n produces 9 me2' on ! o!r h&1 #8:5 my eyes are %ut or w9d[s fa/1 z ,i c at pleasure recall to my m9d ! ideas ( light or ! sun1 :i* =m] s5sations _h lodg$ 9 my memory1 s ,i c at pleasure lay !m by4' ,aga9 7c71 #8_m ( ^? ideas are produc$ 9 u ) pa9 :i* aft]w>ds we rememb] )\t ! lea/ (f5ce4 ,?us ! pa9 ( heat or cold1 :5 ! idea ( x is reviv$ 9 our m9ds1 gives u no di/urbance2 :i*1 :5 felt1 0 v tr\blesome1 & is aga91 :5 actually repeat$2 :i* is occasion$ by ! disord] ! ext]nal object causes 9 our body1 :5 appli$ to x4' ,f9ally 7d71 #8our s5ses 9 _m cases be> witness to ! tru? ( ea* o!r's report1 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s )\t u4 ,he t sees a fire may1 if he d\bt :e!r x be any?+ m ?an a b>e fancy1 feel x too4' ,!n comes ! conclusion1 dang]\sly qualifi$3 #8,:5 our s5ses d actually convey into our und]/&+s any idea1 we _c b be satisfi$ t !re do? some?+ at t "t really exi/ )\t u1 :i* do? affect our s5ses1 & by !m give notice ( itself to our appreh5sive faculties1 & actually produce t idea :i* we !n p]ceive2 & we _c s f> di/ru/ _! te/imony z to d\bt t su* collections ( simple ideas1 z we h obs]v$ by our s5ses to be unit$ toge!r1 actually exi/ toge!r4 ,b ?is k ext5ds z f> z ! pres5t te/imony ( our s5ses1 employ$ ab\t p>ticul> objects1 t d !n affect !m1 & no f>!r4 ,= if ,i saw su* a collection ( simple ideas z is wont to be call$ man1 exi/+ toge!r "o m9ute s9ce1 & am n[ alone2 ,i _c be c]ta9 t ! same man exi/s n[1 s9ce !re is no necess>y connexion ( 8 exi/5ce a m9ute s9ce ) 8 exi/5ce n[4 ,by a ?\s& ways he may cease to be1 s9ce ,i _h ! te/imony ( my s5ses = 8 exi/5ce4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #i47 ,h[ does ?is acc\nt fit ,locke's def9ition ( k8 #ei4 ,^u ! #8k ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1' ?us e/abli%$1 x has to be rem>k$ 9 ! fir/ place t1 aft] all1 accord+ to ,locke's explicit /atem5t1 x is n prop]ly k4 ,x is #8an assurance t des]ves ! "n ( k' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ii4 sec4 #ad1 & xi4 sec4 #c71 yet be+ nei!r itself an intuition ( agreem5t betwe5 ideas1 nor resoluble into a s]ies ( su* intuitions1 ! def9ition ( k excludes x4 ,only if exi/5ce 7 itself an #8idea1' w\ld ! consci\sness ( ! agreem5t ( ! idea ) x be a case ( k2 b to make exi/5ce an idea is to make ! :ole "q ab\t ! agreem5t ( ideas1 z su*1 ) exi/5ce1 z su*1 unmean+4 ,to seek escape f ?is dilemma by call+ ! consci\sness ( ! agreem5t 9 "q an #8assurance' in/ead ( k is a m]e v]bal subt]fuge4 ,!re c be no assurance ( agreem5t betwe5 an idea & t :i* is no object ( consci\sness at all4 ,if1 h[ev]1 exi/5ce is an object ( consci\sness1 x c1 accord+ to ,locke1 be no?+ b an idea1 & ! "q z to ! assurance ( agreem5t is no less unmean+ ?an ! "q z to ! k ( x4 ,! rais+ ( ! "q 9 fact1 z ,locke puts x1 implies ! impossibility ( answ]+ x4 ,x _c be rais$ ) any significance1 unless exi/5ce is ext]nal to & o!r ?an an idea4 ,x _c be answ]$ unless exi/5ce is1 or is giv5 91 an object ( consci\sness1 i4e4 an idea4 ,locke's acc\nt ( ! te/imony ( s5se r5d]s 8 "q z to its v]acity sup]flu\s4 #fj4 ,z usual1 ,locke disguises ?is difficulty f himself1 because 9 answ]+ ! "q he alt]s x4 ,! "q1 z he asks x1 is :e!r1 giv5 ! idea1 we c h po/]ior assurance ( some?+ else correspond+ to x4 ,! "q1 z he answ]s x1 is :e!r ! idea includes ! consci\sness ( a real ?+ z a con/itu5t2 & ! answ] consi/s 9 ! simple ass]tion1 v>i\sly repeat$1 t x does4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ?is answ] to ! latt] "q does n answ]1 b r5d]s unmean+1 ! "q z x is orig9ally ask$4 ,if1 accord+ to ,locke's own %[+1 !re is n[h]e = any?+ to be f\nd by u b 9 our #8ideas' or our consci\sness--if ! ?+ is giv5 9 & ) ! idea1 s t ! idea is m]ely ! ?+ ex p>te no/r--!n to ask if ! idea agrees ) ! ?+ is z futile z to ask :e!r he>+ agrees ) s\nd1 or ! voice ) ! words x utt]s4 ,t ! ?+ is s giv5 is impli$ ?r\gh\t ,locke's /atem5t ( ! #8assurance we h ( ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial be+s1' z well z ( ! confirmations ( ?is assurance4 ,if ! #8idea :i* ,i call :ite' means ! k t #8! prop]ty or accid5t 7i4e4 ^: appe>ance be=e my eyes always causes t idea7 do? really exi/ & ha? a be+ )\t me1' !n consci\sness ( exi/5ce--outw>d1 p]man5t1 sub/antive1 & causative exi/5ce--is involv$ 9 ! idea1 & no ult]ior "q ( agreem5t betwe5 idea & exi/5ce c prop]ly arise4 ,b unless ! simple idea is s int]pret$1 ! s5ses h no te/imony to give4 ,if x is s int]pret$1 no extrane\s #8reason to rely ^u ! te/imony' c be discov]$1 = su* reason c only be a repetition ( ! te/imony itself4 ,confirmations ( ! te/imony turn ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 #8impression' & #8idea'4 #fa4 ,?is becomes cle>] ^u a view ( ! confirmations ( ! te/imony1 z ,locke gives !m4 ,!y all1 we may rem>k by ! way1 presuppose a di/9ction betwe5 ! simple idea z orig9ally repres5t$ & ! same z recall$ or reviv$4 ,?is di/9ction1 fix$ by ! v]bal "o betwe5 #8impression' & #8idea1' we %all f9d con/antly ma9ta9$ & all-important 9 ,hume's sy/em2 b 9 ,locke1 ?\gh ^u x 7z we %all see7 re/s 8 di/9ction betwe5 real & nom9al ess5ce & 8 conf9em5t ( g5]al k to ! latt]1 x seems only to turn up z an aft]?\ght4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! reality & adequacy ( ideas x does n appe> at all4 ,!re ! di/9ction is m]ely betwe5 ! simple idea1 z su*1 & ! complex1 z su*1 )\t any fur!r discrim9ation ( ! simple idea z orig9ally produc$ f ! same z recall$4 ,s1 too1 9 ! op5+ acc\nt ( ! reception ( simple ideas 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xii4 sec4 #a71 #8,p]ception1' #8,ret5tion1' & #8,disc]n+' are all reckon$ toge!r z alike =ms ( ! passivity ( ! m9d1 9 contra/ ) its activity 9 comb9ation & ab/raction1 ?\gh ret5tion & disc]n+ h be5 previ\sly describ$ 9 t]ms :i* imply activity4 ,9 ! #8confirmations' be=e u1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! orig9ally produc$ & ! reviv$ is ess5tial4 ,!y dep5d on language :i* presupposes ! ascription ( s5sation to an outw>d cause4 #fb4 ,! fir/ turns ^u ! impossibility ( produc+ an idea de novo )\t ! action ( s5sitive organs2 ! two next ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! idea z produc$ ?r\gh ^! organs & ! l idea z reviv$ at ! w ( ! individual4 ,x is h5ce inf]r$ t ! idea z orig9ally produc$ is ! "w ( a ?+1 :i* mu/ exi/ 9 r]um natur1 & by way ( a f\r? #8confirmation' ! man :o d\bts ?is 9 ! case ( "o s5sation is invit$ to try x 9 ano!r4 ,if1 on see+ a fire1 he ?9ks x #8b>e fancy1' i4e4 d\bts :e!r 8 idea is caus$ by a ?+1 let him put 8 h& into x4 ,?is la/ #8confirmation' ne$ n be fur!r notic$ "h1 s9ce ! op]ation ( a produc+ ?+ is z c]ta9 or z d\btful = "o s5sation z = ano!r4 #a ,two c]ta9ties are n m sure ?an "o1 nor c two d\bts make a c]ta9ty4 ,! o!r #8confirmations' alike lie 9 ! words #8product' & #8organ4' ,a man has a c]ta9 #8idea3' aft]w>ds he has ano!r l x1 b diff]+ 9 livel9ess & 9 ! accompany+ pleasure or pa94 ,if he already has1 or if ! ideas sev]ally br+ ) !m1 ! idea ( a produc+ outw>d ?+ to :i* p>ts ( 8 body are organs1 on ! "o h&1 & ( a self #8hav+ p[]' on ! o!r1 !n ! livel9ess1 & ! accompany+ pleasure or pa91 may become indications ( ! action ( ! ?+1 z _! abs5ce may be s ( ! action ( ! man's self2 b n o!rwise4 ,locke ?r\gh\t1 9 speak+ ( ! simple ideas z produc$ or recall$1 implies t !y c>ry ) !m ! consci\sness ( a cause1 ei!r an outw>d ?+ or ! self1 & only by s do+ c he f9d 9 !m ! ne$ful #8confirmations' ( ! #8te/imony ( ! s5ses4' ,?is te/imony is confirm$ j because x di/+ui%es ( itself betwe5 ! "w ( #8nature1' :i* is real1 & ! "w ( ! man1 :i* is a fiction4 ,9 o!r words1 ! confirmation is no?+ else ?an ! te/imony itself--a te/imony :i*1 z we h se51 s9ce x supposes consci\sness1 z su*1 to be consci\sness ( a ?+1 elim9ates by anticipation ! "q z to ! agreem5t ( consci\sness ) ?+s1 z ) ! extrane\s4 #a ,to feel ! object1 9 ! s5se ( t\*+ x1 _h a special significance = ,locke1 s9ce t\* ) him 0 ! prim>y #8revelation' ( body1 z ! solid4 ,m w be said ( ?is :5 we come to consid] 8 doctr9e ( #8real ess5ce1' z con/itut$ by prim>y qualities ( body4 ,see bel[1 p>agraph #aja4 ,?is ascription means ! clo?+ ( s5sation ) inv5t$ relations4 #fc4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! real & ! fanta/ic1 accord+ to ! passages "u consid]ation1 ?us dep5ds ^u t betwe5 ! "w ( nature & ! "w ( man4 ,x is ! confusion betwe5 ! two works t r5d]s ! fanta/ic possible1 :ile x is ! consci\sness ( ! di/9ction t sets u ^u correct+ x4 ,:]e all is ! "w ( man & pr(esses to be no m1 z 9 ! case ( #8mix$ modes1' !re is no room = ! fanta/ic 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxx4 sec4 #d1 & ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #g72 & :]e !re is ev] s mu* ( ! fanta/ic1 x w\ld n be s = u1 unless we 7 consci\s ( a #8"w ( nature1' to :i* to oppose x4 ,b on look+ a little clos] we f9d t to be consci\s ( an idea z ! "w ( nature1 9 opposition to ! "w ( man1 is to be consci\s ( x "u relations :i*1 accord+ to ,locke1 are ! inv5tions ( man4 ,x is no?+ else ?an to be consci\s ( x z ! result ( #8some?+ hav+ p[] to produce x' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #b71 i4e4 ( a sub/ance1 to :i* x is relat$ z a quality4 #8,nature' is j ! #8some?+ we "k n :at1' :i* is sub/ance accord+ to ! #8ab/ract idea' !re(4 ,produc+ ideas1 x ex]cises p[]s1 z x ess5tially belongs to sub/ance to d1 accord+ to our complex idea ( x4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 secs4 #i1 #aj47 ,b sub/ance1 accord+ to ,locke1 :e!r z ab/ract or complex idea1 is ! #8workman%ip ( ! m9d1' & p[]1 z a relation 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxi4 sec4 #c1 & *ap4 xxv4 sec4 #h71 #8is n conta9$ 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s4' ,aga91 ! idea ( sub/ance1 z a s\rce ( p[]1 is ! same z ! idea ( cause4 #8,:atev] is consid]$ by u to op]ate to ! produc+ any p>ticul> simple idea1 :i* did n be=e exi/1 ha? !reby 9 our m9ds ! relation ( a cause4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxvi4 sec4 #a47 ,b ! idea ( cause is n "o #8t ! m9d has ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1' b "o t x gets by its own act 9 #8br++ ?+s to1 & sett+ !m by1 "o ano!r4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxv4 sec4 #a47 ,?us x is ) ! v ideas1 :i* are ! workman%ip ( man1 t ! simple idea has to be clo!d ^u1 9 ord] to #8te/ify' to its be+ real1 i4e4 79 ,locke's s5se7 n ! "w ( man4 ,:at is meant by re/rict+ ! te/imony ( s5se to pres5t exi/5ce8 #fd4 ,?us inve/$1 ! simple idea has cle>ly lo/ its simplicity4 ,x is n ! mom5t>y1 isolat$ consci\sness1 b ! repres5tation ( a ?+ det]m9$ by relations to o!r ?+s 9 an ord] ( nature1 & caus+ an inf9ite s]ies ( resembl+ s5sations to :i* a common "n is appli$4 ,?us 9 all ! in/ances ( s5su\s te/imony m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] be=e u1 x is n really a simple s5sation t is spok5 (1 b a s5sation ref]r$ to a ?+--n a m]e smell1 or ta/e1 or sight1 or feel+1 b ! smell ( a rose1 ! ta/e ( a p9e-apple1 ! sight ( ! sun1 ! feel+ ( fire4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 secs4 #d-g47 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 rev]t+ or attempt+ to rev]t to 8 /rict doctr9e ( ! m]e individuality ( ! simple idea1 he says t ! te/imony ( ! s5ses is a #8pres5t te/imony employ$ ab\t p>ticul> objects1 t d !n affect !m1' & t s5sitive k ext5ds no f>!r ?an su* te/imony4 ,?is /atem5t1 tak5 by itself1 is ambigu\s4 ,does x mean t s5sation te/ifies to ! mom5t>y pres5ce to ! individual ( a cont9u\s exi/5ce1 or is ! exi/5ce itself z mom5t>y z its pres5ce to s5se8 ,! in/ance t foll[s does n remove ! d\bt4 #8,if ,i saw su* a collection ( simple ideas z is wont to be call$ man1 exi/+ toge!r "o m9ute s9ce1 & am n[ alone2 ,i _c be c]ta9 t ! same man exi/s n[1 s9ce !re is no necess>y connection ( 8 exi/5ce a m9ute s9ce ) 8 exi/5ce n[4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #i47 ,at fir/ sight1 ^! words might seem to decide t ! exi/5ce is m]ely co9cid5t ) ! pres5ce ( ! s5sation--a decision fatal to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! real & fanta/ic1 s9ce1 if ! ?+ is only pres5t ) ! s5sation1 !re c be no comb9ation ( qualities 9 reality o!r ?an ! mom5t>y co9cid5ce ( s5sations 9 u4 ,memory or imag9ation1 inde$1 might recall ^! 9 a diff]5t ord] f t 9 :i* !y orig9ally occurr$2 b1 if ?is orig9al ord] _h no be+ aft] ! occurr5ce1 !re c\ld be no gr\nd = contra/+ x ) ! ord] ( reproduction z ! real ) ! m]ely app>5t4 ,su* re/riction1 if ma9ta9$1 w\ld r5d] ! te/imony unmean+4 #fe4 ,9 ! v s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 :]e ,locke re/ricts ! te/imony ( s5sation to exi/5ce pres5t along ) x1 he uses language inconsi/5t ) ?is re/riction4 ,! p>ticul> exi/5ce :i* he in/ances z #8te/ifi$ to' is t ( #8su* a collection ( simple ideas z is wont to be call$ man4' ,b ^! ideas c only be pres5t 9 succession4 7,see ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #i1 & *ap4 xiv4 sec4 #c47 ,ev5 ! surface ( ! man's body c only be tak5 9 by successive acts ( vision2 &1 m obvi\sly1 ! /ates ( consci\sness 9 :i* 8 qualities ( motion & action are pres5t$ occupy sep>ate times4 ,if !n s5sation only te/ifies to an exi/5ce pres5t along ) x1 h[ c x te/ify to ! co-exi/5ce 7say7 ( an erect attitude1 ( :i* ,i h a pres5t sight1 ) ! risibility :i* ,i saw a m9ute ago8 ,h[ c ! #8collection ( ideas wont to be call$ man1' z co-exi/+1 be =m$ at all8 &1 if x _c1 h[ c ! pres5t exi/5ce ( an object s-call$ be te/ifi$ to by s5se any m ?an ! pa/8 ,! same doctr9e1 :i* is fatal to ! supposition ( #8a necess>y connexion betwe5 ! man's exi/5ce a m9ute s9ce & 8 exi/5ce n[1' is 9 fact fatal to ! supposition ( 8 exi/5ce z a complex ( qualities at all4 ,x does n m]ely mean t1 = any?+ we "k1 ! man may h di$4 ,( c\rse he may1 & yet !re may be cont9uity ( exi/5ce accord+ to natural laws1 ?\gh n "o = :i* we h ! te/imony ( pres5t s5se1 betwe5 ! liv+ body & ! dead4 ,:at ,locke _h 9 8 m9d 0 ! notion t1 z exi/5ce is te/ifi$ to only by pres5t s5sation1 & ea* s5sation is m]ely individual & mom5t>y1 !re c\ld be no te/imony to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( any?+4 ,he c\ld n1 h[ev]1 d su* viol5ce to ! actual fabric ( k z w\ld h be5 impli$ 9 ! logical developm5t ( ?is doctr9e1 & ?us he all[$ himself to speak ( s5se z te/ify+ to ! co-exi/5ce ( s5sible qualities 9 a ?+1 ?\gh ! individual s5sation c\ld only te/ify to ! pres5ce ( "o at a "t1 & c\ld nev] te/ify to _! nexus 9 a common cause at all4 ,?is te/imony to co-exi/5ce 9 a pres5t ?+ once admitt$1 he naturally all[$ himself 9 ! fur!r assumption t ! te/imony1 on its recurr5ce1 is a te/imony to ! same co-exi/5ce & ! same ?+4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! same man 7he evid5tly supposes71 to :i* s5sation te/ifi$ an h\r ago1 may be te/ifi$ to by a l s5sation n[4 ,?is means t resemblance ( s5sation becomes id5tity ( a ?+--t l s5sations occurr+ at diff]5t times are int]pret$ z repres5t+ ! same ?+1 :i* cont9u\sly exi/s1 ?\gh n te/ifi$ to by s5se1 betwe5 ! times4 ,b x is n ma9ta9$3 ! te/imony is to op]ation ( p]man5t id5tical ?+s4 #ff4 ,9 %ort1 z we h se5 ! simple idea ( s5sation em]ge f ,locke's inquiry z to ! beg9n+ ( k trans=m$ into ! judgm5t1 #8,i h an idea diff]5t f o!r ideas :i* ,i did n make = myself1' s n[ f ! inquiry z to ! correspond5ce betwe5 k & reality x em]ges z ! consci\sness ( a ?+ n[ act+ ^u me1 :i* has cont9u$ to exi/ s9ce x act$ on me be=e1 & 9 :i*1 z 9 a common cause1 h exi/$ toge!r p[]s to affect me :i* h nev] affect$ me toge!r4 ,if 9 ! "o =m ! op]ation ( ?\ght 9 s5se1 ! #8creation ( ! und]/&+' )9 ! simple idea1 is only lat5t or pot5tial1 9 ! o!r x is actual & explicit4 ,! relations ( sub/ance & quality1 ( cause & effect1 & ( id5tity--all #8inv5tions ( ! m9d'--are necess>ily involv$ 9 ! imm$iate1 spontane\s te/imony ( passive s5se4 ,locke's treatm5t ( relations ( cause & id5tity4 #fg4 ,x w be notic$ t x is ^u ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! relation ( sub/ance & quality1 t our exam9ation ( ,locke's ,essay has s f> *iefly ga!r$4 ,9 ?is x foll[s ! c\rse tak5 by ,locke himself4 ,( ! idea ( sub/ance1 eo nom9e1 he treats at l>ge3 ( cause & id5tity 7ap>t f ! special "q ( p]sonal id5tity7 he says little4 ,s1 too1 ! #8report ( ! s5ses' is commonly exhibit$ z ann\nc+ ! s5sible qualities ( a ?+ r ?an ! ag5cy ( a cause or cont9uity ( exi/5ce4 ,! diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 is ma9ly v]bal4 ,s5sible qualities be+1 z ,locke con/antly insi/s1 no?+ b #8p[]s to op]ate on our s5ses' directly or indirectly1 ! sub/ance or ?+1 z ! s\rce ( ^!1 takes ! "* ( a cause4 ,aga91 z ! s5sible quality is suppos$ to be "o & ! same 9 manifold sep>ate cases ( be+ felt1 x has id5tity 9 contra/ ) ! v>iety ( ^! cases1 ev5 z ! ?+ has1 on its "p1 9 contra/ ) ! v>iety ( its qualities4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be said ( ,locke's treatm5t ( ! ideas ( cause & id5tity 9 ! %ort passages :]e he treats ( !m expressly4 ,"h1 too1 we %all f9d ! same contra/ betwe5 ! giv5 & ! inv5t$1 tacitly contradict$ by an acc\nt ( ! giv5 9 t]ms ( ! inv5t$4 ,t f :i* he d]ives idea ( cause pre-supposes x4 #fh4 ,! relation ( cause & effect1 accord+ to ,locke's g5]al /atem5t z to relation1 mu/ be some?+ #8n conta9$ 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b extrane\s & sup]9duc$4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxv4 sec4 #h47 ,x is a #8complex idea1' n belong+ to ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 :i* ! m9d makes by its own act4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap xii4 secs4 #a1 #g1 & *ap4 xxv4 sec4 #a47 ,its orig91 h[ev]1 is ?us describ$3--#8,9 ! notice t our s5ses take ( ! con/ant vicissitude ( ?+s1 we _c b obs]ve t sev]al p>ticul>1 bo? qualities & sub/ances1 beg9 to exi/2 & t !y receive ?is _! exi/5ce f ! due application & op]ation ( "s o!r be+4 ,f ?is obs]vation we get our ideas ( cause & effect4 ,t :i* produces any simple or complex idea we d5ote by ! g5]al "n cause2 & t :i* is produc$1 effect4 ,?us1 f9d+ t 9 t sub/ance :i* we call wax1 fluidity1 :i* is a simple idea t 0 n 9 x be=e1 is con/antly produc$ by ! application ( a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 we call ! simple idea ( heat1 9 relation to fluidity 9 wax1 ! cause ( x1 & fluidity ! effect4 ,s1 also1 f9d+ t ! sub/ance1 wood1 :i* is a c]ta9 collection ( simple ideas s-call$1 by ! application ( fire is turn$ into ano!r sub/ance call$ a%es1 i4e4 ano!r complex idea1 consi/+ ( a collection ( simple ideas1 q diff]5t f t complex idea :i* we call wood2 we consid] fire1 9 relation to a%es1 z cause1 & ! a%es z effect4' ,"h we f9d t ! #8giv51' ^u :i* ! relation ( cause & effect is #8sup]9duc$' or f :i* ! #8idea ( x is got' 7to give ,locke ! b5efit ( bo? expressions71 pr(ess$ly1 accord+ to ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! passage quot$1 involves ! complex or d]iv$ idea ( sub/ance4 ,! s5t5ce1 inde$1 is a rem>kable in/ance ( ! d\ble refraction :i* arises f r$undant phraseology4 ,our s5ses are suppos$ to #8take notice ( a con/ant vicissitude ( ?+s1' or sub/ances4 ,!reupon we obs]ve1 :at is necess>ily impli$ 9 ?is vicissitude1 a beg9n+ ( exi/5ce 9 sub/ances or _! qualities1 #8receiv$ f ! due application or op]ation ( "s o!r be+4' ,!reupon we inf]1 :at is simply ano!r "n = exi/5ce ?us giv5 & receiv$1 a relation ( cause & effect4 ,?us n only does ! datum ( ! process ( #8inv5tion' 9 "q1 i4e4 ! obs]vation ( *ange 9 a ?+1 involve a d]iv$ idea1 b a d]iv$ idea :i* presupposes j ?is process ( inv5tion4 ,rationale ( ?is #8petitio pr9cipii'4 #fi4 ,"h aga9 x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ ! notion t ,locke's obvi\s petitio pr9cipii might be avoid$ by a bett] /atem5t )\t ess5tial *ange 9 8 doctr9e ( ideas4 ,x is true t #8a notice ( ! vicissitude ( ?+s' includes t #8inv5tion ( ! und]/&+' :i* x is suppos$ to sugge/1 b /ate ! prim>y k o!rwise--r$uce ! vicissitude ( ?+s1 z x ought to be r$uc$1 9 ord] to make ,locke consi/5t1 to ! m]e multiplicity ( s5sations--& ! appe>ance ( sugge/ion ceases4 ,*ange or #8vicissitude' is q o!r ?an m]e div]sity4 ,x is div]sity relative to some?+ :i* ma9ta9s an id5tity4 ,?is id5tity1 :i* ult]ior analysis may f9d 9 a #8law ( nature1' ,locke f\nd 9 #8?+s' or #8sub/ances4' ,by ! same unconsci\s subreption1 by :i* ) him a s5sible ?+ takes ! place ( s5sation1 #8vicissitude ( ?+s' takes ! place ( multiplicity ( s5sations1 c>ry+ ) x ! obs]vation t ! *ang$ /ate ( ! ?+ is due to some?+ else4 ,! m]e multiplicity ( s5sations c\ld convey no su* #8obs]vation1' any m ?an ! sight ( c\nt]s 9 a r[ w\ld convey ! notion t "o #8receiv$ its exi/5ce' f ! o!r4 ,only s f> z ! manifold appe>ances are ref]r$1 z its vicissitudes1 to some?+ :i* rema9s "o1 does any ne$ ( acc\nt+ = _! div]se exi/5ce1 or 9 consequ5ce any obs]vation ( its d]ivation #8f "s o!r be+1' arise4 ,locke1 x is true1 aft] /at+ t x is ^u a notice ( ! vicissitude ( ?+s t ! obs]vation 9 "q re/s1 goes on to speak z if an orig9ation ( sub/ances1 :i* is j ! opposite ( _! vicissitude1 might be obs]v$2 & ! second in/ance ( production :i* he gives--t ( a%es ^u ! burn+ ( wood--seems int5d$ = an in/ance ( ! production ( a sub/ance1 z di/9ct f ! production ( a quality4 ,he is "h1 h[ev]1 z he (t5 does1 us+ ! t]m #8sub/ance' loosely1 = #8a c]ta9 collection ( simple ideas1' )\t ref]5ce to ! #8sub/ratum :]e9 !y d subsi/1' :i* he w\ld h admitt$ to be ultimately ! same = ! wood & = ! a%es4 ,! conception1 inde$1 ( su* a sub/ratum1 :e!r vaguely z #8nature1' or m precisely z a #8real con/itution ( ins5sible p>ts' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 secs4 #ah1 c471 gov]n$ all 8 speculation1 & r5d]$ to him :at he "h calls sub/ance virtually a mode1 & its production prop]ly a #8vicissitude4' ,relation ( cause has to be put into s5sitive exp]i5ce 9 ord] to be got f x4 #gj4 ,we ?us f9d t x is only s f> z simple ideas are ref]r$ to ?+s--only s f> z ea* 9 turn1 to use ,locke's in/ance1 is reg>d$ z an appe>ance #89 a sub/ance :i* 0 n 9 x be=e'--t our s5sitive exp]i5ce1 ! suppos$ datum ( k1 is an exp]i5ce ( ! vicissitudes ( ?+s2 & aga91 t only z an exp]i5ce ( su* vicissitude does x furni% ! #8obs]vation f :i* we get our ideas ( cause & effect4' ,b ! ref]5ce ( a s5sation to a s5sible ?+ means its ref]5ce to a cause4 ,9 o!r words1 ! inv5t$ relation ( cause & effect mu/ be f\nd 9 ! prim>y exp]i5ce 9 ord] t x may be got f x4 #a #a ,locke's contradiction ( himself 9 reg>d to ?is relation might be exhibit$ 9 a /ill m /rik+ light by putt+ side by side ) 8 acc\nt ( x 8 acc\nt ( ! idea ( p[]4 ,! two are precisely simil>1 ! idea ( p[] be+ repres5t$ z got by a notice ( ! alt]ation ( simple ideas 9 ?+s )\t 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxi4 sec4 #a71 j z ! idea ( cause & effect is4 ,p[]1 too1 he expressly says1 is a relation4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! idea ( x1 bo? z d]iv$ & z ( a relation1 ought to be complex1 he reckons x a simple & orig9al "o1 & by us+ x int]*angeably ) #8s5sible quality' makes x a prim>y datum ( s5se4 ,orig9 ( ! idea ( id5tity accord+ to ,locke4 #ga4 ,! same holds ( t o!r #8product ( ! m9d1' ! relation ( id5tity4 ,?is #8idea' accord+ to ,locke1 is =m$ :51 #8consid]+ any?+ z exi/+ at any det]m9$ "t & place1 we comp>e x ) itself exi/+ at ano!r "t4' #8,9 ?is consi/s id5tity1' he adds1 #8:5 ! ideas x is attribut$ to1 v>y n at all f :at !y 7 t mom5t :]e9 we consid] _! =m] exi/5ce1 & to :i* we comp>e ! pres5t2 = we nev] f9d+ nor conceiv+ x possible t two ?+s ( ! same k9d %\ld exi/ 9 ! same place at ! same "t1 we rightly conclude t :atev] exi/s any:]e1 at any "t1 excludes all ( ! same k9d1 & is !re itself alone4 ,:51 !re=e1 we dem& :e!r any?+ be ! same or no8 x ref]s always to some?+ t exi/$ su* a "t 9 su* a place1 :i* x 0 c]ta9 at t in/ant 0 ! same ) itself1 & no o!r2 f :5ce x foll[s t "o ?+ _c h two beg9n+s ( exi/5ce1 nor two ?+s "o beg9n+2 x be+ impossible = two ?+s ( ! same k9d to be or exi/ 9 ! same in/ant 9 ! v same place1 or "o & ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t places4 ,t1 !re=e1 t _h "o beg9n+1 is ! same ?+2 & t :i* _h a diff]5t beg9n+ 9 "t & place f t is n ! same1 b div]se4' ,he goes on to inquire ab\t ! pr9cipium individuationis1 :i* he decides is #8exi/5ce itself1 :i* det]m9es a be+ ( any sort to a p>ticul> "t & place1 incommunicable to two be+s ( ! same k9d 444 = be+ at t in/ant :at x is & no?+ else1 x is ! same1 & s mu/ cont9ue z long z its exi/5ce is cont9u$2 = s long x w be ! same1 & no o!r4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxvii4 secs4 #a-c74 ,relation ( id5tity n to be di/+ui%$ f idea ( x4 #gb4 ,x is ess5tial to be> 9 m9d ) reg>d to id5tity1 z ) reg>d to cause & effect1 t no di/9ction accord+ to ,locke c legitimately be made betwe5 ! relation & ! idea ( ! relation4 ,z to sub/ance1 x is true1 he 0 driv5 9 8 controv]sy ) ,/ill+fleet to di/+ui% betwe5 #8! be+ & ! idea !re(1' b 9 deal+ ) relation he does n attempt any su* viol5ce to 8 prop] sy/em4 ,betwe5 ! #8idea' z su* & #8be+' z su*1 8 #8new way ( ideas1' z ,/ill+fleet pla9tively call$ x1 left no fair room = di/9ction4 ,9 ?is inde$ lay its p]man5t value = speculative ?\ght4 ,! di/9ction by :i* alone x c\ld consi/5tly seek to replace ! old "o1 s z to meet ! exig5cies ( language & k1 0 t betwe5 simple ideas1 z giv5 & necess>ily real1 & ! reproductions or comb9ations 9 :i* ! m9d may alt] !m4 ,b s9ce e relation implies a putt+ toge!r ( ideas1 & is ?us always1 z ,locke av[s1 a complex idea or ! "w ( ! m9d1 a di/9ction betwe5 its be+ & ! idea !re(1 9 t s5se ( ! di/9ction 9 :i* alone x c ev] be consi/5tly admitt$ by ,locke1 0 cle>ly inadmissible4 ,?us 9 ! passages be=e u ! relation ( id5tity is n explicitly treat$ z an orig9al #8be+' or #8exi/5ce1' ,x is an idea =m$ by ! m9d ^u a c]ta9 #8consid]ation ( ?+s' be+ or exi/5t4 ,b on look+ closely at ,locke's acc\nt1 we f9d t x is only s f> z x already belongs to1 nay con/itutes1 ! ?+s1 t x is =m$ ^u consid]ation ( !m4 ,?is #8inv5t$' relation =ms ! #8v be+ ( ?+s'4 #gc4 ,:5 x is said t ! idea ( id5tity1 or ( any o!r relation1 is =m$ ^u consid]ation ( ?+s z exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 way1 ?is is naturally und]/ood to mean--inde$1 o!rwise x is unmean+--t ! ?+s are fir/ kn[n z exi/+1 & t aft]w>ds ! idea ( ! relation 9 "q is =m$4 ,b accord+ to ,locke1 z we h se51 #a ! fir/ & simple/ act ( k possible is ! p]ception ( id5tity betwe5 ideas4 ,ei!r !n ! #8?+s1' ^u consid]ation ( :i* ! idea ( id5tity is =m$1 are n kn[n at all1 or ! k ( !m involves ! v idea aft]w>ds =m$ on consid]ation ( !m4 ,locke1 hav+ at :atev] co/ ( self-contradiction to make 8 !ory fit ! exig5cies ( language1 virtually adopts ! latt] alt]native1 ?\gh ) an ambiguity ( expression :i* makes a def9ite mean+ difficult to elicit4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 ! positive /atem5t to beg9 )1 t ! comp>ison 9 :i* ! relation orig9ates1 is ( a ?+ ) itself z exi/+ at ano!r "t4 ,aga91 ! #8ideas' 7us$ int]*angeably ) #8?+s'71 to :i* id5tity is attribut$1 #8v>y n at all f :at !y 7 at t mom5t :]e9 we consid] _! =m] exi/5ce4' ,x is "h cle>ly impli$ t #8?+s' or #8ideas' exi/1 i4e4 are giv5 to u 9 ! spontane\s consci\sness :i* we d n make1 z ea* "o & ! same ?r\gh\t a multiplicity ( times4 ,?is1 aga91 means t ! relation ( id5tity or sam5ess1 i4e4 unity ( ?+ "u multiplicity ( appe>ance1 belongs to or consi/s 9 ! #8v be+' ( ^? giv5 objects ( consci\sness1 :i* are 9 ,locke's s5se ! real1 & ^u :i* accord+ to him all relation is sup]9duc$ by an aft]-act ( ?\ght4 ,s long z ea* su* object #8cont9ues to exi/1' s long its #8sam5ess ) itself mu/ cont9ue1' & ?is sam5ess is ! complex idea1 ! relation1 ( id5tity4 ,j z be=e1 foll[+ ,locke's lead1 we f\nd ! simple idea1 z ! elem5t ( k1 become complex--a p]ceiv$ id5tity ( ideas2 s n[ m]e exi/5ce1 ! #8v be+ ( ?+s' 7:i* ) ,locke is only ano!r "n = ! simple idea71 resolves itself into a relation1 :i* x requires #8consid]ation by ! m9d' to con/itute4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #be4 ,locke fails to di/+ui% betwe5 id5tity & m]e unity4 #gd4 ,! process ( self-contradiction1 by :i* a #8creation ( ! m9d' f9ds its way into ! real or giv51 mu/ also appe> 9 a contradictory conception ( ! real itself4 ,kept pure ( all t ,locke reckons intellectual fiction1 x c be no?+ b a simple *aos ( individual units3 only by ! sup]9duction ( relation c !re be sam5ess1 or cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 9 ! m9ute/ ( ^! = successive mom5ts4 ,locke pres5ts x arbitr>ily "u ! conception ( m]e individuality or ( cont9uity1 accord+ z its di/9ction f ! "w ( ! m9d1 or its intelligible cont5t1 happ5s to be be=e him4 ,a l see-saw 9 8 acc\nt ( ! individuality & g5]ality ( ideas has already be5 notic$4 #a ,9 8 discussion ( id5tity ! contradiction is p>tly disguis$ by a confusion betwe5 m]e unity on ! "o h&1 & sam5ess or unity 9 diff]5ce1 on ! o!r4 ,?us1 aft] />t+ ) an acc\nt ( id5tity z belong+ to ideas :i* are ! same at diff]5t times1 he goes on to speak ( a ?+ z ! same ) itself1 at a s+le in/ant4 ,s1 too1 by ! pr9cipium individuationis1 he und]/&s #8exi/5ce itself1 :i* det]m9es a be+ ( any sort to a p>ticul> "t & place4' ,z x is cle> f ! context t by ! pr9cipium individuationis he meant ! s\rce ( id5tity or sam5ess1 x w foll[ t by #8sam5ess' he und]/ood s+l5ess ( a ?+ 9 a s+le "t & place4 ,:5ce !n ! plurality1 )\t :i* #8sam5ess' is unmean+8 ,9 fact1 ,locke1 hav+ exclud$ x 9 8 def9ition1 cov]tly br+s x back aga9 9 8 in/ance1 :i* is t ( #8an atom1 i4e4 a cont9u$ body "u "o immutable sup]ficies1 exi/+ 9 a det]m9$ "t & place4' ,?is1 #8consid]$ 9 any in/ant ( its exi/5ce1 is 9 t in/ant ! same ) itself4' ,b x is s because--&1 if we suppose ! consid]ation ( plurality ( times exclud$1 only because--x is a #8cont9u$' body1 :i* implies1 ?\gh its place be det]m9$1 t x exi/s 9 a plurality ( p>ts ( space4 ,ei!r ?is plurality1 or t ( in/ants ( its exi/5ce1 mu/ be recognis$ 9 contra/ ) ! unity ( body1 if ?is unity is to become #8sam5ess ) itself4' ,9 add+ t n only at ! suppos$ in/ant is ! atom ! same1 b #8s mu/ cont9ue z long z its exi/5ce cont9ues1' ,locke %[s t he really ?\ght ( ! id5tical body "u a plurality ( times ex p>te po/1 if n ex p>te ante4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #dc1 & ! foll[+4 ,feel+s are ! real1 & d n admit ( id5tity4 ,h[ !n c id5tity be real8 #ge4 ,b h[ is ?is cont9uity1 or sam5ess ( exi/5ce 9 plurality ( times or spaces1 compatible ) ! con/itution ( #8real exi/5ce' by m]e individua8 ,! difficulty is ! same1 accord+ to ,locke's premisses1 :e!r ! simple ideas by !mselves are tak5 = ! real individua1 or :e!r ea* is tak5 to repres5t a s+le sep>ate ?+4 ,9 8 *apt] on id5tity he expressly says t #8?+s ^: exi/5ce is 9 succession' d n admit ( id5tity4 ,su*1 he adds1 are motion & ?\ght2 #8because1 ea* p]i%+ ! mom5t x beg9s1 !y _c exi/ 9 diff]5t times or 9 diff]5t places z p]man5t be+s c at diff]5t times exi/ 9 di/ant places4' 7,book ,i4 *ap1 xxvii4 sec4 #b47 ,:at he "h calls #8?\ght' cle>ly includes ! passive consci\sness 9 :i* alone1 accord+ to 8 /rict doctr9e1 reality is giv54 ,s else:]e 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #i71 9 acc\nt+ = ! #8simple idea ( succession1' he says g5]ally t #8if we look imm$iately into ourselves we %all f9d our ideas always1 :il/ we h any ?\ght1 pass+ 9 tra91 "o go+ & ano!r com+1 )\t int]mission4' #a ,no /atem5t ( ! #8p]petual flux' ( ideas1 z ea* hav+ a sep>ate beg9n+ & end1 & end+ 9 ! v mom5t :5 x beg9s1 c be /rong] ?an ! above4 ,if #8ideas' ( any sort1 accord+ to ?is acc\nt ( !m1 are to con/itute real exi/5ce1 no sam5ess c be f\nd 9 reality4 ,x mu/ inde$ be a relation #8inv5t$ by ! m9d4' #a ,x is true t 9 ?is place ,locke di/+ui%es betwe5 ! #8sugge/ion by our s5ses' ( ! idea ( succession1 & t :i* passes 9 our #8m9ds1' by :i* x is #8m con/antly (f]$ u4' ,b s9ce1 accord+ to him1 ! idea ( s5sation mu/ be #8produc$ 9 ! m9d' if !re is to be any ei!r s5sation or idea at all 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 ix4 secs4 #c & #d71 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! #8sugge/ion by our s5ses' & :at passes 9 our m9ds' _c be ma9ta9$4 ,yet x is f reality t ! idea ( x is d]iv$4 #gf4 ,?is1 x may be said1 is j ! conclusion t 0 want$ 9 ord] to make ,locke's doctr9e ( ! p>ticul> relation ( id5tity correspond ) 8 g5]al doctr9e ( ! fictiti\sness ( relations4 ,to complete ! consi/5cy1 h[ev]1 8 :ole acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! relation 7or ( ! idea 9 :i* x consi/s7 mu/ be *ang$1 s9ce x supposes x to be d]iv$ f an obs]vation ( ?+s or exi/5ce1 :i* aga9 is to suppose sam5ess to be 9 ! ?+s or to be real4 ,?is *ange made1 philosophy w\ld h to />t anew ) ! problem ( acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( ! fictiti\s idea4 ,x w\ld h to expla9 h[ x comes to pass t ! m9d1 if its function consi/s solely 9 reproduc+ & comb9+ giv5 ideas1 or aga9 9 #8ab/ract+' comb9$ ideas f ea* o!r1 %\ld be able to inv5t a relation :i* is nei!r a giv5 idea1 nor a reproduction1 comb9ation1 or ab/ract residuum ( giv5 ideas4 ,?is is ! great problem :i* we %all f9d ,hume attempt+4 ,locke really nev] saw its necessity1 because ! dom9ion ( language--a dom9ion :i*1 z he did n recognise x1 he _h no ne$ to acc\nt =--always1 9 spite ( 8 ass]tion t simple ideas are ! sole data ( consci\sness1 held him to ! belief 9 ano!r datum ( :i* ideas are ! appe>ances1 viz41 a ?+ hav+ id5tity1 because ! same ) itself 9 ! manifold times ( its appe>ance4 ,?is datum1 "u v>i\s guises1 b 9 ea* demon/rably1 accord+ to ,locke's %[+1 a #8creation ( ?\ght1' has met u 9 all ! modes ( 8 !ory1 z ! condition ( k4 ,z ! #8ab/ract idea' ( sub/ance x r5d]s #8p]i%+' ideas into qualities by :i* objects may be disc]n$4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #a47 ,z ! relative idea ( cause1 x makes !m #8affections' to be acc\nt$ =4 ,z ! fiction ( a univ]sal1 x is ! condition ( _! mutual qualification z con/itu5ts ( a :ole4 ,f9ally1 z ! #8sup]9duc$' relation ( sam5ess1 ! direct negative ( ! p]petual beg9n+ & end+ ( #8ideas1' x con/itutes ! #8v be+ ( ?+s4' ,transition to ,locke's doctr9e ( ess5ce4 #gg4 #8,! v be+ ( ?+s1' let x be notic$1 accord+ to :at ,locke reckon$ _! #8real1' z di/9ct f _! #8nom9al1' ess5ce4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is di/9ction has be5 hi!rto po/pon$2 b ! discussion ( ! relation ( id5tity1 z subsi/+ betwe5 ! p>ts ( a #8cont9u$ body1' br+s u ^u ! doctr9e ( matt] & its #8prim>y qualities1' :i* _c be prop]ly treat$ except 9 connection ) ! o!r doctr9e 7:i* ,locke unhappily kept ap>t7 ( ! two sorts ( #8ess5ce4' ,s f>1 x w be rememb]$1 ! #8facts' or giv5 ideas1 :i* we h f\nd him unaw>es conv]t+ into !ories or #8inv5t$' ideas1 h be5 ^? ( ! #8second>y qualities ( body4' #a ,x is ^! :i* are unit$ into ?+s or sub/ances1 hav+ be5 already #8f\nd 9 !m3' x is f ^! t we #8inf]' ! relation ( cause & effect1 because z #8vicissitudes ( ?+s' or #8affections ( s5se' !y presuppose x3 x is ^! aga9 :i*1 z #8receiv$ f )\t1' te/ify ! pres5t exi/5ce ( some?+1 because 9 be+ s receiv$ !y are already int]pret$ z #8appe>ances ( some?+4' ,t ! #8?+1' by ref]5ce to :i* ^! ideas are judg$ to be #8real1' #8adequate1' & #8true'--or1 9 o!r words1 become elem5ts ( a k--is yet itself accord+ to ,locke's doctr9e ( sub/ance & relation a #8fiction ( ?\ght1' has be5 suffici5tly %[n4 ,t x is s no less accord+ to 8 doctr9e ( ess5ce w also appe>4 ,! "q w !n be1 :e!r by ! same %[+ ! ideas ( body1 ( ! self1 & ( ,god1 c be o!r ?an fictions1 & ! way w be cle>$ = ,hume's philosophic adv5ture ( acc\nt+ = !m z su*4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #bj4 ,?is repeats ! inconsi/5cy f\nd 9 8 doctr9e ( sub/ance4 #gh4 ,9 ,locke's doctr9e ( #8ideas ( sub/ances1' ! #8?+' appe>$ 9 two inconsi/5t positions3 on ! "o h&1 z t 9 :i* !y #8are f\nd2' on ! o!r1 z t :i* results f _! concretion1 or :i*1 su* concretion hav+ be5 made1 we accu/om ourselves to suppose z its basis4 ,?is inconsi/5cy1 lat5t to ,locke himself 9 ! !ory ( sub/ance1 comes to ! surface 9 ! !ory ( ess5ce1 :]e x is 7z he ?\ght7 ov]come1 b 9 tru? only made m def9ite1 by a di/9ction ( t]ms4 ,plan to be foll[$4 #gi4 ,?is latt] !ory has s f> become "p & p>cel ( ! #8common s5se' ( educat$ m51 t x might seem sc>cely to ne$ re/atem5t4 ,x is g5]ally reg>d$ z complet+ ! "w1 :i* ,bacon _h begun1 ( transf]r+ philosophy f ! s*ola/ic bondage ( words to ! fruitful discipl9e ( facts4 ,9 ! process ( transmission & popul> adaptation1 h[ev]1 its true significance has be5 lo/ sight (1 & x has be5 =gott5 t to its orig9al expon5t implicitly--explicitly to 8 m logical disciple--?\gh x did inde$ di/+ui% effectively betwe5 ?+s & ! mean+ ( words1 x 0 ! analysis ( ! latt] only1 & n ! und]/&+ ( ?+s1 t x left z ! possible function ( k4 ,x w be well1 !n1 9 :at foll[s1 fir/ briefly to re/ate ! !ory 9 its g5]al =m2 !n to %[ h[ x conflicts ) ! actual k :i* mank9d supposes itself to h atta9$2 & f9ally to exhibit at once ! necessity ( ?is conflict z a result ( ,locke's gov]n+ ideas1 & ! ambiguities by :i* he disguis$ x f himself4 ,:at ,locke und]/ood by ess5ce4 #hj4 ,! ess5ce ( a ?+ ) ,locke1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* we c "k or intelligibly speak ( x1 is ! mean+ ( its "n4 ,?is1 aga91 is an #8ab/ract or g5]al idea1' :i* means t x is an idea #8sep>at$ f ! circum/ances ( "t & place1 & any o!r ideas t may det]m9e x to ?is or t p>ticul> exi/5ce4 ,by ?is way ( ab/raction x is made capable ( repres5t+ m individuals ?an "o2 ea* ( :i*1 hav+ 9 x a con=mity to t ab/ract idea1 is 7z we call x7 ( t sort4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #f47 ,t :i* is giv5 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce1 z he proce$s to expla91 is ?is or t #8p>ticul> exi/5ce1' ,pet] or ,james1 ,m>y or ,jane1 su* p>ticul> exi/5ce be+ already a complex idea4 #a ,t x %\ld be s is inde$ 9 direct contradiction to 8 doctr9e ( ! prim>9ess ( ! simple idea1 b is necess>y to 8 doctr9e ( ab/raction4 ,"s "p ( ! complex idea 7x is suppos$7--less or m--we proce$ to leave out4 ,! m9imum ( subtraction w\ld seem to be t ( ! #8circum/ances ( "t & place1' 9 :i* ! p>ticul> exi/5ce is giv54 ,?is is ! #8sep>ation ( ideas1' fir/ made1 & alone suffices to con/itute an #8ab/ract idea1' ev5 ?\gh1 z is ! case ) ! idea ( ! sun1 !re is only "o #8p>ticul> sub/ance' to agree ) x4 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #a47 ,9 proportion z ! p>ticul> sub/ances comp>$ are m v>i\s1 ! subtraction ( ideas is l>g]1 b1 be x less or m1 ! rema9d] is ! ab/ract idea1 to :i* a "n--e4g4 man--is annex$1 & to :i* z a #8species' or #8/&>d' o!r p>ticul> exi/5ces1 on be+ #8f\nd to agree ) x1' may be ref]r$1 s z to be call$ by ! same "n4 ,^! ideas !n1 #8ti$ toge!r by a "n1' =m ! ess5ce ( ea* p>ticul> exi/5ce1 to :i* ! same "n is appli$ 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 secs4 #ab & ! foll[+47 ,su* ess5ce1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,locke1 is #8nom9al1' n #8real4' ,x is a complex--full] or empti]--( ideas 9 u1 :i*1 ?\gh x is a #8unit+ m$ium betwe5 a g5]al "n & p>ticul> be+s1' #b 9 no way repres5ts ! qualities ( ! latt]4 ,^!1 consi/+ 9 an #8int]nal con/itution ( ins5sible p>ts1' =m ! #8real ess5ce' ( ! p>ticul> be+s2 an ess5ce1 h[ev]1 ( :i* we c "k no?+4 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #ba1 & ix4 sec4 #ab47 #a ,book ,,iii4 *ap1 iii1 sec4 #g1 at ! end4 #b ,book ,,iii *ap4 iii4 sec4 #ac4 ,only to nom9al ess5ces t g5]al propositions relate1 i4e4 only to ab/ract ideas hav+ no real exi/5ce4 #ha4 ,x is ! =mation ( #8nom9al ess5ces' t r5d]s g5]al propositions possible4 #8,g5]al c]ta9ty1' says ,locke1 #8is nev] to be f\nd b 9 our ideas4 ,:5ev] we g to seek x else:]e 9 exp]im5t or obs]vation )\t u1 our k goes n beyond p>ticul>s4 ,x is ! contemplation ( our own ab/ract ideas1 t alone is able to af=d u g5]al k4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #af47 #8,g5]al k1' he says aga91 #8lies only 9 our own ?\ghts4' #a ,?is use ( #8our ideas' & #8our own ?\ghts' z equival5t phrases1 ea* anti!tical to #8real exi/5ce1' tells ! old tale ( a deviation f #8! new way ( ideas' into easi] pa?s4 ,accord+ to ?is new way 9 its /rictness1 z we h suffici5tly se51 !re is n[h]e = any?+ to be f\nd b #89 our ideas4' ,x !re=e 9 no way di/+ui%es g5]al k or c]ta9ty t x _c be f\nd else:]e4 ,locke1 h[ev]1 hav+ all[$ himself 9 ! supposition t simple ideas report a real exi/5ce1 o!r ?an !mselves1 b to :i* !y are relat$ z ectype to ar*etype1 tacitly proce$s to conv]t !m into real exi/5ces1 to :i* ideas 9 g5]al1 z m]e ?\ghts ( our own1 may be oppos$4 ,along ) ?is conv]sion1 !re sup]v5es ^u ! orig9al di/9ction betwe5 simple & complex ideas1 :i* alone does duty 9 ! ,second ,book ( ! ,essay1 ano!r di/9ction1 ess5tial to ,locke's doctr9e ( ! #8reality' ( k--t betwe5 ! idea1 :e!r simple or complex1 z orig9ally giv5 9 s5sation1 & ! same z reta9$ or reproduc$ 9 ! m9d4 ,x is only 9 ! =m] =m t ! idea1 h[ev] simple1 reports1 & ?us 7) ,locke7 itself is1 a real exi/5ce4 ,su* real exi/5ce is a #8p>ticul>' exi/5ce1 & our k ( x a #8p>ticul>' k4 ,9 o!r words1 accord+ to ! only consi/5t doctr9e t we h be5 able to elicit f ,locke1 #b #8x is a k :i* consi/s 9 a consci\sness1 ^u occasion ( a pres5t s5sation--say1 a s5sation ( r$ness--t "s object is pres5t "h & n[ caus+ ! s5sation2 an object :i*1 accord+ly1 mu/ be #8p>ticul>' or transitory z ! s5sation4 ,! #8"h & n[1' z 9 su* a case !y con/itute ! p>ticul>ity ( ! object ( consci\sness1 s also r5d] x a real exi/5ce4 ,sep>ate ^! 7#8! circum/ances ( "t & place' #c7 f x1 & x at once loses its real exi/5ce & becomes an #8ab/ract idea1' "o ( #8our own ?\ghts1' ( :i* z #89 ! m9d' agreem5t or disagreem5t ) "s o!r ab/ract idea c be ass]t$ 9 a g5]al proposition2 e4g4 #8r$ is n blue4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #d47 #d #a ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #ac1 cf4 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #ca4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #ef4 #c ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #f4 #d ,9 case !re %\ld be any d\bt z to ,locke's mean+ 9 ?is passage1 x may be well to comp>e ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #a4 ,!re he di/9ctly opposes ! consid]ation ( ideas 9 ! und]/&+ to ! k ( real exi/5ce4 ,"h 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #d7 he di/9ctly speaks ( ! proposition #8r$ is n blue' z express+ a consid]ation ( ideas 9 ! und]/&+4 ,x foll[s t x is n a proposition z to real exi/5ce4 ,an ab/ract idea may be a simple "o4 #hb4 ,x is betwe5 simple ideas1 x w be notic$1 t a relation is "h ass]t$1 & 9 ?is respect ! proposition diff]s f su* an "o z may be =m$ :5 simple ideas h be5 comp\nd$ into ! nom9al ess5ce ( a ?+1 & 9 :i* "s "o ( ^! may be ass]t$ ( ! ?+1 be+ already includ$ )9 ! mean+ ( its "n2 e4g4 #8a rose has leaves4' ,b z express+ a relation betwe5 ideas #8ab/ract' or #89 ! m9d1' 9 di/9ction f pres5t s5sations receiv$ f )\t1 ! two sorts ( proposition1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,locke's ,f\r? ,book1 /& on ! same foot+4' #a ,x is a nom9al ess5ce ) :i* bo? alike are conc]n$1 & on ?is dep5ds ! g5]al c]ta9ty or self-evid5ce1 by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f #8exp]im5t or obs]vation )\t u4' ,^! c nev] #8rea* ) c]ta9ty f>!r ?an ! b>e in/ance' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #g73 i4e41 ?\gh ! only *annels by :i* we c rea* real exi/5ce1 !y c nev] tell m ?an ! pres5ce ( ?is or t s5sation z caus$ by an unkn[n ?+ )\t1 or ! pres5t disagreem5t ( su* pres5t s5sations ) ea* o!r4 ,z to ! recurr5ce ( su* s5sations1 or any p]man5tly real relation betwe5 !m1 !y c tell u no?+4 ,no?+ z to _! recurr5ce1 because1 ?\gh 9 ea* case !y %[ ! pres5ce ( some?+ caus+ ! s5sations1 !y %[ no?+ ( ! real ess5ce ^u :i* _! recurr5ce dep5ds4 #b ,no?+ z to any p]man5tly real relation betwe5 !m1 because1 al?\gh ! disagreem5t betwe5 ideas ( blue & r$1 & ! agreem5t betwe5 "o idea ( r$ & ano!r1 z 9 ! m9d1 is self-evid5t1 yet z ?us 9 ! m9d !y are n #8actual s5sations' at all 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #f71 nor d !y convey t #8s5sitive k ( p>ticul> exi/5ce1' :i* is ! only possible k ( x4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #ba47 ,z actual s5sations & indices ( reality1 !y d inde$ diff] 9 ?is or t #8b>e in/ance1' b c convey no c]ta9ty t ! real ?+ or #8p>cel ( matt]' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #ah71 :i* n[ causes ! s5sation ( 7& ?us is7 r$1 may n at ano!r "t cause ! s5sation ( 7& ?us be7 blue4' #c #a ,already 9 ,book ,,ii4 7*ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #ab71 ! simple idea1 z ab/ract1 is spok5 ( z a nom9al ess5ce4 #b ,cf4 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #e4 #8,if we c\ld c]ta9ly "k 7:i* is impossible7 :]e a real ess5ce1 :i* we "k n1 is--e4g4 9 :at p>cels ( matt] ! real ess5ce ( gold is2 yet c\ld we n be sure1 t ?is or t quality c\ld ) tru? be affirm$ ( gold2 s9ce x is impossible = u to "k t ?is or t quality or idea has a necess>y connexion ) a real ess5ce1 ( :i* we h no idea at all4' ,sev]al passages1 ( c\rse1 c be adduc$ f ,locke :i* are inconsi/5t ) ! /atem5t 9 ! text3 e4g4 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #ab4 #8,to make k real conc]n+ sub/ances1 ! ideas mu/ be tak5 f ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,:atev] simple ideas h be5 f\nd to coexi/ 9 any sub/ance1 ^! we may ) confid5ce jo9 toge!r aga91 & s make ab/ract ideas ( sub/ances4 ,= :atev] h once _h an union 9 nature1 may be unit$ aga94' ,9 all su* passages1 h[ev]1 z w appe> bel[1 ! /rict opposition betwe5 ! real & ! m5tal is lo/ sight (1 ! #8nature' or #8sub/ance1' 9 :i* ideas #8h a union1' or are #8f\nd to coexi/1' be+ a sy/em ( relations :i*1 accord+ to ,locke1 x requires a m9d to con/itute1 & ?us itself a #8nom9al ess5ce4' #c ,cf4 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #bi2 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #ad2 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #aa4 ,h[ !n is sci5ce ( nature possible8 #hc4 ,we ?us come ^u ! crucial anti!sis betwe5 relations ( ideas & matt]s ( fact1 ) ! exclusion ( g5]al c]ta9ty z to ! latt]1 :i* 0 to prove su* a pot5t weapon ( scepticism 9 ! h&s ( ,hume4 ,( its incompatibility ) recogniz$ sci5ce we c h no /rong] sign ?an ! fact t1 aft] m ?an a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ,locke's premisses 7 pu%$ to _! legitimate conclusion1 ! receiv$ sy/em ( logic among u is "o :i*1 :ile pr(ess+ to accept ,locke's doctr9e ( ess5ce1 & ) x ! anti!sis 9 "q1 ?r\gh\t assumes ! possibility ( g5]al propositions z to matt]s ( fact1 & seeks 9 _! me?odical discov]y & pro( t sci5ce ( nature :i* ,locke already #8suspect$' to be impossible4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xii4 sec4 #aj47 ,no #8uni=mities ( ph5om5a' c be kn[n4 #hd4 ,t1 s f> z any inf]5ce f pa/ to future uni=mities is necess>y to ! sci5ce ( nature1 8 doctr9e does m ?an ju/ify su* #8suspicion1' is pla9 en\gh4 ,does x1 h[ev]1 leave room = s mu* z a k ( pa/ uni=mities ( fact1 9 :i* ! natural philosoph]1 accept+ ! doctr9e1 might probably seek refuge8 ,at fir/ sight1 x might seem to d s4 #8,z1 :5 our s5ses are actually employ$ ab\t any object1 we d "k t x does exi/2 s by our memory we may be assur$ t h]et(ore ?+s t affect$ our s5ses h exi/$--& ?us we h k ( ! pa/ exi/5ce ( sev]al ?+s1 :]e( our s5ses hav+ in=m$ u1 our memories /ill reta9 ! ideas4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #aa47 ,let u see1 h[ev]1 h[ ?is k is re/rict$4 #8,see+ wat] at ?is in/ant1 x is an unque/ionable tru? to me t wat] do? exi/2 & rememb]+ t ,i saw x ye/]day1 x w also be always true1 & z long z my memory reta9s x1 always an und\bt$ proposition to me1 t wat] did exi/ ! #ah? ( ,july1 #afhh2 z x w also be equally true t a c]ta9 numb] ( v f9e col\rs did exi/1 :i* at ! same "t ,i saw on a bubble ( t wat]2 b be+ n[ q out ( sight bo? ( ! wat] & bubbles too1 x is no m c]ta9ly kn[n to me t ! wat] do? n[ exi/1 ?an t ! bubbles & col\rs !re9 d s2 x be+ no m necess>y t wat] %\ld exi/ to-day because x exi/$ ye/]day1 ?an t ! col\rs or bubbles exi/ to-day because !y exi/$ ye/]day4' 7,ibid47 ,locke n aw>e ( ! full effect ( 8 own doctr9e 444 #he4 ,! result is t ?\gh ,i may enum]ate a multitude ( pa/ matt]s-(-fact ab\t wat]1 ,i _c ga!r !m up 9 any g5]al /atem5t ab\t x z a real exi/5ce4 ,s soon z ,i d s1 ,i pass f wat] z a real exi/5ce to its #8nom9al ess5ce1' i4e41 to ! ideas reta9$ 9 my m9d & put toge!r 9 a fictiti\s sub/ance1 to :i* ,i h annex$ ! "n #8wat]4' ,if we proce$ to apply ?is doctr9e to ! suppos$ pa/ matt]s-(-fact !mselves1 we %all f9d ^! too att5uat+ !mselves to non5tity4 ,subtract 9 e case f ! #8p>ticul> exi/5ce' ( :i* we h #8s5sitive k' ! qualification by ideas :i*1 z reta9$ 9 ! m9d1 d n te/ify to a pres5t real exi/5ce1 & :at rema9s8 ,!re is a c]ta9ty1 accord+ to ,locke 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #aa71 n1 inde$1 t wat] exi/s to-day because x exi/$ ye/]day--?is is only #8probable'--b t x has1 z a pa/ matt]-(-fact1 at ?is "t & t #8cont9u$ long 9 exi/5ce1' because ?is has be5 #8obs]v$2' :i* mu/ mean 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ii4 secs4 #a1 #e1 & #i71 because !re has be5 a cont9u$ #8actual s5sation' ( x4 #8,wat]1' h[ev]1 is a complex idea ( a sub/ance1 & ( ! elem5ts ( ?is complex idea ^? only :i* at any mom5t are giv5 9 #8actual s5sation' may be acc\nt$ to #8really exi/4' ,fir/1 !n1 mu/ disappe> f reality ! #8some?+1' t unkn[n sub/ratum ( ideas1 ( :i* ! idea is emphatically #8ab/ract4' ,?is gone1 we naturally fall back ^u a fact ( co-exi/5ce betwe5 ideas1 z be+ a reality1 ?\gh ! #8?+' be a fiction4 ,b if ?is co-exi/5ce is to be real or to repres5t a reality1 ! ideas betwe5 :i* x obta9s mu/ be #8actual s5sations4' ,^!1 :atev] !y may be1 are at lea/ oppos$ by ,locke to ideas reta9$ 9 ! m9d1 :i* only =m a nom9al ess5ce4 ,b x is ! association ( su* nom9al ess5ce1 9 ! suppos$ obs]vation ( wat]1 ) ! actual s5sation t alone gives ! latt] a mean+4 ,set ?is aside z unreal1 & ! reality1 :i* ! s5sation reveals1 is at any rate "o ( :i* no?+ c be said4 ,x _c be a relation betwe5 s5sations1 = su* relation implies a consid]ation ( !m by ! m9d1 :]eby1 accord+ to ,locke1 !y mu/ cease to be #8real exi/5ces4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxv4 sec4 #a47 ,x _c ev5 be a s+le s5sation z cont9u\sly obs]v$1 = e pres5t mom5t ( su* obs]vation has at ! next become a pa/1 & ?us ! s5sation obs]v$ 9 x has lo/ its #8actuality1' & _c1 z a #8real exi/5ce1' qualify ! s5sation obs]v$ 9 ! next4 ,re/rict ! #8real exi/5ce1' 9 %ort1 z ,locke does1 to an #8actual pres5t s5sation1' :i* c only be def9$ by opposition to an idea reta9$ 9 ! m9d1 & at e in/ant ( its exi/5ce x has pass$ into ! m9d & ?us ceas$ really to exi/4 ,reality is 9 p]petual process ( disappe>+ into ! unreality ( ?\ght4 ,no po9t c be fix$ ei!r 9 ! flux ( "t or 9 ! imag9>y process f #8)\t' to #8)9' ! m9d1 on ! "o side ( :i* c be plac$ #8real exi/5ce1' on ! o!r ! #8m]e idea4' ,x is only because ,locke unaw>es def9es to himself ! #8actual s5sation' z repres5tative ( a real ess5ce1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 accord+ to him1 z itself unkn[n1 ! pres5ce is m]ely inf]r$ f ! s5sation1 t ! #8actual s5sation' itself is sav$ f ! limbo ( nom9al ess5ce1 to :i* ideas1 z ab/ract or 9 ! m9d1 are consign$4 ,only1 aga91 s f> z x is ?us illogically sav$1 are we entitl$ to t di/9ction betwe5 #8facts' & #8?+s ( ! m9d1' :i* ,locke once = all fix$ = ,engli% philosophy4 444 :i* is to make ! real an ab/ract residuum ( consci\sness4 #hf4 ,by ?is "t we are famili> ) ! difficulties :i* ?is anti!sis has 9 /ore = a philosophy :i* yet admits t x is only 9 ! m9d or 9 relation to consci\sness--9 "o ^w1 z #8ideas'--t facts are to be f\nd at all1 :ile by ! #8m9d' x und]/&s an ab/ract g5]alization f ! _m m9ds :i* sev]ally are born & gr[1 sleep & wake1 ) ea* ( u4 ,! anti!sis itself1 l e o!r =m 9 :i* ! impulse aft] true k f9ds expression1 implies a di/9ction betwe5 ! seem+ & ! real2 or betwe5 t :i* exi/s = ! consci\sness ( ! individual & t :i* really exi/s4 ,b outside itself consci\sness _c get4 ,x is !re t ! real mu/1 at any rate1 manife/ itself1 if x is to be f\nd at all4 ,yet ! orig9al anti!sis betwe5 ! m9d & its unkn[n opposite /ill prevails1 & 9 consequ5ce t alone :i*1 ?\gh inde$ 9 ! m9d1 is yet giv5 to x by no act ( its own1 is held to repres5t ! real4 ,?is is ! notion :i* dom9ates ,locke4 ,he /rips f ! =m$ cont5t ( consci\sness all t ! m9d seems to h done = itself1 & ! ab/ract residuum1 t ( :i* ! individual _c help be+ consci\s at ea* mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce1 is or #8reports' ! real1 9 opposition to ! m9d's creation4 ,?is is ,feel+2 or m /rictly--s9ce x exi/s1 & :atev] does s mu/ exi/ z "o 9 a numb] 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #g7--;x is ! multitude ( s+le feel+s1 #8ea* p]i%+ ! mom5t x beg9s' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxvii4 sec4 #b71 f :i* all ! def9it5ess t comes ( composition & relation mu/ be suppos$ abs5t4 ,?us1 9 try+ to get at :at %all be ! m]e fact 9 deta*m5t f m5tal accretions1 ,locke comes to :at is /ill consci\sness1 b ! m]ely indef9ite 9 consci\sness4 ,he seeks ! real & f9ds ! void4 ,( ! real z outside consci\sness no?+ c be said2 & ( t aga9 )9 consci\sness1 :i* is suppos$ to repres5t x1 no?+ c be said4 ,gr\nd ( di/9ction betwe5 actual s5sation & ideas 9 ! m9d is itself a ?+ ( ! m9d4 #hg4 ,we h already se5 h[ ,locke1 9 8 doctr9e ( second>y qualities ( sub/ances1 practically gets ov] ?is difficulty2 h[ he fir/ projects out ( ! simple ideas1 "u relations :i* x requires a m9d to con/itute1 a cognisable sy/em ( ?+s1 & !n gives cont5t & def9it5ess to ! simple ideas 9 u by treat+ !m z manife/ations ( ?is sy/em ( ?+s4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( propositions1 ! prop] correlative to ! r$uction ( ! real to ! pres5t simple idea1 z t ( :i* we _c get rid1 w\ld be ! r$uction ( ! #8real proposition' to ! m]e #8x is n[ felt4' ,if ! matt]-(-fact is to be t 9 consci\sness :i* is indep5d5t ( ! #8"w ( ! m9d' 9 comp>+ & comp\nd+1 ?is is ! only possible expression = x4 ,x /ates ! only possible #8real ess5ce1' :i* yet is an ess5ce ( no?+1 = any ref]5ce ( x to a ?+1 if ! ?+ is outside consci\sness1 is an impossibility2 & if x is )9 consci\sness1 implies an #8inv5tion ( ! m9d' bo? 9 ! creation ( a ?+1 #8always ! same ) itself1' out ( p]i%+ feel+s1 & 9 ! ref]5ce ( ! feel+s to su* a ?+4 ,?us c>ri$ out1 ! anti!sis betwe5 #8fact' & #8creation ( ! m9d' becomes self-de/ructive1 =1 "o feel+ be+ z real z ano!r1 x leaves no room = t di/9ction betwe5 ! real & fanta/ic1 to ! uncritical s5se ( :i* x owes its bir?4 ,to avoid ?is fusion ( dream-l& & ! wak+ _w1 ,locke avails himself ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! idea 7i4e4 feel+7 z 9 ! m9d1 :i* is n conv]tible ) reality1 & ! idea z some:]e else1 no "o c say :]e--#8! actual s5sation'--:i* is s conv]tible4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 mu/ ei!r consi/ 9 degrees ( livel9ess1 9 :i* case !re mu/ be a correspond+ inf9ity ( degrees ( reality or unreality1 or else mu/ presuppose a real exi/5ce f :i* ! feel+1 if #8actual s5sation1' is--if m]ely #89 ! m9d' is n--d]iv$4 ,su* a real exi/5ce ei!r is an object ( consci\sness1 or is n4 ,if x is n1 no di/9ction betwe5 "o k9d ( feel+ & ano!r c = consci\sness be d]iv$ f x4 ,if x is1 !n1 grant$ ! di/9ction betwe5 giv5 feel+s & creations ( ! m9d1 x mu/ fall to ! latt]1 & a #8?+ ( ! m9d' turns out to be ! gr\nd ^u :i* #8fact' is oppos$ to #8?+s ( ! m9d4' ,two mean+s ( real ess5ce4 #hh4 ,x rema9s to exhibit briefly ! disguises "u :i* ^! inh]5t difficulties ( 8 !ory ( ess5ce appe> 9 ,locke4 ,?r\gh\t1 in/ead ( treat+ #8ess5ce' altoge!r z a fiction ( ! m9d--z x mu/ be if feel+s 9 simplicity & s+l5ess are alone ! real--he treats inde$ z a m]ely #8nom9al ess5ce' e possible comb9ation ( ideas ( :i* we c speak1 b /ill supposes ano!r ess5ce :i* is #8real4' ,b a real ess5ce ( :at8 ,cle>ly1 accord+ to 8 /atem5ts1 ( ! same #8?+' ( :i* ! comb9ation ( ideas 9 ! m9d is ! nom9al ess5ce4 ,inde$1 !re is no mean+ 9 ! anti!sis unless ! #8some?+1' ( :i* ! latt] ess5ce is s nom9ally1 is t ( :i* x is n s really4 ,s says ,locke1 #8! nom9al ess5ce ( gold is t complex idea ! ^w gold /&s =2 let x be1 = in/ance1 a body yell[1 ( a c]ta9 weight1 malleable1 fusible1 & fix$4 ,b ! real ess5ce is ! con/itution ( ! ins5sible p>ts ( t body1 on :i* ^? qualities & all ! o!r prop]ties ( gold dep5d4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #b47 ,"h ! notion cle>ly is t ( "o & ! same ?+1 ( :i* we c only say t x is a #8body1' a c]ta9 complex ( ideas--yell[ness1 fusibility1 c4--is ! nom9al1 a c]ta9 con/itution ( ins5sible p>ts ! real1 ess5ce4 ,x is on ! real ess5ce1 moreov]1 t ! ideas :i* con/itute ! nom9al dep5d4 ,yet :ile !y are kn[n1 ! real ess5ce 7z appe>s f ! context7 is :olly unkn[n4 ,9 ?is case1 x w\ld seem1 ! cause is n kn[n f its effects4 ,accord+ to "o1 x is a collection ( ideas z qualities ( a ?+3 #hi4 ,!re are lurk+ "h two opposite views ( ! relation betwe5 ! nom9al ess5ce & ! real ?+4 ,accord+ to "o view1 :i* prevails 9 ! lat] *apt]s ( ! ,second ,book & 9 c]ta9 passages ( ! ?ird1 ! relation betwe5 !m is t ) :i* we h already become famili> 9 ! doctr9e ( sub/ance--t1 namely1 betwe5 ideas z 9 u & ! same z 9 ! ?+4 7,book ,,ii1 *ap4 xxiii4 secs4 #i & #aj47 ,no di/9ction is made betwe5 ! #8idea 9 ! m9d' & ! #8actual s5sation4' ,! ideas 9 ! m9d are also 9 ! ?+1 & ?us are call$ its qualities1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p !y are s only second>ily1 i4e4 z effects ( o!r qualities1 :i*1 z copi$ directly 9 our ideas1 are call$ prim>y1 & relatively to ^! effects are call$ p[]s4 ,^! p[]s h yet innum]able effects to produce 9 u :i* !y h n yet produc$4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #aj47 ,^? :i* h be5 s f> produc$1 be+ ga!r$ up 9 a complex idea to :i* a "n is annex$1 =m ! #8nom9al ess5ce' ( ! ?+4 ,"s ( !m are ( prim>y qualities1 m are ( second>y4 ,! orig9als ( ! =m]1 ! p[]s to produce ! latt]1 toge!r ) p[]s to produce an indef9ite multitude m1 w con/itute ! #8real ess5ce1' :i* is ?us #8a /&>d made by nature1' to :i* ! nom9al ess5ce is oppos$ m]ely z ! inadequate to ! adequate4 ,! ideas1 t is to say1 :i* are indicat$ by ! "n ( a ?+1 h be5 really #8f\nd 9 x' or #8produc$ by x1' b are only a "p ( ^? t rema9 to be f\nd 9 x or produc$ by x4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,locke opposes ! adequacy betwe5 nom9al & real ess5ce 9 ! case ( mix$ modes to _! p]petual inadequacy 9 ! case ( ideas ( sub/ances4 ,! comb9ation 9 ! "o case is artificially made1 9 ! o!r is f\nd & be+ p]petually enl>g$4 ,?is he illu/rates by imag9+ ! processes :i* l$ ,adam sev]ally to ! idea ( ! mix$ mode #8jeal\sy' & t ( ! sub/ance #8gold4' ,9 ! =m] process ,adam #8put ideas toge!r only by 8 own imag9ation1 n tak5 f ! exi/5ce ( any?+ 444 ! /&>d !re 0 ( 8 own mak+4' ,9 ! latt]1 #8he has a /&>d made by nature2 & !re=e be+ to repres5t t to himself by ! idea he has ( x1 ev5 :5 x is abs5t1 he puts no simple idea into 8 complex "o1 b :at he has ! p]ception ( f ! ?+ itself4 ,he takes c>e t 8 idea be con=mable to ?is ar*etype4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 secs4 #df1 #dg47 #8,x is pla91' h[ev]1 #8t ! idea made aft] ?is fa%ion by ?is ar*etype w be always inadequate4' 444 ab\t real ess5ce 9 ?is s5se !re may be g5]al k4 #ij4 ,! nom9al ess5ce ( a ?+1 !n1 accord+ to ?is view1 be+ no o!r ?an ! #8complex idea ( a sub/ance1' is a copy ( reality1 j z ! simple idea is4 ,x is a picture or repres5tation 9 ! m9d ( a ?+ t does exi/ by ideas ( ^? qualities t are discov]able 9 x4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 secs4 #f1 #h47 ,x only diff]s f ! simple idea 7:i* is itself1 z ab/ract1 a nom9al ess5ce7 #a 9 respect ( reality1 because ! latt] is a copy or effect produc$ s+ly & involunt>ily1 :]eas we may put ideas toge!r1 z if 9 a ?+1 :i* h nev] be5 s pres5t$ toge!r1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 nev] c put toge!r all t exi/ toge!r4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxx4 sec4 #e1 & xxxi4 #aj47 ,s f> z ,locke ma9ta9s ?is view1 ! difficulty ab\t g5]al propositions conc]n+ real exi/5ce ne$ n arise4 ,a /atem5t :i* affirm$ ( gold "o ( ! qualities includ$ 9 ! complex idea ( t sub/ance1 w\ld n express m]ely an analysis ( an idea 9 ! m9d1 b w\ld repres5t a relation ( qualities 9 ! exi/+ ?+ f :i* ! idea #8has be5 tak54' ,^! qualities1 z 9 ! ?+1 d\btless w\ld n be1 z 9 u1 feel+s 7or1 z ,locke %\ld r h said 9 m rec5t phraseology1 possibilities ( feel+71 b p[]s to produce feel+1 nor c\ld any relation betwe5 ^!1 z 9 ! ?+1 be affirm$ b su* z _h produc$ its copy or effect 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,no coexi/5ce ( qualities c\ld be truly affirm$1 :i* _h n be5 f\nd2 b1 once f\nd--be+ a coexi/5ce ( qualities & n simply a mom5t>y co9cid5ce ( feel+s--x c\ld be affirm$ z p]man5t 9 a g5]al proposition4 ,t a relation c be /at$ univ]sally betwe5 ideas collect$ 9 ! m9d1 no "o d5ies1 & if su* collection #8is tak5 f a comb9ation ( simple ideas exi/+ toge!r con/antly 9 ?+s' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxxii4 sec4 #ah71 ! /atem5t w hold equally ( su* exi/5ce4 ,?us ,locke contra/s mix$ modes1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 #8be+ actions :i* p]i% 9 ! bir?1 are n capable ( a la/+ duration1' ) #8sub/ances1 :i* are ! actors2 & :]e9 ! simple ideas t make up ! complex ideas design$ by ! "n h a la/+ union4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #db47 #a ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #ab4 ,b su* real ess5ce a creature ( ?\ght4 #ia4 ,9 su* a doctr9e ,locke1 />t+ :5ce he did1 c\ld n rema9 at re/4 ,we ne$ n "h repeat :at has be5 said ( x above 9 ! consid]ation ( 8 doctr9e ( sub/ance4 ,tak5 /rictly1 x implies t #8real exi/5ce' consi/s 9 a p]man5t relation ( ideas1 said to be ( second>y qualities1 to ea* o!r 9 dep5d5ce on o!r ideas1 said to be ( prim>y qualities4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ord] to con/itute reality1 x takes ideas out ( t p>ticul>ity 9 "t & place1 :i* is yet pron\nc$ ! condition ( reality1 to give !m an #8ab/ract g5]ality' :i* is fictiti\s1 & !n treats !m z con/itu5ts ( a sy/em ( :i* ! #8inv5t$' relations ( cause & effect & ( id5tity are ! framework4 ,9 %ort1 x br+s reality :olly )9 ! region ( ?\ght1 di/+ui%+ x f ! sy/em ( complex ideas or nom9al ess5ces :i* con/itute our k1 n z ! unkn[n opposite ( all possible ?\ght1 b only z ! complete f ! incomplete4 ,to "o :o logically c>ri$ out ?is view1 ! gr\nd ( di/9ction betwe5 fact & fancy w\ld h to be f\nd 9 ! relation betwe5 ?\ght z #8objective1' or 9 ! _w1 & ?\ght z s f> communicat$ to u4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x c\ld sc>cely be f\nd by ,locke1 ) :om #8?\ght' meant simply a faculty ( ! #8?9k+ ?+1' call$ a #8s\l1' :i* might ride 9 a coa* ) him f ,ox=d to ,london4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #bj47 ,0 ! di/9ction !n to disappe> altoge!r8 ,h5ce ano!r view ( real ess5ce z unkn[n qualities ( unkn[n body4 #ib4 ,x is sav$1 ?\gh at ! co/ ( ab&on+ ! #8new way ( ideas1' z x _h be5 foll[$ 9 ! ,second ,book1 by ! transf] ( real exi/5ce f ! ?+ 9 :i* ideas are f\nd1 & ^: qualities ! complex ( ideas 9 u1 ?\gh inadequate1 repres5ts1 to some?+ call$ #8body1' necess>ily unkn[n1 because no ideas 9 u are 9 any way repres5tative ( x4 ,to su* an unkn[n body unkn[n qualities are suppos$ to belong "u ! designation #8real ess5ce4' ,! subject ( ! nom9al ess5ce1 j because its qualities1 be+ matt] ( k1 are ideas 9 our m9ds1 is a :olly diff]5t & a fictiti\s ?+4 ,h[ ,locke mixes up ^! two mean+s 9 ambiguity ab\t body4 #ic4 ,?is *ange ( gr\nd is ( c\rse n recogniz$ by ,locke himself4 ,x is ! p]petual cross+ ( ! inconsi/5t doctr9es t r5d]s 8 #8immortal ,?ird ,book' a web ( contradictions4 ,z 0 said above1 he con/antly speaks z if ! subject ( ! real ess5ce 7 ! same ) t ( ! nom9al1 & nev] explicitly all[s x to be diff]5t4 ,! equivocation "u :i* ! diff]5ce is disguis$ lies 9 ! use ( ! t]m #8body4' ,a #8p>ticul> body' is ! subject bo? ( ! nom9al & real ess5ce #8gold' ,b #8body1' z t 9 :i* #8ideas are f\nd1' & 9 :i* !y p]man5tly coexi/ accord+ to a natural law1 is "o ?+2 #8body1' z ! ab/raction ( ! unkn[n1 is q ano!r4 ,x is body 9 ! =m] s5se t is ! real ?+ :5 nom9al ess5ce 7! complex ( ideas 9 u7 is treat$ z repres5tative1 ?\gh inadequately s1 ( ! real ?+2 x is body 9 ! latt] s5se t is ! real ?+ :5 ?is is treat$ z :olly outside possible consci\sness1 & its ess5ce z :olly unrepres5t$ by possible ideas4 ,by a jumble ( ! two mean+s ,locke obta9s an amphibi\s entity :i* is at once indep5d5t ( relation to ideas1 z is body 9 ! latt] s5se1 & a s\rce ( ideas repres5tative ( x1 z is body 9 ! =m] s5se--:i* ?us c>ries ) x t opposition to ! m5tal :i* is suppos$ necess>y to ! real1 :ile yet x seems to manife/ itself 9 ideas4 ,mean:ile a ?ird conception ( ! real keeps ?ru/+ itself ^u ! o!r two--! view1 namely1 t body 9 bo? s5ses is a fiction ( ?\ght1 & t ! m]e pres5t feel+ is alone ! real4 ,body z #8p>cel ( matt]' )\t ess5ce4 #id4 ,:]e ,locke is insi/+ on ! opposition betwe5 ! real ess5ce & any ess5ce t c be kn[n1 ! =m] is g5]ally ascrib$ ei!r to a #8p>ticul> be+' or to a #8p>cel ( matt]4' ,! passage :i* br+s ! opposition into ! /ronge/ relief is p]haps ! foll[+3--#8,i w\ld ask any "o1 :at is suffici5t to make an ess5tial diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 any two p>ticul> be+s1 )\t any reg>d _h to "s ab/ract idea1 :i* is look$ ^u z ! ess5ce & /&>d ( a species8 ,all su* patt]ns & /&>ds be+ q laid aside1 p>ticul> be+s1 consid]$ b>ely 9 !mselves1 w be f\nd to h all _! qualities equally ess5tial2 & ev]y?+1 9 ea* individual1 w be ess5tial to x1 or1 :i* is m1 no?+ at all4 ,= ?\gh x may be reasonable to ask :e!r obey+ ! magnet be ess5tial to iron2 yet ,i ?9k x is v improp] & insignificant to ask :e!r x be ess5tial to ! p>ticul> p>cel ( matt] ,i cut my p5 )1 )\t consid]+ x "u ! "n iron1 or z be+ ( a c]ta9 species4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #e47 #a ,"h1 x w be se51 ! exclusion ( ! ab/ract idea f reality c>ries ) x ! exclusion ( t #8/&>d made by nature1' :i* accord+ to ! passages already quot$1 is ! #8?+ itself f :i* ! ab/ract idea is tak51 & f :i*1 if correctly tak51 x d]ives reality4 ,?is exclusion1 aga91 means no?+ else ?an ! disappe>ance f #8nature' 7:i* ) ,locke is int]*angeable ) #8reality'7 ( all ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,!re rema91 h[ev]1 z ! #8real1' #8p>ticul> be+s1' or #8individuals1' or #8p>cels ( matt]4' ,9 ea* ( ^!1 #8consid]$ b>ely 9 itself1 ev]y?+ w be ess5tial to x1 or1 :i* is m1 no?+ at all4' #a ,to ! same purpose is a passage 9 ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 x4 sec4 #ai1 t[>ds ! end4 ,9 ?is s5se body is ! m]e individuum4 #ie4 ,we h already se51 #a t if by a #8p>ticul> be+' is meant ! m]e individuum1 z x w\ld be ^u ab/raction ( all relations :i* accord+ to ,locke are fictiti\s1 & con/itute a community or g5]ality1 x c]ta9ly c h no ess5tial qualities1 s9ce x has no qualities at all4 ,x is a some?+ :i* equals no?+4 ,! notion ( ?is b>e individuum be+ ! real is ! #8protoplasm' ( ,locke's philosophy to :i*1 ?\gh he nev] q recogniz$ x himself1 aft] ! removal ( a c]ta9 numb] ( accretions we may always p5etrate4 ,x is s because 8 unackn[l$g$ me?od ( f9d+ ! real consi/$ 9 ab/ract+ f ! =m$ cont5t ( consci\sness till he came to t :i* c\ld n be got rid (4 ,?is is ! mom5t>ily pres5t relation ( subject & object1 :i*1 consid]$ on ! side ( ! object1 gives ! m]e atom1 & on ! side ( ! subject1 ! m]e #8x is felt4' ,ev5 9 ?is ultimate ab/raction ! #8fiction ( ?\ght' /ill survives1 = ! atom is det]m9$ to its m]e individuality by relation to o!r individuals1 & ! feel+ is det]m9$ to ! pres5t mom5t or #8! n[' by relation to o!r #8n[s4' #a ,see above1 p>agraph #de4 ,body z qualifi$ by circum/ances ( "t & place4 #if4 ,to ?is ultimate ab/raction1 h[ev]1 ,locke1 ?\gh con/antly on ! road to x1 nev] q p5etrates4 ,he is f>!/ f x--inde$1 z f> f x z possible--:]e he is mo/ acceptable to common s5se1 z 9 8 ord9>y doctr9e ( ab/raction1 :]e ! real1 f :i* ! process ( ab/raction is suppos$ to beg91 is already ! individual 9 ! fullness ( its qualities1 ,james & ,john1 ?is man or ?is gold4 ,he is ne>e/ to x :5 ! only qualification ( ! #8p>ticul> be+1' :i* has to be remov$ by ?\ght 9 ord] to its los+ its reality & becom+ an ab/ract idea1 is suppos$ to consi/ 9 #8circum/ances ( "t & place4' ,su* body ,locke held to be subject ( #8prim>y qualities'3 b are ^! compatible ) p>ticul>ity 9 "t8 #ig4 ,x is ( ^! circum/ances1 z ! con/itu5ts ( ! real1 t he is ?9k+ 9 ! passage la/ quot$4 ,z qualifi$ by #8circum/ances ( place' ! real is a p>cel ( matt]1 & "u ?is designation ,locke ?\ght ( x z a subject ( #8prim>y qualities ( body4' #a ,^!1 inde$1 z he enum]ates !m1 may be %[n to imply relations go+ f> beyond t ( simple di/9ctness betwe5 atoms1 & ?us to involve mu* m ( ! creative action ( ?\ght2 b we ne$ be ! less conc]n$ = ?is usurpation on ! "p ( ! p>ticul> be+1 s9ce t :i* he illegitimately conveys to x z d]iv$ f #8circum/ances ( place1' he virtually takes away f x aga9 by limitation 9 "t4 ,! #8p>ticul> be+' has inde$ on ! "o h& a real ess5ce1 consi/+ ( c]ta9 prim>y qualities1 b on ! o!r x has no cont9u$ id5tity4 ,x is only real z pres5t to feel+ at ?is or t "t4 ,! p>ticul> be+ ( "o mom5t is n ! p>ticul> be+ ( ! next4 ,?us ! prim>y qualities :i* are a real ess5ce1 i4e4 an ess5ce ( a p>ticul> be+1 at "o mom5t1 are n its real ess5ce at ! next1 because1 :ile !y z repres5t$ 9 ! m9d rema9 ! same1 ! #8x1' ! p>ticul> be+ is diff]5t4 ,an immutable ess5ce = t v reason _c be real4 ,! immutability c only lie 9 a relation betwe5 a c]ta9 ab/ract 7i4e4 unreal7 idea & a c]ta9 s\nd4 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #ai47 #8,! real con/itution ( ?+s1' on ! o!r h&1 #8beg9 & p]i% ) !m4 ,all ?+s t exi/ are liable to *ange4' 7,ibid47 ,locke1 x is true 7z is impli$ 9 ! t]m *ange #b7 nev] q drops ! notion ( !re be+ a real id5tity 9 "s unkn[n backgr\nd1 b ?is makes no diff]5ce 9 ! be>+ ( 8 doctr9e ^u ! possibility ( #8real' k4 ,x only means t = an indef9ite p>ticul>ity ( #8be+s' !re is sub/itut$ "o #8be+' "u an indef9ite peculi>ity ( =ms4 ,?\gh ! reality ( ! ?+ 9 itself be immutable1 yet its reality = u is 9 p]petual flux4 #8,9 itself' x is a sub/ance )\t an ess5ce1 a #8some?+ we "k n :at' )\t any ideas to #8support2' a #8p>cel ( matt]1' inde$1 b "o 9 :i* no quality is really ess5tial1 because its real ess5ce1 consi/+ 9 its mom5t>y pres5tation to s5se1 *anges ) ! mom5ts4 #c #a ,accord+ to ,locke's ord9>y usage ( ! t]ms1 no di/9ction appe>s betwe5 #8matt]' & #8body4' ,9 ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 ,x4 sec4 #ae1 h[ev]1 he di/+ui%es matt] f body z ! less det]m9ate conception f ! m4 ,! "o implies solidity m]ely1 ! o!r ext5sion & figure also1 s t we may talk ( ! #8matt] ( bodies1' b n ( ! #8body ( matt]s4' ,b s9ce solidity1 accord+ to ,locke's def9ition1 involves ! o!r #8prim>y qualities1' ?is di/9ction does n avail him mu*4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #fi4 #c ,cf4 ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #d3 #8,take b away ! ab/ract ideas by :i* we sort individuals & rank !m "u common names1 & !n ! ?\ght ( any?+ ess5tial to any ( !m in/antly vani%es1' c4 ,h[ ,locke avoids ?is "q4 #ih4 ,we h previ\sly notic$ #a ,locke's pregnant rem>k1 t #8?+s ^: exi/5ce is 9 succession' d n admit ( id5tity4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxvii4 sec4 #b47 ,s f>1 !n1 z ! #8real1' 9 di/9ction f ! #8ab/ract1' is con/itut$ by p>ticul>ity 9 "t1 or has its exi/5ce 9 succession1 x excludes ! relation ( id5tity4 #8,x p]i%es 9 e mom5t t x beg9s4' ,_h ,locke be5 ma/] ( ?is notion1 in/ead ( be+ irregul>ly ma/]$ by x1 he might h anticipat$ all t ,hume _h to say4 ,z x is1 ev5 9 passages su* z ^? to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made1 :]e he foll[s its lead ! f>!/1 he is /ill pull$ up by inconsi/5t conceptions ) :i* common s5se1 act+ ?r\gh common language1 re/ra9s ! mo/ adv5tur\s philosophy4 ,?us1 ev5 f 8 illu/ration ( ! liability ( all exi/5ce to *ange--#8t :i* 0 grass to-day is to-morr[ ! fle% ( a %eep1 & )9 a few days aft] w become "p ( a man' #b--we f9d t1 j z he does n pursue ! individualization ( ! real 9 space s f> b t x /ill rema9s #8a con/itution ( p>ts1' s he does n pursue x 9 "t s f> b t a coexi/5ce ( real elem5ts ov] a c]ta9 duration is possible4 ,to a m ?or\gh analysis1 inde$1 !re is no alt]native betwe5 f9d+ reality 9 relations ( ?\ght1 :i*1 because relations ( ?\ght1 are n 9 "t & !re=e are immutable1 & submitt+ x to su* subdivision ( "t z excludes all real coexi/5ce because :at is real1 z pres5t1 at "o mom5t is unreal1 z pa/1 at ! next4 ,?is alt]native c\ld n pres5t itself 9 its cle>ness to ,locke1 because1 accord+ to 8 me?od ( int]rogat+ consci\sness1 he inevitably f\nd 9 its suppos$ beg9n+1 :i* he id5tifi$ ) ! real1 ^? products ( ?\ght :i* he oppos$ to ! real1 & ?us read into ! simple feel+ ( ! mom5t t :i*1 if x 7 ! simple feel+ ( ! mom5t1 x c\ld n conta94 ,?us ?r\gh\t ! ,second ,book ( ! ,essay ! simple idea is suppos$ to repres5t ei!r z copy or z effect a p]man5t reality1 :e!r body or m9d3 & 9 ! lat] books1 ev5 :]e ! repres5tation ( su* reality 9 k comes 9 "q1 its exi/5ce z con/itut$ by #8prim>y qualities ( body' is ?r\gh\t assum$1 ?\gh g5]al propositions ) reg>d to x are decl>$ impossible4 ,x is a feel+ ref]r$ to body1 or1 9 ! language ( subsequ5t psy*ology1 a feel+ ( ! outw>d s5se1 #c t ,locke means by an #8actual pres5t s5sation1' & x is prop]ly 9 virtue ( ?is ref]5ce t su* s5sation is suppos$ to be1 or to report1 ! real4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ge4 #b ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #aj4 #c ,= ! g]ms ( ! di/9ction betwe5 out] & inn] s5se1 see ,locke's ,essay1 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #ad3 #8,?is s\rce ( ideas 7! p]ception ( ! op]ations ( ! m9d7 e man has :olly 9 himself2 & ?\gh x be n s5se1 z hav+ no?+ to d ) ext]nal objects1 yet x is v l x1 & might prop]ly en\gh be call$ int]nal s5se4' ,= ! notion ( out] s5se cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #f1 :]e he is di/+ui%+ ! ideas ( hung] & w>m?1 :i* he supposes *ildr5 to receive 9 ! womb f ! #8innate pr9ciples :i* "s cont5d =4' #8,^! 7! ideas ( hung] & w>m?7 be+ ! effects ( s5sation1 are only f "s affections ( ! body :i* happ5 to !m !re1 & s dep5d on some?+ ext]ior to ! m9d1 n o!rwise diff]+ 9 _! mann] ( production f o!r ideas d]iv$ f s5se1 b only 9 ! prec$5cy ( "t4' ,body & its qualities suppos$ to be outside consci\sness4 #ii4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( prim>y qualities1 z orig9ally /at$1 ! anti!sis lies betwe5 body z x is 9 itself & body z x is = u1 n betwe5 body z x is = u 9 #8actual s5sation1' & body z x is = u accord+ to #8ideas 9 ! m9d4' ,! prim>y qualities #8are 9 bodies :e!r we p]ceive !m or no4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #bc47 ,z he puts x else:]e 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #b71 x is j because #8solidity & ext5sion & ! t]m9ation ( x1 figure1 ) motion & re/1 :]e( we h ! ideas1 w\ld be really 9 ! _w z !y are :e!r !re 7 any s5sible be+ to p]ceive !m or no1' t !y are to be look$ on z ! real modifications ( matt]4 ,a *ange 9 !m1 unlike "o 9 ! second>y qualities1 or su* z is relative to s5se1 is a real alt]ation 9 body4 #8,p\nd an almond1 & ! cle> :ite col\r w be alt]$ into a dirty "o1 & ! sweet ta/e into an oily "o4 ,:at alt]ation c ! beat+ ( ! pe/le make 9 any body1 b an alt]ation ( ! texture ( x8' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #bj47 ,x is impli$ !n 9 ! notion ( ! real z body t x %\ld be outside consci\sness4 ,x is t :i* seems to rema9 :5 ev]y?+ belong+ to consci\sness has be5 ?\ght away4 ,yet x is br\ght )9 consci\sness aga9 by ! supposition t x has qualities :i* copy !mselves 9 our ideas & are #8! excit+ causes ( all our v>i\s s5sations f bodies4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #c47 ,aga91 h[ev]1 ! anti!sis betwe5 ! real & consci\sness prevails1 & ! qualities ( matt] or body hav+ be5 br\ght )9 ! latt]1 are oppos$ to a #8sub/ance ( body'--o!rwise spok5 ( z #8! nature1 cause1 or mann] ( produc+ ! ideas ( prim>y qualities'--:i* rema9s outside x1 unkn[n & unkn[able4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #cj1 c47 ,h[ c prim>y qualities be outside consci\sness1 & yet kn[able8 #ajj4 ,! doctr9e ( prim>y qualities 0 naturally ! "o ^u :i* ! criticism ( ,b]keley & ,hume fir/ fa/5$1 z ! mo/ obvi\s ab]ration f ! #8new way ( ideas4' ,t ! v notion ( ! s5ses z #8report+' any?+1 "u second>y no less ?an "u prim>y qualities1 implies ! pres5ce ( #8fictions ( ?\ght' 9 ! primitive consci\sness1 may become cle> ^u analysis2 b x lies on ! surface & is av[$ by ,locke himself 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 secs4 #b1 #g71 t ! conception ( prim>y qualities is only possible ^u di/9ction be+ made betwe5 ideas z 9 our m9ds1 & ! #8nature ( ?+s exi/+ )\t u1' :i* _c be giv5 9 ! simple feel+ itself4 ,?is admitt$1 ! di/9ction might ei!r be trac$ to ! pres5ce )9 intellig5t consci\sness ( ano!r factor ?an simple ideas1 or be acc\nt$ = z a gradual #8inv5tion ( ! m9d4' ,9 nei!r way1 h[ev]1 c\ld ,locke reg>d x & yet reta9 8 di/9ction betwe5 fact & fancy1 z re/+ ^u t betwe5 ! nature ( ?+s & ! m9d ( man4 ,! way ( escape lay 9 a figure ( spee*1 ! figure ( ! wax or ! mirror4 #8,! ideas ( prim>y qualities are resemblances ( !m4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 viii4 sec4 #ae47 ,^! qualities !n may be treat$1 accord+ to occasion1 ei!r z primitive data ( consci\sness1 or z ! ess5ce ( t :i* is ! unkn[n opposite ( consci\sness--9 ! latt] way :5 ! anti!sis betwe5 nature & m9d is 9 view1 9 ! =m] :5 nature has yet to be repres5t$ z kn[able4 ,locke answ]s t !y copy !mselves 9 ideas--,b]keley's rejo9d]4 ,locke gets out ( ! difficulty by 8 doctr9e ( solidity4 #aja4 ,h[1 ask$ ,b]keley1 c an idea be l any?+ t is n an idea8 ,put ! "q 9 its prop] /r5g?--,h[ c an idea be l t ( :i* ! sole & simple det]m9ation is j t x is n an idea 7& su* ) ,locke is body #89 itself' or z ! real7--& x is cle>ly unansw]able4 ,! process by :i* ,locke 0 prev5t$ f putt+ x to himself is n difficult to trace4 #8,body' & #8! solid' are ) him virtually conv]tible t]ms4 ,ea* indiff]5tly holds ! place ( ! sub/ance1 ( :i* ! prim>y qualities are s _m det]m9ations4 #a ,x is true t :]e solidity has to be def9$1 x is def9$ z an attribute ( body1 b conv]sely body itself is treat$ z a #8texture ( solid p>ts1' i4e4 z a mode ( ! solid4 ,body1 9 %ort1 s soon z ?\ght (1 resolves itself into a relation ( bodies1 & ! solid into a relation ( solids1 b ,locke1 by a %uffle ( ! two t]ms--repres5t+ body z a relation betwe5 solids & ! solid z a relation betwe5 bodies--ga9s ! appe>ance ( expla9+ ea* 9 turn by relation to a simpl] idea4 ,body1 z ! unkn[n1 is reveal$ to u by ! idea ( solidity1 :i* s5se conveys to u2 :ile solidity is expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! idea ( body4 ,! idea ( solidity1 we are told1 is a simple idea :i* comes into ! m9d solely by ! s5se ( t\*4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #a47 ,b no soon] has he ?us id5tifi$ x ) an imm$iate feel+ ?an1 9 disreg>d ( 8 own doctr9e1 t #8an idea :i* has no composition' is undef9able 7see ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #g471 he conv]ts x into a !ory ( ! cause ( t feel+4 #8,x arises f ! resi/ance :i* we f9d 9 body to ! entrance ( any o!r body into ! place x possesses till x has left x2' & he at once proce$s to treat x z ! consci\sness ( su* resi/ance4 #8,:e!r we move or re/1 9 :at po/ure soev] we are1 we always feel some?+ "u u t supports u1 & h9d]s our f>!r s9k+ d[nw>ds3 & ! bodies :i* we daily h&le make u p]ceive t :il/ !y rema9 betwe5 !m1 !y d by an insurm\ntable =ce h9d] ! approa* ( ! p>ts ( our h&s t press !m4 ,t :i* !n h9d]s ! approa* ( two bodies1 :5 !y are mov+ "o t[>ds ano!r1 ,i call solidity4' #b #a ,see ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #bc3 ,! prim>y #8qualities t are 9 bodies1 are ! bulk1 figure1 numb]1 situation1 & motion or re/1 ( _! solid p>ts4' ,cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 sec4 #aa3 #8,solidity is s insep>able an idea f body1 t ^u t dep5ds its fill+ ( space1 its contact1 impulse1 & communication ( motion ^u impulse4' #b ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 iv4 sec #g4 ,9 :i* he equivocates betwe5 body z unkn[n opposite ( m9d & body z a #8nom9al ess5ce'4 #ajb4 ,n[ #8body' 9 ?is !ory is by no means outside consci\sness4 ,x is emphatically #89 ! m9d1' a #8nom9al ess5ce1' det]m9$ by ! relation :i* ! !ory assigns to x1 & :i*1 l e relation accord+ to ,locke1 is a #8?+ ( ! m9d4' ,?is relation is t ( outw>dness to o!r bodies1 & among ^! to ! s5sitive body ?r\gh :i* we receive #8ideas ( s5sation'--a body :i*1 on its side1 z det]m9$ by ! relation1 has its ess5ce f ! m9d4 ,x is1 !n1 n z ! unkn[n opposite ( ! m9d1 b z det]m9$ by an intelligible relation :i* ! m9d con/itutes1 & ( :i* ! memb]s are ea* #8nom9al ess5ces1' t body is outw>d to ! s5sitive subject4 ,b to ,locke1 sub/itut+ = body z a nom9al ess5ce body z ! unkn[n ?+ 9 itself1 & id5tify+ ! s5sitive subject ) ! m9d1 outw>dness 9 ! above s5se--an outw>dness con/itut$ by ! m9d--becomes outw>dness to ! m9d ( an unkn[n opposite ( ! m9d4 ,solidity1 !n1 & ! prop]ties :i* its def9ition involves 7& x involves all ! #8prim>y qualities'71 become some?+ :olly ali5 to ! m9d1 :i* #8w\ld exi/ )\t any s5sible be+ to p]ceive !m4' ,z su*1 !y d duty z a real ess5ce1 :5 ! opposition ( ?is to ev]y?+ 9 ! m9d has to be ass]t$4 ,yet mu/ !y be 9 "s sort ideas1 = ( ^! alone 7z ,locke fully admits7 c we ?9k & speak2 & if ideas1 9 ! m9d4 ,h[ is ?is contradiction to be ov]come8 ,by ! notion t ?\gh n 9 or ( ! m9d1 !y yet copy !mselves ^u x 9 virtue ( an impulse 9 body1 correlative to t resi/ance ( :i* t\* conveys ! idea4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #aa74 #a ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 is d]iv$ f ! equivocation betwe5 ! two mean+s ( m9d & body respectively4 ,! problem to be expla9$ is ! relation betwe5 ! m9d & t :i* is only qualifi$ z ! negation ( m9d2 & ! explanation is f\nd 9 a relation1 only exi/+ = ! m9d1 betwe5 a s5sitive & a non-s5sitive body4 #a ,cf4 also ! passage f ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 sec4 #aa1 quot$ above1 p>agraph #aja1 note #a4 ,rationale ( ^! contradictions4 #ajc4 ,! case !n /&s z foll[s4 ,all t ,locke says ( body z ! real ?+-9-itself1 & ( its qualities z ! ess5ce ( su* ?+1 comes accord+ to 8 own %[+ ( an action ( ! m9d :i* he reckons ! s\rce ( fictions4 #8,body 9 itself' is a sub/ratum ( ideas :i* ! m9d #8accu/oms itself to suppose4' ,x p]petually rec$es1 z :at 0 at fir/ a sub/ance becomes 9 turn a complex ( qualities = :i* a m remote sub/ratum has to be suppos$--a #8sub/ance ( body1' a productive cause ( matt]4 ,b ! sub/ance1 h[ev] remote1 is det]m9$ by ! qualities to :i* x is correlative1 z ! cause by its effects2 & e "o ( ^!--:e!r ! mo/ prim>y1 solidity1 or ^? :i* #8! m9d f9ds insep>able f e p>ticle ( matt]1' i4e4 f ! #8solid p>ts ( a body1' #a--;z def9$ by ,locke1 is a relation su* z ! m9d1 #8br++ "o ?+ to & sett+ x by ano!r' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxv4 sec4 #a71 c alone con/itute4 ,to ,locke1 h[ev]1 ov]come by ! necessity ( intellig5ce1 z gradually develop+ itself 9 ea* ( u1 to reg>d ! intelligible _w z !re be=e x is kn[n1 ! real mu/ be some?+ :i* w\ld be :at x is if ?\ght 7 n4 ,/rictly tak51 ?is mu/ mean t x is t ( :i* no?+ c be said1 & "s expression mu/ be f\nd by means ( :i* x may d d\ble duty z at once ap>t f consci\sness & 9 x4 ,?is is done by conv]t+ #8! prim>y qualities ( body1 ?\gh obvi\sly complex ideas ( relation1 into simple feel+s ( t\*1' #b & suppos+ ! subject ( ?is s5sation to be relat$ to its object z wax to ! seal4 ,if we suppose ?is relation1 aga91 :i* is really )9 ! m9d & con/itut$ by x1 to be "o betwe5 ! m9d itself1 z passive1 & ! real1 we obta9 a #8real' :i* exi/s ap>t f ! m9d1 yet copies itself ^u x4 ,! m9d1 !n1 s f> z x takes su* a copy1 becomes an #8out] s5se1' z to :i* x may be conv5i5tly =gott5 t x is a mode ( m9d at all4 ,?us e modification ( x1 z an #8actual pres5t s5sation1' comes to be oppos$ to e idea ( memory or imag9ation1 z t :i* is n ( ! m9d to t :i* is2 ?\gh !re is no assignable diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ! o!r1 except an indef9ite "o 9 degree ( vivacity1 t is n d]iv$ f ! action ( ! m9d 9 ref]r+ ! "o to an object1 con/itut$ by itself1 to :i* x does n ref] ! o!r4 #a ,cf ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #i4 ,! prim>y qualities ( body are #8su* z s5se con/antly f9ds 9 e p>ticle ( matt]1 :i* has bulk en\gh to be p]ceiv$1 & ! m9d f9ds insep>able f e p>ticle ( matt]1 ?\gh less ?an to make itself s+ly be p]ceiv$ by our s5ses4' #b ,i write advis$ly #8t\*' only1 n #8sight & t\*1' because1 ?\gh ,locke 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 v47 speaks ( ! ideas ( ext5sion1 figure1 motion1 & re/ ( bodies1 z receiv$ bo? by sight & t\*1 ^! are all involv$ 9 ! previ\s def9ition ( solidity1 ( :i* ! idea is ascrib$ to t\* only4 ,:at k c feel+1 ev5 z ref]r$ to a #8solid' body1 convey8 #ajd4 ,let u n[ consid] :e!r by ?is ref]5ce to body1 feel+ becomes any ! m a s\rce ( g5]al k conc]n+ matt]s ( fact4 ,z we h se51 if we id5tify ! real ) feel+ simply1 its di/9ction f #8b>e vision' disappe>s4 ,?is difficulty x is s\ght to ov]come by di/+ui%+ feel+ z m]ely 9 ! m9d f actually pres5t s5sation4 ,b on reflection we f9d t s5sation aft] all is feel+1 & t "o feel+ is z mu* pres5t z ano!r1 ?\gh pres5t only to become at ! next mom5t pa/1 & ?us1 if x is ! pres5ce t is ! condition ( reality1 unreal4 ,! di/9ction !n mu/ lie 9 ! actuality ( ! s5sation4 ,b does n ?is actuality mean simply d]ivation f ! real1 i4e4 d]ivation f ! idea :i* has to be d]iv$ f x8 ,if1 9 ! _s ( ,locke1 we answ]1 #8,no1 x means t ! feel+ belongs to ! out] s5se'2 ! rejo9d] w be t ?is means ei!r t x is a feel+ ( t\*--& :at %\ld give ! feel+ ( t\* ?is s+ul> privilege ov] o!r feel+s ( n be+ 9 ! m9d :ile !y are 9 x8--or t x is a feel+ ref]r$ to body1 :i* /ill implies ! presupposition ( ! real1 only "u ! special relations ( resi/ance & impulse4 ,! latt] alt]native is ! "o :i* ,locke virtually adopts1 & 9 adopt+ x he makes ! actuality1 by :i* s5sation is di/+ui%$ f #8feel+s 9 ! m9d1' itself a creation ( ! m9d4 ,b ?\gh x is by an intellectual int]pretation ( ! feel+ ( t\*1 n by ! feel+ itself1 t !re is giv5 t idea ( body1 by ref]5ce to :i* actual s5sation is di/+ui%$ f ! m]e idea1 /ill ) ,locke ! feel+ ( t\* is necess>y to ! int]pretation4 ,?us1 suppos+ 8 notion to be c>ri$ out consi/5tly1 ! actual pres5t s5sation1 z report+ ! real1 mu/ ei!r be a feel+ ( t\*1 or1 if ( ano!r sort1 e4g41 sight or he>+1 mu/ be ref]able to an object ( t\*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! real w exi/ = u s long only z x is t\*$1 & ideas 9 u w con/itute a real ess5ce s long only z !y may be ref]r$ to an object n[ t\*$4 ,let ! object cease to be t\*$1 & ! ideas become a nom9al ess5ce 9 ! m9d1 ! k :i* !y con/itute ceases to be real1 & ! proposition :i* expresses x ceases to conc]n matt] ( fact4 ,tru? z to matt]s ( fact or bodies1 !n1 mu/ be conf9$ to s+ul> propositions su* z #8?is is t\*$ n[1' #8t 0 t\*$ !n2' #8:at is t\*$ n[ is bitt]1' #8:at 0 !n t\*$ 0 r$4' #a #a ,?us ! conviction t an object se5 is n #8b>e fancy1' :i* is ga9$ by #8putt+ ! h& to x' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 l#g71 z x conveys ! idea ( solidity1 is prop]ly1 accord+ to ,locke's doctr9e1 n "o among o!r #8confirmations ( ! te/imony ( ! s5ses1' b ! s\rce ( all su* te/imony1 z a te/imony to ! real1 i4e4 to body4 ,see above1 p>agraph #fb4 ,only ! k t some?+ is1 n :at x is4 #aje4 ,all t is ga9$1 !n1 by ! conv]sion ( ! feel+ ( t\*1 pure & simple1 into ! idea ( a body t\*$1 is ! supposition t !re is a real exi/5ce :i* does n come & g ) ! s5sations4 ,z to :at ?is exi/5ce is1 z to its real ess5ce1 we c h no k b su* z is giv5 9 a pres5t s5sation4 #a ,any ess5ce ( x1 o!rwise kn[n1 c\ld only be a nom9al ess5ce1 a relation ( ideas 9 our m9ds3 x w\ld lack ! condition 9 virtue ( :i* alone a datum ( consci\sness c claim to be repres5tative ( reality1 t ( be+ an impression made by a body n[ op]at+ ^u u4 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 v4 sec4 #b1 & ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #a47 ,! memory ( su* impression1 h[ev] fai?ful1 w /ill only report a pa/ reality4 ,x w itself be m]ely #8an idea 9 ! m9d4' ,nei!r x nor its relation to any pres5t s5sation result f ! imm$iate impact ( body1 & 9 consequ5ce nei!r #8really exi/s4' ,all t c be kn[n1 !n1 ( ! real1 9 o!r words1 ! :ole real ess5ce ( body1 z x is = u1 r$uces itself to t :i* c at any mom5t be #8reveal$' 9 a s+le s5sation ap>t f all relation to pa/ s5sations2 & ?is1 z we h se51 is no?+ at all4 #a ,cf4 ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #f3 #8,z to ! real ess5ces ( sub/ances1 we only suppose _! be+1 )\t precisely kn[+ :at !y are4' ,! appe>ance ( ! qualification #8precisely1' z we %all see bel[1 m>ks an oscillation f ! view1 accord+ to :i* #8real ess5ce' is ! negation ( ! kn[able to ! view accord+ to :i* our k ( x is m]ely inadequate4 ,h[ x is t ! real ess5ce ( ?+s1 accord+ to ,locke1 p]i%es ) !m1 yet is immutable4 #ajf4 ,?us t r$uction ( reality to t ( :i* no?+ c be said1 :i* foll[s f its id5tification ) p>ticul>ity 9 "t1 foll[s equally f its id5tification ) ! resi/ance ( body1 or 7:i* comes to ! same7 f ! notion ( an #8out] s5se' be+ its organ2 s9ce x is only t :i* n[ resi/s1 n a g5]al possibility ( resi/ance nor a relation betwe5 ! resi/ances ( diff]5t times1 t c be reg>d$ z outside ! m9d4 ,9 ,locke's language1 x is only a p>ticul> p>cel ( matt] t c be s reg>d$4 ,( su* a p>cel1 z he rightly says1 x is absurd to ask :at is its ess5ce1 = x c h none at all4 7,see above1 p>agraph #id47 ,z real1 x has no quality save t ( be+ a body or ( be+ n[ t\*$--a quality1 :i* z all ?+s real h x & h none o!r1 _c be a diff]5tia ( x4 ,:5 we consid] t ?is quality may be reg>d$ equally z immutable & z *ang+ f mom5t to mom5t1 we %all see ! gr\nd ( ,locke's contradiction ( himself 9 speak+ ( ! real ?+ sometimes z inde/ructible1 sometimes z 9 cont9ual dissolution4 #8,! real con/itutions ( ?+s beg9 & p]i% ) !m4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #ai47 ,t is1 ! ?+ at "o mom5t makes an impact on ! s5sitive tablet--9 ! fact t x does s lie at once its exi/5ce & its ess5ce--b ! next mom5t ! impact is ov]1 & ) x ?+ & ess5ce1 z real1 h disappe>$4 ,ano!r impact1 & ?us ano!r ?+1 has tak5 its place4 ,b ( ?is ! real ess5ce is j ! same z t ( ! previ\s ?+1 namely1 t x may be t\*$1 or is solid1 or a body1 or a p>cel ( matt]2 nor c ?is ess5ce be really lo/1 s9ce ?an x !re is no o!r reality1 all diff]5ce ( ess5ce1 z ,locke expressly says1 #a be+ con/itut$ by ab/ract ideas & ! "w ( ! m9d4 ,x foll[s t real *ange is impossible4 ,a p>cel ( matt] at "o "t is a p>cel ( matt] at all times4 ,?us we h only to =get t ! relation ( cont9uity betwe5 ! p>cels1 n be+ an idea caus$ by impact1 %\ld prop]ly fall to ! unreal--?\gh only on ! same pr9ciple z %\ld t ( di/9ctness betwe5 ! times--& we f9d ! real 9 a cont9uity ( matt]1 un*angeable because x has no qualities to *ange4 ,x may seem /range t :5 ?is notion ( ! =mless cont9uity ( ! real be+ gets ! bett] ( ,locke1 a man %\ld be ! real be+ :i* he takes z 8 in/ance4 #8,no?+ ,i h is ess5tial to me4 ,an accid5t or disease may v mu* alt] my col\r or %ape2 a fev] or fall may take away my reason or memory1 or bo?2 & an apoplexy leave nei!r s5se nor und]/&+1 no1 nor life4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #d47 ,b z ! sequel %[s1 ! man or ! #8,i' is "h consid]$ simply z #8a p>ticul> corporeal be+1' i4e4 z ! #8p>cel ( matt]' :i* alone 7accord+ to ! doctr9e ( reality n[ 9 view7 c be ! real 9 man1 & ^u :i* all qualities are #8sup]9ductions ( ! m9d4' #b #a ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #d3 #8,take b away ! ab/ract ideas by :i* we sort individuals1 & !n ! ?\ght ( any?+ ess5tial to any ( !m in/antly vani%es4' #b ,see a few l9es bel[ ! passage quot$3 #8,s t if x be ask$1 :e!r x be ess5tial to me1 or any o!r p>ticul> corporeal be+1 to h reason8 ,i say1 no2 no m ?an x is ess5tial to ?is :ite ?+ ,i write on to h words 9 x4' ,only ab\t qualities ( matt]1 z di/9ct f matt] itself1 t ,locke feels any difficulty4 #ajg4 ,we may n[ disc]n ! precise po9t :]e ! qualm z to clo?+ reality ) su* sup]9ductions commonly returns ^u ,locke4 ,! conv]sion ( feel+ into body felt & ( ! p>ticul> "t ( ! feel+ into an individuality ( ! body1 &1 fur!r1 ! fusion ( ! individual bodies1 manifold z ! times ( s5sation1 into "o cont9u$ body1 he passes )\t scruple4 ,s long z ^! are all ! traces ( m5tal fiction :i* #8matt]1' or #8body1' or #8nature' be>s ^u x1 he reg>ds x und\bt+ly z ! pure #8privation' ( :atev] belongs to ! m9d4 ,b s soon z cognisable qualities1 =m+ an ess5ce1 come to be ascrib$ to body1 ! reflection arises t ^! qualities are on our side ideas1 & t s f> z !y are p]man5t or cont9u\s !y are n ideas ( ! sort :i* c alone repres5t body z ! #8real' opposite ( m9d2 !y are n ! result ( mom5t>y impact2 !y are n #8actually pres5t s5sations4' ,suppose !m1 h[ev]1 to h no p]man5ce--suppose _! reality to be conf9$ to ! fleet+ #8n['--& !y are no qualities1 no ess5ce1 at all4 ,!re is !n = u no real ess5ce ( body or nature2 :at we call s is a creation ( ! m9d4 ,^!1 z kn[able1 mu/ be our ideas1 & !re=e n a #8real ess5ce'4 #ajh4 ,?is implies ! degradation ( ! #8prim>y qualities ( body' f ! position :i* !y hold 9 ! ,second ,book ( ! ,essay1 z ! real1 p> excell5ce1 to t ( a nom9al ess5ce4 ,9 ! ,second ,book1 j z ! complex ( ideas1 receiv$ & to be receiv$ f a sub/ance1 is tak5 = ! real ?+ )\t di/urbance f ! anti!sis betwe5 reality & #8ideas 9 ! m9d1' s ! prim>y qualities ( body are tak5 n only z real1 b z ! s\rces ( all o!r reality4 ,body1 ! real ?+1 copy+ itself ^u ! m9d 9 an idea ( s5sation 7t ( solidity71 c>ries ) x f reality into ! m9d ^? qualities :i* #8! m9d f9ds insep>able f x1' ) all _! modes4 #8,a piece ( manna ( a s5sible bulk is able to produce 9 u ! idea ( a r\nd or squ>e figure1 &1 by be+ remov$ f "o place to ano!r1 ! idea ( motion4 ,?is idea ( motion repres5ts x1 z x really is 9 ! manna1 mov+2 a circle or squ>e are ! same1 :e!r 9 idea or exi/5ce1 9 ! m9d or 9 ! manna2 & ?is bo? motion & figure are really 9 ! manna1 :e!r we take notice ( !m or no4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #ah47 ,to ! unsophi/icat$ man1 tak+ = grant$ t ! #8s5sible bulk' ( ! manna is a #8real ess5ce1' ?is /atem5t w raise no difficulties4 ,b :5 he has le>nt f ,locke himself t ! #8s5sible bulk1' s f> z we c ?9k & speak ( x1 mu/ consi/ 9 ! ideas :i* x is said to produce1 ! "q z to ! real exi/5ce ( ^! mu/ arise4 ,x turns out t !y #8really exi/1' s f> z !y repres5t ! impact ( a body copy+ itself 9 actually pres5t s5sation1 & t f _! reality1 accord+ly1 mu/ be exclud$ all qualities t accrue to ! pres5t s5sation f its relation to ! pa/4 ,c ! #8prim>y qualities' escape ?is exclusion8 ,are ! #8prim>y qualities' !n1 a #8nom9al ess5ce'8 #aji4 ,to obta9 a direct & comp5di\s answ] to ?is "q f ,locke's own m\? is n easy1 ow+ to ! want ( adju/m5t betwe5 ! sev]al passages :]e he treats ( ! prim>y qualities4 ,!y are orig9ally enum]at$ z ! #8bulk1 figure1 numb]1 situation1 & motion or re/ ( ! solid p>ts ( bodies' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #bc71 &1 z we h se51 are treat$ z all involv$ 9 t idea ( solidity :i* is giv5 9 ! s5sation ( t\*4 ,we h no fur!r acc\nt ( !m till we come to ! *apt]s on #8simple modes ( space & duration' 7,book ,,ii4 *aps4 xiii4 c471 :i* are introduc$ by ! rem>k1 t 9 ! previ\s "p ( ! book simple ideas h be5 treat$ #8r 9 ! way t !y come into ! m9d ?an z di/+ui%$ f o!rs m comp\nd$4' ,z ! simple idea1 accord+ to ,locke1 is t :i* comes fir/ into ! m9d1 ! two ways ( treatm5t ought to co9cide2 b !re foll[s an explanation ( ! simple modes 9 "q1 ( :i* to a critical read] ! pla9 result is t ! idea ( body1 :i*1 accord+ to ! imag9>y !ory ( #8! way t x came into ! m9d' is simple & equival5t to ! s5sation ( t\*1 turns out to be a complex ( relations ( :i* ! simple/ is call$ space4 ,accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt !y are relations1 & ?us inv5tions ( ! m9d4 #aaj4 ,to "k :at space itself is1 #8we are s5t to our s5ses' ( sight & t\*4 ,x is #8z ne$less to g to prove t m5 p]ceive by _! sight a di/ance betwe5 bodies ( diff]5t col\rs1 or betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! same body1 z t !y see col\rs !mselves2 nor is x less obvi\s t !y c d s 9 ! d>k by feel+ & t\*4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 sec4 #b47 ,space be+ ?us expla9$ by ref]5ce to di/ance1 & di/ance betwe5 bodies1 x might be suppos$ t di/ance & body 7 simpl] ideas4 ,9 ! next p>agraph1 h[ev]1 di/ance is itself expla9$ to be a mode ( space4 ,x is #8space consid]$ b>ely 9 l5g? betwe5 any two be+s1' & is di/+ui%$ 7a7 f #8capacity' or #8space consid]$ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness2' 7b7 f #8figure1 :i* is no?+ b ! relation :i* ! p>ts ( ! t]m9ation ( ext5sion1 or circumscrib$ space1 h among !mselves2' 7c7 f #8place1 :i* is ! relation ( di/ance betwe5 any?+ & any two or m po9ts :i* are consid]$ z keep+ ! same di/ance "o ) ano!r1 & s z at re/4' ,x is !n %[n at l>ge 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 sec4 #aa71 z aga9/ ! ,c>tesians1 t ext5sion1 :i* is #8space 9 :atsoev] mann] consid]$1' is a #8di/9ct idea f body4' ,! gr\nd ( ! di/9ction pla9ly lies 9 ! great] complexity ( ! idea ( body4 ,?r\gh\t ! def9ition j giv5 #8space' is presuppos$ z ! simpl] idea ( :i* capacity1 figure1 & place are sev]ally modifications2 & ^! aga91 z #8prim>y qualities1' ?\gh ) a slight diff]5ce ( designation1 #a are n only all decl>$ insep>able f body1 b are involv$ 9 x "u a fur!r modification z #8qualities ( its solid p>ts' i4e41 ( p>ts s relat$ to ea* o!r t ea* w *ange its place soon] ?an admit ano!r into x4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #b1 & *ap4 viii4 sec4 #bc47 ,yet1 ?\gh body is ?us a complex ( relations--all1 accord+ to ,locke's doctr9e ( relation1 inv5tions ( ! m9d--& ?\gh x mu/ be proportionately remote f ! simple idea :i* #8comes fir/ into ! m9d1' yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x is 9 body1 z an object previ\sly giv51 t ^! relations are said to be f\nd1 & f\nd by ! s5ses4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 secs4 #b1 #bg47 #b #a ,9 ! enum]ation ( prim>y qualities1 #8capacity' is repres5t$ by #8bulk1' #8place' by #8situation4' #b ,9 ! second ( ! passages ref]r$ to1 x w be se5 t #8matt]' is us$ int]*angeably ) #8body4' ,body is ! complex 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,d we d]ive ! idea ( body f prim>y qualities1 or ! prim>y qualities f idea ( body8 #aaa4 ,x w readily be se5 t #8body' "h is a mode ( ! idea ( sub/ance1 &1 l x1 #a appe>s 9 two inconsi/5t positions z at once ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! process ( k--z on ! "o h& t 9 :i* ideas are f\nd & f :i* !y are ab/ract$1 & on ! o!r h& t :i* results f _! complication4 ,z ! attempt ei!r to treat p>ticul> qualities z giv5 & sub/ance z an ab/raction gradually made1 or conv]sely to treat ! #8?+' z giv51 & relations z gradually sup]9duc$1 necess>ily fails = ! simple reason t sub/ance & relations ea* presuppose ! o!r1 s body presupposes ! prim>y qualities z s _m relations :i* =m its ess5ce or make x :at x is1 :ile ^! aga9 presuppose body z ! matt] :i* !y det]m9e1 ,x is because ,locke sub/itutes = ?is intellectual ord] ( mutual presupposition a succession ( s5sations 9 "t1 t he f9ds himself 9 ! confusion we h notic$--n[ giv+ ! priority to s5sations 9 :i* ! idea ( body is suppos$ to be convey$1 & f x d]iv+ ! ideas ( ! prim>y qualities1 n[ giv+ x to ^! ideas !mselves1 & d]iv+ ! idea ( body f _! complication4 ,?is is j su* a contradiction z x w\ld be to put to-day be=e ye/]day4 ,we may escape x by ! consid]ation t 9 ! case be=e u x is n a succession ( s5sations 9 "t t we h to d ) at all2 t #8! real' is an intellectual ord]1 or m9d1 9 :i* e elem5t1 be+ correlative to e o!r1 at once presupposes & is presuppos$ by e o!r2 b t ?is ord] communicates itself to u piecemeal1 9 a process ( :i* ! fir/ condition on our "p is ! conception t !re is an ord]1 or some?+ relat$ to some?+ else2 & t ?us ! conception ( qualifi$ sub/ance1 :i* 9 its def9ite articulation is ! end ( all our k1 is yet 9 ano!r =m1 t may be call$ indiff]5tly ei!r ab/ract or confus$1 #b its beg9n+4 ,?is way ( escape1 h[ev]1 0 n op5 to ,locke1 because ) him x 0 ! condition ( reality 9 ! idea ( ! body & its qualities t !y %\ld be #8actually pres5t s5sations4' ,! priority !n ( body to ! relations ( ext5sion1 di/ance1 c41 z ( t 9 :i* ^! relations are f\nd1 mu/1 if body & ext5sion are to be m ?an nom9al ess5ces1 be a priority ( s5sations 9 "t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! priority ( ! idea ( space to ! ideas ( its sev]al modes1 & ( ^! aga9 to ! idea ( body1 z ( ! simpl] to ! m complex1 mu/ no less ?an ! o!r1 if ! ideas 9 "q are to be real1 be "o 9 "t4 ,locke's contradiction1 !n1 is t ( suppos+ t ( two s5sations ea* is actually pres5t1 ( two impacts on ! s5sitive tablet ea* is actually made1 be=e ! o!r4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ci4 #b #8,indiff]5tly ei!r ab/ract or confus$1' because ( ! conception t is mo/ confus$ ! lea/ c be said2 & x is ?us mo/ ab/ract4 ,ma!matical ideas1 ?\gh ideas ( #8prim>y qualities ( body1' h #8b>ely an ideal exi/5ce'4 #aab4 ,f su* a contradiction1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 n di/9ctly aw>e ( x1 he c\ld n b seek a way ( escape1 ,f 8 po9t ( view two ways might at fir/ sight seem to be op5--! priority 9 s5sitive exp]i5ce1 & ) x reality1 might be assign$ exclusively ei!r to ! idea ( body or to t ( space4 ,to :i*ev] ( ! two x is assign$1 ! o!r mu/ become a nom9al ess5ce4 ,if x is ! idea ( body t is convey$ to ! m9d directly f )\t ?r\gh s5sation1 !n x mu/ be by a process 9 ! m9d t ! spatial relations are ab/ract$ f x2 & conv]sely1 if x is ! latt] t are giv5 9 s5sation1 x mu/ be by a m5tal op]ation ( comp\nd+ t ! idea ( body is obta9$ f !m4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,locke's fundam5tal notion1 t ! reality ( an idea dep5ds ^u its be+ 9 consci\sness a copy ?r\gh impact ( t :i* is n 9 consci\sness1 any attempt to reta9 x 9 ! idea ( space :ile sacrific+ x 9 t ( body w\ld be obvi\sly self-de/ructive4 ,nor1 h[ev] we might re-write 8 acc\nt ( ! relations ( space z #8f\nd 9 bodies1' c\ld we avoid speak+ ( !m z relations ( "s sort2 & if relations1 !n d]iv$ f ! #8m9d's c>ry+ its view f "o ?+ to ano!r1' & n #8actually pres5t s5sations4' ,we %all n1 !n1 be surpris$ to f9d ,locke t5d+ to ! o!r alt]native1 & gradually =gett+ 8 ass]tion t #8a circle or a squ>e are ! same :e!r 9 idea or 9 exi/5ce1' & 8 elaborate ma9t5ance ( ! #8real exi/5ce' ( a vacuum1 i4e41 ext5sion )\t body4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 secs4 #ba & ! foll[+1 & xvii4 #d47 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,book x is body alone t has real exi/5ce1 an exi/5ce reveal$ by actually pres5t s5sation1 :ile all ma!matical ideas1 ! ideas ( ! circle & ! squ>e1 h #8b>ely an ideal exi/5ce' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #f72 & ?is means no?+ else ?an ! r$uction ( ! prim>y qualities ( body to a nom9al ess5ce4 ,our ideas ( !m are g5]al 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #bd71 or m]ely 9 ! m9d4 #8,!re is no individual p>cel ( matt]1 to :i* any ( ^! qualities are s annex$ z to be ess5tial to x or insep>able f x4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #f47 ,h[ %\ld !re be1 :5 ! #8individual p>cel' means t :i* copies itself by impact 9 ! pres5t s5sation1 :ile ! qualities 9 "q are relations :i* _c be s copi$8 ,yet1 except z atta*+ to su* a p>cel1 !y h no #8real exi/5ce2' &1 conv]sely1 ! #8body1' f :i* !y are insep>able1 n be+ an individual p>cel ( matt] 9 ! above s5se1 mu/ itself be unreal & belong m]ely to ! m9d4 ,! #8body' :i* is real has = u no qualities1 & t ref]5ce to x ( ! #8actually pres5t s5sation' by :i* su* s5sation is di/+ui%$ f o!r feel+1 is a ref]5ce to some?+ ( :i* no?+ c be said4 ,x is a ref]5ce :i* _c be /at$ 9 any proposition really true2 & ! diff]5ce :i* x con/itutes betwe5 #8b>e vision' & ! feel+ to :i* reality corresponds1 mu/ be ei!r itself unreal or un9telligible4 ,summ>y view ( ,locke's difficulties 9 reg>d to ! real4 #aac4 ,we h n[ pursu$ ! anti!sis betwe5 reality & ! "w ( ! m9d along all ! l9es :i* ,locke indicates1 & f9d t x ev]y:]e eludes u4 ,! di/9ction1 :i* only appe>$ incid5tally 9 ! doctr9e ( sub/ance1 betwe5 #8! be+ & ! idea !re(--betwe5 sub/ance z #8f\nd' & sub/ance z t :i* #8we accu/om ourselves to suppose'--becomes def9ite & explicit z t betwe5 real & nom9al ess5ce1 b x does s only t ! ess5ce1 :i* is m]ely real1 may disappe>4 ,:e!r we suppose x ! quality ( a m]e s5sation1 z su*1 or ( m]e body1 z su*1 we f9d t we are unaw>es def9+ x by relations :i* are !mselves ! "w ( ! m9d1 & t aft] ab/raction ( ^! no?+ rema9s to give ! anti!sis to ! "w ( ! m9d any mean+4 ,mean:ile ! attitude ( ?\ght1 :5 x has cle>$ ! anti!sis ( disguise1 b has n yet f\nd t ea* ( ! opposites d]ives itself f ?\ght z mu* z ! o!r1 is s awkw>d & pa9ful t an in/9ctive reluctance to make ! cle>ance is n to be wond]$ at4 ,ov] aga9/ ! _w ( k1 :i* is ! "w ( ! m9d1 /&s a real _w ( :i* we c say no?+ b t x is !re1 t x makes u aw>e ( its pres5ce 9 e s5sation1 :ile our int]pretation ( :at x is1 ! sy/em ( relations :i* we read into x1 is our own inv5tion4 ,! int]pretation is n ev5 to be call$ a %ad[1 = a %ad[1 h[ev] dim1 /ill reflects ! reality2 x is an arbitr>y fiction1 & a fiction ( :i* ! possibility is z unacc\ntable z ! inducem5t to make x4 ,x is commonly pres5t$ z consi/+ 9 ab/raction f ! concrete4 ,b ! concrete1 j s f> z concrete1 i4e41 a complex _w ( relations1 _c be ! real if ! sep>ation ( ! real f ! "w ( ! m9d is to be ma9ta9$4 ,x mu/ itself be ! "w ( ! comp\nd+ m9d1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ aga9 9 #8ab/raction' to decompose :at x has previ\sly comp\nd$4 ,n[1 x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! doctr9e 9 "q t x d5ies all p[] ( orig9ation to ! m9d except 9 ! way ( comp\nd+ & ab/ract+ giv5 impressions4 ,its supposition is1 t :atev] prec$es ! "w ( composition & ab/raction mu/ be real #a because ! m9d passively receives x3 a supposition :i*1 if ! m9d c\ld orig9ate1 w\ld n hold4 ,h[1 !n1 does x come to pass t a #8nom9al ess5ce1' consi/+ ( def9ite qualities1 is con/ruct$ by a m9d1 :i* orig9ates no?+1 out ( a #8real' matt]1 :i*1 ap>t f su* con/ruction1 has no qualities at all8 ,& :y1 grant$ ! con/ruction1 %\ld ! m9d 9 #8ab/raction' g ?r\gh ! ,p5elopean ex]cise ( p]petually unweav+ ! web :i* x has j wov58 #a #8,simple ideas1 s9ce ! m9d c by no means make !m to itself1 mu/ necess>ily be ! product ( ?+s op]at+ on ! m9d4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 v4 sec4 #d47 ,:y !y d n tr\ble him m4 #aad4 ,x is ,hume's m logical v]sion ( ,locke's doctr9e t fir/ =ces ^! que/ions to ! front4 ,9 ,locke himself !y are kept back by inconsi/5cies1 :i* we h already dwelt ^u4 ,= ! real1 absolutely void ( intelligible qualities1 because ^! are relative to ! m9d1 he is p]petually sub/itut+ a real con/itut$ by su* qualities1 only ) a complexity :i* we _c exhau/4 ,by s do+1 ?\gh at ! co/ ( sacrific+ ! opposition betwe5 ! real & ! m5tal1 he avoids ! necessity ( admitt+ t ! sy/em ( ! sci5ces is a m]e language1 well-or ill-con/ruct$1 b unacc\ntably & )\t ref]5ce to ?+s4 ,f9ally1 he s f> =gets ! opposition altoge!r z to f9d ! reality ( #8moral & ma!matical' k 9 _! #8b>e ideality' itself4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #f1 c47 ,?us ) him ! divorce betwe5 k & reality is nev] complete1 & sometimes !y appe> 9 p]fect fusion4 ,a consid]ation ( 8 doctr9e ( propositions w %[ f9ally h[ ! case betwe5 !m /&s1 z he left x4 ,!y re-appe> 9 8 doctr9e ( propositions4 #aae4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,book ( ! ,essay ! same gr\nd has to be ?rice trav]s$ "u ! sev]al titles ( #8k1' #8tru?1' & #8propositions4' ,k be+ ! p]ception ( agreem5t or disagreem5t betwe5 ideas1 ! proposition is ! putt+ toge!r or sep>ation ( words1 z ! signs ( ideas1 9 affirmative or negative s5t5ces 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 v4 sec4 #e71 & tru?--! expression ( c]ta9ty #a--;consi/s 9 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! conjunction or sep>ation ( ! signs & ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 v4 sec4 #b47 ,?us1 ! "q betwe5 ! real & ! m5tal affects all ^!4 ,does ?is or t p]ception ( agreem5t betwe5 ideas repres5t an agreem5t 9 real exi/5ce8 ,is its c]ta9ty a real c]ta9ty8 ,does su* or su* a proposition1 be+ a correct expression ( an agreem5t betwe5 ideas1 also ?r\gh ?is express an agreem5t betwe5 ?+s8 ,is its tru? real1 or m]ely v]bal8 #a ,all k is c]ta9 accord+ to ,locke 7,cf4 ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #ac1 #8c]ta9ty is requisite to k'71 ?\gh ! k mu/ be express$ be=e ! t]m #8c]ta9ty' is naturally appli$ to x4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #c47 #8,c]ta9ty ( k' is ?us a pleona/ic phrase1 :i* only seems n to be s because we conceive k to h a relation to ?+s :i* ,locke's def9ition d5ies x1 & by #8c]ta9ty1' 9 di/9ction f ?is1 und]/& its relation to ! subject4 #8,c]ta9ty ( tru?' is1 9 l mann]1 a pleona/ic phrase1 !re be+ no diff]5ce betwe5 ! def9ition ( x 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #c7 & t ( #8tru?' simply1 giv5 9 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ,v4 sec4 #b4 ,! k express$ by a proposition1 ?\gh c]ta91 may n be real 444 #aaf4 ,to answ] ^! que/ions1 accord+ to ,locke1 we mu/ consid] :e!r ! k1 or ! proposition :i* expresses x1 conc]ns sub/ances1 i4e41 #8! co-exi/5ce ( ideas 9 nature1' on ! "o h&2 or1 on ! o!r1 ei!r ! prop]ties ( a ma!matical figure or #8moral ideas4' ,if x is ( ! latt] sort1 ! agreem5t ( ! ideas 9 ! m9d is itself _! agreem5t 9 reality1 s9ce ! ideas !mselves are ar*etypes4 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 secs4 #f1 #g47 ,x is only :5 ! ideas are ectypes1 z is ! case :5 ! proposition conc]ns sub/ances1 t ! d\bt arises :e!r ! agreem5t betwe5 !m repres5ts an agreem5t 9 reality4 ,! di/9ction made "h virtually corresponds to t :i* appe>s 9 ! *apt]s on ! reality & adequacy ( ideas 9 ! ,second ,book1 & aga9 9 ^? on #8names' 9 ! ,?ird4 ,!re ! #8complex ideas ( modes & relation' are pron\nc$ necess>ily real adequate & true1 because1 #8be+ !mselves ar*etypes1 !y _c diff] f _! ar*etypes4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ,,xxx4 sec4 #d47 #a ,) !m are contra/$ simple ideas & complex ideas ( sub/ances1 :i* are alike ectypes1 b ) ?is diff]5ce f ea* o!r1 t ! simple ideas _c b be fai?ful copies ( _! ar*etypes1 :ile ! ideas ( sub/ances _c b be o!rwise4 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 secs4 #b1 #aa1 c47 ,?us1 #8! names ( simple ideas & sub/ances1 ) ! ab/ract ideas 9 ! m9d :i* !y imm$iately signify1 intimate also "s real exi/5ce1 f :i* 0 d]iv$ _! orig9al patt]n4 ,b ! names ( mix$ modes t]m9ate 9 ! idea t is 9 ! m9d4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #b47 #8,! names ( simple ideas & modes1' x is add$1 #8signify always ! real z well z nom9al ess5ce ( _! species'--a /atem5t :i*1 if x is to express ,locke's doctr9e /rictly1 mu/ be conf9$ to names ( simple ideas1 :ile 9 respect ( modes x %\ld run1 t #8! nom9al ess5ce :i* ! names ( ^! signify is itself ! real4' #a cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi4 sec4 #c1 & xxxii4 sec4 #ag4 444 :5 ! k conc]ns sub/ances4 ,9 ?is case g5]al tru? mu/ be m]ely v]bal4 ,ma!matical tru?s1 s9ce !y conc]n n sub/ances1 may be bo? g5]al & real4 #aag4 ,b ?\gh ! di/9ction betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( k 9 reg>d to reality _c b re/ on ! same pr9ciple z t drawn betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( ideas 9 ! same reg>d1 x is to be notic$ t 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,f\r? ,book #8k conc]n+ sub/ances1' 9 contra/ ) t 9 :i* #8our ?\ghts t]m9ate 9 ! ab/ract ideas1' has by itself to cov] ! gr\nd :i*1 9 ! ,second & ,?ird ,book1 simple ideas & complex ideas ( sub/ances cov] toge!r4 ,?is is to be expla9$ by ! obs]vation1 already set =? at l>ge1 #a t ! simple idea has 9 ,locke's ,f\r? ,book become explicitly :at 9 ! previ\s books x 0 implicitly1 n a feel+ prop]1 b ! consci\s ref]5ce ( a feel+ to a ?+ or sub/ance4 ,only because x is ?us conv]t$1 z we h se51 c x con/itute ! beg9n+ ( a k :i* is n a simple idea b a consci\s relation betwe5 ideas1 or h 7:at yet x mu/ h if x c be express$ 9 a proposition7 t capacity ( be+ true or false1 :i* implies #8! ref]5ce by ! m9d ( an idea to some?+ extrane\s to x4' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxxii4 sec4 #d47 ,?us1 :at is said ( ! #8simple idea' 9 ! ,second & ,?ird ,books1 is 9 ! ,f\r? transf]r$ to "o =m ( k conc]n+ sub/ances1 to t1 namely1 :i* consi/s 9 #8p>ticul> exp]im5t & obs]vation1' & is express$ 9 s+ul> propositions1 su* z #8?is is yell[1' #8?is gold is n[ solv$ 9 aqua regia4' ,su* k _c b be real1 ! proposition :i* expresses x _c b h real c]ta9ty1 because x is ! effect ( a #8body actually op]at+ ^u u' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #a71 j z ! simple idea is an ectype directly made by an ar*etype4 ,x is o!rwise ) complex ideas ( sub/ances & ) g5]al k or propositions ab\t !m4 ,a gr\p ( ideas1 ea* ( :i*1 :5 fir/ produc$ by a #8body1' has be5 real1 :5 reta9$ 9 ! m9d z repres5t+ ! body1 becomes unreal4 ,! complex idea ( gold is only a nom9al ess5ce or ! signification ( a "n2 ! qualities :i* compose x are m]ely ideas 9 ! m9d1 & t g5]al tru? :i* consi/s 9 a correct /atem5t ( ! relation betwe5 "o ( !m & ano!r or ! :ole--e4g41 #8gold is soluble 9 aqua regia'--holds m]ely = ! m9d2 #b b x is n !re=e to be class$ ) ^? o!r m5tal tru?s1 :i* con/itute ma!matical & moral k1 & :i*1 j because #8m]ely ideal1' are !re=e real4 ,its m]ely m5tal "* r5d]s x 9 ,locke's language a #8trifl+ proposition1' b does n !re=e save x f be+ really untrue4 ,x is a #8trifl+ proposition1' =1 unless solubility 9 aqua regia is includ$ 9 ! complex idea :i* ! s\nd #8gold' /&s =1 ! proposition :i* ass]ts x ( gold is n c]ta91 n a tru? at all4 ,if x is s includ$1 !n ! proposition is b #8play+ ) s\nds4' ,x may s]ve to rem9d an oppon5t ( a def9ition :i* he has made b is =gett+1 b #8c>ries no k ) x b ( ! signification ( a ^w1 h[ev] c]ta9 x be4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 viii4 secs4 #e #i47 ,yet !re is a real gold1 outside ! m9d1 ( :i* ! complex idea ( gold 9 ! m9d mu/ ne$s try to be a copy1 ?\gh ! conditions ( real exi/5ce are su* t no #8complex idea 9 ! m9d' c possibly be a copy ( x4 ,?us ! v]bal tru?1 :i* g5]al propositions conc]n+ sub/ances express1 is "u a p]petual doom ( be+ really untrue4 ,! exemption ( ma!matical & moral k f ?is doom rema9s an unexpla9$ m]cy4 ,because m]ely m5tal1 su* k is real--!re be+ no reality = x to misrepres5t--& yet n trifl+4 ,! proposition t #8! ext]nal angle ( all triangles is bigg] ?an ei!r ( ! opposite int]nal angles1' has t g5]al c]ta9ty :i* is nev] to be f\nd b 9 our ideas1 yet #8conveys in/ructive real k1' ! pr$icate be+ #8a necess>y consequ5ce ( precise complex idea' :i* =ms ! subject1 yet #8n conta9$ 9 x4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #h47 #c ,! same might be said app>5tly1 accord+ to ,locke's judgm5t 7?\gh he is n s explicit ab\t ?is71 ( a proposition 9 morals1 su* z #8,god is to be fe>$ & obey$ by man4' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #ac47 #d ,b h[ are su* propositions1 at once ab/ract & real1 g5]al & in/ructive1 to be acc\nt$ =8 ,!re is no #8workman%ip ( ! m9d' recognis$ by ,locke b t :i* consi/s 9 comp\nd+ & ab/ract+ 7i4e41 sep>at+7 ideas ( :i* #8x _c orig9ate "o4' ,! #8ab/ract ideas' ( ma!matics1 ! #8mix$ modes' ( morals1 j z mu* z ! ideas ( sub/ances1 mu/ be d]iv$ by su* m5tal artifice f a mat]ial giv5 9 simple feel+1 & #8real' because s giv54 ,yet1 :ile ?is d]ivation r5d]s ideas ( sub/ances unreal 9 contra/ ) _! real #8orig9als1' & g5]al propositions ab\t !m #8trifl+1' because1 :ile #8intimat+ an exi/5ce1' !y tell no?+ ab\t x1 on ! o!r h& x actually con/itutes ! reality ( moral & ma!matical ideas4 ,_! relation to an orig9al disappe>s2 !y are !mselves ar*etypes1 f :i* ! m9d1 by its own act1 c elicit o!r ideas n already involv$ 9 ! mean+ ( _! names4 ,b ?is c only mean t ! m9d has "s o!r function ?an t ( unit+ :at x has #8f\nd' 9 sep>ation1 & sep>at+ aga9 :at x has ?us unit$--t x c itself orig9ate4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #be4 #b ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xi4 sec4 #ac1 xii4 #i1 c4 #c ,j z accord+ to ,kant su* a proposition expresses a judgm5t #8syn!tical1' yet #8-priori4' #d ,cf4 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #ah1 & ,book ,,iii4 *ap1 xi4 sec4 #af4 ,significance ( ?is doctr9e4 #aah4 ,a g5ius ( su* native =ce z ,locke's c\ld n be appli$ to philosophy )\t det]m9+ ! l9es ( future speculation1 ev5 ?\gh to itself !y rema9$ obscure4 ,he /umbles ^u tru?s :5 he is n look+ = !m1 & ! inconsi/5cies or accid5ts ( 8 sy/em are its mo/ valuable "p4 ,?us1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 he may claim ! au?or%ip at once ( ! popul> empiricism ( ! mod]n _w1 & ( its refutation4 ,he fix$ ! prime article ( its cre$1 t ?\ght has no?+ to d ) ! con/itution ( facts1 b only ) ! repres5tation ( !m by signs & ! rehe>sal to itself ( :at its signs h signifi$--9 brief1 t its function is m]ely ! analytical judgm5t2 yet 8 admissions ab\t ma!matical k r5d]$ inevitable ! ,kantian "q1 #8,h[ are syn!tic judgm5ts -priori possible8'--:i* 0 to lead to ! recognition ( ?\ght z con/itut+ ! objective _w1 & ?us to get rid ( ! anti!sis betwe5 ?\ght & reality4 ,9 8 sep>ation ( ! datum ( exp]i5ce f ! "w ( ?\ght he 0 m]ely foll[+ ! ,syllogi/ic ,logic1 :i* really assigns no "w to ! ?\ght1 ^: (fice x pr(esses to magnify1 b ! analysis ( giv5 ideas4 ,tak+ ! "w z t ,logic conceiv$ x 7& z x mu/ be conceiv$ if ! sep>ation is to be ma9ta9$7 he %[$--conclusively z aga9/ ,s*ola/icism-- ! #8trifl+' "* ( ! necess>y & univ]sal tru?s ) :i* x dealt4 ,exp]i5ce1 ! manife/ation ( ! real1 reg>d$ z a s]ies ( ev5ts :i* to u are s5sations1 c only yield propositions s+ul> z ! ev5ts1 & hav+ a tru? l !m cont+5t4 ,by consequ5ce1 necessity & univ]sality ( connection c only be f\nd 9 :at ! m9d does = itself1 )\t ref]5ce to reality1 :5 x analyses ! complex idea :i* x reta9s z ! memor&um ( its pa/ s+le exp]i5ces2 i4e41 9 a relation betwe5 ideas or propositions ( :i* "o explicitly includes ! o!r4 ,^u ?is relation syllogi/ic reason+ re/s1 &1 except s f> z x may be ( use = convict+ an oppon5t 7or oneself7 ( inconsi/5cy1 x has no?+ to say aga9/ su* nom9alism z ! above4 ,h5ce1 ) ^? foll[]s ( ,locke :o h be5 mo/ fai?ful to _! ma/]1 x has rema9$ ! /&+ rule to make ! g5]ality ( a tru? consi/ 9 its be+ analytical ( ! mean+ ( a "n1 & its necessity 9 its be+ includ$ 9 "o previ\sly conc$$4 ,yet if su* 7 ! true acc\nt ( ! g5]ality & necessity ( ma!matical propositions1 _! tru? accord+ to ,locke's explicit /atem5t w\ld be #8v]bal & trifl+1' n1 z x is1 #8real & in/ructive4' ,fatal to ! notion t ma!matical tru?s1 ?\gh g5]al1 are got f exp]i5ce3 #aai4 ,! po9t ( ?is1 ! mo/ obvi\s1 contradiction inh]5t 9 ,locke's empiricism1 is m or less /rik+ accord+ to ! fidelity ) :i* ! notion ( matt]-(-fact1 or ( ! reality t is n ( ! m9d1 prop] to t sy/em1 is adh]$ to4 ,:5 ! popul> ,logic d]iv$ f ,locke has s f> =gott5 ! pit :5ce x 0 digg$ z to hold t propositions ( a c]ta9ty at once real & g5]al c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & to speak )\t "q ( #8g5]al matt]s-(-fact' 9 a s5se :i* to ,locke almo/1 to ,hume altoge!r1 w\ld h be5 a contradiction 9 t]ms1 x naturally f9ds no di/urbance 9 reg>d+ ma!matical c]ta9ty z diff]5t n 9 k9d1 b only 9 degree1 f t ( any o!r #8g5]alisation f exp]i5ce4' ,n aw>e t ! di/9ction ( ma!matical f empirical g5]ality is ! condition ^u :i*1 accord+ to ,locke1 ! =m] escapes condemnation z #8trifl+1' x does n see any ne$ = di/+ui%+ ! s\rces f :i* ! two are d]iv$1 & h5ce goes on ass]t+ aga9/ imag9>y or insignificant oppon5ts t ma!matical tru? is d]iv$ f #8exp]i5ce2' :i*1 if #8exp]i5ce' be s *ang$ f :at ,locke und]/ood by x z to yield g5]al propositions conc]n+ matt]s-(-fact ( o!r ?an analytical purport1 no "o ne$ c>e to d5y4 ,t x c yield su* propositions is1 d\btless1 ! supposition ( ! physical sci5ces2 nor1 we mu/ repeat1 is x ! correctness ( ?is supposition t is 9 "q1 b ! validity1 ^u its admission1 ( t anti!sis betwe5 exp]i5ce & ! "w ( ?\ght1 :i* is ! #8be-all & end-all' ( ! popul> ,logic4 444 & to receiv$ views ( natural sci5ce3 b ,locke n s cle> ab\t ?is4 #abj4 ,locke1 z we h se51 aft] all ! encroa*m5ts made unaw>es by ?\ght )9 ! limits ( t exp]i5ce :i* he opposes to x--or1 to put x conv]sely1 aft] all t he all[s #8nature' to take )\t ackn[l$gm5t f #8m9d'--is /ill s f> fai?ful to ! opposition z to #8suspect a sci5ce ( nature to be impossible4' ,?is suspicion1 :i* is b a hesitat+ expression ( ! doctr9e t g5]al propositions conc]n+ sub/ances are m]ely v]bal1 is ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! doctr9e pron\nc$ )\t hesitation t ma!matical tru?s1 be+ at once real & g5]al1 d n conc]n nature at all4 ,real k conc]n+ nature be+ giv5 by s+le impressions ( bodies at s+le times op]at+ ^u u1 & by consequ5ce be+ expressible only 9 s+ul> propositions1 any reality :i* g5]al propositions /ate mu/ belong m]ely to ! m9d1 & a m9d :i* c orig9ate a reality o!r ?an nature's _c be a passive receptacle ( natural impressions4 ,locke admits ! real g5]ality ( ma!matical tru?s1 b does n face its consequ5ces4 ,hume1 see+ ! difficulty1 w n admit ! real g5]ality4 ,! mod]n ,logic1 f\nd$ on ,locke1 believ+ 9 ! possibility ( propositions at once real & g5]al conc]n+ nature4 does n see ! difficulty at all4 ,x reckons ma!matical to be ! same 9 k9d ) natural k1 ea* alike be+ real not)/&+ its g5]ality2 n aw>e t by s do+1 in/ead ( gett+ rid1 z x fancies1 ( ! orig9ative function ( ?\ght 9 respect ( ma!matical k1 x only necessitates ! supposition ( its be+ orig9ative 9 respect ( ! k ( nature z well4 ,ambiguity z to real ess5ce causes l ambiguity z to sci5ce ( nature4 ,p>ticul> exp]im5t _c af=d g5]al k4 #aba4 ,x may f9d "s excuse = itself 9 ! hesitation ) :i* ,locke pron\nces ! impossibility ( real g5]ality 9 ! k ( nature--an hesitation :i* necess>ily results f ! ambiguities1 already notic$1 9 8 doctr9e ( real & nom9al ess5ce4 ,s f> z ! opposition betwe5 ! nom9al & real ess5ces ( sub/ances is ma9ta9$ 9 its absolut5ess1 z t betwe5 e possible collection ( ideas on ! "o side1 & some?+ :olly ap>t f ?\ght on ! o!r1 ?is impossibility foll[s ( necessity4 ,b s f> z ! notion is admitt$ ( ! nom9al ess5ce be+ 9 "s way1 h[ev] inadequately1 repres5tative ( ! real1 !re is an op5+1 h[ev] indef9ite1 = g5]al propositions conc]n+ ! latt]4 ,on ! "o h& we h ! express /atem5t t #8univ]sal propositions1 ( ^: tru? & falsehood we c h c]ta9 k1 conc]n n exi/5ce' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #a74 ,!y are f\nd$ only on ! #8relations & habitudes ( ab/ract ideas' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap xii4 sec4 #g72 & s9ce x is ! prop] op]ation ( ! m9d 9 ab/raction to consid] an idea "u no o!r exi/5ce b :at x has 9 ! und]/&+1 !y repres5t no k ( real exi/5ce at all 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #a74 ,"h ,locke is consi/5tly foll[+ 8 doctr9e t ! #8p>ticul>ity 9 "t1' ( :i* ab/raction is made :5 we consid] ideas z 9 ! und]/&+1 is :at specially di/+ui%es ! real2 :i* ?us c only be repres5t$ by #8actually pres5t s5sation4' ,x prop]ly results f ?is doctr9e t ! proposition repres5t+ p>ticul> exp]im5t & obs]vation is only true ( real exi/5ce s long z ! s5sation1 9 :i* ! exp]im5t consi/s1 cont9ues pres5t4 ,n only is ! possibility exclud$ ( su* exp]im5t yield+ a c]ta9ty :i* %all be g5]al z well z real1 b ! p>ticul> proposition itself c only be really true s f> z ! qualities1 ^: co-exi/5ce x ass]ts1 are pres5t s5sations4 ,! =m] ( ^! limitations to real tru? we f9d ,locke g5]ally recognis+1 & consequ5tly suspect+ a sci5ce ( nature to be impossible2 b ! latt]1 :i* w\ld be fatal to ! supposition ( !re be+ a real nature at all1 ev5 :5 he c>ries fur!/ ! r$uction ( reality to pres5t feel+1 he virtually ignores4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re keeps appe>+ ! notion t1 inasmu* z ! comb9ation ( ideas :i* make up ! nom9al ess5ce ( a sub/ance is tak5 f a comb9ation 9 nature or reality1 :5ev] ! connexion betwe5 any ( ^! is necess>y1 x w>rants a proposition univ]sally true 9 virtue ( ! necess>y connexion betwe5 ! ideas1 & really true 9 virtue ( ! ideas be+ tak5 f reality4 ,accord+ to ?is notion1 ?\gh #8! c]ta9ty ( univ]sal propositions conc]n+ sub/ances is v n>r[ & scanty1' x is yet possible 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #ac74 ,x is n recognis$ z involv+ t contradiction :i* x mu/ involve if ! anti!sis betwe5 reality & ideas 9 ! m9d is absolutely adh]$ to4 ,nay1 inasmu* z c]ta9 ideas ( prim>y qualities1 e4g4 ^? ( solidity & ( ! receiv+ or communicat+ motion ^u impulse1 are necess>ily connect$1 x is suppos$ actually to exi/ 7,book ,,iv4 *ap iii4 sec4 #ad74 ,x is only because1 z a matt] ( fact1 our k ( ! relation betwe5 second>y qualities & prim>y is s limit$ t x _c be c>ri$ fur!r4 ,t !y are relat$ z effects & causes1 x w\ld seem1 we "k2 & t ! #8causes "w /eadily1 & effects con/antly fl[ f !m1' we "k also2 b #8_! connexions & dep5d5cies are n discov]able 9 our ideas' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #bi74 ,t1 if discov]able 9 our ideas1 j because !re discov]$1 ! connexion w\ld n be a real co-exi/5ce1 ,locke nev] expressly says4 ,he does n s cle>ly articulate ! anti!sis betwe5 relations ( ideas & matt]s ( fact4 ,if he _h done s1 he mu/ also h exclud$ f real exi/5ce ^? ab/ract ideas ( body :i* con/itute ! scanty k ( x t accord+ to him we d possess 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #bd74 ,he is m dispos$ to sigh = discov]ies t w\ld make physics capable ( ! same g5]al c]ta9ty z ma!matics1 ?an to purge ! =m] ( ^? ma!matical propositions--really true only because hav+ no ref]5ce to reality--:i* to him =m$ ! only sci5tific elem5t 9 !m4 ,:at k x c af=d1 accord+ to ,locke4 #abb4 ,! ambiguity ( 8 position w become cle>] if we resort to 8 fav\rite #8in/ances 9 gold4' ,! proposition1 #8all gold is soluble 9 aqua regia1' is c]ta9ly true1 if su* solubility is includ$ 9 ! complex idea :i* ! ^w #8gold' /&s =1 & if su* inclusion is all t ! proposition purports to /ate4 ,x is equally c]ta9 & equally trifl+ ) ! proposition1 #8a c5taur is f\r-foot$4' ,b1 9 fact1 z a proposition conc]n+ sub/ance1 x purports to /ate m ?an ?is1 viz4 t a #8body ^: complex idea is made up ( yell[1 v weighty1 ductile1 fusible1 & fix$1' is always soluble 9 aqua regia4 ,9 o!r words1 x /ates ! inv>iable co-exi/5ce 9 a body ( ! complex idea1 #8solubility 9 aqua regia1' ) ! gr\p ( ideas indicat$ by #8gold4' ,?us und]/ood--z in/ructive or syn!tical--x has n ! c]ta9ty :i* w\ld belong to x if x 7 #8trifl+1' or analytical1 #8s9ce we c nev]1 f ! consid]ation ( ! ideas !mselves1 ) c]ta9ty affirm' _! co-exi/5ce 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec #i74 ,if we see ! solution actually go+ on1 or c recall ! sight ( x by memory1 we c affirm its co-exi/5ce ) ! ideas 9 "q 9 t #8b>e in/ance2' & ?us1 on ! pr9ciple t #8:atev] ideas h once be5 unit$ 9 nature may be s unit$ aga9' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #ab71 inf] a capacity ( co-exi/5ce betwe5 ! ideas1 b t is all4 #8,con/ant obs]vation may assi/ our judgm5ts 9 guess+' an inv>iable actual co-exi/5ce 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 viii4 sec4 #i72 b beyond guess+ we _c get4 ,if our in/ructive proposition conc]n+ co-exi/5ce is to be g5]al x mu/ rema9 problematical4 ,x is o!rwise ) ma!matical propositions4 #8,if ! ?ree angles ( a triangle 7 once equal to two "r angles1 x is c]ta9 t !y always w be s2' b only because su* a proposition conc]ns m]ely #8! habitudes & relations ( ideas4' #8,if ! p]ception t ! same ideas w et]nally h ! same habitudes & relations be n a suffici5t gr\nd ( k1 !re c\ld be no k ( g5]al propositions 9 ma!matics2 = no ma!matical demon/ration c\ld be o!r ?an p>ticul>3 & :5 a man _h demon/rat$ any proposition conc]n+ "o triangle & circle1 8 k w\ld n rea* beyond t p>ticul> diagram' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #i74 ,n ! k :i* is n[ suppos$ to be got by induction4 ,yet m ?an ,locke 0 entitl$ to suppose x c\ld give4 #abc4 ,to a read]1 fre% f our popul> treatises on ,logic1 su* language w\ld probably at fir/ pres5t no difficulty4 ,he w\ld m]ely lam5t t ,locke1 z a successor ( ,bacon1 0 n bett] acqua9t$ ) ! #8,inductive me?ods1' & ?us did n und]/& h[ an obs]vation ( co-exi/5ce 9 ! b>e in/ance1 if ! in/ance be ( ! "r sort1 may w>rant a univ]sal affirmation4 ,or he may take ! o!r side1 & reg>d ,locke's re/riction ^u g5]al c]ta9ty z convey+1 n any d\bt z to ! validity ( ! inf]5ce f an obs]v$ case to all cases :]e ! conditions are asc]ta9ably ! same1 b a true s5se ( ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ 9 any o!r case t ! conditions are ! same4 ,on look+ clos]1 h[ev]1 he w see t1 s f> f ,locke's doctr9e legitimately all[+ ( su* an adaptation to ! exig5cies ( sci5ce1 x is inconsi/5t ) itself 9 admitt+ ! reality ( mo/ ( ! conditions 9 ! case suppos$ to be obs]v$1 & ?us 9 all[+ ! real tru? ev5 ( ! s+ul> proposition4 ,?is purports to /ate1 accord+ to ,locke's t]m9ology1 t c]ta9 #8ideas' d n[ or did once co-exi/ 9 a body4 ,b ! ideas1 ?us /at$ to co-exi/1 accord+ to ,locke's doctr9e t real exi/5ce is only te/ifi$ to by actual pres5t s5sation1 diff] f ea* o!r z t :i* really exi/s f t :i* does n4 ,9 ! p>ticul> exp]im5t ( gold be+ solv$ 9 aqua regia1 f ! complex idea ( solubility an indef9ite d$uction w\ld h to be made = qualification by ideas reta9$ 9 ! und]/&+ be=e we c\ld rea* ! pres5t s5sation2 & n only s1 b ! gr\p ( ideas indicat$ by #8gold1' to ^: co-exi/5ce ) solubility ! exp]im5t is said to te/ify1 z ,locke himself says1 =m m]ely a nom9al ess5ce1 :ile ! body to :i* we ascribe ?is ess5ce is some?+ :i* we #8accu/om ourselves to suppose1' n any #8p>cel ( matt]' hav+ a real exi/5ce 9 nature4 #a ,9 ass]t+ ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ideas =m+ su* a nom9al ess5ce ) ! actual s5sation suppos$ to be giv5 9 ! exp]im5t1 we *ange ! mean+ ( #8exi/5ce1' betwe5 ! beg9n+ & end ( ! ass]tion1 f t accord+ to :i* all ideas exi/ to t accord+ to :i* exi/5ce has no #8connexion ) any o!r ( our ideas b ^? ( ourselves & ,god1' b is te/ifi$ to by pres5t s5sation4 #b ,?is p>alogism escapes ,locke j z 8 equivocal use ( ! t]m #8idea' escapes him4 ,! di/9ction1 fix$ 9 ,hume's t]m9ology z t betwe5 impression & idea1 =ces itself ^u him1 z we h se51 9 ! ,f\r? book ( ! ,essay1 :]e ! :ole doctr9e ( real exi/5ce turns ^u x1 b alongside ( x survives ! notion t ideas1 ?\gh #89 ! m9d' & =m+ a nom9al ess5ce1 are yet1 if rightly tak5 f ?+s1 ectypes ( reality4 ,?us he does n see t ! co-exi/5ce ( ideas1 to :i* ! p>ticul> exp]im5t1 z he describes x1 te/ifies1 is no?+ else ?an ! co-exi/5ce ( an ev5t ) a conception--( t :i* is 9 a p>ticul> "t1 & 7accord+ to him7 only = t reason real1 ) t :i* is n 9 "t at all b is an unreal ab/raction ( ! m9d's mak+4 #c ,! reality giv5 9 ! actual s5sation _c1 z a matt] ( fact1 be discov]$ to h a necess>y connexion ) ! ideas t =m ! nom9al ess5ce1 & !re=e _c be ass]t$ univ]sally to co-exi/ ) !m2 b ) bett] faculties1 he ?9ks1 ! discov]y might be made 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iii4 sec4 #af74 ,x does n to him imply su* a contradiction z x mu/ h done if he _h /eadily kept 9 view 8 doctr9e t ( p>ticul> 7i4e4 real7 exi/5ce our #8k' is n prop]ly k at all1 b simply s5sation--su* a contradiction z 0 to ,hume involv$ 9 ! notion ( d$uc+ a matt] ( fact4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #ce1 #id1 c4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #cj & ! foll[+4 #c ,see above1 p>agraphs #de1 #hj1 #he1 #ig4 ,) ,locke ma!matical tru?s1 ?\gh ideal1 true also ( nature4 #abd4 ,x results t ^? foll[]s ( ,locke1 :o hold ! di/9ction betwe5 propositions ( ma!matical c]ta9ty & ^? conc]n+ real exi/5ce to be "o r ( degree ?an ( k9d1 ?\gh !y h ! express words ( _! ma/] aga9/ !m1 c f9d mu* 9 8 way ( ?9k+ on _! side4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n mean t he 9 any case drops ! anti!sis betwe5 matt]s ( fact & relations ( ideas 9 fav\r ( matt]s ( fact1 s z to admit t ma!matical propositions conc]n matt]s ( fact1 b t he sometimes drops x 9 fav\r ( relations ( ideas1 s z to repres5t real exi/5ce z consi/+ 9 su* relations4 ,if ! matt] ( fact1 or real exi/5ce1 is to be f\nd only 9 ! ev5t con/itut$ or report$ by pres5t feel+1 su* a relation ( ideas1 by no mann] ( means r$ucible to an ev5t1 z ! ma!matical proposition /ates1 c h no sort ( connection ) x4 ,b if real exi/5ce is su* t ! relations ( ideas1 call$ prim>y qualities ( matt]1 con/itute x1 & ! qualities includ$ 9 our nom9al ess5ces are its copies or effects1 !n1 z on ! "o side our complex ideas ( sub/ances only fail ( reality ?r\gh want ( fulness1 or ?r\gh mi/akes 9 ! process by :i* !y are #8tak5 f ?+s1' s1 on ! o!r side1 ! m5tal tru? ( ma!matical propositions ne$ only fail to be real because ! ideas1 ^: relations !y /ate1 are consid]$ 9 ab/raction f conditions :i* qualify !m 9 real exi/5ce4 #8,if x is true ( ! idea ( a triangle t its ?ree angles equal two "r ones1 x is true also ( a triangle1 :]ev] x really exi/s' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #f74 ,!re is1 !n1 no incompatibility betwe5 ! idea & real exi/5ce4 ,ma!matical ideas might fairly be reckon$1 l ^? ( sub/ances1 to be tak5 f real exi/5ce2 b ?\gh1 l ^!1 inadequate to its complexity1 to be sav$ f ! necess>y infirmities :i* atta* to ideas ( sub/ances because n consid]$ z s tak51 b m]ely z 9 ! m9d4 ,!re is language ab\t ma!matics 9 ,locke t may be int]pret$ 9 ?is direction1 ?\gh 8 mo/ explicit /atem5ts are on ! o!r side4 ,x is n our bus9ess to adju/ !m1 b m]ely to po9t out ! opposite t5d5cies betwe5 :i* a cle>-sight$ op]ator on ! mat]ial giv5 by ,locke w\ld f9d t he _h to *oose4 ,two l9es ( ?\ght 9 ,locke1 betwe5 :i* a foll[] w\ld h to *oose4 #abe4 ,on ! "o h& !re is ! id5tification ( real exi/5ce ) ! mom5t>y s5sible ev5t4 ,?is view1 ( :i* ! prop] result is ! exclusion ( pr$ication conc]n+ real exi/5ce altoge!r1 appe>s 9 ,locke's re/riction ( su* pr$ication to ! s+ul> proposition1 & 9 8 conv]se ass]tion t propositions ( ma!matical c]ta9ty #8conc]n n exi/5ce' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 iv4 sec4 #h74 ,! emb>rassm5t result+ f su* a doctr9e is t x leads r\nd to ! admission ( ! orig9ativ5ess ( ?\ght & ( ! reality ( its orig9ations1 ) ! d5ial ( :i* x />ts4 #a ,x leads ,locke himself along a track1 :i* 8 lat] foll[]s sc>cely seem to h notic$1 :5 he treats ! #8nev] en\gh to be admir$ discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,newton' z hav+ to d m]ely ) ! relations ( ideas 9 di/9ction f ?+s1 & looks = a true ext5sion ( k--nei!r 9 syllogism :i* c yield no in/ructive1 nor 9 exp]im5t :i* c yield no g5]al1 c]ta9ty--b only 9 a fur!r process ( #8s+l+ out & lay+ 9 ord] int]m$iate ideas1' :i* are #8real z well z nom9al ess5ces ( _! species1' because !y h no ref]5ce to ar*etypes else:]e ?an 9 ! m9d 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #aa1 & ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 xii4 sec4 #g74 ,on ! o!r h& !re is ! notion t ideas1 )\t di/9ction betwe5 #8actual s5sation' & #8idea 9 ! m9d1' are tak5 f p]man5t ?+s1 & are real if correctly s tak54 ,f ?is x results t propositions1 univ]sally true z repres5t+ a necess>y relation betwe5 ideas ( prim>y qualities1 are true also ( real exi/5ce2 & t an ext5sion ( su* real c]ta9ty ?r\gh ! discov]y ( a necess>y connexion betwe5 ideas ( prim>y & ^? ( second>y qualities1 ?\gh sc>cely to be hop$ =1 has no inh]5t impossibility4 ,x is ?is notion1 aga91 t unwitt+ly gives ev5 t limit$ significance to ! p>ticul> exp]im5t :i* ,locke assigns to x1 z indicat+ a co-exi/5ce betwe5 ideas pres5t z s5sations & ^? :i* c only be reg>d$ z 9 ! m9d4 ,nor is x ! intr9sic import s mu* z ! expression ( ?is notion t is alt]$ :5 ,locke sub/itutes an ord] ( nature = sub/ance z t 9 :i* ! ideas co-exi/4 ,9 8 ,f\r? ,book he s f> dep>ts f ! doctr9e impli$ 9 8 *apt]s on ! reality & adequacy ( ideas & on ! names ( sub/ances1 z to treat ! notion ( sev]al s+le subjects 9 :i* ideas co-exi/ 7:i* he /ill holds to be ! prop] notion ( sub/ances71 z a fiction ( ?\ght4 ,!re are no su* s+le subjects4 ,:at we deem s are really #8reta9]s to o!r p>ts ( nature4' #8,_! obs]vable qualities1 actions1 & p[]s are ow+ to some?+ )\t !m2 & !re is n s complete & p]fect a "p t we "k ( nature1 :i* does n owe ! be+ x has1 & ! excell5cies ( x1 to its neighb\rs' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #aa74 ,z ?us conceiv$ (1 ! #8objective ord]' :i* our exp]i5ce repres5ts is d\btless o!r ?an t collection ( fix$ sep>ate #8?+s1' impli$ 9 ! language ab\t sub/ances :i* ,locke f\nd 9 vogue1 b x rema9s an objective ord] /ill--an ord] ( #8qualities1 actions1 & p[]s' :i* no multitude ( s5sible ev5ts c\ld con/itute1 b ap>t f :i* no s5sible ev5t c\ld h su* significance z to r5d] ev5 a s+ul> proposition ( real tru? possible4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #aag1 sub4 f94 ,transition to doctr9e ( ,god & ! s\l4 #abf4 ,x rema9s to inquire h[1 ) ,locke1 ! ideas ( self & ,god escape subjection to ^? solv5ts ( reality :i*1 ) m or less ( consi/5cy & consci\sness1 he appli$ to ! conceptions on :i* ! sci5ce ( nature re/s4 ,su* an enquiry =ms ! natural transition to ! next /age 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 philosophy4 ,x 0 ,b]keley's practical int]e/ 9 ^! ideas t held him back f a developm5t ( 8 ma/]'s pr9ciples1 9 :i* he w\ld h anticipat$ ,hume1 & f9ally br\ght him to atta* t o!r mean+ to ! #8new way ( ideas' fa9tly adumbrat$ 9 ! lat] sections ( 8 #8,siris1' :i* gives to ,reason ! functions t ,locke _h assign$ to ,s5se4 ,?9k+ sub/ance--s\rce ( ! same ideas z out] sub/ance4 #abg4 ,! dom9ant notion ( ! self 9 ,locke is t ( ! inw>d sub/ance1 or #8sub/ratum ( ideas1' co-ord9ate ) ! outw>d1 #8:]e9 !y d subsi/1 & f :i* !y d result4' #8,s5sation conv9ces t !re are solid ext5d$ sub/ances1 & reflection t !re are ?9k+ ones' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #bi74 ,we h already se5 h[1 )\t di/urbance f 8 doctr9e ( ! fictiti\sness ( univ]sals1 he treats ! simple idea z c>ry+ ) x ! di/9ction ( outw>d & inw>d1 or relations sev]ally to a #8?+' & to a #8m9d4' ,x reports itself ambigu\sly z a quality ( ea* ( ^! sep>ate sub/ances4 ,x is n[1 or 0 to beg9 )1 ! result ( an outw>d ?+ #8actually op]at+ ^u u2' = #8( simple ideas ! m9d _c make "o to itself3' on ! o!r h&1 x is a #8p]ception1' & p]ception is an #8op]ation ( ! m9d4' ,9 o!r words x is at once a modification ( ! m9d by some?+ ( :i* x is consci\sly n consci\s1 & a modification ( ! m9d by itself--! two s\rces ( "o & ! same modification be+ ea* det]m9$ only z ! contradictory ( ! o!r4 ,?us1 :5 we come to probe ! famili> metaphors "u :i* ,locke describes ,reflection1 z a #8f\nta9 ( ideas' o!r ?an s5sation1 we f9d t ! confusions :i* we h already explor$ 9 deal+ ) ! ideas ( s5sation recur "u add$ circum/ances ( emb>rassm5t4 ,n only does ! simple idea ( reflection1 l t ( s5sation1 turn out to be already complicat$ 9 its simplicity ) ! sup]9duc$ ideas ( cause & relation1 b ! causal sub/ance 9 "q turns out to be "o :i*1 f be+ actually no?+1 becomes some?+ by act+ ^u itself2 :ile all ! "t ! result ( ?is action is indi/+ui%able f t ascrib$ to ! opposite1 ! ext]nal1 cause4 ,( :i* sub/ance is p]ception ! effect8 #abh4 ,to a read] to :om ,locke's language has always seem$ to be--z inde$ x is--simply t ( common s5se & life1 9 writ+ ! above we %all seem to be creat+ a difficulty :]e none is to be f\nd4 ,let u turn1 !n1 to "o ( ! less prolix passages1 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two s\rces ( ideas is express$3 #8,ext]nal objects furni% ! m9d ) ! ideas ( s5sible qualities1 :i* are all ^? diff]5t p]ceptions !y produce 9 u2 & ! m9d furni%es ! und]/&+ ) ideas ( its own op]ations' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #e74 ,we h se5 already t ) ,locke p]ception & idea are equival5t t]ms4 ,x only ne$s fur!r to be po9t$ out t no di/9ction c be ma9ta9$ betwe5 8 usage ( #8m9d' & ( #8und]/&+1' #a & t ! simple ideas ( ! m9d's own op]ations are ^? ( p]ception & p[]1 :i* mu/ be giv5 9 & ) e idea ( a s5sible quality4' #b ,avoid+ synonyms1 !n1 & recall+ ! results ( our exam9ation ( ! t]ms involv$ 9 ! fir/ clause ( ! passage be=e u1 we may re-write ! :ole ?us3 #8,creations ( ! m9d1 :i* yet are ext]nal to x1 produce 9 x ^? p]ceptions ( _! qualities :i* !y d produce2 & ! m9d produces 9 itself ! p]ception ( ^!1 its own1 p]ceptions4' #a ,z becomes app>5t on exam9ation ( su* passages1 z ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #a1 sub4 f942 & ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #bc4 #b ,see above1 p>agraphs #aa1 #ab1 #af4 ,t :i* is ! s\rce ( sub/antiation _c be itself a sub/ance4 #abi4 ,?is attempt to pres5t ,locke's doctr9e ( ! relation betwe5 ! m9d & ! _w1 z x w\ld be )\t phraseological disguises1 mu/ n be ascrib$ to any polemical int]e/ 9 mak+ a great writ] seem to talk nons5se1 ,! greate/ writ] mu/ fall into confusions :5 he br+s "u ! conceptions ( cause & sub/ance ! self-consci\s ?\ght :i* is _! s\rce2 & no?+ else ?an ?is is involv$ 9 ,locke's av[$ ent]prise ( kn[+ t :i* r5d]s k possible z he might "k any o!r object4 ,! ent]prise naturally falls into two p>ts1 correspond+ to t di/9ction ( subject & object :i* self-consci\sness involves4 ,hi!rto we h be5 deal+ ) x on ! objective side--) ! attempt to "k k z a result ( exp]i5ce receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses--& h f\nd ! suppos$ s\rce ( ?\ght already *>g$ ) its creations2 ) ! relations ( inn] & out]1 ( sub/ance & attribute1 ( cause & effect1 ( appe>ance & reality4 ,! suppos$ #8outw>d' turns out to h its outw>dness con/itut$ by ?\ght1 & ?us to be inw>d4 ,! #8out] s5se' is only an out] s5se at all s f> z feel+s1 by !mselves nei!r outw>d nor inw>d1 are by ! m9d ref]r$ to a ?+ or cause :i* #8! m9d supposes2' & only ?us h its reports a pr]ogative ( reality ov] ! #8fantasies1' suppos$ m]ely ( ! m9d4 ,mean:ile1 unable to ignore ! subjective side ( self-consci\sness1 ,locke has to put an inw>d exp]i5ce z a sep>ate1 b co-ord9ate1 s\rce ( k alongside ( ! out]4 ,b ?is inw>d exp]i5ce1 simply z a succession ( feel+s1 does n diff] f ! out]3 x only s diff]s z ref]r$ to t v #8?9k+ ?+1' call$ ! m9d1 :i* by its supposition ( causal sub/ance has conv]t$ feel+ into an exp]i5ce ( an out] ?+4 #8,m9d' ?us1 by ! relations :i* x #8inv5ts1' con/itutes bo? ! inn] & out]1 & yet is treat$ z itself ! inn] #8sub/ratum :i* x accu/oms itself to suppose4' ,x ?us becomes ! creature ( its own suppositions4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,?is1 inde$1 is no m ?an ! fate :i* x mu/ suff] at ! h&s ( e philosoph] :o1 9 ,kantian language1 br+s ! s\rce ( ! ,categories "u ! ,categories4 ,b ) ,locke ! con/itution ( ! out] _w by m5tal supposition1 h[ev] uni=mly impli$1 is always ignor$2 & ?us m9d1 z ! inw>d sub/ance1 is n only ! creature ( its own suppositions1 b /&s ov] aga9/ a real exi/5ce1 ( :i* ! reality is held to consi/ j 9 its be+ ! opposite ( all su* suppositions3 :ile1 aft] all1 ! effect ( ^! mutually exclusive causes is "o & ! same exp]i5ce1 "o & ! same sy/em ( sequ5t & co-exi/5t ideas4 ,to get rid ( ! inn] s\rce ( ideas 9 fav\r ( ! out] w\ld be false to ,locke4 #acj4 ,is x !n a case ( jo9t-effect8 ,d ! out] & inn] sub/ances comb9e1 l me*anical =ces1 to produce ! psy*ical result8 ,aga9/ su* a supposition a foll[] ( ,locke w\ld f9d n only ! language ( 8 ma/]1 ) :om p]ception appe>s indiff]5tly z ! result ( ! out] or inn] cause1 b ! inh]5t impossibility ( analys+ ! effect into sep>ate elem5ts4 ,! #8,law ( ,p>simony1' !n1 w dictate to him t "o or o!r ( ! causes mu/ be disp5s$ )2 nor1 s long z he takes ,locke's id5tification ( ! outw>d ) ! real = grant$1 w he h mu* d\bt z to :i* ( ! two mu/ g4 ,to get rid ( ! causality ( m9d1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x might n be untrue to ! t5d5cy ( ,locke1 w\ld be to lose sight ( 8 ess5tial m]it z a =mulator ( :at ev]yone ?9ks1 :i* is t1 at :atev] co/ ( confusion or contradiction1 he at lea/ =mulates x fully4 ,9 him ! #8,dialectic1' :i* popul> belief implicitly involves1 goes on "u our eyes4 ,if ! primacy ( self-consci\s ?\ght is nev] recogniz$1 if x rema9s ! victim ( its own misund]/ood creations1 !re is at lea/ no attempt to disguise ! unre/ :i* atta*es to x 9 ?is self-impos$ subjection4 ,! m9d1 :i* ,locke opposes to matt]1 p]petually %ift+4 #aca4 ,we h already notic$ h[ ! inn] #8tablet1' on :i* ! out] ?+ is suppos$ to act1 is ) ,locke p]petually rec$+4 #a ,x is fir/ ! bra91 to :i* ! #8motion ( ! outw>d p>ts' mu/ be cont9u$ 9 ord] to con/itute s5sation 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #c74 ,!n p]ception is di/+ui%$ f s5sation1 & ! bra9 itself1 z ! subject ( s5sation1 becomes ! outw>d 9 contra/ ) ! und]/&+ z ! subject ( p]ception4 #b ,!n p]ception1 f be+ simply a reception1 is conv]t$ into an #8op]ation1' & ?us into an effici5t ( ideas4 ,! #8und]/&+' itself1 z p]ceptive1 is n[ ! outw>d :i* makes on ! #8m9d1' z ! inn] #8tablet1' t impression ( its own op]ation 9 p]ception :i* is call$ an idea ( reflection4 #c ,nor does ! regressive process--! process ( f9d+ a m9d )9 ! m9d--/op "h1 ?\gh ! di/9ction ( inn] & out] is n any fur!r s explicitly employ$ 9 x4 ,f m9d1 z receptive (1 & op]ative ab\t1 ideas1 i4e4 consci\sness1 is di/+ui%$ m9d z ! #8sub/ance )9 u' ( :i* consci\sness is an #8op]ation' t x sometimes ex]cises1 sometimes 7e4g4 :5 x sleeps7 does n 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 secs4 #aj-ab72 & f ?is ?9k+ sub/ance aga9 is di/+ui%$ ! man :o #8f9ds x 9 himself & c>ries x ab\t ) him 9 a coa* or on horseback 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #bj7--! p]son1 #8consi/+ ( s\l & body1' :o is prone to sleep & 9 s\nd sleep is unconsci\s1 b ^: p]sonal id5tity /rangely consi/s 9 sam5ess ( consci\sness1 sam5ess ( an occasional op]ation ( "p ( himself4 #c #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ad4 #b ,book ,,ii41 *ap4 i4 sec4 #bc4 #8,s5sation is su* an impression made 9 "s "p ( ! body1 z produces "s p]ception 9 ! und]/&+4' #c ,locke speaks indiff]5tly ( ! m9d impress+ ! und]/&+1 & ( ! und]/&+ impress+ ! m9d1 ) ideas ( reflection1 b z he specially def9es #8und]/&+' z ! #8p]ceptive p[]' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxi4 sec4 #be471 ,i h writt5 z above4 #d ,cf4 ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 secs4 #aa & #ad1 ) ,,ii4 *ap1 xxvii4 sec4 #i4 ,x is difficult to see :at +5uity c\ld reconcile ! doctr9e /at$ 9 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxvii4 sec4 #i1 t p]sonal id5tity is id5tity ( consci\sness1 ) ! doctr9e impli$ 9 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #aa1 t ! wak+ ,socrates is ! same p]son ) ,socrates asleep1 i4e4 7accord+ to ,locke7 n consci\s at all4 ,two ways out ( su* difficulties4 #8,matt]' & #8m9d' h ! same s\rce 9 self-consci\sness4 #acb4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( subsequ5t philosophy two typical me?ods h appe>$ ( deal+ ) ?is *aos ( ant9omies4 ,"o1 :i* we %all h to treat at l>ge 9 writ+ ( ,hume1 affects to dispose ( bo? ! outw>d & ! inw>d syn!sis--bo? ( ! unity ( feel+s 9 a subject matt] & ( _! unity 9 a subject m9d--z #8fictions ( ?\ght4' ,?is me?od at once sugge/s ! vital "q :e!r a m9d :i* ?us inv5ts has be5 effectively suppress$--:e!r1 inde$1 ! !ory c be s mu* z /at$ )\t a cov]t assumption ( t :i* x claims to h de/roy$4 ,! o!r me?od1 ( :i* ,kant is ! p>5t1 does n attempt to efface ! app>5t contradictions :i* beset ! #8relation betwe5 m9d & matt]2' b reg>d+ !m z 9 a c]ta9 s5se inevitable1 traces !m to _! s\rce 9 ! application to ! ?9k+ ,ego itself ( conceptions1 :i* x does inde$ con/itute 9 virtue ( its pres5ce to ph5om5a giv5 "u conditions ( "t1 b "u :i* = t v reason x _c itself be kn[n4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ! pres5ce ( ! self-consci\s unit to ! manifold ( feel+1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 t ! latt] becomes an ord] ( def9ite ?+s1 ea* ext]nal to ! o!r2 & x is only by a false inclusion )9 ?is ord] ( t :i* con/itutes x t ! ,ego itself becomes a #8?9k+ ?+' ) o!r ?+s outside x4 ,! result ( su* inclusion is t ! real _w1 :i* x 9 ! prop] s5se makes1 becomes a reality ext]nal to x1 yet ap>t f :i* x w\ld n be actually any?+4 ,?us ) ,locke1 ?\gh ! m9d has a pot5tial exi/5ce ( its own1 x is exp]i5ce ( #8?+s )\t x' t #8furni%es' x or makes x :at x actually is4 ,b ! relation ( su* out] ?+s to ! m9d _c be spok5 ( )\t contradiction4 ,if suppos$ outw>d z bodies1 !y h to be br\ght )9 consci\sness z objects ( s5sation2 if suppos$ outw>d z s5sation1 !y h to be br\ght )9 consci\sness--to f9d a home 9 ! und]/&+--z ideas ( s5sation4 ,mean:ile ! consid]ation returns t aft] all ! #8?9k+ ?+' contributes some?+ to t :i* x ?9ks ab\t2 &1 ?is once admitt$1 x is z impossible to limit its "w on "o side z t ( ! out] ?+ on ! o!r4 ,ea* usurps ! place ( its opposite4 ,?us ) ,locke ! und]/&+ produces effects on itself1 b ! product is "o & ! same #8p]ception' o!rwise treat$ z an effect ( ! out] _w4 ,"o & ! same self-consci\sness1 9 %ort1 #a involv+ ! correlation ( subject & object1 becomes ! result ( two sep>ate #8?+s1' ea* exclusive ( ! o!r1 into :i* ! opposite poles ( ?is relation h be5 conv]t$--! ext5d$ ?+ or #8body' on ! "o side1 & ! ?9k+ ?+ or #8m9d' on ! o!r4 #a ,= ! equival5ce ( p]ception ) self-consci\sness 9 ,locke1 see above1 p>agraph #bd1 et infra4 ,difficulties 9 ! way ( ascrib+ reality to sub/ance z matt]1 re-appe> 9 reg>d to sub/ance z m9d4 #acc4 ,to ea* ( ^! suppos$ #8?+s' ?\ght transf]s its own unity & self-conta9$ness1 & !reupon f9ds itself 9 new difficulties4 ,^!1 s f> z !y conc]n ! outw>d ?+1 h already be5 suffici5tly notic$4 ,we h se5 h[ ! s+le self-conta9$ ?+ on ! "o h& att5uates itself to ! b>e atom1 pres5t$ 9 a mom5t ( "t1 :i* 9 its exclusiv5ess is actually no?+3 #a h[1 on ! o!r1 x spreads itself1 z ev]y?+ :i* = "o mom5t we reg>d z indep5d5t turns out 9 ! next to be a #8reta9]' to some?+ else1 into a s]ies t _c be summ$4 #b ,a l consequ5ce foll[s :5 ! individual man1 conceiv+ ( ! ?\ght1 :i* is n m9e b me1 & :i* is no less ! _w )\t :i* ,i am n ,i1 z a ?9k+ ?+ )9 him1 limit$ by ! limitations ( 8 animal nature1 seeks 9 ?is ?9k+ ?+1 exclusive ( o!r ?+s1 t unity & self-conta9$ness1 :i* only belong to ! univ]sal #8,i4' ,he f9ds t he #8?9ks n always2' t dur+ a f\r? "p ( 8 "t he nei!r ?9ks nor p]ceives at all2 & t ev5 9 8 wak+ h\rs 8 consci\sness consi/s ( a succession ( sep>ate feel+s1 ^: recurr5ce he _c comm&4 #c ,?\ght be+ ?us brok5 & dep5d5t1 sub/antiality is n to be f\nd 9 x4 ,x is next s\ght 9 ! #8?+' ( :i* ?\ght is an occasional op]ation--a ?+ ( :i* x may readily be admitt$ t its nature _c be kn[n 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxiii4 sec4 #bi1 etc471 s9ce x has no nature1 be+ m]ely t :i* rema9s ( ! ?9k+ ?+ ^u ab/raction ( its sole det]m9ation4 ,x is 9 pr9ciple no?+ else ?an ! suppos$ basis ( s5sible qualities rema9+ aft] ^! h be5 ab/ract$--! #8p>cel ( matt]' :i* has no ess5ce--) :i* accord+ly ,locke sometimes himself t5ds to id5tify x4 #d ,b mean:ile1 beh9d ?is unkn[n sub/ance1 :e!r ( _s or ( body1 ! self-consci\sness1 :i* has be5 treat$ z its occasional uness5tial op]ation1 re-ass]ts itself z ! self :i* claims bo? body & _s1 ! immat]ial no less ?an ! mat]ial sub/ance1 z its own1 & ?r\gh\t :atev] div]sity 9 ^! ma9ta9s its own id5tity4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #id & ! foll[+4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #abe4 #c ,locke1 ,essay ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #aj1 etc4 #d ,see above1 p>agraph #ajf1 ne> ! end4 ,we ?9k n always1 yet ?\ght con/itutes ! self4 #acd4 ,j1 !n1 z ,locke's conception ( outw>d reality gr[s "u 8 h&s into a conception ( nature z a sy/em ( relations :i* breaks ?r\gh ! limitations ( reality z con/itut$ by m]e individua1 s x is ) ! self1 z he conceiv$ x4 ,x is n a simple idea4 ,x is n "o ( ! tra9 t is = ev] pass+1 #8"o go+ & ano!r com+1' = x looks on ?is succession z t :i* x exp]i5ces1 be+ itself ! same ?r\gh\t ! successive diff]5ces 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 vii4 sec4 #i1 & *ap4 xxvii4 sec4 #i74 ,z little c x be adju/$ to any ( ! conditions ( real #8?+s1' ?9k+ or un?9k+1 :i* he ord9>ily recognises4 ,x has no #8p>ticul>ity 9 space & "t4' ,t :i* is pa/ 9 #8reality' is to x pres5t4 ,x is #89 its nature indiff]5t to any p>cel ( matt]4' ,x is ! same ) itself ye/]day & to-day1 "h & !re4 ,t #8) :i* its consci\sness c jo9 itself is "o self ) x1' & x c s jo9 itself ) sub/ances ap>t 9 space & remote 9 "t 7,book ,,ii4 *ap1 xxvii4 secs4 #i1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag74 ,= speak+ ( x z et]nal1 inde$1 we c\ld f9d no w>rant 9 ,locke4 ,he does n s cle>ly di/+ui% x f ! #8?9k+ ?+' suppos$ to be )9 ea* man1 t has #8_h its det]m9ate "t & place ( beg9n+ to exi/1 relation to :i* det]m9es its id5tity s long z x exi/s' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxvii4 sec4 #b74 ,h5ce he suppos$ an actual limit to ! pa/ :i* x c\ld make pres5t--a limit seem+ly fix$ = ea* man at ! f>!/ by ! date ( 8 bir?--?\gh he talks vaguely ( ! possibility ( its range be+ ext5d$ 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxvii4 sec4 #af74 ,9 ! discussion ( p]sonal id5tity1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction gradually =ces itself ^u him1 & he at la/ expressly says 7sec4 #af71 t if ! same ,socrates1 sleep+ & wak+1 d n p>take ( ! same consci\sness 7z accord+ to ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 i4 sec4 #aa he c]ta9ly does n71 #8,socrates sleep+ & wak+ is n ! same p]son2' :]eas ! #8?9k+ ?+'--! sub/ance ( :i* consci\sness is a p[] sometimes ex]cis$1 sometimes n--is ! same 9 ! sleep+ z 9 ! wak+ ,socrates4 ,?is is a pregnant admission1 b x br+s no?+ to ! bir? 9 ,locke himself4 ,! inf]5ce :i* x sugge/s to 8 read]1 t a self :i* does n slumb] or sleep is n "o :i* is born or dies1 does n seem to h occurr$ to him4 ,tak+ = 8 me?od ! imag9>y process ( #8look+ into 8 own brea/1' in/ead ( ! analysis ( k & morality1 he c\ld n f9d ! et]nal self :i* k & morality pre-suppose1 b only ! contradiction ( a p]son ^: consci\sness is n ! same = two mom5ts toge!r1 & (t5 ceases altoge!r1 b :o yet1 9 virtue ( an id5tity ( ?is v consci\sness1 is ! same 9 *ildhood & 9 old age4 ,locke nei!r disguises ^! contradictions1 nor attempts to ov]come !m4 #ace4 ,"h z else:]e we h to be ?ankful t ! contradiction _h n be5 br\ght home s /rongly to ,locke z to make him seek ! suppression ( ei!r ( its alt]natives4 ,he 0 aw>e nei!r ( ! burd5 :i* 8 philosophy t5d$ to put ^u ! self :i* #8c consid] itself z itself 9 diff]5t times & places'--! burd5 ( replac+ ! /able _w1 :5 #8! new way ( ideas' %\ld h resolv$ ! outw>d ?+ into a succession ( feel+s--nor ( ! hopelessness ( su* a burd5 be+ borne by a #8p]i%+' consci\sness1 #8( :i* no two p>ts exi/ toge!r1 b foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession4' #a ,:5 he #8look$ into himself1' he f\nd consci\sness to consi/ 9 ! succession ( ideas1 #8"o com+ & ano!r go+3' he also f\nd t #8consci\sness alone makes :at we call self1' & t he 0 ! same self at any diff]5t po9ts 9 ! succession4 ,he not$ ! two #8facts ( consci\sness' at diff]5t /ages ( 8 enquiry1 & 0 app>5tly n /ruck by _! contradiction4 ,he c\ld describe !m bo?1 & :atev] he c\ld describe seem$ to him to be expla9$4 ,h5ce !y did n sugge/ to him any "q ei!r z to ! nature ( ! obs]v$ object or z to ! possibility ( obs]v+ x1 su* z might h div]t$ philosophy f ! me?od ( self-obs]vation4 ,he left !m side by side1 &1 f> f disguis+ ei!r1 put alongside ( !m ano!r fact--! pres5ce among ! p]petually p]i%+ ideas ( t ( a consci\sness id5tical ) itself1 n m]ely 9 diff]5t times & places1 b 9 all times & places4 ,su* an idea1 "u ! designation ( an et]nal wise ,be+1 he 0 #8sure he _h' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xvii4 sec4 #ad74 #a ,cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiv4 sec4 #cb--#8;by obs]v+ :at passes 9 our m9ds1 h[ our ideas !re 9 tra9 con/antly "s vani% & o!rs beg9 to appe>1 we come by ! idea ( succession2 & by obs]v+ a di/ance 9 ! p>ts ( ?is succession1 we get ! idea ( duration'--) *ap4 xv4 sec4 #ab4 #8,duration is ! idea we h ( p]i%+ di/ance1 ( :i* no two p>ts exi/ toge!r1 b foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession4' ,is ! idea ( ,god possible to a consci\sness giv5 9 "t8 #acf4 ,! rem>k w at once occur t ! "q conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 our consci\sness1 z 9 succession1 & ! idea ( ,god1 is ess5tially diff]5t f t conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ?is consci\sness & ! self id5tical ?r\gh\t x1 inasmu* z ! relation 9 ! "o case is betwe5 a fact & an idea1 9 ! o!r betwe5 conflict+ facts4 ,! id5tity ( ! self1 :i* ,locke ass]ts1 is "o ( #8real be+1' & ?is is f\nd to lie 9 consci\sness1 9 app>5t conflict ) ! fact t consci\sness is a succession1 ( :i* #8no two p>ts exi/ toge!r4' ,!re is no su* conflict1 x w be said1 betwe5 ! idea ( a consci\s be+1 :o is ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & = ev]--! correspond5ce to :i* ( any reality is a f>!r "q--& ! fact ( our consci\sness be+ 9 succession4 ,all[+ = ! mom5t ! validity ( ?is di/9ction1 we w consid] fir/ ! difficulties t atta* to ,locke's acc\nt ( ! idea ( ,god1 z an idea4 ,locke's acc\nt ( ?is idea4 #acg4 ,?is idea1 ) him1 is a #8complex idea ( sub/ance4' ,x is ! idea ea* man has ( ! #8?9k+ ?+ )9 him1 enl>g$ to inf9ity4' ,x is beset !n 9 ! fir/ place ) all ! difficulties :i* we h f\nd to belong to 8 doctr9e ( sub/ance g5]ally & ( ! ?9k+ sub/ance 9 p>ticul>4 #a ,^! ne$ n be recall$ 9 detail4 ,:5 ,god is ! ?9k+ sub/ance !y become m obvi\s4 ,x is ! anti!sis to #8mat]ial sub/ance1' z ! s\rce ( ideas ( s5sation1 t alone ) ,locke gives a mean+ to #8?9k+ sub/ance1' z ! s\rce ( ideas ( reflection3 & if1 z we h se51 ! anti!sis is unt5able :5 x is m]ely ! s\rce ( human ideas t is 9 "q1 mu* m mu/ x be s 9 reg>d to ,god1 to :om any opposition ( mat]ial sub/ance mu/ be a limitation ( 8 p]fect nature4 ,( ! g5]ic elem5t 9 ! above def9ition1 !n1 no m ne$ "h be said4 ,x is ! qualification ( #8enl>gem5t to inf9ity1' by :i* ! idea ( man z a ?9k+ sub/ance is repres5t$ z becom+ ! idea ( ,god1 t is ! special difficulty n[ be=e u4 ,( ?is ,locke writes z foll[s3--#8,! complex idea we h ( ,god is made up ( ! simple ones we receive f reflection4 ,if ,i f9d t ,i "k "s few ?+s1 & "s ( !m1 or all p]haps1 imp]fectly1 ,i c frame an idea ( kn[+ twice z _m3 :i* ,i c d\ble aga9 z (t5 z ,i c add to numb]1 & ?us enl>ge my ideas ( k by ext5d+ its compreh5sion to all ?+s exi/+ or possible4 ,! same ,i c d ( kn[+ !m m p]fectly1 i4e4 all _! qualities1 p[]s1 causes1 consequ5ces1 & relations2 & ?us frame ! idea ( inf9ite or b\ndless k4 ,! same also may be done ( p[] till we come to t we call inf9ite2 & also ( ! duration ( exi/5ce )\t beg9n+ or end2 & s frame ! idea ( an et]nal be+4 444 ,all :i* is done by enl>g+ ! simple ideas we h tak5 f ! op]ation ( our own m9ds by reflection1 or by our s5ses f ext]ior ?+s1 to t va/ness to :i* inf9ity c ext5d !m4 ,= x is inf9ity :i* jo9$ to our ideas ( exi/5ce1 p[]1 k1 c41 makes t complex idea :]eby we repres5t to ourselves ! supreme be+' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxiii4 sec4 #cc--ce74 ,:at is meant by ?is #8jo9+ ( inf9ity' to our ideas8 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ce & ! foll[+1 & #abg & ! foll[+4 #8,inf9ity1' accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt ( x1 only applicable to ,god1 if ,god has p>ts4 #ach4 #8,f9ite & inf9ite1' says ,locke1 #8are look$ ^u by ! m9d z ! modes ( quantity1 & are to be attribut$ prim>ily only to ^? ?+s t h p>ts & are capable ( increase by ! addition ( any ! lea/ "p' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xvii4 sec4 #a74 ,su* are #8duration & expansion4' ,! applicability !n ( ! t]m #8inf9ite' 9 its prop] s5se to ,god implies t he has expansion or duration2 & x is *>act]i/ic ( ,locke t ?\gh he 0 cle> ab\t ! divisibility ( expansion & duration1 z ! above passage %[s1 he has no scruple ab\t speak+ ( !m z attributes ( ,god1 ( :om z be+ #89 8 own ess5ce simple & uncomp\nd$' he w\ld nev] h spok5 z #8hav+ p>ts4' #8,duration is ! idea we h ( p]i%+ di/ance1 ( :i* no p>ts exi/ toge!r b foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession2 z expansion is ! idea ( la/+ di/ance1 all ^: p>ts exi/ toge!r4' ,yet ( duration & expansion1 ?us def9$1 he says t #89 _! full ext5t' 7i4e4 z sev]ally #8et]nity & imm5sity'7 #8!y belong only to ! ,deity' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xv4 secs4 #h & #ab74 #8,a full ext5t' ( !m1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! nature ( ! case impossible4 ,) a la/ mom5t duration w\ld cease to be duration2 )\t ano!r space beyond x space w\ld n be space4 ,locke is q aw>e ( ?is4 ,:5 8 conception ( inf9ity is n emb>rass$ by ref]5ce to ,god1 x is simply t ( unlimit$ #8addibility'--a juxtaposition ( space to space1 a succession ( "t ^u "t1 to :i* we c suppose no limit s long z we consid] space & "t #8z hav+ p>ts1 & ?us capable ( increase by ! addition ( p>ts1' & :i* !re=e excludes ! v possibility ( a totality or #8full ext5t' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xvi4 sec4 #h1 & xvii4 sec4 #ac74 ,! "q1 !n1 :e!r inf9ity ( expansion & duration 9 ?is1 its only prop]1 s5se c be pr$icat$ ( ! p]fect ,god1 has only to be ask$ 9 ord] to be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,nor d we m5d ! matt] if1 in/ead ( ascrib+ su* inf9ity to ,god1 we sub/itute ano!r phrase ( ,locke's1 & say t ,he #8fills et]nity & imm5sity' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xv4 sec4 #h74 ,put = et]nity & imm5sity _! prop] equival5ts accord+ to ,locke1 viz4 unlimit$ #8addibility' ( times & spaces1 & ! ess5tial unmean+ness ( ! phrase becomes app>5t4 ,c x be appli$ to him #8figuratively' 9 virtue ( ! indef9ite numb] ( ,8 acts8 #aci4 ,9 reg>d to any o!r attributes ( ,god ?an ^? ( 8 duration & expansion1 #a ,locke admits t ! t]m #8inf9ite' is appli$ #8figuratively' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xvii4 sec4 #a74 #8,:5 we call !m 7e4g4 ,8 p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness7 inf9ite1 we h no o!r idea ( ?is inf9ity b :at c>ries ) x "s reflection on1 or intimation (1 t numb] or ext5t ( ! acts or objects ( ,god's wisdom1 c41 :i* c nev] be suppos$ s great or s _m :i* ^! attributes w n always surm\nt1 let u multiply !m 9 our ?\ghts z f> z we c ) all ! inf9ity ( endless numb]4' ,:at det]m9ation1 !n1 accord+ to ?is passage1 ( our conception ( ,god's goodness is repres5t$ by call+ x inf9ite8 ,simply its relation to a numb] ( acts & objects ( :i* ! sum c always be increas$1 & :i*1 j = t reason1 _c repres5t ! p]fect ,god4 ,is x !n1 x may be ask$1 ( m]e p]v]sity t :5 ?9k+ ( ,god "u attributes t are n quantitative1 & !re=e d n c>ry ) !m ! necessity ( incomplet5ess1 we yet g out ( our way by ?is epi!t #8inf9ite' to subject !m to ! conditions ( quantity & its #8progressus ad inf9itum8' #a ,9 ! passages ref]r$ to1 ,locke speaks ( #8duration & ubiquity4' ,! prop] c\nt]p>t1 h[ev]1 ( #8duration' accord+ to him is #8expansion'--?is be+ to space :at duration is to "t4 ,"u ! emb>rassm5t1 h[ev]1 :i* necess>ily att5ds ! ascription ( expansion to ,god1 he tacitly sub/itutes = x #8ubiquity1' a t]m :i* does n mat* #8duration1' & c only mean pres5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( expansion1 pres5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( t :i* does n admit ( a :ole4 ,an act1 f9ite 9 its nature1 rema9s s1 h[ev] (t5 repeat$4 #adj4 ,reta9+ ,locke's po9t ( view1 our answ] ( c\rse mu/ be t our ideas ( ! ,div9e attributes1 be+ prim>ily our own ideas ( reflection1 are ei!r ideas ( ! s+le successive acts t con/itute our inw>d exp]i5ce or =m$ f ^! by ab/raction & comb9ation4 ,9 p>ts our exp]i5ce is giv51 9 p>ts only c we recall x4 ,our complex or ab/ract ideas are symbols :i* only take a mean+ s f> z we resolve !m into ! deta*$ impressions :i* 9 ! sum !y repres5t1 or recall ! objects1 ea* ) its own be=e & aft]1 f :i* !y 7 orig9ally tak54 ,s x is ) ! ideas ( wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness1 :i* f ourselves we transf] to ,god4 ,!y repres5t an exp]i5ce giv5 9 succession & piece-meal--a num]able s]ies ( acts & ev5ts1 :i* l e o!r numb] is already inf9ite 9 ! only s5se ( ! ^w ( :i* ,locke c give a cle> acc\nt1 z susceptible ( indef9ite repetition 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #h47 ,:5 we #8jo9 inf9ity' to ^! ideas1 !n1 unless "s o!r mean+ is giv5 to inf9ity1 we m]ely /ate explicitly :at 0 orig9ally pr$icable ( ! exp]i5ce !y embody4 ,nor w x avail u mu* to %ift ! mean+ ( inf9ite1 z ,locke does :5 he applies x to ! div9e attributes1 f t ( indef9ite #8addibility' to t ( exce$+ any sum :i* indef9ite multiplication c yield u4 ,let u suppose an act ( consci\sness1 f :i* we h tak5 an ab/ract idea ( an attribute--say ( wisdom--to be a million times repeat$2 our idea ( ! attribute w n v>y ) ! repetition4 ,nor if1 hav+ suppos$ a limit to ! repetition1 we !n suppose ! act indef9itely repeat$ beyond ?is limit & accord+ly speak ( ! attribute z inf9ite1 w our idea ( ! attribute v>y at all f :at x 0 to beg9 )4 ,its cont5t w be ! same4 ,!re w be no?+ to be said ( x :i* c\ld n h be5 said ( ! exp]i5ce f :i* x 0 orig9ally ab/ract$1 & ( :i* ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic--t x is "o ( a s]ies ( ev5ts ( :i* no two c be pres5t toge!r--is incompatible ) div9e p]fection4 ,god only inf9ite 9 a s5se 9 :i* "t is n inf9ite1 & :i* ,locke c\ld n recognize 444 #ada4 ,x appe>s !n t x is ! subjection ( our exp]i5ce to ! =m ( "t :i* unfits ! ideas d]iv$ f x = any comb9ation into an idea ( ,god2 nor by be+ #8jo9$ ) an inf9ity1' :i* itself m]ely means ! abs5ce ( limit to succession 9 "t1 is _! unfitness 9 any way modifi$4 ,on ! contr>y1 by su* conjunction f be+ lat5t x becomes pat5t4 ,9 "o important passage ,locke becomes s f> aw>e ( ?is t1 ?\gh cont9u+ to ascribe inf9ite duration to ,god1 he does x "u qualifications inconsi/5t ) ! v notion ( duration4 #8,?\gh we _c conceive any duration )\t succession1 nor put x toge!r 9 our ?\ghts t any be+ does n[ exi/ to-morr[ or possess at once m ?an ! pres5t mom5t ( duration2 yet we c conceive ! et]nal duration ( ! ,almighty f> diff]5t f t ( man1 or any o!r f9ite be+3 because man compreh5ds n 9 8 k or p[] all pa/ & future ?+s 444 :at is once pa/ he c nev] recall1 & :at is yet to come he _c make pres5t4 444 ,god's inf9ite duration be+ accompani$ ) inf9ite k & p[]1 he sees all ?+s pa/ & to come' 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xv4 sec #ab74 ,x is cle> t 9 ?is passage #8inf9ite' *anges its mean+2 t x is us$ 9 "o s5se--! prop] s5se accord+ to ,locke--:5 appli$ to duration1 & 9 "s :olly diff]5t s5se1 n a figurative "o d]iv$ f ! =m]1 :5 appli$ to k & p[]2 & t ! inf9ite duration ( ,god1 z #8accompani$ by inf9ite p[] & k1' is no long] 9 any intelligible s5se duration at all4 ,x is no long] #8! idea we h ( p]i%+ di/ance1' d]iv$ f our fleet+ consci\sness 9 :i* #8:at is once pa/ c nev] be recall$1' b ! attribute ( a consci\sness ( :i*1 if x is to be describ$ 9 t]ms ( "t at all1 9 virtue ( its #8see+ all ?+s pa/ & to come' at once1 x c only be said t x #8does n[ exi/ to-morr[4' ,if x be ask$1 ,:at mean+ c we h 9 speak+ ( su* a consci\sness8 into :at simple ideas c x be resolv$ :5 all our ideas are det]m9$ by a be=e & aft]8--! answ] mu/ be1 ,j z mu* or z little mean+ z we h :51 9 l contradiction to ! successive pres5tation ( ideas1 we speak ( a self1 con/itut$ by consci\sness1 z id5tical ) itself ?r\gh\t ! ye>s ( our life4 444 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! self is inf9ite4 #adb4 ,a m positive answ] x is n our pres5t bus9ess to give4 ,our conc]n is to %[ t #8et]nity & imm5sity1' accord+ to any mean+ t ,locke recognises1 or t ! obs]vation ( our ideas c\ld ju/ify1 d n express any conception t c c>ry u beyond ! p]petual incomplet5ess ( our exp]i5ce2 b t 9 8 doctr9e ( p]sonal id5tity he does admit a conception :i* no obs]vation ( our ideas ( reflection--s9ce ^! are 9 succession & c\ld n be obs]v$ if !y 7 n--c acc\nt =2 & t x is j ?is conception1 ! conception ( a con/ant pres5ce ( consci\sness to itself incompatible ) conditions ( space & "t1 t c alone give su* mean+ to #8et]nal & inf9ite' z c r5d] !m significant epi!ts ( ,god4 ,su* a conception 7we say x ) respect7 ,locke admits :5 x is want$ )\t kn[+ x4 ,x mu/ inde$ always und]lie ! idea ( ,god1 h[ev] ali5 to x may be attempt$ adaptations ( ! o!r #8inf9ite'--! progressus ad indef9itum 9 space & "t--by :i*1 z ) ,locke1 ! idea is expla9$4 ,b x is "o = :i* ! psy*ological me?od ( obs]v+ :at happ5s 9 oneself _c acc\nt1 & :i* !re=e ?is me?od1 j s f> z x is ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 mu/ t5d to disc>d4 ,t :i* happ5s1 :e!r we reckon x an inw>d or an outw>d1 a physical or a psy*ical ev5t--& no?+ b an ev5t c1 prop]ly speak+1 be obs]v$--is z su* 9 "t4 ,b ! pres5ce ( consci\sness to itself1 ?\gh1 z ! true #8punctum /ans1' #a x is ! condition ( ! obs]vation ( ev5ts 9 "t1 is n su* an ev5t itself4 ,9 ! ord9>y & prop] s5se ( #8fact1' x is n a fact at all1 nor yet a possible ab/raction f facts4 ,to ! me?od1 !n1 :i* deals ) phrases ab\t ! m9d by asc]ta9+ ! obs]vable #8m5tal ph5om5a' :i* !y repres5t1 x mu/ rema9 a m]e phrase1 to be expla9$ z ! (fspr+ ( o!r phrases ^: real import has be5 misund]/ood4 ,x c only recov] a significance :5 ?is me?od1 z ) ,hume1 has done its wor/1 & is f\nd to leave ! possibility ( k1 )\t su* #8punctum /ans1' /ill unacc\nt$ =4 #a ,locke1 ,essay ,,ii4 *ap4 xvii4 sec4 #af4 ,h[ d ,i "k my own real exi/5ce8--,locke's answ]4 #adc4 ,we h f9ally to notice ! way 9 :i* ,locke ma9ta9s our k ( ! #8real exi/5ce' ( ?9k+ sub/ance1 bo? z t :i* #8we call our m9d1' & z ,god4 ,( ! =m] fir/4 #8,exp]i5ce conv9ces u t we h an intuitive k ( our own exi/5ce4444 ,if ,i "k ,i feel pa91 x is evid5t ,i h z c]ta9 p]ception ( my own exi/5ce z ( ! pa9 ,i feel4 ,if ,i "k ,i d\bt1 ,i h z c]ta9 p]ception ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ d\bt+ z ( t ?\ght :i* ,i call d\bt' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ix4 sec4 #c74 ,^u ?is ! rem>k mu/ occur t ! exi/5ce ( a pa9ful feel+ is "o ?+2 ! exi/5ce ( a p]man5t subject1 rema9+ ! same ) itself1 :5 ! feel+ is ov]1 & ?r\gh ! succession ( o!r feel+s1 q ano!r4 ,! latt] is :at is meant by my own exi/5ce1 ( :i* und\bt$ly !re is a #8c]ta9 p]ception1' if ! feel+ ( pa9 has become ! #8k t ,i feel pa91' & if by ! #8,i' is und]/ood su* a p]man5t subject4 ,t ! feel+1 z #8simple idea1' is tak5 to beg9 ) by ,locke = ! k t ,i feel some?+1 we h suffici5tly se54 #a ,j z1 9 virtue ( ?is conv]sion1 x gives u #8assurance' ( ! real exi/5ce ( ! out] ?+ or mat]ial sub/ance on ! "o side1 s ( ! ?9k+ sub/ance on ! o!r4 ,x c>ries ) x ! c]ta9ty at once t ,i h a feel+1 & t some?+ makes me feel4 ,b :]eas1 aft] ! conv]sion ( feel+ into a felt ?+ has be5 ?r\gh\t assum$--z inde$ o!rwise feel+ c\ld n be spok5 (--a fur!r "q is rais$1 :i* causes mu* emb>rassm5t1 z to ! real exi/5ce ( su* ?+2 on ! contr>y1 ! ref]5ce ( ! feel+ to ! ?9k+ ?+ is tak5 z c>ry+ ) x ! real exi/5ce ( su* ?+4 ,! "q :e!r x really exi/s or no is only once rais$1 & !n summ>ily settl$ by ! s5t5ce we h quot$1 :ile ! reality :e!r ( exi/5ce or ( ess5ce on ! "p ( ! outw>d ?+1 z we h f\nd to our co/1 is ! ma9 burd5 ( ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,books4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #bf & foll[+1 & #ei & foll[+4 ,x _c be kn[n consi/5tly ) ,locke's doctr9e ( real exi/5ce4 #add4 ,9 pr9ciple1 inde$1 ! answ] to bo? que/ions1 z giv5 by ,locke1 is ! same3 = ! reasons :i* he alleges = be+ assur$ ( ! #8exi/5ce ( a ?+ )\t u correspond+ to ! idea ( s5sation' r$uce !mselves1 z we h se51 to ! reit]ation ( t ref]5ce ( ! idea to a ?+1 :i* accord+ to him is orig9ally involv$ 9 x1 & :i* is b ! correlative ( its ref]5ce to a subject4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is :at he 0 n himself aw>e (4 ,to him ! out] & ! inn] sub/ance 7 sep>ate & indep5d5t ?+s1 = ea* ( :i* ! "q ( real exi/5ce _h to be sep>ately settl$4 ,to u1 accord+ to ! view already indicat$1 x is ! pres5ce ( self-consci\sness1 or ?\ght z an object-to-itself1 to feel+ t conv]ts x into a relation betwe5 feel+ ?+ & felt ?+1 betwe5 #8cogitative & incogitative sub/ance4' ,! s\rce ( sub/antiation ^u ea* side be+ ! same1 ! "q z to ! real exi/5ce ( ei!r sub/ance mu/ be ! same1 & equally s ! answ] to x4 ,x is an answ] t mu/ be prec$$ by a c\nt] "q4--,does real exi/5ce mean exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ?\ght8 ,to suppose su* exi/5ce is to suppose an impossibility--"o :i* is n ! less s ?\gh ! exi/5ce be suppos$ mat]ial1 if #8mat]ial' means 9 #8space' & space itself is a relation con/itut$ by ! m9d1 #8br++ ?+s to & sett+ !m by "o ano!r4' ,yet is ! supposition itself b a mode ( ! logical sub/antiation we h expla9$1 foll[$ by an imag9>y ab/raction ( ! "w ( ! m9d f ?is1 its own creation4 ,does real exi/5ce mean a possible feel+8 ,if s1 x is z cle> t :at conv]ts feel+ into a relation betwe5 felt ?+ & feel+ subject _c 9 ?is s5se be real1 z x is t )\t su* conv]sion no di/9ction betwe5 real & fanta/ic w\ld be possible4 ,does x1 f9ally1 mean individuality1 9 su* a s5se t unless ,i c say ?is or t is sub/ance1 ?9k+ or mat]ial1 sub/ance does n really exi/8 ,if x does1 ! answ] is t sub/ance1 be+ con/itut$ by a relation by :i* self-consci\s ?\ght is = ev] det]m9+ feel+s1 & :i* e pr$ication repres5ts1 _c be id5tifi$ ) any #8?is or t1' ?\gh )\t x !re c\ld be no #8?is or t' at all4 ,b he ignores ?is 9 treat+ ( ! self4 #ade4 ,we h already f\nd t ,locke accepts ea* ( ! above z det]m9ations ( real exi/5ce1 & t1 ?\gh 9 spite ( !m he lab\rs to ma9ta9 ! real exi/5ce ( outw>d ?+s1 he is s f> fai?ful to !m z to decl>e real ess5ce unkn[able4 ,9 answ]+ ! "q z to #88 own exi/5ce' he :olly ignores !m4 ,he does n ask h[ ! real exi/5ce ( ! ?9k+ ,ego sorts ) 8 ord9>y doctr9e t ! real is :at w\ld be 9 ! _w :e!r !re 7 a m9d or no2 or its real id5tity1 pres5t ?r\gh\t ! p>ticul>s ( exp]i5ce1 ) 8 ord9>y doctr9e ( ! fictiti\sness ( #8g5]als4' ,a real exi/5ce ( ! m9d1 h[ev]1 f\nd$ on ! logical necessity ( sub/antiation1 re/s on a %ift+ basis1 s long z by ! m9d is und]/ood a ?9k+ ?+1 diff]5t 9 ea* man1 to :i* 8 inn] exp]i5ce is ref]r$ z accid5ts to a sub/ance4 ,! same law ( ?\ght :i* compels su* ref]5ce requires t ! ?9k+ ?+ 9 its turn1 z t :i* is born gr[s & dies1 be ref]r$ z an accid5t to "s ult]ior sub/ance4 #8,a fev] or fall may take away my reason or memory1 or bo?2 & an apoplexy leave nei!r s5se nor und]/&+1 no1 nor life4' #a ,j z ea* out] ?+ turns out to be a #8reta9] to some?+ else1' s is x ) ! inn] ?+4 ,su* a dep5d5t be+ _c be an ultimate sub/ance2 nor c any natural ag5ts to :i* we may trace its dep5d5ce really be s ei!r4 ,! logical necessity ( fur!r sub/antiation w\ld affect !m equally1 appe>+ 9 ! supposition ( an unkn[n some?+ beyond1 :i* makes !m :at !y are4 ,x is "u su* logical necessity t ,locke1 9 reg>d to all ! sub/ances :i* he commonly speaks ( z ultimate--,god1 _s1 body--f "t to "t gives w>n+ ( some?+ /ill ult]ior & unkn[able1 :e!r "u ! designation ( sub/ance or real ess5ce 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxiii4 secs4 #cj & #cf74 ,if1 !n1 x w be said1 sub/ance is b ! con/antly-%ift+ result ( a necessity ( ?\ght--s %ift+ t !re is no?+ ( :i* we c f9ally say1 #8,?is is sub/ance1 n accid5t'--!re c be no evid5ce ( ! #8real exi/5ce' ( a p]man5t ,ego 9 ! necess>y sub/antiation !re9 ( my inn] exp]i5ce4 #a ,locke1 ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 sec4 #d4 ,s5se 9 :i* ! self is truly real4 #adf4 ,! fir/ result ( su* a consid]ation 9 a read] ( ,locke w naturally be an attempt to treat ! inn] syn!sis z a fiction ( ?\ght or figure ( spee*1 & to conf9e real exi/5ce to s+le feel+s 9 ! mom5ts ( _! occurr5ce4 ,?is1 x w seem1 is to be fai?ful to ,locke's own cle>] m9d1 z x frequ5tly em]ges f ! /ill-return+ cl\d ( s*ola/icism4 ,! f9al result w r be ! discov]y t ! s+le feel+ is no?+ real1 b t ! syn!sis ( appe>ances1 :i* alone = u con/itutes reality1 is nev] f9al or complete3 t ?us absolute reality1 l ultimate sub/ance1 is nev] to be f\nd by u--9 a ?9k+ z little z 9 a mat]ial ?+--belong+ z x does only to t div9e self-consci\sness1 ( :i* ! pres5ce 9 u is ! s\rce & bond ( ! ev]-gr[+ syn!sis call$ k1 b :i*1 because x is ! s\rce ( t syn!sis & n "o ( its p>tial results1 is nei!r real nor kn[able 9 ! same s5se z is any o!r object4 ,x is ?is pres5ce :i* alone gives mean+ to #8pro(s ( ! be+ ( ,god2' to ,locke's among ! re/4 ,= x is 9 a s5se true1 z he held1 t #8my own real exi/5ce' is evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 s9ce ! self1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* x is absolutely real or an ultimate subject1 is already ,god4 #a #a ,see bel[1 p>agraph #aeb4 ,locke's pro( ( ! real exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,!re mu/ h be5 some?+ f et]nity to cause :at n[ is4 #adg4 ,our k ( ,god's exi/5ce1 accord+ to him1 is #8demon/rative1' bas$ on ! #8intuitive' k ( our own4 ,/rictly tak51 accord+ to 8 def9itions1 ?is mu/ mean t ! agreem5t ( ! idea ( ,god ) exi/5ce is p]ceiv$ m$iately ?r\gh ! agreem5t ( ! idea ( self ) exi/5ce1 :i* is p]ceiv$ imm$iately2 t ?us ! idea ( ,god & ! idea ( self #8agree'4 #a ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 fur!r dwell ei!r on ! contradiction impli$ 9 ! k ( real exi/5ce1 if k is a p]ception ( agreem5t betwe5 ideas & if real exi/5ce is ! anti!sis ( ideas2 or on ! emb>rassm5ts :i* foll[ :5 a def9ition ( reason+1 only really applicable to ! comp>ison ( quantities1 is ext5d$ to o!r regions ( k4 ,locke virtually ignores 8 def9itions 9 ! passage be=e u4 #8,if we "k !re is "s real be+' 7z we d "k 9 ! k ( our own exi/5ce7 #8& t non-entity _c produce any real be+1 x is an evid5t demon/ration t f et]nity !re has be5 some?+2 s9ce :at 0 n f et]nity _h a beg9n+1 & :at _h a beg9n+ mu/ be produc$ by some?+ else' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 x4 sec4 #c74 ,next z to ! qualities ( ?is some?+ else4 #8,:at _h its be+ & beg9n+ f ano!r mu/ also h all t :i* is 91 & belongs to1 its be+ f ano!r too' 7,ibid1 sec4 #d474 ,f ?is is d$uc$ ! supreme p[] & p]fect k ( ! et]nal be+ ^u ! pr9ciple t :atev] is 9 ! effect mu/ also be 9 ! cause--a pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 :i* has to be subject$ to awkw>d limitations 9 ord] t1 :ile prov+ en\gh1 x may n prove too mu*1 x might seem t1 accord+ to x1 s9ce ! real be+1 f :i* z effect ! et]nal be+ z cause is demon/rat$1 is #8bo? mat]ial & cogitative' or #8made up ( body & _s1' matt] z well z ?\ght mu/ belong to ! et]nal be+ too4 ,t ?\ght mu/ belong to him1 ,locke is q cle>4 ,x is z impossible1 he holds1 t ?\ght %\ld be d]iv$ f matt]1 or f matt] & motion toge!r1 z t some?+ %\ld be d]iv$ f no?+4 #8,if we w suppose no?+ fir/ or et]nal1 matt] c nev] beg9 to be3 if we suppose b>e matt] )\t motion et]nal1 motion c nev] beg9 to be3 if we suppose only matt] & motion fir/ or et]nal1 ?\ght c nev] beg9 to be' 7,book ,,iv4 *ap4 x4 sec4 #aj74 ,! objection :i* is sure to occur1 t x mu/ be equally impossible = matt] to be d]iv$ f ?\ght1 he c sc>cely be said to face4 ,he takes refuge 9 ! supreme p[] ( ! et]nal be+1 z t :i* is able to create matt] out ( no?+4 ,he does n anticipate ! rejo9d] to :i* he ?us lays himself op51 t ?is p[] 9 ! et]nal be+ to produce "o effect n homog5e\s ) itself1 viz4 matt]1 may ext5d to ano!r effect1 viz4 ?\ght1 & t ?us ! argum5t f ?\ght 9 ! effect to ?\ght 9 ! cause becomes invalid1 & no?+ b bl9d p[]1 we "k n :at1 rema9s z ! attribute ( ! et]nal be+4 ,nor does he rememb]1 :5 he meets ! objection drawn f ! inconceivability ( matt] be+ made out ( no?+ by say+ t :at is inconceivable is n !re=e impossible 7ibid4 sec4 #ai71 t x is simply ! inconceivability ( a sequ5ce ( some?+ ^u no?+ t has giv5 him 8 #8evid5t demon/ration' ( an et]nal be+4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #be & #bd4 ,h[ #8et]nity' mu/ be und]/ood if ?is argum5t is to be valid3 #adh4 ,! value ( ! fir/ /ep 9 ,locke's argum5t--! inf]5ce1 namely1 f !re be+ some?+ n[ to !re hav+ be5 some?+ f et]nity--mu/ be diff]5tly e/imat$ accord+ to ! mean+ atta*$ to #8some?+' & #8f et]nity4' ,if ! exi/5ce ( some?+ means ! occurr5ce ( an ev5t1 ( ?is und\bt$ly x c always be said t x foll[s ano!r ev5t1 nor to ?is sequ5ce c any limit be suppos$1 = a fir/ ev5t w\ld n be an ev5t at all4 ,x w\ld be a cont+5cy cont+5t ^u no?+4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! argum5t f a some?+ n[ to a some?+ f et]nity is m]ely a /atem5t ( ! inf9ity ( "t accord+ to t notion ( inf9ity1 z a #8progressus ad indef9itum1' :i* we h already se5 to be ,locke's4 #a ,x is ! exact rev]se ( an argum5t to a creation or a fir/ cause4 ,if we try to *ange its "* by a supplem5t>y consid]ation t inf9ity 9 ! s]ies ( ev5ts is inconceivable1 ! rejo9d] w be t a fir/ ev5t is n = t reason any less ( a contradiction1 & t ! inf9ity :i* ,locke speaks ( only pr(esses to be a negative idea1 repres5t+ ! impossibility ( conceiv+ a fir/ ev5t 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xvii4 sec4 #ac1 c474 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 :5 ,locke speaks ( #8some?+ f et]nity' he does n mean--:at w\ld cle>ly be no ,god at all--a s]ies ( ev5ts to :i*1 because ( ev5ts1 & !re=e 9 "t1 no limit c be suppos$2 b a be+ :i* is nei!r ev5t nor s]ies ( ev5ts1 to :i* !re is no be=e or aft]4 ,! inf]5ce to su* a be+ is n ( a k9d ) ! transition f "o ev5t to ano!r habitually associat$ ) x2 & if ?is be ! true acc\nt ( reason+ f effect to cause1 no su* reason+ c yield ! result :i* ,locke requires4 ,z we h se51 h[ev]1 ?is is n 8 acc\nt ( x1 #b h[ev] legitimately x may foll[ f 8 g5]al doctr9e4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ach4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #fh4 444 & h[ #8cause'4 #adi4 ,! inf]5ce ( cause ) him is ! inf]5ce f a *ange to some?+ hav+ p[] to produce x4 #a ,! value ( ?is def9ition lies n 9 ! notion ( effici5t p[]1 b 9 t ( an ord] ( nature1 :i* x involves4 ,if in/ead ( #8some?+ hav+ p[] to produce x' we read #8some?+ t acc\nts = ! *ange1' x expresses ! inf]5ce on :i* all sci5ce re/s1 b :i* is z f> z possible f be+ m]ely a transition f "o ev5t to ano!r t usually prec$es x4 ,an ev5t1 int]pret$ z a *ange ( some?+ t rema9s con/ant1 is no long] a m]e ev5t4 ,x is no long] m]ely 9 "t1 a pres5t :i* next mom5t becomes a pa/4 ,x takes its "* f relation to ! ?+ or sy/em ( ?+s ( :i* x is an alt]$ appe>ance1 b :i* 9 itself is always ! same4 ,only 9 virtue ( su* a relation does x require to be acc\nt$ =1 to be ref]r$ to a #8cause' :i* is 9 tru? ! conception t holds toge!r or reconciles ! endless flux ( ev5ts ) et]nal unity4 ,! cause ( a #8ph5om5on1' ev5 accord+ to ! au?oritative expon5t ( ! ,logic :i* believes itself to foll[ ,hume1 is ! #8sum total ( its conditions4' ,9 its fulness1 t is1 x is simply t sy/em ( ?+s1 conceiv$ explicitly1 ( :i* !re mu/ already h be5 an implicit conception 9 ord] t ! ev5t might be reg>d$ z a *ange & ?us />t ! se>* = a cause4 ,an ev5t 9 "t1 ap>t f ref]5ce to some?+ n 9 "t1 c\ld sugge/ no enquiry into ! sum ( its conditions4 ,^u occurr5ce ( a c]ta9 feel+ !re might inde$ be spontane\s recollection ( a feel+ usually prec$5t1 spontane\s expectation ( ano!r usually sequ5t4 ,b su* association ( feel+s c nev] expla9 t conception ( cause 9 virtue ( :i*1 :5 acc\nt+ = a ph5om5on1 we set aside ! ev5t :i* 9 our actual exp]i5ce has usually prec$$ x1 = "o :i* we only f9d to prec$e x 9 ! s+le case ( a crucial exp]im5t4 ,t we d s %[s t x is n because ( antec$5ce 9 "t1 h[ev] app>5tly uni=m1 t an educat$ man reckons a c]ta9 ev5t to be ! cause ( ano!r1 b t1 because ( its sole suffici5cy "u ! sum ( kn[n conditions to acc\nt = ! giv5 ev5t1 he decides x to be its uni=m antec$5t1 h[ev] mu* ord9>y appe>ances may tell to ! contr>y4 ,?us1 ?\gh he may /ill /rangely def9e cause z a uni=mly antec$5t ev5t 79 spite ( its be+ a def9ition t w\ld prev5t him f speak+ ( gravity z ! cause ( ! fall ( a /one71 x is cle> t by su* ev5t he means "o det]m9$ by a complex ( conditions 9 an un*ang+ univ]se4 ,^! conditions1 aga91 he may speak ( z cont+5cies1 i4e4 z ev5ts cont+5t ^u o!r ev5ts 9 endless s]ies1 b he mu/ add #8cont+5t 9 accordance ) ! uni=mity ( nature'--9 o!r words1 he mu/ det]m9e ! cont+5cies by relation to :at is n cont+5t2 he mu/ suppose nature un*ang+1 ?\gh our exp]i5ce ( x ?r\gh s5sation be a #8progressus ad indef9itum'--if he is to all[ a possibility ( k at all4 ,9 %ort1 if ev5ts 7 m]ely ev5ts1 feel+s t happ5 to me n[ & next mom5t are ov]1 no #8law ( causation' & !re=e no k w\ld be possible4 ,if ! k f\nd$ on ?is law actually exi/s1 !n ! #8argum5tum a cont+5ti mundi' rightly und]/ood--! #8inf]5ce' f nature to a be+ nei!r 9 "t nor cont+5t b self-dep5d5t & et]nal1 t con/ant reality ( :i* ev5ts are ! *ang+ appe>ances--is valid because ! conception ( nature1 ( a _w to be kn[n1 already implies su* a be+4 ,to ! rejo9d] t implication 9 ! conception ( nature does n prove real exi/5ce1 ! answ] mu/ be ! "q4 ,:at mean+ has real exi/5ce1 ! anti!sis ( illusion1 except su* z is equival5t to ?is conception8 #a cf4 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxvi4 sec4 #a1 & *ap4 xxi4 sec4 #a4 ,! _w :i* is to prove an et]nal ,god mu/ be itself et]nal4 #aej4 ,! value1 !n1 ( ,locke's demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 z an argum5t f !re be+ some?+ n[ to an et]nal be+ f :i* ! real exi/5ce t we "k #8has all :i* is 9 & belongs to x1' dep5ds on our conv]t+ x into ! #8argum5tum a cont+5ti mundi1' /at$ z above4 ,9 o!r words1 x dep5ds on our int]pret+ x 9 a mann] :i* may be w>rant$ by 8 r\gh acc\nt ( causation1 & by "o ( ! incompatible views ( ! real t we h f\nd 9 him1 #a b :i* is inconsi/5t ) 8 opposition ( reality to ! "w ( ! m9d1 & 8 r$uction ( x to #8p>ticul> exi/5ce1' z well z ) 8 ord9>y view t #8inf9ite' & #8et]nal' c repres5t only a #8progressus ad indef9itum4' ,if by #8real exi/5ce correspond+ to an idea' is meant its pres5tation 9 a p>ticul> #8"h & n[1' an attempt to f9d a real exi/5ce ( ,god c br+ u to no?+ b su* a contradiction 9 t]ms z a fir/ ev5t4 ,to prove x f ! real exi/5ce ( ! self is to prove "o impossibility f ano!r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 real exi/5ce implies ! det]m9ation ( our ideas by an ord] ( nature--if x means ideas #89 ord9e ad univ]sum' 7to use a ,baconian phrase71 9 di/9ction f #89 ord9e ad nos'--!n ! argum5t f a pres5t to an et]nal real exi/5ce is valid1 b simply 9 ! s5se t ! pres5t is already real1 & #8has all t is 9 & belongs to x1' only 9 virtue ( ! relation to ! et]nal4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #di & #ia4 ,b w ! ,god1 ^: exi/5ce is s prov51 be a ?9k+ be+8 #aea4 ,?is1 x may be said1 is to v9dicate ,locke's #8pro(' only by mak+ x ,pan!i/ic4 ,x gives u an et]nity ( nature1 b n ,god4 ,our pres5t conc]n1 h[ev]1 is n ) ! di/9ction betwe5 ,pan!ism & true ,!ism1 b ) ! exposition ( ,locke's doctr9e accord+ to ! only developm5t by :i* x c be made to %[ ! real exi/5ce ( an et]nal be+ at all4 ,x is only by mak+ ! mo/ ( c]ta9 ,c>tesian elem5ts t appe> 9 8 doctr9e1 irreconcileable ) its g5]al purport1 t we c f9d fair room 9 x = su* a be+1 ev5 z ! sy/em ( nature4 ,any attempt to exhibit 79 ,hegelian phrase7 #8,_s z ! tru? ( nature1' w\ld be to g :olly beyond our record2 yet )\t ?is ! #8ens realissimum' _c be ! ,god ^: exi/5ce ,locke believes himself to prove--a ?9k+ be+ f :om matt] & motion are d]iv$1 b 9 :om !y are n4 ,x is true t1 accord+ to ! context1 x is ! real exi/5ce ( ! self f :i* t ( ! et]nal be+ is prov$4 ,?is is because1 9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 :]e ! #8pro(' occurs1 foll[+ ! new tra9 ( enquiry />t$ by ! def9ition ( k1 ,locke has = ! "t left 9 abeyance 8 fundam5tal doctr9e t all simple ideas are types ( reality1 & is writ+ z if #8my own real exi/5ce' 7 ! only "o kn[n ) intuitive c]ta9ty4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 makes no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! effect ( 8 argum5t4 ,! giv5 exi/5ce1 f :i* ! div9e is prov$1 is treat$ expressly z bo? #8mat]ial & cogitative3' nor1 s9ce accord+ to ,locke ! _w is bo? & man is bo?1 & ev5 ! #8?9k+ ?+' takes its cont5t f impressions made by matt]1 c\ld x be o!rwise4 ,to h tak5 ?\ght by itself z ! basis ( ! pro( w\ld h be5 to leave ! o!r "p ( ! _w1 z he conceiv$ x1 to be ref]r$ to ano!r ,god4 ,! difficulty !n arises1 ei!r t !re is no inf]5ce possible f ! nature ( ! effect to ! nature ( ! et]nal be+1 its cause2 9 :i* case no attribute :atev] c be ass]t$ ( ! latt]3 or t to x too1 l ! effect1 matt] z well z ?\ght mu/ belong4 ,yes1 accord+ to ! true notion ( ! relation betwe5 ?\ght & matt]4 #aeb4 ,z we h se51 nei!r ( ^! alt]native views is really met by ,locke4 ,to ! =m] we may reply t ! relation betwe5 two ev5ts1 ( :i* nei!r has any?+ 9 common ) ! o!r1 b :i* we improp]ly speak ( z effect & cause 7e4g4 dea? & a sun/roke71 has no lik5ess to t :i* we h expla9$ betwe5 ! _w 9 its cont+5cy & ! _w z an et]nal sy/em--a relation accord+ to :i* ! cause is ! effect 9 unity4 ,:atev] is "p ( ! reality ( ! _w mu/ belong1 x w\ld seem1 to ! #8ens realissimum1' its cause4 ,we are ?us ?r[n back on ! o!r horn ( ! dilemma4 ,is n matt] "p ( ! reality ( ! _w8 ,?is is a "q to :i* ! me?od ( obs]v+ ! individual consci\sness c give none b a delusive answ]4 ,a true answ] _c be giv5 till = ?is me?od has be5 sub/itut$ ! enquiry1 ,h[ k is possible1 & x has be5 f\nd t x is only possible z ! progressive actualisation 9 u ( a self-consci\sness 9 itself complete1 & :i* 9 its complet5ess includes ! _w z its object4 ,f ! po9t ( view ?us atta9$ ! "q z to matt] w be1 ,h[ is x relat$ to ?is self-consci\sness8--a "q to :i* ! answ] mu/ v>y accord+ to :at is und]/ood by #8matt]4' ,if x means ! ab/ract opposite ( ?\ght--t :i* is suppos$ void ( all det]m9ation t comes ( ?9k+--we mu/ pron\nce x simply a delusion1 ! creation ( self-consci\sness 9 "o /age ( its communication to u4 ,if x means ! _w z 9 space & "t1 ?is we may all[ to be real en\gh z a /age 9 ! process by :i* self-consci\sness con/itutes reality4 ,?us und]/ood1 we may speak ( x r\ghly z "p ( ! #8ens realissimum' :i* ! complete self-consci\sness1 or ,god1 includes z its object1 )\t any limitation ( ! div9e p]fectness4 ,! limitation only seems to arise s f> z we1 be+ ourselves 7z our k & morality te/ify71 ?\gh =mally self-consci\s1 yet p>ts ( ?is p>tial _w1 int]pret x amiss & ascribe to x a reality1 9 ab/raction f ! self-consci\s subject1 :i* x only d]ives f relation to x4 ,?us :ile on ! "o h& x is ! pres5ce 9 u ( ,god1 z ! self-consci\s s\rce ( reality1 t at once gives u ! idea ( ,god & ( an et]nal self1 & r5d]s sup]flu\s ! fur!r "q z to _! real exi/5ce2 on ! o!r h& x is because1 = all ?is pres5ce1 we are b em]g+ f nature1 ( :i* z animals we are p>ts1 t to u !re mu/ seem an incompatibility ( exi/5ce betwe5 ,god & matt]1 betwe5 ! self & ! flux ( ev5ts :i* makes our life4 ,?is necess>y illusion is our bondage1 b :5 ! s\rce ( illusion is kn[n1 ! bondage is already be+ brok54 ,locke's ant9omies--,hume takes "o side ( !m z true4 #aec4 ,we h n[ suffici5tly explor$ ! sy/em :i* x 0 ,hume's mission to try to make consi/5t ) itself4 ,we h f\nd t x is gov]n$ ?r\gh\t by ! anti!sis betwe5 :at is giv5 to consci\sness--t 9 reg>d to :i* ! m9d is passive--z ! suppos$ real on ! "o side1 & :at is #8inv5t$1' #8creat$1' #8sup]9duc$' by ! m9d on ! o!r3 :ile yet ?is #8real' 9 all its =ms1 z describ$ by ,locke1 has turn$ out to be con/itut$ by su* ideas z1 accord+ to him1 are n giv5 b inv5t$4 ,/ripp$ ( ^! sup]9ductions1 no?+ has be5 f\nd to rema9 ( x b t ( :i* no?+ c be said--a *aos ( unrelat$1 & !re=e unmean+1 individua4 ,turn+ to ! !ory ( ! m9d itself1 ! s\rce ( ! sup]9duction1 we h f\nd ?is to be a r$uplication ( ! prolong$ inconsi/5cy :i* =ms ! !ory ( ! #8real4' ,x impresses itself ) t :i*1 accord+ to ! o!r !ory1 is ! impress ( matt]1 & x really exi/s z t :i* x itself inv5ts4 ,! value ( ,hume's philosophy lies 9 its be+ an attempt to c>ry out ! anti!sis m rigor\sly--to cle> ! real1 :e!r "u ! designation ( m9d or ( its object1 ( all t c\ld n be reckon$ z giv5 9 feel+s :i* occur to u #8:e!r we w or no4' ,! consequ5ce is a spl5did failure1 a failure :i* x might h be5 hop$ w\ld h be5 tak5 z a suffici5t pro( t a !ory1 :i* />ts f t anti!sis1 _c ev5 be /at$ )\t implicitly contradict+ itself4 ,hume's scepticism fatal to 8 own premises4 ,?is d]iv$ f ,b]keley4 #aed4 ,su* a doctr9e--a doctr9e f\nd$ on ! te/imony ( ! s5ses1 :i* ends by %[+ t ! s5ses te/ify to no?+--_c be criticis$ /ep by /ep accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* its au?or puts x1 = its *>act]i/ic is t1 9 ord] to /ate itself1 x has to take = grant$ popul> notions :i* x aft]w>ds %[s to be unmean+4 ,its p[] ov] ord9>y ?9k]s lies j 9 ?is1 t x arrives at its de/ructive result by means ( propositions :i* e "o believes1 b to ! validity ( :i* its result is really fatal4 ,an acc\nt ( our primitive consci\sness1 :i* d]ives its plausibility f avail+ itself ( ! conceptions ( cause & sub/ance1 is ! basis ( ! argum5t :i* r$uces ^! conceptions to words misund]/ood4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be treat$ by itself1 z x /&s 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,treatise on ! ,und]/&+1 b mu/ be tak5 9 connection ) ,"p ,,iv41 especially ) ! section on #8,scepticism ) reg>d to ! ,s5ses2' n ^u ! plan ( discr$it+ a pr9ciple by ref]5ce to ! #8dang]\s' nature ( its consequ5ces1 b because ! f9al doctr9e br+s out ! inconsi/5cies lurk+ 9 t assum$ to beg9 )4 ,on ?is side ( 8 scepticism ,hume ma9ly foll[$ ! or?odox ,b]keley1 ( ^: criticism ( ,locke1 made ) a v diff]5t purpose1 "s acc\nt mu/ fir/ be giv54 ,! connection betwe5 ! two au?ors is in/ructive 9 _m ways2 n lea/ z %[+ t :5 ! mo/ pi\s !ological purpose expresses itself 9 a doctr9e re/+ on an inadequate philosophical pr9ciple1 x is ! pr9ciple & n ! purpose t w regulate ! p]man5t effect ( ! doctr9e4 ,b]keley's religi\s int]e/ 9 mak+ ,locke consi/5t4 #aee4 ,b]keley's treatises1 we mu/ rememb]1 ?\gh pr(ess$ly philosophical1 really =m a !ological polemic4 ,he wrote z ! *ampion ( or?odox ,*ri/ianity aga9/ #8ma!matical a!ism1' &1 l o!rs ( 8 ord]1 cont5t ) ! demolition ( ! rival /ronghold1 did n /ay to enquire :e!r 8 own untemp]$ mort> c\ld really hold toge!r ! fabric ( k & rational religion :i* he s\ght to ma9ta94 ,he f\nd practical ungodl9ess & immorality excus+ !mselves by a !ory ( #8mat]ialism'--a !ory :i* made ! :ole consci\s exp]i5ce ( man dep5d5t ^u #8unp]ceiv+ matt]4' ,?is1 :atev] x might be1 0 n an object :i* man c\ld love or rev]5ce1 or to :i* he c\ld ?9k ( himself z acc\ntable4 ,b]keley1 full ( dev\t zeal = ,god & man1 & n )\t a t9cture ( cl]ical p>ty-_s 7z appe>s 9 8 heat aga9/ ,%aftesbury1 :om he ought to h reg>d$ z a philosophical yoke-fell[71 felt t x mu/ be got rid (4 ,he saw1 or ?\ght he saw1 t ! #8new way ( ideas' _h only to be made consi/5t ) itself1 & ! oppressive %ad[ mu/ vani%4 ,ideas1 accord+ to t new way 7or1 to speak less ambigu\sly1 feel+s7 make up our exp]i5ce1 & !y are n matt]4 ,let u get rid1 !n1 ( ! self-contradictory assumption t !y are ei!r copies ( matt]--copies ( t1 ( :i* x is ! sole & simple diff]5tia t x is n an idea1 or its effects--effects ( t :i* c only be describ$ z ! unkn[n opposite ( ! only effici5t p[] ) :i* we are acqua9t$--& :at becomes ( ! philosoph]'s bl9d & dead sub/itute = ! liv+ & kn[+ ,god8 ,x 0 "o ?+1 h[ev]1 to %[ ! contradictions involv$ 9 ,locke's doctr9e ( matt]1 ano!r effectively to replace x4 ,to ! latt] end ,b]keley _c be said to h made any p]man5t contribution4 ,t explicit r$uction ( ideas to feel+s #8p>ticul> 9 "t1' :i* 0 8 great weapon ( de/ruction1 0 incompatible ) 8 do+ s4 ,he adds no?+ to ! philosophy1 :i* he makes consi/5t ) itself1 :ile by mak+ x consi/5t he empties x ( ?ree p>ts ( its sugge/iv5ess4 ,8 doctr9e1 9 %ort1 is m]ely ,locke purg$1 & ,locke purg$ is no ,locke4 ,:at is meant by relation ( m9d & matt]8 #aef4 ,! "q :i* he ma9ly dealt ) may be /at$ 9 g5]al t]ms z t ( ! relation betwe5 ! m9d & ! ext]nal _w4 ,"u ?is g5]al /atem5t1 h[ev]1 are cov]$ sev]al di/9ct que/ions1 ! confusion betwe5 :i* has be5 a great sn>e = philosoph]s--que/ions z to ! relations 7a7 betwe5 a s5sitive & non-s5sitive body1 7b7 betwe5 ?\ght & its object1 7c7 betwe5 ?\ght & some?+ only qualifi$ z ! negation ( ?\ght4 ,! la/ "q1 x w be obs]v$1 is :at ! second becomes ^u a c]ta9 notion be+ =m$ ( :at ! object ( ?\ght mu/ be4 ,^u ?is notion be+ disc>d$ a fur!r "q 7d71 also cov]$ by ! above g5]al /atem5t1 mu/ /ill rema9 z to ! relation betwe5 ?\ght1 z 9 ea* man1 & ! _w :i* he does n make1 b :i*1 9 "s sort1 makes him :at he is4 ,9 :at foll[s1 ^! que/ions1 = ! sake ( brevity1 w be ref]r$ to symbolically4 ,confusions involv$ 9 ,locke's mat]ialism4 #aeg4 ,locke's doctr9e ( matt]1 z we h se51 involves a confusion betwe5 7a7 & 7b74 ,! feel+ ( t\* 9 virtue ( an intellectual int]pretation--intellectual because imply+ ! action ( ! m9d z 7accord+ to ,locke7 ! s\rce ( ideas ( relation--becomes ! idea ( solidity1 i4e4 ! idea ( a relation betwe5 bodies 9 ! way ( impulse & resi/ance4 ,b ! function ( ! intellect 9 con/itut+ ! relation is ignor$4 ,"u cov] ( ! ambigu\s #8idea1' :i* /&s alike = a n]v\s irritation & ! intellectual int]pretation !re(1 ! feel+ ( t\* & conception ( solidity are treat$ z "o & ! same4 ,?us ! true conceiv$ outw>dness ( body to body--an outw>dness :i* ?\ght1 z ! s\rce ( relations1 c alone con/itute--becomes fir/ an imag9>y felt outw>dness ( body to ! organs ( t\*1 & !n1 by a fur!r fallacy--^! organs be+ confus$ ) ! m9d--an outw>dness ( body to m9d1 :i* we ne$ only kick a /one to be sure (4 ,mean:ile ! consid]ation ( "q 7d7 necessitates ! belief t ! real _w does n come & g ) ea* man's fleet+ consci\sness1 & no di/9ction be+ recognis$ betwe5 consci\sness z fleet+ & consci\sness z p]man5t1 or betwe5 feel+ & ?\ght1 ! real _w comes to be reg>d$ z ! absolute opposite ( ?\ght & its "w4 ,?is opposition comb9es ) ! suppos$ ext]nality ( body to m9d to give ! notion t body is ! real4 ,! qualities :i* #8! m9d f9ds insep>able f body' ?us become qualities :i* w\ld exi/ all ! same #8:e!r !re 7 a p]ceiv+ m9d or no1' & are prim>ily real2 :ile su* z consi/ 9 our feel+s1 ?\gh real 9 s f> z1 #8n be+ ( our own mak+1 !y imply ! action ( ?+s )\t u1' are yet only second>ily s because ?is action is relative to some?+ :i* is n body4 ,!n1 f9ally1 by a r5ew$ confusion ( ! relation betwe5 ?\ght & its object ) t betwe5 body & body1 qualities1 :i* are cr$it$ ) a prim>y reality z indep5d5t ( & anti!tical to ! m9d1 are br\ght )9 x aga9 z ideas4 ,!y are suppos$ to copy !mselves ^u x by impact & impression2 & t n 9 t\* m]ely1 b 7visual feel+s be+ int]pret$ by help ( ! same conception7 9 sight also4 ,two ways ( deal+ ) x4 ,b]keley *ooses ! mo/ obvi\s4 #aeh4 ,su* #8mat]ialism' invites two diff]5t me?ods ( attack4 ,on ! "o h& its recognis$ pr9ciple1 t all intellectual #8sup]9duction' ^u simple feel+ is a dep>ture f ! real1 may be insi/$ on1 & x may be %[n t x is only by su* sup]9duction t simple feel+ becomes a feel+ ( body4 ,matt]1 !n1 ) all its qualities1 is a fiction except s f> z ^! c be r$uc$ to simple feel+s4 ,su* 9 sub/ance 0 ,b]keley's %ort me?od ) ! mat]iali/s4 ,9 8 e>ly life x seem$ to him suffici5t = ! purposes ( or?odox #8spiritualism1' because1 hav+ pos$ ! mat]iali/1 he took ! moral & spiritual attributes ( ,god z #8reveal$1' )\t enquir+ into ! possibility ( su* revelation to a m]ely s5sitive consci\sness4 ,z he advanc$1 o!r que/ions1 fatal to ! con/ructive value ( 8 orig9al me?od1 began to =ce !mselves ^u him4 ,grant+ t intellectual sup]9duction fiction1 h[ is ! fiction possible to a m9d :i* _c orig9ate8 ,exclude f reality all t su* fiction con/itutes1 & :at rema9s to be real8 ,^! que/ions1 h[ev]1 ?\gh _! effect on 8 m9d appe>s 9 ! lat] sections ( 8 #8,siris1' he nev] sy/ematically pursu$4 ,he ?us miss$ ! true me?od ( attack on mat]ialism--! only "o t does n build aga9 t :i* x de/roys--! me?od :i* all[s t matt] is real b only s 9 virtue ( t intellectual sup]9duction ^u feel+ )\t :i* !re c\ld be = u no reality at all3 t ?us x is inde$ oppos$ to ?\ght1 b only by a position :i* is ?\ght's own act4 ,= ! developm5t ( su* views ,b]keley _h n pati5ce 9 8 y\? nor leisure 9 8 middle life4 ,:atev] he may h sugge/$1 all t he logically a*iev$ 0 an exposure ( ! equivocation betwe5 feel+ & felt body2 & ( ?is ! next result1 z appe>s 9 ,hume1 0 a doctr9e :i* inde$ deliv]s m9d f dep5d5ce on matt]1 b only by r$uc+ x 9 effect to a succession ( feel+s :i* _c "k !mselves4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 visible & tangible ext5sion4 ,we d n see bodies )\t ! m9d 444 #aei4 ,x 0 ^u ! ext5sion ( ! metaphor ( impression to sight z well z t\*1 & ! consequ5t notion t body1 ) its insep>able qualities1 reveal$ itself ?r\gh bo? s5ses1 t ,b]keley fir/ fa/5$4 ,is x evid5t1 z ,locke suppos$ x to be1 t m5 #8p]ceive by _! sight' n col\rs m]ely1 b #8a di/ance betwe5 bodies ( diff]5t col\rs & betwe5 p>ts ( ! same body'2 #a 9 o!r words1 situation & magnitude8 ,to %[ t !y d n is ! purpose ( ,b]keley's #8,essay t[>ds a new ,!ory ( ,vision4' ,he />ts f two pr9ciples :i* he takes z recognis$3 "o1 t ! #8prop] & imm$iate object ( sight is col\r'2 ! o!r1 t di/ance f ! eye1 or di/ance 9 ! l9e ( vision1 is n imm$iately se54 ,if1 !n1 situation & magnitude are #8prop]ly & imm$iately' se51 !y mu/ be qualities ( col\r4 ,n[ 9 "o s5se1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 !y are s3 9 o!r words1 !re is su* a ?+ z visible ext5sion4 ,we see lights & col\rs 9 #8sundry situations' z well z #89 degrees ( fa9tness & cle>ness1 confusion & di/9ctness4' 7,!ory ( ,vision1 sec4 #gg47 ,we also see objects z made up ( c]ta9 #8quantities ( col\r$ po9ts1' i4e4 z hav+ visible magnitude4 7,ibid4 sec4 #ed47 ,b situation & magnitude z visible are n ext]nal1 n #8qualities ( body1' nor d !y repres5t by any necess>y connection ! situation & magnitude t are truly qualities ( body1 ! m9d1 #8)\t ! m9d & at a di/ance4' ,^! are tangible4 ,di/ance 9 all its =ms--z di/ance f ! eye2 z di/ance betwe5 p>ts ( ! same body1 or magnitude2 & z di/ance ( body f body1 or situation--is tangible4 ,:at a man means :5 he says t #8he sees ?is or t ?+ at a di/ance' is t #8:at he sees sugge/s to 8 und]/&+ t aft] hav+ pass$ a c]ta9 di/ance1 to be measur$ by ! motion ( 8 body :i* is p]ceivable by t\*1 he %all come to p]ceive su* & su* tangible ideas :i* h be5 usually connect$ ) su* & su* visible ideas' 7,ibid4 sec4 #de74 ,on ! same pr9ciple we are said to see ! magnitude & situation ( bodies4 ,ow+ to long exp]i5ce ( ! connection ( ^! tangible ideas ) visible ones1 ! magnitude ( ! latt] & _! degrees ( fa9tness & cle>ness1 ( confusion & di/9ctness1 enable u to =m a #8sudd5 & true' e/imate ( ! magnitude ( ! =m] 7i4e4 ( bodies72 ev5 z visible situation enables u to =m a l e/imate ( ! #8situation ( ?+s outw>d & tangible' 7,ibid4 secs4 #ef & #ii74 ,! connection1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! two sets ( ideas1 ,b]keley insi/s1 is habitual only1 n necess>y4 ,z ,hume aft]w>ds said ( ! relation ( cause & effect1 x is n con/itut$ by ! nature ( ! ideas relat$4 #b ,! visible ideas1 t z a matt] ( fact #8sugge/ to u ! v>i\s magnitudes ( ext]nal objects be=e we t\* !m1 might h sugge/$ no su* ?+4' ,t w\ld really h be5 ! case _h our eyes be5 s fram$ z t ! maximum visibile %\ld be less ?an ! m9imum tangibile2 &1 z a matt] ( con/ant exp]i5ce1 ! great] visible ext5sion sugge/s sometimes a great]1 sometimes a less1 tangible ext5sion accord+ to ! degree ( its /r5g? or fa9tness1 #8be+ 9 its own nature equally fitt$ to br+ into our m9ds ! idea ( small or great or no size at all1 j z ! words ( a language are 9 _! own nature indiff]5t to signify ?is or t ?+1 or no?+ at all4' 7,ibid4 secs4 #fb-fd47 #a ,locke1 ,essay ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiii4 sec4 #b4 #b ,see bel[1 p>agraph #bhc 444 nor yet feel !m4 ,! #8esse' ( body is ! #8p]cipi'4 #afj4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! conclusion m]ely is t body z ext]nal1 & space z a relation betwe5 bodies or p>ts ( a body1 are n bo? se5 & felt1 b felt only2 9 o!r words1 t x is only ?r\gh ! organs ( t\* t we receive1 /rictly speak+1 impressions f )\t4 ,?is is all t ! ,essay on ,vision goes to %[2 b accord+ to ! #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k' ?is conclusion 0 m]ely provisional4 ,! object ( t\* does n1 any m ?an ! object ( sight1 #8exi/ )\t ! m9d1' nor is x #8! image ( an ext]nal ?+4' #8,9 /rict tru? ! ideas ( sight1 :5 by !m we appreh5d di/ance & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance1 d n sugge/ or m>k out to u ?+s actually exi/+ at a di/ance1 b only admoni% u :at ideas ( t\* w be impr9t$ 9 our m9ds at su* & su* di/ances ( "t1 & 9 consequ5ce ( su* & su* actions' 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,h4 ,k4' sec4 #dd74 ,:e!r1 !n1 we speak ( visible or tangible objects1 ! object is ! idea1 its #8esse is ! p]cipi4' ,body is n a ?+ sep>ate f ! idea ( t\*1 yet reveal$ by x2 s f> z x exi/s at all1 x mu/ ei!r be t idea or be a succession ( ideas ( :i* t idea is sugge/ive4 ,x foll[s t ! notion ( ! real :i* id5tifies x ) matt]1 z some?+ ext]nal to & indep5d5t ( consci\sness1 & :i* d]ives ! reality ( ideas f _! relation to body z ?us outw>d1 mu/ disappe>4 ,mu/ n1 !n1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! real & fanta/ic1 betwe5 dreams & facts1 disappe> ) x8 ,:at mean+ is !re 9 ask+ :e!r any giv5 idea is real or n1 unless a ref]5ce is impli$ to some?+ o!r ?an ! idea itself8 ,!re are no p>agraphs #afa-afi 9 any edition or repr9t4 ,tr ,:at !n becomes ( di/9ction betwe5 reality & fancy8 #agj4 ,b]keley's !ory1 no less ?an ,locke's1 requires su* ref]5ce4 ,he insi/s1 z mu* z ,locke does1 on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ideas ( imag9ation :i* d1 & ^? ( s5se :i* d n1 dep5d on our own w4 #8,x is no m ?an will+1 & /raightway ?is or t idea arises 9 my fancy2 & by ! same p[] x is oblit]at$ & makes way = ano!r4' ,b #8:5 9 broad daylight ,i op5 my eyes1 x is n 9 my p[] to *oose :e!r ,i %all see or no1 or to det]m9e :at p>ticul> objects %all pres5t !mselves to my view4' ,moreov] #8! ideas ( s5se are m /rong1 lively & di/9ct ?an ^? ( ! imag9ation2 !y h likewise a /ead9ess1 ord]1 & coh]5ce1 & are n excit$ at r&om z ^? :i* are ! effects ( human wills (t5 are1 b 9 a regul> tra9 & s]ies' 7,ibid4 secs4 #bh-cj74 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( ideas ( s5se1 h[ev]1 d n ) ,b]keley1 any m ?an ) ,locke1 prop]ly speak+1 con/itute _! reality4 ,?is lies 9 _! relation to some?+ else1 ( :i* ^! *>act]i/ics are ! te/s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two writ]s lies 9 _! sev]al views z to :at ?is #8some?+ else' is4 ,) ,locke x 0 body or matt]1 z proximately1 ?\gh 9 subord9ation to ! ,div9e ,w1 ! #8impr9t]' ( ^? mo/ lively ideas :i* we _c make = ourselves4 ,8 foll[]s insi/$ on ! proximate1 :ile !y ignor$ ! ultimate1 ref]5ce4 ,h5ce1 z ,b]keley conceiv$1 _! ,a!ism1 :i* he c\ld cut f "u _! feet by ! simple plan ( elim9at+ ! proximate ref]5ce altoge!r1 & ?us %[+ t ,god1 n matt]1 is ! imm$iate #8impr9t]' ( ideas on ! s5ses & ! sugge/] ( su* ideas ( imag9ation z ! ideas ( s5se1 9 virtue ( habitual association1 con/antly introduce 7,ibid4 sec4 #cc74 ,! real ideas t ,god causes4 #aga4 ,to elim9ate ! ref]5ce to matt] might seem to be m easy ?an to sub/itute = x a ref]5ce to ,god4 ,if ! object ( ! idea is only ! idea itself1 does n all det]m9ation by relation logically disappe> f ! idea1 except 7p]haps7 su* z consi/s 9 ! fact ( its sequ5ce or antec$5ce to o!r ideas8 ,?is issue 0 aft]w>ds to be tri$ by ,hume--) :at consequ5ces to sci5ce & religion we %all see4 ,b]keley avoids x by insi/+ t ! #8p]cipi1' to :i* #8esse' is equival5t1 implies ref]5ce to a m9d4 ,at fir/ sight ?is ref]5ce1 z common to all ideas alike1 w\ld n seem to avail mu* z a basis ei!r = a di/9ction betwe5 ! real & fanta/ic or = any ,!ism except su* z w\ld #8entitle ,god to all our fancies4' ,if x is to s]ve ,b]keley's purpose1 we mu/ suppose ! idea to c>ry ) x n m]ely a relation to m9d b a relation to x z its effect1 & ! consci\s subject to c>ry ) him su* a di/9ction betwe5 8 own m9d & ,god's z leads him to ref] 8 ideas to ,god's m9d z _! cause :5 !y are lively1 di/9ct & coh]5t1 b :5 !y are o!rwise1 to 8 own4 ,& ?is1 9 sub/ance1 is ,b]keley's supposition4 ,to %[ ! effici5t p[] ( m9d he appeals to our consci\sness ( ability to produce at w ideas ( imag9ation2 to %[ t !re is a div9e m9d1 di/9ct f our own1 he appeals to our consci\sness ( inability to produce ideas ( s5se4 ,is x !n a succession ( feel+s8 #agb4 ,ev5 ^? lea/ dispos$ to #8vanqui% ,b]keley ) a gr9' h f\nd 8 doctr9e ( ! real1 :i* is also 8 doctr9e ( ,god1 #8unsatisfactory4' ,by ! real _w !y are accu/om$ to und]/& some?+ :i*--at lea/ 9 respect ( its #8elem5ts' or #8conditions' or #8laws'--p]man5tly is2 ?\gh ! comb9ations ( ! elem5ts1 ! ev5ts :i* fl[ f ! conditions1 ! manife/ations ( ! laws1 may nev] be at "o "t :at !y w be at ! next4 ,b accord+ to ! ,b]keleian doctr9e ! p]man5t seems to disappe>3 ! #8is' gives place to a #8has be5' & #8w be4' ,if ,i say 77 #a #8!re is a body1' ,i mu/ mean accord+ to x t a feel+ has j occurr$ to me1 :i* has be5 s con/antly foll[$ by c]ta9 o!r feel+s t x sugge/s a lively expectation ( ^!4 ,! sugge/ive feel+ alone is1 & x is ceas+ to be4 ,if ?is is ! true acc\nt ( propositions sugge/$ by ev]yone's con/antly-recurr5t exp]i5ce1 :at are we to make ( sci5tific tru?s1 e4g4 #8a body w *ange its place soon] ?an let ano!r ent] x1' #8planets move 9 ellipses1' #8! squ>e on ! hypo!neuse is equal to ! squ>es on ! sides4' ,9 ^! cases1 too1 does ! pres5t reality lie m]ely 9 a feel+ exp]i5c$ by ?is or t sci5tific man1 & to him sugge/ive ( o!r feel+s8 ,does ! proposition t #8planets move 9 ellipses' mean t to "s wat*] ( ! skies1 :o und]/&s ,kepl]'s laws1 a c]ta9 p]ception ( #8visible ext5sion' 7i4e4 ( col\r or light & %ade7 n only sugge/s1 z to o!rs1 a p>ticul> expectation ( o!r feel+s1 :i* expectation is call$ a planet1 b a fur!r expectation1 n %>$ by ! multitude1 ( feel+s sugge/+ successive situations ( ! visible ext5sion1 :i* fur!r expectation is call$ elliptical motion8 ,su* an explanation ( g5]al propositions w\ld be a =m ( ! doctr9e conv5i5tly nam$ aft] ,protagoras--#8 ' #b--;a doctr9e :i* ! v9dicators ( ,b]keley are c>eful to tell u we mu/ n conf\nd ) 84 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is n :e!r ,b]keley himself admits ! doctr9e1 b :e!r or no x is ! logical consequ5ce ( ! me?od :i* he uses = ! ov]?r[ ( mat]iali/s & #8ma!matical ,a!i/s'8 #a ,greek 7deiktikos7 8affirmatively0 or 8capable ( be+ prov50 i4e4 n m]ely hypo!tically4 ,tr4 #b ,greek 7ale!s ho heka/o heka/ote dokei7 ! tru? = ea* man is z x appe>s to him4 ,tr4 ,b]keley goes wrong f confusion betwe5 ?\ght & feel+4 ,= ,locke's #8idea ( a ?+' he sub/itutes #8idea' simply4 #agc4 ,8 purpose 0 ! ma9t5ance ( ,!ism1 & a true in/9ct told him t pure ,!ism1 z di/9ct f nature-wor%ip & daemonism1 has no philosophical f\ndation1 unless x c be %[n t !re is no?+ real ap>t f ?\ght4 ,b 9 ! hurry ( !ological advocacy1 & "u ! influ5ce ( a mislead+ t]m9ology1 he fail$ to di/+ui% ?is true proposition--!re is no?+ real ap>t f ?\ght--f ?is false "o1 its virtual contradictory--!re is no?+ o!r ?an feel+4 ,! confusion 0 cov]$1 if n caus$1 by ! ambiguity1 (t5 notic$1 9 ! use ( ! t]m #8idea4' ,?is to ,b]keley's g5]ation /ood alike = feel+ prop]1 :i* to ! subject t m]ely feels is nei!r out] nor inn]1 because n ref]r+ itself to ei!r m9d or ?+1 & = conception1 or an object ?\ght ( "u relations4 ,accord+ to ,locke1 pa91 col\r1 solidity1 are all ideas equally ) ea* o!r & equally ) ! idea ( pa91 idea ( col\r1 idea ( solidity4 ,if all alike1 h[ev]1 7 feel+s prop]1 !re w\ld be no _w ei!r to exi/ or be spok5 (4 ,locke virtually saves x by two suppositions1 ea* incompatible ) ! equival5ce ( idea to feel+1 & imply+ ! conv]sion ( x into conception z above def9$4 ,"o is t !re are ab/ract ideas2 ! o!r t !re are prim>y qualities ( :i* ideas are copies1 b :i* d n come & g ) our feel+s4 ,! latt] supposition gives a _w t #8really exi/s1' ! =m] a _w t may be kn[n & spok5 (2 b nei!r c ma9ta9 itself )\t a !ory ( conception :i* is n =?com+ 9 ,locke himself4 ,we ne$ n trav]se aga9 ! contradictions :i* accord+ to 8 /atem5t !y involve--contradictions :i*1 "u :atev] disguise1 mu/ atta* to e philosophy t admits a reality ei!r 9 ?+s z ap>t f ?\ght or 9 ?\ght z ap>t f ?+s1 & only disappe> :5 ! ?+ z ?\ght (1 & ?r\gh ?\ght individualis$ by ! relations :i* con/itute its community ) ! univ]se1 is recognis$ z alone ! real4 ,misl$ by ! phrase #8idea ( a ?+1' we fancy t idea & ?+ h ea* a sep>ate reality ( _! own1 & !n puzzle ourselves ) que/ions z to h[ ! idea c repres5t ! ?+--h[ ! ideas ( prim>y qualities c be copies ( !m1 & h[1 if ! real ?+ ( exp]i5ce be m]ely individual1 a g5]al idea c be ab/ract$ f x4 ,^! que/ions ,b]keley ask$ & f\nd unansw]able4 ,!re 7 !n two ways ( deal+ ) !m be=e him4 ,"o 0 to sup]s$e !m by a tru] view ( ?\ght & its object1 z toge!r 9 ess5tial correlation con/itut+ ! real2 b ?is way he did n take4 ,! o!r 0 to avoid !m by m]g+ bo? ?+ & idea 9 ! indiff]5ce ( simple feel+4 ,= a m]ely s5ti5t be+1 x is true--= "o :o did n ?9k ^u 8 feel+s--! oppositions ( inn] & out]1 ( subjective & objective1 ( fanta/ic & real1 w\ld n exi/2 b nei!r w\ld k or a _w to be kn[n4 ,t su* oppositions1 misund]/ood1 may be a heavy burd5 on ! human _s1 ! exp]i5ce ( curr5t controv]sy & its spiritual effects might alone suffice to conv9ce u2 b ! philosophical deliv]ance c only lie 9 ! recognition ( ?\ght z _! au?or1 n 9 ! attempt to oblit]ate !m by ! r$uction ( ?\ght & its _w to feel+--an attempt :i* contradicts itself1 s9ce x virtually admits _! exi/5ce :ile x r5d]s !m unacc\ntable4 ,:i*1 if idea feel+1 does away ) space & body4 #agd4 ,t ,b]keley's 0 su* an attempt1 look+ m]ely to 8 treatm5t ( prim>y qualities & ab/ract ideas1 we c]ta9ly c\ld n d\bt3 ?\gh1 s9ce language does n all[ ( its consi/5t /atem5t1 & ,b]keley 0 q ready to turn ! exig5cies ( language to acc\nt1 passages logically incompatible ) x may easily be f\nd 9 him4 ,! ha/y read]1 :5 he is told t body or di/ance are sugge/$ by feel+s ( sight & t\* r ?an imm$iately se51 accepts ! doctr9e )\t scruple1 because he supposes t :i* is sugge/$ to be a pres5t reality1 ?\gh n at pres5t felt4 ,b if n at pres5t felt x is n accord+ to ,b]keley an idea1 !re=e #8)\t ! m9d1' !re=e an impossibility4 #a ,t :i* is sugge/$1 !n1 mu/ itself be a feel+ :i* consi/s 9 ! expectation ( o!r feel+s4 ,di/ance1 & body1 z sugge/$1 c be no m ?an su* an expectation2 & z actually exi/+1 no m ?an ! actual succession ( ! expect$ feel+s--a succession ( :i*1 z ( e succession1 #8no two p>ts exi/ toge!r4' #b ,!re is no "t1 !n1 at :i* x c be said t di/ance & body exi/4 #a ,ref]5ce is "h m]ely made to ! doctr9e by :i* ,b]keley disposes ( #8matt]1' ! consid]ation ( its reconcilability ) 8 doctr9e ( #8spirits' & #8relations' z objects ( k be+ po/pon$4 #b ,locke1 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xv4 sec4 #a4 ,he does n ev5 reta9 !m z #8ab/ract ideas'4 #age4 ,?is1 x may seem1 h[ev] inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( prim>y qualities1 is little m ?an ! result :i* ,locke himself comes to 9 8 ,f\r? ,book2 s9ce1 if #8actual pres5t succession' =ms our only k ( real exi/5ce1 !re c\ld be no "t at :i* di/ance & body might be kn[n z really exi/+4 ,b ,locke1 z we h se51 is able to save ma!matical1 ?\gh n physical1 k f ! consequ5ces ( ?is admission by 8 doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas--#8ideas remov$ 9 our ?\ghts f p>ticul> exi/5ce'--^: agreem5t or disagreem5t is /at$ 9 propositions :i* #8conc]n n exi/5ce1' & = t reason may be g5]al )\t becom+ ei!r unc]ta9 or un9/ructive4 ,?is doctr9e ,b]keley expressly rejects on ! gr\nd t he c\ld n p]ceive sep>ately t :i* c\ld n exi/ sep>ately 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' ,introduction1 sec4 #aj72 a gr\nd :i* to ! ord9>y read] seems satisfactory because he has no d\bt1 & ,b]keley's in/ances d n sugge/ a d\bt1 z to ! pres5t exi/5ce ( #8individual objects'--?is man1 ?is horse1 ?is body4 ,b ) ,b]keley to exi/ means to be felt 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' sec4 #c71 & ! feel+s1 :i* ,i "n a body1 be+ successive1 its exi/5ce mu/ be 9 succession likewise4 ,! limitation1 !n1 ( possibility ( #8conception' by possibility ( exi/5ce1 means t #8conception1' too1 is r$uc$ to a succession ( feel+s4 ,on ! same pr9ciple all p]man5t relations %\ld disappe>4 #agf4 ,b]keley1 !n1 z a consequ5ce ( ! me?ods by :i* he disposes at once ( ! #8real exi/5ce' & #8ab/ract idea ( matt]1' has to meet ! foll[+ que/ions3--,h[ are ei!r reality or k possible )\t p]man5t relations8 &1 ,h[ c feel+s1 ( :i* "o is ov] be=e ! next beg9s1 con/itute or repres5t a _w ( p]man5t relations8 ,! difficulty becomes m obvi\s1 ?\gh n m s]i\s1 :5 ! relations 9 "q are n m]ely !mselves p]man5t1 z are ^? betwe5 natural ph5om5a1 b are relations betwe5 p]man5t p>ts l ^? ( space4 ,x is = ?is reason t its doctr9e ( geometry is ! mo/ easily assailable po9t ( ! #8s5sational' philosophy4 ,locke di/+ui%es ! ideas ( space & ( duration z got1 ! "o f ! p]man5t p>ts ( space1 ! o!r #8f ! fleet+ & p]petually p]i%+ p>ts ( succession4' #a ,he aft]w>ds pref]s to oppose ! t]m #8expansion' to #8duration1' z br++ out m cle>ly ?an #8space' ! opposition ( relation betwe5 p]man5t facts to t betwe5 #8fleet+ successive facts :i* nev] exi/ toge!r4' ,h[1 !n1 c a consci\sness1 consi/+ simply ( #8fleet+ successive facts1' ei!r be or repres5t t ( :i* ! diff]5tia is t its facts are p]man5t & co-exi/8 #a ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiv4 sec4 #a4 ,by mak+ col\r relations ( col\r$ po9ts1 ,b]keley repres5ts relation z se54 #agg4 ,?is crucial "q 9 reg>d to ext5sion does n seem ev5 to h sugge/$ itself to ,b]keley4 ,! reason :y is n f> to seek4 ,pr(essor ,fras]1 9 8 valuable edition1 repres5ts him z mean+ by visible ext5sion #8col\r$ exp]i5ce 9 s5se1' & by tangible ext5sion #8resi/5t exp]i5ce 9 s5se4' #a ,no fault c be f\nd ) ?is int]pretation1 b ! ess5tial "q1 :i* ,b]keley does n fairly meet1 is :e!r ! exp]i5ce 9 ea* case is complete 9 a s+le feel+ or consi/s 9 a succession ( feel+s4 ,if 9 a s+le feel+1 x cle>ly is n ext5sion1 z a relation betwe5 p>ts1 at all2 if 9 a succession ( feel+s1 x is only ext5sion because a syn!tic pr9ciple1 :i* is n itself "o ( ! feel+s1 b equally pres5t to !m all1 trans=ms !m into p]man5t p>ts ( :i* ea* qualifies ! o!r by outw>dness to x4 ,b]keley does n see ! necessity ( su* a pr9ciple1 because he all[s himself to suppose ext5sion--at any rate visible ext5sion--to be con/itut$ by a s+le feel+4 ,hav+ fir/ pron\nc$ t ! prop] object ( sight is col\r1 he quietly sub/itutes = ?is situations ( col\r1 degrees ( /r5g? & fa9tness 9 col\r1 & quantities ( col\r$ po9ts1 z if ^!1 int]*angeably ) m]e col\r1 7 prop]ly objects ( sight & p]ceiv$ 9 s+le acts ( vision4 ,n[ if by object ( sight 7 meant some?+ o!r ?an ! s5sation itself--some?+ :i* to a ?9k+ be+ x sugge/s z its cause--!re w\ld be no h>m 9 ?is language1 b nei!r w\ld !re be any gr\nd = say+ t ! prop] object ( sight is col\r1 = di/+ui%+ visible f tangible ext5sion1 or = d5y+ t ! outw>dness ( body to body is se54 ,su* re/rictions & di/9ctions h no mean+1 unless by sight is meant ! n]v\s irritation1 ! affection ( ! visual organ1 z x is to a m]ely feel+ subject2 yet 9 ! v passages :]e he makes !m1 by say+ t we see situations & degrees ( col\r1 & quantities ( col\r$ po9ts1 ,b]keley conv]ts sight into a judgm5t ( ext5sive & int5sive quantity4 ,he ?us fails to disc]n t ! transition f col\r to col\r$ ext5sion _c be made )\t on ! "o h& ei!r ! pres5tation ( successive pictures or 7:i* comes to ! same7 successive acts ( att5tion to a s+le picture1 & on ! o!r h& a syn!sis ( ! successive pres5tations z mutually qualifi$ p>ts ( a :ole4 ,9 o!r words1 he ignores ! "w ( ?\ght involv$ 9 ! con/itution alike ( col\r$ & tangible ext5sion1 & 9 virtue ( :i* alone ei!r is ext5sion at all4 #a ,see ,fras]'s ,b]keley1 #8,!ory ( ,vision1' note #db4 ,i may "h say t ,i h gone into less detail 9 my acc\nt ( ,b]keley's sy/em ?an ,i %\ld o!rwise h ?\ght necess>y1 because ,pr(essor ,fras] has suppli$1 9 ! way ( explanation ( x1 all t a /ud5t c require4 ,/ill he admits t space is con/itut$ by a succession ( feel+s4 #agh4 ,b ?\gh he does n scruple to sub/itute = col\r situations & quantities ( col\r$ po9ts1 ^! d n ) him con/itute space1 :i* he takes accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt ( x to be #8di/ance betwe5 bodies or p>ts ( ! same body4' ,?is1 accord+ to 8 #8,!ory ( ,vision1' is tangible ext5sion1 & ?is aga9 is alone ! object ( geometry4 ,z 9 t treatise a diff]5ce is /ill suppos$ betwe5 tangible ext5sion & ! feel+ ( t\*1 ! "q does n !re necess>ily arise :e!r ! tactual exp]i5ce1 t con/itutes ?is ext5sion1 is complete 9 a s+le feel+ or only 9 a succession ( feel+s2 b :5 9 ! subsequ5t treatise ! diff]5ce is effac$1 x is decid$ by implication t ! exp]i5ce is successive3 #a & all receiv$ modifications ( ! !ory1 :i* assign to a locomotive or muscul> s5se ! (fice :i* ,b]keley r\ghly assign$ to t\*1 make ! same implication /ill m cle>ly4 ,n[ 9 ! abs5ce ( any recognition ( a syn!tic pr9ciple1 9 relation to :i* ! successive exp]i5ce becomes :at x is n 9 itself1 ?is means no?+ else ?an t space is a succession ( feel+s1 :i* aga9 means t space is n space1 n a qualification ( bodies or p>ts ( body by mutual ext]nality1 s9ce to su* qualification x is necess>y t bodies or _! p>ts coexi/4 ,?us1 9 8 hurry to get rid ( ext]nality z indep5d5ce ( ! m9d1 he has really got rid ( x z a relation betwe5 bodies1 & 9 s do+ 7h[ev] ! result may be disguis$7 has logically made a clean sweep ( geometry & physics4 #a #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' sec4 #dd4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 t passage ,b]keley uses ! t]m #8di/ance' n #8space1' & ?\gh ) him ! t]ms are /rictly int]*angeable1 ?is may h help$ to disguise f him ! full mon/rosity ( ! doctr9e1 #8space is a succession ( feel+s1' :i*1 /at$ 9 t =m1 mu/ surely h sc&alis$ him4 ,if s1 x is n space at all2 b ,b]keley ?9ks x is only n #8pure' space4 ,space & pure space /& or fall toge!r4 #agi4 ,( ?is result he himself %[s no suspicion4 ,he pr(esses to be able1 )\t viol5ce to 8 doctr9e1 to accept ! sci5ces z !y /&1 except s f> z !y re/ ^u ! ne$less & unmean+ assumptions 7z he reckon$ !m7 ( pure space & its inf9ite divisibility4 ,! tru? seems to be t--at any rate 9 ! /ate ( m9d repres5t$ 8 e>li] treatises--he 0 only able to "w on ! l9es :i* ,locke _h laid4 ,x did n occur to him to treat ! prim>y qualities z relations con/itut$ by ?\ght1 because ,locke _h n done s4 ,locke hav+ treat$ !m z ext]nal to ! m9d1 ,b]keley does s likewise1 & = t reason feels t !y mu/ be got rid (4 ,! mode ( riddance1 aga91 0 virtually det]m9$ = him by ,locke4 ,locke hav+ admitt$ t !y copi$ !mselves 9 feel+s1 ! unt5able elem5t 9 ?is supposition _h only to be dropp$ & !y became feel+s simply4 ,x is ?us only s f> z space is suppos$ to exi/ aft] a mode ( :i*1 accord+ to ,locke himself1 s5se c\ld take no copy--i4e4 z exclusive n m]ely ( all col\r b ( all body1 & z inf9itely divisible--t ,b]keley becomes aw>e ( its incompatibility ) 8 doctr9e4 ,pure space1 or #8vacuum1' to him means space t c n be t\*$--a tangible ext5sion t is n tangible--& is !re=e a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! notion t1 ?\gh n t\*$1 x might be se51 he excludes1 #a app>5tly = ! same reason :i* prev5ts him f all[+ visible ext5sion to be space at all2 ! reason1 namely1 t !re is no #8outness' or relation ( ext]nality betwe5 ! p>ts ( su* ext5sion4 ,! fact t !re c be no su* relation betwe5 ! successive feel+s :i* alone1 accord+ to him1 con/itute #8tangible ext5sion1' he did n see to be equally fatal to ! latt] be+ 9 any true s5se space4 ,9 o!r words1 he did n see t ! te/ ( r$uction to feel+1 by :i* he dispos$ ( ! vacuum1 dispos$ ( space altoge!r4 ,if he _h1 he w\ld h und]/ood t space & body 7 intelligible relations1 :i* c be ?\ght ( ap>t f ! feel+s :i* ?r\gh !m become ! _w t we "k1 s9ce x is !y t are ! conditions ( ^! feel+s becom+ a k1 n ! feel+s t are ! condition ( ! relations be+ kn[n4 ,:e!r !y c be ?\ght ( ap>t f ea* o!r--:e!r ! simple relation ( ext]nality betwe5 p>ts ( a :ole c be ?\ght ( )\t ! p>ts be+ consid]$ z solid--is ( c\rse a fur!r "q1 & "o :i* ,b]keley _c be said prop]ly to discuss at all1 s9ce ! ab/raction ( space f body to him meant its ab/raction f feel+s ( t\*4 ,! answ] to x ceases to be difficult z soon z ! "q is prop]ly /at$4 #a #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' sec4 #aaf4 ,b]keley disposes ( space = fe> ( limit+ ,god4 #ahj4 ,z ) vacuum1 s ) inf9ite divisibility4 ,once let x be und]/ood t ext5sion is con/itut$ by ! relation ( ext]nality betwe5 homog5e\s p>ts1 & x foll[s t !re c be no lea/ "p ( ext5sion1 none t does n itself consi/ ( p>ts2 9 o!r words1 t x is inf9itely divisible3 j z conv]sely x foll[s t !re c be no la/ "p ( x1 n hav+ ano!r outside x2 9 o!r words1 t 7to use ,locke's phrase7 x is inf9itely addible4 ,d\btless1 z ,b]keley held1 !re is a #8m9imum visibile'2 b ?is means t !re are conditions "u :i* any se5 col\r disappe>s1 & disappe>+1 ceases to be kn[n "u ! relation ( ext5sion2 b x is only ?r\gh a confusion ( ! relation ) ! col\r t ! disappe>ance ( ! latt] is ?\ght to be a disappe>ance ( s mu* ext5sion4 #a ,x 01 9 %ort1 ! same failure to recognise ! true ideality ( space1 z a relation con/itut$ by ?\ght1 t on ! "o h& made its #8purity' & inf9ity unmean+ to ,b]keley1 & on ! o!r made him ?9k t1 if pure 7sc4 irr$ucible to feel+s7 & inf9ite1 x mu/ limit ! ,div9e p]fection1 ei!r z be+ itself ,god or z #8some?+ beside ,god :i* is et]nal1 uncreat$1 & inf9ite' 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' sec4 #aag74 ,fe> ( ?is result set him ^u t me?od ( resolv+ space1 & ) x ! _w ( nature1 into sequ5t feel+s1 :i*1 if x _h be5 really susceptible ( logical expression1 w\ld at be/ h giv5 him no?+ b a #b = ,god4 ,if he _h be5 9 less ( a hurry ) 8 philosophy1 he might h f\nd t ! curr5t t5d5cy to #8b9d ,god 9 nature or diffuse 9 space' requir$ to be met by a s\nd] ?an 8 boyi% idealism--by an idealism :i* gives space its due1 b reflects t to make space ,god1 or a limitation on ,god1 is to subject ?\ght itself to ! mo/ sup]ficial ( ! relations by :i* x =ms ! _w t x kn[s4 #a ,! same rem>k ( c\rse applies1 mutatis mut&is1 to ! #8m9imum tangibile4' ,see bel[1 p>agraphs #bfe & #bfj4 #b ,greek 7mega zoon7 great be+4 ,tr4 ,h[ he deals ) possibility ( g5]al k4 #aha4 ,s f> we h only consid]$ ,b]keley's r$uction ( prim>y qualities1 suppos$ to be s5sible1 to s5sations z x affects ! qualities !mselves1 r ?an z x affects ! possibility ( univ]sal judgm5ts ab\t !m4 ,if1 inde$1 z we h f\nd1 su* r$uction really am\nts to ! absolute oblit]ation ( ! qualities1 no fur!r "q c rema9 z to ! possibility ( g5]al k conc]n+ !m4 ,z ,b]keley1 h[ev]1 did n admit ! oblit]ation1 ! fur!r "q did rema9 = him3 & ! condition ( 8 plausibly answ]+ x 0 t he %\ld recognise 9 ! #8idea1' z subject ( pr$ication1 t intelligible qualification by relation :i* he did n recognise 9 x simply z #8idea1' & :i* ess5tially diff]5ces x f feel+ prop]4 ,if any p>ticul> #8tangible ext5sion1' e4g4 a "r-angl$ triangle1 is only a feel+1 or 9 ,b]keley's own language1 #8a fleet+ p]i%able passion' #a n exi/+ at all1 ev5 z an #8ab/ract idea1' except :5 "s "o's tactual organs are be+ affect$ 9 a c]ta9 way--:at are we to make ( su* a g5]al tru? z t ! squ>e on its base is always equal to ! squ>es on its sides8 ,omitt+ all difficulties ab\t ! conv]tibility ( a figure ) a feel+1 we f9d two que/ions /ill rema9--,h[ su* sep>ation c be made ( ! figure f ! o!r conditions ( ! tactual exp]i5ce z t propositions %\ld be possible :i* conc]n ! figure simply2 & h[ a s+le case ( tactual exp]i5ce--t 9 :i* ! ma!matician f9ds a feel+ call$ a "r-angl$ triangle foll[$ by ano!r :i* he calls equality betwe5 ! squ>es1 c4--leads 9 ! abs5ce ( any #8necess>y connexion' to ! expectation t ! sequ5ce w always be ! same4 #b ,! difficulty becomes ! m /rik+ :5 x is rememb]$ t ?\gh ! geometrical proposition 9 "q1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 conc]ns ! tangible1 ! exp]i5ce :i* sugge/s x is m]ely visual4 #a #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' sec4 #hi4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #abb4 ,8 !ory ( univ]sals 444 #ahb4 ,b]keley's answ] to ^! que/ions mu/ be ga!r$ f 8 !ory ( g5]al names4 #8,x is1 ,i "k1' he says1 #8a po9t mu* insi/$ on1 t all k & demon/ration are ab\t univ]sal notions1 to :i* ,i fully agree3 b !n x does n appe> to me t ^? notions are =m$ by ab/raction--univ]sality1 s f> z ,i c compreh5d1 n consi/+ 9 ! absolute positive nature or conception ( any?+1 b 9 ! relation x be>s to ! p>ticul>s signifi$ or repres5t$ by x2 by virtue :]e( x is t ?+s1 names1 or notions1 be+ 9 _! own nature p>ticul>1 are r5d]$ univ]sal4 ,?us1 :5 ,i demon/rate any proposition conc]n+ triangles1 x is to be suppos$ t ,i h 9 view ! univ]sal idea ( a triangle2 :i* is n to be und]/ood z if ,i c\ld frame an idea ( a triangle :i* 0 nei!r equilat]al nor scal5e nor equicrural2 b only t ! p>ticul> triangle ,i consid]$1 :e!r ( ?is or t sort x matt]s n1 do? equally /& = & repres5t all rectil9e> triangles :atsoev]1 & is 9 t s5se univ]sal4' ,?us x is t #8a man may consid] a figure m]ely z triangul>4' 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' ,introd4 secs4 #ae & #af47 444 ( value1 z imply+ t univ]sality ( ideas lies 9 relation4 #ahc4 ,9 ?is passage appe> ! beg9n+s ( a process ( ?\ght :i*1 if x _h be5 sy/ematically pursu$ by ,b]keley1 might h br\ght him to und]/& by ! #8p]cipi1' to :i* he pron\nc$ #8esse' equival5t1 def9itely ! #8intelligi4' ,z x /&s1 ! result ( ! passage m]ely is t ! triangle 7= in/ance7 #89 its own nature1' because #8p>ticul>1' is n a possible subject ( g5]al pr$ication or reason+3 t x is s only z #8consid]$' "u a relation ( resemblance to o!r triangles & by su* consid]ation univ]saliz$4 #8,9 its own nature1' or z a #8p>ticul> idea1' ! triangle1 we mu/ suppose1 is s mu* tangible 7or visible1 z symbolical ( tangible7 ext5sion1 & !re=e accord+ to ,b]keley a feel+4 ,b a relation1 z he virtually admits1 #a is nei!r a feel+ nor felt4 ,! triangle1 !n1 z consid]$ "u relation & ?us a possible subject ( g5]al propositions1 is q o!r ?an ! triangle 9 its own nature4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is s f> m]ely a virtual repetition ( ,locke's emb>rass+ doctr9e t real ?+s are n ! ?+s :i* we speak (1 & :i* are ! subject ( our sci5ces2 b x is a repetition ) two fruitful diff]5ces--"o1 t ! ?+ 9 its #8absolute positive nature' is m explicitly id5tifi$ ) feel+2 ! o!r1 t ! process1 by :i* ! ?+ ?\ght & spok5 ( is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! real ?+1 is no long] "o ( #8ab/raction1' b consi/s 9 consid]ation ( relation4 ,x is true t ) ,b]keley ! m]e feel+ has a #8positive nature' ap>t f consid]$ relations1 #b & t ! consid]$ relation1 by :i* ! feel+ is univ]salis$1 is only t ( resemblance betwe5 prop]ties suppos$ to exi/ indep5d5tly ( x4 ,! #8p>ticul> triangle1' r$ucible to feel+s ( t\*1 has its triangul>ity 7we mu/ suppose7 simply z a feel+4 ,x is only ! resemblance betwe5 ! triangul>ity 9 ?is & o!r figures--n ! triangul>ity itself--t is a relation1 &1 z a relation1 n felt b consid]$2 or 9 ,b]keley's language1 some?+ ( :i* we h n prop]ly an #8idea' b a #8notion4' #c #a ,see #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' sec4 #hi4 7#bnd edit47 #b ,see bel[1 p>agraph #bih4 #c #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' ,ibid4 ,?is p]haps is ! be/ place = say+ t x is n f any want ( respect = ,dr4 ,/irl+ t ,i habitually use #8notion' 9 ! loose popul> way :i* he c\nts #8b>b>\s1' b because ! b>b>ism is s preval5t t x seems be/ to submit to x1 & to use #8conception' z ! equival5t ( ! ,g]man #8,begriff4' ,b he fancies t ea* idea has a positive nature ap>t f relation4 #ahd4 ,b ?\gh ,b]keley only r5d]s explicit ! difficulties implicit 9 ,locke's doctr9e ( ideas1 t is itself a great /ep tak5 t[>ds dispos+ ( !m4 ,once let ! equivocation betwe5 s5sible qualities & s5sations be got rid (--once let x be admitt$ t ! triangle 9 its absolute nature1 z oppos$ to ! triangle consid]$1 is m]ely a feel+1 & t relations are n feel+s or felt--& ! "q mu/ soon arise1 ,:at 9 ! abs5ce ( all relation rema9s to be ! absolute nature ( ! triangle8 ,x is a "q :i* ultimately admits ( b "o answ]4 ,! triangul>ity ( ! giv5 s+le figure mu/ be all[$ to be j z mu* a relation z ! resemblance1 consi/+ 9 triangul>ity1 betwe5 x & o!r figures2 & if a relation1 !n n prop]ly felt1 b und]/ood4 ,! #8p>ticul>' triangle1 if by t is meant ! triangle z subject ( a s+ul> proposition1 is no m #8p>ticul> 9 "t1' no m con/itut$ by ! occurr5ce ( a feel+1 ?an is ! triangle z subject ( a g5]al proposition4 ,x really exi/s z con/itut$ by relation1 & !re=e only z #8consid]$' or und]/ood4 ,9 its exi/5ce1 z 9 ! consid]ation ( x1 ! relations indicat$ by ! t]ms #8equilat]al1 equicrural & scal5e1' presuppose ! relation ( triangul>ity1 n x !m2 & = t reason x c be consid]$ ap>t f !m1 ?\gh n !y ap>t f x1 )\t any brea* betwe5 t :i* is consid]$ & t :i* really exi/s4 ,?us1 too1 x becomes explicable t a s+le exp]im5t %\ld w>rant a univ]sal affirmation2 t ! ma!matician1 hav+ once f\nd z ! result ( a c]ta9 comp>ison ( magnitudes t ! squ>e on ! hypo!nuse is equal to ! squ>e on ! sides1 )\t wait+ = repeat$ exp]i5ce at once sub/itutes = ! s+ul> proposition1 :i* /ates 8 discov]y1 a g5]al "o4 ,if ! s+ul> proposition /at$ a s5sible ev5t or ! occurr5ce ( a feel+1 su* sub/itution w\ld be inexplicable3 = if t 7 ! true acc\nt ( ! s+ul> proposition1 a g5]al "o c\ld b express su* expectation ( ! recurr5ce ( ! ev5t z repeat$ exp]i5ce ( x c alone give4 ,b a relation is n cont+5t ) ! cont+5cy ( feel+4 ,x is p]man5t ) ! p]man5ce ( ! comb9+ & comp>+ ?\ght :i* alone con/itutes x2 & = t reason1 :e!r x be recognis$ z ! result ( a ma!matical con/ruction or ( a crucial exp]im5t 9 physics1 ! proposition :i* /ates x mu/ already be virtually univ]sal4 ,traces ( progress 9 8 idealism4 #ahe4 ,( su* a doctr9e ,b]keley is r ! unconsci\s =]unn] ?an ! intellig5t prophet4 ,x is precisely ^u ! "q :e!r1 or h[ f>1 he recognis$ ! con/itution ( ?+s by intelligible relations1 t ! int]pretation ( 8 e>ly 7:i* is 8 only develop$7 idealism re/s4 ,is x su* idealism z ,hume's1 or su* idealism z t adumbrat$ 9 "s passages ( 8 own #8,siris'8 ,is ! idea1 :i* is real1 accord+ to him a feel+ or a conception8 ,has x a nature ( its own1 consi/+ simply 9 its be+ felt1 & :i* we aft]w>ds = purposes ( our own consid] 9 v>i\s relations2 or does ! nature consi/ only 9 relations1 :i* aga9 imply ! action ( a m9d t is et]nal--pres5t to t :i* is 9 succession1 b n 9 succession itself8 ,! tru? seems to be t ?is "q 9 its full significance nev] pres5t$ itself to ,b]keley1 at lea/ dur+ ! p]iod repres5t$ by 8 philosophical treatises4 ,8 e>ly idealism1 z we le>n f ! commonplace-book br\ght to light by ,pr(essor ,fras]1 0 m]ely a crud] =m ( ,hume's4 ,by ! "t ( ! publication ( ! #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k' he _h le>nt t1 unless ?is doctr9e 0 to efface #8_s' z well z #8matt]1' he mu/ modify x by ! admission ( a #8?+' t 0 n an #8idea1' & ( :i* ! #8esse' 0 #8p]cip]e' n #8p]cipi4' ,?is admission c>ri$ ) x ! di/9ction betwe5 ! object felt & ! object kn[n1 betwe5 #8idea' & #8notion'--a di/9ction :i* 0 m cle>ly m>k$ 9 ! #8,dialogues4' ,( #8_s' we c\ld h a #8notion1' ?\gh n an #8idea4' ,b x 0 only 9 ! second edition ( ! #8,pr9ciples' t #8relation' 0 put along ) #8_s1' z t :i* c\ld be kn[n b :i* 0 no #8idea3' & !n )\t any recognition ( ! fact t ! :ole r$uction ( prim>y qualities to m]e ideas 0 !reby invalidat$4 ,! objects1 ) :i* ! ma!matician deals1 are ?r\gh\t treat$ z 9 _! own nature #8p>ticul> ideas1' into ! con/itution ( :i* relation does n ent] at all2 9 o!r words1 z successive feel+s4 ,8 way ( deal+ ) physical tru?s4 #ahf4 ,if ! tru?s ( ma!matics seem$ to ,b]keley explicable on ?is supposition1 ^? ( ! physical sci5ces 7 n likely to seem less s4 ,z long z ! relations ) :i* ^! sci5ces deal are relations betwe5 #8s5sible objects1' he does n notice t !y are relations1 & !re=e n feel+s or felt1 at all4 ,he treats felt ?+s z if ! same z feel+s1 & ignores ! relations altoge!r4 ,?us a s-call$ #8s5sible' motion causes him no difficulty4 ,he w\ld be cont5t to say t x 0 a succession ( ideas1 n p]ceiv+ t motion implies a relation betwe5 spaces or mom5ts z successively occupi$ by some?+ t rema9s "o ) itself--a relation :i* a m]e sequ5ce ( feel+s c\ld nei!r con/itute nor ( itself sugge/4 ,x is only ab\t a motion :i* does n pr(ess to be #8se51' su* z ! motion ( ! e>?1 t any "q is rais$--a "q easily dispos$ ( by ! consid]ation t 9 a diff]5t position we %\ld see x4 #8,! "q :e!r ! e>? moves or n am\nts 9 reality to no m ?an ?is1 to wit1 :e!r we h reason to conclude f :at ha? be5 obs]v$ by a/ronom]s1 t if we 7 plac$ 9 su* & su* circum/ances1 & su* or su* a position & di/ance bo? f ! e>? & sun1 we %\ld p]ceive ! =m] to move among ! *oir ( ! planets1 & appe>+ 9 all respects l "o ( !m3 & ?is by ! e/abli%$ rules ( nature1 :i* we h no reason to mi/ru/1 is reasonably collect$ f ! ph5om5a' 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' sec4 #eh74 #a #a ,cf4 #8,dialogues1' page #adg1 9 ,pr(4 ,fras]'s edition4 ,if !y imply p]man5t relations1 8 !ory prop]ly excludes !m4 ,he supposes a div9e decree t "o feel+ %all foll[ ano!r4 #ahg4 ,n[ ?is passage cle>ly does n mean--z x ought to mean if ! #8esse' ( ! motion 7 ! #8p]cipi' by u--t ! motion ( ! e>? w\ld beg9 z soon z we 7 !re to see x4 ,x means t x is n[ go+ on z an #8e/abli%$ law ( nature1' :i* may be #8collect$ f ! ph5om5a4' ,9 o!r words1 x means t our successive feel+s are s relat$ to ea* o!r z det]m9$ by "o pres5t & p]man5t sy/em1 on :i* n !y only b all possible feel+s dep5d1 t by a c]ta9 set ( !m we are l$--n to expect a recurr5ce ( !m 9 l ord] accord+ to ! laws ( association1 b1 :at is ! exact rev]se ( ?is--to inf] t c]ta9 o!r feel+s1 ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 w\ld n[ occur to u if c]ta9 conditions ( situation on our "p 7 fulfill$1 because ! #8ordo ad univ]sum1' ( :i* ^! feel+s w\ld be ! #8ordo ad nos1' does n[ obta94 ,b ?\gh ,b]keley's words mean ?is = u1 !y did n mean x = him4 ,t su* relation--m]ely intelligible1 or accord+ to 8 phraseology n an idea or object ( an idea at all1 z he mu/ h admitt$ x to be--gives to our successive feel+s ! only #8nature' t !y possess1 he nev] recognis$4 ,by ! relation ( idea to idea1 z he repeat$ly tells u1 he meant n a #8necess>y connexion1' i4e4 n a relation )\t :i*1 nei!r idea w\ld be :at x is1 b su* de facto sequ5ce ( "o ^u ! o!r z r5d]s ! occurr5ce ( "o ! unfail+ b arbitr>y sign t ! o!r is com+4 ,x is ?us accord+ to him 7& "h ,hume m]ely foll[$ suit7 t feel+s are symbolical--symbolical n ( an ord] o!r ?an ! feel+s & :i* acc\nts = !m1 b simply ( feel+s to foll[4 ,to ,b]keley1 inde$1 unlike ,hume1 ! sequ5ce ( feel+s symbolical ( ea* o!r is also symbolical ( some?+ f>!r1 viz4 ! m9d ( ,god3 b :5 we exam9e :at ?is #8m9d' means1 we f9d t x is n an intelligible ord] by :i* our feel+s may be int]pret$1 or ! spiritual subject ( su* an ord]1 b simply ! arbitr>y w ( a creator t ?is feel+ %all foll[ t4 ,locke _h expla9$ reality by relation ( ideas to outw>d body4 ,livel9ess 9 ! idea evid5ce ( ?is relation4 #ahh4 ,su* a doctr9e c\ld n help be+ at once confus$ 9 its acc\nt ( reality1 & insecure 9 its doctr9e alike ( ! human _s & ( ,god4 ,on ! recognition ( relations z con/itut+ ! nature ( ideas re/s ! possibility ( any t5able !ory ( _! reality4 ,an isolat$ idea c\ld be nei!r real nor unreal4 ,ap>t f a def9ite ord] ( relation we may suppose 7if we l7 t x w\ld be1 b x w\ld c]ta9ly n be real2 & z little c\ld x be unreal1 s9ce unreality c only result f ! confusion 9 our consci\sness ( "o ord] ( relation ) ano!r4 ,x is div]sity ( relations t di/+ui%es1 = in/ance1 ^! lett]s z !y n[ appe> on pap] f ! same z ,i imag9e !m ) my eyes %ut1 giv+ ea* sort its own reality3 j z ^u confusion ) ! o!r ea* alike becomes unreal4 ,?us1 ?\gh ) ,locke simple ideas are necess>ily real1 we soon f9d t ev5 accord+ to him !y are n truly s 9 _! simplicity1 b only z relat$ to an ext]nal ?+ produc+ !m4 ,he is "r en\gh1 h[ev] inconsi/5t ) himself1 9 mak+ relation con/itute reality2 wrong 9 limit+ ?is pr]ogative to ! "o relation ( ext]nality4 ,:5 he aft]w>ds1 9 virtual contradiction to ?is limitation1 f9ds ! reality ( moral & ma!matical ideas j 9 t sole relation to ! m9d1 z its products1 :i* he _h previ\sly made ! s\rce ( all unreality1 he =ces ^u u ! explanation :i* he does n himself give1 t unreality does n lie 9 ei!r relation z oppos$ to ! o!r1 b 9 ! confusion ( any relation ) ano!r4 ,x is = lack ( ?is explanation t ,locke himself1 z we h se51 f9ds 9 ! livel9ess & involunt>9ess ( ideas ! sole & suffici5t te/s 7n con/itu5ts7 ( _! reality2 ?\gh !y are obvi\sly te/s :i* put ! dreams ( a man 9 a fev] ^u ! same foot+ ) ! #8impressions' ( a man awake1 & w\ld (t5 prove t unreal aft] d9n] :i* _h be5 prov$ real be=e4 ,!re is a well-kn[n /ory ( a man :o 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( heal? commonly saw a p>ticul> gory app>ition1 b :o1 kn[+ its orig91 us$ to h himself bl$ till x disappe>$4 ,! reality ( ! app>ition lay1 he knew1 9 "s relation betwe5 ! circulation ( 8 blood & 8 organs ( sight1 9 di/9ction f ! reality exi/+ 9 ! normal relations ( 8 visual organs to ! light3 & 9 8 idea1 accord+ly1 !re 0 no?+ unreal1 because he did n confuse ! "o relation ) ! o!r4 ,locke's doctr9e1 h[ev]1 w\ld all[ ( no di/9ction betwe5 ! app>ition z x 0 = su* a man & z x w\ld be = "o :o int]pret$ x z an actual #8gho/4' ,h[ev] int]pret$1 ! livel9ess & ! involunt>9ess ( ! idea rema9 ! same1 z does its relation to an effici5t cause4 ,if 9 ord] to its reality ! cause mu/ be an #8outw>d body1' !n x is no m real :5 rightly1 ?an :5 wrongly1 int]pret$2 :ile on ! gr\nd ( livel9ess & involunt>9ess x is z real :5 tak5 = a gho/ z :5 ref]r$ to an excess ( blood 9 ! head4 ,b]keley reta9s ?is notion1 only sub/itut+ #8,god' = #8body'4 #ahi4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out above1 x is 9 respect n ( ! #8ratio cognosc5di' b ( ! #8ratio ess5di' t ,b]keley's doctr9e ( reality diff]s f ,locke's4 ,) him x is n z an effect ( an outw>d body1 b z an imm$iate effect ( ,god1 t an #8idea ( s5se' is real4 ,j z ) ,locke real ideas & matt] s]ve ea* to expla9 ! o!r1 s ) ,b]keley d real ideas & ,god4 ,if he is ask$1 ,:at is ,god8 ! answ] is1 ,he is ! effici5t cause ( real ideas2 if he is ask$1 ,:at are real ideas8 ! answ] is1 ,^? :i* ,god produces1 z oppos$ to ^? :i* we make = ourselves4 ,to ! inevitable objection1 t ?is is a logical see-saw1 no effective answ] c be extract$ f ,b]keley b ?is--t we h subjective te/s ( ! reality ( ideas ap>t f a k ( _! cause4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ^! ,b]keley only diff]s f ,locke 9 add+ to ! qualifications ( livel9ess & involunt>9ess ^? ( #8/ead9ess1 ord]1 & coh]5ce' 9 ! ideas4 ,?is addition may mean ei!r a great deal or v little4 ,to u x may mean t ! di/9ction ( real & unreal is "o t applies n to feel+s b to ! conceiv$ relations ( feel+s2 n to ev5ts z su*1 b to ! intellectual int]pretation ( !m4 ,! occurr5ce ( a feel+ tak5 by itself 7x may be truly said7 is nei!r coh]5t nor incoh]5t2 nor c ! sequ5ce ( feel+s "o ^u ano!r ) any significance be call$ coh]5ce1 s9ce 9 t case an incoh]5ce w\ld be z impossible z any failure 9 ! sequ5ce4 ,z little c we mean by su* coh]5ce an usual1 by incoh]5ce an unusual1 sequ5ce ( feel+s4 ,if we did1 e sequ5ce n be=e exp]i5c$--su*1 = in/ance1 z is exhibit$ by a new sci5tific exp]im5t--be+ unusual1 w\ld h to be pron\nc$ incoh]5t1 & !re=e unreal4 ,coh]5ce1 9 %ort1 we may conclude1 is only pr$icable ( a sy/em ( relations1 n felt b conceiv$2 :ile incoh]5ce arises f ! attempt ( an imp]fect intellig5ce to ?9k an object "u relations :i* _c ultimately be held toge!r 9 ?\ght4 ,! qualification !n ( #8ideas' z coh]5t has 9 tru? no mean+ unless #8idea' be tak5 to mean n feel+ b conception3 & ?us und]/ood1 ! doctr9e t coh]5t ideas are 7,b]keley happily excludes ! notion t !y m]ely repres5t7 ! real1 am\nts to a cle> id5tification ( ! real ) ! _w ( conception4 ,n reg>d+ ! _w z a sy/em ( intelligible relations1 he c\ld n reg>d ,god z ! subject ( x4 #aij4 ,if su* idealism 7 ,b]keley's1 8 inf]5ce f ! #8ideality' ( ! real to _s & ,god w\ld be m valid ?an x is4 ,to h got rid ( ! notion t ! _w fir/ exi/s & !n is ?\ght (--to h se5 t x only really exi/s z ?\ght (--is to h tak5 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! only possible #8pro( ( ! be+ ( ,god1' z ! self-consci\s subject 9 relation to :i* alone an intelligible _w c exi/1 & ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 u is ! condition ( our kn[+ x4 #a ,b !re is no?+ to %[ t 9 adopt+ coh]5ce z "o te/1 among o!rs1 ( ! reality ( ideas1 he atta*$ to x any ( ! significance exhibit$ above4 ,he adopt$ x f ord9>y language )\t consid]+ h[ x affect$ 8 view ( ! _w z a succession ( feel+s4 ,t /ill rema9$ to him a suffici5t acc\nt ( ! _w1 ev5 :5 he treat$ x z af=d+ intuitive c]ta9ty ( a s\l #8naturally immortal1' & demon/rative c]ta9ty ( ,god4 ,he is n aw>e1 :ile he takes 8 doctr9e ( su* c]ta9ty f ,locke1 t he has left out1 & n replac$1 ! only solid gr\nd = x :i* ,locke's sy/em sugge/$4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #adf & #adi-aeb4 ,8 view ( ! s\l z #8naturally immortal'4 #aia4 ,! s\l or self1 z he describes x1 does n diff] f ,locke's #8?9k+ sub/ance1' except t1 hav+ got rid ( #8ext5d$ matt]' altoge!r1 he _c admit ) ,locke any possibility ( ! s\l's be+ ext5d$1 &1 hav+ satisfi$ himself t #8"t 0 no?+ ab/ract$ f ! succession ( ideas 9 ! m9d1' #a he 0 cle> t #8! s\l always ?9ks'--s9ce ! "t at :i* x did n ?9k1 be+ ab/ract$ f a succession ( ideas1 w\ld be no "t at all4 ,a s\l :i* is necess>ily unext5d$ & !re=e #8indisc]ptible1' & )\t :i* !re w\ld be no "t1 he reckons #8naturally immortal4' #a #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' sec4 #ih4 ,endless succession ( feel+s is n immortality 9 true s5se4 ,b]keley's doctr9e ( matt] fatal to a true spiritualism2 #aib4 ,^u ?is ! rem>k mu/ occur t1 if ! fact ( be+ unext5d$ con/itut$ immortality1 all s\nds & smells mu/ be immortal1 & t ! insep>ability ( "t f ! succession ( feel+s may prove t succession endless1 b proves no immortality ( a s\l unless !re be "o self-consci\s subject ( t succession1 id5tical ) itself ?r\gh\t x4 ,to ! supposition ( !re be+ su* a subject1 :i* ,b]keley virtually makes1 8 own mode ( dispos+ ( matt] sugge/$ ready objections4 ,9 ,locke1 z we h se51 ! two opposite #8?+s1' ?9k+ & mat]ial1 always appe> 9 /rict correlativity1 ea* repres5t+ 7?\gh he 0 n aw>e ( ?is7 ! same logical necessity ( sub/antiation4 #8,s5sation conv9ces u t !re are solid ext5d$ sub/ances1 & reflection t !re are ?9k+ ones4' ,^! are n two convictions1 h[ev]1 b "o conviction1 repres5t+ "o & ! same ess5tial condition ( k4 ,su* logical necessity inde$ is mis9t]pret$ :5 made a gr\nd = believ+ ! real exi/5ce ei!r ( a multitude ( indep5d5t ?+s1 = ev]y?+ is a #8reta9]' to ev]y?+ else2 #a or ( a sep>ation ( ! ?9k+ f ! mat]ial sub/ance1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,locke's own %[+1 !y at lea/ ev]y:]e ov]lap2 #b or ( an absolutely la/ sub/ance1 :i* because la/ w\ld be unkn[able3 b x is evid5ce ( ! action ( a syn!tic pr9ciple ( self-consci\sness )\t :i* all ref]5ce ( feel+s to mutually-qualifi$ subjects & objects1 & !re=e all k1 w\ld be impossible4 ,x is idle1 h[ev]1 ) ,b]keley s to ignore ! action ( ?is pr9ciple on ! "o side z to pron\nce ! mat]ial _w a m]e succession ( feel+s1 & s to take x = grant$ on ! o!r z to ass]t t e feel+ implies relation to a consci\s sub/ance4 ,^u su* a me?od ! latt] ass]tion has no?+ to re/ on b an appeal to ! individual's consci\sness--an appeal :i* avails z mu* or z little = mat]ial z = ?9k+ sub/ance1 &1 9 face ( ! app>5t fact t ) a knock on ! head ! consci\s indep5d5t sub/ance may disappe> altoge!r1 _c hold its own aga9/ ! sugge/ion t ! "o sub/ance no less ?an ! o!r is r$ucible to a s]ies ( feel+s1 s closely & con/antly sequ5t on ea* o!r z to seem to coalesce4 ,we _c sub/itute = ?is illusory appeal ! valid me?od ( an analysis ( k1 )\t f9d+ t sub/antiation 9 matt] is j z necess>y to k z sub/antiation 9 m9d4 ,if ?is me?od _h be5 ,b]keley's he w\ld h f\nd a bett] plan = deal+ ) ! #8mat]ialism' 9 vogue4 ,in/ead ( try+ to %[ t mat]ial sub/ance 0 a fiction1 he w\ld h %[n t x 0 really a basis ( intelligible relations1 & t ?us all t 0 fictiti\s ab\t x 0 its suppos$ s5sibility & consequ5t opposition to ! "w ( ?\ght4 ,!n 8 doctr9e ( matt] w\ld itself h e/abli%$ ! necessity ( _s1 n inde$ z sub/ance b z ! s\rce ( all sub/antiation4 ,z x 01 misund]/&+ ! true nature ( ! anti!sis betwe5 matt] & m9d1 9 8 zeal aga9/ matt] he took away ! gr\nd f "u ! spiritualism :i* he s\ght to ma9ta94 ,he simply invit$ a successor 9 speculation1 ( cold] blood ?an himself1 to try ! solution ( _s 9 ! same crucible ) matt]4 #a ,above1 p>agraph #abe4 #b ,above1 p>agraph #abg4 444 z well z to a true ,!ism4 ,8 inf]5ce to ,god f necessity ( a p[] to produce ideas2 #aic4 ,8 doctr9e ( ,god is n only op5 to ! same objection z 8 doctr9e ( spiritual sub/ance1 b to o!rs :i* arise f ! illogical re/rictions t h to be put ^u 8 notion ( su* sub/ance1 if x is to repres5t at once ! ,god ( receiv$ !ology & ! ,god ^: ag5cy ! ,b]keleian sy/em requires z ! basis ( di/9ction betwe5 ! real & unreal4 ,admitt+ ! supposition involv$ 9 8 c]ta9ty ( ! #8natural immortality' ( ! s\l--! supposition t ! succession ( feel+s :i* con/itutes ! _w1 & :i* at no "t 0 n1 implies "o feel+ sub/ance--t sub/ance we %\ld naturally conclude 0 ,god4 ,su* a ,god1 x is true 7z has be5 already po9t$ out #a71 w\ld m]ely be ! #b ( ! crude/ ,pan!ism1 b x is ! only ,god logically admissible--if any be admissible--9 an #8ideal' sy/em ( :i* ! text is n #8! _w really exi/s only z ?\ght (1' b #8! _w only exi/s z a succession ( feel+s4' ,x 0 o!r ?an a feel+ sub/ance1 h[ev]1 t ,b]keley requir$ n m]ely to satisfy 8 religi\s in/9cts1 b to take ! place held by #8outw>d body' ) ,locke z ! effici5t ( real ideas4 ,! ref]5ce to ?is feel+ sub/ance1 if necess>y = any idea1 is necess>y = all--= ! #8fanta/ic' z well z = ^? ( s5se--& c !re=e af=d no gr\nd = di/9ction betwe5 ! real & unreal4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( be+ ?us l$ to a tru] view ( ?is di/9ction1 z 9 tru? a di/9ction betwe5 ! complete & incomplete conception ( an intelligible _w1 he simply puts ! feel+ sub/ance1 :5 he reg>ds x z ,god1 "u an arbitr>y limitation1 mak+ x relative only to ^? ideas ( :i* ) ,locke #8matt]' 0 ! sub/ance1 z oppos$ to ^? :i* ,locke _h ref]r$ to ! ?9k+ ?+4 ,! direct consequ5ce ( ?is limitation1 inde$1 might seem to be m]ely to make ,god an animal ( p>tial1 in/ead ( univ]sal1 susceptibility2 b ?is consequ5ce ,b]keley avoids by dropp+ ! ord9>y notion ( sub/ance altoge!r1 s z to repres5t ! ideas ( s5se n z subsi/+ 9 ,god b z effects ( ,8 p[]--z relat$ to ,him1 9 %ort1 j z ) ,locke ideas ( s5se are relat$ to ! prim>y qualities ( matt]4 #8,!re mu/ be an active p[] to produce our ideas1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ideas !mselves1 = we are consci\s t !y are in]t1 nor 9 matt]1 s9ce t is b a "n = a bundle ( ideas2 :i* mu/ !re=e be 9 _s1 s9ce ( t we are consci\s z active2 yet n 9 ! _s ( :i* we are consci\s1 s9ce !n !re w\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 real & imag9>y ideas2 !re=e 9 a ,div9e ,_s1 to :om1 h[ev]1 may =?) be ascrib$ ! attributes ( ! _s ( :i* we are consci\s4' ,su* is ! sum ( ,b]keley's natural !ology4 #a ,above1 p>agraph #ahj4 #b ,greek 7mega zoon7 great be+4 ,tr4 444 a necessity :i* ,hume does n see4 ,a diff]5t turn %\ld h be5 giv5 to 8 idealism1 if x 0 to s]ve 8 purpose4 #aid4 ,f a foll[] ( ,hume x ( c\rse invites ! reply t he does n see ! necessity ( an active p[] at all1 to :i*1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,b]keley's own %[+1 x is no possible #8idea' or object ( an idea1 all 8 own polemic aga9/ ! #8absolute idea' ( matt] is equally applicable2 t ! effici5t p[]1 ( :i* we pr(ess to be consci\s 9 ourselves1 is itself only a "n = a p>ticul> feel+ or impression :i* prec$es c]ta9 o!r ( our impressions2 t1 ev5 if x 7 m ?an ?is1 ! transition f ! spiritual effici5cy ( :i* we are consci\s to ano!r1 ( :i* x is ! special diff]5tia t we are n consci\s ( x1 w\ld be q illegitimate1 & t ?us 9 say+ t c]ta9 feel+s are real because1 be+ lively & involunt>y1 !y mu/ be ! "w ( ?is unkn[n _s1 we 9 effect say no?+ m ?an t !y are real because lively & involunt>y4 ,aga9/ a retort ( ?is k9d ,b]keley's !i/ic arm\r is ev5 less pro( ?an ,locke's4 ,8 #8pro( ( ! be+ ( ,god' is 9 fact ,locke's ) ! sole n]vus prob&i left out4 ,! value ( ,locke's pro(1 z an argum5t f _! be+ some?+ n[ to _! hav+ be5 some?+ f et]nity1 lay1 we saw1 9 its conv]tibility into an argum5t f ! _w z a sy/em ( relations to a pres5t & et]nal subject ( ^? relations4 ,= its be+ s conv]tible !re 0 ?is to be said1 t ,locke1 ) :atev] inconsi/5cy1 at lea/ recognis$ ! con/itution ( reality by p]man5t relations1 ?\gh he treat$ ! m]e relation ( ext]nal effici5cy--t 9 virtue ( :i* we say ( nature t x consi/s ( bodies outw>d to & act+ on ea* o!r--z if x alone con/itut$ ! reality ( ! _w4 ,b]keley's r$uction ( ! #8prim>y qualities ( matt]' to a succession ( feel+s logically effaces ?is relation1 & puts no?+ intelligible1 no?+ b a "n1 9 its place4 ,! effacem5t ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! real & unreal1 :i* w\ld prop]ly ensue1 is only prev5t$ by br++ back relation to some?+ "u ! "n ( ,god1 ei!r :olly unkn[n & indet]m9ate1 or else1 "u a ?9 disguise1 det]m9$ by t v relation ( ext]nal effici5cy :i*1 :5 ascrib$ to some?+ only nom9ally diff]5t1 _h be5 pron\nc$ a gratuit\s fiction4 ,if ,b]keley _h dealt ) ! opposition ( reality to ?\ght by %[+ ! prim>y qualities to be conceiv$ relations1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! real & unreal to be "o betwe5 ! fully & ! defectively conceiv$1 ! case w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,! real & ,god w\ld alike h be5 logically sav$4 ,! peculi> emb>rassm5t ( ,locke's doctr9e we h f\nd to be t x involves ! unreality ( e object1 into ! con/itution ( :i* !re ent]s any idea ( reflection1 or any idea reta9$ 9 ! m9d1 z di/9ct f ! pres5t effect ( a body act+ ^u u--i4e4 ( e object ( :i* any?+ c be said4 ,) ! def9ite sub/itution ( full intelligibility ( relations = pres5t s5sibility1 z ! true acc\nt ( ! real1 ?is emb>rassm5t w\ld h be5 got rid (4 ,at ! same "t !re w\ld h be5 impli$ an intellig5t subject ( ^! relations2 ! ascription to :om1 inde$1 ( moral attributes w\ld h rema9$ a fur!r problem1 b :o1 f> f be+ a #8,great ,unkn[n1' w\ld be at lea/ det]m9$ by relation to t ord] ( nature :i* is z necess>y to ,him z ,he to x4 ,b 9 fact1 z we h se51 ! notion ( ! reality ( relations1 n felt b und]/ood1 only appe>s 9 ,b]keley's develop$ philosophy z an aft]-?\ght1 & ! notion ( an ord] ( nature1 o!r ?an our feel+s1 :i* enables u to inf] :at feel+s t h nev] be5 felt w\ld be1 is an unexpla9$ intrusion 9 x4 ,! same is true ( ! doctr9e1 :i* /ruggles to ! surface 9 ! ,?ird ,dialogue1 t ! #8s5sible _w' is to ,god n felt at all1 b kn[n2 t to ,him x is precisely n t :i* accord+ to ,b]keley's refutation ( mat]ialism x really is--a s]ies or collection ( s5sations4 ,^! #8aft]-?\ghts1' :5 ?or\ghly ?\ght out1 imply a complete dep>ture f ,b]keley's orig9al int]pretation ( #8ph5om5a' z simple feel+s2 b ) him1 s f> f be+ ?\ght out1 !y m]ely sugge/$ !mselves incid5tally z ! conceptions ( ,god & reality 7 f\nd to require !m4 ,9 o!r words1 t int]pretation ( ph5om5a1 :i* is necess>y to any valid #8collection' f !m ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 only appe>s 9 him z a consequ5ce ( t #8collection' hav+ be5 made4 ,to pursue ! orig9al int]pretation1 s t all might "k :at x left ( reality1 0 ! be/ way ( decid+ ! "q ( its compatibility ) a rational belief 9 ,god--a "q ( too mom5t\s an int]e/ to be fairly consid]$ 9 itself4 ,?us to pursue x 0 ! mission ( ,hume4 ,hume's mission4 ,8 acc\nt ( impressions & ideas4 ,ideas are fa9t] impressions4 #aie4 ,hume beg9s ) an acc\nt ( ! #8p]ceptions ( ! human m9d1' :i* corresponds to ,locke's acc\nt ( ideas ) two ma9 qualifications1 bo? t5d+ to complete t dep5d5ce ( ?\ght on some?+ o!r ?an itself :i* ,locke _h ass]t$1 b n consi/5tly ma9ta9$4 ,he di/+ui%es #8p]ceptions' 7equival5t to ,locke's ideas7 into #8impressions' & #8ideas' accord+ly z !y are orig9ally produc$ 9 feel+ or reproduc$ by memory & imag9ation1 & he does n all[ #8ideas ( reflection' any place 9 ! orig9al #8furniture ( ! m9d4' #8,an impression fir/ /rikes ^u ! s5ses1 & makes u p]ceive heat or cold1 ?ir/ or hung]1 pleasure or pa91 ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,( ?is impression !re is a copy tak5 by ! m9d1 :i* rema9s aft] ! impression ceases2 & ?is we call an idea4 ,?is idea ( pleasure or pa91 :5 x returns ^u ! s\l1 produces ! new impressions ( desire & av]sion1 hope & fe>1 :i* may prop]ly be call$ impressions ( reflection1 because d]iv$ f x4 ,^!1 aga91 are copi$ by ! memory & imag9ation1 & become ideas2 :i*1 p]haps1 9 _! turn give rise to o!r impressions & ideas2 s t ! impressions are only antec$5t to _! correspond5t ideas1 b po/]ior to ^? ( s5sation & d]iv$ f !m' 7,"p ,i4 #b74 ,he is at ! same "t c>eful to expla9 t ! causes f :i* ! impressions ( s5sation arise are unkn[n 7ibid471 & t by ! t]m #8impression' he is n to be #8und]/ood to express ! mann] 9 :i* our lively p]ceptions are produc$ 9 ! s\l1 b m]ely ! p]ceptions !mselves'4 #a ,! di/9ction betwe5 impression & idea he treats z equival5t to t betwe5 feel+ & ?9k+1 :i*1 aga91 lies m]ely 9 ! diff]5t degrees ( #8=ce & livel9ess' ) :i* ! p]ceptions1 ?us designat$1 sev]ally #8/rike ^u ! m9d4' #b ,?us ! rule :i* he emphasises #c #8t all our simple ideas 9 _! fir/ appe>ance are d]iv$ f simple impressions :i* are correspond5t to !m & :i* !y exactly repres5t1' /rictly tak51 means no m ?an t a feel+ mu/ be m lively be=e x becomes less s4 ,z ! reproduc$ p]ception1 or #8idea1' diff]s 9 ?is respect f ! orig9al "o1 s1 accord+ to ! great] or less degree ( second>y livel9ess :i* x possesses1 is x call$ #8idea ( memory1' or #8idea ( imag9ation4' ,! only o!r di/9ction notic$ is t1 z might be expect$1 ! comp>ative fa9tness ( ! ideas ( imag9ation is accompani$ by a possibility ( _! be+ reproduc$ 9 a diff]5t ord] f t 9 :i* ! correspond+ ideas 7 orig9ally pres5t$4 ,memory1 on ! contr>y1 #8is 9 a mann] ti$ d[n 9 ?is respect1 )\t any p[] ( v>iation'2 #d :i* mu/ be und]/ood to mean t1 :5 ! ideas are fa9t en\gh to all[ ( v>iation 9 ! ord] ( reproduction1 !y are n call$ #8ideas ( memory4' #a p4 #cab1 note ,introduction to ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature #b ,see pp4 #cbg & #cge ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,ii4 & "p ,,iii4 sec4 ,,ii4 #c p4 #caj ,introduction to ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature #d p4 #cah ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,iii4 #8,ideas' t _c be s repres5t$ mu/ be expla9$ z m]e words4 #aif4 ,all1 !n1 t ,hume c\ld f9d 9 8 m9d1 :5 aft] ,locke's example he #8look$ into x1' 71 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 feel+s ) _! copies1 divid+ !mselves into two ma9 ord]s--^? ( s5sation & ^? ( reflection1 ( :i* ! latt]1 ?\gh results ( ! =m]1 are n _! copies4 ,! "q1 !n1 t he _h to deal ) 01 to :at impressions he c\ld r$uce ^? conceptions ( relation--( cause & effect1 sub/ance & attribute1 & id5tity--:i* all k involves4 ,fail+ ! impressions ( s5sation he mu/ try ^? ( reflection1 & fail+ bo? he mu/ pron\nce su* conceptions to be no #8ideas' at all1 b words misund]/ood1 & leave k to take its *ance4 ,! vital n]ve ( 8 philosophy lies 9 8 treatm5t ( ! #8association ( ideas' z a sort ( process ( spontane\s g5]ation1 by :i* impressions ( s5sation issue 9 su* impressions ( reflection1 9 ! %ape ( habitual prop5sities1' #a z w acc\nt1 n inde$ = !re be+--s9ce !re really are n--b = !re seem+ to be1 ^? =mal conceptions :i* ,locke1 to ! emb>rassm5t ( 8 philosophy1 _h treat$ z at once real & creations ( ! m9d4 #a ,pp4 #dfj & #dif ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xiv4 & "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,hume1 tak5 /rictly1 leaves no di/9ction betwe5 impressions ( reflection & ( s5sation4 #aig4 ,su* a me?od meets at ! outset ) ! difficulty t ! impressions ( s5sation & ^? ( reflection1 if ,locke's det]m9ation ( ! =m] by ref]5ce to an impressive matt] is exclud$1 are ea* det]m9$ only by ref]5ce to ! o!r4 ,:at is an impression ( reflection8 ,x is "o t c only come aft] an impression ( s5sation4 ,:at is an impression ( s5sation8 ,x is "o t comes be=e any impression ( reflection4 ,an app>5t det]m9ation1 inde$1 is ga9$ by speak+ ( ! orig9al impressions z #8convey$ to u by our s5ses2' b ?is really means det]m9ation by ref]5ce to ! organs ( our body z affect$ by outw>d bodies--9 %ort1 by a physical !ory4 ,b ( ! two ess5tial t]ms ( ?is !ory1 #8our own body1' & #8outw>d body1' nei!r1 accord+ to ,hume1 expresses any?+ pres5t to ! orig9al consci\sness4 #8,prop]ly speak+1 x is n our body we p]ceive :5 we reg>d our limbs & memb]s1 b c]ta9 impressions :i* ent] by ! s5ses4' ,nor d any ( our impressions #8in=m u ( di/ance & outness 7s to speak7 imm$iately1 & )\t a c]ta9 reason+ & exp]i5ce'4 #a ,9 su* admissions ,hume is z mu* a ,b]keleian z ,b]keley himself1 & !y effectually exclude any ref]5ce to body f ^? orig9al impressions1 by ref]5ce to :i* all o!r modes ( consci\sness are to be expla9$4 #a p4 #dha ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,locke's !ory ( s5sation disappe>s4 ,physiology won't answ] ! "q t ,locke ask$4 #aih4 ,he ?us logically cuts (f 8 psy*ology f ! support :i*1 accord+ to popul> conceptions1 its prim>y tru?s d]ive f physiology4 ,we h already notic$ h[ ) ,locke metaphysic begs def5ce ( physic2 #a h[1 hav+ und]tak5 to answ] by ! impossible me?od ( self-obs]vation ! "q z to :at consci\sness is to itself at its beg9n+1 he 9 fact tells u :at x is to ! natural philosoph]1 :o acc\nts = ! production ( s5sation by ! impact ( matt] #8on ! outw>d p>ts1 cont9u$ to ! bra94' ,to ^?1 ( c\rse1 :o hold t ! only possible !ory ( k & ( ! human _s is physical1 x mu/ seem t ?is 0 8 greate/ m]it2 t1 an unmean+ "q hav+ be5 ask$1 x 0 ! be/ ?+ to give an answ] :i* inde$ is no answ] to ! "q1 b has "s elem5t>y tru? ( its own4 ,accord+ to !m1 ?\gh he may h be5 wrong 9 suppos+ consci\sness to be to itself :at ! physiologi/ expla9s x to be--s9ce any supposition at all ab\t x except z a ph5om5on1 to :i* c]ta9 o!r ph5om5a are inv>iably antec$5t1 is at be/ sup]flu\s--he 0 n wrong 9 tak+ ! physiological explanation to be ! true & suffici5t "o4 ,to su* p]sons we c b respectfully po9t out t !y h n come 9 sight ( ! problem :i* ,locke & 8 foll[]s1 on h[ev] false a me?od1 s\ght to solve2 t1 h[ev] c]ta9 may be ! correlation betwe5 ! bra9 & ?\ght1 9 ! s5se t ! individual w\ld be incapable ( ! processes ( ?\ght unless he _h bra9 & n]ves ( a p>ticul> sort1 yet x is equally c]ta9 t e !ory ( ! correlation mu/ presuppose a k ( ! processes1 & leave t k exactly :]e x 0 be=e2 t ?us _! sci5ce1 valuable l e o!r sci5ce )9 its own dep>tm5t1 takes = grant$ j :at metaphysic1 z a !ory ( k1 seeks to expla94 ,:5 ! orig91 = in/ance1 ( ! conception ( body or ( t ( an organic /ructure is 9 "q1 x is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se prepo/]\s to be told t body makes ! conception ( body1 & t unless ! bra9 7 organic to ?\ght ,i %\ld n n[ be ?9k+4 #8,! bra9 is organic to ?\ght2' "h is a proposition involv+ conceptions )9 conceptions--a :ole hi]>*y ( ideas4 ,h[ am ,i enabl$ to re-?9k ^! 9 ord]1 to make my way f ! simpl] to ! m complex1 by any it]ation or demon/ration ( ! proposition1 :i* no "o disputes1 or by ! mo/ precise exam9ation ( ! details ( ! organic /ructure itself8 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ag4 ,^? :o ?9k x w don't und]/& ! "q4 #aii4 ,! qu>rel ( ! physiologi/ ) ! metaphysician is1 9 fact1 due to an ignorantia el5*i on ! "p ( ! =m]1 = :i* ! behavi\r ( ,engli% #8metaphysicians1' 9 attempt+ to assimilate _! own proc$ure to t ( ! natural philosoph]s1 & ?us to w9 ! popul> acceptance :i* ^! alone c fairly look =1 has af=d$ too mu* excuse4 ,! "q really at issue is n betwe5 two co-ord9ate sci5ces1 z if a !ory ( ! human body 7 claim+ also to be a !ory ( ! human s\l1 & ! !ory ( ! s\l 7 resi/+ ! aggression4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ! conceptions :i* all ! dep>tm5tal sci5ces alike presuppose %all h an acc\nt giv5 ( !m or no4 ,= disp5s+ ) su* an acc\nt altoge!r 7life be+ %ort7 !re is mu* to be said1 if only m5 w\ld or c\ld disp5se ) x2 b ! physiologi/1 :5 he claims t 8 sci5ce %\ld sup]s$e metaphysic1 is n disp5s+ ) x1 b r5d]+ x 9 a prepo/]\s way4 ,he acc\nts = ! =mal conceptions 9 "q1 9 o!r words = ?\ght z x is common to all ! sci5ces1 z sequ5t ^u ! antec$5t facts :i* 8 sci5ce asc]ta9s--! facts ( ! animal organisation4 ,b ^! conceptions--! relations ( cause & effect1 c4--are necess>y to con/itute ! facts4 ,!y are n an ex po/ facto int]pretation ( !m1 b an int]pretation )\t :i* !re w\ld be no asc]ta9able facts at all4 ,to acc\nt = !m1 !re=e1 z ! result ( ! facts is to proce$ z a geologi/ w\ld d1 :o %\ld treat ! pres5t con=mation ( ! e>? z ! result ( a c]ta9 s]ies ( pa/ ev5ts1 & yet1 9 describ+ ^!1 %\ld assume ! pres5t con=mation z a det]m9+ elem5t 9 ea*4 ,hume's psy*ology w n answ] x ei!r4 #bjj4 #8,empirical psy*ology1' h[ev]1 claims to h a way ( its own = expla9+ ?\ght1 di/9ct f t ( ! physiologi/1 b yet f\nd$ on obs]vation1 ?\gh x is admitt$ t ! obs]vation takes place "u difficulties4 ,its me?od consi/s 9 a hi/ory ( consci\sness1 z a s]ies ( ev5ts or successive /ates obs]v$ 9 ! individual by himself4 ,by trac+ su* a *a9 ( de facto sequ5ce x und]takes to acc\nt = ! elem5ts common to all k4 ,its fir/ conc]n1 !n1 mu/ be1 z we h previ\sly put x1 to asc]ta9 :at consci\sness is to itself at its beg9n+4 ,no "o ) ,b]keley be=e him1 & accept+ ,b]keley's negative results1 c\ld answ] ?is "q 9 ,locke's simple way by mak+ ! primitive consci\sness report itself z an effect ( ! op]ation ( body4 ,to d s is to transf] a lat] & highly complex =m ( consci\sness1 ^: gr[? has to be trac$1 into ! e>li] & simple =m f :i* ! gr[? is suppos$ to beg94 ,?is1 ^u ! supposition t ! process ( consci\sness by :i* conceptions are =m$ is a s]ies ( psy*ical ev5ts--a supposition on :i* ! :ole me?od ( empirical psy*ology re/s--is 9 pr9ciple ! same false proc$ure z t :i* we h imag9$ 9 ! case ( a geologi/ above4 ,b ! "q is :e!r1 by any proc$ure n op5 to ?is condemnation1 ! !ory c\ld seem to d :at x pr(esses to d--expla9 ?\ght or #8cognition by means ( conceptions' z some?+ :i* happ5s 9 sequ5ce ^u previ\s psy*ical ev5ts4 ,does x n1 h[ev] /at$1 c>ry ) x an implication ( ! suppos$ lat] /ate 9 ! e>li]1 & is x n solely 9 virtue ( ?is implication t x seems to be able to trace ! g5esis ( ! lat]8 ,no "o has pursu$ x ) /rict] promises1 or made a fair] %[ ( be+ fai?ful to !m1 ?an ,hume4 ,he w beg9 ) simple feel+1 z fir/ exp]i5c$ by ! individual--unqualifi$ by complex conceptions1 physical or metaphysical1 ( matt] or ( m9d--& trace ! process by :i* x g5]ates ! #8ideas ( philosophical relation4' ,if x c be %[n1 z we believe x c be1 t1 ev5 :5 ?us pursu$1 its semblance ( success is due to ! fact t1 by int]pret+ ! e>lie/ consci\sness 9 t]ms ( ! late/1 x puts ! latt] 9 place ( ! =m]1 "s suspicion may p]haps be creat$ t a natural hi/ory ( self-consci\sness1 & ( ! conceptions by :i* x makes ! _w its own1 is impossible1 s9ce su* a hi/ory mu/ be ( ev5ts1 & self-consci\sness is n r$ucible to a s]ies ( ev5ts2 be+ already at its beg9n+ =mally1 or pot5tially1 or implicitly all t x becomes actually or explicitly 9 develop$ k4 ,x only seems to d s by assum+ ! #8fiction' x has to acc\nt =2 by assum+ t impression repres5ts a real _w4 #bja4 ,if ,hume 7 consi/5t 9 all[+ no o!r det]m9ation to ! impression ?an t ( its hav+ ! maximum ( vivacity1 or to o!r modes ( consci\sness ?an ! sev]al degrees ( _! removal f ?is maximum1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h avoid$ ! difficulties :i* att5d ,locke's use ( ! metaphor ( impression1 :ile at ! same "t he w\ld h miss$ ! conv5i5ce1 involv$ 9 ?is use1 ( be+ able to repres5t ! primitive consci\sness z already a recognition ( a ?+ impress+ x1 & ?us an #8idea ( a quality ( body4' ,b at ! outset he rem>ks t #8! exam9ation ( our s5sations' 7i4e4 our impressions ( s5sation7 #8belongs m to anatomi/s & natural philosoph]s ?an to moral1' & t = t reason he %all beg9 n ) !m b ) ideas4 #a ,n[ ?is virtually means t he w beg91 inde$1 ) ! feel+s he f9ds 9 himself1 b ) ^! z det]m9$ by ! notion t !y are results ( some?+ else1 ( :i* ! nature is n = ! pres5t expla9$4 ,?us1 :ile he does n1 l ,locke1 id5tify our e>lie/ consci\sness ) a r\gh & ready physical !ory ( its cause1 he ga9s ! advantage ( ?is id5tification 9 ! m9d ( 8 read]1 :o f s5sation1 ?us app>5tly def9$1 transf]s a def9it5ess to ! ideas & second>y impressions z d]iv$ f x1 ?\gh 9 ! sequel ! !ory turns out1 if possible at all1 to be at be/ a remote result ( cu/om & association4 ,we %all see ?is m cle>ly if we look back to ! g5]al acc\nt ( impressions & ideas quot$ above4 #8,an impression fir/ /rikes ^u ! s5ses & makes u p]ceive pleasure or pa91 ( :i* a copy is tak5 by ! m9d1' call$ an idea4 ,n[ if we set aside ! notion ( a body mak+ impact ^u a s5su\s1 & ?r\gh x ^u a m5tal1 tablet1 pleasure or pa9 is ! impression1 :i*1 aga91 is z mu* or z little 9 ! m9d z ! idea4 ,?us ! /atem5t might be re-writt5 z foll[s3--#8,pleasure or pa9 makes ! m9d p]ceive pleasure or pa91 ( :i* a copy is tak5 by ! m9d4' ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is nons5se2 b betwe5 ?is nons5se & ! plausibility ( ! /atem5t z x /&s1 ! diff]5ce dep5ds on ! d\ble di/9ction und]/ood 9 ! latt]--! di/9ction 7a7 betwe5 ! produc+ cause ( ! impression & ! impression produc$2 & 7b7 betwe5 ! impression z produc$ on ! s5ses1 & ! idea z pres]v$ by ! m9d4 ,?is passage1 z we %all see1 is only a sample ( _m ( ! same sort4 ,?r\gh\t1 h[ev] explicitly ,hume may give w>n+ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 impression & idea is only "o ( livel9ess1 h[ev] little he may scruple 9 ! sequel to r$uce body & m9d alike to ! succession ( feel+s1 8 sy/em ga9s ! b5efit ( ! contr>y assumption :i* ! uncritical read] is ready to make = him4 ,z (t5 z ! "q returns :e!r a phrase1 purport+ to express an #8ab/ract conception1' expresses any actual idea or no1 8 te/ is1 #8,po9t out ! impression f :i* ! idea1 if !re be any1 is d]iv$'--a te/ :i* has cle>ly no significance if ! impression is m]ely ! idea itself at a liveli] /age 7= a p]son1 claim+ to h ! idea1 w\ld m]ely h to say t he _h nev] kn[n x m lively1 & t1 !re=e1 x 0 itself an impression1 & ! =ce ( ! te/ w\ld be gone71 b :i* seems s satisfactory because ! impression is reg>d$ z ! direct effect ( outw>d ?+s1 & ?us z hav+ a pr]ogative ( reality ov] any p]ception to :i* ! m9d contributes any?+ ( its own4 ,by avail+ himself alt]nately ( ?is popul> conception ( ! impression ( s5sation & ( 8 own acc\nt ( x1 he ga9s a d\ble means ( suppress+ any claim ( ?\ght to orig9ate4 ,e idea1 by be+ suppos$ 9 a m lively /ate1 c be repres5t$ z d]iv$ f an impression1 & ?us 7accord+ to ! popul> notion7 z an effect ( some?+ :i*1 :atev] x is1 is n ?\ght4 ,if !reupon x is po9t$ out t ?is outw>d some?+ is a =m ( sub/ance :i*1 accord+ to ,hume's own %[+1 is a fiction ( ?\ght1 !re is an easy refuge op5 9 ! reply t #8impression' is only meant to express a lively feel+1 n any dep5d5ce ^u matt] ( :i* we "k no?+4 #a p4 #cag ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,iii4 ,s ! #8,positivi/' juggles ) #8ph5om5a'4 #bjb4 ,?us ! way is prep>$ = ! juggle :i* ! mod]n popul> logic p]=ms ) ! ^w #8ph5om5on'--a t]m :i* ga9s acceptance = ! !ory t turns ^u x because x conveys ! notion ( a relation betwe5 a real ord] & a p]ceiv+ m9d1 & ?us gives to ^? :o avail !mselves ( x ! b5efit ( an implication ( ! #8n\m5a' :i* !y affect to ignore4 ,hume's inconsi/5cy1 h[ev]1 /ops f> %ort ( t ( 8 lat] disciples4 ,= ! purpose ( detraction f ! "w ( ?\ght he avail$ himself1 inde$1 ( t "w z embodi$ 9 language1 b only s f> z 0 necess>y to 8 de/ructive purpose4 ,he did n s]i\sly affect to be recon/ruct+ ! fabric ( k on a basis ( fact4 ,!re occasionally appe>s 9 him1 inde$1 some?+ ( ! *>latanry ( common s5se 9 passages1 m wor?y ( ,bol+broke ?an himself1 :]e he writes z a *ampion ( facts aga9/ metaphysical j>gon4 ,b :5 we get beh9d ! mask ( concession to popul> prejudice1 p>tly ironical1 p>tly due to 8 und\bt$ vanity1 we f9d mu* m ( ! anci5t sceptic ?an ( ! #8positive philosoph]4' ,ess5tial diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ,hume & ! #8,positivi/'4 #bjc4 ,! anci5t sceptic 7at lea/ z repres5t$ by ! anci5t philosoph]s71 f9d+ k on ! basis ( di/9ction betwe5 ! real & app>5t to be impossible1 disc>d$ ! ent]prise ( arriv+ at g5]al tru? 9 opposition to :at appe>s to ! individual at any p>ticul> in/ant1 & satisfi$ himself ) not+ su* g5]al t5d5cies ( expectation & desire z w\ld guide m5 9 ! conduct ( life & enable !m to get :at !y want$ by contrivance & p]suasion4 #a ,su* a /ate ( m9d excludes all motive to ! #8int]rogation ( nature1' = x recognises no #8nature' b ! pres5t appe>ance to ! individual2 & ?is does n admit ( be+ int]rogat$4 ,! #8positive philosoph]' has no?+ 9 common ) x b ! use1 9 a diff]5t s5se1 ( ! ^w #8app>5t4' ,he plumes himself1 inde$1 on n go+ 9 que/ ( any #8?+-9-itself' o!r ?an :at appe>s to ! s5ses2 b he di/+ui%es betwe5 a real & app>5t 9 ! ord] ( appe>ance1 & consid]s ! real ord] ( appe>ance1 hav+ a p]man5ce & uni=mity :i* belong to no feel+ z ! individual feels x1 to be ! true object ( k4 ,no "o is m sev]e ^u #8prop5sities to believe1' h[ev] spontane\sly sugge/$ by ! ord9>y sequ5ce ( appe>ances1 if !y are f\nd to conflict ) ! ord] ( nature z asc]ta9$ by exp]im5tal int]rogation2 i4e4 ) a sequ5ce obs]v$ 7x may be7 9 b a s+le in/ance4 ,:i* ( ! two attitudes ( ?\ght is ! m ne>ly ,hume's1 w come out z we proce$4 ,x 0 j ) ! di/9ction betwe5 ! #8real & fanta/ic1' z ,locke _h left x1 t he _h to deal2 &1 z w appe>1 x is f9ally by a #8prop5sity to feign1' n by a uni=m ord] ( natural ph5om5a1 t he replaces ! real :i* ,locke1 accord+ to 8 fir/ m9d1 _h f\nd 9 ar*etypal ?+s & _! op]ations on u4 #a ,cf4 ,plato's #8,protagoras1' #cbc1 & #8,!aetetus1' #afg1 ) ! conclud+ p>agraphs ( ! la/ "p ( ! fir/ book ( ,hume's #8,treatise on ,human ,nature4' ,he adopts ,b]keley's doctr9e ( ideas1 b )\t ,b]keley's sav+ suppositions1 #bjd4 ,we h se5 t ,b]keley1 hav+ r$uc$ #8simple ideas' to _! simplicity by %[+ ! illegitimacy ( ! assumption t !y report qualities ( a matt] :i* is itself a complex idea1 is only able to make 8 con/ructive !ory m>* by ! supposition ( ! reality & kn[ability ( #8_s' & relations4 #8,ideas' are #8fleet+1 p]i%able passions2' b ! relations betwe5 !m are uni=m1 & 9 virtue ( ?is uni=mity ! fleet+ idea may be int]pret$ z a symbol ( a real ord]4 ,b su* relations1 z real1 imply ! pres5ce ( ! ideas to ! con/ant m9d ( ,god1 &1 z kn[able1 _! pres5ce to a l m9d 9 u4 ,we h fur!r se5 h[ little ,b]keley1 accord+ to ! me?od by :i* he dispos$ ( #8ab/ract g5]al ideas1' 0 entitl$ to su* a supposition4 ,hume sets x aside2 b ! "q is1 :e!r )\t a supposition virtually ! same he c repres5t ! association ( ideas z do+ ! "w t he assign$ to x4 444 9 reg>d to #8_s'1 #bje4 ,8 exclusion ( ,b]keley's supposition ) reg>d to #8_s' is /at$ )\t disguise1 ?\gh un=tunately n till t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ book ( ! #8,treatise on ,human ,nature1' :i* c\ld n h run s smoo?ly if ! /atem5t _h be5 made at ! beg9n+4 ,x foll[s legitimately f ! me?od1 :i* he inh]it$1 ( #8look+ into 8 m9d to see h[ x wr\ght4' #8,f :at impression1' he asks1 #8c\ld ! idea ( self be d]iv$8 ,x mu/ be "s "o impression t gives rise to e real idea4 ,b self or p]son is n any impression1 b t to :i* our sev]al impressions & ideas are suppos$ to h a ref]5ce4 ,if any impression gives rise to ! idea ( self1 t impression mu/ cont9ue inv>iably ! same ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our lives1 s9ce self is suppos$ to exi/ aft] t mann]4 ,b !re is no impression con/ant & inv>iable4 ,pa9 & pleasure1 grief & joy1 passions & s5sations succe$ ea* o!r1 & nev] all exi/ at ! same "t4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be f any ( ^! impressions1 or f any o!r1 t ! idea ( self is d]iv$2 &1 consequ5tly1 !re is no su* idea4' ,aga93 #8,:5 ,i ent] mo/ intimately into :at is call$ myself1 ,i always /umble on "s p>ticul> p]ception ( heat or cold1 light or %ade1 love or hatr$1 pa9 or pleasure4 ,i nev] c cat* myself at any "t )\t a p]ception1 & nev] c obs]ve any?+ b ! p]ception4 ,:5 my p]ceptions are remov$ = any "t1 z by s\nd sleep1 s long am ,i ins5sible ( myself1 & may truly be said n to exi/4' ,?us #8m5 are no?+ b a bundle or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions t succe$ ea* o!r ) inconceivable rapidity1 & are 9 a p]petual flux or movem5t4 ,our eyes _c turn 9 _! sockets )\t v>y+ our p]ceptions4 ,our ?\ght is /ill m v>iable ?an our sight4 444 nor is !re any s+le p[] ( ! s\l :i* rema9s unalt]ably ! same p]haps = "o mom5t4444 ,!re is prop]ly no simplicity 9 ! m9d at "o "t nor id5tity at diff]5t'4 #a #a pp4 #ecc & #ecd ,book ,i41 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,vi4 444 9 reg>d to relations4 ,8 acc\nt ( ^!4 #bjf4 ,8 position 9 reg>d to ideas ( relation _c be s summ>ily exhibit$4 ,x is f its ambiguity1 inde$1 t 8 sy/em d]ives at once its plausibility & its weakness4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y1 accord+ to him1 to di/+ui% betwe5 #8natural' & #8philosophical relation4' ,! latt] is "o ( :i* ! idea is acquir$ by ! comp>ison ( objects1 z di/9ct f natural relation or #8! quality by :i* two ideas are connect$ toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 & ! "o naturally' 7i4e4 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( association7 #8introduces ! o!r'4 #a ,( philosophical relation--or1 accord+ to ano!r =m ( expression1 ( #8qualities by :i* ! ideas ( philosophical relation are produc$'--sev5 k9ds are enum]at$2 viz4 #8resemblance1 id5tity1 relations ( "t & place1 proportion 9 quantity & numb]1 degrees 9 quality1 contr>iety1 & causation'4 #b ,"s ( ^! d1 "s d n1 app>5tly correspond to ! qualities by :i* ! m9d is naturally #8convey$ f "o idea to ano!r2' or :i*1 9 o!r words1 con/itute ! #8g5tle =ce' t det]m9es ! ord] 9 :i* ! imag9ation habitually puts toge!r ideas4 ,fre$om 9 ! conjunction ( ideas1 inde$1 is impli$ 9 ! t]m #8imag9ation1' :i* is only ?us diff]5c$ f #8memory2' b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x commonly only connects ideas :i* are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ! way ei!r ( resemblance1 or ( contiguity 9 "t & place1 or ( cause & effect4 ,o!r relations ( ! philosophical sort are ! opposite ( natural4 ,?us1 #8di/ance w be all[$ by philosoph]s to be a true relation1 because we acquire an idea ( x by ! comp>+ ( objects2 b 9 a common way we say1 8t no?+ c be m di/ant ?an su* or su* ?+s f ea* o!r2 no?+ c h less relation0' 7ibid474 #a p4 #cbb ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,v4 #b ibid41 & p4 #cgb ,book ,i41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,i4 ,x corresponds to ,locke's acc\nt ( ! sorts ( agreem5t betwe5 ideas4 #bjg4 ,hume's classification ( philosophical relations evid5tly s]ves ! same purpose z ,locke's1 ( ! #8f\r sorts ( agreem5t or disagreem5t betwe5 ideas1' 9 ! p]ception ( :i* k consi/s2 #a b !re are "s important discrepancies4 ,locke's second sort1 :i* he awkw>dly describes z #8agreem5t or disagreem5t 9 ! way ( relation1' may fairly be tak5 to cov] ?ree ( ,hume's k9ds2 viz4 relations ( "t & place1 proportion 9 quantity or numb]1 & degrees 9 any quality4 ,ab\t ,locke's fir/ sort1 #8id5tity & div]sity1' !re is m difficulty4 ,"u #8id5tity1' z 0 po9t$ out above1 he includes ! relations :i* ,hume di/+ui%es z #8id5tity prop]' & #8resemblance4' #8,div]sity' at fir/ sight might seem to correspond to #8contr>iety2' b ! latt]1 accord+ to ,hume's usage1 is mu* m re/rict$ 9 mean+4 ,diff]5ce ( numb] & diff]5ce ( k9d1 :i* he di/+ui%es z ! opposites sev]ally ( id5tity & resemblance1 ?\gh !y come "u ,locke's #8div]sity1' are n by ,hume consid]$ relations at all1 on ! pr9ciple t #8no relation ( any k9d c subsi/ )\t "s degree ( resemblance4' ,!y are #8r a negation ( relation ?an any?+ real & positive4' #8,contr>iety' he reckons only to obta9 betwe5 ideas ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 #8:i* are pla9ly resembl+ z imply+ bo? ( !m an idea ( ! object2 ?\gh ! latt] excludes ! object f all times & places 9 :i* x is suppos$ n to exi/'4 #b ,!re rema9 #8cause & effect' 9 ,hume's li/2 #8co-exi/5ce' & #8real exi/5ce' 9 ,locke's4 #8,co-exi/5ce' is n expressly id5tifi$ by ,locke ) ! relation ( cause & effect1 b x is ) #8necess>y connection4' ,x means specially1 x w be rememb]$ #c1 ! co-exi/5ce ( ideas1 n z con/itu5ts ( a #8nom9al ess5ce1' b z qualities ( real sub/ances 9 nature2 & our k ( ?is dep5ds on our k ( necess>y connection betwe5 ! qualities1 ei!r z "o suppos+ ! o!r 7:i* is ! =m ( necess>y connection betwe5 prim>y qualities71 or z "o be+ ! effect ( ! o!r 7:i* is ! =m ( necess>y connection betwe5 ! ideas ( second>y qualities & ! prim>y ones74 ,hav+ no k ( necess>y connection z 9 real sub/ances1 we h none ( #8co-exi/5ce' 9 ! above s5se1 b only ( ! pres5t union ( ideas 9 any p>ticul> exp]im5t4 #d ,! p>allel betwe5 ?is doctr9e ( ,locke's & ,hume's ( cause & effect w appe> z we proce$4 ,to #8real exi/5ce1' s9ce ! k ( x accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt is n a p]ception ( agreem5t betwe5 ideas at all1 x is n /range t no?+ %\ld correspond 9 ,hume's li/ ( relations4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #be & ! passages f ,locke !re ref]r$ to4 #b p4 #cbc ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,v4 #c ,see above1 p>agraph #abb4 #d ,locke1 ,book ,,iv4 sec4 iii4 *ap4 xiv42 & above1 p>agraph #aba & #abb4 ,c\ld ,hume consi/5tly admit idea ( relation at all8 #bjh4 ,x is 8 me?od ( deal+ ) ^! ideas ( philosophical relation t is specially *>act]i/ic ( ,hume1 ,let u1 !n1 consid] h[ ! notion ( relation altoge!r is affect$ by 8 r$uction ( ! _w ( consci\sness to impressions & ideas4 ,:at is an impression8 ,to ?is1 z we h se51 ! only direct answ] giv5 by him is t x is a feel+ :i* mu/ be m lively be=e x becomes less s4 #a ,= a fur!r acc\nt ( :at is to be und]/ood by x we mu/ look to ! passages :]e ! gov]n+ t]ms ( #8s*ool-metaphysics' are1 "o aft] ! o!r1 %[n to be unmean+1 because n tak5 f impressions4 ,?us1 :5 ! idea ( sub/ance is to be r$uc$ to an #8un9telligible *ima]a1' x is ask$ :e!r x #8be d]iv$ f ! impressions ( s5sation or reflection8 ,if x be convey$ to u by our s5ses1 ,i ask1 :i* ( !m1 & aft] :at mann]8 ,if x be p]ceiv$ by ! eyes1 x mu/ be a col\r2 if by ! e>s1 a s\nd2 if by ! palate1 a ta/e2 & s ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,b ,i believe none w ass]t t sub/ance is ei!r a col\r1 or a s\nd1 or a ta/e4 ,! idea ( sub/ance mu/ !re=e be d]iv$ f an impression ( reflection1 if x really exi/4 ,b ! impressions ( reflection resolve !mselves into our passions & emotions'4 #b ,f ! polemic aga9/ ab/ract ideas we le>n fur!r t #8! appe>ance ( an object to ! s5ses' is ! same ?+ z an #8impression becom+ pres5t to ! m9d'4 #c ,t is to say1 :5 we talk ( an impression ( an object1 x is n to be und]/ood t ! feel+ is det]m9$ by ref]5ce to any?+ o!r ?an itself3 x is itself ! object4 ,to ! same purpose1 9 ! criticism ( ! notion ( an ext]nal _w1 we are told t #8! s5ses are incapable ( giv+ rise to ! notion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( _! objects1 aft] !y no long] appe> to ! s5ses2 = t is a contradiction 9 t]ms' 7s9ce ! appe>ance is ! object72 & t #8!y (f] n _! impressions z ! images ( some?+ di/9ct1 or indep5d5t1 or ext]nal1 because !y convey to u no?+ b a s+le p]ception1 & nev] give u ! lea/ intimation ( any?+ beyond'4 #d ,! di/9ction betwe5 impression ( s5sation & impression ( reflection1 !n1 _c1 any m ?an t betwe5 impression & idea1 be reg>d$ z ei!r really or app>5tly a di/9ction betwe5 out] & inn]4 #8,all impressions are int]nal & p]i%+ exi/5ces'2 #e &1 #8ev]y?+ t ent]s ! m9d be+ 9 reality z ! impression1 'tis impossible any?+ %\ld to feel+ appe> diff]5t'4 #f #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #aie & #aig4 #b p4 #cbd ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,vi4 #c p4 #cbg ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,vii4 #d p4 #dgi ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #e p4 #dhc ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #f p4 #dhj ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #bji4 ,?is am\nts to a full acceptance ( ,b]keley's doctr9e ( s5se2 & ! "q necess>ily arises--su* be+ ! impression1 & all ideas be+ impressions gr[n weak]1 c !re be an idea ( relation at all8 ,is x n op5 to ! same *all5ge :i* ,hume (f]s to ^? :o talk ( an idea ( sub/ance or ( _s8 #8,x is f "s "o impression t e real idea is d]iv$4' ,:at1 !n1 is ! "o impression f :i* ! idea ( relation is d]iv$8 #8,if x be p]ceiv$ by ! eyes1 x mu/ be a col\r2 if by ! e>s1 a s\nd2 if by ! palate1 a ta/e2 & s ( ! o!r s5ses4' ,!re rema9 #8our passions & emotions2' b :at passion or emotion is a resemblance1 or a proportion1 or a relation ( cause & effect8 ,only 9 reg>d to id5tity & causation t he sees any difficulty4 ,^! he treats z fictions result+ f #8natural relations' ( ideas3 i4e4 f resemblance & contiguity4 #baj4 ,respect = ,hume's ?or\ghness z a philosoph] mu/ be qualifi$ by ! obs]vation t he does n attempt to meet ?is difficulty 9 its g5]ality1 b only z x affects ! relations ( id5tity & causation4 ,! tru? seems to be t he wrote ) ,b]keley /eadily be=e 8 m9d2 & x 0 ,b]keley's treatm5t ( ^! two relations 9 p>ticul> z n s5sible b intelligible1 & 8 ass]tion ( a philosophic ,!ism on ! /r5g? ( _! m]e intelligibility1 t det]m9$ ,hume1 s9ce x w\ld h be5 an ana*ronism any long] to treat !m z s5sible1 to dispose ( !m altoge!r4 ,! condition ( 8 do+ s ) success 0 t1 h[ev] unw>rantably1 he %\ld treat ! o!r relations z s5sible4 ,! language1 :i* seems to express ideas ( ! two que/ionable relations1 he has to acc\nt = z ! result ( c]ta9 impressions ( reflection1 call$ #8prop5sities to feign1' :i* 9 _! turn h to be acc\nt$ = z result+ f ! natural relations ( ideas accord+ to ! def9ition ( ^! quot$ above1 #a z #8! qualities by :i* "o idea habitually introduces ano!r4' ,among ^!1 z we saw1 he includ$ n only resemblance & contiguity 9 "t or place1 b #8cause & effect4' #8,!re is no relation1' he says1 #8:i* produces a /rong] connection 9 ! fancy ?an ?is4' ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 mu* ( ! language :i* gives ! fir/ two ,p>ts _! plausibility1 he is tak+ advantage ( receiv$ notions on ! "p ( ! read]1 :i* x is ! "w ( ! re/ ( ! book to set aside4 ,9 any s5se1 accord+ to him1 9 :i* x diff]s f usual contiguity1 ! relation ( cause & effect is itself r$ucible to a #8prop5sity to feign' aris+ f ! o!r natural relations2 b :5 ! read] is told ( its produc+ #8a /rong connection 9 ! fancy1' he is n apt to ?9k ( x z itself no?+ m ?an ! product ( su* a connection4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 we h only to po9t out t ,hume1 :5 he co-ord9ates x ) ! o!r natural relations1 mu/ be und]/ood to d s provisionally4 ,accord+ to him x is d]iv$1 :ile !y are prim>y4 ,^u !m1 !n1 re/$ ! possibility ( fill+ ! gap betwe5 ! occurr5ce ( s+le impressions1 none #8det]m9$ by ref]5ce to any?+ o!r ?an itself1' & :at we are pleas$ to call our k1 ) its fictions ( m9d & ?+1 ( real & app>5t1 ( necess>y z di/9ct f usual connection4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #bjf4 #baa4 ,we w beg9 ) ,resemblance4 ,z to ?is1 x w be said1 x is an affectation ( subtlety to "q :e!r !re c be an impression ( x or no4 ,! difficulty only arises f our reg>d+ ! p]ception ( resemblance z diff]5t f1 & subsequ5t to1 ! resembl+ s5sations2 :]eas1 9 fact1 ! occurr5ce ( two impressions ( s5se1 su* z 7let u say7 yell[ & r$1 is itself ! impression ( _! lik5ess & unlik5ess4 ,hume himself1 x may be fur!r urg$1 at any rate 9 reg>d to resemblance1 anticipates ?is solution ( an imag9>y difficulty by 8 important division ( philosophical relations into two classes #a--#8su* z dep5d entirely on ! ideas :i* we comp>e toge!r1 & su* z may be *ang$ )\t any *ange 9 ! ideas'--& by 8 inclusion ( resemblance 9 ! =m] class4 #a p4 #cgb ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,i4 ,is resemblance !n an impression8 #bab4 ,n[ we gladly admit ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t s5sations undet]m9$ by relation fir/ occur1 & t aft]w>ds we become consci\s ( _! relation 9 ! way ( lik5ess or unlik5ess4 ,ap>t f su* relation1 x is true1 ! s5sations w\ld be no?+4 ,b ?is admission involves an important qualification ( ! doctr9e t impressions are s+le1 & t ! m9d 7accord+ to ,hume's awkw>d figure7 is a #8bundle or collection ( ^!1' succe$+ ea* o!r #89 a p]petual flux or movem5t4' ,x implies t ! s+le impression 9 its s+l5ess is :at x is ?r\gh relation to ano!r1 :i* mu/ !re=e be pres5t along ) x2 & t ?us1 ?\gh !y may occur 9 a p]petual flux ( succession--e turn ( ! eyes 9 _! sockets1 z ,hume truly says1 giv+ a new "o--yet1 j s f> z !y are qualifi$ by lik5ess or unlik5ess to ea* o!r1 !y mu/ be tak5 out ( t succession by some?+ :i* is n itself 9 x1 b is indivisibly pres5t to e mom5t ( x4 ,?is we may call s\l1 or m9d1 or :at we w2 b we mu/ n id5tify x ) ! bra9 #a ei!r directly or by implication 7z we d :5 we #8ref] to ! anatomi/' = an acc\nt ( x71 s9ce by ! bra9 is meant some?+ mat]ial1 i4e4 divisible1 :i* ! unify+ subject spok5 (1 z feel+ no less ?an z ?9k+1 _c be4 ,9 %ort1 any su* modification ( ,hume's doctr9e ( ! s+l5ess & successiv5ess ( impressions z w entitle u to speak ( _! c>ry+ ) !m1 ?\gh s+le & successive1 ! consci\sness ( _! resemblance to ea* o!r1 w also entitle u to speak ( _! c>ry+ ) !m a ref]5ce to t :i* is n itself any s+le impression1 b is p]man5t ?r\gh\t ! impressions2 & ! :ole gr\nd ( ,hume's polemic aga9/ ! idea ( self or _s is remov$4 #b #a ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q a diff]5t ?+ to say t ! bra9 7or1 m prop]ly1 ! :ole body7 is organic to x4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #bje4 ,di/9ction betwe5 resembl+ feel+s & idea ( resemblance4 #bac4 ,! above admission1 h[ev]1 does n dispose ( ! "q ab\t ideas ( resemblance4 ,a feel+ qualifi$ by relation ( resemblance to o!r feel+s is a diff]5t ?+ f an idea ( t relation--diff]5t ) all ! diff]5ce :i* ,hume ignores betwe5 feel+ & ?\ght1 betwe5 consci\sness & self-consci\sness4 ,! qualification ( successive feel+s by mutual relation implies1 inde$1 ! pres5ce to !m ( a subject p]man5t & immat]ial 7i4e4 n 9 "t or space72 b x does n imply t ?is subject pres5ts !m to itself z relat$ objects1 p]man5t ) its own p]man5ce1 :i* abide & may be consid]$ ap>t f #8! circum/ances 9 "t' ( _! occurr5ce4 ,yet su* pres5tation is suppos$ by all language o!r ?an int]jectional4 ,x is x alone :i* c give u names ( ?+s1 z di/9ct f noises prompt$ by ! feel+s z !y occur4 ,( c\rse x is op5 to any "o to say t by an idea ( resemblance he does n mean any ?\ght involv+ ! self-consci\s pres5tation spok5 (1 b m]ely a feel+ qualifi$ by resemblance1 & n at its livelie/ /age4 ,?us ,hume tells u t by #8idea' he m]ely means a feel+ less lively ?an x has be51 & t by idea ( any?+ he implies no ref]5ce to any?+ o!r ?an ! idea1 #a b means j a relat$ idea1 i4e4 a feel+ qualifi$ by #8natural relation' to o!r feel+s4 ,x is by ?is ?\ghtful abnegation ( ?\ght1 z we %all f9d1 t he arrives at 8 sceptical result4 ,b language 7= ! reason m5tion$7 w\ld n all[ him to be fai?ful to ! abnegation4 ,he c\ld n make su* a pr(ession )\t be+ false to x4 ,?is appe>s already 9 8 acc\nt ( #8complex' & #8ab/ract' ideas4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #bjh4 ,sub/ances collections ( ideas4 #bad1 ,8 acc\nt ( ! idea ( a sub/ance #a is simply ,locke's1 z ,locke's w\ld become ^u elim9ation ( ! notion t !re is a real #8some?+' 9 :i* ! collection ( ideas subsi/1 & f :i* !y result4 ,x ?us avoids all difficulties ab\t ! relation betwe5 nom9al & real ess5ce4 ,j z ,locke says t 9 ! case ( a #8mix$ mode' ! nom9al ess5ce is ! real1 s ,hume w\ld say ( a sub/ance4 ,! only diff]5ce is t :ile ! collection ( ideas1 call$ a mix$ mode1 does n admit ( addition )\t a *ange ( its "n1 t call$ a sub/ance does4 ,^u discov]y ( ! solubility ( gold 9 aqua regia we add t idea to ! collection1 to :i* ! "n #8gold' has previ\sly be5 assign$1 )\t di/urbance 9 ! use ( ! "n1 because ! "n already cov]s n only ! ideas ( c]ta9 qualities1 b also ! idea ( a #8pr9ciple ( union' betwe5 !m1 :i* w ext5d to any ideas pres5t$ along ) !m4 ,z ?is pr9ciple ( union1 h[ev]1 is n itself any #8real ess5ce1' b #8"p ( ! complex idea1' ! "q1 s tr\blesome to ,locke1 :e!r a proposition ab\t gold ass]ts real co-exi/5ce or only ! inclusion ( an idea 9 a nom9al ess5ce1 w be sup]flu\s4 ,h[ ! #8pr9ciple ( union' is to be expla9$1 w appe> bel[4 #b #a p4 #cbd ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,vi4 #b ,p>agraph #cjc1 & ! foll[+4 ,h[ c ideas #89 flux' be collect$8 #bae4 ,!re are names1 !n1 :i* repres5t #8collections ( ideas4' ,h[ c we expla9 su* collection if ideas are m]ely relat$ feel+s gr[n' fa9t]8 ,d we1 :5 we use "o ( ^! names significantly1 recall1 ?\gh 9 a fa9t] =m1 a s]ies ( feel+s t we h exp]i5c$ 9 ! process ( collection8 ,does ! *emi/1 :5 he says t gold is soluble 9 aqua regia1 recall ! visual & tactual feel+ :i* he exp]i5c$ :5 he f\nd x soluble8 ,if s1 z t feel+ took its "* f relation to a multitude ( o!r #8complex ideas1' he mu/ on ! same pr9ciple recall 9 endless s]ies ! s5sible occurr5ces f :i* ea* con/itu5t ( ea* con/itu5t ( ^! 0 d]iv$2 & a l process mu/ be gone ?r\gh :5 gold is pron\nc$ ductile1 malleable1 c4 ,b ?is w\ld be1 accord+ to ! figure :i* ,hume himself adopts1 to recall a #8p]petual flux4' ,! v t]m #8collection ( ideas1' inde$1 if ?is be ! mean+ ( ideas1 is an absurdity1 = h[ c a p]petual flux be collect$8 ,if we turn = a solution ( ! difficulty to ! *apt] :]e ,hume expressly discusses ! significance ( g5]al names1 we %all f9d t x is n ! "q we h "h put1 & :i* fl[s directly f 8 acc\nt ( ideas1 t he is !re treat+1 b an entirely diff]5t "o1 & "o t c\ld n be rais$ till = relat$ feel+ _h be5 sub/itut$ ! ?\ght ( an object "u relations4 ,are !re g5]al ideas8 ,b]keley said1 #8yes & no'4 #baf4 ,! *apt] m5tion$ conc]ns ! "q :i* arises out ( ,locke's pregnant /atem5t t words & ideas are #8p>ticul> 9 _! exi/5ce' ev5 :5 #8g5]al 9 _! signification4' ,f ?is /atem5t we saw #a t ,b]keley d]iv$ 8 explanation ( ! app>5t g5]ality ( ideas--! explanation1 namely1 :i* r$uces x to a relation1 yet n su* a "o z w\ld affect ! nature ( ! idea itself1 :i* is & rema9s #8p>ticul>1' b a symbolical relation betwe5 x & o!r p>ticul> ideas = :i* x is tak5 to /&4 ,an idea1 h[ev]1 t c>ries ) x a consci\sness ( symbolical relation to o!r ideas1 _c b be qualifi$ by ?is relation4 ,! g5]ality mu/ become "p ( its #8nature1' &1 accord+ly1 ! di/9ction betwe5 idea & ?+ be+ oblit]at$1 ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,?us ,b]keley virtually arrives at a result :i* r5d]s unmean+ 8 prelim9>y exclusion ( univ]sality f #8! absolute1 positive nature or conception ( any?+4' ,hume seeks to avoid x by putt+ #8cu/om' 9 ! place ( ! consci\sness ( symbolical relation4 ,true to 8 vocation ( expla9+ away all functions ( ?\ght t w n sort ) ! treatm5t ( x z #8decay+ s5se1' he w\ld resolve t idea ( a relation betwe5 c]ta9 ideas1 9 virtue ( :i* "o is tak5 to /& = ! re/1 into ! de facto sequ5ce ^u "o ( !m ( ! re/4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e else1 he w\ld make relat$ feel+s d in/ead ( relations ( ideas2 b :e!r ! relat$ feel+s1 z he is oblig$ to describe !m1 d n already presuppose relations ( ideas 9 di/9ction f feel+s1 rema9s to be se54 #a ,above1 p>agraphs #ahb & #ahc4 ,hume #8no' simply4 ,h[ he acc\nts = ! appe>ance ( !re be+ su*4 #bag4 ,! "q ab\t #8g5]ality ( signification1' z he puts x1 comes to ?is4 ,9 e proposition1 ?\gh its subject be a common n\n1 we necess>ily pres5t to ourselves "s "o individual object #8) all its p>ticul> circum/ances & proportions4' ,h[ !n c ! proposition be g5]al 9 d5otation & connotation8 ,h[ c x be made ) ref]5ce to a multitude ( individual objects o!r ?an t pres5t$ to ! m9d1 & h[ c x conc]n only su* ( ! qualities ( ! latt] z are common to ! multitude8 ,! fir/ "p ( ! "q is answ]$ z foll[s3-#8,:5 we h f\nd a resemblance among sev]al objects t (t5 occur to u1 we apply ! same "n to all ( !m 444 :atev] diff]5ces may appe> among !m4 ,aft] we h acquir$ a cu/om ( ?is k9d1 ! he>+ ( t "n revives ! idea ( "o ( ^! objects1 & makes ! imag9ation conceive x ) all its p>ticul> circum/ances & proportions4 ,b z ! same ^w is suppos$ to h be5 frequ5tly appli$ to o!r individuals1 t are diff]5t 9 _m respects f t idea :i* is imm$iately pres5t to ! m9d1 ! ^w n be+ able to revive ! idea ( all ^! individuals1 only t\*es ! s\l & revives t cu/om :i* we h acquir$ by survey+ !m4 ,!y are n really & 9 fact pres5t to ! m9d1 b only 9 p[]4 444 ,! ^w raises up an individual idea along ) a c]ta9 cu/om1 & t cu/om produces any o!r individual "o = :i* we may h occasion4 444 ,?us1 %\ld we m5tion ! ^w triangle & =m ! idea ( a p>ticul> equilat]al "o to correspond to x1 & %\ld we aft]w>ds ass]t t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to ea* o!r1 ! o!r individuals ( a scal5um & isosceles1 :i* we ov]look$ at fir/1 imm$iately cr[d 9 ^u u & make u p]ceive ! falsehood ( ?is proposition1 ?\gh x be true ) relation to t idea :i* we _h =m$'4 #a #a p4 #cbh ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,vii4 #bah4 ,next1 z to ! "q conc]n+ connotation3--#8,! m9d w\ld nev] h dream$ ( di/+ui%+ a figure f ! body figur$1 z be+ 9 reality nei!r di/+ui%able nor diff]5t nor sep>able1 did x n obs]ve t ev5 9 ?is simplicity !re might be conta9$ _m diff]5t resemblances & relations4 ,?us1 :5 a globe ( :ite m>ble is pres5t$1 we receive only ! impression ( a :ite col\r dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 =m1 nor are we able to di/+ui% & sep>ate ! col\r f ! =m4 ,b obs]v+ aft]w>ds a globe ( black m>ble & a cube ( :ite1 & comp>+ !m ) our =m] object1 we f9d two sep>ate resemblances 9 :at =m]ly seem$1 & really is1 p]fectly insep>able4 ,aft] a little m practice ( ?is k9d1 we beg9 to di/+ui% ! figure f ! col\r by a di/9ction ( reason2--i4e4 we consid] ! figure & col\r toge!r1 s9ce !y are1 9 effect1 ! same & indi/+ui%able2 b /ill view !m 9 diff]5t aspects accord+ to ! resemblances ( :i* !y are susceptible4 444 ,a p]son :o desires u to consid] ! figure ( a globe ( :ite m>ble )\t ?9k+ on its col\r1 desires an impossibility2 b 8 mean+ is1 t we %\ld consid] ! col\r & figure toge!r1 b /ill keep 9 our eye ! resemblance to ! globe ( black m>ble or t to any o!r globe :atev]'4 #a #a p4 #ccc ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,vii4 ,8 acc\nt implies t #8ideas' are conceptions1 n feel+s4 #bai4 ,x is cle> t ! process describ$ 9 ^! passages supposes #8ab initio' ! conv]sion ( a feel+ into a conception2 9 o!r words1 ! sub/itution ( ! def9ite individuality ( a ?+1 ?\ght ( "u attributes1 = ! m]e s+l5ess 9 "t ( a feel+ t occurs aft] ano!r & be=e a ?ird4 ,! #8f9d+ ( resemblances & diff]5ces among objects t (t5 occur to u' implies t ea* object is di/+ui%$ z "o & abid+ f manifold occurr5ces1 9 ! way ( relat$ feel+s1 9 :i* x is pres5t$ to u1 & t ^! accord+ly are reg>d$ z repres5t+ p]man5t relations or qualities ( ! object4 ,?us f be+ relat$ feel+s1 :e!r m or less #8vivaci\s1' !y h become1 9 ! prop] s5se1 ideas ( relation4 ,! difficulty ab\t ! use ( g5]al names1 z ,hume puts x1 really arises j f ! ext5t to :i* ?is process ( det]m9ation by ideas ( relation1 & ) x ! removal ( ! object ( ?\ght f simple feel+1 is suppos$ to h gone4 ,x is because ! idea is s complex 9 its individuality1 & because ?is qualification is n und]/ood to be ! "w ( ?\ght1 by comp>ison & contra/ accumulat+ attributes on an object :i* x itself con/itutes1 b is reg>d$ z giv5 ready-made 9 an impression 7i4e4 a feel+71 t ! "q arises :e!r a g5]al proposition is really possible or no4 ,to all int5ts & purposes ,hume decides t x is n4 ,! m9d is s ti$ d[n to ! p>ticul> collection ( qualities :i* is giv5 to x or :i* x #8f9ds1' t x _c pres5t "o ( !m to itself )\t pres5t+ all4 ,hav+ nev] f\nd a triangle t is n equilat]al or isosceles or scal5e1 we _c imag9e "o1 = ideas c only be copies ( impressions1 & ! imag9ation1 ?\gh x has a c]ta9 fre$om 9 comb9+ :at x f9ds1 c inv5t no?+ t x does n f9d4 ,?us ! idea1 repres5t$ by a g5]al "n & ( :i* an ass]tion1 g5]al 9 =m1 is made1 mu/ always h a multitude ( o!r qualities besides ^? common to x ) ! o!r individuals to :i* ! "n is applicable4 ,if any ( ^!1 h[ev]1 7 includ$ 9 ! pr$icate ( ! proposition1 ! sleep+ cu/om1 :i* det]m9es ! m9d to pass f ! idea pres5t to x to ! o!rs to :i* ! "n has be5 appli$1 w\ld be awak5$1 & x w\ld be se5 at once t ! pr$icate is n true ( !m4 ,:5 ,i make a g5]al /atem5t ab\t #8! horse1' !re mu/ be pres5t to my m9d "s p>ticul> horse ( my acqua9tance1 b if on ! /r5g? ( ?is ,i ass]t$ t #8! horse is a grey-hair$ animal1' ! cu/om ( apply+ ! "n )\t ref]5ce to col\r w\ld return ^u me & correct me--z x w\ld n if ! pr$icate 7 #8f\r-foot$4' ,he virtually yields ! po9t 9 reg>d to ! pr$icate ( propositions4 #bbj4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ! pr$icate may1 ?\gh ! subject _c1 repres5t ei!r a s+le quality1 or a set ( qualities :i* falls f> %ort ev5 ( ^? common to ! class1 mu* m ( ^? :i* *>act]ise any individual4 ,if ,i c ?9k ^! ap>t1 or h an idea ( !m1 z ! pr$icate ( a proposition1 :y n 7x may be ask$7 z ! subject8 ,x may be said1 inde$1 ) tru?1 t x is a mi/ake to ?9k ( ! subject z repres5t+ "o idea & ! pr$icate ano!r2 t ! proposition z a :ole repres5ts "o idea1 9 ! s5se ( a conception ( relation betwe5 attributes1 & t at bottom ?is acc\nt ( x is consi/5t ) ,locke's def9ition ( k z a p]ception ( relation betwe5 #8ideas1' s9ce ) him #8ideas' & #8qualities' are us$ int]*angeably4 #a ,x is no less true1 h[ev]1 t ! relation betwe5 attributes1 :i* ! proposition /ates1 is a relation betwe5 !m 9 an individual subject4 ,x is ! nature ( ! individuality ( ?is subject1 !n1 t is really 9 "q4 ,mu/ x1 z ,hume suppos$1 be #8consid]$' "u o!r qualities ?an ^? to :i* ! pr$icate relates8 ,:5 ! proposition only conc]ns ! relation betwe5 c]ta9 qualities ( a sph]ical figure1 mu/ ! figure /ill be consid]$ z ( a c]ta9 col\r & mat]ial8 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ag4 ,z to ! subject1 he equivocates betwe5 s+l5ess ( feel+ & individuality ( conception4 #bba4 ,! possibility ( su* a "q be+ rais$ implies t ! /ep has be5 already tak51 :i* ,hume ignor$1 f feel+ to ?\ght4 ,8 doctr9e on ! matt] arises f t m5tal equivocation1 ( :i* ! effects on ,locke h be5 already notic$1 #a betwe5 ! m]e s+l5ess ( a feel+ 9 "t & ! individuality ( ! object ( ?\ght z a complex ( relations4 ,if ! impression is ! s+le feel+ :i* disappe>s ) a turn ( ! head1 & ! idea a weak] impression1 e idea mu/ inde$ be 9 "o s5se #8individual1' b 9 a s5se t r5d]s all pr$ication impossible because x empties ! idea ( all cont5t4 ,really1 accord+ to ,hume's doctr9e ( g5]al names1 x is individual 9 a s5se :i* is ! mo/ remote opposite ( ?is1 z a multitude ( #8diff]5t resemblances & relations' 9 #8simplicity4' ,x is j su* an individual z ,locke suppos$ to be f\nd 7s to speak7 ready-made 9 nature1 & f :i* he suppos$ ! m9d successively to ab/ract ideas less & less det]m9ate4 ,su* an object ,hume1 com+ aft] ,b]keley1 c\ld n reg>d 9 ,locke's fa%ion z a sep>ate mat]ial exi/5ce outside consci\sness4 ,! idea ) him is a #8copy' n ( a ?+ b ( an #8impression1' b to ! impression he transf]s all t individualization by qualities :i* ,locke _h ascrib$ to ! sub/ance f\nd 9 nature2 & f ! impression aga9 transf]s x to ! idea :i* #8is b ! weak] impression4' ,?us ! s+l5ess 9 "t ( ! impression becomes ! #8simplicity' ( an object #8conta9+ _m diff]5t resemblances & relations1' & ! individuality ( ! subject ( a proposition1 in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ 9 its true light z a tempor>y isolation f o!r relations ( ^? = ! "t "u view--an individuality :i* is p]petually %ift+ its limits z ?\ght proce$s--becomes an individuality fix$ once = all by :at is giv5 9 ! impression4 ,because1 z is suppos$1 ,i c only #8see' a globe z ( a c]ta9 col\r & mat]ial1 ,i c only ?9k ( x z su*4 ,if ! #8sight' ( x _h be5 rightly int]pret$ z itself a complex "w ( ?\ght1 successively deta*+ felt ?+s f ! #8flux' ( feel+s & det]m9+ ^! by relations simil>ly deta*$1 ! difficulty ( ?9k+ c]ta9 ( ^!--e4g4 ^? designat$ z #8figure'--ap>t f ! re/ w\ld h disappe>$4 ,x w\ld h be5 se5 t ?is 0 m]ely to sep>ate 9 reflective analysis :at _h be5 gradually put toge!r 9 ! successive syn!sis ( p]ception4 ,b su* an int]pretation ( ! suppos$ datum ( s5se w\ld h be5 to elevate ?\ght f ! position :i* ,hume assign$ to x1 z a #8decay+ s5se1' to t ( be+ itself ! organiz] ( ! _w :i* x kn[s4 #b #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #dg1 #ie1 c4 #b ,! phrase #8decay+ s5se' belongs to ,hobbes1 b its mean+ is adopt$ by ,hume4 ,result is a !ory :i* admits pr$ication1 b only z s+ul>4 #bbb4 ,"h1 !n1 z else:]e1 ! emb>rassm5t ( ,hume's doctr9e is no?+ :i* a bett] /atem5t ( x c\ld avoid4 ,nay1 s dext]\s is 8 /atem5t1 t only ^u a close scrut9y does ! emb>rassm5t disclose itself4 ,to be fai?ful at once to 8 r$uction ( ! impression to simple feel+1 & to 8 acc\nt ( ! idea z a m]e copy ( ! impression1 0 really impossible4 ,if he _h kept 8 ^w 9 reg>d to ! impression1 he mu/ h f\nd ?\ght fill+ ! void left by ! disappe>ance1 "u ,b]keley's criticism1 ( t outw>d sy/em ( ?+s :i* ,locke _h commonly tak5 = grant$4 ,he pref]r$ fidelity to 8 acc\nt ( ! idea1 & ?us virtually re/ores ! fiction :i* repres5ts ! real _w z consi/+ ( s _m1 mat]ially sep>ate1 bundles ( qualities--a fiction :i* ev5 ,locke 9 8 bett] mom5ts 0 beg9n+ to outgr[--) only ! diff]5ce t = ! sep>ation ( #8sub/ances' 9 space he sub/itutes a sep>ation ( #8impressions' 9 "t4 ,t ?\ght 7! #8idea'7 c b fa9tly copy feel+ 7! #8impression'7 he consi/5tly ma9ta9s1 b he avails himself ( ! actual det]m9ation ( feel+ by ref]5ce to an object ( ?\ght--! det]m9ation express$ by su* phrases z impression ( a man1 impression ( a globe1 c4--to *>ge ! feel+ ) a cont5t :i* x only d]ives f su* det]m9ation1 :ile yet he d5ies x4 ,by ?is means pr$ication c be acc\nt$ =1 z x c\ld n be if our consci\sness consi/$ ( m]e feel+s & _! copies1 b only 9 ! =m ( ! s+ul> proposition2 because ! object ( ?\ght det]m9$ by relations1 be+ id5tifi$ ) a s+le feel+1 mu/ be limit$ by ! #8?is' or #8t' :i* expresses ?is s+l5ess ( feel+4 ,x is really ?is or t globe1 ?is or t man1 t is ! subject ( ! proposition1 accord+ to ,hume1 ev5 :5 9 =m x is g5]al4 ,x is true t ! g5]al "n #8globe' or #8man' n m]ely repres5ts a #8p>ticul>' globe or man1 ?\gh t is all t is pres5t$ to ! m9d1 b also #8raises up a cu/om :i* produces any o!r individual idea = :i* we may h occasion4' ,z ?is cu/om1 h[ev]1 is nei!r itself an idea nor affects ! s+l5ess ( ! subject idea1 x does n con/itute any di/9ction betwe5 s+ul> & g5]al propositions1 b only betwe5 two sorts ( ! s+ul> proposition accord+ z x does1 or does n1 sugge/ an indef9ite s]ies ( o!r s+ul> propositions1 9 :i* ! same qualities are affirm$ ( diff]5t individual ideas to :i* ! subject-"n has be5 appli$4 ,all propositions re/rict$ 9 same way z ,locke's propositions ab\t real exi/5ce4 #bbc4 ,a cu/om>y sequ5ce1 !n1 ( individual ideas ^u ea* o!r is ! reality1 :i* ?r\gh ! delusion ( words 7z we mu/ suppose7 has giv5 rise to ! fiction ( !re be+ su* a ?+ z g5]al k4 ,we say #8fiction1' = ) ! possibility ( g5]al propositions1 z ! ,greek philosoph]s once = all po9t$ out1 /&s or falls ! possibility ( sci5ce4 ,locke 0 s f> aw>e ( ?is t1 ^u ! same pr9ciple :i* l$ him to d5y ! possibility ( g5]al propositions conc]n+ real exi/5ce1 he #8suspect$' a sci5ce ( nature to be impossible1 & only f\nd an exemption = moral & ma!matical tru? f ?is condemnation 9 its #8b>e ideality4' ,hume does away ) ! exemption4 ,he applies to all propositions alike ! same limitation :i* ,locke applies to ^? conc]n+ real exi/5ce4 ,) ,locke !re may v well be a proposition :i* to ! m9d1 z well z 9 =m1 is g5]al--"o ( :i* ! subject is an #8ab/ract g5]al idea'--b su* proposition #8conc]ns n exi/5ce4' ,z k ( real exi/5ce is limit$ to ! #8actual pres5t s5sation1' s a proposition ab\t su* exi/5ce is limit$ to :at is giv5 9 su* s5sation4 ,x is a real tru? t ?is piece ( gold is n[ be+ dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 :5 ! #8p>ticul> exp]im5t' is go+ on "u our eyes1 b ! g5]al proposition #8gold is soluble' is only an analysis ( a nom9al ess5ce4 ,) ,hume ! di/9ction betwe5 propositions t d1 & ^? t d n1 #8conc]n exi/5ce' disappe>s4 ,e proposition is on ! same foot+ 9 ?is respect1 s9ce x mu/ ne$s be a /atem5t ab\t an #8idea1' & e idea exi/s4 #8,e object t is pres5t$ mu/ necess>ily be exi/5t4 444 ,:atev] we conceive1 we conceive to be exi/5t4 ,any idea we please to =m is ! idea ( a be+2 & ! idea ( a be+ is any idea we please to =m'4 #a ,b s9ce1 accord+ to him1 ! idea _c be sep>at$1 z ,locke suppos$ x c\ld1 f ! conditions #8t det]m9e x to ?is or t p>ticul> exi/5ce1' propositions ( ! sort :i* ,locke und]/ood by #8g5]al propositions conc]n+ sub/ances1' ?\gh if !y 7 possible !y w\ld #8conc]n exi/5ce' z mu* z any1 are simply impossible4 ,hume1 9 %ort1 ?\gh he id5tifies ! real & nom9al ess5ces :i* ,locke _h di/+ui%$1 yet limits ! nom9al ess5ce by ! same #8p>ticul>ity 9 space & "t' by :i* ,locke _h limit$ ! real4 #a p4 #cgj ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,vi4 ,! "q1 h[ ! s+ul> proposition is possible1 ! vital "o4 #bbd4 ,a great advance 9 simplification has be5 made :5 ! false sort ( #8conceptualism' has ?us be5 got rid (--t conceptualism :i* opposes kn[+ & be+ "u ! notion t ?+s1 ?\gh m]ely individual 9 reality1 may be kn[n z g5]al4 ,?is riddance hav+ be5 a*iev$1 z x 0 by ,hume1 ! import ( ! proposition becomes ! c5tral "q ( philosophy1 ! answ] to :i* mu/ det]m9e our !ory ( real exi/5ce j z mu* z ( ! m9d4 ,! issue may be tak5 on ! proposition 9 its s+ul> no less ?an 9 its g5]al =m4 ,! weakness ( ,hume's oppon5ts1 inde$1 has la9 prim>ily 9 _! all[+ t 8 doctr9e w\ld acc\nt = any significant pr$ication :atev]1 z di/9ct f exclamations prompt$ by feel+s z !y occur4 ,?is has be5 ! in*1 :i* once yield$1 ! full ell ( 8 nom9alism has be5 easily won2 j z ,locke's empiricism becomes inv9cible z soon z x is admitt$ t qualifi$ ?+s are #8f\nd 9 nature' )\t any con/itutive action ( ! m9d4 ,z ! only effective way ( deal+ ) ,locke is to ask1--,aft] ab/raction ( all t he himself admitt$ to be ! creation ( ?\ght1 :at rema9s to be m]ely f\nd8--s ,hume mu/ be met 9 lim9e by ! "q :e!r1 ap>t f su* ideas ( relation z accord+ to 8 own %[+ are n simple impressions1 s mu* z ! s+ul> proposition is possible4 ,if n1 !n ! s+ul>ity ( su* proposition does n consi/ 9 any s+l5ess ( pres5tation to s5se2 x is n ! #8p>ticul>ity 9 "t' ( a pres5t feel+2 & ! exclusion ( g5]ality1 :e!r 9 ?\ghts or 9 ?+s1 z foll[+ f ! suppos$ necessity ( su* s+l5ess or p>ticul>ity1 is q gr\ndless4 ,n relations ( resemblance only1 b ^? ( quantity also1 treat$ by ,hume z feel+s4 #bbe4 ,hi!rto ! idea ( relation :i* we h _h specially 9 view has be5 t ( relation 9 ! way ( resemblance1 & ! propositions h be5 su* z repres5t ! mo/ obvi\s #8facts ( obs]vation'--facts ab\t ?is or t #8body1' man or horse or ball4 ,we h se5 t ^! already suppose ! ?\ght ( an object qualifi$1 n transitory z are feel+s1 b "o to :i* feel+s are ref]r$ on _! occurr5ce z resemblances or diff]5ces betwe5 x & o!r objects2 b t by an equivocation1 :i* unexam9$ phraseology cov]s1 betwe5 ! ?\ght ( su* an object & feel+ prop]--z if because we talk ( see+ a man1 !re=e a man 7 a feel+ ( col\r--,hume is able to repres5t !m z m]e data ( s5se1 & ?us to ignore ! diff]5ce betwe5 relat$ feel+s & ideas ( relation4 ,?us ! fir/ /ep has be5 tak5 t[>ds transf]r+ to ! s5sitive subject1 z m]ely s5sitive1 ! p[] ( ?\ght & significant spee*4 ,! next is to transf] to x ideas ( ^? o!r relations #a :i* ,hume classifies z #8relations ( "t & place1 proportion 9 quantity or numb]1 degrees 9 any quality'4 #b ,?is done1 x is suffici5tly equipp$ = a*iev+ its deliv]ance f metaphysics4 ,an animal1 capable ( exp]im5ts conc]n+ matt] ( fact1 & ( reason+ conc]n+ quantity & numb]1 w\ld c]ta9ly h "s excuse = ?r[+ into ! fire all books :i* s\ght to make x a%am$ ( its animality4 #c #a ,! c\rse :i* our exam9ation ( ,hume %\ld take 0 m>k$ out1 x w be rememb]$1 by 8 enum]ation ( ! #8natural' relations t regulate ! association ( ideas4 ,x might seem a dep>ture f ?is c\rse to proce$1 z 9 ! text1 f ! relation ( resemblance to #8relations ( "t & place1 proportion 9 quantity or numb]1 & degrees ( any quality1' s9ce ^! appe> 9 ,hume's enum]ation1 n ( #8natural' b ( #8philosophical' relations4 ,su* dep>ture1 h[ev]1 is ! consequ5ce ( ,hume's own proc$ure4 ,:e!r he consid]$ ^! relations m]ely equival5t to ! #8natural ones' ( resemblance & contiguity1 he does n expressly say2 b 8 r$uction ( ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics to data ( s5se implies t he did s4 ,! treatm5t ( degrees 9 quality & proportions 9 quantity z s5sible implies t ! diff]5ce betwe5 resemblance & measur$ resemblance1 betwe5 contiguity & measur$ contiguity1 is ignor$4 #b p4 #cfh ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,v4 #c ,if we take 9 our h& any volume ( div9ity or s*ool-metaphysics1 = in/ance1 let u ask1 ,does x conta9 any ab/ract reason+ = quantity or numb]8 ,no4 ,does x conta9 any exp]im5tal reason+ conc]n+ matt] ( fact & exi/5ce8 ,no4 ,commit x !n to ! flames1 = x c conta9 no?+ b sophi/ry & illusion4'--#8,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+1' at ! end4 ,he draws ! l9e betwe5 c]ta9ty & probability at ! same po9t z ,locke2 b is m def9ite z to probability1 #bbf4 ,9 ?us leav+ ma!matics & a limit$ sort ( exp]im5tal physics 7limit$ by ! exclusion ( all g5]al inf]5ce f ! exp]im5t7 out ( ! rea* ( 8 scepticism1 & 9 mak+ !m 8 basis ( attack ^u :at he conceiv$ to be ! m pret5ti\s claims ( k1 ,hume 0 aga9 foll[+ ! c\rse m>k$ out = him by ,locke4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,locke1 ev5 :5 8 #8suspicion' ( k is at its /ronge/1 /ill f9ds solid gr\nd 7a7 9 #8p>ticul> exp]im5ts' ^u nature1 express$ 9 s+ul> propositions z oppos$ to ass]tions ( univ]sal or necess>y connexion1 & 7b7 9 ma!matical tru?s :i* are at once g5]al1 c]ta91 & in/ructive1 because #8b>ely ideal4' ,all speculative propositions t d n fall "u "o or o!r ( ^! heads are ei!r #8trifl+' or m]ely #8probable4' ,hume draws ! l9e betwe5 c]ta9ty & probability at ! same po9t1 nor 9 reg>d to ! gr\nd ( c]ta9ty z to #8matt] ( fact or exi/5ce' is !re any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 him & 8 ma/]4 ,z ?is gr\nd is ! #8actual pres5t s5sation' ) ! "o1 s x is ! #8impression' ) ! o!r2 & x is only :5 ! proposition becomes univ]sal or ass]ts a necess>y connection1 t ! c]ta9ty1 ?us giv51 is by ei!r suppos$ to fail4 ,x is true t ) ,locke ?is au?ority ( ! s5sation is a d]iv$ au?ority1 dep5d+ on its ref]5ce to a #8body n[ op]at+ ^u u1' :ile ) ,hume1 s f> z he is fai?ful to 8 pr(ession ( disc>d+ su* ref]5ce1 x is orig9al4 ,b ) ea* alike ! fundam5tal notion is t a feel+ mu/ be #8true :ile x la/s1' & t 9 reg>d to real exi/5ce or matt] ( fact no o!r tru? c be kn[n b ?is4 ,nei!r p]ceives t a tru? ?us re/rict$ is no tru? at all--no?+ t c be /at$ ev5 9 a s+ul> proposition2 t ! #8p>ticul>ity 9 "t1' on :i* is suppos$ to dep5d ! real c]ta9ty ( ! simple feel+1 is j t :i* deprives x ( significance #a--;because nei!r is really fai?ful to ! re/riction4 ,ea* all[s himself to sub/itute = ! mom5t>y feel+ an object qualifi$ by relations1 :i* are ! exact opposite ( mom5t>y feel+s4 #8,if ,i myself see a man walk on ! ice1' says ,locke 7,,iv1 xv4 #e71 #8x is pa/ probability1 x is k3' nor w\ld ,hume1 ?\gh ready en\gh on occasion to po9t out t :at is se5 mu/ be a col\r1 h any scruple 9 assum+ t su* a complex judgm5t z ! above s-call$ #8sight' has ! c]ta9ty ( a simple impression4 ,x is only 9 br++ to be> ^u ! *>act]i/ic admission ( ,locke's ,f\r? ,book1 t no g5]al k ( nature c be m ?an probable1 a m def9ite notion ( :at probability is1 & 9 exhibit+ ! lat5t inconsi/5cy ( ?is admission ) ,locke's own doctr9e ( ideas z effects ( a causative sub/ance1 t he modifies ! !ory ( physical c]ta9ty :i* he inh]it$4 ,9 _! treatm5t ( ma!matical tru?s on ! o!r h&1 ( propositions involv+ relations ( di/ance1 quantity & degree1 a fundam5tal discrepancy appe>s betwe5 ! two writ]s4 ,! gr\nd ( c]ta9ty1 :i* ,hume admits 9 reg>d to propositions ( ?is ord]1 mu/ be exam9$ be=e we c appreciate 8 !ory ( probability z x affects ! relations ( cause & sub/ance4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #de & #ig4 444 & does n admit opposition ( ma!matical to physical c]ta9ty--"h foll[+ ,b]keley4 #bbg4 ,x has be5 %[n #a t ,locke's opposition ( ma!matical to physical c]ta9ty1 ) 8 ascription to ! =m] ( in/ructive g5]ality on ! gr\nd ( its b>e ideality--! #8ideal' 9 ?is reg>d be+ oppos$ to :at is f\nd 9 s5sation--/rikes at ! v root ( 8 sy/em4 ,x implies t ?\ght c orig9ate1 & t :at x orig9ates is 9 "s sort real--nay1 z be+ no?+ else ?an ! #8prim>y qualities ( matt]1' is ! s\rce ( all o!r reality4 ,"h 0 an ali5 elem5t :i* #8empiricism' c\ld n assimilate )\t *ang+ its "*4 ,c>ry+ su* a conception along ) x1 x 0 already *>g$ ) an influ5ce :i* mu/ ultimately "w its complete transmutation by compell+1 n ! admission ( an ideal _w ( guess & aspiration alongside ( ! empirical1 b ! recognition ( ! empirical z itself ideal ,! "t = ?is transmutation1 h[ev]1 0 n yet4 ,b]keley1 9 ov]-ha/y zeal = ,god1 _h miss$ t only true way ( f9d+ ,god 9 ! _w :i* lies 9 ! discov]y t ! _w is ,?\ght4 ,hav+ tak5 fright at ! #8ma!matical ,a!ism1' :i* seem$ to gr[ out ( ! curr5t doctr9es ab\t prim>y qualities ( matt]1 in/ead ( apply+ ,locke's own admissions to %[ t ^! 7 intelligible & m]ely intelligible1 he fanci$ t he _h won ! battle = ,!ism by mak+ out t !y 7 m]ely feel+s or sequ5ces ( feel+s4 ,f him ,hume got ! text = all he _h to say aga9/ ! metaphysical ma!maticians2 b1 = ! reason t ,hume appli$ x ) no !ological int]e/1 its true import becomes m app>5t ) him ?an ) ,b]keley4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #aag & #abe4 ,8 criticisms ( ! doctr9e ( prim>y qualities4 #bbh4 ,8 acc\nt ( ma!matical tru?s1 z conta9$ 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! #8,treatise on ,human ,nature1' _c be fairly read except 9 connection ) ! *apt]s 9 ,"p ,,iv4 on #8,scepticism ) reg>d to ! ,s5ses1' & on #8! ,mod]n ,philosophy4' ,! latt] *apt] is expressly a polemic aga9/ ,locke's doctr9e ( prim>y qualities1 & its drift is to rev]se ! relations :i* ,locke _h ass]t$ betwe5 !m & s5sations1 mak+ ! prim>y qualities dep5d on s5sations1 in/ead ( s5sations on ! prim>y qualities4 ,9 ,locke himself we h f\nd t two inconsi/5t views on ! subject p]petually cross ea* o!r4 #a ,accord+ to "o1 mom5t>y s5sation is ! sole conveyance to u ( reality2 accord+ to ! o!r1 ! real is con/itut$ by qualities ( bodies :i* n only #8are 9 !m :e!r we p]ceive !m or n1' b :i* only complex ideas ( relation c repres5t4 ,! unconsci\s device :i* cov]$ ?is inconsi/5cy lay1 we f\nd1 #b 9 ! conv]sion ( ! m]e feel+ ( t\* into ! t\* ( a body1 & ?us into an exp]i5ce ( solidity4 ,by ?is conv]sion1 s9ce solidity accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt c>ries ) x all ! prim>y qualities1 ^! too become data ( s5sation1 :ile yet1 by ! ret5tion ( ! opposition betwe5 !m & ideas1 ! advantage is ga9$ ( app>5tly avoid+ t id5tification ( :at is real ) simple feel+1 :i* sci5ce & common s5se alike repel4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #ii & foll[+4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #aja4 ,x w n d to oppose bodies to our feel+ :5 only feel+ c give idea ( body4 #bbi4 ,hume makes a %[ ( gett+ rid ( ?is see-saw4 ,in/ead ( assum+ at once ! reality ( s5sation on ! /r5g? ( its relation to ! prim>y qualities & ! reality ( ^! on ! /r5g? ( _! be+ giv5 9 tactual exp]i5ce1 he pron\nces s5sations alone ! real1 to :i* ! prim>y qualities mu/ be r$uc$1 if !y are n to disappe> altoge!r4 #8,if col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 & smells be m]ely p]ceptions1 no?+ we c conceive is possess$ ( a real1 cont9u$1 & indep5d5t exi/5ce'4 #a ,t !y are p]ceptions is ( c\rse und\bt$4 ,! "q is1 :e!r !re is a real some?+ beside & beyond !m1 contra/ ) :i* is impli$ 9 speak+ ( !m z #8m]ely p]ceptions4' ,! suppos$ qualities ( su* a real are #8motion1 ext5sion1 & solidity'4 #b ,to modes ( ^! ! o!r prim>y qualities enum]at$ by ,locke are r$ucible2 & ( ^! aga9 motion & ext5sion1 accord+ to ,locke's acc\nt no less ?an ,hume's own1 presuppose solidity4 ,:at !n d we ass]t ( ! real1 9 contra/ ) :i* we talk ( p]ception1 z m]e p]ception1 :5 we say t x is solid8 #8,9 ord] to =m an idea ( solidity we mu/ conceive two bodies press+ on ea* o!r )\t any p5etration4 444 ,n[1 :at idea d we =m ( ^! bodies8 444 ,to say t we conceive !m z solid is to run on ad inf9itum4 ,to affirm t we pa9t !m out to ourselves z ext5d$1 ei!r resolves !m all into a false idea or returns 9 a circle2 ext5sion mu/ necess>ily be conceiv$ ei!r z col\r$1 :i* is a false idea1 #c or z solid1 :i* br+s u back to ! fir/ "q4' ,( solidity1 !n1 ! ultimate det]m9ation ( ! suppos$ real1 !re is #8no idea to be =m$' ap>t f ^? p]ceptions to :i*1 z indep5d5t ( our s5ses1 x is oppos$4 #8,aft] exclusion ( col\rs1 s\nds1 heat & cold f ! rank ( ext]nal exi/5ces1 !re rema9s no?+ :i* c af=d u a j & consi/5t idea ( body4' #a p4 #eac ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,iv4 #b ,ibid4 #c #8,a false idea1' t is1 accord+ to ! doctr9e t ext5sion is a prim>y quality1 :ile col\r is only an idea ( a second>y quality1 n resembl+ ! quality z x is 9 ! ?+4 ,locke's %uffle ( #8body1' #8solidity1' & #8t\*1' fairly expos$4 #bcj4 ,our exam9ation ( ,locke has %[n u h[ x is t 8 int]pretation ( ideas by ref]5ce to body is fairly op5 to ?is attack4 ,x is s because1 9 ?us int]pret+ !m1 he did n "k :at he 0 really ab\t4 ,he ?\ght he 0 expla9+ ideas ( s5se accord+ to ! only me?od ( explanation :i* he recognises--! me?od ( resolv+ complex into simple ideas1 & ( #8s5d+ a man to 8 s5ses' = a k ( ! simple4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 :5 he expla9$ ideas ( s5se z d]iv$ f ! qualities ( body1 he 0 expla9+ simple ideas by ref]5ce to t :i*1 accord+ to 8 own %[+1 is a complex idea4 ,to say t1 z ,locke und]/ood ! d]ivation 9 "q1 ! prim>y qualities are an to ! ideas ( second>y qualities1 b n an #a--t )\t our hav+ ideas ( !m !y cause ^? ideas ( s5se f :i* aft]w>ds our ideas ( ! prim>y qualities are =m$--is to suppose an ord] ( reality o!r ?an ! ord] ( our s5sitive exp]i5ce1 & ?us to contradict ,locke's fundam5tal doctr9e t ! g5esis ( ideas is to be f\nd by obs]v+ _! succession 9 #8our own brea/s4' ,x is n ?us t ,locke himself escapes ! difficulty4 ,z we h se51 he supposes our ideas ( s5se to be f ! beg9n+ ideas ( ! qualities ( bodies1 & virtually ju/ifies ! supposition by s5d+ ! read] to 8 s5se ( t\* = t idea ( solidity 9 :i*1 z he def9es x1 all ! prim>y qualities are involv$4 ,t ! s5se 9 "q does n really yield ! idea is :at ,hume po9ts out :5 he says t1 #8?\gh bodies are felt by means ( _! solidity1 yet ! feel+ is q a diff]5t ?+ f ! solidity1 nor h !y ! lea/ resemblance to ea* o!r4' ,9 o!r words1 hav+ come to suppose t !re are solid bodies1 we expla9 our feel+ z due to _! solidity2 b we may n at once int]pret feel+ z ! result ( solidity1 & treat solidity z itself a feel+4 ,x 0 by all[+ himself s to treat x t ,locke disguis$ f himself ! objection to 8 int]pretation ( feel+4 ,hume te>s (f ! disguise1 & 9 effect gives him ! *oice ( be+ convict$ ei!r ( reason+ 9 a circle or ( expla9+ ! simple idea by ref]5ce to ! complex4 ,! solidity1 :i* is to expla9 feel+1 c itself only be expla9$ by ref]5ce to body4 ,if body is only a complex ( ideas ( s5se1 9 ref]r+ tactual feel+ to x we are expla9+ a simple idea by ref]5ce to a comp\nd "o4 ,if x is n1 h[ is x to be def9$ except 9 ! #8circul>' way1 :i* ,locke 9 fact adopts :5 he makes body a #8texture ( solid p>ts' & solidity a relation ( bodies8 #b #a ,greek 7aition g5eseos7 cause ( com+-to-be1 7aition gnoseos7 cause ( be+ kn[n4 ,tr4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #aja4 ,true rationale ( ,locke's doctr9e4 #bca4 ,?is #8vici\s circle' 0 no?+ ( :i* ,locke ne$ h be5 a%am$1 if only he _h und]/ood & av[$ its necessity4 ,body is to solidity & to ! prim>y qualities 9 g5]al simply z a sub/ance to ! relations t det]m9e x2 & ! #8circle' 9 "q m]ely repres5ts ! logical impossibility ( def9+ a sub/ance except by relations1 & ( def9+ ^! relations )\t presuppos+ a sub/ance4 ,x 0 only ,locke's confusion ( ! ord] ( logical correlation ) ! sequ5ce ( feel+s 9 "t1 t laid him op5 to ! *>ge ( mak+ body & ! ideas ( prim>y qualities1 & aga9 ! latt] ideas & ^? ( second>y qualities1 at once prec$e & foll[ ea* o!r4 ,to avoid ?is confusion by recognis+ ! logical ord]--! ord] ( intellectual #8fictions'--z t ap>t f :i* ! sequ5ce ( feel+s w\ld be no ord] ( kn[able reality at all1 w\ld be ( c\rse impossible = "o :o took ,locke's anti!sis ( ?\ght & fact = grant$4 ,! "t = t 0 n yet4 ,a way ( escape _h fir/ to be s\ght 9 a m /rict adh]5ce to ,locke's id5tification ( ! sequ5ce ( feel+s ) ! ord] ( reality4 ,h5ce ,hume's attempt1 rev]s+ ,locke's d]ivation ( ideas ( s5se f prim>y qualities ( body1 to d]ive :at ) ,locke _h be5 prim>y qualities1 z comp\nd impressions ( s5se1 f simple impressions & to r$uce body itself to a "n n = any #8j & consi/5t idea1' b = a #8prop5sity to feign1' ! gradual product ( cu/om & imag9ation4 ,! "q by :i* ! value ( su* d]ivation & r$uction is to be tri$ is our old "o1 :e!r x is n a tacit conv]sion ( ! suppos$ orig9al impressions into qualities ( body t alone makes !m seem to yield ! result requir$ ( !m4 ,if ! ,f\r? ,book ( ! #8,treatise on ,human ,nature1' ) its elim9ation ( ! idea ( body1 _h come be=e ! second1 w\ld n ! plausibility ( ! acc\nt ( ma!matical ideas conta9$ 9 ! latt] h disappe>$8 ,& conv]sely1 if ^! ideas _h be5 r$uc$ to t :i* ^u elim9ation ( ! idea ( body !y prop]ly become1 w\ld n t #8prop5sity to feign1' :i* is to take ! place ( ! exclud$ idea1 be itself unacc\ntable8 ,) ,hume #8body' logically disappe>s4 ,:at !n8 #bcb4 #8,aft] exclusion ( col\rs1 s\nds1 heat & cold1 f ! rank ( ext]nal exi/5ces1 !re rema9s no?+ :i* c af=d u a j & consi/5t idea ( body4' ,n[1 no "o c #8exclude !m f ! rank ( ext]nal exi/5ces' m decisively ?an ,hume4 ,!y are impressions1 & #8all impressions are int]nal & p]i%+ exi/5ces1 & appe> z su*4' ,nor does he %irk ! consequ5ce1 t we h no #8j & consi/5t idea ( body4' ,x is true t we _c avoid a #8belief 9 its exi/5ce'--a belief :i* accord+ to ,hume consi/s 9 ! supposition ( #8a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( objects :5 !y no long] appe> to ! s5ses1 & ( _! exi/5ce z di/9ct f ! m9d & p]ceptions2' 9 o!r words1 z #8ext]nal to & indep5d5t ( u4' ,?is belief1 h[ev]1 z he %[s1 is n giv5 by ! s5ses4 ,t we %\ld feel ! exi/5ce ( an object to be cont9u$ :5 we no long] feel x1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms2 nor is x less s1 t we %\ld feel x to be di/9ct f ! feel+4 ,we _c1 !n1 h an impression ( body2 &1 s9ce we _c h an idea :i* does n correspond to an impression or collection ( impressions1 x foll[s t we c h no idea ( x4 ,h[ ! #8belief 9 its exi/5ce' is acc\nt$ = by ,hume 9 ! abs5ce ( any idea ( x1 is a "q to be consid]$ lat]4 #a ,our pres5t conc]n is to "k :e!r ! idea ( ext5sion c hold its gr\nd :5 ! idea ( body is exclud$4 #a ,see bel[1 p>agraph #cjc1 & foll4 ,c space survive body8 ,hume d]ives idea ( x f sight & feel+4 ,significance ) him ( su* d]ivation4 #bcc4 #8,! fir/ notion ( space & ext5sion1' he says1 #8is d]iv$ solely f ! s5ses ( sight & feel+3 nor is !re any?+ b :at is col\r$ or tangible t has p>ts dispos$ aft] su* a mann] z to convey ! idea4' ,n[1 !re may be a mean+ ( #8d]ivation1' accord+ to :i* no "o w\ld c>e to dispute ! fir/ clause ( ?is s5t5ce4 ,^? :o hold t really1 i4e4 = a consci\sness to :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 real & unreal is possible1 !re is no feel+ except su* z is det]m9$ by ?\ght1 are yet f> f hold+ t ! det]m9ation is arbitr>y2 t any & e feel+ is pot5tially any & e conception4 ,( ! feel+s to :i* ! visual & tactual n]ves are organic1 z !y w\ld be = a m]ely feel+ consci\sness1 no?+1 !y hold1 c be said2 9 t s5se !y are an 2 #a b = ! ?9k+ consci\sness1 or 7:i* is ! same7 z !y really are1 ^! feel+s d1 :ile ^? to :i* o!r n]ves are organic d n1 =m ! specific possibility ( ! conception ( space4 ,accord+ to ?is mean+ ( ! words1 all mu/ admit t #8! fir/ notion ( space & ext5sion is d]iv$ f ! s5ses ( sight & feel+2' ?\gh x does n foll[ t a repeat$ or cont9u$ activity ( ei!r s5se is necess>y to ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( ! notion4 ,) ,hume1 h[ev]1 ! d]ivation spok5 ( mu/ mean t ! notion ( space is1 to beg9 )1 simply a visual or tactual feel+1 & t su* x rema9s1 ?\gh ) indef9ite abatem5t & revival 9 ! livel9ess ( ! feel+1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( :i* x is call$ #8impression' or #8idea4' ,if we suppos$ him to mean1 n t ! notion ( space 0 ei!r a visual or tactual feel+ indiff]5tly1 b t x 0 a comp\nd result ( bo?1 #b we %\ld m]ely h to meet a fur!r difficulty z to ! possibility ( su* composition ( feel+s :5 _! inw>d syn!sis 9 a s\l1 & ! outw>d 9 a body1 h be5 alike exclud$4 ,9 ! next clause ( ! s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 we f9d t = visual & tactual feel+s !re are quietly sub/itut$ #8col\r$ & tangible objects1 hav+ p>ts s dispos$ z to convey ! idea ( ext5sion4' ,x is 9 ! light ( ?is latt] clause t ! uncritical read] int]prets ! =m]4 ,he reads back ! plausibility ( ! "o into ! o!r1 &1 hav+ done s1 f9ds ! :ole plausible4 ,n[ ?is plausibility ( ! latt] clause arises f its imply+ a ?ree-fold di/9ction--a di/9ction ( col\r or tangibility on ! "o side f ! disposition ( ! p>ts on ! o!r2 a di/9ction ( ! col\r1 tangibility & disposition ( p>ts alike f an object to :i* !y belong2 & a di/9ction ( ?is object f ! idea t x conveys4 ,9 o!r words1 x supposes a negative answ] to ! ?ree foll[+ que/ions3--,is ! idea ( ext5sion ! same z t ( col\r or tangibility8 ,is x possible )\t ref]5ce to some?+ o!r ?an a possible impression8 ,is ! idea ( ext5sion itself ext5d$8 ,yet to ! two latt] que/ions1 accord+ to ,hume's express /atem5ts1 ! answ] mu/ be affirmative2 nor c he avoid ! affirmative answ] to ! fir/1 to :i* he w\ld prop]ly be br\ght1 except by equivocation4 #a ,greek 7apeiron7 unlimit$1 indef9ite or inf9ite4 ,tr4 #b ,x is n really 9 ?is s5se t ! impression ( space accord+ to ,hume is a #8comp\nd' "o1 z w appe> bel[4 ,x means1 9 effect1 t col\r & space are ! same1 & t feel+ may be ext5d$4 #bcd4 ,! pices ju/ificatives = ?is ass]tion are n f> to seek4 ,"s ( !m h be5 adduc$ already4 ,! idea ( space1 l e o!r idea1 mu/ be a #8copy ( an impression4' #a ,to speak ( a feel+ 9 its fa9t] /age z an #8image' ( :at x 0 9 its liveli] /age may1 inde$1 seem a curi\s use ( t]ms2 b 9 ?is s5se only1 accord+ to ,hume's /rict doctr9e1 c ! idea ( space be spok5 ( z an #8image' ( any?+ at all4 ,! impression f :i* x is d]iv$1 i4e4 ! feel+ at its livelie/1 _c prop]ly be s spok5 (1 = #8no impression is pres5t$ by ! s5ses z ! image ( any?+ di/9ct1 or ext]nal1 or indep5d5t4' #b ,if no impression is s pres5t$1 nei!r c any idea1 :i* copies ! impression1 be s4 ,x c involve no ref]5ce to any?+ :i* does n come & g ) ! impression4 ,accord+ly no di/9ction is possible betwe5 space on ! "o h&1 & ei!r ! impression or idea ( x on ! o!r4 ,all impressions & ideas t c be said to be ( ext5sion mu/ be !mselves ext5d$2 & conv]sely1 z ,hume puts x1 #8all ! qualities ( ext5sion are qualities ( a p]ception4' ,x %\ld foll[ t space is ei!r a col\r or feel+ ( t\*4 ,9 ! t]ms :i* ,hume himself uses ) ref]5ce to #8sub/ance1' #8if x be p]ceiv$ by ! eyes1 x mu/ be col\r2 if by ! e>s1 a s\nd2 & s on1 ( ! o!r s5ses4' ,z he expressly tells u t x is #8p]ceiv$ by ! eyes1' ! conclusion is inevitable4 #a ,p4 #cdj ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iii4 #b ,p4 #dgi ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,! p>ts ( space are p>ts ( a p]ception4 #bce4 ,hume does n attempt to reject ! conclusion directly4 ,he _h too mu* eye to ! appe>ance ( consi/5cy = t4 ,b1 9 pr(ess+ to admit x1 he :olly alt]s its significance4 ,! passage 9 "q mu/ be quot$ at l5g?4 #8,! table1 :i* j n[ appe>s to me1 is only a p]ception1 & all its qualities are qualities ( a p]ception4 ,n[1 ! mo/ obvi\s ( all its qualities is ext5sion4 ,! p]ception consi/s ( p>ts4 ,^! p>ts are s situat$ z to af=d u ! notion ( di/ance & contiguity1 ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,! t]m9ation ( ^! ?ree dim5sions is :at we call figure4 ,! figure is moveable1 sep>able1 & divisible4 ,mobility & sep>ability are ! di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( ext5d$ objects4 ,&1 to cut %ort all disputes1 ! v idea ( ext5sion is copi$ f no?+ b an impression1 & consequ5tly mu/ p]fectly agree to x4 ,to say ! idea ( ext5sion agrees to any?+ is to say x is ext5d$4' ,?us #8!re are impressions & ideas t are really ext5d$4' #a #a ,p4 #ebc ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,v4 ,yet ! p>ts ( space are co-exi/5t n successive4 #bcf4 ,9 ord] to a prop] appreciation ( ?is passage x is ess5tial to be> 9 m9d t ,hume1 s f> z ! usages ( language w\ld all[ him1 ignores all su* diff]5ces 9 modes ( consci\sness z ! ,g]mans indicate by ! di/9ction betwe5 #8,empf9dung' & #8,vor/ellung1' & by t betwe5 #8,ans*auung' & #8,begriff2' or1 m prop]ly1 t he expressly m]ges !m 9 a mode ( consci\sness = :i*1 accord+ to ! mo/ consi/5t acc\nt t c be ga!r$ f him1 ! mo/ natural t]m w\ld be #8feel+4' #a ,x is true t ,hume himself1 admitt+ a di/9ction 9 ! degree ( vivacity ) :i* ?is consci\sness is at diff]5t times pres5t$1 incl9es to re/rict ! t]m #8feel+' to its m vivaci\s /age1 & to use #8p]ception' z ! m g5]al t]m1 applicable :atev] ! degree ( vivacity may be4 #b ,we mu/ n all[ him1 h[ev]1 9 us+ ?is t]m to ga9 ! advantage ( a mean+ :i* popul> !ory does1 b 8 does n1 atta* to x4 #8,p]ception' ) him cov]s #8idea' z well z #8impression2' b no?+ c be said ( idea t _c be said ( impression1 save t x is less lively1 nor ( impression t _c be said ( idea1 save t x is m s4 ,x is ?is explicit r$uction ( all consci\sness virtually1 if n 9 "n1 to feel+ t br+s to ! surface ! difficulties lat5t 9 ,locke's #8idealism4' ,^! we h already trac$ at l>ge2 b !y may be summ$ up 9 ! "q1 ,h[ c feel+s1 z #8p>ticul> 9 "t' or 7:i* is ! same7 9 #8p]petual flux1' con/itute or repres5t a _w ( p]man5t relations8 #c ,! difficulty becomes m obvi\s1 ?\gh n m real1 :5 ! relations 9 "q are n m]ely !mselves p]man5t1 l ^? betwe5 natural ph5om5a1 b are #8relations betwe5 p]man5t p>ts1' l ^? ( space4 ,x is = ?is reason t its doctr9e ab\t geometry has always be5 f\nd ! mo/ easily assailable po9t ( ! #8s5sational' philosophy4 ,locke di/+ui%es ! ideas ( space & ( duration z got1 ! "o #8f ! p]man5t p>ts ( space1' ! o!r #8f ! fleet+ & p]petually p]i%+ p>ts ( succession4' #d ,he aft]w>ds pref]s ! t]m #8expansion' to space1 z ! opposite ( duration1 because x br+s out m cle>ly ! di/9ction ( a relation betwe5 p]man5t p>ts f t betwe5 #8fleet+ successive p>ts :i* nev] exi/ toge!r4' ,h[1 !n1 c a consci\sness consi/+ simply ( #8fleet+ successive p>ts' ei!r be or repres5t t ( :i* ! diff]5tia is t its p>ts are p]man5t & co-exi/8 #a ,z imply+ no di/9ction f1 or ref]5ce to1 a ?+ caus+ & a subject exp]i5c+ x4 ,see above1 p>agraphs #aie & #bjh1 & ! passages !re ref]r$ to4 #b #8,to hate1 to love1 to ?9k1 to feel1 to see2 all ?is is no?+ b to p]ceive4' p4 #cga ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iv44 #8,:5 ,i %ut my eyes & ?9k ( my *amb]1 ! ideas ,i =m are exact repres5tations ( ! impressions ,i felt4' p4 #cab ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,i44 #c ,see above1 p>agraphs #agb #agf4 #d ,essay ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xiv4 sec4 #a4 ,hume _c make space a #8p]ception' )\t be+ false to 8 own acc\nt ( p]ception2 #bcg4 ,if ?is crux _h be5 fairly fac$ by ,hume1 he mu/ h se5 t ! only way 9 :i* he c\ld consi/5tly deal ) x 0 by radically alt]+1 ) :atev] consequ5ce to ! sci5ces1 ,locke's acc\nt ( space4 ,z x 01 he did n face x1 b--:e!r int5tionally or only 9 effect--disguis$ x by avail+ himself ( ! receiv$ usages ( language1 :i* r\ghly repres5t a !ory ! exact opposite ( 8 own1 to cov] ! incompatibility betwe5 ! e/abli%$ view ( ! nature ( space1 & 8 own r$uction ( x to feel+4 ,a v little exam9ation ( ! passage1 quot$ at l>ge above1 w %[ t :ile 9 x a pr(ession is made ( id5tify+ ext5sion & a c]ta9 sort ( p]ception ) ea* o!r1 its effect is n really to r$uce ext5sion to su* a p]ception z ,hume else:]e expla9s all p]ceptions to be1 b to transf] ! recognis$ prop]ties ( ext5sion :i* ) su* r$uction w\ld disappe>1 to some?+ :i* = ! "t he *ooses to reckon a p]ception1 b :i* he c only s reckon at ! co/ ( contradict+ 8 :ole me?od ( deal+ ) ! ideas ( ,god1 ! s\l1 & ! _w4 ,! passage1 9 fact1 is m]ely "o sample ( ! cont9u$ %uffle by :i* ,hume on ! "o h& ascribes to feel+ t intelligible cont5t :i* x only d]ives f relation to objects ( ?\ght1 & on ! o!r disposes ( ^! objects because !y are n feel+s4 444 z appe>s if we put #8feel+' = #8p]ception' 9 ! passages 9 "q4 #bch4 #8,! table1 :i* j n[ appe>s to me1 is only a p]ception1 & all its qualities are qualities ( a p]ception4 ,n[1 ! mo/ obvi\s ( all its qualities is ext5sion4 ,! p]ception consi/s ( p>ts4 ,^! p>ts are s situat$ z to af=d u ! notion ( di/ance & contiguity1 ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1' c41 c4 ,if1 n[1 ?r\gh\t ?is /atem5t 7z accord+ to ,hume's doctr9e we are entitl$ to d7 we write feel+ = #8p]ception' & #8notion1' x w appe> t ?is table is a feel+1 :i* has ano!r feel+1 call$ ext5sion1 z "o ( its qualities2 & t ?is latt] feel+ consi/s ( p>ts4 ,^!1 9 turn1 mu/ be !mselves feel+s1 s9ce ! p>ts ( :i* a p]ception consi/s mu/ be !mselves p]ceiv$1 &1 be+ p]ceiv$1 mu/1 accord+ to ,hume1 be !mselves p]ceptions :i* feel+s4 ,^! feel+s1 aga91 af=d u o!r feel+s ( c]ta9 relations--di/ance & contiguity1 c4--feel+s :i*1 z ,hume's doctr9e all[s ( no di/9ction betwe5 ! feel+ & t ( :i* x is ! feel+1 mu/ be !mselves relations4 ,?us x w\ld seem t a feel+ may h ano!r feel+ z "o ( its qualities2 t ! feel+1 :i* is ?us a quality1 has o!r feel+s z its co-exi/5t p>ts2 & t ! feel+s :i* are p>ts #8af=d u' o!r feel+s :i* are relations4 ,is t s5se or nons5se8 ,to make s5se ( !m1 we mu/ take p]ception to mean p]ceiv$ ?+1 #bci4 ,to ?is a foll[] ( ,hume1 if he c\ld be br\ght to admit ! legitimacy ( depriv+ 8 ma/] ( ! b5efit ( synonyms1 might probably reply1 t ! app>5t nons5se only arises f our be+ unaccu/om$ to su* use ( ! t]m #8feel+2' t ! table is a #8bundle ( feel+s1' actual & possible1 ( :i* ! actual "o ( sight sugge/s a lively expectation1 easily confus$ ) ! pres5ce1 ( ! o!rs belong+ to ! o!r s5ses2 t any "o ( ^! may be consid]$ a quality ( ! total impression =m$ by all2 t ! feel+ ?us consid]$1 if x happ5s to be visual1 may n improp]ly be said to consi/ ( o!r feel+s1 z a :ole consi/s ( p>ts1 s9ce x is ! result ( impressions on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ret9a1 & f a diff]5t po9t ( view ev5 itself to be ! relation betwe5 ! p>ts1 j z naturally z a mutual feel+ ( fri5d%ip may be said ei!r to consi/ ( ! loves ( ! two p>ties to ! fri5d%ip1 or to con/itute ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,su* language repres5ts ^? mod]n adaptations ( ,hume1 :i* reta9 8 id5tification ( ! real ) ! felt b ignore 8 re/rictions on ! felt4 ,und\bt$ly1 if ,hume all[$ u to drop ! di/9ction betwe5 feel+ z x might be = a m]ely feel+ consci\sness1 & feel+ z x is = a ?9k+ consci\sness1 ! objection to 8 speak+ ( feel+ 9 ^? t]ms1 9 :i* x mu/ be spok5 ( if ext5sion is to be a feel+1 w\ld disappe>2 b s1 likewise1 w\ld ! objection to speak+ ( ?\ght z con/itutive ( reality4 ,to appreciate 8 view we mu/ take feel+ n z we really "k x--= we _c "k x except "u ^? conditions ( self-consci\sness1 ! logical categories1 :i* 9 8 attempt to get at feel+1 pure & simple1 ,hume is consi/5t en\gh to exclude--b z x becomes ^u exclusion ( all det]m9ation by objects :i* ,hume reckons fictiti\s4 ,:at x w\ld ?us become positively we ( c\rse _c say1 = ( ! unkn[able no?+ c be said2 b we c decide negatively :at x _c be4 ,c t 9 any case be said ( x1 :i* mu/ be said ( x if a feel+ may be ext5d$1 & if ext5sion is a feel+8 ,c x be su* a quality ( an object1 s consi/+ ( p>ts1 & su* a relation1 z we h f\nd t ,hume takes x to be 9 8 acc\nt ( ! p]ception ( ?is table8 444 :i* x c only mean z ! result ( c]ta9 #8fictions'4 #bdj4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 leave ?r\gh\t ! e>li] "p ( ! #8,treatise on ,human ,nature' to speak 9 ! ord9>y way ( objects & _! qualities--& o!rwise ( c\rse he c\ld n h spok5 at all--9 ! f\r? book he seems = ! fir/ "t to become aw>e t 8 doctr9e did n au?orise su* language4 ,to p]ceive qualities ( an object is to be consci\s ( relation betwe5 a subject & object1 ( :i* nei!r p]i%es ) ! mom5t ( p]ception4 ,su* consci\sness is self-consci\sness1 & _c be r$uc$ to any natural obs]vable ev5t1 s9ce x is consci\sness ( t ( :i* we _c say #8,lo1 "h1' or #8,lo1 !re1' #8x is n[ b 0 n !n1' or #8x 0 !n b is n n[4' ,x is !re=e some?+ :i* ! _s ( ! ,lockeian philosophy _c assimilate1 & :i* ,hume1 z ! mo/ consi/5t expon5t ( t _s1 mo/ consi/5tly tri$ to get rid (4 ,! subject z self1 ! object z body1 he pr(esses to r$uce to figures ( spee*1 to be acc\nt$ = z ! result ( c]ta9 #8prop5sities to feign3' nor w he all[ t any impression or idea 7& impressions & ideas ) him1 be x rememb]$1 exhau/ our consci\sness7 c>ries ) x a ref]5ce to an object o!r ?an itself1 any m ?an d pleasure or pa9 to :i* #89 _! nature' all p]ceptions correspond4 #a ,he _c1 inde$1 avoid speak+ ( ! consci\sness ?us r$uc$ to ! level ( simple pa9 & pleasure1 z be+ t :i* 9 fact x c only be :5 det]m9$ by relation to a self-consci\s subject1 i4e4 z itself an object2 b he is s f> fai?ful 9 8 attempt to avoid su* det]m9ation1 t he does n reckon ! object m p]man5t ?an ! impression4 ,x1 too1 is a #8p]i%+ exi/5ce4' ,z ! impression disappe>s ) a #8turn ( ! eye 9 its socket1' s does ! object1 :i* really is ! impression1 & _c appe> o!r ?an x is any m ?an a feel+ c be felt to be :at x is n4 #b #a #8,e impression1 ext]nal & int]nal1 passions1 affections1 s5sations1 pa9s1 & pleasures1 are orig9ally on ! same foot+2 &1 :atev] o!r diff]5ces we may obs]ve among !m1 appe>1 all ( !m1 9 _! true col\rs1 z impressions or p]ceptions4' p4 #dhj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #8,all s5sations are felt by ! m9d su* z !y really are2 &1 :5 we d\bt :e!r !y pres5t !mselves z di/9ct objects or z m]e impressions1 ! difficulty is n conc]n+ _! nature1 b conc]n+ _! relations & situation4' p4 #dhj4 ibid4 #b ,see above1 p>agraph #bjh1 ) ! passages !re cit$4 ,if felt ?+ is no m ?an feel+1 h[ c x h qualities8 #bda4 ,su* be+ ! only possible object1 h[ c qualities ( x be p]ceiv$8 ,we _c "h f9d refuge 9 any su* prop5sity to feign z t :i*1 accord+ to ,hume1 leads u to #8end[ objects ) a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 di/9ct f our p]ceptions4' ,if su* prop5sities c give rise to impressions at all1 x c only be to impressions ( reflection1 & x _c be 9 virtue ( !m t ext5sion1 an impression ( s5sation1 is giv5 z a quality ( an object4 ,n[ if !re is any mean+ 9 ! phrase #8qualities ( an object1' x implies t ! qualities co-exi/ ) ea* o!r & ! object4 ,feel+s1 !n1 :i* are felt z qualities ( ano!r feel+ mu/ co-exi/ )1 i4e4 7accord+ to ,hume7 be felt at ! same "t z1 x & ea* o!r4 ,?us1 if an impression ( sight be ! suppos$ object1 no feel+ t occurs aft] ?is impression has disappe>$ c be a quality ( x4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,hume speaks ( ext5sion be+ se5 z "o ( ! qualities ( ?is table1 he is only entitl$ to mean t x is "o among sev]al feel+s1 exp]i5c$ at "o & ! same "t1 :i* toge!r con/itute ! table4 ,:atev] is n s exp]i5c$1 :e!r ext5sion or any?+ else1 c be no quality ( t #8p]ception4' ,h[ mu* ( ! p]ception1 !n1 w survive8 ,c any feel+s1 /rictly speak+1 be cotemporane\s8 ,^? receiv$ ?r\gh diff]5t s5ses1 z ,hume is c>eful to %[1 may be2 e4g4 ! smell1 ta/e1 & col\r ( a fruit4 #a ,9 reg>d to !m1 !re=e1 we may waive ! difficulty1 ,h[ c feel+s successive to ea* o!r be yet co-exi/5t qualities8 b only to f9d ourselves 9 ano!r z to :at ! object may be ( :i* ! cotemporane\s feel+s are qualities4 ,x _c1 accord+ to ,hume1 be o!r ?an "o or all ( ! cotemporane\s feel+s4 ,is1 !n1 ! ta/e ( an apple a quality ( its col\r or ( its smell1 or ( col\r1 smell1 & ta/e put toge!r8 ,x w n help u to speak ( ! sev]al feel+s z qualities ( ! #8total impression2' = ! #8total impression' ei!r m]ely means ! sev]al feel+s put toge!r1 or else cov]tly implies j t ref]5ce to an object o!r ?an ^!1 :i* ,hume expressly excludes4 #a #8,! ta/e & smell ( any fruit are insep>able f its o!r qualities ( col\r & tangibility1 & 444 'tis c]ta9 !y are always co-exi/5t4 ,nor are !y only co-exi/5t 9 g5]al1 b also cotempor>y 9 _! appe>ance 9 ! m9d4' p4 #eba4 7,contra/ p4 #cgj1 :]e exi/5ce & appe>ance are id5tifi$47 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,v4 & "p ,,ii1 sec4 ,,iv4 ,! ?+ w h ceas$ be=e ! quality beg9s to be4 #bdb4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 :5 he speaks ( ! feel+1 :i* is call$ ext5sion1 z a quality ( ! feel+1 :i* is call$ sight1 ( ! table1 he has n ev5 ! excuse t he might h _h if ! feel+s 9 "q1 be+ ( diff]5t s5ses1 might be cotempor>y4 ,accord+ to him !y are feel+s ( ! same s5se4 ,! ext5sion ( ! table he took to be a datum ( sight j z prop]ly z its col\r2 yet he _c call x ! same z col\r1 b only #8a quality ( ! col\r$ object4' ,z ! #8col\r$ object1' h[ev]1 ap>t f #8prop5sities to feign1' c1 accord+ to him1 be no o!r ?an ! feel+ ( col\r1 8 doctr9e c only mean t1 col\r & ext5sion be+ feel+s ( ! same s5se1 ! latt] is a quality ( ! =m]4 ,is ?is any m possible ?an t r$ %\ld be a quality ( blue1 or a s\r ta/e ( a bitt] "o8 ,mu/ n ! two feel+s be successive1 h[ev] closely successive1 s t ! "o :i* is object w h disappe>$ be=e ! o!r1 :i* is to be its quality1 w h occurr$8 #a #a ,x %\ld be ne$less to po9t out t by tak+ ext5sion to be a quality ( #8tangibility' or muscul> ef=t we m]ely *ange ! difficulty4 ,! "q z to its relation to su* feel+s w be simply a repetition ( t1 put 9 ! text1 z to its relation to ! feel+ ( col\r4 ,hume equivocates by putt+ #8col\r$ po9ts' = col\r4 #bdc4 ,if we look to ! detail$ acc\nt :i* ,hume gives ( ! relation betwe5 ext5sion & col\r1 we f9d t he avoids ! appe>ance ( mak+ "o feel+ a quality ( ano!r1 by 9 fact sub/itut+ = col\r a sup]ficies ( col\r$ po9ts1 9 :i* x is v easy to f9d ext5sion z a quality because x already is ext5sion z an object4 ,to speak ( ext5sion1 ?\gh a feel+1 z made up ( p>ts is j z legitimate or illegitimate z to speak ( ! feel+ ( col\r be+ made up ( col\r$ po9ts4 ,! legitimacy ( ?is once admitt$1 !re rema9s1 inde$1 a logical "q z to h[ x is t a quality %\ld be spok5 ( 9 t]ms t seem prop] to a sub/ance--z is done :5 x is said to consi/ ( p>ts--& yet1 aga91 %\ld be pron\nc$ a relation ( ^! p>ts2 b to "o :o pr(ess$ to m]ge all logical di/9ctions 9 ! indiff]5ce ( simple feel+1 su* a "q c\ld h no recognis$ mean+4 ,x is1 !n1 ^u ! "q :e!r1 accord+ to ,hume's doctr9e ( p]ception1 ! p]ception ( an object made up ( col\r$ po9ts may be us$ int]*angeably ) ! p]ception ( col\r1 t ! consi/5cy ( 8 doctr9e ( ext5sion mu/ f9ally be tri$4 #bdd4 ,! detail$ acc\nt is to ! foll[+ effect3--#8,^u op5+ my eyes & turn+ !m to ! surr\nd+ objects1 ,i p]ceive _m visible bodies2 & ^u %utt+ !m aga9 & consid]+ ! di/ance betwixt ^! bodies1 ,i acquire ! idea ( ext5sion4' ,f :at impression1 ,hume proce$s to ask1 is ?is idea d]iv$8 #8,int]nal impressions' be+ exclud$1 #8!re rema9 no?+ b ! s5ses :i* c convey to u ?is orig9al impression4' 444 #8,! table be=e me is alone suffici5t by its view to give me ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,?is idea1 !n1 is borr[$ f & repres5ts "s impression :i* ?is mom5t appe>s to ! s5ses4 ,b my s5ses convey to me only ! impressions ( col\r$ po9ts1 dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 444 ,we may conclude t ! idea ( ext5sion is no?+ b a copy ( ^! col\r$ po9ts & ( ! mann] ( _! appe>ance4' #a #a ,pp4 #cdj & #cda4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iii4 ,c a #8disposition ( col\r$ po9ts' be an impression8 #bde4 ,if ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! above _h be5 f\nd by ,hume 9 an au?or :om he 0 criticis+1 he w\ld sc>cely h be5 sl[ to pron\nce x tautological4 ,z x /&s1 x simply tells u t hav+ se5 ?+s ext5d$ we consid] _! ext5sion1 & ^u consid]+ x acquire an idea ( x4 ,x is a fair sample en\gh ( ^? #8natural hi/ories' ( ! s\l 9 vogue among u1 :i* by ! help ( a v>i$ nom5clature seem able to expla9 a suppos$ lat] /ate ( consci\sness z ! result ( a suppos$ e>li] "o1 because ! t]ms 9 :i* ! e>li] is describ$ 9 effect assume ! lat]4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t x is only by a mis9t]pretation ( a c>elessly writt5 s5t5ce t ,hume c be repres5t$ z d]iv+ ! idea ( ext5sion f ! consid]ation ( di/ance2 t1 z ! sequel %[s1 he reg>d$ ! #8consid]ation' & ! #8idea' 9 "q z equival5t1 & d]iv$ f ! same impression ( s5se4 ,x is und\bt$ly ^u 8 acc\nt ( ?is impression t 8 doctr9e ( ext5sion dep5ds4 ,x is describ$ z #8an impression ( col\r$ po9ts dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4' ,to x ! idea ( ext5sion is relat$ simply z a copy2 :i*1 we h se51 prop]ly means ) ,hume1 z a feel+ 9 a less lively /age is relat$ to ! same feel+ 9 a m lively /age4 ,x is itself1 we mu/ note1 ! impression ( ext5sion2 & x is an impression ( s5se1 ab\t :i*1 accord+ly1 no fur!r "q c prop]ly be rais$4 ,hume1 inde$1 all[s himself to speak z if x 7 includ$ 9 a #8p]ception ( visible bodies' o!r ?an itself2 j z 9 ! passage f ! f\r? book previ\sly exam9$1 he speaks z if ! p]ception1 call$ ext5sion1 7 a quality ( "s o!r p]ception4 ,?is we mu/ reg>d z an ex]cise ( ! privilege :i* he claims ( #8speak+ ) ! vulg> :ile he ?\ght ) ! le>n$2' s9ce1 accord+ to him1 #8visible body1' 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ( ! impression ( col\r$ po9ts1 is prop]ly a "n = a #8prop5sity to feign' result+ f a process po/]ior to all impressions ( s5se4 ,! "q rema9s :e!r1 9 speak+ ( an impression z "o ( #8col\r$ po9ts dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1' he is n introduc+ a #8fiction ( ?\ght' into ! impression j z mu* z 9 call+ x a #8p]ception ( body4' ,! po9ts mu/ be !mselves impressions1 & !re=e n co-exi/5t4 #bdf4 ,an impression1 we "k1 c1 accord+ to ,hume1 nev] be ( an object 9 ! s5se ( involv+ a ref]5ce to any?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,:5 "o is said1 !n1 to be ( col\r$ po9ts1 c41 ?is c only mean t itself is1 or consi/s (1 su* po9ts4 ,?us ! "q we h to answ] is only a m def9ite =m ( ! "o previ\sly put1 ,c a feel+ consi/ ( p>ts8 ,9 answ]+ x we mu/ rememb] t ! p>ts1 "h suppos$ to be col\r$ po9ts1 mu/1 accord+ to ,hume's doctr9e1 be !mselves impressions or !y are no?+4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is he speaks ( ext5sion z #8a comp\nd impression1 consi/+ ( p>ts or less] impressions1 t are indivisible to ! eye or feel+1 & may be call$ impressions ( atoms or corpuscles1 end[$ ) col\r & solidity4' #a ,n[1 unless we suppose t a multitude ( feel+s ( "o & ! same s5se c be pres5t toge!r1 ^! #8less] impressions' mu/ foll[ ea* o!r & prec$e ! #8comp\nd impression4' ,t is to say1 none ( ! p>ts ( :i* ext5sion consi/s w be 9 exi/5ce at ! same "t1 & all w h ceas$ to exi/ be=e ext5sion itself comes into be+4 ,c we1 !n1 adopt ! alt]native supposition t a multitude ( feel+s ( "o & ! same s5se c be pres5t toge!r8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q accord+ to ,hume's premisses we may n help ourselves by say+ t 9 a case ( vision !re really are impressions on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ret9a4 ,to say t x really is s1 is to say t x is s = ! ?9k+ consci\sness--= a consci\sness t di/+ui%es betwe5 :at x feels & :at x kn[s4 ,to a man1 z simply see+ & :ile he sees1 8 sight is n an impression on ! ret9a at all1 mu* less a comb9ation ( impressions on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ret9a4 ,x is s = him only z ?9k+ on ! organs ( 8 sight2 or1 if we l1 z #8see+' !m 9 ano!r1 b #8see+' !m 9 a way det]m9$ by sundry suppositions 7bodies1 rays1 & ! l7 :i* are n feel+s1 & !re=e ) ,hume n possible #8p]ceptions1' at all4 ,b x is ! impression ( sight1 z x w\ld be = "o simply see+ & :ile he sees1 undet]m9$ by ref]5ce to any?+ o!r ?an itself1 :e!r subject or object--an impression z x w\ld be = a m]ely feel+ consci\sness or 79 ,hume's language7 #8on ! same foot+ ) pa9 & pleasure'--t we h to d ) :51 f ,hume's po9t ( view1 we ask :e!r a multitude ( su* impressions c be pres5t at once1 i4e4 z "o impression4 #a ,p4 #cde ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iv4 ,a #8comp\nd impression' exclud$ by ,hume's doctr9e ( "t4 #bdg4 ,if ?is "q _h be5 br\ght home to ,hume1 he c\ld sc>cely h avoid$ ! admission t to answ] x affirmatively involv$ j z mu* ( a contradiction z t :i* he recognises betwe5 ! #8int]rupt$' & #8cont9u\s' exi/5ce ( objects2 #a & j z 9 ! latt] case he gets ov] ! contradiction by tak+ ! int]rupt$ exi/5ce1 because ! datum ( s5se1 to be ! reality1 & ! cont9u$ exi/5ce to be a belief result+ f #8prop5sities to feign1' s 9 ! case be=e u he mu/ h tak5 ! multiplicity ( successive impressions to be ! reality1 & _! co-exi/5ce z relat$ p>ts to be a figure ( spee*1 :i* he mu/ acc\nt = z be/ he c\ld4 ,z x is1 he s plays fa/ & loose ) ! mean+ ( #8impression' z to hide ! contradiction :i* is involv$ 9 ! notion ( a #8comp\nd impression' if impression is int]pret$ z feel+--! contradiction1 namely1 t a s+le feel+ %\ld he felt to be manifold--& 9 consequ5ce loses ! *ance ( be+ br\ght to t tru] int]pretation ( ! comp\nd impression1 z ! ?\ght ( an object "u relations1 :i* a m hone/ trial ( its r$uction to feel+ might h %[n to be necess>y4 ,to convict s skilful a writ] ( a contradiction 9 t]ms c nev] be an easy task4 ,he does n 9 s _m words tell u t all impressions ( sight mu/ be successive1 b he does tell u t #8! impressions ( t\*1' :i*1 indiff]5tly ) ^? ( sight1 he holds to con/itute ! comp\nd impression ( ext5sion1 #8*ange e mom5t ^u u4' #b ,& 9 ! imm$iate sequel ( ! passage :]e he has made out ext5sion to be a comp\nd ( co-exi/5t impressions1 he d]ives ! idea ( "t #8f ! succession ( our p]ceptions ( e k9d1 ideas z well z impressions1 & impressions ( reflection z well z ( s5sation4' ,! p>ts ( "t1 he goes on to say1 _c be co-exi/5t2 &1 s9ce #8"t itself is no?+ b diff]5t ideas & impressions succe$+ ea* o!r1' ^! p>ts1 we mu/ conclude1 are ^? #8p]ceptions ( e k9d' f :i* ! idea ( "t is d]iv$4 #c ,x is only1 9 fact1 by avail+ himself ( ! di/9ction1 :i* he yet expressly rejects1 betwe5 ! impression & its object1 t he disguises ! contradiction 9 t]ms ( fir/ pron\nc+ c]ta9 impressions1 z p>ts ( space1 co-exi/5t1 & !n pron\nc+ all impressions1 z p>ts ( "t1 successive4 ,a /atem5t t #8z f ! coexi/5ce ( visual1 & also ( tactual1 p]ceptions we receive ! idea ( ext5sion1 s f ! succession ( p]ceptions ( e k9d we =m ! idea ( "t1' w\ld ar\se ! suspicion ( ! mo/ casual read]2 :ile ,hume's v]sion ( ! same1--#8z 'tis f ! disposition ( visible & tangible objects we receive ! idea ( space1 s f ! succession ( ideas & impressions we =m ! idea ( "t' #d--;has ! full r+ ( empirical plausibility4 #a ,p4 #dhc & foll[+1 & p4 #dhf ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #b ,p4 #eaf ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,iv44 #c ,pp4 #cdb1 #cdc ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iii44 #d ,p4 #cdb ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iii4 ,! fact t col\rs mix1 n to ! purpose4 #bdh4 ,?is plausibility dep5ds *iefly on our read+ into ,hume's doctr9e a physical !ory :i*1 z imply+ a di/9ction betwe5 feel+ & its real b unfelt cause1 is /rictly incompatible ) x4 ,is x n an und\bt$ fact1 ! read] asks1 t two col\rs may comb9e to produce a ?ird diff]5t f bo?--t r$ & yell[1 = in/ance1 toge!r produce orange8 ,is n ?is already an in/ance ( a comp\nd impression8 ,:y may n a l composition ( unext5d$ impressions ( col\r con/itute an impression diff]5t f any "o ( ! compon5t impressions1 viz4 ext5d$ col\r8 ,a mom5t's consid]ation1 h[ev]1 w %[ t no "o has a consci\s s5sation at once ( r$ & yell[1 & ( orange z a comp\nd ( ! two4 ,! elem5ts :i* comb9e to produce ! col\r call$ orange are n--z !y ought to be if x is to be a case ( comp\nd impression 9 ,hume's s5se--feel+s ( ! p]son :o sees ! orange col\r1 b c]ta9 kn[n causes ( feel+1 confus$ 9 language ) ! feel+s1 :i* sep>ately !y might produce1 b :i* 9 fact !y d n produce :5 !y comb9e to give ! s5sation ( orange2 & to su* causes ( feel+1 :i* are n !mselves feel+s1 ,hume prop]ly c h no?+ to say4 ,h[ ,hume avoids appe>ance ( id5tify+ space ) col\r1 & acc\nts = ! ab/raction ( space4 #bdi4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! composition ( impressions g5]ally1 )\t special ref]5ce to ext5sion4 ,! contradiction po9t$ out arises f ! confusion betwe5 impressions z felt & impressions z ?\ght (2 col\r1 betwe5 feel+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 pres5t$ successively 9 "t1 & feel+s z det]m9$ by relation to ! ?9k+ subject1 :i* takes !m out ( ! flux ( "t & conv]ts !m into memb]s ( a p]man5t :ole4 ,x is 9 ?is =m t ! confusion is mo/ apt to elude u4 ,:5 ! conceiv$ object is "o ( :i* ! qualities c really be felt1 e4g4 col\r1 we readily =get t a felt quality is no long] simply a feel+4 ,b ! case is diff]5t :5 ! object is "o1 l ext5sion1 :i* =ces on u ! "q :e!r its qualities c be felt1 or pres5t$ 9 feel+1 at all4 ,a comp\nd ( impressions ( col\r1 to adopt ,hume's phraseology1 ev5 if su* composition 7 possible1 w\ld /ill be no?+ else ?an an impression ( col\r4 ,9 m accurate language1 ! conception1 :i* results f ! action ( ?\ght ^u feel+s ( col\r1 c only be a conception ( col\r4 ,is ext5sion1 !n1 ! same z col\r8 ,to say t x 0 w\ld imply t geometry 0 a sci5ce ( col\r2 & ,hume1 ?\gh ready en\gh to outrage #8,metaphysics & ,s*ool ,div9ity1' always /ops rev]5tly %ort ( direct (f5ce to ! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,z has be5 said above1 ( ! ?ree ma9 que/ions ab\t ! idea ( ext5sion :i* 8 doctr9e raises--,is x itself ext5d$8 ,is x possible )\t ref]5ce to some?+ o!r ?an a possible impression8 ,is x ! same z ! idea ( col\r or tangibility8--! la/ is ! only "o :i* he c sc>cely ev5 pr(ess to answ] 9 ! affirmative4 #a ,ev5 :5 he has gone s f> z to speak ( ! p>ts ( a p]ception1 a s\nd in/9ct compels him1 in/ead ( id5tify+ ! p]ception directly ) ext5sion1 to speak ( x z #8af=d+ ?r\gh ! situation ( its p>ts ! notion (' ext5sion4 #b ,9 l mann]1 :5 he has ass]t$ ext5sion to be a comp\nd ( impressions1 he avoids ! prop] consequ5ce ( ! ass]tion by speak+ ( ! compon5t impressions z ^?1 n ( col\r b1 ( col\r$ po9ts1 #8atoms or corpuscles end[$ ) col\r & solidity2' &1 aga91 does n call ext5sion ! comp\nd ( ^! simply1 b ! comp\nd ( !m z #8dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4' ,:5 ! idea :i* is a copy ( ?is impression has to be spok5 (1 ! expression is v>i$ aga94 ,x is an #8idea ( ! col\r$ po9ts & ( ! mann] ( _! appe>ance1' or ( _! #8disposition4' ,! disposition ( ! p>ts hav+ be5 ?us virtually di/+ui%$ f _! col\r1 x is easy to suppose t1 f9d+ a lik5ess 9 ! disposition ( po9ts "u e unlik5ess ( _! col\r1 #8we omit ! peculi>ities ( col\r1 z f> z possible1 & f\nd an ab/ract idea m]ely on t disposition ( po9ts1 or mann] ( appe>ance1 9 :i* !y agree4 ,nay1 ev5 :5 ! resemblance is c>ri$ beyond ! objects ( "o s5se1 & ! impressions ( t\* are f\nd to be simil> to ^? ( sight 9 ! disposition ( _! p>ts1 ?is does n h9d] ! ab/ract idea f repres5t+ bo? on acc\nt ( _! resemblance'4 #c #a ,above1 p>agraph #bcc4 ,?\gh1 z we %all see1 he does s 9 "o passage4 #b ,above1 p>agraph #bce4 #c ,p4 #cda ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iii4 ,9 s do+1 he implies t space is a relation1 & a relation :i* is n a possible impression4 #bej4 ,if words h any mean+1 ! above mu/ imply t ! disposition ( po9ts is at lea/ a diff]5t idea f ei!r col\r or tangibility1 h[ev] impossible x may be = u to exp]i5ce x )\t "o or o!r ( ! latt]4 ,nor c we suppose t ?is impression1 o!r ?an col\r1 is "o t fir/ results f ! composition ( col\rs1 ev5 if we admit t su* composition c\ld yield a result diff]5t f col\r4 ,accord+ to ,hume1 ! compon5ts ( ! comp\nd impression are already impressions ( col\r$ #8po9ts1 atoms1 or corpuscles1' & su* po9ts imply j t limitation by mutual ext]nality1 :i* is already ! disposition 9 "q4 ,is ?is #8disposition1' !n1 an impression ( s5sation8 ,if s1 #8?r\gh :i* ( ! s5ses is x receiv$8 ,if x be p]ceiv$ by ! eyes x mu/ be a col\r1' c4 c42 #a b f col\r1 ! impression ) :i* ,hume w\ld h id5tifi$ x if he c\ld1 he yet f9ds himself oblig$ virtually to di/+ui% x4 ,x is a relation1 & n ev5 "o ( ^? relations1 su* z resemblance1 :i* 9 ,hume's language1 #8dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! impressions relat$1' #b may plausibly be reckon$ to be !mselves impressions4 ,! #8disposition' ( p>ts & _! #8situation' he uses int]*angeably1 & ! situation ( impressions he expressly opposes to _! #8nature' #c--t nature 9 respect ( :i* all impressions1 call !m :at we l1 are #8orig9ally on ! same foot+' ) pa9 & pleasure4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is he pron\nces ! #8ext]nal position' ( objects--_! position z bodies ext]nal to ea* o!r & to our body--to be no datum ( s5se1 no impression or idea1 at all4 #d ,our belief 9 x has to be acc\nt$ = z a complex result ( #8prop5sities to feign4' ,h[1 !n1 c !re be an impression ( t :i* does n belong to ! nature ( any impression8 ,:at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 #8bodies' & #8corpuscles end[$ ) col\r & solidity1' t ! outw>dness ( ! latt] to ea* o!r--also call$ _! #8di/ance' f ea*1 o!r #e--%\ld be an impression1 :ile x is admitt$ t ! same relation betwe5 #8bodies' _c be s8 #a ,above1 p>agraph #bjh4 #b ,p4 #cgb ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,i41 #8,philosophical relations may be divid$ into two classes3 into su* z dep5d entirely on ! ideas :i* we comp>e toge!r2 & su* z may be *ang$ )\t any *ange 9 ! ideas4 444 ,! relations ( contiguity & di/ance betwe5 two objects may be *ang$ )\t any *ange 9 ! objects !mselves or _! ideas4' #c ,p4 #dhj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #8,:5 we d\bt :e!r s5sations pres5t !mselves z di/9ct objects or z m]e impressions1 ! difficulty is n conc]n+ _! nature1 b conc]n+ _! relations & situation4' #d ,p4 #dha4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,9 !re %[+ t ! s5ses alone _c conv9ce u ( ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( body1 he rem>ks t #8s\nds1 ta/es1 & smells appe> n to h any exi/5ce 9 ext5sion2' & 7p4 #dhc7 ibid #8z f> z ! s5ses are judges1 all p]ceptions are ! same 9 ! mann] ( _! exi/5ce4' ,!re=e p]ceptions ( sight _c h #8an exi/5ce 9 ext5sion' any m ?an #8s\nds1 ta/es1 & smells2' & if s1 h[ c #8exi/5ce 9 ext5sion' be a p]ception8 #e ,above1 p>agraphs #bce & #bdd4 ,no logical alt]native betwe5 id5tify+ space ) col\r1 & admitt+ an idea n copi$ f an impression4 #bea4 ,to h pla9ly admitt$ t x 0 n an impression mu/ h compell$ ,hume ei!r to disc>d ! #8ab/ract idea' ) :i* geometry deals1 or to admit ! possibility ( ideas o!r ?an #8fa9t] impressions4' ,x is a pr9ciple on :i* he insi/s ) mu* emphasis & repetition1 t :atev] #8objects1' #8impressions1' or #8ideas' are di/+ui%able are also sep>able4 #a ,n[ if !re is an ab/ract idea ( ext5sion1 x c sc>cely be o!r ?an di/+ui%able1 & consequ5tly 7accord+ to ,hume's acc\nt ( ! relation ( idea to impression7 d]iv$ f a di/+ui%able & !re=e sep>able impression4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ,hume _c escape conviction ( "o ( two inconsi/5cies2 ei!r t ( suppos+ a sep>ate impression ( ext5sion1 :i* yet is n ( ! nature ( any assignable s5sation2 or t ( suppos+ an ab/ract idea ( x 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* impression4 ,we %all f9d t he does n directly face ei!r horn ( ! dilemma1 b evades bo? ( !m4 ,he admits t #8! ideas ( space & "t are no sep>ate & di/9ct ideas1 b m]ely ^? ( ! mann] or ord] 9 :i* objects' 7sc4 impressions7 #8exi/'4 #b ,9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 :]e ! equival5ce ( impression to feel+ is m consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 ! fact t :at is commonly reckon$ an impression is really a judgm5t ab\t ! #8mann] ( exi/5ce1' z oppos$ to ! #8nature1' ( impressions1 is tak5 z suffici5t pro( t x is no impression at all2 & if n an impression1 !re=e n an idea4 #c ,he ?us involunt>ily recogniz$ ! true diff]5ce betwe5 feel+ & ?\ght1 betwe5 ! m]e occurr5ce ( feel+s & ! pres5tation ( t occurr5ce by ! self-consci\s subject to itself2 &1 if only he _h kn[n :at he 0 ab\t 9 ! recognition1 might h anticipat$ ,kant's di/9ction betwe5 ! matt] & =m ( s5sation4 ,9 ! ,second ,book1 h[ev]1 he w nei!r say explicitly t space is an impression ( col\r or a comp\nd ( col\rs--t w\ld be to ext+ui% geometry2 nor yet t x is impression ( s5se sep>ate f t ( col\r--t w\ld lay him op5 to ! retort t he 0 virtually introduc+ a six? s5se2 nor on ! o!r h& w he boldly av[ ( x1 z he aft]w>ds does ( body1 t x is a fiction4 ,he d5ies t x is a sep>ate impression1 s f> z t is necess>y = avoid+ ! *all5ge to specify ! s5se ?r\gh :i* x is receiv$2 he di/+ui%es x f a m]e impression ( sight1 :5 x is necess>y to avoid its simple id5tification ) col\r4 ,by speak+ ( x z #8! mann] 9 :i* objects exi/'--s long z he is n confront$ ) ! decl>ations ( ! ,f\r? ,book or ) ! "q h[1 ! objects be+ impressions1 _! ord] ( exi/5ce c be at once t ( succession 9 "t & ( co-exi/5ce 9 space--he ga9s ! cr$it = x ( be+ a datum ( sight1 yet s f> di/9ct f col\r z to be a possible #8f\ndation = an ab/ract idea1' repres5tative also ( objects n col\r$ at all b tangible4 ,at ! same "t1 if press$ ) ! "q h[ x c\ld be an impression ( sight & yet n int]*angeable ) col\r1 he c\ld put (f ! que/ion] by rem9d+ him t he nev] made x a #8sep>ate or di/9ct impression1 b "o ( ! mann] 9 :i* objects exi/4' #a ,pp4 #cai1 #cbf1 #ccb1 #cce1 #eah4 ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,iv & ,,vii1 "p ,,ii1 sec4 ,i1 & "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,v4 #b ,p4 #cdf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iv4 #c ,p4 #dhj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! idea z ab/ract1 ,hume really introduces di/9ction betwe5 feel+ & conception2 #beb4 ,disguise x z he might1 h[ev]1 ! admission t !re 0 9 "s s5se an ab/ract idea ( space1 :i* ! exi/5ce ( geometry requir$ ( him1 really c>ri$ ) x ! admission ei!r ( a di/9ct impression ( ! same1 or ( "s transmut+ process by :i* ! idea may become :at ! impression is n4 ,8 way ( evad+ ?is consequ5ce has be5 already notic$ 9 our exam9ation ( 8 doctr9e ( #8ab/ract ideas' g5]ally1 ?\gh )\t special ref]5ce to ext5sion4 #a ,x consi/s 9 ass]t+ figure & col\r to be #8really1' or z an impression1 #8! same & indi/+ui%able1' b diff]5t z #8relations & resemblances' ( ! impression2 9 o!r words1 diff]5t accord+ to ! #8light 9 :i* ! impression is consid]$' or #8! aspect 9 :i* x is view$4' ,( ^! #8sep>ate resemblances & relations1' h[ev]1 are !re ideas or are !re n8 ,if !re are n1 !y are accord+ to ,hume no?+ ( :i* we are consci\s at all2 if !re are1 !re mu/ be di/+ui%able1 & !re=e sep>able1 impressions correspond+4 ,to say !n t figure & col\r =m "o & ! same indi/+ui%able impression1 & yet t !y con/itute #8diff]5t resemblances & relations1' )\t su* explanation z ,hume _c consi/5tly give1 is 9 fact a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! true explanation is t ! #8impression' has a diff]5t mean+1 :5 figure & col\r are said to be insep>able 9 ! impression1 f t :i* x has :5 spok5 ( z a subject ( diff]5t resemblances & relations4 ,9 ! =m] s5se x is ! feel+ pure & simple--"o z pres5t$ s+ly 9 "t1 aft] ano!r & be=e a ?ird4 ,9 ?is s5se x is d\btless insusceptible ( di/9ction into qualities ( figure & col\r1 because 7= reasons already /at$7 x c h no qualities at all4 ,b ! #8simplicity 9 :i* _m diff]5t resemblances & relations may be conta9$' is q o!r ?an ?is s+l5ess4 ,x is ! unity ( an object ?\ght ( "u manifold relations--a unity ( :i* ,hume1 r$uc+ all consci\sness to #8impression' & impression to feel+1 has no consi/5t acc\nt to give4 ,fail+ su* an acc\nt1 ! unity ( ! intelligible object1 & ! s+l5ess ( ! feel+ 9 "t1 are simply confus$ ) ea* o!r4 ,x is only an object z ?\ght (1 n a feel+ z felt1 t c prop]ly be said to h qualities at all2 :ile x is only because x is /ill reg>d$ z a feel+ t qualities ( x1 :i* _c be ref]r$ to sep>ate impressions1 are pron\nc$ ! same & indi/+ui%able4 ,if ! idea ( space is o!r ?an a feel+ gr[n fa9t]1 ! sole reason = reg>d+ x z orig9ally an impression ( col\r disappe>s2 if x is su* a feel+1 x _c conta9 su* #8diff]5t resemblances & relations' z r5d] x repres5tative ( objects n only col\r$ 9 e possible way1 b n col\r$ at all4 #a ,above1 p>agraph #bah4 444 yet avoids appe>ance ( do+ s1 by treat+ #8consid]ation' ( ! relations ( a felt ?+ z if x 7 itself ! feel+4 #bec4 ,x is ?us by play+ fa/ & loose ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 feel+ & conception t ,hume is able1 :5 ! "* ( ext5sion z an intelligible relation is urg$1 to reply t x is ! same ) ! feel+ ( col\r2 & on ! o!r h&1 :5 ask$ h[ !re !n c be an ab/ract idea ( x1 to reply t ?is does n mean a sep>ate idea1 b col\r$ objects consid]$ "u a c]ta9 relation1 viz4 "u t :i* consi/s 9 ! disposition ( _! p>ts4 ,! mo/ effective way ( meet+ him on 8 own gr\nd is to ask him h[ x is1 s9ce #8consid]ation' c only mean a succession ( ideas1 & ideas are fa9t] impressions1 t ext5sion1 be+ "o & ! same impression ) col\r1 c by any #8consid]ation' become s diff]5t f x z to con/itute a resemblance to objects t are n col\r$ at all4 ,! true explanation1 accord+ to 8 own t]m9ology1 w\ld be t ! resemblance betwe5 ! :ite globe & all o!r globes1 be+ a resemblance n ( impressions b ( su* relations betwe5 impressions z d n #8dep5d on ! nature ( ! impressions' relat$1 is unaffect$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( col\r or any o!r s5sation4 ,( su* relations1 h[ev]1 !re c prop]ly1 if ideas are fa9t] impressions1 be no ideas at all4 ,9 reg>d to ^? ( cause & id5tity ,hume virtually admits ?is2 b ! #8prop5sities to feign' by :i* 9 ! case ( ^! latt] relations he tries to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( !re be+ ideas ( !m1 _c plausibly be appli$ to relations 9 space & "t1 ( :i*1 z we %all see1 ideas mu/ be assum$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! #8fictions' ( body & necess>y connexion4 ,s9ce !n !y _c be d]iv$ f any sep>ate impression )\t ! introduction 9 effect ( a six? s5se1 & s9ce all con/itutive action ( ?\ght z di/9ct f feel+ is d5i$ by ,hume1 ! only way to save appe>ances is to treat ! ord] 9 :i* a multitude ( impressions pres5t !mselves z ! same ) ea* impression1 ev5 ?\gh imm$iately aft]w>ds x may h to be confess$1 t x is s indep5d5t ( ! nature ( any or all ( ! impressions z to be ! f\ndation ( an ab/ract idea1 :i* is repres5tative ( o!r impressions hav+ no?+ :atev] 9 common ) !m b ! ord] ( appe>ance4 ,?is once all[$--an ab/ract idea hav+ be5 someh[ arriv$ at :i* is n really ! copy ( any impression--x is easy to argue back f ! ab/ract idea to an impression1 & because !re is an idea ( ! composition ( po9ts to sub/itute a #8composition ( col\r$ po9ts' = col\r z ! orig9al impression4 ,f su* impression1 be+ already ext5sion1 ! idea ( ext5sion c und\bt$ly be ab/ract$4 ,summ>y ( contradictions 9 8 acc\nt ( ext5sion4 #bed4 ,we n[ "k :at becomes ( #8ext5d$ matt]' :5 ! doctr9e1 :i* has only to be /at$ to f9d acceptance1 t we _c #8look = any?+ any:]e b 9 our ideas'--9 o!r words t = u !re is no _w b consci\sness--is fairly c>ri$ out4 ,its position mu/ become m & m equivocal1 z ! assumption1 t consci\sness reveals to u an ali5 matt]1 has 9 "o aft] ano!r ( its details to be reject$1 until a pr9ciple ( syn!sis )9 consci\sness is f\nd to expla9 x4 ,9 default ( ?is1 ! feel+ consci\sness has to be made to take its place z be/ x may2 :i* means t :at is said ( x z feel+ has to be unsaid ( x z ext5d$1 & vice v]s4 ,z feel+1 x c>ries no ref]5ce to any?+ o!r ?an itself1 to an object ( :i* x is a quality2 z ext5d$1 x is a qualifi$ object4 ,z ext5d$ aga91 its qualities are relations ( coexi/5t p>ts2 z feel+1 x is an unlimit$ succession1 & !re=e1 n be+ a possible :ole1 c h no p>ts at all4 ,f9ally z feel+1 x mu/ 9 ea* mom5t ( exi/5ce ei!r be #8on ! same foot+' ) pa9 & pleasure or else--a di/9ction betwe5 impressions ( s5sation & reflection be+ unw>rantably admitt$--be a col\r1 a ta/e1 a s\nd1 a smell1 or #8tangibility2' z ext5d$1 x is an #8ord] ( appe>ance' or #8disposition ( corpuscles1' :i*1 be+ pr$icable indiff]5tly at any rate ( two ( ^! s5sations1 c no m be ! same ) ei!r ?an ei!r c be ! same ) ! o!r4 ,x is n ! fault ( ,hume b 8 m]it t1 9 und]tak+ to ma9ta9 m /rictly ?an o!rs ! id5tification ( ext5sion ) feel+1 he br\ght its impossibility m cle>ly into view4 ,! pity is t hav+ c>ri$ 8 speculative ent]prise s f> be=e he 0 ?irty1 he all[$ lit]>y vanity to int]f]e ) its consi/5t pursuit1 c>+ only to ?9k out ! philosophy :i* he inh]it$ s f> z x enabl$ him to pose ) advantage aga9/ ,my/ics & ,dogmati/s1 b n to t fur!r issue :i* is ! entrance to ! philosophy ( ,kant4 ,he gives no acc\nt ( quantity z su*4 #bee4 ,z x 01 he nev] came fairly to ask himself ! fruitful "q4 ,h[ ! sci5ces ( quantity #8cont9u\s & discreet1' :i* und\bt$ly d exi/1 are possible to a m]ely feel+ consci\sness1 because1 :ile pr(ess$ly r$uc+ all consci\sness to ?is =m1 he /ill all[$ himself to int]pret x 9 ! t]ms ( ^! sci5ces &1 hav+ done s1 c\ld easily acc\nt = _! app>5t #8ab/raction' f x4 ,if col\r is already = feel+ a magnitude1 z is impli$ 9 call+ x a #8composition ( col\r$ po9ts1' ! "q1 h[ a k ( magnitude is possible1 is ( c\rse sup]flu\s4 ,x only rema9s to deal1 z ,hume pr(esses to d1 ) ! app>5t ab/raction 9 ma!matics ( magnitude f col\r & ! consequ5t suppositions ( pure space & inf9ite divisibility4 ,any ult]ior problem he ignores4 ,t magnitude is n any ! m a feel+ = be+ #8end[$ ) col\r' he %[s no suspicion4 ,he pursues 8 #8s5sationalism' 9 %ort1 9 its be>+ on ma!matics1 j z f> z ,b]keley did & no fur!r4 ,! "q at issue1 z he conceiv$ x1 0 n z to ! possibility ( magnitude altoge!r1 b only z to ! exi/5ce ( a vacuum2 n z to ! possibility ( numb] altoge!r1 b only z to ! inf9ity ( its p>ts4 ,j z he takes magnitude = grant$ z f\nd 9 ext5sion1 & ext5sion z equival5t to ! feel+ ( col\r1 s he takes numb] = grant$1 )\t inde$ any explicit acc\nt ( ! impression 9 :i* x is to be f\nd1 b app>5tly z f\nd 9 "t1 :i* aga9 is id5tifi$ ) ! succession ( impressions4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! ,treatise1 ?\gh ! idea ( numb] is assum$ & an acc\nt is giv5 ( x :i* is suppos$ to be fatal to ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion1 we are told no?+ ( ! impression or impressions f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,"p1 h[ev]1 !re is a passage 9 :i* a c]ta9 consid]ation ( "t is spok5 ( z its s\rce4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 ,"t & ,numb]4 #bef4 ,9 ! latt] passage1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! idea ( id5tity1 he is suppos+ #8a s+le object plac$ be=e u & survey$ = any "t )\t our discov]+ 9 x any v>iation or int]ruption4' #8,:5 we consid] any two po9ts ( ?is "t1' he proce$s1 #8we may place !m 9 diff]5t lights4 ,we may ei!r survey !m at ! v same in/ant2 9 :i* case !y give u ! idea ( numb]1 bo? by !mselves & by ! object1 :i* mu/ be multipli$ 9 ord] to be conceiv$ at once1 z exi/5t 9 ^! two diff]5t po9ts ( "t3 or1 on ! o!r h&1 we may trace ! succession ( "t by a l succession ( ideas1 & conceiv+ fir/ "o mom5t1 along ) ! object !n exi/5t1 imag9e aft]w>ds a *ange 9 ! "t )\t any v>iation or int]ruption 9 ! object2 9 :i* case x gives u ! idea ( unity'4 #a #a ,p4 #dij4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,:at does x come to8 #beg4 ,a slight scrut9y ( ?is passage w %[ t x is a prolong$ tautology4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely v]bal betwe5 ! processes by :i* ! ideas ( numb] & unity are sev]ally suppos$ to be giv51 except t 9 ! =m] process x is ! mom5t ( survey+ ! times t is suppos$ to be "o1 :ile ! times !mselves are _m2 9 ! latt] x is ! object t is suppos$ to be "o1 b ! times _m4 ,accord+ to ! second v]sion ( ! =m] process--t accord+ to :i* ! diff]5t times survey$ toge!r are said to give ! idea ( numb] #8by _! object'--ev5 ?is diff]5ce disappe>s4 ,! only rema9+ di/9ction is t 9 ! "o case ! object is suppos$ to be giv5 z "o1 #8)\t int]ruption or v>iation1' b to become multiple z conceiv$ to exi/ 9 diff]5t mom5ts2 9 ! o!r ! objects are suppos$ to be giv5 z manifold1 be+ ideas pres5t$ 9 successive times1 b to become "o ?r\gh ! imag9>y re/riction ( ! multiplicity to ! times 9 di/9ction f ! object4 ,und\bt$ly any "o ( ^! v]bally di/9ct processes w yield indiff]5tly ! ideas ( numb] & ( unity1 s9ce ^! ideas 9 /rict correlativity are presuppos$ by ea* ( !m4 #8,two po9ts ( "t survey$ at ! same "t' w give u ! idea ( numb] because1 be+ a duality 9 unity1 !y are already a numb]4 ,s1 too1 & = ! same reason1 w ! object1 "o 9 itself b multiple z exi/5t at diff]5t times4 ,nor does ! idea giv5 by imag9+ ideas1 successively pres5t$1 to be #8"o un9t]rupt$ object1' diff] f ! above m ?an _m-9-"o diff]s f "o-9-_m4 ,! real que/ions ( c\rse are1 ,h[ two times c be survey$ at "o "t2 h[ a s+le object c be multipli$ or become _m2 h[ a succession ( ideas c be imag9$ to be an unv>i$ & un9t]rupt$ object4 ,to ^! que/ions ,hume has no answ] to give4 ,8 r$uction ( ?\ght to feel+ logically exclud$ an answ]1 & ! only alt]native = him 0 to ignore or disguise !m4 ,unites alone really exi/3 numb] a #8fictiti\s d5om9ation'4 ,yet #8unites' & #8numb]' are correlative2 & ! suppos$ fiction unacc\ntable4 #beh4 ,9 ! passage f "p ,,ii4 ( ! ,treatise1 already ref]r$ to1 he di/9ctly tells u t ! unity to :i* exi/5ce belongs excludes multiplicity4 #8,exi/5ce itself belongs to unity1 & is nev] applicable to numb] b on acc\nt ( ! unites ( :i* ! numb] is compos$4 ,tw5ty m5 may be said to exi/1 b 'tis only because "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 c41 are exi/5t4 444 ,a unite1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( fractions1 is m]ely a fictiti\s d5om9ation1 :i* ! m9d may apply to any quantity ( objects x collects toge!r2 nor c su* an unity any m exi/ alone ?an numb] c1 z be+ 9 reality a true numb]4 ,b ! unity :i* c exi/ alone1 & ^: exi/5ce is necess>y to t ( all numb]1 is ( ano!r k9d & mu/ be p]fectly indivisible & incapable ( be+ resolv$ into any less] unity'4 #a ,:at !n is ! #8unity :i* c exi/ alone'8 ,! answ]1 accord+ to ,hume1 mu/ be t x is an impression sep>ately felt & n resoluble into any o!r impressions4 ,b !n ! "q arises1 h[ a succession ( su* impressions c =m a numb] or sum2 & if !y _c1 h[ ! s-call$ real unity or sep>ate impression c 9 any s5se be a unite1 s9ce a unite is only s z "o ( a sum4 ,to put ! "q o!rwise1 ,is x n ! case t a unite has no m mean+ )\t numb] ?an numb] )\t unites1 & t e numb] is n only j su* a #8fictiti\s d5om9ation1' z ,hume pron\nces a #8unite consi/+ ( a numb] ( fractions' to be1 b a fiction impossible = our consci\sness accord+ to ,hume's acc\nt ( x8 ,x w n d to say t su* a "q t\*es only ! fiction ( #8ab/ract numb]1' b n ! exi/5ce ( numb]$ objects2 t 7to take ,hume's in/ance7 tw5ty m5 exi/ ) ! exi/5ce ( ea* individual man1 ea* real unit1 ( ! lot4 ,x is precisely ! num]ability ( objects--n inde$ _! exi/5ce1 if t only means _! successive appe>ance1 b _! exi/5ce z a sum--t is 9 "q4 ,if su* num]ability is possible = su* a consci\sness z ,hume makes ours to be2 9 o!r words1 if he c expla9 ! fact t we c\nt2 #8ab/ract numb]' may no d\bt be left to take c>e ( itself4 ,is x !n possible8 #8,sep>ate impressions' mean impressions felt at diff]5t times1 :i* accord+ly c no m co-exi/ ?an1 to use ,hume's expression1 #8! ye> #agcg c concur ) ! ye> #agch2' :]eas ! con/itu5ts ( a sum mu/1 z su*1 co-exi/4 ,?us :5 we are told t #8tw5ty may be said to exi/ because "o1 two1 ?ree1 c41 are exi/5t1' ! alleg$ reason1 und]/ood z ,hume 0 b\nd to und]/& x1 is incompatible ) ! suppos$ consequ5ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( an object w\ld1 to him1 mean no m ?an ! occurr5ce ( an impression2 b t "o impression %\ld occur1 & !n ano!r & !n ano!r1 is ! exact opposite ( _! coexi/5ce z a sum ( impressions1 & x is su* co-exi/5ce t is impli$ :5 ! impressions are c\nt$ & pron\nc$ s _m4 ,?us :5 ,hume tells u t a s+le object1 by be+ #8multipli$ 9 ord] to be conceiv$ at once z exi/5t 9 diff]5t po9ts ( "t1' gives u ! idea ( numb]1 we are =c$ to ask him :at precisely x is :i* ?us1 be+ "o1 c become manifold4 ,is x a #8unite t c exi/ alone'8 ,t1 hav+ no p>ts1 _c become manifold by resolution4 #8,b x may by repetition8' ,no1 = x is a sep>ate impression1 & ! repetition ( an impression _c co-exi/1 s z to =m "o sum1 ) its =m] occurr5ce4 #8,b x may be ?\ght ( z do+ s8' ,no1 = t1 accord+ to ,hume1 c\ld only mean t feel+s might concur 9 a fa9t] /age ?\gh !y c\ld n 9 a liveli]4 ,is ! s+le object !n a unite :i* already consi/s ( p>ts8 ,b t is a #8fictiti\s d5om9ation1' & presupposes ! v idea ( numb] t has to be acc\nt$ =4 #a ,p4 #cch4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,idea ( "t ev5 m unacc\ntable on ,hume's pr9ciples4 #bei4 ,! impossibility ( gett+ numb]1 z a _m-9-"o1 out ( ! succession ( feel+s1 s long z ! self is treat$ z only ano!r "n = t succession1 is less easy to disguise :5 ! suppos$ units are n m]ely giv5 9 succession1 b are actually ! mom5ts ( ! succession2 9 o!r words1 :5 "t is ! _m-9-"o to be acc\nt$ =4 ,h[ c a multitude ( feel+s ( :i* no two are pres5t toge!r1 undet]m9$ by relation to any?+ o!r ?an ! feel+s1 be at ! same "t a consci\sness ( ! relation betwe5 ! mom5ts 9 :i* ! feel+s are giv51 or ( a sum :i* ^! mom5ts =m8 ,h[ c !re be a relation betwe5 #8objects' ( :i* "o has ceas$ be=e ! o!r has begun to exi/8 #8,= ! same reason1' says ,hume1 #8t ! ye> #agcg _c concur ) ! pres5t ye> #agch1 e mom5t mu/ be di/9ct f1 & po/]ior or antec$5t to1 ano!r'4 #a ,h[ !n c ! pres5t mom5t =m "o sum ) all pa/ mom5ts1 ! pres5t ye> ) all pa/ ye>s2 ! sum :i* we indicate by ! numb] #agch8 ,! answ] ( common s5se ( c\rse w be t1 ?\gh ! feel+ ( "o mom5t is really pa/ be=e t ( ano!r beg9s1 yet ?\ght reta9s ! =m]1 & comb9+ x ) ! latt]1 gets ! idea ( "t bo? z a relation & z a sum4 ,su* an answ]1 h[ev]1 implies t ! reta9+ & comb9+ ?\ght is o!r ?an ! succession ( ! feel+s1 & :ile x takes ?is succession to be ! reality1 imports into x t det]m9ation by ! relations ( pa/ & pres5t :i* x c only d]ive f ! reta9+ & comb9+ ?\ght oppos$ to x4 ,x is ?us bo? inconsi/5t ) ,hume's doctr9e1 :i* all[s no su* di/9ction betwe5 ?\ght1 i4e4 ! succession ( ideas1 & ! succession ( impressions1 & inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,yet ,hume by disguis+ bo? inconsi/5cies contrives to avail himself ( x4 ,by tacitly assum+ t a conception ( #8! mann] 9 :i* impressions appe> to ! m9d' is giv5 9 & ) ! occurr5ce ( ! impressions1 he imports ! consci\sness ( "t1 bo? z relation & z num]able quantity1 into ! sequ5ce ( impressions4 ,he ?us ga9s ! advantage ( be+ able to speak ( ?is sequ5ce indiff]5tly "u pr$icates :i* prop]ly exclude ea* o!r4 ,he c make x n[ a consci\sness 9 "t1 n[ a consci\sness ( itself z 9 "t2 n[ a s]ies t _c be summ$1 n[ a conception ( ! sum ( ! s]ies4 ,! sequ5ce ( feel+s1 !n1 hav+ be5 s dealt ) z to make x appe> 9 effect t "t c be felt1 t x %\ld be ?\ght ( c involve no fur!r difficulty4 ,! conception1 smuggl$ into s5sitive exp]i5ce z an #8impression1' c be extract$ f x aga9 z #8idea1' )\t o/5sible dep>ture f ! pr9ciple t ! idea is only ! weak] impression4 #a ,p4 #cch4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,8 o/5sible explanation ( x4 #bfj4 #8,! idea ( "t is n d]iv$ f a p>ticul> impression mix$ up ) o!rs & pla9ly di/+ui%able f !m1 b arises altoge!r f ! mann] 9 :i* impressions appe> to ! m9d1 )\t mak+ "o ( ! numb]4 ,five notes play$ on ! flute give u ! impression & idea ( "t1 ?\gh "t be n a six? impression :i* pres5ts itself to ! he>+ or any o!r ( ! s5ses4 ,nor is x a six? impression :i* ! m9d by reflection f9ds 9 itself4 ,^! five s\nds1 mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]1 excite no emotion or affection 9 ! m9d1 :i* be+ obs]v$ by x c give rise to a new idea4 ,= t is necess>y to produce a new idea ( reflection2 nor c ! m9d1 by revolv+ ov] a ?\s& times all its ideas ( s5sation1 ev] extract f !m any new orig9al idea1 unless nature has s fram$ its faculties t x feels "s new orig9al impression arise f su* a contemplation4 ,b "h x only takes notice ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t s\nds make _! appe>ance1 & t x may aft]w>ds consid] )\t consid]+ ^! p>ticul> s\nds1 b may conjo9 x ) any o!r objects4 ,! ideas ( "s objects x c]ta9ly mu/ h1 nor is x possible = x )\t ^! ev] to arrive at any conception ( "t2 :i*1 s9ce x appe>s n z any prim>y di/9ct impression1 c pla9ly be no?+ b diff]5t ideas or impressions or objects dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 i4e4 succe$+ ea* o!r4 #a #a ,p4 #cdc4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iii4 ,x turns ^u equivocation betwe5 feel+ & conception ( relations betwe5 felt ?+s4 #bfa4 ,9 ?is passage ! equivocation betwe5 #8impression' z feel+1 & #8impression' z conception ( ! mann] 9 :i* feel+s occur1 is less successfully disguis$ ?an is ! l equivocation 9 ! acc\nt ( ext5sion--n inde$ f any failure 9 ,hume's p[] ( /atem5t1 b f ! nature ( ! case4 ,9 tru? ! m]e reproduction ( impressions c z little acc\nt = ! "o conception z = ! o!r4 ,j z1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! #8impression' f :i* ! ab/ract idea ( space may be d]iv$1 we h to suppose fir/ t ! feel+ ( col\r1 ?r\gh be+ pres5t$ by ! self-consci\s subject to itself1 becomes a col\r$ ?+1 & next1 t ?is ?+ is view$ z a :ole ( p>ts limit+ ea* o!r2 s1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! #8impression' f :i* ! idea ( "t may be ab/ract$1 we h to suppose ! pres5tation ( ! succession ( feel+s to a consci\sness n 9 succession1 & ! consequ5t view ( su* pres5t$ succession z a sum ( num]able p>ts4 ,x is a relation only possible = a ?9k+ consci\sness--a relation1 9 ,hume's language1 n dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! impressions relat$--t has 9 ea* case to be introduc$ into exp]i5ce 9 ord] to be extract$ f x aga9 by #8consid]ation3' b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 "o case ! relation is n really betwe5 feel+s at all1 b betwe5 ?+s or p>ts ( a ?+2 :ile 9 ! o!r x is j t relation betwe5 feel+s1 ! introduction ( :i* excludes ! possibility t any feel+ %\ld be ! consci\sness ( ! relation4 ,?us to speak ( a feel+ ( ext5sion does n involve s direct a contradiction z to speak 9 ! same way ( "t4 ,! read] gives ,hume ! b5efit ( a way ( ?9k+ :i* ,hume's own !ory excludes4 ,himself di/+ui%+ betwe5 feel+ & felt ?+1 & reg>d+ ext5sion z a relation betwe5 p>ts ( a ?+1 he does n reflect t = ,hume !re is no su* di/9ction2 t a #8feel+ ( ext5sion' means t feel+ is ext5d$1 :i* aga9 means t x has co-exi/5t p>ts2 & t :at is ?us said ( feel+ z ext5d$ is incompatible ) :at is said ( x z feel+4 ,b :5 x comes to a #8feel+ ( "t'--a feel+ ( ! successiv5ess ( all feel+s--! incompatibility betwe5 :at is said ( feel+ z ! object & :at is impli$ ( x z ! subject is less easy to disguise4 ,9 l mann] because we _c really ?9k ( ext5sion z be+ t :i* yet accord+ to ,hume x is1 x does n /rike u1 :5 he speaks ( x z col\r$ or ( col\r z ext5d$1 t he is mak+ "o feel+ a quality ( ano!r4 ,b x w\ld be o!rwise if any specific feel+ 7 tak5 z a quality ( :at is o/5sibly a relation betwe5 all feel+s4 ,!re is ?us no #8s5sible quality' ) :i* "t c be said to be #8end[$1' z ext5sion ) #8col\r & solidity2' none t c be made to d ! same duty 9 reg>d to x z ^! d 9 reg>d to ext5sion1 #8giv+ ! idea' ( x )\t actually be+ x4 ,he fails to assign any impression or comp\nd ( impressions f :i* idea ( "t is copi$4 #bfb4 ,h5ce1 z ! passage la/ quot$ %[s1 9 ! case ( "t ! alt]native betwe5 ascrib+ x to a six? s5se1 & confess+ t x is n an impression at all1 is v h>d to avoid4 ,x w\ld seem t !re is an impression ( #8! mann] 9 :i* impressions appe> to ! m9d1' :i* yet is no #8di/9ct impression4' ,:at1 !n1 is x8 ,x _c be any "o ( ! impressions ( s5se1 = !n x w\ld be a di/9ct impression4 ,x _c be a #8comp\nd impression1' = su* composition is incompatible ) t successiv5ess ( all feel+s to ea* o!r :i* is ! object ( ! suppos$ impression4 ,x _c be any #8new orig9al impression' aris+ f ! contemplation ( o!r impressions1 = !n1 accord+ to ,hume1 x w\ld be #8an affection or emotion4' ,b aft] ! exclusion ( impressions ( s5se1 comp\nd impressions1 & impressions ( reflection1 ,hume's inv5tory ( ! possible s\rces ( ideas is exhau/$4 ,to h be5 consi/5t1 he ought to h dealt ) ! relation ( "t z he aft]w>ds does ) t ( cause & effect1 &1 9 default ( an impression f :i* x c\ld be d]iv$1 h r$uc$ x to a figure ( spee*4 ,b s9ce ! possibility ( acc\nt+ = ! prop5sities to feign1 :i* our language ab\t cause & effect accord+ to him repres5ts1 requir$ ! consci\sness ( relation 9 "t1 ?is c\rse c\ld n be tak54 ,accord+ly aft] ! possibility ( "t be+ an impression has be5 exclud$ z pla9ly z x c be by any?+ %ort ( a direct negation1 by a device s+ul>ly naf x is made to appe> z an impression aft] all4 ,on be+ told t ! consci\sness ( "t is n a #8new orig9al impression ( reflection1' s9ce 9 t case x w\ld be an emotion or affection1 b #8only ! notice :i* ! m9d takes ( ! mann] 9 :i* impressions appe> to x1' ! read] mu/ be suppos$ to =get ! previ\s admission t x is no di/9ct impression at all1 & to int]pret ?is #8notice :i* ! m9d takes1' because x is n an impression ( reflection1 z an impression ( s5se4 ,to make su* int]pretation easi]1 ! acc\nt giv5 ( "t e>li] 9 ! p>agraph quot$ is judici\sly alt]$ at its close1 s t in/ead ( hav+ to ascribe to feel+ a consci\sness ( #8! mann] 9 :i* impressions appe> to ! m9d1' we h only to ascribe to x ! impressions s appe>+4 ,b ?is alt]ation admitt$1 :at becomes ( ! #8ab/ractness' ( ! idea ( "t1 i4e4 ( ! possibility ( its be+ #8conjo9$ ) any objects' indiff]5tly8 ,x is ! ess5tial condition ( su* indiff]5t conjunction1 z ,hume puts x1 t "t %\ld be only ! mann] ( appe>ance z di/9ct f ! impressions !mselves4 ,if "t is ! impressions1 x mu/ h ! specific s5su\s "* :i* belongs to ^!4 ,x mu/ be a multitude ( s\nds1 a multitude ( ta/es1 a multitude ( smells--^! "o aft] ! o!r 9 endless s]ies4 ,h[ !n c su* a s]ies ( impressions become su* an idea1 i4e4 s gr[ fa9t] z to be #8conjo9$' indiff]5tly #8) any impressions :atev]'8 ,h[ c he adju/ ! exact sci5ces to 8 !ory ( space & "t8 #bfc4 ,! case !n betwe5 ,hume & ! conceptions :i* ! exact sci5ces presuppose1 z we h s f> exam9$ x1 /&s ?us4 ,( ! idea ( quantity1 z su*1 he gives no acc\nt :atev]4 ,we are told1 inde$1 t !re are #8unites :i* c exi/ alone1' i4e4 c be felt sep>ately1 & :i* are indivisible2 b h[ su* unites1 be+ sep>ate impressions1 c =m a sum or numb]1 or :at mean+ a unite c h except z "o ( a numb]--h[ aga9 a sum =m$ ( sep>ate unites c be a cont9u\s :ole or magnitude--we are n told at all4 ,( ! ideas ( space & "t we d f9d an acc\nt4 ,!y are said to be giv5 9 impressions1 b1 to ju/ify ?is acc\nt ( !m1 ea* impression has to be tak5 to be at ! same "t a consci\sness ( ! mann] ( its own exi/5ce1 z det]m9$ by relation to o!r impressions n felt along ) x & z int]pret$ 9 a way t presupposes ! unexpla9$ idea ( quantity4 ,) ?is suppos$ orig9 ( ! ideas ! sci5ces re/+ on !m h to be adju/$4 ,!y may take ! relations ( numb] & magnitude1 "t & space1 = grant$1 z #8qualities ( p]ceptions1' & no "q w be ask$ z to h[ ! p]ceptions come to assume qualities confess$ to be #8indep5d5t ( _! own nature4' ,x is only :5 !y treat !m 9 a way incompatible n m]ely ) _! be+ feel+s--t mu/ always be ! case--b ) _! be+ relations betwe5 felt ?+s1 t !y are suppos$ to cross ! l9e :i* sep>ates exp]im5tal k f metaphysical j>gon4 ,s long !n z space is consid]$ m]ely z ! relation ( ext]nality betwe5 objects ( ! #8out]1' "t z t ( succession betwe5 objects ( ! #8inn]1' s5se--9 o!r words1 s long z !y rema9 :at !y are to ! e>lie/ self-consci\sness & d n become ! subject matt] ( any sci5ce ( quantity--if we s9k ! diff]5ce betwe5 feel+s & relations ( felt ?+s1 & ask no que/ions ab\t ! orig9 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 out] & inn] s5se1 !y may be tak5 z data ( s5sitive exp]i5ce4 ,x is o!rwise :5 !y are treat$ z quantities1 & x is _! susceptibility ( be+ s treat$ t1 rightly und]/ood1 br+s out _! true "* z ! intelligible elem5t 9 s5sitive exp]i5ce4 ,b ,hume contrives at once to treat !m z quantities1 ?us seem+ to give ! exact sci5ces _! due1 & yet to appeal to _! suppos$ orig9 9 s5se z evid5ce ( _! n hav+ prop]ties :i*1 if !y are quantities1 !y c]ta9ly mu/ h4 ,hav+ ?us seem+ly dispos$ ( ! purely intelligible "* ( quantity 9 its application to space & "t1 he c m safely ignore :at he c\ld n s plausibly dispose (--its pure intelligibility z numb]4 ,9 ord] to seem to d s1 he mu/ get rid ( #8,inf9ite ,divisibility'4 #bfd4 ,! condition ( su* a me?od be+ acquiesc$ 9 is1 t quantity 9 all its =ms %\ld be f\nd r$ucible to ultimate unites or indivisible p>ts 9 ! %ape ( sep>ate impressions4 ,%\ld x be f\nd s1 ! :ole "q inde$1 h[ ideas ( relation are possible = a m]ely feel+ consci\sness1 w\ld /ill rema91 b ma!matics w\ld /& on ! same foot+ ) ! exp]im5tal sci5ces1 z a sci5ce ( relations betwe5 impressions4 ,^u ?is r$ucibility1 !n1 we f9d ,hume con/antly insi/+4 ,9 reg>d to numb] inde$ he c\ld n ignore ! fact t ! sci5ce :i* deals ) x recognizes no ultimate unite1 b only su* a "o z #8is itself a true numb]4' ,b he passes lightly ov] ?is difficulty ) ! rem>k t ! divisible unite ( actual ari?metic is a #8fictiti\s d5om9ation'--leav+ 8 read] to guess h[ ! fiction c be possible if ! real unite is a sep>ate indivisible impression--& proce$s ) ! m hopeful task ( resolv+ space into su* impressions4 ,he is well aw>e t ! con/itution ( space by impressions & its con/itution by indivisible p>ts /& or fall toge!r4 ,if space is a comp\nd impression1 x is made up ( indivisible p>ts1 = !re is a #8m9imum visibile' & by consequ5ce a m9imum ( imag9ation2 & conv]sely1 if its p>ts are indivisible1 !y c be no?+ b impressions2 =1 be+ indivisible1 !y _c be ext5d$1 &1 n be+ ext5d$1 !y mu/ be ei!r simple impressions or no?+4 ,) t in/9ct ( lit]>y /rategy :i* nev] fails him1 ,hume feels t ! case aga9/ inf9ite divisibility1 f its app>5t implication ( an inf9ite capacity 9 ! m9d1 is m effective ?an t 9 fav\r ( space be+ a comp\nd impression1 & accord+ly puts t to ! front 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! ,treatise1 9 ord]1 hav+ f\nd cr$it = e/abli%+ x1 to argue back to ! con/itution ( space by impressions4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 x is on ! suppos$ composition ( all quantity f sep>ate impressions t 8 argum5t aga9/ its inf9ite divisibility re/s4 ,quantity made up ( impressions1 & !re mu/ be a lea/ possible impression4 #bfe4 ,! ess5ce ( 8 doctr9e is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passages3 #8',tis c]ta9 t ! imag9ation rea*es a m9imum1 & may raise up to itself an idea1 ( :i* x _c conceive any subdivision1 & :i* _c be dim9i%$ )\t a total annihilation4 ,:5 y tell me ( ! ?\s&? & t5 ?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( s&1 ,i h a di/9ct idea ( ^! numb]s & ( _! sev]al proportions1 b ! images :i* ,i =m 9 my m9d to repres5t ! ?+s !mselves are no?+ diff]5t f ea* o!r nor inf]ior to t image by :i* ,i repres5t ! gra9 ( s& itself1 :i* is suppos$ s va/ly to exce$ !m4 ,:at consi/s ( p>ts is di/+ui%able into !m1 & :at is di/+ui%able is sep>able4 ,b :atev] we may imag9e ( ! ?+1 ! idea ( a gra9 ( s& is n di/+ui%able nor sep>able into tw5ty1 mu* less into a ?\s&1 t5 ?\s&1 or an inf9ite numb] ( diff]5t ideas4 ',tis ! same case ) ! impressions ( ! s5ses z ) ! ideas ( ! imag9ation4 ,put a spot ( ink ^u pap]1 fix y\r eye ^u t spot1 & retire to su* a di/ance t at la/ y lose sight ( x2 'tis pla9 t ! mom5t be=e x vani%$ ! image or impression 0 p]fectly indivisible4 ',tis n = want ( rays ( light /rik+ on our eyes t ! m9ute p>ts ( di/ant bodies convey n any s5sible impression2 b because !y are remov$ beyond t di/ance at :i* _! impressions 7 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & 7 incapable ( any fur!r dim9ution4 ,a microscope or telescope1 :i* r5d]s !m visible1 produces n any new rays ( light1 b only spreads ^? :i* always fl[$ f !m2 & by t means bo? gives p>ts to impressions1 :i* to ! nak$ eye appe> simple & uncomp\nd$1 & advances to a m9imum :at 0 =m]ly imp]ceptible4' #a #a ,p4 #cce1 ,"p ,,ii4 #a4 ,yet x is admitt$ t !re is an idea ( numb] n made up ( impressions4 ,a f9ite division into impressions no m possible ?an an inf9ite "o4 #bff4 ,9 ?is passage x w be se5 t ,hume virtually yields ! po9t z reg>ds numb]4 ,:5 he is told ( ! ?\s&? or t5 ?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( s& he has #8a di/9ct idea ( ^! numb]s & ( _! diff]5t proportions1' ?\gh to ?is idea no di/9ct #8image' corresponds2 9 o!r words1 ?\gh ! idea is n a copy ( any impression4 ,x is ( su* p>ts z p>ts ( ! gra9 ( s&--z p>ts ( a #8comp\nd impression'--t he c =m no idea1 & = ! reason giv5 9 ! sequel1 t !y are less ?an any possible impression1 less ?an ! #8m9imum visibile4' ,?is1 x w\ld seem1 is a fix$ quantity4 ,t :i* is ! lea/ possible impression once is s always4 ,telescopes & microscopes d n alt] x1 b pres5t x "u conditions "u :i* x c\ld n be pres5t$ to ! nak$ eye4 ,_! effect1 accord+ to ,hume1 c\ld n be to r5d] t visible :i* exi/$ unse5 be=e1 nor to reveal p>ts 9 t :i* previ\sly _h1 ?\gh x seem$ n to h1 !m--t w\ld imply t an impression 0 #8an image ( some?+ di/9ct & ext]nal'--b ei!r to pres5t a simple impression ( sight :]e previ\sly !re 0 none or to sub/itute a comp\nd impression = "o t 0 simple4 #a ,x is !n because all divisibility is suppos$ to be into impressions1 i4e4 into feel+s1 & because !re are conditions "u :i* e feel+ disappe>s1 t an inf9ite divisibility is pron\nc$ impossible4 ,b ! "q is :e!r a f9ite divisibility into feel+s is n j z impossible z an inf9ite "o4 ,j z = ! reasons /at$ above #b a #8comp\nd feel+' is impossible1 s is ! division ( a comp\nd into feel+s4 ,und\bt$ly if ! #8m9imum visibile' 7 a feel+ x w\ld n be divisible1 b = ! same reason x w\ld n be a quantity4 ,b if x is n a quantity1 ) :at mean+ is x call$ a m9imum1 & h[ c a quantity be suppos$ to be made up ( su* #8visibilia' z h !mselves no quantity8 ,9 tru? ! #8m9imum visibile' is n a feel+ at all b a felt ?+1 conceiv$ "u attributes ( quantity2 9 p>ticul>1 z ! t]m #8m9imum' implies1 "u a relation ( proportion to o!r quantities ( :i*1 if express$ num]ically1 ,hume himself1 accord+ to ! admission above notic$1 w\ld h to confess !re 0 an idea :i* 0 an image ( no impression4 ,t :i* ?\ght ?us pres5ts to itself z a ?+ d\btless has be5 a feel+2 b1 z ?us pres5t$1 x is already o!r ?an & indep5d5t ( feel+4 ,) a /ep backw>d or a turn ( ! head1 ! feel+ may cease1 #8! spot ( ink may vani%2' b ! ?+ does n !re=e cease to be a ?+ or to h quantity1 :i* implies ! possibility ( cont9u\s division4 #a ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! passage quot$1 ,hume assumes ! conv5i5t privilege ( #8speak+ ) ! vulg>1' & treats ! #8m9imum visibile' pres5t$ by telescope or microscope z repres5t+ some?+ o!r ?an itself1 :i* previ\sly exi/$1 ?\gh x 0 imp]ceptible4 #b ,see above1 #bda #bdf4 ,9 ,hume's in/ances x is n really a feel+1 b a conceiv$ ?+1 t appe>s z f9itely divisible4 #bfg4 ,x is ?us ! confusion betwe5 feel+ & conception t is at ! bottom ( ! difficulty ab\t divisibility4 ,= a consci\sness =m$ m]ely by ! succession ( feel+s1 z !re w\ld be no ?+ at all1 s !re w\ld be no p>ts ( a ?+--no addibility or divisibility4 ,b ,hume is =c$ by ! exig5cies ( 8 !ory to hold toge!r1 z be/ he may1 ! r$uction ( all consci\sness to feel+ & ! exi/5ce = x ( divisible objects4 ,! consequ5ce is 8 supposition ( #8comp\nd impressions' or feel+s hav+ p>ts1 divisible into sep>ate impressions b divisible no fur!r :5 ^! sep>ate impressions h be5 rea*$4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 all ! in/ances he gives x is n really a feel+ t is divid$ into feel+s1 b a ?+ into o!r ?+s4 ,x is ! heap ( s&1 = in/ance1 t is divid$ into gra9s1 n ! feel+ :i*1 by intellectual int]pretation1 repres5ts to me a heap ( s& t is divid$ into less] feel+s4 ,i may feel ! heap & feel ! gra91 b x is n a feel+ t is ! heap nor a feel+ t is ! gra94 ,hume w\ld n (f5d common s5se by say+ t x 0 s1 b 8 !ory really requir$ t he %\ld1 = ! supposition t ! gra9 is no fur!r divisible :5 !re are no sep>ate impressions into :i* x may be divid$1 implies t 9 t case x is itself a sep>ate impression1 ev5 z ! heap is a comp\nd "o4 ,b :at diff]5ce1 x may be ask$1 does x make to say t ! heap & ! gra9 are n feel+s1 b ?+s conceiv$ (1 if x is admitt$1 z s9ce ,b]keley x mu/ be1 t ! ?+ is no?+ outside or indep5d5t ( consci\sness8 ,d we n by su* a /atem5t m]ely *ange names & invite ! "q h[ a ?\ght c h p>ts1 9 place ( ! "q h[ a feel+ c h !m8 ,^u true notion ( quantity inf9ite divisibility foll[s ( c\rse4 #bfh4 ,if ?\ght 7 no m ?an ,hume takes feel+ to be1 ?is objection w\ld be valid4 ,b if by ?\ght we und]/& ! self-consci\s pr9ciple :i*1 pres5t to all feel+s1 =ms out ( !m a _w ( mutually relat$ objects1 p]man5t ) its own p]man5ce1 we %all also und]/& t ! relations by :i* ?\ght qualifies its object are n qualities ( itself--t1 9 ?9k+ ( its object z made up ( p>ts1 x does n become itself a quantum4 ,we %all also be on ! way to und]/& h[ ?\ght1 deta*+ t relation ( simple di/9ctness by :i* x has qualifi$ its objects1 f9ds be=e x a multitude ( units ( :i* ea*1 z comb9+ 9 itself di/9ctions f all ! o!r units1 is at ! same "t itself a multitude2 9 o!r words1 f9ds a quantum ( :i* ea* "p1 be+ ! same 9 k9d ) ! :ole & all o!r p>ts1 is also a quantum2 i4e4 :i* is inf9itely divisible4 ,:5 once x is und]/ood1 9 %ort1 t quantity is simply ! mo/ elem5t>y ( ! relations by :i* ?\ght con/itutes ! real _w1 z deta*$ f ?is _w & pres5t$ by ?\ght to itself z a sep>ate object1 !n inf9ite divisibility becomes a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is real j 9 s f> z quantity1 ( :i* x is a necess>y attribute1 is real4 ,if quantity1 ?\gh n feel+1 is yet real1 t its p>ts %\ld n be feel+s c be no?+ aga9/ _! reality4 ,?is once admitt$1 ! objections to inf9ite divisibility disappe>2 b s likewise does t my/]i\s dignity suppos$ to atta* to x1 or to its correlative1 ! inf9itely addible1 z imply+ an inf9ite capacity 9 ! m9d4 ,f ,hume's po9t ( view1 ! m9d be+ #8a bundle ( impressions'--?\gh h[ impressions1 be+ successive1 %\ld =m a bundle is n expla9$--its capacity mu/ mean ! numb] ( its impressions1 &1 all divisibility be+ into impressions1 x foll[s t inf9ite divisibility means an inf9ite capacity 9 ! m9d4 ,?is notion h[ev] arises1 z we h %[n1 f a confusion betwe5 a felt division ( an impossible #8comp\nd feel+1' & t conceiv$ divisibility ( an object :i* con/itutes b a s+le attribute ( ! object & repres5ts a s+le relation ( ! m9d t[>ds x4 ,!re may be a s5se 9 :i* all conception implies inf9ity 9 ! conceiv+ m9d1 b s f> f ?is do+ s 9 any special way1 x arises1 z we h se51 f ! pres5tation ( objects "u t v condition ( endless1 unremov$1 di/9ction :i* con/itutes ! true limitation ( our ?\ght4 ,:at are ! ultimate elem5ts ( ext5sion8 ,if n ext5d$1 :at are !y8 #bfi4 ,:51 z ) ,hume1 x is only 9 its application to space & "t t ! "q ( inf9ite divisibility is treat$1 its true nature is m easily disguis$1 = ! reason already indicat$1 t space & "t are n necess>ily consid]$ z quanta4 ,:5 ,hume1 inde$1 speaks ( space z a #8composition ( p>ts' or #8made up ( po9ts1' he is ( c\rse treat+ x z a quantum2 b we %all f9d t 9 seek+ to avoid ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its be+ a quantum--! consequ5ce1 namely1 t x is inf9itely divisible--he c take advantage ( ! possibility ( treat+ x z ! simple1 unquantifi$1 relation ( ext]nality4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! dext]ity ) :i*1 hav+ %[n t all divisibility1 because into impressions1 is into simple p>ts1 he turns ?is into an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! composition ( space by impressions4 #8,our idea ( space is comp\nd$ ( p>ts :i* are indivisible4' ,let u take "o ( ^! p>ts1 !n1 & ask :at sort ( idea x is3 #8let u =m a judgm5t ( its nature & qualities4' #8',tis pla9 x is n an idea ( ext5sion3 = ! idea ( ext5sion consi/s ( p>ts2 & ?is idea1 accord+ to ! supposition1 is p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,is x !re=e no?+8 ,t is impossible1' = x w\ld imply t a real idea 0 compos$ ( non5tities4 ,! way out ( ! difficulty is to #8end[ ! simple p>ts ) col\r & solidity4' ,9 words already quot$1 #8t comp\nd impression1 :i* repres5ts ext5sion1 consi/s ( sev]al less] impressions1 t are indivisible to ! eye or feel+1 & may be call$ impressions ( atoms or corpuscles end[$ ) col\r & solidity4' 7,"p ,,ii4 #c1 ne> ! end47 ,col\rs or col\r$ po9ts8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce8 #bgj4 ,x is v pla9 t 9 ?is passage ,hume is rid+ two horses at once4 ,he is try+ s to comb9e ! notion ( ! con/itution ( space by impressions ) t ( its con/itution by po9ts1 z to disguise ! real mean+ ( ea*4 ,9 :at lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! feel+s ( col\r1 ( :i* we h %[n t !y _c )\t contradiction be suppos$ to #8make up ext5sion1' & #8col\r$ po9ts or corpuscles'8 ,unless ! po9ts1 z po9ts1 mean some?+1 ! sub/itution ( col\r$ po9ts = col\rs means no?+4 ,b accord+ to ,hume ! po9t is no?+ except z an impression ( sight or t\*4 ,if !n we refuse 8 words ! b5efit ( an int]pretation :i* 8 doctr9e excludes1 we f9d t !re rema9s simply ! impossible supposition t space consi/s ( feel+s4 ,?is result _c be avoid$1 unless 9 speak+ ( space z compos$ ( po9ts1 we und]/& by ! po9t t :i* is def9itely o!r ?an an impression4 ,?us ! "q :i* ,hume puts--,if ext5sion is made up ( p>ts1 & ^!1 be+ indivisible1 are unext5d$1 :at are !y8--really rema9s unt\*$ by 8 o/5sible answ]4 ,su* a "q inde$ to a philosophy l ,locke's1 :i*1 ignor+ ! con/itution ( reality by relations1 suppos$ real ?+s to be fir/ f\nd & !n relations to be sup]9duc$ by ! m9d--mu* m to "o l ,hume's1 :i* left no m9d to sup]9duce !m--0 necess>ily unansw]able4 ,true way ( deal+ ) ! "q4 #bga4 ,9 tru?1 ext5sion is ! relation ( mutual ext]nality4 ,! con/itu5ts ( ?is relation h n1 z su*1 any nature b :at is giv5 by ! relation4 ,if 9 ,hume's language we #8sep>ate ea* f ! o!rs &1 consid]+ x ap>t1 =m a judgm5t ( its nature & qualities1' by ! v way we put ! problem we r5d] x insoluble or1 m prop]ly1 de/roy x2 =1 ?us sep>at$1 !y h no nature4 ,x is ?is t we express by ! proposition :i* w\ld o!rwise be tautological1 t ext5sion is a relation betwe5 ext5d$ po9ts4 ,! #8po9ts' are ! simple/ expression = ^? coeffici5ts to ! relation ( mutual ext]nality1 :i*1 z det]m9$ by t relation & no o!rwise1 h !mselves ! attribute ( be+ ext5d$ & t only4 ,if x is ask$ :e!r ! po9ts1 be+ ext5d$1 are !re=e divisible1 ! answ] mu/ be tw(old4 ,sep>ately !y are n divisible1 = sep>ately !y are no?+4 ,:e!r1 z det]m9$ by mutual relation1 !y are divisible or no1 dep5ds on :e!r !y are treat$ z =m+ a quantum or no4 ,if !y are n s treat$1 we _c ) propriety pron\nce !m to be ei!r fur!r divisible or n s1 = ! "q ( divisibility has no application to !m4 ,b be+ p]fectly homog5e\s ) ea* o!r & ) t :i* toge!r !y con/itute1 !y are susceptible ( be+ s treat$1 & are s treat$ :51 ) ,hume 9 ! passage be=e u1 we speak ( !m z ! p>ts ( :i* ext5d$ matt] consi/s4 ,?us consid]$ z p>ts ( a quantum & !re=e !mselves quanta1 ! inf9ite divisibility :i* belongs to all quantity belongs also to !m4 #8,if ! po9t 7 divisible1 x w\ld be no t]m9ation ( a l9e4' ,answ] to ?is4 #bgb4 ,9 ?is lies ! answ] to ! mo/ really cog5t argum5t :i* ,hume (f]s aga9/ inf9ite divisibility #8,a surface t]m9ates a solid2 a l9e t]m9ates a surface2 a po9t t]m9ates a l9e3 b ,i ass]t t if ! ideas ( a po9t1 l9e1 or surface 7 n indivisible1 'tis impossible we %\ld ev] conceive ^! t]m9ations4 ,= let ^! ideas be suppos$ inf9itely divisible1 & !n let ! fancy endeav\r to fix itself on ! idea ( ! la/ surface1 l9e1 or po9t1 x imm$iately f9ds ?is idea to break into p>ts2 & ^u its seiz+ ! la/ ( ^! p>ts x loses its hold by a new division1 & s on ad inf9itum1 )\t any possibility ( its arriv+ at a conclud+ idea'4 #a ,if #8po9t1' #8l9e1' or #8surface' 7 really names = #8ideas' ei!r 9 ,hume's s5se1 z feel+s gr[n fa9t]1 or 9 ,locke's1 z def9ite impr9ts made by outw>d ?+s1 ?is passage w\ld be p]plex+4 ,9 tru? !y repres5t objects det]m9$ by c]ta9 conceiv$ relations1 & ! relation "u :i* ! object is consid]$ may v>y )\t a correspond+ v>iation 9 ! "n4 ,:5 a #8po9t' is consid]$ simply z ! #8t]m9ation ( a l9e1' x is n consid]$ z a quantum4 ,x repres5ts ! ab/raction ( ! relation ( ext]nality1 z exi/+ betwe5 two l9es4 ,x is ^! l9es1 n ! po9t1 t 9 ?is case are ! con/itu5ts ( ! relation1 & ?us x is !y alone t are = ! "t consid]$ z ext5d$1 !re=e z quanta1 !re=e z divisible4 ,s :5 ! l9e 9 turn is consid]$ z ! #8t]m9ation ( a surface4' ,x !n repres5ts ! relation ( ext]nality z betwe5 surfaces1 & = ! "t x is ! surfaces1 n ! l9e1 t are consid]$ to h ext5sion & its consequ5ces4 ,! same applies to ! view ( a surface z ! t]m9ation ( a solid4 ,j z ! l9e1 ?\gh n a quantum :5 consid]$ simply z a relation betwe5 surfaces1 becomes s :5 consid]$ 9 relation to ano!r l9e1 s ! po9t1 ?\gh x #8has no magnitude' :5 consid]$ z ! t]m9ation ( a l9e1 yet acquires p>ts1 or becomes divisible1 s soon z x is consid]$ 9 relation to o!r po9ts z a con/itu5t ( ext5d$ matt]2 & x is ?us t ,hume consid]s x1 #b1 :5 he talks ( ext5sion z #8made up ( col\r$ po9ts4' #a ,p4 #cde4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iv4 #b ,greek 7hekon e akon7 l x or n4 ,tr4 ,:at becomes ( ! exactness ( ma!matics accord+ to ,hume8 #bgc4 ,x is ! necessity !n1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 ( mak+ space an impression t ?r\gh\t und]lies ,hume's argum5t aga9/ its inf9ite divisibility2 &1 z we h se51 ! same !ory :i* excludes its inf9ite divisibility logically ext+ui%es x z a quantity1 divisible & measurable1 altoge!r4 ,he ( c\rse does n recognize ?is consequ5ce4 ,he is oblig$ inde$ to admit t 9 reg>d to ! proportions ( #8great]1 equal & less1' & ! relations ( diff]5t p>ts ( space to ea* o!r1 no judgm5ts ( univ]sality or exactness are possible4 ,we may judge ( !m1 h[ev]1 he holds1 ) v>i\s approximations to exactness1 :]eas ^u ! supposition ( inf9ite divisibility1 z he +5i\sly makes out1 we c\ld n judge ( !m at all4 ,he #8asks ! ma!maticians1 :at !y mean :5 !y say t "o l9e or surface is equal to1 or great] or less ?an1 ano!r4' ,if !y #8ma9ta9 ! composition ( ext5sion by indivisible po9ts1' _! answ]1 he supposes1 w be t #8l9es or surfaces are equal :5 ! numb]s ( po9ts 9 ea* are equal4' ,?is answ] he reckons #8j1' b ! /&>d ( equality giv5 is entirely useless4 #8,= z ! po9ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( any l9e or surface1 :e!r p]ceiv$ by ! sight or t\*1 are s m9ute & s conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r t 'tis utt]ly impossible = ! m9d to compute _! numb]1 su* a computation w nev] af=d u a /&>d by :i* we may judge ( proportions4' ,! opposite sect ( ma!maticians1 h[ev]1 are 9 worse case1 hav+ no /&>d ( equality :atev] to assign4 #8,= s9ce1 accord+ to _! hypo!sis1 ! lea/ z well z greate/ figures conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 & s9ce inf9ite numb]s1 prop]ly speak+1 c nei!r be equal nor unequal ) respect to ea* o!r1 ! equality or inequality ( any portion ( space c nev] dep5d on any proportion 9 ! numb] ( _! p>ts4' ,8 own doctr9e is #8t ! only useful notion ( equality or inequality is d]iv$ f ! :ole unit$ appe>ance1 & ! comp>ison (1 p>ticul> objects4' ,! judgm5ts ?us d]iv$ are 9 _m cases c]ta9 & infallible4 #8,:5 ! measure ( a y>d & t ( a foot are pres5t$1 ! m9d c no m "q t ! fir/ is long] ?an ! second ?an x c d\bt ( ^? pr9ciples :i* are mo/ cle> & self-evid5t4' ,su* judgm5ts1 h[ev]1 ?\gh #8sometimes infallible1 are n always s4' ,^u a #8review & reflection' we (t5 #8pron\nce ^? objects equal :i* at fir/ we e/eem$ unequal1' & vice v]s4 ,(t5 also #8we discov] our error by a juxtaposition ( ! objects2 or1 :]e t is impracticable1 by ! use ( "s common & inv>iable measure :i*1 be+ successively appli$ to ea*1 in=ms u ( _! diff]5t proportions4 ,& ev5 ?is correction is susceptible ( a new correction1 & ( diff]5t degrees ( exactness1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! in/rum5t by :i* we measure ! bodies1 & ! c>e :i* we employ 9 ! comp>ison4' #a #a ,pp4 #cea-ec4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iv4 ,! univ]sal propositions ( geometry ei!r untrue or unmean+4 #bgd4 ,su* indef9ite approa* to exactness is all t ,hume c all[ to ! ma!matician4 ,b x is und\bt$ly ano!r & an absolute sort ( exactness t ! ma!matician himself supposes :5 he pron\nces all "r angles equal4 ,su* p]fect equality #8beyond :at we h in/rum5ts & art' to asc]ta91 ,hume boldly calls a #8m]e fiction ( ! m9d1 useless z well z incompreh5sible'4 #a ,?us :5 ! ma!matician talks ( c]ta9 angles z always equal1 ( c]ta9 l9es z nev] meet+1 he is ei!r mak+ /atem5ts t are untrue or speak+ ( non5tities4 ,if 8 #8l9es' & #8angles' mean ideas t we c possibly h1 8 univ]sal propositions are untrue2 if !y d n1 accord+ to ,hume !y c mean no?+4 ,he says1 = in/ance1 t #8two "r l9es _c h a common segm5t2' b ( su* ideas ( "r l9es z we c possibly h ?is is only true #8:]e ! "r l9es incl9e ^u ea* o!r ) a s5sible angle4' #b ,x is n true :5 !y #8approa* at ! rate ( an in* 9 #bj leagues4' ,accord+ to ! #8orig9al /&>d ( a "r l9e1' :i* is #8no?+ b a c]ta9 g5]al appe>ance1 'tis evid5t "r l9es may be made to concur ) ea* o!r'4 #c ,any o!r /&>d is a #8useless & incompreh5sible fiction4' ,/rictly speak+1 accord+ to ,hume1 we h x n1 b only a t5d5cy to suppose t we h x aris+ f ! progressive correction ( our actual measurem5ts4 #d #a ,p4 #cec4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iv4 #b ,cf4 ,ari/otle1 ,metaph4 #iih;a1 on a correspond+ view ascrib$ to ,protagoras4 #c ,p4 #cef4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iv4 #d ,p4 #ced4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iv4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,hume's doctr9e & t ( ! hypo!tical nature ( ma!matics4 #bge4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t :at ,hume acc\nts = by means ( ?is t5d5cy to feign1 ev5 if ! t5d5cy did n presuppose conditions incompatible ) 8 !ory1 is n ma!matical sci5ce z x exi/s4 ,x has ev5 less appe>ance ( be+ s ?an 7to anticipate7 has t :i* is acc\nt$ = by ^? prop5sities to feign1 :i* he sub/itutes = ! ideas ( cause & sub/ance1 ( be+ natural sci5ce z x exi/s4 ,9 ! latt] case1 :5 ! idea ( necess>y connexion has be5 dispos$ (1 an impression ( reflection c ) "s plausibility be made to d duty in/ead2 b !re is no impression ( reflection 9 ,hume's s5se ( ! ^w1 no #8prop5sity1' t c be ! subject ( ma!matical reason+4 ,he speaks1 inde$1 ( our suppos+ "s imag9>y /&>d--( our hav+ #8an obscure & implicit notion'--( p]fect equality1 b su* language is only a way ( sav+ appe>ances2 = accord+ to him1 a #8supposition' or #8notion' :i* is nei!r impression nor idea1 _c be any?+4 ,a ha/y read]1 cat*+ at ! t]m #8supposition1' may f9d 8 /atem5t plausible ) all ! plausibility ( ! mod]n doctr9e1 :i* acc\nts = ! univ]sality & exactness ( ma!matical tru?s z #8hypo!tical'--! doctr9e t we suppose figures exactly correspond+ to our def9itions1 ?\gh su* d n really exi/4 ,) ^? :o take ?is view1 h[ev]1 x is always und]/ood t ! def9itions repres5t ideas1 ?\gh n ideas to :i* real objects c be f\nd exactly answ]+4 ,p]haps1 if press$ ab\t _! di/9ction betwe5 idea & reality1 !y might f9d x h>d consi/5tly to ma9ta9 x1 b x is by ?is practically t !y keep _! !ory afloat4 ,hume c admit no su* di/9ction4 ,! real ) him is ! impression1 & ! idea ! fa9t] impression4 ,!re c be no idea ( a /raight l9e1 a curve1 a circle1 a "r angle1 a plane1 o!r ?an ! impression1 o!r ?an ! #8appe>ance to ! eye1' & !re are no appe>ances exactly answ]+ to ! ma!matical def9itions4 ,if !y d n exactly answ]1 !y might z well = ! purposes ( ma!matical demon/ration n answ] at all4 ,! ,geometrician1 hav+ f\nd t ! angles at ! base ( ?is isosceles triangle are equal to ea* o!r1 at once takes ! equality to be true ( all isosceles triangles1 z be+ exactly l ! orig9al "o1 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is e/abli%es _m o!r propositions4 ,b1 accord+ to ,hume1 no idea t we c\ld h w\ld be "o ( :i* ! sides 7 precisely equal4 ,! ,fif? ,proposition ( ,euclid !n is n precisely true ( ! p>ticul> idea t we h be=e u :5 we foll[ ! demon/ration4 ,mu* less c x be true ( ! ideas1 i4e4 ! sev]al appe>ances ( col\r1 indef9itely v>y+ f ?is1 :i* we h be=e u :5 we foll[ ! o!r demon/rations 9 :i* ! equality ( ! angles at ! base ( an isosceles is tak5 = grant$4 ,! admission t no relations ( quantity are data ( s5se removes difficulty z to g5]al propositions ab\t !m4 #bgf4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 :at we h to lam5t is n t ,hume #8pu%$ 8 doctr9e too f>1' s f> z to exclude ideas ( ^? exact proportions 9 space ) :i* geometry purports to deal1 b t he did n c>ry x f> en\gh to see t x exclud$ all ideas ( quantitative relations :atev]4 ,he ?us pays ! p5alty = 8 equivocation betwe5 a feel+ ( col\r & a disposition ( col\r$ po9ts4 ,ev5 alongside ( 8 admission t #8relations ( space & "t' are indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! ideas s relat$1 :i* am\nts to ! admission t ( space & "t !re are no ideas at all 9 8 s5se ( ! ^w1 he all[s himself to treat #8proportions betwe5 spaces' z dep5d+ entirely on our ideas ( ! spaces--dep5d+ on ideas :i* 9 ! context he by implication admits t we h n4 #a ,if1 in/ead ( ?us equivocat+1 he _h ask$ himself h[ s5sations ( col\r & t\* c\ld be add$ or divid$1 h[ "o c\ld s]ve z a measure ( ! size ( ano!r1 he might h se5 t only 9 virtue ( t 9 ! #8g5]al appe>ance' ( objects :i*1 9 8 own language1 is #8indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! ideas !mselves'--i4e4 :i* does n belong to !m z feel+s1 b is add$ by ! comp>+ & comb9+ ?\ght--are ! proportions ( great]1 less1 & equal pr$icable ( !m at all2 t :at ?\ght has ?us add$1 viz4 limitation by mutual ext]nality1 x c ab/ract2 & t by su* ab/raction ( ! limit x obta9s ^? sev]al t]m9ations1 z ,hume well calls !m--! surface t]m9at+ bodies1 ! l9e t]m9at+ surfaces1 ! po9t t]m9at+ l9es--f :i* x con/ructs ! _w ( pure space3 t ?us ! same action ( ?\ght 9 s5se1 :i* alone r5d]s appe>ances measurable1 gives an object matt] :i*1 because ! pure con/ruction ( ?\ght1 we c measure exactly & ) ! c]ta9ty t ! judgm5t bas$ on a comp>ison ( magnitudes 9 a s+le case is true ( all possible cases1 because 9 none ( ^! c any o!r conditions be pres5t ?an ^? :i* we h consci\sly put !re4 #a ,"p ,,iii4 #a1 sub init4 ,hume does virtually admit ?is 9 reg>d to numb]s4 #bgg4 ,to h arriv$ at ?is conclusion ,hume _h only to ext5d to proportions 9 space ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! impossibility ( s5sualiz+ ari?metic compels him to deal ) proportions 9 numb]4 #8,we are possess$1' he says1 #8( a precise /&>d by :i* we c judge ( ! equality & proportion ( numb]s2 & accord+ z !y correspond or n to t /&>d we det]m9e _! relations )\t any possibility ( error4 ,:5 two numb]s are s comb9$1 z t ! "o has always an unite answ]+ to e unite ( ! o!r1 we pron\nce !m equal'4 #a ,n[ :at are ! unites "h spok5 (8 ,if !y 7 ^? s+le impressions :i* he else:]e #b seems to reg>d z alone prop]ly unites1 ! po9t ( ! passage w\ld be gone1 = comb9ations ( su* unites c\ld at any rate only yield ^? #8g5]al appe>ances' ( ^: proportions we h be5 previ\sly told !re c be no precise /&>d4 ,!y c be no o!r ?an ^? unites :i*1 n be+ impressions1 he has to call #8fictiti\s d5om9ations'--unites :i* are no?+ except 9 relation to ea* o!r & ( :i* ea*1 be+ 9 turn divisible1 is itself a true numb]4 ,we c easily retort ^u ,hume1 !n1 :5 he argues t ! supposition ( inf9ite divisibility is incompatible ) any comp>ison ( quantities because ) any unite ( measurem5t1 t1 accord+ to 8 own virtual admission1 9 ! only case :]e su* comp>ison is exact ! ultimate unite ( measurem5t is /ill itself divisible2 :i*1 inde$1 is no m ?an say+ t :atev] measures quantity mu/ itself be a quantity1 & t !re=e quantity is inf9itely divisible4 ,if ,hume1 in/ead ( slurr+ ov] ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! sci5ce ( numb]1 _h set himself to expla9 x1 he w\ld h f\nd t ! only possible explanation ( x 0 "o equally applicable to ! sci5ce ( space--t :at is true ( ! unite1 z ! ab/raction ( di/9ctness1 is true also ( ! ab/raction ( ext]nality4 ,z ! unite1 because con/itut$ by relation to o!r unites1 s soon z consid]$ breaks into multiplicity1 & only = t reason is a quantity by :i* o!r quantities c be measur$2 s is x also ) ! limit 9 :atev] =m ab/ract$1 :e!r z po9t1 l9e1 or surface4 ,if ! fact t numb] c h no lea/ "p s9ce ea* "p is itself a numb] or no?+1 s f> f be+ incompatible ) ! f9it5ess ( numb]1 is ! consequ5ce ( t f9it5ess1 nei!r c ! l attribute 9 spaces be incompatible ) _! be+ def9ite magnitudes1 t c be comp>$ ) & measur$ by ea* o!r4 ,! real diff]5ce1 :i* is also ! rationale ( ,hume's diff]5t proc$ure 9 ! two cases1 is t ! conception ( space is m easily confus$ ?an t ( numb] ) ! feel+s to :i* x is appli$1 & :i* ?r\gh su* application become s5sible spaces4 ,h5ce ! liability to ! supposition1 :i* is at bottom ,hume's1 t ! la/ feel+ 9 ! process ( dim9ution be=e su* s5sible space disappe>s 7be+ ! #8m9imum visibile'7 is ! lea/ possible portion ( space4 #a ,p4 #cgd4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,i4 #b ,above1 p>4 #beh4 ,) ,hume idea ( vacuum impossible1 b logically n m s ?an t ( space4 #bgh4 ,j z t r$uction ( consci\sness to feel+1 :i* really excludes ! idea ( quantity altoge!r1 is by ,hume only recognis$ z incompatible ) its inf9ite divisibility1 s x is n recognis$ z ext+ui%+ space altoge!r1 b only space z a vacuum4 ,if x be true1 he says1 #8t ! idea ( space is no?+ b ! idea ( visible or tangible po9ts di/ribut$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 x foll[s t we c =m no idea ( vacuum1 or space :]e !re is no?+ visible or tangible'4 #a ,"h z else:]e ! acceptability ( 8 /atem5t lies 9 its be+ tak5 9 a s5se :i* accord+ to 8 pr9ciples _c prop]ly belong to x4 ,x is "o doctr9e t ! ideas ( space & body are ess5tially correlative1 & q ano!r t ! idea ( space is equival5t to a feel+ ( sight or t\*4 ,x is ( ! latt] doctr9e t ,hume's d5ial ( a vacuum is ! coroll>y2 b x is ! =m] t ga9s acceptance = ?is d5ial 9 ! m9d ( 8 read]4 ,space we h already spok5 ( z ! relation ( ext]nality4 ,if1 ab/ract+ ?is relation f ! _w ( :i* x is ! uni=m b mo/ elem5t>y det]m9ation1 we reg>d x z a relation betwe5 objects hav+ no o!r det]m9ation1 ^! become spaces & no?+ b spaces--space pure & simple1 vacuum4 ,b we h kn[n ! _w 9 confus$ fulness be=e we deta* its con/itu5t relations 9 ! cle>ness ( unreal ab/raction4 ,we h kn[n bodies #b1 be=e we ?9k _! limits ap>t & out ( ^! con/ruct a _w ( pure space4 ,x is ?us 9 a s5se true t 9 ! developm5t ( our consci\sness an idea ( body prec$es t ( space1 ?\gh ! ab/raction ( space--! deta*m5t ( ! relation s-call$ f ! real complex ( relations--prec$es t ( body2 & x is ?is fact t1 9 ! face ( geometry1 /r5g!ns common s5se 9 its position t an idea ( vacuum is impossible4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! insep>ability ( space f body :e!r 9 reality or = our consci\sness1 b its id5tity ) a c]ta9 sort ( feel+1 t is impli$ 9 ,hume's exclusion ( ! idea ( vacuum4 #8,body1' z o!r ?an feel+1 is ) him z mu* a fiction z vacuum4 ,t !re c be no idea ( vacuum1 is ?us 9 fact m]ely 8 negative way ( putt+ t proposition ( :i* ! positive =m is1 t space is a comp\nd impression ( sight & t\*4 ,hav+ exam9$ t proposition 9 ! positive1 we ne$ n exam9e x aga9 9 ! negative =m4 ,x w be m to ! purpose to enquire :e!r ! #8t5d5cy to suppose' or #8prop5sity to feign' by :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* idea1 our language ab\t #8pure space' has to be acc\nt$ =1 does n accord+ to ,hume's own %[+ presuppose su* an idea4 #a ,p4 #ceh4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,v4 #b ,greek 7synke*ym5os7 confus$ or jumbl$-up4 ,tr4 ,h[ x is t we talk z if we _h idea ( vacuum accord+ to ,hume4 #bgi4 ,by vacuum he und]/&s invisible & intangible ext5sion4 ,if an idea ( vacuum1 !n1 is possible at all1 he argues1 x mu/ be possible = d>kness & m]e motion to convey x4 ,t !y _c d s alone is cle> f ! consid]ation t d>kness is #8no positive idea' & t an #8inv>iable motion1' su* z t ( a #8man support$ 9 ! air & s(tly convey$ along by "s invisible p[]1' gives no idea at all4 ,nei!r c !y d s :5 #8att5d$ ) visible & tangible objects4' #8,:5 two bodies pres5t !mselves :]e !re 0 =m]ly an entire d>kness1 ! only *ange t is discov]able is 9 ! appe>ance ( ^! two objects3 all ! re/ cont9ues to be1 z be=e1 a p]fect negation ( light & ( e col\r$ or tangible object'4 #a #8,su* d>k & indi/+ui%able di/ance betwe5 two bodies c nev] produce ! idea ( ext5sion1' any m ?an bl9dness c4 ,nei!r c a l #8imag9>y di/ance betwe5 tangible & solid bodies4' #8,suppose two cases1 viz4 t ( a man support$ 9 ! air1 & mov+ 8 limbs to & fro )\t meet+ any?+ tangible2 & t ( a man :o1 feel+ some?+ tangible1 leaves x1 & aft] a motion ( :i* he is s5sible p]ceives ano!r tangible object4 ,:]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two cases8 ,no "o w scruple to affirm t x consi/s m]ely 9 ! p]ceiv+ ^? objects1 & t ! s5sation :i* arises f ! motion is 9 bo? cases ! same2 & z t s5sation is n capable ( convey+ to u an idea ( ext5sion1 :5 unaccompani$ ) "s o!r p]ception1 x c no m give u t idea1 :5 mix$ ) ! impressions ( tangible objects1 s9ce t mixture produces no alt]ation ^u x'4 #b ,b ?\gh a #8di/ance n fill$ ) any col\r$ or solid object' _c give u an idea ( vacuum1 x is ! cause :y we falsely imag9e t we c =m su* an idea4 ,!re are #8?ree relations'--natural relations accord+ to ,hume's phraseology #c--;betwe5 x & t di/ance :i* really #8conveys ! idea ( ext5sion4' #8,! di/ant objects affect ! s5ses 9 ! same mann]1 :e!r sep>at$ by ! "o di/ance or ! o!r2 ! =m] species ( di/ance is f\nd capable ( receiv+ ! latt]2 & !y bo? equally dim9i% ! =ce ( e quality4 ,^! relations betwixt ! two k9ds ( di/ance w af=d u an easy reason :y ! "o has s (t5 be5 tak5 = ! o!r1 & :y we imag9e we h an idea ( ext5sion )\t ! idea ( any object ei!r ( ! sight or feel+'4 #d #a ,p4 #cfb4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,v4 #b ,p4 #cfc4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,v4 #c ,above1 #bjf4 #d ,p4 #cfd4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,v4 ,8 explanation implies t we h an idea virtually ! same4 #bhj4 ,x appe>s !n t we h an idea ( #8di/ance unfill$ ) any col\r$ or solid object4' ,to speak ( ?is di/ance z #8imag9>y' or fictiti\s c accord+ to ,hume's pr9ciples make no diff]5ce1 s long z he admits1 :i* he is oblig$ to d1 t we actually h an idea ( x2 = e idea1 be+ d]iv$ f an impression1 is z mu* or z little imag9>y z e o!r4 ,& n only h we su* an idea1 b ,hume's acc\nt ( ! #8relations' betwe5 x & ! idea ( ext5sion implies t1 z ideas ( di/ance1 !y d n diff] at all4 ,b ! idea ( #8di/ance unfill$ ) any col\r$ or solid object' is ! idea ( vacuum4 ,x foll[s t ! idea ( ext5sion does n diff] f t ( vacuum1 except s f> z x is o!r ?an ! idea ( di/ance4 ,b x is f ! consid]ation ( di/ance t ,hume himself expressly d]ives x2 #a & s d]iv$1 x c no m diff] f di/ance ?an an idea f a correspond+ impression4 ,?us1 aft] all1 he has to all int5ts & purposes to admit ! idea ( vacuum1 b saves appe>ances by refus+ to call x ext5sion--! sole reason = su* refusal be+ ! supposition t e idea1 & !re=e ! idea ( ext5sion1 mu/ be a datum ( s5se1 :i* ! admission ( an idea ( #8invisible & intangible di/ance' already contradicts4 #a ,"p ,,ii4 #c1 sub4 in/4 ,by a l device t he is able to expla9 ! appe>ance ( our hav+ su* ideas z ,causation & ,id5tity4 #bha4 ,we n[ "k ! nature ( t prelim9>y manipulation :i* #8impressions & ideas' h to und]go1 if _! association is to yield ! result :i* ,hume requires--if ?r\gh x ! succession ( feel+s is to become a k ( ?+s & _! relations4 ,su* a result 0 requir$ z ! only means ( ma9ta9+ toge!r ! two *>act]i/ic positions ( ,locke's philosophy2 t1 namely1 ! only _w we c "k is ! _w ( #8ideas1' & t ?\ght _c orig9ate ideas4 ,^? relations1 :i* ,locke _h inconsi/5tly treat$ at once z intellectual sup]9ductions & z ultimate conditions ( reality1 mu/ be dealt ) by "o ( two me?ods4 ,!y mu/ be r$uc$ to impressions :]e t c\ld plausibly be done3 :]e x c\ld n1 x mu/ be admitt$ t we h no ideas ( !m1 b only #8t5d5cies to suppose' t we h su*1 aris+ f ! association1 ?r\gh #8natural relations1' ( ! ideas t we h4 ,s dext]\sly does ,hume "w ! =m] me?od t1 ( all ! #8philosophical relations' :i* he recognizes1 only ,id5tity & ,causation rema9 to be dispos$ ( by ! latt]2 & if ! o!r relations--resemblance1 "t & space1 proportion 9 quantity & degree 9 quality--c\ld really be admitt$ z data ( s5se1 !re w\ld at lea/ be a possible basis = ^? #8t5d5cies to suppose' :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( any correspond+ ideas1 ! t]ms #8,id5tity' & #8,causation' mu/ be tak5 to repres5t4 ,b1 z we h %[n1 !y c only be claim$ = s5se1 if s5se is s f> "o ) ?\ght--"o n by conv]sion ( ?\ght into s5se b by tak+ ( s5se into ?\ght--z t ,hume's fav\rite appeals to s5se aga9/ ! reality ( intelligible relations become unmean+4 ,!y may be #8impressions1' !re may be #8impressions ( !m1' b only if we d5y ( ! impression :at ,hume ass]ts ( x1 & ass]t ( x :at he d5ies--only if we und]/& by #8impression' n an #8int]nal & p]i%+ exi/5ce2' n t :i*1 if o!r ?an ta/e1 col\r1 s\nd1 smell or t\*1 mu/ be a #8passion or emotion #82 n t :i* c>ries no ref]5ce to an object o!r ?an itself1 & :i* mu/ ei!r be s+le or comp\nd2 b some?+ p]man5t & con/itut$ by p]man5tly coexi/+ p>ts2 some?+ t may #8be conjo9$ )' any feel+1 because x is none2 t always c>ries ) x a ref]5ce to a subject :i* x is n b ( :i* x is a quality2 & t is bo? _m & "o1 s9ce #89 its simplicity x conta9s _m diff]5t resemblances & relations4' #bhb4 ,9 ! acc\nt j adduc$ ( vacuum1 ! effect ( t d\ble deal+ ) #8impressions1' :i* we %all h to trace at l>ge 9 ,hume's explanation ( our language ab\t ,causation & ,id5tity1 is already exhibit$ 9 little4 ,j z1 aft] ! idea ( pure space has be5 exclud$ because n a copy ( any possible impression1 we yet f9d an #8idea1' only diff]+ f x 9 "n1 introduc$ z ! basis ( t t5d5cy to suppose :i* is to take ! place ( ! exclud$ idea1 s we %all f9d ideas ( relation 9 ! way ( ,id5tity & ,causation--ideas :i* accord+ to ,hume we h n--presuppos$ z ! s\rce ( ^? #8prop5sities to feign' :i* he acc\nts = ! appe>ance ( our hav+ !m4 ,k ( relation 9 way ( ,id5tity & ,causation exclud$ by ,locke's def9ition ( k4 #bhc4 ,! prim>y *>act]i/ic ( ^! relations accord+ to ,hume1 :i* !y %>e ) ^? ( space & "t1 & :i* 9 fact vitiates t def9ition ( #8philosophical relation1' z dep5d+ on comp>ison1 :i* he adopts1 is t !y #8dep5d n on ! ideas comp>$ toge!r1 b may be *ang$ )\t any *ange 9 ! ideas'4 #a ,x foll[s t !y are n objects ( k1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( k :i* ,hume inh]it$1 z #8! p]ception ( agreem5t or disagreem5t betwe5 ideas4' ,a p>tial recognition ( ?is consequ5ce 9 reg>d to cause & effect we f\nd 9 ,locke's suspicion t a sci5ce ( nature 0 impossible--impossible because1 h[ev] (t5 a c]ta9 #8idea ( quality & sub/ance' may h foll[$ or accompani$ ano!r1 su* sequ5ce or accompanim5t nev] am\nts to agreem5t or #8necess>y connexion' betwe5 ! ideas1 & !re=e nev] c w>rant a g5]al ass]tion1 b only ! p>ticul> "o1 t ! ideas 9 "q h s _m times occurr$ 9 su* an ord]4 #8,matt]s ( fact1' h[ev]1 :i* no m consi/ 9 agreem5t ( ideas ?an does causation1 are by ,locke treat$ )\t scruple z matt] ( k :5 !y c be reg>d$ z relations betwe5 pres5t s5sations4 ,?us ! #8p>ticul> exp]im5t' 9 ,physics con/itutes k--! k1 = in/ance1 t a piece ( gold is n[ dissolv$ 9 aqua regia2 & :5 #8,i myself see a man walk on ! ice1 x is k4' ,9 su* cases x does n occur to him to ask1 ei!r :at are ! ideas t agree or h[ mu* ( ! exp]im5t is a pres5t s5sation4 #b ,nor does ,hume commonly c>ry 8 analysis fur!r4 ,aft] admitt+ t ! relations call$ #8id5tity & situation 9 "t & place' d n dep5d on ! nature ( ! ideas relat$1 he proce$s3 #8,:5 bo? ! objects are pres5t to ! s5ses along ) ! relation1 we call ?is p]ception r ?an reason+2 nor is !re 9 ?is case any ex]cise ( ! ?\ght or any action1 prop]ly speak+1 b a m]e passive admission ( ! impressions ?r\gh ! organs ( s5sation4 ,accord+ to ?is way ( ?9k+1 we ought n to receive z reason+ any ( ! obs]vations we may make conc]n+ id5tity & ! relations ( "t & place2 s9ce 9 none ( !m ! m9d c g beyond :at is imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses1 ei!r to discov] ! real exi/5ce or ! relations ( objects'4 #c #a ,p4 #cgb4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,i4 #b ,above1 #abb #abc4 #c ,p4 #cgf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,inf]5ce a transition f an object p]ceiv$ or rememb]$ to "o t is n s4 #bhd4 ,?is passage po9ts out ! way :i* ,hume's doctr9e ( causation 0 to foll[4 ,t 9 any case #8! m9d %\ld g beyond a pres5t feel+1 ei!r to discov] ! real exi/5ce or ! relations ( objects' o!r ?an pres5t feel+s1 0 :at he c\ld n consi/5tly admit4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( causation1 h[ev]1 x seems to d s4 #8,f ! exi/5ce or action ( "o object1' se5 or rememb]$1 x seems to be assur$ ( ! exi/5ce or action ( ano!r1 n se5 or rememb]$1 on ! gr\nd ( a necess>y connection betwe5 ! two4 #a ,x is su* assurance t is reckon$ to con/itute reason+ 9 ! di/9ctive s5se ( ! t]m1 z diff]5t at once f ! analysis ( complex ideas & ! simple succession ( ideas--su* reason+ z1 9 ! language ( a lat] philosophy1 c yield syn!tic propositions4 ,:at ,hume has to d1 !n1 is to expla9 ?is #8assurance' away by %[+ t x is n ess5tially diff]5t f t judgm5t ( relation 9 "t & place :i*1 because ! relat$ objects are #8pres5t to ! s5ses along ) ! relation1' is call$ #8p]ception r ?an reason+1' & to :i* no #8ex]cise ( ! ?\ght' is necess>y1 b a #8m]e passive admission ( impressions ?r\gh ! organs ( s5sation4' ,nor1 = ! assimilation ( reason+ to p]ception1 is any?+ fur!r ne$$ ?an a ref]5ce to ! connection ( ideas ) impressions & ( ! ideas ( imag9ation ) ^? ( memory1 z orig9ally /at$ by ,hume4 ,:5 bo? ( ! objects comp>$ are pres5t to ! s5ses1 we call ! comp>ison p]ception2 :5 nei!r1 or only "o1 is s pres5t1 we call x reason+4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! object t is pres5t to s5se1 & t :i* is n1 is m]ely ! diff]5ce betwe5 impression & idea1 :i* aga9 is m]ely ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m & ! less lively feel+4 #b ,to feel+1 :e!r ) m or ) less vivacity1 e object1 :e!r ( p]ception or reason+1 mu/ alike be pres5t4 ,is x !n a suffici5t acc\nt ( ! matt]1 accord+ to ,hume1 to say t :5 we are consci\s ( contiguity & succession betwe5 objects ( :i* bo? are impressions we call x p]ception2 b t :5 bo? objects are ideas1 or "o an impression & ! o!r an idea1 we call x reason+8 ,n q s4 ,suppose t ,i #8h se5 t species ( object we call flame1 & h aft]w>ds felt t species ( s5sation we call heat4' ,if ,i aft]w>ds rememb]$ ! succession ( ! feel+ ^u ! sight1 bo? objects 7accord+ to ,hume's orig9al usage ( t]ms #c7 w\ld be ideas z di/9ct f ! impressions2 or1 if ^u see+ ! flame ,i rememb]$ ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( heat1 "o object w\ld be an idea2 b we %\ld n reckon x a case ( reason+4 #8,9 all cases :]e9 we reason conc]n+ objects1 !re is only "o ei!r p]ceiv$ or rememb]$1 & ! o!r is suppli$ 9 con=mity to our pa/ exp]i5ce'--suppli$ by ! only o!r faculty ?an memory t c #8supply an idea1' viz4 imag9ation4 #d #a ,pp4 #cgf1 #chd4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 secs4 ,,ii4 & ,,iv4 #b ,pp4 #cbg1 #cge4 ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,vii4 & "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iii4 #c ,above1 p>4 #aie4 #d ,pp4 #chd1 #chh4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 secs4 ,,iv4 & ,v4 ,relation ( cause & effect ! same z ?is transition4 #bhe4 ,?is be+ ! only acc\nt ( #8inf]5ce f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1' :i* ,hume c\ld consi/5tly admit1 8 view ( ! relation ( cause & effect mu/ be adju/$ to x4 ,x c\ld n be o!r ?an a relation ei!r betwe5 impression & impression1 or betwe5 impression & idea1 or betwe5 idea & idea2 & all ^! relations are equally betwe5 feel+s t we exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 in/ead ( be+ ! #8objective basis' on :i* inf]5ce f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n re/s1 x is itself ! inf]5ce2 or1 m prop]ly1 x & ! inf]5ce alike disappe> into a p>ticul> sort ( transition f feel+ to feel+4 ,! problem1 !n1 is to acc\nt = its seem+ to be o!r ?an ?is4 #8,!re is no?+ 9 any objects to p]suade u t !y are always remote or always contigu\s2 & :5 f exp]i5ce & obs]vation we discov] t ! relation 9 ?is p>ticul> is inv>iable1 we always conclude t !re is "s secret cause :i* sep>ates or unites !m'4 #a ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! relation ( cause & effect is some?+ :i* we inf] f exp]i5ce1 f ! connection ( impressions & ideas1 b :i* is n itself impression or idea4 ,& x w\ld seem fur!r1 t1 z we inf] su* an unexp]i5c$ relation1 s likewise we make inf]5ces f x4 ,9 reg>d to id5tity #8we readily suppose an object may cont9ue individually ! same1 ?\gh sev]al times abs5t f & pres5t to ! s5ses2 & ascribe to x an id5tity1 not)/&+ ! int]ruption ( ! p]ception1 :5ev] we conclude t if we _h kept our h& or eye con/antly ^u x1 x w\ld h convey$ an inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ p]ception4 ,b ?is conclusion beyond ! impressions ( our s5ses c be f\nd$ only on ! connection ( cause & effect2 nor c we o!rwise h any security t ! object is n *ang$ ^u u1 h[ev] mu* ! new object may resemble t :i* 0 =m]ly pres5t to ! s5ses4' #a ,p4 #cgf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,yet seems o!r ?an ?is4 ,h[ ?is appe>ance is to be expla9$4 #bhf4 ,?is relation :i*1 go+ beyond our actual exp]i5ce1 we seem to inf] z ! explanation ( inv>iable contiguity 9 place or "t ( c]ta9 impressions1 & f :i* aga9 we seem to inf] ! id5tity ( an object ( :i* ! p]ception has be5 int]rupt$1 is :at we call necess>y connection4 ,x is _! suppos$ necess>y connection :i* di/+ui%es objects relat$ z cause & effect f ^? relat$ m]ely 9 ! way ( contiguity & succession1 #a & x is a l supposition t leads u to inf] :at we d n see or rememb] f :at we d4 ,if !n ! r$uction ( ?\ght & ! intelligible _w to feel+ 0 to be made good1 ?is supposition1 n be+ an impression ( s5se or a copy ( su*1 mu/ be %[n to be an #8impression ( reflection1' accord+ to ,hume's s5se ( ! t]m1 i4e4 a t5d5cy ( ! s\l1 analog\s to desire & av]sion1 hope & fe>1 d]iv$ f impressions ( s5se b n copi$ f !m2 #b & ! inf]5ce :i* x det]m9es mu/ be %[n to be ! "w ( imag9ation1 z affect$ by su* impression ( reflection4 ,?is 9 brief is ! purport ( ,hume's doctr9e ( causation4 #a ,p4 #cgf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ii4 #b ,above1 p>4 #aie4 ,inf]5ce1 re/+ on supposition ( necess>y connection1 to be expla9$ be=e t connection4 #bhg4 ,aft] 8 mann]1 h[ev]1 he w g ab\t ) 8 read]4 ,! suppos$ #8objective basis' ( k is to be made to disappe>1 b 9 su* a way t no "o %all miss x4 ,s dext]\sly1 inde$1 is ?is done1 t p]haps to ?is day ! ord9>y /ud5t ( ,hume is sc>cely consci\s ( ! disappe>ance4 ,hume m]ely ann\nces to beg9 ) t he w #8po/pone ! direct survey ( ?is "q conc]n+ ! nature ( necess>y connection1' & deal fir/ ) ^! o!r two que/ions1 viz4 7#a7 #8,= :at reason we pron\nce x necess>y t ev]y?+ ^: exi/5ce has a beg9n+1 %\ld also h a cause8' & 7#b7 #8,:y we conclude t su* p>ticul> causes mu/ necess>ily h su* p>ticul> effects2 & :at is ! nature ( t inf]5ce we draw f ! "o to ! o!r1 & ( ! belief we repose 9 x8' ,t is to say1 he w consid] ! inf]5ce f cause or effect1 be=e he consid]s cause & effect z a relation betwe5 objects1 on :i* ! inf]5ce is suppos$ to dep5d4 ,mean:ile necess>y connection1 z a relation betwe5 objects1 is naturally suppos$ 9 "s s5se or o!r to survive4 ,9 :at s5se1 ! read] expects to f9d :5 ^! two prelim9>y que/ions h be5 answ]$4 ,b :5 !y h be5 answ]$1 necess>y connection1 z a relation betwe5 objects1 turns out to h vani%$4 ,acc\nt ( ! inf]5ce giv5 by ,locke & ,cl>ke reject$4 #bhh4 ,) ! fir/ ( ! above que/ions ,hume only conc]ns himself s f> z to %[ t we _c "k ei!r intuitively or demon/ratively1 9 ,locke's s5se ( ! words1 t #8ev]y?+ ^: exi/5ce has a beg9n+ also has a cause4' ,locke's own argum5t = ! necessity ( causation--t #8some?+ _c be produc$ by no?+'--z well z ,cl>ke's--t #8if any?+ want$ a cause x w\ld produce itself1 i4e4 exi/ be=e x exi/$'--are m]ely diff]5t ways1 z ,hume %[s1 ( assum+ ! po9t 9 "q4 #8,if ev]y?+ mu/ h a cause1 x foll[s t ^u exclusion ( o!r causes we mu/ accept ( ! object itself1 or ( no?+1 z causes4 ,b 'tis ! v po9t 9 "q1 :e!r ev]y?+ mu/ h a cause or n'4 #a ,on t po9t1 accord+ to ,locke's own %[+1 !re c be no c]ta9ty1 intuitive or demon/rative2 = betwe5 ! idea ( beg9n+ to exi/ & ! idea ( cause !re is cle>ly no agreem5t1 m$iate or imm$iate4 ,!y are n simil> feel+s1 !y are n quantities t c be measur$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & to ^! alone c ! def9ition ( k & reason+1 :i* ,hume reta9$1 apply4 ,!re ?us disappe>s t la/ remnant ( #8k' 9 reg>d to nature :i* ,locke _h all[$ to survive--! k t !re is a necess>y connection1 ?\gh "o :i* we _c f9d out4 #b #a ,p4 #chb4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iii4 #b cf4 ,locke ,,iv4 #c1 #bi1 & ,introduc1 p>4 #aba4 ,?ree po9ts to be expla9$ 9 ! inf]5ce accord+ to ,hume4 #bhi4 ,hav+ ?us %[n1 z he conceives1 :at ! true answ] to ! fir/ ( ! above que/ions is n1 ,hume proce$s to %[ :at x is by answ]+ ! second4 #8,s9ce x is n f k or any sci5tific reason+ t we d]ive ! op9ion ( ! necessity ( a cause to e new production1' x mu/ be f exp]i5ce2 #a & e g5]al op9ion d]iv$ f exp]i5ce is m]ely ! summ>y ( a multitude ( p>ticul> ones4 ,accord+ly :5 x has be5 expla9$ :y we inf] p>ticul> causes f p>ticul> effects 7& vice v]s71 ! inf]5ce f e ev5t to a cause w h expla9$ itself4 ,n[ #8all our argum5ts conc]n+ causes & effects consi/ bo? ( an impression ( ! memory or s5ses1 & ( ! idea ( t exi/5ce :i* produces ! object ( ! impression or is produc$ by x4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we h ?ree ?+s to expla91 viz4 fir/1 ! orig9al impression2 secondly1 ! transition to ! idea ( ! connect$ cause or effect2 ?irdly1 ! nature & qualities ( t idea4' #b #a ,p4 #chc4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iii4 #b ,p4 #che4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,v4 a4 ,! orig9al impression f :i* ! transition is made1 & b4 ,! transition to inf]r$ idea #bij4 ,z to ! orig9al impression we mu/ notice t !re is a c]ta9 inconsi/5cy ) ,hume's previ\s usage ( t]ms 9 speak+ ( an impression ( memory at all4 #a ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be excus$ :5 we reflect t accord+ to him impression & idea only diff] 9 livel9ess1 & t he is consi/5t 9 claim+ = ! ideas ( memory1 n inde$ ! maximum1 b a high degree ( vivacity1 sup]ior to t :i* belongs to ideas ( imag9ation4 ,all t c be said1 !n1 ( t #8orig9al impression1' :e!r ( ! memory or s5ses1 :i* is necess>y to any #8reason+ f cause or effect1' is t x is highly vivaci\s4 ,t ! transition f x to ! #8idea ( ! connect$ cause or effect' is n det]m9$ by reason1 has already be5 settl$4 ,x c\ld only be s det]m9$1 accord+ to ! receiv$ acc\nt ( reason1 if !re 7 "s agreem5t 9 respect ( quantity or quality betwe5 ! idea ( cause & t ( ! effect1 to be asc]ta9$ by ! int]position ( o!r ideas4 #b ,b :5 we exam9e any p>ticul> objects t we hold to be relat$ z cause & effect1 e4g4 ! sight ( flame & ! feel+ ( heat1 we f9d no su* agreem5t4 ,:at we d f9d is _! #8con/ant conjunction' 9 exp]i5ce1 & #8conjunction' is equival5t to t #8contiguity 9 "t & place1' :i* has already be5 po9t$ out z "o ( ^? #8natural relations' :i* act z #8pr9ciples ( union' betwe5 ideas4 #c ,because ! impression ( flame has always be5 f\nd to be foll[$ by ! impression ( heat1 ! idea ( flame always sugge/s ! idea ( heat4 ,x is simple cu/om !n t det]m9es ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r1 or r5d]s #8necess>y' ! connection betwe5 !m4 ,9 ord] t ! transition1 h[ev]1 may con/itute an inf]5ce f cause to effect 7or vice v]s71 "o ( ! two objects ?us naturally relat$1 b n bo?1 mu/ be pres5t$ z an impression4 ,if bo? 7 impressions x w\ld be a case ( #8s5sation1 n reason+2' if bo? 7 ideas1 no belief w\ld att5d ! transition4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q z to ! #8nature & qualities' ( ! inf]r$ idea4 #a ,above1 p>4 #aie4 #b ,cf4 ,locke ,,iv4 #ag1 #b4 #c ,above1 p>4 #bjf4 c4 ,! qualities ( ?is idea4 #bia4 #8',tis evid5t t all reason+s f causes or effects t]m9ate 9 conclusions conc]n+ matt] ( fact1 i4e4 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( objects or ( _! qualities'2 #a 9 o!r words1 9 belief4 ,if ?is meant a new idea1 an idea t we h n previ\sly _h1 x w\ld foll[ t inf]5ce c\ld really c>ry u beyond s5se1 t !re c\ld be an idea n copi$ f any prior impression4 ,b accord+ to ,hume x does n mean ?is4 #8,! idea ( exi/5ce is ! v same ) ! idea ( :at we conceive to be exi/5t2' #b & n only s1 #8! belief ( exi/5ce jo9s no new ideas to ^? :i* compose ! idea ( ! object4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ,god1 :5 ,i ?9k ( him z exi/5t1 & :5 ,i believe him to be exi/5t1 my idea ( him nei!r increases nor dim9i%es'4 #c ,9 :at !n lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 incr$ulity & belief2 betwe5 an #8idea ass5t$ to1' or an object believ$ to exi/1 & a fictiti\s object or idea f :i* we diss5t8 ,! answ] is1 #8n 9 ! p>ts or composition ( ! idea1 b 9 ! mann] ( conceiv+ x1' :i* mu/ be und]/ood to mean ! mann] ( #8feel+' x2 & ?is diff]5ce is fur!r expla9$ to lie 9 #8! sup]ior =ce1 or vivacity1 or /ead9ess' ) :i* x is felt4' #d ,we are ?us br\ght to ! fur!r "q1 h[ x is t ?is #8sup]ior vivacity' belongs to ! inf]r$ idea :5 we #8reason' f cause to effect or f effect to cause4 ,! answ] "h is t ! #8impression ( ! memory or s5ses1' :i* 9 virtue ( a #8natural relation' sugge/s ! idea1 also #8communicates to x a %>e ( its =ce or vivacity4' #a ,p4 #cid4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,vii4 #b ,p4 #cgj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,vi4 #c ,p4 #cie4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ii4 #d ,p4 #cih ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,vii44 ,cf4 above1 p>4 #agj1 = ! correspond+ view 9 ,b]keley4 ,x results t necess>y connection is an impression ( reflection1 i4e41 a prop5sity to ! transition describ$4 #bib4 ,?us x appe>s t 9 ord] to ! conclusion t any p>ticul> cause mu/ h any p>ticul> effect1 !re is ne$$ fir/ ! pres5ce ( an impression1 & secondly ! jo9t action ( ^? two #8pr9ciples ( union among ideas1' resemblance & contiguity4 ,9 virtue ( ! =m] pr9ciple ! giv5 impression calls up ! image ( a l impression previ\sly exp]i5c$1 :i* aga9 9 virtue ( ! latt] calls up ! image ( its usual att5dant1 & ! livel9ess ( ! giv5 impression s communicates itself to ! recall$ ideas z to con/itute belief 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,if ?is is ! true acc\nt ( ! matt]1 ! "q z to ! nature ( necess>y connexion has answ]$ itself4 #8,! necess>y connexion betwixt causes & effects is ! f\ndation ( our inf]5ce f "o to ! o!r4 ,! f\ndation ( ! inf]5ce is ! transition aris+ f ! accu/om$ union4 ,^! are !re=e ! same'4 #a ,we may ?us und]/& h[ x is t !re seems to be an idea ( su* connexion to :i* no impression ( ! s5ses1 or 7to use an equival5t phrase ( ,hume's7 no #8quality 9 objects' corresponds4 ,if ! fir/ pres5tation ( two objects1 ( :i* "o is cause1 ! o!r effect1 7i4e4 ( :i* we aft]w>ds come to consid] "o ! cause1 ! o!r ! effect7 gives no idea ( a connexion betwe5 !m1 z x cle>ly does n1 nei!r c x d s h[ev] (t5 repeat$4 ,x w\ld n d s1 unless ! repetition #8ei!r discov]$ or produc$ some?+ new' 9 ! objects2 & x does nei!r4 ,b x does #8produce a new impression 9 ! m9d4' ,aft] obs]v+ a #8con/ant conjunction ( ! objects1 & an un9t]rupt$ resemblance ( _! relations ( contiguity & succession1 we imm$iately feel a det]m9ation ( ! m9d to pass f "o ( ! objects to its usual att5dant1 & to conceive x 9 a /rong] light on acc\nt ( t relation4' ,x is ( ?is #8int]nal impression1' ?is #8prop5sity :i* cu/om produces1' t ! idea ( necess>y connexion is ! copy4 #b #a ,p4 #dfj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xiv4 #b ,pp4 #deg-dfj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xiv4 ,! transition n to any?+ beyond s5se4 #bic4 ,! sequ5ce ( ideas1 :i* ?is prop5sity det]m9es1 cle>ly does n involve any inf]5ce #8beyond s5se1' #8f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1' #8f in/ances ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 to ^? ( :i* we h _h none1' any m ?an does any o!r #8recurr5ce ( an idea'--:i*1 z we h se51 m]ely means1 accord+ to ,hume1 ! return ( a feel+ at a l[] level ( int5sity aft] x has be5 felt at a high]4 ,! idea :i* we speak ( z an inf]r$ cause or effect is only an #8in/ance ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce' 9 ! s5se ( be+ num]ically diff]5t f ! simil> ideas1 ^: previ\s con/ant association ) an impression l ! giv5 "o1 det]m9es ! #8inf]5ce2' b 9 ! same s5se ! #8impression' :i* ,i n[ feel on putt+ my h& to ! fire is diff]5t f ! impressions previ\sly felt "u ! same circum/ances1 & ,i d n = t reason speak ( ?is impression z an in/ance ( :i* ,i h _h no exp]i5ce4 ,?us ,hume1 ?\gh reta9+ ! receiv$ phraseology 9 ref]5ce to ! #8conclusion f any p>ticul> cause to any p>ticul> effect'--phraseology :i* implies t prior to ! inf]5ce ! object inf]r$ is 9 "s s5se unkn[n or unexp]i5c$--yet deprives x ( mean+ by a doctr9e :i* makes inf]5ce1 z he himself puts x1 #8a species ( s5sation1' #8an un9telligible in/9ct ( our s\ls1' #8m prop]ly an act ( ! s5sitive ?an ( ! cogitative "p ( our natures' #a--:i* 9 fact leaves no #8"p ( our natures' to be cogitative at all4 #a ,pp4 #djd1 #dge1 & #dga4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,viii41 "p ,,iv4 sec4 ,i4 & "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xvi4 ,nor det]m9$ by any objective relation4 #bid4 ,we are n entitl$ !n1 x w\ld seem1 to say t any inf]5ce to matt] ( fact1 any pro( ( an #8in/ructive proposition1'--z di/9ct f ! conclusion ( a syllogism1 :i* is simply d]iv$ f ! analysis ( a proposition already conc$$1--re/s on ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,su* language implies t ! relation is o!r ?an ! inf]5ce1 :]eas1 9 fact1 !y are "o & ! same1 ea* be+ m]ely a p>ticul> sort ( sequ5ce ( feel+ ^u feel+--t sort ( :i* ! *>act]i/ic is t1 :5 ! =m] feel+ only has ! maximum ( vivacity1 x /ill1 ow+ to ! frequ5cy ) :i* x has be5 att5d$ by ! o!r1 imp>ts to x a l>ge1 ?\gh less1 am\nt ( vivacity4 ,?is is ! nak$ result to :i* ,hume's doctr9e leads--a result :i*1 ?us put1 might h set m5 ^u reconsid]+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,lockeian philosophy4 ,b he wi%$ to f9d acceptance1 & w\ld n s put x4 ,a consid]ation ( ! po9ts 9 :i* he _h to sacrifice consi/5cy to plausibility--s9ce he 0 always consi/5t :]e he dec5tly c\ld be--w lead u to ! true #a1 ! impossibility on 8 pr9ciples ( expla9+ ! _w ( k4 #a ,greek 7aition t\ pseud\s7 ! cause ( ! error4 ,tr4 ,def9itions ( cause3 a4 ,z a #8philosophical' relation4 #bie4 ,z ! outcome ( 8 doctr9e1 he submits two def9itions ( ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,consid]+ x z #8a philosophical relation or comp>ison ( two ideas1 we may def9e a cause to be an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & :]e all objects resembl+ ! =m] are plac$ 9 l relations ( prec$5cy & contiguity to ^? objects t resemble ! latt]4' ,consid]+ ! relation z #8a natural "o1 or z an association betwe5 ideas1' we may say t #8a cause is an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & s unit$ ) x t ! idea ( "o det]m9es ! m9d to =m ! idea ( ! o!r1 & ! impression ( ! "o to =m a m lively idea ( ! o!r'4 #a #a ,p4 #dfd4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xiv4 ,is ,hume entitl$ to reta9 #8philosophical' relations z di/9ct f #8natural'8 #bif4 ,our fir/ enquiry mu/ be h[ f> ^! def9itions are really consi/5t ) ! !ory f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,at ! outset1 x is a surprise to f9d t ! #8philosophical relation' ( cause & effect1 z di/9ct f ! natural "o1 %\ld /ill appe> to survive4 ,su* a di/9ction has no mean+ unless x implies a conceiv$ relation ( objects o!r ?an ! de facto sequ5ce ( feel+s1 ( :i* "o #8naturally' introduces ! o!r4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic ( ,locke's doctr9e ( k t 9 x ?is di/9ction is /ill lat5t4 ,8 language con/antly implies t k1 z a p]ception ( relations1 is o!r ?an ! sequ5ce ( feel+s2 b by conf9+ 8 view *iefly to relation 9 ! way ( lik5ess & unlik5ess--a relation t exi/s betwe5 feel+s m]ely z felt1 or z !y are = ! feel+ consci\sness--he avoids ! necessity ( decid+ :at ! #8ideas' are 9 ! connection ( :i* k & reason+ consi/1 :e!r objects con/itut$ by conceiv$ relations or feel+s sugge/ive ( ea* o!r4 ,b :5 once att5tion _h be5 fix$1 z x 0 by ,hume1 on an o/5sible relation betwe5 objects1 l t ( cause & effect1 :i*1 if x exi/ at all1 is cle>ly n "o 9 ! way ( resemblance betwe5 feel+s1 ! di/9ction spok5 ( becomes pat5t4 ,if ! col\r r$ _h n ! lik5ess & unlik5ess :i* x has to ! col\r blue1 ! col\rs w\ld be diff]5t feel+s f :at !y are2 b if ! flame ( fire & its heat 7 n reg>d$ sev]ally z cause & effect1 x w\ld make no diff]5ce to !m z feel+s2 or1 to put x conv]sely1 x is n ^u any comp>ison ( two feel+s ) ea* o!r t we reg>d !m z relat$ 9 ! way ( cause & effect4 ,9 :at s5se !n c ! relation betwe5 flame & heat be a philosophical relation1 z def9$ by ,hume--a relation 9 virtue ( :i* we comp>e objects1 or an idea t we acquire ^u comp>ison8 ,exam9ation ( ,hume's language ab\t !m4 #big4 ,?is def9ition1 inde$1 is n /at$ s exactly or s uni=mly z might be wi%$4 ,9 diff]5t passages #8philosophical relation' appe>s z t 9 respect ( :i* we comp>e any two ideas2 z t ( :i* we acquire ! idea by comp>+ objects1 #a & f9ally 79 ! context ( ! passage la/ quot$7 z itself ! comp>ison4 #b ,! real s\rce ( ?is ambiguity lies 9 t impossibility ( reg>d+ an object z any?+ ap>t f its relations1 :i* compels any !ory t does n recognize x to be inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,x is ,locke's c>d9al doctr9e t real #8objects' are fir/ giv5 z simple ideas1 & t _! relations1 unreal 9 contra/ ) ! simple ideas1 are sup]9duc$ by ! m9d--a doctr9e :i* ,hume completes by exclud+ all ideas t are n ei!r copies ( simple feel+s or comp\nds ( ^!1 & by consequ5ce ideas ( relation altoge!r4 ,! ?ree /atem5ts ( ! nature ( philosophical relation1 giv5 above1 m>k ?ree /ages ( dep>ture f1 or approa* to1 consi/5cy ) ?is doctr9e4 ,! fir/1 imply+ z x does t relation is n m]ely a subjective result 9 our m9ds f ! comp>ison ( ideas1 b belongs to ! ideas !mselves1 is mo/ obvi\sly inconsi/5t ) x accord+ to ! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$ by ,locke2 b ! second is equally incompatible ) ,hume's completion ( ! doctr9e1 = x implies t we s comp>e ideas z to acquire an idea ( relation o!r ?an ! ideas put toge!r--an idea at once op5 to ,hume's own *all5ge1 #8,is x a col\r1 s\nd1 smell1 c42 or is x a passion or emotion8' #a ,cf4 ,"p ,i4 #e4 #b ,p4 #dfd4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xiv4 ,philosophical relation consi/s 9 a comp>ison1 b no comp>ison betwe5 cause & effect4 #bih4 ,we are ?us br\ght to ! ?ird /atem5t1 accord+ to :i* philosophical relation1 in/ead ( be+ an idea acquir$ ^u comp>ison1 is itself ! comp>ison4 ,a comp>ison ( ideas may seem n f> remov$ f ! simple sequ5ce ( resembl+ ideas2 b if we exam9e ! def9ition ( cause1 z /at$ above1 :i* ) ,hume corresponds to ! view ( ! relation ( cause & effect z a #8philosophical' "o1 we f9d t ! relation 9 "q is nei!r a comp>ison ( ! relat$ objects nor an idea :i* arises ^u su* comp>ison4 ,accord+ to 8 /atem5t a comp>ison is inde$ necess>y to give u an idea ( ! relation--a comp>ison1 h[ev]1 n ( ! objects :i* we reckon sev]ally cause & effect ) ea* o!r1 b 7a7 ( ea* ( ! two objects ) o!r l objects1 & 7b7 ( ! relation ( prec$5cy & contiguity betwe5 ! two objects ) t previ\sly obs]v$ betwe5 ! l objects4 ,n[1 unless ! idea ( relation betwe5 objects 9 ! way ( cause & effect is "o t consi/s 91 or is acquir$ by1 comp>ison ( ^? objects1 ! fact t ano!r sort ( comp>ison is necess>y to con/itute x does n t\* ! "q ( its possibility4 ,h[ev] we come to h x1 h[ev] r$ucible to impressions ! objects may be1 x is n only o!r ?an ! idea ( ei!r object tak5 s+ly2 x is n1 z an idea ( resemblance might be suppos$ to be1 con/itut$ by ! jo9t pres5ce or imm$iate sequ5ce ^u ea* o!r ( ! objects4 ,"h1 !n1 is an idea :i* is n tak5 ei!r f an impression or f a comp\nd ( impressions 7if su* composition be possible71 & ?is idea is #8! s\rce ( all our reason+s conc]n+ matt]s ( fact4' ,! comp>ison is betwe5 pres5t & pa/ exp]i5ce ( succession ( objects4 #bii4 ,! mod]n foll[]s ( ,hume may p]haps seek refuge 9 ! consid]ation t ?\gh ! relation ( cause & effect betwe5 objects is n "o 9 ! way ( resemblance or "o ( :i* ! idea is giv5 by comp>ison ( ! objects1 x yet results f comp>isons1 :i* may be suppos$ to act l *emical sub/ances ^: comb9ation produces a sub/ance ) prop]ties q diff]5t f ^? ( ! comb9$ sub/ances1 :e!r tak5 sep>ately or toge!r4 ,"s anticipation ( su* a solution1 x may be said1 we f9d 9 ,hume himself1 :o is aw>e t f ! repetition ( impressions ( s5se & _! ideas new1 het]og5e\s1 impressions--^? ( #8reflection'--are =m$4 ,( ?is m w be said :5 we come to ,hume's treatm5t ( cause & effect z a #8natural relation4' ,= ! pres5t we h to enquire :at exactly is impli$ 9 ! comp>isons f :i* ?is het]og5e\s idea ( relation is d]iv$4 ,if we look closely we %all f9d t !y presuppose a consci\sness ( relations z little r$ucible to resemblance1 i4e4 z little ! result ( comp>ison1 z t ( cause & effect itself4 ,x has be5 already notic$ h[ ,hume treats ! judgm5t ( proportion betwe5 figures z a m]e affair ( s5se1 because su* relation dep5ds entirely on ! ideas comp>$1 )\t reflect+ t ! exi/5ce ( ! figures presupposes ^? relations ( space to :i*1 because 7z he admits7 !y d n dep5d on ! comp>ison ( ideas1 ! only excuse = reckon+ any relation s5sible does n apply4 ,9 ! same way he cont5ts himself ) ! fact t ! judgm5t ( cause & effect implies a comp>ison ( pres5t ) pa/ exp]i5ce1 & may ?us be br\ght "u 8 def9ition ( #8philosophical relation1' )\t obs]v+ t ! exp]i5ces comp>$ are !mselves by no means r$ucible to comp>ison4 ,we judge t an object1 :i* we n[ f9d to be prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 is its cause :51 comp>+ pres5t exp]i5ce ) pa/1 we f9d t x always has be5 s4 ,t 9 effect is ,hume's acc\nt ( ! relation1 #8consid]$ z a philosophical "o3' & x implies t ! con/itution ( ! sev]al exp]i5ces comp>$ involves two sorts ( relation :i* ,hume admits n to be d]iv$ f comp>ison1 7a7 relation 9 "t & place1 7b7 relation 9 ! way ( id5tity4 ,obs]vation ( succession already goes beyond s5se4 #cjj4 ,z to relations 9 "t & space1 we h already trac$ out ! inconsi/5cies :i* att5d ,hume's attempt to repres5t !m z comp\nd ideas4 ,! /atem5t at ! beg9n+ ( ,"p ,,iii41 t !y are relations n dep5d5t on ! nature ( comp>$ ideas1 is itself a confession t su* repres5tation is errone\s4 ,if ! difficulty ab\t ! syn!sis ( successive feel+s 9 a consci\sness t consi/s m]ely ( ! succession c\ld be ov]come1 we might admit t ! putt+ toge!r ( ideas might con/itute su* an idea ( relation z dep5ds on ! nature ( ! comb9$ ideas4 ,b no comb9ation ( ideas c yield a relation :i* rema9s ! same :ile ! ideas *ange1 & *anges :ile !y rema9 ! same4 ,?us1 :5 ,hume tells u t #89 none ( ! obs]vations we may make conc]n+ relations ( "t & place c ! m9d g beyond :at is imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses1 to discov] ! relations ( objects' #a ! /atem5t contradicts itself4 ,ei!r we c make no obs]vation conc]n+ relation 9 "t & place at all1 or 9 mak+ x we already #8g beyond :at is imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses1' s9ce we obs]ve :at is nei!r a feel+ nor sev]al feel+s put toge!r4 ,if !n ,hume _h succe$$ 9 8 r$uction ( reason+ f cause or effect to obs]vation ( ?is k9d1 z modifi$ 9 a c]ta9 way by habit1 ! purpose = :i* ! r$uction is attempt$ w\ld n h be5 atta9$4 ,! sep>ation betwe5 p]ception & inf]5ce1 betwe5 #8intuition' & #8disc\rse1' w\ld h be5 got rid (1 b inf]5ce & disc\rse w\ld n !re=e h be5 br\ght ne>] to ! m]e succession ( feel+s1 = ! sep>ation betwe5 feel+ & p]ception w\ld rema9 complete2 & t be+ s1 ! "q w\ld inevitably recur--,if ! #8obs]vation' ( objects z relat$ 9 space & "t already involves a transition f ! felt to ! unfelt1 :at great] difficulty is !re ab\t ! int]pretation ( a feel+ z a *ange to be acc\nt$ = 7:i* is :at is meant by inf]5ce to a cause71 t we %\ld d viol5ce to ! sci5ces by r$uc+ x to repeat$ obs]vation le/ x %\ld seem t 9 x we #8g beyond' pres5t feel+8 #a ,p4 #cgf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,z also does ! #8obs]vation conc]n+ id5tity1' :i* ! comp>ison involves4 #cja4 ,relation 9 ! way ( id5tity is treat$ by ,hume 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! ,treatise #a pretty mu* z he treats contiguity & di/ance4 ,he admits t x does n dep5d on ! nature ( any ideas s relat$--9 o!r words1 t x is n con/itut$ by feel+s z !y w\ld be = a m]ely feel+ consci\sness--yet he d5ies t ! m9d #89 any obs]vations we may make conc]n+ x' c g beyond :at is imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,directly aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 we f9d t !re is a judgm5t ( id5tity :i* involves a #8conclusion beyond ! impressions ( our s5ses'--! judgm5t1 namely1 t an object ( :i* ! p]ception is int]rupt$ cont9ues individually ! same not)/&+ ! int]ruption4 ,su* a judgm5t1 we are told1 is a supposition f\nd$ only on ! connection ( cause & effect4 ,h[ any #8obs]vation conc]n+ id5tity' c be made )\t x is n !re expla9$1 &1 p5d+ su* explanation1 obs]vations conc]n+ id5tity are freely tak5 = grant$ z elem5ts giv5 by s5se 9 ! exp]i5ce f :i* ! judgm5t ( cause & effect is d]iv$4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ,"p ,,iv41 h[ev]1 :]e #8belief 9 an ext]nal _w' fir/ comes to be explicitly discuss$ by ,hume1 we f9d t #8prop5sities to feign' are z necess>y to acc\nt = ! judgm5t ( id5tity z = t ( necess>y connection4 ,if t *apt] _h prec$$1 in/ead ( foll[+1 ! !ory ( cause & effect z giv5 9 ,"p ,,iii41 ! latt] w\ld h seem$ mu* less pla9 sail+ ?an to mo/ read]s x has done4 ,x is probably because no?+ correspond+ to x appe>s 9 t lat] r$action ( 8 !ory by :i* ,hume s\ght popul> acceptance1 t ! true sugge/iv5ess ( 8 speculation 0 ignor$1 & ! scepticism1 :i* awak5$ ,kant1 r$uc$ to ! commonplaces ( inductive logic4 ,to exam9e its purport is ! next /ep to be tak5 9 ! process ( te/+ ! possibility ( a #8natural hi/ory' ( k4 ,its be>+ on ! doctr9e ( cause w appe> z we proce$4 #a ,p4 #cgf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,id5tity ( objects an unavoidable crux = ,hume4 ,8 acc\nt ( x4 #cjb4 ,! problem ( id5tity necess>ily arises f ! fusion ( reality & feel+4 ,we mu/ once aga9 recall ! propositions 9 :i* ,hume repres5ts ?is fusion--t #8ev]y?+ :i* ent]s ! m9d is bo? 9 reality & appe>ance z ! p]ception2' t #8s f> z ! s5ses are judges1 all p]ceptions are ! same 9 ! mann] ( _! exi/5ce2' t #8p]ceptions' are ei!r impressions1 or ideas :i* are #8fa9t] impressions2' & #8impressions are int]nal & p]i%+ exi/5ces1 & appe> z su*4' ,if ^! propositions are true--& ! #8new way ( ideas' inevitably leads to !m--h[ is x t we believe 9 #8a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( objects ev5 :5 !y are n pres5t to ! s5ses1' & an exi/5ce #8di/9ct f ! m9d & p]ception'8 ,!y are ! same que/ions f :i* ,b]keley d]iv$ 8 demon/ration ( an et]nal m9d--a demon/ration premature because1 till ! doctr9e ( #8ideas1' & ( m9d z _! subject1 _h be5 def9itely alt]$ 9 a way t ,b]keley did n attempt1 x 0 expla9+ a belief difficult to acc\nt = by "o :olly unacc\ntable4 ,be=e ,!ism c\ld be exhibit$ ) ! necessity :i* ,locke claim$ = x1 x 0 requisite to try :at c\ld be done ) association ( ideas & #8prop5sities to feign' 9 ! way ( acc\nt+ = ! _w ( k1 9 ord] t ^u _! failure ano!r po9t ( dep>ture ?an ,locke's might be f\nd necess>y4 ,! exp]im5t 0 made by ,hume4 ,he has ! m]it1 to beg9 )1 ( /at+ ! nature ( id5tity ) a precision :i* we f\nd want+ 9 ,locke4 #8,9 t proposition1 an object is ! same ) itself1 if ! idea express$ by ! ^w object 7 no ways di/+ui%$ f t meant by itself1 we really %\ld mean no?+4' #8,on ! o!r h&1 a multiplicity ( objects c nev] convey ! idea ( id5tity1 h[ev] resembl+ !y may be suppos$4 444 ,s9ce !n bo? numb] & unity are incompatible ) ! relation ( id5tity1 x mu/ lie 9 some?+ t is nei!r ( !m4 ,b at fir/ sight ?is seems impossible4' ,! explanation is t :5 #8we say t an object is ! same ) itself1 we mean t ! object exi/5t at "o "t is ! same ) itself exi/5t at ano!r4 ,by ?is means we make a diff]5ce betwixt ! idea meant by ! ^w object & t meant by itself )\t go+ ! l5g? ( numb]1 & at ! same "t )\t re/ra9+ ourselves to a /rict & absolute unity4' ,9 o!r words1 id5tity means ! unity ( a ?+ ?r\gh a multiplicity ( times2 or1 z ,hume puts x1 #8! inv>iabl5ess & un9t]rupt$ness ( any object ?r\gh a suppos$ v>iation ( "t'4 #a #a ,pp4 #dhi1 #dij4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,prop]ly ) him x is a fiction1 9 ! s5se t we h no su* idea4 ,yet he implies t we h su* idea1 9 say+ t we mi/ake some?+ else = x4 #cjc4 ,n[ t #8an object exi/s' c ) ,hume mean no m ?an t an #8impression' is felt1 & )\t succession ( feel+s accord+ to him !re is no "t4 #a ,x foll[s t unity 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! object1 be+ incompatible ) succession ( feel+s1 is incompatible also ) exi/5ce 9 "t4 ,ei!r !n ! unity ( ! object or its exi/5ce at manifold times--bo? be+ involv$ 9 ! conception ( id5tity--mu/ be a fiction2 & s9ce #8all impressions are p]i%+ exi/5ces1' p]i%+ ) a turn ( ! head or ! eyes1 x _c be d\bt$ :i* x is t is ! fiction4 ,t ! exi/5ce ( an object1 :i* we call ! same ) itself1 is brok5 by z _m int]vals ( "t z !re are successive & diff]5t1 h[ev] resembl+1 #8p]ceptions1' mu/ be ! fact2 t x %\ld yet be "o ?r\gh\t ! int]vals is a fiction to be acc\nt$ =1 ,hume acc\nts = x by suppos+ t :5 ! sep>ate #8p]ceptions' h a /rong #8natural relation' to ea* o!r 9 ! way ( resemblance1 ! transition f "o to ! o!r is s #8smoo? & easy' t we are apt to take x = ! #8same disposition ( m9d ) :i* we consid] "o con/ant & un9t]rupt$ p]ception2' & t1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is mi/ake1 we make ! fur!r "o ( tak+ ! successive resembl+ p]ceptions = an id5tical1 i4e4 un9t]rupt$ z well z inv>iable object4 #b ,b we _c mi/ake "o object = ano!r unless we h an idea ( t o!r object4 ,if !n we #8mi/ake ! succession ( our int]rupt$ p]ceptions = an id5tical object1' x foll[s t we h an idea ( su* an object--( a ?+ "o ) itself ?r\gh\t ! succession ( impressions--an idea :i* c be a copy nei!r ( any "o ( ! impressions nor1 ev5 if successive impressions c\ld put !mselves toge!r1 ( all s put toge!r4 ,su* an idea be+ accord+ to ,hume's pr9ciples impossible1 ! appe>ance ( our hav+ x 0 ! fiction he _h to acc\nt =2 & he acc\nts = x1 z we f9d1 by a #8habit ( m9d' :i* already presupposes x4 ,8 proc$ure "h is j ! same z 9 deal+ ) ! idea ( vacuum4 ,9 t case1 z we saw1 hav+ to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( !re be+ ! impossible idea ( pure space1 he does s by %[+1 t hav+ #8an idea ( di/ance n fill$ ) any col\r$ or tangible object1' we mi/ake ?is = an idea ( ext5sion1 & h5ce suppose t ! latt] may be invisible & intangible4 ,he ?us admits an idea1 virtually ! same ) ! "o exclud$1 z ! s\rce ( ! #8t5d5cy to suppose' :i* is to replace ! exclud$ idea4 ,s 9 8 acc\nt ( id5tity4 ,ei!r ! habit1 9 virtue ( :i* we conv]t resembl+ p]ceptions into an id5tical object1 is :at ,hume admits to be a contradiction1 #8a habit acquir$ by :at 0 nev] pres5t to ! m9d'2 #c or ! idea ( id5tity mu/ be pres5t to ! m9d 9 ord] to r5d] ! habit possible4 #a #8,:]ev] we h no successive p]ceptions1 we h no notion ( "t4' 7p4 #cdb7 ,book ,i1 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,iii44 #b ,p4 #dib4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #c ,p4 #dhg4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,succession ( l feel+s mi/ak5 = an id5tical object3 b ! feel+s1 z describ$1 are already su* objects4 #cjd4 ,! device by :i* ?is petitio pr9cipii is cov]$ is "o already famili> to u 9 ,hume4 ,9 ?is case x is s palpable t x is difficult to believe he 0 unconsci\s ( x4 ,z he has #8to acc\nt = ! belief ( ! vulg> ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( body1' he w #8entirely con=m himself to _! mann] ( ?9k+ & express+ !mselves2' 9 o!r words1 he w assume ! fiction 9 "q z ! beg9n+ ( a process by :i* its =mation is to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! vulg> make no di/9ction betwe5 ?+ & appe>ance4 #8,^? v s5sations :i* ent] by ! eye or e> are ) !m ! true objects1 nor c !y readily conceive t ?is p5 or ?is pap]1 :i* is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 repres5ts ano!r :i* is diff]5t f1 b resembl+ x4 ,9 ord] !re=e to accommodate myself to _! notions1 ,i %all at fir/ suppose t !re is only a s+le exi/5ce1 :i* ,i %all call indiff]5tly object & p]ception1 accord+ z x %all seem be/ to suit my purpose1 und]/&+ by bo? ( !m :at any common man may mean by a hat1 or %oe1 or /one1 or any o!r impression convey$ to him by 8 s5ses'4 #a ,n[ x is ( c\rse true t ! vulg> are innoc5t ( ! doctr9e ( repres5tative ideas4 ,!y d n suppose t ?is p5 or ?is pap]1 :i* is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 repres5ts ano!r :i* is diff]5t f1 b resembl+1 x2 b nei!r d !y suppose t ?is p5 or ?is pap] is a s5sation4 ,x is ! intellectual transition f ?is1 t1 & ! o!r successive s5sations to ?is p5 or ?is pap]1 z ! id5tical object to :i* ! s5sations are ref]r$ z qualities1 t is unacc\ntable if1 accord+ to ,hume's doctr9e1 ! succession ( feel+s con/itutes our consci\sness4 ,9 ! passage quot$ he quietly ignores x1 cov]+ 8 own r$uction ( felt ?+ to feel+ "u ! popul> id5tification ( ! real ?+ ) ! p]ceiv$4 ,) #8! vulg>' t :i* is #8imm$iately p]ceiv$' is ! real ?+1 j because x is n ! m]e feel+ :i* ) ,hume x is4 ,b "u pret5ce ( provisionally adopt+ ! vulg> view1 he entitles himself to treat ! m]e feel+1 because accord+ to him x is t :i* is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 z if x 7 ! p]man5t id5tical ?+1 :i* accord+ to ! vulg> is :at is imm$iately p]ceiv$4 #a ,p4 #dia4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,fiction ( id5tity ?us impli$ z s\rce ( ! prop5sity :i* is to acc\nt = x4 #cje4 ,?us )\t pr(ess$ly admitt+ into consci\sness any?+ b ! succession ( feel+s he gets su* individual objects z ,locke w\ld h call$ objects ( #8actual pres5t s5sation4' ,:5 #8,i survey ! furniture ( my *amb]1' accord+ to him1 ,i see sundry #8id5tical objects'--?is *air1 ?is table1 ?is ink/&1 c4 #a ,s f> !re is no fiction to be acc\nt$ =4 ,x is only :51 hav+ left my *amb] = an int]val & return$ to x1 ,i suppose ! objects :i* ,i see to be id5tical ) ^? ,i saw be=e1 t ! #8prop5sity to feign' comes into play1 :i* has to be expla9$ z above4 ,b 9 fact ! orig9al #8survey' dur+ :i*1 see+ ! objects1 ,i suppose !m to cont9ue ! same ) !mselves1 involves precisely ! same fiction4 ,9 t case1 says ,hume1 ,i #8suppose ! *ange' 7:i* is necess>y to con/itute ! idea ( id5tity7 #8to lie only 9 ! "t4' ,b )\t #8succession ( p]ceptions1' diff]5t h[ev] resembl+1 !re c\ld accord+ to him be no *ange ( "t4 ,! cont9u\s survey ( ?is table1 or ?is *air1 !n1 involves ! notion ( its rema9+ ! same ) itself ?r\gh\t a succession ( diff]5t p]ceptions--i4e4 ! full-gr[n fiction ( id5tity--j z mu* z does ! supposition t ! table ,i see n[ is id5tical ) ! "o ,i saw be=e4 ,! #8reality1' confusion ) :i* ( #8a smoo? passage along resembl+ ideas' is suppos$ to con/itute ! #8fiction1' is already itself ! fiction--! fiction ( an object :i* mu/ be o!r ?an our feel+s1 s9ce x is p]man5t :ile !y are successive1 yet s relat$ to !m t 9 virtue ( ref]5ce to x1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 !y become *anges ( a ?+4 #a ,p4 #dic4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,) ,hume cont9u$ exi/5ce ( p]ceptions a fiction diff]5t f _! id5tity4 ,c p]ceptions exi/ :5 n p]ceiv$8 #cjf4 ,hav+ ?us 9 effect import$ all ?ree #8fictions ( imag9ation'--id5tity1 cont9u$ exi/5ce1 & exi/5ce di/9ct f p]ception--into ! orig9al #8p]ception1' ,hume1 we may ?9k1 might h sav$ himself ! tr\ble ( treat+ !m z sep>ate & successive =mations4 ,unless he _h s treat$ !m1 h[ev]1 8 #8natural hi/ory' ( consci\sness w\ld h be5 f> less impos+ ?an x is4 ,! device1 by :i* he repres5ts ! #8vulg>' belief 9 ! reality ( ! felt ?+ z a belief t ! m]e feel+ is ! real object1 enables him also to repres5t ! id5tity1 :i* a smoo? transition along closely resembl+ s5sations leads u to suppose1 z /ill m]ely id5tity ( a p]ception4 #8,! v image :i* is pres5t to ! s5ses is ) u ! real body2 & 'tis to ^! int]rupt$ images we ascribe a p]fect id5tity'4 #a ,! id5tity ly+ ?us 9 ! images or appe>ances1 n 9 any?+ to :i* !y are ref]r$1 a fur!r fiction seems to be requir$ by :i* we may ov]come ! contradiction betwe5 ! int]ruption ( ! appe>ances & _! id5tity--! fiction ( #8a cont9u$ be+ :i* may fill ! int]vals' betwe5 ! appe>ances4 #b ,t a #8prop5sion' t[>ds su* a fiction w\ld naturally arise f ! uneas9ess caus$ by su* a contradiction1 we may readily admit4 ,! "q is h[ ! prop5sion c be satisfi$ by a supposition :i* is m]ely ano!r expression = "o ( ! contradictory beliefs4 ,:at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ! appe>ance ( a p]ception & its exi/5ce1 t int]ruption ( ! p]ception1 ?\gh incompatible ) un9t]rupt$ness 9 its appe>ance1 %\ld n be s ) un9t]rupt$ness 9 its exi/5ce8 ,x may be answ]$ t !re is j ! diff]5ce betwe5 relation to a feel+ subject & relation to a ?9k+ "o--betwe5 relation to a consci\sness :i* is 9 "t1 or successive1 & relation to a ?9k+ subject :i*1 n be+ itself 9 "t1 is ! s\rce ( t det]m9ation by p]man5t conditions1 :i* is :at is meant by ! real exi/5ce ( a p]ceiv$ ?+4 ,b to ,hume1 :o expressly excludes su* a subject--) :om #8x exi/s' #8x is felt'--su* an answ] is inadmissible4 ,he c1 9 fact1 only meet ! difficulty by suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( unfelt feel+s1 ( unp]ceiv$ p]ceptions4 ,! appe>ance ( a p]ception is its pres5ce to #8:at we call a m9d1' :i* #8is no?+ b a heap or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 unit$ toge!r by c]ta9 relations1 & suppos$1 ?\gh falsely1 to be end[$ ) a p]fect simplicity & id5tity'4 #c ,to consid] a p]ception1 !n1 z exi/+ ?\gh n appe>+ is m]ely to consid] x z deta*$ f ?is #8heap' ( o!r p]ceptions1 :i*1 on ,hume's pr9ciple t :atev] is di/+ui%able is sep>able1 is no m impossible ?an to di/+ui% "o p]ception f all o!rs4 #d ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 x is obvi\s t ! suppos$ deta*m5t is ! v opposite ( su* di/9ction4 ,a p]ception di/+ui%$ f all o!rs is det]m9$ by t di/9ction 9 ! fulle/ possible measure4 ,a p]ception deta*$ f all o!rs1 left out ( ! #8heap :i* we call a m9d1' be+ out ( all relation1 has no qualities--is simply no?+4 ,we c no m #8consid]' x ?an we c see vacancy4 ,yet x is by ! consid]ation ( su* non5tity1 by suppos+ a _w ( unp]ceiv$ p]ceptions1 ( #8exi/5ces' )\t relation or quality1 t ! m9d1 accord+ to ,hume--itself only #8a heap ( p]ceptions'--arrives at t fiction ( a cont9u$ be+ :i*1 z involv$ 9 ! supposition ( id5tity1 is ! condition ( our believ+ 9 a _w ( real ?+s at all4 #a ,p4 #dic4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #b ,pp4 #did1 #die4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #c ,p4 #die4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #d ,ibid4 ,exi/5ce ( objects1 di/9ct f p]ceptions1 a fur!r fiction /ill4 #cjg4 ,x is impli$1 !n1 9 ! process by :i*1 accord+ to ,hume1 ! fiction ( a cont9u$ be+ is arriv$ at1 t ?is be+ is suppos$ to be n only cont9u$ b #8di/9ct f ! m9d' & #8indep5d5t' ( x4 ,) ,hume1 h[ev]1 ! supposition ( a di/9ct & #8indep5d5t' exi/5ce ( ! p]ception is q diff]5t f t ( a di/9ct & indep5d5t object o!r ?an ! p]ception4 ,! =m] is ! #8vulg> hypo!sis1' & ?\gh a fiction1 x is also a univ]sal belief3 ! latt] is ! #8philosophical hypo!sis1' :i*1 if x has a t5d5cy to obta9 belief at all1 at any rate d]ives t t5d5cy1 9 o!r words #8acquires all its influ5ce ov] ! imag9ation1' f ! vulg> "o4 #a ,j z ! belief 9 ! indep5d5t & cont9u$ exi/5ce ( p]ceptions results f an in/9ctive ef=t to escape ! uneas9ess1 caus$ by ! contradiction betwe5 ! int]ruption ( resembl+ p]ceptions & _! imag9$ id5tity1 s ! contradiction betwe5 ?is belief & ! evid5t dep5d5ce ( all p]ceptions #8on our organs & ! disposition ( our n]ves & animal spirits' leads to ! doctr9e ( repres5tative ideas or #8! d\ble exi/5ce ( p]ceptions & objects4' #8,?is philosophical sy/em1 !re=e1 is ! mon/r\s (fspr+ ( two pr9ciples :i* are contr>y to ea* o!r1 :i* are bo? at once embrac$ by ! m9d & :i* are unable mutually to de/roy ea* o!r4 ,! imag9ation tells u t our resembl+ p]ceptions h a cont9u$ & un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce1 & are n annihilat$ by _! abs5ce4 ,reflection tells u t ev5 our resembl+ p]ceptions are int]rupt$ 9 _! exi/5ce & diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,! contradiction betwixt ^! op9ions we elude by a new fiction :i* is con=mable to ! hypo!ses bo? ( reflection & fancy1 by ascrib+ ^! contr>y qualities to diff]5t exi/5ces2 ! int]ruption to p]ceptions1 & ! cont9uance to objects'4 #b #a ,p4 #ejj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 #b ,p4 #ejb4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,are ^! sev]al #8fictions' really diff]5t f ea* o!r8 #cjh4 ,"h1 aga91 we f9d t ! contradictory ann\ncem5ts1 :i* x is ! object ( ?is new fiction to elude1 are virtually ! same z ^? impli$ 9 t judgm5t ( id5tity :i* is necess>y to ! #8p]ception' ( ?is p5 or ?is pap]4 ,t #8int]ruption ( our resembl+ p]ceptions1' ( :i* #8reflection' 79 ! imm$iate context #8,reason'7 is "h said to #8tell u1' is m]ely t diff]5ce 9 "t1 or succession1 :i* ,hume ev]y:]e else treats z a datum ( s5se1 & :i*1 z he po9ts out1 is z necess>y a factor 9 ! idea ( id5tity1 z is ! imag9ation ( an exi/5ce cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! succession4 ,?us ! contradiction1 :i* sugge/s ?is philosophical fiction ( d\ble exi/5ce1 has be5 already pres5t & ov]come 9 e p]ception ( a qualifi$ object4 ,nor does ! fiction itself1 by :i* ! contradiction is elud$1 diff] except v]bally f t sugge/$ by ! contradiction betwe5 ! int]ruption & ! id5tity ( p]ceptions4 ,:at p[] is !re 9 ! ^w #8object' t ! supposition ( an unp]ceiv$ exi/5ce ( p]ceptions1 cont9u$ :ile _! appe>ance is brok51 %\ld be an unavoidable fiction ( ! imag9ation1 :ile t ( #8! d\ble exi/5ce ( p]ceptions & objects' is a gratuit\s fiction ( philosoph]s1 ( :i* #8vulg>' ?9k+ is entirely innoc5t8 ,are !y n all involv$ 9 ! simple/ p]ception8 #cji4 ,t x is gratuit\s we may readily admit1 b only because a recognition ( ! function ( ! ,ego 9 ! prim>y con/itution ( ! qualifi$ individual object--?is p5 or ?is pap]--r5d]s x sup]flu\s4 ,to ! philosophy1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ,hume 0 br$1 ! p]ception ( a qualifi$ object 0 simply a feel+4 ,no intellectual syn!sis ( successive feel+s 0 recogniz$ z involv$ 9 x4 ,x 0 only s f> z ! dep5d5ce ( ! feel+ on our organs1 9 ! abs5ce ( any cle> di/9ction betwe5 feel+ & felt ?+1 seem$ to imply a dep5d5t & brok5 exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 t any difficulty arose--a difficulty met by ! supposition t ! felt ?+1 ^: exi/5ce 0 ?us brok5 & dep5d5t1 repres5t$ an unfelt & p]man5t ?+ ( :i* x is a copy or effect4 ,to ! ,b]keleian objections1 already fatal to ?is supposition1 ,hume has 8 own to add1 viz4 t we c h no idea ( relation 9 ! way ( cause & effect except z betwe5 objects :i* we h obs]v$1 & !re=e c h no idea ( x z exi/+ betwe5 a p]ception & an object ( :i* we c only say t x is n a p]ception4 ,is all exi/5ce !n #8brok5 & dep5d5t'8 ,t is ! #8sceptical' conclusion :i* ,hume pr(esses to adopt--subject1 h[ev]1 to ! condition ( acc\nt+ = ! contr>y supposition 7)\t :i*1 z he has to admit1 we c\ld n ?9k or speak1 & :i* alone gives a mean+ to 8 own phraseology ab\t impressions & ideas7 z a fiction ( ! imag9ation4 ,he does ?is1 z we h se51 by trac+ a s]ies ( contradictions1 ) correspond+ hypo!ses inv5t$1 ei!r in/9ctively or ^u reflection1 9 ord] to escape ! uneas9ess :i* !y cause1 all ultimately due to our mi/ak+ simil> successive feel+s = an id5tical object4 ,( su* an object1 !n1 we mu/ h an idea to beg9 )1 & x is an object p]man5t ?r\gh\t a v>iation ( "t1 :i* means a succession ( feel+s2 9 o!r words1 x is a felt ?+1 z di/9ct f feel+s b to :i* feel+s are ref]r$ z its qualities4 ,?us ! mo/ prim>y p]ception--t 9 default ( :i* ,hume w\ld h no reality to oppose to fiction1 nor any po9t ( dep>ture = ! suppos$ con/ruction ( fictions--already implies t trans=mation ( feel+s into *ang+ relations ( a ?+ :i*1 prev5t+ any incompatibility betwe5 ! p]petual brok5ness ( ! feel+ & ! p]man5ce ( ! ?+1 #8eludes' by anticipation all ! contradictions :i*1 accord+ to ,hume1 we only #8elude' by speak+ z if we _h ideas t we h n4 ,yet !y are n possible ideas1 because copi$ f no impressions4 #caj4 #8,ideas t we h n2' = no "o ( ! fictions by :i* we elude ! contradictions1 nor inde$ any "o ( ! contradictory judgm5ts !mselves1 c be tak5 to repres5t an #8idea' accord+ to ,hume's acc\nt ( ideas4 ,he all[s himself inde$ to speak ( our hav+ ideas ( id5tical objects1 su* z ?is table :ile ,i see or t\* x--?\gh 9 ?is case1 z has be5 %[n1 ei!r ! object is n id5tical or ! idea ( x _c be copi$ f an impression--& ( our transf]r+ ?is idea to resembl+ b int]rupt$ p]ceptions4 ,b ! supposition to :i* ! contradiction involv$ 9 ?is transf]5ce gives rise--! supposition t ! p]ception cont9ues to exi/ :5 x is n p]ceiv$--is %[n by ! v /atem5t ( x to be no possible copy ( an impression4 ,yet accord+ to ,hume x is a #8belief1' & a belief is #8a lively idea associat$ ) a pres5t impression4' ,:at !n is ! impression & :at ! associat$ idea8 #8,z ! prop5sity to feign ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( s5sible objects arises f "s lively impressions ( ! memory1 x be/[s a vivacity on t fiction2 or1 9 o!r words1 makes u believe ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body'4 #a ,well & good3 b ?is only answ]s ! fir/ "p ( our "q4 ,x tells u :at are ! impressions 9 ! suppos$ case ( belief1 b n :at is ! associat$ idea to :i* _! livel9ess is communicat$4 ,to say t x arises f a prop5sity to feign1 /rong 9 proportion to ! livel9ess ( ! suppos$ impressions ( memory1 does n tell u ( :at impression x is a copy4 ,su* a prop5sity inde$ w\ld be an #8impression ( reflection1' b ! fiction itself is nei!r ! prop5sity nor a copy ( x4 ,! only possible supposition left = ,hume w\ld be t x is a #8comp\nd idea2' b :at comb9ation ( #8p]ceptions' c am\nt to ! exi/5ce ( p]ceptions :5 !y are n p]ceiv$8 #a ,p4 #dif4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,comp>ison ( pres5t exp]i5ce ) pa/1 :i* yields relation ( cause & effect1 pre-supposes judgm5t ( id5tity2 #caa4 ,f ?is long excursion into ,hume's doctr9e ( relation 9 ! way ( id5tity--hav+ f\nd him admitt+ explicitly t x is only by a #8fiction ( ! imag9ation' t we id5tify ?is table z n[ se5 ) ?is table z se5 an h\r ago1 & implicitly t ! same fiction is involv$ 9 ! p]ception ( ?is table z an id5tical object ev5 :5 h& or eye is kept ^u x1 :ile yet he says n a ^w to v9dicate ! possibility ( su* a fiction = a faculty :i* c m]ely reproduce & comb9e #8p]i%+ impressions'--we return to consid] its be>+ ^u 8 doctr9e ( relation 9 ! way ( cause & effect4 ,accord+ to him1 z we saw1 #a t relation1 #8consid]$ z a philosophical' "o1 is f\nd$ on a comp>ison ( pres5t exp]i5ce ) pa/1 9 ! s5se t we reg>d an object1 prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 z its cause :5 all l objects h be5 f\nd simil>ly relat$4 ,! "q !n arises :e!r ! exp]i5ces comp>$--! pres5t & ! pa/ alike--d n involve ! fiction ( id5tity along ) ! :ole family ( o!r fictions :i* ,hume affiliates to x8 ,does ! relation ( prec$5ce & sequ5ce1 :i*1 if con/ant1 am\nts to t ( cause & effect1 m]ely mean prec$5ce & sequ5ce ( two feel+s1 indef9itely l an indef9ite numb] ( o!r feel+s t h ?us ! "o prec$$ & ! o!r foll[$2 or is x a relation betwe5 "o qualifi$ ?+ or def9ite fact always ! same ) itself1 & ano!r su* ?+ or fact always ! same ) itself8 ,! "q c>ries its own answ]4 ,if 9 ! def9ition quot$ ,hume us$ ! phrase #8all l objects' in/ead ( ! #8same object1' 9 ord] to avoid ! appe>ance ( introduc+ ! #8fiction' ( id5tity into ! def9ition ( cause1 ! device does n avail him mu*4 ,! effect ( ! #8l' is neutraliz$ by ! #8all4' ,a uni=m relation is impossible except betwe5 objects ( :i* ea* has a def9ite id5tity4 #a ,above1 p>s4 #bih & #bii4 444 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no recognition ( an object z "o obs]v$ be=e4 #cab4 ,:5 ,hume has to describe ! exp]i5ce :i* gives ! idea ( cause & effect1 he virtually admits ?is4 #8,! nature ( exp]i5ce1' he tells u1 #8is ?is4 ,we rememb] to h _h frequ5t in/ances ( ! exi/5ce ( "o species ( objects1 & also rememb] t ! individuals ( ano!r species ( objects h always att5d$ !m1 & h exi/$ 9 a regul> ord] ( contiguity & succession ) reg>d to !m4 ,?us we rememb] to h se5 t species ( object we call flame1 & to h felt t species ( s5sation we call heat4 ,we likewise call to m9d _! con/ant conjunction 9 all pa/ in/ances4 ,)\t any f>!r c]emony we call ! "o cause1 & ! o!r effect1 & inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f ! o!r'4 #a ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ^u exp]i5c+ c]ta9 s5sations ( sight & t\*1 we recognize ea* z #8"o ( a species ( objects' :i* we rememb] to h obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 con/ant relations be=e4 ,9 virtue ( ! recognition ! s5sations become sev]ally ?is flame & ?is heat2 & 9 virtue ( ! remembrance ! objects ?us recogniz$ are held to be relat$ 9 ! way ( cause & effect4 ,n[ x is cle> t ?\gh ! recognition takes place ^u occasion ( a feel+1 ! object recogniz$--?is flame or ?is heat--is by no means ! feel+ z a #8p]i%+ exi/5ce4' ,unless ! feel+ 7 tak5 to repres5t a ?+1 conceiv$ z p]man5tly exi/+ "u c]ta9 relations & attributes--9 o!r words1 unless x 7 id5tifi$ by ?\ght--x w\ld be no def9ite object1 n ?is flame or ?is heat1 at all4 ,! mom5t x is nam$1 x has ceas$ to be a feel+ & become a felt ?+1 or1 9 ,hume's language1 an #8individual ( a species ( objects4' ,& j z ! pres5t #8p]ception' is ! recognition ( su* an individual1 s ! remembrance :i* det]m9es ! recognition is "o :olly diff]5t f ! return ) less5$ livel9ess ( a feel+ m /rongly felt be=e4 ,accord+ to ,hume's own /atem5t1 x consi/s 9 recall+ #8frequ5t in/ances ( ! exi/5ce ( a species ( objects4' ,x is remembrance ( an exp]i5ce 9 :i* e feel+1 t has be5 att5d$ to1 has be5 int]pret$ z a fre% appe>ance ( "s qualifi$ object t #8exi/s' ?r\gh\t its appe>ances--an exp]i5ce :i* = t reason =ms a connect$ :ole4 ,if x 7 n s1 !re c\ld be no su* comp>ison ( ! relations 9 :i* two objects are n[ pres5t$ ) ^? 9 :i* !y h always be5 pres5t$1 z t :i* accord+ to ,hume det]m9es u to reg>d !m z cause & effect4 ,! condition ( our s reg>d+ !m is t we suppose ! objects n[ pres5t$ to be ! same ) ^? ( :i* we h _h previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,x is only on supposition t a c]ta9 s5sation ( sight is n m]ely l a multitude ( o!rs1 b repres5ts ! same object z t :i* ,i h previ\sly kn[n z flame1 t ,i inf] ! sequ5ce ( heat &1 :5 x does foll[1 reg>d x z an effect4 ,if ,i ?\ght t ! s5sation ( sight1 h[ev] l ^? previ\sly ref]r$ to flame1 did n repres5t ! same object1 ,i %\ld n inf] heat z effect2 & conv]sely1 if1 hav+ id5tifi$ ! s5sation ( sight z repres5tative ( flame1 ,i f\nd t ! inf]r$ heat 0 n actually felt1 ,i %\ld judge t ,i 0 mi/ak5 9 ! id5tification4 ,x foll[s t x is only an exp]i5ce ( id5tical1 & by consequ5ce relat$ & qualifi$1 objects1 ( :i* ! memory c s det]m9e a sequ5ce ( feel+s z to con/itute x an exp]i5ce ( cause & effect4 ,?us ! p]ception & remembrance ^u :i*1 accord+ to ,hume1 we judge "o object to be ! cause ( ano!r1 alike re/ on ! #8fictions ( id5tity & cont9u$ exi/5ce4' ,)\t ^! no pres5t exp]i5ce w\ld1 9 8 language1 be an in/ance ( an individual ( a c]ta9 species exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 relation1 nor w\ld !re be a pa/ exp]i5ce ( individuals ( ! same species1 by comp>ison ) :i* ! con/ancy ( ! relation might be asc]ta9$4 #a ,p4 #chh4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,vi4 ,hume makes conceptions ( id5tity & cause ea* come be=e ! o!r4 ,_! true correlativity4 #cac4 ,aga9/ ?is d]ivation ( ! conception ( cause & effect1 z imply+ t ( id5tity1 may be urg$ ! fact t :5 we w\ld asc]ta9 ! tru? ( any id5tification we d s by ref]5ce to causes & effects4 ,z ,hume himself puts x at ! outset ( 8 discussion ( causation1 an inf]5ce ( id5tity #8beyond ! impressions ( our s5ses c be f\nd$ only on ! connexion ( cause & effect4' 444 #8,:5ev] we discov] a p]fect resemblance betwe5 a new object & "o :i* 0 =m]ly pres5t to ! s5ses1 we consid] :e!r x be common 9 t species ( objects2 :e!r possibly or probably any cause c\ld op]ate 9 produc+ ! *ange & resemblance2 & accord+ z we det]m9e conc]n+ ^! causes & effects1 we =m our judgm5t conc]n+ ! id5tity ( ! object'4 #a ,?is admission1 x may be said1 ?\gh x tells aga9/ ,hume's own subsequ5t explanation ( id5tity z a fiction ( ! imag9ation1 is equally inconsi/5t ) any doctr9e t w\ld treat id5tity z ! presupposition ( inf]5ce to cause or effect4 ,n[ und\bt$ly if ! id5tity ( int]rupt$ p]ceptions is "o fiction ( ! imag9ation & ! relation ( cause & effect ano!r1 ea* result+ f #8cu/om1' to say ) ,hume1 t we mu/ h ! idea ( cause 9 ord] to arrive at ! supposition ( id5tity1 is logically to exclude any d]ivation ( t idea f an exp]i5ce :i* involves ! supposition ( id5tity4 ,! #8cu/om' :i* g5]ates ! idea ( cause mu/ h done its "w be=e t :i* g5]ates ! supposition ( id5tity c beg94 ,hume !re=e1 aft] ! admission j quot$1 0 n entitl$ to treat ! inf]5ce to cause or effect z a habit d]iv$ f exp]i5ce ( id5tical ?+s4 ,b x is o!rwise if ! conceptions ( causation & id5tity are correlative--n results ( exp]i5ce ( :i* "o mu/ be =m$ be=e ! o!r1 b co-ord9ate expressions ( "o & ! same syn!tic pr9ciple1 :i* r5d]s exp]i5ce possible4 ,& ?is is ! real /ate ( ! case4 ,x is true1 z ,hume po9ts out1 t :5 we want to "k :e!r a c]ta9 s5sation1 precisely resembl+ "o t we h previ\sly exp]i5c$1 repres5ts ! same object1 we d s by ask+ h[ o!rwise x c be acc\nt$ =4 ,if no diff]5ce appe>s 9 its antec$5ts or sequ5ts1 we id5tify x--ref] x to ! same ?+--z t previ\sly exp]i5c$2 = its relations 7:i*1 s9ce x is an ev5t 9 "t1 take ! =m ( antec$5ce & sequ5ce7 are ! ?+4 ,! conceptions ( id5tity & ( relation 9 ! way ( cause & effect are ?us z /rictly correlative & insep>able z ^? ( ! ?+ & ( its relations4 ,)\t ! conception ( id5tity exp]i5ce w\ld want a c5tre1 )\t t ( cause & effect x w\ld want a circumf]5ce4 ,)\t ! supposition ( objects :i* #8exi/+ at "o "t are ! same ) !mselves z exi/+ at o!r times'--a supposition :i* at la/1 :5 ?r\gh acqua9tance ) ! endlessness ( ord]ly *ange we h le>nt t !re is b "o object = :i* su* id5tity c be claim$ )\t qualification1 becomes ! conception ( nature z a uni=m :ole--!re c\ld be no su* comp>ison ( ! relations 9 :i* an object is n[ pres5t$ ) ^? 9 :i* x has be5 be=e pres5t$1 z det]m9es u to reckon x ! cause or effect ( ano!r2 b x is equally true t x is only by su* comp>ison ( relations t ! id5tity ( any p>ticul> object c be asc]ta9$4 #a ,p4 #cgf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,hume q "r 9 say+ t we d n g m beyond s5se 9 reason+ ?an 9 p]ception4 #cad4 ,?us1 ?\gh we may conc$e to ,hume t nei!r 9 ! inf]5ce to ! relation ( cause & effect nor 9 ! conclusions we draw f x d we g #8beyond exp]i5ce1' #a ?is w m]ely be1 if 8 acc\nt ( x z a #8philosophical relation' be true1 because 9 exp]i5ce we already g beyond s5se4 #8,!re is no?+1' says ,hume1 #89 any object consid]$ 9 itself t c af=d u a reason = draw+ a conclusion beyond x' #b--;a /atem5t :i* to him means t1 if ! m9d really passes f x to ano!r1 ?is is only because z a matt] ( fact ano!r feel+ foll[s on ! fir/4 ,b1 9 tru?1 if ea* feel+ 7 m]ely #8consid]$ 9 itself1' ! fact t "o foll[s on ano!r w\ld be no fact = ! subject ( ! feel+s1 no />t+-po9t ( intellig5t exp]i5ce at all2 = ! fact is ! relation betwe5 ! feel+s--a relation :i* only exi/s = a subject t consid]s nei!r feel+ #89 itself1' z a #8sep>ate & p]i%+ exi/5ce1' b f9ds a reality 9 ! det]m9ation ( ea* by ! o!r :i*1 z x is n ei!r or bo? ( !m1 s survives1 :ile !y pass1 z a p]man5t factor ( exp]i5ce4 ,?us 9 ord] t any def9ite #8object' ( exp]i5ce may exi/ = u1 our feel+s mu/ h ceas$ to be :at accord+ to ,hume !y are 9 !mselves4 ,!y cease to be s 9 virtue ( ! pres5ce to !m ( ! ,ego1 9 common relation to :i* !y become relat$ to ea* o!r z mutually qualifi$ memb]s ( a p]man5t sy/em--a sy/em :i* at fir/ = ! individual consci\sness exi/s only z a =eca/ or 9 outl9e1 & is gradually realiz$ & fill$ up ) ! accession ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is q true t no?+ m ?an ! ref]5ce to su* a sy/em1 already necess>y to con/itute ! simple/ object ( exp]i5ce1 is involv$ 9 t int]pretation ( e ev5t z a *ang$ appe>ance ( an un*ang+ ord]1 & !re=e to be acc\nt$ =1 :i* we call inf]5ce to a cause or ! inf]5ce ( necess>y connection2 or1 aga91 9 ! id5tification ( ! ev5t1 ! det]m9ation ( its p>ticul> nature by ! discov]y ( its p>ticul> cause4 #a ,above1 p>s4 #bhe #bhf4 #b ,p4 #dcf & else:]e4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xii4 ,h[ 8 doctr9e might h be5 develop$4 ,its actual outcome4 #cae4 ,! suppos$ diff]5ce !n betwe5 imm$iate & m$iate cognition is no absolute diff]5ce4 ,x is n a diff]5ce betwe5 exp]i5ce & a process t goes beyond exp]i5ce1 or betwe5 an exp]i5ce unregulat$ by a conception ( a p]man5t sy/em & "o t is s regulat$4 ,x lies m]ely 9 ! degree ( fullness & articulation :i* t conception has atta9$4 ,if ?is _h be5 :at ,hume meant to convey 9 8 assimilation ( inf]5ce to p]ception1 he w\ld h gone f> to anticipate ! result ( ! enquiry :i* ,kant />t$4 ,& ?is is :at he might h come to mean if1 in/ead ( play+ fa/ & loose ) #8impression' & #8object1' us+ ea* z plausibility requir$ on ! pr9ciple ( accommodation to ! #8vulg>1' he _h fac$ ! consequ5ce ( 8 own implicit admission1 t e p]ception ( an object z id5tical is a #8fiction' 9 :i* we g beyond pres5t feel+4 ,z x is1 8 #8scepticism ) reg>d to ! s5ses' goes f> en\gh to empty _! #8reports' ( ! cont5t :i* ! #8vulg>' ascribe to !m1 & ?us to put a brea* betwe5 s5se & ! processes ( k1 b n f> en\gh to replace ! #8s5sible ?+' by a function ( reason4 ,9 default ( su* replacem5t1 !re 0 no way ( fill+ ! brea* b to br+ back ! vulg> !ory "u ! cov] ( habits & #8t5d5cies to feign1' :i* all suppose a ready-made k ( ! s5sible ?+ z _! />t+-po9t4 ,h5ce ! con/ant contradiction1 :i* x is our ?ankless task to trace1 betwe5 8 solution ( ! real _w into a succession ( feel+s & ! devices by :i* he s\ght to make room 9 8 sy/em = ! actual proc$ure ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,conspicu\s among ^! is 8 all[ance ( t view ( relation 9 ! way ( cause & effect z an objective reality1 :i* is repres5t$ by 8 def9ition ( x z a #8philosophical relation4' ,x is 9 ! s5se repres5t$ by t def9ition t 8 doctr9e has be5 und]/ood & reta9$ by subsequ5t =mulators ( inductive logic2 b on exam9+ x 9 ! light ( 8 own /atem5ts we h f\nd t ! relation1 z ?us def9$1 is n t :i* 8 !ory requir$1 & z :i* to repres5t x is ! :ole motive ( 8 disquisition on ! subject4 ,x is n a sequ5ce ( impression ^u impression1 di/+ui%$ m]ely by its con/ancy2 nor a sequ5ce ( idea ^u impression1 di/+ui%$ m]ely by t transf] ( livel9ess to ! idea :i* arises f ! con/ancy ( its sequ5ce ^u ! impression4 ,x is a relation betwe5 #8objects' ( :i* ea* is :at x is only z #8an in/ance ( a species' t exi/s cont9u\sly1 & !re=e 9 di/9ction f our #8p]i%+ impressions1' accord+ to a regul> ord] ( #8contiguity & succession4' ,z su* exi/5ce & ord] are by ,hume's own %[+ no possible impressions1 & by consequ5ce no possible ideas1 s nei!r are ! #8objects' :i* d]ive _! :ole "* f !m4 ,no philosophical relation admissible ) ,hume t is n d]iv$ f a natural "o4 #caf4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t :]ev] ,hume admits a def9ition purport+ to be ( a #8philosophical relation1' he does s only z an accommodation1 & "u w>n+ t e su* relation is #8fictiti\s' except s f> z x is equival5t to a natural "o2 t accord+ to 8 express /atem5t #8x is only s f> z causation is a natural relation1 & produces an union among our ideas1 t we are able to reason ^u x or draw any inf]5ce f x'2 #a & t !re=e x is only by 8 def9ition ( x z a #8natural relation' t he is to be judg$4 ,su* a v9dication ( ,hume w\ld be m true ?an effective4 ,t ) him ! #8philosophical' relation ( cause & effect is #8fictiti\s1' ) all ! fictiti\sness ( a #8cont9u$ exi/5ce di/9ct f p]ceptions1' is :at x has be5 ! object ( ! prec$+ p>agraphs to %[4 ,b ! fictiti\sness ( a relation c ) him mean no?+ else ?an t1 in/ead ( hav+ an idea ( x1 we h only a #8t5d5cy to suppose' t we h su* an idea4 ,?us ! designation ( ! philosophical relation ( cause & effect c>ries ) x two conditions1 "o negative1 ! o!r positive1 on ! obs]vance ( :i* ! logical value ( ! designation dep5ds4 ,! #8t5d5cy to suppose' mu/ n aft] all be itself translat$ into ! idea :i* x is to replace2 & x mu/ be acc\nt$ = z d]iv$ f a #8natural relation' :i* is n fictiti\s4 ,t ! negative condition is violat$ by ,hume1 we h suffici5tly se54 ,he treats ! #8philosophical relation' ( cause & effect1 9 spite ( ! #8fictions' :i* x involves1 n z a "n = a t5d5cy to suppose t we h an idea :i* we h n1 b z itself a def9ite idea on :i* he f\nds v>i\s #8rules = judg+ :at objects are really s relat$ & :at are n'4 #b ,t ! positive condition is violat$ also--t ! #8natural relation' ( cause & effect1 accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* 8 def9ition ( x is meant to be und]/ood1 already itself involves #8fictions1' & only = t reason is a possible s\rce ( ! #8philosophical'--is :at we h next to %[4 #a ,p4 #cid4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,vii4 #b ,"p ,,iii4 #ae4 ,exam9ation ( 8 acc\nt ( cause & effect z #8natural relation'4 #cag4 ,t def9ition1 x w be rememb]$1 runs z foll[s3 #8,a cause is an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & s unit$ ) x 9 ! imag9ation t ! idea ( ! "o det]m9es ! m9d to =m ! idea ( ! o!r1 & ! impression ( ! "o to =m a m lively idea ( ! o!r4' ,n[1 z has be5 suffici5tly %[n1 ! object ( an idea ) ,hume c prop]ly mean no?+ b ! impression f :i* ! idea is d]iv$1 :i* aga9 is only ! liveli] idea1 ev5 z ! idea is ! fa9t] impression4 ,! idea & ! object ( x1 !n1 only diff] z diff]5t /ages 9 ! vivacity ( a feel+4 #a ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 fur!r1 9 reg>d to ! #8det]m9ation ( ! m9d' spok5 ( 9 ! def9ition1 t ! #8m9d' accord+ to ,hume is m]ely a succession ( impressions & ideas1 & t its #8det]m9ation' means no m ?an a c]ta9 habitualness 9 ?is succession4 ,depriv$ ( ! b5efit ( ambigu\s phraseology1 !n1 ! def9ition w\ld run ?us3 #8,a cause is a lively feel+ imm$iately prec$5t to ano!r1 #b & s unit$ ) x t :5 ei!r ( ! two m fa9tly recurs1 ! o!r foll[s ) l fa9tness1 & :5 ei!r occurs ) ! maximum ( livel9ess ! o!r foll[s ) less1 b /ill great1 livel9ess4' ,?us /at$1 ! def9ition w\ld correspond well en\gh to ! process by :i* ,hume arrives at x1 ( :i* ! :ole drift1 z we h se51 is to m]ge ! s-call$ objective relation ( cause & effect1 ) ! s-call$ inf]5ce f x1 9 ! m]e habitual transition f "o feel+ to ano!r4 ,b x is only because n ?us /at$1 & because ! actual /atem5t is und]/ood to c>ry a mean+ ( :i* ,hume's doctr9e does n consi/5tly admit1 t x has a *ance ( f9d+ acceptance4 ,its plausibility dep5ds on #8object' & #8m9d' & #8det]m9ation' be+ und]/ood precisely 9 ! s5se 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,hume1 !y ought n to be und]/ood1 s t x %all express n a sequ5ce ( feel+ ^u feel+1 z ?is might be = a m]ely feel+ subject1 b t p]man5t relation or law ( nature :i* to a subject t ?9ks ^u its feel+s1 & only to su* a subject1 _! sequ5ce con/itutes or on :i* x dep5ds4 #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #aie & #bjh4 ,cf4 also1 among o!r passages1 "o 9 ! *apt] n[ "u consid]ation 7p4 #dea7 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xiv4--#8,ideas always repres5t _! objects or impressions4' #b ,! phrase #8imm$iately prec$5t' w\ld seem to convey ,hume's mean+ bett] ?an 8 own phrase #8prec$5t & contigu\s4' ,contiguity 9 space 7:i* is :at we naturally und]/& by #8contiguity1' :5 us$ absolutely7 he c\ld n h delib]ately tak5 to be necess>y to con/itute ! relation ( cause & effect1 s9ce ! impressions s relat$1 z he else:]e %[s1 may (t5 n be 9 space at all4 ,d\ble mean+ ( natural relation4 ,h[ ,hume turns x to acc\nt4 #cah4 ,x is ?is ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! sequ5ce ( feel+ ^u feel+ = a s5ti5t subject & ! relation :i* to a ?9k+ subject ?is sequ5ce con/itutes--a di/9ction n less ess5tial ?an t betwe5 ! conditions1 ?r\gh :i* a man passes 9 sleep1 z !y are = ! sleep+ subject himself1 & z !y are = ano!r ?9k+ ^u !m--:i* x is ! *>act]i/ic ( ,hume's doctr9e ( natural relation 9 all its =ms to disguise4 ,only 9 virtue ( ! pres5ce to feel+s ( a subject1 :i* di/+ui%es itself f !m1 d !y become relat$ objects4 ,?us1 ) ,hume's exclusion ( su* a subject1 ) 8 r$uction ( m9d & _w alike to ! succession ( feel+s1 relations & ideas ( relation logically disappe>4 ,b by help ( ! phrase #8natural relation1' cov]+1 z x does1 two :olly diff]5t ?+s--! involunt>y sequ5ce ( "o feel+ ^u ano!r1 & t det]m9ation ( ea* by ! o!r :i* c only take place = a syn!tic self-consci\sness--he is able on ! "o h& to d5y t ! relations :i* =m ! framework ( k are m ?an sequ5ces ( feel+1 & on ! o!r to clo! !m ) s mu* ( ! real "* ( relations z qualifies !m = #8pr9ciples ( union among ideas4' ,?us ! m]e occurr5ce ( simil> feel+s is ) him already t relation 9 ! way ( resemblance1 :i* 9 tru? only exi/s = a subject t c contemplate !m z p]man5t objects4 ,9 l mann] ! succession ( feel+s1 :i* c only con/itute "t = a subject t contra/s ! succession ) its own unity1 & :i*1 if ideas 7 feel+s1 w\ld exclude ! possibility ( an idea ( "t1 is yet ) him indiff]5tly "t & ! idea ( "t1 ?\gh ideas are feel+s & !re is no #8m9d' b _! succession4 ,if an effect is m]ely a con/antly obs]v$ sequ5ce1 h[ c an ev5t be an effect ! fir/ "t x is obs]v$8 ,hume evades ?is "q2 #cai4 ,! fallacy ( ,hume's doctr9e ( causation is m]ely an aggravat$ =m ( t :i* has g5]ally pass$ mu/] 9 8 doctr9e ( "t4 ,if "t1 because a relation betwe5 feel+s1 c be suppos$ to survive ! exclusion ( a ?9k+ self & ! r$uction ( ! _w & m9d to a succession ( feel+s1 ! relation ( cause & effect has only to be assimilat$ to t ( "t 9 ord] t its incompatibility ) ! desir$ r$uction may disappe>1 ,! great ob/acle to su* assimilation lies 9 t opposition to ! m]e sequ5ce ( feel+s :i* causation z #8matt] ( fact'--z t 9 discov]+ :i* we #8discov] ! real exi/5ce & relations ( objects'--purports to c>ry ) x4 ,:y d we set aside our usual exp]i5ce z delusive 9 contra/ ) ! exceptional exp]i5ce ( ! laboratory--:y d we decide t an ev5t :i* has seem$ to happ5 _c really h happ5$1 because "u ! giv5 conditions no adequate cause ( x c\ld h be5 op]ative--if ! relation ( cause & effect is itself m]ely a succession ( seem+s1 repeat$ s (t5 z to leave beh9d x a lively expectation ( its recurr5ce8 ,?is "q1 once fairly put1 _c be answ]$3 x c only be evad$4 ,x is ,hume's me?od ( evasion t we h n[ m p>ticul>ly to notice4 ,/ill1 he is a long way (f ! ,inductive ,logic1 :i* supposes an objective sequ5ce4 #cbj4 ,9 its detail$ /atem5t x is v diff]5t f ! me?od adopt$ 9 ^? mod]n treatises ( ,logic :i*1 beg9n+ ) ! doctr9e t facts are m]ely feel+s 9 ! con/itution ( :i* ?\ght has no %>e1 /ill contrive to make free use 9 _! logical canon ( ! anti!sis betwe5 ! real & app>5t4 ,! key to ?is mod]n me?od is to be f\nd 9 its ambigu\s use ( ! t]m #8ph5om5on1' alike = ! feel+ z x is felt1 #8p]i%+' :5 x ceases to be felt1 & = ! feel+ z x is = a ?9k+ subject--a qualify+ & qualifi$ elem5t 9 a p]man5t _w4 ,only if facts 7 #8ph5om5a' 9 ! =m] s5se w\ld ! anti!sis betwe5 facts & conceptions be valid2 only if #8ph5om5a' are und]/ood 9 ! latt] s5se c causation be said to be a law ( ph5om5a4 ,s /rong1 h[ev]1 is ! *>m :i* ?is ambigu\s t]m has ex]cis$1 t to ! ord9>y mod]n logician ! "q above put may probably seem unmean+4 #8,! appe>ance1' he w say1 #8:i* we set aside z delusive does n consi/ 9 any ( ! reports ( ! s5ses--^! are always true--b 9 "s false supposition 9 reg>d to !m due to an insuffici5t analysis ( exp]i5ce1 9 "s ref]5ce ( an actual s5sation to a gr\p ( suppos$ possibilities ( s5sation1 call$ a 8?+10 :i* are ei!r unreal or ) :i* x is n really connect$4 ,! correction ( ! false appe>ance by a discov]y ( causation is ! replacem5t ( a false supposition1 z to ! possibility ( ! antec$5ce or sequ5ce ( "o feel+ to ano!r1 by ! discov]y1 ?r\gh analysis ( exp]i5ce1 ( :at feel+s d actually prec$e & foll[ ea* o!r4 ,x implies no transition f feel+s to ?+s1 b only f a suppos$ sequ5ce ( feel+s to ! actual "o4 ,sci5ce 9 its f>!/ range leaves u among appe>ances /ill4 ,x only tea*es u :at really appe>s4' ,c ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity ( nature be d]iv$ f sequ5ce ( feel+s8 #cba4 ,n[ ! presupposition ( ?is answ] is ! exi/5ce ( j t necess>y connexion z betwe5 appe>ances1 j t objective ord]1 = :i*1 because x is n a possible #8impression or idea1' ,hume has to sub/itute a bl9d prop5sity produc$ by habit4 ,^? :o make x1 inde$1 w\ld repel ! imputation ( believ+ 9 any #8necess>y connexion1' :i* to !m repres5ts t #8my/]i\s tie' 9 :i* !y vaguely suppose #8metaphysicians' to believe4 ,!y w\ld say t necess>y connexion is no m ?an uni=mity ( sequ5ce4 ,b sequ5ce ( :at8 ,n ( feel+s z ! individual feels !m1 = !n !re w\ld be no p]fect uni=mities1 b only v>i\s degrees ( approximation to uni=mity1 & ! measure ( approximation 9 ea* case w\ld be ! am\nt ( ! individual's exp]i5ce 9 t p>ticul> direction4 ,! proc$ure ( ! inductive logician %[s t 8 belief 9 ! uni=mity ( a sequ5ce is irrespective ( ! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* x has be5 exp]i5c$4 ,a s+le in/ance 9 :i* "o feel+ is felt aft] ano!r1 if x satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! #8me?od ( diff]5ce1' i4e4 if x %[ exactly :at x is t prec$es & :at x is t foll[s 9 t in/ance1 suffices to e/abli% a uni=mity ( sequ5ce1 on ! pr9ciple t :at is fact once is fact always4 ,n[ a uni=mity t c be ?us e/abli%$ is 9 ! prop] s5se necess>y4 ,its exi/5ce is n cont+5t on its be+ felt by anyone or ev]yone4 ,x does n come into be+ ) ! exp]im5t t %[s x4 ,x is felt because x is real1 n real because x is felt4 ,x may be object$ inde$ t ! pr9ciple ( ! #8uni=mity ( nature1' ! pr9ciple t :at is fact once is fact always1 itself gradually results f ! obs]vation ( facts :i* are feel+s1 & t ?us ! pr9ciple :i* enables u to disp5se ) ! repetition ( a s5sible exp]i5ce is itself due to su* repetition4 ,! answ] is1 t feel+s :i* are conceiv$ z facts are already conceiv$ z con/itu5ts ( a nature4 ,! same pres5ce ( ! ?9k+ subject to1 & di/9ction ( itself f1 ! feel+s1 :i* r5d]s !m kn[able facts1 r5d]s !m memb]s ( a _w :i* is "o ?r\gh\t its *anges4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pres5ce ( facts f :i* ! uni=mity ( nature1 z an ab/ract rule1 is to be inf]r$1 is already ! consci\sness ( t uni=mity 9 concreto4 ,) ,hume ! only uni=mity is 9 expectation1 z det]m9$ by habit2 b /r5g? ( su* expectation mu/ v>y indef9itely4 #cbb4 ,hume himself makes a mu* m ?or\gh attempt to avoid t pre-det]m9ation ( feel+s by ! conception ( a _w1 ( ?+s & relations1 :i* is impli$ 9 ! view ( !m z p]man5t facts4 ,he w n1 if he c help x1 s op5ly dep>t f ! orig9al doctr9e t ?\ght is m]ely weak] s5se4 ,su* conceptions z ^? ( ! uni=mity ( nature & ( reality1 be+ no possible #8impressions or ideas1' he only pr(esses to admit 9 a "* :olly diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y actually gov]n inductive philosophy4 ,j z by reality he und]/&s n some?+ to :i* livel9ess ( feel+ may be an index1 b simply t livel9ess itself1 & by an inf]r$ or believ$ reality a feel+ to :i* ?is livel9ess has be5 communicat$ f "o t already has x2 s he is c>eful to tell u #8t ! supposition t ! future resembles ! pa/ is d]iv$ entirely f habit1 by :i* we are det]m9$ to expect = ! future ! same tra9 ( objects to :i* we h be5 accu/om$'4 #a ,! supposition !n is ?is #8det]m9ation1' ?is #8prop5sity1' to expect4 ,any #8idea' d]iv$ f ! prop5sity c only be ! prop5sity itself at a fa9t] /age2 & betwe5 su* a prop5sity & ! conception ( #8nature1' :e!r z uni=m or o!rwise1 !re is a diff]5ce :i* only ! mo/ ha/y read] c be liable to ignore4 ,b if by any confusion an expectation ( future feel+s1 det]m9$ by ! remembrance ( pa/ feel+s1 c\ld be made equival5t to any conception ( nature1 x w\ld n be ( nature z uni=m4 ,z is ! #8habit' :i* det]m9es ! expectation1 su* mu/ be ! expectation itself2 & z h be5 ! sequ5ces ( feel+ 9 ea* man's pa/1 su* mu/ be ! habit :i* results f !m4 ,n[ no "o's feel+s h always occurr$ to him 9 ! same relative ord]4 ,!re may be "s pairs ( feel+s ( :i* "o has always be5 felt be=e ! o!r & nev] aft] x1 & betwe5 :i* !re has nev] be5 an int]v5tion ( a ?ird--al?\gh 7to take ,hume's fav\rite in/ance7 ev5 ! feel+ ( heat may sometimes prec$e ! sight ( ! flame--& 9 ^! cases ^u occurr5ce ( "o !re w be no?+ to qualify ! expectation ( ! o!r4 ,b j s f> z !re are exceptions 9 our pa/ exp]i5ce to ! imm$iate sequ5ce ( "o feel+ ^u ano!r1 mu/ !re be a qualification ( our expectation ( ! future1 if x be undet]m9$ by extrane\s conceptions1 ) ref]5ce to ^? p>ticul> feel+s4 #a ,p4 #dca4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xii4 ,x c\ld n s]ve ! same purpose z ! conception ( uni=mity ( nature4 #cbc4 ,?us ! expectation t #8! future w resemble ! pa/1' if ! pa/ means to ea* man 7& ,hume c\ld n all[ ( its mean+ m7 m]ely ! succession ( 8 own feel+s1 mu/ be made up ( a multitude ( diff]5t expectations--"s few ( ^! be+ ( t absolute & unqualifi$ sort :i* alone1 x w\ld seem1 c regulate ! transition t we are pleas$ to call #8necess>y connexion2' ! re/ z v>i\s 9 _! /r5g? & livel9ess z !re are possible diff]5ces betwe5 cases :]e ! *ances are ev5ly balanc$ & :]e !y are all on "o side4 ,f ,hume's po9t ( view1 z he himself says1 #8e pa/ exp]im5t1' i4e4 e in/ance 9 :i* feel+ 7a7 has be5 f\nd to foll[ feel+ 7b71 #8may be consid]$ a k9d ( *ance'4 #a ,z are ! in/ances ( ?is k9d to ! in/ances 9 :i* "s o!r feel+ has foll[$ 7b71 su* are ! *ances or #8probability' t 7a7 w foll[ 7b7 aga91 & su* ^u ! occurr5ce ( 7b7 w be t livel9ess 9 ! expectation ( 7a71 :i* alone ) ,hume is ! reality ( ! connexion betwe5 !m4 ,9 su* an expectation1 9 an expectation made up ( su* expectations1 !re w\ld be no?+ to s]ve ! purpose :i* ! conception ( ! uni=mity ( nature actually s]ves 9 inductive sci5ce4 ,x c\ld nev] make u believe t a feel+ felt be=e ano!r--z :5 ! motion ( a bell is se5 be=e ! s\nd ( x has be5 he>d--repres5ts ! real antec$5t4 ,x c\ld nev] set u ^u t analysis ( our exp]i5ce by :i* we seek to get beyond sequ5ces t are m]ely usual1 & admit ( indef9ite exceptions1 to su* z are inv>iable2 ^u t #8int]rogation ( nature' by :i*1 on ! fai? t !re is a uni=mity if only we c\ld f9d x out1 we wre/ f h] t confession ( a law :i* %e does n spontane\sly (f]4 ,! fact t "s sequ5ces ( feel+ h be5 s uni=m z to result 9 unqualifi$ expectations 7if x be s7 c\ld ( itself af=d no motive = try+ to compass o!r expectations ( a l "* :i* d n naturally pres5t !mselves4 ,nor c\ld !re be any?+ 9 ! appe>ance ( an exception to a sequ5ce1 hi!rto f\nd uni=m1 to lead u to *ange our previ\s expectation = "o :i* %all n be liable to su* modification4 ,! previ\s expectation w\ld be s f> weak5$1 b !re is no?+ 9 ! m]e weak5+ ( our expectations t %\ld lead to ! ef=t to place !m beyond ! possibility ( be+ weak5$4 ,mu* less c\ld ! bundle ( expectations come to conceive !mselves z "o sy/em s z t1 ?r\gh ! int]pretation ( ea* exception to a suppos$ uni=mity ( sequ5ce z an in/ance ( a real "o1 ! *anges ( ! p>ts %\ld prove ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! :ole4 #a ,p4 #dcc4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xii4 ,hume *anges ! mean+ ( ?is expectation by 8 acc\nt ( ! #8remembrance' :i* det]m9es x4 ,be>+ ( 8 doctr9e ( necess>y connexion ^u 8 argum5t aga9/ miracles4 ,?is remembrance1 z he describes x1 supposes conception ( a sy/em ( nature4 #cbd4 ,t a doctr9e :i* r$uces ! ord] ( nature to /r5g? ( expectation1 & exactly rev]ses ! positions sev]ally giv5 to belief & reality 9 ! actual proc$ure ( sci5ce1 #a %\ld h be5 o/5sibly adopt$ by sci5tific m5 z _! own--) e all[ance = ,hume's lit]>y skill & = ! *>m :i* ! prospect ( ov]com+ ! sep>ation betwe5 reason & in/9ct ex]cises ov] naturali/s--w\ld h be5 unacc\ntable if ! doctr9e _h be5 ?us nak$ly put or consi/5tly ma9ta9$4 ,b x 0 n s4 ,hume's s5se ( consi/5cy 0 satisfi$ :5 expectation det]m9$ by remembrance _h be5 put 9 ! place ( necess>y connexion1 z ! basis ( #8inf]5ce to matt]s ( fact4' ,x does n lead him to adju/ 8 view ( ! fact inf]r$ to 8 view ( ! basis on :i* ! inf]5ce re/s4 ,expectation is an #8impression ( reflection1' & if ! relation ( cause & effect is no m ?an expectation1 t :i* seem$ mo/ /rongly to resi/ r$uction to feel+ has yet be5 s r$uc$4 ,b if ! expectation is to be no m ?an an impression ( reflection1 ! object expect$ mu/ itself be no m ?an an impression ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,! expectation mu/ be expectation ( a feel+1 pure & simple4 ,nor does ,hume 9 s _m words all[ t x is o!rwise1 b mean:ile ?\gh ! expectation itself is n op5ly tamp]$ )1 ! remembrance t det]m9es x is s4 ,?is is be+ tak5 to be t1 :i* x _c be unless ideas unborr[$ f impressions are op]ative 9 & ^u x4 ,x is be+ reg>d$1 n z ! recurr5ce ( a multitude ( feel+s ) a livel9ess indef9itely less ?an t 9 virtue ( :i* !y are call$ impressions ( s5se1 & indef9itely great] ?an t 9 virtue ( :i* !y are call$ ideas ( imag9ation1 b z ! recognition ( a _w ( exp]i5ce1 "o1 real & abid+4 ,an expectation det]m9$ by su* remembrance is gov]n$ by ! same #8fictions' ( id5tity & cont9u$ exi/5ce :i* are ! =mative conditions ( ! remembrance4 ,expectation & remembrance1 9 fact1 are "o & ! same intellectual act1 "o & ! same ref]5ce ( feel+s1 giv5 9 "t1 to an ord] t is n 9 "t1 di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! two faces :i*1 its #8matt]' be+ 9 "t1 x has to pres5t sev]ally to pa/ & future4 ,! remembrance is ! measure ( ! expectation1 b z ! remembrance c>ries ) x ! notion ( a _w ^: exi/5ce does n dep5d on its be+ rememb]$1 & ^: laws d n v>y accord+ to ! regul>ity or loos5ess ) :i* our ideas are associat$1 s too does ! expectation1 & only z s do+ becomes ! mov] & regulator ( #8inf]5ce f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4' #a ,x is by a curi\s fate t ,hume %\ld h be5 rememb]$1 at any rate 9 ! #8religi\s' _w1 *iefly by ! argum5t aga9/ miracles :i* appe>s 9 ! #8,essays'--an argum5t :i*1 h[ev] irrefragable 9 itself1 turns :olly ^u t conception ( nature z o!r ?an our in/9ctive expectations & imag9ations1 :i* has no prop] place 9 8 sy/em 7see ,vol4 ,,iv4 page #hi74 ,if #8necess>y connexion' 7 really no m ?an ! transition ( imag9ation1 z det]m9$ by con/ant association1 f an idea to its usual att5dant--if !re 7 no conception ( an objective ord] to det]m9e belief o!r ?an ! belief itself--! fact t su* an ev5t1 z ! revival ( "o f\r-days-dead at ! comm& ( a p]son1 _h be5 believ$1 s9ce x w\ld %[ t ! imag9ation 0 at lib]ty to pass f ! idea ( ! revival to t ( ! comm& 7or vice v]sa7 ) t livel9ess :i* con/itutes reality1 w\ld %[ also t no necess>y connexion1 no law ( nature 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ,hume entitles himself to speak ( su*1 0 violat$ by ! sequ5ce ( ! revival on ! comm&4 ,at ! same "t !re w\ld be no?+ #8miracul\s1' accord+ to 8 def9ition ( ! miracul\s z di/9ct f ! extraord9>y1 9 ! case4 ,tak5 /rictly1 inde$1 8 doctr9e implies t a belief 9 a miracle is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,an ev5t is n reg>d$ z miracul\s unless x is reg>d$ z a #8transgression ( a law ( nature by a p>ticul> volition ( ! ,deity or by ! int]position ( "s invisible ag5t' 7page #ic1 note #a72 b x c\ld n transgress a law ( nature 9 ,hume's s5se unless x 7 s inconsi/5t ) ! habitual association ( ideas z t x c\ld n be believ$4 ,hume's only consi/5t way ( attack+ miracles1 !n1 w\ld h be5 to %[ t ! ev5ts 9 "q1 z miracul\s1 _h nev] be5 believ$4 ,hav+ be5 oblig$ to recognize ! belief 9 _! hav+ happ5$1 he is op5 to ! retort #8ad hom9em' t accord+ to 8 own %[+ ! belief 9 ! ev5ts con/itutes _! reality4 ,su* a retort1 h[ev]1 w\ld be ( no avail 9 ! !ological int]e/1 :i* requires n m]ely t ! ev5ts %\ld h happ5$ b t !y %\ld h be5 miracul\s1 i4e4 #8transgressions ( a law ( nature by a p>ticul> volition ( ! ,deity4' #cbe4 ,9 ! passage already quot$1 :]e ,hume is speak+ ( ! expectation 9 "q z dep5d+ simply on habit1 he yet speaks ( x z an expectation #8( ! same tra9 ( objects to :i* we h be5 accu/om$4' ,^! words 9 effect imply t x is n habit1 z con/itut$ simply by ! repetition ( sep>ate sequ5ces ( feel+s1 t gov]ns ! expectation--9 :i* case1 z we h se51 ! expectation w\ld be made up ( expectations z _m & z v>i\s 9 /r5g? z h be5 ! sequ5ces & _! sev]al degrees ( regul>ity--b1 if habit 9 any s5se1 habit z itself gov]n$ by conceptions ( #8id5tity & di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce1' 9 virtue ( :i*1 z pa/ exp]i5ce is n an indef9ite s]ies ( p]i%+ impressions ( sep>ate m5 b repres5ts "o _w1 s all fre% exp]i5ce becomes "p #8( ! same tra9 ( objects2' "p ( a sy/em ( :i*1 z a :ole1 #8! *ange lies only 9 ! "t'4 #a ,if n[ we look back to ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! relation ( memory to belief we %all f9d t x is j s f> z1 )\t di/9ct av[al1 & 9 violation ( 8 pr9ciples1 he makes #8impressions ( memory' c>ry ) !m ! conception ( a real sy/em1 o!r ?an ! consci\sness ( _! own livel9ess1 t he ga9s a mean+ = belief :i* makes x 9 any respect equival5t to ! judgm5t1 bas$ on inf]5ce1 ( actual sci5ce4 #a ,p4 #dib4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,?is expla9s 8 occasional inconsi/5t ascription ( an objective "* to causation4 #cbf4 ,any "o :o has c>efully read ! *apt]s on inf]5ce & belief w h f\nd himself frequ5tly d\bt+ :e!r he has caught ! au?or's mean+ correctly4 ,a cle> l9e ( ?\ght may be trac$ ?r\gh\t1 z we h already tri$ to trace x #a--"o p]fectly consi/5t ) itself & lead+ prop]ly to ! conclusion t #8all reason+s are no?+ b ! effect ( cu/om1 & t cu/om has no influ5ce b by enliv5+ ! imag9ation' #b--;b its ev5 t5\r is di/urb$ by ! exig5cy ( %[+ t prov5 fact1 aft] turn+ out to be no m ?an enliv5$ imag9ation1 is /ill :at common s5se & physical sci5ce take x to be4 ,accord+ to ! consi/5t !ory1 ideas ( memory are ne$$ = inf]5ce to cause or effect1 simply because !y are lively4 ,su* inf]5ce is inf]5ce to a #8real exi/5ce1' t is to an #8idea ass5t$ to1' t is to a feel+ hav+ su* livel9ess z1 n be+ itself "o ( s5se or memory1 x c only d]ive f "o ( s5se or memory ?r\gh association ) x4 ,t ! inf]r$ idea is a cause or effect &1 z su*1 has #8real exi/5ce1' m]ely means t x has ?is d]iv$ livel9ess or is believ$2 j z ! reality ascrib$ to ! impression ( memory lies m]ely 9 its hav+ ?is abundant livel9ess f :i* to communicate to its #8usual att5dant4' ,b :ile ! title ( an idea to be reckon$ a cause or effect is ?us made to dep5d on its hav+ ! d]iv$ livel9ess :i* con/itutes belief1 #c on ! o!r h& we f9d ,hume f "t to "t mak+ belief dep5d on causation1 z on a relation ( objects di/9ct f ! lively sugge/ion ( "o by ! o!rs4 #8,belief arises only f causation1 & we c draw no inf]5ce f "o object to ano!r except !y be connect$ by ?is relation4' #8,! relation ( cause & effect is requisite to p]suade u ( any real exi/5ce'4 #d ,9 ! context ( ^! di/urb+ admissions we f9d a reconsid]ation ( ! doctr9e ( memory :i* expla9s !m1 b only ?r[s back on t doctr9e ! inconsi/5cy :i* !y exhibit 9 ! doctr9e ( belief4 #a ,above1 p>agraphs #bhi & ff4 #b ,p4 #dde4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xiii4 #c ,x may be z well "h to po9t out ! inconsi/5cy 9 ,hume's use ( #8belief4' ,at ! end ( sec4 #e 7,"p ,,iii47 ! t]m is ext5d$ to #8impressions ( ! s5ses & memory4' ,we are said to believe :5 #8we feel an imm$iate impression ( ! s5ses1 or a repetition ( t impression 9 ! memory4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ section ! *>act]i/ic ( belief is plac$ 9 ! d]iv$ livel9ess ( an idea z di/9ct f ! imm$iate livel9ess ( impression4 #d ,pp4 #djg #dji4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ix4 ,reality ( rememb]$ #8sy/em' transf]r$ to #8sy/em ( judgm5t'4 #cbg4 ,?is reconsid]ation arises out ( an objection to 8 doctr9e :i* ,hume anticipates1 to ! effect t s9ce1 accord+ to x1 belief is a lively idea associat$ #8to a pres5t impression1' any sugge/ion ( an idea by a resembl+ or contigu\s impression %\ld con/itute belief4 ,h[ is x !n t #8belief arises only f causation'8 ,8 answ]1 :i* mu/ be quot$ at l5g?1 is z foll[s3--#8',tis evid5t t :atev] is pres5t to ! memory1 /rik+ ^u ! m9d ) a vivacity :i* resembles an imm$iate impression1 mu/ become ( consid]able mom5t 9 all ! op]ations ( ! m9d & mu/ easily di/+ui% itself above ! m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,( ^! impressions or ideas ( ! memory we =m a k9d ( sy/em1 compreh5d+ :atev] we rememb] to h be5 pres5t ei!r to our int]nal p]ception or s5ses1 & e p>ticul> ( t sy/em1 jo9$ to ! pres5t impressions1 we are pleas$ to call a reality4 ,b ! m9d /ops n "h4 ,= f9d+ t ) ?is sy/em ( p]ceptions !re is ano!r connect$ by cu/om or1 if y w1 by ! relation ( cause & effect1 x proce$s to ! consid]ation ( _! ideas2 & z x feels t 'tis 9 a mann] necess>ily det]m9$ to view ^! p>ticul> ideas1 & t ! cu/om or relation by :i* x is det]m9$ admits n ( ! lea/ *ange1 x =ms !m into a new sy/em1 :i* x likewise dignifies ) ! title ( realities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sy/ems is ! object ( ! memory & s5ses2 ! second ( ! judgm5t4 ',tis ?is latt] pr9ciple :i* peoples ! _w1 & br+s u acqua9t$ :i* su* exi/5ces z1 by _! removal 9 "t & place1 lie beyond ! rea* ( ! s5ses & memory'4 #a #a ,p4 #djh4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ix4 ,reality ( ! =m] #8sy/em' o!r ?an vivacity ( impressions4 #cbh4 ,f ?is x appe>s t #8:at we are pleas$ to call reality' belongs1 n m]ely to a #8pres5t impression1' b to #8e p>ticul> ( a sy/em jo9$ to ! pres5t impression' & #8compreh5d+ :atev] we rememb] to h be5 pres5t ei!r to our int]nal p]ception or s5ses4' ,?is admission already am\nts to an ab&onm5t ( ! doctr9e t reality consi/s 9 livel9ess ( feel+4 ,x _c be t e p>ticul> ( ! sy/em compreh5d+ all rememb]$ facts1 :i* is jo9$ ) ! pres5t impression1 c h ! vivacity ( t impression ei!r along ) x or by successive communication4 ,we c only feel "o ?+ at a "t1 & by ! "t ! vivacity _h spread f> f ! pres5t impression along ! p>ticul>s ( ! sy/em1 x mu/ h decl9$ f t indef9ite degree :i* m>ks an impression ( s5se4 ,x is n1 !n1 ! d]ivation ( vivacity f ! pres5t impression1 to :i* x is jo9$1 t r5d]s ! #8rememb]$ sy/em' real2 & :at o!r vivacity c x be8 ,x may be said inde$ t ea* p>ticul> ( ! sy/em _h once ! requir$ vivacity1 0 once a pres5t impression2 b if 9 ceas+ to be s1 x did n cease to be real--if1 on ! contr>y1 x c\ld n become a #8p>ticul> ( ! sy/em1' c\nt$ real1 )\t becom+ o!r ?an ! #8p]i%+ exi/5ce' :i* an impression is--x is cle> t !re is a reality :i* lively feel+ does n con/itute & :i* involves ! #8fiction' ( an exi/5ce cont9u$ 9 ! abs5ce1 n only ( lively feel+1 b ( all feel+s :atsoev]4 ,s soon1 9 %ort1 z reality is ascrib$ to a sy/em1 :i* _c be an #8impression' & ( :i* consequ5tly !re _c be an #8idea1' ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,hume's speculation is ab&on$4 ,! tru? is implicitly recogniz$ t ! reality ( an individual object consi/s 9 t sy/em ( its relations :i* only exi/s = a conceiv+1 z di/9ct f a feel+1 subject1 ev5 z ! unreal has no mean+ except z a confus$ or inadequate conception ( su* relations2 & t ?us ! #8pres5t impression' is nei!r real nor unreal 9 itself1 b may be equally "o or ! o!r accord+ z ! relations1 "u :i* x is conceiv$ by ! subject ( x1 correspond to ^? by :i* x is det]m9$ = a p]fect intellig5ce4 #a #a ,see above1 p>agraphs #ahd #ahc4 ,x is con/itut$ by relations1 :i* are n impressions at all2 & 9 ?is lies explanation ( ! inf]5ce f x to #8sy/em ( judgm5t'4 #cbi4 ,a cle> recognition ( ?is tru? c alone expla9 ! nature ( belief z a result ( inf]5ce f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 :i* is1 at ! same "t1 inf]5ce to a matt] ( fact4 ,! popul> notion1 ( c\rse1 is t c]ta9 facts are giv5 by feel+ )\t inf]5ce & !n o!r facts inf]r$ f !m4 ,b :at is #8fact' tak5 to mean8 ,if a feel+1 !n an inf]r$ fact is a contradiction1 = x is an unfelt feel+4 ,if 7z %\ld be ! case7 x is tak5 to mean ! relation ( a feel+ to some?+1 !n x already involves inf]5ce--! int]pretation ( ! feel+ by means ( ! conception ( a univ]sal1 self or _w1 br\ght to x--an inf]5ce :i* is all inf]5ce 9 posse1 = x implies t a univ]se ( relations is !re1 :i* ,i mu/ "k if ,i w\ld "k ! full reality ( ! individual object3 s t no fact c be ev5 p>tially kn[n )\t compell+ an inf]5ce to ! unkn[n1 nor c !re be any inf]5ce to ! unkn[n )\t modification ( :at already purports to be kn[n4 ,hume1 try+ to c>ry out ! equival5ce ( fact & feel+1 & hav+ cle>] sight ?an 8 ma/]s1 f9ds himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is difficulty ab\t inf]5ce4 ,unless ! inf]r$ object is o!r ?an "o ( s5se 7out] or inn]7 or ( memory1 !re is no reason+1 b only p]ception2 #a b if x is o!r1 h[ c x be real or ev5 an object ( consci\sness at all1 s9ce consci\sness is only ( impressions1 /rong] or fa9t]8 ,! only consi/5t way out ( ! difficulty1 z we h se51 is to expla9 inf]5ce z ! expectation ( ! recurr5ce ( a feel+ felt be=e1 ?r\gh :i* ! unkn[n becomes kn[n m]ely 9 ! s5se t f ! repetition ( ! recurr5ce ! expectation has come to am\nt to ! fulle/ assurance4 ,b accord+ to ?is explanation ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! inf]5ces ( ! savage & ^? ( ! man ( sci5ce w lie1 n 9 ! objects inf]r$1 b 9 ! /r5g? ( ! expectation t con/itutes ! inf]5ce4 ,mean:ile1 if a semblance ( explanation has be5 giv5 = ! inf]5ce f cause to effect1 t f effect to cause rema9s q 9 ! d>k4 ,h[ c !re be inf]5ce f a giv5 feel+ to t felt imm$iately be=e x8 #a ,pp4 #cgf #chh4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 secs4 ,,ii4 & ,,vi4 ,n see+ ?is1 ,hume has to expla9 inf]5ce to latt] sy/em z some?+ =c$ ^u u by habit4 #ccj4 ,f ! av[al ( su* p>adoxical results1 ,hume only sav$ himself by rev]t+1 z 9 ! passage be=e u1 to ! popul> view--to ! di/9ction betwe5 two #8sy/ems ( reality1' "o p]ceiv$1 ! o!r inf]r$2 "o #8! object ( ! s5ses & memory1' ! o!r #8( ! judgm5t4' ,he sees t if ! educat$ man eras$ f 8 k ^u u by ( ! _w all #8facts' b ^? = :i* he has #8! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses & memory1' 8 _w w\ld be unpeopl$2 b he has n ! key to ! true id5tity betwe5 ! two sy/ems4 ,n recogniz+ ! inf]5ce already involv$ 9 a fact ( s5se or memory1 he does n see t x is only a fur!r articulation ( ?is inf]5ce :i* gives ! fact ( judgm5t2 t z ! simple/ fact = :i* we h ! #8evid5ce ( s5se' is already n a feel+ b an explanation ( a feel+1 :i* connects x by relations1 t are n feel+s1 ) an unfelt univ]se1 s inf]r$ causes & effects are explanations ( ^! explanations1 by :i* !y are connect$ z mutually det]m9ant 9 ! "o _w ^: pres5ce ! simple/ fact1 ! mo/ prim>y explanation ( feel+1 supposes no less ?an ! mo/ complete4 ,n see+ ?is1 :at is he to make ( ! sy/em ( m]ely inf]r$ realities8 ,he w repres5t ! relation ( cause & effect1 :i* connects x ) ! #8sy/em ( memory1' z a habit d]iv$ f ! con/ant de facto sequ5ce ( ?is or t #8inf]r$' ^u ?is or t rememb]$ idea4 ,! m9d1 #8feel+' ! un*angeabl5ess ( ?is habit1 reg>ds ! idea1 :i* 9 virtue ( x foll[s ^u ! impression ( memory1 z equally real ) t impression4 ,9 ?is he f9ds an answ] to ! two que/ions :i* he himself raises3 7a7 #8,:y is x t we draw no inf]5ce f "o object to ano!r1 except !y be connect$ by ! relation ( cause & effect2' or 7:i* is ! same1 s9ce inf]5ce to an object implies ! ascription ( reality to x71 #8,:y is ?is relation requisite to p]suade u ( any real exi/5ce8' & 7b71 #8,h[ is x t ! relations ( resemblance & contiguity h n ! same effect8' ,! answ] to ! fir/ is1 t we d n ascribe reality to an idea recall$ by an impression1 unless we f9d t1 ow+ to its cu/om>y sequ5ce ^u ! impression1 we _c help pass+ f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! answ] to ! second corresponds4 ,! contiguity ( an idea to an impression1 if x has be5 repeat$ (t5 en\gh & )\t any #8arbitr>y' action on our "p1 is ! relation ( cause & effect1 & ?us does #8p]suade u ( real exi/5ce4' ,a #8feign$' contiguity1 on ! o!r h&1 because we are consci\s t x is #8( our m]e good-w & pleasure' t we give ! idea t relation to ! impression1 c produce no belief4 #8,!re is no reason :y1 ^u ! return ( ! same impression1 we %\ld be det]m9$ to place ! same object 9 ! same relation to x'4 #a ,9 l mann] we mu/ suppose 7?\gh ?is is n s cle>ly /at$7 t :5 an impression--su* z ! sight ( a picture--calls up a resembl+ idea 7t ( ! man depict$7 ) mu* vivacity1 x does n #8p]suade u ( 8 real exi/5ce' because we are consci\s t x is by ! #8m]e good-w & pleasure' ( "s "o t ! lik5ess has be5 produc$4 #a ,p4 #dji4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ix4 ,b if s1 #8sy/em ( judgm5t' mu/ consi/ ( feel+s con/antly exp]i5c$2 #cca4 ,n[ ?is acc\nt has ! fault ( be+ inconsi/5t ) ,hume's prim>y doctr9e1 inasmu* z x makes ! real an object ( ?\ght 9 di/9ction f feel+1 )\t ! m]it ( expla9+ ! ext5sion ( k beyond ! objects ( s5se & memory4 ,x turns ^u a conception ( ! real1 z ! un*angeable1 :i* ! succession ( feel+s1 9 endless v>iety1 nei!r is nor c\ld sugge/4 ,x implies t n 9 !mselves1 b z repres5t+ su* an un*angeable1 are ! feel+s :i* #8return on u :e!r we w or no1' reg>d$ z real4 ,! peculi> sequ5ce ( "o idea on ano!r1 :i* is suppos$ to con/itute ! relation ( cause & effect1 is n1 accord+ to ?is description ( x1 a sequ5ce ( feel+s simply2 x is a sequ5ce reflect$ on1 f\nd to be un*angeable1 & ?us to entitle ! sequ5t idea to ! pr]ogative ( reality previ\sly aw>d$ 7b only by ! admission z real ( ! #8fiction' ( di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce7 to ! sy/em ( memory4 ,b :ile ! id5tification ( ! real ) feel+ is ?us 9 effect ab&on$1 9 sav+ ! appe>ance ( reta9+ x1 ,hume makes 8 explanation ( ! #8sy/em ( judgm5t' futile = its purpose4 ,he saves ! appe>ance by intimat+ t ! relation ( cause & effect1 by :i* ! inf]r$ idea is connect$ ) ! idea ( memory & d]ives reality f x1 is only ! repeat$ sequ5ce ( ! "o idea ^u ! o!r1 ( ! less lively feel+s ^u ! m lively1 or a habit t results f su* repetition4 ,b if ! sequ5ce ( ! inf]r$ idea ^u ! o!r mu/ h be5 s (t5 repeat$ 9 ord] to ! exi/5ce ( ! relation :i* r5d]s ! inf]5ce possible1 ! inf]r$ idea c be no new "o1 b mu/ itself be an idea ( memory1 & ! "q1 h[ any "o's k comes to ext5d beyond ! range ( 8 memory1 rema9s unansw]$4 444 :i* only diff] f rememb]$ feel+s inasmu* z _! livel9ess has fad$4 ,b h[ c x h fad$1 if !y h be5 con/antly repeat$8 #ccb4 ,:at ,hume himself seems to mean u to und]/& is1 t ! inf]r$ idea is "o ( imag9ation1 z di/9ct f memory2 & t ! *>act]i/ic ( ! relation ( cause & effect is t ?r\gh x ideas ( imag9ation acquire ! reality t w\ld o!rwise be conf9$ to impressions ( s5se & memory4 ,b1 accord+ to him1 ideas ( imag9ation only diff] f ^? ( memory 9 respect ( _! less livel9ess1 & ( ! fre$om ) :i* we c comb9e ideas 9 imag9ation t h n be5 giv5 toge!r z impressions4 #a ,n[ ! latt] diff]5ce is 9 ?is case out ( ! "q4 ,a comp\nd idea ( imag9ation1 9 :i* simple ideas are put toge!r t h nev] be5 felt toge!r1 c cle>ly nev] be connect$ ) an impression ( s5se or memory by a relation d]iv$ f con/ant exp]i5ce ( ! sequ5ce ( "o ^u ! o!r1 & specially oppos$ to ! creations ( #8caprice'4 #b ,we are left1 !n1 to ! supposition t ! inf]r$ idea1 z idea ( imag9ation1 is "o orig9ally giv5 z an impression ( s5se1 b ( :i* ! livel9ess has fad$ & requires to be reviv$ by association 9 ! way ( cause & effect ) "o t has reta9$ ! livel9ess prop] to an idea ( memory4 ,!n ! "q recurs1 h[ ! re/oration ( its livel9ess by association ) an impression1 on :i* x mu/ h be5 con/antly sequ5t 9 ord] t ! association may be possible1 is compatible ) ! fact t its livel9ess has fad$4 ,& h[ev] ?is "q may be dealt )1 if ! relation ( cause & effect is m]ely cu/om1 ! ext5sion ( k by means ( x rema9s unacc\nt$ =2 ! brea* betwe5 ! expectation ( ! recurr5ce ( famili> feel+s & inductive sci5ce rema9s unfill$2 ,locke's #8suspicion' t #8a sci5ce ( nature is impossible1' in/ead ( be+ ov]come1 is elaborat$ into a sy/em4 #a ,"p ,i41 sec4 #c2 cf4 note on p4 #daf ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ix44 #b ,p4 #dji4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ix4 ,inf]5ce !n c give no new k4 #ccc4 ,?us inf]5ce1 accord+ to ,hume's acc\nt ( x z orig9at+ 9 habit1 suff]s f a weakness q z fatal z t :i* he supposes to atta* to x if acc\nt$ = z ! "w ( reason4 #8,! "w ( reason' to a foll[] ( ,locke meant ei!r ! m$iate p]ception ( lik5ess betwe5 ideas1 :i* ! discov]y ( cause or effect _c be2 or else syllogism1 ( :i* ,locke _h %[n once = all t x c\ld yield no #8in/ructive propositions4' ,b if an idea arriv$ at by t process c\ld be nei!r new nor real--n new1 because we mu/ h be5 famili> ) x be=e we put x into ! comp\nd idea f :i* we #8d$uce' x2 n real1 because x has n ! livel9ess ei!r ( s5sation or ( memory--! idea inf]r$ accord+ to ,hume's process1 h[ev] real ) ! reality ( livel9ess1 is c]ta9ly n new4 #8,if ?is means' 7! mod]n logician may p]haps reply71 #8t accord+ to ,hume no new ph5om5on c be giv5 by inf]5ce1 he 0 q "r 9 ?9k+ s4 ,if ! object ( inf]5ce 7 a sep>ate ph5om5on1 x w\ld be q true t x mu/ h be5 repeat$ly p]ceiv$ be=e x c\ld be inf]r$1 & t ?us inf]5ce w\ld be nugatory4 ,b inf]5ce is 9 fact n to su* an object1 b to a uni=m relation ( c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 ! way ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce2 & :at ,hume may be presum$ to mean is n t e su* relation mu/ h be5 p]ceiv$ be=e x c be inf]r$1 mu* less t x mu/ h be5 p]ceiv$ s con/antly t an appe>ance ( ! "o ph5om5on causes in/9ctive expectation ( ! o!r1 b 7a7 t ! ph5om5a !mselves mu/ h be5 giv5 by imm$iate p]ception1 & 7b7 t ! conception ( a law ( causation1 9 virtue ( :i* a uni=mity ( relation betwe5 !m is inf]r$ f a s+le in/ance ( x1 is itself ! result ( an 8inductio p] enum]ationem simplicem10 ( ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( g5]ations t ! same sequ5ts foll[ ! same antec$5ts4' ,nor does ?is m]ely mean t x _c con/itute new ph5om5a1 :ile x c prove relations1 previ\sly unkn[n1 betwe5 ph5om5a4 ,su* a di/9ction inadmissible ) ,hume4 #ccd4 ,at ! po9t :i* our discussion has rea*$1 few words %\ld be want$ to %[ t ?us to int]pret ,hume is to read into him an ess5tially ali5 !ory1 :i* has d\btless gr[n out ( 81 b only by a process ( adaptation :i* x ne$s a pr9ciple ! opposite ( 8 to ju/ify4 ,hume1 accord+ to 8 own pr(ession1 kn[s ( no objects b impressions & ideas--feel+s /rong] or m fa9t--( no reality :i* x ne$s ?\ght1 z di/9ct f feel+1 to con/itute4 ,b a uni=m relation betwe5 ph5om5a is nei!r impression nor idea1 & c only exi/ = ?\ght4 ,he c\ld n !re=e admit inf]5ce to su* relation z to a real exi/5ce1 )\t a d\ble contradiction1 nor does he ev] explicitly d s4 ,he nev] all[s t inf]5ce is o!r ?an a transition to a c]ta9 sort ( feel+1 or t x is o!r ?an ! "w ( imag9ation1 ! weak5$ s5se1 z enliv5$ by cu/om to a degree t puts x almo/ on a level ) s5se2 :i* implies t 9 e case ( inf]5ce ! inf]r$ object is n a uni=m relation--= h[ c !re be an image ( uni=m relation8--& t x is some?+ :i* has be5 repeat$ly & )\t exception p]ceiv$ to foll[ ano!r be=e x c be inf]r$4 ,ev5 :5 9 violation ( 8 pr9ciple he has admitt$ a #8sy/em ( memory'--a sy/em ( ?+s :i* h be5 felt1 b :i* are n feel+s1 /rong] or fa9t]1 & :i* are :at !y are only ?r\gh relation--he /ill 9 effect1 z we h se51 makes ! #8sy/em ( judgm5t1' :i* he speaks ( z inf]r$ f x1 only ! d\ble ( x4 ,to suppose t1 on ! /r5g? ( a g5]al inf]5ce1 itself ! result ( habit1 9 reg>d to ! uni=mity ( nature1 p>ticul> inf]5ces may be made :i* %all be o!r ?an repetitions ( a sequ5ce already habitually repeat$1 is1 if !re c be degrees ( contradiction1 ev5 m incompatible ) ,hume's pr9ciples ?an to suppose su* inf]5ces )\t x4 ,if a uni=mity ( relation betwe5 p>ticul> ph5om5a is nei!r impression nor idea1 ev5 less s is ! sy/em ( all relations4 ,8 di/9ction ( probability ( causes f t ( *ances might seem to imply conception ( nature1 z det]m9+ inf]5ce4 #cce4 ,!re is language1 h[ev]1 9 ! *apt]s on #8,probability ( ,*ances & ( ,causes1' :i* at fir/ sight might seem to w>rant ! ascription ( su* a supposition to ,hume4 ,accord+ to ! di/9ction :i* he inh]it$ f ,locke all inf]5ce to or f causes or effects1 s9ce x does n consi/ 9 any comp>ison ( ! relat$ ideas1 %\ld be m]ely probable4 ,& z su* he (t5 speaks ( x4 ,8 orig9ality lies 9 8 ef=t to expla9 :at ,locke _h nam$2 9 8 treat+ t #8some?+ n jo9$ on bo? sides to1 & s n %[+ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t (1 ! ideas "u consid]ation' :i* yet #8makes me believe'1 #a def9itely z ,habit4 ,b #89 common disc\rse1' z he rem>ks1 #8we readily affirm t _m argum5ts f causation exce$ probability'2 #b ! explanation be+ t 9 ^! cases ! habit :i* det]m9es ! transition f impression to idea is #8full & p]fect4' ,!re has be5 en\gh pa/ exp]i5ce ( ! imm$iate sequ5ce ( ! "o #8p]ception' on ! o!r to =m ! habit1 & !re has be5 no exception to x4 ,9 ^! cases ! #8assurance1' ?\gh di/9ct f k1 may be fitly /yl$ #8pro(1' ! t]m #8probability' be+ conf9$ to ^? 9 :i* ! assurance is n complete4 ,hume ?us comes to use #8probability' z equival5t to incomplet5ess ( assurance1 & 9 ?is s5se speaks ( x z #8d]iv$ ei!r f imp]fect exp]i5ce1 or f contr>y causes1 or f analogy'4 #c ,x is d]iv$ f analogy :5 ! pres5t impression1 :i* is ne$$ to give vivacity to ! #8relat$ idea1' is n p]fectly l ! impressions ) :i* ! idea has be5 previ\sly f\nd unit$2 #8f contr>y causes1' :5 !re h be5 exceptions to ! imm$iate sequ5ce or antec$5ce ( ! "o p]ception to ! o!r2 #8f imp]fect exp]i5ce' :51 ?\gh !re h be5 no exceptions1 !re has n be5 en\gh exp]i5ce ( ! sequ5ce to =m a #8full & p]fect habit ( transition4' ,( ?is la/ #8species ( probability1' ,hume says t x is a k9d :i*1 #8?\gh x naturally takes place be=e any entire pro( c exi/1 yet no "o :o is arriv$ at ! age ( maturity c any long] be acqua9t$ )4 ',tis true1 no?+ is m common ?an = p ( ! mo/ advanc$ k to h atta9$ only an imp]fect exp]i5ce ( _m p>ticul> ev5ts2 :i* naturally produces only an imp]fect habit & transition2 b !n we mu/ consid] t ! m9d1 hav+ =m$ ano!r obs]vation conc]n+ ! connexion ( causes & effects1 gives new =ce to its reason+ f t obs]vation2 & by means ( x c build an argum5t on "o s+le exp]im5t1 :5 duly prep>$ & exam9$4 ,:at we h f\nd once to foll[ f any object we conclude w = ev] foll[ f x2 & if ?is maxim be n always built ^u z c]ta91 'tis n = want ( a suffici5t numb] ( exp]im5ts1 b because we frequ5tly meet ) in/ances to ! contr>y'--:i* give rise to ! o!r sort ( weak5$ assurance or probability1 t f #8contr>y causes'4 #d #a ,locke1 #d1 #ae1 #c4 #b ,p4 #dbc4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xi4 #c ,p4 #dci4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xiii4 #d ,pp4 #dbi #dcj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xii4 ,b ?is di/9ction he only pr(esses to adopt 9 ord] to expla9 x away4 #ccf4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean+ :i* ! above passage conveys :5 read 9 ! light ( ! accept$ logic ( sci5ce1 & t :i* x conveys :5 int]pret$ consi/5tly ) ! !ory 9 ! /atem5t ( :i* x occurs4 ,:e!r ,hume1 9 writ+ z he does ( t conclusion f a s+le exp]im5t1 :i* our obs]vation conc]n+ ! connexion ( cause & effect enables u to draw1 und]/ood himself to be express+ 8 own !ory or m]ely us+ ! receiv$ language provisionally1 "o _c be sure2 b x is c]ta9 t su* language c only be ju/ifi$ by ^? #8maxims ( philosoph]s' :i* x is ! purpose or effect ( 8 doctr9e to expla9 away--9 p>ticul> ! maxims t #8! connexion betwe5 all causes & effects is equally necess>y & t its seem+ unc]ta9ty 9 "s in/ances proce$s f ! secret opposition ( contr>y causes2' & t #8:at ! vulg> call *ance is b a conceal$ cause'4 #a ,^! maxims repres5t ! notion t ! law ( causation is objective & univ]sal2 t all seem+ limitations to x1 all #8probable & cont+5t matt]1' are ! reflections ( our ignorance1 & exi/ m]ely ex p>te no/r4 ,9 o!r words1 !y repres5t ! notion ( t #8cont9u$ exi/5ce di/9ct f our p]ceptions1' :i* ) ,hume is a phrase g5]at$ by #8prop5sities to feign4' ,yet he does n pr(ess to reject !m2 nay1 he h&les !m z if !y 7 8 own1 b aft] a v little ( 8 manipulation !y are s #8translat$' t !y w\ld n "k !mselves4 ,because philosoph]s #8all[ t :at ! vulg> call *ance is no?+ b a conceal$ cause1' #8probability ( causes' & #8probability ( *ances' may be tak5 z equival5t4 ,b *ance1 z #8m]ely negation ( a cause1' has be5 previ\sly expla9$1 on ! supposition t causation means a #8p]fect habit ( imag9ation1' to be ! abs5ce ( su* habit--! /ate 9 :i* imag9ation is p]fectly indiff]5t 9 reg>d to ! transition f a giv5 impression to an idea1 because ! transition has n be5 repeat$ (t5 en\gh to =m ev5 ! beg9n+ ( a habit4 ,su* be+ m]e *ance1 #8probability ( *ances' means a /ate ( imag9ation betwe5 ! p]fect indiff]5ce & t p]fect habit ( transition1 :i* is #8necess>y connexion4' #8,probability ( causes' is ! same ?+4 ,its /r5g? or weakness dep5ds simply on ! proportion betwe5 ! numb] ( exp]im5ts 7#8ea* exp]im5t be+ a k9d ( *ance'7 9 :i* ,a has be5 f\nd to imm$iately foll[ ,b1 & ! numb] ( ^? 9 :i* x has n4 #b ,m]e *ance1 probability1 & causation !n are equally /ates ( imag9ation4 ,! #8equal necessity ( ! connexion betwe5 all causes & effects' means n t any #8law ( causation p]vades ! univ]se1' b t1 unless ! habit ( transition betwe5 any feel+s is #8full & p]fect1' we d n speak ( ^! feel+s z relat$ 9 ! way ( cause & effect4 #a ,pp4 #dbi #dcj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,xii4 #b ,pp4 #dbd-dbh1 #dcb-dcd4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 secs4 ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 ,laws ( nature are unqualifi$ habits ( expectation4 #ccg4 ,int]pret$ consi/5tly ) ?is doctr9e1 ! passage quot$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph b "o c only mean t1 :5 a man has arriv$ at maturity1 8 exp]i5ce ( ! sequ5ce ( feel+s _c fail 9 quantity4 ,he mu/ h _h exp]i5ce en\gh to =m n only a p]fect habit ( transition f any impression to ! idea ( its usual att5dant1 b a habit :i* w\ld act ^u u ev5 9 ! case ( novel ev5ts1 & lead u aft] a s+le exp]im5t or a sequ5ce confid5tly to expect its recurr5ce1 if only ! exp]i5ce _h be5 uni=m4 ,x is because x has n be5 s1 t 9 _m cases ! habit ( transition is /ill imp]fect1 & ! sequ5ce ( ,a on ,b n #8prov51' b #8probable4' ,! probability !n :i* affects ! imag9ation ( ! matur$ man is ( ! sort t arises f #8contr>y causes1' z di/9ct f #8imp]fect exp]i5ce4' ,?is is all t ! passage 9 "q c fairly mean4 ,su* #8probability' _c become #8pro(1' or ! #8imp]fect habit1' p]fect1 by discov]y ( any necess>y connexion or law ( causation1 = ! p]fect habit ( transition1 ! imag9ation enliv5$ to ! maximum by cu/om1 is ! law ( causation4 ,! =mation ( ! habit con/itutes ! law3 to discov] x w\ld be to discov] :at does n yet exi/4 ,! incomplet5ess ( ! habit 9 c]ta9 directions1 ! limitation ( our assurance to c]ta9 sequ5ces z di/9ct f o!rs1 mu/ be equally a limitation to ! univ]sality ( ! law4 ,x is impossible !n t on ! fai? ( ! univ]sality ( ! law we %\ld seek to ext5d ! range ( t assurance :i* is id5tical ) x4 ,our #8obs]vation conc]n+ ! connexion ( causes & effects' m]ely means ! sum ( our assur$ expectations1 f\nd$ on habit1 at any giv5 "t1 & t on ! /r5g? ( ?is we %\ld #8prep>e an exp]im5t1' ) a view to assur+ ourselves ( a univ]sal sequ5ce f a s+le in/ance1 is z unacc\ntable z t1 giv5 ! in/ance1 ! assurance %\ld foll[4 ,exp]i5ce1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt ( x1 _c be a p>5t ( k4 #cch4 ,! case !n /&s ?us4 ,9 ord] to make ! requir$ di/9ction betwe5 inf]5ce to real exi/5ce & ! lively sugge/ion ( an idea1 ,hume has to graft on 8 !ory ! ali5 notion ( an objective sy/em1 an ord] ( nature1 repres5t$ by ideas ( memory1 & on ! /r5g? ( su* a notion to int]pret a transition f ^! ideas to o!rs1 because we _c help mak+ x1 z an objective necessity4 ,( su* ali5 notion & int]pretation he avails himself 9 8 def9ition 7und]/ood z he means x to be und]/ood7 ( cause z a #8natural relation'4 #a ,b he _h n ! boldness ( 8 lat] disciples4 ,?\gh he c\ld be inconsi/5t s f>1 he c\ld n be inconsi/5t f> en\gh to make 8 !ory ( inf]5ce fit ! practice ( natural philosoph]s4 ,b\nd by 8 doctr9e ( ideas z copi$ f impressions1 he c give no acc\nt ( inf]r$ ideas t %all expla9 ! ext5sion ( k beyond ! expectation t we %all feel aga9 :at we h felt already4 ,x 0 n till ano!r !ory ( exp]i5ce 0 =?com+ ?an t giv5 by ! philosoph]s :o 7 mo/ fond ( decl>+ _! devotion to x1 t ! proc$ure ( sci5ce c\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,! old philosophy1 we are (t5 truly told1 _h be5 b>r5 = want ( contact ) fact4 ,x s\ght tru? by a process :i* really consi/$ 9 evolv+ ! #8connotation' ( g5]al names4 ,! new bir? came :5 ! m9d _h le>nt to leave ! idols ( ! tribe & cave1 & to cleave solely to exp]i5ce4 ,if ! old philosophy1 h[ev]1 0 sup]s$$ by sci5ce1 sci5ce itself requir$ a new philosophy to answ] ! "q4 ,:at con/itutes exp]i5ce8 ,x 0 9 effect to answ] ?is "q t ,locke & ,hume wrote1 & x is ! condemnation ( _! doctr9e t1 accord+ to x1 exp]i5ce is n a possible p>5t ( sci5ce4 ,x is n ^?1 we "k1 :o cry #8,"l1 ,"l6' ! l\de/1 t ent] into ! k+dom ( heav51 nor does ! /ronge/ ass]tion ( our dep5d5ce on exp]i5ce imply a true insight into its nature4 ,hume has f\nd acceptance ) m5 ( sci5ce z ! great expon5t ( ! doctr9e t !re c be no new k )\t new exp]i5ce4 ,x has n be5 notic$ t ) him su* #8new exp]i5ce' c\ld only mean a fur!r repetition ( famili> feel+s1 & t if x means m to 8 foll[]s1 x is only because !y h be5 less fai?ful ?an he 0 to t anti!sis betwe5 ?\ght & reality :i* !y are n less l\d 9 ass]t+4 #a ,see above1 p>agraph #cag4 ,8 attitude t[>ds doctr9e ( ?9k+ sub/ance4 #cci4 ,f ! po9t t our enquiry has rea*$1 we c anticipate ! l9e :i* ,hume c\ld n b take 9 reg>d to ,self & ,god4 ,8 scepticism lay ready to 8 h& 9 ! incompatibility betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ,locke & t doctr9e ( #8?9k+ sub/ance1' :i* ,locke & ,b]keley alike ma9ta9$4 ,if ! read] w rev]t to ! previ\s "p ( ?is introduction1 9 :i* t doctr9e 0 discuss$1 #a he w f9d x equally a comm5t>y ^u ^? sections ( ! #8,treatise on ,human ,nature' :i* deal ) #8immat]iality ( ! s\l' & #8p]sonal id5tity4' ,sub/ance1 we saw1 alike z #8ext5d$' & z #8?9k+1' 0 a #8creation ( ! m9d1' yet real2 some?+ ( :i* !re 0 an #8idea1' b ( :i* no?+ c\ld be said b t x 0 n an #8idea4' ,! #8?9k+' sub/ance1 moreov]1 0 at a special disadvantage 9 contra/ ) ! #8ext5d$1' because1 9 ! fir/ place1 x c\ld n1 l body1 be repres5t$ z giv5 to consci\sness 9 ! feel+ ( solidity1 & secondly x 0 n want$4 ,x 0 a m]e d\ble ( ! ext5d$ sub/ance to :i*1 z ! #8some?+ :]e9 !y d subsi/ & f :i* !y d result' our ideas _h already be5 ref]r$4 ,hav+ no conception1 !n1 ( ,_s or ,self be=e him b t ( ! ?9k+ sub/ance1 ( :i* ,b]keley _h confess$ t x 0 n a possible idea or object ( an idea1 ,hume _h only to apply ! me?od1 by :i* ,b]keley himself _h dispos$ ( ext5d$ sub/ance1 to get rid ( ,_s likewise4 ,?is c\ld be done 9 a s5t5ce1 #b b hav+ done x1 ,hume is at fur!r pa9s to %[ t immat]iality1 simplicity1 & id5tity _c be ascrib$ to ! s\l2 z if !re 7 a s\l left to :i* any?+ c\ld be ascrib$4 #a ,above1 p>agraphs #abg-ace1 #add-adf1 #aib4 #b ,p4 #eag4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,v4 ,z to ,immat]iality ( ! ,s\l1 he plays (f ,locke & ,b]keley aga9/ ea* o!r1 & proves ,b]keley a ,sp9ozi/4 #cdj4 ,!re 7 two ways ( conceiv+ ! s\l z immat]ial1 ( :i* ,hume 0 cognizant4 ,"o1 curr5t among ! !ologians & ord9>y ,c>tesians & adopt$ by ,locke1 di/+ui%+ ext5sion & ?\ght z sev]ally divisible & indivisible1 suppos$ sep>ate sub/ances--matt] & ! s\l--to :i* ^! attributes1 incapable ( #8local conjunction1' sev]ally belong$4 ,! o!r1 ,b]keley's1 hav+ o/5sibly r$uc$ ext5d$ matt] to a succession ( feel+s1 took ! exclusion ( all #8matt]' to :i* ?\ght c\ld be #8jo9$' z a pro( t ! s\l 0 immat]ial4 ,hume1 ) cool +5uity1 turns ea* doctr9e to acc\nt aga9/ ! o!r4 ,f ,b]keley he accepts ! r$uction ( s5sible ?+s to s5sations4 ,our feel+s d n repres5t ext5d$ objects o!r ?an !mselves2 b we _c admit ?is )\t ackn[l$g+ ! consequ5ce1 z ,b]keley himself implicitly did1 #a t c]ta9 ( our impressions--^? ( sight & t\*--are !mselves ext5d$4 ,:at !n becomes ( ! doctr9e1 t ! s\l mu/ be immat]ial because ?\ght is n ext5d$1 & _c be jo9$ to :at is s8 ,?\ght means ! succession ( impressions4 ,( ^! "s1 ?\gh ! small] numb]1 are actually ext5d$2 & ^? t are n s are unit$ to ^? t are by ! #8natural relations' ( resemblance & ( contiguity 9 "t ( appe>ance1 & by ! consequ5t relation ( cause & effect4 #b ,! relation ( local conjunction1 x is true1 c only obta9 betwe5 impressions :i* are alike ext5d$4 ,! ascription ( x to su* z are unext5d$ arises f ! #8prop5sity 9 human nature1 :5 objects are unit$ by any relation1 to add "s new relation 9 ord] to complete ! union'4 #c ,?is admission1 h[ev]1 c yield no triumph to ^? :o hold t ?\ght c only be jo9$ to a #8simple & indivisible sub/ance4' ,if ! exi/5ce ( unext5d$ impressions requires ! supposition ( a ?9k+ sub/ance #8simple & indivisible1' ! exi/5ce ( ext5d$ ones mu/ equally imply a ?9k+ sub/ance t has all ! prop]ties ( ext5d$ objects4 ,if x is absurd to suppose t p]ceptions :i* are unext5d$ c belong to a sub/ance :i* is ext5d$1 x is equally absurd to suppose t p]ceptions :i* are ext5d$ c belong to a sub/ance t is n s4 ,?us ,b]keley's criticism has inde$ prevail$ aga9/ ! vulg> notion ( a mat]ial sub/ance z oppos$ to a ?9k+ "o1 b mean:ile he is himself #8hoi/ ) 8 own pet>d4' ,if t ?9k+ sub/ance1 ! survival ( :i* 0 ! condition ( 8 !ory s]v+ its !ological purpose1 #d is to survive at all1 x c only be z equival5t to ,sp9oza's sub/ance1 9 :i* #8bo? matt] & ?\ght 7 suppos$ to inh]e4' ,! univ]se ( our exp]i5ce--#8! sun1 moon1 & />s2 ! e>?1 seas1 plants1 animals1 m51 %ips1 h\ses1 & o!r productions1 ei!r ( art or nature'--is ! same univ]se :5 x is call$ #8! univ]se ( objects or ( body1' & :5 x is call$ #8! univ]se ( ?\ght1 or ( impressions & ideas2' b to hold1 accord+ to ,sp9oza's #8hide\s hypo!sis1' t #8! univ]se ( objects or ( body' inh]es 9 "o simple uncomp\nd$ sub/ance1 is to r\se #8a hundr$ voices ( scorn & dete/ation2' :ile ! same hypo!sis 9 reg>d to ! #8univ]se ( impressions & ideas' is treat$ #8) applause & v5]ation4' ,x 0 to save ,god & ,immortality t ! #8great philosoph]1' :o _h f\nd ! true way out ( ! s*ola/ic absurdity ( ab/ract ideas1 #e _h yet clung to ! #8un9telligible *ima]a' ( ?9k+ sub/ance2 & aft] all1 9 do+ s1 he fell into a #8true a!ism1' indi/+ui%able f t :i* _h r5d]$ ! unbeliev+ ,jew #8s univ]sally infam\s'4 #f #a ,see above1 p>4 #agg4 #b ,pp4 #ebj-eba4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,v4 #c ,p4 #eba4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,v4 #d ,see page #cbe4 ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,vii4 #e ,see above1 p>agraphs #aia & foll4 #f ,pp4 #ebc-ebf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,v4 ,causality ( _s treat$ 9 ! same way4 #cda4 ,! supposition ( spiritual sub/ance be+ ?us at once absurd1 & ( a t5d5cy ! v opposite ( ! purpose x 0 meant to s]ve1 c any?+ bett] be said = ! supposition ( a spiritual cause8 ,x 0 to ! repres5tation ( _s z cause r ?an z sub/ance1 x w be rememb]$1 t bo? ,locke & ,b]keley tru/$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,!ism :i* %\ld n be ,pan!ism4 #a ,locke1 9 8 demon/ration ( ! be+ ( ,god1 tru/$ = pro( ( a fir/ cause to ! inf]5ce f t :i* beg9s to exi/ to some?+ hav+ p[] to produce x1 & to ! pr9ciple ( necess>y connexion--connexion 9 ! way ( agreem5t ( ideas--betwe5 cause & effect = pro( t ?is fir/ cause mu/ be immat]ial1 ev5 z its effect1 viz4 our ?\ght1 is4 ,hume's doctr9e ( causation1 ( c\rse1 r5d]s bo? sides ( ! demon/ration unmean+4 ,inf]5ce be+ only ! sugge/ion by a feel+ ( ! image ( its #8usual att5dant1' !re c be no inf]5ce to t :i* is n a possible image ( an impression4 ,nor1 s9ce causation m]ely means ! con/ant conjunction ( impressions1 & !re is no su* contr>iety betwe5 ! impression we call #8motion ( matt]' & t we call #8?\ght1' anymore ?an betwe5 any o!r impressions1 #b z is incompatible ) _! con/ant conjunction1 is !re any reason :y we %\ld set aside ! h\rly exp]i5ce1 :i* tells u t bodily motions are ! cause ( ?\ghts & s5tim5ts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re 7 t necess>y connexion betwe5 effect & cause1 by :i* ,locke s\ght to %[ ! spirituality ( ! fir/ cause1 x w\ld really g to %[ j ! rev]se ( inf9ite p[] 9 su* cause4 ,x is f our impressions & ideas t we are suppos$ to inf] ?is cause2 b 9 ^!--z ,b]keley _h %[n1 & %[n z 8 way ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god--!re is no efficacy :atev]4 ,!y are #8in]t4' ,if !n ! cause mu/ agree ) ! effect1 ! ,supreme ,be+1 z ! cause ( our impressions & ideas1 mu/ be #8in]t' likewise4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ,b]keley we cl+ to ! notion t !re mu/ be effici5t p[] some:]e1 & hav+ exclud$ x f ! relation ( ideas to ea* o!r or ( matt] to ideas1 f9d x 9 ! direct relation ( ,god to ideas1 we fall #8into ! grosse/ impieties2' = x w foll[ t ,god #8is ! au?or ( all our volitions & impressions4' #c #a ,see above1 #adg1 #aga1 #aic4 #b ,!re is no contr>iety1 accord+ to ,hume1 except betwe5 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce 7p4 #cbc7 ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,v4 & z all impressions & ideas equally exi/ 7p4 #cid7 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,vii41 !re c be no contr>iety betwe5 any ( !m4 ,he does inde$ 9 c]ta9 lead+ passages all[ himself to speak ( contr>iety betwe5 ideas 7e4g4 pp4 #did & #ece ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 secs4 ,,ii4 & ,,vi471 :i* is incid5tal evid5ce t ! ideas !re treat$ ( are n s1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt ( ideas1 at all4 #c ,pp4 #ebi-eca ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,v41 a comm5t>y on ! argum5t "h giv5 has be5 9 effect suppli$ 9 p>agraphs #adh-aeb1 & #aid4 ,disposes ( #8p]sonal' id5tity by %[+ contradictions 9 ,locke's acc\nt ( x4 #cdb4 ,aga9/ ! doctr9e ( a real #8id5tity ( ! self or p]son' ,hume _h m]ely to exhibit ! contradictions :i* ,locke's own /atem5t ( x involves4 #a ,to h transf]r$ ?is id5tity def9itely f #8matt]' to consci\sness 0 9 itself a great m]it1 b1 s transf]r$1 9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r !ory ( consci\sness ?an ,locke's1 x only becomes m obvi\sly a fiction4 ,if !re is no?+ real b ! succession ( feel+s1 id5tity ( body1 x is true1 disappe>s z inevitably z id5tity ( m9d2 & s we h already f\nd x to d 9 ,hume4 #b ,b :]eas ! notion ( a unity ( body ?r\gh\t ! succession ( p]ceptions only becomes contradictory ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a r$uction ( body to a succession ( p]ceptions1 ! id5tity ( a m9d1 :i* has be5 already def9$ z a succession ( p]ceptions1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,!re c be #8prop]ly no simplicity 9 x at "o "t1 nor id5tity at diff]5t2 x is a k9d ( !atre :]e sev]al p]ceptions successively make _! appe>ance4' ,b ?is comp>ison mu/ n mislead u4 #8,!y are ! successive p]ceptions only1 t con/itute ! m9d2 nor h we ! mo/ di/ant notion ( ! place :]e ^! sc5es are repres5t$1 or ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$4' ,! problem = ,hume !n 9 reg>d to p]sonal1 z x _h be5 9 reg>d to bodily1 id5tity is to acc\nt = t #8natural prop5sion to imag9e' x :i* language implies4 #a ,see above1 #acd & foll4 #b ,see above1 #cjf & foll4 ,yet c only acc\nt = x z a #8fiction' by suppos+ ideas :i* ) him are impossible4 #cdc4 ,! me?od ( explanation 9 ea* case is ! same4 ,he />ts ) two suppositions1 to nei!r ( :i* he is logically entitl$4 ,"o is t we h a #8di/9ct idea ( id5tity or sam5ess1' i4e4 ( an object t rema9s inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ ?r\gh a suppos$ v>iation ( "t'--a supposition :i*1 z we h se51 ^u 8 pr9ciples mu/ mean t a feel+1 :i* is "o 9 a succession ( feel+s1 is yet all ! successive feel+s at once4 ,! o!r is t we h an idea #8( sev]al diff]5t objects exi/+ 9 succession1 & connect$ toge!r by a close' 7natural7 #8relation'--:i* 9 l mann] implies t a feel+1 :i* is "o among a succession ( feel+s1 is at ! same "t a consci\sness ( ^! feel+s z successive & "u t qualification by mutual relation :i* implies _! equal pres5ce to x4 ,^! two ideas1 :i* 9 tru? are #8di/9ct & ev5 contr>y' #a we yet come to confuse ) ea* o!r1 because #8t action ( ! imag9ation1 by :i* we consid] ! un9t]rupt$ & invisible object1 & t by :i* we reflect on ! succession ( relat$ objects1 are almo/ ! same to ! feel+4' ,?us1 ?\gh :at we call our m9d is really a #8succession ( relat$ objects1' we h a /rong prop5sity to mi/ake x = an #8inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ object4' ,to ?is prop5sity we at la/ s f> yield z to ass]t our successive p]ceptions to be 9 effect ! same1 h[ev] int]rupt$ & v>iable2 & !n1 by way ( #8ju/ify+ to ourselves ?is absurdity1 feign ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! p]ceptions ( our s5ses1 to remove ! int]ruption2 & run into ! notion ( a s\l & self1 & sub/ance1 to disguise ! v>iation'4 #b #a ,see note to #cda4 #b ,pp4 #ece-ecf4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,vi44 ,9 orig9 ?is #8fiction' ! same z t ( #8,body'4 #cdd4 ,x w be se5 t ! !ory1 :i* we h j summ>is$1 w\ld m]ely be a brief] v]sion ( t giv5 9 ! section on #8,scepticism ) reg>d to ! ,s5ses1' if 9 ! s5t5ce1 :i* /ates its conclusion1 = #8! notion ( a s\l & self & sub/ance' 7 writt5 #8! notion ( a d\ble exi/5ce ( p]ceptions & objects'4 #a ,to a read] :o has n ?or\ghly ent]$ into ! fusion ( be+ & feel+1 :i* belongs to ! #8new way ( ideas1' x may seem /range t "o & ! same process ( s-call$ confusion has to acc\nt = su* app>5tly disp>ate results1 z ! notion ( a p]man5tly id5tical self & t ( ! di/9ct exi/5ce ( body4 ,if he be>s 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ) ,hume ! univ]se ( our exp]i5ce is ! same :5 x is call$ #8! univ]se ( objects or ( body' & :5 x is call$ ! #8univ]se ( ?\ght or my impressions & ideas'1 #b he w see t on ! score ( consi/5cy ,hume is to be blam$1 n = apply+ ! same me?od to acc\nt = ! fictions ( mat]ial & spiritual id5tity1 b = all[+ himself1 9 8 pref]5ce = physical1 z aga9/ !ological1 pret5sion1 to write z if ! supposition ( spiritual 7 really di/9ct f t ( mat]ial id5tity1 & might be m contemptu\sly dispos$ (4 ,! orig9al #8mi/ake1' out ( :i* accord+ to him ! two fictiti\s suppositions arise1 is "o & ! same2 & ?\gh x is a #8mi/ake' )\t :i*1 z we h f\nd #c f ,hume's own admissions1 we c\ld n speak ev5 9 s+ul> propositions ( ! mo/ ord9>y #8objects ( s5se'--?is p51 ?is table1 ?is *air--x is yet "o t on 8 pr9ciples is logically impossible1 s9ce x consi/s 9 a confusion betwe5 ideas t we _c h4 ,( ?is orig9al #8mi/ake' ! fictions ( body & ( its #8cont9u$ & di/9ct exi/5ce' are b alt]$ expressions4 ,!y repres5t 9 tru? ! same logical category ( sub/ance & relation4 ,& ( ! ,self accord+ to ,locke's notion ( x #d 7:i* 0 ! only "o t ,hume _h 9 view71 z a #8?9k+ ?+' )9 ea* man among a multitude ( o!r ?9k+ ?+s1 ! same w\ld h to be said4 ,b 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! #8mi/ake1' ( :i* ! suppositions ( ?9k+ & mat]ial sub/ance are ! correlative expressions1 & :i* x is ! net result ( ,hume's speculation to exhibit at once z necess>y & z impossible1 we h f\nd ano!r notion ( ! self =c$ ^u u--n z a d\ble ( body1 b z ! s\rce ( t #8famili> !ory' :i* body 9 tru? is1 & )\t :i* !re w\ld be no univ]se ( objects1 :e!r #8bodies' or #8impressions & ideas1' at all4 #a ,above1 #cjf-caj4 #b ,above1 #cdj4 #c ,above1 #cjc #cjd4 #d ,above1 #abi-acb4 ,possibility ( su* fictiti\s ideas implies refutation ( ,hume's doctr9e4 #cde4 ,?us ! m /rongly ,hume insi/s t #8! id5tity :i* we ascribe to ! m9d ( man is only a fictiti\s "o'1 #a ! m completely does 8 doctr9e refute itself4 ,if he _h really succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ^? #8inv5t$' relations1 :i* ,locke _h implicitly recognis$ z ! framework ( ! univ]se1 to :at he calls #8natural' ones--to m]e sequ5ces ( feel+--! case w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! conception ( ! _w z a sy/em ( relat$ elem5ts1 ! necessity ( a ?9k+ subject1 )\t ^: pres5ce to feel+s !y c\ld n become su* elem5ts1 w\ld h disappe>$ likewise4 ,b he _c s r$uce !m4 ,9 all 8 attempts to d s we f9d t ! relation1 :i* has to be expla9$ away1 is pre-suppos$ "u "s o!r expression1 & t x is #8fictiti\s' n 9 ! s5se :i* ,hume's !ory requires--! s5se1 namely1 t !re is no su* ?+ ei!r really or 9 imag9ation1 ei!r z impression or idea--b 9 ! s5se t x w\ld n exi/ if we did n ?9k ab\t our feel+s4 ,?us1 :]eas id5tity ought = ,hume's purpose to be ei!r a #8natural relation1' or a prop5sity aris+ f su* relation1 or no?+1 we f9d t accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 ?\gh nei!r natural relation nor prop5sity1 x yet exi/s bo? z idea & z reality4 ,he saves appe>ances inde$ by say+ #b t natural relations ( ideas #8produce x1' b !y d s1 accord+ to 8 detail$ acc\nt ( ! matt]1 9 ! s5se t1 ! idea ( an id5tical object be+ giv51 we mi/ake our successive & resembl+ feel+s = su* an object4 ,9 o!r words1 ! exi/5ce ( num]ically id5tical ?+s is a #8fiction1' n z if !re 7 no su* ?+s1 b because x implies a c]ta9 op]ation ( ?\ght ^u our feel+s1 a c]ta9 int]pretation ( impressions "u direction ( an idea n d]iv$ f impressions4 ,by a l equivocal use ( #8fiction' ,hume cov]s ! admission ( real id5tity 9 its m complex =ms--! id5tity ( a mass1 ^: p>ts und]go p]petual *ange ( di/ribution2 ( a body ^: =m survives n m]ely ! r$i/ribution ( its mat]ials1 b ! sub/itution ( o!rs2 ( animals & vegetables1 9 :i* no?+ b ! #8common end' ( ! *ang+ memb]s rema9s ! same4 ,! reality ( su* id5tity ( mass1 ( =m1 ( organism1 he quietly takes = grant$4 #c ,he calls x #8fictiti\s' inde$1 b only ei!r 9 ! s5se above giv5 or 9 ! s5se t x is mi/ak5 = m]e num]ical id5tity4 #a ,p4 #edj4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,vi4 #b ,p4 #edc ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,vi44 #8,id5tity dep5ds on ! relations ( ideas2 & ^! relations produce id5tity by means ( t easy transition !y occasion4' ,/rictly x %\ld be #8t easy transition 9 :i* !y consi/2' s9ce1 accord+ to ,hume1 ! #8eas9ess ( transition' is n an effect ( natural relation1 b con/itutes x4 ,cf4 pp4 #cbb #dig ,book ,i1 "p ,i41 sec4 ,v4 & "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,ii41 & above1 #cah4 #c ,pp4 #ecf-ech4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,vi4 #cdf4 ,aft] he has ?us admitt$1 z con/itu5ts ( ! #8univ]se ( objects1' a :ole hi]>*y ( ideas ( :i* ! simple/ mu/ vani% be=e ! dem& to #8po9t out ! impression f :i* x is d]iv$1' we are ! less surpris$ to f9d him pron\nc+ 9 conclusion #8t ! true idea ( ! human m9d is to consid] x z a sy/em ( diff]5t p]ceptions or diff]5t exi/5ces1 :i* are l9k$ toge!r by ! relation ( cause & effect1 & mutually produce1 de/roy1 influ5ce & modify ea* o!r'4 #a ,a bett] def9ition ?an ?is1 z a def9ition ( nature1 or "o m *>g$ ) #8fictions ( ?\ght1' c\ld sc>cely be desir$4 ,if ! idea ( su* a sy/em is a true idea at all1 :i* we are only wrong 9 confus+ ) m]e num]ical id5tity1 we ne$ be ! less conc]n$ t x %\ld be adduc$ z ! true idea n ( nature b ( ! #8human m9d4' ,hav+ le>nt1 ?r\gh ! discipl9e :i* ,hume himself furni%es1 t ! recognition ( a sy/em ( nature logically c>ries ) x t ( a self-consci\s subject1 9 relation to :i* alone #8diff]5t p]ceptions' become a sy/em ( nature1 we "k t we _c naturalise ! #8human m9d' )\t presuppos+ t :i* is nei!r nature nor natural1 ?\gh ap>t f x nature w\ld n be--t ( :i* ! designation z #8m9d1' z #8human1' z #8p]sonal1' is ( second>y importance1 b :i* is et]nal1 self-det]m9$1 & ?9ks4 #a ,p4 #eda4 ,book ,i1 "p ,,iv41 sec4 ,,vi4 ,t4,h4 ,gre5 ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,to ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,hume's doctr9e ( morals p>allel to 8 doctr9e ( nature4 #a4 ,9 8 speculation on morals1 no less ?an on k1 ,hume foll[s ! l9es laid d[n by ,locke4 ,) ea* !re is a precise correspond5ce betwe5 ! doctr9e ( nature & ! doctr9e ( ! good4 ,ea* gives an acc\nt ( reason consi/5t at lea/ 9 ?is t1 z x all[s reason no place 9 ! con/itution ( real objects1 s x all[s x none 9 ! con/itution ( objects t det]m9e desire &1 ?r\gh x1 ! w4 ,) ea*1 consequ5tly1 ! #8moral faculty1' :e!r reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( ! judgm5ts #8ought & ought n1' or ( acts to :i* ^! judgm5ts are appropriate1 c only be a c]ta9 faculty ( feel+1 a p>ticul> susceptibility ( pleasure & pa94 ,! orig9ality ( ,hume lies 9 8 sy/ematic ef=t to acc\nt = ^? objects1 app>5tly o!r ?an pleasure & pa91 :i* det]m9e desire1 & :i* ,locke _h tak5 = grant$ )\t tr\bl+ himself ab\t _! adju/m5t to 8 !ory1 z result+ f ! modification ( prim>y feel+s by #8associat$ ideas4' #8,natural relation1' ! close & uni=m sequ5ce ( c]ta9 impressions & ideas ^u ea* o!r1 is ! solv5t by :i* 9 ! moral _w1 z 9 ! _w ( k1 he disposes ( ^? o/5sibly necess>y ideas t seem to regulate impressions )\t be+ copi$ f !m2 & 9 reg>d to ! "o application ( x z mu* z to ! o!r1 ! "q is :e!r ! effici5cy ( ! solv5t does n dep5d on its secretly includ+ ! v ideas ( :i* x seems to get rid4 ,its relation to ,locke3 ,locke's acc\nt ( fre$om1 w1 & desire4 #b4 ,! place held by ! #8,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1' z a sort ( philosoph]'s ,bible 9 ! la/ c5tury1 is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! effect ( doctr9es t only appe> 9 x incid5tally4 ,x does n pr(ess to be e?ical treatise at all1 yet ! moral psy*ology conta9$ 9 ! *apt] #8( ,p[]' 7,,ii4 #ba71 & ! acc\nt ( moral good & evil conta9$ ,9 ! *apt] #8( o!r ,relations' 7,,ii4 #bh7 furni%$ ! text = mo/ ( ! e?ical speculation t prevail$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,scotl& = a c5tury lat]4 ,if ,locke's !ory 0 ess5tially a reproduction ( ,hobbes'1 x 0 yet 9 ! =m he gave x t x surviv$ :ile ,hobbes 0 decri$ & =gott54 ,! *apt] on ,p[] is 9 effect an acc\nt ( det]m9ation by motives4 ,m1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r "p ( ! essay x be>s ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 writt5 #8curr5te calamo4' ,9 ! second edition a summ>y 0 annex$ :i* diff]s some:at 9 ! use ( t]ms1 b n o!rwise1 f ! orig9al draught4 ,! ma9 c\rse ( ?\ght1 h[ev]1 is cle> ?r\gh\t4 ,w & fre$om are at fir/ def9$ 9 all b id5tical t]ms z ea* a #8p[] to beg9 or =be> action b>ely by a pref]5ce ( ! m9d' 7 #e1 #h1 #ga74 ,nor is ?is id5tification dep>t$ f1 except t ! t]m #8w' is aft]w>ds re/rict$ to ! #8pref]5ce' or #8p[] ( pref]5ce1' :ile fre$om is conf9$ to ! p[] ( act+ ^u pref]5ce2 9 :i* s5se x is po9t$ out t ?\gh !re _c be fre$om )\t w1 !re may be w )\t fre$om1 z :51 ?r\gh ! break+ ( a bridge1 a man _c help fall+ into ! wat]1 ?\gh he pref]s n to d s4 #8,fre$om' & #8w' be+ ?us alike p[]s1 if n ! same p[]1 x is z improp] to ask :e!r ! w is free z :e!r "o p[] has ano!r p[]4 ,! prop] "q is :e!r man is free 7 #ad1 #ba71 & ! answ] to ?is "q1 accord+ to ,locke1 is t )9 c]ta9 limits he is free to act1 b t he is n free to w4 ,:5 9 any case he has ! option ( act+ or =be>+ to act1 he _c help pref]r+1 i4e4 will+1 "o or o!r alt]native4 ,if x is fur!r ask$1 ,:at det]m9es ! w or pref]5ce8 ! answ] is t #8no?+ sets u ^u any new action b "s uneas9ess' 7 #bi71 viz41 ! #8mo/ urg5t uneas9ess we at any "t feel' 7 #dj71 :i* aga9 is always #8! uneas9ess ( desire fix$ on "s abs5t good1 ei!r negative1 z indol5ce to "o 9 pa91 or positive1 z enjoym5t ( pleasure4' ,9 "o s5se1 inde$1 x may be said t ! w (t5 runs c\nt] to desire1 b ?is m]ely means t we #8be+ 9 ?is _w beset ) sundry uneas9esses1 di/ress$ ) diff]5t desires1' ! det]m9ation ( ! w by ! mo/ press+ desire (t5 implies ! c\nt]action ( o!r desires :i* w\ld1 inde$1 "u o!r circum/ances1 be ! mo/ press+1 b at ! p>ticul> "t ( ! suppos$ action are n s4 ,two que/ions3 ,does man always act f ! /ronge/ motive8 &1 ,:at con/itutes 8 motive8 ,! latt] ! important "q3 ,di/9ction betwe5 desires t are1 & ^? t are n1 det]m9$ by ! conception ( self4 #c4 ,s f> ,locke's doctr9e am\nts to no m ?an ?is1 t action is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive2 & only ^? :o /rangely hold t human fre$om is to be v9dicat$ by disput+ t truism w c>e to "q x4 ,to admit t ! /ronge/ desire always moves action 7!re be+1 9 fact1 no te/ ( its /r5g? b its effect on action7 & t1 s9ce e desire causes uneas9ess till x is satisfi$1 ! /ronge/ desire is also ! mo/ press+ uneas9ess1 #a is compatible ) ! mo/ opposite views z to ! con/itution ( ! objects :i* det]m9e desire4 ,to und]/& t x is ?is con/itution ( ! desir$ object1 n any possible int]v5tion ( unmotiv$ will+ betwe5 ! pres5tation ( a /ronge/ motive & action1 :i* =ms ! c5tral "q ( e?ics1 is ! condition ( all cle> ?9k+ on ! subject4 ,x is a "q1 h[ev]1 :i* ,locke ignores1 & popul> philosophy1 to its great confusion1 has n only cont9u$ to d ! same1 b w\ld probably res5t z p$antic any attempt at m accurate analysis4 ,:5 we he> ( ! /ronge/ #8desire' be+ ! uni=m motive to action1 we h to ask1 9 ! fir/ place1 :e!r ! t]m is conf9$ to impulses det]m9$ by a prior consci\sness1 or is tak5 to include ^? impulses1 commonly call$ #8m]e appetites1' :i* are n s det]m9$1 b dep5d directly & solely on ! #8con/itution ( our bodily organs4' ,! appetite ( hung] is obvi\sly q indep5d5t ( any remembrance ( ! pleasure ( eat+1 yet no?+ is common] ?an to id5tify ) su* simple appetite ! desire det]m9$ by consci\sness ( "s sort1 z :5 we say ( a drunk>d1 :o nev] dr9ks m]ely because he is ?ir/y1 t he is gov]n$ by 8 appetite4 ,^u ?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 s9ce x is recognis$ by curr5t psy*ology1 x is less important to insi/ ?an on t betwe5 ! k9ds ( prior consci\sness :i* may det]m9e desire prop]4 ,does ?is prior consci\sness consi/ simply 9 ! return ( an image ( pa/ pleasure ) consequ5t hope ( its r5ewal1 or is x a conception--! ?\ght ( an object "u relations to self or ( self 9 relation to c]ta9 objects--9 a ^w1 self-consci\sness z di/9ct f simple feel+8 #a ,locke's language 9 reg>d to #8! mo/ press+ uneas9ess' w n be f\nd uni=mly consi/5t4 ,8 usual doctr9e is t ! /r5g? ( a desire1 z ev9c$ by ! result+ action1 & ! uneas9ess :i* x causes are 9 exact proportion to ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 desire = future happ9ess c only become a preval5t motive :5 ! uneas9ess :i* x causes has come to outweigh e o!r 7,cf4 ,*ap1 xxi41 ,secs4 #dc & #de74 ,on ! o!r h&1 he sometimes seems to di/+ui% ! desire = future pleasure f pres5t uneas9ess1 :ile at ! same "t imply+ t x may be a /ronge/ motive 7,cf4 sec4 #fe74 ,b if s1 x foll[s t !re may be a /ronge/ desire :i* is n ! mo/ press+ uneas9ess4 7,see bel[1 sec4 #ac47 ,hume1 di/+ui%+ /rong f viol5t desires1 & re/rict+ #8uneas9ess' to ! latt]1 is able to hold t x is n alone ! pres5t uneas9ess :i* det]m9es action4 7,book ,,ii41 "p #c1 sec4 #c1 sub f947 ,effect ( ?is conception on ! objects ( human desire4 #d4 ,( desire det]m9$ 9 ! =m] way we h exp]i5ce1 if at all1 9 ^? motives :i* actuate u1 z we say1 #8unconsci\sly'2 :i* means1 )\t our att5d+ to !m--feel+s :i* we d n fix ev5 mom5t>ily by ref]5ce to self or to a ?+4 ,z we _c set ourselves to recall su* feel+s )\t ?9k+ !m1 )\t det]m9+ !m by t ref]5ce to self :i* we suppose !m to exclude1 !y _c be describ$2 b "s ( our actions 7su* z ! in/9ctive recurr5ce to a sweet smell71 seem only to be ?us acc\nt$ =1 & probably ^? actions ( animals :i* d n proce$ f appetite prop] are to be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way4 ,b :e!r su* actions are facts 9 human exp]i5ce or no1 ^? :i* make u :at we are z m5 are n s det]m9$4 ,! man :om we call ! slave ( 8 appetite1 ! enlight5$ pleasure-hunt]1 ! man :o lives = 8 family1 ! arti/1 ! en?usia/ = humanity1 are alike 9 ?is1 t ! desire :i* moves _! action is itself det]m9$ n by ! recurr+ image ( a pa/ pleasure1 b by ! conception ( self4 ,! self may be conceiv$ ( simply z a subject to be pleas$1 or may be a subject ( int]e/s1 :i*1 inde$1 :5 gratifi$1 produce pleasure b are n produc$ by x--int]e/s 9 p]sons1 9 beautiful ?+s1 9 ! ord] ( nature & society--b self is /ill n less ! #8punctum /ans' ^: pres5ce to ea* pass+ pleasure r5d]s x a con/itu5t ( a happ9ess :i* is to be p]man5tly pursu$1 ?an x is ! focus 9 :i* ! influ5ces ( t _w :i* only self-consci\s reason c\ld con/itute--! _w ( sci5ce1 ( art1 ( human society--mu/ be rega!r$ 9 ord] to become ! p]sonal int]e/s :i* move ! actions ( individuals4 ,x is 9 ?is self-consci\sness involv$ 9 our motives1 9 t conv]sion into a conception by ref]5ce to self1 :i* ! image ev5 ( ! m]e/ animal pleasure mu/ und]go be=e x c become an elem5t 9 ! =mation ( "*1 t ! possibility ( fre$om lies4 ,)\t x we %\ld be z s9less & z unprogressive1 z free f remorse & aspiration1 z incapable ( selfi%ness & self-d5ial z ! animals4 ,ea* pleasure w\ld be tak5 z x came4 ,we %\ld h #8! greate/ happ9ess ( :i* our nature is capable1' )\t possibility ( ask+ ourselves :e!r we might n h _h m4 ,x is only ! conception ( himself z a p]man5t subject to be pleas$ t c set man ^u ! inv5tion ( new pleasures1 & !n1 mak+ ea* pleasure a disappo9tm5t :5 x comes1 produce ! #8vici\s' temp]2 only ?is t c sugge/ ! reflection h[ mu* m pleasure he might h _h ?an he has _h1 & ?us produce :at ! morali/s "k z #8cool selfi%ness'2 only ?is1 on ! o!r h&1 :i*1 z #8enlight5$ self-love1' p]petually balances ! attraction ( imag9$ pleasure by ! calculation :e!r x w be good = "o z a :ole4 ,nor less is x ! conception ( self1 ) a #8matt]' m adequate to its #8=m1' tak+ its cont5t n f imag9$ pleasure1 b f ! "w ( reason 9 ! _w ( nature & humanity1 :i* det]m9es t p]sonal devotion to a "w or a cause1 to a /ate1 a *ur*1 or mank9d1 :i* we call self-sacrifice4 ,objects s con/itut$ ,locke %\ld consi/5tly exclude3 ,b he f9ds room = !m by treat+ e desire = an object1 ( :i* ! atta9m5t gives pleasure1 z a desire = pleasure4 #e4 ,if1 n[1 we ask ourselves :e!r ,locke recognis$ ?is function ( reason1 z self-consci\sness1 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! w1 ! answ] mu/ be yes & no4 ,8 c>d9al doctr9e1 z we h suffici5tly se51 =bade him to admit t reason or ?\ght c\ld orig9ate an object4 ,! only possible objects ) him are ei!r simple ideas or resoluble into ^!1 & ! simple idea1 z t :i* we receive 9 pure passivity1 is virtually feel+4 ,n[ no comb9ation ( feel+s 7suppos+ x possible #a7 c yield ! conception ( self z a p]man5t subject ev5 ( pleasure1 mu* less z a subject ( social claims4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 yield ! objects1 rang+ f s5sual happ9ess to ! moral law1 humanity1 & ,god1 ( :i* ?is conception is ! correlative condition4 ,?us1 /rictly tak51 ,locke's doctr9e excludes e motive to action1 b appetite prop] & su* desire z is det]m9$ by ! imag9ation ( animal pleasure or pa91 & 9 do+ s r5d]s vice z well z virtue unacc\ntable--! excessive pursuit ( pleasure z well z t dissatisfaction ) x :i* af=ds ! possibility ( ord9>y re=m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same happy intellectual unscrupul\sness1 :i* we h trac$ 9 8 !ory ( k1 att5ds him also "h4 ,j z he is ready on occasion to treat any conceiv$ object t det]m9es s5se z if x 7 itself a s5sation1 s he is ready to treat any object t det]m9es desire1 )\t ref]5ce to ! "w ( ?\ght 9 its con/ruction1 z if x 7 itself ! feel+ ( pleasure1 or ( uneas9ess remov$1 :i* arises ^u satisfaction ( ! desire4 ,9 ?is way1 )\t pr(ess$ly admitt+ any motive b rememb]$ pleasure--a motive :i*1 if x 7 our only "o1 w\ld leave #8man's life z *eap z bea/s''--he c take = grant$ any objects ( recognis$ int]e/ z acc\nt+ = ! movem5t ( human life1 & z con/itu5ts ( an utmo/ possible pleasure :i* x is 8 own fault if e "o does n pursue4 #a ,cf4 ,introduction to ,vol4 ,i41 #bae & #bdg4 ,confusion cov]$ by call+ #8happ9ess' ! g5]al object ( desire4 #f4 ,! t]m #8happ9ess' is ! famili> cov] = confusion betwe5 ! animal imag9ation ( pleasure & ! conception ( p]sonal well-be+4 ,x is s :5--hav+ rais$ ! "q4 ,:at moves desire8--,locke answ]s1 #8happ9ess1 & t alone4' ,:at1 !n1 is happ9ess8 #8,good & evil are no?+ b pleasure & pa91' & #8happ9ess 9 its full ext5t is ! utmo/ pleasure we are capable (4' #a ,?is is #8! prop] object ( desire 9 g5]al1' b ,locke is c>eful to expla9 t ! happ9ess :i* #8moves e p>ticul> man's desire' is n ! full ext5t ( x1 b 's mu* ( x z is consid]$ & tak5 to make a necess>y "p ( 8 happ9ess4' ,x is t #8:]e) he 9 8 pres5t ?\ghts c satisfy himself4' ,happ9ess 9 ?is s5se #8e "o con/antly pursues1' & )\t possibility ( error2 = #8z to pres5t pleasure ! m9d nev] mi/akes t :i* is really good or evil4' ,e "o #8kn[s :at be/ pleases him1 & t he actually pref]s4' ,t :i* is ! great] pleasure or ! great] pa9 is really j z x appe>s 7,ibid4 #dc1 #eh1 #fc74 ,n[ 9 ^! /atem5ts1 if we look closely1 we %all f9d t f\r diff]5t mean+s ( happ9ess are mix$ up1 :i* we w take leave to di/+ui% by lett]s--7a7 happ9ess z an ab/ract conception1 ! sum ( possible pleasure2 7b7 happ9ess z equival5t to ! pleasure :i* at any "t survives mo/ /rongly 9 imag9ation2 7c7 happ9ess z ! object ( ! self-consci\s pleasure-seek]2 7d7 happ9ess z equival5t to any object at any "t mo/ /rongly desir$1 n really a pleasure1 b by ,locke id5tifi$ ) happ9ess 9 s5se 7b7 ?r\gh ! fallacy ( suppos+ t ! pleasure :i* arises on satisfaction ( any desire1 great 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! desire1 is itself ! object :i* excites desire4 #a ,ibid41 sec4 #db1 & cap4 #bh1 sec4 #e4 #8,greate/ sum ( pleasure' & #8,pleasure 9 g5]al' unmean+ expressions4 #g4 ,happ9ess #89 its full ext5t1' z #8! utmo/ pleasure we are capable (1' is an unreal ab/raction if ev] !re 0 "o4 ,x is curi\s t ^? :o are mo/ =w>d to d5y ! reality ( univ]sals1 9 t s5se 9 :i* !y are ! condition ( all reality1 viz41 z relations1 %\ld yet1 hav+ pron\nc$ ^! to be m]e names1 be f\nd ascrib+ reality to a univ]sal1 :i* _c )\t contradiction be suppos$ m ?an a "n4 ,does ?is #8happ9ess 9 its full ext5t' mean ! #8aggregate ( possible enjoym5ts1' ( :i* mod]n utilit>ians tell u8 ,su* a phrase simply repres5ts ! va9 attempt to get a def9ite by addition ( indef9ites4 ,x has no m mean+ ?an #8! greate/ possible quantity ( "t' w\ld h4 ,pleasant feel+s are n quantities t c be add$4 ,ea* is ov] be=e ! next beg9s1 & ! man :o has be5 pleas$ a million times is n really bett] (f--has no m ( ! suppos$ *ief good 9 possession--?an ! man :o has only be5 pleas$ a ?\s& times4 ,:5 we speak ( pleasures1 !n1 z =m+ a possible :ole1 we _c mean pleasures z feel+s1 & :at else d we mean8 ,are we1 !n1 by ! #8happ9ess' 9 "q to und]/& pleasure 9 g5]al1 z might be inf]r$ f ,locke's speak+ ( x z ! #8object ( desire 9 g5]al'8 ,b x is 9 its m]e p>ticul>ity t ea* pleasure has its be+4 ,x is a simple idea1 & !re=e1 z ,locke & ,hume h !mselves taught u1 mom5t>y1 indef9able1 9 #8p]petual flux1' *ang+ e mom5t ^u u4 ,pleasure 9 g5]al1 !re=e1 is n pleasure1 & x is no?+ else4 ,x is n a conceiv$ reality1 z a relation1 or a ?+ det]m9$ by relations1 is1 s9ce pleasure z feel+1 9 di/9ction f its conditions :i* are n feel+s1 = ! same reason t x _c be def9$1 _c be conceiv$4 ,x is a m]e "n :i* utilit>ian philosophy has mi/ak5 = a ?+2 b = :i*--s9ce no "o1 :atev] 8 !ory ( ! desirable1 c actually desire ei!r ! ab/raction ( pleasure 9 g5]al or ! aggregate ( possible pleasures--a practical sub/itute is apt to be f\nd 9 any lu/ ( ! fle% t may = ! "t be ! /ronge/4 ,9 :at s5se ( happ9ess is x true t x #8is really j z x appe>s8' ,9 :at s5se t x is e "o's object8 #h4 ,hav+ begun by mak+ ?is fiction #8! prop] object ( desire 9 g5]al1' ,locke saves ! appe>ance ( consi/5cy by repres5t+ ! p>ticul> pleasure or removal ( uneas9ess1 :i* he 9 fact believ$ to be ! object ( e desire1 z if x 7 a c]ta9 "p ( ! #8full ext5t ( happ9ess' :i* ! individual1 hav+ ?is full ext5t be=e him1 pick$ out z be+ :at #89 8 pres5t ?\ghts w\ld satisfy him4' ,nor does he ev] give up ! notion ( a #8happ9ess 9 g5]al1' 9 di/9ction f ! happ9ess ( ea* man's actual *oice1 z a possible motive1 :i* a man :o f9ds himself wret*$ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 actions may be told t he ought to h adopt$4 ,8 real notion1 h[ev]1 ( ! happ9ess :i* is motive to action is a confus$ result ( ! ?ree o!r notions ( happ9ess1 di/+ui%$ above z 7b71 7c7 & 7d74 ,z t ab\t :i* no "o c be mi/ak51 #8happ9ess' c only be s 9 s5se 7b71 z ! #8pleasure :i* survives mo/ /rongly 9 imag9ation4' ,( ?is x c be said truly1 & ( ?is only1 t #8x really is j z x appe>s1' & t #8a man nev] *ooses amiss' s9ce he mu/ #8"k :at be/ pleases him4' ,b ) ?is1 almo/ 9 ! same brea?1 ,locke confuses #8happ9ess' 9 s5ses 7c7 & 7d74 ,s soon z x is said ( an object t x is #8tak5 by ! individual to make a necess>y "p ( 8 happ9ess1' x is impli$ t x is det]m9$ by 8 conception ( self4 ,x is some?+ :i*1 z ! result ( ! action ( ?is conception on 8 pa/ exp]i5ce1 he has come to pres5t to himself z a con/itu5t ( 8 p]sonal good4 ,unless he 7 consci\s ( himself z a p]man5t subject1 he c\ld h no conception ( happ9ess z a :ole f relation to :i* ea* pres5t object takes its "* z a "p4 ,nor ( ! objects det]m9$ by ?is relation is x true1 z ,locke says1 t !y are always pleasures1 or t !y #8are really j z !y appe>4' ,our read9ess to accept 8 /atem5ts to ?is effect1 is at bottom due to a confusion betwe5 ! pleasure1 or removal ( uneas9ess1 incid5tal to ! satisfaction ( a desire & ! object :i* excites ! desire4 ,if hav+ expla9$ desire1 z ,locke does1 by ref]5ce to ! good1 we !n all[ ourselves to expla9 ! good by ref]5ce to desire1 x w inde$ be true t no man c be mi/ak5 z to 8 pres5t good1 b only 9 ! s5se ( ! id5tical proposition t e man mo/ desires :at he does mo/ desire2 & true also1 t e atta9$ good is pleasure1 b only 9 ! s5se t :at satisfies desire does satisfy x4 ,! man ( :om x c\ld be truly said1 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ( ! above id5tical proposition1 t 8 only objects ( desire--! only objects :i* he #8takes to make a necess>y "p ( 8 happ9ess'--7 pleasures1 w\ld be a man1 z we say1 ( no int]e/s4 ,he w\ld be a man :o ei!r liv$ simply = pleasures incid5tal to ! satisfaction ( animal appetite1 or "o :o1 hav+ be5 int]e/$ 9 c]ta9 objects 9 :i* reason alone enables u to be int]e/$--e4g41 p]sons1 pursuits1 or works ( art--& hav+ f\nd consequ5t pleasure1 aft]w>ds va9ly tries to get ! pleasure )\t ! int]e/s4 ,to ! =m] type ( "*1 ( c\rse1 ! approximations are num]\s en\gh1 ?\gh x may be d\bt$ :e!r su* an ideal ( s5suality is (t5 fully realis$4 ,! latt] 9 its complet5ess1 :i* w\ld mean a p]fect mis]y t c\ld only issue 9 suicide1 w\ld seem to be an impossibility1 ?\gh x is con/antly be+ approa*$ 9 proportion to ! unwor?9ess & fleet+ness ( ! int]e/s by :i* m5 all[ !mselves to be gov]n$1 & :i*1 aft] /imulat+ an indef9ite hung] = good1 leave x )\t an object to satisfy x2 9 proportion1 too1 to ! mod]n habit ( hugg+ & por+ ov] ! pleasures :i* our high] int]e/s cause u till ^! int]e/s are vitiat$1 & we f9d ourselves 9 re/less & hopeless pursuit ( ! pleasure :5 ! int]e/ :i* might alone produce x is gone4 ,no real object ( human desire c ev] be j z x appe>s4 #i4 ,j z x is untrue1 !n1 ( ! object ( desire1 z #8tak5 to be "p ( "o's happ9ess' or det]m9$ by ! conception ( self1 t x is always a pleasure1 s x is untrue t x is always really j z x appe>s1 except 9 ! trifl+ s5se t :at is mo/ /rongly desir$ is mo/ /rongly desir$4 ,r x is nev] really :at x appe>s4 ,x is lea/ ( all s to ! pr(ess$ pleasure-seek]4 ,obvi\sly1 to ! man :o seeks ! pleasure incid5tal to int]e/s :i* he has lo/1 !re is a contradiction 9 8 que/ :i* = ev] prev5ts :at seems to him desirable f satisfy+ 8 desire4 ,& ev5 ! man :o lives = m]ely animal pleasure1 j because he seeks x z "p ( a happ9ess1 nev] f9ds x to be t :i* he s\ght4 ,!re is no mi/ake ab\t ! pleasure1 b he seeks x z t :i* %all satisfy him1 & satisfy him1 s9ce he is n an animal1 x _c4 ,nor are our high] objects ( desire ev] :at !y seem4 ,t is too old a topic ) poets & moraliz]s to ne$ en=c+4 ,ea* 9 its turn1 we "k1 promises happ9ess :5 x %all h be5 atta9$1 b :5 x is atta9$ ! happ9ess has n come4 ,! crav+ = an object adequate to oneself1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! desire1 is /ill n qu5*$2 & because x is n1 nor c be1 ev5 #8! joy ( success' has its own bitt]ness4 ,c ,locke consi/5tly all[ ! di/9ction betwe5 true happ9ess & false8 ,or responsibility8 #aj4 ,! case1 !n1 /&s ?us4 ,locke1 hav+ too mu* #8common s5se' to r$uce all objects ( desire to ! pleasures incid5tal to satisfactions ( appetite1 takes = grant$ any numb] ( objects :i* only reason c con/itute 7or1 9 o!r words1 :i* c only exi/ = a self-consci\s subject7 )\t any "q z to _! orig94 ,x is en\gh = him t !y are n consci\s inv5tions ( ! individual1 & t !y are relat$ to feel+--?\gh relat$ z det]m9+ x4 ,?is be+ s1 !y are to him no m ! "w ( ?\ght ?an are ! satisfactions ( appetite4 ,! conception ( !m is ( a k9d ) ! simple remembrance or imag9ation ( pleasures caus$ by su* satisfactions4 ,! "q h[1 if only pleasure is ! object ( desire1 !y came to be desir$ be=e !re _h be5 exp]i5ce ( ! pleasures incid5tal to _! atta9m5t1 is virtually %elv$ by treat+ ^! latt] pleasures z if !y 7 !mselves ! objects orig9ally desir$4 ,s f> consi/5cy at lea/ is sav$4 ,no object b feel+1 pres5t or rememb]$1 is o/5sibly admitt$ )9 human exp]i5ce4 ,b mean:ile1 alongside ( ?is view1 comes ! acc\nt ( ! /ronge/ motive z det]m9$ by ! conception ( self--z some?+ :i* a man #8takes to be a necess>y "p ( 8 happ9ess1' & :i* he is #8answ]able to himself' = s tak+4 ,! inconsi/5cy ( su* language ) ! view t e desir$ object mu/ ne$s be a pleasure1 w\ld h be5 less noticeable if ,locke himself _h n frankly admitt$1 z ! coroll>y ( ?is view t ! desir$ good #8is really j z x appe>s4' ,! necessity ( ?is admission has always be5 ! rock on :i* consi/5t ,h$onism has brok54 ,locke himself has sc>cely made x :5 he becomes aw>e ( its dang]\s consequ5ces1 & great "p ( ! *apt] on ,p[] is tak5 up by awkw>d attempts to reconcile x ) ! di/9ction betwe5 true happ9ess & false1 & ) ! exi/5ce ( moral responsibility4 ,if greate/ pleasure is ! only possible object1 & ! production ( su* pleasure ! only possible crit]ion ( action1 & if #8z to pres5t pleasure & pa9 ! m9d nev] mi/akes t :i* is really good or evil1' ) :at propriety c any "o be told t he might or t he ought to h *os5 o!rwise ?an he has done8 #8,he has miss$ ! true good1' we say1 #8:i* he might & %\ld h f\nd'2 b #8good1' accord+ to ,locke1 is only pleasure1 & pleasure1 z ,locke 9 any o!r connexion w\ld be eag] to tell u1 mu/ mean ei!r "s actual pres5t pleasure or a s]ies ( pleasures ( :i* ea* 9 turn is pres5t4 ,if e "o )\t possibility ( mi/ake has on ea* occasion *os5 ! greate/ pres5t pleasure1 h[ c ! result = him at any "t be o!r ?an ! true good1 i4e41 ! s]ies ( greate/ pleasures1 ea* 9 its turn pres5t1 t h be5 hi!rto possible = him8 ,objections to ! ,utilit>ian answ] to ^! que/ions4 #aa4 ,a mod]n utilit>ian1 if fai?ful to ! pr9ciple :i* excludes any te/ ( pleasure b pleasure itself1 w probably answ] t e "o does atta9 ! maximum ( pleasure possible = him1 8 "* & circum/ances be+ :at !y are2 b t ) a *ange 9 ^! 8 *oice w\ld be diff]5t4 ,he w\ld /ill *oose on ea* occasion ! greate/ pleasure ( :i* he 0 !n capable1 b ?is pleasure w\ld be "o #8tru]'--9 ! s5se ( be+ m int5se1 m durable1 & compatible ) a great] quantity ( o!r pleasures--?an is t :i* he actually *ooses4 ,b admitt+ t ?is answ] ju/ifies u 9 speak+ ( any sort ( pleasure z #8tru]' ?an t at any "t *os5 by any "o--:i* is a v l>ge admission1 = ( ! int5sity ( any pleasure we h no te/ b its be+ actually pref]r$1 & ( durability & compatibility ) o!r pleasures ! te/s are s vague t a heal?y & unrep5tant voluptu>y w\ld always h ! be/ ( x 9 an attempt to /rike ! balance betwe5 ! pleasures he has actually *os5 & any tru] sort--x /ill only ?r[s u back on a fur!r "q4 ,) a bett] "*1 x is said1 su* z bett] education & improv$ circum/ances might h produc$1 ! actually greate/ happ9ess ( ! individual--i4e41 ! s]ies ( pleasures :i*1 because he has *os5 !m1 we "k to h be5 ! greate/ possible = him--might h be5 great] or #8tru]4' ,b ! man's "* is ! result ( 8 previ\s pref]5ces2 & if e "o has always *os5 ! greate/ pleasure ( :i* he 0 at ! "t capable1 & if no o!r motive is possible1 h[ c\ld any o!r ?an 8 actual "* h be5 produc$8 ,h[ c\ld t conception ( a happ9ess tru] ?an ! actual1 ( some?+ t %\ld be mo/ pleasant1 & !re=e pref]r$1 ?\gh x is n--a conception :i* all education implies--h be5 a possible motive among mank9d8 ,to say t ! individual is1 to beg9 )1 de/itute ( su* a conception1 b acquires x ?r\gh education f o!rs1 does n remove ! difficulty4 ,h[ d ! educators come by x8 ,common s5se assumes !m to h f\nd out t m happ9ess might h be5 got by ano!r ?an ! m]ely natural c\rse ( liv+1 & to wi% to give o!rs ! b5efit ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,b su* exp]i5ce implies t ea* has a conception ( himself z o!r ?an ! subject ( a succession ( pleasures1 ( :i* ea* has be5 ! greate/ possible at ! "t ( its occurr5ce2 & ! wi% to give ano!r ! b5efit ( ! exp]i5ce implies t ?is conception1 :i* is no possible image ( a feel+1 c orig9ate action4 ,! assumption ( common s5se1 !n1 contradicts ! two c>d9al pr9ciples ( ! ,h$oni/ic philosophy2 yet1 h[ev] disguis$ 9 ! t]m9ology ( developm5t & evolution1 x1 or "s equival5t supposition1 is involv$ 9 e !ory ( ! progress ( mank9d4 ,accord+ to ,locke pres5t pleasures may be comp>$ ) future1 & desire susp5d$ till comp>ison has be5 made4 #ab4 ,su* difficulties d n sugge/ !mselves to ,locke1 because he is always ready to fall back on ! language ( common s5se )\t ask+ :e!r x is reconcilable ) 8 !ory4 ,hav+ ass]t$1 )\t qualification1 t ! w 9 e case is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ desire1 t ! /ronge/ desire is desire = ! greate/ pleasure1 & t #8pleasure is j s great1 & no great]1 ?an x is felt1' he f9ds a place = moral fre$om & responsibility 9 ! #8p[] a man has to susp5d 8 desires & /op !m f det]m9+ 8 w to any action till he has exam9$ :e!r x be really ( a nature 9 itself & consequ5ces to make him happy or no4' #a ,b h[ does x happ5 t !re is any ne$ = su* susp5se1 if z to pleasure & pa9 #8a man nev] *ooses amiss1' & pleasure is ! same ) happ9ess or ! good8 ,to ?is ,locke answ]s t x is only pres5t pleasure :i* is j z x appe>s1 & t 9 #8comp>+ pres5t pleasure or pa9 ) future we (t5 make wrong judgm5ts ( !m2' aga91 t n only pres5t pleasure & pa91 b #8?+s t draw aft] !m pleasure & pa91 are consid]$ z good & evil1' & t ( ^! consequ5ces "u ! influ5ce ( pres5t pleasure or pa9 we may judge amiss4 #b ,by ^! wrong judgm5ts1 x w be obs]v$1 ,locke does n mean mi/akes 9 discov]+ ! prop] means to a desir$ end 7,ari/otle's ' 7 #c1 :i* x is agre$ are n a gr\nd = blame or puni%m5t1 b wrong desires--desires = c]ta9 pleasures z be+ ! great]1 :i* are n really ! great]4 ,reg>d+ su* desires z involv+ comp>isons ( "o good ) ano!r1 he c\nts !m judgm5ts1 & 7! comp>ison be+ incorrectly made7 wrong judgm5ts4 ,a c]ta9 pres5t pleasure1 & a c]ta9 future "o1 are comp>$1 & ?\gh ! future w\ld really be ! great]1 ! pres5t is pref]r$2 or a pres5t pleasure1 #8draw+ aft] x' a c]ta9 am\nt ( pa91 is comp>$ ) a less am\nt ( pres5t pa91 draw+ aft] x a great] pleasure1 & ! pres5t pleasure pref]r$4 ,9 su* cases ! man #8may ju/ly incur puni%m5t' = ! wrong pref]5ce1 because hav+ #8! p[] to susp5d 8 desire' = ! pres5t pleasure1 he has n done s1 b #8by too ha/y *oice ( 8 own mak+ has impos$ on himself wrong measures ( good & evil4' #8,:5 he has once *os5 x1' inde$1 #8& !reby x is become "p ( 8 happ9ess1 x raises desire1 & t proportionately gives him uneas9ess1 :i* det]m9es 8 w4' ,b ! orig9al wrong *oice1 hav+ ! #8p[] ( susp5d+ 8 desires1' he might h prev5t$4 ,9 n do+ s he #8vitiat$ 8 own palate1' & mu/ be #8answ]able to himself' = ! consequ5ces4 #d #a ,,ii4 #ba1 ,sec4 #ea & #ef4 #b ,ibid41 ,sec4 #fa1 #fc1 #fg4 #c ,greek ' 7agnoia he ka?' heka/a7 unaw>5ess ( ! p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,tr4 #d ,ibid41 ,sec4 #ef4 ,:at is meant by #8pres5t' & #8future' pleasure8 ,by ! suppos$ comp>ison ,locke ought only to h meant ! competition ( pleasures equally pres5t 9 imag9ation 444 #ac4 ,responsibility = evil1 !n 7) its conditions1 blame1 puni%m5t1 & remorse7 supposes t a man has gone wrong 9 ! comp>ison ( pres5t ) future pleasure or pa91 hav+ _h ! *ance ( go+ "r4 ,^u ?is we mu/ rem>k t z mov+ desire--& x is ! det]m9ation ( desire t is "h 9 "q--,,no pleasure c be pres5t 9 ! s5se ( actual enjoym5t1 or 79 ,hume's language7 z #8impression1' b only 9 memory or imag9ation1 z #8idea4' ,o!rwise desire w\ld n be desire4 ,x w\ld n be t uneas9ess :i*1 accord+ to ,locke1 implies ! abs5ce ( good1 & alone moves action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to imag9ation ,,e pleasure mu/ be pres5t t is to act z motive at all4 ,9 :atev] s5se1 !n1 pleasure1 z pleasure1 i4e4 z undet]m9$ by conceptions1 c prop]ly be said to move desire1 e pleasure is equally pres5t & equally future4 #a ,= man1 if he only felt & reta9$ 8 feel+s 9 memory1 or recall$ !m 9 imag9ation1 ! only diff]5ce among ! imag9$ pleasures :i* solicit 8 desires1 o!r ?an diff]5ce ( int5sity1 w\ld lie 9 ! imag9$ pa9s ) :i* ea* may h become associat$4 ,"o pleasure might be imag9$ 9 association ) a great] am\nt ( ! pa9 ( wait+ ?an ano!r4 ,9 t s5se1 & only 9 t1 c\ld "o be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r z a future pleasure f a pres5t "o4 ,accord+ z ! great] imag9$ int5sity ( ! future pleasure did or did n outweigh ! imag9$ pa9 ( wait+ = x1 ! scale ( desire w\ld turn "o way or ! o!r4 ,or ) "o pleasure1 imag9$ z m int5se ?an ano!r1 might be associat$ an expectation ( a great] am\nt ( pa9 to be #8drawn aft] x4' ,"h1 aga91 ! "q w\ld be :e!r ! great] imag9$ int5sity ( pleasure w\ld h ! m effect 9 excit+ desire1 or ! great] am\nt ( imag9$ sequ5t pa9 9 qu5*+ x--a "q only to be settl$ by ! action :i* results4 ,9 :atev] s5se x is true ( ! #8pres5t pleasure or pa91' t x is really j z x appe>s1 x is equally true ( ! future4 ,:5ev] ! det]m9ation ( desire is 9 "q1 ! /atem5t t pres5t pleasure is j z x appe>s mu/ mean t ! pleasure pres5t 9 imag9ation is s1 & 9 ?is s5se all motive pleasures are equally s pres5t4 ,und\bt$ly ! pleasure associat$ ) ! pa9 ( prolong$ expectancy might turn out great]1 & t associat$ ) sequ5t pa9 less1 ?an 0 imag9$2 b s might a pleasure n ?us associat$4 ,( e pleasure alike x is z true1 t :ile x is imag9$ x is j z x is imag9$1 z t :ile felt x is j z x is felt2 & if man only felt & imag9$1 !re w\ld be no m reason :y he %\ld hold himself acc\ntable = 8 imag9ations ?an = 8 feel+s4 ,:atev] pleasure 0 mo/ attractive 9 imag9ation w\ld det]m9e desire1 &1 ?r\gh x1 action1 :i* w\ld be ! only measure ( ! am\nt ( ! attraction4 ,x w\ld n inde$ foll[ because an action 0 det]m9$ by ! pleasure mo/ attractive 9 imag9ation1 t ! ensu+ pleasure 9 actual enjoym5t w\ld be great] ?an might h be5 atta9$ by a diff]5t action--?\gh x w\ld be v h>d to %[ ! contr>y--b x w\ld foll[ t ! man atta9$ ! greate/ pleasure ( :i* 8 nature 0 capable4 ,!re w\ld be no reason :y he %\ld blame himself1 or be blam$ by o!rs1 = ! result4 #a ,x is noticeable t :5 ,locke takes to di/+ui%+ ! pleasures t move desire into pres5t & future1 he speaks z if ! future pleasure alone 7 an abs5t good1 9 contradiction to 8 previ\s view t e object ( desire is an abs5t good4 7,cf4 sec4 #fe ) sec4 #eg ( cap4 #ba47 444 & ?is c\ld give no gr\nd = responsibility4 ,9 ord] to d s1 x mu/ be und]/ood z imply+ det]m9ation by conception ( self4 #ad4 ,?us on ,locke's supposition1 t desire is only mov$ by pleasure--:i* mu/ mean imag9$ pleasure1 s9ce pleasure1 det]m9$ by conceptions1 is exclud$ by ! supposition t pleasure alone is ! ultimate motive1 & pleasure 9 actual enjoym5t is no long] desir$--! #8susp5se ( desire1' t he speaks (1 c only mean an int]val1 dur+ :i* a competition ( imag9$ pleasures 7"o associat$ ) m1 ano!r ) less1 ( sequ5t or antec$5t pa97 is /ill go+ on1 & none has become f9ally ! /ronge/ motive4 ,( su* susp5se x is unmean+ to say t a man has #8! p[] ( x1' or t1 :5 x t]m9ates 9 an action :i* does n produce s mu* pleasure z ano!r might h done1 x is because ! man #8has vitiat$ 8 palate1' & t !re=e he mu/ be #8answ]able to himself' = ! consequ5ces4 ,?is language really implies t pleasures1 in/ead ( be+ ultimate ends1 are det]m9$ to be ends ?r\gh ref]5ce to an object beyond !m :i* ! man himself con/itutes2 t x is only ?r\gh 8 conception ( self t e pleasure--n inde$ be/ pleases him1 or is mo/ attractive 9 imag9ation--b becomes 8 p]sonal good4 ,x may be t he id5tifies 8 p]sonal good ) ! pleasure mo/ attractive 9 imag9ation2 b a pleasure s id5tifi$ is q a diff]5t motive f a pleasure simply z imag9$4 ,x is no long] m]e pleasure t ! man seeks1 b self-satisfaction ?r\gh ! pleasure4 ,! same consci\sness ( self1 :i* sets him on ! act1 cont9ues ?r\gh ! act & its consequ5ces1 c>ry+ ) x ! k 7commonly call$ ! #8voice ( consci5ce'7 t x is to himself1 z ! ultimate motive1 t ! act & its consequ5ces1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( natural pa9s or civil p5alties1 are due--a k :i* bre$s remorse1 &1 ?r\gh x1 ! possibility ( a bett] m9d4 ,?us1 :5 ,locke f9ds ! gr\nd ( responsibility 9 a man's p[] ( susp5d+ 8 desire till he has consid]$ :e!r ! act1 to :i* x incl9es him1 is ( a k9d to make him happy or no1 ! value ( ! explanation lies 9 ! di/9ction :i* x may be tak5 to imply1 b :i* ,locke c\ld n consi/5tly admit1 betwe5 ! imag9ation ( pleasure & ! conception ( self z a p]man5t subject ( happ9ess1 by ref]5ce to :i* an imag9$ pleasure becomes a /ronge/ motive4 ,x is n really z involv+ a comp>ison betwe5 imag9$ pleasures1 b z involv+ ! consid]ation :e!r ! greate/ imag9$ pleasure w be ! be/ = "o 9 ! long run1 t ! susp5se ( desire e/abli%es ! responsibility ( man4 ,ev5 if we admitt$ ) ,locke t no?+ ent]$ into ! consid]ation b an e/imate ( #8future pleasures'--& ,locke1 x w be obs]v$1 by suppos+ ! e/imate to include #8pleasures ( a sort we are unacqua9t$ )1' #a :i* is z mu* ( a contradiction z to suppose a man influ5c$ by unfelt feel+s1 r5d]s ?is re/riction unmean+--/ill to be det]m9$ by ! consid]ation :e!r some?+ is good = me on ! :ole is to be det]m9$1 n by ! imag9ation ( pleasure1 b by ! conception ( self1 ?\gh x be ( self only z a subject to be pleas$4 #a ,cap4 #ba1 sec4 #fe4 ,he has specially 9 view ! pleasures ( #8ano!r life'1 :i* #8be+ int5d$ = a /ate ( happ9ess1 mu/ c]ta9ly be agreeable to e "o's wi% & desire3 c\ld we suppose _! reli%es z diff]5t !re z !y are "h1 yet ! manna 9 heav5 w suit e "o's palate4' ,locke f9ds moral fre$om 9 necessity ( pursu+ happ9ess4 #ae4 ,! mis*ief is t1 ?\gh 8 language implies ?is di/9ction1 he does n himself und]/& x4 #8,! c>e ( ourselves1' he tells u1 #8t we mi/ake n imag9>y = real happ9ess1 is ! necess>y f\ndation ( our lib]ty4 ,! /rong] ties we h to an unalt]able pursuit ( happ9ess 9 g5]al1 :i* is our greate/ good1 & :i*1 z su*1 our desires always foll[1 ! m are we free f any necess>y det]m9ation ( our w to any p>ticul> action1 till we h exam9$ :e!r x has a t5d5cy to1 or is inconsi/5t )1 our real happ9ess4' #a ,b he does n see t ! rationale ( ! fre$om1 ?us p>adoxically1 ?\gh truly1 plac$ 9 ! /r5g? ( a tie1 lies 9 t det]m9ation by ! conception ( self to :i* ! #8unalt]able pursuit ( happ9ess' is really equival5t4 ,to him x is n z "o mode among o!rs 9 :i* t self-det]m9ation appe>s1 b simply 9 itself1 t ! consid]ation ( :at is = our real happ9ess is ! #8f\ndation ( our lib]ty1' & ! consid]ation itself is no m ?an a comp>ison betwe5 imag9$ pleasures & pa9s4 ,h5ce to a read] :o refuses to read into ,locke an int]pretation :i* he does n himself supply1 ! range ( moral lib]ty mu/ seem z n>r[ z its nature is ambigu\s4 ,z to its range1 ! great] "p ( our actions1 & among !m ^? :i* we are apt to ?9k our be/1 are n & c\ld n be prec$$ by any consid]ation :e!r !y are = our real happ9ess or no4 ,9 tru?1 !y result f a "* :i* ! conception ( self has r5d]$ possible1 or express an int]e/ 9 objects ( :i* ?is conception is ! condition1 & = t reason !y repres5t a w self-det]m9$ & free2 b !y d n re/ on ! f\ndation :i* ,locke calls #8! necess>y f\ndation ( our lib]ty4' ,z to ! nature ( ?is lib]ty1 ! read]1 :o takes ,locke at 8 ^w1 w\ld f9d himself left to *oose betwe5 ! view ( x z ! condition ( a m9d #8susp5d$' betwe5 rival pres5tations ( ! pleasant1 & ! equally unt5able view ( x z t #8lib]ty ( indiff]5ce1' :i* ,locke himself is q ready to d]ide--z consi/+ 9 a *oice prior to desire1 :i* det]m9es :at ! desire %all be4 #b #a ,cap4 #ba1 sec4 #ea4 #b ,cf4 ! passage 9 sec4 #ef3 #8,:5 he has once *os5 x1 & !reby x is become "p ( 8 happ9ess1 x raises desire1' c4 7,cf4 also sec4 #dc sub f947 ,if an action is mov$ by desire = an object1 ,locke asks no que/ions ab\t orig9 ( ! object3 ,b :at is to be said ( actions1 :i* we only d because we ought8 #af4 ,?is ambigu\s deliv]ance ab\t moral fre$om1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is ! necess>y result on a m9d1 hav+ too /rong a practical hold on life to tamp] ) human responsibility1 ( a doctr9e :i* d5ies ! orig9ativ5ess ( ?\ght1 & 9 consequ5ce _c consi/5tly all[ any motive to desire1 b ! image ( a pa/ pleasure or pa94 ,! full logical effect ( ! doctr9e1 h[ev]1 does n appe> 9 ,locke1 because1 ) 8 way ( tak+ any desire ( :i* ! satisfaction produces pleasure to h pleasure = its object1 he nev] comes 9 sight ( ! "q h[ ! manifold objects ( actual human int]e/ are possible = a be+ :o only feels & reta9s1 or comb9es1 8 feel+s4 ,an action mov$ by love ( c\ntry1 love ( fame1 love ( a fri5d1 love ( ! beautiful1 w\ld cause him no m difficulty ?an "o mov$ by desire = ! r5ewal ( "s s5sual enjoym5t1 or = t ma9t5ance ( heal? :i* is ! condition ( su* enjoym5t 9 ! future4 ,if press$ ab\t !m1 we may suppose t--avail+ himself ( ! language probably curr5t 9 ! philosophic society 9 :i* he liv$1 ?\gh x fir/ became g5]ally curr5t 9 ,engl& ?r\gh ! writ+s ( 8 quasi-pupil1 ,%aftesbury--he w\ld h said t he f\nd 9 8 brea/ affections = public good1 z well z = self-good1 ! satisfaction ( :i* gave pleasure1 & to :i* 8 doctr9e1 t pleasure is ! #8object ( desire 9 g5]al1' 0 accord+ly applicable4 ,! "q--( :at feel+s or comb9ations ( feel+s are ! objects :i* excite ^! sev]al desires copies8--x does n occur to him to ask4 ,x is only :5 a class ( actions pres5ts itself = :i* a motive 9 ! way ( desire or av]sion is n readily assignable t any difficulty arises1 & !n x is a difficulty :i* ! assignm5t ( su* a motive1 )\t any "q ask$ z to its possibility = a m]ely feel+ & imag9+ subject1 is ?\ght suffici5tly to dispose (4 ,su* a class ( actions is t ( :i* we say t we #8ought' to d !m1 ev5 :5 we are n compell$ & _h r n4 ,we ought1 x is g5]ally admitt$1 to keep our promises1 ev5 :5 x is inconv5i5t to u to d s & no puni%m5t c\ld ov]take u if we did n4 ,we ought to be j ev5 9 ways t ! law does n prescribe1 & :5 we are beyond its k52 & t1 too1 9 deal+ ) m5 t[>ds :om we h no incl9ation to be g5]\s4 ,we ought ev5--s at lea/ ,locke #8on ! au?ority ( ,revelation' w\ld h said--to =give injuries :i* we _c =get1 & if n #8to love our enemies' 9 ! lit]al s5se1 :i* may be an impossibility1 yet to act z if we did4 ,to :at motive are su* actions to be assign$8 ,_! object is pleasure1 b pleasure giv5 n by nature b by law4 #ag4 #8,to desire = pleasure or av]sion f pa91' ,locke w\ld answ]1 #8b a pleasure & pa9 o!r ?an ! natural consequ5ces ( acts & atta*$ to !m by "s law4' ,?is is ! result ( 8 enquiry into #8,moral ,relations' 7,book ,,ii41 *ap4 #bh74 ,good & evil1 he tells u1 be+ #8no?+ b pleasure & pa91 moral good or evil is only ! con=mity or disagreem5t ( our actions to "s law1 :]eby good or evil1 i4e41 pleasure or pa91 is drawn on u by ! w & p[] ( ! law-mak]4' ,all law accord+ to its #8true nature' is a rule set to ! actions ( o!rs by an intellig5t be+1 hav+ #8p[] to rew>d ! compliance )1 & puni% deviation f1 8 rule by "s good & evil t is n ! natural product & consequ5ce ( ! action itself2 = t1 be+ a natural conv5i5ce or inconv5i5ce1 w\ld op]ate ( itself )\t a law4' ,( su* law !re are ?ree sorts4 #a4 ,div9e ,law1 #8promulgat$ to m5 by ! light ( nature or voice ( revelation1 by comp>+ _! actions to :i* !y judge :e!r1 z duties or s9s1 !y are l to procure !m happ9ess or mis]y f ! h&s ( ! ,almighty4' #b4 ,civil ,law1 #8! rule set by ! ,commonweal? to ! actions ( ^? :o belong to x1' ref]5ce to :i* decides #8:e!r !y be crim9al or no4' #c4 #8,! law ( op9ion or reputation1' accord+ to agreem5t or disagreem5t ) :i* actions are reckon$ #8virtues or vices4' ,?is law may or may n co9cide ) ! div9e law4 ,s f> z x does1 virtues & vices are really1 :at !y are always suppos$ to be1 actions #89 _! own nature #8sev]ally "r or wrong4 ,x is n z really "r or wrong1 h[ev]1 b only z e/eem$ s1 t an act is virtu\s or vici\s1 & ?us #8! common measure ( virtue & vice is ! approbation or dislike1 praise or blame1 :i* by a tacit cons5t e/abli%es itself 9 ! sev]al societies1 tribes1 & clubs ( m5 9 ! _w1 :]eby sev]al actions come to f9d cr$it or disgrace among !m1 accord+ to ! judgm5t1 maxims1 or fa%ions ( ! place4' ,ea* sort ( law has its own #8en=cem5t 9 ! way ( good & evil4' ,t ( ! civil law is obvi\s4 ,t ( ! ,div9e ,law lies 9 ! pleasures & pa9s ( #8ano!r _w1' :i* 7we h to suppose7 r5d] actions #89 _! own nature good & evil4' ,t ( ! ?ird sort ( law lies 9 ^? consequ5ces ( social reputation & dislike :i* are /rong] motives to mo/ m5 ?an are ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ei!r ( ,god or ! magi/rate 7*ap4 #bh1 #e-ab74 ,con=mity to law n ! moral good1 b a means to x4 #ah4 #8,moral goodness or evil1' ,locke concludes1 #8is ! con=mity or non-con=mity ( any action' to "o or o!r ( ! above rules 7 #ad74 ,b su* con=mity or non-con=mity is n a feel+1 pleasant or pa9ful1 at all4 ,if1 !n1 ! acc\nt ( ! good z consi/+ 9 pleasure1 ( :i* ! morally good is a p>ticul> =m1 is to be adh]$ to1 we mu/ suppose t1 :5 moral goodness is said to be con=mity to law1 x is s call$ m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! specific means ( atta9+ t pleasure 9 :i* moral good consi/s4 ,n ! conception ( con=mity to law1 b ! imag9ation ( a c]ta9 pleasure1 w det]m9e ! desire t moves ! moral act1 z e o!r desire4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! moral act & an act judici\sly done = ! sake1 let u say1 ( "s pleasure ( ! palate1 w lie only 9 ! *annel ?r\gh :i* comes ! pleasure t ea* is calculat$ to obta94 ,if ! motive ( an act done = ! sake ( ! pleasure ( eat+ diff]s f ! motive ( an act done = ! sake ( sexual pleasure on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ! pleasures are sev]ally obta9$1 9 t s5se only c ! motive ( ei!r ( ^! acts1 ^u ,locke's pr9ciples1 be tak5 to diff] f ! motive ( an act morally done4 ,! explanation1 !n1 ( ! acts n readily assignable to desire or av]sion1 ( :i* we say t we only d !m because we #8ought1' has be5 f\nd4 ,!y are s f> ( a k9d ) all actions done to obta9 or avoid :at ,locke calls #8future' pleasures or pa9s t ! difficulty ( assign+ a motive = !m only arises f ! fact t _! imm$iate result is n an end b a means4 ,!y diff] f ^!1 h[ev]1 inasmu* z ! pleasure !y draw aft] !m is n _! #8natural consequ5ce1' any m ?an ! pa9 atta*+ to a contr>y act w\ld be1 b is only possible ?r\gh ! action ( ,god1 ! magi/rate1 or society 9 "s ( its =ms4 ,hume has to d]ive f #8impressions' ! objects :i* ,locke took = grant$4 #ai4 ,aft] ! above exam9ation we c easily anticipate ! po9ts on :i* a c&id & cle>-head$ man1 :o accept$ ! pr9ciples ( ,locke's doctr9e1 w\ld see t x ne$$ explanation & developm5t4 ,if all action is det]m9$ by impulse to remove ! mo/ press+ uneas9ess1 z consi/+ 9 desire = ! greate/ pleasure ( :i* ! ag5t is at ! "t capable2 if ?is1 aga91 means desire = ! r5ewal ( "s #8impression' previ\sly exp]i5c$1 & all impressions are ei!r ^? ( s5se or d]iv$ f !m1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ^? actual objects ( human int]e/ & pursuit :i* seem f> remov$ f any comb9ation ( animal pleasures or ( ! means !reto1 & specially = t class ( actions det]m9$1 z ,locke says1 by expectation ( pa9 or pleasure o!r ?an ! #8natural consequ5ce' ( ! act1 to :i* ! t]m #8moral' is prop]ly appli$8 ,hume1 z we h se51 #a 9 accept+ ,locke's pr9ciples1 clo!s !m 9 a m precise t]m9ology1 m>k+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! feel+ z orig9ally felt & ! same z return+ 9 memory or imag9ation z t betwe5 #8impression & idea1' & exclud+ orig9al ideas ( reflection4 #8,an impression fir/ /rikes ^u ! s5ses1 & makes u p]ceive heat or cold1 ?ir/ or hung]1 pleasure or pa91 ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,( ?is impression !re is a copy tak5 by ! m9d1 :i* rema9s aft] ! impression ceases2 & ?is we call an idea4 ,?is idea ( pleasure or pa91 :5 x returns ^u ! s\l1 produces ! new impressions ( desire & av]sion1 hope & fe>1 :i* may prop]ly be call$ impressions ( reflection1 because d]iv$ f x' 7a74 #8,^!1 aga91 are copi$ by ! memory & imag9ation1 & become ideas2 :i* p]haps 9 _! turn give rise to o!r impressions' 7b74 ,?us ! impressions ( reflection1 m>k$ 7a71 w be det]m9$ by ideas copi$ f impressions ( s5se4 ,if desires1 !y w be desires = ! r5ewal ei!r ( a pleasure incid5tal to ! satisfaction ( appetite1 or ( a pleasant sight or s\nd1 a sweet ta/e or smell4 ,^! desires & _! satisfactions w aga9 be copi$ 9 ideas1 b h[ c ! impressions 7b7 to :i* ^! ideas give rise be o!r ?an desires = ! r5ewal ( ! orig9al animal pleasures8 ,h[ d !y come to be desires z unlike ^! z are ! motives :i* actuate n m]ely ! sa9t or ! philan?ropi/1 b ! ord9>y good neighb\r or hone/ citiz5 or head ( a family8 #a ,g5]al ,introd41 ,vol4 ,i1 p>4 #aie ,que/ions :i* he f\nd at issue1 a4 ,is virtue int]e/$8 b4 ,:at is consci5ce8 #bj4 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! publication ( ,locke's essay & ! #8,treatise on ,human ,nature' !re _h be5 mu* writ+ on e?ical que/ions 9 ,engli%4 ,! effect ( ?is on ,hume is pla9 en\gh4 ,he writes ) ref]5ce to curr5t controv]sy1 & 9 ! moral "p ( ! treatise probably _h ! views ( ,cl>ke1 ,%aftesbury1 ,butl]1 & ,hut*eson m consci\sly be=e him ?an ,locke's4 ,?is does n int]f]e1 h[ev]1 ) ! propriety ( affiliat+ him 9 respect ( 8 views on morals1 no less ?an on k1 directly to ,locke1 ^: pr9ciples & me?od 7 9 ! ma9 accept$ by all ! morali/s ( t age4 ,8 *>act]i/ic lies 9 8 m consi/5t application ( ^!1 & ! effect ( curr5t controv]sy ^u him 0 *iefly to %[ him ! l9e :i* ?is application mu/ take4 ,x 0 a controv]sy :i* turn$ almo/ :olly on two po9ts2 7a7 ! di/9ction betwe5 #8int]e/$ & dis9t]e/$1' selfi% & unselfi% affections2 7b7 ! orig9 & nature ( t #8law1' relation to :i*1 accord+ to ,locke1 con/itutes our action #8virtu\s or vici\s4' ,9 ! abs5ce ( any notion ( ?\ght b z a faculty :i* puts toge!r simple ideas into complex ones1 ( reason b z a faculty :i* calculates means & p]ceives ! agreem5t ( ideas m$iately1 x c\ld h b "o end4 ,hobbes' answ] to fir/ "q1 #ba4 ,by ! g5]ation 9 :i* ,hume 0 br$ ! issue z to ! possible dis9t]e/$ness ( action 0 suppos$ to lie betwe5 ! view ( ,hobbes & t ( ,%aftesbury4 ,hobbes' moral doctr9e _h n be5 ess5tially diff]5t f ,locke's1 b he _h be5 (f5sively explicit on que/ions :i* ,locke left op5 to m g5ial views ?an 8 doctr9e logically ju/ifi$4 ,ea* />t$ f ! position t ! ultimate motive to e action c only be ! imag9ation ( "o's own pleasure or pa91 & nei!r prop]ly left room = ! det]m9ation ( desire by a conceiv$ object z di/9ct f rememb]$ pleasure4 ,b :ile ,locke1 z we h se51 illogically took = grant$ desires s det]m9$1 & ?us made x possible = a disciple to admit any b5evol5t desires z motives on ! /r5g? ( ! pleasure :i* !y produce :5 satisfi$1 ,hobbes _h be5 m sev]e 9 8 me?od1 & _h expla9$ e desire1 ( :i* ! direct motive c\ld n be tak5 to be ! r5ewal ( "s animal pleasure1 z desire ei!r = ! p[] 9 oneself to comm& su* pleasure at w or = ! pleasure incid5tal to ! contemplation ( ! signs ( su* p[]4 ,h5ce 8 peculi> treatm5t ( compassion & ! o!r #8social affections1' :i* x is easi] to %[ to be untrue to ! facts ( ! case ?an to be o!r ?an ! prop] consequ5ce ( pr9ciples :i* ,locke _h r5d]$ or?odox4 #a ,! c\nt]-doctr9e ( ,%aftesbury holds wat] j s f> z x involves ! rejection ( ! doctr9e t pleasure is ! sole ultimate motive4 ,x becomes confus$ j because its au?or _h no def9ite !ory ( reason1 z con/itutive ( objects1 t c\ld ju/ify ?is rejection4 #a ,see #8,levia?an1' "p #a1 *ap4 #f4 ,c\nt]-doctr9e ( ,%aftesbury4 ,vice is selfi%ness3 ,b no cle> acc\nt ( selfi%ness4 #bb4 ,he beg9s ) a doctr9e t directly contradicts ,locke's id5tification ( ! good ) pleasure1 & ( ! morally good ) pleasure occurr+ 9 a p>ticul> way1 #8,9 a s5sible creature t :i* is n done ?r\gh any affection at all makes nei!r good nor ill 9 ! nature ( t creature2 :o !n only is suppos$ good1 :5 ! good or ill ( ! sy/em to :i* he has relation is ! imm$iate object ( "s passion or affection mov+ him4' #a ,?is1 x w be se51 z aga9/ ,locke1 implies t ! good ( a man's action lies n 9 any pleasure sequ5t ^u x to him1 b 9 ! nature ( ! affection f :i* x proce$s2 & t ! goodness ( ?is affection dep5ds on its be+ det]m9$ by an object :olly diff]5t f imag9$ pleasure--! conceiv$ good ( a sy/em to :i* ! man has relation1 i4e41 ( human society1 :i* 9 ,%aftesbury's language is ! #8public' z di/9ct f ! #8private' sy/em4 ,x is n en\gh t an action %\ld result 9 good to ?is sy/em2 x mu/ proce$ f affection = x4 #8,:atev] is done :i* happ5s to be advantage\s to ! species ?r\gh an affection m]ely t[>ds self-good does n imply any m goodness 9 ! creature ?an z ! affection itself is good4 ,let him 9 any p>ticul> act ev] s well2 if at ! bottom x be t selfi% affection alone :i* moves him1 he is 9 himself /ill vici\s4' #b ,"h1 !n1 we seem to h a cle> !ory ( moral evil z consi/+ 9 selfi%1 ( moral good z consi/+ 9 unselfi% affections4 ,b :at exactly con/itutes a selfi% affection1 accord+ to ,%aftesbury8 ,! answ] t fir/ sugge/s itself1 is t z ! unselfi% affection is an affection = public good1 s a selfi% "o is an affection = #8self-good1' ! good ( ! #8private sy/em4' ,%aftesbury1 h[ev]1 does n give ?is answ]4 #8,affection = private good' ) him is n1 z su*1 selfi%2 x is s only :5 #8excessive' & #8inconsi/5t ) ! int]e/ ( ! species or public4' #c ,?is qualification seems at once to efface ! cle> l9e ( di/9ction previ\sly drawn4 ,x puts #8self-affection' on a level ) public affection :i*1 accord+ to ,%aftesbury1 may equally err on ! side ( excess4 ,x implies t an affection = self-good1 if only x be advantage\s to ! species1 may be good2 :i* is j :at _h be5 previ\sly d5i$4 ,& n only s2 al?\gh1 :5 ! self-affections are "u view1 !y are only all[$ a qualifi$ goodness 9 virtue ( _! indirect contribution to ! good ( ! species1 yet conv]sely1 ! sup]iority ( ! affections1 :i* h ?is latt] good = _! object1 is urg$ specially on ! gr\nd ( ! great] am\nt ( happ9ess or #8self-good' :i* !y produce4 #a #8,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue1' ,book ,i4 "p #b1 sec4 #a4 #b ,ibid41 ,book ,i41 "p #b1 sec4 #b4 #c ,ibid41 ,book ,,ii41 "p #a1 sec4 #c4 ,confusion 9 8 notions ( self-good & public good3 ,is all liv+ = pleasure1 or only too mu* ( x1 selfi%8 #bc4 ,! tru? is t ! notions :i* ,%aftesbury atta*$ to ! t]ms #8affection = self-good' & #8affection = public good' 7 n su* z all[$ ( a consi/5t opposition betwe5 !m4 ,!y c only be s oppos$ if1 on ! "o h&1 self-good is id5tifi$ ) pleasure2 & on ! o!r1 affection = public good is c>efully di/+ui%$ f desire = t sort ( pleasure ( :i* ! gratification ( o!rs is a condition4 ,b ) ,%aftesbury1 affections = self-good d n repres5t m]ely ^? desires = pleasure det]m9$ by self-consci\sness--= pleasure pres5t$ z "o's p]sonal good--:i* c alone be prop]ly reckon$ s\rces ( moral evil4 ,!y include equally m]e natural appetites--hung]1 ! sexual impulse1 c4--:i* are morally neutral1 & !y d n cle>ly exclude any desire = an object :i* a man has s #8made 8 own' z to f9d 8 happ9ess--#8self-enjoym5t' or #8self-good1' accord+ to ,%aftesbury's language--9 atta9+ x1 ?\gh x be z remote f imag9$ pleasure z possible4 #a ,on ! o!r h&1 #8affections = public good1' z he describes !m1 are n re/rict$ to su* desires = ! good ( o!rs z are irrespective ( pleasure to self4 ,!y include n only su* natural in/9cts z #8p>5tal k9dness & conc]n = ! nurture & propagation ( ! "y1' :i*1 morally1 at any rate1 are n to be di/+ui%$ f ! appetites reckon$ z affections = self-good1 b also desires = sympa!tic pleasure--! pleasure to oneself :i* arises on consci\sness t ano!r is pleas$4 ,%aftesbury's special antipa?y1 inde$1 is ! doctr9e t b5evol5t affections are int]e/$ 9 ! s5se ( hav+ = _! object a pleasure to oneself1 ap>t f & beyond ! pleasure ( ! p]son :om !y move u to please2 b unless he reg>ds !m z desires = ! pleasure :i* ! subject ( !m exp]i5ces 9 ! pleasure ( ano!r1 !re is no purpose 9 enl>g+1 z he does ) mu* unction1 on ! special pleasantness ( ! pleasures :i* !y produce4 ,) su* vagu5ess 9 8 notions ( :at he meant by affections = #8self-good' & = #8public good1' x is n /range t he %\ld h fail$ to give any t5able acc\nt ( ! selfi%ness 9 :i* he conceiv$ moral evil to consi/4 ,he c\ld n apply su* a t]m ( reproa* to ! #8self-affections' 9 g5]al1 )\t condemn+ z selfi% ! man :o #8f9ds 8 own happ9ess 9 do+ good1' & :o is 9 tru? indi/+ui%able f "o to :om #8affection = public good' has become1 z we say1 ! law ( 8 be+4 ,nor c\ld he id5tify selfi%ness1 z he %\ld h done1 ) all liv+ = pleasure )\t a m complete rupture ?an he 0 capable ( ) ! receiv$ doctr9e ( 8 "t & )\t br++ affection = public good1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 mo/ g5]ally conceiv$1 & :i* 01 at any rate1 "o ( ! =ms "u :i* he pres5t$ x to himself--z desire1 namely1 = sympa!tic pleasure--into ! same condemnation4 ,8 way out ( ! difficulty is1 z we h se51 9 violation ( 8 own pr9ciple to f9d ! *>act]i/ic ( selfi%ness n 9 ! motive ( any affection b 9 its result2 n 9 ! fact t a man's desire has 8 own good = its object1 :i* is true ( "o to :om 8 neighb\r's good is z 8 own1 nor 9 ! fact t x has pleasure = its object1 :i* ,%aftesbury1 z ! *ild ( 8 age1 c\ld sc>cely help ?9k+ 0 ! case ) e desire1 b 9 ! fact t x is /rong] ?an is #8consi/5t ) ! int]e/ ( ! species or public4' #a ,book ,,ii41 "p #b1 sec4 #b4 ,:at h ,butl] & ,hut*eson to say ab\t x8 ,*iefly t affections t]m9ate ^u _! objects4 ,b ?is does n exclude ! view t all desire is = pleasure4 #bd4 ,nei!r ,butl] nor ,hut*eson #a c claim to h c>ri$ ! e?ical controv]sy mu* beyond ! po9t at :i* ,%aftesbury left x4 ,ea* took = grant$ t ! object ( ! #8self-affection' 0 necess>ily "o's own happ9ess1 & nei!r made any di/9ction betwe5 liv+ = happ9ess & liv+ = pleasure4 ,!y c\ld n !n id5tify selfi%ness ) ! liv+ = pleasure )\t condemn+ ! self-affection1 & )1 x ! be/ man's pursuit ( 8 own highe/ good 9 ! s]vice ( o!rs1 altoge!r z evil4 ,nor 9 ! abs5ce ( any bett] !ory ( ! object ( ! self-affection c\ld ! social affections1 :i*1 accord+ to ,butl]1 are subject 9 ! develop$ man to ! direction ( self-love1 escape ! sugge/ion t !y are "o mode ( ! g5]al desire = pleasure4 ,butl] & ,hut*eson1 inde$1 are q cle> t !y are #8dis9t]e/$' 9 ! s5se ( #8t]m9at+ ^u _! objects4' #b ,?is means1 :at is suffici5tly obvi\s :5 once po9t$ out1 7a7 t a b5evol5t desire is n a desire = t p>ticul> pleasure1 or r #8removal ( uneas9ess1' :i* %all ensue :5 x is satisfi$1 & 7b7 t x _c orig9ally arise f ! g5]al desire = happ9ess1 s9ce ?is creates no pleasures b m]ely directs u to ! pursuit ( objects f\nd pleasant indep5d5tly ( x1 & ?us1 if x directs u to b5evol5t acts1 presupposes a pleasure previ\sly f\nd 9 !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z ,butl] po9ts out1 is equally true ( all p>ticul> desires :atev]--( ^? /yl$ self-reg>d+1 no less ?an ( ! social--& if x is n incompatible ) ! =m] be+ desires = pleasure1 no m is x ) ! latt] be+ s4 ,mu* confusion on ! matt]1 x may be truly said1 arises f ! loose way 9 :i* ! words #8affection' & #8passion' are us$ by ,butl] & 8 contempor>ies1 n exclud+ ,hume himself1 alike = appetite1 desire1 & emotion4 ,9 e case a pleasure o!r ?an satisfaction ( desire mu/ h be5 exp]i5c$ be=e desire c be excit$ by ! imag9ation ( x4 ,a pleasure incid5tal to ! satisfaction ( appetite mu/ h be5 exp]i5c$ be=e imag9ation ( x c\ld excite ! desire ( ! glutton4 ,9 l mann]1 social affection1 z desire1 _c be fir/ excit$ by ! pleasure :i* %all arise :5 x is satisfi$2 x mu/ previ\sly exi/ z ! condition ( t pleasure be+ exp]i5c$2 b x does n foll[ t x is o!r ?an a desire = an imag9$ pleasure1 = t sympa!tic pleasure 9 ! pleasure ( ano!r 9 :i* ! social affection z emotion consi/s4 ,n[ ?\gh ,butl] & ,hut*eson suffici5tly %[$ t x is no o!r pleasure ?an ?is :i* is ! orig9al object ( b5evol5t desires1 !y did n attempt to %[ t x is n ?is2 & fail+ su* an attempt1 ! receiv$ doctr9e t ! object ( all desire1 social & self-reg>d+ alike1 is pleasure ( "o sort or ano!r1 w\ld naturally be tak5 to /&4 ,?is admitt$1 !re c be no?+ 9 ! fact t a c]ta9 pleasure dep5ds on ! pleasure ( ano!r1 & t a c]ta9 o!r does n1 to entitle an action mov$ by desire = ! =m] sort ( pleasure to be call$ unselfi% 9 ! way ( praise1 & "o mov$ by desire = ! latt] sort selfi% 9 ! way ( reproa*4 ,! motive--desire = 8 own pleasure--is ! same to ! do] 9 bo? cases4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! acts c only lie 9 t :i* ,%aftesbury _h said c\ld n con/itute moral good or ill--9 ! consequ5ces by :i* society judges ( !m1 b :i* d n =m ! motive ( ! ag5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x w be a di/9ction fix$ by t law ( op9ion or reputation1 9 :i* ,locke _h f\nd ! common measure ( virtue & vice1 ?\gh he _h n ent]$ on ! "q ( ! consid]ations by :i* t law is =m$4 #a ,! works ( ,hut*eson1 publi%$ be=e ,hume's treatise 0 writt51 & :i* /rongly affect$ x1 7 ! #8,enquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue' 7#agbe71 & ! #8,essay on ! ,nature & ,conduct ( ! ,passions & ,affections' 7#agbh74 ,9 :at foll[s ,i wrote ) direct ref]5ce to 8 po/hum\s "w1 n publi%$ till aft] ,hume's treatise1 b :i* only reproduces m sy/ematically 8 e>li] views4 #b ,see 9 ,preface to ,butl]'s ,s]mons1 ! "p relat+ to ,s]mon ,,xi41 #8,besides1 ! only idea ( an int]e/$ pursuit' c42 also ! e>ly "p ( ,s]mon ,,xi41 #8,e man ha? a g5]al desire1' c4 ,( moral goodness ,butl]'s acc\nt circul>3 ,hut*eson's inconsi/5t ) 8 doctr9e t reason gives no end4 #be4 ,su* a conclusion w\ld lie ready to h& = su* a read] ( ,butl] & ,hut*eson z we may suppose ,hume to h be51 b x is ne$less to say t x is n t at :i* !y !mselves arrive4 ,butl]1 inde$1 di/9ctly refuses to id5tify moral good & evil respectively ) dis9t]e/$ & int]e/$ action1 #a b nei!r does he admit t desire = pleasure or av]sion f pa9 is ! uni=m motive ( action 9 su* a way z to compel ! conclusion t moral good & ill repres5t a di/9ction1 n ( motives1 b ( consequ5ces ( action contemplat$ by ! onlook]4 ,an act is morally good1 accord+ to him1 :5 x is approv$ by ! #8reflex faculty ( approbation1' bad :5 x is disapprov$1 b :at x is t ?is #8faculty' approves he nev] di/9ctly tells u4 ,! good is :at #8consci5ce' approves1 & consci5ce is :at approves ! good--t is ! circle out ( :i* he nev] escapes4 ,if we insi/ on extract+ f him any m satisfactory conclusion z to ! object ( moral approbation1 x mu/ be t x is ! object :i* #8self-love' pursues1 i4e41 ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! individual1 a conclusion :i* 9 "s places he c]ta9ly adopts4 #b ,hut*eson1 on ! o!r h&1 gives a pla9 def9ition ( ! object :i* ?is faculty approves4 ,x consi/s 9 #8affections t5d+ to ! happ9ess ( o!rs & ! moral p]fection ( ! m9d possess+ !m4' ,if 9 ?is def9ition by #8t5d+ to' may be und]/ood #8( :i* ! motive is'--an int]pretation :i* ! g5]al t5or ( ,hut*eson's view w\ld ju/ify--x implies 9 effect t ! morally good lies 9 desires ( :i* ! object is n pleasure4 ,t desire = moral p]fection1 if !re is su* a ?+1 is n desire = pleasure is obvi\s en\gh2 nor c\ld desire = ! happ9ess ( o!rs be tak5 to be s except ?r\gh confusion betwe5 det]m9ation by ! conception ( ano!r's good1 to :i* 8 app>5t pleasure is rightly or wrongly tak5 z a guide1 & by ! imag9ation ( a pleasure to be exp]i5c$ by oneself 9 sympa?y ) ! pleasure ( ano!r4 ,nor is x d\btful t ,hut*eson himself1 ?\gh he might h hesitat$ to id5tify moral evil1 z selfi%ness1 ) ! liv+ = pleasure1 yet und]/ood by ! morally good ! liv+ = objects :olly diff]5t f pleasure4 ,! "q is :e!r ! recognition ( su* motives is logically compatible ) 8 doctr9e t reason gives no ends1 b is only a #8subs]vi5t p[]' ( calculat+ means4 ,if feel+1 undet]m9$ by ?\ght or reason1 c alone supply motives1 & ( feel+1 ?us undet]m9$1 no?+ c be said b t x is pleasant or pa9ful1 :at motive c !re be b imag9ation ( "o's own pleasure or pa9--"o's own1 = if imag9ation is m]ely ! return ( feel+ 9 fa9t] =m1 no "o c imag9e any feel+1 any m ?an he c orig9ally feel x1 except z 8 own8 #a ,see preface to ,s]mons 7ab\t f\r pages f ! end 9 mo/ editions73-#8,! goodness or badness ( actions does n arise h5ce1' c4 ,! conclusion he !re arrives at is t a good action is "o :i* #8becomes su* creatures z we are'2 & ?is1 read 9 ! light ( ! second s]mon1 mu/ be und]/ood to mean an action #8suitable to our :ole nature1' z conta9+ a pr9ciple ( #8reflex approbation4' ,9 o!r words1 ! good action is s because approv$ by consci5ce4 #b ,see a passage t[>ds ! end ( ,s]mon ,,iii41 #8,reasonable self-love & consci5ce are ! *ief1' c4 c42 also a passage t[>ds ! end ( ,s]mon ,,xi41 #8,let x be all[$ ?\gh virtue1' c4 c4 ,s\rce ( ! moral judgm5t3 ,receiv$ notion ( reason incompatible ) true view4 ,%aftesbury's doctr9e ( rational affection2 spoilt by doctr9e ( #8moral s5se' #bf4 ,! "w ( reason 9 con/itut+ ! moral judgm5t 7#8,i ought'71 z well z ! moral motive 7#8,i mu/1 because ,i ought'71 c\ld n f9d due recognition 9 an age :i* took its notion ( reason f ,locke4 ,! only !ory !n kn[n :i* f\nd ! s\rce ( moral di/9ctions 9 reason 0 ,cl>ke's1 & ,cl>ke's notion ( reason 0 ess5tially ! same z t :i* appe>s 9 ,locke's acc\nt ( demon/rative k4 #a ,x 0 9 tru? d]iv$ f ! proc$ure ( ma!matics1 & only applicable to ! comp>ison ( quantities4 ,cl>ke talks l(tily ab\t ! ,et]nal ,reason ( ?+s1 b by ?is he means no?+ def9ite except ! laws ( proportion1 & :5 he f9ds ! virtue ( an act to consi/ 9 con=mity to ?is ,et]nal ,reason1 ! inevitable rejo9d] is ! "q--,betwe5 :at quantities is ?is virtue a proportion8 #b ,9 ,%aftesbury fir/ appe>s a doctr9e ( moral s5se4 ,ov] & above ! social & self-reg>d+ affections prop] to a #8s5sible' creature1 ! *>act]i/ic ( man is a #8rational affection' = goodness z consi/+ 9 ! prop] adju/m5t ( ! two ord]s ( #8s5sible' affection4 ,?is rational affection is n only a possible motive to action--x is ! only motive t c make t "* good ( :i* human action is ! expression2 = ) ,%aftesbury1 ?\gh a balance ( ! social & self-affections con/itutes ! goodness ( ^? affections1 yet ! man is only good z actuat$ by affection = ?is goodness1 & #8%\ld ! s5sible affections /& ev] s mu* amiss1 yet if !y prevail n because ( ^? o!r rational affections spok5 (1 ! p]son is e/eem$ virtu\s4' #c ,su* a notion1 x is cle>1 if x _h met ) a psy*ology answ]+ x1 _h only to be work$ out 9 ord] to become ,kant's doctr9e ( ! rational w z det]m9$ by rev]5ce = law2 b ,%aftesbury _h no su* psy*ology1 nor1 ) 8 ari/ocratic indiff]5ce to complet5ess ( sy/em1 does he seem ev] to h felt ! want ( x4 ,he nev] ask$ himself :at precisely 0 ! !ory ( reason impli$ 9 ! admission ( an affection #8rational' 9 ! s5se1 n t reason calculates ! means to its satisfaction1 b t x is det]m9$ by an object only possible = a rational z di/9ct f a #8s5sible' creature2 & j because he did n d s1 he slipp$ into adaptations to ! curr5t view ( ! good z pleasure & ( desire z det]m9$ by ! pleasure incid5tal to its own satisfaction4 ,?us1 to a disciple1 :o wi%$ to extract f ,%aftesbury a m def9ite sy/em ?an ,%aftesbury _h himself =m$1 ! #8rational affection' w\ld become desire = a specific feel+ ( pleasure suppos$ to arise on ! view ( good actions z exhibit+ a prop] balance betwe5 social & self-reg>d+ affections4 ,?is pleasure is ! #8moral s5se1' #d ) :i* ,%aftesbury's "n has become specially associat$1 :ile ! doctr9e ( rational affection1 ) :i* he c]ta9ly himself connect$ x1 b :i* x ess5tially vitiates1 has be5 =gott54 #a ,see ,cl>ke's ,boyle ,lectures1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 proposition #a4 ,! g]m ( ,cl>ke's doctr9e ( morals is to be f\nd 9 ,locke's occasional assimilation ( moral to ma!matical tru? & c]ta9ty4 7,cf4 ,essay1 ,book ,,iv1 *4 #d1 sec4 #g1 & *4 #ab1 sec4 #h74 #b ,cf4 ,hume1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bch4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,i4 #c #8,inq4 conc]n+ ,virtue1' ,book ,i41 pt4 #b4 sec4 #d4 ,cf4 ,sec4 #c sub init4 #d ,9 us+ ! t]m #8moral s5se1' ,%aftesbury himself1 no d\bt1 meant to convey ! notion t ! moral faculty 0 "o ( #8intuition1' 9 ,locke's s5se ( ! ^w1 z oppos$ to reason1 ! faculty ( demon/ration1 r ?an t x 0 a susceptibility ( pleasure & pa94 ,consequ5ces ( ! latt]4 #bg4 ,t doctr9e is ( value z ma9ta9+ t ^? actions only are morally good ( :i* ! rational affection is ! motive1 9 ! s5se t !y spr+ f a "* :i* ?is affection has fa%ion$4 ,b if ! rational affection is desire = ! pleasure ( moral s5se1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! contradiction ( suppos+ t ! only motive :i* c produce good acts is "o t _c op]ate till aft] ! good acts h be5 done4 ,x is desire = a pleasure :i* yet c only h be5 exp]i5c$ z a consequ5ce ( ! previ\s exi/5ce ( ! desire4 ,%aftesbury himself1 inde$1 treats ! moral s5se ( pleasure 9 ! contemplation ( good actions z a pleasure 9 ! view ( ! "r adju/m5t betwe5 ! social & self-affections4 ,if1 h[ev]1 on ! /r5g? ( ?is1 we suppose t c]ta9 actions are fir/ done1 n f ! rational affection1 b yet good1 & t !n remembrance ( ! pleasure f\nd 9 ! view ( _! goodness1 excit+ desire1 becomes motive to ano!r set ( acts :i* are ?us done f rational affection1 we contradict 8 /atem5t t only ! rational affection =ms ! goodness ( man1 & are none ! ne>] to an acc\nt ( :at does =m x4 ,to say t x is ! #8"r adju/m5t' ( ! two ord]s ( affection tells u no?+4 ,except z sugge/+ an analogy f ! _w ( art1 really inapplicable1 b by :i* ,%aftesbury 0 mu* influ5c$1 ?is expression means no m ?an t goodness is a good /ate ( ! affections4 ,f su* a circle ! outlet mo/ consi/5t ) ! _s ( t philosophy1 :i* _h l$ ,%aftesbury himself to br+ d[n ! rational affection to ! level ( a desire = pleasure1 w\ld lie 9 ! notion t a /ate ( ! affections is good 9 proportion z x is productive ( pleasure2 :i* aga9 w\ld sugge/ ! "q :e!r ! specific pleasure ( moral s5se itself1 ! suppos$ object ( rational affection1 is m ?an pleasure 9 t indef9ite anticipation ( pleasure :i* ! view ( affections s ord]$ t5ds to raise 9 u4 ,is an act done = #8virtue's sake' done = pleasure ( moral s5se8 #bh4 ,"h1 aga91 nei!r ,butl] nor ,hut*eson1 :ile !y avoid ! mo/ obvi\s inconsi/5cy ( ,%aftesbury's doctr9e1 d mu* = its positive developm5t4 ,) ea* ! #8moral faculty1' ?\gh x is said to approve & disapprove1 is /ill a #8s5se' or #8s5tim5t1' a specific susceptibility ( pleasure 9 ! contemplation ( goodness2 & ea* aga9 recognises a #8reflex affection' =--a desire to h--! goodness ( :i* ! view conveys ?is pleasure4 ,b !y nei!r h ! m]it ( /at+ s explicitly z ,%aftesbury does t ?is rational affection alone con/itutes ! goodness ( man1 z man2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 d !y lapse1 z he does1 into ! repres5tation ( x z a desire = ! pleasure :i* ! view ( goodness causes4 ,butl]1 inde$1 hav+ no acc\nt to give ( ! goodness :i* is approv$ or morally pleas+1 b ! fact t x is s pleas+1 c\ld logically h no?+ to say aga9/ ! view t ?is reflex affection is m]ely a desire = ?is p>ticul> sort ( pleasure2 b by repres5t+ x z equival5t 9 its highe/ =m to ! love ( ,god1 to ! long+ ( ! s\l aft] ,him z ! p]fectly good1 he 9 effect gives x a :olly diff]5t "*4 ,hut*eson1 by 8 def9ition ( ! object ( moral approbation1 #a :i* is also a def9ition ( ! object ( ! reflex affection1 is fairly entitl$ to exclude1 z he does1 along ) ! notion t ! goodness :i* we morally approve is ! quality ( excit+ ! pleasure ( su* approval1 ! notion t #8affection = goodness' means desire = ?is or any o!r pleasure4 ,b1 9 spite ( 8 express rejection ( ?is view1 ! "q w /ill return1 h[ ei!r a faculty ( consci\sness ( :i* we only "k t x is #8a k9d ( ta/e or reli%1' or a desire f ! det]m9ation ( :i* reason is expressly exclud$1 c h any o!r object ?an pleasure or pa94 #a ,see above1 sec4 #be4 ,hume excludes e object ( desire b pleasure4 #bi4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! well-meant ef=ts to d]ive t di/9ction betwe5 ! selfi% & unselfi%1 betwe5 ! pleasant & ! morally good1 :i* ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce requires1 f pr9ciples t d n admit ( x1 ,hume's sy/em has ! m]it ( relative consi/5cy4 ,he sees t ! two sides ( ,locke's doctr9e--"o t ?\ght orig9ates no?+1 b takes its objects z giv5 9 feel+1 ! o!r t ! good :i* is object ( desire is pleasant feel+--are insep>able4 ,h5ce he decisively rejects e notion ( rational or unselfi% affections1 :i* w\ld imply t !y are o!r ?an desires = pleasure2 ( virtue1 :i* w\ld imply t x antec$5tly det]m9es1 r ?an is con/itut$ by1 ! specific pleasure ( moral s5se2 & ( ?is pleasure itself1 :i* w\ld imply t any?+ b ! view ( t5d5cies to produce pleasure c excite x4 ,b "h 8 consi/5cy /ops4 ,! pr9ciple :i* =bade him to admit any object ( desire b pleasure is practically =gott5 9 8 acc\nt ( ! s\rces ( pleasure1 & its be+ s =gott5 is ! condition ( ! desire = pleasure be+ made plausibly to s]ve z a f\ndation = morals4 ,x is ! assumption ( pleasures det]m9$ by objects only possible = reason1 made 9 ! treatise on ! ,passions1 t prep>es ! way = ! rejection ( reason1 z supply+ ei!r moral motive or moral /&>d1 9 ! treatise on ,morals4 ,8 acc\nt ( #8direct passions'3 ,all desire is = pleasure4 #cj4 #8,! passions' is ,hume's g5]ic t]m = #8impressions ( reflection'--appetites1 desires1 & emotions alike4 ,he divides !m into two ma9 ord]s1 #8direct & indirect1' bo? #8f\nd$ on pa9 & pleasure4' ,! direct passions are enum]at$ z #8desire & av]sion1 grief & joy1 hope & fe>1 along ) volition' or w4 ,^! #8arise f good & evil' 7:i* are ! same z pleasure & pa97 #8mo/ naturally & ) lea/ prep>ation4' #8,desire arises f good1 av]sion f evil1 consid]$ simply4' ,!y become w or volition1 #8:5 ! good may be atta9$ or evil avoid$ by any action ( ! m9d or body'--w be+ simply #8! int]nal impression we feel & are consci\s ( :5 we kn[+ly give rise to any new motion ( our body or new p]ception ( our m9d4' #8,:5 good is c]ta9 or probable x produces joy' 7:i* is describ$ also z a pleasure produc$ by pleasure or by ! imag9ation ( pleasure72 #8:5 x is unc]ta91 x gives rise to hope4' ,to ^! ! correspond+ opposites are grief & fe>4 ,we mu/ suppose !m to be di/+ui%$ f desire & av]sion z be+ :at he else:]e calls #8pure emotions'2 su* z d n1 l desires1 #8imm$iately excite u to action4' ,giv5 su* an imm$iate impression ( pleasure or pa9 z excites a #8di/9ct passion' ( "o or o!r ( ^! k9ds1 & suppos+ x to #8arise f an object relat$ to ourselves or o!rs1' x excites m$iately1 ?r\gh ?is relation1 ! new impressions ( pride or humility1 love or hatr$--pride :5 ! object is relat$ to oneself1 love :5 x is relat$ to ano!r p]son4 ,^! are indirect passions4 ,!y d n t5d to displace ! imm$iate impression :i* is ! condition ( _! excitem5t1 b be+ !mselves agreeable give x additional =ce4 #8,?us a suit ( f9e clo!s produces pleasure f _! beauty2 & ?is pleasure produces ! direct passions1 or ! impressions ( volition & desire4 ,aga91 :5 ^! clo!s are consid]$ z belong+ to oneself1 ! d\ble relation conveys to u ! s5tim5t ( pride1 :i* is an indirect passion2 & ! pleasure :i* att5ds t passion returns back to ! direct affections1 & gives new =ce to our desire or volition1 joy or hope4' #a #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #bad1 #bae4 ,cf4 pp4 #gf1 #ij1 #aec & #bjc4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ix42 "p #a1 sec4 ,i2 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,vi42 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,vi42 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,vi4 ,yet he admits #8passions' :i* produce pleasure1 b proce$ n f x #ca4 ,alongside ( ! unqualifi$ /atem5t t #8! passions1 bo? direct & indirect1 are f\nd$ on pa9 & pleasure1' & ! consequ5t !ory ( !m1 we f9d ! curi\sly cool admission t #8beside pa9 & pleasure1 ! direct passions frequ5tly arise f a natural impulse or in/9ct1 :i* is p]fectly unacc\ntable4 ,( ?is k9d is ! desire ( puni%m5t to our enemies1 & ( happ9ess to our fri5ds2 hung] & lu/1 & a few o!r bodily appetites4 ,^! passions1 prop]ly speak+1 produce good & evil1 & proce$ n f !m l ! o!r affections4' #a ,9 ?is casual way appe>s ! recognition ( t diff]5ce ( ! desire = imag9$ pleasure f appetite prop] on ! "o side1 & on ! o!r f desire det]m9$ by reason1 :i* x is ! po9t ( ,hume's sy/em to ignore4 ,! "q is1 h[ _m ( ! pleasures 9 :i* he f9ds ! spr+s ( human conduct are o!r ?an products ( a desire :i* is n itself mov$ by pleasure1 or emotions excit$ by objects :i* reason con/itutes4 #a ,p4 #bae4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ix4 ,! passage 9 ! #8,diss]tation on ! ,passions' 7,vol4 ,,iv41 #8,diss]tation on ! ,passions1' sub init471 :i* corresponds to ! "o "h quot$1 ?r[s light on ! relation 9 :i* ,hume's lat] r$action ( 8 !ory /&s to ! e>li]1 z occasionally disguis+1 b nev] remov+1 its inconsi/5cies4 #8,"s objects1 by be+ naturally con=mable or contr>y to passion1 excite an agreeable or pa9ful s5sation1 & are !nce call$ good or evil4 ,! puni%m5t ( an adv]s>y1 by gratify+ rev5ge1 is good3 ! sickness ( a companion1 by affect+ fri5d%ip1 is evil4' ,"h he avoids ! inconsi/5cy ( admitt+ 9 s _m words a #8desire' :i* is n = a pleasure4 ,b ! inconsi/5cy really rema9s4 ,:at is ! passion1 ! #8con=mability' to :i* ( an object 9 ! suppos$ cases con/itutes pleasure8 ,s9ce x is nei!r an appetite 7su* z hung]71 nor an emotion 7su* z pride71 x rema9s t x is a desire1 & a desire :i*1 ?\gh ! #8gratification' ( x is a pleasure1 _c be a desire = t or any o!r pleasure4 ,desire = objects1 z he und]/&s x1 exclud$ by 8 !ory ( impressions & ideas4 #cb4 ,9 :at s5se1 we h fir/ to ask1 d ,hume's pr9ciples ju/ify him 9 speak+ ( desire = an object at all4 #8,! appe>ance ( an object to ! s5ses' is ! same ?+ z #8an impression becom+ pres5t to ! m9d1' #a & if ?is is true ( impressions ( s5se x _c be less true ( impressions ( reflection4 ,if s5se #8(f]s n its object z any?+ di/9ct f itself1' nei!r c desire4 ,its object1 accord+ to ,hume1 is an idea ( a pa/ impression2 b ?is1 if we take him at 8 ^w1 c m]ely mean t a feel+ :i*1 :5 at its livelie/1 0 pleasant1 has pass$ into a fa9t] /age1 :i*1 9 contra/ ) ! liveli]1 is pa9--! pa9 ( want1 :i* is also a wi% = ! r5ewal ( ! orig9al pleasure4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 :5 ,hume or anyone else 7:e!r he admit ! possibility ( desir+ an object n previ\sly f\nd pleasant1 or no71 speaks ( desire = an object1 he means some?+ diff]5t f ?is4 ,he means ei!r desire = an object t causes pleasure1 :i* is impossible except s f> z ! orig9al pleasure has be5--consci\sly to ! subject feel+ x--pleasure caus$ by an object1 i4e41 a feel+ det]m9$ by ! conception ( a ?+ "u relations to self2 or else desire = pleasure z an object1 i4e41 n m]ely desire = ! revival ( "s feel+ :i*1 hav+ be5 pleasant z #8impression1' survives )\t be+ pleasant z #8idea1' b desire det]m9$ by ! consci\sness ( self z a p]man5t subject t has be5 pleas$1 & is to be pleas$ aga94 ,x is "h1 !n1 z 9 ! case ( ! attempt$ d]ivation ( space1 or ( id5tity & sub/ance1 f impressions ( s5se4 ,9 ord] to give rise to su* an impression ( reflection z desire = an object is1 ei!r ! orig9al impression ( s5se1 or ! idea ( ?is1 mu/ be o!r ?an ,hume c\ld all[ x to be4 ,ei!r ! orig9al impression mu/ be o!r ?an a satisfaction ( appetite1 o!r ?an a sight1 smell1 s\nd1 c41 or ! idea mu/ be o!r ?an a copy ( ! impression4 ,"o or o!r mu/ be det]m9$ by conceptions n d]iv$ f feel+1 ! correlative conceptions ( self & ?+4 ,?us1 9 ord] to be able to int]pret 8 prim>y class ( impressions ( reflection #b z desires = objects1 or = pleasures z good1 ,hume has already made ! assumption t is ne$$ = ! transition to t second>y class ( impressions ?r\gh :i* he has to acc\nt = morality4 ,he has assum$ t ?\ght det]m9es feel+1 & n m]ely reproduces x4 ,ev5 if ! mat]ials out ( :i* x con/ructs ! det]m9+ object be m]ely rememb]$ pleasures1 ! object is no m to be id5tifi$ ) ^! mat]ials ?an ! liv+ body ) its *emical con/itu5ts4 #a ,see ,g5]al ,introduction1 p>agraph #bjh4 #b ,see above1 sec4 #ai4 ,pride det]m9$ by ref]5ce to self4 #cc4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! #8indirect passions' ! t]m object is no long] appli$1 z 9 ! acc\nt ( ! direct ones1 to ! pleasure or pa9 :i* excites desire or av]sion4 ,x is expressly transf]r$ to ! self or o!r p]son1 to :om ! #8excit+ causes' ( pride & love mu/ be sev]ally relat$4 #8,pride & humility1 ?\gh directly contr>y1 h yet ! same object1' viz41 self2 b s9ce !y are contr>y1 #8'tis impossible ?is object c be _! cause1 or suffici5t alone to excite !m 444 ,we mu/ !re=e make a di/9ction betwixt t idea :i* excites !m1 & t to :i* !y direct _! view :5 excit$4444 ,! fir/ idea t is pres5t$ to ! m9d is t ( ! cause or productive pr9ciple4 ,?is excites ! passion connect$ ) x2 & t passion1 :5 excit$1 turns our view to ano!r idea1 :i* is t ( self4444 ,! fir/ idea repres5ts ! cause1 ! second ! object ( ! passion4' #a ,aga9 a fur!r di/9ction mu/ be made #89 ! causes ( ! passion betwixt t quality :i* op]ates1 & ! subject on :i* x is plac$4 ,a man1 = in/ance1 is va9 ( a beautiful h\se :i* belongs to him1 or :i* he has himself built or contriv$4 ,"h ! object ( ! passion is himself1 & ! cause is ! beautiful h\se2 :i* cause aga9 is subdivid$ into two p>ts1 viz41 ! quality :i* op]ates ^u ! passion1 & ! subject 9 :i* ! quality inh]es4 ,! quality is ! beauty1 & ! subject is ! h\se1 consid]$ z 8 prop]ty or contrivance4' #b ,x is next f\nd t ! op]ative qualities :i* produce pride1 h[ev] v>i\s1 agree 9 ?is1 t !y produce pleasure--a #8sep>ate pleasure1' indep5d5t ( ! result+ pride4 ,9 all cases1 aga91 #8! subjects to :i* ^! qualities adh]e are ei!r p>ts ( ourselves or some?+ ne>ly relat$ to u4' ,! conclusion is t #8! cause1 :i* excites ! passion1 is relat$ to ! object :i* nature has attribut$ to ! passion2 ! s5sation1 :i* ! cause sep>ately produces1 is relat$ to ! s5sation ( ! passion3 f ?is d\ble relation ( ideas & impressions ! passion is d]iv$4' #c ,! ideas1 x w be obs]v$1 are sev]ally ^? ( ! excit+ #8subject' 79 ! illu/rative case quot$1 ! beautiful h\se7 & ( ! #8object' self2 ! impressions are sev]ally ! pleasure imm$iately caus$ by ! #8subject' 79 ! case giv51 ! pleasure ( feel+ beauty7 & ! pleasure ( pride4 ,! relation betwe5 ! ideas may be any ( ! #8natural ones' t regulate association4 #d ,9 ! suppos$ case x is t ( cause & effect1 s9ce a man's prop]ty #8produces effects on him & he on x4' ,! relation betwe5 ! impressions mu/ be t ( resemblance--?is1 z we are told by ! way 7some:at /rangely1 if impressions are only /rong] ideas71 be+ ! only possible relation betwe5 impressions--! resemblance ( "o pleasure to ano!r4 #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #gg & #gh4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,ii4 #b ,ibid41 p4 #gi4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,ii4 #c ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #hd1 #he4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,v4 #d ,book ,i41 "p #a1 secs4 #d & #e4 ,?is means t x takes its "* f t :i* is n a possible #8impression'4 #cd4 ,pride1 !n1 is a special sort ( pleasure excit$ by ano!r special sort ( pleasure1 & ! di/9ction ( ! two sorts ( pleasure f ea* o!r dep5ds on ! "* :i* ea* d]ives f an idea--"o f ! idea ( self1 ! o!r f ! idea ( "s #8quality 9 a subject1' :i* may be ! beauty ( a picture1 or ! a*ievem5t ( an ance/or1 or any o!r quality z unlike ^! z ^! are unlike ea* o!r1 s long z ! idea ( x is capable ( association ) ! idea ( self4 ,ap>t f su* det]m9ation by ideas1 ! pleasure ( pride itself & ! pleasure :i* excites x1 on ! sep>at5ess ( :i* f ea* o!r ,hume insi/s1 c\ld only be sep>ate 9 "t & degree ( livel9ess--a sep>ation :i* might equally obta9 betwe5 successive feel+s ( pride4 ,( nei!r c\ld any?+ be said b t x 0 pleasant--m or less pleasant ?an ! o!r1 be=e or aft] x1 z ! case might be4 ,is ! idea1 !n1 t gives ea* impression its "*1 itself an impression gr[n fa9t]8 ,x %\ld be s1 ( c\rse1 if ,hume's !ory ( consci\sness is to hold good1 ei!r 9 its g5]al =m1 or 9 its application to morals1 accord+ to :i* all actions1 ^? mov$ by pride among ! re/1 h pleasure = _! ultimate motive2 & no d\bt he w\ld h said t x 0 s4 ,! idea ( ! beauty ( a picture1 = in/ance1 is ! orig9al impression :i* x #8makes on ! s5ses' z m fa9tly reta9$ by ! m9d4 ,b is ! orig9al impression m]ely an impression--an impression undet]m9$ by conceptions1 & ( :i*1 !re=e1 z x is to ! subject ( x1 no?+ c be said1 b simply t x is pleasant8 ,?is1 too1 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance ( beauty1 ,hume seems to hold2 #a b if x is s1 ! idea ( beauty1 z det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ! impression1 is det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ! indet]m9ate1 & we "k no m ( ! sep>ate pleasure t excites ! pleasure ( pride1 :5 we are told t its s\rce is an impression ( beauty1 ?an we did be=e4 ,ap>t f any o!r ref]5ce1 we only "k t pride is a pleasure excit$ by a pleasure :i* is itself excit$ by a pleasure gr[n fa9t]4 ,( effect1 proximate cause1 & ultimate cause1 only "o & ! same ?+ c be said1 viz41 t ea* feels pleasant4 ,mean:ile 9 reg>d to t o!r relation f :i* ! pleasure ( pride1 on its "p1 is suppos$ to take its "*1 ! same "q arises4 ,?is pleasure #8has self = its object4' ,is self1 !n1 an impression /rong] or fa9t]8 ,c "o feel+ be said )\t nons5se to h ano!r feel+ = its object8 ,if x c1 :at specification is ga9$ = a pleasure or pa9 by ref]5ce to an object ( :i*1 z a m]e feel+1 no?+ m c be said ?an t x is a pleasure or pa98 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! idea ( self1 relation to :i* makes ! feel+ ( pride :at x is1 & ?r\gh x det]m9es action1 is n a copy ( any impression ( s5se or reflection--n a copy ( any sight or s\nd1 any passion or emotion #b--;h[ c x be true t ! ultimate det]m9ation ( action 9 all cases arises f pleasure or pa98 #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #if2 ,,iv ,book ,,ii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,viii41 #8,diss]tation on ! ,passions1' ,,ii4 #g4 #b ,intr4 to ,vol4 ,i41 p>agraph #bjh4 ,hume's attempt to repres5t idea ( self z d]iv$ f impression4 #ce4 ,f ! pressure ( su* que/ions z ^! ,hume (f]s u two ma9 subt]fuges4 ,"o is furni%$ by 8 acc\nt ( ! self1 z #8t succession ( relat$ ideas & impressions ( :i* we h an intimate memory & consci\sness' #a--;an acc\nt :i*1 to an incuri\s read]1 conveys ! notion t #8self1' if n exactly an impression1 is some?+ 9 ! nature ( an impression1 :ile yet x seems to give ! requir$ det]m9ation to ! impression :i* has ?is = its #8object4' ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t its plausibility dep5ds entirely on ! qualification ( ! #8succession1 c41' z t ( :i* we h an #8intimate consci\sness4' ,! succession ( impressions1 simply z su*1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( relation to a s+le subject1 is no?+ intelligible at all4 ,hume1 inde$1 else:]e repres5ts x z con/itut+ "t1 :i*1 z we h previ\sly %[n1 #b by itself x c\ld n prop]ly be said to d2 b if x c\ld1 ! *>act]isation ( pleasure z hav+ "t = its object w\ld n be mu* to ! purpose4 ,! successive impressions & ideas are fur!r said to be #8relat$1' i4e41 naturally relat$1 accord+ to ,hume's s5se ( ! t]m2 b ?is we h f\nd means no m ?an t :5 two feel+s h be5 (t5 felt to be ei!r l ea* o!r or #8contigu\s1' ! recurr5ce ( "o is apt to be foll[$ by ! recurr5ce 9 fa9t] =m ( ! o!r4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( ! succession br+s x no ne>] to ! intelligible unity :i* x mu/ h1 9 ord] to be an object ( :i* ! idea makes ! pleasure ( pride :at x is4 ,! notion ( its hav+ su* unity is really convey$ by ! /atem5t t we h an #8intimate consci\sness' ( x4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! words1 s to speak1 t we read into ! def9ition ( self t conception ( x :i* we c>ry ) u1 b ( :i* x /ates ! rev]se4 ,n[1 h[ev] difficult x may be to say :at ?is intimate consci\sness is1 x is cle> t x _c be "o ( ! feel+s1 /rong] or fa9t]--impressions or ideas--:i* ! fir/ "p ( ! def9ition tells u =m a succession1 = ?is w\ld imply t "o ( !m 0 at ! same "t all ! re/4 ,nor yet c x be a comp\nd ( !m all1 = ! fact t !y are a succession is incompatible ) _! =m+ a comp\nd4 ,"h1 !n1 is a consci\sness1 :i* is n an impression1 & :i* we c only take to be d]iv$ f impressions by suppos+ ^! to be :at !y fir/ become 9 relation to ?is consci\sness4 ,9 say+ t we h su* a consci\sness ( ! succession ( impressions1 we say 9 effect t we are o!r ?an ! succession4 ,h[1 !n1 )\t contradiction1 c our self be said to be ! succession ( impressions1 c4--a succession :i* 9 ! v next ^w has to be qualifi$ 9 a way t implies we are o!r ?an x8 ,?is "q1 once put1 w save u f surprise at f9d+ t 9 "o place1 among frequ5t repetitions ( ! acc\nt ( self already giv51 ! #8succession c4' is dropp$1 & = x sub/itut$ #8! individual p]son ( ^: actions & s5tim5ts ea* ( u is intimately consci\s4' #c #a ,vol1 ,,ii41 p4 #gg1 c4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,ii4 #b ,intr4 to ,vol4 ,i41 sec4 #bfa4 #c ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #hd4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,v4 ,ano!r device is to sugge/ a physiological acc\nt ( pride4 #cf4 ,! o!r way ( ga9+ an app>5t det]m9ation = ! impression1 pride1 )\t mak+ x dep5d on relation to t :i* is n an impression at all1 corresponds to t appeal to ! #8anatomi/' by ! sugge/ion ( :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 ,hume avoids ! tr\blesome "q1 h[ ! simple impressions ( s5se1 undet]m9$ by relation1 c h t def9ite "* :i* !y mu/ h if !y are to s]ve z ! elem5ts ( k4 ,! "q 9 t case be+ really "o t conc]ns ! simple impression1 z x is = ! consci\sness ( ! subject ( x1 ,hume's answ] is 9 effect a ref]5ce to :at x is = ! physiologi/4 ,s 9 reg>d to pride2 ! "q be+ :at "* x c h1 = ! consci\s subject ( x1 to di/+ui% x f any o!r pleasant feel+1 except su* z is d]iv$ f a conception :i* is n an impression1 ,hume is ready on occasion to sugge/ t x has ! di/9ctive "* :i* = ! physiologi/ x w\ld d]ive f ! n]ves organic to x1 if su* n]ves c\ld be trac$4 #8,we mu/ suppose t nature has giv5 to ! organs ( ! human m9d a c]ta9 disposition fitt$ to produce a peculi> impression or emotion1 :i* we call ,,pride3 to ?is emotion %e has assign$ a c]ta9 idea1 viz41 t ( ,,self1 :i* x nev] fails to produce4 ,?is contrivance ( nature is easily conceiv$4 ,we h _m in/ances ( su* a situation ( affairs4 ,! n]ves ( ! nose & palate are s dispos$1 z 9 c]ta9 circum/ances to convey su* peculi> s5sations to ! m9d2 ! s5sations ( lu/ & hung] always produce 9 u ! idea ( ^? peculi> objects1 :i* are suitable to ea* appetite4 ,^! two circum/ances are unit$ 9 pride4 ,! organs are s dispos$ z to produce ! passion2 & ! passion1 aft] its production1 naturally produces a c]ta9 idea4' #a #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #he4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,v4 ,fallacy ( ?is3 x does n tell u :at pride is to ! subject ( x4 #cg4 ,"h1 x w be notic$1 ! doctr9e1 t ! pleasant emotion ( pride d]ives its specific "* f relation to ! idea ( self1 is dropp$4 ,! emotion we call pride is suppos$ to be fir/ produc$1 & !n1 9 virtue ( its specific "* z pride1 to produce ! idea ( self4 #a ,if ! idea ( self1 !n1 does n give ! pleasure its specific "*1 :at does8 #8,t disposition fitt$ to produce x1' ,hume answ]s1 :i* belongs to ! #8organs ( ! human m9d4' ,n[ ei!r ?is is ! old /ory ( expla9+ ! soporific qualities ( opium by its vis soporifica1 or x means t ! di/9ction ( ! pleasure ( pride f o!r pleasures1 l ! di/9ction ( a smell f a ta/e1 is due to a p>ticul> k9d ( n]v\s irritation t conditions x1 & may presumably be asc]ta9$ by ! physiologi/4 ,:e!r su* a physical condition ( pride c be discov]$ or no1 x is n to ! purpose to dispute4 ,! po9t to obs]ve is t1 if discov]$1 x w\ld n af=d an answ] to ! "q to :i* an answ] is be+ s\ght--to ! "q1 namely1 :at ! emotion ( pride is to ! consci\s subject ( x4 ,if x 7 f\nd to be condition$ by z specific a n]v\s irritation z ! s5sations ( smell & ta/e to :i* ,hume assimilates x1 x w\ld yet be no m ! consci\sness ( su* irritation ?an is ! smell ( a rose to ! p]son smell+ x4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! feel+1 z x is to ! subject ( x1 c only be det]m9$ by relation to o!r feel+s or o!r modes ( consci\sness4 ,x is by su* a relation t1 accord+ to ,hume's g5]al acc\nt ( x1 pride is det]m9$1 b ! relation is to ! consci\sness ( an object :i*1 n be+ any =m ( feel+1 has no prop] place 9 8 psy*ology4 ,h5ce 9 ! passage be=e u he tries to sub/itute = x a physical det]m9ation ( ! emotion1 :i* = ! subject ( x is no det]m9ation at all2 &1 hav+ ga9$ an app>5t specification = x 9 ?is way1 to repres5t z its product t idea ( a di/9ctive object :i* he _h previ\sly treat$ z necess>y to con/itute x4 ,pride produces ! idea ( self1 j z #8! s5sations ( hung] & lu/ always produce 9 u ! idea ( ^? peculi> objects1 :i* are suitable to ea* appetite4' ,n[ x is a l>ge assumption 9 reg>d to animals o!r ?an m51 t1 because hung] & lu/ move !m to eat & g5]ate1 !y s move !m ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( any ideas ( objects :atev]--an assumption :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( language on ! "p ( ! animals x is impossible to v]ify--& "o /ill m que/ionable1 t ! ideas ( objects :i* ^! appetites 7if x be s7 produce 9 ! animals1 except z det]m9$ by self-consci\sness1 are ideas 9 ! same s5se z ! idea ( self4 ,b at any rate1 if su* feel+s produce ideas ( peculi> objects1 x mu/ be 9 virtue ( ! di/9ctive "* :i*1 z feel+s1 !y h = ! subjects ( !m4 ,! )drawal1 h[ev]1 ( det]m9ation by ! idea ( self f ! emotion ( pride1 leaves x ) no di/9ctive "* :atev]1 & !re=e ) no?+ by :i* we may expla9 its production ( t idea z analog\s to ! production by hung]1 if we admit su* to take place1 ( ! #8idea ( ! peculi> object suit$ to x4' #a ,cf4 ,vol4 ,,iv41 #8,diss]tation on ! ,passions1' ,,ii4 #b4 ,acc\nt ( love involves ! same difficulties2 & a fur!r "o z to nature ( sympa?y4 #ch4 ,if1 9 ,hume's acc\nt ( pride1 = pleasure1 :]ev] x occurs1 is sub/itut$ pa91 x becomes 8 acc\nt ( humility4 ,a criticism ( "o acc\nt is equally a criticism ( ! o!r2 & ) him e passion t #8has self = its object1' accord+ z x is pleasant or pa9ful1 is includ$ "u "o or o!r ( ^! designations4 ,9 l mann]1 e passion t has #8"s o!r ?9k+ be+' = its object1 accord+ z x is pleasant or pa9ful1 is ei!r love or hatr$4 ,to ^! ! key is to be f\nd 9 ! same #8d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas' by :i* pride & humility are expla9$4 ,if beautiful pictures1 = in/ance1 belong n to oneself b to ano!r p]son1 !y t5d to excite n pride b e/eem1 :i* is a =m ( love4 ,! idea ( !m is #8naturally relat$' to ! idea ( ! p]son to :om !y belong1 & !y cause a sep>ate pleasure :i* naturally excites ! resembl+ impression ( :i* ?is o!r p]son is ! object4 ,write #8o!r p]son1' 9 %ort1 :]e be=e 0 writt5 #8self1' & ! acc\nt ( pride & humility becomes ! acc\nt ( love & hatr$4 ,( ?is pleasure det]m9$ by ! idea ( ano!r p]son1 or ( :i* su* a p]son #8is ! object1' ,hume gives no rationale1 &1 fail+ ?is1 x mu/ be tak5 to imply ! same p[] ( det]m9+ feel+ on ! "p ( a conception n d]iv$ f feel+1 :i* we h f\nd to be impli$ 9 ! pleasure ( :i* self is ! object4 ,all 8 pa9s & +5uity 9 ! second "p ( ! book #8on ! ,passions1' are sp5t on illu/rat+ ! #8d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas'--on *>act]is+ ! sep>ate pleasures :i* excite ! pleasure ( love1 & %[+ h[ ! idea ( ! object ( ! excit+ pleasure is relat$ to ! idea ( ! belov$ p]son4 ,! objection to ?is "p ( 8 !ory1 :i* mo/ readily sugge/s itself to a read]1 arises f ! ess5tial discrepancy :i* 9 _m cases seems to lie betwe5 ! excit+ & ! excit$ pleasure4 ,! dr9k+ ( f9e w9e1 & ! feel+ ( love1 are d\btless #8resembl+ impressions1' s f> z ea* is pleasant1 & f ! idea ( ! w9e ! transition is natural to t ( ! p]son :o gives x2 b is !re really any?+1 x w be ask$1 9 my enjoym5t ( a ri* man's w9e1 t t5ds to make me love him1 ev5 9 ! wide s5se ( #8love' :i* ,hume admits8 ,?is objection1 x w be f\nd1 is s f> anticipat$ by ,hume1 t 9 mo/ cases he treats ! excit+ pleasure z tak+ its "* f sympa?y4 ,?us x is n *iefly ! pleasure ( e>1 sight1 & palate1 caus$ by ! ri* man's music1 & g>d5s1 & w9e1 t excites our love = him1 b ! pleasure we exp]i5ce ?r\gh sympa?y ) 8 pleasure 9 !m4 #a ,! explanation ( love be+ ?us ?r[n back on sympa?y 7:i* _h previ\sly s]v$ to expla9 t =m ( pride :i* is call$ #8love ( fame'71 we h to ask :e!r sympa?y is any less dep5d5t ?an we h f\nd pride to be on an orig9ative1 z di/9ct f a m]ely reproductive1 reason4 #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #adg4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,v4 ,hume's acc\nt ( sympa?y4 #ci4 #8,:5 any affection is infus$ by sympa?y1 x is at fir/ kn[n only by its effects1 & by ^? ext]nal signs 9 ! c\nt5ance & conv]sation :i* convey an idea ( x4' ,by inf]5ce f effect to cause1 #8we are conv9c$ ( ! reality ( ! passion1' conceiv+ x #8to belong to ano!r p]son1 z we conceive any o!r matt] ( fact4' ,?is idea ( ano!r's affection #8is pres5tly conv]t$ into an impression1 & acquires su* a degree ( =ce & vivacity z to become ! v passion itself1 & produce an equal emotion z any orig9al affection4' ,! conv]sion is n difficult to acc\nt = :5 we reflect t #8all ideas are borr[$ f impressions1 & t ^! two k9ds ( p]ceptions diff] only 9 ! degrees ( =ce & vivacity ) :i* !y /rike ^u ! s\l4444 ,z ?is diff]5ce may be remov$ 9 "s measure by a relation betwe5 ! impressions & ideas'--9 ! case be=e u1 ! relation betwe5 ! impression ( "o's own p]son & ! idea ( ano!r's1 by :i* ! vivacity ( ! =m] may be convey$ to ! latt]--#8'tis no wond] an idea ( a s5tim5t or passion may by ?is means be s enliv5$ z to become ! v s5tim5t or passion4' #a #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #aaa-aad4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,ix4 ,x implies a self-consci\sness n r$ucible to impressions4 #dj4 ,^u ?is x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! inf]5ce f ! ext]nal signs ( an affection1 accord+ to ,hume's doctr9e ( inf]5ce1 c only mean t c]ta9 impressions ( ! o!r p]son's words & ge/ures call up ! ideas ( _! #8usual att5dants'2 :i*1 aga91 mu/ mean ei!r t !y convey ! belief 9 c]ta9 excit+ circum/ances exp]i5c$ by ! o!r man1 & ! expectation ( c]ta9 acts to foll[ ^u 8 words & ge/ures2 or else t !y sugge/ to ! spectator ! memory ( c]ta9 l manife/ations on 8 own "p & ?r\gh ^! ( ! emotion :i* 9 8 own case 0 _! antec$5t4 ,ei!r way1 ! spectator's idea ( ! o!r p]son's affection is 9 no s5se a copy ( x1 or t affection 9 a fa9t] =m4 ,if x is an idea ( an impression ( reflection at all1 x is ( su* an impression z exp]i5c$ by ! spectator himself1 & det]m9$1 z ,hume admits1 by 8 consci\sness ( himself2 nor c\ld any conveyance ( vivacity to ! idea make x o!r ?an t impression4 ,h[ x %\ld become to ! spectator consci\sly at once ano!r's impression & 8 own1 rema9s unexpla9$4 ,hume only seems to expla9 x by means ( ! equivocation lurk+ 9 ! phrase1 #8idea ( ano!r's affection4' ,! read]1 n reflect+ t1 accord+ to ! copy+ !ory1 s f> z ! idea is a copy ( any?+ 9 ! o!r1 x c only be a copy ( c]ta9 #8ext]nal signs1 c41' & s f> z x is a copy ( an affection1 only ( an affection exp]i5c$ by ! man :o has ! idea1 ?9ks ( x z be+ to ! spectator ! o!r's affection m9us a c]ta9 am\nt ( vivacity--! re/oration ( :i* w r5d] x an impression at once 8 own & ! o!r's4 ,x c 9 tru? only be s 9 virtue 7a7 ( an int]pretation ( words & ge/ures1 z relat$ to a p]son1 :i* no sugge/ion by impressions ( _! usual att5dants c acc\nt =1 & 9 virtue 7b7 ( !re be+ su* a conceiv$ id5tity1 or unity 9 diff]5ce1 betwe5 ! spectator's own p]son & ! p]son ( ! o!r t ! same impression1 9 be+ det]m9$ by 8 consci\sness ( himself1 is det]m9$ also by 8 consci\sness ( ! o!r z an #8alt] ego4' ,?us sympa?y1 accord+ to ,hume's acc\nt ( x1 s soon z t acc\nt is rationaliz$1 is f\nd to involve ! det]m9ation ( pleasure & pa91 n m]ely by self-consci\sness1 b by a self-consci\sness :i* is also self-id5tification ) ano!r4 ,if self-consci\sness _c 9 any ( its functions be r$uc$ to an impression or succession ( impressions1 lea/ ( all c x 9 ?is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is only ?r\gh its con/itutive action1 its reflection ( itself1 ^u successive impressions ( s5se t ^! become ! p]man5t objects :i* we "k1 we c und]/& h[ by a l action on c]ta9 impressions ( reflection1 c]ta9 emotions & desires1 x con/itutes ^? objects ( int]e/ :i* we love z ourselves4 ,ambiguity 9 8 acc\nt ( b5evol5ce3 ,x is a desire & !re=e has pleasure = its object4 ,:at pleasure8 #da4 ,pride1 love1 & sympa?y1 !n1 are ! motives :i* ,hume mu/ h grant$ him1 if 8 moral !ory is to m>*4 ,sympa?y is n only necess>y to 8 explanation ( t mo/ important =m ( pride :i* is ! motive to a man 9 ma9ta9+ a "* ) 8 neighb\rs :5 #8no?+ is to be ga9$ by x'--no?+1 t is1 beyond ! imm$iate pleasure x gives--& ( all =ms ( #8love1' except ^? ( :i* ! excit+ cause lies 9 ! pleasures ( beauty & sexual appetite3 he f9ds 9 x also ! gr\nd ( b5evol5ce4 ,:]e he fir/ treats ( b5evol5ce1 inde$1 ?is does n appe>4 ,unlike pride & humility1 we are told1 :i* #8are pure emotions ( ! s\l1 unatt5d$ ) any desire1 & n imm$iately excit+ u to action1 love & hatr$ are n complet$ )9 !mselves 444 ,love is always foll[$ by a desire ( ! happ9ess ( ! p]son belov$1 & an av]sion to 8 mis]y2 z hatr$ produces a desire ( ! mis]y1 & an av]sion to ! happ9ess1 ( ! p]son hat$4' #a ,?is actual sequ5ce ( #8b5evol5ce' & #8ang]' sev]ally ^u love & hatr$ is due1 x appe>s1 to #8an orig9al con/itution ( ! m9d' :i* _c be fur!r acc\nt$ =4 ,t b5evol5ce is no ess5tial "p ( love is cle> f ! fact t ! latt] passion #8may express itself 9 a hundr$ ways1 & may subsi/ a consid]able "t1 )\t our reflect+ on ! happ9ess ( its object4' ,d\btless1 :5 we d reflect on x1 we desire ! happ9ess2 b1 #8if nature _h s pleas$1 love might h be5 unatt5d$ ) any su* desire4' #b ,s f>1 ! view giv5 tallies ) :at we h already quot$ f ! summ>y acc\nt ( ! direct & indirect passions1 :]e ! #8desire ( puni%m5t to our enemies & happ9ess to our fri5ds' is expressly left outside ! g5]al !ory ( ! passions z a #8natural impulse :olly unacc\ntable1' a #8direct passion' :i* yet does n proce$ f pleasure4' ,) 8 in/9ct = consi/5cy1 h[ev]1 ,hume c\ld sc>cely help seek+ to assimilate ?is ali5 elem5t to 8 def9ition ( desire z univ]sally = pleasure2 & accord+ly1 :ile ! above view ( b5evol5ce is nev] 9 s _m words giv5 up1 an ess5tially diff]5t "o appe>s a little fur!r on1 :i* by help ( ! doctr9e ( sympa?y at once makes ! connection ( b5evol5ce ) love m acc\ntable1 & br+s x "u ! g5]al def9ition ( desire4 #8,b5evol5ce1' we are !re told1 #8is an orig9al pleasure aris+ f ! pleasure ( ! p]son belov$1 & a pa9 proce$+ f 8 pa91 f :i* correspond5ce ( impressions !re arises a subsequ5t desire ( 8 pleasure & av]sion to 8 pa94' #c #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #aec4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,vi4 #b ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #aed4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,vi4 #c ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #agj4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,ix4 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,,ii41 #8,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1' ,app5dix ,,ii41 note #c1 :]e #8g5]al b5evol5ce1' also call$ #8humanity1' is id5tifi$ ) #8sympa?y4' #8,b5evol5ce is naturally divid$ into two k9ds1 ! g5]al & ! p>ticul>4 ,! fir/ is1 :]e we h no fri5d%ip1 or connection1 or e/eem = ! p]son1 b feel only a g5]al sympa?y ) him1 or a compassion = 8 pa9s1 & a congratulation ) 8 pleasures1' c4 c4 ,pleasure ( sympa?y ) ! pleasure ( ano!r4 #db4 ,n[1 /rictly con/ru$1 ?is passage seems to efface ! "o cle> di/9ction ( b5evol5ce t _h be5 previ\sly insi/$ on--t x is a desire1 namely1 z oppos$ to a pure emotion4 ,if b5evol5ce is an #8orig9al pleasure aris+ f ! pleasure ( ! p]son belov$1' x is id5tical ) love1 s f> z sympa?y is an excit+ cause ( love1 in/ead ( be+ di/+ui%$ f x z desire f emotion4 ,we mu/ suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! s5t5ce 0 c>elessly put toge!r1 & t ,hume did n really mean to id5tify b5evol5ce ) ! pleasure spok5 ( 9 ! =m] "p ( x 7= :i* 8 prop] t]m is simply sympa?y71 b ) ! desire = t pleasure1 spok5 ( 9 ! latt] "p4 ,9 t case we f9d t b5evol5ce =ms no exception to ! g5]al def9ition ( desire4 ,x is desire = "o's own pleasure1 b = a pleasure receiv$ ?r\gh ! communication by sympa?y ( ! pleasure ( ano!r4 ,9 l mann]1 ! sequ5ce ( b5evol5ce ^u love1 in/ead ( be+ an unacc\ntable #8disposition ( nature1' w\ld seem explicable1 z m]ely ! ord9>y sequ5ce ^u a pleasant emotion ( a desire = its r5ewal4 ,?\gh x be n /rictly ! pleasant emotion ( love1 b t ( sympa?y1 = :i* b5evol5ce is ! desire1 yet if sympa?y is necess>y to ! excitem5t ( love1 x w equally foll[ t b5evol5ce att5ds on love4 ,pleasure sympa?is$ )1 we may suppose1 fir/ excites ! second>y emotion ( love1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 reflect$ on1 t desire = its cont9uance or r5ewal1 :i* is b5evol5ce4 ,t love #8%\ld express itself 9 a hundr$ ways1 & subsi/ a consid]able "t' )\t any consci\sness ( b5evol5ce1 w m]ely be ! natural relation ( emotion to desire4 ,:5 a pleasure is 9 full enjoym5t1 x _c be s reflect$ on z to excite desire2 & ?us1 if b5evol5ce is desire = t pleasure 9 ! pleasure ( ano!r1 :i* is an excit+ cause ( love1 ! latt] emotion mu/ naturally subsi/ & express itself = "s "t be=e x rea*es ! /age 9 :i* reflection on its cause1 & ) x b5evol5t desire1 ensues4 ,all #8passions' equally int]e/$ or dis9t]e/$3 ,confusion arises f use ( #8passion' alike = desire & emotion4 ,( ?is ,hume avails himself 9 8 acc\nt ( active pity4 #dc4 ,?is rationale1 h[ev]1 ( ! relation betwe5 love & b5evol5ce is n explicitly giv5 by ,hume himself4 ,he n[h]e expressly )draws ! exception1 made 9 fav\r ( b5evol5ce1 to ! rule t all desire is = pleasure--an exception :i*1 once admitt$1 und]m9es 8 :ole sy/em--or tells u 9 s _m words t b5evol5ce is desire = pleasure to oneself 9 ! pleasure ( ano!r4 ,9 an important note to ! ,essays1 #a inde$1 he di/9ctly puts b5evol5ce on ! same foot+ ) su* desires z av>ice or ambition4 #8,a man is no m int]e/$ :5 he seeks 8 own glory1 ?an :5 ! happ9ess ( 8 fri5d is ! object ( 8 wi%es2 nor is he any m dis9t]e/$ :5 he sacrifices 8 own ease & quiet to public good1 ?an :5 he lab\rs = ! gratification ( av>ice or ambition4' 444 #8,?\gh ! satisfaction ( ^! latt] passions gives u enjoym5t1 yet ! prospect ( ?is enjoym5t is n ! cause ( ! passion1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! passion is antec$5t to ! enjoym5t1 & )\t ! =m] ! latt] c\ld n possibly exi/4' ,9 o!r words1 if #8passion' means desire--&1 z appli$ to emotion1 ! designation #8int]e/$' or #8dis9t]e/$' has no mean+--e passion is equally dis9t]e/$ 9 ! s5se ( presuppos+ an #8enjoym5t' a pleasant emotion1 antec$5t to t :i* consi/s 9 its satisfaction2 b at ! same "t equally int]e/$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ a desire = su* enjoym5t4 ,:e!r f a wi% to f9d acceptance1 h[ev]1 or because =ms ( man's good-w to man =c$ !mselves on 8 notice :i* =bade ! consi/5t developm5t ( 8 !ory1 ,hume is always mu* m explicit ab\t ! dis9t]e/$ness ( b5evol5ce 9 ! =m] s5se ?an ab\t its int]e/$ness 9 ! latt]4 #b ,accord+ly he does n avail himself ( su* an explanation ( its relation to love z t above indicat$1 :i* by av[$ly r$uc+ b5evol5ce to a desire = pleasure1 :ile x simplifi$ 8 sy/em1 might h revolt$ ! #8common s5se' ev5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he pref]s--z 8 mann] is1 :5 he comes ^u a "q :i* he _c face--to fall back on a #8disposition ( nature' z ! gr\nd ( ! #8conjunction' ( b5evol5ce ) love4 ,!re is a =m ( b5evol5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld seem z little explicable by su* natural conjunction z by r$uction to a desire = sympa!tic pleasure4 ,h[ is x t active good-w is %[n t[>ds ^? :om1 accord+ to ,hume's !ory ( love1 x %\ld be impossible to love--t[>ds ^? ) :om int]c\rse is impossible1 or f :om1 if int]c\rse is possible1 we c d]ive no su* pleasure z is suppos$ necess>y to excite t pleasant emotion1 b r su* pa91 9 sympa?y ) _! pa91 z accord+ to ! !ory %\ld excite hatr$8 ,to ?is "q ,hume 9 effect f9ds an answ] 9 ! simple device ( us+ ! same t]ms1 #8pity' & #8compassion1' alike = ! pa9ful emotion produc$ by ! spectacle ( ano!r's pa9 & = #8desire = ! happ9ess ( ano!r & av]sion to 8 mis]y4' #c ,accord+ to ! latt] acc\nt ( x1 pity is already #8! same desire' z b5evol5ce1 ?\gh #8proce$+ f a diff]5t pr9ciple1' & ?us has a resemblance to ! love ) :i* b5evol5ce is conjo9$--a #8resemblance n ( feel+ or s5tim5t b ( t5d5cy or direction4' #d ,h5ce1 :]eas #8pity' 9 ! =m] s5se w\ld make u hate ^? ^: pa9 gives u pa91 by und]/&+ x 9 ! latt] s5se we c expla9 h[ x leads u to love !m1 on ! pr9ciple t "o resembl+ passion excites ano!r4 #a #8,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1' note to sec4 #a4 ,9 ! editions aft] ! second1 ?is note 0 omitt$4 #b ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to a passage at ! end ( ! acc\nt ( #8self-love' 9 ! ,essays1 :]e he seems to rev]t to ! view ( b5evol5ce z a desire n orig9ally produc$ by pleasure1 b productive ( x1 & ?us pass+ into a second>y /age 9 :i* x is comb9$ ) desire = pleasure4 ,he sugge/s t5tatively t #8f ! orig9al frame ( our temp] we may feel a desire = ano!r's happ9ess or good1 :i*1 by means ( t affection1 becomes our own good1 & is aft]w>ds pursu$ f ! comb9$ motives ( b5evol5ce & self-enjoym5t4' ,! passage might h be5 writt5 by ,butl]4 7,vol4 ,,iv41 #8,inquiry conc]n+ ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1' ,app5dix ,,ii47 #c ,book ,,ii41 "p #b1 secs4 #g & #i4 ,)9 a few l9es ( ea* o!r w be f\nd ! /atem5ts 7a7 t #8pity is an uneas9ess aris+ f ! mis]y ( o!rs1' & 7b7 t #8pity is desire = ! happ9ess ( ano!r1' c4 #d #8,diss]tation on ! ,passions' 79 ! ,essays71 sec4 #c1 sub-sec4 #e4 ,explanation ( app>5t conflict betwe5 reason & passion4 #dd4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to review ! possible motives ( human action accord+ to ,hume4 ,reason1 con/itut+ no objects1 af=ds no motives4 #8,x is only ! slave ( ! passions1 & c nev] pret5d to any o!r (fice ?an to s]ve & obey !m4' #a ,to any logical ?9k] :o accept$ ,locke's doctr9e ( reason1 z hav+ no o!r function b to #8lay 9 ord] int]m$iate ideas1' ?is foll[$ ( necessity4 ,x is ! cle>ness ) :i* ,hume po9ts out t1 z x _c move1 s nei!r c x re/ra91 action1 t 9 ?is reg>d *iefly di/+ui%es him f ,locke4 ,! *eck to any passion1 he po9ts out1 c only proce$ f "s c\nt]-motive1 & su* a motive reason1 #8hav+ no orig9al influ5ce1' _c give4 ,/rictly speak+1 !n1 a passion c only be call$ unreasonable1 z accompani$ by "s false judgm5t1 :i* on its "p mu/ consi/ 9 #8disagreem5t ( ideas1 consid]$ z copies1 ) ^? objects :i* !y repres5t2' & #8ev5 !n x is n ! passion1 prop]ly speak+1 :i* is unreasonable1 b ! judgm5t4' ,x is no?+ aga9/ reason--n1 z ,locke _h inadv]t5tly said1 a wrong judgm5t--#8to pref] my own ackn[l$g$ less] good to my great]4' ,! only unreasonabl5ess w\ld lie 9 suppos+ t #8my own ackn[l$g$ less] good1' be+ pref]r$1 c\ld be atta9$ by means t w\ld n really lead to x4 ,h5ce #8we speak n /rictly :5 we talk ( ! combat ( reason & passion4' ,!y c 9 tru? nev] oppose ea* o!r4 ,! supposition4 t !y d s arises f a confusion betwe5 #8calm passions' & reason--a confusion f\nd$ on ! fact t ! =m] #8produce little emotion 9 ! m9d1 :ile ! op]ation ( reason produces none at all4' #b ,calm passions1 und\bt$ly1 d (t5 conflict ) ! viol5t ones & ev5 prevail ov] !m1 & ?us1 z ! viol5t passion causes mo/ uneas9ess1 x is untrue to say ) ,locke #c t x is ! mo/ press+ uneas9ess :i* always det]m9es action4 ,! calmness ( a passion is n to be conf\nd$ ) weakness1 nor its viol5ce ) /r5g?4 ,a desire may be calm ei!r because its object is remote1 or because x is cu/om>y4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is true1 ! desire is likely to be relatively weak2 b 9 ! latt] case1 ! calm] ! desire1 ! great] is likely to be its /r5g?1 s9ce ! repetition ( a desire has ! tw(old effect1 on ! "o h& ( dim9i%+ ! #8s5sible emotion' t accompanies x1 on ! o!r h& ( #8be/[+ a facility 9 ! p]=mance ( ! action' correspond+ to ! desire1 :i* 9 turn creates a new incl9ation or t5d5cy t comb9es ) ! orig9al desire4 #d #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #aie4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iii4 #b ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #aie1 #aif4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iii4 #c ,above1 sec4 #c4 #d ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #aih-bjj4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iv4 ,x w be f\nd t "h ,hume might h /at$ 8 case mu* m succ9ctly by avoid+ ! equivocal use ( #8passion' at once = #8desire' & #8emotion4' ,:5 a #8passion' is designat$ z #8calm' or #8viol5t1' #8passion' means emotion4 ,:5 ! t]ms #8/rong' & #8weak' are appli$ to x1 x means #8desire4' ,s9ce ( ! /r5g? ( any desire !re is 9 tru? no te/ b ! result+ action1 & habit facilitates action1 if we w p]si/ 9 ask+ ! idle "q ab\t ! relative /r5g? ( desires1 we mu/ suppose t ! mo/ habitual is ! /ronge/4 ,a #8reasonable' desire means "o t excites little emotion3 ,enum]ation ( possible motives4 #de4 ,! di/9ction1 !n1 betwe5 #8reasonable' & #8unreasonable' desires--& x is only desires t c be ref]r$ to :5 w1 or ! det]m9ation to action1 is 9 "q--9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ,hume c admit x1 is a di/9ction n ( objects b ( our situation 9 reg>d to !m4 ,! object ( desire 9 e case--:e!r ne> or remote1 :e!r ei!r by its novelty or by its contr>iety to o!r passions x excites m or less #8s5sible emotion'--is /ill #8good1' i4e4 pleasure4 ,! great] ! pleasure 9 prospect1 ! /rong] ! desire4 #a ,! only prop] "q1 !n1 accord+ to ,hume1 z to ! pleasure :i* 9 any p>ticul> case is an object ( desire w be :e!r x is 7a7 an imm$iate impression ( s5se1 or 7b7 a pleasure ( pride1 or 7c7 "o ( sympa?y4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 app>5tly1 he w\ld include pleasures incid5tal to ! satisfaction ( appetite1 & pleasures correspond+ to ! sev]al s5ses--n only ! smells & ta/es we call #8sweet1' b ! sights & s\nds we call #8beautiful4' #b ,pleasures ( ?is sort1 we mu/ suppose1 are ! ultimate #8excit+ causes' #c ( all ^? second>y ones1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f _! #8excit+ causes' z det]m9$ by ! ideas ei!r ( self or ( ano!r ?9k+ p]son--! pleasures1 namely1 ( pride & sympa?y4 ,sympa!tic pleasure1 aga91 w be ( two k9ds1 accord+ z ! pleasure 9 ! pleasure ( ano!r does or does n excite ! fur!r pleasure ( love = ! o!r p]son4 ,if ! object desir$ is none ( ^! pleasures1 nor ! means to !m1 x only rema9s = ! foll[] ( ,hume to suppose t x is #8pleasure 9 g5]al'--! object ( #8self love4' #a ,cf p4 #aih4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iv4 #8,! same good1 :5 ne>1 w cause a viol5t passion1 :i*1 :5 remote1 produces only a calm "o4' ,! expression1 "h1 is obvi\sly inaccurate4 ,x _c be ! same good 9 ,hume's s5se1 i4e4 equally pleasant 9 prospect1 :5 remote z :5 ne>4 #b ,no o!r acc\nt ( pleasure 9 beauty c be extract$ f ,hume ?an ?is--t x is ei!r a #8prim>y impression ( s5se1' s f> co-ord9ate ) any pleasant ta/e or smell t b = an accid5t ( language ! t]m #8beautiful' might be equally applicable to ^!1 or else a pleasure 9 t indef9ite anticipation ( pleasure :i* is call$ ! contemplation ( utility4 #c ,ultimate because accord+ to ,hume ! imm$iate excit+ cause ( a pleasure ( pride may be "o ( love1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 a m remote #8excit+ cause' ( ! excit+ pleasure mu/ be f\nd 9 "s impressions ( s5se1 if ! doctr9e t ^! are ! sole #8orig9al impressions' is to be ma9ta9$4 ,if pleasure sole motive1 :at is ! di/9ction ( self-love8 ,its opposition to dis9t]e/$ desires1 z commonly und]/ood1 disappe>s3 x is desire = pleasure 9 g5]al4 #df4 ,anyone read+ ! #8,treatise on ,human ,nature' alongside ( ,%aftesbury or ,butl] w\ld be surpris$ to f9d t :ile sympa?y & b5evol5ce fill a v l>ge place 9 x1 self-love #8eo nom9e' has a comp>atively small "o4 ,at fir/1 p]haps1 he w\ld please himself ) ?9k+ t he _h come ^u a m #8g5ial' sy/em ( morals4 ,! true acc\nt ( ! matt]1 h[ev]1 he w f9d to be t1 :]eas ) ,%aftesbury & 8 foll[]s ! notion ( self-love 0 really det]m9$ by opposition to ^? desires = o!r objects ?an pleasure1 9 ! exi/5ce ( :i* !y really believ$1 h[ev] mu* ! curr5t psy*ology may h emb>rass$ _! belief1 on ! o!r h& ) ,hume's explicit r$uction ( all desire to desire = pleasure self-love loses ! significance :i* ?is opposition gave x1 & c h no mean+ except z desire = #8pleasure 9 g5]al' 9 di/9ction f ?is or t p>ticul> pleasure4 ,passages f ! ,essays may be adduc$1 x is true1 :]e self-love is spok5 ( "u ! same opposition "u :i* ,%aftesbury & ,hut*eson conceiv$ ( x1 b 9 ^!1 x w be f\nd1 advantage is tak5 ( ! ambiguity betwe5 #8emotion' & #8desire1' cov]$ by ! t]m #8passion4' ,t !re are sympa!tic emotions--pleasures occasion$ by ! pleasure ( o!rs--is1 no d\bt1 z c>d9al a po9t 9 ,hume's sy/em z t all desire is = pleasure to self2 b betwe5 su* emotions & self-love !re is no co-ord9ation4 ,no emotion1 z he po9ts out1 det]m9es action directly1 b only by excit+ desire2 :i* ) him c only mean t ! image ( ! pleasant emotion excites desire = its r5ewal4 ,9 o!r words1 no emotion am\nts to volition or w4 ,self-love1 on ! o!r h&1 if x means any?+1 means desire & a possibly /ronge/ desire1 or w4 ,x c ?us be no m det]m9$ by opposition to g5]\s or sympa!tic emotions ?an c ^! by opposition to hung] & ?ir/4 ,hume1 h[ev]1 :5 he insi/s on ! exi/5ce ( g5]\s #8passions' z %[+ t self-love is n our uni=m motive1 ?\gh he _c consi/5tly mean m ?an t desire = #8pleasure 9 g5]al1' or desire = ! satisfaction ( desire1 is n ! uni=m motive--:i* might equally be %[n 7z he admits7 by po9t+ to su* self-reg>d+ #8passions' z love ( fame1 or su* appetites z hung]--is yet apt1 ?r\gh ! read]'s int]pretation ( #8g5]\s passions' z desires = some?+ o!r ?an pleasure1 to ga9 cr$it = recognis+ a possibility ( liv+ = o!rs1 9 di/9ction f liv+ = pleasure1 :i* 0 9 tru? z completely exclud$ by 8 !ory z by t ( ,hobbes4 ,if he himself meant to convey any o!r di/9ction betwe5 self-love & ! g5]\s passions ?an "o :i* w\ld hold no less betwe5 x & e emotion :atev]1 x 0 ?r\gh a fre% intrusion ^u him ( t notion ( b5evol5ce1 z a #8desire n f\nd$ on pleasure1' :i* 0 9 too direct contradiction to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 !ory to be acquiesc$ 94 #a #a ,cf4 ,,ii4 p4 #aig ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iii41 :]e1 speak+ ( #8calm desires1' he says !y #8are ( two k9ds2 ei!r c]ta9 in/9cts orig9ally implant$ 9 our natures1 su* z b5evol5ce & res5tm5t1 ! love ( life1 & k9dness to *ildr52 or ! g5]al appetite to good & av]sion to evil1 consid]$ m]ely z su*4' ,?is seems to imply a tw(old di/9ction ( ! #8g5]al appetite to good' 7a7 f desires = p>ticul> pleasures1 :i* are commonly n calm1 & 7b7 f c]ta9 desires1 :i* resemble ! #8g5]al appetite' 9 be+ calm b are n = pleasure at all4 ,see above1 sec4 #ca4 ,9 t section ( ! ,essays :]e #8self-love' is expressly treat$ (1 !re is a /ill cle>] appe>ance ( ! doctr9e1 t !re are desires 79 t in/ance call$ #8m5tal passions'7 :i* h n pleasure = _! object any m ?an h su* #8bodily wants' z hung] & ?ir/4 ,f ^! self-love1 z desire = pleasure1 is di/+ui%$1 ?\gh1 :5 ! pleasure incid5tal to _! satisfaction is discov]$ & reflect$ on1 x is suppos$ to comb9e ) !m4 7,vol4 ,,iv4 ,app5dix on ,self-love1 ne> ! end4 ,see above1 sec4 #dc & note47 ,?is am\nts1 9 fact1 to a complete )drawal f ,hume's orig9al position & ! adoption ( "o :i* is mo/ cle>ly /at$ 9 ,hut*eson's po/hum\s treatise--! position1 namely1 t we beg9 ) a multitude ( #8p>ticul>' or #8viol5t' desires1 sev]ally #8t]m9at+ ^u objects' :i* are n pleasures at all1 & t1 z reason developes1 ^! gradually bl5d )1 or are sup]s$$ by1 ! #8calm' desire = pleasure2 s t moral gr[? means ! access ( consci\s pleasure-seek+4 ,?is 9 effect seems to be ,butl]'s view1 & ,hut*eson reckons x #8a lovely repres5tation ( human nature1' ?\gh he himself holds t b5evol5ce may exi/1 n m]ely z "o ( ! #8p>ticul> desires' controll$ by self-love1 b z itself a #8calm' & controll+ pr9ciple1 co-ord9ate ) self-love4 7#8,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1' ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ea1 c47 ,h[ ,hume gives mean+ to ?is o!rwise unmean+ def9ition3 #8,int]e/1' l o!r motives describ$1 implies det]m9ation by reason4 #dg4 ,su* desire1 !n1 be+ exclud$1 :at o!r motive ?an #8int]e/' rema9s1 by contra/ ) :i* ! latt] may be def9$8 ,x has be5 expla9$ above 7#g7 t s9ce pleasure z su*1 or z a feel+1 does n admit ( g5]ality1 #8pleasure 9 g5]al' is an impossible object4 ,:5 ! motive ( an action is said to be #8pleasure 9 g5]al1' :at is really meant is t ! action is det]m9$ by ! conception ( pleasure1 or1 m prop]ly1 ( self z a subject to be pleas$4 ,su* det]m9ation1 aga91 is di/+ui%$ by opposition to two o!r k9ds--7a7 to t sort ( det]m9ation :i* is n by conception1 b ei!r by animal want1 or by ! animal imag9ation ( pleasure1 & 7b7 to det]m9ation by ! conception ( o!r objects ?an pleasure4 ,by an au?or1 h[ev]1 :o expressly exclud$ ! latt] sort ( det]m9ation1 & :o did n recognise any di/9ction betwe5 ! ?9k+ & ! animal subject1 ! motive 9 "q c\ld n ?us be def9$4 ,h5ce ! difficulty ( extract+ f ,hume himself any cle> & consi/5t acc\nt ( t :i* he v>i\sly describes z ! #8g5]al appetite = good1 consid]$ m]ely z su*1' z #8int]e/1' & z #8self-love4' ,to say t he und]/ood by x a desire = pleasure :i* is yet n a desire = any pleasure 9 p>ticul>1 may seem a /range int]pretation to put on "o :o reg>d$ himself z a great lib]ator f ab/ractions1 b !re is no o!r :i* 8 /atem5ts1 tak5 toge!r1 w\ld ju/ify4 ,?is desire = no?+1 h[ev]1 he conv]ts into a desire = some?+ by id5tify+ x on occasion1 7#a7 ) any desire = a pleasure ( :i* ! atta9m5t is reg>d$ z suffici5tly remote to all[ ( calmness 9 ! desire1 & 7#b7 ) desire = ! means ( hav+ all pleasures indiff]5tly at comm&4 ,x is 9 "o or o!r ( ^! s5ses--ei!r z desire = "s p>ticul> pleasure di/+ui%$ only by its calmness1 or z desire = p[]--t he always und]/&s #8int]e/' or #8self-love1' except :]e he ga9s a m precise mean+ = x by ! admission ( desires1 n = pleasure at all1 to :i* x may be oppos$4 ,n[ tak5 9 ! =m] s5se1 its diff]5ce f ! desires = ! sev]al pleasures ( #8s5se1' #8pride1' & #8sympa?y1' ( :i* ,hume's acc\nt has already be5 exam9$1 _c lie 9 ! object1 b--z he himself says ( ! di/9ction1 :i* he reg>d$ z an equival5t "o1 betwe5 #8reasonable & unreasonable' desires--9 our situation ) reg>d to x4 ,if !n ! object ( ea* ( ^! desires1 z we h %[n to be impli$ 9 ,hume's acc\nt ( !m1 is "o :i* only reason1 z self-consci\sness1 c con/itute1 x _c be less s :5 ! desire is calm en\gh to be call$ self-love4 ,/ill m pla9ly is ! desire 9 "q det]m9$ by reason--by ! conception ( self z a p]man5t susceptibility ( pleasure--if x is und]/ood to be desire = p[]4 ,?us ,hume1 hav+ degrad$ morality = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 aft] all is n consi/5t4 #dh4 ,hav+ n[ be=e u a complete view ( ! possible motives to human action :i* ,hume admits1 we f9d t :ile he has c>ri$ to its fur!/ limit1 & ) ! lea/ v]bal inconsi/5cy possible1 ! ef=t to make ?\ght d5y its own orig9ativ5ess 9 action1 he has yet n succe$$4 ,he has made ab/raction ( ev]y?+ 9 ! objects ( human int]e/ b _! relation to our n]v\s irritability--he has left no?+ ( ! beautiful 9 nature or art b t :i* x has 9 common ) a sweetmeat1 no?+ ( t :i* is lovely & ( good report to ! sa9t or /atesman b :at !y %>e ) ! d&y or d9]-out--yet he _c pres5t ev5 ?is poor residuum ( an object1 by :i* all action is to be expla9$1 except "u ! "* x d]ives f ! ?9k+ s\l1 :i* looks be=e & aft]1 & det]m9es ev]y?+ by relation to itself4 ,?us if1 z he says1 ! di/9ction betwe5 reasonable & unreasonable desires does n lie 9 ! object1 ?is w n be because reason has nev] any?+ to d ) ! con/itution ( ! object1 b because x has always s mu* to d ) x z r5d]s selfi%ness--! self-consci\s pursuit ( pleasure--possible4 ,s5suality !n w h be5 v9dicat$1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! #8high]' & #8l[]' modes ( life w h be5 eras$1 & aft] all ! !oretic consi/5cy--= ! sake ( :i*1 & n1 ( c\rse1 to gratify any s9i/] int]e/1 ,hume made 8 philosophic v5ture--w n h be5 atta9$4 ,man w /ill n be ultimately passive1 nor human action natural4 ,reason may be ! #8slave ( ! passions1' b x w be a self-impos$ subjection4 ,if all good is pleasure1 :at is moral good8 ,ambiguity 9 ,locke's view4 #di4 ,we h /ill1 h[ev]1 to expla9 h[ ,hume himself completes ! assimilation ( ! moral to ! natural2 h[1 on ! supposition t ! #8good' c only mean ! #8pleasant1' he acc\nts = ! app>5t di/9ction betwe5 moral & o!r good1 = ! intrusion ( ! #8ought & ought n' ( e?ical propositions ^u ! #8is & is n' ( tru? conc]n+ nature4 #a ,"h aga9 he is fai?ful to 8 rle z ! exp&] & expurgator ( ,locke4 ,) ,locke1 x w be rememb]$1 ! di/9ction ( moral good lay 9 ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! pleasure1 t con/itutes x1 is d]iv$4 ,x 0 pleasure accru+ ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( law1 z oppos$ to ! op]ation ( nature3 & f ! pleasure ?us accru+ ! t]m #8morally good' 0 transf]r$ to ! act :i*1 z #8con=mable to "s law1' occasions x4 #b ,?is view ,hume reta9s1 m]ely rem$y+ ,locke's omissions & inconsi/5cies4 ,locke1 z we saw1 n only neglect$ to d]ive ! exi/5ce ( ! laws1 ^: int]v5tion he c\nt$ necess>y to con/itute ! morally good1 f ! op]ation ( t desire = pleasure :i* he pron\nc$ ! only motive ( man2 9 speak+ ( moral goodness z consi/+ 9 con=mity to law1 he might1 if tak5 at 8 ^w1 be held to admit some?+ q diff]5t f pleasure alike z ! /&>d & ! motive ( morality4 ,hume !n _h1 9 ! fir/ place1 to acc\nt = ! laws 9 "q1 & s acc\nt = !m z to remove t absolute opposition betwe5 !m & ! op]ation ( nature :i* ,locke _h tak5 = grant$2 secondly1 to exhibit t con=mity to law1 9 :i* ! moral goodness ( an act 0 held to consi/1 z itself a mode ( pleasure--pleasure1 namely1 to ! contemplator ( ! act2 & ?irdly1 to %[ t n ! moral goodness ( ! act1 ev5 ?us und]/ood1 b pleasure to himself 0 ! motive to ! do] ( x4 #c #a ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bde4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,i4 #b ,above1 secs4 #af-ah4 #c ,( ! ?ree problems "h specifi$1 ,hume's treatm5t ( ! second is discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ secs4 #ej-ed2 ( ! fir/ 9 secs4 #ee-eh2 ( ! ?ird 9 secs4 #fj to ! end4 ,developm5t ( x by ,cl>ke1 :i* breaks d[n = want ( true view ( reason4 #ej4 ,x 0 a necess>y incid5t ( ?is process t ,locke's notion ( a ,law ( ,god1 con=mity to :i* r5d]$ actions #89 _! own nature "r & wrong1' %\ld disappe>4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a law _c be expla9$ z a result ( any desire = pleasure1 nor con=mity to x z a mode ( pleasure4 ,locke1 inde$1 tries to br+ ! goodness1 consi/+ 9 su* con=mity1 "u 8 g5]al def9ition by treat+ x z equival5t to ! production ( pleasure 9 ano!r _w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to seek refuge f ! contradictory 9 ! unmean+4 ,! "q--,is x ! pleasure x produces1 or its con=mity to law1 t con/itutes ! goodness ( an act8--rema9s unansw]$1 :ile ! fur!r "o is sugge/$--,:at mean+ has pleasure except z ! pleasure we exp]i5ce8 #a ,betwe5 pleasure1 !n1 & a #8con=mity' irr$ucible to pleasure1 z ! moral /&>d1 ! read] ( ,locke _h to *oose4 ,cl>ke1 support$ by ,locke's occasional assimilation ( moral to ma!matical tru?1 _h elaborat$ ! notion ( con=mity4 ,to him an action 0 #89 its own nature "r' :5 x con=m$ to ! #8reason ( ?+s'--i4e4 to c]ta9 #8et]nal proportions1' by :i* ,god1 #8qui omnia num]o1 ord9e1 m5sur posuit1' obliges ,himself to gov]n ! _w1 & ( :i* reason 9 u is #8! appe>ance4' #b ,?us reason1 z an et]nal #8agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas1' 0 ! /&>d to :i* action ought to con=m1 &1 z our consci\sness ( su* agreem5t1 at once ! judge ( & motive to con=mity4 ,to ?is ,hume's reply is 9 effect ! *all5ge to in/ance any act1 ( :i* ! morality consi/s ei!r 9 any ( ^? f\r relations1 #8dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! ideas relat$1' :i* he reg>d$ z alone admitt+ ( demon/ration1 or 9 any o!r ( ^? relations 7contiguity1 id5tity1 & cause & effect7 :i*1 z #8matt]s ( fact1' c be #8discov]$ by ! und]/&+4' #c ,su* a *all5ge admits ( no reply1 & no o!r function b ! p]ception ( su* relations be+ all[$ to reason or und]/&+ 9 ! s*ool ( ,locke1 x foll[s t x is n ?is faculty :i* ei!r con/itutes1 or gives ! consci\sness (1 ! morally good4 ,reason exclud$1 feel+ rema9s4 ,no action1 !n1 c be call$ #8"r 9 its own nature1' if t is tak5 to imply 7z #8con=mity to div9e law' mu/ be71 relation to some?+ else ?an our feel+4 ,x c\ld only be s call$ ) propriety 9 ! s5se ( excit+ "s pleasure imm$iately1 z di/9ct f an act :i* may be a condition ( ! atta9m5t ( pleasure1 b does n directly convey x4 #a ,above1 sec4 #ad4 #b ,boyle ,lectures1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 prop4 #a4 secs4 #a-d4 #c ,book ,,iii4 "p #a1 sec4 #a4 7,cf4 ,book ,i "p #c1 sec4 #a1 & ,introduction to ,vol4 ,i1 secs4 #bhc & ff47 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?r\gh\t ! polemic aga9/ ,cl>ke & 8 cong5]s ,hume writes z if !re 7 a diff]5ce betwe5 objects ( reason & feel+1 :i* he c\ld n consi/5tly admit4 ,he beg9s by putt+ ! "q ?us 7page #bcd71 #8:e!r #8tis by means ( our ideas or impressions we di/+ui% betwixt vice & virtue3' b if1 z he tells u1 #8! idea is m]ely ! weak] impression1 & ! impression ! /rong] idea1' su* a "q has no mean+4 ,9 l mann] he concludes by say+ 7page #bde7 t #8vice & virtue may be comp>$ to s\nds1 col\rs1 heat & cold1 :i* are n qualities 9 objects1 b p]ceptions 9 ! m9d4' ,b1 s9ce ! :ole drift ( ,book ,i4 is to %[ t all #8objective relations' are su* #8p]ceptions' or _! succession1 ?is /ill leaves u )\t any di/9ction betwe5 sci5ce & morality t %all be t5able accord+ to 8 own doctr9e4 ,) ,hume1 moral good is pleasure excit$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 viz43 9 ! spectator ( ! #8good' act & by ! view ( its t5d5cy to produce pleasure4 #ea4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ! moral act ei!r f any #8inanimate object1' :i* may equally excite imm$iate pleasure1 or f actions :i* h no "*1 z virtu\s or vici\s1 at all4 ,"s fur!r limitation1 !n1 mu/ be f\nd = ! imm$iate pleasure :i* con/itutes ! goodness call$ #8moral1' & ( :i* praise is ! expression4 ,?is ,hume f9ds 9 ! excit+ object :i* mu/ be 7a7 #8consid]$ 9 g5]al & )\t ref]5ce to our p>ticul> int]e/1' & 7b7 an object s #8relat$' 79 ! s5se above #a expla9$7 to oneself or to ano!r z t ! pleasure :i* x excites %all cause ! fur!r pleasure ei!r ( pride or love4 #b ,! precise effect ( su* limitation he does n expla9 9 detail4 ,a man's pictures1 g>d5s1 & clo!s1 we h be5 told1 t5d to excite pride 9 himself & love 9 o!rs4 ,if !n we c #8consid] !m 9 g5]al & )\t ref]5ce to our p>ticul> int]e/1' & 9 su* #8m]e survey' f9d pleasure1 ?is pleasure1 accord+ to ,hume's %[+1 w con/itute !m morally good4 #c ,he usually takes = grant$1 h[ev]1 a fur!r limitation ( ! pleasure 9 "q1 z excit$ only by #8actions1 s5tim5ts1 & *>act]s1' & ?us f9ds virtue to consi/ 9 ! #8satisfaction produc$ to ! spectator ( an act or "* by ! m]e view ( x4' #d ,virtues & vices !n mean1 z ,locke well said1 ! usual likes & dislikes ( society4 ,if we *oose ) him to call t virtue ( an act1 :i* really consi/s 9 ! pleasure exp]i5c$ by ! spectator ( x1 #8con=mity to ! law ( _! op9ion1' we may d s1 provid$ we d n suppose t !re is "s o!r law1 :i* ?is imp]fectly reflects1 & t ! virtue is some?+ o!r ?an ! pleasure1 b to be inf]r$ f x4 #8,we d n inf] a "* to be virtu\s1 because x pleases2 b 9 feel+ t x pleases aft] su* a p>ticul> mann]1 we 9 effect feel t x is virtu\s4' #e #a ,sec4 #cc4 #b ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bdg & #bdh4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,ii4 #c ,hume treats !m z su* 9 ,book ,,iii4 "p #c1 sec4 #e4 #d ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bea4 ,cf4 p4 #bbe4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,ii42 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,x4 #e ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bdg4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,i41 sec4 ,,ii4 #eb4 ,"s fur!r explanation1 h[ev]1 ( ! #8p>ticul> mann]' ( ?is pleasure 0 cle>ly ne$$ 9 ord] at once to adju/ x to ! doctr9e previ\sly giv5 ( ! passions 7( :i* ?is1 z a pleasant emotion1 mu/ be "o71 & to acc\nt = our speak+ ( ! actions :i* excite x--at lea/ ( "s ( !m--z actions :i* we ought to d4 ,if we rev]t to ! acc\nt ( ! passions1 we c h no difficulty 9 fix+ on t ( :i* ?is peculi> pleasure1 excit$ by ! #8m]e survey' ( an action )\t ref]5ce to ! spectator's #8p>ticul> int]e/1' mu/ be a mode4 ,x mu/ be a k9d ( sympa?y--pleasure felt by ! spectator 9 ! pleasure ( ano!r1 z di/9ct f :at might be felt 9 ! prospect ( pleasure to himself4 #a ,on ! o!r h&1 !re seem to be c]ta9 discrepancies betwe5 pleasure & moral s5tim5t4 ,we sympa?ise :]e we nei!r approve nor disapprove2 &1 conv]sely1 we express approbation :]e x w\ld seem !re 0 no pleasure to sympa?ise )1 e4g41 9 reg>d to an act ( simple ju/ice1 or :]e ! p]son exp]i5c+ x 0 "o ) :om we c\ld h no fell[-feel+--an enemy1 a /rang]1 a "* 9 hi/ory--or :]e ! exp]i5ce1 be+ "o n ( pleasure b ( pa9 7say1 t ( a m>tyr at ! /ake71 %\ld excite ! rev]se ( approbation 9 ! spectator1 if approbation means pleasure sympa?is$ )4 ,our sympa?ies1 moreov]1 are highly v>iable1 b our moral s5tim5ts on ! :ole con/ant4 ,h[ mu/ #8sympa?y' be qualifi$1 9 ord] t1 :5 we id5tify moral s5tim5t ) x1 ^! objections may be avoid$8 #a ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cce-ccg4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,i4 ,moral s5se is ?us sympa?y ) pleasure qualifi$ by consid]ation ( g5]al t5d5cies4 #ec4 ,hume's answ]1 9 brief1 is t ! sympa?y1 :i* con/itutes moral s5tim5t1 is sympa?y qualifi$ by ! consid]ation ( #8g5]al t5d5cies4' ,?us we sympa?ise ) ! pleasure aris+ f any casual action1 b ! sympa?y does n become moral approbation unless ! act is reg>d$ z a sign ( "s quality or "*1 g5]ally p]man5tly agreeable or useful 7sc4 & productive ( pleasure directly or indirectly7 to ! ag5t or o!rs4 ,an act ( ju/ice may n be productive ( any imm$iate pleasure ) :i* we c sympa?ise2 nay1 tak5 s+ly1 x may cause pa9 bo? 9 itself & 9 its results1 z :5 a judge #8takes f ! poor to give to ! ri*1 or be/[s on ! dissolute ! lab\r ( ! indu/ri\s2 #8b we sympa?ise ) ! g5]al satisfaction result+ to society f #8! :ole s*eme ( law & ju/ice1' to :i* ! act 9 "q belongs1 & approve x accord+ly4 ,! con/ancy :i* leads to a dungeon is a pa9ful commodity to its possessor1 b sympa?y ) 8 pa9 ne$ n incapacitate a spectator = t o!r sympa?y ) ! g5]al pleasure caus$ by su* a "* to o!rs1 :i* con/itutes x virtu\s4 ,aga91 ?\gh remote situation or ! /ate ( "o's temp] may at any "t modify or suppress sympa?y ) ! pleasure caus$ by ! good qualities ( any p>ticul> p]son1 we may /ill apply to him t]ms expressive ( our lik+4 #8,ext]nal beauty is det]m9$ m]ely by pleasure2 & #8tis evid5t a beautiful c\nt5ance _c give s mu* pleasure1 :5 se5 at a di/ance ( tw5ty paces1 z :5 x is br\ght ne>] to u4 ,we say n1 h[ev]1 t x appe>s to u less beautiful2 because we "k :at effect x w h 9 su* a position1 & by t reflection we correct its mom5t>y appe>ance4' ,z ) ! beautiful1 s ) ! morally good4 #8,9 ord] to correct ! cont9ual contradictions' 9 our judgm5t ( x1 t w\ld arise f *anges 9 p]sonal temp] or situation1 #8we fix on "s /eady & g5]al po9ts ( view1 & always 9 our ?\ghts place ourselves 9 !m1 :atev] may be our pres5t situation4' ,su* a po9t ( view is furni%$ by ! consid]ation ( #8! int]e/ or pleasure ( ! p]son himself ^: "* is exam9$1 & ( ! p]sons :o h a connection ) him1' z di/9ct f ! spectator's own4 ,! imag9ation 9 "t le>ns to #8adh]e to ^! g5]al views1 & di/+ui%es ! feel+s !y produce f ^? :i* arise f our p>ticul> & mom5t>y situation4' ,?us a c]ta9 con/ancy is introduc$ into s5tim5ts ( blame & praise1 & ! v>iations1 to :i* !y cont9ue subject1 d n appe> 9 language1 :i* #8exp]i5ce tea*es u to correct1 ev5 :]e our s5tim5ts are m /ubborn & unalt]able4' #a #a ,book ,,iii4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 "p #c1 sec4 #a4 ,specially pp4 #cci1 #cdb1 #cdf1 #cdi4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! facts x has to become sympa?y ) unfelt feel+s4 #ed4 ,x ?us appe>s t ?\gh ! virtue ( an act means ! pleasure :i* x causes to a spectator1 & ?\gh ?is aga9 arises f sympa?y ) imag9$ pleasure ( ! do] or o!rs1 yet ! =m] may be a pleasure :i* no p>ticul> spectator at any giv5 "t does actually feel--he ne$ only "k t "u o!r conditions on 8 "p he w\ld feel x--& ! latt] pleasure may be "o ei!r n felt at all by any exi/+ p]son1 or only felt z ! opposite ( ! uneas9ess ) :i* society witnesses a dep>ture f its g5]al rules4 ,( ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 a feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 & a k ( ! conditions "u :i* a pleasure or pa9 is g5]ally felt1 ,hume %[s no suspicion2 nor1 :ile he admits t )\t sub/itution ( ! k = ! feel+ !re c\ld be no g5]al /&>d ( praise or blame1 does he ask himself :at ! que/ = su* a /&>d implies4 ,z little does he tr\ble himself to expla9 h[ !re c be su* sympa?y ) an unfelt feel+--) a pleasure :i* no "o actually feels b :i* is possible = po/]ity--z w expla9 our approval ( ! virtue :i* defies ! _w1 & :i* is only assum$1 = ! cr$it ( a !ory1 to br+ pleasure to its possessor1 because x c]ta9ly br+s pleasure to no "o else4 ,= ! #8artificial' virtue1 h[ev]1 ( acts done 9 con=mity ) ! #8g5]al s*eme ( ju/ice1' or o!r social conv5tions1 he acc\nts at l5g? 9 "p ,,ii4 ( 8 ,second ,book--t entitl$ #8,( ,ju/ice & ,inju/ice4' ,c ! di/9ction betwe5 ! #8moral' & #8natural' be ma9ta9$ by ,hume8 ,:at is #8artificial virtue'8 #ee4 ,to a g5]ation :i* has suffici5tly fre$ itself f all #8my/ical' views ( law--:i* is aw>e t #8natural "r1' if x means a "r t exi/$ 9 a #8/ate ( nature1' is a contradiction 9 t]ms2 t1 s9ce contracts c\ld n be made1 or prop]ty exi/ ap>t f social conv5tion1 any "q ab\t a primitive obligation to respect !m is unmean+--! negative side ( ?is "p ( ! treatise c h little int]e/4 ,t all rights & obligations are 9 "s s5se #8artificial1' we are z mu* agre$ z t )\t exp]i5ce !re c be no k4 ,! "q is1 h[ ! artifice1 :i* con/itutes !m1 is to be und]/ood1 & :at are its conditions4 ,if we ask :at ,hume und]/ood by x1 we c get no o!r answ] ?an t ! artificial is ! opposite ( ! natural4 ,if we g on to ask = ! mean+ ( ! natural1 we only le>n t we mu/ di/+ui% ! s5ses 9 :i* x is oppos$ to ! miracul\s & to ! unusual f t 9 :i* x is oppos$ to ! artificial1 #a b n :at ! latt] s5se is4 ,! tru? is t1 if ! fir/ book ( ,hume's treatise has fulfill$ its purpose1 ! only conception ( ! natural1 :i* c give mean+ to ! doctr9e t ! obligation to obs]ve contracts & respect prop]ty is artificial1 mu/ disappe>4 ,!re are1 we %all f9d1 two diff]5t negations :i* 9 diff]5t contexts ?is doctr9e conveys4 ,sometimes x means t su* an obligation did n exi/ = man 9 a #8/ate ( nature1' i4e41 z man 0 to beg9 )4 ,b 9 t s5se ! law ( cause & effect1 )\t :i* !re w\ld be no nature at all1 is1 accord+ to ,hume1 n natural1 = x--n m]ely our recognition ( x1 b ! law itself--is a habit ( imag9ation1 gradually =m$4 ,sometimes x conveys an opposition to ,cl>ke's doctr9e ( obligation z con/itut$ by c]ta9 #8et]nal relations & proportions1' :i* also =m ! ord] ( nature1 & are o!r ?an1 ?\gh regulative (1 ! succession ( our feel+s4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 r$uc$ by ,hume to ! succession ( our feel+s1 ! #8artifice1' by :i* he supposes obligations to be =m$1 _c be det]m9$ by opposition to x1 unless ! op]ation ( motives1 :i* expla9s ! artifice1 is some?+ else ?an a succession ( feel+s4 ,b t x is no?+ else is j :at x is "o great object ( ! moral "p ( 8 treatise to %[4 #a ,book ,,ii4 "p #a1 sec4 #b4 ,no gr\nd = su* di/9ction 9 relation betwe5 motive & act4 #ef4 ,he is n[h]e m happy ?an 9 expos+ ! fallacies by :i* #8lib]ty ( indiff]5cy'--! lib]ty suppos$ to consi/ 9 a possibility ( unmotiv$ action--0 def5d$4 #a ,e act1 he %[s1 is det]m9$ by a /ronge/ motive1 & ! relation betwe5 motive & act is no o!r ?an t betwe5 any cause & effect 9 nature4 ,9 "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 #8necessity' lies n 9 an #8esse' b 9 a #8p]cipi4' ,x is ! #8det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght ( any intellig5t be+1 :o consid]s #8an act or ev5t1' to inf] its exi/5ce f "s prec$+ objects2' #b & su* det]m9ation is a habit =m$ by1 & hav+ a /r5g? proportionate to1 ! frequ5cy ) :i* c]ta9 ph5om5a--actions or ev5ts--h foll[$ c]ta9 o!rs4 ,! weakness 9 ?is "p ( ,hume's doctr9e lies1 n 9 ! assumption ( an equal uni=mity 9 ! sequ5ce ( act ^u motive ) t :i* obta9s 9 nature1 b 9 8 inability consi/5tly to ju/ify ! assumption ( an absolute uni=mity 9 ei!r case4 ,:5 !re is an app>5t irregul>ity 9 ! consequ5ces ( a giv5 motive--:5 accord+ to "o #8exp]im5t' action 7a7 foll[s ^u x1 accord+ to ano!r action 7b71 & s on--al?\gh #8^! contr>y exp]im5ts are entirely equal1 we remove n ! notion ( causes & necessity2 b1 suppos+ t ! usual contr>iety proce$s f ! op]ation ( contr>y & conceal$ causes1 we conclude t ! *ance or indiff]5ce lies only 9 our judgm5t on acc\nt ( our imp]fect k1 n 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 :i* are 9 e case equally necess>y1 ?\gh to appe>ance n equally con/ant or uni=m4' #c ,b we h already se5 t1 if necess>y connection 7 9 tru? only a habit aris+ f ! frequ5cy ) :i* c]ta9 ph5om5a foll[ c]ta9 o!rs1 ! cases ( exception to a usual sequ5ce1 or 9 :i* ! balance ( *ances did n incl9e "o way m ?an ano!r1 c\ld only s f> weak5 ! habit4 ,! explanation ( !m by ! #8op]ation ( conceal$ causes' implies1 z he "h says1 an opposition ( real necessity to app>5t incon/ancy1 :i*1 if necessity 7 su* a habit z he says x is1 w\ld be impossible4 #d ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 apply+ equally to moral & natural sequ5ces1 c con/itute no diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,x _c !re=e be 9 ! relation betwe5 motive & act t ! foll[]s ( ,hume c f9d any gr\nd = a di/9ction betwe5 ! process by :i* ! conv5tions ( society are =m$1 & t succession ( feel+s :i* he calls nature4 ,may he !n f9d x 9 ! "* ( ! motive itself by :i* ! #8inv5tion' ( ju/ice is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,is ?is o!r ?an a feel+ det]m9$ by a previ\s1 & det]m9+ a sequ5t1 "o8 ,n1 we mu/ answ]1 z ,hume himself und]/ood 8 own acc\nt ( x1 :i* is z foll[s3- #a ,book ,,ii4 "p #c1 secs4 #a & #b4 #b ,vol4 ,,ii4 p1 #ahi4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,,ii4 #c ,ibid41 p4 #ahe4 ,book ,,ii41 "p ,,iii41 sec4 ,i4 #d ,see ,introduction to ,vol4 ,i4 secs4 #cbc & #ccf4 ,motive to artificial virtues4 #eg4 ,he w exam9e1 he says1 #8two que/ions1 viz41 conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! rules ( ju/ice are e/abli%$ by ! artifice ( m52 & conc]n+ ! reasons :i* det]m9e u to attribute to ! obs]vance or neglect ( ^! rules a moral beauty & de=mity4' #a ,( ! motives :i* he recognises 7 #de7 x is cle> t only two--#8b5evol5ce' & #8int]e/'--c be ?\ght ( 9 ?is connection1 & a little reflection suffices to %[ t b5evol5ce _c acc\nt = ! artifice 9 "q4 ,b5evol5ce ) ,hume means ei!r sympa?y ) pleasure--& ?is 7?\gh ,hume c\ld =get x on occasion7 #b mu/ be a p>ticul> pleasure ( "s p>ticul> p]son--or desire = ! pleasure ( su* sympa?y4 ,ev5 if a b5evol5ce may be admitt$1 :i* is n a desire = pleasure at all b an impulse to please1 /ill ?is c only be an impulse to please "s p>ticul> p]son1 & ! only effect ( ?\ght ^u x1 :i* ,hume recognises1 is n to wid5 its object b to r5d] x #8int]e/$4' #c #8,!re is no su* passion 9 human m9ds z ! love ( mank9d1 m]ely z su*1 indep5d5t ( p]sonal qualities1 ( s]vices1 or ( relation to ourself4' #d ,! motive1 !n1 to ! in/itution ( rules ( ju/ice _c be f\nd 9 g5]al b5evol5ce4 #e ,z little c x be f\nd 9 private b5evol5ce1 = ! p]son to :om ,i am oblig$ to be j may be an object ( m]it$ hatr$4 ,x is true t1 #8?\gh x be r>e to meet ) "o :o loves any s+le p]son bett] ?an himself1 yet #8tis z r>e to meet ) "o 9 :om all ! k9d affections1 tak5 toge!r1 d n ov]balance all ! selfi%'2 b !y are affections to 8 k9sfolk & acqua9tance1 & ! g5]osity :i* !y prompt w con/antly conflict ) ju/ice4 #f #8,int]e/1' !n1 mu/ be ! motive we are 9 que/ (4 ,( ! #8?ree species ( goods :i* we are possess$ (--! satisfaction ( our m9ds1 ! advantages ( our body1 & ! enjoym5t ( su* possessions z we h acquir$ by our indu/ry & good =tune'--! la/ only #8may be transf]r$ )\t suff]+ any loss or alt]ation2 :ile at ! same "t !re is n suffici5t quantity ( !m to supply e "o's desires & necessities4' ,h5ce a special in/ability 9 _! possession4 ,reflection on ! g5]al loss caus$ by su* in/ability leads to a #8tacit conv5tion1 ent]$ into by all ! memb]s ( a society1 to ab/a9 f ea* o!r's possessions2' & !reupon #8imm$iately arise ! ideas ( ju/ice & inju/ice2 z also ^? ( prop]ty1 "r1 & obligation4' ,x is n to be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! #8conv5tion' is ( ! nature ( a promise1 = all promises presuppose x4 #8,x is only a g5]al s5se ( common int]e/2 :i* s5se all ! memb]s ( ! society express to "o ano!r1 & :i* induces !m to regulate _! conduct by c]ta9 rules2' & ?is #8g5]al s5se ( common int]e/1' x ne$ sc>cely be said1 is e man's s5se ( 8 own int]e/1 z 9 fact co9cid+ ) t ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,9 %ort1 #8'tis only f ! selfi%ness & conf9$ g5]osity ( man1 along ) ! scanty provision nature has made = 8 wants1 t ju/ice d]ives its orig94' #g #a ,book ,,iii4 "p #b1 sec4 #b4 #b ,cf4 sec4 #ed4 #c ,cf4 secs4 #db1 #dc1 & #df4 #d ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bee4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,i4 #e ,= ! s5se 9 :i* ,hume did admit a #8g5]al b5evol5ce1' see sec4 #da1 note4 #f ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bef & #bfj4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,ii4 #g ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bfh4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,h[ artificial virtues become moral4 #eh4 ,?us ! orig9 ( rules ( ju/ice is expla9$1 b ! obligation to obs]ve !m s f> appe>s only z #8int]e/$1' n z #8moral4' ,9 ord] t x may become #8moral1' a pleasure mu/ be g5]ally exp]i5c$ 9 ! spectacle ( _! obs]vance1 & a pa9 9 t ( _! brea*1 ap>t f ref]5ce to any ga9 or loss likely to arise to ! spectator himself f t obs]vance or brea*4 ,9 acc\nt+ = ?is exp]i5ce ,hume answ]s ! second ( ! que/ions1 propos$ above4 #8,to ! imposition & obs]vance ( ^! rules1 bo? 9 g5]al & 9 e p>ticul> in/ance1 m5 are at fir/ induc$ only by a reg>d to int]e/2 & ?is motive1 on ! fir/ =mation ( society1 is suffici5tly /rong & =cible4 ,b :5 society has become num]\s1 & has increas$ to a tribe or nation1 ?is int]e/ is m remote2 nor d m5 s readily p]ceive t disord] & confusion foll[ ^u ea* brea* ( ^! rules1 z 9 a m n>r[ & contract$ society4 ,b ?\gh1 9 our own actions1 we may frequ5tly lose sight ( t int]e/ :i* we h 9 ma9ta9+ ord]1 & may foll[ a less] & m pres5t int]e/1 we nev] fail to obs]ve ! prejudice we receive1 ei!r m$iately or imm$iately1 f ! inju/ice ( o!rs4444 ,nay1 :5 ! inju/ice is s di/ant f u1 z no way to affect our int]e/1 x /ill displeases u1 because we consid] x z prejudicial to human society1 & p]nici\s to e "o t approa*es ! p]son guilty ( x4 ,we p>take ( _! uneas9ess by sympa?y2 & z ev]y?+ :i* gives uneas9ess 9 human actions1 ^u ! g5]al survey1 is call$ vice1 & :atev] produces satisfaction1 9 ! same mann]1 d5om9at$ virtue1 ?is is ! reason :y ! s5se ( moral good & evil foll[s ^u ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,& ?\gh ?is s5se1 9 ! pres5t case1 be d]iv$ only f contemplat+ ! actions ( o!rs1 yet we fail n to ext5d x ev5 to our own actions4 ,! g5]al rule rea*es beyond ^? in/ances f :i* x arose1 :ile at ! same "t we naturally sympa?ise ) o!rs 9 ! s5tim5ts !y ent]ta9 ( u4' #a #a ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bga4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,,ii4 ,int]e/ & sympa?y acc\nt = all obligations civil & moral4 #ei4 ,to ?is acc\nt ( ! process by :i* rules ( ju/ice h n only come into be+1 b come to b9d our #8consci5ce' z !y d1 ! mod]n critic w be prompt to object t x is /ill affect$ by ! #8unhi/orical' delusions ( ! sy/ems aga9/ :i* x 0 direct$4 ,9 expression1 at any rate1 x be>s ! m>ks ( desc5t f ,hobbes1 &1 if read )\t due all[ance1 might convey ! notion t society fir/ exi/$ )\t any sort ( ju/ice1 & t aft]w>ds its memb]s1 f9d+ univ]sal w> inconv5i5t1 said to !mselves1 #8,g to2 let u ab/a9 f ea* o!r's goods4' ,x w\ld be h>d1 h[ev]1 to expect f ,hume ! full-bl[n t]m9ology ( developm5t4 ,he w\ld probably h be5 ! fir/ to admit t rules ( ju/ice1 z well z our feel+s t[>ds !m1 7 n made b grew2 & 9 8 view ( ! #8passions' ^: op]ation ?is gr[? exhibits1 he does n s]i\sly diff] f ! ord9>y expon5ts ( ! #8natural hi/ory' ( e?ics4 ,^! passions1 we h se51 are #8,int]e/' & #8,sympa?y1' :i* ) ,hume only diff] f ! pleasures & desires we call #8animal' z any "o ( ^! diff]s f ano!r--! pleasure ( eat+1 = in/ance1 f t ( dr9k+1 or desire = ! =m] pleasure f desire = ! latt]4 ,nor d _! effects 9 ! regulation ( society1 & 9 ! gr[? ( #8artificial' virtues & vices1 diff] accord+ to 8 acc\nt ( !m f s5tim5ts :i*1 because !y #8occur to u :e!r we w or no1' he reckons purely natural1 save 9 respect ( ! fur!r ext5t to :i* ! modify+ influ5ce ( imag9ation--itself react$ on by language--mu/ h be5 c>ri$ 9 ord] to _! exi/5ce2 & s9ce ?is 9 8 view is a m]ely #8natural' influ5ce1 !re c only be a relative diff]5ce betwe5 ! #8artificiality' ( its m complex1 & ! #8naturalness' ( its simpl]1 products4 ,locke's opposition1 !n1 ( #8moral' to o!r good1 on ! gr\nd t o!r ?an natural in/rum5tality is impli$ 9 its atta9m5t1 w n hold ev5 9 reg>d to t good :i*1 x is admitt$1 w\ld n be :at x is1 i4e41 n a pleasure1 b = ! int]v5tion ( civil law4 ,:at is meant by an action :i* ought to be done4 #fj4 ,! doctr9e1 :i* we h n[ trav]s$1 ( #8int]e/$' & #8moral' obligation1 implicitly answ]s ! "q z to ! orig9 & significance ( ! e?ical copula #8ought4' ,x orig9ally expresses1 we mu/ suppose1 obligation by positive law1 or r by t au?oritative cu/om 9 :i* 7z ,hume w\ld probably h be5 ready to admit7 ! #8g5]al s5se ( common int]e/' fir/ embodies itself4 ,9 ?is primitive mean+ x already implies an opposition betwe5 ! #8int]e/ :i* ea* man has 9 ma9ta9+ ord]' & 8 #8less] & m pres5t int]e/s4' ,its mean+ w be modifi$ 9 proportion z ! direct int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ ord] is re9=c$ or sup]s$$ by sympa?y ) ! g5]al uneas9ess :i* any dep>ture f ! rules ( ju/ice causes4 ,& z ?is uneas9ess is n conf9$ to cases :]e ! law is directly or 9 ! lett] violat$1 ! judgm5t1 t an act ought to be done1 n only ne$ n imply a belief t ! p]son1 s judg+1 w himself ga9 any?+ by its be+ done or lose any?+ by its omission2 x ne$ n imply t any positive law requires x4 ,:e!r x is applicable to e act #8caus+ pleasure on ! m]e survey'--:e!r ! range ( #8imp]fect obligation' is z wide z t ( moral s5tim5t--,hume does n make cle>4 ,t e action repres5t+ a quality #8fitt$ to give imm$iate pleasure to its possessor' %\ld be virtu\s--z accord+ to ,hume's acc\nt ( ! excit+ cause ( moral s5tim5t x mu/ be--seems /range en\gh1 b x w\ld be /rang] t we %\ld judge ( x z an act :i* ought to be done4 ,x is less difficult1 = in/ance1 to suppose t x is virtu\s to be witty1 ?an t "o ought to be s4 ,p]haps x w\ld be op5 to a disciple ( ,hume to hold t z1 accord+ to 8 ma/]'s %[+1 an opposition betwe5 p]man5t & pres5t int]e/ is impli$ 9 ! judgm5t ( obligation z at fir/ =m$1 s x is :5 ! pleasure to be produc$ by an act1 :i* gratifies moral s5se1 is remote r ?an ne>1 & a pleasure to o!rs r ?an to ! do]1 t ! t]m #8ought' is appropriate to x4 ,s5se ( morality no motive3 ,:5 x seems s ! motive is really pride4 #fa4 ,b ?\gh ,hume leaves "s d\bt on ?is po9t1 he leaves none 9 reg>d to ! s5se 9 :i* alone any "o c be said to d an action because he ought4 ,?is mu/ mean t he does x to avoid ei!r a legal p5alty or t pa9 ( %ame :i* w\ld arise ^u ! communication ?r\gh sympa?y ( su* uneas9ess z a contr>y act w\ld excite 9 o!rs ^u ! survey4 ,s f> f its be+ true t an act1 9 ord] to be ?or\ghly virtu\s1 mu/ be done = virtue's sake1 #8no action c be virtu\s or morally good unless !re is "s motive to produce x1 di/9ct f ! s5se ( its morality4' #a ,an act is virtu\s on acc\nt ( ! pleasure :i* sup]v5es :5 x is contemplat$ z proce$+ f a motive fitt$ to produce pleasure to ! ag5t or to o!rs4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is motive1 !n1 be+ ! antec$5t condition ( ! act's be+ reg>d$ z virtu\s1 ! motive _c itself h be5 a reg>d to ! virtue4 ,x may be repli$1 inde$1 t ?\gh ?is %[s #8reg>d to virtue' or #8s5se ( morality' to be n ! prim>y or only virtu\s motive1 x does n foll[ t x _c be a motive at all4 ,an action _c be prompt$ = ! fir/ "t by desire = a pleasure :i* c only be felt z a consequ5ce ( ! action hav+ be5 done1 b x may be repeat$1 aft] exp]i5ce ( ?is pleasure1 f desire = its r5ewal4 ,9 l mann]1 s9ce ) ,hume ! #8s5se ( morality' is n a desire at all b an emotion1 & an emotion :i* _c be felt till an act ( a c]ta9 k9d has be5 done1 x _c be ! orig9al motive to su* an action2 b :y may n desire = s pleasant an emotion1 :5 once x has be5 exp]i5c$1 lead to a repetition ( ! act8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is t ! pleasure ( moral s5tim5t1 z ,hume ?9ks ( x1 is ess5tially a pleasure exp]i5c$ by a spectator ( an act :o is o!r ?an ! do] ( x4 ,if ! do] & spectator 7 reg>d$ z "o p]son1 !re w\ld be no mean+ 9 ! rule t ! t5d5cy to produce pleasure1 :i* excites ! s5tim5t ( approbation1 mu/ be a t5d5cy to produce x to ! do] himself or o!rs1 z di/9ct f ! spectator himself4 ,?us pleasure1 9 ! specific =m 9 :i* ,hume w\ld call x #8moral s5tim5t1' is n :at any "o c\ld atta9 by 8 own action1 & consequ5tly _c be a motive to action4 ,transf]r$ by sympa?y to ! consci\sness ( ! man ^: act is approv$1 #8moral s5tim5t' becomes #8pride1' & desire = ! pleasure ( pride--o!rwise call$ #8love ( fame'--is "o ( ! #8virtu\s' motives on :i* ,hume dwells mo/4 ,:5 an action1 h[ev]1 is done = ! sake ( any su* positive pleasure1 he w\ld n all[ app>5tly t ! ag5t does x #8f a s5se ( duty' or #8because he ought4' ,he w\ld conf9e ?is description to cases :]e ! object 0 r ! avoidance ( humiliation4 #8,i ought' means #8x is expect$ ( me4' #8,:5 any virtu\s motive or pr9ciple is common 9 human nature1 a p]son :o feels 8 he>t devoid ( t motive may hate himself' 7/rictly1 accord+ to ,hume's usage ( t]ms1 #8despise himself'7 #8on t acc\nt1 & may p]=m ! action )\t ! motive f a c]ta9 s5se ( duty1 9 ord] to acquire by practice t virtu\s pr9ciple1 or at lea/ to disguise to himself z mu* z possible 8 want ( x4' #b #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bec4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,i4 #b ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bec4 ,book ,,iii41 "p ,,ii41 sec4 ,i4 ,di/9ction betwe5 virtu\s & vici\s motive does n exi/ = p]son mov$4 #fb4 ,:at diff]5ce1 !n1 we h f9ally to ask1 does ,hume leave betwe5 "o motive & ano!r1 :i* c give any significance to ! ass]tion t an act1 to be virtu\s1 mu/ proce$ f a virtu\s motive8 ,:5 a writ] has s f> di/+ui%$ betwe5 motive & action z to tell u t ! moral value ( an action dep5ds on its motive--:i* is :at ,hume is on occasion ready to tell u--we naturally suppose t any pr$icate1 :i* he proce$s to apply to ! motive1 is meant to repres5t :at x is 9 relation to ! subject ( x4 ,x _c be s1 h[ev]1 :5 ,hume calls a motive virtu\s4 ,?is pr$icate1 z he expla9s1 ref]s n to an #8esse' b to a #8p]cipi2' :i* means t x does n repres5t :at ! motive is to ! p]son :om x moves1 b a pleasant feel+ excit$ 9 ! spectator ( ! act4 ,to ! excitem5t ( ?is feel+ x is necess>y t ! action %\ld n m]ely f "s tempor>y comb9ation ( circum/ances produce pleasure = t "t & turn1 b t ! desire1 to :i* ! spectator ascribes x1 %\ld be "o accord+ to 8 expectation #8fitt$ to produce pleasure to ! ag5t or to o!rs4' ,9 ?is s5se only c ,hume consi/5tly mean t virtue 9 ! motive is ! condition ( virtue 9 ! act1 & 9 ?is s5se ! qualification has n mu* significance = ! spectator ( ! act1 & none at all 9 relation to ! do]4 ,x has n mu* = ! spectator1 because1 accord+ to x1 no suppos$ desire w excite 8 displeasure & consequ5tly be vici\s unless 9 its g5]al op]ation x produces a di/9ct ov]balance ( pa9 to ! subject ( x & to o!rs2 #a & by ?is te/ x w\ld be m difficult to %[ t an unseasonable passion = re=m+ mank9d 0 n vici\s ?an t mod]ate le*]y 0 s4 ,x has no significance at all = ! p]son to :om vice or virtue is imput$1 because a diff]5ce 9 ! results1 :i* o!rs anticipate f any desire t moves him to action1 makes no diff]5ce 9 t desire1 z he feels & is mov$ by x4 ,to him1 accord+ to ,hume1 x is simply desire = ! pleasure ( :i* ! idea is = ! "t mo/ lively1 &1 be+ mo/ lively1 _c b excite ! /ronge/ desire4 ,9 ?is--9 ! "* :i* !y sev]ally be> = ! subjects ( !m--! virtu\s motive & ! vici\s are alike4 ,hume1 x is true1 all[s t ! subject ( a vici\s desire may become consci\s ?r\gh sympa?y ( ! uneas9ess :i* ! contemplation ( x causes to o!rs1 b if ?is sympa?y 7 /rong en\gh to neutralize ! imag9ation :i* excites ! desire1 ! desire w\ld n move him to act4 ,t pr$om9ance ( anticipat$ pa9 ov] pleasure 9 ! effects ( a motive1 :i* r5d]s x vici\s to ! spectator1 _c be transf]r$ to ! imag9ation ( ! subject ( x )\t mak+ x cease to be 8 motive because no long] 8 /ronge/ desire4 ,a vici\s motive1 9 %ort1 w\ld be a contradiction 9 t]ms1 if t productivity ( pa91 :i* belongs to ! motive 9 ! imag9ation ( ! spectator1 belong$ to x also 9 ! imag9ation ( ! ag5t4 #a ,i write #8,,& to o!rs1' n #8,,or1' because accord+ to ,hume ! production ( pleasure to ! ag5t alone is en\gh to r5d] an action virtu\s1 if x proce$s f "s p]man5t quality4 ,?us an action c\ld n be unmi/akably vici\s unless x t5d$ to produce pa9 bo? to ! do] & to o!rs4 ,if1 ?\gh t5d+ to br+ pa9 to o!rs1 x _h a contr>y t5d5cy = ! ag5t himself1 !re w\ld be no?+ to decide :e!r ! vici\sness ( ! =m] t5d5cy 01 or 0 n1 balanc$ by ! virtu\sness ( ! latt]4 #8,consci\sness ( s9' disappe>s4 #fc4 ,?us ! consequ5ce1 :i* we f\nd to be involv$ 9 ,locke's doctr9e ( motives1 is virtually admitt$ by its mo/ logical expon5t4 ,locke's confusions began :5 he tri$ to reconcile 8 doctr9e ) ! fact ( self-condemnation1 ) ! individual's consci\sness ( vice z a condition ( himself2 or1 9 8 own words1 to expla9 h[ ! vici\s man c\ld be #8answ]able to himself' = 8 vice4 ,consci\sness ( vice c\ld only mean consci\sness ( pleasure wilfully =egone1 & s9ce pleasure c\ld n be wilfully =egone1 !re c\ld be no su* consci\sness4 ,hume1 z we h se51 cuts ! knot by dispos+ ( ! consci\sness ( vice1 z a relation 9 :i* ! individual /&s to himself1 altoge!r4 ,a man's vice is someone else's displeasure ) him1 &1 if we wi% to be precise1 we mu/ n speak ( self-condemnation or desire = excell5ce z influ5c+ human conduct1 b ( av]sion f ! pa9 ( humiliation & desire = ! pleasure ( pride--humiliation & pride ( t sort ( :i* ea* man's sympa?y ) ! feel+ ( o!rs ab\t him is ! condition4 ,only respectability rema9s2 & ev5 ?is n consi/5tly acc\nt$ =4 #fd4 ,t su* a doctr9e leaves l>ge fields ( human exp]i5ce unexpla9$1 few w n[ dispute4 ,wesley1 ,wordswor?1 ,fi*te1 ,mazz9i1 & ! ,g]man !ologians1 lie betwe5 u & ! g5]ation 9 :i*1 to s heal?y a nature z ,hume's1 & 9 s explicit a =m1 x c\ld be possible4 ,en?usiasm--religi\s1 political1 & poetic--if x has n atta9$ high] =ms1 has be5 =c$ to und]/& itself bett] s9ce ! "t :5 ,%aftesbury's ?9 & /ilt$ rhapsody 0 its mo/ intellig5t expression4 ,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t ! sa9t is n expla9$ by be+ call$ a fanatic1 t !re is a patriotism :i* is n #8! la/ refuge ( a sc\ndrel1' & t we "k no m ab\t ! poet1 :5 we h be5 told t he seeks ! beautiful1 & t :at is beautiful is pleasant1 ?an we did be=e4 ,?is admitt$1 ,hume's ,h$onism ne$s only to be cle>ly /at$ to be f\nd #8unsatisfactory4' ,if x ev] t5ds to f9d acceptance ) s]i\s p1 x is ?r\gh confusion ) t hybrid1 ?\gh b5efic5t1 utilit>ianism :i* f9ds ! moral good 9 ! #8greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]' )\t reflect+ t desire = su* an object1 n be+ = a feel+ ( pleasure to be exp]i5c$ by ! subject ( ! desire1 is ) ,hume impossible4 ,und]/ood z he himself und]/ood 8 doctr9e1 x is only #8respectability'--! temp] ( ! man :o #8naturally1' i4e41 )\t def9ite expectation ( ult]ior ga91 seeks to /& well ) 8 neighb\rs--t x w expla92 & ?is x c only treat z a fix$ quantity4 ,tak+ = grant$ ! h]oic virtue1 = :i* x _c acc\nt1 x /ill mu/ leave x a my/]y h[ ! h]oic virtue ( an e>li] age c become ! respectability ( a lat] "o4 ,rec5t lit]>y fa%ion has l$ u p]haps unduly to depreciate respectability1 b ! av[$ insuffici5cy ( a moral !ory to expla9 any?+ beyond x may fairly entitle u to enquire :e!r x c consi/5tly expla9 ev5 t4 ,! reason1 z we h suffici5tly se51 :y ,hume's e?ical speculation has su* an issue is t he does n recognize ! con/itutive action ( self-consci\s ?\ght4 ,misund]/&+ our passivity 9 exp]i5ce--unaw>e t x has no mean+ except 9 relation to an object :i* ?\ght itself projects1 yet too cle>-sight$ to acquiesce 9 ! vulg> notion ( ei!r laws ( matt] or laws ( action1 z simply ?ru/ ^u u f an unacc\ntable )\t--he seeks 9 ! m]e ab/raction ( passivity1 ( feel+ :i* is a feel+ ( no?+1 ! explanation ( ! natural & moral _w4 ,nature is a sequ5ce ( s5sations1 morality a succession ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,x is "u ! pressure ( ?is ab/raction t he s empties morality ( its actual cont5t z to leave only ! residuum we h describ$4 ,yet to acc\nt ev5 = ?is he has to admit su* motives z #8pride1' #8love1' & #8int]e/2' & ea* ( ^!1 z we h %[n1 implies t v con/itutive action ( reason1 by ignor+ :i* he compels himself to r$uce all morality to t ( ! av]age man 9 8 lea/ exalt$ mom5ts4 ,! =mative p[] ( ?\ght1 z exhibit$ 9 su* motives1 only diff]s 9 respect ( ! l[] degree1 to :i* x has fa%ion$ its matt]1 f ! same p[] z ! s\rce ( ! #8desire = excell5ce1' ( ! w autonom\s 9 ! s]vice ( mank9d1 ( ! =ev] 7to u7 unfill$ ideal ( a p]fect society4 ,x is because ,hume de-rationalizes respectability1 t he c f9d no rationale1 & !re=e no room1 = ! high] morality4 ,?is might w>n u t an #8ideal' !ory ( e?ics tamp]s ) its only sure f\ndation :5 x depreciates respectability2 & if x 7 our bus9ess to extract a practical lesson f him1 x w\ld be t !re is no o!r g5u9e #8en?usiasm ( humanity' ?an "o :i* has travell$ ! common highway ( reason--! life ( ! good neighb\r & hone/ citiz5--& c nev] =get t x is /ill only on a fur!r /age ( ! same j\rney4 ,our bus9ess1 h[ev]1 has n be5 to moralise1 b to %[ t ! philosophy bas$ on ! ab/raction ( feel+1 9 reg>d to morals no less ?an to nature1 0 ) ,hume play$ out1 & t ! next /ep =w>d 9 speculation c\ld only be an ef=t to re-?9k ! process ( nature & human action f its true beg9n+ 9 ?\ght4 ,if ?is object has be5 9 any way atta9$1 s t ! att5tion ( ,engli%m5 #8"u five-&-tw5ty' may be div]t$ f ! ana*roni/ic sy/ems hi!rto preval5t among u to ! /udy ( ,kant & ,hegel1 an irksome lab\r w n h be5 9 va94 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre54