,illustration3 ,,francis ,,guenon4      
,,how ,,to ,,select ,,cows2             
,,or                              ,,the 
,,guenon ,,system                       
,,simplified1 ,,explained1 ,,and        
,,practically ,,applied4                
,,by                                    
,,willis ,p4 ,,hazard1                  
,secretary of the ,pennsylvania ,guenon 
,commission2 ,president          of the 
,chad's ,ford ,farmers' ,club2 a        
,vice-,president of the        ,american
 ,dairyman's ,association2 ,lecturer    
upon ,agriculture at        the         
,delaware ,state ,college1 c41 c42      
,author of ,treatises 8,on         the  
,jersey1 ,guernsey1 and ,alderney ,cow10
 and 8,on ,butter and                   
,butter-making20 8,the ,annals of       
,philadelphia10 c4                      
,illustration                           
,,with ,,nearly #ajj ,,illustrations    
,photographed from ,guenon's engravings4
                                        
,,philadelphia3                 ,j4 ,m4 

,,stoddart  ,,co41 #ajah ,chestnut      
,street4                                
#ahhb                                   
,,copyrighted                           
,,according ,,to ,,act ,,of ,,congress  
#ahgi4          ,,preface4      ,the    
want has long been felt for a hand book 
which would simplify and  explain the   
invaluable discovery of ,guenon1 to     
enable any one to select  good stock4   
,there can be no doubt if this discovery
 is made to be easily  acquired1 that   
millions of dollars would be saved to   
the community by the  improvement of    
herds and a consequent reduction in the 
price of bovine  products1 on account of
 the increased yield and the lower cost 
of raising  it4    ,the ,state of       
,pennsylvania1 in #ahgh1 appointed a    
commission to test the  system and      
report upon it4 ,as a member of that    
commission1 we found  there was with    
many a superficial knowledge of the     
subject1 with others  enough            
acquaintance with the system to destroy 

their faith in it1 and  with nearly all 
a desire to obtain sufficient practical 
knowledge of the  system to enable them 
to judge understandingly and to practice
 it4    ,with a view to fill these      
wants1 we have undertaken the           
explanation  of the system in the       
following pages to enable all to fill up
 their  measure of knowledge of the     
system1 so that the superficial shall   
become  thorough1 the doubting acquire  
new faith1 and all see its merits the   
more they practice and apply it4    ,we 
have accordingly given a sketch of ,m4  
,guenon and the progress of  his        
discovery2 some extracts from his       
preface explaining his views2 an        
explanation of his system of escutcheon 
marks2 a description of the  various    
escutcheons and their indications of    
value and quantity1 and  directions how 
to practically apply them1 together with
 the report of the  ,pennsylvania       
,guenon ,commission4    ,believing that 
we have thus presented a comprehensive  

view of this  discovery1 we trust every 
one into whose hands this work may come1
 will  patiently1 book in hand1 go into 
the farm-yard and judge of the value  of
 his stock by the rules here set forth1 
compare the results with his  individual
 knowledge of his stock1 and fairly     
estimate the value of the  system4      
,the illustrations of the escutcheons   
are photographed from ,guenon's         
drawings in his last revised edition4   
,,willis ,p4 ,,hazard4    ,,maple       
,,knoll1 ,,west ,,chester1 ,,pa41       
,september1 #ahgi4          ,,lectures  
,,on ,,the ,,guenon ,,system4      ,the 
author of this work having been invited 
to lecture a number of  times before    
agricultural societies1 and being       
constantly in receipt  of letters of    
inquiry about repeating his lectures1   
takes this public  opportunity to       
announce that he will make arrangements 
to repeat his  lecture on the ,guenon   
system1 illustrated with a series of    
large  drawings4 ,correspondence is     

solicited with officers of agricultural 
societies1 granges1 agricultural fairs1 
colleges1 farmers' clubs1 and           
dairymen's associations4 ,his principal 
object being to disseminate widely  a   
knowledge of a system of such great     
value to his brother farmers1 the  terms
 will be satisfactory4    ,at each      
lecture practical illustrations and     
instruction is given in the  barn-yard  
or field4 ,address him at        ,,west 
,,chester1      ,,chester ,,county1     
,,pennsylvania4      ,,lecture ,,upon   
,,the ,,channel ,,islands1 ,,their      
,,people1 ,,and ,,the ,,cattle4    ,the 
author having recently spent several    
months in ,guernsey and ,jersey  for the
 purpose of studying the habits of the  
people1 viewing the  scenery1 and       
acquiring a knowledge of the            
agriculture1 and the breeding  of their 
cattle1 has embodied the results of his 
visits in a lecture1  which he is now   
prepared to deliver before agricultural 
and other  associations4      ,,lectures

 ,,upon ,,agriculture4    ,the author   
having been appointed ,lecturer upon    
,agriculture to the  ,delaware ,state   
,college1 at ,newark1 ,del41 will repeat
 all or part of the  course to farmers' 
institutes1 colleges1 schools1 c4 ,the  
lectures are  popular in character1 and 
not too scientific for general          
comprehension4          ,,guenon',s     
,,introduction ,,to ,,his ,,new         
,,revised ,,edition4      ,error is     
propagated with the rapidity of         
lightning2 before it every  obstacle    
disappears1 and popular favor seems to  
welcome it4 ,truth1 on  the contrary1 is
 received with indifference1 often even 
with doubt1  suspicion1 and distrust4   
,indeed1 how often have we not seen the 
author  of a discovery which1 having    
been accepted and realized ought to have
  advanced the public good and increased
 the general welfare1 come into  contact
 with the hatred1 the ignorance1 and the
 envy1 and thus become  the laughter of 
fools and the jest of the wise4 ,to some

 the inventor  seemed without good      
sense2 to others an ignoramus4 ,too     
feeble to struggle  against all1 he died
 broken hearted1 and left to his        
powerful antagonists  the glory of      
having1 perhaps for ages1 buried his    
discovery1 and to those  who bring to   
perfection cities and fields the        
deprivation of a good up to  that time  
unknown4    ,if more happy than those   
martyrs for a new idea1 ,i should reach1
 at last1  that which concerns me1 after
 twelve years of incessant struggles1 to
  cause the truth to appear to the eyes 
of all1 ,i should have nothing more  to 
desire4 ,nothing would remain for me1   
except to bless the generous  hearts    
which shall have aided me in triumphing 
over routine and error2  then on        
quitting this world1 only to bequeath   
the worthy men who have  so bravely     
encouraged and seconded my efforts1 the 
task of simplifying  my discovery1 and  
rendering my method popular to cause the
 analytical  knowledge of cattle to     

penetrate even into the most obscure    
hamlet1 and  while dividing thus with me
 the glory of having done this good1    
their  names will be held in grateful   
remembrance by future generations2 such 
has been the idea which has guided every
 moment of my life1 all the  efforts of 
my mind4    ,for nearly twelve years1   
since ,i have given my method to the    
public1  through a first edition of my  
8,treatise on ,milch ,cows10 the savants
 and  the practitioners have been       
greatly prepossessed with it4 ,when they
 have  seen me make a successful        
application before them of my system1 by
 a  single inspection of animals which  
,i saw for the first time1 they have    
expressed a lively surprise4    ,in the 
vegetable kingdom1 skillful nurserymen  
have distinguished more  than eighty    
different orders of pears of summer1 of 
autumn1 and of  winter2 each of these   
orders has its distinctive              
characteristics1 as many  for the shape 
and the taste of the fruit1 as for the  

time of ripening4  ,and when a          
tree-grower or an amateur is            
sufficiently skillful1 he  distinguishes
 marvelously all these species one from 
another by a single  inspection1 and at 
whatever time of year it may be4 ,he    
knows equally well  what exposure it is 
necessary to give to each of them to    
obtain exquisite  fruits4    ,my first  
studies had been directed toward        
arboriculture4 ,i have practiced  with  
my father during many years4 ,my        
principal occupation was the cutting  of
 trees1 grafts1 both splits and         
bandages1 and by studying vegetables1 ,i
  had acquired the idea of and an       
insight into classifications4    ,i was 
better prepared thus for my work of     
classifying the bovine race1 a  work    
which no one had ever tried1 either     
theoretically or practically4    ,my    
classification of the characteristic    
signs1 embraces all the races of        
,france and other countries1 without    
distinction of sex or age4    ,unknown1 

up to this day1 although they have      
always existed1 these signs  have       
escaped all the world1 even the sagacity
 of the most celebrated  painters1 as   
well as that of veterinary doctors of   
the highest  reputations of all times4  
,the appearance of my method should mark
 an era1 for it opposes and  overturns  
all the prejudiced routines according to
 which people have  practiced up to this
 time4    ,it opens a new era in an art 
in its infancy1 in a science whose first
  principles even were unknown4 ,i      
should then expound it with the greatest
  detail4    ,this method is of the     
greatest simplicity1 whatever has been  
possible  to be said of it1 and whoever 
will become thoroughly familiar with the
  escutcheon of the first order of each 
class1 will be able to judge of all4    
,escutcheons are ten in number4 ,they   
extend1 according to their class1  from 
the centre of the four teats to the     
level of the upper extremity  of the    
vulva1 and may extend in breadth from   

the middle of the hinder  surface of one
 leg1 to the middle of the hinder       
surface of the other4 ,by  their form or
 configuration1 escutcheons characterize
 and distinguish the  ten families which
 together constitute my classification4 
,behold1 then1  to what is reduced1 in  
reality1 this pretended immense         
complication4    ,a special figure1     
placed at the end of each class1 serves 
to indicate  mongrel animals4    ,each  
of the classes or families is           
characterized by an escutcheon of  fixed
 form1 always similar to itself1 while  
one does not get out of that  class or  
that family1 but variable in the        
dimensions of its surface4 ,that        
dimension or that surface should be     
estimated by square centimeters1 but    
that would be too complicated for the   
practical man2 since it depends  on the 
size of the individual1 it is estimated 
by the limits of the  escutcheon placed 
on the hinder part of the animal4 ,the  
extreme limits  are the hams1 the       

interior surface of the legs and vulva4 
,the surface of  the escutcheon1 of     
which the extent varies1 has permitted  
me to divide  each class or family into 
six orders1 for each one of which ,i    
assign1  in taking account of the shape1
 the quantity1 the continuation1 and the
  quality of the milk4    ,the          
escutcheon of the first order is the    
most developed2 is also  the best       
marked4 ,the escutcheon of each of the  
five other orders is  similar in form to
 that of the first order4 ,it is1 in    
some sort1 only  a proportionate        
reduction--a diminutive4 ,it is the     
escutcheon of the  first order1 with the
 dimensions reduced or brought within   
less extended  limits1 reaching no      
longer the hock nor longer covering the 
interior of  the thighs1 nor yet        
reaching up to the vulva1 remaining     
consequently at a  distance greater or  
less from these boundaries4    ,i have  
added to this new edition--        #ast4
 ,two new classes1 sub-divided also into

 six orders1 7the      ,left ,flanders  
and the ,double ,selvage47        #b;d4 
,two varieties of escutcheons1 having   
some similarity with      the others4   
#c;d4 ,finally1 the classification of   
the bull4    ,these three additions1    
unpublished until now1 complete and     
generalize the  system of characteristic
 signs1 by which one can prove the      
absolute and  relative superiority or   
inferiority of each individual of the   
race4    ,these new forms of escutcheons
 were known to me at the time of the    
publication of my first issue1 and which
 ,i had already announced2 but  they    
occurred so rarely in the races which   
were familiar to me1 that ,i  thought   
they were not worth publishing4    ,but1
 now1 since ,i have traveled so much1   
not only in ,france1 but in  foreign    
countries1 ,i have convinced myself that
 these classes occur much  more commonly
 in certain races than ,i had thought at
 first4 ,i have felt  the necessity of  
putting them in my method1 and have     

given them their  proper place4    ,in  
respect to the two new varieties of     
escutcheons1 they are like an  appendix 
to the classification1 and characterize 
the product of crossing  between        
different classes4    ,to state         
precisely their signification and to    
value their corresponding  milk product1
 it is necessary to compare these       
escutcheons with the order  of the class
 to which they are the most analogous4  
,when ,i shall have described the       
different families of true cows1 as well
  as their division into orders1 the    
yield or the quantity of milk1 their    
butyraceous qualities1 and the greater  
or less period of its duration of  yield
 during gestation1 ,i will pass to the  
bastard cows1 which1 though  perfectly  
similar in form and color to others1    
differ essentially from  them1 for they 
lose their milk as soon as they are     
pregnant4    ,this close resemblance is 
a source of errors to the most practiced
 judges4    ,thus have ,i wished in the 

description of classification1 to point 
out  precisely the distinctive signs by 
the aid of which one can easily         
recognize them4 ,after the study of     
bastard cows1 comes the chapter of  bull
 re-productors4 ,i have made plain1 that
 in the classifications  of bulls1 ,i   
have reduced to three the numbers of    
orders of each  class1 in order to bring
 the application of the method to the   
most  simple expression4 ,the first will
 comprehend all the bulls1 the good     
re-producers2 the second1 the           
re-producers of middling quality2 the   
third1 the bad re-producers4 ,i mean by 
bad1 those in which fails the  ability  
for the transmission of the lactiferous 
qualities4 ,as one sees1  the           
characteristic signs with the males1 as 
with the females1 have a  significant   
value of the highest importance4 ,with  
the bull1 they portray  the             
re-productive qualities1 and with the   
cows the lactiferous qualities4  ,the   
observers who will apply my system of   

one kind1 as rigorously for  the males  
as for the females1 will observe in the 
passage of one order  to the other1 the 
same scale of proportion that this      
established in  the classification of   
the cows4 ,although the classification  
bears more  on the lactiferous or       
re-productive properties than on the    
others1 it  is important to take in     
consideration all the other qualities   
that  the individuals can and ought to  
possess to be of an irreproachable      
organization4    ,the cows of the first 
and second order of each class1 in all  
the races1  will always give in the same
 country1 a greater abundance of milk   
than  those of inferior orders4 ,to     
recognize the lactiferous produce of    
cows1  whatever may be their class or   
the locality that they inhabit1 it      
suffices simply to know the quality of  
the food which makes the habitual       
nourishment of the cows in the place    
where they are kept4    ,in following in
 his appreciation1 the degree of        

superiority or of  inferiority of the   
escutcheon1 one will judge close upon   
the daily  quantity of milk that all the
 cows of the same country are apt to    
give1 for one will know then in what    
proportion all the figures of the       
classification should be modified4 ,a   
milk cow ought to be neither too fat    
nor too lean1 to give her maximum of    
milk4 ,all confinements in a period  of 
thinness is prejudicial to the habitual 
produce4 ,even when the animal  would   
have recovered her strength1 she will   
not recuperate so as to  restore the    
quantity of her milk2 that can take     
place only after a year1  and by means  
of a new calf4 ,a great milk cow1       
whatever may be her aptness  for        
fattening1 and her condition of fat at  
the time of calving1 becomes  thin about
 fifteen or twenty days after calving2  
the time of her rut  is therefore less  
near than that of a poor milk cow1      
because her vital  forces are weaker4   
,witness the quantity of her yield1     

which is only that  of a cow of medium  
product4    ,one can compare a milch cow
 to a fruit tree1 which gives more fruit
  this year than the next4 ,when the sap
 of the tree carries vigor to  the      
development of the fruit1 the growth of 
the wood remains nearly  stationary4    
,when1 on the contrary1 the tree gives  
but little fruit1 the  sap turns to the 
profit of the wood1 to give1 after a    
repose of several  years1 a greater     
quantity of fruit1 and to continue thus 
by alternative  successions4    ,it is  
the same with the cow1 for it is seldom 
that her produce keeps  the same during 
three consecutive years1 for the reason 
that1 when the  nourishment absorbed by 
her turns to the profit of the milk1 the
 milk is  more abundant2 when1 on the   
contrary1 the nourishment goes to fat1  
the  milk diminishes4    ,the variations
 in the milk quantity should be justly  
attributed to the  influence of         
atmospheric circumstances of the        
seasons1 which react on  the quality of 

hay and fodder in augmenting or         
diminishing the nutritive  juices of the
 food4    ,cows which are fed in good   
pastures surpass the product which ,i   
have  assigned to their class and their 
order1 while those which are in poor    
and wet pastures have necessarily       
inferior produce1 unless the latter     
have in the stable nourishing food1 more
 abundant and more succulent than  they 
are able to get for themselves out of   
doors4    ,if1 for example1 the well-fed
 cows1 or those grazing on rich pasture 
lands1 should give as much as twenty to 
twenty-five quarts of milk per  day2    
these same cows1 taken and fed on poor  
pasture1 will give only about  ten or   
twelve quarts4    ,if1 on the contrary1 
one takes the cows raised on a poor     
soil1 transfers  them to rich pastures1 
the milk produce of these same cows will
 be  superior to that they gave in their
 original lands4    ,my readers should  
well understand that in the valuations  
of my  classifications that ,i have not 

pretended to assign a rigorous and      
absolute amount4 ,i have been only able 
to give an approximate figure to  each  
class and to each order1 adopting the   
medium limit of the ordinary  amount of 
the different breeds of various         
localities4    ,the atmosphere1 the     
care1 and the different foods of each   
country1 all  these different things    
exercise upon the animal1 an influence  
favorable  or unfavorable1 according to 
the nature of the soil4    ,there are   
many other circumstances which should be
 considered1 and which  would disturb   
the harmony of the figures of my        
valuation and the normal  quantity4     
,such are1 for example1 the case of     
sickness1 accidents1 c4  ,that is the   
reason ,i have adopted1 in determining  
the quantity of cows of  each order1 a  
medium figure1 such as is shown in the  
classification4    ,i will also observe1
 relative to those animals to which ,i  
assign  approximate weight in the course
 of this work1 that1 following the      

customs of commerce1 of sale1 and of    
butchers1 this weight is dead  weight1  
the animal being deprived of the skin1  
intestines1 head1 feet1 c4    ,if1      
contrary to custom1 ,i had acted        
otherwise1 and had made the  calculation
 for the animal on the hoof1 the figures
 given by me would  present a great     
difference1 which would increase        
according to the amount  of fat1        
sometimes to double the weight4    ,the 
discovery which ,i have made of the     
value of the escutcheon is  designated  
by the contrary direction of the hair1  
and which had escaped  the attention of 
every one1 even those most interested in
 gaining the  knowledge of it4 ,it is   
necessary also to avow the effect       
produced by  the change of direction of 
the hair is not glaring on the animal4  
,it  is merely a difference of luster1  
and the gloss on the surface of the     
escutcheon and the part of the skin     
surrounding it4 ,the hair of the        
escutcheon is finer1 shorter1 more      

furry1 and more silky4 ,its appearance1 
at the first glance1 makes one think    
this part of the animal has been        
shaved4 ,compared with the ordinary     
hair1 the skin of the udder appears  to 
be more designed to be quicker seen on  
the part where appears the  escutcheon4 
,all animals of the bovine species1     
without excepting even wild animals1    
are marked with an escutcheon1 large1   
small1 or medium1 regular or  irregular4
 ,their characteristic sign is          
transmitted with the generating  germ4  
,i have not thought it necessary to say 
much on that portion of the  escutcheon 
which extends on the stomach of the     
beast towards the navel4  ,this addition
 has been thought useless4 ,enough is   
shown of the escutcheon  when she is    
standing4    ,in order to see well the  
escutcheons with all the fullness which 
my  sketches give them1 it must be      
supposed that the udder of each cow is  
seen at its greatest plenitude of milk1 
such as would separate the hind  legs to

 the greatest extent4 ,in this way the  
escutcheon is seen as if  the entire    
skin of the animal was placed flat1 or  
as if the envelope of  the milk bearing 
apparatus formed a plain surface1 on    
which are drawn  the elevations1 the    
depressions1 and all that is not visible
 to the eye1  without the aid of hands  
or of movement of the cow1 both that    
which is  hidden at the further side and
 in the folds of the udder and of the   
thighs of the animal on foot4    ,in    
order to examine and to distinguish     
perfectly the escutcheon1 one  should   
place himself behind the animal and make
 it advance some steps1 in  such manner 
that the movements which it makes in    
walking should show1 one  after another1
 the parts which one needs to see4      
,one can also1 in passing the nails over
 the space occupied by the  escutcheon  
and leading the hand downward from      
above1 in a manner contrary  to the     
rising hair1 and ruffling it1 recognize 
without difficulty its  form and its    

extent4    ,theoretical explanations are
 always abstract and diffuse in their   
development4 ,my method may at first    
appear difficult and complicated1       
which1 indeed1 pretended savans have    
chosen to affirm4 ,nevertheless it is   
not so1 and in order to comprehend it1  
it is sufficient to study it4 ,it  is   
with this as with everything else1 to   
know it is necessary to study  and to   
practice4    ,the beautiful art which ,i
 am about to explain to agriculturists  
is most  easily acquired4 ,its technical
 dictionary is composed only of certain 
words1 of which the readers should1     
first of all1 know perfectly the        
precise signification4    ,these words  
are ,escutcheons1 ,epis or ,tufts       
ascending1 and ,epis or  ,tufts         
descending4 ,after he knows perfectly   
the different forms and the  importance 
of these characteristic signs1 he will  
know the whole subject  as well as ,i do
 myself4    ,the ,epis or ,tuft1 as one 
will see1 participates with the         

escutcheon  in the distinction of the   
orders--it multiplies the sub-divisions4
 ,it  seems at the same time to         
complicate my method and to render it   
less  accessible2 but ,i have not felt  
myself at liberty to omit it1 since it  
has an incontestible and important      
value4    ,if1 among certain animals1   
the form and extent of characteristic   
signs  are not exactly those of the     
drawings1 but a sort of intermediate    
between the characteristic signs of two 
classes1 he who applies the  method     
should approximate them to the drawing  
of the classification from  which they  
differ the least1 and from that deduce  
the probable value4    ,to render my    
work perfectly clear1 ,i had to enter   
into the developments  very much in     
detail4 ,nevertheless1 so extensive are 
these details that  ,i believe ,i have  
given neither too many nor too few1 and 
have confined  myself simply within the 
limits of the possible1 the             
indispensible and  the useful4    ,and  

now1 whoever my opponents may be1 ,i    
proclaim boldly and without fear1  that 
the escutcheon is the only incontestible
 characteristic sign that  can enable   
one to discern1 by simple inspection1   
the aptitude for milk  production of    
each animal4    ,all animals of the     
bovine species in good state of health1 
to which no  accident has happened1 and 
whose escutcheons are of the first      
orders of  each class1 will manifest    
always1 and without exception1 as much  
for the  production of milk as for      
generative ability4    ,beauty of form1 
to my thinking1 represents but an ideal1
 and although one  ought to take it into
 consideration1 it is a simple accessory
 without  value of its own1 when the    
question is that of the production of   
milk4    ,may ,i have been able to      
justify by this work the fruit of the   
experience  of my whole life1 the honor 
done me by many agricultural societies  
in  admitting me to their membership1   
and by the government which has shared  

the expense of this new edition1 with   
the twofold purpose of encouraging  my  
efforts and facilitating the propagation
 of my method4          ,,guenon',s     
,,method ,,of ,,judging ,,of ,,the      
,,value ,,of ,,stock4      ,fifty years 
ago there was dawning upon the world the
 first ray of a great  discovery4 ,a    
star was rising in the agricultural     
world1 which was about  to shed new     
light1 and like many other valuable     
discoveries1 it was made  by one among  
the lowly1 and partly by chance4 ,the   
author of this new  discovery has said1 
8,error flies with the rapidity of      
lightning1 all  obstacles vanish before 
it4 ,truth1 on the contrary1 is admitted
 coldly1  often even with doubt1        
suspicion1 and distrust40 ,it is owing  
partly to  this1 partly to the fact that
 this new light was given to the world  
when  the mind of farmers were not ready
 to receive new ideas of progress as    
they now seek them1 and much to the fact
 that it was the invention of a         

foreigner described in a foreign tongue4
 ,true a translation of it was  made    
through the medium of an ,american      
monthly magazine of agriculture2  but it
 was one of limited circulation4 ,at    
that time the number of  periodicals    
devoted to that interest was few1 and   
such new and important  questions were  
not thoroughly discussed and the        
knowledge of them placed  in every      
farm-house in the land1 as it is at the 
present day4 ,shortly  after the        
appearance of ,m4 ,guenon's treatise in 
the magazine1 it was  reprinted in book 
form1 and received the large circulation
 of sixty-five  thousand copies1 between
 that time and now1 and the book most   
probably  sells better to-day than it   
did then4 ,by many who procured that    
book the  subject was studied1 and      
advantage taken of its revelations1     
being stored  away in the reader's mind 
for actual practice4 ,by the great      
majority it  was read1 but not studied2 
driven from it by the apparent          

complications  of the system and the two
 hundred sub-divisions of it2 by many1  
perhaps1  it was attempted to be put    
into practice1 but without their having 
given the subject that close            
investigation which was needed to prove 
the system correct4 ,it was mostly by   
this class of persons1 because the      
system was not found to be infallible1  
that it was denounced and given  up1    
even by men otherwise intelligent2 as if
 anything human could be  infallible4   
,thus it is that by the ignorant its    
revelations were received  with         
incredulity1 and by many of the         
intelligent with doubt2 but to the      
earnest seekers after practical         
information1 it has unfolded a mine of  
wealth1 and they have proved the system 
by continuous experience1 and  found it 
to be the most reliable mode of judging 
of the value of every  member of the    
bovine species4    ,it was a happy      
thought that suggested itself to the    
,pennsylvania ,state  ,board of         

,agriculture1 to have the system tested 
by uninterested parties4  ,but extremely
 difficult1 it was1 to obtain persons to
 make the test4  ,for those to whom     
application was made declined it on     
various grounds1  principally because1  
as ,guenon himself has stated in his    
latest edition1  many pretended savans  
would endeavor to throw ridicule upon   
it2 many  others would identify the     
gentlemen making the tests with it1 as  
if it  was their system that they were  
testing2 while not a few still more     
narrow-minded1 would think they were    
trying to humbug them4 ,thus it was     
difficult to fill the places1 which     
offered neither honor nor profit4    ,it
 will be seen1 by these extracts1 that  
the ,governor appointed three  experts  
to test the system4 ,this they did in   
the summer of #ahgh1  examining two     
hundred cows1 jotting down their opinion
 of the yield1  quality1 and time of    
each of them1 and afterwards printing   
them alongside  of the reports of their 

owners1 so that the public could form   
their own  estimate of the results of   
the examinations of the commission4     
,they are  here reprinted1 to show how  
it was carried out4 ,particular         
attention is  called to the examinations
 of the blanketed cows in ,thomas       
,gawthrop's  herd4      ,on ,m4 ,guenon 
and his ,system4    ,it is proper we    
should inquire into ,m4 ,guenon1 and the
 origin and  development of his system4 
,monsieur ,franois ,guenon1 a husbandman
 of ,libourne1 in ,france1 was the  son 
of a gardener1 and followed for sometime
 his ancestor's trade4  ,he seems to    
have had a mind above those in his      
position4 ,as we look  at his portrait1 
he appears to have a clear eye1 a cool  
head1 great  determination1 firmness of 
character1 a well-balanced mind1 and    
with  it all1 a vigor of constitution   
which buoys him up1 and enables him to  
over-ride obstacles4 ,he says himself1  
he was of an observant turn of  mind1   
fond of comparing things1 and deducing  

consequences from what he  learned by   
observation and comparison1 particularly
 from the ,book of  ,nature4 ,young1    
ardent and healthy1 with the vivacity of
 his race1 he felt  himself destined for
 better things than those a gardener's  
life would  insure him4 ,what wonder    
then that his eye was keen to see1 his  
mind to  grasp and analyze any new turn 
of thought that chance might throw in   
his  way4    ,like most self-made men1  
who have made their mark in life's      
pilgrimage1  he set himself to work to  
improve himself--to acquire that which  
would  expand his mind1 and fit it to   
receive any new inspiration1 and be     
able to develop it4 ,he studied the     
works of the best writers on botany  and
 agriculture2 and applied his knowledge 
by following up all the  ramifications  
of the vegetable kingdom1 and studied   
their external signs1  that distinguish 
the different sorts1 and ascertained    
their qualities and  productiveness4    
,in ,france1 they have few fences1 and  

the cattle of a neighborhood are  driven
 to the grazing ground1 and herded      
together1 and1 in turn1 members  of each
 or several families1 7the younger      
portion17 are put to watch that  the    
cattle do not stray out of bounds4 ,such
 companionship with their  stock makes  
the owners fond of them1 and they are   
treated as pets1 and  become very       
docile4 ,when young ,guenon was about   
fourteen years of age1 he  would drive  
their cow to graze4 ,his cow he was very
 fond of1 and could  identify her among 
any number4 ,she was a good milker4     
,the ,escutcheon or ,mirror4    ,in his 
authorized account of the discovery and 
perfection of his system1  ,guenon uses 
the following language3 8,when fourteen 
years of age1 ,i used1  according to    
country custom1 to drive our only cow to
 the grazing ground4  ,i was very fond  
of her1 and could have identified her   
among ever so  many4 ,one day as ,i was 
whiling away the time in cleaning and   
scratching  my old companion1 ,i noticed

 that a sort of bran or dandruff        
detached  itself in considerable        
quantities from certain spots on her    
hind parts1  formed by the meeting of   
the hair as it grew in opposite         
directions1  which spots ,i have since  
called ears1 from the resemblance they  
often  bear to the bearded ears or heads
 of wheat or rye4 ,this first attracted 
my attention1 and ,i recollected having 
heard my grandfather say that it  was   
probable that there were external marks 
on cows whereby their good  qualities or
 their defects might be known--just as  
we judge of the vital  force of a plant 
and its qualities by means of its leaves
 and lines in  its skin4 ,reflecting on 
the subject1 ,i arrived at the          
conclusion that  if in the vegetable    
kingdom there exists external signs1    
whereby the  good and the bad qualities 
of a plant can be positively known1     
there  ought to exist in the animal1 or 
its kingdom1 also1 marks whereby we may 
judge1 by inspecting an animal1 of its  

qualities1 good and bad1 and ,i  thought
 ,i had discovered one of these signs4  
,i sought the bearded ears  or quirls1  
and scratched those spots in quest of   
dandruff1 the abundance  or scarcity of 
this being what first engaged my        
attention4 ,every new cow  was compared 
with my own as a standard1 and her      
superiority1 equality1 or  inferiority  
determined in my own mind4 ,in the      
course of the comparisons  thus         
instituted by me1 with reference to the 
dandruff alone1 which was  at first the 
only thing that governed me1 ,i had     
occasion to remark that  great          
diversities existed among cows in       
respect to the shape of the  bearded    
ears 7quirls7 which produced the        
dandruff4 ,this suggested a  new train  
of reflection and observation1 which    
resulted in my becoming  convinced that 
these shapes were the signs by which to 
distinguish  cows1 and to know the good 
and bad qualities of every individual   
among  them40    ,illustration3         

,imported ,jersey ,cow ,,black ,,bess4  
,illustration3 ,imported ,jersey ,cow   
,,tiberia4    ,belonging to ,c4 ,l4     
,sharpless1 ,philadelphia4    ,in his   
original plan1 ,guenon divided these    
different shapes into  eight classes1   
each of which was sub-divided into eight
 orders4 ,as he  progressed in his      
investigations1 he afterwards added two 
more classes1  and reduced the orders to
 six in each class4 ,these he supposed  
would  cover all cases which might come 
up for examination4 ,he also divided    
cows into three grades1 which1 in       
accordance with their size1 he  styled  
high1 low1 and medium4 ,from this it    
will be noted that ,guenon1 in          
classifying cows1 was governed first by 
the class1 second by the order  in the  
class1 and finally by their size4 ,these
 classes he divided and  named as       
follows3         #ast class1 or         
,flanders4       #b;d    0    0  ,left  
,flanders4       #c;d    0    0         
,selvage4       #dth   0    0           

,curveline4       #eth   0    0         
,bicorn4       #fth   0    0  ,double   
,selvage4       #gth   0    0           
,demijohn4       #hth   0    0  ,square 
,escutcheon4       #ith   0    0        
,limousine4      #ajth   0    0         
,horizontal4    ,the ten orders in each 
of these classes were simply designated 
by their  appropriate numerals4 ,each   
class was better than the succeeding    
one1  and each order better than the    
following one of the same class1 but    
might be better than the preceding order
 of the next class4    ,of this seeming 
multiplicity of classes1 orders1 and    
sizes1 ,chalkley  ,harvey1 one of the   
commission appointed to test the system1
 writes thus3        8,now this may seem
 somewhat discouraging to your readers1 
but      with all due respect to        
,guenon1 to whom all honor and praise   
should be accorded for his brilliant    
discovery1 ,i think that      it may be 
so simplified that every farmer1        
dairyman1 and dealer      can learn it  

all in a short time1 and may find the   
study      quite interesting4 ,i began  
it laboriously1 supposing that a        
mastery of all the details was necessary
 to make it of any      use1 but more   
than twenty years of constant           
application in      practice has        
simplified it to my mind1 and has added 
a little1      ,i think1 to the original
 discovery4 ,the substance of ,guenon's 
discovery is that the milking qualities 
of any cow1 of any      breed1 are      
indicated by an outward sign that all   
may see and      easily understand4 ,the
 hair on a cow1 as on other animals1    
grows downward on the hind-quarters1 but
 there is an exception      to this rule
 on the back part of the udder1 where it
 usually      grows upward4 ,the first  
lesson for a beginner is to notice this 
fact4 ,let him stand behind a quiet cow1
 and rub the hair on the      udder both
 ways until he sees or feels just what  
,i mean4 ,guenon      called the surface
 that is covered by this upward growth  

the      escutcheon2 others have called 
it the milk-mirror2 but this is      no 
improvement in any respect1 and ,i shall
 name it as ,guenon      did1 for there 
is no real objection to that name1 and  
there      is serious objection to      
making confusion by calling the same    
thing by different names4 ,the          
escutcheon1 then1 is that surface       
on the cow's udder where the hair grows 
upward4 ,but it is not      confined to 
the udder1 it extends upward above the  
udder1 often      to the vulva1 and     
outward upon the thighs on both sides of
 the      udder4 7,see ,flanders cow1   
class first1 order first47 ,these       
escutcheons are different in size1 in   
shape1 and in quality1      7quality    
means the quality of the skin1 and of   
the hair growing      on it17 and these 
differences indicate the different      
milking      qualities of the cows1     
including quantity and quality of       
milk1 and the length of time they will  
give milk after being      with calf4   

,on the edges of the escutcheon where   
the upward      and the downward growths
 of hair meet1 a feather is formed1     
and this is most conspicuous on the back
 part of the thighs      where          
escutcheons extend that wide4 ,if the   
hair is long1 as it      generally is in
 winter time1 the observer can define   
the limits      of the escutcheon better
 by applying his hand1 and smoothing    
the hair to its natural place4 ,he will 
now perceive that the      hair on the  
escutcheon is shorter and softer than   
elsewhere1      as well as turned upward
 in its growth1 and sometimes nearly    
resembles fur4        8,let us now      
particularly consider the shapes and    
sizes of      these escutcheons4 ,there 
is one general shape to which they      
conform1 and that is that they are wider
 below than above1 and      at or near  
the top of the udder they narrow in     
abruptly2 some      continue up as far  
as the vulva1 and even above it1 and    
others      but a little distance above 

the udder4 ,the size and shape of       
this upper part of the escutcheon is of 
less importance than      that of the   
lower part1 but both must be            
considered--the larger      the         
escutcheon the better4 ,all great       
milkers have very large                 
escutcheons4 ,in large ones the upturned
 growth often begins      on the belly1 
in front of the udder1 extends along    
between      the teats and up the back  
part of the udder1 over the whole       
width4 ,indeed1 the udder is not wide   
enough for it1 and it      encroaches on
 the thighs1 where we may find the hair 
having      an upward growth on them1   
inside next the udder1 beginning        
not far above the hock joints1 and      
running up as high as the      wide part
 of the escutcheon extends up the       
thighs1 and which      often terminates 
with corresponding curls in the hair at 
the      outlines1 and the higher up and
 wider these are apart the      better4 
,though the extension of the escutcheon 

to the front      part of the udder on  
the belly has been mentioned1 that is   
not      a matter of practical interest 
in ordinary cases4 ,all that      needs 
to be studied is plain to be seen by    
standing behind      the cow4 ,when the 
escutcheon is small1 it does not reach  
the      thighs1 and often does not     
cover the whole of the back part      of
 the udder4 ,these differences in size  
can be distinguished      at the first  
lesson taken in the cow-yard1 and when  
that has      been done1 the next thing 
is to consider their shapes4 ,a good    
escutcheon is symmetrical4 ,the feathers
 on the two thighs      are at equal    
distance from the middle line of the    
body1 and      extend up to equal       
heights on the back parts of the thighs4
      ,a broad and high escutcheon1     
7speaking now only of the lower         
broad part of it17 that is alike on both
 sides1 certainly      indicates a      
superior milker4 ,there is nearly always
 another      sign accompanying such an 

escutcheon1 and that is one or two      
ovals just above the hind teats1 on     
which a fine coat of      hair grows    
downward4 ,these may be large or small1 
may be one or      two1 and may be alike
 in size1 or unlike1 but they are always
      good signs4 ,two are better than  
one1 and the larger and more            
uniform they are the better2 they are   
almost always present on      large and 
symmetrical escutcheons4 ,no escutcheon 
is ever first      class if it has not  
one or both1 and one1 at least1 of good 
size4 ,what constitutes #8good size'    
will be better learned by a      few    
observations than can be taught by      
inches1 and ,i want to      leave       
something to the ingenuity of the       
learner1 to make the      study         
interesting4        8,now1 let us       
consider the shape and size of that part
 of the      escutcheon which ,i have   
spoken of as the upper part2 that is1   
the narrow portion that has its base on 
the top of the lower      and wider     

portions1 and runs up toward the vulva4 
,sometimes1      though very rarely1    
this does not exist at all4 ,sometimes  
it      is broad1 and extends all the   
way up1 with perfect symmetry4          
,sometimes it terminates in a curved    
line1 at a greater or less      distance
 up2 and1 indeed1 it may be seen of     
almost any shape4      ,as a sign of    
excellence1 the larger and more         
symmetrical it      is1 the better--but 
a good lower part of the escutcheon is  
the main thing1 and that1 as a sign1 can
 hardly be vitiated      by any         
imperfection of the upper part4 ,when   
the lower part is      very good1 there 
is usually uniformity in the part4 ,a   
poor      escutcheon is one that is     
small1 or that is imperfect in form40   
,the ,progress of ,his ,system4    ,with
 his mind keenly alive to the pursuit of
 his investigations1 he soon  perceived 
the difference in the shape of these    
quirls or marks in the  hair4 ,we can   
imagine how1 when he saw any cow with   

the same escutcheon  as his own had1 he 
would eagerly and closely question the  
owner1 and  then make his comparisons   
and deductions4 ,then1 again1 when he   
would see  variations from his cow's    
escutcheon1 whether larger or smaller1  
though  of similar shape1 how he would  
study them over6 ,when he would ask of  
the  owner such questions1 directed by  
his knowledge of the cow's marks1 the   
owner would stare1 and think how the lad
 could know so well of his cow4  ,and   
then his secret exultation when the     
answers showed him that he had  judged  
aright6 ,we can imagine this young      
enthusiast going on1 from step  to step1
 filling up his leisure with his        
acquisitions of his new theory1  which  
was becoming fact1 and growing into a   
system4    ,from his first step of      
discovering the dandruff1 its scarcity  
or  abundance1 to his noticing the great
 diversity existing among cows as to    
the shape of the bearded ears or quirls1
 and being convinced these shapes  were 

the signs by which to distinguish cows1 
and then to make sure that  the same    
mark might always be relied upon as a   
positive sign of the same  perfection or
 defect2 were all steps in the discovery
 that engrossed  his whole mind4 ,he    
gave up his trade1 traveled about1      
visiting cattle  markets1 fairs1 and    
stables4 ,conversing and                
cross-questioning all whom  he could2   
fixing the results in his mind1 and     
getting the classification  shaped out4 
,he talked with farmers1 dealers1 and   
veterinary men1  ascertained their modes
 of judging of the points of an animal1 
and found  they were all by their own   
favorite signs and marks4 ,one looked to
 the  udder1 the horns1 the hide1 or the
 shape2 others to the hair1 the veins1  
or something else2 but none judged by   
the signs which he had found  out4 ,all 
were uncertain4 ,the most the best      
judges could do would be to  guess      
rightly1 perhaps1 three times out of    
five1 but none could tell  how long a   

cow would milk4 ,perfecting his judgment
 he would visit the  same places and the
 same cows several times in a year1 to  
see how nature  was operating upon the  
animals1 and their changes of character 
in the  different periods of gestation1 
their treatment and food4    ,of course1
 he soon began to put his theories to   
practical value1 and he  dealt in cattle
 on his own account4 ,this brought      
before him cattle from  ,holland1       
,switzerland1 ,brittany1 and other      
countries4 ,this improved his           
opportunities by proving to him that1 no
 matter what country gave them  birth1  
all individuals possessing the same     
marks belonged to the same  class and   
the same orders2 in short1 that nature  
acted through uniform  laws4            
,imperfections and ,tufts4              
,variations would arise1 from crossing  
two animals with different  escutcheons1
 from some defect in marking at the     
birth1 from lack of  development1 or    
from those freaks that nature sometimes 

plays4 ,they  always prove              
stumbling-blocks in forming the judgment
 on some animals1  and furnish texts to 
the opponents of the system4    ,as     
,guenon continued his examinations1 he  
found that his classes did not  afford a
 place for all animals1 or rather that  
there were occasionally  to be found    
cows whose escutcheons while apparently 
belonging to one of  these classes1 had 
at the same time1 certain distinguished 
features which  he styled imperfect     
escutcheons4 ,these ,mr4 ,hazard1 the   
secretary of the  commission1 described 
as follows3    8,the perfect escutcheon 
of each ,class is the one which is in   
,order ,no4 #a4  ,all variations from   
this are rated lower in the scale2 these
 variations  may consist of a smaller   
size1 therefore1 the escutcheon would   
not be so  broad or high upon the       
thighs1 nor so broad upon the vertical  
portion2  they may consist of the lack  
of ovals1 which would place them below  
the  first order2 they may consist of   

blemishes1 which are tufts of hair      
growing alongside of the vulva1 or below
 it2 or they may consist of  strongly   
marked imperfections1 which may be cuts 
or slices taken out of  the escutcheon2 
or1 coarse1 harsh1 wiry hair on the back
 and upper part  of the udder4 ,finally1
 they may be so decided as to place the 
animal  among the bastards40    ,of the 
tufts1 ,guenon says all tufts           
encroaching on the escutcheon  diminish 
its value1 except the oval ones on the  
udder2 that is to say1  they indicate a 
diminished aptitude for yielding milk4  
,the size and  location of these tufts  
make the animals descend one or more    
orders in  the classification4 ,it is1  
therefore1 important to attend to all   
the  patches of descending hairs which  
lessen the size of the escutcheon1      
whether these occur in the middle of it 
or form indentations on the  sides4     
,these indentations1 partly concealed by
 the folds of the skin1  are sometimes  
perceived with difficulty4 ,many cows1  

which at first  glance appear to be     
well-marked1 on close examination       
display their  deficiencies1 and want of
 this scrutiny often causes mistakes in 
estimating the value of cows1 and thus  
the system suffers4    ,guenon says the 
cause of the defects1 as exhibited by   
the tufts on the  thighs1 is that the   
veins situated beneath1 on either side  
of the belly1  have a peculiarity2 that 
they are contracted1 and there is a     
small  opening for it where it pierces  
the abdominal muscles4    ,sometimes    
there is an intermingling of two forms  
of escutcheons4 ,this  depends upon the 
crossing between a cow of one class and 
a bull of  another4 ,this is one of the 
difficulties to be encountered in       
precisely  estimating the value of the  
animal4    ,guenon classified the seven 
tufts1 into two kinds3 ,those on which  
the  hair ascends1 and those on which it
 descends4 ,those with ascending  hairs 
are simply traces which encroach on the 
descending hair outside  the escutcheon1

 either on one side or beneath the      
vulva4 ,those with the  descending hair 
are on the escutcheon1 and are five in  
number4    #a4 ,epi ovale1 oval tuft4   
,these are situated on the udder1 like  
those  on class one1 two1 three1 four1  
order first4 ,they are good signs1 if of
  descending fine hair1 small1 and      
regular4 ,they are mostly seen on only  
the best cows1 though occasionally to be
 met with in some of the lower  orders4 
#b4 ,epi fessard1 ischiatic tuft4 ,these
 are found on the vertical  escutcheon  
on one or both sides of the vulva1 as in
 class four1 five1  orders two1 three1  
four2 and very conspicuously in the     
bastards of class  three1 four1 five1   
six4 ,they are of ascending hair1 and   
never seen in  first class cows1 but in 
most others to a limited extent4    #c4 
,epi babin1 lip-shaped tuft4 ,this is   
only seen as a sign of  deterioration in
 the two first classes2 it is made by   
descending hairs1  and is a defect for  
milking qualities4 ,it is like a string 

hanging over  the top of the vulva1 and 
making its outline a little below it on 
each  side4 ,it is seldom seen4    #d4  
,epi vulv1 vulvan tuft4 ,this is also a 
deteriorating sign2 is a tuft  of       
descending hair directly under the      
vulva1 as in class one1 orders  three   
and four4    #e4 ,epi batard1 perinal   
tuft4 ,this is always a bad mark1 as it 
exists  on otherwise good marked cows1  
and indicates a diminution of milk1 as  
soon as the cow becomes pregnant4 ,it is
 seen on class one1 bastard4 ,a cow  is 
to be looked upon with suspicion that   
has this mark largely developed4    #f4 
,epi cuissard1 thigh tufts4 ,these are  
diminutions of the escutcheon  by       
encroachment of descending hair1 and    
denote a diminishing of the  quantity of
 milk1 proportionate to their extent4   
,see class one and two1  order four4    
#g4 ,epi jonctif1 mesian tuft4 ,the     
mesian or dart-like tuft1 with soft     
silky ascending hair1 is rarely seen1   
and only in those classes in which  the 

escutcheon does not ascend to the vulva4
 ,it is like a ,v hanging  beneath the  
vulva1 and is not fully represented in  
the plates1 though  class ten1 order    
two1 shows it somewhat4    ,in these    
observations among cows1 not only during
 their work as members  of the          
commission1 but also in preceding       
examinations1 ,messrs4 ,blight1         
,harvey1 and ,hazard noticed a series of
 marks1 which they have denominated     
thigh ovals4 ,the plate showing the     
escutcheon of ,mr4 ,hazard's ,jersey    
cow furnishes one of the best           
illustration of these marks yet met with
 by  the commission4 ,where the vertical
 escutcheon joins and widens out into   
the thigh escutcheon1 there is usually a
 dip of a curved shape more or  less in 
extent4 ,in the plate above alluded to  
these thigh ovals descend  nearly to the
 base of the udder4 ,in their careful   
examination of more  than two hundred   
cows1 the commission always found these 
marks only on  good cows4    ,in his    

examinations ,guenon found cows of      
apparently each class with  certain     
variations in their markings which      
distinguished them and  prevented their 
incorporation into any class1 and1 yet  
the similarity  gives them a claim in   
their particular class4 ,in all cases he
 claims to  have noted that cows thus   
marked would milk as well as other      
members  of their class1 until they were
 got with calf1 but as soon as this was 
accomplished1 the quantity of milk fell 
off rapidly4 ,the commission  claim it  
is this style of marking which is most  
likely to deceive the  superficial or   
amateur investigators1 and that these   
have caused the  assertion that a poor  
cow may be well marked1 when in reality1
 if  properly understood1 she was not   
well marked4 ,this class of cows ,guenon
  styled ,bastards1 and he practically  
assigned to them a distinctive or       
seventh order in each class4    ,in     
#ahbb1 ,guenon seems to have first      
reduced his system to a classified      

basis1 and from that time until #ahbh he
 appears to have given it much of  his  
time and attention4 ,having1 as he      
deemed1 sufficiently arranged and       
tested his system1 he1 in #ahbh1 applied
 to the academy of ,bordeaux for a      
public test of the correctness of his   
mode of judging of cows and their       
milking value4    ,illustration3        
,escutcheon of ,,rosie4                 
,thorough-bred ,jersey ,cow1 belonging  
to ,willis ,p4 ,hazard4    ,the         
following1 from the proceedings of the  
academy1 shows that ,guenon  did not    
make his system common property4 ,the   
minutes of the academy1  under date of  
,june #c1 #ahbh1 contains the following 
record3 8,mr4 ,francis  ,guenon1 of     
,libourne1 possessor of a method which  
he deems infallible for  judging1 by    
mere visual examination1 of the goodness
 of milch cows1 and  the quantity of    
milk which each can yield1 has solicited
 the ,academy  to cause the             
efficaciousness of this method to be    

tested by repeated  experiments4 ,the   
case presented by this request was one  
of a secret  method of judging1 which   
the possessor was not willing to reveal4
 ,on the  other hand1 it seemed         
difficult to admit that the external    
sign1 whatever  it might be1 by which   
,mr4 ,guenon judges1 could always bear a
 proportional  relation to the quantity 
of milk yielded by a cow4 ,nevertheless1
 the  academy deemed it proper to       
appoint a committee charged with making 
the  examination4 ,trials have been made
 with care1 and under precautions       
necessary for precluding all collusion4 
,the cows used for the purpose  belonged
 to three different herds1 and amounted 
to thirty in number1 and  the result has
 been to establish1 to the satisfaction 
of the committee1  that ,mr4 ,guenon    
really possesses great sagacity in this 
line4 ,so long1  however1 as his method 
shall be kept secret1 it cannot be      
judged of1 nor  rewarded by1 the        
academy4 ,governed by these             

considerations1 the academy1  having    
ascertained from ,mr4 ,guenon that he is
 willing to submit to every  test that  
may be proposed1 and to disclose his    
secret1 upon receiving  a just          
indemnity1 has referred him to the      
prefect1 and has engaged to  recommend  
him to the favorable notice of that     
magistrate1 who is ever  disposed to    
promote all that tends to improve it40  
,from #ahbb to #ahbg1 it would seem that
 ,guenon perfected and studied his      
system1 but it does not seem to have    
come promptly before the public1  until 
the agricultural society of ,bordeaux   
took upon itself a careful              
investigation of the whole system4 ,from
 the detailed report of this  committee1
 appointed by this society to test the  
knowledge of ,guenon1 we  take the      
following as illustrating1 not only the 
results reached by them1  but also the  
manner of conducting the examination3   
8,every cow subjected to examination was
 separated from the      rest4 ,what    

,mr4 ,guenon had to say in regard to her
 was taken      down in writing by one  
of the committee2 and immediately after1
      the proprietor1 who had kept at a 
distance1 was interrogated1      and    
such questions put to him as would tend 
to confirm or      disprove the judgment
 pronounced by ,mr4 ,guenon4 ,in this   
way we      have examined1 in a most    
careful manner--note being taken of     
every fact and every observation made by
 any one present--upward      of sixty  
cows and heifers1 and we are bound to   
declare that      every statement made  
by ,mr4 ,guenon1 with respect to each of
      them1 whether it regarded the     
quantity of milk1 or the time           
during which the cow continued to give  
milk after being got      with calf1 or 
finally1 the quality of the milk as     
being more      or less creamy or       
serous1 were confirmed1 and its accuracy
      established4 ,the only            
discrepancies which occurred1 were      
some slight differences in regard to the

 quantity of milk1      but these we    
afterward fully satisfied ourselves were
 caused      entirely by the food of the
 animal being more or less abundant4    
8,the result of this first test seems   
conclusive1 but they      acquire new   
force from those of a second trial in   
which the      method was subjected to  
another test through ,m4 ,guenon and his
      brother4 ,your committee1 availing
 themselves of the presence      of the 
latter1 caused the same cows to be      
examined by the      two brothers1 but  
separately1 so that after a cow had been
      inspected1 and her qualities as   
indicated by the signs in      question 
had been pronounced upon by one of the  
brothers1 he      was made to withdraw2 
then the other brother1 who had been    
kept aloof1 was called up1 and desired  
to state the qualities      of the same 
animal4 ,this mode of proceeding could  
not fail      to give rise to           
difference1 to contradiction even1      
between      the judgments of the two   

brothers1 unless their method was a     
positive and sure one4 ,well1 gentlemen1
 we must say it1 this      last test was
 absolutely decisive4 ,not only did the 
judgment      of the two brothers accord
 perfectly together1 but they were      
in perfect accordance also with all that
 was said by the      proprietors in    
regard to the qualities1 good or bad1 of
 every      animal subject to this      
examination40    ,on the #bfth of ,may1 
#ahcg1 a similar test was made by the   
agricultural  society of ,aurillac1     
whose committee1 in their report1 use   
the following  language3        8,each  
cow was examined separately by ,m4      
,guenon1 who wrote his      notes upon  
her1 and delivered the paper closed to  
one of us4      ,immediately after1     
another member of the committee         
questioned      the owner of the cow1 or
 the person in charge of her1 in regard 
to her daily yield of milk1 its quality1
 and the time during      which she     
continued to give milk after being got  

with calf4      ,the answers were taken 
down in writing1 and then compared with 
the notes written by ,m4 ,guenon4 ,they 
were generally found to      accord1 and
 proved to the satisfaction of your     
committee and of      every one present1
 all of whom attended with lively       
interest      to these proceedings1 that
 ,m4 ,guenon possesses great sagacity   
in judging of cattle1 and that his      
method rests upon a sure                
foundation40    ,the ,bordeaux committee
 added3 8,to the proprietors and to the 
lookers-on1  all this was very          
surprising for the examinations were as 
quickly made  as the results were       
certain4 ,as to ourselves to whom the   
method was no  longer a secret1 it was  
with renewed interest and astonishment  
that we  viewed the accuracy of the     
results4 ,this system we do not fear to 
say is  infallible4 ,we only regretted  
the whole society was not present40     
,the committee further reported that    
,mr4 ,guenon had1 after more than       

twenty years observations and           
researches1 discovered certain natural  
and  positive signs that were proof     
against all error1 while the writers and
  professors who have particularly      
occupied themselves with the bovine     
race1 can only indicate some vague signs
 for judging of the fitness of  cows for
 secreting milk4 ,that this method is   
valuable1 whether it tells  the yield of
 milk only1 or indicates the improvement
 of breeds1 which  are liable to        
deterioration from mismanagement in     
crossing1 and that it  is applicable not
 to full-grown animals alone1 but also  
to calves at as  early an age as three  
months4 ,thus it affords a sure means of
 forming a  judgment of full-grown      
animals1 about which we might be misled 
on account  of their form and their     
parentage1 and secures the improvement  
of herds  by enabling us to dispose of  
those calves which will not repay the   
cost  of rearing them4 ,we shall thus no
 longer rear calves at great expense    

for two or three years that should have 
been consigned to the butcher1  nor sell
 calves that would pay best to rear4 ,if
 this system is pursued1  only cows and 
bulls of best quality will be kept1 and 
in very few years  how great will be the
 improvement of our herds1 and largely  
increased the  cheapest and best of all 
foods1 milk1 and the production of      
butter and  cheese4    ,the committee of
 the ,agricultural ,society of          
,bordeaux1 therefore1 decreed  ,mr4     
,guenon a gold medal1 made him a member 
of the society1 ordered fifty  copies of
 his work1 and distributed one thousand 
copies of their full  report among all  
the agricultural societies of ,france4  
,the next public test ,mr4 ,guenon      
submitted his system to1 was that by the
  ,agricultural ,society of ,aurillac1  
and that society reported that ,mr4     
,guenon examined the herd of their      
president1 of one hundred cows1 from    
which were selected designedly1 the     
best1 the moderately good1 and the  most

 indifferent of the establishment4 ,upon
 each1 ,mr4 ,guenon pronounced  with    
precision1 and his decisions            
corresponded almost invariably with the 
statements of the persons in charge4    
,the only variations were very slight   
ones1 in regard to the quantity given4  
,but this herd was fed unusually  high1 
and ,guenon was totally unaccustomed to 
the usages of the country in  feeding   
cattle1 and this caused him to pronounce
 the yield a little less  than it really
 was4 ,a proof of his system1 for he    
declares the yield will  vary according 
to the feed and management1 which all   
observant farmers  know to be the case4 
,mr4 ,guenon examined some of the cows a
 second time1  and also the calves1 and 
those calves he assigned to the first   
orders the  cowherds said were from     
their best cows1 that gave a great deal 
of milk4    ,the notes of his           
rexaminations corresponded exactly with 
his first  statements4 ,the committee   
therefore awarded ,mr4 ,guenon a gold   

medal1 made  him a corresponding member1
 subscribed for twenty-five copies of   
his book  for each of the sub-societies1
 and distributed their report through   
all  the agricultural channels of       
,france4    ,with these testimonials1   
the highest that could be procured in   
,france1  ,mr4 ,guenon went on with the 
publication of his book1 which had a    
wide  circulation in every department of
 ,france4 ,and he was finally granted  a
 pension for life of three thousand     
francs a year by the ,french            
government1 after the ,national         
,assembly's committee on agriculture had
  given the system a thorough test4 ,in 
the presence of fifty of the most       
eminent agriculturists1 ,m4 ,guenon made
 his examinations1 and judged  correctly
 of all but one of the quantity1 of all 
but one of the time1  and of all of the 
quality2 and the committee reported the 
results were  altogether conclusive1 and
 that his discovery had reached to the  
dignity  of a science4 ,they also       

declared the daily production of milk in
 ,france  might be increased by several 
millions of pints daily1 and that the   
abundance and quality of milk in the    
dams must contribute largely to  the    
improvement of the progeny4 ,they voted 
him the pension1 and invited  him to    
deliver lectures in the different       
veterinary1 agricultural1 and  normal   
schools of the kingdom1 and before the  
different agricultural  societies1 as   
8the speediest and best means of        
spreading the knowledge  of this        
discovery10 and 8to repair the time lost
 in ridicule1 doubt1 or                 
indifference--the inevitable preface to 
all under-takings beneficial to         
humanity40    ,in the foregoing account 
of ,mr4 ,francis ,guenon1 it will be    
seen that1  by his indomitable          
perseverance in perfecting his system or
 method1  he raised himself from the    
ranks of a poor gardener's boy to the   
position of a great benefactor1 and was 
presented with various medals  and      

decorations1 and a large sum of money   
voted to him4 ,surely1 such  a brilliant
 position must have been won entirely by
 merit1 for he had  neither means nor   
influence to advance him into notice4   
,of the ,ovals4    ,the ovals on the    
udder are spoken of by ,guenon1 and our 
experience is  that they are always     
indicative of a good yield2             
particularly1 when they  are uniform in 
size and position1 and of fine1 soft    
hair1 descending on  the udder4 ,but    
there is another set of marks1 which the
 ,pennsylvania  ,guenon ,commission have
 denominated thigh ovals1 which are an  
invariable  indication of a good cow1   
particularly when she is otherwise      
well-marked4  ,of these1 ,guenon does   
not speak4 ,eusebius ,h4 ,townsend and  
,chalkley ,harvey  were the first to    
call attention to them1 and ,charles ,l4
 ,sharpless has  written of them4 ,our  
own cow1 which took the premium over all
 the ,jersey  cows1 at the fall         
exhibition1 in #ahgh1 of the ,chester   

,county ,agricultural  ,society1 has    
them most extraordinarily developed4 ,as
 she is a very  thorough example of this
 marking1 we have had the likeness made 
of her  escutcheon1 and request the     
reader's attention to it4      ,of the  
,bastards4    ,guenon denominates those 
cows which give milk1 much or little1 so
 long  as they are not got with calf2   
but1 when impregnated1 begin to fall off
  in their milk4 ,the term he uses is   
batard1 which means1 in ,english1       
bastard1 spurious1 of a mixed breed1    
mongrel4 ,we should have preferred  to  
call them spurious cows1 as the term    
bastard does not exactly express  the   
meaning we apply to that word2 but1 as  
it has before been translated  bastard1 
and is so known by many1 we retain it4  
,the bastards are often the best looking
 cows2 have finely developed            
escutcheons1 and many give a great deal 
of milk1 some poor quality and  some    
rich2 but1 as soon as they are pregnant1
 they go dry very soon1 or  fall off    

rapidly in their milk1 while others give
 very little milk at  all4 ,from their  
fine show1 they deceive a great many1   
and ,guenon cautions  buyers1 as the    
most skillful will make mistakes4 ,he   
has1 however1 given a  series of        
drawings1 by which they can generally be
 discovered4    ,these bastards mostly  
conceive well1 and the first time they  
are put to  the bull1 they vary in the  
quality of milk they give like other    
cows4 ,the  flow of milk is at its      
height during the first eight days after
 calving1  though of bad quality4 ,it   
then diminishes a little1 and keeps on  
at about  the same yield until she      
conceives again1 when it diminishes     
again1 more  or less rapidly4    ,to    
discover a bastard1 consult the         
engravings which are given to each      
class4 ,to the first class1 the         
,flanders1 there are two kinds4 ,the    
first1  which is the most common1 has on
 each edge of the vertical escutcheon1  
a feathery appearance1 and where this is

 strongly marked by the down-  and      
up-growing hairs meeting1 and they      
interlock and stand out from the  skin1 
and1 besides1 are harsh and wiry1 and   
generally shiny1 glistening1  and       
looking of lighter color1 beware of     
them4 ,the harsher1 coarser  they are1  
the shorter time will the cow milk after
 getting with calf4  ,the second kind of
 bastards among the ,flanders will have 
an oval on the  vertical escutcheon1    
generally near the middle part1 of about
 two to  three inches in length1 by one 
and a half to two inches wide1 on which 
will be found coarse wiry hair1 and the 
harsher it is1 and the larger  the oval 
is1 the sooner the cow will cease to    
milk4 ,it may often be  discovered by   
the glistening appearance of the hair on
 it4    ,on all the other classes1 the  
bastard marks consist of two oval       
patches  of hair1 one on each side of   
the vulva2 and the larger they are1 the 
more  pointed in shape1 and the coarser 
and more wiry the hair on them1 the     

sooner the cow will cease to milk4      
,the importance of learning the bastard 
marks is very great1 as the buyer  can  
safely avoid them1 and leave them to    
those less skilled4 ,while he  may buy  
the less showy looking cow for much less
 money1 and get a better  animal than   
the unskilled man will obtain even for  
the higher price4    ,all animals are   
more readily judged correctly1 and the  
system can be  learned more easily1 in  
summer than in winter1 both on old and  
young2  for then the winter coat of hair
 is off1 and the hair is shorter1 and   
the escutcheon is more easily perceived4
 ,the skin1 also1 is more natural  and  
soft1 and the hair is usually not so    
harsh to the feel2 and the cows  are    
cleaner1 and all marks or blemishes more
 quickly seen4      ,how to ,apply the  
,system ,practically4    ,we will now   
proceed to apply the foregoing rules and
 hints practically4  ,in doing so1 we   
may repeat some that has been before    
said1 but it will  only impress it the  

stronger in the mind of the learner4    
,this classification embraced all the   
kinds of cows known to ,guenon1 each    
individual escutcheon corresponding with
 one of the orders of those  classes4   
,the class1 the order and the size of an
 animal indicate  her yield of milk1 and
 this will always be found to correspond
 with her  escutcheon4 ,every cow has an
 escutcheon which can be recognized1 and
  according as it is free from blemish  
or imperfection1 just in that degree    
does she approach perfection in her     
class4    ,guenon1 in the last edition  
of his work1 has altered and simplified 
his classification somewhat1 for he     
divided it into ten ,,classes1 and  six 
,,orders to each class4 ,he maintained  
his three grades of size4 ,but  our     
experience shows that the cows in this  
country do not vary so much  in size as 
they probably do in ,france1 for there  
they have the little  ,brittany cow1    
which is very small but good1 and1 of   
course1 they have  also cows as large as

 our ,durhams or the ,holsteins4 ,only  
this1 bear in  mind1 that cows1 as a    
general rule1 all other things being    
equal1 will  vary in their yield        
somewhat according to their size2 and in
 judging cows  apply that rule1 for it  
is part of ,guenon's system1 and they   
will vary in  the quality according to  
the breed4 ,well1 then1 for practical   
purposes1  we need only study sixty     
escutcheons1 that is ten different      
shapes  called ,classes1 and six grades 
to each of those shapes1 more or less   
perfect1 which are called ,orders4 ,to  
these must be added ten more for  a     
,bastard to each class4 ,and it is      
really necessary to study perfectly     
only the first four orders of each class
 and the ,bastard marks1 as it  is not  
worth while to purchase or pay much     
attention to any cows lower in  the     
scale than the fourth order of any      
class4 ,and to simplify it still  more1 
you will notice the thigh escutcheons of
 the first orders have all  nearly the  

same shovel shape1 so that by           
remembering this you need only  study   
the vertical portions to readily place  
the animals in their proper  class4     
,the ,escutcheon4    ,the escutcheon was
 so-called1 we presume1 from its        
similarity to the  shape of a shield or 
escutcheon1 and on a first-class cow it 
will be very  like it1 and somewhat like
 a round-pointed shovel4 ,on this       
escutcheon1  the hair will generally be 
of a different color from that bordering
  it1 most generally rather darker1     
always shorter1 and more nearly         
resembling fur4 ,this difference in     
color is produced by the ,,up-growing   
hair contrasting with the ,,down-growing
 surrounding it4 ,the hair of the       
escutcheon should be short1 soft1 and   
fine2 and the skin very soft1 like  a   
kid glove1 thin1 and oleaginous4 ,and if
 the cow gives good rich milk1  this    
skin will be of a rich1 golden1 or      
nankeen hue4 ,often where you  handle a 
skin of this character the hands will   

feel oily1 and soiled with  rich        
dandruff4      ,the ,shape of the       
,escutcheon4    ,the ,escutcheon varies 
in shape1 and ,guenon named his ten     
classes from  their shapes4    ,the     
first class1 he called ,flandrine or    
,flanders1 because it is the best1  and 
he named it from the best cows he knew1 
those from ,flanders1 or the  ,flemish  
breed1 and they had more of this shaped 
escutcheon than any other  breed2 a     
quiet but sure proof of the truth of his
 system4    ,the second class he called 
,flandrine  gauche1 because although it 
had  the ,flanders shape1 it was on the 
left flank1 he called it therefore  the 
,left ,flanders4    ,the third class are
 the ,lisire1 or ,the ,selvage1 from its
 appearance to a  selvage1 or binding of
 a piece of cloth4    ,the fourth class 
are the ,courbe-,ligne1 or the          
,curveline1 because their  escutcheon is
 lozenge-shaped1 formed by a curved line
 which sides to the  right and left1 and
 rises to about five or six centimeters 

from the vulva4    ,the fifth class he  
denominated ,bicorne1 or the ,bicorn    
cow1 because the  upper part of this    
escutcheon forks in two horns4    ,the  
sixth class1 ,double-,lisire1 or ,double
 ,selvage1 has an entirely  arbitrary   
name1 and it is an odd freak of nature4 
,the seventh class is called ,poitevine1
 or ,demijohn1 from a fancied           
resemblance to some kinds of demijohns4 
,the eighth class is ,equerrine1 or     
,square-,escutcheon1 as it is square at 
the upward part4    ,the ninth class is 
the ,limousine1 as it was on a cow from 
that ,province  that ,guenon first saw  
this shaped escutcheon4    ,the tenth   
class is called ,carrsine1 or           
,horizontal1 because the upward  part of
 the escutcheon is cut off squarely by a
 horizontal line4    ,to each of the    
above ten ,,classes1 ,guenon has placed 
six ,,orders1 which are  variations of  
the escutcheon1 formed by a reduced size
 and by various  imperfections4 ,if the 
reader will remember always1 that the   

first class  is better than the second  
class1 and the second class better than 
the  third class1 and so on down the    
scale1 to the end of the classes1 he    
will have gained the first step in      
acquiring the system4 ,then the next    
point to remember is similar1 that is1  
that the first order of every  class is 
better than the second order of that    
class1 and so on down the  scale of the 
orders1 until the sixth4 ,then he must  
learn the different  shapes2 first1 the 
characteristic shape of each class1 as  
represented by  the first order of that 
class1 and connect with this1 in his    
mind1 the  number of quarts a           
first-class cow1 in good feed and       
condition1 should  give1 as represented 
by that escutcheon1 in her full flow of 
milk4 ,then  he can next learn the      
variations in size and shape from this  
pattern  escutcheon1 and that will      
enable him to tell which order of her   
class  to put her in1 and that will then
 inform him what quantity of milk she   

will give1 and how long she will give it
 when with calf4 ,and we repeat  here1  
it is necessary only to acquire the     
knowledge of the first three or  four   
orders of each of the ten classes1 as if
 the cow examined does not  come within 
those orders1 she is not worth examining
 further nor keeping  longer1 nor       
certainly worth purchasing4 ,then the   
learner must next  acquire a knowledge  
of the distinguishing marks which point 
out a ,bastard  cow1 for an account of  
which marks1 see under that head4       
,now all of this knowledge must1 to put 
it into profit practically1 be          
supplemented by the careful examination 
of the hair and the skin1 of the        
escutcheon1 and the udder3 of the hair1 
whether it is short1 fine1 soft1  and   
furry2 of the skin1 whether it is soft  
and close-grained like a kid  glove1    
thin1 oleaginous1 and yellow or golden4 
,for if the hair is harsh1  and long1   
particularly on the back part of the    
udder1 it will shorten  the time of     

giving milk1 and indicates a poorer     
quality4 ,the more oily  or greasy to   
the feeling the skin of the udder and   
the perineum is1 the  more it indicates 
good quality and richness of milk1 for  
the oil or fat  is there1 showing it is 
in the nature of that animal to give    
butyraceous  milk4 ,so with the color of
 the skin1 if it is golden it is        
indicative of  rich milk1 and the       
majority think it will make a finer     
colored butter4  ,there is one point    
more in judging by the escutcheon1 and  
that is its  size and position1 and the 
general rule is1 the higher up it is on 
the  thighs1 and the broader it is on   
the thighs1 together with the higher    
and broader it is on the perineum1 even 
up to the vulva1 then the better  it is4
 ,then remember the escutcheon has two  
principal parts1 called  the thigh      
escutcheon and the vertical escutcheon2 
the thigh escutcheon  extends over the  
udder and the thighs2 and the vertical  
is over the  perineum or that part of   

the posterior which extends from the    
udder up to  the tail and above the     
vulva4    ,if the thigh escutcheon is   
high and broad1 therefore very large1   
and  extends far outward on to the      
thighs1 it indicates a large flow of    
milk4 ,if the vertical or upper part is 
broad and smooth1 it indicates a        
prolonged flow of milk4    ,if the thigh
 or lower portion of the escutcheon is  
narrow1 the flow will  be proportionally
 small4 ,if the vertical or upper part  
is narrow and  irregular1 it is         
unfavorable to a prolonged flow4        
,chalkley ,harvey says further of these 
marks3 8,imperfections1 that is         
blemishes of form1 occur in considerable
 variety on both large and small        
escutcheons4 ,they are all certain      
evidence of a diminished value of the   
cow as a milker4 ,a small and imperfect 
escutcheon on a good cow1 is  something 
,i have never yet seen4 ,any want of    
symmetry in the form of an  escutcheon  
is an imperfection4 ,the two sides      

should be alike4 ,a small but  perfect  
escutcheon may be better than a larger  
one that is imperfect4 ,a  very good one
 is both large and perfect4    8,thus   
far we have considered the escutcheon in
 reference to its form and  size alone1 
and may now say1 that the quantity of   
milk depends on these1  but its quality 
is indicated by other signs1 which we   
find to a great  extent in the same     
place4 ,it is too well known to require 
any assertion1  that some cows give a   
large quantity of very poor milk1 and   
others an  equally large quantity of    
rich milk4 ,it is equally well known    
that some  cows give but little milk1   
though they yield a good quantity of    
butter2  and ,i repeat1 that the signs  
indicative of these differences of      
quality  are found in the escutcheon1   
and they are easily recognized4 ,if the 
skin  in the escutcheon is soft and     
oily1 and particularly if it is of a    
rich  yellow color1 7though this is more
 easily seen by examining the end of    

the tail17 suggestive of 8gilt edged0   
butter1 that cow will give good  milk4  
,in such cases we will find her hair    
soft and short4 ,there may be  some long
 hairs1 too1 but the undergrowth will be
 as mentioned1 and often  has almost the
 quality of fur4 ,but if1 on the other  
hand1 the skin is  white and dry1 and   
the hair thin and harsh1 the cow gives  
poor milk4 ,if  her escutcheon is large 
and symmetrical1 she may give a large   
quantity of  poor milk4 ,the form and   
size of the escutcheon indicate         
quantity1 the  skin and hair indicate   
quality4 ,these signs are true also as  
applied  to bulls1 being in such cases a
 proper guide in the selection of       
animals  to breed milkers from4 ,my own 
experience and observation1 which has   
been  considerable in the matter1       
convinces me that cows inherit their    
milking  qualities more from their sires
 than from their dams2 and it is        
probable  that many who have been       
disappointed in heifers raised from some

 favorite  milkers1 will be disposed to 
agree with me4 ,if this be true1 then   
the  ,guenon method has an application  
that must prove valuable to those who   
breed cows for dairy purposes4 ,another 
interesting fact is1 that we can        
discover all the signs on a calf1 and   
are thereby enabled to select with  much
 certainty those that are fit for the   
dairy1 and to reject those that  would  
be only a disappointment1 if raised for 
that purpose4 ,of course1 a  very small 
cow1 with ever so good an escutcheon1   
cannot be expected to  give a very large
 quantity of milk1 and might be inferior
 in that respect  to one having a less  
perfect one1 where the animal is of     
greater size4  ,but in such cases1 the  
small cow would give much more in       
proportion to  the cost of keeping4 ,in 
all cases1 therefore1 the size should be
 taken  into account4    8,there is a   
sign that may be mentioned here1 7though
 it does not properly  belong to the    
,guenon system17 which is a very certain

 evidence that a  cow will give a large 
quantity of milk1 though it expresses   
nothing in  relation to quality4 ,it is 
the large size of the vein running      
forward  from the udder1 on the belly1  
and just under the skin4 ,this is called
 the  milk vein1 and when it is very    
large and crooked1 and enters the       
abdomen  through a hole that will allow 
the entrance of a man's finger1 it is1  
,i  repeat1 a sign that the cow will    
yield a large quantity of milk4    8,the
 time that a cow will continue to milk  
after she is with calf1 varies  in      
different cases--some ceasing almost as 
soon as pregnant1 and others  milking up
 to calving4 ,generally the best milkers
 milk the longest4 ,hence  it follows1  
that a good escutcheon usually indicates
 continued flow as  well as large       
quantity4 ,those escutcheons that are   
not large at the base1  but that run up 
to the vulva symmetrical all the way1   
and pretty wide1  indicate a yield of   
milk up to the time of calving40        

,illustration3 ,a ,,perfect             
,,cow--,,duchess--,imported ,jersey1    
belonging to ,chas4  ,l4 ,sharpless4    
,our ,mode of ,judging ,stock4    ,the  
beauty of the ,guenon system is1 that it
 is an aid to all other modes  of       
selecting stock1 and therefore1 it gives
 a decided advantage to the  person who 
understands it over the one who does    
not4 ,for instance1 let  two buyers go  
into a herd1 and let them be equal      
judges of stock1 one of  them will be   
very apt to buy a bastard1 while the    
other one would very  positively leave  
her alone1 simply because the latter has
 a knowledge  of the best and surest    
mode of all modes of judging stock4 ,and
 this  knowledge does not prevent him   
from using his half a dozen other modes 
of  deciding its merits1 but aids them4 
,so1 too1 in selecting a bull for a     
propagator1 the believer in ,guenon will
 select one with a good escutcheon  and 
a fine skin1 while the other will decide
 almost entirely by the form4  ,and so  

with calves1 the one who selects calves 
by the ,guenon marks will  be pretty    
sure to have a dairy of productive cows1
 while the other will  have to dispose  
of some unprofitable ones4 ,the one     
makes money1 because  he is working     
intelligently with every light of       
science1 while the other  is only       
guessing pretty well4    ,we first look 
at a cow from the front1 and see that   
she widens as she  gets back to her     
hips1 or is wedge-shaped4 ,next we look 
at her side1 and  we again see that she 
rises on her back and descends on the   
belly as  she goes back to the tail1 or 
in other words she is wedge-shaped1 too1
  from this point of view4 ,these two   
looks at her have enabled us to see     
that she has a feminine appearance2 that
 her head is small and neat in          
proportion to her body1 with a waxy     
small horn1 a mild but large eye1  a    
broad muzzle1 and that it is well set on
 her neck2 that she has a  good chest1  
and large deep paunch1 with large full  

ribs1 fuller below  and joined to a     
rather high back bone2 that is to say   
she has not the  breadth of back we look
 for in a beef animal4 ,if the chine is 
double1  it indicates a cow above the   
average2 if the chine is single1        
sometimes  we can lay our three fingers 
in three depressions in it at about the 
middle of it1 showing that she is a     
loose rangy cow1 and fitted for her     
work4 ,now we will look at her udder and
 see that it runs forward as level  as  
possible to the belly1 and that it is   
large1 with four good-sized1            
well-shaped teats slightly strutting    
from each quarter4 ,now we gently       
approach her1 and pat her to gain her   
confidence1 and get a chance to  feel   
her hide1 her milk veins1 and examine   
her escutcheon4 ,if we find  her skin is
 thin1 soft1 and greasy1 with short fine
 hair1 with rather  a furry nature1 and 
showing the skin yellow under it2 that  
her udder  and her perineum have soft   
thin skin1 with very short furry hair2  

that  her milk veins are large1 zig-zag1
 and knotty1 entering the body with     
good-sized holes1 and particularly if   
this vein is double1 extending and      
ramifying over the udder well back in   
prominent veins1 and if the veins       
extend over the perineum1 we may then1  
with great confidence1 look for a  large
 well-shaped and formed escutcheon1     
marked first class1 order first1  by an 
oval on each side of the back of the    
udder1 and perhaps two thigh  ovals or  
dips where the vertical escutcheon rises
 from the broad or thigh  escutcheon2   
and just to finish and find all points  
corroborating1 we will  look on the     
vertical escutcheon for some spots of   
oily lemon colored  dandruff1 and at the
 end of her neat1 lightly made tail to  
find some  large yellow pieces of       
dandruff4 ,we don't like to see it dry  
and brown2  and as we step back from    
her1 we just give a parting look to see 
that her  hips are rather large1 bony1  
somewhat drooping1 that her capacious   

udder  has room to project between her  
legs4    ,then1 we feel sure that a     
loose1 open made cow1 rather pointed1 or
 sharp  and well-defined1 and the       
contrary of what we would look for in a 
flesh  or beef producing animal2 with a 
skin mellow and yellow1 covered with    
soft1 fine hair1 and the nearer it comes
 to the quality and color of a  first   
class ,guernsey or ,jersey cow1 breeds  
which have for hundreds of  years been  
bred for butter making1 then we repeat  
we know she must be a  good1 rich milker
 and butter maker2 for we never saw a   
thick1 hard skin  cow1 with coarse1 long
 hair1 that was a good butter maker1 or 
fit for  anything but giving poor milk1 
if a strong milker4    ,our preference  
is for a medium sized cow1 one that will
 dress five  hundred and fifty or six   
hundred pounds2 and1 as far as our      
observation  goes1 a ,jersey sire1 with 
an ,ayrshire dam1 is the best cross for 
a milk  and butter cow1 and the most    
profitable for the amount of food       

consumed2  though a ,jersey or ,guernsey
 sire to the milking stock of ,durhams1 
or a  ,holstein1 or a large yielding    
native cow1 will produce a better cow   
for  butter than the mother was4    ,to 
get thorough practice in valuing the    
escutcheon1 take this book in  hand1 and
 go into your dairy-yard2 compare the   
escutcheon of each cow  with her picture
 in this book2 see what it calls for    
time and quantity1  and then thoroughly 
test your cow2 don't guess at it1 as    
most farmers  do2 and make your own     
comparisons4 ,remember the size and     
class of the  escutcheon will give you  
the quantity and time2 the skin and hair
 will  give you the quality2 and always 
remembering the size of the cow1 and  of
 what breed she is1 for they must       
qualify your opinion somewhat4          
,opinions of the ,system4    ,a writer  
in the ,country ,gentleman of ,july #ag1
 #ahgi1 ,s4 ,hoxie1 of  ,whitestown1    
,new ,york1 so thoroughly expresses our 
experience and  convictions1 that we are

 led to quote it3    8,the writer has   
been acquainted with #8the escutcheon   
theory' ever since  about #ahej4 ,during
 this time he has been a practical      
dairyman in central  ,new ,york4 ,at    
first he approached the study of the    
escutcheon as a  doubter4 ,it seemed to 
him an absolute absurdity to claim a    
connection  between the growing of the  
hair and the production of milk1 two    
functions  so entirely different4       
8,at first he examined the herd of cows 
which he helped milk every night  and   
morning1 and was surprised to meet with 
so many proofs of the truth  of the     
theory4 ,he then observed it upon other 
herds1 and finally extended  his        
observations to various breeds under    
various circumstances4 ,he was at  last 
compelled to come to the final          
conclusion that the theory1 in the      
main1 was true1 but that other points   
and conditions of the animal must  be   
understood in order invariably to reach 
a correct judgment3    8#a4 ,the breed  

modifies the quantity and quality of    
milk production4 ,this  is so manifestly
 true that it needs no argument4 ,a     
particular order  and class of          
escutcheon indicates a different        
quantity and a different  quality of    
milk on a ,jersey than it indicates on  
an ,ayrshire cow4    8#b4 ,the condition
 of care and feed to which different    
families of  the same breed have been   
accustomed during long periods modify   
milk  production1 and must be taken into
 consideration4 ,for instance1 certain  
families of ,short-,horns have been     
cared for and fed through several       
generations with the sole view of beef  
production2 other families have  been   
trained to milk production4 ,escutcheons
 upon the former indicate far  less     
quantity of milk than upon the latter4  
,thus some families with very  fine     
escutcheons give very little milk4 ,the 
escutcheons in such cases  no doubt     
indicate an original capacity that a few
 generations of proper  treatment might 

awaken and develop4    8#c4 ,the        
capacity and health of the digestive    
organs modifies the  quantity1 and we   
also think the quality1 of milk         
production4 ,cows with  large1 healthy  
digestive organs will eat and properly  
digest more food1  and give good return 
at the pail1 than one with opposite     
conditions of  the digestive organs4    
,the former may sometimes give the      
larger quantity  of milk1 though1       
indeed1 possessed of the poorer         
escutcheon4    8#d4 ,the activity of the
 nervous system materially affects milk 
production4 ,this is often seen when the
 animal is unduly excited4 ,the  quiet  
dispositioned cow that attends to       
feeding1 and is not disturbed by  any   
excitement in the herd or in the        
surrounding fields1 may have the  poorer
 escutcheon1 yet give larger quantities 
of milk than the extremely  excitable   
cow1 with the better escutcheon4        
8,other conditions will suggest         
themselves to the observing and         

reflecting  man1 that materially affect 
the quantity and quality of milk        
production4    8,these modifying        
conditions do not disturb the true      
theory of the  escutcheon4 ,other things
 being equal1 the escutcheon is         
indicative  of the quantity and quality 
of milk4 ,many are misled in estimating 
the value of the escutcheon1 because    
they have not the patience or the       
capacity to observe the varying         
conditions4 ,the escutcheon is of       
immense  practical value4 ,it is easily 
seen the conditions of flesh do not     
change it1 and animals of all ages1     
above three months1 may be examined  by 
it1 and their milking qualities         
determined with a good degree of        
accuracy4 ,other things being equal1 the
 animal with the better escutcheon  will
 invariably make the butter maker4      
,during nearly thirty years of          
observation1 the writer never observed a
 first class cow that had a  poor       
escutcheon4 ,the escutcheon must be of  

great value to those who are  breeding1 
and endeavouring to improve             
thorough-bred cattle of the various     
milking breeds4 ,it offers a test that  
may be applied before milking  age1 and 
it may be applied to males as well as   
females4 ,though the  pedigree is ever  
so long1 and though it contains many    
good ancestors1 the  animal should be   
rejected from the breeding herd1 unless 
it has a good  escutcheon40    8,one of 
the ,farmers10 a regular correspondent  
of the ,american  ,agriculturist1 writes
 in the number for ,november1 #ahgh3    
8,,the ,,value ,,of ,,the ,,guenon      
,,milk ,,mirror4--,taken with a good    
udder and  milk-veins1 good digestive   
functions1 and capacity for food1 good  
health  and thrift1 the ,guenon milk    
mirror is a valuable indication of both 
the  quantity and duration of the flow  
of milk4 ,this seems to be demonstrated 
by the experience of thousands who have 
given the subject careful  study1 and ,i
 have never yet met the man who         

ridiculed it1 and called it  8folly10   
who was able intelligently even to      
outline the prominent types4  ,the      
number of calves which do well or ill as
 milkers1 very nearly as  indicated by  
their milk mirrors1 is so large1 that   
one of the principal  practical uses to 
which a knowledge of the ,guenon system 
can be applied  is in selecting calves  
to raise1 and1 of course1 to those who  
buy cows1  it comes equally well in     
use40    ,,the ,,american ,,association 
,,of ,,breeders ,,of ,,dutch ,,friesian 
,,cattle1 composed  of some of the most 
practical and intelligent farmers of the
 dairy region  of central ,new ,york1   
have adopted a new set of rules for     
entry into  registry in their ,herd     
,book1 wisely making the performance at 
the pail  one of the necessary          
requirements4 ,thus1 for a period of not
 more than  twelve months from date of  
calving1 the cow under #b years of age  
must  give #f1jjj lbs4 of milk2 over #b1
 and under #c1 #g1jjj lbs2 over #c1 and 

under #d1 #h1jjj lbs2 over #d1 #i1jjj   
lbs2 also1 rule #h3 ,no animal shall  be
 admitted to registry unless of the     
8milk form10 or of the 8combined  milk  
and beef form10 of medium or of large   
size1 without coarseness1  and if a     
female1 having a well developed         
escutcheon1 not below the #dth  order of
 the #ast class1 the #c;d orders of the 
#b;d1 #c;d #dth1 #eth1 #fth1 #gth1  and 
#hth classes1 the #b;d order of the #ith
 class1 or the #ast order of the  #ajth 
class of the ,pennsylvania ,commission4 
,with such a record1 and with  such     
marks1 no one need take the trouble to  
see the stock1 but may safely  order it1
 knowing exactly what they are to       
receive4    ,george ,e4 ,waring1 junior1
 says3        8,if the escutcheon       
teaches anything it teaches the duration
      of the flow of milk4 ,this is its 
great value in connection      with the 
,jerseys--a race of small1 rich1 and    
persistent      milkers4 ,it does       
indicate quantity1 it is true1 but not  

,dutch      quantity1 nor ,ayrshire     
quantity2 only ,jersey quantity1 which  
is quite another affair4 ,it indicates1 
in at least equal      degree1 the      
continuance of the flow of milk4        
,indeed1 this is      the great value of
 ,guenon's discovery4 ,it is easy to    
judge of      the present flow of milk  
in the case of any given cow1 but1      
so far as ,i know1 there is nothing but 
the escutcheon to tell      us how long 
she will continue to milk after getting 
with calf4      ,if she has a first     
class escutcheon1 ,i think we are safe  
in      believing that she will hold out
 well in her milking4 ,if she      has a
 very defective escutcheon1 we may      
depend on her to fall      away very    
rapidly when a few months gone1 and to  
shut down      entirely three or four   
months before calving40    ,from an     
exhaustive and admirable treatise on the
 ,ayrshire breed1 by ,john  ,d4 ,w4     
,french1 of ,north ,andover1 ,mass41 we 
make the following extracts  from his   

remarks on the ,guenon system3          
8,pabst1 a ,german farmer of large      
experience1 with a view      to simplify
 the method of ,guenon1 and render it of
 greater      practical value1 made five
 divisions1 or classes3--            #a4
 ,very good1 or extraordinary4          
#b4 ,good1 or good middling4            
#c4 ,middling1 and little below         
middling4          #d4 ,small4          
#e4 ,very bad milkers4        8,magne1  
the ,french writer1 made a still further
 simplification1      by making four    
classes instead of five3--              
#a4 ,the very good4          #b4 ,the   
good4          #c4 ,the medium4         
#d4 ,the bad4        8,in the first     
class he places cows1 both parts of     
whose      milk-mirror1 the mammary and 
the perinean1 are large1                
continuous1 uniform1 covering at least a
 great part of the      perineum1 the   
udder1 the inner surface of the thighs1 
and      extending more or less out upon
 the legs with no interruptions1        

or1 if any1 small ones1 oval in form1   
and situated on the      posterior face 
of the udder4 ,cows of this class are   
very rare4      ,they give1 even when   
small in size1 from ten to fourteen     
quarts      per day1 and the largest    
size from eighteen to twenty-six        
quarts a day1 and even more4 ,they      
continue in milk for a long      period4
        8,the second class is that of   
good cows1 and to this belong      the  
best commonly found in the market4 ,they
 have the mammary      part of the      
milk-mirror well developed1 but the     
perinean part      contracted or wholly 
wanting4 ,small cows of this class give 
from seven to ten or eleven quarts a    
day1 and the largest from      thirteen 
to seventeen quarts4        8,the third 
class consists of middling cows4 ,when  
the      milk-mirror really presents    
only the lower or mammary part          
slightly developed or indented1 and the 
perinean part      contracted1 narrow1  
and irregular1 the cows are middling4   

,cows      of this class1 according to  
size1 give from three or four to        
ten quarts per day4        8,the fourth 
class is composed of bad cows4 ,no veins
 are to      be seen either on the      
perineum or the udder1 while those of   
the belly are very slightly developed1  
and the mirrors are      ordinarily     
small4 ,these cows give only a few      
quarts of milk a      day1 and dry up a 
short time after calving4        8,mr4  
,c4 ,l4 ,flint1 in his work on #8,milch 
,cows1' says3--            8,these      
classifications1 adopted by ,pabst1     
,magne1 and          others1 appear to  
be far more simple and satisfactory than
          the more complicated          
classification of ,guenon4 ,without     
pretending to judge with accuracy of the
 quantity1 the          quality1 or the 
duration which a particular size or form
          of the mirror will indicate1  
they give to ,guenon the full           
credit of his important discovery1 as a 
new and valuable          element in    

forming our judgment of the milking     
qualities          of a cow1 and simply 
assert1 with respect to the duration    
of the flow of milk1 that the mirror    
that indicates the          greatest    
quantity will also indicate the longest 
duration4            8,my own attention 
was called to ,guenon's method of       
judging          cows some eight or ten 
years ago1 and since that time ,i       
have examined many hundreds1 with a view
 to ascertain the          correctness  
of its main features1 inquiring1 at the 
same          time1 after the views and 
opinions of the best breeders           
and judges of stock1 with regard to     
their experience and          judgment  
of its merits2 and the result of my     
observations          has been that cows
 with the most perfectly developed      
milk-mirrors or escutcheons are1 with   
rare exceptions1 the          best      
milkers of their breed1 and that cows   
with small and          slightly        
developed mirrors are1 in the majority  

of cases1          bad milkers4         
8,i say the best milkers of their breed1
 for ,i do          not believe that    
precisely the same sized and formed     
milk-mirrors on a ,hereford1 or a ,devon
 and an ,ayrshire1 or          a native1
 will indicate anything like the same or
 equal          milking properties4 ,it 
will not do1 in my opinion1 to          
disregard the general and well-known    
characteristics of the          breed1  
and rely wholly on the milk-mirror2 but 
,i think it          may be safely said 
that1 as a general rule1 the best marked
          ,hereford will turn out to be 
the best milker among the               
,herefords1 all of which are poor       
milkers2 the best marked                
,devon1 the best among the ,devons2 and 
the best marked          ,ayrshire1 the 
best among the ,ayrshires2 that is1 it  
will          not do to compare two     
animals of entirely distinct breeds     
by the milk-mirrors alone1 without      
regard to the fixed          habits and 

education1 so to speak1 of the breed or 
family          to which they belong40  
8,in my own herd of ,ayrshire cows1 the 
largest milkers have      the best      
escutcheons1 and these cows have1 in    
most cases1      transmitted these marks
 to their descendants4 ,on the other    
hand1 the cows with medium or poor      
escutcheons have rarely      transmitted
 to their calves better ones2 but1      
generally1 of the      same or lower    
class than the dams4                    
8,,bulls4--,guenon's second and hardly  
less important discovery      was that  
the bull had the same marks as the cow1 
only somewhat      shorter and narrower4
 ,guenon bestows upon these marks the   
same      name1 #8milk-mirror1' which   
may be justified1 in as far as the      
bull has greater influence upon the     
sustaining or obtaining of      an      
abundant yield of milk1 as well as the  
improvement of the      breed4          
8,,some ,,testimony4--,mr4 ,l4 ,a4      
,hansen1 of ,bay ,st4 ,louis1 writes1 in

      a letter to the ,country          
,gentleman3            8,i served my    
apprenticeship for three years on a     
dairy          farm with two hundred    
cows1 performing all the labor          
appertaining to a farm1 the same as one 
of the hired men4          ,after this1 
for twenty years1 ,i had dairies of from
 eighty          to one hundred and     
seventy cows4 ,living in the best dairy 
country then known1 and our butter      
commanding the very          highest    
market prices in ,london1 ,england1     
7taking the          premium at a butter
 exhibition in ,london17 we considered  
it          the best policy to buy our  
cows instead of raising them1           
and ,i consequently had to purchase from
 twenty to thirty          cows every   
year4 ,having adopted the ,guenon system
 as a          helping guide in my      
purchases1 ,i necessarily examined more 
than a hundred cows annually1 besides   
having under daily          observation 
my own cows and those of the neighboring

 dairy          farms4 ,thus1 ,i had    
continual practice through a number of  
years4 ,the classifications of the      
professor1 mentioned in          my     
former article1 were1 with very rare    
exceptions1 right4          ,in the     
first two classes1 they did not fail    
once2 in the          lower classes1    
more frequently2 but as the lower       
classes1          with their            
sub-division1 are of no importance to   
the          dairyman--only the two     
first being fit for a dairy--the study  
of them becomes unnecessary1 and it is  
of little avail if          they are    
minutely correct4            8,as       
nothing in this world is perfect1 we    
cannot reasonably          expect the   
,guenon system to be without defects2   
but1 as          already stated above1  
the imperfection is to be looked for    
in that part which is immaterial for    
practical application4          ,under  
all circumstances1 as far as my         
experience goes1          the ,guenon   

theory will always remain a valuable    
guide in          selecting milk cows40 
8,mr4 ,l4 ,s4 ,hardin writes1 in a prize
 essay3            8,very few1 if any1  
modern writers upon cattle have accepted
          the complicated theory of     
,guenon1 while no two of them           
agree as to the extent in value of the  
escutcheon4 ,as          a point of     
beauty1 it should certainly be          
cultivated          in the herd4 ,as to 
its practical value for indicating      
the milking qualities of the cow1 my    
experience is that          a           
finely-developed escutcheon is rarely   
seen on a poor          milker1 while   
many excellent milkers have very small  
or          no escutcheons at all4 ,in  
other words1 its presence is a          
good sign1 while its absence is not     
necessarily a cause          for        
distrust4 ,milk-veins1 as an indication 
for milking          capacity1 are of   
about the same value as the escutcheon40
        8,the editor of the ,jersey     

,bulletin1 in commenting on this1       
says3            8,we should be very    
glad to know of a cow1 worthy to be     
called an #8excellent milker'--duration 
of the flow after          becoming     
pregnant being one of the tests--which  
has no          escutcheon at all1 or a 
very small one4 ,as at present          
advised1 we don't believe she exists4   
,most old cow men          would say    
that1 if the escutcheon is as valuable  
an          indication as the           
milk-veins1 too much effort can hardly  
be          made to extend knowledge    
concerning it40        8,henry ,tanner1 
professor of agriculture1 ,queen's      
,college1      ,birmingham1 ,england1   
says1 in a volume of prize essays of the
      ,highland and ,agricultural       
,society3            8,some attention   
has also been given1 within a few years1
          to a discovery1 made by ,mons4
 ,guenon1 respecting #8the              
escutcheon1' as it is termed4 ,like many
 other persons1          he was carried 

beyond the boundary of discretion in his
          speculations1 and thus his    
valuable observations were for          
a time lost in the mist with which he   
enveloped them4          ,sufficient is 
already known of its value1 at least1 to
 lead          us to the conclusion that
 it is worthy of more general           
knowledge4            8,a very extended 
observation has proved that1 other      
conditions being equal1 the modification
 of form presented          by the      
escutcheon will lead to an estimation1  
not only of          the quantity of    
milk which the animal will produce1 but 
also of the time during which the cow   
will keep up the          supply of     
milk4            8,without going into   
detail upon this point1 ,i may briefly  
state that the larger the extent of the 
escutcheon1          the greater is the 
promise of milk1 and also of its        
continuance1 even after the cow is again
 in calf4 ,a cow          may have a    
small escutcheon1 and yet be a good     

milker2 but          observation leads  
to the conclusion that1 if she possessed
          a more fully developed        
escutcheon1 she would have been a       
better milker4 ,it may be considered a  
point of merit1 not          as deciding
 whether or not the cow is a good       
milker1 but          rather as an       
additional indication which may be taken
 into          consideration in         
conjunction with other characteristic   
points4 ,it is also desirable1 in       
estimating the extent of          the   
escutcheon1 to make full allowance for  
the folds in          the skin2         
otherwise1 a large escutcheon may be    
taken for a          small one4 ,besides
 the escutcheon1 there are tufts of hair
          7epis7 which have a certain   
degree of value when seen upon          
the udder of the cow40        8,i       
presume there are many men who1 although
 perhaps not caring      a pin for an   
escutcheon1 yet consider themselves     
fully capable      of selecting a good  

milk cow4 ,now1 although ignoring the   
escutcheon in their judgment1 are they  
not apt1 in selecting      an ideal cow 
of any particular milk breed1 to find a 
good      escutcheon developed of one   
class or another8        8,perhaps it   
may be asked1 if the ,guenon system is a
 true one1      why are not the         
,short-,horns a great milk breed1 for in
 them we      often find very large and 
perfect escutcheons8        8,this      
question may be answered as follows3    
,the ,short-,horns      were originally 
a good milking breed2 but1 having been  
made particularly a beef breed1 the     
milking propensity or      mammary      
system has in most families been changed
 or bred out4      ,notwithstanding this
 change1 they may retain the escutcheon1
      not as a mark of quality1 but as  
one of the characteristic      marks of 
the breed4        8,all farmers are     
aware that a first-class milk cow may1  
by      injudicious feed and treatment1 
especially as regards milking1          

become a second-class animal4 ,now1 such
 a system1 carried out      generation  
after generation1 must certainly        
degenerate a milk      breed1 however   
good their marks and quality4           
8,among the ,short-,horns1 probably the 
best milkers have good      escutcheons2
 but an ,ayrshire cow1 with an inferior 
escutcheon1      might be found to give 
more milk than a ,short-,horn with a    
superior escutcheon1 simply because one 
breed has been bred      especially for 
beef1 the other especially for milk4    
8,to show how breeding for a purpose    
through many generations      may       
ultimately change qualities1 let us     
compare the ,short-,horns      with the 
,dutch or ,holsteins4 ,the early        
,short-,horns1 or the      ,teeswater   
breed1 as it was called1 was of ,dutch  
origin1 or      was certainly formed by 
crossing the native cattle of ,england  
with stock imported from ,holland4 ,this
 breed was originally      considered   
remarkable for its milking qualities4   

8,the ,dutch breed1 bred for generations
 for the especial purpose      of milk1 
is to-day noted for large milkers1 and  
among the cows      may be found        
extraordinarily developed escutcheons4  
8,the following extract1 from a         
translation from the ,french of         
,magne on milk cows1 is apropos1 as     
showing the difference      between     
characteristics of breeds and qualities 
of the animals3            8,a long1    
fine head1 narrow towards the horns1 and
 a slender          chest are given by  
most writers as characteristics of a    
good milk cow4 ,now1 in ,flemish1       
,danish1 ,dutch1 and ,brittany          
cows the fineness of head and chest is a
 characteristic          of these races 
and not the indication of particularly  
developed milking qualities1 being met  
with alike in the          good and bad 
milkers of those races2 whilst in some  
of          the ,swiss breeds1 and      
especially in those of ,st4 ,gervais1   
nearly all the cows1 whether good or    

indifferent1 possess          a large   
head and heavy chest4 ,the farmers of   
,ariege1 while          showing us some 
remarkably good cows1 drew our attention
          to their strength of chest1   
ampleness of the dewlap1 and            
the volume of the head3 these           
characteristics of race they            
mistake for qualities1 observing them in
 their best cows4          ,on the other
 hand1 it is to be remarked that cows   
with fine          heads are often      
inferior milkers4 ,if fineness of head  
were          a true proof of mammillary
 activity1 would not the cows of        
the ,durham breed be amongst the best   
dairy animals in the          world8    
,this characteristic cannot1 therefore1 
be considered          absolutely       
appreciable1 as much depends on the race
 to          which a cow may belong4 ,it
 is indicative of milk only1            
because it is a remarkable point in     
those races which have          produced
 milk cows4 ,thus a characteristic of   

race has been          mistaken for a   
sign of particular qualities40          
8,if1 then1 we should regard the        
escutcheon1 as well as a fine      head1
 one of the characteristics common in   
the ,short-,horn1      it is not        
necessary to consider it as an          
indication of any      particularly     
developed quality4 ,although probably   
the best      milkers would have this   
sign1 yet it might be regarded as      a
 latent sign of milking qualities which 
had been bred out      by disuse4 ,the  
only fair way to judge of the value of  
the      escutcheon in determining      
milking qualities1 is to consider its   
influence in the different breeds       
separately1 not comparing      one breed
 with another4 ,in judging grade cows1  
characteristics      and blood must have
 a certain influence on the judgment4   
,the      general type of the animal    
must be considered4        8,in the     
,ayrshire cow1 we must regard the       
escutcheon1 not as a      special       

characteristic of the breed1 but as one 
of the signs      denoting quality4     
8,if the time should come when it has   
become so universal a sign      of      
quality as to be considered a           
characteristic of the breed1      then  
we shall have approached much nearer    
perfection than at      present4        
8,admitting that the escutcheon theory  
is a failure1 or at least      that it  
has failed as a test-mark of milk1 have 
we any other      mark or series of     
marks that have invariably given better 
results8        8,magne says1 that in   
,flanders1 a cow is considered a good   
milker1 #8especially when towards the   
middle of the spine the      apophyses  
7or projections7 are separated or       
scattered so as      to leave a space   
between of about two finger-breadths1'  
for      the reason that1 when the spine
 is thus formed1 the haunches      are  
better spread1 and the thighs and croup 
larger4 ,the other      members of the  
body are also better developed1 the     

basin is      ampler1 and the organs    
placed in this cavity1 as well as the   
udder1 are more voluminous4             
8,now1 would our dairymen consider this 
a more certain      indication of milk1 
than a good escutcheon8        8,without
 regarding the escutcheon as an         
infallible sign of      quality and     
quantity of milk1 ,i believe it to be   
one of the      best indications of     
milk1 that nature has provided2 but in  
the      use of this system1 we must    
consider3--            #a4 ,the breed4  
#b4 ,the age4          #c4 ,the feed4   
#d4 ,the treatment 7present and past47  
#e4 ,the health4        8,a good1 not to
 say a thorough1 understanding of the   
,guenon      system1 cannot be obtained 
by casual observation1 but only by      
the most painstaking examination of many
 animals1 extending      over a long    
period of time40      ,objections to the
 ,system and to the ,report of the      
,commission4    ,m4 ,guenon in his      
,treatise on ,milk ,cows1 does not give 

any positive  reasons why the escutcheon
 is indicative of the yield4 ,he rested 
content  with the fact1 that he had     
proved it so before many learned men1   
and  risked his reputation upon         
publishing the facts4 ,the system as far
 as we  have been able to trace it1 has 
always been verified by those who have  
thoroughly studied it1 and tested it by 
extended practice according to  the     
rules of ,guenon4 ,the principal        
cavilers against it1 either admit  they 
have not constantly pursued it1 or show 
by their writings their lack  of        
sufficient knowledge of it4 ,the report 
of the ,pennsylvania commission  has    
incited several to write against the    
system4 ,the principal paper  produced  
was one read before a meeting of the    
,state ,board of ,agriculture1  by      
,eastburn ,reeder1 and which he had     
reprinted in several papers4 ,of  this  
essay1 it is sufficient to say1 he      
showed he had not studied nor  practiced
 the system thoroughly1 and because he  

could not understand it  and got        
befogged1 he quoted a large mass of     
scientific matter to show  the system   
could not be true4 ,these attempts at   
argument are so quietly1  but           
completely1 set aside in the essay of   
,prof4 ,d4 ,e4 ,salmon1 ,d4 ,v4 ,m41  on
 ,contested ,dairy ,questions1 quoted   
below1 that we shall not discuss  them  
further4 ,for we cannot any more tell   
absolutely and positively why  the      
escutcheon reveals what it does1 than we
 can tell why a black cow  eating green 
grass1 converts red blood into white    
milk1 than we can  tell why the green   
grass grows4 ,in both questions at      
issue1 we have  certain facts and       
theories to guide our reason and        
judgment about them1  but we know       
nothing positive1 and because it is so1 
,mr4 ,reeder and ,mr4  ,hardin won't    
believe it is so or can be so4    ,in   
addition to what ,mons4 ,magne1 the     
eminent ,french veterinarian1 one of    
the most celebrated medical professors  

in ,france has written1 ,professor      
,arnold1 of ,rochester says1 when       
indorsing what ,magne writes3           
8,the size of the escutcheon is regarded
 as the measure of the      quantity of 
blood supplied to the milk-producing    
vessels1 and      are evidence of their 
capability of elaborating milk4 ,in the 
same way1 the veins take up the blood1  
and carry it back in the      milk veins
 which pass through the bag and along   
the belly1 and      enter the body      
through one or more holes1 on their way 
to the      heart4 ,the size of these   
milk veins1 and the holes where they    
enter the body1 vary with the           
escutcheon1 and like it1 give           
evidence of the quantity of venous blood
 passing away1 from and      through the
 udder1 and they have the same          
significance with      reference to     
quantity1 as the supply of arterial     
blood and the      size of the          
escutcheon40    ,mr4 ,reeder also quotes
 the weights of cattle given by ,guenon1

 and  triumphantly exclaims1 whoever saw
 such small cows in this country8       
,guenon distinctly quotes the weights1  
as net dead weight1 or the animal       
deprived of its head and horns1 its     
hide1 entrails1 and feet1 and gives  the
 excellent reason for it when he says3  
8,if ,i had made the calculations  for  
the animal on the hoof1 the figures     
given by me would present a  great      
difference1 which would increase        
according to the amount of fat1         
sometimes to double the weight40        
,unfortunately1 ,mr4 ,reeder did not    
know enough of ,guenon's facts to be    
aware of this clear statement1 and      
supposed the weights were live weight4  
,again1 he says the commission did not  
examine the stock correctly4 ,he  would 
have looked at an animal1 decided what  
escutcheon it had1 or 8to  which class  
and order she belongs1 and then append  
the figures of ,guenon  as the result4  
,any other mode of proceeding is not    
testing the ,guenon  system40 ,here     

again his lack of knowledge of the      
system is shown2 it  would be           
exceedingly unjust to the reputation of 
,guenon1 as he distinctly  declares the 
size1 the age1 the breed1 the treatment1
 the season1 the  period of gestation1  
c41 shall be fully considered4 ,it is   
the judgment  of just such men passed   
upon the system1 which have tended to   
throw any  doubt upon the merit of      
,guenon's assertions4 ,what would be    
thought of the  judgment of such a      
person1 if told by a physician to       
administer three  things to a patient1  
and he gave but one1 and the patient    
died1 and he  excused himself by saying1
 8you told me to give him medicine1 and 
,i gave  it40    ,then ,mr4 ,reeder     
denies the value of the system for      
pointing out the best  feeders4 ,the cow
 which gives the most butter1 and which 
this system  will readily point out1    
will fatten the most rapidly when dried 
off2 for  the butyraceous particles1    
which go to make the butter1 will be    

diverted  from the milk and turn to fat 
on the animal4    ,mr4 ,reeder objects  
to the report of the commission1 that   
they 8in some  cases failed to classify 
cows10 and 8made incorrect              
classifications10  and 8in some cases   
gave different results from ,guenon10   
and lastly 8the  terms employed to      
denote quantity1 quality1 and duration1 
are too vague1  indefinite1 and         
unsatisfactory40 ,in all these          
objections1 ,mr4 ,r41 it will  be       
readily seen by any practicer of the    
system1 shows his utter ignorance  of   
the mode of applying it4    ,guenon says
 it is sometimes impossible to properly 
classify an animal1  owing to the       
effects of a cross1 or some freak of    
nature4 ,in such cases  they may be     
judged according to the escutcheon it   
the nearest resembles4  ,this the       
commission did1 but of course could not 
classify them4    ,his judgment as to   
8incorrect classifications0 we must pass
 by as of no  account1 he not being any 

more capable of that than the           
commission4    ,the same may be said of 
8giving different results from ,guenon40
 ,that is  entirely a matter of         
judgment4 ,guenon says1 judge of the cow
 by various  things and then the result 
will approximate the amount stated to   
each  escutcheon4 ,mr4 ,reeder says the 
amount set down to each escutcheon is   
inflexible4 ,we prefer to follow the    
skill of ,guenon and not the ignorance  
of ,reeder1 as it was ,guenon we were   
appointed to test4    ,finally1 he      
objects to the terms employed to denote 
the significance  of the escutcheon4    
,the great difficulty of the commission 
was to find  herds of which an accurate 
test of each animal had been made and   
kept4  ,we believe not one farmer in one
 hundred thousand has such a record4    
,yet  the commission are expected by    
such 8infallible0 advocates as ,mr4 ,r4 
to  tell the exact character of each    
cow1 and that record is to be set down  
alongside of the inaccurate record of   

the owner2 and if they vary at all1  the
 commission are the ones at fault4 ,the 
very terms ,mr4 ,r4 objects to  were    
employed by us by special agreement with
 the owners1 because they  hesitated to 
say how many quarts or pounds each of   
their cows gave4 ,but  where there were 
such careful farmers as ,w4 ,m4 ,large1 
,m4 ,eastburn1 ,j4  ,pyle1 and ,m4      
,conard1 who gave quarts1 and the       
commission gave quarts1 we  would invite
 attention to the comparative reports as
 the best answer4  ,and even in ,mr4    
,r4's own case we ask comparison1 for   
the reason why the  commission are on   
most of his cows one or two quarts      
higher is easily  accounted for1 because
 we did not learn until after the       
examination that  he was generally      
ranked by his neighbors a poor feeder1  
which would  certainly make the         
difference4 ,in the cases of such fine  
herds as those  of ,s4 ,j4 ,sharpless1  
,thomas ,m4 ,harvey1 ,thomas ,gawthrop1 
and ,h4 ,preston1  c41 the accounts were

 highly satisfactory to their owners and
 confirmed  them in the merits of the   
system4 ,for the same reasons we object 
to his  test of 8the system in other    
herds0 as any proof of the merits of    
,guenon1  for it was his interpretation 
of the escutcheons that is given1 and it
  would be very unfair to judge ,guenon 
as interpreted by one who is not an     
expert4    ,mr4 ,hardin has written much
 against the system1 but containing very
  little argument1 and no valid         
objection4 ,we will endeavor to sift out
 of  the mass1 any points made3    ,he  
thought there should be one             
8non-believer0 on the commission1 so as 
to 8make a fair and disinterested       
report40 ,what possible use he may have 
been is a mystery1 except to cavil at   
what perhaps he did not understand4     
,the commission simply put down what    
they interpreted the escutcheons  to    
indicate1 and the owner stated what he  
knew of his stock4 ,the two  accounts   
were brought together and compared4     

,what more a non-believer  could have   
done1 we are at a loss to conceive4     
,his process of examination was laid    
down thus3 8,to take down in writing    
before you see the cows1 the owners' and
 milkers' opinions of all the  cows to  
be tested40 8,make the owners and       
milkers1 out of hearing of each  other1 
tell you the name of the cow1 her age1  
how much milk she gives  when fresh1 how
 much milk she gives a year1 is her milk
 rich or poor2  have you ever tested the
 milk by measure1 or otherwise to       
determine the  amount or its richness2  
what breed is she80 8,get a non-believer
 to make  pencil sketches of each       
escutcheon40 8,the ,governor to appoint 
two more on  the committee who are not  
believers40    ,now1 having laid out    
this programme1 he does not say what was
 to be  done with it4 ,the inference was
 to be drawn1 we suppose1 that the many 
escutcheons were to be engraved1 and the
 public were to draw their  conclusions 
from them and the reports given by the  

owners and milkers1  and see how ,guenon
 would stand the test4 ,and what were   
the believing or  non-believing         
commissioners to do8 ,supervise the     
taking down of all this8  ,how1 at once1
 this shows ,mr4 ,hardin to know little 
or nothing of the  system6 ,like ,mr4   
,reeder1 he did not know that ,guenon   
assigns many other  things to be thought
 of to form a correct opinion6 ,was it  
more proof to  be told by the owner all 
that any one could know about the cow1  
and then  say that corresponds with the 
escutcheon8 ,or did it put the system to
 a  severer test1 to say to the owner1  
don't tell me a word1 and then proceed  
to tell him all about a cow you never   
saw1 simply from examining her          
escutcheon8 ,in one case1 you are       
assisted to define the escutcheon by the
  knowledge given you4 ,in the other    
case1 you define the cow's character by 
only the knowledge you can get from the 
escutcheon4 ,no better proof can  be    
given of ,mr4 ,hardin's lack of         

practical knowledge of the system4      
,another objection he makes1 and repeats
 several times1 as being a  very strong 
one with him1 is1 why did not ,guenon1  
and why do not the  commissioners1 go to
 work and buy up all the best cows and  
sell them at  a profit1 and thus get    
very rich4 ,his cry is1 why don't they  
make plenty  of money out of it1 if it  
is so valuable8 ,simply1 because neither
 of them  are in that business1 or care 
to be4 ,but ,mr4 ,harvey1 a manager of  
the  ,delaware county almshouse1 in one 
year from taking this position1 changed 
the cows there1 and increased the yield 
twofold from the same number of  cows1  
and has bought and sold all the steers  
and cows on his large farm  for many    
years solely by this system1 and has    
grown wealthy4    ,he says in another   
article 8feeling the modesty that       
naturally attaches  itself to benighted 
ignorance10 he 8started out in the city 
in search of  some one who was learned  
on these subjects40 ,he found 8a        

professor in  our medical institute10   
8one of our most learned physicians10   
and they  proceed together to canvass   
,professors ,magne and ,arnold's        
theories and  facts about the formation 
of the escutcheon4 ,the result of two   
such wise  heads 7or of 8benighted      
ignorance07 coming together1 was that   
neither  of them ever heard of          
,professor ,magne1 and that his dictum  
was 8opposed  to all the teachings of   
physiology40 ,the learned professor     
knowing as  much about a cow as he did  
of physiology4 ,and it is such stuff as 
this  which forms the arguments of ,mr4 
,hardin4 ,professor ,salmon in his essay
 on  ,contested ,dairy ,questions       
effectually settles these 8learned0 men4
    ,we have devoted enough space to a  
writer1 who finds it so easy to tear    
down1 but is never able to build up1 a  
doubting ,thomas1 whose only mode  of   
judging a cow1 he says is a crumple     
horn1 a large udder1 and to test  the   
milk every ,monday for one year4 ,what  

an amount of money the farmers  of      
,america would lose annually if they    
followed his rules1 and what an  amount 
they would save by following ,guenon's  
rules6    ,the following valuable essay 
is from the ,country ,gentleman of      
,august #g1  #ahgi3        ,contested   
,dairy ,questions4        ,by ,d4 ,e4   
,,salmon1 ,d4 ,v4 ,m4        ,several of
 our prominent dairy writers have been  
lately      discussing the more         
complicated questions of their          
department      in a very energetic and 
decided1 if not in a scrupulously exact 
manner4 ,now1 if these questions are    
worth the time and space      necessary 
for their presentation at length1 they  
are certainly      of sufficient        
importance to receive candid and        
perfectly      truthful treatment2 and1 
though these writers may not have       
intended to give wrong impressions1     
their teachings can hardly      be      
considered1 in several respects1 as     
representing the present      condition 

of knowledge on these points4           
,,magne',s ,,theory ,,of ,,the          
,,escutcheon4--,in ,mr4 ,eastburn       
,reeder's      essay on the             
escutcheon--which is a valuable paper1  
though      marred in the above         
respects--there is an attempt at        
scientific      argument in order to    
ridicule the accepted value of the      
milk-mirror2 and the assumed facts on   
which this argument is      based1 are  
presented in such a positive manner that
 they will      probably be accepted1   
without further investigation1 by the   
majority of readers unless contested at 
once4 ,the writer has      hesitated to 
do this in the hope that it would be    
done by some      one else2 but the     
truth is of too much consequence to     
allow the      matter to pass entirely  
without notice4        ,the first point 
to which ,i will call attention is the  
attempt      to dispute ,magne's opinion
 that the hair turns in the direction   
in which the arteries ramify1 and that  

the reversed hair on      the udder and 
adjacent parts indicates the termination
 of the      arteries which supply the  
udder with blood4 ,when these arteries  
are large1 he holds1 they extend through
 the udder upward and      onward1      
ramifying on the skin beyond the udder1 
and giving the      hair the peculiar   
appearance which distinguishes it from  
the      rest of the surface4 ,if these 
arteries are very small1 they are       
not likely to extend much beyond the    
udder1 and1 hence1 form a      small    
escutcheon2 consequently1 a small       
escutcheon indicates a      feeble      
supply of blood1 and little material to 
make milk of4        ,now how is this   
combatted8 ,the first argument is that  
8when ,mr4      ,hardin showed this     
paragraph to one of the most learned    
medical      professors at ,louisville1 
,kentucky1 he at once wanted to know    
who this ,magne was1 and declared his   
name unknown in the annals      of      
medical science40 ,what are we to think 

of such a statement      as that8       
,magne--member of the ,french ,academy  
of ,medicine1      formerly director of 
the ,alfort ,veterinary ,school and     
professor      of ,lyons--unknown in the
 annals of medicine6        ,we are then
 asked if the arteries are not the same 
in all      cows1 and are told that we  
might as well expect more bones or      
muscles as more arteries4 ,if ,mr4      
,reeder will turn to ,chauveau's        
,anatomy--one of the best authorities in
 the world--he will find1      in       
general remarks on arteries1 the        
following statement1 which      ,i      
translate1 not having the ,english      
edition3 8,arteries very      often     
present variations in their deposition1 
which the surgeon      should keep in   
mind4 ,these variations ordinarily      
concern the      number1 the point of   
origin1 and the volume of the vessels40 
,and if he will go through the list of  
arteries1 he will find      examples    
given of each of these variations4      

,again1 he asks1 8how is it that the    
ramification of the      arterial       
circulation causes the hair to grow in  
one direction      on one part of the   
cow's body1 and in the opposite on other
      parts80 ,not a very difficult     
question1 if we admit that      arteries
 have such an effect1 for they certainly
 do not all      ramify in the same     
direction4        ,in a revised edition 
of the essay1 subsequently published1   
some important points were added4 ,here 
we are told that      8the arteries     
supplying the udder with blood are      
called the      mammary arteries1 and   
their ramification does not extend      
beyond the outer surface of the udder4  
,further down the      aorta1 or main   
artery1 another pair of arteries        
branches off1      called the femoral   
arteries4 ,these supply the muscles of  
the      thigh1 or what we know as the  
rounds of beef1 with blood1      and    
ramify upon the portion of the          
escutcheon lying between      them4     

,still further down1 another pair of    
arteries1 called the      gluteal       
arteries1 leave the aorta1 and are      
distributed      through the pelvic     
region1 and ramify upon the extreme     
upper      portion of the escutcheon4   
,here we have at least three distinct   
systems of arteries ramifying upon the  
escutcheon1 and two of      them most   
certainly have no connection with the   
milk secretion      whatever40          
,without attempting to point out all the
 errors of this      description1 we    
will once more refer to ,chauveau to    
settle the      more important points4  
,the reader will find in that work that 
the femoral arteries have a branch      
called the pre-pubic1      which in turn
 has a branch called the external pudic1
 from      which the mammary artery     
branches4 ,it will also be found        
that the mammary artery 8sends several  
divisions to the      tissue of the     
udder1 and is prolonged between the     
thighs by a      perineal branch1 which 

terminates in the inferior commissure   
of the vulva1 after having furnished    
glandular and cutaneous      divisions40
 ,turning to the description of the     
gluteal arteries1      we find that they
 ramify in the gluteal muscles1 which   
are at      a considerable distance from
 the perineum1 and that nothing is      
said of their going to the last named   
part4        ,here1 then1 is complete   
and positive refutation of these        
arguments--not by mere statements of my 
own1 but by the words of      a standard
 work1 of world-wide reputation1 on the 
anatomy of      these animals4 ,magne's 
facts are correct1 then1 whether his    
inferences are or not4 ,the same artery 
that supplies the udder      with blood 
supplies the skin on which the          
escutcheon is formed2      and1 more    
than this1 the artery ramifies in the   
direction      in which the hair of the 
escutcheon grows4 ,is there any         
connection between the two for all that8
 ,who knows8 ,a point or      two to    

show that such a connection is not      
beyond the possible      may still be in
 place4        ,erasmus ,wilson1 who has
 made a specialty of the skin and its   
diseases1 shows that the direction of   
the hairs on the anterior      surface  
of the human body is1 commencing at a   
point near the      arm-pit1 downwards  
and slightly inwards towards the        
umbilicus1      and that below this     
point the direction is upwards and      
inwards2      so that the umbilicus 8is 
the center of convergence of four       
streams10 as he expresses it4           
,now this disposition1 complicated      
though it is1 certainly      resembles  
that of the arteries--the branches from 
the axillary      artery passing        
downwards and inwards1 while the        
epigastric      arteries branch from the
 femorals near the groin1 and have      
a direction upwards and inwards4 ,on the
 neck1 the direction      of the hair is
 upwards and backwards2 in front of the 
ear1 it      is downwards and forwards2 

behind the ear1 it is backwards--in     
each case following the arterial        
ramifications4 ,in addition1            
,tisserant and others in ,france1 who   
stand high as authorities1      admit   
that the escutcheon continues to        
increase in relative      surface till  
the second or third milking--that is1   
till the      development of the udder1 
and1 consequently1 of the vessels       
supplying it have reached their highest 
point4        ,in some cases1 it must be
 confessed1 the correspondence in       
question apparently does not exist1 but 
rather the opposite2      and as the    
mammary artery has substantially the    
same      distribution with horses as   
with cattle1 we cannot see why the      
former should not be as plainly marked  
as the latter1 if the      direction of 
the hair depends on the direction of the
 arteries4        ,but1 it may be asked1
 in what possible manner could the one  
condition influence the other8 ,it must 
be remembered that      physiology is   

still a growing science1 and that there 
are      many things yet to learn1 so   
that it is still pardonable to          
confess ignorance4 ,we know1 however1   
that the cavity in the      skin        
surrounding the hair 7hair follicle7 is 
set in an oblique      direction1 as    
well as the hair that emerges from it2  
the      papilla at the bottom of this  
cavity must also be inclined1      and  
it is this that1 in all probability1    
decides the direction      of the hair1 
as the growth of this takes place by    
additions      of cells from the surface
 of the papilla4 ,now1 each papilla1    
or elevation1 has a vascular loop1 or1  
as some say1 a minute      artery and   
vein1 and one can easily imagine how the
 direction      of this minute artery   
might influence the direction of the    
papillary summit1 and1 consequently1 of 
the hair that grows      from it4       
,i do not say that this is the proper   
explanation1 but ,i suggest      it as  
one way in which the correspondence     

might be accounted      for4 ,i do say1 
however1 that the evidence brought to   
bear on      this point by ,mr4 ,reeder 
can have no influence in deciding the   
question1 for the reason ,i have given4 
,dr4 ,henry ,stewart1 the noted         
scientific and practical farmer      and
 writer1 said lately2 8,i have for some 
time past been      studying the nature 
of the escutcheon physiogically and     
anatomically40 ,and he has 8recently    
discovered a still more                 
satisfactory connection between the     
milking capacity of a cow      and the  
development of the escutcheon40         
8,the milk-vein is an important mark of 
the deep-milking cow4      ,but it is   
not the veins1 but the arteries1 which  
supply blood      to the system1 either 
for the production of tissue or the     
secretion of the milk4 ,and yet the     
veins are important because      they   
bear a direct relation to the arteries1 
being the return      channels for the  
blood after it has fulfilled its        

functions2      and so the larger supply
 of blood conveyed by the arteries      
requiring a vein of large capacity to   
return it1 this vein is      an ultimate
 indication of the vigor of the         
circulation of the      lacteal organs4 
,the main artery which supplies these   
organs      is the subcutaneous         
abdominal what ,mr4 ,s4 says is commonly
      called the milk-vein4 ,this       
important artery supplies a large       
part of the posterior portion of the    
system1 furnishing blood      to the    
genital organs and the skin covering    
these and the      adjacent parts4 ,the 
subcutaneous abdominal artery is one of 
the      two branches of the external   
pudic artery in the female1 the         
other being the mammary artery4 ,this   
last is very voluminous      and        
distributes several main branches to the
 mammary glands      and tissue1 and    
also by a prolongation between the      
thighs1      supplies the inferior      
commissure of the vulva and gives off   

many smaller branches1 which spread into
 a network among the      glandular     
tissue and the cutaneous structure4     
,here is the close      connection1     
then1 between the skin of the posterior 
part of the      cow1 from the lower    
point of the vulva down between the     
thighs      and around the udder1 and   
the udder itself4 ,the same artery      
supplies all this portion of the skin1  
furnishes the subaceous      glands and 
the hair follicles1 and the whole       
cutaneous      structure1 and the hair  
also with blood1 and also provides      
for the demands of the milk-secreting   
organs4 ,a vigorous      circulation    
through a voluminous arterial system 444
 gives a      relatively vigorous milk  
secretion1 and1 as well1 a growth of    
hair1 which curls and forms the         
well-known peculiar structure      of   
the escutcheon40          ,c4 ,l4       
,,sharpless ,,on ,,the ,,escutcheon4    
,we extract from our book on 8,the      
,jersey1 ,guernsey1 and ,alderney ,cow10

  some remarks on the escutcheon1 by    
,charles ,l4 ,sharpless1 of             
,philadelphia4  ,we consider him one of 
the best judges1 a most intelligent     
breeder1  and he has paid the highest   
price ever given for a ,jersey cow in   
this  country4 ,the portraits of        
,duchess1 ,rosa1 ,black ,bess1 ,tiberia1
 and the  bull1 ,comet of ,m41 bear out 
our assertion4        8,there is no     
point in judging a cow so little        
understood as      the escutcheon4 ,the 
conclusion of almost every one is1 that 
her escutcheon is good1 if there be a   
broad band of up-running      hair from 
the udder to the vulva1 and around      
it--see ,fig4 #a4      ,these cows1 with
 the broad vertical escutcheon1 are     
nearly      always parallel cows2 that  
is1 with bodies long1 but not large1    
and with the under line parallel with   
the back4 ,their thighs      are thin1  
and the thigh escutcheon shows on the   
inside of the      thigh1 rather than on
 its rear4        8,next comes the      

wedge-shaped cow1 with the body shorter1
 but      very large1 deep in the flank1
 and very capacious4 ,this form         
does not usually exhibit the broad      
vertical escutcheon1 running      up to 
the vulva1 but with a broader thigh may 
exhibit a thigh      escutcheon1 which  
is preferable to the other1 thus--see   
,fig4 #b4        8,in both vertical and 
thigh mirrors1 where the hair runs down1
      intruding on the udder1 7as low as
 above the dotted lines17 as      in    
,figs4 #c and #d1 it damages the        
escutcheon4 ,if you find a cow      with
 the hair all running down1 and between 
the thighs--that is1      with no       
up-running hair--stamp her as a cipher  
for milk-yielding4        8,the artist  
has made the udders to ,figs4 #a1 #b1   
#c1 #d the      same size1 while in     
reality they will vary according to the 
escutcheon4        8,there are times    
when the udder of a cow1 with an        
escutcheon      like ,fig4 #d1 will be  
enlarged by non-milking1 for the purpose

      of deception4 ,it is always safer 
to judge by the escutcheon1      rather 
than by the large size of the udder4    
8,the escutcheons of the best           
cows--those yielding the most and       
continuing the longest--will be found to
 be those which conform      to ,fig4   
#b4 ,mr4 ,s4 alludes to the selvage3 one
 of the best1 and      common among the 
best cows4 ,h4        8,the vertical    
escutcheon of ,fig4 #a1 would not injure
 it2 but if      that ornamental feature
 has to be at the expense of the thigh  
escutcheon1 ,fig4 #b is best as it is4  
8,whenever an escutcheon is accompanied 
by a curl on each      hind-quarter of  
the udder1 it indicates a yield of the  
highest      order4444        8,so far  
we have noticed only the rear           
escutcheon1 or that      which          
represents the two hind-quarters of the 
udder4 ,the two      front-quarters are 
just as important1 and should be        
capacious1      and run well forward    
under the body--see ,a4 ,if the udder1  

in front1 be concave1 or cut up as in   
,b1 indicating small      capacity1 it  
represents reduced yield4        8,this 
front or level escutcheon is distinctly 
marked in the      young heifer or bull1
 and can be seen by laying the animal on
      its back4 ,the udder hair under   
the body all runs backward1             
commencing at the forward line of the   
escutcheon--see dotted      lines in    
,figs4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,this dividing line  
is very perceptible1      from the fact 
that the hair in front of it all runs   
forward      towards the head of the    
animal1 while the escutcheon1 or udder  
hair1 all runs backward over the forward
 quarters of the udder1      around and 
beyond the teats1 and ceases at the     
markings of the      rear escutcheon1 on
 and between the thighs4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4                
,illustration        ,illustration3     

,fig4 #f4 ,,lottie ,,starr4--#aj mos4   
old4        ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4    
,,sylva--#aj mos4 old4                  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4                
,,columbus4--#aj mos4 old4        8,the 
breadth and extent forward of this front
 escutcheon1      indicates the capacity
 in the mature animal1 of the front     
quarters of her udder4 ,in some cases   
this front escutcheon      will be found
 of twice the extent that it is in      
others1 and is      evidence of that    
much more yield4 ,the dimensions on     
,figs4 #f1 #g1      #h1 are actual      
measurements--the first two of heifers1 
and the      last of a bull4 ,if ,fig4  
#g represents four quarts as the yield  
per day of the front quarters1 ,fig4 #f 
will represent eight1      thus1 if the 
rear yield is the same1 say four quarts 
in each      cow1 the total yield of    
,fig4 #f will be twelve quarts1 while   
that of ,fig4 #g is but eight4 ,this    
examination enables one to      see the 
size of the teats and their distance    

apart1 and to test      the looseness   
and softness of the udder skin4 ,it is  
marked      precisely the same in bulls1
 see ,fig4 #h1 and can be easily        
examined at any age between one and ten 
months4        8,udders of all shapes   
hold milk1 and some homely ones hold    
a large quantity4 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 and ,e1 at
 a glance explain their                 
deficiencies1 both of shape1 lack of    
capacity1 and bad style of      teats4  
,in udder ,a1 we have the perfect       
shape4444        8,many think that the  
escutcheon of the bull is of but little 
moment1 so that he is a good-looker4 ,so
 far is this from being      the case1  
that a bull1 with a mirror like ,fig4   
#d4 or worse1      will stamp his       
escutcheon on1 and to that extent damage
 his      daughters1 out of cows with   
escutcheons as choice as ,fig4 #b4      
,in this way the daughters of some of   
the best cows come very      ordinary1  
while1 if you use a bull marked like    
,fig4 #b1 he will      make poor        

escutcheons better1 and will improve the
 best4 ,his      injury or benefit will 
be doubled1 according to the escutcheon 
markings under his body in front of his 
scrotum4 ,hence the      importance of  
the dam of a bull being unexceptionable 
in her      udder and escutcheon4 ,her  
qualities1 inherited by her son1 will   
be transmitted to his daughters4    ,mr4
 ,sharpless' bull ,comet of ,m4 is one  
of the finest ,jersey bulls  we ever    
saw1 and his escutcheon is              
unexceptionable1 being a perfect        
curveline1 the one most commonly found  
on bulls4        8,while careful as to  
escutcheons1 we must not neglect the    
other essential features of a good      
cow--the buckskin hide1 the             
rich-colored skin1 and the fine bone4   
,let the hair be soft and      thickly  
set1 and let the skin be mellow4 ,this  
latter quality is      easily determined
 by grasping between the thumb and      
forefinger      the skin at the rear of 
the ribs1 or the double thickness at    

the base of the flank that joins the    
stifle joint to the body1      or that  
on the inside of the rump-bone at the   
setting-on of      the tail4 ,let the   
teats be well apart2 let them yield a   
full      and free stream1 and be large 
enough to fill the hand without      the
 necessity in milking of pulling them   
between the thumb      and forefingers4 
,and let us ever keep in mind that the  
large      yielder must be well fed40   
,those who condemn ,jersey cows as small
 yielders of milk and butter1  should   
listen to the story of 8,rosa0 as told  
by her owner1 ,c4 ,l4  ,sharpless4 ,she 
is five years old1 is solid creamy fawn1
 and1 combined  with great volume and   
bone1 she is neat in the head and neck1 
and with  fine legs4 ,her dam was a     
small mouse-colored cow1 and her sire's 
dam a  small fawn-colored1 neither of   
which would give over twelve quarts4    
8,we found we were making a good deal of
 butter1 and as #8,rosa'      looked    
superbly1 we determined to test her     

butter quality4 ,we      fed her per day
 twenty pounds of hay1 eight quarts of  
meal1 and      four quarts of carrots4  
,the meal was a mixture of good wheat   
bran and cornmeal1 in the proportion of 
four bushels of the      former to one  
bushel of the latter4 ,her yield the    
first day was      sixteen quarts1 the  
second day fifteen and a half quarts1   
the      third day sixteen quarts1 and  
the next morning eight quarts2          
being in all seven milkings1 or half the
 week4 ,her milk was      kept separate2
 was skimmed after standing thirty-six  
hours1 and      made six and three      
fourths pounds of butter1 or thirteen   
and a      half pounds for the week4    
8,as you place ,rosa and ,duchess side  
by side there are some      points of   
agreement and of difference that are of 
interest to      notice4 ,they are both 
wedge-shaped1 with large body--,duchess 
the more bony1 but ,rosa with the       
greater rear volume1 7broader      hips1
 c47 ,they both have neat heads and     

necks1 and fine bone4      ,duchess is1 
in winter1 smoke-color1 with brilliant  
white1 but      not with black points4  
,she has yellow hoofs and skin1 and     
her udder is rich yellow4 ,rosa has     
yellow hoofs1 and yellow      inside her
 ears1 but a pale skin and udder1 and   
would be      called a butter cow       
inferior to ,duchess1 and yet she has   
just      proved herself one half pound 
greater4 ,the color of it is the        
deepest--no coloring matter being used4 
,this upsets the theory      that a     
yellow skin is essential for            
deep-colored butter4      ,perhaps a    
safer way to put it is1 that though a   
rich yellow      skin is evidence of    
butter quality1 yet equally good quality
      may come from a pale skin1        
provided the cow has yellow inside      
her ears4        8,again1 as to vertical
 or rear escutcheons both these cows    
exhibit1 the broad part diminishes as it
 rises1 until1 when      within six to  
nine inches of the vulva1 it is reduced 

to the      breadth of not over an inch 
wide4 ,thus they agree in their rear    
escutcheons1 and they agree also in     
udders of great capacity1      these    
being deep and broad1 and running well  
forward under the      body4            
8,there is a point on which they differ4
 ,the hair on ,duchess      is soft and 
furry as a mole2 that of ,rosa is fairly
 fine1 but      still hair4        8,so 
that in a word one can say soft hair1 a 
large escutcheon1      and a yellow skin
 are desirable1 but there may be choice 
cows      not conspicuous1 for either4  
8,to show how we sometimes let our best 
animals slip1 ,i will add      that when
 ,rosa was a heifer ,i was tempted to   
part with her for      what seemed a    
great price--#ejj4 ,in about two weeks  
she had a      heifer calf1 for which   
her owner was offered #aej4 ,when three 
years old she had a second heifer1 which
 he sold for #ahj2      and when four   
years old she had a third heifer calf1  
which      he sold for #ajj4 ,he then   

sold his place and all his stock1       
and ,i bought her at public sale for    
#cge for her beauty4 ,her      pale skin
 deceived me as to her butter quality1  
and her1 as ,i      thought1 deficient  
escutcheon misled me as to her large    
yield4      ,she now1 as a five-year    
old1 has her fourth calf1 which is a    
bull1 and some two months old4          
8,in giving above her yield1 ,i gave    
also her feed4 ,such is her             
constitution and appetite that ,i think 
she would have eaten      half as much  
more1 and in that way her yield might   
have been      very much increased4 ,it 
was good enough as it was1 particularly 
as there have been choice cows so forced
 that1 though the      premium was won1 
the cow was lost4 ,the winter yield1 on 
dry      feed1 of sixteen quarts is     
considered equivalent to eighteen on    
grass40    ,illustration3               
,,rosa4--,imported ,jersey1 belonging to
 ,c4 ,l4 ,sharpless4                    
,,description ,,of ,,the ,,classes ,,and

 ,,orders4    ,prepared by ,w4 ,p4      
,,hazard1 ,secretary of the             
,pennsylvania ,guenon  ,commission4     
,in the following descriptions of the   
ten classes1 and their sub-division     
into six orders each1 we give the       
quantity as stated1 for a large-sized   
cow4 ,not thinking it worth while to    
enter so minutely into his              
sub-divisions of high1 medium1 and low  
cows4 ,for instance1 to class one1      
order one1 he gives to the high cow     
twenty-four litres1 which is about      
equal to our twenty-four quarts here2   
the litre being exactly two and one     
eighth wine pints4 ,to the medium cow he
 gives nineteen quarts1 and to  the low 
cow1 fourteen quarts1 per day4 ,the size
 of his high cow is five  hundred and   
fifty to six hundred and fifty pounds1  
dressed weight2 the  medium1 three      
hundred and twenty-five to four hundred 
and fifty pounds  and the low1 one      
hundred and ten to two hundred and      
twenty-five pounds4  ,as most of our    

cows will range with the high cows1 we  
have adopted the  scale suitable to the 
size1 only the reader who practices the 
system must  keep in mind that the      
larger and more developed the cow1 the  
more she  will be likely to give than   
the cow of smaller size4      ,first    
,class4 ,the ,flanders ,cow4    ,cows   
with this escutcheon are the most seldom
 found1 except among the  most abundant 
milkers4 ,in the first order they give  
twenty quarts per  day1 in the height of
 their flow2 that is to say1 from the   
time they  have calved until they are   
pregnant again4 ,then they diminish1    
little by  little1 until their next     
calving4 ,it is best to dry them off    
from four to  six weeks before calving1 
to give them a needed rest1 and it      
improves the  calf4    ,illustration    
,cows of the first class have a soft    
udder1 with fine hair on it1 rising     
until it blends with similar hair       
growing upward on the thighs1 above  the
 hock1 and widening on the thick part of

 the thigh1 then narrowing1  like in the
 engraving1 until it reaches the vulva1 
and being about two  inches on each side
 of it4 ,the inner parts of the thigh1  
and the vertical  mirror are usually of 
a yellowish or nankeen color1 with dark 
spots on  them1 from which can be       
detached the dandruff4 ,there are two   
ovals on the  udder1 of fine short hair4
    ,illustration    ,the second order  
of the first class are similar to the   
first1 but the  escutcheon is smaller2  
and on the right side of the vulva is a 
tuft  of descending hair about two and  
one half inches long and one and one    
half inches broad1 and there is but one 
oval on the udder4 ,they yield  eighteen
 quarts of milk for a period of eight   
months4    ,illustration    ,the third  
order of the first class is still       
smaller1 and not quite so  decided in   
shape4 ,it has also a semi-circular tuft
 below the vulva of  small size1 of     
descending hair1 rather shining and of  
brighter color4  ,there is either only  

one oval on the udder1 or generally     
none4    ,cows of the third order yield 
sixteen quarts1 and milk for six months4
    ,illustration    ,the fourth order  
of the first class1 besides being still 
smaller1 has  narrower thigh            
escutcheons1 and lower down2 also the   
tuft under the  vulva is quite long1    
about five or six inches1 which         
sometimes make the  vertical escutcheon 
terminate in a fork4 ,this tuft has more
 lustre and is  whiter than the hair    
around it4 ,there is also a thigh tuft  
of half oval  shape on the right of the 
escutcheon1 about five inches high4     
,cows of the fourth order yield twelve  
quarts a day1 and milk five months4     
,illustration    ,the ,bastard ,flanders
 have two marks which distinguish them3 
#a4 ,some have  on the vertical         
escutcheon an oval tuft1 about the      
middle of it2 this  tuft has descending 
hair1 is about three inches long and two
 inches wide1  and the lustre of the    
hair makes it appear as if it was whiter

 than that  around it4 ,the larger the  
oval the sooner the milk will fail1 and 
the  smaller it is the longer will she  
milk4 #b4 ,other ,bastards of this class
  are distinguished by the ascending and
 descending hair interfering with  each 
other on the outlines of the vertical   
escutcheon1 looking feathery1  or       
bristling like the beard of wheat4 ,the 
skin is fine and reddish1 but  there is 
no dandruff4 ,the larger the escutcheon1
 and the finer the hair1  the more      
abundant the milk2 but when the hair is 
coarse1 long1 and thin1  the yield is   
small4 ,both kinds of ,bastards of this 
class have every other  appearance of   
the best cows4 ,and all ,bastards of the
 first classes have  the two ovals on   
the udder4      ,second ,class4 ,left   
,flanders4    ,illustration    ,the cows
 of this class are very similar to those
 of the first class1  though their yield
 is rather less4 ,the vertical          
escutcheon is entirely to  the left of  
the vulva1 and the thigh escutcheon on  

the right is broader  than that on the  
left4 ,by comparison with the first     
class1 these will be  seen to be very   
similar1 but in each order smaller2     
therefore1 it will  not be necessary to 
describe them separately1 but simply to 
state the  yield4 ,cows of the first    
order of the second class will yield    
eighteen  quarts1 and milk eight months4
    ,illustration    ,the second order  
of the second class have the lip-shaped 
tuft to the left  of the vulva1 and have
 one oval on the left of the udder4     
,cows of this  order give sixteen       
quarts1 and milk seven months4          
,illustration    ,the third order has   
the same shaped escutcheon1 but more    
contracted1  and the lip-shaped tuft is 
larger and whiter4 ,cows of this order  
give  fourteen quarts1 and milk six     
months4    ,illustration    ,the fourth 
order has two invasions of the thigh    
escutcheon by the  down-growing hair1 a 
semi-oval one on the right1 and a       
triangular one on  the left4 ,these     

always indicate a reduced quantity of   
milk4    ,cows of the fourth order give 
ten quarts1 and milk five months4       
,illustration    ,the escutcheon of the 
,bastard ,left ,flanders is known by    
this peculiarity4  ,the developments are
 larger and more irregular on the top of
 the  vertical escutcheon1 and to the   
left of the vulva2 on the right is the  
ischiatic tuft1 quite large1 from which 
the hair is diverted in an almost       
horizontal direction4      ,third       
,class4--,selvage4    ,the escutcheon of
 this class commences above the hock1   
runs up on the  thighs quite high1      
thence it descends somewhat from both   
sides to the  vertical portion1 which   
rises1 gradually narrowing to the vulva4
    ,illustration    ,the first order of
 the third class has an udder with soft 
skin1 and fine  downy hair1 which1 as   
well as the thighs1 are of a yellow or  
nankeen cast  of color4 ,there are two  
ovals on the udder4 ,cows of the first  
order give  nineteen quarts1 and milk   

eight months1 and often will milk nine  
months1  not going dry unless made to4  
,illustration    ,the second order is   
similar to the first1 only of reduced   
size2 it has  a tuft to the left of the 
vulva2 and only one oval on the udder on
 the  left side2 the hair of the        
escutcheon is generally more glossy than
 that  around it4 ,cows of the second   
order give seventeen quarts1 and milk   
seven  months4    ,illustration    ,the 
third order escutcheon curves downward  
on each side of the vertical  mirror1   
which rises narrowing to a point at the 
vulva2 to the right and  left of the    
vulva are tufts1 the one on the left    
being the longest2 on  the left of the  
udder is sometimes an oval4 ,cows of the
 third order give  fifteen quarts1 and  
milk six months4    ,illustration       
,the escutcheon of the fourth order is  
of similar shape1 but still  smaller2   
but the tuft on left of the vulva is    
much longer than on the  right1 and     
there is no oval on the udder4    ,cows 

of the fourth order give twelve quarts1 
and milk five months4    ,illustration  
,the bastards of the third class have   
two tufts1 one on the right1 and one  on
 the left of the vulva1 about four to   
five inches long1 and one and one  half 
inches wide4 ,the smaller they are1 and 
the finer the hair on them1  the less   
rapid is the loss of milk4 ,but if they 
are large and have coarse  hair1 and are
 pointed at each end1 they prove the    
milk to be poor and  serous1 and the cow
 will fail rapidly4      ,the ,fourth   
,class4 ,curveline4    ,illustration    
,the ,curveline cows are very plenty1   
and are of a very good grade1           
approaching the first class4 ,the       
escutcheon is broader than the last  two
 classes1 in the upper part4 ,their skin
 is of delicate texture1 and  nankeen   
shade of color on the escutcheon4 ,the  
higher and broader the  curved line     
rises toward the vulva1 which it never  
reaches1 the better  it is4 ,there are  
two ovals on the udder4 ,cows of the    

first order of the  fourth class give   
#ai quarts1 and milk eight months1 and  
sometimes up to  their next calf4       
,illustration    ,the second order have 
the same shape escutcheon1 but more     
contracted4  ,there is but one1 and     
sometimes no oval on the udder4 ,on the 
left of the  vulva is a small tuft4     
,cows of the second order give seventeen
 quarts1 and milk seven months4         
,illustration    ,the third order has a 
smaller escutcheon1 with two tufts by   
the vulva1  the left longer than the    
right1 about four inches by one inch    
wide4  ,sometimes an oval on the left   
side of the udder4    ,cows of the third
 order give fifteen quarts1 and milk six
 months4    ,illustration    ,the fourth
 order has a much smaller escutcheon1   
reaching just above  the udder4 ,the two
 tufts are larger alongside the vulva1  
and the hairs  bristle to each side4 ,on
 the right1 the down-growing hair       
intrudes  somewhat upon the escutcheon4 
,cows of the fourth order give twelve   

quarts1 and milk five months4           
,illustration    ,the ,bastards of the  
fourth class have a fine appearance of  
escutcheon1  but they are known by the  
tufts alongside the vulva4 ,if they have
 coarse  bristly hair1 and of large     
size1 say four to five inches long1 and 
one  and a half in width1 they indicate 
a rapid loss of milk as soon as         
pregnant1 particularly if they are      
pointed at each end4      ,the ,fifth   
,class4 ,the ,bicorn4    ,the           
escutcheons of this class in the        
vertical portion end below the vulva  in
 an indented shape1 presenting the      
appearance of two upright horns4  ,their
 udders are of a saffron color1         
delicate1 with fine1 soft hair1 and     
have much dandruff4    ,illustration    
,the first order has two tufts of small 
size along the vulva1 and two  ovals on 
the udder4 ,they give seventeen quarts1 
and milk eight months4    ,illustration 
,the second order are similar to the    
first1 only smaller escutcheons1 the    

vulva tufts are longer1 and there is but
 one oval on the udder1 on the  left4   
,the right horn of the escutcheon is    
smaller than the left one4    ,cows of  
the second order give fifteen quarts1   
and milk seven months4    ,illustration 
,the third order have similar           
escutcheons to the last1 but smaller1   
while  the vulva tufts are larger1 there
 are no ovals1 and there is an invasion 
of the descending hair on the right     
side4 ,the right is two inches shorter  
than the left4    ,cows of the third    
order give thirteen quarts1 and milk six
 months4    ,illustration    ,the fourth
 order have the same shaped escutcheon1 
but smaller1 with two  tufts alongside  
the vulva1 larger than those on the     
last4 ,on the right of  the escutcheon  
is a triangular cut in the shape1 made  
by encroachments of  the down-growing   
hair4    ,cows of the fourth order give 
ten quarts1 and milk five months4       
,illustration    ,the ,bastards of the  
fifth class have the full escutcheon of 

the first  or second orders1 but with   
two large tufts alongside the vulva1    
which1  according to their size1 and    
more or less pointed shape1 and fine or 
coarse hair1 indicate the more or less  
stoppage of the flow of milk4      ,the 
,sixth ,class4 ,double ,selvage4    ,the
 escutcheons of ,double ,selvage cows   
differ from those of ,selvage1 or  the  
third class1 in that the escutcheon is  
marked in its whole length by  a strip  
of hair descending and dividing it into 
two equal portions4 ,it  is bordered in 
its whole length and at the extremity by
 a double line of  ascending hair1 which
 extends the escutcheon up to the vulva4
 ,otherwise  it is like the selvage     
escutcheon4    ,illustration    ,the    
first order cows have a fine udder1     
soft1 and covered with a silky  down2   
and its skin is yellowish or nankeen4   
,cows of the first order give  eighteen 
quarts1 and milk full eight months4     
,illustration    ,the second order have 
a similar escutcheon1 but smaller1 and  

the  separating strip ends higher up4   
,cows of the second order give sixteen  
quarts1 and milk seven months4          
,illustration    ,the third order have a
 still more reduced escutcheon1 the     
descending  strip terminating at the    
udder4    ,cows of the third order give 
fourteen quarts1 and milk six months4   
,illustration    ,the fourth order have 
an escutcheon more broken in appearance1
 the two  side lines of the selvage     
terminate half way to the vulva1 and end
 off in  lines of a feathery appearance1
 the hair is coarser and more furry4    
,cows of the fourth order give ten      
quarts1 and milk five months4           
,illustration    ,bastards of the sixth 
class have the escutcheon similar to the
 first  class1 but the selvage lines    
terminate on each side of the vulva in  
tufts  of coarse and bristly hair2 the  
larger and coarser they are1 the sooner 
the milk will fail4      ,the ,seventh  
,class4 ,demijohn4    ,illustration     
,the first order of this class has the  

skin of the escutcheon of yellowish     
color4 ,the udder is fine1 and covered  
with a silky down to the inside of  the 
thighs2 and the dandruff is soft and    
oily to the touch4 ,the shape  is       
similar to the selvage somewhat1 only   
the vertical mirror rises  broader and  
straighter1 and ends half way up to the 
vulva1 cut square  off4 ,the broader and
 higher this part is1 the better the    
escutcheon4 ,the  escutcheon is not so  
high up on the thighs as the previous   
classes4 ,there  are two ovals on the   
udder1 and two small tufts of fine hair 
alongside  the vulva4    ,cows of the   
first order give seventeen quarts1 and  
milk eight months4    ,illustration     
,the second order have the escutcheon   
lower down and1 of course1 smaller  in  
every way4 ,there are two tufts         
alongside the vulva1 the left one as    
large as in the first order1 7two and a 
half inches17 the right one only  half  
as long4 ,there is one oval on the left 
of the udder4    ,cows of the second    

order give fifteen quarts1 and milk     
seven months4    ,illustration    ,the  
third order escutcheon is of different  
shape1 the lines converging  downwards  
from the vertical mirror1 which is      
short1 and cut off square4  ,the right  
side frequently has a curved line from  
the descending hair  invading it4 ,the  
vulva tufts are longer than in the      
second order4    ,cows of the third     
order give thirteen quarts1 and milk six
 months4    ,illustration    ,the fourth
 order has the escutcheon still smaller4
 ,the tufts alongside  the vulva are not
 so plain1 but the hair is coarse and   
bristly4 ,there is  a triangular        
invasion on the right of the escutcheon4
    ,cows of the fourth order give ten  
quarts and milk five months4            
,illustration    ,the ,bastards of this 
class have a good escutcheon1 but the   
tufts are  large and of coarse1 bristly 
hair1 and will fail according to the    
size4      ,the ,eighth ,class4 ,square 
,escutcheon4    ,illustration    ,the   

first order of this class have the same 
yellowish color on the  escutcheon as   
other first orders2 the udder is        
flexible1 covered with a  short1 fine   
down4 ,the escutcheon is much of the    
shape of the ,demijohns1  but the       
vertical1 as it rises1 branches square  
off to the left1 and  ascends1 straight 
and narrow1 to the left side of the     
vulva4 ,there are  two ovals on the     
udder4 ,the more the square approaches  
the vulva1 and the  finer the hair1 the 
greater quantity is there of milk4 ,cows
 of the first  order give seventeen     
quarts1 and milk eight months4    ,the  
second order have a similar escutcheon1 
only smaller in every way4  ,they have  
two ovals on the udder1 and a small tuft
 to the right of the  vulva4            
,illustration    ,cows of the second    
order give fifteen quarts1 and milk     
seven months4    ,illustration    ,the  
third order have the escutcheon still   
smaller2 the lines curving  downward at 
the corners2 one oval on the udder1 and 

the tuft to the right  of the vulva1    
larger and of coarser hair4    ,cows of 
the third order give thirteen quarts1   
and milk six months4    ,illustration   
,the fourth order have the escutcheon   
much smaller1 the square is much  lower1
 and the upper part of it is formed of  
bristly hair1 and feathery  looking2 as 
is also the tuft to the right4 ,on the  
right side of the  escutcheon is an     
invasion of triangular shape4    ,cows  
of the fourth order give ten quarts1 and
 milk five months4    ,illustration     
,the ,bastards of the eighth class are  
distinguished from those of the  first  
order by the tuft on the right1 which is
 of coarse and bristly  hair1 and the   
square terminates also in the same hair4
      ,the ,ninth ,class4 ,limousines4  
,the escutcheons of this class1 in      
ascending toward the vulva1 do so in    
the shape of a spire1 but stop short    
about half way4    ,illustration    ,the
 first order has the escutcheon of      
yellowish color1 with flexible  udder1  

covered with hair downy and silky4 ,the 
shape is the same as the  seventh and   
eighth class1 except that the vertical  
escutcheon ends in a  sharp point1 like 
a spire or arrow head4 ,there are tufts 
along each side  of the vulva1 and two  
ovals on the udder4    ,cows of the     
first order give fifteen quarts1 and    
milk eight months4    ,illustration     
,the second order is similar in the     
escutcheon1 but smaller1 with but one   
oval on the udder1 and the vulva tufts  
larger1 the left being longer than  the 
right4    ,cows of the second order give
 thirteen quarts1 and milk seven months4
    ,illustration    ,the third order is
 again smaller2 the corners rounded     
downward2 the tufts  larger2 no oval on 
the udder4    ,cows of the third order  
give ten quarts1 and milk six months4   
,illustration    ,the fourth order same 
shape as the last1 but still smaller and
 more  rounding4 ,the vulva tufts are of
 bristly hair1 and the left one is seven
  inches long4    ,cows of the fourth   

order give eight quarts1 and milk five  
months4    ,illustration    ,the        
,bastards of the ninth class have a good
 escutcheon1 but are  distinguished by  
the large tufts of coarse1 bristly hair 
alongside the  vulva4      ,the ,tenth  
,class4--,horizontal4    ,illustration  
,the first order have a dandruff of     
yellowish color2 the hair is short1     
fine1 and silky2 the escutcheon is lower
 down from the vulva than the  other    
classes1 and is cut off by a horizontal 
line4 ,there are two ovals  on the      
udder2 and two tufts1 about three and   
one half inches long1 on the  sides of  
the vulva4    ,cows of the first order  
give thirteen quarts1 and milk eight    
months4    ,illustration    ,the second 
order has a smaller escutcheon2 the     
vulva tufts are larger1  the right      
shorter than the left2 there is but one 
udder oval2 in several  of the orders of
 this class there is a small streak of  
ascending hair  directly below the      
vulva4    ,cows of the second order give

 ten quarts1 and milk seven months4     
,illustration    ,the third order have  
still smaller escutcheons2 larger vulva 
tufts1 the  one on the left of bristling
 hair1 four to five inches in length4   
,the  descending hair encroaches on the 
escutcheon on the right in a triangular 
shape4    ,cows of the third order give 
eight quarts1 and milk six months4      
,illustration    ,the fourth order have 
still smaller escutcheons2 larger and   
coarser vulva  tufts2 and an invasion on
 the escutcheon on the right in         
triangular  shape1 and on the left of   
semi-circular shape4    ,cows of the    
fourth order give seven quarts1 and milk
 five months4    ,illustration    ,the  
bastards of the tenth class have the    
escutcheons large and good  shaped2 but 
are distinguished by the tufts alongside
 the vulva1 these  tell how long she    
will milk1 by their size and the grade  
of the hair on  them4      ,effects of  
,crossing two ,escutcheons4    ,,cross  
,,between ,,the ,,selvage ,,and ,,left  

,,flanders4--,the cows bearing this     
character are easily recognizable in    
certain breeds1 and notably on those  of
 the north-east of ,france4             
,illustration    ,,cross ,,between ,,the
 ,,bicorn ,,and ,,selvage4--,the ,epi1  
or tuft1 which ,i termed  jonctif1 or   
mesian tuft1 and which is seen adhering 
under the vulva1  is a favorable sign1  
and can be met with in those classes    
where the  escutcheon does not reach as 
high as the vulva4    ,illustration     
,cows which bear one or the other of    
these two escutcheons1 are generally    
good milkers1 and preserve their milk as
 well as cows of the first order  of    
each class4 ,these are the new          
escutcheons alluded to in ,guenon's     
introduction1 showing the effect of     
crossing4          ,,escutcheons ,,on   
,,bulls4      ,guenon applied his       
discovery to bulls to great advantage4  
,he found that  bulls belonged to the   
same classes as cows1 and had           
escutcheons similar1  but much smaller2 

these extend from the testicles upward  
toward the anus4  ,the importance of    
having a good bull becomes apparent when
 we reflect  that he 8gets0 from fifty  
to one hundred1 annually1 while the cow 
is  impregnated but once in the year4   
,the escutcheons of the progeny of a cow
  with good escutcheon will be much     
improved if the cow is coupled with a   
bull well marked1 and particularly if   
his escutcheon is the same as that  of  
the cow4 ,better have the two of        
different breeds1 but of similar or     
good escutcheons1 than to have the bull 
with inferior escutcheon4    ,of course1
 the higher up the escutcheon extends on
 a bull1 and the  broader it is1 the    
better it is1 but we must not look for  
bulls to be  so well-marked as cows are1
 for they never are4 ,to distinguish the
  bastard bulls from the good ones1     
observe if there are any streaks of     
descending hair1 and mixing so as to be 
bristly4 ,this indication will be  a    
certain one in proportion to the size of

 the blemish1 and as that is in         
proportion to the whole escutcheon4     
,guenon says3 ,after having described1  
as ,i have done1 all the classes of     
cows1 and taught to recognize the       
bastards1 ,i pass to the characteristic 
signs of the bulls re-producers1 which  
can also be divided into orders  and    
classes2 the signs are the same as for  
the females1 but they are much  more    
restricted and of less extent4    ,with 
the males the escutcheon commences on   
the inside below the hams and  extends  
as far as the middle of the posterior   
surface of the leg1 and  extends        
sometimes even to the anus of the       
superior orders in certain  classes4    
,like that of cows1 the escutcheon of   
bulls is modified by tufts4    ,the     
bulls whose escutcheons are similar in  
their form and size to cows of  the     
first order1 possess a great ability for
 procreating good milk cows1  those on  
the contrary whose escutcheons are but  
little developed1 produce  only those of

 poor yield4    ,a bull will be well    
marked1 and a good reproducer when there
 is no  interruption of descending hair 
in the ascending hair on the escutcheon2
  when the shape of the escutcheon is of
 large dimensions in proportion to  the 
size of the animal1 and it is covered   
with very fine hair4    ,the bulls of   
which the escutcheon is small and       
covered with coarse hair  and irregular 
on the sides procreate bad milk cows1   
which give serous  milk4                
,illustration3 ,escutcheon of ,guernsey 
,bull ,,radley4    ,no4 #bji1 ,a4 ,g4   
,h4 ,b4    ,all interruptions in the    
ascending hair of the escutcheon by     
encroachments of the descending hair on 
the right or left1 in the lower  part of
 the thigh1 indicate for their get a    
lower grade1 and at a glance  the       
inferiority of the milk production4     
,the yellow or nankeen color of the skin
 of the escutcheon is always a          
favorable sign4    ,the good reproducing
 bull will prove fecund until ten or    

fifteen years of  age1 but it is a rare 
exception4    ,any one may be grossly   
deceived if he judges only by the       
appearance or  the shape of the prolific
 qualities of a bull4 ,experience or    
observation  alone can show that he has 
maintained his early ability4    ,a     
vigorous bull1 well fed1 can serve one  
or more cows each day1 but it  is of    
great importance that he shall not      
commence to serve until he is  fifteen  
or eighteen months old1 otherwise he    
will be speedily exhausted  and         
deformed4 ,the improving mark of his    
cross and his vigor will be  speedily   
shortened4    ,when the bull has        
attained the age of two and a half or   
three years1  the form alters1 the      
hind-quarters become attenuated1 the    
front quarter  becomes much enlarged1   
his neck enlarges and thickens1 c4      
,about this time1 whether he is         
castrated or whether he is 8twisted10 he
  preserves always the altered form of  
the bull1 and is less sought for  work1 

and in less request for butchering4     
,when the operations of castration and  
twisting are done too late1 the  animal 
has less predisposition to fatten2 his  
flesh is harder and  tougher2 he is1    
however1 in appearance in the same      
conditions of age1 of  quality1 and of  
nourishment1 as those castrated earlier4
    ,often bulls1 whose character is    
docile and gentle1 become wild and      
furious when they are used to serve4    
,in certain regions1 to tame them1 they 
put a ring of iron in their nose2  in   
others1 where the good use of these     
rings is not known1 they are  obliged to
 castrate or twist them4 ,this operation
 suffices1 generally1 to  control their 
passion2 but1 if not1 they are sent to  
the butcher4      ,classification of    
,bull ,reproducers4    ,there are for   
bulls1 as for cows1 ten classes or      
families2 each class  sub-divided into  
several orders1 and each order comprises
 three grades1  high1 medium1 and low4  
,i only admit1 in each class1 three     

orders4 ,if one wishes to proceed in    
the application with more rigor1 he will
 follow the sub-divisions of the        
classification of the cows4 ,i will     
designate the three orders of each      
class by the denominations of good1     
medium1 and bad4    ,the signs          
indicating the qualities which render   
the bull likely to beget  good milk cows
 are placed1 like those of the female1  
on the posterior  parts4 ,they start    
from the bag1 and rise up to the anus1  
covering1 also1  the genital parts1 and 
the scrotum4    ,with bulls1 the        
escutcheons start from the anterior part
 of the bag1  extending inside1 and upon
 the hams1 projecting on the thighs2    
from  there1 the curved lines1 obtuse or
 acute1 following the class1 joining to 
the right or the left under the anus4   
,the escutcheon1 in all its extent1 is  
shown by the fineness of the hair1  and 
the skin2 by the color1 more or less    
yellow1 of the epidermis1 and of  the   
particles of dandruff which can be      

detached4    ,the characteristic        
secondary signs of the females will also
 be found in  the males4    ,bulls1 like
 cows1 have four and1 sometimes1 six    
false teats1 which are  found before the
 bag1 in the direction of the navel4    
,these teats are  small and short4      
,starting from the bag1 one notices to  
the right and the left of the  stomach  
two veins resembling the two milk veins 
of cows4 ,they are  prolonged to and    
pass a little in the direction of the   
navel1 and  terminate in a small cavity4
    ,independent of the characteristic  
signs indicated above1 the bull         
re-producers should unite all the       
essential conditions which in each      
locality constitute the type of the pure
 race4 ,these conditions are3    #a4    
,the color of the hide preferred in that
 country4    #b4 ,a size proportioned to
 the race that they are to continue4 ,a 
shape and  a frame usually accepted4    
#c4 ,to be of the first order in each   
class1 easily showing the power of      

transmitting milking qualities4    #d4  
,aptitude for fattening4    #e4 ,to be  
good for work4    #f4 ,to have a docile 
and patient character4    ,the evils of 
conformation1 like the good qualities1  
are transmitted  generally by the act of
 generation4 ,if it does not have the   
ability to do  this1 one should quickly 
correct it4    ,here the bovine race has
 been much neglected in all these       
respects4 ,a  judicious choice1 and a   
scrupulous attention is not always      
prevalent in  selecting a breeding      
animal2 thus it results in a fatal      
re-generation1 to  which it is time to  
put a stop4    ,before giving the       
distinctive characteristics of the ten  
classes of  bulls1 it will be useful to 
mention those classes which are oftener 
met  in ,french and foreign races2 and  
also those which are more rare4    ,the 
classes which are most distributed1 and 
which present the greatest  number of   
bulls1 are in all races these three     
classes3 #a4 ,the  ,curved-line2 #b4    

,the ,limousine2 #c4 ,the ,horizontal4  
,the classes on the contrary1 which     
present but a very small number of      
subjects are in the following order3    
#d4 ,demijohn4      #e4 ,bicorne4       
#f4 ,square-cut4      #g4 ,selvage4     
#h4 ,left ,flanders4      #i4 ,double   
,selvage4      #aj4 ,flanders4          
,illustration3 ,,guernsey ,,bull        
,,radley1 ,no4 #bji4    ,,property ,,of 
,s4 ,c4 ,,kent1 ,,west ,,grove1 ,,pa4   
,the reason one finds so few good       
breeding bulls belonging to the first   
class1 is first1 the small number of    
such animals compared to that  of cows2 
and next1 the lack of knowledge of the  
best ones to keep4  ,oftentimes for want
 of this knowledge1 the best bulls were 
castrated for  oxen or for fattening1   
thus by chance1 the poorest are often   
kept4    ,the best individuals have     
generally at birth1 all the qualities   
which  characterize a superior animal4  
,they are easily kept and fattened1 for 
the reason that their mother has much   

milk1 and are soon ready for the        
butcher4 ,inferior animals1 on account  
of a smaller supply of milk1 are  thin1 
and often malicious1 of little value1   
and remain oftener in the  hands of the 
owner4 ,thus are sacrificed the good    
bulls1 and the bad are  kept4           
,therefore1 always select the choicest  
when they are young1 to  improve the    
race4    ,it will thus be seen1 ,guenon 
divided his bulls into three classes3   
,the  good1 the mediocre1 and the bad4  
,he also divided them into three sizes3 
,the high1 the medium1 and the low4 ,but
 he makes no difference between the     
three sizes of bulls in his description 
of the escutcheon4 ,he describes  each  
one of the three principal orders1      
leaving to the practitioner to          
determine the intermediate degrees      
between the good and the mediocre1 and  
between the mediocre and the bad4    ,we
 do not repeat his descriptions1 as they
 are based upon those of the  cows of   
the same classes1 and the engravings    

tell the whole story4 ,we  reproduce the
 engravings of the good and mediocre4   
,but very occasionally  is one of the   
8rare0 ones observed1 but he says the   
,curved-line is the  most usual1 then   
the ,limousine1 and lastly the          
,horizontal4 ,what we  give is quite    
sufficient for all practical purposes4  
,we advise all to  carefully select     
their breeding animal1 which will1 in   
most cases1 be  from among what he calls
 the 8mediocre40    ,illustration3      
,class ,i4--,flanders ,bull4            
,illustration3 ,class ,,ii4--,left      
,flanders ,bull4    ,illustration3      
,class ,,iii4--,selvage ,bulls4         
,illustration3 ,class ,,iv4--,curveline 
,bulls4    ,illustration3 ,class        
,v4--,bicorn ,bulls4    ,illustration3  
,class ,,vi4--,double ,selvage ,bulls4  
,illustration3 ,class ,,vii4--,demijohn 
,bulls4    ,illustration3 ,class        
,,viii4--,square ,bulls4                
,illustration3 ,class ,,ix4--,limousine 
,bulls4          ,,report ,,of ,,the    

,,pennsylvania ,,guenon ,,commission4   
,at the annual meeting of the ,board    
held ,january #b1 #ahgh1 it was         
8,resolved1 ,that the president of the  
,board 7,his ,excellency ,governor      
,john ,f4 ,hartranft7 be authorized and 
requested to appoint a commission of    
experts1 who shall inquire into and     
report upon the reliability of the      
,guenon or escutcheon theory for        
selecting milking stock2 said report to 
be made to the secretary of the ,board  
on or before the #ast of ,november      
next40    ,in accordance with this      
request1 ,his ,excellency ,governor     
,hartranft issued  the following        
commission3                             
,,commonwealth ,,of ,,pennsylvania1     
,,executive ,,chamber1 ,,harrisburg1    
,april #bd1 #ahgh4        ,to ,,george  
,,blight1 ,esq41 of the city of         
,philadelphia2 ,,chalkley      ,,harvey1
 ,esq41 of the county of ,delaware1 and 
,,willis ,p4      ,,hazard1 ,esq41 of   
the county of ,chester3                 

,,gentlemen3 ,i have the honor to inform
 you that you have been      duly       
appointed a committee by the ,state     
,board of ,agriculture to               
investigate and test 8,the ,guenon ,milk
 ,escutcheon ,theory10 and      report  
the result thereof to the secretary of  
said ,board4                            
,,jno4 ,f4 ,,hartranft1                 
,governor and ,president of the ,board4 
,november #a1 #ahgh4        ,to the     
,honorable ,,jno4 ,f4 ,,hartranft1      
,governor and ,president of the ,board  
of ,agriculture3        ,,your          
,,excellency3 ,in compliance with the   
commission tendered us1      we beg     
leave most respectfully to report that  
we have visited a      number of herds  
and have examined two hundred cows1 the 
result      of which is herewith        
submitted4        ,having performed to  
the best of our ability the duty        
assigned      us1 we beg leave to be    
discharged from further consideration of
      the question4        ,respectfully

 yours1                                 
,,george ,,blight1 ,philadelphia1       
,,chalkley ,,harvey1 ,chad's ,ford1     
,,willis ,p4 ,,hazard1 ,west ,chester4  
,the ,pennsylvania ,guenon ,commission  
having been appointed 8to investigate   
and test the ,guenon or ,milk           
,escutcheon theory1 and report the      
result  thereof10 respectfully report   
that they have examined two hundred     
cows1 heifers1 and bulls1 and the result
 of their examinations has  been to     
convince themselves and others of the   
merits of the system1 of  its exceeding 
value to the practical farmer2 and they 
believe that if  generally followed for 
twenty years1 the value of the neat     
cattle of the  ,state would be increased
 vastly1 the amount of milk and butter  
produced  would be much larger1 and the 
quality of both articles better1 while  
the  quality of the meat would be       
improved4 ,having believed in and       
practised  the system for many years1   
they would add that their recent        

extended and  careful examinations and  
contact with a number of owners of all  
grades of  stock1 has tended to confirm 
them more thoroughly in their belief4   
,as an  adjunct to previous knowledge to
 assist purchasers or breeders of cattle
  in getting or raising the best1 and   
weeding out the poorest1 they think  it 
is worthy of being acquired by every    
farmer4 ,and they would recommend  their
 fellow farmers not to be dismayed at   
the apparent difficulties  to be        
surmounted in obtaining a knowledge of  
the system1 as it is only  absolutely   
necessary to acquire a knowledge of the 
first four orders  of each class1 and a 
few other points1 to practically apply  
it1 as all  animals below those grades  
are not worthy of being kept4 ,any      
intelligent  man can readily master the 
system1 and soon become proficient in it
 by  practice4 ,this knowledge1 applied 
with the tests heretofore usually used1 
will enable any one to become a good    
judge of cattle4    ,the manner of      

making up their account of each animal  
is to examine the  escutcheon and the   
udder1 from which they place her in the 
class and  order nearest to those       
delineated by ,guenon1 and then estimate
 the  quantity1 quality1 and time that  
she will milk4 ,these estimates must be1
  of course1 only approximate1 as they  
are based upon the indications of  the  
escutcheon1 the size of the cow1 and her
 probable condition4 ,as it  is readily 
seen that where estimates are based upon
 what the cow should  do within three   
months of her being fresh1 it would be  
impossible to  always grade the exact   
value of all the cows in a herd1 each of
 which is  at a different period of     
gestation1 or in a different condition  
or state  of health1 and where also the 
cow is affected by the way in which she 
is  fed and cared for1 by the season1 by
 the state of the temperature1 and      
other circumstances4 ,the estimates are 
based upon what the commission  thinks  
the cow would do when all the conditions

 are favorable to her  development1 and 
where she is properly fed and cared for4
 ,a record is  made by the commission on
 the spot4 ,an account of the qualities 
of each  head is drawn up by the owner4 
,each is made at separate times1 and    
without the knowledge of the other      
party4 ,then the two accounts are       
copied off into parallel columns for    
comparison4 ,if the accounts agree in   
seventy-five per cent4 out of one       
hundred1 it certainly must be presumed  
the system has sufficient value to make 
it worthy of adoption by all  farmers   
and breeders4 ,as every farmer knows the
 yield is much influenced  by the feed1 
the care1 the exposure1 and the         
treatment of the cows2  therefore1 a    
certain amount of allowance must be     
made1 for these various  things will so 
alter matters1 that no one can tell to a
 quart1 or a pound  of butter1 or to the
 week in time of milking4 ,in fact1     
every farmer knows  neither the owner   
himself1 nor his man1 can tell to a     

quart how much  his cow or cows actually
 give1 unless a daily record is kept    
every day  of every year4 ,for even if  
he does keep such a record1 he will find
 the  various circumstances named above 
affecting the quantities in his record4 
,therefore the earnest seeker after     
truth1 comparing the statements  made in
 the two columns1 must not expect the   
two to tally without some  variations4  
,the true spirit with which he must     
examine these statements1  will suggest 
itself in the question3 ,is this a      
system by which ,i can  judge of the    
value and quantities of a cow correctly8
 ,is this a system  that will tell me   
the points of a cow1 good or bad1 more  
correctly than  by any other method8    
,let the candid inquirer weigh these    
statements1  and think if he knows of   
any method by which he can go into a    
herd and  surely pick out the best cows1
 and leave the poor ones to those who   
judge  not by this system4 ,every farmer
 has his own mode of judging1 but take  

the shrewdest and most practiced1 can he
 avoid often the bastards8 ,what  the   
commission find they can do1 is that in 
a large majority of the  percentage of  
cases1 they will give a good estimate of
 the qualities of  any animal4 ,their   
opinions of the time a cow will go1 is  
based upon what  they think should be   
the treatment of all cows1 viz43 that   
every cow  should have a rest of from   
four to six weeks1 at least4            
,illustration3 ,,jersey ,,cow ,,niobe1  
,h4 ,r4 #ii4--,owned by ,samuel ,j4     
,sharpless1  ,philadelphia4    ,was     
awarded ,first ,prize as the ,,best ,cow
 at the ,centennial1 #ahgf4      ,the   
,commission at ,barney's ,farm4    ,the 
members of the ,guenon commission1      
visited the farm of ,john ,b4 ,barney1  
on the #ith of ,may1 #ahgh1 and examined
 twelve cows1 mostly ,grade ,durhams1   
,grade ,jerseys1 and farm stock1 and    
they were uniformly successful in       
judging of said stock1 with some        
difference of opinion on two of them4   

8,i was present at the examination of   
twelve cows of my herd1      and think  
the committee were so uniformly         
successful in      judging of the merits
 of the different cows1 with such slight
      variations of opinion between us1 
as to increase my belief in      the    
,guenon system being of great advantage 
to the farmers in      selecting stock4 
,,john ,b4 ,,barney4                    
,chadd's ,ford1 ,chester county40       
,may #af1 #ahgh4      ,the ,commission  
at ,sharpless' ,farm4    ,the commission
 visited the fine farm and herd of      
,jersey cows of ,samuel  ,j4 ,sharpless1
 at ,street ,road station1 ,west        
,chester railroad1 ,may #aj4  ,present4 
,messrs4 ,harvey1 ,blight1 ,hazard1 and 
,thomas ,j4 ,edge4      ,,sam',l ,j4    
,,sharpless' ,,herd ,,of      ,,sam',l  
,j4 ,,sharpless' ,,herd ,,as            
,,jerseys1 ,,as ,,reported ,,by ,e4 ,j4 
,,reported ,,upon ,,by ,,guenon         
,,durnall1 ,,herdsman ,,for ,s4 ,j4 ,s41
  ,,commission ,,of ,,the ,,state1      

,,may #aj1 #ahgh4                       
,,may #aj1 #ahgh4                       
,no4 #a4--,seven years4            ,no4 
#a4--;,curveline cow1 second order4     
,quantity1 about #ab quarts             
,quantity1 if #ad quarts1 doing well4   
a day4                                  
,quality1 medium4                       
,quality1 good4      ,milks about #aj   
months4           ,will milk ten months 
out of twelve4                          
,no4 #b4--,thirteen years4         ,no4 
#b4--;,flanders cow1 third order4       
,quantity1 best4 ,gives #bd quarts      
,quantity1 #af quarts first three       
#c months after calving4                
months4      ,quality1 second rate4 ,has
 made   ,quality1 third rate4        #aa
 pounds in a week4              ,milks  
full up to time1 except    ,dry two     
months4        when she had twin calves4
                                        
,no4 #c4--;,eleven years4           ,no4
 #c4--;,flanders cow1 third order4      
,quantity1 medium4                      

,quantity1 #ab quarts2 three months4    
,quality1 best4                         
,quality1 very good and rich4           
,would go to her time4            ,dry  
six weeks4                              
,no4 #d4--;,eight years4            ,no4
 #d4--;,flanders cow1 second order4     
,quantity1 medium4                      
,quantity1 #ad quarts4      ,quality1   
good2 makes about #aj    ,quality1 very 
fine4        pounds4                    
,up to her time4                  ,well 
up to her time4                         
,no4 #e4--;,imported4 ,eleven years4    
,no4 #e4--,selvage cow1 first order4    
,quantity1 about #ag to #ah             
,quantity1 best2 about #ah quarts4      
quarts a day4                           
,quality1 best2 makes #aa pounds        
,quality1 no question4        per week4 
,up to her time4                  ,milks
 up to her time4                        
,no4 #f4--,ten years4              ,no4 
#f4--;,flanders cow1 first order4       
,quantity1 second rate4                 

,superior milker4      ,quality1 medium4
                 ,quality1 second class4
      ,about two months short of her    
,milks up to her time2 say six weeks4   
time4                                   
,no4 #g4--,two years old4 ,had only ,no4
 #g4--;,curveline cow1 second order4    
first calf4                             
,quantity1 medium4                      
,quantity1 medium4      ,quality1 good4 
,quality1 too young for quality2 say    
good4      ,not fairly tested for time4 
,time1 too young for test4              
,no4 #h4--;,four years4             ,no4
 #h4--,selvage cow1 second order4       
,quantity1 medium4                      
,quantity1 medium4      ,quality1 first 
class4            ,quality1 good4       
,up to calving4                   ,up to
 her time2 say six weeks4               
,no4 #i4--;,from ,niobe ,third4 ,three  
,no4 #i4--;,flanders cow1 second order4 
years4                                  
,quantity1 first rate4                  
,quantity1 first class4      ,quality1  

first rate4             ,quality1 first 
class4      ,up to her time4            
,well up to her time4                   
,no4 #aj4--;,imported4 ,four years4     
,no4 #aj4--;,decided to pass her4       
,had first calf at ,centennial1         
in ,october1 and made in seven          
days1 #i pounds #aj ounces4             
,quantity1 about #af quarts4            
,quality1 excellent4                    
,up to time4 ,has been milking          
two years4                              
,no4 #aa4--,ten years4             ,no4 
#aa4--;,horizontal cow4      ,quantity1 
second highest of      ,quantity1       
first-class4         herd2 best4        
,quality1 second class4 ,makes          
,quality1 inferior4        about #aj    
pounds4                   ,full up to   
her time4             ,milk up to eight 
months4                                 
,no4 #ab4--;,four years4            ,no4
 #ab4--;,flanders cow1 third order4     
,quantity1 second rate4                 
,quantity1 light4      ,quality1 second 

rate2 about #g    ,quality1 third class4
        pounds4                         
,milks to three months of her     ,three
 months short of her time4        time4 
,no4 #ac4--,six years4             ,no4 
#ac4--;,flanders cow1 number two        
order4      ,quantity1 number one4      
,quantity1 second class4      ,quality1 
number one4             ,quality1 first 
class4      ,full up to time4           
,up to her time4      ,at seven months  
from calf              gives #af quarts4
                                        
,no4 #ad4--;,five years4            ,no4
 #ad4--;,flanders cow1 first order4     
,quantity1 promises fair4               
,quantity1 good4      ,quality1 good4   
,quality1 fair4                         
,within a month of her time4            
,no4 #ae4--;,four years4 ,of ,niobe     
,no4 #ae4--;,flanders cow1 second order4
        stock1 the poorest4             
,quantity1 third rate2 #f quarts4       
,quantity1 about #ab quarts4            
,quality1 good2 second rate4            

,quality1 not very fine4      ,up to her
 time4                      ,dropped her
 calf4                                  
,no4 #af4--,quantity1 number one4  ,no4 
#af4--,selvage cow1 first order4        
,quality1 number one4             ,first
 class every way4      ,up to her time4 
,no4 #ag4--;,first calf4            ,no4
 #ag4--;,flanders cow1 second order4    
,quantity1 number one4                  
,quantity and quality1 fair4            
,quality1 number one4               ,the
 commission and ,mr4 ,durnall agree as  
to the best cow1 selected from  the     
first six on this list--on the one side 
by the marks1 and on the other  from his
 knowledge4        8,having compared the
 annexed account of the qualities of    
the seventeen cows of my herd1 examined 
by the ,state ,guenon      ,commission1 
with the originals of the accounts as   
given by both      parties at separate  
times1 and taken down upon the spot1 ,i 
believe it to be a true and faithful    
transcript of the original      record  

of the examination4                     
,,samuel ,j4 ,,sharpless40              
,,philadelphia1 ,may #bj1 #ahgh4        
8,i was present at the examination of   
,mr4 ,sharpless' herd      of ,jerseys1 
made on the #ajth of ,may by the ,state 
,guenon      ,commission1 and having    
examined the accounts of the herd given 
by me1 as hereto annexed1 with the      
original entries of those      given by 
me1 and also the accounts of the        
commission1 with      the original      
written opinions1 do certify that the   
annexed      are faithful transcripts of
 the records made by each party at      
separate times1 and that the statements 
were unknown to each      other4        
,e4 ,j4 ,,durnall1                      
,herdsman for ,samuel ,j4 ,sharpless40  
,,lenape ,,farm1 ,may #bj1 #ahgh4       
,the ,commission at ,strode's ,farm4    
,the members of the ,guenon ,commission 
visited the dairy farm of ,marshall     
,strode  ,son1 who have a large butter  
factory1 and are celebrated for  their  

first-class butter1 and they examined   
seventeen head of grade dairy  stock1   
and according to the testimony of ,mr4  
,strode1 who accompanied them  in their 
examination1 were successful in judging 
according to the ,guenon  system1       
fifteen cows out of seventeen examined4 
,viewed ,may #aj4    ,present1 ,messrs4 
,harvey1 ,blight1 ,hazard1 and ,edge4   
8,having been present when the members  
of the ,guenon ,commission      examined
 seventeen of our herd1 and having      
witnessed the      accuracy with which  
they determined the quality of the stock
      inspected1 we bear testimony to   
the fact that their judgment      was   
correct1 according to our experience    
with the cows1 in      fifteen cases out
 of seventeen1 and even in these two    
they were      partially successful4    
,and we are more confirmed in our       
previous      belief in the value of the
 system1 as we never buy a cow for a    
good one that is not well marked4 ,we   
run a dairy of seventy-one      cows4   

,yours truly1                           
,,marshall ,,strode  ,,sons40           
,,east ,,bradford1 ,may #ae1 #ahgh4     
,examination of ,thomas ,m4 ,harvey's   
,stock of ,jerseys and ,guernseys1 ,may 
#aa1  #ahgh4        ,in this examination
 two cows which had already been        
examined      and reported upon by the  
commission were1 without their          
knowledge1 afterwards brought up for    
another examination1 in      which their
 opinion as recorded1 agreed almost     
exactly with the      one previously    
recorded1 thus affording a strong proof 
of the      value of the system4 ,see   
reports of ,no4 #a1 ,betsy1 and ,nos4 #d
      and #bj1 ,beauty4 7,secretary of  
,board of ,agriculture47    ,this herd  
is one of the finest in the ,state4 ,the
 cows are kept in good  condition1 and  
being well fed1 the yield is very large 
per head4 ,their  product is first class
 butter1 and should bring the highest   
price in the  market4    ,the commission
 examined1 in addition to the           

twenty-five cows on this  list1 ,mr4    
,harvey's ,guernsey imported bull 8,sir 
,champion10 which is  thoroughly well   
marked2 perhaps1 the best marked bull in
 the country4 ,the  value of his get is1
 therefore1 very decided4 ,it shows most
 conclusively  the importance of a bull 
from good milking stock1 and that he    
should have  a good escutcheon4 ,the    
importance of a good sire to stamp his  
qualities  upon his descendants was     
conclusively proved by ,mr4 ,harvey's   
younger  stock4 ,the commission examined
 a young bull of seven months age1 which
  was as perfectly and beautifully      
marked as his sire1 and as nearly the   
same shape escutcheon as his sire's as  
could possibly be4 ,mr4 ,harvey has     
since sold him for #ajj1 to ,colonel ,r4
 ,m4 ,hoe4    ,illustration3 ,escutcheon
 of ,imported ,guernsey ,bull 8,sir     
,champion40    ,nos4 #i and #i prove    
also the gain to a herd from a well     
marked bull4  ,these were yearlings of  
,champion's get4 ,no4 #i was a great    

improvement  upon the mother1 ,no4 #i1  
,carrie1 of this list4    ,in the       
statements of the commission as to      
quantity1 they have not  mentioned the  
number of quarts1 as the amounts given  
by most of this herd  are superior to   
the generality1 even of ,guernseys2 and1
 owing to good  selection and careful   
handling by their owner1 the commission 
judge that  the number of quarts would  
be larger than usual4      ,,stock ,,of 
,,thomas ,m4 ,,harvey4       ,,stock    
,,of ,,thomas ,m4 ,,harvey4 ,,opinion   
,,thomas ,m4 ,,harvey',s ,,statement4   
,,of ,,the ,,guenon ,,commission4       
,no4 #a4--;,,betsey4                    
,no4 #a4--;,,betsey4--,jersey4          
,curveline1                             
,no4 #a4      ,quality1 medium4         
,quality1 first rate4      ,quantity1   
#ag quarts4             ,quantity1 first
 rate4      ,never dry4                 
,time of milking2 up to her time4       
,second examination confirmed4          
,no4 #b4--,,nancy4                  ,no4

 #b4--,,nancy4--,guernsey4 ,flanders    
,no4 #b4      ,quality1 first rate4     
,quality1 first rate4      ,quantity1   
#af quarts4             ,quantity1 first
 rate4      ,will milk up to calving4   
,six weeks4                             
,no4 #c4--;,,claude4                    
,no4 #c4--;,,claude4--,guernsey4        
,curveline1                             
#c;d4      ,quality1 first rate4        
,quality1 first-class for rich milk4    
,quantity1 at first1 #ah quarts2        
,quantity1 not large4        but at six 
months1 #h quarts4       ,not inclined  
to go dry           ,dry three months4  
altogether4                             
,no4 #d4--;,,beauty4--7,worth47         
,no4 #d4--;,,beauty4--7,worth47         
,curveline1                             
#ast4      ,quality1 first rate4        
,quality1 first class4      ,quantity1  
#bj quarts4             ,quantity1      
large4      ,almost impossible to dry   
off4    ,close to time4                 
,rexamined--,see report ,no4 #bj4       

,no4 #e4--,,zilla4                  ,no4
 #e4--,,zilla4--,guernsey grade4        
,imperfect ,selvage of low order4       
,irregularly marked4      ,quality1     
medium499                    ,quantity1 
#ah quarts4                 ,never dry4 
,will milk well for few months only4    
,a good shaped cow4                     
,no4 #f4--;,,cherry4                    
,no4 #f4--;,,cherry4--,half ,jersey4    
,quality1 good4                   ,good 
milk4      ,quantity1 #bd quarts4       
,milks profusely1 and keeps herself     
,will milk on4                      thin
 on account of it4                      
,no4 #g4--;,,echo4                      
,no4 #g4--;,,echo4--,grade1 ,jersey4    
,selvage1                               
#b;d4      ,quality1 medium4            
,quality1 medium4      ,quantity1 #bj   
quarts4             ,quantity1 medium4  
,does not go dry4                 ,milks
 up pretty well4                        
,no4 #h4--,,minna4--,guernsey4          
,no4 #h4--,,minna4--,guernsey4          

,curveline1                             
#b;d4      ,quality1 first rate4        
,quality1 good4      ,quantity1 #ag     
quarts4             ,quantity1 good     
milker until within      ,not inclined  
to dry4               two months of     
calving4                                
,no4 #i4--;,,carrie4                    
,no4 #i4--;,,carrie4--,strangely and    
imperfectly marked4      ,quality1 first
 rate4             ,quality1 good4      
,quantity1 #aj quarts4                  
,quantity1 poor4      ,will go dry two  
months4          ,dry up soon4          
,no4 #aj4--;,,gentle4--,jersey4         
,no4 #aj4--;,,gentle4--,jersey4         
,selvage1 #a4      ,quality1 first rate4
             ,quality1 first rate4      
,quantity1 #bj quarts4                  
,quantity1 large      ,dry two months4  
,dry six weeks4                         
,no4 #aa4--,,mary4--,grade1 ,durham4    
,no4 #aa4--,,mary4--,grade1 ,durham4    
,flanders1 #a4      ,quality1 medium4   
,quality1 first class4      ,quantity1  

#ah quarts4             ,quantity1 good4
      ,dry two months4                  
,dry six weeks4                         
,no4 #ab4--;,,eugenie4--,jersey4        
,no4 #ab4--;,,eugenie4--,jersey4        
,curveline1                             
#b;d4      ,quality1 medium499          
,quality1 first rate4      ,quantity1   
#ah quarts4             ,quantity1      
large4      ,does not dry4              
,dry two months4                        
,no4 #ac4--,,victoria4--,guernsey4      
,no4 #ac4--,,victoria4--,guernsey4      
,selvage4      ,quality1 medium499      
,quality1 medium4      ,quantity1 #bj   
quarts4             ,quantity1 good     
while she milks4      ,no drying4       
,dry two months4                        
,no4 #ad4--;,,jennie4                   
,no4 #ad4--;,,jennie4 ,ordinary stock4  
,quality1 good4                         
,quality1 not very rich1 but good4      
,quantity1 #bj quarts4                  
,quantity1 good4      ,one month dry4   
,dry two months4                        

,no4 #ae4--,,maggie1 #b;d4--,young4     
,no4 #ae4--,,maggie1 #b;d4--,guernsey4  
,flanders1 #c;d4      ,quality1         
medium499                ,quality1 very 
good4      ,quantity1 #aj quarts4       
,quantity1 medium and continuous4       
,dry two months4                  ,dry  
two months4                             
,no4 #af4--,,rocket4                ,no4
 #af4--,,rocket4--,grade1 ,jersey4      
,curveline1 #b;d4      ,quality1 medium4
                 ,quality1 rich4        
,quantity1 #ae1 #bj1 to #be quarts2     
,quantity1 good4        variable4       
,dry three months4                ,dry  
two months4                             
,no4 #ag4--;,,amy4                      
,no4 #ag4--;,,amy4--,kentucky           
,short-,horn4      ,quality1 good499    
,quality1 medium4      ,quantity1 #ad   
quarts4             ,quantity1 poor4    
,ten weeks dry4                   ,dry  
three months4                           
,no4 #ah4--;,,comly4                    
,no4 #ah4--;,,comly4--,guernsey4        

,selvage1 #c;d4      ,quality1 first    
rate4             ,quality1 first rate4 
,quantity1 #ae quarts4                  
,quantity1 good and continuous4         
,dry two months4                  ,dry  
six weeks4                              
,no4 #ai4--,,kitty4                 ,no4
 #ai4--,,kitty4--,guernsey and ,jersey  
grades4 ,bicorn1 #b;d4      ,quality1   
first rate4             ,quality1 first 
class4      ,quantity1 #af quarts4      
,quantity1 first class4      ,dry six   
weeks4                   ,milks well up4
                                        
,no4 #bj4--;,,beauty4                   
,no4 #bj4--;,,beauty4--,guernsey4       
,curveline1                             
#ast4                                   
,quality1 first class4                  
,quantity1 first class4 ,milks well up4 
,second examination4              ,this 
is the second examination4      ,see    
,no4 #d4                       ,see ,no4
 #d4                                    
,no4 #ba4--,,rosetta4--,guernsey1       

,no4 #ba4--,,rosetta4--,guernsey1       
imported4        imported4              
,flanders4      ,quality1 first rate499 
,quality1 excellent4      ,quantity1 #ah
 quarts4             ,quantity1 fair    
milker4      ,does not go dry4          
,dry two months4                        
,no4 #bb4--;,,duchess4--,guernsey4      
,no4 #bb4--;,,duchess4--,guernsey1      
imported4                               
,curveline1 #b;d4      ,quality1 first  
rate4             ,quality1 medium4     
,quantity1 #bj quarts4                  
,quantity1 large4      ,don't go dry4   
,dry two months4                        
,no4 #bc4--;,,bridget4--,guernsey       
,no4 #bc4--;,,bridget4 ,guernsey grade4 
grade4                                  
,selvage1 #dth4      ,quality1 first    
rate4             ,quality1 good4       
,quantity1 #ad to #ah quarts4           
,quantity1 poor4      ,fails when       
pregnant4 ,does not    ,dry three months
 or ten weeks4        dry altogether4   
,no4 #bd4--;,,fancy4--,guernsey4        

,no4 #bd4--;,,fancy4--,guernsey4        
,selvage4      ,quality1 medium4        
,quality1 medium4      ,quantity1 #af   
quarts1 and fails   ,quantity1 poor4    
fast4                              ,dry 
three months4                ,dry two   
months4                                 
,no4 #be4--;,,daffy4--,grade1 ,durham4  
,no4 #be4--;,,daffy4--,grade1 ,durham4  
,flanders1 #ast4      ,quality1 medium4 
,quality1 good4      ,quantity1 #bb     
quarts4             ,quantity1 about #bd
 quarts4      ,does not dry4            
,milks her full time4    ,in the above  
account will be noticed a few with the  
mark 99 which ,mr4  ,harvey said        
indicates that the amount of milk given 
and the quality was  largely increased  
by extra feeding4        8,i was present
 at the examination of our herd of      
,guernseys1      ,jerseys1 and grades1  
by the ,guenon ,commission1 on the      
eleventh      of fifth month1 #ahgh1 and
 ,i have examined their report and      
compared it with the originals written  

on the spot1 7the      contents of which
 were before now unknown to me17 and ,i 
testify to the annexed report being an  
accurate copy of the      opinions      
recorded by them at the time of         
examination4 ,the      statements made  
by me were handed to members of the     
commission      on twenty-first instant1
 and are as nearly accurate as my own   
knowledge1 and that of the persons who  
had the immediate care      of the herd1
 and an interest in the proceeds of the 
dairy1      could make them4            
,,thos4 ,m4 ,,harvey40        ,,west    
,,grove1 #bgth of #eth month1 #ahgh4    
8,having had the immediate care of the  
herd of ,thomas ,m4 ,harvey1      and an
 interest in the proceeds of the dairy  
for six years1 and      being well      
acquainted with the merits of each      
member of the      herd1 ,i can certify 
that the statements we have made to the 
,guenon ,commission are correct to the  
best of our knowledge and      belief1  
and were made more than a week after the

 commission      had recorded their     
opinions2 which opinions were unknown to
      us until the present time4 ,i have
 also compared the record of            
opinions herewith with the originals1   
and find them to be a      correct      
transcript of them4                     
,,clarkson ,,moore40        8,having had
 the immediate care of the herd within  
alluded to1      and an interest in the 
proceeds thereof for the past eleven    
months1 ,i can certify that ,i united   
with ,clarkson ,moore in      making the
 statement relative to the quality and  
productiveness      of the cows examined
 by the ,guenon commission4 ,i was from 
home      when they were here1 and knew 
nothing of their opinions when we       
made up our statement4                  
,,zebedee ,,haines40        ,fifth      
month1 #bhth1 #ahgh4        8,i was     
present on ,saturday1 ,march #aa1 #ahgh1
 at the farm of      ,thomas ,m4        
,harvey1 when the examination of that   
portion of      his herd was made by the

 ,guenon ,commission1 from ,nos4 #aj to 
#be1 inclusive1 of their report4 ,i have
 compared the original      recorded    
opinions of the commission with the     
report herewith1      and find the      
latter correct4                         
,n4 ,j4 ,,sharples1                     
,president of the ,experimental ,farm   
,club40      ,examination of ,william   
,m4 ,large's ,herd1 ,chestnut ,grove1   
,doylestown1 ,bucks  ,county4    ,the   
commission1 as represented by ,george   
,blight and ,willis ,p4 ,hazard1        
visited the beautiful farm of ,william  
,m4 ,large1 on the afternoon of ,may    
#ca--on a very rainy1 unpleasant day1   
and making the examination of stock  a  
very difficult duty4 ,the stock is a    
valuable one of thorough-bred and  grade
 ,short-,horns and is well fed and      
otherwise well cared for4      ,,wm4 ,m4
 ,,large',s ,,account ,,of ,,his        
,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,guenon  
,,herd4                                 
,,commission4                           

,no4 #a4--,,victoria4               ,no4
 #a4--,,victoria4--,short-,horn4        
,flanders1 first order4      ,quantity1 
#ah quarts4             ,quantity1 about
 eighteen quarts4      ,never tried her 
on butter but    ,quality1 good4        
once1 then made #aj pounds4        ,goes
 dry two months to ten       ,up to her 
time--say one month4        weeks4      
,no4 #b4--;,,josephine4                 
,no4 #b4--;,,josephine4--,thorough-bred 
,the ,doylestown ,agricultural          
,short-,horn4 ,flanders1 second order4  
,society offered a premium of           
#be for the cow that yielded         the
 most butter2 and also #be        for   
the cow that gave the            most   
milk4 ,the largest yield         for a  
single week #af pounds          #c      
ounces4 ,was tried five                 
times during the year1 two              
months apart2 taking the                
average of the five                     
consecutive trials1 would               
make a trifle over #ejj                 

pounds4 ,awarded the first              
premium for butter1 and                 
second for milk4                   ,lost
 the record of pounds of     ,quantity1 
eighteen quarts4        milk4           
,quality1 very good4      ,dry about one
 month4             ,about one month    
dry4                                    
,no4 #c4--;,,fanny ,,fern4              
,no4 #c4--;,,fanny ,,fern4--,flanders1  
first                                   
order4      ,quantity1 nineteen quarts4 
,quantity1 twenty quarts4      ,quality1
 never tried her butter  ,quality1 first
 rate4        production4               
,goes dry five or six weeks4            
,about up to time1 7one month47         
,no4 #d4--,,lettie4                 ,no4
 #d4--,,lettie4--,selvage1 fifth order4 
,quantity nine quarts4                  
,quantity1 eight quarts4      ,quality1 
never tried her butter  ,quality1 second
 rate4        qualities1 but her milk is
           rich and good4               
,goes dry about three months4     ,dry  

four months4                            
,no4 #e4--,,norah4                  ,no4
 #e4--,,norah4--,flanders1 imperfect4   
,quantity1 fresh1 gives                 
,quantity1 eighteen quarts4             
seventeen quarts2 holds to           it 
well4                                   
,quality1 has made #aj pounds           
,quality1 good4        butter in a week4
                  ,goes dry about two   
months4       ,dry three months4        
,no4 #f4--,,lucy4                   ,no4
 #f4--,,lucy4--,flanders1 fourth4       
,quantity1 thirteen quarts4             
,quantity1 fourteen quarts4             
,quality1 a less number of              
,quality1 good1 very4        pounds will
 make a pound of          butter than   
most of my other         cows2 think her
 milk extra           good4             
,dry some two months4             ,dry  
three months4                           
,no4 #g4--;,,bernice4                   
,no4 #g4--;,,bernice4--,flanders1       
second4      ,quantity1 when fresh1     

about      ,quantity1 twelve quarts4    
twelve quarts4                          
,quality1 never tried her               
,quality1 good4        butter           
production4                 ,goes dry   
some three months1 and ,time1 eight     
months out of twelve4        has the    
credit of being the          poorest cow
 in the herd4                           
,no4 #h4--;,,josephine #b;d4--,first    
,no4 #h4--;,,josephine                  
#b;d4--,curveline1        calf4         
third4      ,quantity1 first calf1      
eleven     ,quantity1 ten to twelve     
quarts4        quarts4                  
,quality1 never weighed her milk        
,quality1 rich4        or tried her     
butter                  production4     
,cannot tell how long she will   ,goes  
to two months of her time4        go    
dry4                                    
,no4 #i4--;,,judith4                    
,no4 #i4--;,,judith4--,flanders1 first4 
,quantity1 seventeen quarts4            
,quantity1 eighteen quarts4             

,quality1 on a trial after her          
,quality1 good4        first calf was   
taken away1           made #b ounces    
less than #h            pounds of       
butter1 done up in        lumps for     
market4                  ,goes dry six  
or seven weeks4     ,well up to her time
 7one month or                          
six weeks47        8,having been present
 at the examination of my herd of       
,short-,horns1 by the ,state ,guenon    
,commission1 ,may #ca1 #ahgh1 ,i        
certify this report is a correct copy of
 the original records      made on the  
spot1 and at separate times2 neither    
party having      knowledge of the      
other's accounts4                       
,,william ,m4 ,,large40                 
,,chestnut ,,grove1 #gth month1 #c;d1   
#ahgh4      ,report of the ,examination 
of the ,stock of ,eastburn ,reeder1 of  
,rabbit ,run  ,stock ,farm1 ,new ,hope1 
,bucks ,county1 ,pa4    ,the commission 
visited the farm of ,eastburn ,reeder on
 ,saturday1 ,june #a1  and examined his 

stock of ,jersey and ,guernsey breeds in
 presence of the  proprietor and a      
number of members of the ,solebury      
,farmers' ,club4 ,mr4  ,reeder's account
 of his herd had been drawn up and      
placed in the hands of  ,j4 ,s4         
,williams1 ,esquire1 secretary of the   
,solebury ,farmers' ,club1 some  ten    
days before the visit of the commission1
 and is printed herewith4    ,the       
commission was represented by ,george   
,blight and ,willis ,p4 ,hazard1 and    
part of the time by ,captain ,j4 ,c4    
,morris1 of ,susquehanna county1 at the 
request of ,thomas ,j4 ,edge1 secretary 
of the ,state ,board4    ,mr4 ,reeder1  
not having made in his report any       
statements of the quality  of the milk1 
except as regards the yield in butter1  
has sent the  commission the following  
condensed statement of what each cow    
gave on ,may  #bj3        ,no4 #a1      
,belle1                           #aj   
quarts4      ,no4 #b1 ,topsy1           
#ad  0      ,no4 #c1 ,firefly1          

#ab  0      ,no4 #d1 ,isabelle1         
#h  0      ,no4 #e1 ,marian1            
#ad  0      ,no4 #f1 ,urania1           
#ab  0      ,no4 #g1 ,florentia1        
#aj  0      ,no4 #h1 ,paunacussing1     
#h  0      ,no4 #i1 ,lady ,delaware1    
#f  0                                   
--          ,total for nine cows1       
#id  0                                  
,yield of the herd1 ,may #bj1           
#id quarts4      ,yield of the herd in  
seven days1       #feh  0      ,butter  
in seven days1                   #fg    
pounds4      ,quantity of milk to one   
pound of butter1 #i #ee_/fg qts4        
,this statement of the number of quarts 
required to make a pound of  butter from
 ,jersey and ,guernsey stock1 it will be
 seen1 carries out the  conclusions of  
the commission1 who estimated the       
quality of this herd1  as well fed and  
not too long milked stock of these      
breeds should give a  pound of butter to
 every nine quarts of milk4             
8,having been present at the examination

 of my herd by the ,state      ,guenon  
,commission1 on ,saturday1 ,june #a1    
#ahgh1 and having since      examined   
their report by the original record made
 on the spot      by them1 and compared 
it with my account of the herd1 handed  
to      ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,williams1 ,may    
#ba1 or more than one week before they  
made the examination1 ,i do certify that
 the accompanying report      is correct
 and true4                              
,,eastburn ,,reeder1                    
,new ,hope1 ,bucks county1 ,pa40        
,,rabbit ,,run ,,farm1 ,june #ae1 #ahgh4
        8,i certify that ,eastburn      
,reeder handed me his account of his    
herd ten days before the examination was
 made by the ,state      ,guenon        
,commission2 that ,i was present with   
others at the      examination2 that the
 two reports were compared in the       
presence      of a number1 shortly after
 the examination1 and were generally    
satisfactory2 and that ,i have now      
examined the accompanying      reports  

by the two original records1 made at    
separate times as      above mentioned1 
and have found them correct and true    
copies of      said original records4   
,j4 ,s4 ,,williams1                     
,secretary of the ,solebury ,farmers'   
,club40        ,june #ae1 #ahgh4        
,examination of ,eastburn ,reeder's     
,herd4      ,,accounts ,,of ,,the ,,herd
 ,,by ,,eastburn ,,opinions ,,of ,,the  
,,herd ,,by ,,the ,,guenon              
,,reeder4                               
,,commission4                           
,no4 #a4--;,,bell4--,age1 #ab years4    
,no4 #a4--;,,bell4--,grade1 ,alderney4  
,grade1 ,alderney4 ,calved              
,flanders1 #b;d4        ,november #aj1  
#ahgg4                 ,greatest yield  
when fresh1 #af    ,quantity1 #ah to #bj
 quarts4        quarts per day4 ,yield  
,may #bj1        #ahgh1 #aj quarts per  
day4             ,butter1 #h pounds in  
seven            days4                  
,tried ,february1 #ahge4                
,quality1 fair4      ,milks to one month

 of calving4   ,dry three to four       
months4                                 
,no4 #b4--,,topsy4--,age1 #aj years4    
,no4 #b4--,,topsy4--,guernsey4          
,curveline1        ,guernsey4 ,calved   
,march #i1        #b;d4        #ahgh4   
,greatest yield when fresh1 #ah         
,quantity1 #af to #ah quarts4           
quarts4 ,yield ,may #bj1 #ahgh1         
#ad quarts4 ,made #ab pounds in         
seven days4                             
,tried ,june1 #ahgb4                    
,quality1 first rate4      ,goes dry    
three months before     ,dry two months4
        calving4                        
,no4 #c4--;,,firefly1 7#aacc47--;,age1  
,no4 #c4--;,,firefly4--,jersey          
thorough-bred4        #h years4 ,jersey4
 ,calved          ,demijohn1 #b;d4      
,daughter of ,niobe1        ,october    
#bh1 #ahgg4                #c;d4        
,greatest yield when fresh1 #ad         
,quantity1 #ab to #ad quarts4           
quarts4 ,yield ,may #bj1 #ahgh1         
#ab quarts4 ,averaged #f pounds         

butter for forty weeks1 from            
,sept4 #a1 #ahgb1 to ,june #h1          
#ahgc4 ,greatest yield of               
butter in any one week since1        #aj
 pounds4                                
,quality1 medium4      ,never goes dry2 
has been milked  ,dry two months4       
regularly since ,august #bg1            
#ahgb4                                  
,no4 #d4--;,,isabelle1 7#aice47--;,age1 
,no4 #d4--;,,isabelle4--,jersey         
thorough-bred        #f years4 ,jersey4 
,calved          ,flanders1 #c;d4       
,september #ai1 #ahgg4                  
,greatest yield when fresh1 #ab         
,quantity1 #af quarts4        quarts4   
,yield ,may #bj1 #ahgh1          #h     
quarts4 ,made #i pounds                 
butter in seven days4                   
,tried ,october1 #ahgg4                 
,quality1 first rate4      ,milks to one
 month of calving4   ,dry one month4    
,no4 #e4--,,marian4--,age1 #f years4    
,no4 #e4--,,marian4--,guernsey4         
,curveline1        ,guernsey4 ,calved   

,february #ae1    #c;d4        #ahgh4   
,greatest yield when fresh1             
,quantity1 #af quarts4         #ad      
quarts4 ,yield ,may #bj1 #ad            
quarts4                                 
,butter never been tested4              
,quality1 first rate4       ,milks to   
within one month of    ,dry two months  
to three months4         calving4       
,no4 #f4--,,urania1 7#bgic47--;,age1    
,no4 #f4--,,urania4--,jersey            
thorough-bred4        #e years4 ,jersey4
 ,calved          ,selvage1 #b;d4       
,january #cj1 #ahgh4                    
,greatest yield when fresh1             
,quantity1 #ad quarts4        #ab       
quarts4 ,yield ,may #bj1 #ab            
quarts4                                 
,butter never been tested4              
,quality1 second rate4      ,milks to   
one month of calving4   ,dry one month4 
,no4 #g4--;,,florentia1 7#ceah47--;,age1
 ,no4 #g4--;,,florentia4--,jersey       
#d years4 ,jersey4 ,calved              
thorough-bred4 ,curveline1 #b;d4        

,january #a1 #ahgh4                     
,greatest yield1 #aj quarts4            
,quantity1 #ab quarts4        ,yield    
,may #bj1 #aj quarts4           ,butter 
never been tested4        ,quality1     
second rate4      ,milks to one month of
 calving4   ,dry one month4             
,no4 #h4--,,paunacussing1           ,no4
 #h4--,,paunacussing4--,jersey          
7#ejej47--;,age1 #b years4 ,jersey4     
thorough-bred4 ,selvage1 #b;d4          
,calved ,october #cj1 #ahgg4            
,yield1 ,may #ba1 #ahgh1 #h quarts4     
,quantity1 #ab quarts4                  
,quality1 medium4      ,duration yet to 
be ascertained4  ,dry two months1       
probably4                               
,no4 #i4--,,lady ,,delaware1            
,no4 #i4--,,lady ,,delaware4--,jersey   
7#ejea47--;,age1 #b years4              
thorough-bred4 ,flanders1 #c;d4         
,thorough-bred ,jersey4 ,calved         
,january #c1 #ahgh4                     
,yield ,may #ba1 #ahgh1 #f quarts4      
,quantity1 only milks out of two        

teats4                                  
,quality1 medium4      ,duration yet to 
be ascertained4  ,dry three months1     
probably4      ,examination of ,moses   
,eastburn's ,cow1 ,beauty4              
,,account ,,of ,,moses ,,eastburn4      
,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,commission4     
,,cow1 ,,beauty4--,age1 #i years4       
,,beauty4--,jersey4 ,curveline1 #b;d4   
,calved ,march #bj1 #ahgh4              
,greatest yield of milk per day         
,quantity1 #ah quarts4        about #ag 
or #ah quarts4 ,yield         ,may #bd1 
#ahgh1 #af quarts4             ,duration
 of yield of milk1           ten months4
                        ,quality of     
milk1 #i quarts to     ,quality1 first  
class4        make a pound of butter4   
,butter made in eight and a             
half months1 #cjb pounds4               
,time1 well up to her time4             
8,this is to certify that ,i was present
 at the examination of my      cow1     
,beauty1 this first of sixth month1     
#ahgh1 by the committee      to test the

 ,guenon system1 and find their report  
to correspond      with the within      
statement4                              
,,moses ,,eastburn40        ,,solebury1 
,,bucks ,,county4      ,examination of  
,colonel ,james ,young's ,herd1 at      
,middletown4    ,the ,commission visited
 the large farms of ,colonel ,james     
,young1 near  ,middletown1 and examined 
thirty-seven head of cows and heifers1  
among  which were some of the finest    
,jersey cows in the ,state4 ,his whole  
stock  is well-fed and cared for1 and   
are in fine condition4 ,he supplies     
,middletown with the best of milk4      
,colonel ,young does not keep a record  
of the performances of his cows1 and the
 commission were therefore  obliged to  
examine the cows1 and after making their
 record1 to compare  it1 item by item of
 each cow separately1 with the knowledge
 of them had  by his very intelligent   
dairy-woman1 who has charge of the cows 
and the  milk1 and knows their          
characters as milk and butter producers 

well2 also  has a record of the times of
 calving of all the cows4 ,the estimates
 of  the commission agreed with hers1 on
 all the hundred and eleven points1     
except nine points1 and where they      
differed1 that difference was in two    
cases on the quality1 and in the other  
cases on the time4 ,the commission      
attribute their unanimity on this herd1 
to the careful selection and  breeding  
of ,colonel ,young1 to his good feeding1
 and the excellent care  that the       
animals have4 ,these points constantly  
looked after1 maintain the  excellence  
of the herd1 and as a consequence the   
escutcheons correspond1  for1 as the    
colonel says1 8he never saw a good      
escutcheon without being  on a good     
animal1 and never saw a good animal     
without a good escutcheon40             
,,middletown1 ,november #a1 #ahgh4      
8,we were present when the commission   
visited our farms1 and      examined the
 stock1 and we think they judged rightly
 of it1 in      nearly every case--we   

should say within five per cent4 of     
being      entirely correct4        ,we 
have examined the account to be printed 
with the original      record1 and find 
it to be correct and corresponding4     
,,james ,,young1                        
,,james ,s4 ,,young40      ,examination 
of the ,herd of ,william ,calder1 ,esq41
 ,harrisburg4    ,the commission visited
 one of the farms of ,william ,calder1  
near  ,harrisburg4 ,this gentleman has  
seven farms1 containing nine hundred    
acres1 and keeps a variety of stock4 ,on
 the farm visited1 near the  reservoir1 
the commission examined eight head of   
grade stock1 in very  good order1 on    
good ,september pasturage4 ,the         
dairyman1 a very intelligent  man1 had  
no record of the exact quantity and     
quality of the stock1 but1  as he milked
 them himself1 a knowledge of their     
general qualities2 and  upon hearing the
 decision of the commission upon each   
cow1 assented to  the character given of
 all of them1 except on two points3 on  

one as to  yield1 and on another as to  
time4 ,it was pleasing to notice the    
surprise  and delight expressed by him  
at the exhibition1 of entire strangers  
to  the herd1 of such accurate knowledge
 of them as the system showed it  could 
give4 ,and he determined to acquire it  
forthwith4    ,the commission saw a very
 fine black grade cow1 with the calf by 
her side  a perfect specimen of the     
,belted stock1 though sired by a        
thorough-bred  ,jersey bull--to be      
accounted for only by the fact that the 
cow had been  served by a ,belted bull  
the third time before this one4         
,examination of ,several ,herds near    
,west ,grove1 ,blanketed and            
,unblanketed1  under the ,supervision of
 a ,committee of the ,experimental ,farm
 ,club4    ,it had been stated by some  
that the commission used the ordinary   
means of  judging of the value of cows1 
in addition to the ,guenon tests4 ,this 
was1  of course1 entirely denied by the 
commission2 and as it was repeated in   

the public print1 the commission1 to    
settle the matter in the minds of       
candid men1 offered to have any number  
of cows blanketed1 so that only  their  
posteriors could be seen1 and then judge
 of their escutcheons1  provided a      
committee should be present at the      
examination1 view it  closely1 and give 
a report4 ,thus pressed1 the challenge  
was accepted1 and  there was appointed a
 committee of five of some of the best  
farmers and  dairymen residing near the 
,experimental farm4 ,it was also        
understood that  any could attend who   
wished to1 and on the day of the        
examination three  of the committee were
 present1 as well as a number of other  
farmers4 ,the  commission examined the  
first five in the stable1 blanketed1    
then two  unblanketed1 then two         
blanketed1 and the remaining four       
unblanketed4 ,the  report of this       
committee is appended herewith4 ,the    
cows were examined on  a farm of ,thomas
 ,gawthrop1 near ,west ,grove4          

,afterward a number of cows  were       
examined on several farms in the        
neighborhood1 in the presence of  the   
committee4 ,no longer time was required 
to form an opinion on the  blanketed    
cows than on the others1 and the        
comparative results can be  judged from 
the accompanying tables4    ,the        
commission met them on the day          
appointed1 at the farm of ,thomas       
,gawthrop1 and in the presence of the   
committee 7three being present17 and  of
 others1 examined seven cows blanketed1 
and would have examined more1  but the  
committee said it was useless1 as they  
could see1 and had full  faith that only
 the escutcheon was considered by the   
commission4 ,on this  farm thirteen head
 were examined1 and the results are     
herewith given4 ,all  then adjourned to 
the farms of ,mark ,hughes1 ,howard     
,preston1 and ,everard  ,conard1 and    
examined other stock in the presence of 
the committee4 ,the  committee's report 
will be found annexed1 thus setting to  

rest the charge  that the commission    
were examining by any other than the    
,guenon test4      ,,thomas             
,,gawthrop',s ,,account ,,of ,,cows,,the
 ,,guenon ,,commission',s ,,account ,,of
      ,,examined ,,at ,,thomas          
,,gawthrop',s    ,,cows ,,examined ,,at 
,,thomas ,,gawthrop',s      ,,farm1     
,,september #bj4              ,,farm1   
,,september #bj4                        
,no4 #a4--,,victoria4--,grade1 ,jersey  
,no4 #a4--,,victoria499--,grade1 ,jersey
 and        and ,durham4                
,durham4 ,eight years4      ,quantity1  
first4                 ,quantity1 first4
      ,quality1 first4                  
,quality1 first4      ,a first-class    
butter cow1 and    ,up to her time4     
milks well up to time4                  
,no4 #b4--;,,cecil4--,grade1 ,jersey4   
,no4 #b4--;,,cecil499      ,quantity1   
first4                 ,quantity1 first4
      ,quality1 first4 ,first-class     
,quality1 first4        for butter4     
,milks up to time4               ,short 

eight weeks4                            
,no4 #c4--,,nellie4                 ,no4
 #c4--,,nellie499--,demijohn1 #a4       
,quantity1 second4                      
,quantity1 second4      ,quality1       
second4                 ,quality1 first4
      ,dry from ten to twelve weeks4    
,short eight weeks4                     
,no4 #d4--,,lucy4--,recently            
,no4 #d4--,,lucy499--,flanders1 #b;d4   
purchased4                              
,yields three months from               
,quantity1 second4        calving       
thirteen quarts4           ,quality1    
first4                  ,quality1 first4
                                        
,up to her time4                        
,no4 #e4--,,lily4--,grade1 ,jersey4     
,no4 #e4--,,lily499--,grade1 ,jersey4   
,flanders1 #b;d4      ,quantity1 second4
                ,quantity1 second4      
,quality1 first4                        
,quality1 first4      ,milks up to time4
                ,dry four to six weeks4 
,no4 #f4--;,,beauty4--,jersey4          

,no4 #f4--;,,beauty4--,jersey4 ,five    
years                                   
old4      ,yields fourteen quarts per   
day4  ,quantity1 third4      ,quality1  
first4                  ,quality1       
second4      ,milks to within eight     
weeks of   ,dry two months4             
calving4                                
,no4 #g4--;,,darby4--,jersey4           
,no4 #g4--;,,darby4--,jersey4 ,flanders1
 #b;d4      ,quantity1 fourteen quarts  
per    ,quantity1 second4        day4   
,quality1 first4                        
,quality1 first4      ,almost impossible
 to turn dry1   ,dry four weeks4        
though never excelling in               
quantity4                               
,no4 #h4--,,star4--,grade1 three        
,no4 #h4--,,star4--,grade1 three quarter
        quarter ,jersey4                
,jersey4 ,flanders1 #c;d4      ,yield   
with first calf from       ,quantity1   
second4        twelve to fourteen quarts
            per day1 and milks well up  
to time4                                

,quality1 first class4                  
,quality1 first4                        
,dry six weeks4                         
,her ,jersey blood helps to overcome    
some blemishes on her escutcheon4       
,no4 #i4--,,norah4                  ,no4
 #i4--,,norah4--,grade4      ,quantity1 
first1                 ,quantity1 first4
      ,quality1 first4                  
,quality1 first4      ,dry from eight to
 ten weeks4     ,up to her time4        
,no4 #aj4--,,sallie4               ,no4 
#aj4--,,sallie4--,grade4 ,twelve years4 
,flanders1 #b;d4      ,quantity1 second4
                ,quantity1 #b;d4        
,quality1 second4                       
,quality1 second4      ,goes dry eight  
weeks4            ,up to her time4      
,no4 #aa4--;,,dido4--,grade4            
,no4 #aa4--;,,dido4--,grade4 ,left      
,flanders4      ,quantity1 twenty       
quarts4         ,quantity1 first4       
,second in quality4                     
,quality1 second4      ,dry from eight  
to twelve weeks4  ,dry three months4    

,no4 #ab4--,,molly4                ,no4 
#ab4--,,molly4 ,imperfect ,flanders4    
,yields about sixteen quarts            
,quantity1 second4        per day4      
,second-class quality4                  
,quality1 second4      ,dry from eight  
to twelve weeks4  ,dry ten weeks4       
,no4 #ac4 ,,whiteface             ,no4  
#ac4--,,whiteface4--,grade4 ,curveline1 
#c;d4      ,second-class in quantity1   
,quantity1 third4        fifteen quarts 
per day4            ,second quality4    
,quality1 second4      ,dry about ten   
weeks4             ,dry ten weeks4    99
 ,these five cows were so blanketed1 as 
to show only the escutcheon4     ,these 
cows were also blanketed4     ,the last 
four animals were not blanketed1 but    
were driven up and  examined by the     
commission without any apparent         
reference to any marks1  except the     
escutcheon4 ,t4 ,g4      ,,mark         
,,hughes' ,,account ,,of ,,his          
,,cows1,,commission',s ,,account ,,of   
,,mark      ,,september #bj4            

,,hughes' ,,cows4                       
,no4 #a4--,,lacte4                  ,no4
 #a4--,,lacte4--,jersey thorough-bred4  
,flanders1 second4      ,do not know the
 quantity of      ,quantity and quality1
 first rate4        milk and butter per 
week1 but        gives very rich milk1  
and            milks up to calving4     
,milks close to calving4                
,no4 #b4 ,,laura4                  ,no4 
#b4--,,laura4--,jersey thorough-bred4   
,demijohn1 #ast4      ,quantity1        
twenty-four quarts     ,quantity1 first 
rate4        milk per day4              
,quality1 sixteen pounds butter         
,quality1 first class4        per week4 
,has never been dry2 begins to    ,milks
 up to calving4        increase in milk 
about three         weeks before        
calving1 and            cannot be turned
 dry4                                   
,no4 #c4--,,topsy4                  ,no4
 #c4--,,topsy4--,grade1 ,jersey4 ,ten   
years4 ,curveline1 #ast4      ,quantity1
 twenty quarts milk     ,quantity and   

quality1 first rate4        per day4    
,quality1 makes thirteen pounds         
butter per week4                   ,will
 milk up to calving4         ,milks up  
to calving4      ,,howard ,,preston',s  
,,account ,,of ,,his  ,,guenon          
,,commission',s ,,account ,,of          
,,cows4                                 
,,howard ,,preston',s ,,cows1           
,,september #bj4                        
,no4 #a4--;,grade ,durham4              
,no4 #a4--;,flanders1 #b;d4--,grade     
,durham4      ,quantity1 second4        
,quantity1 second4      ,quality1       
second4                 ,quality1       
second4      ,milks up to her time4     
,up to time4                            
,no4 #b4--;,grade ,durham4              
,no4 #b4--,left ,flanders4--,grade      
,durham4      ,quantity1 second4        
,quantity1 second4      ,quality1       
second4                 ,quality1       
second4      ,dry ten weeks4            
,dry two months4                        
,no4 #c4--;,common stock4           ,no4

 #c4--;,grade stock4--,imperfect        
,flanders4      ,quantity1 second4      
,quantity1 third4      ,quality1 second4
                 ,quality1 second4      
,dry eight to ten weeks4          ,dry  
eight weeks4                            
,no4 #d4--;,grade ,durham4              
,no4 #d4--;,grade ,durham4--,selvage1   
#b;d4      ,quantity1 third1            
,quantity1 second4      ,quality1       
second4                 ,quality1       
second4      ,dry ten weeks4            
,dry ten weeks4                         
,no4 #e4--;,common stock4           ,no4
 #e4--,native stock4--,flanders1 #c;d4  
,quantity1 second4                      
,quantity1 second4      ,quality1       
second4                 ,quality1 third4
      ,dry three months4                
,dry three months4                      
,no4 #f4--;,grade ,durham4              
,no4 #f4--;,grade ,durham4--,flanders1  
#c;d4      ,quantity1 second4           
,quantity1 third4      ,quality1 second4
                 ,quality1 third4       

,dry eight weeks4                 ,dry  
six to eight weeks4                     
,no4 #g4--;,grade ,durham4              
,no4 #g4--;,grade ,durham4--,bicorn1    
#c;d4      ,quantity1 second4           
,quantity1 third4      ,quality1 third4 
,quality1 third4      ,dry ten weeks4   
,dry six to eight weeks4                
,no4 #h4--,,nelly4--,grade ,jersey4     
,no4 #h4--,,nelly4--,grade              
,jersey4--,flandrine                    
a ,gauche4      ,quantity1 second4      
,quantity1 second4      ,quality1       
second4                 ,quality1       
second4      ,dry eight weeks4          
,time1 eight weeks4                     
,no4 #i4--;,,jessie4--,grade ,jersey4   
,no4 #i4--;,,jessie4--,grade            
,jersey4--,selvage4      ,quantity1     
second4                ,quantity1       
second4      ,quality1 second4          
,quality1 first4      ,milks up to time4
                ,up to time4            
,no4 #aj4--,,polly4--,grade ,jersey4    
,no4 #aj4--,,polly4--,grade             

,jersey4--,flanders1 #b;d4              
,quantity1 first4                       
,quantity1 second4      ,quality1 first4
                  ,quality1 second4     
,milks up to her time4            ,up to
 time4                                  
,no4 #aa4--,,lily4--,common stock4      
,no4 #aa4--,,lily4--,native             
stock4--,flanders1                      
#b;d4      ,quantity1 first4            
,quantity1 first4      ,quality1 first4 
,quality1 first4      ,dry eight weeks4 
,dry four to six weeks4      ,no4       
#ab4--;,,blush4--,grade ,jersey    ,no4 
#ab4--;,,blush4--,grade ,jersey4        
,curveline1 #b;d4      ,quantity1 first4
                 ,quantity1 second4     
,quality1 first4                        
,quantity1 second4      ,dry six weeks4 
,dry six weeks4                         
,no4 #ac4--,,topsy4--,grade ,jersey4    
,no4 #ac4--,,topsy4--,imperfect         
,curveline4--,grade ,jersey4            
,quantity1 second4                      
,quantity1 third4      ,quality1 second4

                 ,quality1 second4      
,dry three months4                ,dry  
three months4                           
,no4 #ad4--;,,bonnie4--,common stock4   
,no4 #ad4--;,,bonnie4--,flanders1       
#ast4--,native                          
stock4      ,quantity1 first4           
,quantity1 first4      ,quality1 first4 
,quality1 second4      ,milks up to her 
time4            ,up to her time4       
,no4 #ae4--;,,daisy4--,common stock     
,no4 #ae4--;,,daisy4--,flanders1        
#c;d4--,native                          
stock4      ,quantity1 third4           
,quantity1 third4      ,quality1 second4
                 ,quality1 second4      
,dry three months or more4        ,dry  
six weeks4                              
,no4 #af4--,,katie4--,common stock4     
,no4 #af4--,,katie4--,flanders1         
#b;d4--,native                          
stock4      ,quantity1 third4           
,quantity1 second4      ,quality1       
second4                 ,quality1       
second4      ,dry six weeks4            

,dry four to six weeks4      ,,joseph   
,,pyle',s ,,statement ,,of ,,his        
,,guenon ,,commission',s ,,account ,,of 
,,cows3                                 
,,joseph ,,pyle',s ,,cows3              
,no4 #a4--;,,fawn4                      
,no4 #a4--,,red ,,grade ,,cow--#h       
years4--,flanders1 #b4      ,quantity1  
#aj to #ae quarts4       ,quantity1 #ad 
or #ae quarts4      ,quality1 very rich 
milk4         ,quality1 second4         
,dry from four to six weeks4      ,dry  
about ten weeks4                        
,no4 #b4--;,,fancy4                     
,no4 #b4--;,,fancy4--,guernsey4         
,flanders1 #c4      ,quantity1 #af to   
#ah quarts4       ,quantity1 #ah quarts 
when fresh1 and                         
will begin to reduce and stop           
two months short of her time4           
,quality1 milk very good                
,quality1 first4        quality4        
,falls off sooner than most       ,will 
go two months dry4        cows1 and will
 go dry eight          weeks4           

,this cow had been previously examined1 
,may #aa1 at ,thos4 ,m4 ,harvey's farm4 
,mr4 ,harvey had since sold her to ,mr4 
,pyle4 ,the following are the two       
statements at that time3        ,t4 ,m4 
,,harvey3                  ,,guenon     
,,commission3                           
,quality1 medium4                       
,quality1 medium4      ,quantity1 #af   
quarts and fails    ,quantity1 poor4    
fast4                              ,dry 
three months4                ,dry two   
months4      ,,commission',s ,,account  
,,of ,,milton ,e4 ,,conard',s ,,cows3   
,no4 #a4--,,lily4--,grade1 ,guernsey4   
,bicorn1 #a4      ,quantity1 about #bj  
quarts4      ,quality1 first4           
,milks up to her time4      ,no4        
#b4--;,,floyd4--,flanders1 #a4          
,quantity1 #ah quarts4      ,quality1   
very good4      ,milks up to her time4  
,this is a very correct description of  
my cows1 ,lily and ,floyd4              
,m4 ,e4 ,,conard4        ,the above     
examination of our herds of cows1 some  

of which were      covered by a large   
blanket1 completely excluding from view 
every part of the animal except the     
escutcheon and back part of      udder1 
subjected the commission to the severest
 test that could      be applied2 and   
agreeing1 as their estimate of quality  
and      quantity does1 with our        
previously written reports1 leads us to 
think that in the hands of experts it   
would be a valuable aid      in judging 
the quality of dairy stock4             
,,thomas ,,gawthrop1                    
,,everard ,,conard1                     
,,howard ,,preston1                     
,,mark ,,hughes1                        
,committee4        ,,west ,,grove1 #aa  
month #g1 #ahgh4        ,the undersigned
 having been present at the examination 
of      ,thomas ,gawthrop's herd of     
dairy cows1 by the ,guenon commission1  
on the #b;d day of #i month1 #ahgh1 am  
free to say that1 although      most of 
the cows were blanketed from horns to   
tail1 their      estimate1 in a great   

majority of them1 very nearly           
corresponded      with the owners       
account previously prepared4            
,m4 ,e4 ,,conard4        ,,west ,,grove1
 ,,pa41 #aa month #g1 #ahgh4            
,joseph ,pyle would have signed had he  
been present at the      examination4   
,expresses confidence in the system4    
,t4 ,g4      ,examination of ,j4  ,j4   
,darlington's ,cows1 ,october #b;d4     
,the commission visited the herds of    
,messrs4 ,j4  ,j4 ,darlington1 ,october 
#b1 at ,darlington station1 on          
,westchester road1 ,delaware county4    
,these  gentlemen make the finest butter
 and get the largest price in the       
market4  ,their dairy is admirably      
arranged4 ,they have farms of four      
hundred and  eighty acres1 and have a   
herd of one hundred and sixty-seven     
cows4 ,they  had selected about a fair  
sample of the herd in two lots of cows4 
,the  first lot1 from ,no4 #i to #cc1   
was on one farm1 and those numbered from
 #a  to #ad on the other farm4 ,these   

gentlemen kept no test of the quality of
  any cow's milk1 and have no exact     
record of the quantity given by any     
cow2 but as they are experienced        
dairymen1 and thoroughly practical men1 
they knew about what each cow was giving
 in milk1 and about its general         
quality1 and sufficient to pronounce the
 grade of each cow1 whether  first1     
second1 or third class4 ,therefore1 in  
their record they do not  give the exact
 record1 as the committee would have    
desired1 so as to  compare with their   
own estimates1 but they give the general
 qualities  of the cow1 and the two     
records must be compared from that stand
 point4  ,another matter must be taken  
into consideration4 ,the ,messrs4       
,darlington  are liberal feeders1 which 
accounts partly for their rich1 tasty   
butter1  and tends to make their cows do
 full work4 ,a standard of quarts for   
first1 second1 and third class1 upon    
which to estimate the qualities of  the 
cows1 was agreed upon between the       

commission and ,messrs4 ,darlington4    
,j4  ,j4 ,,darlington',s ,,account4     
,,guenon ,,commission',s ,,account4     
,no4 #i4--                        ,no4  
#i4--;,grade ,durham4--,bicorn1 second4 
,quantity1 first4                       
,quantity1 second4      ,time1 six to   
eight weeks4        ,quality1 second4   
,first-class cow4                 ,time1
 four to six weeks4                     
,no4 #fa4--                       ,no4  
#fa4--;,grade ,durham4--,imperfect      
,flanders1 third4      ,quantity1       
second4                ,quantity1 second
 class4      ,time1 six to eight weeks4 
,quality1 second class4      ,second    
class cow4                ,time1 two    
months4                                 
,no4 #d4--                        ,no4  
#d4--;,grade ,durham4--,flanders1 third4
      ,quantity1 third4                 
,quantity1 third4      ,time1 four to   
six weeks4         ,quality1 second4    
,third class cow4                 ,dry  
one month4                              

,no4 #a4--                        ,no4  
#a4--;,grade ,durham4--,flanders1 sec'd4
      ,quantity1 first4                 
,quantity1 second4      ,time1 four to  
six weeks4         ,quality1 second4    
,first-class cow4                 ,up to
 her time4                              
,no4 #da4--                       ,no4  
#da4--;,grade ,durham4--,flanders4      
,quantity1 first4                       
,quantity1 first4      ,time1 four to   
six weeks4         ,quality1 second4    
,first-class cow4                 ,time1
 six weeks to two months4               
,no4 #bb4--                       ,no4  
#bb4--;,grade ,durham4--,flanders1 #b;d4
      ,quantity1 first4                 
,quantity1 first4      ,time1 four to   
six weeks4         ,quality1 first4     
,first-class cow4                 ,up to
 time1 say four to six weeks4           
,no4 #f4--                        ,no4  
#f4--;,grade ,durham4--,imperfect       
,quantity1 third4                       
,flanders4      ,time1 six to eight     

weeks4        ,quantity1 third4         
,third class cow4                       
,quality1 second4                       
,dry eight to ten weeks4                
,no4 #g4--                        ,no4  
#g4--;,grade4--,flanders1 with bastard  
,quantity1 second4                      
marks4      ,time1 eight to ten weeks4  
,quantity1 second4      ,second class   
cow4                ,quality1 second4   
,up to her time1 six weeks4             
,rexamined1 and shows bastard marks4    
,no4 #fg4--                       ,no4  
#fg4--;,grade ,durham4--,imperfect      
,quantity1 first4                       
,flanders4      ,time1 four to six      
weeks4         ,quantity1 first4        
,first-class cow4                       
,quality1 second4                       
,dry eight weeks4                       
,no4 #ai4--                       ,no4  
#ai4--;,grade4--,selvage1 third4        
,quantity1 third4                       
,quantity1 third4      ,time1 two to    
three weeks4        ,quality1 second4   

,third class cow4                 ,dry  
eight weeks4                            
,no4 #cb4--                       ,no4  
#cb4--;,durham4--,flanders1 third1      
,quantity1 third4                       
partly bastard4      ,time1 two to three
 weeks4        ,quantity1 second4       
,third class cow4                       
,quality1 second4                       
,dry eight weeks4                       
,no4 #a4--                        ,no4  
#a4--;,grade4--,flanders1 third4        
,agrees with the commission4            
,quantity1 second4      ,second class   
cow4                ,quality1 second4   
,dry about two months4            ,dry  
two months4                             
,no4 #b4--                        ,no4  
#b4--;,grade4--,flanders1 second4       
,agrees with commission4                
,quantity1 first4      ,first-class cow4
                 ,quality1 first4       
,dry four to six weeks4           ,dry  
four to six weeks4                      
,no4 #c4--                        ,no4  

#c4--;,grade4--,imperfect ,flanders4    
,second class cow4                      
,quantity1 first4      ,dry about six   
weeks4             ,quality1 first4     
,dry six weeks4                         
,no4 #d4--                        ,no4  
#d4--;,grade4--,flanders1 second4       
,agrees with committee4                 
,quantity1 second4      ,second class   
cow4                ,quality1 second4   
,large milker1 but fails too            
soon4                              ,dry 
from six to eight weeks4     ,dry six to
 eight weeks4                           
,no4 #e4--                        ,no4  
#e4--;,grade1 ,durham4      ,large      
milker4                    ,quantity1   
second4      ,first-class4              
,quality1 second4      ,dry six to eight
 weeks4          ,dry eight to ten      
weeks4                                  
,no4 #f4--                        ,no4  
#f4--;,grade4--,horizontal1 first4      
,agrees with committee4                 
,quantity1 second4      ,second class4  

,quality1 second4      ,dry three to    
four weeks4         ,dry four to six    
weeks4                                  
,no4 #g4--                        ,no4  
#g4--;,grade4--,curveline1 second4      
,first-class in every respect4          
,quantity1 second4      ,best in the    
herd4                ,quality1 third4   
,dry four to eight weeks4         ,dry  
four to six weeks4                      
,no4 #h4--                        ,no4  
#h4--;,grade1 ,durham4--,horizontal1    
first4      ,agrees with committee4     
,quantity1 second4      ,good second    
class4               ,quality1 second4  
,dry four to six weeks4           ,dry  
four to six weeks4                      
,no4 #i4--                        ,no4  
#i4--;,grade4--,flanders1 a ,gauche4    
,first-class4                           
,quantity1 second4      ,dry four to six
 weeks4           ,quality1 second4     
,dry six weeks4                         
,no4 #aj4--                       ,no4  
#aj4--;,grade4--,flanders1 second4      

,agrees with commission's4              
,quantity1 second4      ,second class4  
,quality1 second4      ,dry six to eight
 weeks4          ,dry six weeks4        
,no4 #aa4--                       ,no4  
#aa4--;,grade4--,double selvage4--,some 
,first-class4                           
bastard marks4      ,dry about eight    
weeks4           ,quantity1 second4     
,quality1 second4                       
,dry ten to twelve weeks4               
,no4 #ab4--                       ,no4  
#ab4--;,grade4--,imperfect ,flanders4   
,agrees with commission's4              
,quantity1 first4      ,first-class4    
,quality1 second4      ,dry six to eight
 weeks4          ,dry six weeks4        
,no4 #ac4--                       ,no4  
#ac4--;,grade1 ,durham4--,flanders1     
third4      ,agrees with commission4    
,quantity1 third4      ,third class4    
,quality1 third4      ,dry four to six  
weeks4           ,dry six to eight      
weeks4                                  
,no4 #ad4--                       ,no4  

#ad4--;,grade4--,flanders1 second4      
,agrees with commission4                
,quantity1 first4      ,first-class4    
,quality1 second4      ,dry two to three
 weeks4          ,up to her time4       
,we were present at the examination of  
our stock by the      ,pennsylvania     
,guenon ,commission1 on ,october #b;d1  
and have      examined the accounts here
 rendered1 with the original written    
opinions1 and find them to correspond4  
,the accounts were given      by both   
parties without either knowing anything 
of the accounts      of the other4      
7,signed7 ,j4  ,j4 ,,darlington4        
,having given the results of their work1
 the commission would now leave  the    
further solution of the problem to the  
practical dairymen of the  ,state4      
,they1 of course1 expect that not only  
their report1 but also the  correctness 
of the system1 will be criticised2 but  
if this criticism is  conducted with a  
spirit of fairness1 and with a view to  
obtain the truth1  they fully believe   

the result will be favorable4    ,by    
direction of the commission4            
,,willis ,p4 ,,hazard1                  
,secretary4          ,,addenda4         
,the appointment of a commission by     
,governor ,hartranft1 in #ahgh1 to      
investigate and verify the theories of  
,m4 ,guenon in judging and selecting    
milch cows1 has resulted in much good to
 the agricultural community4 ,the       
members of that commission1 including   
,mr4 ,george ,blight1 who acted upon  a 
similar committee in #ahec1 thoroughly  
imbued with the accuracy of the  system 
and the desire to extend its usefulness1
 have continued to explain  this mode of
 selecting cows whenever an opportunity 
offered4 ,this has  been very frequent1 
and many hundred cows have been examined
 in public1  and the system explained in
 every section of the country4    ,it is
 fortunate that all other modes of      
judging cows do not militate  against   
,m4 ,guenon's views2 they give the judge
 only a more certain mode1  and1 if he  

has had much practice1 a nearly         
infallible one4 ,there are some  points 
which are in full unison with ,guenon's 
views1 but do not appear in  his work1  
and may be spoken of as follows3        
#ast4 ,all bovine animals have on the   
skin of the back a quirl in the  hair1  
which seems to be a sort of dividing    
line or point between the  hair on the  
front of the animal and that on the     
hinder portion4 ,this  should be found  
in the center of the ridge of the       
animal1 that is1  equi-distant from the 
head as from the root of the tail1 and  
should be  well defined1 but of short   
fine hair4 ,frequently it is to be seen 
on the  shoulder2 when there1 coarse    
hair is generally the accompaniment1 and
  with that1 a thick or tough skin1 and 
no great milking qualities1 or if  much 
milk is given1 it is not for a long     
time1 nor is the milk of rich  quality4 
,the heaviest milkers have this mark1   
usually on the middle of  the back1 and 
the richest1 with short fine hair4 ,in  

short1 the nearer the  middle of the    
back1 and the smaller the quirl and the 
finer the hair1  the most generally will
 the cow be the better milker and of the
 richest  quality4 ,this mark ,mr4      
,blight and myself have been testing for
 a long  time1 and we feel now that we  
can recommend it as a very good         
additional  point to judge from4        
#b;d4 ,the tail should be long and      
squarely placed on the animal at the    
root1 and of thin fine quality1 with a  
good curly or corkscrew switch1  and the
 bone of the tail should extend fully   
down to the knee and as  much below it  
as possible4 ,the horns should be small1
 waxy1 and crumpled  inwards and        
downwards a little4 ,if they are long1  
they should be thin and  sometimes      
rather flat4    #c;d4 ,bulls2 the same  
remarks apply to these4 ,their hind legs
 should  resemble1 as much as possible1 
those of the cow1 with great length     
between the hoof and the first joint2   
this indicates their aptitude to  beget 

heifer calves and good milkers4    #dth4
 ,on raising calves1 proper nourishment 
should be given2 if stinted1  the       
inferior parts develop to the injury of 
the better2 the head and  horns will be 
out of proportion to the rest of the    
body4      ,the ,breeding and ,value of 
well-selected ,butter ,cows4    ,we have
 frequently endeavored to show that one 
of the most important  advantages of    
,guenon's system is1 that it enables    
every owner of cows  to tell the good   
from the bad cows1 and that by weeding  
out the poor  ones1 and raising the tone
 of his herd1 he will increase his      
profits1  and if every farmer in the    
,state will do the same1 the increased  
value  of all herds1 and the increased  
results in profits1 would amount to many
  millions yearly4    ,pertinent to this
 subject1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,walker1 of      
,worcester1 ,massachusetts1  the owner  
of a very choice herd of ,jerseys1      
embracing members of the  ,alphea1      
,victor1 and ,pansy families1 has       

prepared an article on the  ,,breeding  
,,and ,,value ,,of ,,butter ,,cows1     
which proves1 by tables showing the  net
 results of good and bad cows1 the      
theory that good cows will pay  better  
than poor ones as an investment4 ,we    
digest his remarks as follows3    ,in   
,new ,england1 a pound of butter can be 
made for less money than a pound  and a 
half of beef1 taking the animals at     
birth or beginning with animals  two    
years old4    ,taking any good herd of  
,jersey cows1 old and young1 from the   
time the  heifers first come in milk1   
and it will average to make two thirds  
as  many pounds of butter per annum as  
any person in ,new ,england can make in 
pounds of beef1 on any herd of any      
breed4    ,the beef is worth six to nine
 cents1 and the butter from twenty to   
forty  cents4    ,furthermore1 every    
farmer should know what the difference  
is in the  actual value of the different
 cows he owns1 rating their value upon  
the  money he gets for their product4   

,an ordinary cow will make about two    
hundred pounds of butter a year4  ,the  
tables are intended to show what the    
difference is in the value of  different
 cows for producing butter1 taking as a 
basis the payment of  thirty dollars for
 a cow that will make two hundred pounds
 of butter per  annum1 and for different
 amounts up to six hundred pounds per   
annum1  assuming that the cow will die  
at twelve years of age4 ,the interest   
upon the first cost of the cow1 and on  
her product for each year1 is           
compounded at the rate of six per cent4 
per annum1 up to the day it is  assumed 
the cow will die1 taking no account of  
the value of the stock  bred from her4  
,as long as every business is done upon 
the basis of interest on  investments1  
we must treat the question of values as 
applied to cows on  that basis4 ,this is
 the only way to accurately prove the   
difference in  value between one cow and
 another4      ,table ,a4    ,if the cow
 cost thirty dollars1 the keeping per   

annum twenty-five  dollars1 and the     
butter sells for twenty-five cents a    
pound1 the  profits on the cows will be 
as follows1 viz3      ,paying #cj #jj   
for a #bjj pound cow1 he will get in ten
 years1  #agj #jj      0    #ahi #ig  0 
#cjj      0        0             0      
#bce #jc      0    #cdh #hf  0    #djj  
0        0             0          #bii  
#hi      0    #ejd #ci  0    #ejj      0
        0             0          #cfc   
#aa      0    #fga #fa  0    #fjj      0
        0             0          #dbh   
#ci      ,table ,b4    ,including       
interest on all items1 a farmer will    
make on each cow as  follows1 7made on a
 basis of twenty-five cents a pound for 
butter1 and  twenty-five dollars a year 
for keeping17 viz3      ,paying #cj #jj 
for a #bjj pound cow1 he will get in ten
 years1  #aie #gc      0    #abe #jj  0 
#cjj      0        0             0      
#cac #jf      0    #bej #jj  0    #djj  
0        0             0          #cgd  
#ae      0    #cej #jj  0    #ejj      0

        0             0          #dgd   
#eb      0    #dej #jj  0    #fjj      0
        0             0          #eie   
#ia      ,table ,c4    ,reckoning the   
annual cost of keeping at thirty-five   
dollars1 and butter  at thirty cents a  
pound1 reckoning interest on her cost1  
and on all  receipts from her1 a farmer 
will make on each cow as follows1 viz3  
,paying #cj #jj for a #bjj pound cow1 he
 will get in ten years1  #ahb #hg      0
    #abe #jj  0    #cjj      0        0 
0          #ced #gh      0    #bej #jj  
0    #djj      0        0             0 
#dhc #di      0    #cej #jj  0    #ejj  
0        0             0          #fed  
#ag      0    #dej #jj  0    #fjj      0
        0             0          #haa   
#ei      ,table ,d4    ,on an annual    
cost of keeping of fifty dollars1 and   
price of butter at  thirty-five cents3  
,paying #cj #jj for a #bjj pound cow1 he
 will get in ten years1   #ie #gf      0
    #abe #jj  0    #cjj      0        0 
0          #cah #ci      0    #bej #jj  

0    #djj      0        0             0 
#ejg #df      0    #cej #jj  0    #ejj  
0        0             0          #gdd  
#bj      0    #dej #jj  0    #fjj      0
        0             0          #ifj   
#ij    ,assuming that each cow1 costing 
at two years old the price named in  the
 tables1 will die at twelve years old1  
the actual value of cows to  practical  
farmers1 making annually the different  
amounts of butter named1  is shown4     
,they show what the cow will make in the
 ten years1 and also what a farmer  can 
afford to pay for each cow making the   
different amounts of butter  named4     
,they show the different amounts the    
farmer1 who buys one of each  of the    
cows named1 paying the prices named for 
each of the five1 will  make on each1   
provided no interest is reckoned on the 
price paid for the  cow1 or on the      
butter made from her1 during ten years4 
,these figures are certainly startling  
to any one who has not taken the        
trouble to examine this subject1 much   

more so to the farmer who never  figures
 carefully1 and does exactly as his     
father did before him1 without  regard  
to the altered circumstances that       
surround him4    ,the farmer who shakes 
his head wisely at his more enterprising
 neighbor1  and insists that cows making
 as much butter as is mentioned in these
 five  tables do not live and never did1
 should know that the thorough-bred     
,jersey cows1 ,jersey ,belle of         
,scituate1 of the ,victor family1 made  
#gje  pounds of butter in twelve        
consecutive months2 that ,eurotas1 of   
the  ,alphia family1 made #ggh pounds of
 butter between ,november #ab1 #ahgi1   
and ,october #ae1 #ahhj1 and dropped a  
heifer calf on ,november #d1 #ahhj2     
that ,pansy1 sired by ,living ,storm1   
dam ,dolly #b;d1 sired by ,emperor #b;d1
  made in her four year old form #egd   
pounds of butter in one year2 that      
imported ,flora made #eaa pounds of     
butter in fifty weeks2 that ,countess   
made #af pounds of butter on grass only1

 when fourteen years old4 ,these        
well-established facts no intelligent1  
fair-minded man now disputes1  and it is
 confidently believed that many more    
,jerseys will make as much  butter as   
have any of those mentioned4    ,the    
question which at once suggests itself  
to farmers who are not  satisfied with  
their present animals1 is that of       
capital4 ,the answer is1  8admitting the
 above figures to be correct1 ,i have no
 capital to pay  the high prices        
demanded for the best ,jersey cows1 and 
,i must therefore  forego that          
improvement of my herd1 which ,i know ,i
 ought to make40 ,let us  see if this is
 so4    ,by any process of reasoning1   
the 8bull is half the herd40 ,each cow  
contributes to one calf each year half  
its qualities4 ,the bull  contributes to
 every calf produced in the herd half   
its qualities4 ,some  horse-breeders    
will talk only of the excellences of the
 stallion4 ,some  farmers will talk only
 of the excellences of the cows4 ,both  

are mistaken4  ,the sire and the dam1   
each contribute to their offspring1 on  
the  average1 exactly the same          
proportion of their excellences or      
defects4    ,some bulls are so          
powerfully organized as to be able to   
stamp their  qualities1 good or bad1 on 
nearly every one of their progeny1 as   
are some  cows2 but these are the rare  
exceptions4 ,each contribute the same1  
as  a rule4 ,no scientific investigator 
of the breeding problem1 or careful     
breeder1 would any sooner select the    
offspring of a #fjj pound butter cow1   
got by a bull from a #bjj pound butter  
family1 than he would a heifer got  by a
 full brother to the #fjj pound butter  
cow from a full sister to the  #bjj     
pound butter bull4    ,using a bull from
 a #djj pound butter family1 on heifers 
from a #bjj pound  butter family1 is    
just as likely to produce heifers that  
will make from  two hundred to four     
hundred pounds of butter annually1      
averaging a yield  of three hundred     

pounds2 as the using of a bull from a   
#bjj pound butter  family on cows of a  
#djj pound butter family1 would be to   
reduce the yield  of some of the heifers
 to two hundred pounds1 and the average 
to three  hundred pounds4 ,the          
increasing the butter yield of the      
heifers from a  herd of cows one half by
 using a bull on them from a family or  
breed that  make twice as much1 or the  
reverse1 can be relied upon as certainly
 as  any expected result in the most    
uncertain of all business1 namely3 that 
of breeding4    ,if these statements are
 correct1 what had a farmer better pay  
for a bull  from a #djj pound butter    
family1 to use on his herd of ten #bjj  
pound  butter cows1 rather than use a   
bull from a #bjj pound butter family8   
,it may be said that the keeping would  
cost more1 because the higher bred      
product must be kept better4 ,there is  
some truth in this1 but the better      
keeping would affect favorably the      
poorer animals as well1 and whatever    

the extra feed would cost1 it would     
carry the value of the average yield  as
 much above the figures we are making1  
as the extra feed would cost4    ,the   
ten #bjj pound butter cows1 in ten years
 would pay a profit of #a1ieg  #cj4 ,if 
the ten cows bred from them1 by using   
the #djj pound butter bull1  would make 
half as much again butter at the same   
cost1 the general  product would be     
increased by one half1 and leave the sum
 to be deducted  for keeping the same1  
for if the two year old #bjj pound      
butter heifer  could be raised for #cj1 
so could the better bred one4 ,the      
profit on  each of them1 deducting #ed  
#ah1 cost of cow1 will be #dhd #fd--on  
the ten1  #d1hdf #dj1 and on the #bjj   
pound butter cows1 the profits would be 
#a1ieg  #cj4 ,the advantages reaped by  
the farmer who has the product for ten  
years  of heifers bred by using the     
better bull1 will be #b1hhi #aj more    
than on  the #bjj pound butter cows4    
,if he paid for his bull #a1ejj1 and the

 bull and all his cows died at  twelve  
years old1 the farmer would be as well  
off as he would have been  to have used 
the #bjj pound butter bull4    ,but     
there is no necessity of paying #a1ejj  
for a #djj pound butter  bull4 ,one     
hundred dollars will buy a ,jersey bull1
 six weeks old1 from  a #djj pound      
butter family1 and he will be old enough
 to use in twelve  months4 ,the #ajj    
paid for him1 at six per cent4 compound 
interest1  would amount to #aia #fa1 in 
eleven years4 ,the profit on ten butter 
cows  making three hundred pounds over  
the ten cows making two hundred pounds  
in ten years1 being #b1hjj1 by deducting
 the #aia #fa for the bull that         
produced them1 7counting nothing for the
 #bjj pound butter bull1 for he  is     
good-for-nothing17 the actual advantage 
reaped by the farmer with  intelligence 
and enterprise enough to secure the     
better bull1 in the ten  years after his
 heifers come in1 is over #b1ejj on the 
butter alone4 ,the  animals are counted 

of no value when twelve years old1 as   
the price got  for those living beyond  
that age would average to pay only for  
the losses  caused by accident to       
animals before reaching that age4 ,these
 figures  take no account of the        
skim-milk or buttermilk1 for they are   
nearly  the same in either case1 and    
will pay the taxes and for the care of  
the  animals2 but there is one very     
important source of profit that is not  
reckoned1 and that is the extra value of
 the progeny1 which is shown by  the    
following table1 to be #ag1dbd #dh4     
,there must be no mistake made in       
procuring a ,jersey bull calf4          
,although1 as a breed1 they are twice to
 three times as valuable for  butter as 
common cows1 yet any farmer who buys or 
uses a ,jersey bull1  because he is a   
,jersey bull1 will sorely repent his    
venture4    ,buy a bull only from the   
very best families of ,jerseys4 ,they   
are cheaper  than the gift of an average
 good one4    ,the idea that it costs   

more to keep ,jersey cows than common   
cows1 or that  ,jersey cows will not    
take on flesh1 for beef1 as readily as  
other breeds1  is true in one view1 and 
very erroneous in another and more      
correct one4    ,what a ,jersey eats1   
beyond a limited amount1 increases the  
quantity and  richness of her milk1 not 
her flesh1 and the amount of flesh she  
carries  is proportionally less for any 
extra feed1 because it does not make    
flesh1 but increases the butter globules
 in her milk4 ,again1 any other  breed  
can be readily dried off at any time1   
and being dry1 or giving but  little    
milk1 and that of poor quality1 they    
readily take on flesh1 but a  good      
,jersey is 8dried off0 with great       
difficulty1 and herein she greatly      
excels all other breeds4 ,hundreds of   
,jerseys1 milking twelve to sixteen     
quarts at their flush1 hold out so      
evenly1 that they will give many more   
quarts of milk1 and of double the       
richness1 in a year1 than eighteen to   

twenty-four quart cows1 of other        
families1 that are dry several months of
  the year4    ,it is the experience of 
every breeder of ,jerseys that1 being   
dry1 they  will take on flesh as fast1  
with a given quantity and quality of    
feed1 as  other breeds1 not exclusively 
beef producers4    ,they are not good   
for beef1 simply because they are good  
for butter4    ,from ,jersey cows1 a    
farmer in ,new ,england can make a pound
 of butter  worth thirty-five cents1    
with a less quantity of food than they  
now use  to make a pound and one half of
 beef worth nine cents4    ,if farmers  
think there is some error in these      
statements1 they will1  like sensible   
men whose prosperity depends upon the   
result1 sit down and  figure out the    
results for themselves4    ,those who   
talk loudest against them1 will hold on 
to a cow in their herd  that has a      
little ,jersey blood in her2 and if they
 put a price on her1 it  will be from   
half as much again1 to double that of   

the finer formed cow  standing beside   
her1 guiltless of having any ,jersey    
blood in her veins4    ,if there is an  
animal to be had any better than the    
bull any one is now  using1 it ought to 
be secured at once4 ,so with cows1 but  
by all means  change at once for a      
better1 any bull1 however good4    ,it  
is not claimed for any of the tables    
herewith presented1 that they  show     
absolutely the value of any cow to any  
farmer1 but only that they  are         
relatively correct4 ,every man who      
consults them1 must make his own        
adjustments as to cost and receipts on  
any cow he owns4 ,it is clear1 that     
adding a very little to the cost of     
keeping1 and deducting a very little    
from the price of butter1 will show that
 any #bjj pound butter cow brings  her  
owner in debt1 each year4 ,again1 there 
are probably hundreds of cows  kept for 
the dairy1 that will not make two       
hundred pounds of butter in  one year on
 the same feed ,jersey ,belle of        

,scituate1 had when she made  seven     
hundred and five pounds of butter in one
 year4 ,it may be said  that no         
allowance is made for any accidents to  
which a cow is liable--to  abort1 to    
have a calf die at birth1 to injury1 c41
 and the thought is  present that the   
loss on the poorer animal is not so     
much1 in that case1  as on the better2  
but the better is no more liable to such
 a case1 and  the loss is nearly the    
same proportionally4 ,but it is still   
true1 that  the nearer to absolute      
worthlessness animals are1 the less the 
loss1  relatively and absolutely1 their 
owner suffers in their injury4 ,better  
remember1 however1 that 8blessed be     
nothing0 is not the ejaculation of  the 
healthful1 the enterprising1 and the    
successful1 but of desperate  disease1  
incapacity1 or idleness4      ,table ,e4
    ,showing the value of the progeny of
 a herd of #cb cows1 that each make     
#cjj pounds of butter annually1 at the  
expiration of ten years1 together  with 

the value of the butter the progeny will
 have made during the ten  years4 ,also 
showing the same on a herd of #cb cows1 
each making #bjj pounds  of butter      
annually4 ,no account is taken of the   
bull calves1 for they are  worth        
nothing4 ,no one can afford to use a    
bull1 however good1 if one is  to be had
 that is any better4                    
#bjj ,,pound ,,butter ,,herd4           
----------------------------------------
-----------------      ,on     ,the     
,coming   ,value of  ,value of,total    
value      ,januaryoriginal    in milk  
butter    heifers of the           #ast1
   herd of     at #b1    at the    at   
end  heifers          of the #cb will   
will makeend of tenof ten  and their    
year--  drop--       butter--  years4   
years4  product4                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------      #ahha   #af      
heifers1 #h years1 #c1agd #df    #afj   
#c1ccd #df       #ahhb   #af   0      #g
  0      #b1gbd #ed     #afj   #b1hhd   

#ed       #ahhc   #af   0      #f  0    
#b1bdg #jd     #cbj   #b1efg #jd        
#ahhd   #af   0      #e  0      #a1gdj  
#cb     #dhj   #b1bbj #cb       #ahhe   
#af   0      #d  0      #a1bjb #gb      
#dhj   #a1fhb #gb       #ahhf   #af   0 
#c  0        #fcb #cb     #dhj   #a1aab 
#cb       #ahhg   #af   0      #b  0    
#bjh #fd     #dhj     #fhh #fd          
#ahhh   #af   0      #a  0              
#dhj     #dhj #jj       #ahhi   #af   0 
yearling1              #bhh     #bhh #jj
       #ahij   #af   0      calf1       
#if      #if #jj                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,product of the ,second ,generation4    
----------------------------------------
------------------------      #ahhc     
#h heifers1 #f years1 #a1abb #eb        
#afj  #a1bhc #ed       #ahhd    #h   0  
#e   0       #hgj #af     #bdj   #a1aaj 
#af       #ahhe    #h   0      #d   0   
#fja #cf     #bdj     #hda #cf          
#ahhf    #h   0      #c   0       #caf  

#af     #bdj     #eef #af       #ahhg   
#h   0      #b   0       #ajd #cb       
#bdj     #cdd #cb       #ahhh    #h   0 
#a   0                  #bdj     #bdj   
#jj       #ahhi    #h   0      yearling1
              #add     #add #jj         
#ahij    #h   0      calf1              
#dh      #dh #jj                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,product of the ,third ,generation4     
----------------------------------------
------------------------      #ahhe     
#d heifers1 #d years1   #cjj #fh        
#abj    #dbj #fh       #ahhf    #d    0 
#c   0       #aeh #jh     #abj     #bgh 
#jh       #ahhg    #d    0     #b   0   
#eb #af     #abj     #agb #af           
#ahhh    #d    0     #a   0             
#abj     #abj #jj       #ahhi    #d    0
     yearling1               #gb        
#gb #jj       #ahij    #d    0     calf1
                   #bd      #bd #jj     
----------------------------------------
------------------------                

,product of the ,fourth ,generation4    
----------------------------------------
------------------------      #ahhg     
#b heifers1 #b years1   #bf #jh         
#fj     #hf #jh       #ahhh    #b   0   
#a   0                   #fj      #fj   
#jj       #ahhi    #b   0      yearling1
               #cf      #cf #jj         
#ahij    #b   0      calf1              
#ab      #ab #jj                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,product of the ,fifth ,generation4     
----------------------------------------
------------------------      #ahhi     
#a heifer1  yearling1               #ah 
#ah #jj       #ahij    #a   0      calf1
                    #f       #f #jj     
,total value of progeny from herd of #cb
 in #aj years1  #ba1bbf #eh             
,value of progeny1 #ffc #cc on each #bjj
 pound cow4                             
#cjj ,,pound ,,butter ,,herd4           
----------------------------------------
-----------------      ,on     ,the     

,coming   ,value of  ,value of,total    
value      ,januaryoriginal    in milk  
butter    heifers of the      #ast1     
herd of     at #b1    at the    at end  
heifers      of the #cb will     will   
makeend of tenof ten  and their         
year--  drop--       butter--  years4   
years4  product4                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------      #ahha   #af      
heifers1 #h years1 #f1igc #ab  #a1baf   
#h1ahi #ab      #ahhb   #af   0      #g 
0      #f1jgc #ab   #a1hbd   #g1hig #ab 
#ahhc   #af   0      #f  0      #e1aag  
#ib   #b1dcb   #g1edi #ib      #ahhd    
#af   0      #e  0      #d1ajd #cb      
#c1jdj   #g1add #cb      #ahhe   #af   0
      #d  0      #c1jbi #ab   #c1jdj    
#f1jfi #ab      #ahhf   #af   0      #c 
0      #a1hhh #cb   #c1jdj   #d1ibh #cb 
#ahhg   #af   0      #b  0        #ihj  
#dh   #c1jdj   #d1jbj #dh      #ahhh    
#af   0      #a  0        #cdj #cb      
#c1jdj   #c1chj #cb      #ahhi   #af   0
      yearling1            #b1jjj       

#b1jjj #jj      #ahij   #af   0         
calf1                  #ifj     #ifj #jj
                                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,product of the ,second ,generation4    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------      #ahhc    #h
 heifers1 #f years1 #b1eeh #if   #a1baf 
#c1ggd #if      #ahhd    #h   0      #e 
0     #b1jeb #af   #a1ebj   #c1egb #af  
#ahhe    #h   0      #d   0     #a1ead  
#ef   #a1ebj   #c1jcd #ef      #ahhf    
#h   0      #c   0       #idd #af       
#a1ebj   #b1dfd #af      #ahhg    #h   0
      #b   0       #dij #bd   #a1ebj    
#b1jaj #bd      #ahhh    #h   0      #a 
0       #agj #af   #a1ebj   #a1fij #af  
#ahhi    #h   0      yearling1          
#a1jjj   #a1jjj #jj      #ahij    #h   0
      calf1                  #dhj       
#dhj #jj                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,product of the ,third ,generation4     

----------------------------------------
-----------------------      #ahhe    #d
 heifers1 #d years1   #geg #bh     #gfj 
#a1eag #bh      #ahhf    #d    0     #c 
0       #dgb #jh     #gfj   #a1bcb #jh  
#ahhg    #d    0     #b   0       #bde  
#ab     #gfj   #a1jje #ab      #ahhh    
#d    0     #a   0        #he #jh       
#gfj     #hde #jh      #ahhi    #d    0 
yearling1              #ejj     #ejj #jj
      #ahij    #d    0     calf1        
#bdj     #bdj #jj                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,product of the ,fourth ,generation4    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------      #ahhg    #b
 heifers1 #b years1   #abb #ef     #chj 
#ejb #ef      #ahhh    #b   0      #a   
0        #db #ed     #chj     #dbb #ed  
#ahhi    #b   0      yearling1          
#bej     #bej #jj      #ahij    #b   0  
calf1                  #abj     #abj #jj
                                        
----------------------------------------

-----------------------                 
,product of the ,fifth ,generation4     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------      #ahhi    #a
 heifer1  yearling1              #abe   
#abe #jj      #ahij    #a   0      calf1
                   #fj      #fj #jj     
,total value of progeny from herd of #cb
 in #aj years1 #gf1ihd #fb        ,value
 of progeny1 #b1dje #gg on each #cjj    
pound cow4          ,,notices ,,of ,,the
 ,,press4      8,the whole system is    
very clearly laid down1 so that any one1
 by practice  and study1 may learn from 
this work how to use it4 ,the arguments 
for and  against are also set forth1    
with proofs of the value of the system4 
,our  dairymen would do well to study   
the subject and be able to guess as well
  as the members of the commission on   
the value of the cows examined by       
them40--,american ,dairymen4    8,in    
itself1 the system is very simple1 and1 
with care1 easily understood2  and1     
taking into consideration its great     

importance1 should be studied  and      
acquired by all who are directly or     
indirectly interested in farming1  and  
as so many opportunities are offering to
 obtain a practical knowledge  of the   
method1 there can be no excuse for      
ignorance any longer4 ,the  system of   
judging the value of cows has become so 
thoroughly arranged  that with a little 
practice1 enough can be learned from it 
in a short  time to serve any one making
 use of it1 and thereby avoiding loss4  
8,the bulls are found marked with       
corresponding designs1 as far as the sex
  permits1 which indicate unerringly    
their good and poor qualities2 and  thus
 by a wise use of the knowledge acquired
 through the ,guenon method1  stock     
breeders can judiciously1 and with      
almost certainty1 select their  cattle  
for the purposes in view1 either for    
milking1 butter-making1  or beef1       
according to their desire1 for all these
 results follow its  teachings40--,state
 ,fair ,daily4    8,mr4 ,hazard has     

given us a most interesting work upon a 
system that  has gained the respect and 
consideration of thinking farmers the   
world  over40--,farm and ,fireside1     
,springfield1 ,ohio4    8,mr4 ,hazard   
is1 no doubt1 the best posted supporter 
of the system in this  country1 and may 
be regarded as authority4 ,if his       
recommendations for  the selection of   
dairy stock are worthless then the whole
 ,guenon system  may be condemned as    
being utterly fallacious4 ,his book     
deserves careful  attention from        
intelligent farmers40--,bucks ,county   
,intelligencer4    8,in a majority of   
cases1 the marks have been reliable1 and
 this should  incite all dairy folks to 
know what is said about it40--,meehan's 
,gardner's ,monthly4    8,it embraces a 
sketch of ,guenon1 and the progress of  
his discovery2  extracts from his       
preface explaining his views2 an        
explanation of his  system of escutcheon
 marks2 descriptions of the various     
escutcheons and  their indications of   

value and quantity1 and directions how  
to apply them  in practice1 together    
with the report of the commission of    
which the  author served as secretary4  
,nearly one hundred illustrations are   
given1  those of the escutcheons being  
photographed from the drawings in       
,guenon's  last revised                 
edition40--,country ,gentleman and      
,cultivator4    8,remarkable as was ,m4 
,guenon's method1 and although his      
discoveries were  duly made known in    
this country1 this is the first time    
that his methods  have been compiled for
 practical use4 ,by the use of this     
little handbook1  there can be no doubt1
 but that farmers and stock raisers     
would save a  vast amount of money4 ,the
 explanations are simple and easily     
followed1  the numerous illustrations   
serving to elucidate the text40--,boston
  ,evening ,traveler4    8,beginning    
with a little sketch of the method of   
the birth of the system  in ,guenon's   
mind1 the author goes on in a clear and 

concise manner to  explain by plain     
language and appropriate drawings1 the  
various so  called #8milk mirrors' and  
their values1 being properly understood1
  as aids in selecting good dairy stock4
 ,the various opinions of those  adverse
 to the #8theory' are fairly discussed1 
and the reports of various  agricultural
 societies which have from time to time 
investigated it  are given1 together    
with the report of the ,pennsylvania    
commission4  ,taken altogether1 ,mr4    
,hazard has succeeded in making a very  
readable1  interesting and valuable     
book1 and one which1 whatever may or may
 not  be the preconceived ideas of its  
reader1 cannot fail to interest and     
instruct him upon a subject which should
 be far better understood amongst       
farmers generally1 than it at present   
is40--,new ,england ,homestead4    8,a  
very valuable pamphlet4 ,mr4 ,hazard has
 devoted great attention and  study to  
the subject1 with a view of rendering   
the system popular1 and we  happen to   

know that his work is largely           
appreciated1 especially by the  farmers 
of ,new ,england1 from the number of    
orders received for the book4  ,the     
discovery made by ,mr4 ,guenon1 and the 
practical principles founded on  it are 
invaluable1 and the saving to the       
country by its general knowledge  will  
be very great4 ,the ,state of           
,pennsylvania1 in #ahgh1 appointed a    
commission to test the system and report
 on it4 ,mr4 ,hazard was a member  of   
the commission1 and has added the       
results of much study and research4  ,he
 has been invited to lecture and present
 the subject at the annual  meeting of  
the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of     
,agriculture1 at ,greenfield1  and has  
many invitations and engagements in     
other places40--,massachusetts          
,ploughman4    8,this volume embraces   
all the essential matters in ,guenon's  
treatise4  ,it is really a valuable     
contribution to dairy                   
literature40--,southern  ,cultivator4   

8,every farmer should study             
,guenon40--,farm ,journal4    8,dairymen
 and stock raisers should send for a    
copy40--,rural ,nebraska4               
,,extracts ,,from ,,the ,,much ,,larger 
,,notices ,,of ,,the ,,work4      ,,how 
,,to ,,select ,,cows2 ,,or1 ,,the       
,,guenon ,,system ,,explained4 ,by      
,willis ,p4  ,hazard4 ,in no way is the 
march of improvement in agriculture more
  decided than in the new discoveries   
and new methods of developing its       
resources4 ,it is owing to these that   
,america is now the granary of the      
world1 and1 as years roll by1 if the    
developments of the next decade  are as 
great in proportion as the last ones1 no
 matter how extensive  the foreign      
demand1 there will be an ample supply at
 still lower prices  than at the        
present4 ,no branch of agricultural     
interests has changed  so much and      
received such an impetus1 especially    
within the last five  years1 as the     
dairy4 ,entire new modes of making      

butter and cheese and  of setting milk  
have largely taken place of the old     
ones4 ,competition  in making dairy     
products becomes keener each year1 and  
every process by  which the labor can be
 lessened1 or the products be cheapened1
 meets with  recompense4    ,the first  
step1 however1 is in the selection of   
good stock1 for by it the  product of   
the herd is increased from twenty-five  
to thirty-three per  cent41 and1        
therefore1 the profits must be immensely
 greater4 ,the old  plan of our         
forefathers of judging of the value of a
 cow by a crumpled  horn and a large bag
 is now set aside by recent discoveries4
 ,the most  important and most reliable 
one is that of ,mons4 ,franois ,guenon1 
of  ,libourne1 ,france4 ,after a series 
of experiments he was convinced there   
were outward marks in the hair which    
were an indication of the yield and     
quality of all cows4 ,patiently for many
 years he labored at forming his        
discoveries into a system1 with classes 

and orders of each variation4  ,he was  
finally rewarded by the approval of all 
the leading agricultural  societies in  
,france1 and by that government with a  
pension of three  thousand francs4      
,the work of ,guenon was partially      
translated and published in this country
  years ago1 but it was his first crude 
effort1 and it presented the new        
science in so crude a form as rather to 
dismay the learner than to  invite him  
to master it4 ,last year the ,state of  
,pennsylvania appointed  a commission of
 three well-known agriculturists and    
experts to test the  system and report  
upon it4 ,that report was printed and   
published to the  extent of twenty-five 
thousand copies1 which but partially    
supplied the  demand4 ,messrs4 ,blight1 
,harvey1 and ,hazard examined the       
escutcheons of  two hundred cows1 and   
interpreted them as regards the         
quantity1 quality1  and time of the     
yield of each animal4 ,alongside of     
their statements the  knowledge of the  

owner of each cow was printed1 and it is
 truly wonderful  how accurately the    
character of each cow is given by these 
gentlemen who  had never seen the cattle
 before4 ,the gist of their report was  
that the  system was invaluable and     
worthy of adoption by every farmer1 and 
such  adoption would add millions of    
value to the improved herds of the      
country4    ,upon the publication of    
this report1 discussions took place in  
the  leading agricultural journals1 and 
thus has been created a demand for  more
 easily to be acquired knowledge upon   
the whole subject4 ,willis ,p4  ,hazard1
 the secretary of the commission1 has   
prepared a complete treatise  upon      
,guenon's system1 and it has been just  
issued in a cheap form1 for  wide       
circulation4    ,mr4 ,hazard in his book
 gives a sketch of the life of ,m4      
,guenon and  the progress of his system1
 and then fully explains it1 so that in 
this simplified form any one can quickly
 learn all the points so as  to readily 

apply it4 ,the opinions of others1 both 
pro and con1 are  introduced1 argued1   
and answered1 so that in this volume one
 gets a full  history and account of the
 system1 and its practical application  
is made  easy4 ,there is a profusion of 
engravings1 photographed from ,guenon's 
designs1 which thoroughly elucidate the 
text and render it a valuable  handbook 
which no farmer can afford to do        
without1 and which amateur              
agriculturists will find a most         
interesting development of a wonderful  
discovery4--,philadelphia ,inquirer4    
8,a gentleman well known among the      
dairymen1 and who was appointed by the  
,governor of ,pennsylvania to           
investigate the value and practicability
 of  the ,guenon system4 ,he was induced
 to undertake the explanation of the    
system1 which he has very ably performed
 in this volume4 ,the low price  at     
which it is offered should induce every 
one even in the smallest  manner engaged
 in breeding or management of cows to   

procure a copy of  it40--,american      
,farmer1 ,baltimore4    8,at the ,new   
,york ,state fair1 in ,september1 #ahgi1
 ,mr4 ,hazard applied  the ,guenon      
system to a large number of cows of     
different breeds on  exhibition1 and    
told the amount of milk each gave1 as   
indicated by the  escutcheon theory4 ,a 
committee1 with ,col4 ,f4 ,d4 ,curtis as
 chairman1 was  appointed to accompany  
him1 and they state in their report that
 he was  generally accurate1 not varying
 in any instance more than two quarts in
  stating the daily average yield1 and  
in most cases giving the amount         
exactly1 and also the time the cows     
would give milk4 ,he made his estimate  
on the average daily yield for the first
 three months after calving1  on liberal
 feed4 ,in one or two instances he over 
rated the cows1 but  generally where    
there was any difference he was under   
the amount stated  by the owners4 ,mr4  
,hazard takes into consideration in his 
estimates the  size of the cow and her  

whole contour1 as well as the character 
of the  skin4 ,his round of observation 
is first the shape of the escutcheon1   
then the milk veins and quality of the  
skin4 ,he offered to have the cows      
blanketed and then tell their milking   
capacity1 but this was not done4  ,it is
 fair to say that he judges mainly by   
the escutcheon4 ,the tests  attracted a 
large circle of breeders1 who were      
greatly interested on  account of the   
novelty and general accuracy40--,col4   
,curtis in ,new ,york  ,tribune4