,,beef ,slaught]+1 ,cutt+1 ,pres]v+1 &  
,cook+ on ! ,f>m                        
,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,(          
,,agriculture                           
,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,,numb] #bbfc        
,,precaution  ,! ,f$]al ,meat           
,inspection ,act requires t all meat :i*
 is to be sold or trad$ = human         
consumption mu/ be slaught]$ "u         
inspection 9 an approv$ facility "u !   
sup]vision ( a ,/ate or ,,usda meat     
inspector4 ,a p]son c slaught] 8 animals
 outside su* a facility only = use by   
himself1 memb]s ( 8 h\sehold1 & 8       
nonpay+ gue/s & employees4 ,he is n     
all[$ to sell any portion ( ! c>cass4 ,=
 m details ab\t ^! regulations1 consult 
y\r c\nty ext5sion ag5t or write to !   
,animal & ,plant ,heal? ,inspection     
,s]vice1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (      
,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjbej4  
,,cont5ts                               
,page     ,selection & c>e  (  animal   
be=e slaught]              #a           
,prep>+ = slaught]                      

#b     ,slaught]                        
#f     ,*ill+ ! c>cass                  
#ce     ,cutt+                          
#cg     ,freez+ & froz5 /orage          
#ei     ,fur!r process+                 
#ei     ,meat cook]y                    
#fe   ,?is bullet9 sup]s$es ,f>m]s'     
,bullet9 ,no4 #bbji1 8,slaught]+1       
,cutt+1 & ,process+ ,beef on ! ,f>m40   
,dep>tm5t publications conta9 public    
in=mation4 ,!y are n copyright$ & may be
 reproduc$ 9 :ole or 9 "p ) or )\t      
cr$it4  ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4                
,issu$--#aigg         ,,beef            
,,slaught]+1 ,,cutt+1 ,,pres]v+1 ,,&    
,,cook+ ,,on ,,! ,,f>m     ,by ,h4      
,russell ,cross1#a ,e4 ,curtis ,gre51#b 
,william ,r4 ,jones1#c      ,rog] ,l4   
,we/1#d & ,an?ony ,w4 ,kotula#a         
7,photographs by           ,donald ,k4  
,r\gh#a & ,t]ry ,k4 ,o',driscoll#e7     
#a ,meat ,sci5ce ,rese>* ,laboratory1   
,agricultural ,rese>* ,s]vice1          
,beltsville1 ,md4 #bjgje4    #b         
,/&>dization ,bran*1 ,live/ock          

,division1 ,agricultural   ,m>ket+      
,s]vice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjbej4    #c 
,pres5t address3 ,coop]ative ,ext5sion  
,s]vice1 ,auburn   ,univ]sity1 ,auburn1 
,ala4 #cfhcj4 ,employ$ at ,p5nsylvania  
,/ate   ,univ]sity1 ,univ]sity ,p>k1    
,pa41 :5 "w 0 initiat$4    #d ,dep>tm5t 
( ,animal ,sci5ce1 ,univ]sity (         
,florida1 ,ga9esville1   ,fla4 #cbfaa4  
#e ,beltsville ,agricultural ,rese>*    
,c5t]1 ,agricultural ,rese>*   ,s]vice1 
,beltsville1 ,md4 #bjgje4               
,,selection ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,animal      
,,be=e ,,slaught]   ,sev]al factors %\ld
 be consid]$ be=e slaught]+ a beef      
animal = home consumption4 ,! mo/       
important consid]ations are heal?1 k9d (
 animal 7calf1 /e]1 or heif] or c[71    
expect$ meat yield1 & c>e ( ! animal    
prior to slaught]4                      
,heal?  ,"o %\ld take c>e t an unheal?y 
animal is n select$ = slaught]4 ,at ! "t
 ( selection1 look = signs ( sickness   
su* z fev]1 increas$ brea?+ rate1 &     
di>rhea4 ,animals suspect$ ( be+        

unheal?y %\ld be treat$ by a vet]9>ian  
until ! animal is return$ to a heal?y   
/ate4                                   
,animal ,c>e  ,to obta9 high-quality    
meat1 x is important to ex]cise prop]   
c>e ( ! animal prior to slaught]4 ,p5 ! 
animal 9 a clean1 dry place ! day be=e  
slaught]+4 ,re/rict ! animal f fe$ #bd  
h\rs prior to slaught]1 b provide access
 to wat] at all times4 ,! slaught] (    
hot1 excit$ animals increases ! risk (  
sickness1 injury1 & d>k meat4           
,animal ,type  ,! k9d ( animal "o       
selects = slaught] w dep5d on its       
ultimate use4 ,= meat simil> to ,u4,s4  
,*oice 9 palatability x is necess>y to  
select a #a1jjj to #a1bjj-p\nd /e] or a 
#ijj to #a1jjj-p\nd heif] t has be5 on  
full fe$ = at lea/ #aej days4 ,! "t on  
fe$ influ5ces palatability because ( !  
fat cont5t 9 ! lean4 ,un=tunately1 z mo/
 animals deposit fat 9 ! muscle1 !y also
 deposit fat ar\nd ! muscle4 ,mu* ( !   
outside fat is usually trimm$ (f dur+   
cutt+4 ,if meat ) less wa/e fat is      

desir$1 a /e] or heif] f$ on =age to    
#hjj to #ijj p\nds w be suitable4 ,if ! 
animal's age is less ?an #ag to #ah     
mon?s1 ! prop]ly prep>$ cook$ meat %\ld 
be relatively t5d]4 ,ye>l+s j (f ! c[ ) 
p]haps a %ort p]iod on grass1 weigh+    
#djj to #fjj p\nds1 w produce meat l[ 9 
fat4 ,?is meat w be less flavorful ?an  
meat f gra9-f$ animals b %\ld be        
acceptably t5d]4 ,_m p]sons :o slaught] 
on ! f>m expect ! meat f an #hjj-p\nd   
=age-f$ /e] to ta/e l ,u4,s4 ,*oice or  
,prime4                                 
,meat ,yield  ,well-f$ /e]s f mo/ beef  
bre$s yield a dress$ c>cass weigh+      
approximately #fj p]c5t ( ! animal's    
live weight4 ,= example1 a #a1jjj-p\nd  
live /e] yields a #fjj-p\nd c>cass4     
,yields w v>y accord+ to ! fe$+ ration &
 ! l5g? ( "t on fe$4 ,cutt+ losses f !  
c>cass1 su* z bone or fat trim1 v>y f   
#bj to #cj p]c5t or m4 ,) a #be-p]c5t   
cutt+ loss1 :i* is n unusual1 a         
#fjj-p\nd c>cass w\ld yield             
approximately #dej p\nds ( usable meat  

cuts4 ,a good rule ( ?umb = c>cass beef 
is #be p]c5t wa/e1 #be p]c5t gr\nd beef 
& /ew meat1 #be p]c5t /eaks1 & #be p]c5t
 roa/s4 ,?us a #a1jjj-p\nd /e] w1 on !  
av]age1 yield ab\t #dej p\nds ( usable  
meat cuts4 ,?is figure c easily be z    
high z #eej p\nds = an animal ) v little
 wa/e fat to z l[ z #cjj p\nds = an     
animal ) excessive wa/e fat4            
,,prep>+ ,,= ,,slaught]   ,prior to !   
day ( slaught]1 select ! slaught] site1 
accumulate all equipm5t1 prep>e = wa/e  
disposal1 &1 if necess>y1 make          
arrangem5ts ) a local processor or meat 
m>ket = *ill+ & cutt+ ! c>cass4 ,if y   
plan to h ! c>cass *ill$ & cut up1      
arrangem5ts %\ld be made conc]n+ ! "t & 
day on :i* ! c>cass c be accept$1 !     
*>ges1 & specific in/ructions = *ill+1  
cutt+1 & wrapp+ ! c>cass4               
,site ,selection  ,selection ( !        
slaught] site is extremely important4 ,a
 site ) clean1 runn+ wat] is be/4 ,if a 
tree is to be us$1 a heal?y limb #f to  
#h in*es 9 diamet] & #ab to #ae feet f !

 gr\nd is ne$$4 ,?is w ensure t ! limb w
 n break f ! weight ( ! c>cass & !      
c>cass c be fully ext5d$ f ! gr\nd =    
visc]a removal & splitt+4 ,if slaught]  
is to be done 9 a b>n1 be sure t a /rong
 beam #ab to #ae feet f ! floor is      
available4 ,! floor %\ld be clean &1    
pref]ably1 concrete4  ,aft] selection ( 
! slaught] site1 clean up ! area to     
ensure t leaves & dirt are n bl[n on !  
c>cass dur+ slaught]4 ,if ! site has a  
wood5 or concrete floor1 wa% ! floor &  
all equipm5t ) pl5ty ( soap & wat]4 ,be 
sure to r9se ?or\ghly because sanitiz]s 
discolor ! meat & may cause (f-flavors4 
,if slaught]+ is to be done outdoors use
 /raw to cov] ! area :]e ! c>cass w be  
sk9n$ & evisc]at$4  ,! wea!r on ! day ( 
slaught] %\ld also be consid]$4 ,dur+   
hot wea!r1 slaught] is be/ p]=m$ dur+ ! 
e>ly morn+ or late ev5+ h\rs4 ,s9ce an  
inexp]i5c$ p]son w take #b to #c h\rs to
 complete ! slaught] op]ation1 c>e %\ld 
be tak5 to preclude long exposure to    
high temp]atures4 ,dur+ cold wea!r (    

less ?an #ce;,f1 slaught] c be done at  
any "t1 s9ce spoilage bact]ia d n gr[ z 
rapidly 9 a cold environm5t4 ,slaught]  
dur+ high w9ds w result 9 dirt & o!r    
contam9ants be+ bl[n onto ! c>cass4     
,wa/e ,disposal  ,all wa/e products %\ld
 be dispos$ ( 9 a sanit>y mann]4 ,if !  
"w is to be done 9 ! op51 "o %\ld select
 a site ) good dra9age s t blood & wat] 
c dra9 away f ! c>cass4 ,blood & wat]   
mu/ n be all[$ to pollute ne>by /reams  
or o!r wat] supplies4  ,disposal (      
visc]a is (t5 a problem4 ,arrangem5ts   
%\ld be made to h a local processor or  
r5d]+ plant pick x up4 ,if ?is is n     
possible1 x %\ld be buri$ s t dogs & o!r
 animals _c dig x up4  ,! hide is a v   
important byproduct ( cattle & repres5ts
 ab\t #g p]c5t ( ! live weight4 ,aft]   
removal1 spread x out 9 a cool place ) !
 hair side d[n & give x a good          
application ( ice cream or sack salt4   
,ab\t #a p\nd ( salt is requir$ p] p\nd 
( hide4 ,! hide may be tann$ or sold4   
,slaught] ,equipm5t  ,elaborate &       

exp5sive equipm5t is n necess>y1 b c]ta9
 items are ess5tial 7fig4 #a74 ,! foll[+
 slaught] equipm5t is recomm5d$3    #a4 
4#bb-;calib] rifle ) long c>tridges or  
long rifle c>tridges4    #b4  ,%>p sk9n+
 knife & /eel 7see ! section on %>p5+   
knives74    #c4  ,block & tackle or *a9 
hoi/--%\ld h at lea/ a  or       #a-;in*
 nylon rope or *a94    #d4              
,*ocks--concrete blocks "w well4    #e4 
,meat saw4    #f4  ,oil or wat] /one4   
#g4  ,ample cold wat] = wa%+ h&s1       
equipm5t1 c>cass1 &       byproducts4   
#h4  ,tree ) /rong limb1 beam1 or tripod
 #ab to #ae feet high1 or       tractor 
) hydraulic lift4    #i4  ,beef spread] 
or s+le-tree 7= #djj to #fjj-p\nd       
animal1 #cf       in*es long2 = heavy   
cattle1 #dj in*es long74    #aj4        
,buckets 7two or ?ree74    #aa4 ,ice or 
cold wat]4    #ab4 ,/raw = plac+ "u     
animal dur+ sk9n+ & evisc]ation4    #ac4
 ,clean clo?s or pla/ic = protection (  
meat dur+ transport4    #ad4 ,clean /r+4
    ,illu/ration3 ,slaught] equipm5t    

display$   ,figure #a4--;,equipm5t =    
slaught]4  ,be sure t all equipm5t t w  
come 9 contact ) meat is ?or\ghly       
clean$4 ,mo/ p get blood & o!r mat]ial  
on _! out] g>m5ts dur+ slaught]1 :i*    
%\ld n be transf]r$ to ! c>cass aft] x  
is wa%$4  ,additional equipm5t ne$$ =   
cutt+ ! c>cass is discuss$ 9 ! section  
on c>cass cutt+4                ,!      
,correct ,proc$ure = ,%>p5+ ,knives  ,! 
basic op]ations involv$ 9 %>p5+ a knife 
are gr9d+1 hon+1 & /eel+4 ,ma9t5ance ( a
 %>p work+ edge (t5 requires only /eel+4
 ,if ! knife is 9 heavy use1 p]iodic    
hon+ is usually requir$ daily or at lea/
 weekly4  #a4 ,gr9d+ 7fig4 #b7 is       
necess>y because new knives are n       
usually sold 9 a =m %>p en\gh = imm$iate
 use4 ,! /one %\ld be wat]1 or oil-cool$
 to avoid ov]heat+ ! knife4 ,! blade    
%\ld n be gr\nd back m ?an  in* f ! edge
 to =m ! prop] bevel4 ,! bevel %\ld be !
 same on bo? sides ( a sk9n+ knife s t x
 may be us$ ) ei!r h& 9 remov+ ! hide f 
a beef c>cass4 ,x is be/ to gr9d ! knife

 by hold+ ! knife edge aga9/ ! /one at a
 "r angle to prev5t sc>r+ ! blade any   
f>!r back ?an ! actual bevel4  #b4 ,hon+
 7fig4 #b7 is accompli%$ on a c>borundum
 /one4 ,/ones %\ld be set 9 a block (   
wood or plac$ on a damp clo? to prev5t  
lat]al slid+4 ,hold ! h&le ( ! knife 9 !
 "r h& ) ! blade edge po9t$ away f y\r  
body4 ,assume a position p>allel to !   
side ( ! /one & place ! heel ( ! knife  
blade on ! end ( ! /one to y\r extreme  
left4 ,tilt ! blade ( ! knife en\gh to  
make ! bevel lie flat ) ! /one4 ,place !
 f+] tips ( ! left h& on ! flat ( !     
blade t[>d ! tip & ne> ! back edge to   
ex]t pressure on ! blade4 ,x is v       
important = safety t ! f+]s ( ! left h& 
pu% d[nw>d only to ma9ta9 an ev5        
pressure on ! knife blade ov] ! /one4   
,if ! left h& pu%es lat]ally ) ! %>p5+  
/roke1 & ! knife cat*es on an           
irregul>ity1 !n ! f+]s w slip (f ! edge 
& c be cut sev]ely by ! fre$ knife      
blade4 ,) a sweep+ motion t[>d ! "r ( ! 
/one1 draw ! knife completely across !  

/one1 aga9/ ! cutt+ edge ( ! blade4 ,!  
correct motion is a*iev$ :5 t portion ( 
! blade ne>e/ ! h&le beg9s ! /roke & !  
extreme tip ( ! blade ends ! /roke4 ,!  
proc$ure is rev]s$ to hone ! opposite   
side ( ! blade4  #c4 ,/eel+ 7fig4 #b7 is
 accompli%$ by us+ v>i\s k9ds ( /eels t 
are adapt$ to specific uses4 ,!         
c>borundum & ribb$ /eels are = kit*5 use
 :]e knives ne$ n be razor-%>p & ! /eel 
is actually hon+ ! knife4 ,!            
mirror-smoo? /eel = razor-%>p edges is !
 "o be/ suit$ = slaught] & meat cutt+4  
,! /eel %\ld be held firmly 9 ! left h& 
9 a position almo/ diagonal to ! body b 
) a slightly upw>d tilt4 ,?is p]mits !  
free movem5t ( ! knife across ! /eel )\t
 draw+ x too close to ! support+ h&4    
,place ! heel ( ! blade aga9/ ! ne> side
 ( ! tip at a #bj to #be angle & br+ !  
blade d[n along ! /eel t[>d ! left h& ) 
a quick1 sw++ motion ( ! "r wri/ & =e>m4
 ,! entire blade %\ld pass lightly ov] !
 /eel4 ,return ! knife to a position on 
! opposite side ( ! /eel & repeat ! same

 motion4  ,to te/ ! knife = %>pness &   
smoo?ness ( edge1 run ! edge ( ! blade  
lightly ov] ! flat ( ! ?umbnail4 ,if !  
knife slides easily1 x lacks ! prop]    
%>pness4 ,a %>p edge w dig into ! nail &
 a r\gh or wire edge w rasp ! nail4     
,illu/ration3 ,l9 draw+ %[+ blade gr9d+1
 hon+1 &   /eel+   ,figure #b4--,!      
correct proc$ure = %>p5+ knives4#f  #f  
,adapt$ f ,smi?1 ,g4 ,c41 ,c>p5t]1 ,z4  
,l41 & ,k+1 ,g4 ,t4 #aigd4 ,laboratory  
,ex]cises 9 ,elem5t>y ,meat ,sci5ce4    
,kemp ,publi%+ ,co41 ,h\/on1 ,tex4      
,,slaught]                              
,/unn+  ,! animal mu/ be kill$ z quickly
 & humanely z possible4 ,9 a slaught]   
h\se ! cattle are driv5 into a knock+ p5
 :]e !y are /unn$ ) a compression gun4  
,on ! f>m a me*anical /unn] is usually n
 available2 !re=e1 /unn+ is be/         
accompli%$ ) a well-direct$ long or long
 rifle bullet f a 4#bb-;calib] rifle4 ,z
 ) ! use ( any fire>ms1 normal          
precautions %\ld be tak5 :5 /unn+ !     
animal4  ,! purpose ( /unn+ is to r5d] !

 animal unconsci\s s t its ?roat c be   
cut4 ,:5 /unn+ is accompli%$ ) a        
4#bb-;calib] rifle1 ! bullet %\ld       
p5etrate ! skull & /rike ! bra94 ,!     
location ( ! bra9 is %[n 9 figure #c4   
,if done prop]ly ! animal w be          
immobiliz$ = sev]al m9utes4             
,illu/ration3 ,draw+ ) side & front     
views ( bra9 location   ,figure         
#c4--,location ( ! bra94  ,x is be/ to h
 ! animal secur$ to a tree or /rong po/4
 ,direct ! bullet at ! int]section ( two
 imag9>y l9es ext5d+ f ! "r edge ( !    
poll to ! c5t] ( ! left eye & f ! left  
edge ( ! poll to ! c5t] ( ! "r eye z %[n
 9 figure #d4    ,illu/ration3 ,man     
hold+ gun po9t$ at front ( c[4 ,x       
indicates   t>get location   ,figure    
#d4--,! ,x %[s :]e to /un4              
,ble$+  ,ble$+ is a v important "p ( !  
slaught]+ op]ation & %\ld be done n m   
?an #b m9utes aft] ! animal is d[n      
because ! increas$ blood pressure may   
break ! capill>ies & cause an           
unattractive condition 9 ! meat call$   

8blood spla%40  ,! easie/ & safe/ me?od 
= quick ble$+ is to ble$ ! animal :ile x
 is /ill on ! gr\nd4 ,/&+ beh9d !       
animal1 grasp ! l[] jaw 7fig4 #e71 pull 
! head back slightly1 & cut across !    
?roat f e> to e> z deeply z possible    
7fig4 #f74 ,if ! blood does n fl[       
freely1 cut deep]4 ,a %>p sk9n+ or bon+ 
knife is appropriate = ?is "p ( !       
op]ation4    ,illu/ration3 ,man hold+   
knife to side ( c['s neck   ,figure     
#e4--,/ick+4 ,/& beh9d ! animal & grasp 
! l[] jaw4    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+  
across c['s neck us+ a knife   ,figure  
#f4--;,cutt+ ?roat4  8,pump+0 ! animal w
 assure m complete ble$+4 ,?is c be     
accompli%$ by lift+ ! h9dqu>t] ) ! tail1
 pull+ ! =eleg1 & apply+ a pump+ motion 
) a foot 9 ! flank 7fig4 #g74           
,illu/ration3 ,man lift+ tail1 h9d leg1 
& front leg ( c[   ,figure #g4--,pump+  
to assure complete ble$+4               
,removal ( ,legs  ,if ! animal has to be
 mov$ to ano!r location = hoi/+1 tie a  
rope or *a9 ar\nd ! h9dlegs above !     

hocks 7fig4 #h74 ,position ! animal ) ! 
h9dlegs directly b5ea? ! hoi/4 ,roll !  
animal onto its back & prop x 9 place ) 
two concrete or wood5 blocks 7fig4 #i74 
,illu/ration3 ,rope ti$ to h9dlegs      
,figure #h4--;,dragg+ to tree4 ,secure  
bo? h9dlegs4    ,illu/ration3 ,c[ 9     
sup9e position held ) blocks on ei!r    
side   ,figure #i4--,position ( c>cass =
 hide removal4  ,beg9 removal ( !       
h9dlegs by cutt+ ?r\gh ! hide & t5dons  
betwe5 ! sole ( ! foot & ! dew claws    
7fig4 #aj74 ,split ! hide f ! dew claws 
d[n ! leg to ! hock & ov] ! re> ( ! r\nd
 to a po9t ab\t #f in*es bel[ ! hock &  
remove ! hide f ea* h9dleg 7fig4 #aa74  
,remove ! h9dleg by cutt+ ?r\gh ! jo9t  
close/ to ! foot ) a knife or saw 7figs4
 #ab & #ac74 ,be c>eful n to cut ! l>ge 
t5dons j bel[ ! hock = !y w be ne$$ :5  
hoi/+ ! c>cass4    ,illu/ration3 ,man   
slic+ across h9d foot us+ a knife       
,figure #aj4--;,cutt+ b5ea? dew claws4  
,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ along h9dleg   
us+ a knife   ,figure #aa4--,remov+ hide

 f h9dlegs4    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ 
?r\gh h9dleg jo9t us+ a knife   ,figure 
#ab4--,remov+ h9dleg by cutt+ ?r\gh     
jo9t4    ,illu/ration3 ,man saw+ ?r\gh  
h9dleg jo9t   ,figure #ac4--,remov+     
h9dleg by saw+ ?r\gh jo9t4  ,to remove !
 =eleg1 cut ?r\gh ! hide & t5dons at !  
jo9t close/ to ! foot4 ,?is jo9t is     
approximately #a in* above ! bony rise 9
 ! knee4 ,split ! hide f ! dew claws to 
! orig9al cut & sk9 out ! =elegs4       
,remove ! =elegs ) a knife or saw at !  
orig9al cut 7fig4 #ad74    ,illu/ration3
 ,slic+ ?r\gh "o =eleg jo9t & saw+ ?r\gh
   ! o!r   ,figure #ad4--,remov+ !      
=elegs ) knife or saw4                  
,sid+  ,aft] all legs h be5 remov$1     
split ! hide d[n ! midl9e f ! ?roat to !
 anus 7fig4 #ae74 ,?is split %\ld be    
made by ins]t+ ! po9t ( ! knife "u !    
hide ) ! blade turn$ up z %[n 9 figure  
#ae4 ,?is proc$ure is ref]r$ to z cutt+ 
f inside out & protects aga9/ meat      
contam9ation f mat]ials on ! hide4      
,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ hide f front to

 back   ,figure #ae4--,splitt+ hide d[n 
midl9e4  ,if a c[ is be+ slaught]$1 d n 
split ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! udd]4 ,cut ! hide
 ar\nd ea* side ( ! udd] & remove by    
lift+ x & cutt+ along ! body wall4      
,removal ( a l>ge udd] w make sid+ easi]
 & prev5t any fluids conta9$ 9 ! udd] f 
spill+ onto ! meat4  ,beg9 sid+ by      
splitt+ ! hide on ! inside ( ! r\nd     
7fig4 #af74 ,/>t+ ) ! cut made 9 remov+ 
! h9dleg1 cut d[nw>d to ! midl9e split1 
j beh9d ! scrotum or udd]4 ,cut 8inside 
out0 & d n cut ?r\gh ! fat into ! meat4 
,sk9 ! inside r\nd ar\nd to ! front ( ! 
leg1 leav+ all fat & connective tissue  
on ! c>cass & n on ! hide 7fig4 #ag74   
,inexp]i5c$ but*]s h a t5d5cy to cut too
 deep 9 ?is area1 s cut sl[ly &         
c>efully4    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+   
hide along inn] h9d leg us+ a knife     
,figure #af4--,splitt+ ! hide on !      
inside ( ! r\nd4    ,illu/ration3 ,man  
sk9n+ hide (f h9dleg us+ a knife        
,figure #ag4--,sk9n+ ! r\nd4  ,removal (
 ! hide f ! belly or abdom5 is ! next   

/ep4 ,beg9n+ at ! midl9e split1 cut "u !
 hide until x c be grasp$ ) ! o!r h&    
7fig4 #ah74 ,loos5 ! hide along ! flat  
surface ( ! belly f ! r\nd =w>d to !    
brisket 7fig4 #ai74 ,! insides ( !      
=elegs c be sk9n$ b n ! outside1 :i*    
protects ! c>cass f contam9ation :5 x is
 hoi/$ 7fig4 #bj74    ,illu/ration3 ,man
 pull+ & slic+ away hide f belly us+ a  
knife   ,figure #ah4--,remov+ hide f    
belly4    ,illu/ration3 ,man pull+ &    
slic+ away hide us+ a knife   ,figure   
#ai4--,loos5+ ! hide f r\nd to elb[4    
,illu/ration3 ,man pull+ & slic+ away   
hide ar\nd =elegs us+   a knife         
,figure #bj4--,sk9n+ ! inside ( !       
=elegs4  ,sid+ 7removal ( ! hide f !    
sides7 is ! next /ep & is v difficult to
 d p]fectly4 ,?is requires a knife ) a  
%>p1 smoo? edge2 !re=e1 frequ5t /eel+ ( 
! knife may be necess>y4 ,grasp ! loos5$
 hide & pull x up & outw>d 7fig4 #ba74  
,?is places t5sion on ! hide1 removes   
wr9kles1 & all[s ! knife to glide       
smoo?ly4 ,hold+ ! knife firmly1 place x 

aga9/ ! hide ) ! blade turn$ slightly   
outw>d to avoid cutt+ ! ?9 flat muscles 
:i* cov] ! sides ( ! c>cass4 ,) smoo?1  
sweep+ /rokes ( ! knife1 sk9 f ! front (
 ! h9dleg to ! po9t :]e ! hide 0 cut ov]
 ! elb[4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! muscles become 
?9 & s tightly b\nd to ! hide t x w be  
necess>y to leave !m on ! hide4 ,cut    
?r\gh ! muscles & cont9ue sk9n+ z f> d[n
 ! side z possible 7fig4 #bb74          
,illu/ration3 ,man pull+ & slic+ away   
hide ar\nd midsection   us+ a knife     
,figure #ba4--,remov+ hide f sides      
7sid+74    ,illu/ration3 ,c[ on gr\nd ) 
hide pull$ away   ,figure #bb4--,sid+   
complet$4  ,return to ! re> ( ! c>cass &
 remove ! hide left on ! inside ( !     
r\nds 7fig4 #bc74 ,d n sk9 ! outside ( !
 r\nd because ?is c be done m easily    
aft] ! c>cass is hoi/$4    ,illu/ration3
 ,man pull+ & slic+ away hide ar\nd inn]
   h9dlegs us+ a knife   ,figure        
#bc4--,remov+ hide f ! inside ( ! r\nd4 
,sk9n+ ! ,head  ,! head %\ld be sk9n$ by
 splitt+ ! hide d[n ! midl9e 7fig4 #bd7 

& by sk9n+ d[n ea* side ( ! head & neck 
z f> z possible 7fig4 #be74             
,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ along top (    
head us+ a knife   ,figure #bd4--,sk9n+ 
! head4    ,illu/ration3 ,head & neck ) 
hide remov$   ,figure #be4--;,hide      
remov$ f neck & head4  ,remove ! tongue 
by cutt+ j inside ea* jaw to ! =w>d po9t
 :]e ! jaws jo9 7fig4 #bf71 mak+ sure ! 
tongue is /raight s t x w n be cut4     
,pull ! tongue out & complete its       
removal by cutt+ ?r\gh ! c>tilage at its
 base 7fig4 #bg74 ,wa% ! tongue ?or\ghly
 9 clean wat] & put x 9 ice or ice wat]4
    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ along jaw  
us+ a knife   ,figure #bf4--,loos5+ !   
tongue4    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+     
tongue out at base us+ a knife   ,figure
 #bg4--,remov+ ! tongue4  ,remove ! *eek
 meat f ea* side ( ! jawbone by cutt+   
close to ! bone & d[n to ! rise ( ! bone
 j ov] ea* eye 7fig4 #bh74 ,wa% ?or\ghly
 9 clean wat] & put x 9 ice or ice wat]4
    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ *eek away f
 head us+ a knife   ,figure             

#bh4--,remov+ *eek meat f jawbone4      
,op5+ ! ,brisket  ,beg9n+ at ! cut made 
= ble$+1 split ! muscles along ! midl9e 
( ! neck up to ! end ( ! brisket4 ,cut  
only z deep z ! w9dpipe4 ,cut l5g?wise  
along ! c5t] ( ! brisket f ! neck to its
 re> edge 7figs4 #bi & #cj74 ,be c>eful 
n to cut beyond ! tip ( ! brisket       
because ! visc]a may be punctur$4 ,split
 ! neck op5 along ! midl9e & loos5 !    
w9dpipe & esophagus4 ,saw completely    
?r\gh ! brisket z %[n 9 figure #ca4 ,tie
 ! w9dpipe & esophagus ) /r+ to avoid   
spill+ paun* mat]ials :5 ! c>cass is    
hoi/$ 7fig4 #cb74    ,illu/ration3 ,man 
slic+ up along ! front ( ! neck us+ a   
knife   ,figure #bi4--,splitt+ fat &    
lean ( brisket4    ,illu/ration3        
,picture ( split neck   ,figure         
#cj4--;,fat & lean ( brisket--split to  
bone4    ,illu/ration3 ,man saw+ brisket
 bone   ,figure #ca4--,saw+ ! brisket   
bone4    ,illu/ration3 ,man ty+ %ut     
w9dpipe & esophagus   ,figure #cb4--,ty+
 ! w9dpipe & esophagus4                 

,hoi/+ & ,rump+  ,ins]t ! spread] or    
s+le-tree betwe5 ! l>ge t5dons on !     
h9dlegs 7fig4 #cc74 ,= safety1 ! hocks  
%\ld be ti$ securely to ! spread]4 ,aft]
 ! spread] is firmly 9 place1 hoi/ !    
c>cass to a conv5i5t work+ height1      
usually wai/ high1 = sk9n+ ! r\nds4 ,sk9
 along ! outside ( ! r\nds leav+ ! fell1
 ! ?9 membrane t lies betwe5 ! meat &   
sk91 on ! r\nd 7fig4 #cd74 ,?is membrane
 protects ! meat f rapid dry+4 ,aft]    
sk9n+ ar\nd ! anus1 loos5 x by cutt+    
ar\nd x deep into ! pelvic canal 7fig4  
#ce74 ,pull ! l>ge inte/9e ab\t #f in*es
 f ! pelvic cavity 7fig4 #cf7 & tie x ) 
a /r+ ne> ! op5+ z %[n 9 figure #cg4 ,to
 facilitate lat] hide removal f ! tail1 
remove a ?9 /rip ( hide f its top side  
7fig4 #ch74    ,illu/ration3 ,pipe hold+
 h9dlegs ap>t1 *a9s atta*$   ,figure    
#cc4--;,hoi/+ ! c>cass4    ,illu/ration3
 ,c[ hoi/$ wai/ high = sk9n+ h9dlegs    
,figure #cd4--,remov+ ! hide f ! r\nd   
7rump+74    ,illu/ration3 ,knife slic+  
ar\nd anus us+ a knife   ,figure        

#ce4--,sk9n+ ar\nd ! anus 7bung74       
,illu/ration3 ,anus pull$ out away f    
c>cass   ,figure #cf4--,pull+ anus f    
pelvic canal4    ,illu/ration3 ,man ty+ 
%ut anus   ,figure #cg4--,ty+ ! anus4   
,illu/ration3 ,knife slic+ hide along   
l5g? ( tail us+ a knife   ,figure       
#ch4--,sk9n+ ! tail4  ,sk9 ! outside ( !
 r\nd1 leav+ ! fell membrane on ! r\nd  
7fig4 #ci74 ,y c usually pull (f ! hide 
9 ?is region by h&1 leav+ ! fell intact4
 ,at ! bottom ( ! r\nd1 ! fell is sev]$ 
z %[n by ! arr[s 9 figure #dj4 ,if a /e]
 or bull is be+ slaught]$1 remove ! p5is
 by cutt+ "u x & sev]+ its connection at
 ! anus4 ,remove ! hide f ar\nd ! anus4 
,illu/ration3 ,man pull+ & slic+ hide   
away f h9dlegs us+   a knife   ,figure  
#ci4--,sk9n+ ! outside ( ! r\nd4        
,illu/ration3 ,hide remov$ f h9d legs up
 to tail us+ a knife   ,figure          
#dj4--;,hide remov$ f r\nds4            
,evisc]ation  ,split ! pelvic bone by   
fir/ locat+ ! seam betwe5 ! r\nds1 !n   
foll[+ ?is seam to ! bone & cutt+ ?r\gh 

! bone ) a knife or saw 7figs4 #da &    
#db74    ,illu/ration3 ,man splitt+     
h9dlegs ap>t ) knife   ,figure          
#da4--,splitt+ ! pelvic bone ) a knife4 
,illu/ration3 ,man splitt+ h9dlegs ap>t 
) saw   ,figure #db4--,splitt+ ! pelvic 
bone ) a saw4  ,hoi/ ! c>cass until !   
front %anks cle> ! gr\nd by ab\t a foot4
 ,cut d[n ! midl9e by ins]t+ ! knife    
h&le inside ! body cavity ) ! knife     
blade ext5d$ outw>d z %[n 9 figure #dc4 
,?is proc$ure ensures t ! paun* &       
inte/9es are n cut4 ,cont9ue cutt+ d[n !
 midl9e to ! cut made :5 op5+ ! brisket 
7figs4 #dd & #de74 ,loos5 ! l>ge        
inte/9es z %[n 9 figure #df1 mak+ sure t
 ! pelvic & kidney fat1 z well z !      
kidneys1 are left atta*$ to ! c>cass4   
,pull d[n on ! paun* & inte/9es & all[  
!m to fall into a conta9] or onto !     
gr\nd4 ,z ! paun* falls1 a small cut ) a
 knife w free ! liv] f ! connections to 
! inte/9es & paun* 7fig4 #dg74 ,d n cut 
! esophagus1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh !         
diaphragm4 ,! esophagus w be left atta*$

 until ! lungs are remov$4              
,illu/ration3 ,h& 9 body cavity slic+   
d[n ?r\gh belly us+   a knife   ,figure 
#dc4--,op5+ ! belly--knife blade outw>d4
    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ d[n ?r\gh  
belly us+ a knife   ,figure #dd4--,op5+ 
! belly4    ,illu/ration3 ,/oma* hang+  
out f c>cass   ,figure #de4--;,belly    
op5$ to ! brisket4    ,illu/ration3     
,l>ge inte/9e be+ slic$ away f c>cass   
us+   a knife   ,figure #df4--,loos5+ ! 
l>ge inte/9e4    ,illu/ration3 ,liv] be+
 slic$ away f inte/9es us+ a knife      
,figure #dg4--;,free+ ! inte/9es & paun*
 f ! liv]4  ,remove ! liv] by rea*+     
beh9d x & pull+ :ile cutt+ ! connective 
tissue 7fig4 #dh74 ,dur+ removal1 *eck =
 any abscesses 7yell[ or :ite pus       
pockets7 or sc> tissue1 :i* are         
indications ( infections4 ,if ^! are    
pres5t1 ! entire c>cass %\ld be *eck$   
?or\ghly = o!r signs ( infection or     
disease 7discuss$ lat] 9 ! section on   
exam9+ ! c>cass74 ,once ! liv] is       
remov$1 sep>ate ! gall bladd] by cutt+  

"u x 7fig4 #di74 ,wa% ! liv] ?or\ghly & 
put x 9 ice or ice wat]4                
,illu/ration3 ,liv] be+ slic$ out us+ a 
knife   ,figure #dh4--,remov+ ! liv]4   
,illu/ration3 ,gall bladd] be+ slic$    
away f liv] us+ a   knife   ,figure     
#di4--,remov+ ! gall bladd]4  ,to remove
 ! lungs & he>t1 cut ?r\gh ! diaphragm1 
! ?9 %eet ( muscle1 & ! :ite connective 
tissue t sep>ates ! lungs & he>t f !    
/oma* & inte/9es4 ,?is cut is made at ! 
edge ( ! ?9 muscle z %[n by ! arr[s 9   
figure #ej4 ,cut b5ea? ! hang+ muscle & 
! l>ge blood vessels j bel[ ! kidneys to
 ! backbone4 ,remove ! he>t1 lungs1 &   
w9dpipe z "o unit by pull+ !m d[n :ile  
cutt+ betwe5 !m & ! backbone 7fig4 #ea74
 ,be sure to note any adhesion ( ! lungs
 to ! body wall because ?is is a sign ( 
infecti\s diseases4    ,illu/ration3    
,diaphragm cut away at ! po9t ( contact 
) ribs   ,figure #ej4--;,cutt+ ?r\gh !  
diaphragm4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ he>t 
& lungs f backbone us+ a knife   ,figure
 #ea4--,remov+ ! he>t & lungs4  ,! he>t 

is remov$ f ! lungs by cutt+ across !   
top ( ! he>t 7fig4 #eb74 ,wa% x ?or\ghly
 & put x 9 ice or ice wat] = rapid      
*ill+4 ,if ! tripe1 or /oma*1 is to be  
sav$1 empty ! /oma* z quickly z possible
 & r9se x4 ,?or\gh clean+ c be done     
lat]4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ across top
 ( he>t us+ a knife   ,figure           
#eb4--,sep>at+ ! he>t f lungs4          
,dropp+ ! ,hide  ,split & remove ! hide 
rema9+ on ! front %anks 7fig4 #ec74 ,sk9
 d[n ea* side ( ! %anks & neck1 meet+ at
 ! backbone 7figs4 #ed & #ee74 ,sk9     
ar\nd ! lo9 & "u ! tail4 ,! rema9+ hide 
on ! tail c be pull$ or cut (f at ?is "t
 7fig4 #ef74 ,remove ! tail at its base 
7fig4 #eg71 wa% x ?or\ghly1 & put x 9   
ice or ice wat]4 ,sk9 ov] ! poll ( !    
head & d[n ! face1 remov+ ! hide at !   
muzzle 7figs4 #eh & #ei74 ,! head c be  
remov$ at ?is po9t2 h[ev]1 if x is left 
t\*+ ! gr\nd1 x w give support dur+     
splitt+4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ hide f 
front legs us+ a knife   ,figure        
#ec4--,sk9n+ ! front legs4              

,illu/ration3 ,slic+ hide f front legs  
us+ a knife   ,figure #ed4--,sk9n+ !    
front legs4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ hide
 f neck ne> backbone us+ a knife        
,figure #ee4--,remov+ hide f neck4      
,illu/ration3 ,man pull+ hide away f    
tail   ,figure #ef4--,pull+ hide f tail4
    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ tail (f us+ a  
knife   ,figure #eg4--,remov+ tail4     
,illu/ration3 ,slic+ hide d[n away f    
head ne> muzzle us+ a   knife   ,figure 
#eh4--,sk9n+ ! head4    ,illu/ration3   
,pull+ & slic+ hide f muzzle us+ a knife
   ,figure #ei4--,sk9n+ ! head4         
,splitt+ ! ,c>cass  ,split ! w>m1 dress$
 c>cass into halves4 ,?is all[s = free  
circulation ( air ar\nd ! halves1 to get
 a quick] *ill4 ,also1 a dress$ beef    
c>cass is heavi] & h>d] to h&le if x is 
n split4  ,to split ! c>cass1 fir/ saw  
?r\gh ! sacral v]tebrae or tail region f
 ! inside 7fig4 #fj74 ,z soon z y h made
 ! cut to ! rise ( ! pelvic ar*1 saw f !
 outside4 ,to make saw+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( !
 v]tebrae easi]1 m>k ! correct l9e y wi%

 to take d[n ! backbone ) a knife4 ,m>k 
ov] ! top ( ! bony sp9al processes1 :i* 
c be easily locat$ ) ! f+]s 7fig4 #fa74 
,make ! split ?r\gh ! lo9 & rib4 ,9 !   
*uck region1 l[] ! h&le ( ! saw to make 
saw+ easi] 7fig4 #fb74 ,if ! split gets 
(f c5t]1 cont9ue ?r\gh to ! next v]tebra
 & realign ! saw4    ,illu/ration3 ,saw 
inside body cavity saw+ d[n   ,figure   
#fj4--,splitt+ ! sacral v]tebrae4       
,illu/ration3 ,hang+ c>cass ) knife     
slice m>ks along backbone   ,figure     
#fa4--,l9e ( cutt+4    ,illu/ration3    
,saw cutt+ ?r\gh %\ld] region   ,figure 
#fb4--,saw+ ?r\gh ! *uck4  ,if bra9     
removal is desir$1 cont9ue ! split ?r\gh
 ! poll & d[n ! c5t] ( ! face4 ,aft]    
saw+ half way d[n ! face1 pull ! halves 
( ! head ap>t & remove ! bra9s 7fig4    
#fc74 ,wa% ! bra9s ?or\ghly1 *eck+ =    
bone fragm5ts4 ,if ! animal has be5 %ot 
! bra9 w conta9 metal fragm5ts & %\ld n 
be sav$4    ,illu/ration3 ,h& rea*+ into
 bra9 case & pull+ out bra9   ,figure   
#fc4--,remov+ ! bra9s4  ,remove ! head  

at ! fir/ jo9t next to ! poll4 ,head    
removal is mu* easi] aft] splitt+ 7fig4 
#fd74 ,!n remove ! kidney & kidney fat  
7fig4 #fe74    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ 
(f head us+ a knife   ,figure           
#fd4--,remov+ ! head at ! atlas jo9t4   
,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ out kidney us+ 
a knife   ,figure #fe4--,remov+ ! kidney
 & surr\nd+ fat4  ,wa% ! c>cass ) clean 
wat]1 especially d[n ! split backbone   
:]e bone du/ accumulates4 ,) a knife1   
remove any contam9ation :i* _c be wa%$  
(f4 ,pump+ ! front legs up & d[n a few  
times helps dra9 ! blood f ! =equ>t]s4  
,exam9+ ! ,c>cass  ,all ! int]nal organs
 & ! dress$ c>cass %\ld be exam9$       
c>efully = any abnormalities or         
conditions t might affect ! fitness ( ! 
meat = food4 ,usually1 a meat inspector 
or graduate vet]9>ian is ! only p]son   
qualifi$ to d ?is1 b "u f>m conditions x
 becomes necess>y = y to look = ! obvi\s
 signs ( disease or damage4 ,if any "p (
 ! visc]a or c>cass is que/ionable1 y   
%\ld obta9 exp]t advice4  ,bruises1 m9or

 injuries1 p>asites 9 ! organs & enclos$
 abscesses1 & s+le tumors are frequ5tly 
local conditions t c be easily remov$4  
,h[ev]1 ! pres5ce ( conge/ion or        
inflammation ( ! lungs1 inte/9es1       
kidneys1 inn] surface ( *e/ or abdom9al 
cavity1 & num]\s yell[i% or pe>l-l gr[?s
 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! organs %\ld be view$ 
s]i\sly4 ,c>casses & visc]a hav+ su*    
abnormalities %\ld be exam9$ by a       
graduate vet]9>ian & 8 op9ion obta9$ z  
to ! :olesom5ess ( ! meat4 ,y %\ld *eck 
) a coop]at+ vet]9>ian be=e slaught]+ ! 
animal to be c]ta9 he w be available if 
y %\ld seek 8 advice4                   
,load+ ! ,c>cass  ,sep>ate ! halves into
 qu>t]s by cutt+ betwe5 ! la/ two ribs1 
leav+ "o rib on ! h9dqu>t] 7fig4 #ff74  
,leave a #d-;in* section uncut on !     
flank side & saw ?r\gh ! backbone 7fig4 
#fg74 ,make small h&holds betwe5 ! fir/ 
two & ! la/ two ribs ( ! =equ>t] to make
 load+ ( ! =equ>t] easi] 7fig4 #fh74    
,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ ?r\gh c>cass   
along rib   ,figure #ff4--,ribb+ !      

c>cass4    ,illu/ration   ,figure       
#fg4--,saw+ ?r\gh ! backbone4           
,illu/ration3 ,man hold+ =equ>t] atta*$ 
to h9d by flank   /rip   ,figure        
#fh4--;,grasp+ ! =equ>t] prior to load+4
  ,:5 ready to load1 place a clean clo? 
7old %eets "w f9e7 or pla/ic 9 !        
vehicle4 ,) someone hold+ ea* =equ>t]1  
cut ! atta*m5t left on ! flank side     
7fig4 #fi74 ,if alone1 be sure to hoi/ !
 c>cass s t ! opposite side does n fall 
to ! gr\nd4 ,l[] h9ds until !y c be     
rea*$ & remov$ f ! spread] 7fig4 #gj74  
,place ! =equ>t] 9 ! vehicle ) ! bone   
side d[n & ! h9dqu>t] on top ) ! bone   
side up 7fig4 #ga74 ,cov] ! meat to     
prev5t contam9ation dur+ transportation4
    ,illu/ration3 ,man hold+ =equ>t]    
?r\gh slice betwe5 ribs   ,figure       
#fi4--,sep>at+ ! =equ>t] f ! h9dqu>t]4  
,illu/ration3 ,two m51 ea* hold+ a      
h9dqu>t] on spread]   ,figure           
#gj4--,remov+ ! h9dqu>t]s f ! spread]4  
,illu/ration3 ,qu>t]s ly+ 9 vehicle     
,figure #ga4--;,c>cass load$ 9 auto4    

,,*ill+ ,,! ,,c>cass   ,! surfaces (    
fre%ly slaught]$ beef c>casses are      
contam9at$ ) bact]ia t c spoil ! meat   
unless _! gr[? is promptly *eck$4       
,bact]ial gr[? c be sl[$ by prompt *ill+
 & keep+ ! c>cass at l[ temp]atures4 ,if
 ! wea!r is suitable 7#bh to #ce ,f71 ! 
c>cass or qu>t]s c be wrapp$ 9 a %eet & 
hung to *ill 9 a well-v5tilat$ %$4      
,wrapp+ ) a clean clo? w p>tially       
protect ! c>cass f contam9ation & help  
smoo? out ! fat on ! out] surface4  ,d n
 all[ ! c>cass to freeze because freez+ 
)9 #a day aft] dea? may t\gh5 ! meat4   
,if ! c>cass _c be *ill$ to bel[ #dj;,f 
on ! f>m1 x %\ld be transport$ to !     
local lock] plant or m>ket = *ill+4     
,*ill$ beef %\ld be ag$ at lea/ #b to #c
 days to ensure t rigor is complete4    
,!re is no b5efit to ag+ beyond #g to #i
 days4 ,9 fact1 subsequ5t freez] /orage 
life may be r$uc$ by long ag+ p]iods4   
,,cutt+   ,use ! foll[+ guidel9es to    
prep>e cutt+ & packag+ in/ructions = !  
plant if ! c>cass is n cut & wrapp$ on !

 f>m4  ,/eaks4--,^? f ! lo9 & rib1 :i*  
are to be broil$1 %\ld be an in* or m 9 
?ickness4 ,^? f ! r\nd & *uck1 or :i*   
are to be cook$ sl[ly ) moi/ heat1 %\ld 
be  to  in* ?ick4 ,if two or m /eaks are
 packag$ toge!r1 !y %\ld be sep>at$ by  
two %eets ( pla/ic or moi/ure-resi/ant  
pap]4 ,al?\gh ! size & %ape ( a /eak w  
l>gely det]m9e h[ _m s]v+s x w yield1   
all[  ( a p\nd p] p]son 7bone-9 uncook$7
 :]e practicable4  ,roa/s4--,all[  p\nd 
7uncook$7 p] s]v+ = bone-9 roa/s su* z  
blade *uck roa/s or rump roa/s &  p\nd  
7uncook$7 p] s]v+ = boneless roa/s su* z
 sirlo9 tip or heel ( r\nd4  ,gr\nd beef
 & /ew meat4--,all[  p\nd 7uncook$7 p]  
s]v+4                          ,c>cass  
,cutt+ ,equipm5t  ,elaborate & exp5sive 
equipm5t is n necess>y1 b c]ta9 items   
are ess5tial 7fig4 #gb74 ,! foll[+      
equipm5t is recomm5d$3    #a4  ,/eel4   
#b4  ,/eak knife4   #c4  ,bon+ knife4   
#d4  ,meat saw4   #e4  ,freez] pap] 7see
 section on 8wrapp+074   #f4  ,freez]   
tape4   #g4  ,meat gr9d] 7electric or   

h&-driv574    ,illu/ration3 ,saw        
,knives1 & %>p5+ /eel display$   ,figure
 #gb4--;,cutt+ equipm5t4                
,,cutt+ ,,! ,,c>cass                    
,=equ>t]  ,! =equ>t] 7fig4 #gc7 is be/  
process$ by sep>at+ x into two m        
manageable sections & mak+ usable cuts f
 ea* section4 ,! foll[+ cutt+ proc$ure  
diff]s f ! usual /yle ( retail cutt+ by 
sep>at+ ! =equ>t] betwe5 ! six? & sev5? 
ribs in/ead ( betwe5 ! fif? & six? ribs4
 ,?is approa* 0 tak5 to preclude        
difficulties = ! novice :i* might arise 
) old] c>casses1 ^: blade bone c>tilage 
w\ld h become ossifi$ & ?us imp$e !     
knife cut4 ,c\nt+ ! rib close/ to ! neck
 z numb] "o1 locate ! six? & sev5? ribs4
 ,ins]t ! knife betwe5 ^! two ribs 7fig4
 #gd7 at ab\t ! midpo9t ( _! l5g? & cut 
t[>ds ! brisket4 ,f ! outside 7sk9 side7
 ( ! =equ>t]1 7fig4 #ge7 ins]t ! knife  
?r\gh ! previ\sly made cut4 ,hold+ !    
blade p]p5dicul> to ! out] surface1 cut 
t[>d ! back l9e until y meet ! bone4    
,aft] rea*+ ! backbone1 cont9ue =w>d 9 a

 flat1 circul> motion1 cutt+ all ! fle%4
    ,illu/ration3 ,hang+ =equ>t]1 =eleg 
fac+ d[n   ,figure #gc4--;,=equ>t]4     
,illu/ration3 ,hang+ =equ>t] ) slit     
betwe5 two ribs   ,figure #gd4--,knife  
cut betwe5 six? & sev5? ribs4           
,illu/ration3 ,man pu%+ knife to ext5d  
slit to backbone   ,figure #ge4--,knife 
cut ?r\gh ! meat to ! bone4  ,saw ?r\gh 
! backbone keep+ ! saw blade p>allel to 
! surface ( ! knife cut4 ,! crosscut    
*uck w !n drop d[n approximately a foot 
7fig4 #gf71 s make c]ta9 y h pl5ty (    
cle>ance f ! floor4 ,! *uck portion ( ! 
=equ>t] ( a #a1jjj-p\nd /e] w weigh     
approximately #ajj p\nds4 ,call on y\r  
/ronge/ help] to hold ! *uck :ile y saw 
?r\gh ! brisket edge 7fig4 #gg71        
complet+ ! sep>ation ( ! two p>ts ( !   
=equ>t]4    ,illu/ration3 ,front portion
 ( =equ>t] hang f re> portion   ,figure 
#gf4--;,=equ>t] sep>at$ betwe5 six? &   
sev5? ribs4    ,illu/ration3 ,man saw+  
?r\gh brisket :ile help] holds *uck     
,figure #gg4--,saw+ ?r\gh ! brisket     

edge4  ,! crosscut *uck is !n plac$ on !
 cutt+ table1 bone side up1 & divid$    
into two pieces4 ,fir/ make a saw cut   
?r\gh ! ribs4 ,?is cut beg9s on ! fir/  
rib ab\t #a in* 7fig4 #gh1 top7 f ! inn]
 curve ( ! split surface ( ! backbone & 
p>allel to ! top l9e4 ,aft] saw+ ?r\gh !
 ribs1 ) ! knife blade held p]p5dicul>  
to ! table1 make a knife cut betwe5 !   
saw$ ends ( ! ribs ?r\gh ! meat to !    
%\ld] blade 7fig4 #gh1 bottom74 ,saw    
?r\gh ! %\ld] blade1 sep>at+ ! crosscut 
*uck into a blade & arm section4 ,!     
f\r?1 fif?1 & six? rib portions ( ! arm 
are remov$ by cutt+ betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r?
 ribs & saw+ ?r\gh ! brisket edge 7fig4 
#gi74 ,^! rib portions may be made into 
%ort ribs1 cut = /ew1 or bon$ & made    
into gr\nd beef4    ,illu/ration3 ,saw+ 
across ribs2 f9i%+ cut us+ a knife      
,figure #gh4--,sep>at+ ! arm & blade    
sections4    ,illu/ration3 ,saw+ betwe5 
two ribs   ,figure #gi4--,remov+ ! f\r? 
to six? ribs f ! arm section4  ,! %\ld] 
jo9t & fir/ arm roa/ are !n remov$4 ,!  

%\ld] jo9t ext5ds f ! cut surface #b to 
#c in*es t[>d ! =e%ank4  ,press ov] !   
r\nd$ jo9t until y locate :]e x %>ply   
decl9es & make a knife cut ?r\gh t po9t 
ov] ! bone & ?r\gh ! meat4 ,saw ?r\gh ! 
arm bone 7fig4 #hj71 cut ?r\gh ! fle% to
 ! rib bones1 & saw ?r\gh !m to remove !
 %\ld] jo9t & fir/ arm roa/4 ,! %ort    
ribs & mo/ ( ! und]ly+ fat are remov$ by
 cutt+ ?r\gh ! natural fat seam 7fig4   
#ha74    ,illu/ration3 ,man saw+ across 
section ( armbone   ,figure #hj4--,saw+ 
?r\gh armbone4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+  
(f %ort ribs us+ a knife   ,figure      
#ha4--,remov+ ! %ortribs4  ,! l>ge r\nd 
knuckle bone is sep>at$ f ! fir/ arm    
roa/ by cutt+ betwe5 ! two bones 7figs4 
#hb & #hc74 ,?is bone1 ) its m>r[       
expos$1 is an excell5t flavor enhanc] = 
s\ps & /ews4 ,ei!r arm /eaks or arm     
roa/s may be made by p>allel cuts across
 ! arm section until y rea* ! =e%ank    
7fig4 #hd74    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ (f  
armbone us+ a knife   ,figure           
#hb4--,remov+ ! armbone4                

,illu/ration3 ,f9i%$ armbone & %ort rib 
display$   ,figure #hc4--,remov+ !      
armbone4    ,illu/ration3 ,?ree arm     
roa/s display$   ,figure #hd4--;,arm    
roa/s f arm section4  ,! =e%ank is      
sep>at$ f ! brisket by a knife cut      
approximately midway betwe5 ^! two p>ts 
7fig4 #he74 ,! brisket bones & und]ly+  
fat are remov$ f ! brisket by cutt+     
?r\gh ! natural seam betwe5 ! ?ick meaty
 "p ( ! brisket & ! bones 7fig4 #hf74 ,!
 fat ov] ! outside ( ! brisket is ab\t !
 ?icke/ locat$ any:]e on ! =equ>t]1 & "s
 ( ?is fat %\ld be trimm$ away4 ,rememb]
 to foll[ ! r\nd$ surface ( ! lean4 ,!  
=e%ank may be bon$ & ! meat made into   
gr\nd beef or /ew4 ,cross-sectional cuts
 across ! muscle & bone w greatly       
enhance s\p & /ews 7fig4 #hg74          
,illu/ration3 ,slic+ (f =e%ank us+ a    
knife   ,figure #he4--,sep>at+ ! =e%ank 
f ! brisket4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ (f 
"p ( brisket us+ a knife   ,figure      
#hf4--,remov+ ! deckle4    ,illu/ration3
 ,f9i%$ =e%ank & brisket display$       

,figure #hg4--;,=e%ank crosscuts &      
brisket4  ,turn+ n[ to ! blade section (
 ! =equ>t]1 remove ! six? rib by cutt+  
betwe5 ! fif? & six? ribs & saw+ ?r\gh !
 backbone 7fig4 #hh74 ,?is roa/1 or     
roa/s f ! fif? & f\r? rib sections1 c be
 us$ z is 7fig4 #hi7 or sep>at$ into    
sev]al usable pieces4 ,! outside muscles
 may be remov$ by cutt+ along ! fat seam
 ?r\gh ! middle ( ! roa/ 7fig4 #ij74 ,^!
 muscles are less t5d] & %\ld be cook$ )
 moi/ heat l a pot roa/ or made into /ew
 meat or gr\nd beef4    ,illu/ration3   
,slic+ betwe5 ribs us+ a knife   ,figure
 #hh4--,remov+ blade roa/ betwe5 ribs4  
,illu/ration3 ,saw+ ?r\gh backbone      
,figure #hi4--;,blade roa/4             
,illu/ration3 ,slic+ out] muscles f     
blade roa/ us+ a knife   ,figure        
#ij4--,remov+ ! outside muscles4  ,!    
*uckeye portion may be remov$ 7fig4 #ia7
 by cutt+ along ! curvature ( ! rib to !
 backbone & along its surface to sep>ate
 ! *uckeye f ! bone4 ,! heavy yell[     
ligam5t locat$ at ! edge ( ! *uckeye is 

remov$4 ,! *uckeye portion is usually   
t5d] & excell5t = *>coal broil+4 ,! rib 
bone & atta*$ meat are excell5t 9 s\p or
 /ew 7fig4 #ib74 ,blade /eaks or blade  
roa/s c be made 9 a simil> mann] by     
cross-sectional cuts ( ! blade section  
to ! fir/ rib area 7fig4 #ic74          
,illu/ration3 ,slic+ away *uckeye       
portion us+ a knife   ,figure           
#ia4--,remov+ *uckeye portion4          
,illu/ration3 ,outside muscles1 ribeye1 
& trim display$   ,figure #ib4--,outside
 muscles1 ribeye1 & trim4               
,illu/ration3 ,six blade roa/s & "o     
ribeye display$   ,figure #ic4--;,blade 
roa/s f blade section4  ,! neck bones   
are remov$ by cutt+ along ea* edge ( !  
v]tebra1 & !n und]cutt+1 lift+1 & remov+
 ! neck bones ) atta*$ meat 7fig4 #id74 
,! neck bones c be divid$ into sev]al   
sections = /ew or s\p /ock4 ,! portions 
( ! blade & knuckle bones & surr\nd+    
heavy connective tissue are remov$4 ,!  
boneless neck makes excell5t gr\nd beef 
or /ew meat4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ out

 neck bones us+ a knife   ,figure       
#id4--,remov+ neck bone4  ,! rib is     
sep>at$ f ! %ort plate by a saw cut     
across ! ribs 7fig4 #ie7 approximately  
#b to #c in*es f ! edge ( ! ribeye4 ,rib
 /eaks & roa/s 7figs4 #if & #ig7 are    
made by cutt+ betwe5 ! ribs & saw+ ?r\gh
 ! backbone4 ,! protrud+ edge ( !       
backbone may be remov$ by saw+ ?r\gh !  
sp9al cord groove4    ,illu/ration3     
,saw+ across ribs & !n slic+ ) knife    
,figure #ie4--,sep>at+ ! rib & %ort     
plate4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ betwe5   
ribs us+ a knife   ,figure #if4--,remov+
 rib /eak f rib4    ,illu/ration3 ,f\r  
pieces ( rib display$   ,figure         
#ig4--,rib /eaks & roa/s4  ,if y pref]1 
y may make boneless rib /eaks & boneless
 rib roa/s by foll[+ ! same proc$ure us$
 = ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? rib portion ( ! 
*uck1 cutt+ along ! curvature ( ! ribs  
to ! backbone & along its surface1      
sep>at+ ! meat f ! bones4 ,! boneless   
rib may be made into "o or m roa/s &_/or
 /eaks4 ,also1 ! outside muscles may be 

remov$ & ! ribeye made into "o or m     
roa/s1 or x may be slic$ into excell5t  
broil+ /eaks4  ,%ort ribs are made by   
saw+ across ! rib ends ( ! plate at     
approximately #b-;in* int]vals 7fig4    
#ih7 until y rea* ! :ite c>tilages      
atta*$ to ! ends ( ! ribs4 ,! #aj?1     
#aa?1 & #ab? rib sections ( ! %ort ribs 
(t5 h a high ratio ( fat to lean4       
,remove ^!1 trim mo/ ( ! fat away1 & use
 !m 9 s\p or /ew4    ,illu/ration3 ,saw+
 across ribs two in*es f ends   ,figure 
#ih4--,saw+ %ortribs f %ortplate4       
,h9dqu>t]  ,! flank is ! fir/ "p remov$ 
f ! h9dqu>t] 7figs4 #ii & #ajj74 ,?is is
 accompli%$ by mak+ a cut b5ea? ! cod or
 udd] fat ne> ! c5t] ( ! r\nd & foll[+ !
 surface ( ! r\nd to ! out] edge1 loos5+
 ! upp] edge ( ! flank4 ,hold+ ! knife  
p]p5dicul> to ! out] surface cut t[>ds !
 backbone at approximately a #de angle  
until ! hipbone is rea*$4 ,!n1 hold !   
knife p>allel to ! split surface ( !    
backbone & cut /raight d[n to ! #ac?    
rib4 ,saw ?r\gh ! rib to complete       

removal ( ! flank4    ,illu/ration3     
,h9dqu>t] hang+ by hook f re> leg       
,figure #ii4--;,h9dqu>t]4               
,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ away flank f   
hang+ h9dqu>t] us+   a l>ge knife       
,figure #ajj4--,remov+ ! flank4  ,lay ! 
flank on ! cutt+ table ) ! cod or udd]  
fat up & peel ! out] lean muscle back by
 cutt+ "u ! edge next to ! cod or udd]  
fat4 ,!n lift & trim close to ! lean    
approximately "o-half ! l5g? ( ! flank  
7fig4 #aja74 ,turn ! flank ov] & remove 
! flank /eak4 ,?is cut is ! h&-%ap$     
muscle at ! cod or udd] fat end ( !     
flank4 ,fir/1 loos5 ! edges ( ! t\gh    
membrane ov]ly+ ! muscle4 ,lift x up &  
pull x back to cle> ! surface ( ! /eak &
 !n cut x (f along ! edge ( ! visible   
lean 7fig4 #ajb74 ,loos5 ! flank /eak   
muscle at ! cod or udd] fat end & lift x
 free f ! und]ly+ membrane 7fig4 #ajc74 
,pull x back z f> z possible1 loos5+ !  
edges ) ! knife4 ,cut ar\nd ! l[] edge  
to free ! flank /eak4    ,illu/ration3  
,man lift+ & slic+ away lean muscle us+ 

a knife   ,figure #aja4--,remov+ outside
 lean muscle f flank4    ,illu/ration3  
,man lift+ & slic+ away membrane us+ a  
knife   ,figure #ajb4--,lift+ membrane f
 flank /eak4    ,illu/ration3 ,man lift+
 & slic+ away /eak us+ a knife   ,figure
 #ajc4--,remov+ flank /eak4  ,! cod or  
udd] fat & heavy connective tissue are  
remov$ f ! re/ ( ! lean by cutt+ ?r\gh !
 flank along ! edge ( ! visible lean    
7fig4 #ajd74 ,! portion ( ! #ac? rib is 
also remov$ 7fig4 #aje7 f ! flank4 ,!   
boneless flank meat c be us$ = /ew meat 
or gr\nd beef4    ,illu/ration3 ,man    
slic+ ?r\gh fat us+ a knife   ,figure   
#ajd4--,remov+ ! cod or udd] fat4       
,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ along rib us+ a
 knife   ,figure #aje4--,remov+ ! #ac?  
rib4  ,! sirlo9 tip is remov$ by />t+ a 
cut b5ea? ! knee cap4 ,! knee cap 7fig4 
#ajf7 is locat$ approximately #f to #h  
in*es bel[ :]e ! lean meat ( ! %ank     
disappe>s into ! knee jo9t4 ,hold a l>ge
 /eak knife p>allel to ! floor & make   
sev]al cuts into ! fat until y c        

p5etrate ! lean4 ,cut ?r\gh ! lean #b to
 #c in*es until y rea* ! r\nd bone4     
,turn ! knife d[nw>d & cut close to !   
r\nd bone until y rea* ! hip jo9t4 ,turn
 ! knife outw>d & cut d[n & out at an   
approximate #de angle to remove ! sirlo9
 tip 7fig4 #ajg74    ,illu/ration3 ,man 
slic+ into hang+ beef side us+ a knife  
,figure #ajf4--;,cutt+ bel[ kneecap4    
,illu/ration3 ,man remov+ l>ge hunk (   
meat f beef side us+   a l>ge knife     
,figure #ajg4--,remov+ sirlo9 tip or    
knuckle4  ,! sirlo9 tip makes an        
excell5t ov5 roa/ 7cook$ by dry heat71  
p>ticul>ly if x is f well-m>bl$ "y      
cattle 7fig4 #ajh74 ,! sirlo9 tip may be
 divid$ into two approximately equal    
roa/s by cutt+ l5g?wise 7fig4 #aji74    
,cross-sectional cuts make good /eaks = 
grill+ 7fig4 #aaj74    ,illu/ration3    
,sirlo9 tip display$   ,figure          
#ajh4--,sirlo9 tip4    ,illu/ration3    
,man slic+ sirlo9 tip into halves us+ a 
knife   ,figure #aji4--,sep>at+ sirlo9  
tip into roa/s4    ,illu/ration3 ,sirlo9

 tip halves & "o sirlo9 /eak display$   
,figure #aaj4--,sirlo9 tip--/eaks or    
roa/s4  ,! trimm$ h9dqu>t]s %\ld be laid
 on ! table ) ! split surface ( !       
backbone d[n4 ,/>t+ at ! small] end ( ! 
h9dqu>t]1 ! club1 ,t-bone1 port]h\se1 & 
sirlo9 /eaks are remov$ by              
cross-sectional cuts ) knife & saw 7fig4
 #aaa74 ,! la/ sirlo9 /eak is det]m9$ by
 ! cut t passes ?r\gh ! hip jo9t 7fig4  
#aab74    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ & !n 
saw+ ?r\gh lo9 us+ a knife   ,figure    
#aaa4--,remov+ club /eak f lo94         
,illu/ration3 ,/eaks display$   ,figure 
#aab4--,sirlo91 port]h\se1 ,t-bone &    
club /eaks f lo94  ,! beef r\nd is turn$
 ov] ) ! sk9n$ side d[n 7fig4 #aac74 ,! 
rump is remov$ by a cut made            
approximately p>allel to ! long axis ( !
 split pelvic bone & ab\t #a in* t[>ds !
 h9dleg f ! inn]mo/ curve ( ?is bone    
7fig4 #aad74 ,! tail bone is remov$ by  
cutt+ along its edge 7fig4 #aae74 ,! hip
 jo9t is remov$ f ! rump by a saw cut j 
bel[ & close to ! pelvic bone 7fig4     

#aaf74 ,! saw %\ld be held p>allel to ! 
out] sk9n$ surface ( ! rump4 ,! trimm$  
rump roa/ may be divid$ by fir/ saw+    
?r\gh ! pelvic bone & !n cutt+ ?r\gh !  
lean to make two approximately equal    
roa/s 7fig4 #aag74    ,illu/ration3     
,h9dleg display$ on table   ,figure     
#aac4--;,beef r\nd 7sirlo9 tip remov$74 
,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ & !n saw+      
across h9dleg   ,figure #aad4--,remov+ !
 rump4    ,illu/ration3 ,man trimm+ )   
knife   ,figure #aae4--,remov+ ! tail   
bone4    ,illu/ration3 ,man slic+ & !n  
saw+ ?r\gh rump   ,figure #aaf4--,remov+
 ! hip jo9t4    ,illu/ration3 ,saw+ rump
 9 half   ,figure #aag4--;,divid+ rump  
into roa/s4  ,to fabricate ! r\nd1 make 
a knife cut p>allel to ! surface :]e !  
rump 0 remov$ & across ! r\nd j 9 front 
( ! knee cap4 ,saw ?r\gh ! r\nd bone to 
sep>ate ! heel & %ank f ! r\nd 7fig4    
#aah74 ,remove ! r\nd bone f ! r\nd     
7fig4 #aai74 ,sep>ate ! top & bottom    
p>ts ( ! r\nd by />t+ at ! surface :]e !
 rump 0 remov$ & cutt+ along ! fat seam 

across ! c5t] ( ! r\nd 7fig4 #abj74     
,slice ! top r\nd into /eaks or roa/s   
7fig4 #aba74 ,top r\nd /eaks & roa/s f  
"y well m>bl$ beef may be broil$ or ov5 
roa/$4 ,muscles ( ! bottom r\nd are less
 t5d] ?an ^? ( ! top r\nd & %\ld be     
cook$ ) moi/ heat = long] p]iod ( "t    
7fig4 #abb74    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ &  
!n saw+ (f heel & %ank   ,figure        
#aah4--,sep>at+ heel & %ank f r\nd4     
,illu/ration3 ,r\nd bone display$ remov$
 f r\nd   ,figure #aai4--,remov+ r\nd   
bone4    ,illu/ration3 ,slic+ top &     
bottom r\nd ap>t us+ a knife   ,figure  
#abj4--,sep>at+ top & bottom r\nd4      
,illu/ration3 ,/eaks & roa/s display$   
,figure #aba4--,top r\nd /eak & roa/s4  
,illu/ration3 ,/eaks & roa/s display$   
,figure #abb4--;,bottom r\nd /eak &     
roa/s4  ,! heel ( r\nd or 8,pike's      
,peak0 roa/ is remov$ by cutt+ j 9 front
 ( ! major t5don at ! hock /raight      
across until y rea* ! %ank bone4 ,!n cut
 along ! %ank bone & ar\nd ! knee or    
/ifle jo9t to remove ! heel ( r\nd roa/ 

7figs4 #abc & #abd74    ,illu/ration3   
,slic+ heel ( r\nd (f us+ a knife       
,figure #abc4--,remov+ heel ( r\nd roa/4
    ,illu/ration3 ,heel ( r\nd & h9d%ank
 display$   ,figure #abd4--;,heel ( r\nd
 & h9d%ank4  ,saw+ ?r\gh ! knee jo9t to 
expose ! bone m>r[ w add flavor to s\ps 
or /ews 7fig4 #abe74    ,illu/ration    
,figure #abe4--,saw+ ?r\gh knee jo9t4   
,meat trimm$ f roa/s & /eaks1 ! neck    
portion1 p>ts ( ! plate n made into %ort
 ribs1 ! flank1 & ! %anks may be made   
into /ew meat & gr\nd beef4  ,! neck    
bones1 ! 8deckle10 %\ld]1 elb[1 hip1 &  
knee jo9ts add flavor to s\ps & /ews    
especially if ! jo9ts are split to      
expose ! bone m>r[4                     
,wrapp+  ,imm$iately aft] *ill+ & cutt+1
 meat mu/ be prop]ly wrapp$1 quickly    
froz51 & /or$ at #j;,f or l[] until     
ne$$4 ,prop] wrapp+ is ess5tial to      
ma9ta9 meat quality4 ,!re=e1 "o %\ld3   
,use moi/ure-vapor pro( wrap su* z      
heavily wax$ freez] pap]     or         
specially lam9at$ pap]4     ,wrap meat  

closely elim9at+ z mu* air z possible4  
,improp]     wrapp+ w all[ air to ent] &
 cause 8freez] burn0 &     rancidity4   
,use a prop] wrapp+ proc$ure 7fig4      
#abf74     ,label packages z to cont5t &
 date4    ,illu/ration3 ,five /ep draw+ 
on prop] wrapp+ folds   ,figure         
#abf4--,wrapp+ proc$ure4                
,,freez+ ,,& ,,froz5 ,,/orage  ,= l>ge  
quantities ( meat1 x is be/ to use a    
comm]cial e/abli%m5t = quick freez+4 ,a 
home freez] may be us$ if x w ma9ta9 a  
temp]ature ( #j;,f or bel[4 ,:5 us+ !   
home freez]1 be sure to3     ,clean &   
defro/ freez]4     ,freeze meat at      
-#aj;,f or bel[4     ,freeze only !     
am\nt ( meat t w freeze 9 #bd h\rs4     
,all[ ample air circulation by n        
ov]-pack+ ! freez]4     ,approximately  
#b to #c p\nds ( meat may be pack$ p]   
cubic foot     ( freez] space4          
,,fur!r ,,process+                      
,cur+  ,! cur+ process enhances meat    
flavor & improves %elf life by ret>d+   
bact]ial gr[?4 ,salt & nitrites inhibit 

bact]ial gr[? & enhance flavor & color2 
sug> c\nt]acts ! h>d5+ effect ( salt &  
also enhances flavor4 ,beef is g5]ally  
cur$ by mak+ corn$ beef or dri$ beef us+
 ! above-m5tion$ +r$i5ts4               
,corn$ ,beef  ,corn$ beef is g5]ally    
made f cuts ( ! r\nd1 brisket1 plate1 or
 *uck4  ,remove all bone f ! cuts &     
slice pieces into uni=m ?ickness & size 
7approximately #c in*es ?ick74 ,to      
prep>e ! pickle dissolve #h p\nds (     
salt1 #c p\nds ( sug>1 #d ounces ( bak+ 
soda & #d ounces ( saltpet] 9 #d gallons
 ( wat]4 ,?is w cure #ajj p\nds ( beef4 
,pack meat 9 a clean /one crock or      
/a9less /eel tub1 & cov] x ) ! pickle4  
,if cuts h n be5 roll$ & are            
approximately #c in*es 9 ?ickness1 !y w 
be ready to use 9 #b weeks4 ,?ick] cuts 
w require long] cur+4 ,aft] cur+1 remove
 meat f ! pickle2 wa% & dry or smoke4   
,dur+ cur+ ! temp]ature ( ! pickle %\ld 
rema9 bel[ #ch to #dj;,f1 o!rwise ! br9e
 may become ropy due to gr[? ( bact]ia4 
,rop9ess looks l p>tially cook$ egg     

:ite4 ,if rop9ess occurs1 ! meat %\ld be
 remov$1 wa%$1 & repack$ 9 a clean      
conta9]4                                
,dri$ ,beef  ,dri$ beef is made f !     
defatt$ r\nd sep>at$ into ! top r\nd1   
bottom r\nd ) eye muscle1 & sirlo9 tip4 
,= ea* #ajj p\nds ( meat use #h p\nds ( 
salt1 #c p\nds ( sug>1 & #d ounces (    
saltpet]4  ,! cur+ process is ! same z t
 = corn$ beef4 ,aft] cur+ remove meat f 
! br9e1 wa%1 & hang up to dry = #bd     
h\rs4 ,aft] dry+1 smoke at #acj to      
#adj;,f = #gj to #hj h\rs or until !    
meat is v dry4 ,! meat %\ld !n be /or$ 9
 a dry1 well-v5tilat$ room t is protect$
 f insects & rod5ts4  ,smok+ gives !    
meat a m desirable color & flavor &     
probably aids 9 its pres]vation4 ,! wood
 us$ to g5]ate ! smoke %\ld be          
non-res9\s1 su* z hickory1 apple1 plum1 
oak1 bee*1 or a%4 ,! same smoke-h\se    
proc$ures us$ = cur+ pork "w well =     
beef4#g  #g ,= fur!r in=mation on smok+ 
see ,f>m]s ,bullet9 ,no4 #bach1 8,pork  
,slaught]+1 ,cutt+1 ,pres]v+1 & ,cook+  

on ! ,f>m40                             
,cann+  ,beef c be satisfactorily       
pres]v$ by cann+ if ! prop] proc$ures   
are us$4 ,meat is a l[-acid1 high-prote9
 food t all[s = good bact]ial gr[?4 ,!  
use ( a pressure cann] is vital :5 cann+
 meat4 ,/]ilization temp]ature %\ld be  
held at #bdj;,f = ! prop] l5g? ( "t4 ,a 
wat] ba? or a /eam] is n recomm5d$ s9ce 
nei!r results 9 a suffici5tly high      
temp]ature to produce effective         
/]ilization4 ,meat may be cann$ soon    
aft] *ill+ s9ce ag+ has little effect on
 ! flavor & t5d]ness ( cann$ meats4 ,=  
complete cann+ proc$ures see ,home &    
,g>d5 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ajf1 8,home ,cann+ 
( ,meat & ,p\ltry40                     
,gr\nd ,beef  ,all lean trim c be gr\nd 
z gr\nd beef4 ,palatable gr\nd beef %\ld
 h f #ae to #cj p]c5t fat4 ,mo/ retail  
gr\nd beef ranges f #bj to #be p]c5t    
fat4                                    
,,meat ,,cook]y   ,t5d] cuts ( meat are 
be/ cook$ ) dry heat1 z by broil+1      
roa/+1 or pan broil+4 ,less t5d] cuts ( 

meat are t5d]iz$ by cook+ ) moi/ heat4  
,connective tissue is s(t5$ & t5d]iz$ by
 cook+ sl[ly 9 moi/ure4  ,temp]ature    
control is v important 9 meat cook]y4   
,meat loses moi/ure1 fat1 & o!r         
sub/ances dur+ cook+4 ,h[ev]1 "s ( !    
meat juices & fat may be reta9$ 9 pan   
dripp+s4  ,cook+ losses c be m9imiz$ by 
controll+ ! ov5 temp]ature & f9al       
int]nal temp]ature ( ! meat4 ,%r9kage is
 increas$ :5 high] ov5 temp]atures are  
us$ = cook+ & :5 meat is cook$ to a     
high] int]nal temp]ature4  ,! meat      
!rmomet] is ! mo/ accurate guide to !   
degree ( don5ess ( meat4 ,cook+ "t c be 
us$ z a guide to ! degree ( don5ess1 b  
cook+ "t is affect$ by fat & moi/ure    
cont5t & %ape or size ( ! cut4          
,types ( ,meat ,cook]y  ,broil+  ,broil+
 is recomm5d$ = t5d] /eaks f ! lo9 & rib
 & = gr\nd meat patties4 ,blade /eaks f 
! *uck may also be broil$ if f a        
high-quality c>cass 7,u4,s4 ,*oice or   
high]74 ,= be/ results3    #a4  ,set ov5
 = broil+4    #b4 ,place meat on rack ( 

broil] pan set at ! di/ance f      !    
heat recomm5d$ by ! ov5 manufactur]4    
#c4 ,broil ! /eak or patties =          
approximately "o-half !      desir$ "t  
be=e turn+4 ,"o-in* /eaks w require #ae 
to #cj m9utes2 #b-;in* /eaks1 #ce to #ee
 m9utes2 & -in*      patties1 #h to #ad 
m9utes4    #d4 ,season1 if desir$1 &    
s]ve at once4   ,pan broil+  ,! same    
t5d] cuts suitable = broil+ may also be 
pan broil$ if !y are #a in* or less 9   
?ickness4 ,= be/ results3    #a4 ,place 
meat 9 hot fry+ pan or on a griddle4    
#b4 ,d n add fat or wat]4    #c4 ,cook  
sl[ly ov] mod]ate heat1 turn+           
occasionally4    #d4 ,p\r (f or remove  
fat z x accumulates4    #e4 ,br[n meat  
on bo? sides4    #f4 ,avoid ov]cook+4 ,!
 total cook+ "t requir$ = pan           
broil+ is ab\t #aj to #bj m9utes =      
#a-;in* /eaks4   ,pan fry+  ,:5 fat is  
add$ or all[$ to accumulate dur+ cook+1 
! me?od is call$ pan fry+4 ,t5d] cuts t 
are #a in* ?ick or less are usually     
cook$ by ?is me?od4   ,brais+  ,?is     

me?od is be/ suit$ to less t5d] cuts su*
 z r\nd or *uck /eak1 flank /eak1 pot   
roa/1 /ew beef1 & %ortribs4 ,= be/      
results3    #a4 ,if desir$1 br[n meat   
sl[ly on all sides ) en\gh fat to       
keep meat f /ick+4 ,use a heavy pan4    
#b4 ,season ) salt1 pepp]1 h]bs1 &      
spices if desir$4    #c4 ,add a small   
am\nt ( liquid 7 cup or less74    #d4   
,cov] tightly4    #e4 ,cook sl[ly ov] l[
 heat on top ( range or 9 a #cej        
7mod]ate7 ov54 ,/eaks w take #a to #b   
h\rs & pot roa/s      7#c to #e p\nds7 w
 take #c to #d h\rs4   ,roa/+  ,?is     
me?od is recomm5d$ = l>ge1 t5d] cuts4   
,"s beef cuts suitable = roa/+ are rib  
roa/1 sirlo9 top roa/ 7,,usda ,*oice or 
bett]71 ribeye roa/ 7delmonico71 &      
boneless roll$ rump roa/ 7,,usda ,*oice 
or bett]74 ,= be/ results3    #a4       
,season ) salt & pepp]1 if desir$4      
#b4 ,place meat1 fat up1 on rack 9 op5  
%all[ roa/+ pan4    #c4 ,ins]t a meat   
!rmomet] s ! bulb is 9 ! c5t] (      !  
l>ge/ muscle4    #d4 ,add no wat] & d n 

cov]4    #e4 ,roa/ at ov5 temp]ature (  
#cbe to desir$ int]nal      temp]ature  
7see table bel[74                       
,timetable = roa/+ beef#a               
----------------------------------------
---------------------------   ,cut (    
meat   ,approximate     ,approximate    
,int]nal temp]ature                     
ready-to-cook   roa/+ "t   ( meat :5    
done                    weight        at
 #cbe ,f#b                              
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,p\nds       ,h\rs           ,f         
,c  ,beef   ,/&+ ribs#c    ,r>e         
#d to #f       #b to #b        #adj     
#fj    ,m$ium           #d to #f        
#b to #c        #afj         #gj        
,well done        #d to #f       #b to  
#d         #agj         #ge    ,r>e     
#f to #h       #b to #c         #adj    
#fj    ,m$ium           #f to #h        
#c to #c         #afj         #gj       
,well done        #f to #h       #c to  
#d        #agj         #ge   ,roll$ rib 

,r>e             #e to #g       #b to #c
        #adj         #fj    ,m$ium      
#e to #g       #c to #d        #afj     
#gj    ,well done        #e to #g       
#d to #e         #agj         #ge       
,roll$ rump    7*oice grade7   #d to #f 
#b to #b         #aej to #agj  #fe to   
#ge   ,sirlo9 tip    7*oice grade7   #c 
to #d      #b              #adj to #agj 
#fj to #ge                     #f to #h 
#c to #d         #adj to #agj  #fj to   
#ge                                     
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  #a ,s\rce3 
,adapt$ f ,home & ,g>d5 ,bullet9 ,no4   
#aah1 8,beef  & ,veal 9 ,family ,meals40
   #b ,meat at refrig]ator temp]ature at
 />t ( roa/+4   #c ,eight-in* cut4 ,=   
#aj-;in* ribs all[ ab\t #cj m9utes less 
"t4                           ,cook+    
,v>iety ,meats  ,v>iety meats include   
liv]1 bra9s1 he>t1 kidneys1 sweetbreads1
 & tongue4 ,v>iety meats are v p]i%able 
& %\ld be froz5 or cook$ z soon z       
possible4   ,liv]  ,beef liv] is usually

 brais$ or fri$4 ,calf liv] is frequ5tly
 broil$1 pan broil$1 or pan fri$4 ,!    
out] membrane 7sk97 may be remov$ f liv]
 be=e cook+4   ,bra9s  ,bra9s are s(t & 
v t5d] & h a delicate flavor4 ,!y may be
 broil$1 fri$1 brais$1 or cook$ 9       
liquid4   ,he>t  ,he>t is flavorful b n 
v t5d]4 ,brais+ or cook+ 9 liquid is    
recomm5d$4   ,kidneys  ,beef kidneys    
%\ld be cook$ 9 liquid or brais$4 ,be=e 
cook+1 remove membrane & h>d p>ts4      
,slice or cut kidney 9 pieces1 if       
desir$4   ,sweetbreads  ,sweetbreads are
 ! two lobes ( ! ?ymus gl& locat$ 9 !   
neck & are a t5d] meat4 ,veal1 calf1 &  
"y beef furni% ne>ly all ( !            
sweetbreads4 ,z ! animal matures1 !     
?ymus gl& disappe>s4 ,sweetbreads may be
 broil$1 fri$1 brais$1 or cook$ 9       
liquid4                       ,u4,s4    
,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice      ,= sale 
by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4    
,gov]nm5t                               
,pr9t+ ,(fice                           
,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb                 

,/ock ,numb] #jja-jjj-jcegi-g           
,class ,a #a4i3bbfa                     
,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aigg
 ,o-#bag-dcg                            
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes   #a4 ,sil5tly  
correct$ typographical errors &         
v>iations 9 spell+4  #b4 ,illu/rations  
replac$ ) ! text #8,illu/ration' or     
#8,illu/ration3 "s descriptive text'4 ,!
 illu/ration caption     is on ! foll[+ 
l9e4 ,due to ! in/ructional nature ( ?is
     text1 ext5sive illu/ration         
descriptions h be5 add$ to ?is     text 
only v]sion4  #c4 ,! orig9al 0 pr9t$ 9  
two column text ) illu/rations          
sometimes spann+ bo? columns4 ,9 ord] to
 r$uce ambiguity1 !     illu/rations h  
be5 mov$ adjac5t to ! p>agraph t ref]s  
to !m4  #d4 ,! table ( cont5ts entry    
8,cutt+ ! c>cass0 has be5 replac$     ) 
8,cutt+0 to mat* ! actual text head+4   
#e4 ,figures #fe & #ff 7 mislabel$4 ,!y 
h be5 swapp$4  #f4 ,footnotes h be5     

r5umb]$4  #g4 ,italicis$ words are      
enclos$ by und]scores4