,illu/ration3 ,! ,helmet ( a ,comm&] ,bronze1 silv]1 & ivory4 ,greek1 mid-,,vi c5tury ,b4,c4 ,f a ,greek colony at ,metaponto1 ,italy ,,armor ,,& ,,arms ,an elem5t>y h&book & guide to ! collection 9 ! ,city ,art ,museum ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri1 ,u4,s4,a4 by ,?omas ,t4 ,hoopes ,curator ( ! ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,/ate sword1 ,g]man1 ,augsburg1 ,,xvi c5tury ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri #aied ,copyright #aied by ! ,city ,art ,museum ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,,preface ,?is publication is a guide to ! armor & arms 9 ! ,city ,art ,museum ( ,/4 ,l\is &1 incid5tally1 a v elem5t>y introduction to ! hi/ory ( arms & armor 9 g5]al4 ,! major "p ( ! ,museum's collection1 compris+ ! ,european armor & arms ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 is display$ 9 a s+le armor gall]y4 ,o!r specim5s are %[n ) ! exhibition ( _! own special cultures4 ,! ,city ,art ,museum is1 z its "n implies1 re/rict$ to objects ( art1 to objects :i*1 indep5d5tly ( _! usefulness1 are m or less beautiful by ! int5tion ( _! mak]s4 ,!re are num]\s items 9 ! va/ range ( armor & arms :i* d n fill ?is requirem5t1 & are purely utilit>ian4 ,! ,museum possesses specim5s ( "s ( ^!4 ,z !y are n consid]$ objects ( art !y are n on exhibition1 b h be5 assembl$ 9 a special /udy collection :]e !y c be se5 on application to ! ,curator4 ,:5 individual specim5s are illu/rat$1 !y are giv51 9 ! li/ ( illu/rations1 _! id5tify+ ,museum s]ial numb]s4 ,if a read] fails to f9d on exhibition any su* specim5 9 :i* he is int]e/$1 he has only to ask = x by ?is s]ial numb] at ! in=mation desk4 ,if its place ( exhibition has be5 *ang$ he w be told :]e to f9d x2 if = any reason x has be5 tempor>ily remov$ f exhibition1 arrangem5ts w be made1 if possible1 = him to see x4 ,! subject ( armor & arms is nei!r %ort nor simple1 & x is q impossible1 9 a publication ! size ( ?is "o1 to d m ?an give ! b>e/ k9d ( outl9e4 ,_m po9ts ( int]e/ are n discuss$ 9 detail1 "s te*nical t]ms are unexpla9$1 _m fasc9at+ items are n m5tion$ at all4 ,if ! subject int]e/s y1 y w f9d helpful in=mation 9 ! books li/$ on page #dc1 mo/ ( :i* w be available at any public libr>y4 ,if specific que/ions conc]n+ armor & arms are address$ to ! ,curator1 ,city ,art ,museum1 ,=e/ ,p>k1 ,/4 ,l\is #e1 ,miss\ri1 accompani$ by a self-address$1 /amp$ envelope1 !y w be answ]$ z f> z practicable1 b rese>* problems _c be und]tak54 ,,cont5ts ,li/ ( illu/rations viii ,! e>lie/ arms & armor #a ,*a9 mail #e 8,go?ic0 armor #h 8,maximilian0 armor #i ,armor ( ! late xvi c5tury3 decorat$ armor #aj ,late armor #af ,que/ions conc]n+ armor #ah ,middle ,ea/]n armor #bj ,arms3 /rik+ & cutt+ weapons #bb ,lances & pole arms #bf ,middle ,ea/]n edg$ weapons #bh ,projectile weapons3 b[s & crossb[s #cj ,projectile weapons3 fire>ms #cb ,bibliography #dc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,figure ,acc4 ,no4 ,page ,frontispiece ,helmet1 bronze ) silv] cre/1 #bhb3di ,greek1 mid-,,vi c5tury ,b4,c4 ,title ,page ,/ate sword1 ,g]man1 ,augsburg1 ,,xvi #agc3bf c5tury #a ,c]emonial axe blade 7,*'i71 bronze1 ,*9ese1 #cf3ea #a ,an-yang1 ,%ang dyna/y 7ca4 #aebc-;ca4 #ajbh ,b4,c471 gift ( ,j4 ,lionb]g] ,davis #b ,helmet1 bronze1 ,*9ese1 ,%ang dyna/y 7ca4 #bhc3di #b #aebc-;ca4 #ajbh ,b4,c47 #c ,c]emonial dagg] ( a %aman1 bronze1 ,sib]ian #cd3dc #b /eppes1 ca4 #ajjj ,a4,d4 #d ,lock ( a crossb[1 bronze1 ,*9ese1 ,han dyna/y #aajf3bj #c 7#bjf ,b4,c4-#bbj ,a4,d471 ) model to %[ op]ation ( int]lock+ int]ior p>ts #e ,disk1 probably ! c5tral plate ( a %ield1 #ea3bb #d bronze1 ,italian1 f ,pic5um1 ne> ,ancona1 ,,vii-,,vi c5tury ,b4,c4 #f ,figure ( a w>rior1 bronze1 ,etruscan1 ca4 #ejj #dj3ea #d ,b4,c4 ,gift ( ,j4 ,lionb]g] ,davis #g ,ink rubb+ ( engrav$ brass plate on tomb ( ,sir #g ,rog] de ,trump+ton1 a ,crusad]1 9 ! *ur* at ,trump+ton1 ,cambridge%ire1 ,engl& #h 8,bi%op's mantle0 ( *a9 mail1 ,g]man or ,swiss1 #hg3ci #g ,,xvi c5tury #i ,salade1 ,go?ic1 ,g]man1 ca4 #adge #eh3ci #h #aj ,full suit ( ,maximilian armor1 ,g]man1 ca4 #aeaj #aga3bf #aj #aa ,brea/plate1 ,italian1 ,pisan /yle1 ca4 #aege #agj3bf #aa #ab ,morion1 ,italian1 ca4 #aefj #cai3be #aa #ac ,clos$ helmet1 ,g]man1 ca4 #aege #gi3ci #ab #ad ,tilt+ helmet1 ,spani%1 ca4 #aehj #ddd3ai #ac #ae ,p>ade %ield1 ,italian1 ,,xvi c5tury #dg3bg #ad #af ,helmet1 ,g]man1 made = ,hung>ian or ,poli% m>ket1 #ga3db #ad ,,xvi c5tury #ag ,mitt5 gauntlet = left h&1 ,engli%1 ,gre5wi* #hj3ci #ad s*ool1 second half ( ,,xvi c5tury #ah ,p>ade %ield1 wood1 pa9t$1 ,hung>ian1 ,,xv c5tury #hh3db #ae #ai ,/irrups1 pair1 bronze gilt1 ,fr5*1 e>ly ,,xvii #ed3bf #af c5tury #ee3bf #bj ,?ree-qu>t] suit ( armor1 ,s\? ,g]man1 ca4 #afbj #agb3bf #ag ,draw+s to illu/rate me?ods ( atta9+ flexibility 9 plate armor3 #ba ,by use ( lea!r /raps #ai #bb ,by use ( ord9>y rivets at pivot po9ts #ai #bc ,by use ( rivets & slott$ holes1 7s-call$ #ai ,alma9 or slid+ rivets7 to all[ motion 9 two directions #bd ,brea/plate ( *> a9a1 ,p]sian1 ,ispahan1 ,,xvi-,,xvii #cd3ae #bj c5tury #be ,helmet1 ,p]sian1 late ,,xvi c5tury #af3bb #ba #bf ,helmet1 ,turki%1 ,,xv c5tury #cf3db #ba #bg ,mace1 ,italian1 second qu>t] ,,xvi c5tury #bca3bc #bb #bh ,sword1 bronze1 ,*9ese1 ,han dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4-#bbj #aajh3bj #bb ,a4,d47 #bi ,gr\p ( swords1 z display$ #bc #a4 ,/ate sword1 ,g]man1 ,,xvi c5tury #agc3bf #b4 ,two-h&$ l&eskne*t sword1 ,swiss1 dat$ #afag #fj3ci #c4 ,swept-hilt$ rapi]1 ,italian1 late ,,xvi c5tury #dcj3ai #d4 ,dress sword1 ,g]man1 ,saxon1 ca4 #afbj #fb3ci #e4 ,left-h& dagg]1 companion to ,no4 #d #fc3ci #f4 ,cup-hilt$ rapi]1 ,italian1 ,,xvii c5tury #di3be #g4 ,left-h& dagg]1 ,italo-,spani%1 ,,xvii c5tury #ha3ci #h4 ,cup-hilt$ rapi]1 ,spani%1 ,,xvii c5tury #bcc3bc #cj ,hilt & gu>d ( c\rt sword1 ,italian or ,spani%1 #agd3bf #bd ,,xvii c5tury #ca ,rondel dagg]1 ,italian1 ,,xv c5tury #hb3ci #be #cb ,tr\sse1 ,g]man1 ,,xvi c5tury #fe3ci #be #cc ,gr\p ( spe>-type pole arms1 ,,xv-,,xvii c5turies #bg #a4 ,ox-tongue pike1 ,au/rian1 ,salzburg1 ca4 #aejj #dcc3ai #b4 ,hunt+ spe>1 ,italian1 ,,xvi c5tury #db3ai #c4 ,p>tisan1 ,italian1 ,,xvi c5tury #dej3ai #d4 ,p>tisan ( ,/ate ,gu>d ( ,william ,v ( ,bav>ia1 #afi3bf ca4 #afae #e4 ,p>tisan ( ,/ate ,gu>d ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong ( #aff3bf ,saxony1 ,k+ ( ,pol&1 ca4 #aeig #cd ,gr\p ( axe-type pole arms1 ,,xv-,,xvii c5turies #bh #a4 ,milit>y axe1 ,spani%1 ,,xvi c5tury #dc3ai #b4 ,milit>y axe1 ,italian1 ,,xvi c5tury #dd3ai #c4 ,halb]d1 ,swiss1 ,,xv c5tury #fg3ci #d4 ,halb]d1 ,nor? ,italian1 ,,xvi c5tury #dea3ai #e4 ,halb]d ( ,/ate ,gu>d ( ,*ri/ian ,,ii ( ,saxony1 #afg3bf ca4 #aeij #f4 ,halb]d ( ,/ate ,gu>d ( ! ,pr9ces ( #afh3bf ,lie*t5/e91 ,,xvii c5tury #ce ,two dagg]-knives #bi #a4 ,p]sian1 ,ispahan1 ,,xvii c5tury #ac3bb #b4 ,p]sian1 ,%iraz1 ,,xvii c5tury #ad3bb #cf ,sword hilt1 gold1 ,p]sian1 ,,xiii-,,xiv c5tury #de3bd #bi #cg ,crossb[1 ,flemi%1 ,,xv c5tury #da3ai #cj #ch ,prodd1 ,italian1 ,,xvi c5tury #fi3ci #cj #ci ,crossb[ & cranequ91 ,swiss1 ,,xvii c5tury #fh3ci #ca #dj ,draw+1 me*anism ( cranequ9 #ca #da ,draw+1 me*anism ( crossb[ lock #ca #db ,engrav+ aft] de ,gheyn1 #afjf3 muskete] ab\t to #ca give fire #dc ,mat*lock musket1 ,dut*1 ,,xvii c5tury1 & detail ( #cjb3ea #cc its decoration4 ,gift ( ! ,john ,m4 ,ol9 ,tru/ #dd ,:eellock gun1 ,g]man1 ca4 #aeej & detail ( #gd3ci #cd engrav$ inlays aft] ,beham #de ,engrav+ by ,hans ,sebald ,beham1 7#aejj- ca4 #aeej7 #eh3ad #ce ,! ,rape ( ,iole #df ,gr\p ( h& fire>ms ( ! ,,xvii c5tury #cg #a4 ,miguelet lock gun1 ,italian1 ,brescia1 = ! #gf3ci ,bale>ic trade1 by ,laz>i ,com9az1 ,,xvii c5tury #b4 ,:eellock rifle1 ,g]man1 ,dresd51 by ,m>t9 #ge3ci ,sssebeck] 7#aeic-affh71 gunmak] to ! ,saxon c\rt1 ca4 #afce #c4 ,:eellock ts*9ke1 ,g]man-,silesian1 ,,xvii c5tury #gc3ci #d4 ,:eellock rifle1 ,fr5*1 p9al 7,vosges71 by #gj3ci ,claude ,?omas1 #afbc #d;,a1,b4 ,pair ( :eellock pi/ols4 ,companions to ,no4 #d #ga3ci #gb3ci #e4 ,fl9tlock pi/ol1 ,italian1 ,brescia1 by ,laz>o #gg3ci ,laz>9o1 ,,xvii c5tury #f4 ,fl9tlock pi/ol1 ,italian1 ,brescian1 by ,laz>9o #he3ci ,com9azzo2 ,giovanni ,b\rgognone1 mid-,,xvii c5tury #dg ,details ( decoration ( guns3 #ci #a4 ,miguelet lock gun1 ,italian1 ,brescia1 = ! #gf3ci ,bale>ic trade1 sign$ 8,laz>i ,com9az01 ,,xvii c5tury #b4 ,:eellock rifle1 ,g]man1 ,dresd51 by ,m>t9 #ge3ci ,sssebeck] 7#aeic-affh71 ca4 #afce #c4 ,:eellock ts*9ke1 ,g]man-,silesian1 ,,xvii c5tury #gc3ci #dh ,:eellock pi/ol1 ,italian1 ,brescia1 ca4 #afcj #hd3ci #dj #di ,fl9tlock p[d] te/]1 ,g]man1 ca4 #afij #bd3be #dj #ej ,fl9tlock pi/ol set 7two brace7 ) accessories1 #ahe3db #da ,portuguese1 ,lisbon1 by ,jac9to ,xavi]1 #agii #ea ,fl9tlock repeat+ pi/ol1 ,fr5*1 ,p>is1 by ,d]by1 #dc3ci #db late ,,xviii c5tury ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,armor ,,& ,,arms ,once ^u a "t !re probably 7 m5 :o _h nei!r armor nor arms4 ,!y did n la/ long1 = wild animals or o!r m5 ) /ones or /icks 9 _! h&s kill$ !m & ate !m up4 ,! fir/ m5 ab\t :om we "k any?+ def9ite already _h weapons ( /one4 ,arms &1 lat]1 armor h accompani$ man ?r\gh\t 8 hi/ory4 ,! fir/ obvi\s weapons 7 /ones1 r\ghly %ap$ to make !m m effective4 ,su* are n to be f\nd 9 ! ,city ,art ,museum1 b we d h examples ( ! next type to develop1 ! weapons ( ! bronze age4 ,bronze is a mixture ( copp] & t91 & x 0 inv5t$ a v long "t ago1 & 9 _m diff]5t places4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 anci5t ,egypt1 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & 9 ,europe4 ,two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/ ! ,*9ese 7 mak+ bronze arms & dome/ic & c]emonial objects ( all sorts1 & 7 mak+ !m s beautiful t su* objects are consid]$ prop] exhibits = an art museum4 ,we h a v f9e collection ( anci5t ,*9ese bronzes1 exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum's ,*9ese gall]ies1 & among !m are num]\s weapons4 ,! e>lie/ include axes & dagg]-axes 7,fig4 #a74 ,^! date f ! ,%ang ,dyna/y1 7ca4 #aebc-;ca4 #ajbh ,b4,c47 ,?is too is ! p]iod ( a bronze helmet 7,fig4 #b7 9 ! =m ( a hood ) smoo? sides :i* come d[n well ov] ! *eeks1 :ile leav+ ! front ( ! face expos$4 ,helmets ( almo/ precisely ?is =m1 b made ( /eel1 7 worn 9 ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s lat]6 ,?is helmet has a small plume-hold] at its v top1 & is peculi> 9 hav+1 z its only decoration1 a pair ( eyes emboss$ 9 relief on ! =ehead4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a ,*9ese bronze axe m ?an #cjjj ye>s old1 ) a cr\*+ mon/] 9 relief4 ,f ! ,ordos region ( ,sib]ia1 :]e a primitive culture la/$ = a v long "t1 comes a p>ticul>ly f9e c]emonial dagg] 7,fig4 #c7 ( bronze ) inlays ( turquoise4 ,f ,*9a aga91 dat+ ?r\gh\t ! ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 come num]\s bronze weapons n[ 9 ! ,museum's ,/udy ,collection1 includ+ swords1 dagg]s1 &1 f ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 mo/ +5i\s me*anisms = ! crossb[ 7,fig4 #d7 a weapon :i* 0 n kn[n 9 ,europe until _m c5turies lat]4 ,an ,etruscan grave has yield$ ! l>ge bronze disk ( ,fig4 #e4 ,on /yli/ic gr\nds x is believ$ t ?is orig9at$ n 9 ,etruria1 b on ! o!r1 ,ea/]n1 %ore ( ,italy 9 ,pic5um1 9 ! second half ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,x 0 probably ! c5tral re9=cem5t ( a l>ge lea!r %ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a bronze helmet z old z ! axe 9 ,fig4 #a1 b 9 =m closely resembl+ ,italian /eel helmets ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! ?9 flat-blad$ c]emonial bronze dagg] ( a %aman or sorc]] f ! /eppes ( ,sib]ia4 ,b ( all ! specim5s ( antique armor & arms 9 ?is 7& possibly 9 any o!r7 museum1 none surpasses ! helmet %[n 9 our frontispiece4 ,?is helmet1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( armor1 a %ield rim & a spe> po9t1 all n[ 9 ! ,museum1 0 f\nd 9 a tomb ne> ,metaponto1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 :]e once !re 0 a ,greek colony4 ,x is believ$ to date f ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! helmet is ( bronze1 ! upp] "p ( ! b[l =m$ z ! neck & head ( a ram4 ,?is is surm\nt$ by a great cre/ ( silv]1 re/+ on a support ( ivory4 ,! *eek pieces ( ! helmet h rams' heads 9 pr(ile emboss$ 9 relief4 ,! eyes1 ! horns ( ! ma9 ram's head1 ! ivory cre/ hold] & "p ( ! silv] cre/ are re/orations1 b en\gh orig9al fragm5ts ( ! cre/ 7 f\nd ) ! helmet to indicate exactly h[ ! cre/ 0 %ap$4 ,moreov] ! exi/5ce ( su* metallic cre/s is v]ifi$ by a bronze /atuette ( simil> orig9 7,fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,a crossb[ lock two ?\s& ye>s old1 ) a model to %[ h[ ! p>ts int]lock4 ,an +5i\s bit ( e>ly me*anical eng9e]+4 ,at fir/ glance1 ! helmet proclaims itself a great "w ( sculpture1 & proves t arms & armor c prop]ly belong 9 a museum ( art4 ,h[ v well ?is piece des]ves its place "h is /ill m app>5t on close exam9ation4 ,x seems incr$ible t s long ago a craftsman c\ld1 )\t any ( our mod]n tools1 h =m$ f a s+le plate ( bronze su* a deep & difficult =g+ z ?is helmet b[l4 ,x is equally amaz+ t1 9 a p]iod /ill consid]$ z ar*aic1 8 arti/ic imag9ation c\ld h produc$ s naturali/ic yet s noble a r5dition ( an animal =m4 ,! te*nical skill & ta/e ( ! engrav+ & emboss+ are also notewor?y3 ! sugge/ion ( locks ( hair ar\nd ! =ehead1 ! eyebr[s :i* t]m9ate z snakes' heads1 ! sugge/ions ( sk9 texture on ! rams' heads4 ,x is inde$ "o ( ! _w's ma/]pieces ( armor4 ,al?\gh ! ,greeks made _! armor out ( bronze1 !y did h k ( iron1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b x 0 extremely difficult = !m to prep>e1 z !y _h n yet discov]$ effici5t me?ods ( smelt+ x f iron ore1 s t :at little !y _h 0 v preci\s4 ,x c\ld n be sp>$ = mak+ armor1 b 0 re/rict$ to edg$ weapons :]e a relatively small am\nt ( ?is h>d new metal c\ld be mo/ effective4 ,! ,romans too us$ iron1 & z _! te*nical skill improv$ !y us$ m & m ( x4 ,aft] ! ,roman empire 0 ov]:elm$ by ! b>b>ian hordes f ! ,nor? ! mak+ ( f9e arms langui%$4 ,x did n cease2 occasionally discov]ies are made ( beautifully inlaid sword pommels & %ield bosses belong+ to ! s-call$ 8d>k ages04 ,sword blades too turn up occasionally1 skillfully con/ruct$ ( _m lay]s ( alt]nately h>d /eel & s(t iron1 s t !y may reta9 a ke5 cutt+ edge yet /ill be t\gh r ?an brittle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,emboss$ bronze disk1 probably ! c5tral re9=cem5t ( a lea!r %ield1 f ,pic5um1 ,ea/-,c5tral ,italy1 second half ,,vii c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,an ,etruscan w>rior 9 battle dress4 ,note ! rivets on ! helmet cre/4 7,/eel1 y w rememb]1 is n a sep>ate metal2 x is j iron :i* conta9s f ab\t 4#e to ab\t #b4e1 ( c>bon4 ,?is gives x ! peculi> prop]ty t if x is heat$ to r$ness & quickly cool$1 x becomes mu* h>d] ?an be=e4 ,x also becomes m brittle4 ,if h>d5$ /eel be heat$ a second "t1 n r$ hot b to a mu* l[] temp]ature1 & aga9 *ill$1 ! h>dness is r$uc$ some:at1 :ile ! brittl5ess is r$uc$ a great deal2 ! metal becomes t\gh & suitable = mak+ into tools4 ,?is second heat+ & *ill+ is call$ 8temp]+04 ,contr>y to popul> belief1 8to temp]0 /eel does n mean 8to make x h>d]04 ,x means 8to make fully h>d5$ /eel some:at s(t] & mu* t\gh]04 ,if ! iron has too mu* or too little c>bon x _c be h>d5$ at all2 if !re is too little x is v s(t & malleable & is call$ 8wr\ght iron04 ,if !re is too mu* c>bon x is h>d] ?an mild /eel1 b is v brittle inde$2 ?is is call$ 8ca/ iron047 ,,*a9 ,,mail ,except = ! r>e f9ds j m5tion$1 we "k little ab\t ! armor & arms ( ! p]iod f ! fall ( ,rome to ab\t ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! pa9t+s1 draw+s1 & /atues :i* h surviv$ sugge/1 b give no cle> in=mation4 ,we h reason to believe t armor 0 made ( small plates ( iron atta*$ to clo? or lea!r g>m5ts1 or ( *a9 mail1 a fabric made ( int]l9k$ r+s ( iron wire4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ?is p]iod we "k t *a9 mail 0 ext5sively employ$1 = x (t5 appe>s1 especially 9 ,engl&1 on ! engrav$ brass plates atta*$ to ! tombs ( important p ( ! "t 7,fig4 #g74 ,! ,museum has a small collection ( pap] impressions ( ^! 8brasses0 :i* are well wor?y ( /udy by anyone int]e/$ 9 e>ly armor4 ,"s are exhibit$ on ! walls ( ! armor gall]y4 ,*a9 mail is m int]e/+ ?an x appe>s at fir/ glance1 & ! ,museum's specim5s des]ve to be look$ at c>efully4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 made ( wire4 ,n[adays wire is s common t we ?9k no?+ ( x2 x is produc$ by ! mile ) automatic ma*9]y4 ,b 9 m$ieval times wire 0 sc>ce & valuable1 = e bit ( x _h to be made by h&4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 done ) ! hamm]3 a billet ( iron 0 p\nd$ ) a hamm] held 9 "o h&1 :ile ! o!r kept ! billet rotat+ s t its diamet] became less & less until x 0 small en\gh to be made up into l9ks ( mail4 ,( c\rse1 only %ort bits ( wire c\ld be made 9 ?is way & ! diamet] 0 naturally irregul>4 ,x 0 sl[ & t$i\s "w1 b ! e>lie/ mail 0 s made4 ,lat] x 0 f\nd t a rod ( iron c\ld be pull$ by tongs ?r\gh a hole 9 a h>d5$ /eel plate1 ?us r$uc+ its diamet] & giv+ x a uni=m ?ickness4 ,by draw+ x ?r\gh a numb] ( holes ( progressively small] diamet]1 ! wire c\ld be made q ?9 & entirely uni=m4 ,!n su* wire c\ld be w\nd 9 a coil ar\nd an iron rod1 & ! coil !n cut l5g?wise ) a *isel or saw giv+ a l>ge numb] ( l9ks all ( ! same size4 ,all lat] *a9 mail 0 s made4 ,su* l9ks 7 int]lac$1 ea* l9k ) f\r o!rs1 to =m a fabric mu* l t ( a lady's me% bag4 ,h[ev]1 if ! ends ( ! l9ks 7 simply br\ght toge!r ! fabric w\ld n be v /rong4 ,an arr[ or dagg] po9t c\ld easily spread op5 a l9k1 & p5etrate to ! we>]'s body4 ,s all good *a9 mail 0 /r5g!n$ by hav+ ! ends ( e l9k ov]lapp$1 slightly flatt5$1 & !n rivet$4 ,9 t "p ( ! _w we n[ call 8,middle ,ea/0--:]e ! ,mohamm$an & ,h9du cultures fl\ri%$--! rivet 0 a sep>ate piece ( f9e wire4 ,european *a9 mail is m ( a my/]y--pr9cipally because !re is s v little old ,european *a9 mail /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,! probability is t a sep>ate rivet 0 us$ z 9 ! ,ea/]n mail1 b t its ins]tion 0 m skillfully p]=m$4 ,h[ev]1 "s s*ol>s feel t ,european *a9 mail 0 weld$ or 0 rivet$ by a swag+ process1 t a special tool 9 ! =m ( tongs or a pair ( dies =c$ a small "p ( ! l[] end ( ! l9k ( *a9 mail ?r\gh a slit 9 ! upp] end & !n rivet$ x ov]4 ,c>eful microscopical rese>* on sections ( l9ks ( mail c\ld d\btless solve ?is problems1 b :o wants to cut (f l9ks f a r>e & preci\s g5u9e1 docum5t$ piece8 ,z yet x may be said t no su* +5i\s swag+ tool has be5 discov]$1 nor h we any unque/ionably contempor>y illu/rations :i* w\ld prove ?is !ory4 ,9 places :]e special /r5g? 0 requir$1 z ar\nd ! ?roat1 ! r+s 7 made ( ! same size b ( heavi] wire1 :i* 0 flatt5$ by hamm]+ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! rivet4 ,9 ?is way ! ov]lapp+ ( ! r+s became s close t n ev5 a ne$le c\ld p5etrate ! fabric 7,fig4 #h74 ,9 o!r cases1 unflatt5$ r+s 7 us$1 b /r&s ( lea!r 7 drawn ?r\gh ! r[s1 giv+ additional rigidity & protection4 ,x is believ$ t ?is practice acc\nts = ! appe>ance ( :at is kn[n z 8b&$ mail0 9 num]\s monum5ts & engrav$ brasses4 ,*a9 mail 0 a good protection aga9/ cuts & /abs1 b x _h a numb] ( s]i\s disadvantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 exp5sive4 ,ev5 ! mo/ skillful armor] c\ld make x b sl[ly4 ,! mail cape ( ,fig4 #h conta9s ab\t #dd1bce l9ks1 ea* sep>ately =g$ & rivet$2 "s complete coats ( mail conta9 ov] #bjj1jjj6 ,=g]ies ( antique *a9 mail are practically non-exi/5t1 = !y w\ld co/ m to make ?an g5u9e specim5s1 r>e z !y are1 w\ld be wor? today4 ,aga91 *a9 mail 0 v easily attack$ by ru/1 &1 once x 0 ru/$1 0 mo/ difficult to clean4 7,! usual way 0 to put a ru/$ mail %irt 9 a b>rel ) "s oily sawdu/ & to set an appr5tice to roll+ ! b>rel ar\nd = h\r aft] h\r47 ,consequ5tly v little e>ly mail is left--mo/ ( x j ru/$ away to no?+4 ,x 0 heavy & uncom=table1 = ! :ole weight hung f ! %\ld]s4 ,b its wor/ disadvantage lay 9 its flexibility4 ,x w\ld resi/ a cut1 b 0 ( little protection aga9/ a bl[4 ,to make x ( any use 9 battle aga9/ heavy swords1 maces1 & battle axes x 0 necess>y to we> b5ea? x a v heavily padd$ g>m5t :i*1 ( c\rse1 0 hot4 ,h[ ! ,crusad]s 9 _! *a9 mail mu/ h sweat$ 9 ! hot sun ( ! ,holy ,l&6 ,& h[ _m mail-clad knights mu/ h be5 p\nd$ to dea? )\t necess>ily los+ "o drop ( blood6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,an ink rubb+ tak5 f ! engrav$ brass plate on ! tomb ( ,sir ,rog] de ,trump+ton1 an ,engli% knight :o di$ 9 #abhi4 ,note ! complete suit ( *a9 mail1 ! supplem5t>y knee def5ses & big pot helmet atta*$ by a *a91 ! clo? surcoat1 & ! %ield ) 8 punn+ badge ( a trumpet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,cape ( *a9 mail1 ) extra wide l9ks at ! coll>1 & ornam5tal l9ks ( brass ar\nd ! l[] edge4 ,to protect aga9/ bl[s1 !re=e1 x became necess>y to produce a rigid protection4 ,! primitive /ate ( iron metallurgy did n p]mit ! mak+ ( m ?an small pieces ( iron at a "t4 ,nev]!less1 iron head cov]+s 7 already 9 use by ! elev5? c5tury1 & f t "t on pieces ( plate armor increas$ 9 size & numb]4 ,aft] ! head def5se1 ! mo/ vuln]able "p ( a rid]'s body 7= rememb] t only knights c\ld af=d mail1 & knights f\ght on horseback7 0 ! knees4 ,h y ev] _h a really h>d bump on ! kneecap1 &1 if y rememb] "o1 %\ld y h lik$ to g on fight+ j aft] receiv+ x8 ,! knight repres5t$ 9 ! brass ( ,fig4 #g1 :o di$ 9 #abhi1 we>s knee-gu>ds1 & re/s 8 head on 8 great 8pot-helm01 :i* 0 normally atta*$ to 8 body by a *a91 s t x c\ld n easily be lo/ if he took x (f to get a brea? ( air4 ,! ,city ,art ,museum has no specim5s ( plate armor ( ?is e>ly p]iod4 8,,go?ic0 ,,armor ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a helmet call$ a salade3 made l a deep salad b[l1 ) a slit to see ?r\gh4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies x became ! fa%ion to we> a long clo? g>m5t1 call$ a surcoat1 ov] armor4 ,pictures & /atues ( ?is p]iod %[ armor$ figures only ) su* surcoats1 & x is1 !re=e1 impracticable to foll[ ! exact developm5t ( ! pieces ( plate armor :i* 7 add$ to re9=ce ! *a9 mail4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury complete outfits ( plate armor 7 9 use1 b ! e>lie/ surviv+ suits ( ! s-call$ 8,go?ic0 armor date f ab\t #adfj4 ,!y are exce$+ly r>e4 ,! ,city ,art ,museum possesses only a gauntlet ( ab\t #adej & a helmet 7,fig4 #i7 f ab\t #adge1 yet we feel lucky to h ^! two pieces1 = 8,go?ic0 armor is n only r>e3 x is v beautiful4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t armor]s did _! be/ "w1 f e /&po9t4 ,x 0 be/ metallurgically1 ) inn] surfaces ( pure s(t iron1 b ) out] surfaces skillfully conv]t$ into almo/ glass-h>d /eel4 ,x 0 be/ functionally1 = its simple clean curv$ l9es 7 admirably design$ to turn a bl[ h>mlessly aside1 ) no unnecess>y decorative =ms to cat* desc5d+ edge or po9t4 ,x 0 be/ arti/ically 7z is usually ! case ) ?+s t function p]fectly71 dep5d+ = beauty on its own pure sculptural l9es r ?an on extrane\s ornam5t4 ,! helmet ( ,fig4 #i is ( a type call$ salade4 ,x is a simple /eel hat1 l t ( a mod]n soldi]1 & orig9ally _h a padd$ l9+4 ,unlike ! mod]n milit>y helmet1 h[ev]1 x cov]s ! head d[n to ! end ( ! nose2 !re is a n>r[ slit 9 front ( ! eyes :i* p]mits surpris+ly good vision :ile leav+ ! eyes q well protect$4 ,! l9es ( ?is helmet are clean & elegant1 typical ( ! 8,go?ic0 /yle4 ,?is type ( helmet 0 (t5 worn 9 comb9ation ) an up/&+ gu>d = ! l[] "p ( ! face :i* 0 atta*$ to ! top ( ! neck-def5se4 ,! l[] edge ( ! helmet ov]lapp$ ! upp] edge ( ?is face-gu>d2 ?us ! entire face 0 protect$1 yet ! we>] _h reasonable v5tilation & c\ld obta9 m :5 circum/ances p]mitt$ by tak+ (f 8 helmet4 8,,maximilian0 ,,armor ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! mo/ important s+le p]sonality 9 ,europe 0 probably ,k+ 7lat] ,emp]or7 ,maximilian ,i ( ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,a contempor>y ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 he liv$ at a "t :5 v]satility 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( an educat$ man1 & z sov]eign he set 8 subjects a good example 9 ?is respect4 ,he wrote books on g5ealogy1 hunt+ & woodsman%ip1 horse bre$+1 ar*itecture1 & l&scape g>d5+4 ,he 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 arms & armor1 & frequ5tly visit$ 8 c\rt armor] 9 8 work%op4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t he _h a great influ5ce on ! design ( armor1 & t ! new & %>ply diff]5t fa%ion :i* appe>$ at ?is "t became kn[n z ! 8,maximilian04 ,x 0 *>act]iz$ by p>allel1 or almo/ p>allel1 flut+1 especially on brea/plate & ?igh gu>ds1 by broad-to$ foot gu>ds 7soll]ets7 z comp>$ ) ! long po9t$ toes ( ! ,go?ic p]iod1 & by /rongly rop$ edges ( ! plates4 ,! ,city ,art ,museum has an excell5t suit ( ,maximilian armor 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! brea/plate1 ?igh gu>ds 7tassets7 & ma9 %ell ( ! helmet illu/rate ! *>act]i/ic flut+s1 :ile ! soll]ets are fully develop$ ,maximilian /yle4 ,! suit 0 made 9 ,nuremb]g 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 =m]ly 9 ! armory ( ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a full suit ( ,maximilian armor f ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,,armor ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,xvi ,,c5tury3 ,,decorat$ ,,armor ,by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! te*niques ( ! armor] 7 fully develop$4 ,f ! smelt]s he 0 able to obta9 iron 9 good-siz$ lumps1 & he _h le>n$ s to weld x z to produce plates ( any desir$ size4 ,he c\ld keep x s(t & malleable or c\ld add m9ute am\nts ( c>bon & ?us conv]t x into /eel1 :i* he c\ld1 by heat treatm5t1 give any desir$ degree ( h>dness4 ,he no long] bo!r$ to h>d5 ! surface ( 8 brea/plate & helmets to ! glassy h>dness :i* 0 ! pride ( ! ,go?ic armor]s1 b he made good1 reasonably homog5e\s mild /eel :i* 0 h>d en\gh = sword or dagg] blades1 yet t\gh en\gh to avoid brittl5ess4 ,he c\ld hamm] 8 metal into ev5 ! mo/ fanta/ic %apes1 c\ld color or gild x1 or c\ld inlay x ) preci\s metals4 ,armor]s began to vie ) "o ano!r to produce magnific5t & elaborate armor2 _m & /range 7 ! results4 ,in/ead ( only "o k9d ( armor1 z 9 ! pa/1 !re 7 ?ree3 milit>y1 t\rnam5t & p>ade armor4 ,9 ! milit>y armor1 int5d$ = actual fight+1 ta/e 0 usually cons]vative4 ,extravagances1 su* z excessively wide or n>r[ soll]ets1 ov]-elaborate elb[ gu>ds1 or extremely l>ge %\ld] gu>ds1 7 avoid$4 ,a mod]ate am\nt ( decoration 0 consid]$ q p]missible1 provid$ x did n less5 ! functionality ( ! armor2 su* decoration mo/ frequ5tly 0 9 ! =m ( et*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a brea/plate decorat$ ) et*$ ornam5t aga9/ a black backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a morion ) et*$ decoration4 ,h&some1 b r top-heavy4 ,al?\gh we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( et*+ prim>ily 9 connection ) pictures on pap]1 ! process seems to h orig9at$ ) ! armor]s4 ,!y w\ld take a helmet or brea/plate1 pa9t x all ov] ) a heavy acid-pro( v>ni%1 scrat* a design ?r\gh ?is v>ni% ) a %>p ne$le1 !n place ! metal 9 a ba? ( acid4 ,! acid w\ld eat away ! /eel :]e ! v>ni% _h be5 scrat*$1 b n else:]e4 ,aft] ! plate _h be5 tak5 f ! acid & ! v>ni% remov$1 ! et*$ "p w\ld %[ d>k aga9/ ! poli%$ surface ( ! /eel4 ,?is contra/ c\ld be height5$ by rubb+ 9 a little black pigm5t1 & ! e>ly armor]s discov]$ t !y c\ld readily keep a record ( _! "w or a sample %eet to %[ o!r cu/om]s1 by simply plac+ a piece ( pap] aga9/ ! et*$ & black5$ surface & rubb+ x4 ,! fre% black w\ld /ick to ! pap]1 giv+ a cle> impression ( ! et*$ design4 ,ma/]s ( et*+ l ,rembr&t us$ & mod]n et*]s /ill use ess5tially ! same process4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a clos$ helmet ) et*+4 ,?\gh heavi]1 x is m com=table ?an ,fig4 #ab1 s9ce its weight re/s p>tly on ! %\ld]s4 ,! ,museum has a numb] ( good examples ( et*$ armor4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa we see a brea/plate ) et*$ designs ( milit>y trophies & my?ological figures4 ,fig4 #ab %[s a helmet1 =m]ly 9 ! collections ( ! ,b>on de ,cosson & ,h5ry ,g4 ,keasbey1 ( ! type call$ morion1 ) an exce$+ly high comb & simil> et*$ decoration4 ,fig4 #ac %[s a typical clos$ helmet ( ! mid-sixte5? c5tury4 ,l ! morion1 x has a high1 elaborately et*$ comb4 ,! we>]'s face 0 protect$ by two plates1 an upp] "o call$ ! vizor1 :i* has a n>r[ horizontal slit = vision l ! salade describ$ on page #i1 & a l[] call$ ! v5tail :i* has holes & v]tical slits = v5tilation4 ,bo? are pivot$ at ! e>s1 s t ! vizor c\ld be rais$ alone or vizor & v5tail toge!r1 yet at ! appe>ance ( dang] bo? c\ld be snapp$ d[n into position ) a s+le sweep ( ! gauntlet$ h&4 ,! et*+ on ?is helmet %[s floral arabesques & leap+ /ags aga9/ a backgr\nd1 n black5$1 b gilt4 ,su* gild+ 0 done by rubb+ ! fre%ly et*$ surface ) a mixture ( gold & m]cury1 !n heat+ ! metal to evaporate ! m]cury & leave beh9d ! gold firmly atta*$ to ! /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a heavy helmet especially design$ = ! t\rnam5t4 ,! man :o wore ?is 0 ab\t z safe z armor c\ld make him4 ,t\rnam5t armor1 us$ 9 ! t\ghe/1 mo/ excit+ sport t man has ev] inv5t$1 0 worn = comp>atively %ort p]iods ( "t1 & c\ld1 !re=e1 be consid]ably heavi] ?an ! milit>y armor :i* a man might h to we> cont9u\sly4 ,decoration on ! armor itself 0 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 al?\gh elaborate trapp+s ( clo? & fea!rs 7 (t5 add$ to x4 ,fig4 #ad %[s a helmet = use 9 a =m ( t\rnam5t conduct$ accord+ to ,italian rules1 9 :i* ! conte/ants 7 sep>at$ by a f5ce :i* prev5t$ _! horses f collid+1 ?us p]mitt+ unre/rict$ spe$ ( attack4 ,! helmet is v solid & /urdy1 ) pla9 poli%$ surfaces to deflect ! oppos+ lance-po9t4 ,notice ! circul> holl[ rim at ! neck4 ,?is clos$ ov] an outw>d-turn$ rim on ! ?roat def5se 7collet97 s t al?\gh ! helmet c\ld be turn$ to ei!r side foll[+ ! motion ( ! we>]'s head1 x c\ld n sep>ate f ! body armor at ! ?roat & leave an op5+ = ho/ile spe> or sword po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a p>ade %ield1 et*$ & gild$4 ,italian1 ,,xvi c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,a p>ade helmet1 probably made 9 ,g]many = ! ,hung>ian or ,poli% m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a gauntlet ( solid /eel :i* is almo/ z flexible z *amois sk94 ,p>ade armor 0 ! lighte/ yet ! mo/ elaborate ( all4 ,n int5d$ = actual combat 9 ei!r w> or sport1 x did n require ! fundam5tal functionality ( ! o!r types2 ! armor]s 7 free to foll[ _! fancy & make ! decoration z elaborate z !y pleas$4 ,all me?ods 7 us$4 ,et*+ & gild+ 7 ext5sive & 9 addition ! metal 0 emboss$ or *as$ 9 ! mo/ fanciful =ms4 ,9 addition to ! flat m]cury gild+1 gold 0 appli$ by ! damasc5e process1 ei!r ! 8true0 damasc5e 9 :i* plates or wires ( gold 7or silv]7 7 actually inlaid into und]cut grooves 9 ! /eel mu* z a d5ti/ w\ld fill a too?1 or ! 8false0 damasc5e 9 :i* ! preci\s metal 0 appli$ 9 ! =m ( foil & rubb$ onto ! /eel surface :i* _h previ\sly be5 r\gh5$ by tool "w to produce innum]able t9y %>p po9ts :i* c\ld be burni%$ d[n to hold ! foil firmly 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,a pa9t$ %ield = a pageant or fancy-dress p>ade4 ,hung>ian1 ,,xv c5tury4 ,specim5s ( ! simpl] p>ade armor1 ) et*$ & gild$ ornam5t aga9/ a backgr\nd color$ a w>m br[n1 are ! %ield %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae & ! helmet ( ,fig4 #af4 ,a mitt5-gauntlet ( ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury f ! ,cl>5ce ,mackay collection & =m]ly f ! ,imp]ial ,russian ,collection 9 ! ,h]mitage ,museum ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7,fig4 #ag7 is an example ( ! "w ( ! ,briti% ,royal ,armory at ,gre5wi*1 :i* made num]\s f9ely decorat$ suits ( armor = ! nobles ( ! c\rt ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,?is gauntlet is a magnific5t specim5 ( eng9e]+ skill z appli$ to ! design ( armor2 its con/ruction all[s complete fre$om to ! wri/1 knuckle1 & f+] jo9ts1 yet keeps ! h& p]fectly protect$ 9 any position4 ,! gauntlet is decorat$ ) an et*$ design ( ris+ eagles 9 int]lac$ m$allions aga9/ a dott$ backgr\nd2 ! latt] is p>tly black1 p>tly gild$4 ,an entirely diff]5t type ( p>ade armor is ! %ield ( ,fig4 #ah4 ,x is made ( wood1 cov]$ on ! inside ) lea!r1 on ! outside ) canvas pa9t$ ) a small coat ( arms & a l>ge repres5tation ( two un>mor$ m5 9 mortal combat4 ,?is %ield also 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,cl>5ce ,h4 ,mackay collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,^! /irrups are made ( c>v$ bronze1 completely gild$4 ,ano!r example ( p>ade equipm5t 9 a diff]5t m$ium is a pair ( /irrups 7,fig4 #ai7 made ( bronze & elaborately c>v$ & gild$4 ,!y 7 =m]ly 9 ! ,spitz] collection4 ,,late ,,armor ,z ! sixte5? c5tury drew to a close armor began to det]iorate4 ,no s+le influ5ce 0 responsible4 ,d n ?9k t fire>ms 7 inv5t$ & armor 0 !re=e sudd5ly made obsolete4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 fire>ms 7 9 use be=e plate armor really receiv$ g5]al acceptance1 & fire>ms 7 9 use all ! "t t plate armor 0 be+ worn 9 ,europe4 ,b ! gradual improvem5t 9 ! effici5cy ( fire>ms und\bt$ly caus$ armor to be made heavi] & heavi]1 & !reby contribut$ greatly to its decl9e4 ,= j :5 armor 0 ?us increas+ 9 weight !re develop$ a new s*ool ( cavalry tactics bas$ ^u ! use ( lightly arm$ troop]s on fa/ horses :o1 in/ead ( directly attack+ ! enemy1 c\ld da% ar\nd 8 flank & cut (f 8 supplies f ! re>4 ,! t5d5cy 01 !re=e1 to make ! armor light & v flexible1 directly contr>y to ! ne$ = solid1 bullet-/opp+ protection4 ,ev5 fa%ion _h a det]iorat+ effect on armor4 ,fig4 #bj %[s a late suit ( armor :i* has a multitude ( small plates to give extreme flexibility1 & has extra wide leg protectors to cov] ! extravagant wide-topp$ tr\s]s :i* 7 !n ! vogue4 ,b :at a clumsy suit ?is is comp>$ to ! ,maximilian suit ( ,fig4 #aj6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 8,?ree-qu>t]0 suit ( armor = a "y ,g]man ( ! e>ly ,,xvii c5tury4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury armor %rank away piece by piece1 mu* z a tir$ soldi] might h be5 tempt$ to disc>d x on a long m>*4 ,! *ok+ face def5ses vani%$ f ! helmet4 ,! soll]ets w5t1 !n ! %9 gu>ds or greaves1 !n ! ?igh gu>ds4 ,! arm gu>ds 7 disc>d$1 !n ! gauntlets4 ,f9ally ! armor$ man 0 left ) only brea/plate1 backplate1 & helmet1 & ev5 ^! det]iorat$ 9 ! foll[+ c5tury into ! decorative b ineffici5t trapp+s ( ! cuirassi]4 ,! two _w w>s1 ) _! /eel helmets & flak suits 7! design ( :i* 0 /rongly influ5c$ by anci5t models7 h reviv$ ! use ( armor1 b x is a ma*9e-made product &1 well-design$ ?\gh x be1 mu/ be consid]$ a reproduction r ?an an orig9al "w ( art4 ,,que/ions ,,conc]n+ ,,armor ,let u turn back to ! armor ( ! fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies1 & consid] "s ( ! que/ions :i* naturally arise 9 our m9ds z we contemplate ^! relics ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 0 x practical8 ,h[ c\ld m5 possibly we> su* a mass ( metal ^u _! bodies & engage 9 long milit>y campaigns1 int]sp]s$ ) viol5t battles8 ,isn't x true t an armor$ man1 once fall51 c\ld n get up aga9 until he 0 hoi/$ ) a d]rick8 ,no1 t isn't true4 ,! comical sc5es 9 ! mov+ pictures ( fru/rat$ knights fl\nd]+ ab\t 9 se>* ( hoi/+ eng9es 7 put 9 /rictly = laughs4 ,armor 0 practical2 x 0 worn by ab\t all ! mo/ important m5 ( m ?an ?ree c5turies2 if !y _h n worn x !y w\ld n h liv$ long en\gh to become important6 ,z a matt] ( fact armor is n z heavy z "o might ?9k4 ,a good milit>y suit weighs no m ?an ! pack c>ri$ by a mod]n soldi]1 sixty p\nds or less1 & is a great deal m com=table to c>ry4 ,! pack hangs f ! %\ld]s1 b a good suit ( armor1 c>efully made 7z all good armor _h to be made7 to fit ! individual body ( ! we>]1 has its weight di/ribut$ ov] ! entire body4 ,! helmet re/s p>tly on ! head & p>tly on ! %\ld]s4 ,! brea/ & backplates re/ p>tly on ! %\ld]s & p>tly on ! hips4 ,! arm & leg gu>ds are lac$ to ! special und]g>m5t :i* _h always to be worn ) armor1 & ea* limb supports its own protection4 ,! jo9ts come at exactly ! "r places to correspond ) ! natural motions ( ! body1 & e "o ( ^! motions is provid$ =4 ,a man we>+ a prop]ly fitt+ suit ( armor ov] ! correct und]g>m5t c\ld d any?+ t a mod]n man c d we>+ a w9t] ov]coat1 & probably1 due to 8 special tra9+1 a numb] ( ?+s t ! mod]n man c\ld n4 ,he c\ld c]ta9ly walk1 run1 climb a wall1 lie d[n & get up quickly1 & m\nt 8 horse )\t help4 ,to te/ ! tru? ( ^! /atem5ts & ! implications ( ! romantic novels ( ! pa/1 ! writ] donn$ a suit ( armor :i* fitt$ him only approximately1 yet f\nd himself able to p]=m all ! actions above m5tion$ &1 9 addition1 to desc5d two /ories on a rope1 h& "u h&4 ,two p>ticul> devices aid$ 9 mak+ su* flexibility possible4 ,:]e ! body ne$$ protection comb9$ ) motility x c\ld be cov]$ ) a s]ies ( n>r[1 ov]lapp+ /eel /rips1 ea* ( :i* 0 rivet$ 9 turn to "o or m lea!r /raps1 ! ends ( :i* 7 fa/5$ to ! solid ma9 def5se4 ,!n z ! body 0 flex$ ! /eel /rips or lames w\ld slide ov] "o ano!r )\t expos+ ! body b5ea? !m 7,fig4 #ba74 ,x 0 also possible to jo9 a s]ies ( lames by n m ?an two rivets = ea* pair2 ^! w\ld act z pivots1 all[+ "o lame to rotate slightly relative to ! o!r 7,fig4 #bb74 ,h[ev]1 if rivets 7 us$ ) r l>ge heads ) a wa%] "u ! burr$ end ( ea*1 & if ! holes = ! rivet 9 "o lame 7 r\nd :ile t 9 ! o!r _h ! =m ( a slot1 9 addition to ! pivot+ motion1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( sideways motion betwe5 ! lames w\ld be possible 7,fig4 #bc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! lea!r+ ( a tasset1 f ! inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! pivot rivets ( a soll]et4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! wri/ plates ( a gauntlet ) slid+ 7,alma97 rivets4 ,:o wore armor8 ,e man :o c\ld af=d x4 ,armor 0 always v mu* ( a luxury4 ,its mak+ requir$ ! s]vices ( consummate craftsm51 m5 :o 7 n only exp]t metal work]s1 b also skill$ draughtsm51 exp]t tailors1 & ke5 /ud5ts ( human anatomy4 ,armor]s 7 ! ari/ocrats ( all m$iaeval craftsm51 ! mo/ highly respect$ & by f> ! be/ paid4 ,x requir$ a great deal ( _! "t2 ! completion ( a full suit ( armor might take a ye> or m4 ,armor 01 !re=e1 9 ! class ( ! mod]n automobile4 ,a weal?y mon>* might h a l>ge w>drobe ( beautifully decorat$ armor1 z a millionaire to-day owns a fleet ( exp5sive import$ motor c>s4 ,a simple knight w\ld be pr\d to possess a s+le suit1 pla91 b nev]!less made exactly to fit him & no o!r p]son4 ,a m9or soldi] 0 lucky if he c\ld secure a simple ready-made brea/plate & helmet4 ,:at 0 ! physical "* ( ! m5 :o wore armor8 ,:y d ! suits seem s small8 ,7 p small] 9 ^? days8 ,yes & no4 ,x is true t ! nature ( _! life t5d$ to develop m5 ( ! c[boy type1 wiry r ?an massive4 ,m5 :o sp5d _! lives on horseback are likely to h a broad %\ld] & n>r[ wai/1 /rong ?igh & sl5d] calf4 ,x is true too t ) primitive m$ic9e & sanitation man di$ "y2 ! av]age age ( adult males 0 less ?an x is n[4 ,h[ev] ! pr9cipal reason = ! small av]age size ( pres]v$ suits ( armor lies 9 its inext5sibility4 ,a suit ( armor _c be 8let out04 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 x _h to be made exactly to fit ! we>]4 ,m5 _h to le>n _! milit>y duties v "y1 !y _h to h & to we> armor :ile !y 7 /ill gr[+4 ,consequ5tly !y usually outgrew _! fir/ suit ( armor1 & x 0 ?is suit1 unm>k$ by ! sc>s ( s]i\s fight+1 :i* 0 mo/ likely to be pres]v$4 ,by ! "t a man rea*$ 8 full gr[? 8 armor %[$ we> & te>2 :5 he di$ he 0 buri$ 9 x1 or x 0 disc>d$ aft] 8 dea? z too batt]$ to be wor? keep+4 ,! suits ( armor 9 ! _w's collections are l>gely ! outgr[n suits ( "y m54 ,,middle ,,ea/]n ,,armor ,9 addition to ! armor ( ,europe1 consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to t ( ! ,middle ,ea/1 ( :i* ! ,city ,art ,museum displays a numb] ( f9e specim5s 9 a special gall]y4 ,armor 0 worn 9 ,p]sia & 9 ,india long aft] x _h be5 ab&on$ 9 ,europe2 x is ev5 possible t among isolat$ tribes armor]s may /ill be ply+ _! trade4 ,h[ev]1 z 9 ,europe1 ! lat] "w t5d$ to det]iorate1 & ! e>li] an ,ea/]n armor is1 ! bett] w x probably be4 ,! ,indian & ,p]sian smi?s _h two specialties3 ,damascus /eel & damasc5$ /eel1 :i* are (t5 & n unnaturally confus$1 bo? hav+ presumably orig9at$ at ,damascus4 ,damasc5e "w has already be5 describ$ on page #ae2 bo? ! 8true0 & ! 8false0 v>iety 7 practis$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ea/4 ,damascus /eel1 on ! o!r h&1 is a type ( metal especially suitable = armor & sword blades1 made by ! intimate comb9ation1 9 innum]able lay]s1 ( two k9ds ( metal1 "o extremely h>d1 ! o!r s(t & t\gh4 ,z billets ( ?is composite /eel 7 twi/$1 b5t1 & re=m$1 ! sup]impos$ lay]s made intricate patt]ns l ^? 9 wat]$ silk4 ,su* ,damascus /eel patt]ns c be be/ obs]v$ 9 sword & dagg] blades l ^? illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ce1 page #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,?is is ! brea/plate ( a ,p]sian suit ( armor4 ,! buckles are = ! /raps :i* atta* ! side & back plates4 ,! ,p]sian armor]s did n foll[ ! ,european cu/om ( =g+ body armor exactly to fit ! we>]1 b in/ead made ! pr9cipal def5se ( f\r rectangul> plates kn[n z *> a9a or 8! f\r mirrors04 ,two 7 worn z brea/- & backplate respectively1 ! o!r two1 made concave on ! upp] edge1 7 worn at ! sides1 ! concavity fitt+ "u ! arm4 ,*a9 mail 0 always us$ 9 ! ,ea/1 ev5 m ext5sively ?an 9 ,europe1 to protect all areas ( ! body n cov]$ by ! *> a9a or o!r def5ses ( solid plate4 ,fig4 #bd %[s a plate ( su* a f\r-piece armor4 ,x is made ( f9e ,damascus /eel 7! patt]n is too f9e to %[ 9 ! photograph71 & is decorat$ ) damasc5e inlay ( floral arabesques 9 gold4 ,?is is "w ( ! late sixte5? or e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 & comb9es adequate functionality ) ori5tal elegance4 ,a ,p]sian helmet 7,fig4 #be7 ( ! same p]iod %[s skillful =g+ ( ! flut$ ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,! *a9 mail :i* n[ looks r ragg$ orig9ally hung ev5ly ar\nd ! rim ( ?is ,p]sian helmet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,al?\gh corrod$1 ?is fifte5? c5tury ,turki% helmet demon/rates ! wond]ful skill ( ,middle ,ea/]n armor]s4 ,b ! helmet 9 ,fig4 #bf1 probably a c5tury or m e>li]1 %[s a mu* great] appreciation ( sculptural =m4 ,) a r[ ( p>allel v]tical flut+s ar\nd its dom$ upp] "p1 x resembles closely ! ,maximilian armor ( contempor>y ,europe4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if _m ,european smi?s c\ld h =g$ ! m9>et-l p9nacle :i* t]m9ates ! dome4 ,! helmet is decorat$ ) damasc5e "w ( silv] 9 calligraphic inscriptions & arabesques4 ,its own]'s neck 0 protect$ by *a9 mail atta*$ ar\nd ! l[] edge ( ! helmet4 ,probably because ( ! w>m] climate1 ! ,s>ac5ic w>riors nev] adopt$ ! clos$ helmet ( ,european l&s1 b pref]r$ to leave ! face expos$1 or protect$ only by a nasal b> :i* 0 (t5 s arrang$ t x c\ld be slid upw>ds & clamp$4 ,,arms3 ,,/rik+ ,,& ,,cutt+ ,,weapons ,man's fir/ weapon 0 probably a club1 & ! simple club has always reta9$ a c]ta9 popul>ity4 ,ev5 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 arms ( all k9ds atta9$ great elaboration1 ! mace1 or %ort "o-h&$ club1 0 ! accept$ weapon ( milit>y m5 9 holy ord]s :o1 =bidd5 to %$ blood1 f\nd no su* prohibition aga9/ ! bloodless crack+ ( skulls4 ,fig4 #bg %[s su* a mace1 ( heavy /eel1 c>v$ & gild$1 a =midable ?\gh beautiful weapon4 ,relat$ arms are %ort-h&l$ milit>y axes & hamm]s4 ,b ! accept$ symbol ( man z a fight+ creature has always be5 ! sword1 & ! sword1 p]haps m ?an any o!r item ( man's w>like panoply1 has exp]i5c$ ! full range ( 8 arti/ic & te*nical initiative4 ,space does n "h p]mit a discussion ( ! innum]able types ( swords2 only a brief resum ( ! g5]al developm5t c be giv54 ,?is is supplem5t$ by a display ( "s typical =ms along "o side wall ( ! armor gall]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a mace or "o-h&$ club1 made ( /eel c>v$ & gild$4 ,a beautiful implem5t = sma%+ heads6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,a ,*9ese bronze sword f ab\t ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,n v %>p1 b x c\ld /ill d q a lot ( damage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,typical swords ( ! sixte5?-sev5te5? c5turies1 z display$ 9 ! armor gall]y4 ,/one ,age man c\ld n make any true swords1 = ! fl9t & obsidian :i* he _h to use 7 too brittle to be available 9 l>ge pieces4 ,b bronze c\ld be ca/ into swords bo? effective & beautiful4 ,a numb] ( ,*9ese bronze sword blades f ! ,han ,dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4-#bbj ,a4,d47 7,fig4 #bh7 are available 9 ! /udy collection4 ,!y are r %ort1 d\ble edg$ blades1 adapt$ prim>ily = ?ru/+1 b n )\t cutt+ ability too4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans us$ swords ( r simil> =m1 & also ano!r type :i* t5d$ to broad5 ne> ! po9t1 br++ ! weight =w>d & add+ impetus to bo? ! ?ru/ & ! cut4 ,m5tion has already be5 made1 7p4 #d71 ( ! r>e b beautiful swords ( ! d>k ages1 made 9 :ole or 9 "p ( lam9at$ metal resembl+ ! ,damascus /eel ( ! ,middle ,ea/1 7cf4 p4 #bj74 ,su* swords 7 c>ri$ by ! ,vik+s :o h>ri$ ! coa/ ( ,brita9 & ext5d$ _! voyages ev5 to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,^! swords _h long1 /raight1 symmetrically d\ble-edg$ blades1 a %ort hilt1 & a %ort crossb> gu>d betwe5 blade & hilt4 ,!y 7 v p[]ful 9 a d[nw>d sla%1 b too heavy to be manipulat$ easily z ?ru/+ weapons4 ,by ! fifte5? c5tury ! crossb> & ! hilt _h become long]1 giv+ ! weapon a bett] balance1 b ! g5]al "* ( ! arm rema9$ ! same4 ,) ! long] hilt1 bo? h&s c\ld be us$1 consid]ably increas+ ! p[] ( ! weapon 7,fig4 #bi #a1 also title page illu/ration74 ,?is t5d5cy cont9u$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury until x culm9at$ 9 ! enorm\s two-h&$ swords us$ by ! pr(essional m]c5>y soldi]s1 or l&eskne*ts 7,fig4 #bi #b74 ,su* swords 7 ov] five feet long1 ) imm5se droop+ gu>ds & long lea!r-wrapp$ hilts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,h[ _m figures are c>v$ 9 ! solid /eel ( ?is c\rt sword hilt8 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rt sword hilt ,z ! sixte5? c5tury advanc$1 sword blades became n>r[]1 light]1 & m adapt$ = ?ru/+1 :ile gu>ds develop$ r+s & curv$ knuckle-gu>ds to protect ! out-?ru/ h& 7,fig4 #bi #d1 #c74 ,! new me?od ( fight+ _h def9ite advantages ov] ! old sla%+ sy/em1 :i* requir$ ! sword to be rais$ high1 expos+ ! body1 be=e a bl[ c\ld be /ruck1 & soon ! ?ru/+ sword1 or rapi]1 0 us$ ev]y:]e4 ,! sy/em ( r+s :i* =m$ ! gu>d grew m complicat$ & f9ally coalesc$ into a solid metal cup1 :i* completely %ield$ ! h& )9 x 7,fig4 #bi #f1 #h74 ,sometimes a dagg] 7,fig4 #bi #e1 #g7 0 held 9 ! left h& to p>ry ! oppon5t's sword blade1 b ev5tually ?is 0 ab&on$ & f5c]s le>n$ to p>ry ) ! re> portion ( _! own blades1 be=e mak+ a second ?ru/ 7ripo/e7 ) ! po9t4 ,action grew fa/] & fa/]1 & swords light] & m manageable1 until by ! sev5te5? c5tury ! cu/om>y weapon 0 ! c\rt sword1 ) a %ort1 s+le-h&$ hilt1 a small flat gu>d (t5 magnific5tly decorat$ 9 *isell$ /eel1 & a relatively %ort1 light blade hav+ a ne$le-l po9t1 & (t5 )\t any %>p cutt+ edge at all 7,fig4 #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a rondel dagg] ) a silv] h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,an outfit = a hunt]3 dagg]1 knife1 awl1 & l>d+ ne$le1 all fitt+ into "o scabb>d4 ,9 addition to ! sword1 ! dagg] 0 (t5 us$ z a supplem5t>y weapon :i* c\ld /ill be c>ri$ = self-protection :5 c\rtesy or conv5i5ce made ! we>+ ( a sword impracticable4 ,dagg]s 7 made 9 a numb] ( special %apes1 v>y+ ) *anges ( fa%ion4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury two popul> =ms 7 ! rondel dagg] 7,fig4 #ca7 :i* _h gu>d & pommel 9 ! =m ( disks1 & ! kidney dagg] 7!n kn[n by a less-pr9table "n & worn1 ) ! naive exhibitionism ( pre-,victorian days1 directly bel[ ! belt buckle7 :i* _h a /raight1 simple hilt & a %ort gu>d ( ball-l =m4 ,italians ( ! sixte5? c5tury lik$ ! anelace1 ) its droop+ gu>d & %ort1 wide1 %>ply tap]+ blade4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! left-h& dagg]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! /iletto1 )\t a gu>d o!r ?an a %ort cross-b>1 0 also popul> at ?is "t4 ,hunt]s & l&eskne*ts (t5 c>ri$ a complete outfit ( small tools 9 ! scabb>d ) _! dagg]2 su* a tr\sse 7,fig4 #cb7 0 v conv5i5t :5 prep>+ fre%ly-kill$ v5ison = ! cook or :5 eat+ ar\nd a camp fire4 ,,lances ,,& ,,pole ,,arms ,! *ief arm ( ! m\nt$ knight 0 ! lance1 a weapon hav+ a long & (t5 q heavy wood5 %aft & a /eel po9t4 ,ne> ! butt its diamet] 0 r$uc$ to provide a com=table h& grip1 & j 9 front ( ?is grip !re 0 appli$ a vamplate or conical h& gu>d ( /eel4 ,beh9d ! grip !re 0 atta*$ a ?ick iron r+ call$ a grap]1 :i*1 :5 ! lance 0 9 use1 re/$ aga9/ ! hook or lance-re/ project+ f ! "r side ( ! knight's brea/plate4 ,! grap] ?us s]v$ z a ?ru/ be>+1 & put directly beh9d ! po9t ( ! lance ! entire mom5tum ( horse & rid]4 ,:5 su* a projectile made a direct hit ^u an oppon5t some?+ _h to give4 ,ei!r ! oppon5t 0 knock$ completely (f 8 horse1 or 8 back 0 brok51 or ! lance 0 %att]$4 ,foot soldi]s also employ$ arms ) long wood5 %afts1 ( :i* by f> ! commone/ 0 ! pike1 :i* _h a v simple /eel po9t & butt f]rule respectively on ! ends ( a sl5d] rod ( wood ab\t f\rte5 feet long4 ,?is 0 ! arm ( ! great bodies ( m]c5>y infantry :i* did s mu* ( ! fight+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a company ( su* m51 =m$ into a squ>e or circle1 ! front rank kneel+1 ! second /&+1 & bo? hold+ _! pikes ) ! butts aga9/ ! gr\nd & ! po9ts project+ outw>d1 0 almo/ invuln]able to cavalry1 ^: horses w\ld n *>ge aga9/ ! =e/ ( pike-po9ts4 ,! "o effective maneuv] aga9/ !m 0 = "s ( ! cavalry to dism\nt & attack sw++ great two-h&$ swords1 :i* c\ld beat d[n ! pike po9ts & all[ ! cavalry to ride 94 ,lance & pike 7 simple utilit>ian tools2 few h surviv$4 ,b !re are o!r pole arms1 f ! fifte5? c5tury on1 :i* (f]$ m opportunity to individual ta/e 9 =m & decoration2 a numb] ( ^! are pres5t 9 ! ,museum's collection4 ,"s 7,fig4 #cc7 7 developm5ts ( ! simple spe> po9t1 z = example 7#a7 ! type call$ an ox-tongue or 7#b7 a bo> spe> provid$ ) a toggle to prev5t a w\nd$ animal f *>g+ "r up ! %aft ( ! weapon :i* transfix$ him4 ,9 7#c71 n[ a well-develop$ p>tisan1 ! toggle has be5 replac$ by a project+ spur at ea* side ( ! base4 ,9 7#d7 ^! spurs h become l>ge & ornam5tal1 ! weapon is decorat$ ) et*+1 & has become a c]emonial object r ?an a weapon = actual fight+4 7#e7 is a p>tisan ( ! /ate gu>d ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 ,elector ( ,saxony & ,k+ ( ,pol& 7#afig-agcc71 & is ev5 m noticeably design$ = display purposes only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,spe>-type pole arms1 ,,xv-,,xvii c5turies4 ,develop+ f a simple tool = /abb+ to a decorat$ badge ( (fice4 ,o!r pole arms are developm5ts ( ! axe4 ,milit>y axes 7,fig4 #cd #a1 #b7 _h h&les some:at %ort] ?an ^? ( pikes1 spe>s or p>tisans b long] ?an ! %ort-h&l$ axes us$ on horseback4 ,!y 7 p>ticul>ly popul> = use 9 judicial combats or 8trial by battle04 ,ea* conte/ant 9 a law suit w\ld swe> to ! tru? ( 8 claim1 & call ^u ,god to prove its tru?4 ,! two m51 arm$ ) su* axes1 w\ld fight until "o 0 kill$ or driv5 out ( ! r+4 ,! victor 0 ?us prov5 to h told ! tru?1 :ile ! unsuccessful conte/ant1 if /ill alive1 0 execut$ = p]jury4 ,su* axes1 capable ( def5d+ ! "r1 7 made ) special c>e1 & 7 highly valu$ by _! surviv+ own]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,axe-type pole arms1 ,,xv-,,xvii c5turies4 ,! e>li] ones1 at ! left1 7 us$ 9 judicial duels1 ! lat]1 at ! "r1 7 held by w>d]s ( ! doors ( pr9ces4 ,axes ) long] %afts 7 kn[n z halb]ds1 & 7 usually provid$ ) a %>p5$ hook at ! back ( ! axe blade to p]mit a man on foot to cat* & cut ! bridle re9 ( an attack+ horseman4 ,l ! p>tisans1 halb]ds develop$ f pla9 functional milit>y types1 7,fig4 #cd #c1 #d7 ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies respectively to highly decorat$ types c>ri$ z badges ( au?ority by ! /ate gu>ds ( ,*ri/ian ,,ii ( ,saxony 7,fig4 #cd #e7 & ( ! ,pr9ces ( ,lie*t5/e9 7,fig4 #cd #f7 respectively4 ,,middle ,,ea/]n ,,edg$ ,,weapons ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! blades ( ! ,middle ,ea/ is ! beautiful wat]$ patt]n ( ! ,damascus /eel1 discuss$ on page #bj4 ,un=tunately ?is patt]n is too delicate to %[ well 9 reproduction1 b x may readily be obs]v$ 9 ! actual objects1 exhibit$ 9 ! gall]y ( ,middle ,ea/]n ,art4 ,two knives are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 illu/rat+ delicate ,damasc5e "w 9 gold & simil> ornam5t c>ri$ out n by inlay ( ano!r metal1 b by *isell+ 9 l[ relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,p]sian dagg]-knives ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 equally useful z tool & z weapon1 & beautiful too6 ,fig4 #cf %[s a ,p]sian sword hilt ( solid gold1 f ! late ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! ends ( its gu>d are =m$ z ! heads ( lions4 ,x is engrav$ ) floral arabesques & a calligraphic inscription4 ,! engrav$ l9es are fill$ 9 ) black pigm5t 7niello74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,a ,p]sian sword hilt ( solid gold1 ,,xiii-,,xiv c5tury1 inscrib$3 8,salute to ,mohamm$04 ,,projectile ,,weapons3 ,,b[s ,,& ,,crossb[s ,ev] s9ce a hairy primitive fir/ pick$ up a /one & ?rew x1 man has tri$ to f9d bett] & bett] ways to /rike f a safe di/ance4 ,! devices :i* he has produc$ = ?is purpose h be5 _m & v>i$1 yet1 /rangely en\gh1 rem>kable simil>ities (t5 occur betwe5 inv5tions ( widely sep>at$ areas4 ,9 anci5t ,p]uvian graves h be5 f\nd cord sl+s = hurl+ /ones almo/ id5tical ) ^? us$ by h]d boys 9 ,pale/9e today1 z 9 ! "t ( ,david & ,golia?4 ,bronze arr[heads f prehi/oric ,japan are mu* ! same z ^? excavat$ f ,roman ,brita94 ,! b[ has sev]al diff]5t *>act]i/ic =ms di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 b its fundam5tal pr9ciple is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg 7,left74 ,a light crossb[ l ?is w\ld be us$ by a "y man or an a?letic girl4 ,flemi%1 ,,xv c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch 7,bel[74 ,made a little light]4 ,a prodd or bullet-%oot+ crossb[1 probably = a lady4 ,! fir/ projectile-?r[+ arm appropriate to an art museum is ! crossb[1 :i* is simply a b[ m\nt$ on a wood5 /ock provid$ ) a cat* & trigg]1 s t ! b[ c\ld be c>ri$ ready to %oot4 ,?is 0 a great conv5i5ce 9 hunt+ or w>1 because o!rwise ! "t lo/ 9 draw+ ! b[ might give ! victim opportunity to escape4 ,moreov]1 x 0 soon f\nd t ! application ( me*anical devices p]mitt$ ! use ( a b[ mu* /rong] ?an any man c\ld draw unaid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,x took a p[]ful man to w9d & %oot ?is heavy ,swiss hunt+ crossb[1 ev5 ) ! cranequ9 to help w9d6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,if y take (f ! out] case1 ^! ?ree p>ts make up ! entire me*anism ( ! cranequ94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,me*anism ( a crossb[ lock1 complicat$ b effective4 ,fig4 #cg %[s a light ,flemi% crossb[ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,its wood5 /ock is inlaid ) :ite & ) gre5 /a9$ bone 9 op5work patt]ns4 ,?is type ( crossb[ requir$ me*anical assi/ance to pull ! /r+ back to ! cat* :i* w\ld hold x until ! mom5t %\ld arrive to %oot2 ! in/rum5t employ$ 0 call$ a goat's foot lev]4 ,! crossb[ ( ,fig4 #ch is ,italian "w ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! b[ is light en\gh to be pull$ by ! h&s alone1 )\t me*anical assi/ance4 ,x _h a d\ble /r+1 ) a little p\* atta*$ betwe5 ! two /r&s1 & %ot small bullets1 in/ead ( arr[s4 ,! wood5 /ock is beautifully c>v$ & ! metal p>ts are damasc5$ ) arabesques 9 gold4 ,?is type ( light crossb[ 0 especially popul> ) ari/ocratic ladies :o are frequ5tly repres5t$ %oot+ x 9 hunt+ tape/ries ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci is %[n a v p[]ful hunt+ crossb[ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! b[ is ( /eel1 two in*es wide & a ?ird ( an in* ?ick4 ,! b[/r+ resembles a piece ( heavy rope4 ,to pull ?is /r+1 b5d+ a /eel spr+ z massive z ?is1 requires a trem5d\s p[] & an imm5se /r5g? 9 ! me*anism :i* w hold ! fully-drawn b[ until ! mom5t = its release4 ,! pull+ p[] is suppli$ by a device1 also %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ci7 call$ a cranequ9 or cric4 ,x is 9 me*anical respects ess5tially id5tical ) a mod]n ge>$ automobile jack1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x pulls in/ead ( lifts 7,fig4 #dj74 ,a =ce ( fifty p\nds appli$ to ! h&le g5]ates on ! claw :i* grasps ! b[/r+ a pull ( m ?an two tons6 ,fig4 #da %[s ! me*anism = hold+ & releas+ ! /r+4 7,^! p>ts are1 ( c\rse1 normally invisible1 be+ hidd5 inside ! wood5 /ock74 ,return+ to ! arti/ic aspects ( ! crossb[ ( ,fig4 #ci1 we obs]ve t ! :ole ( ! wood5 /ock is inlaid ) plates ( :ite /ag horn engrav$ ) sc5es illu/rat+ ! leg5d ( ,william ,tell--c]ta9ly an appropriate decoration6 ,! b[ is q pla9 except = ! addition ( decorative pompoms ( color$ wool1 b ! cranequ9 ge> h\s+ is elaborately et*$ ) repres5tations ( ,biblical & my?ological p]sonages1 /rapwork1 & int]lace1 mu* ( ?is un=tunately n[ worn away4 ,,projectile ,,weapons3 ,,fire>ms ,! /udy ( antique fire>ms is a fasc9at+ "o4 ,contr>y to usual belief1 fire>ms are n a late inv5tion4 ,!y 7 9 use be=e complete suits ( plate armor 7 made1 & cont9u$ 9 use ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod t plate armor 0 worn4 ,_m ?\s&s ( diff]5t specim5s h be5 classifi$1 b all fire>ms be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury belong to "o ( f\r types4 ,^! include 7#a7 ! cannon or h& cannon 9 :i* ! *>ge ( gunp[d] 0 set (f by direct application ( a burn+ sl[ mat* or hot iron held by ! %oot]2 7#b7 ! mat*lock 9 :i* burn+ sl[ mat* or t9d] 0 held 9 a clamp atta*$ to ! gun & 0 br\ght into contact ) ! gunp[d] by a me*anism atta*$ to ! gun & op]at$ by ! %oot]2 7#c7 ! :eellock 9 :i* fire 0 n c>ri$ ab\t1 b 0 produc$ by a me*anism l t ( a mod]n cig>ette light]3 a r\gh :eel 0 spun ar\nd 9 contact ) a /one 7n fl9t1 b a nodul> =m ( iron pyrite7 s t sp>ks 7 produc$ to set (f ! gunp[d]2 7#d7 ! fl9tlock & its v>iations1 9 :i* a piece usually ( fl9t /one held 9 a clamp atta*$ to a /rong spr+ 0 mov$ by ! spr+ to /rike a piece ( /eel1 & !reby g5]ate ! sp>k :i* w\ld set fire to ! gunp[d]4 ,! ,museum's collection includes int]e/+ & unusual specim5s ( all b ! fir/ ( ^! types4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,?is is h[ a muskete] look$ :5 he 0 j gett+ ready to aim 8 gun4 ,he has m gadgets ?an ev5 a mod]n infantryman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! ,?ree ,muskete]s c>ri$ muskets l ?is "o 9 =m1 b )\t ! elaborate inlaid decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,0 ! decoration ( ! gun copi$ f ! engrav+1 or ! engrav+ f ! gun8 ,! e>lie/1 simple/ =m ( h& fire>m1 ! h& cannon ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 is also ! lea/ int]e/+ e/hetically4 ,consi/+ ( a simple tube ( iron1 x 0 usually crudely =m$1 & q undecorat$4 ,su* h& cannon h mu* ar*aeological int]e/1 b contribute no?+ to ! hi/ory ( art4 ,! fir/ /ep =w>d 9 ! me*anization ( fire>ms 0 ! mat*lock1 & mat*lock guns also 7 usually crude & /rictly utilit>ian1 milit>y pieces 7,fig4 #db74 ,h[ev]1 a few specim5s ( f9e quality 7 made = important p]sonages1 & ! ,museum is =tunate 9 possess+ precisely su* a specim5 7,fig4 #dc71 ! gift ( ! ,john ,m4 ,ol9 ,tru/4 ,! exact date & place ( its manufacture are unc]ta92 x c\ld be ,engli% b seems a bit m likely to be ,dut*1 t[>d ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! lock is ! /&>d sev5te5? c5tury mat*lock1 ) ! e>li] =m ( trigg] resembl+ t ( a crossb[4 ,! s]p5t9e :i* holds ! burn+ sl[ mat* moves ^u pressure ( ! trigg] 9 ! re>w>d direction1 f ! muzzle t[>ds ! butt1 br++ ! burn+ sl[ mat* 7a piece ( rope impregnat$ ) saltpet]7 into contact ) ! p[d] pan1 ! swivel+ cov] ( :i* mu/ fir/ h be5 op5$ by h&4 ,aft] ! sl[ mat* has ignit$ ! prim+ p[d] & fir$ ! piece1 a release ( pressure on ! trigg] all[s a return spr+ to =ce ! s]p5t9e back to its orig9al position4 ,notice ! %ape ( ! s]p5t9e1 sugge/+ n s mu* a snake z a d\ble-head$ dragon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,h]cules c>ries away ,iole1 daught] ( ,eurytus4 7,%e %[s no /r5u\s objection47 ,evryti regis filiam ,iolam1 occiso patre1 a$vxit ,h]cvles #ae ,hs,b #dd ,! b>rel is "o-?ird octagon ) f9ely =g$ cross m\ld+s at ! *ange ( %ape z well z at brea* & muzzle4 ,! re> sight is a /eel tube1 beautifully =m$ 9 p>tly octagonal1 p>tly flut$ & mold$ sections4 ,a fla% gu>d ext5ds f ! pan to ?is re> sight to protect ! %oot]'s eyes aga9/ p>ticles ( burn+ p[d] f ! pan4 ,x is ! /ock1 h[ev]1 :i* is ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! gun4 ,?is is ( d>k br[n wood1 completely cov]$ ) an elaborate inlay ( brass wire & engrav$ "m-(-pe>l 9 a design ( floral scrolls issu+ f vases & support+ birds & insects4 ,a few escut*eons are inlaid 9 engrav$ bone or :ite /ag horn4 ,! elaborat5ess ( ?is inlay1 comb9$ ) its delicacy & ta/e1 make ?is "o ( ! out/&+ mat*lock guns ( ! _w4 ,! :eellock1 :i* = ! fir/ "t fre$ gunn]s f ! necessity ( c>ry+ ar\nd ) !m a cont9u\sly burn+ coil ( sl[ mat*1 0 inv5t$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury & reta9$ its popul>ity1 9 ,g]many at lea/1 until ! v end ( ! eighte5?4 ,x ?us has _h a long] p]iod ( use ?an any o!r fire>m ) a dis*>ge me*anism4 ,! ,museum's e>lie/ :eellock1 f ab\t #aeej 7,fig4 #dd71 has its entire octagonal b>rel & lock magnific5tly decorat$ ) damasc5e ( floral arabesques 9 gold & silv]4 ,! /ock is inlaid ) engrav$ /ag horn %[+ hunt+ sc5es1 ,h]cules' capture ( ,iole 7^: h& he _h won by conqu]+ h] fa!r1 ,eurytus1 9 a %oot+ mat*71 & ! figures ( ,alex&] ! ,great & 8,d] ,n]o04 ,?is gun well illu/rates ! close relation%ip :i*1 9 ?is day1 exi/$ betwe5 ! v>i\s arts1 = ^! inlaid designs are copi$ almo/ exactly f a s]ies ( engrav+s by ,hans ,sebald ,beham 7#aejj-;ca4 #aeej71 examples ( :i* are 9 ! ,city ,art ,museum's pr9t collection 7,fig4 #de74 ,ano!r1 rifl$1 specim51 f ab\t #afce1 =m]ly 9 ! ,lie*t5/e9 collection 7,fig4 #df #b7 has a pla9 b>rel1 b ! lock is f9ely engrav$ ) a hunt+ sc5e1 :ile ! /ock 7,fig4 #dg #b7 is mo/ elaborately inlaid ) f9e filigrees & engrav$ plates ( /ag horn repres5t+ my?ological *>act]s1 animals1 & mon/]s aga9/ an ar*itectural & arabesque backgr\nd4 ,! /ock be>s ! m>k ( ,m>t9 ,sssebeck]1 :o 0 born at ,liegnitz 9 #aeic1 & di$ 9 #affh at ,dresd5 :]e he 0 gunmak] to ! c\rt ( ! ,electors ( ,saxony4 ,a light hunt+ rifle 7,fig4 #df #c7 ) a v %ort /ock ( ! type kn[n z ts*9ke f ! fact t su* guns 7 made at ! t[n ( ,tes*5 9 ,g]man ,silesia1 dates probably f ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x has a peculi> type ( :eellock ( :i* ! ma9spr+ & mo/ ( ! o!r me*anism are expos$ on ! outside ( ! lock plate4 ,! b>rel is engrav$4 ,! lock is ornam5t$ ) op5work c>v+1 & ! /ock 7,fig4 #dg #c7 is inlaid ) "m-(-pe>l & engrav$ /ag horn 9 v>i\s designs & animal motives aga9/ a backgr\nd ( floral arabesques & scroll "w4 ,a f9e ,italian :eellock pi/ol 7,fig4 #dh7 0 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,h4 ,g4 ,keasbey4 ,! b>rel1 ornam5t$ ) rais$ ridges giv+ x an octagonal appe>ance1 is inscrib$ 8,laz>i ,com9az01 an abbreviation ( ! "n ( ,laz>9o ,com9azzo1 an e>ly gunsmi? ( ,brescia1 9 nor!rn ,italy1 ^: "w became s fam\s t ! "n 0 adopt$ by 8 successors practically z a tradem>k4 ,! simple b f9ely c>v$ lock & ! lace-l op5work /eel inlays ( ! /ock are *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ ,brescian workman%ip4 ,! piece dates f ab\t #afcj4 ,b ! f9e/ :eellocks 9 ! collection are a 8suite0 consi/+ ( a gun & pair ( pi/ols 7,fig4 #df #d1 #d;,a1 #d;,b74 ,^! ?ree pieces diff] slightly f "o ano!r 9 _! decoration1 b !y all be> ! same signature1 8,claude ,?omas ,esp9al #afbc01 & are o!rwise s simil> t !re is no d\bt t !y 7 int5d$ to g toge!r4 ,all h :eellocks elaborately ornam5t$ ) c>v+ & engrav+4 ,! pe> wood /ocks are magnific5tly c>v$ 9 ! r\nd1 9 op5work1 & 9 relief1 ) plants1 animals1 & =mal ornam5ts4 ,!y all be> a coat ( arms :i* has n yet be5 id5tifi$4 ,on ! pi/ols ?is is on ! side ( ! /ock opposite ! lock plate1 b on ! gun ! coat ( arms is relegat$ to ! left re> "p ( ! /ock1 :ile ! region opposite ! lock plate is ornam5t$ ) a m$allion conta9+ ! initials 8,c4 ,t404 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! extraord9>y elaboration ( all ?ree pieces1 sugge/s t ?is set ( guns & pi/ols 0 n1 z 0 usually ! case1 made to ! ord] ( a weal?y cli5t1 b 0 r a 8ma/]piece0 produc$ by a "y gunmak] exhibit+ all ! skill ( :i* he 0 capable to prove 8 wor?9ess to atta9 ! title ( 8ma/] gunsmi?0 9 ! gunmak]s' guild & ! "r to set up a %op ( 8 own4 ,! coat ( arms is presumably t ( ! noble patron :o _h support$ him 9 ! pa/ & to :om ! pieces w\ld ev5tually come1 b z !y 7 made = glory & n = pay1 ! gunsmi? felt q entitl$ to place 8 own initials 9 a prom95t position4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?\gh ! pi/ols are bo? smoo?-bor$ ! gun is c>efully rifl$4 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate ab\t ! fate ( ,claude ,?omas4 ,x seems improbable t s skill$ a craftsman %\ld n h be5 successful 9 8 c>e]4 ,yet1 ?is set ( ?ree pieces is ! only "w ( ?is ma/] kn[n up to ! pres5t "t4 ,p]haps he tri$ exp]im5t+ 9 me*anisms z he _h already 9 decoration1 ) ! result t a magnific5t te*nician 0 de/roy$ 9 ! explosion ( 8 inv5tion4 ,p]haps he succumb$ to ! plague or to ! =tunes ( w>4 ,all we "k is t he c\ld & did make "s ( ! mo/ magnific5t guns 9 ! _w1 & "h !y are6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,a gr\p ( ma/]pieces ( ! gunsmi?'s art1 ,,xvi-,,xviii c5turies4 ,a l>ge & heavy gun 7,fig4 #df #a7 ) a peculi> type ( e>ly fl9tlock hav+ an expos$ ma9spr+ & kn[n z a miguelet 0 probably made 9 ,brescia = a pur*as] f ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,! b>rel is pla92 ! lock 7,fig4 #dg #a7 & /eel m\nt+s ( ! walnut /ock1 h[ev]1 are elaborately c>v$ 9 op5work & 9 /rong relief4 ,"s ( ! details ( ?is c>v+1 especially t on ! trigg] gu>d1 evid5ce ! exquisite skill *>act]i/ic ( ! ,brescian gunsmi?s 7comp>e ! :eellock pi/ol m5tion$ above74 ,! g5]al /yle ( mo/ ( ! c>v+1 h[ev]1 %[s a rugg$ness ( design & a love ( ! grotesque *>act]i/ic ( ,bale>ic ,isl& ta/e4 ,! b>rel is inscrib$ 8,laz>i ,com9az04 ,ano!r e>ly fl9tlock v>iation 0 ! snaphaunce1 a =m 9 :i* ! piece ( /eel /ruck by ! fl9t 0 n atta*$ to ! cov] ( ! pan hold+ ! prim+ p[d]1 b 0 entirely sep>ate f x & c\ld be turn$ back out ( ! way z a safety precaution1 :5 imm$iate use ( ! arm 0 n expect$4 ,! ,museum has a f9e snaphaunce pi/ol 9 ! ,brescian /yle4 ,two o!r pairs ( pi/ols ) normal fl9tlocks are excell5t examples ( ,brescian "w4 ,"o 7,fig4 #df #f7 f ab\t #afdj-affj has b>rels ) longitud9al ridg+ ab\t "o-?ird ( _! l5g? & ) ! full inscription 8,laz>9o ,com9azzo04 ,! locks are lightly engrav$ to give an impression ( v %all[ relief c>v+1 & be> ! signature ( 8,giovanni ,b\rgognone 9 ,brescia04 ,! walnut /ocks are ornam5t$ ) op5work /eel simil> to ^? on ! :eellock pi/ol above describ$4 ,! o!r pair 7,fig4 #df #e71 possibly some:at e>li]1 h b>rels octagonal = ab\t "o-six? ( _! l5g?4 ,^! be> ! inscription 8,laz>o ,laz>9o0 7presumably a son ( ! great ,laz>9o ,com9azzo or ( "o ( 8 namesakes74 ,! /ocks are ( walnut4 ,! locks & ! l>ge & num]\s m\nts on ! /ock are elaborately *isel$ /eel 9 /rong relief ) designs ( animals1 mon/]s1 & semi-human figures aga9/ a backgr\nd ( floral arabesques4 ,n all fl9tlocks 7 on fire>ms4 ,! same me*anism 0 us$ on t9d] boxes1 al>m clocks1 & gunp[d] te/]s4 ,! p[d] te/] 7,fig4 #di7 0 l a pi/ol ) a friction cov] clos+ ! m\? ( ! b>rel4 ,x 0 load$ 7( c\rse )\t a bullet7 & fir$4 ,! =ce ( ! explosion blew ! cov] away f ! b>rel aga9/ ! friction ( a heavy spr+2 ! di/ance :i* x mov$ gave an index ( ! /r5g? ( ! gunp[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,details ( f9e gunsmi?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,?is 0 :at a g5tleman c>ri$ 9 a hol/] at 8 saddle-b[ 9 mid-sev5te5? c5tury ,italy4 ,fig4 #ej illu/rates a v complete outfit ( pi/ols & accessories made at ,lisbon1 ,portugal1 by ,jac9to ,xavi] 9 #agii4 ,!re are a pair ( d\ble b>rel$ hol/] pi/ols = rides abroad1 & a pair ( small b deadly pocket pi/ols = self def5se or c>d table argum5ts4 ,) ^! are ! accessories & tools appropriate to !m3 p[d] flask1 p[d] measure1 bullet molds1 oil c1 hamm]1 screw driv]1 awl1 7= clean+ ! t\* holes71 & box = sp>e fl9ts & bullets4 ,all are enclos$ 9 a h&some mahogany case4 ,! outfit is def9itely t ( a d&y1 = e piece is beautifully made & exquisitely decorat$4 ,! /eel p>ts ( ! pi/ols are brilliantly poli%$ or deeply blu$4 ,! /ocks are delicately inlaid ) rococo scrolls ( silv] wire4 ,! oil c is a da9ty hexagonal urn4 ,ev5 ! hamm] & screw driv] des]ve 9 _! own "r places 9 a museum display4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,n a weapon1 b a device to te/ ! /r5g? ( gunp[d]4 ,yet j z beautiful z ?\gh x 7 deadly4 ,/ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( arms w delight 9 ! hol/] pi/ols1 = ^! h ea* two b>rels side by side1 :ile a s+le fl9tlock fires ea* 9 turn4 ,! p[d] pan :i* cat*es ! sp>ks f ! fl9t is divid$ into two p>ts3 t on ! "r transmits ! ignition directly to ! "r h& b>rel2 t on ! left is cov]$ by a slide op]at$ by a ?umb piece on ! left side ( ! pi/ol4 ,:5 ?is slide is pull$ back1 a second prim+ *>ge is expos$1 s t ! lock may be snapp$ aga9 to fire ! left h& b>rel4 ,bo? b>rels may be unscrew$ by means ( a wr5* atta*$ to ! bullet mold2 !y are load$ f ! brea* ) a slightly ov]siz$ bullet :i* w n move ?r\gh ! b>rel until ! pi/ols are fir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a gadgete]'s dream4 ,! big pi/ols are d\ble b>rel$1 & ea* ( ! little ones has ?ree bayonets & a corkscrew6 ,! little pocket pi/ols are a gadgete]'s dream4 ,!y h invisible trigg]s1 :i* are only expos$ :5 ! lock is cock$4 ,ea* has on ! "r side a t9y triangul> bayonet :i* spr+s into position at a t\* on a cat*4 ,on ! left side is a /rong1 light1 knife blade simil>ly op]at$4 ,above ea* b>rel is a second small] knife blade 7j "r = trimm+ a quill p571 :i* may be pu%$ =w>d f a h\s+ :i* conceals & protects x4 ,& 9 ! butt ( ea* pi/ol is hidd5 a small b1 effective corkscrew4 ,:at m c\ld ,beau ,brummel himself desire8 ,! f9al item = :i* we h space is a fl9tlock pi/ol 7,fig4 #ea7 ( ! late eighte5? or e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x be>s ! signature 8,d]by ,p>is04 ,no?+ seems to be kn[n ( ?is gunmak]2 :e!r he 0 a ,fr5*man ) an ,engli% "n or an ,engli% gunsmi? work+ 9 ,france mu/ be left = future rese>* to det]m9e4 ,9 any case1 he 0 a ma/] ( 8 craft4 ,! pi/ol is 9 beautiful condition1 ?\gh ! blue color ( ! metal is a lat] re/oration1 no d\bt bas$ on ! orig9al f9i% ( ! weapon4 ,! b>rel & lock are f9ely engrav$ & p>tially gilt2 ! walnut /ock is fitt$ ) a gild$ butt cap & inlaid ) silv] wire 9 delicate arabesque scrolls4 ,atta*$ to ! top ( ! b>rel is a %ort bayonet ( bright /eel2 ?is is m\nt$ ) a spr+ device 9 su* a way t ! bayonet c be fold$ back :5 n ne$$1 b at a t\* ( ! ?umb ^u ! spr+ cat*1 w fly =w>d & lock 9 position = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a repeat+ fl9tlock pi/ol4 ,a ?\s& ( ^! 9 "o place c\ld h *ang$ ! hi/ory ( ! _w6 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is pi/ol1 h[ev]1 is its +5i\s repeat+ me*anism4 ,! type1 ?\gh r>e1 is well kn[n4 ,x seems to h be5 inv5t$ ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s previ\s1 t[>d ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by a ,flor5t9e gunsmi? nam$ ,lor5zoni4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ hundr$ ye>s x 0 ext5sively copi$4 ,arms ) ?is type ( me*anism are kn[n be>+ ! signatures ( ,au/rian1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,spani% gunsmi?s4 ,v>iations & improvem5ts %[ !mselves f "t to "t1 b a complete /udy ( ! ,lor5zoni type ( fl9tlock repeat] has yet to be writt54 ,its g5]al pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is z foll[s3 a cyl9d] ( brass1 ly+ transv]sely across ! body ( ! pi/ol1 c be rotat$ a half turn by a lev]4 ,z ?is is done1 ! cyl9d] picks up a bullet1 gunp[d]1 & prim+ p[d]1 & conveys !m to ! prop] positions = fir+4 ,lugs on ! cyl9d] also close ! pan cov] & cock ! hamm]4 ,! magaz9es hold supplies = eight %ots1 :i* c ?us be fir$ ) practically ! spe$ ( ! s+le action fronti] revolv] :i* 01 = _m ye>s1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ,am]ican arms4 ,?9k :at *anges 9 hi/ory a lib]al supply ( bree*-load+ repeat+ fire>ms ( ?is type might h made _h x be5 available ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury6 ,b un=tunately v few gunsmi?s 7 skillful en\gh to d ! precise "w requir$ on an arm ( ?is type1 & all :o ev] liv$ w\ld n h be5 able to make en\gh ( !m to outfit a regim5t4 ,su* arms 7 r>e & co/ly1 & only pr9ces c\ld af=d !m1 b we are =tunate t ?is specim5 has come d[n to u to %[ :at ,ma/] ,d]by ( ,p>is c\ld d g5]ations be=e ! day ( ,colt1 ,w9*e/]1 & ! all-de/ructive ,atom4 ,,bibliography ,! books li/$ bel[ w be f\nd helpful by any read]s :o wi% to pursue fur!r ! /udy ( ,armor & ,arms4 #a4 ,lak+1 ,sir ,guy ,francis3 8,a ,record ( ,european ,arm\r & ,arms10 #dto1 #e ,vols41 ,london1 #aibj-bb4 #b4 ,cripps-,day1 ,francis ,h5ry3 8,a ,record ( ,arm\r ,sales10 #dto1 uni=m ) above1 ,london1 #aibe4 #c4 ,dean1 ,ba%=d3 8,h&book ( ,arms & ,armor10 #hvo1 ,new ,york1 #aiae 7,! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art71 #aiae1 #aiba & lat] editions4 #d4 ,dean1 ,ba%=d3 8,notes on ,arms & ,armor01 #hvo1 ,new ,york1 7,! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art71 #aiaf4 #e4 ,dean1 ,ba%=d3 8,! ,collection ( ,arms & ,armor ( ,ru!rfurd ,/uyvesant10 #dto1 ,new ,york #aiad4 #f4 ,dean1 ,ba%=d 8,a ,miscellany on ,arms & ,armor pres5t$ to ,ba%=d ,dean10 #dto1 ,new ,york1 #aibg4 #g4 v4 ,ki5bus*1 ,c>l ,otto & ,grancsay1 ,s4 ,v43 8,! ,ba%=d ,dean ,collection ( ,arms & ,armor 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art10 #dto1 ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 #aicc4 #h4 ,calv]t1 ,alb]t1 ,f43 8,spani% ,arms & ,arm\r10 #hvo1 ,london1 #aijg4 #i4 ,/one1 ,george ,c43 8,a ,gloss>y ( ! ,con/ruction1 ,decoration & ,use ( ,arms & ,armor10 #dto1 ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 #aicd4 #aj4 ,/ckle91 ,hans3 8,mei/] des ,eis5s*nittes10 #dto1 ,essl+5 a4 ,n41 #aibb4 #aa4 ,eg]ton1 ,! ,hon4 ,wilbraham3 8,an ,illu/rat$ ,h&book ( ,indian ,arms10 #dto1 ,london1 #ahhj4 #ab4 ,payne-,gallwey1 ,sir ,ralph3 8,! ,cross-,b[1 ,m$ieval & ,mod]n1 ,milit>y & ,sport+10 #dto1 ,london1 #aijc4 #ac4 ,mc,kee1 ,?omas ,h]on3 8,! ,gun ,book10 #hvo1 ,new ,york1 #aiah4 #ad4 ,poll>d1 ,h4 ,b4 ,c43 8,a ,hi/ory ( ,fire>ms10 #dto1 ,london1 #aibf4 #ae4 ,jackson1 ,h]b]t ,j43 8,european ,h& ,fire>ms10 #dto1 ,london1 #aibc4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4