,h[ to ,visit ! ,engli% ,ca!drals       
,,books ,,by ,,miss ,,s+leton           
,,turrets1 ,,t[]s1 ,,& ,,temples4 ,great
 ,build+s ( ! ,_w       ,describ$ by    
,great ,writ]s4         ,,great         
,,pictures4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4
         ,,wond]s ,,( ,,nature4         
,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4            
,,romantic ,,ca/les ,,& ,,palaces4      
,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4            
,,fam\s ,,pa9t+s4 ,describ$ by ,great   
,writ]s4         ,,hi/oric ,,build+s4   
,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4            
,,fam\s ,,wom54 ,describ$ by ,great     
,writ]s4         ,,great ,,portraits4   
,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4            
,,hi/oric ,,build+s ,,( ,,am]ica4       
,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4            
,,hi/oric ,,l&m>ks ,,( ,,am]ica4        
,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4            
,,great ,,riv]s ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,describ$ 
by ,great ,writ]s4         ,,fam\s      
,,ca!drals4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4
         ,,fam\s ,,sculpture4 ,describ$ 
by ,great ,writ]s4         ,,mod]n      

,,pa9t+s4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4  
,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,describ$ by     
,great ,writ]s4         ,,p>is4         
,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4            
,,london4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4  
,,russia4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4  
,,japan4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4   
,,v5ice4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4   
,,holl&4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4   
,,rome4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4    
,,g]many4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4  
,,switz]l&4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4
         ,,turkey ,,& ,,! ,,balkan      
,,/ates4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4   
,,flor5ce4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4 
,,egypt4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4   
,,*9a4 ,describ$ by ,great ,writ]s4     
,,love ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art4       
,,! ,,gold5 ,,rod ,,fairy ,,book4       
,,! ,,wild ,,fl[] ,,fairy ,,book4       
,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,op]a4         ,a  
,,guide ,,to ,,mod]n ,,op]a4            
,,dut* ,,new ,,york4 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms (
 ,new ,am/]dam 9 !       ,sev5te5?      
,c5tury4         ,,h[ ,,to ,,visit ,,!  

,,great ,,picture ,,gall]ies4           
,,h[ ,,to ,,visit ,,! ,,engli%          
,,ca!drals4                             
,illu/ration3 ,,salisbury3 ,,cloi/]s    
,h[ to ,visit                           
,! ,engli% ,ca!drals                    
,by                             ,e/h]   
,s+leton                    ,memb] ( !  
,royal ,society ( ,arts                 
,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations                
,illu/ration                            
,new ,york                              
,dodd1 ,mead & ,company                 
#aiab                                   
,,copyright1 #aiab1 ,,by                
,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,& ,,company            
,publi%$ ,april1 #aiab                  
,,preface      ,?is little book is (f]$ 
to ! t\ri/ 9 ! mo/ mode/ _s &  ) ! hope 
t 9 ?is conv5i5t =m "s glean+s f ! works
  ( speciali/s may af=d help & pleasure 
to ^? :o run quickly  ?r\gh ! ,ca!dral  
t[ns ( ,engl&4 ,! subject has be5 done s
  (t5 & s well t an additional book w\ld
 dem& an apology if x  pret5d$ to       

compete ) ! lab\rs ( ^? :o h sp5t long  
ye>s  9 ! /udy ( special ca!drals1 or ) 
! *>m+ recollections  ( travel t o!rs h 
giv5 ! _w f "t to "t4    ,my plan has   
be5 m]ely to pres5t 9 a s+le volume     
concise  descriptions ( ! great         
ecclesia/ical build+s ( ,engl&1 toge!r  
) ! /ory ( _! con/ruction & hi/orical   
associations  supplem5t$ ) criticisms f 
! be/ au?orities ( _! mo/  /rik+        
ar*itectural & arti/ic features4 ,^!    
au?orities are duly  ackn[l$g$ by       
initials4--,e4 ,s4         ,,new ,,york1
 ,m>*1 #aiab4          ,,/yles ,,(      
,,engli% ,,ar*itecture      ,! ca!dral  
usually grew ar*itecturally f age to    
age1 or rose l  a phnix f ! a%es ( an   
e>li] build+4         8,n only is !re   
built into a m$ival ca!dral ! accumulat$
       ?\ght ( all ! m5 :o _h occupi$   
!mselves ) build+       dur+ ! prec$+   
c5turies1 b y h ! dream &               
aspiration ( ! bi%op1 abbot1 or cl]gy = 
:om x 0       design$2 ! ma/] mason's   
skill$ con/ruction2 ! "w ( !       c>v]1

 ! pa9t]1 ! glazi]1 ! ho/ ( m5 :o1 ea* 9
 8       own craft1 knew all t _h be5   
done be=e !m1 & _h sp5t       _! lives 9
 /ruggl+ to surpass ! works ( _!        
=efa!rs4 ,x is m ?an ?is3 !re is n "o   
%aft1 "o       m\ld+1 "o c>v+1 n "o     
*isel-m>k 9 su* a build+1 t       0 n   
design$ specially = ! place :]e x is    
f\nd1 &       :i* 0 n ! be/ t ! exp]i5ce
 ( ! age c\ld inv5t       = ! purpose to
 :i* x is appli$2 no?+ 0 borr[$2 &      
no?+ t 0 design$ = "o purpose 0 us$ =   
ano!r4 ,a       ?\ght or a motive peeps 
out ?r\gh e jo9t2 y may w&]       9 su* 
a build+ = weeks or = mon?s toge!r1 &   
nev] "k       x all40--7,f]gusson47     
,mo/ ,engli% ca!drals are built 9 ! =m (
 a ,lat9 cross1 ! arms  ( :i* are call$ 
! transepts4 ,ov] _! po9t ( int]section 
!  c5tral t[] is usually erect$4 ,! "p (
 ! *ur* runn+  we/w>d f ?is po9t to !   
entrance door is ! nave & t  runn+      
ea/w>d to ! high alt> is ! *oir4        
,beh9d1 or ea/ ( ! *oir1 is situat$ !   
,lady-,*apel1 or ,*apel (  ! ,virg91 :i*

 sometimes conta9$ additional alt>s to  
o!r  sa9ts4 ,along ! aisles we frequ5tly
 f9d side *apels1 conta9+  tombs &      
*antries ( dignit>ies1 local sa9ts &    
b5efactors4    ,! nave usually consi/s (
 ! ma9 arcade2 ! tri=ium 7:i*  op5s into
 a passage or gall]y72 & ! cl]e/ory4    
,! tri=ium is ! arcad$ /ory betwe5 ! l[]
 range ( pi]s  & ar*es & ! cl]e/ory4 ,! 
"n is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f  tres &     
=es--?ree doors or op5+s1 = su* is (t5 !
  numb] ( ar*es 9 ea* bay4 ,pr(essor    
,willis1 h[ev]1 believ$ t  ! ^w is trac$
 to a monki% ,lat9 ^w = ?or\ghf>e4      
,cl]e/ory1 or cle>/ory1 is ! upp] /ory (
 ! nave ( !  *ur* above ! aisles & pi]c$
 ) w9d[s4 ,! w9d[s ( !  cl]e/ories (    
,norman "w are less important ?an 9 !   
lat] /yles4  ,!y become l>g] 9 ! ,e>ly  
,engli% p]iod & m important 9 !         
,decorat$1 always l5g!n+ z ! tri=ium    
dim9i%es4    ,sometimes ! *oir occupies 
two bays ( ! nave1 b usually beg9s  ) ! 
scre5 plac$ on ! ea/ side ( ! c5tral    
t[]4 ,9 old5  days ?is 0 ! rood-scre51 s

 call$ because a l>ge crucifix1 or      
rood1 /ood on x4 ,all roods 7 de/roy$   
dur+ ! ,re=mation4 ,at  ! pres5t "t !   
organ is frequ5tly plac$ "h2 & !re is   
div]sity ( op9ion ab\t ! arti/ic        
propriety ( its position4    ,ent]+ !   
*oir we see ! high alt> (t5 ) a r]$os   
7,fr5*  l'arrire dos1 i4e41 embroid]$   
hang+s74 ,along ! sides ( !  *oir are ! 
seats1 or /alls1 usually ( c>v$ oak1    
surm\nt$ )  trac]y1 ar*es & p9nacles4   
,among ^! is ! bi%op's seat1 or  ?rone4 
,frequ5tly ! /alls exhibit beautiful    
tab]nacle-"w & !  mis]]es 7misricorde71 
:i* turn up & af=d support to a p]son  9
 a position betwe5 sitt+ & /&+1 are     
g5]ally c>v$ )  grotesque & qua9t       
figures & c>icatures4 ,ve/ries = ! use (
  prie/s & *ori/]s are (t5 situat$ ne> !
 *oir4    ,at ! back ( ! *oir 7!        
retro-*oir7 0 plac$ ! *ief %r9e1  :]e   
relics ( ! great sa9t ( ! ca!dral 7 kept
 & to :i*  ! /reams ( pilgrims pass$4 ,9
 _m *ur*es ! /eps & pavem5ts  are worn  
away4 ,ne> ! %r9e 0 a wat*+-*amb]1 :]e a

 monk  gu>d$ ! %r9e & its treasures4    
,fur!r ea/ ! ,lady-,*apel 0 situat$1    
?\gh 9 a few cases x is  f\nd on ! nor? 
side1 e4 g4 ,bri/ol & ,ely4         8,9 
,italy ! bones ( a sa9t or m>tyr 7 almo/
 inv>iably       deposit$ ei!r b5ea? or 
imm$iately 9 front ( ! alt>4 ,b       9 
! ,go?ic nations ?is orig9al notion ( ! 
burial-place (       ! ,sa9ts became    
obscur$1 9 ! increas+ desire to give !m 
a       m hon\rable place4 ,accord+ to !
 precise sy/em (       ori5tation adopt$
 by ! ,g]man & ,celtic nations1 ! ea/]n 
portion ( ! *ur* 0 9 ^? c\ntries reg>d$ 
z       pre-em95tly sacr$4 ,?i!r ! high 
alt> 0 g5]ally mov$1       & to x ! eyes
 ( ! congregation 7 specially direct$4  
,&       9 ! eag]ness to give a high] & 
holi] ev5 ?an ! highe/       & holie/   
place to any great sa9t1 on :om popul>  
devotion 0       fa/5$1 !re sprang up 9 
mo/ ( ! l>g] *ur*es dur+ !              
,?irte5? ,c5tury a fa%ion ( ?r[+ out a  
/ill fur!r       ea/]n end1 9 :i* ! %r9e
 or alt> ( ! sa9t might be              

erect$1--& to :i*1 !re=e1 n m]ely ! gaze
 ( ! :ole       congregation1 b ( !     
(ficiat+ prie/ himself1 ev5 z he        
/ood be=e ! high alt>1 might be         
con/antly turn$4 ,?us1       accord+ to 
,full]'s qua9t rem>k1 ! sup]/iti\s      
rev]5ce       = ! dead rea*$ its highe/ 
pit*1 #8! por* say+ to !       *ur*y>d1 
! *ur* to ! por*1 ! *ancel to ! *ur*1 ! 
ea/ end to all--8,/& fur!r (f1 ,i am    
holi] ?an ?\40' ,?is       notion happ5$
 to co9cide 9 po9t ( "t ) ! bur/ (      
devotion t[>ds ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 :i* took  
place "u !       ,pontificate ( ,innoc5t
 ,,iii41 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( !           
,?irte5? ,c5tury2 &1 !re=e1 9 all cases 
:]e !re 0 no       special local sa9t1  
?is ea/]n end 0 d$icat$ to ,our ,lady & 
! *apel ?us =m$ 0 call$ ,! ,lady-,*apel4
 ,su* 0 !       case 9 ! ,ca!drals (    
,salisbury1 ,norwi*1 ,h]e=d1 ,wells1    
,gl\ce/] & ,*e/]4 ,b :5 ! popul> feel+ (
 any city or       neighb\rhood _h be5  
direct$ to "s indig5\s object (         
devotion1 ?is at once took ! highe/     

place1 & ! ,lady-,*apel1       if any   
!re 71 0 ?ru/ d[n to a less hon\rable   
position4       ,( ?is arrangem5t1 ! mo/
 notable in/ances 9 ,engl& are1 or      
7 7= 9 _m cases ! v sites h p]i%$71 !   
%r9es       ( ,/4 ,alban 9 ,h]t=d%ire1  
,/4 ,edmund at ,bury1 ,/4 ,edw>d 9      
,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,/4 ,cu?b]t at ,durham1
 & ,/4 ,e!ldr$a at       ,ely40--7,a4   
,p4 ,s47    ,s$ilia1 seats us$ by !     
prie/1 deacon & sub-deacon dur+ !       
pauses 9 ! mass1 are g5]ally cut into ! 
s\? walls ( *ur*es1  sep>at$ by %afts or
 species ( mullions & surm\nt$ by       
canopies1  p9nacles or o!r elaborate    
adornm5ts4 ,! pisc9a & aumbry are       
sometimes atta*$ to !m4    ,! pisc9a is 
a holl[$ out ni*e ) dra9 to c>ry away ! 
wat]  us$ 9 ! ablutions dur+ mass4 ,aft]
 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury !re is  sc>cely an  
alt> 9 ,engl& )\t "o4 ,sometimes !      
pisc9a is 9  ! =m ( a d\ble ni*e4       
,b5ea? ! ca!dral !re is (t5 a crypt--9  
reality a second  *ur*1 (t5 ( great     
size4         8,we may be tempt$ to ask1

 :at is ! purpose ( a crypt8 ,"s       h
 said t x 0 m]ely meant to give dignity 
to ! *ur*1       or to avoid ! damp4 ,x 
appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be a cu/om tak5       
f ! v e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es at ,rome1 :i*
 7 9 _m       cases built ov] ! tomb ( a
 m>tyr1 & _h !re=e a l[]       & an upp]
 *ur*4 ,inde$ if we imag9e ! c5tral     
portion (       ! *oir /eps remov$ s t !
 nave floor might ext5d )\t             
int]ruption to ! crypt1 & a cle> view ( 
! crypt be op5 to       ! nave1 we %\ld 
h an arrangem5t precisely simil> to t   
( sev]al ,italian *ur*es1 notably t (   
,san ,z5one1 at       ,v]ona40--7,f4 &  
,r47    ,z a rule1 ! mona/ic build+s1   
refectory1 dormitory1 infirm>y1  etc41 7
 built on ! s\? side1 & "h 7 also !     
cloi/]s1  ^? pleasant walks & seats =   
ex]cise & recreation surr\nd+ a         
peaceful quadrangle4 ,! slype1 or       
passage on ! ea/ side1 l$ to !  monks'  
cemet]y4    ,9 ! *apt]-h\se ! monks     
transact$ _! bus9ess4    ,! *apt]-h\se1 
(t5 "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ beautiful        

portions  ( ! ca!dral1 may be ( any =m4 
,^? ( ,cant]bury1 ,exet]1  ,*e/] &      
,gl\ce/] are oblong2 ^? ( ,salisbury1   
,wells1 ,l9coln1  ,york & ,we/m9/] are  
octagonal2 & t ( ,worce/] is circul>4   
,at ,salisbury1 ,wells1 ,l9coln &       
,worce/] a s+le massive %aft  supports !
 vault4    ,9 exam9+ a ca!dral we mu/   
rememb] t _m *anges h tak5  place s9ce !
 fir/ /one 0 laid4 ,if ! monks 7 =tunate
 en\gh  to h a full treasury1 !y kept up
 ) ! ar*itectural /yles4  ,!y w\ld pull 
d[n ! old nave1 or *oir1 or transepts1 &
 erect new  build+s1 l[] ! pit* ( ! ro(1
 add a new por* or door1 or  ins]t new  
w9d[s 9 ! anci5t walls4 ,fires 7 frequ5t
 &  lightn+ & w9ds (t5 play$ havoc )    
t[]s & spires4 ,su*  manife/ations ( !  
displeasure ( ! elem5ts or sa9ts        
necessitat$  rebuild+2 &1 z a rule1 ?is 
rebuild+ 0 und]tak5 9 ! late/  fa%ion4  
,!re=e1 we f9d 9 mo/ ca!drals specim5s (
 _m /yles  ( ar*itecture4         8,z we
 see our ca!drals n[1 ! view t meets u  
diff]s mu*       f t :i* w\ld h greet$ u

 9 m$ival times4 ,!n all       0 ablaze 
) col\rs4 ,?r\gh ! beautiful anci5t     
glass !       light gleam$ on t9ts (    
gorge\s hues1 & ri* tape/ries &         
hang+s1 on walls b$ight ) pa9t+s1 & e   
monum5t1 pi]       & capital 7 agl[ )   
col\r$ decorations4 ,we h lo/       mu*1
 b /ill mu* rema9s4 ,at ! ,re=mation !  
av>ici\s       c\rti]s ( ,h5ry ,,viii4  
plund]$ our sacr$ %r9es1 & c>ri$        
(f "u ! plea ( bani%+ sup]/ition va/    
/ores ( co/ly       plate & jewels1     
tape/ry & hang+s4 ,9 ! ,civil ,w> "t    
riot\s1 fanatical soldi]s wr\ght havoc  
ev]y:]e1 hack+       beautifully-c>v$   
tombs & canopies1 de/roy+ brasses1 &    
mutilat+ all t !y c\ld f9d4 ,ages (     
neglect h also left       _! m>ks ^u our
 *ur*es2 & above all ! h& ( !           
ignorant & injudici\s #8re/or]' has     
fall5 heavily on ^!       legacies (    
,go?ic art1 de/roy+ mu* t 0 ( s+ul>     
beauty1 & replac+ x by ! mis]able       
productions ( e>ly       ,n9ete5?       
,c5tury fabrication40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    

,& n[1 9 ord] to make our visits m      
enjoyable1 let u refre% our  memories ) 
a slight rsum ( ! f\r lead+ /yles (     
,engli%  ,ar*itecture4    ,! ,po9t$ ,ar*
 appe>$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 all !     
civiliz$  c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,x 0      
probably discov]$ by ! ,crusad]s 9 !    
,holy ,l& & br\ght home by !m4 ,none (  
its *>m+ & beautiful  accessories1      
h[ev]1 accompani$ x2 ! graceful clu/]s (
 pill>s1  ! trac]y & mullions 7 to be   
develop$ by ! ,europeans4 ,"o (  ! fir/ 
to use ! ^w ,go?ic to def9e ,po9t$      
,ar*itecture 0  ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton2 & x 
seems t ! ^w 0 f9ally det]m9$ z a       
def9ition by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,an   
,engli% critic says3         8,! po9t$  
ar* 0 a graft on ! ,romanesque1 ,lomb>d 
&       ,byzant9e ar*itecture ( ,europe1
 j z ! circul> ar* ( !       ,romans _h 
be5 on ! column> ord9ances ( ! ,greeks2 
b )       a widely diff]5t result4 ,!   
amalgamation 9 ! latt] case             
de/roy$ ! beauty ( bo? ! /ock & ! scion2
 :ile 9 !       =m] ! /ock l5t itself to

 ! modify+ influ5ce ( its               
p>asitical nursl+1 gradually gave up its
 heavy1 dull &       *e]less =ms1 & 0   
ev5tually lo/ 9 its beautiful           
(fspr+1 z ! unlovely cat]pill> is 9 !   
gay & graceful       butt]fly40         
,al?\gh ,po9t$ or ,go?ic ,ar*itecture   
develop$ ) almo/ equal  vig\r 9 e c\ntry
 ( ,europe1 x rea*$ its greate/         
p]fection 9  ,france4 ,_m ( ! f9e/      
e>lie/ build+s 9 ,engl& 71 to a  great  
ext5t1 ,fr5* 9 _! orig91 or developm5t2 
b1 9 ! c\rse  ( "t1 ,engli% ,go?ic      
,ar*itecture became v orig9al4 ,9 ?is   
c\ntry         8,go?ic ar*itecture seems
 to h atta9$ its ultimate p]fection     
9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 at :i* p]iod      
ev]y?+ belong+ to       x 0 conceiv$ &  
execut$ 9 a free & bold _s1 all !       
=ms 7 graceful & natural1 & all !       
details ( foliage &       o!r sculptures
 7 copi$ f liv+ types1 ) a skill &      
tru? ( draw+ :i* has nev] be5 surpass$4 
,conv5tional =ms       7 9 a great      
measure ab&on$1 & x seems to h be5      

rightly & truly consid]$ t ! fitte/     
monum5ts = !       ,h\se ( ,god 7       
fai?ful copies ( ,8 works2 & s long z   
?is       pr9ciple cont9u$ to be act$   
on1 s long did ,go?ic ar*itecture       
rema9 pure4 ,b 9 ! succe$+ c5tury1 "u ! 
lat] ,h5rys       & ,edw>ds1 a gradual  
decl9e took place3 ev]y?+ 0 m\ld$       
to suit a preconceiv$ idea1 ! foliage   
lo/ its fre%ness1 &       0 m\ld$ into  
some?+ ( a rectangul> =m2 ! ar*es 7     
depress$1 ! w9d[s l[]$1 ! fl[+ curves ( 
! trac]y       conv]t$ into /raight     
l9es1 panell+ pr(usely us$1 & !         
squ>e =m ev]y:]e introduc$2 until at    
l5g? ! preval5ce       ( ! horizontal   
l9e l$ easily & naturally to !          
,r5aissance       ( ! classic /yles1    
?\gh 9 an impure & mu* degrad$ =m4      
,! mixture ( ! two /yles fir/ appe>s 9 !
 "t ( ,h5ry       ,,vii41--a p]iod 9 :i*
 7?\gh rem>kable = ! beauty &           
delicacy ( its details7 ! gr&           
conceptions ( =m &       proportion ( ! 
previ\s c5tury seem to h be5 lo/4       

,heav9ess or clums9ess ( =m1 comb9$ )   
exquisite beauty (       detail1 are !  
*>act]i/ics ( ?is era40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47  
,! /yles are g5]ally classifi$ z foll[s3
 ,i4 ,norman1 or  ,romanesque2 ,,ii4    
,e>ly ,engli%2 ,,iii4 ,decorat$2 ,,iv4  
,p]p5dicul>4         8,soon aft] !      
,norman ,conque/ a great *ange took     
place 9 !       art ( build+ 9 ,engl&4  
,on consult+ ! hi/ory ( our             
ca!dral *ur*es1 we f9d t 9 almo/ e      
in/ance !       *ur* 0 rebuilt f its    
f\ndations by ! fir/ ,norman bi%op1     
ei!r on ! same site or on a new "o2     
sometimes1 z at ,norwi*       &         
,pet]bor\gh1 ! ca!dral 0 remov$ to a new
 t[n       altoge!r1 & built on a spot  
:]e !re 0 no *ur* be=e2       9 o!r     
cases1 z at ,w9*e/]1 ! new *ur* 0 built 
ne> !       old "o1 :i* 0 n pull$ d[n   
until aft] ! relics _h be5              
translat$ ) great pomp f ! old *ur* to !
 new4 ,9 o!r       in/ances1 z 9 ,york &
 ,cant]bury1 ! new *ur* 0 erect$ on     
! site ( ! old "o1 :i* 0 pull$ d[n      

piecemeal z ! new       "w progress$4   
,^! new *ur*es 7 9 all cases on a mu*   
l>g] & m magnific5t scale ?an ! old4    
8,/rictly speak+1 ! ,norman is "o ( !   
,romanesque /yles1       :i* succe$$ to 
! old ,roman2 b ! ,go?ic 0 s completely 
develop$ f ! ,norman t x is impossible  
to draw a l9e (       di/9ction betwe5  
!m2 x is also conv5i5t to beg9 ) !      
,norman1 because ! e>lie/ complete      
build+s t we h 9       ?is c\ntry are ( 
! ,norman p]iod1 & ! designs ( !        
,norman ar*itects1 at ! end ( ! ,elev5? 
,c5tury & !       beg9n+ ( ! ,twelf?1 7 
on s gr& a scale t _m ( our       f9e/  
ca!drals are built on ! f\ndations ( !  
*ur*es (       t p]iod1 & a great "p ( !
 walls are frequ5tly f\nd to       be   
really ,norman 9 con/ruction1 al?\gh _! 
appe>ance is s       entirely alt]$ t x 
is difficult at fir/ to realise ?is2 =  
in/ance1 9 ! gr& ca!dral ( ,w9*e/]1     
,william ( ,wykeham       did n rebuild 
x1 b s entirely alt]$ ! appe>ance t x   
is n[ prop]ly consid]$ z "o ( ! e>lie/  

examples ( !       ,engli% ,p]p5dicul>  
/yle1 ( :i* he 0 ! inv5tor2 ?is         
/yle is entirely conf9$ to ,engl&2 x is 
readily di/+ui%$       f any ( !        
,cont95tal /yles by ! p]p5dicul> l9es 9 
! trac]y ( ! w9d[s1 & 9 ! panell+ on !  
walls2 9       all ! =eign /yles ^! l9es
 are fl[+ or flame-l1 &       = t reason
 !y are call$ ,flamboyant2 a few w9d[s )
       trac]y ( t /yle are met ) 9      
,engl&1 b !y are q                      
exceptions40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,! works 
( ?is p]iod 7 colossal4 ,pet]bor\gh 0   
begun 9 #aaag  & f9i%$ 9 #aadc2 ! nave (
 ,norwi* 0 built betwe5 #aabb &  #aade2 
,cant]bury 0 f9i%$ 9 #aacj2 & "p (      
,ro*e/] 9 ! same  ye>4    ,9 ! "t (     
,william ,rufus all ! ,saxon ca!drals 7 
be+ rebuilt  on a l>g] scale4 ,f ?is    
reign date ! crypt ( ,worce/]2 crypt1   
ar*es ( ! nave & "p ( ! transepts (     
,gl\ce/]2 ! *oir  & transepts ( ,durham2
 & ! *oir & transepts ( ,norwi*4    ,9 !
 reign ( ,h5ry ,i4 ! *oirs ( ,ely1      
,ro*e/]1 ,norwi* &  ,cant]bury 7        

d$icat$2 & among ! new works begun 7 !  
nave  ( ,durham & ! *oir ( ,pet]bor\gh4 
8,! pi]s 9 ! e>li] p]iod are ei!r squ>e 
solid masses (       masonry1 or recess$
 9 ! angles 9 ! same mann] z !          
ar*es1 or !y are pla91 r\nd massive     
pill>s1 ) frequ5tly       only an impo/ 
( v simple "*1 b (t5 ) capitals4        
8,! capitals 9 e>ly "w are ei!r pla91   
cubical masses )       ! l[] angles     
r\nd$ (f1 =m+ a sort ( rude cu%ion %ape1
       z at ,w9*e/]1 or !y h a sort (   
rude volute1 app>5tly 9       imitation 
( ! ,ionic1 cut ^u ! angles2 & 9 ! c5tre
 (       ea* face a pla9 squ>e block 9 !
 =m ( ! ,tau cross is left              
project+1 z if to be aft]w>ds c>v$4 ,!  
scallop$ capital       belongs to r a   
lat] p]iod ?an ! pla9 cu%ion or ! rude  
,ionic1 & does n occur be=e ! "t ( ,h5ry
 ,i4 ,?is =m (       capital 0 p]haps ! 
mo/ common ( all 9 ! fir/ half ( !      
,twelf? ,c5tury1 & cont9u$ 9 use to !   
end ( ! ,norman       /yle4 ,! capitals 
7 frequ5tly c>v$ at a p]iod subsequ5t   

to _! erection1 z 9 ! crypt at          
,cant]bury1 :]e "s ( !       capitals   
are f9i%$1 o!rs half-f9i%$1 ) two sides 
blank       & o!rs n c>v$ at all4 ,9    
lat] ,norman "w ! capitals are          
frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) foliage1 animals1  
gr\ps ( figures1       etc41 9 endless  
v>iety4 ,! abacus ?r\gh\t ! /yle is !   
mo/ *>act]i/ic memb]1 & w frequ5tly     
di/+ui% a       ,norman capital :5 o!r  
p>ts are d\btful4         8,norman      
ornam5ts are ( endless v>iety2 ! mo/    
common is !       *evron1 or zigzag1 &  
?is is us$ m & m abundantly z       ! "w
 gets lat]2 x is f\nd at all p]iods ev5 
9 ,roman "w       ( ! ,?ird ,c5tury &   
probably e>li]1 b 9 all e>ly "w x       
is us$ sp>+ly1 & ! pr(usion ) :i* x is  
us$ 9 late       "w is "o ( ! mo/ ready 
m>ks by :i* to di/+ui% t       ! "w is  
late4 ,! sunk /> is a v fav\rite ornam5t
       ?r\gh\t ! /yle2 x occurs on !    
abacus ( ! capitals 9       ! *apel ( ! 
,:ite ,t[]1 ,london1 & x seems to h be5 
! =]unn] ( ! too?-ornam5t4 ,! billet is 

us$ 9 !       e>ly "p ( ,pet]bor\gh1 b  
discont9u$ 9 ! lat] "w1       & does n  
(t5 occur 9 late "w4 ,x is sometimes    
squ>e1       m frequ5tly r\nd$4 ,!      
beak-head1 ! cat's-head1 ! small        
m$allions ) figures & ! signs ( !       
zodiac1 all belong to       ! lat]      
,norman p]iod4 ,9 ! lat] ,norman m\ld+s 
a mixture (       ,byzant9e "* is se5 on
 ! ornam5ts z at ,durham4 ,x has        
also be5 obs]v$ t 9 ! sculpture ( !     
p]iod ( ! late       ,norman /yle !re is
 frequ5tly a c]ta9 mixture ( ! ,byzant9e
       ,greek "* br\ght home f ! ,ea/ by
 ! ,crusad]s1 :o       _h return$4 ,?is 
is also "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod    
( ! ,transition40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,!  
next p]iod--t ( ! ,transition--9 :i* !  
sci5ce (  vault+ receiv$ great impetus &
 con/ruction became m elegant &         
graceful 9 l9e1 is spl5didly exhibit$ at
 ,cant]bury 9 ! "w (  ! ,fr5* ,william (
 ,s5s & 8 successor1 ! ,engli% ,william4
  ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,ca!dral1 ,ox=d1 is also a
 f9e example ( late ,norman  &          

,transitional "w4    ,! ,e>ly ,engli%   
,/yle cov]s ! reigns ( ,ri*>d ,i41 ,john
 & ,h5ry  ,,iii41 f #aahi to #abgb4 ,x  
is kn[n also z ! ,fir/ ,po9t$1 or       
,lancet1 & is a purely ,engli% v>iety ( 
,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,!  developm5ts 7  
always 9 ! l9e ( great] lightness &     
elegance4  ,!re 0 also ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod
 a great use ( delicate %afts (  poli%$ 
,purbeck m>ble = doorways1 w9d[s &      
arcades4    ,cant]bury1 ,ro*e/] &       
,l9coln are fam\s examples4 ,cant]bury 0
  complet$ 9 #aahd2 ,ro*e/] 9           
#abja-abbg2 & mu* ( ,l9coln 0  f9i%$    
7especially ! *oir & ea/]n transept )   
its *apels7  be=e #abjj4    ,salisbury  
,ca!dral1 h[ev]1 is usually consid]$ z  
,! ,type ( !  ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1       
because x is less mix$ ?an any o!r      
build+  ( ! same importance4 ,x 0       
comm5c$ 9 #abbj & consecrat$ 9  #abeh4  
,! *oir & apse ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey & !    
nor? transept ( ,york  ,m9/] are also   
good examples ( ?is p]iod4 ,we may note 
"h t x  0 cu/om>y to build ! we/ front  

imm$iately aft] ! *oir &  leave ! nave  
to be fill$ 9 aft]w>ds4         8,new   
ideas & a new life seem to h be5 giv5 to
 ar*itecture1       & ! build]s appe> to
 h revell$ 9 x ev5 to exub]ance       & 
excess1 & x 0 necess>y aft]w>ds 9 "s    
degree to       s(t5 d[n & subdue x4 ,at
 no p]iod has #8! pr9ciple (            
v]ticality' be5 s completely c>ri$ out z
 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli%       /yle1 & ev5 9  
"s ( ! e>lie/ examples ( x40--7,j4 ,h4  
,p47         8,! *>act]i/ic elegance ( !
 g5]al ar*itectural design       0 c>ri$
 out 9 all ! details4 ,! m\ld+s 7       
delicately       r\nd$ & alt]nat$ )     
holl[s s drawn z to give "h             
delicate & !re mo/ =cible effects (     
light & %ade4 ,?us       ! d>k l9e      
produc$ by m>ble 9 a pi] 0 cont9u$ by   
means       ( a d>k %ad[ 9 ! ar*2 & )\t 
consid]able k (       ! sci5ce ( m\ld+1 
x is impossible to d ju/ice to ?is      
"p ( ! ,engli% ,e>ly ,po9t$ "w1 :i* has 
nev] be5       surpass$1 if1 inde$1 x   
has ev] be5 equall$ at any p]iod        

else:]e4 ,! gro9$ ro(s 7 /ill simple 9  
design1 b a       ridge rib 0 (t5 add$  
to ! necess>y transv]se & diagonal      
ribs ( ! previ\s p]iod4 ,?is gave a     
c]ta9 h>dness ( l9e       to ! vault2 x 
0 ! fir/ /ep to ! m elaborate & lat]    
sy/ems ( vault+1 & 0 soon foll[$ by !   
introduction (       o!r ribs on !      
surface ( ! vault+ cells4 ,few works are
 m       admirable ?an "s ( ! t[]s &    
spires ( ?is p]iod40--7,g4       ,s4    
,s47    ,! *>act]i/ic ( lancet w9d[s    
applies only to ! e>ly "p (  ! /yle f   
#aaij to ab\t #abbj or #abcj4 ,aft] t "t
 circles 9  ! head ( ! w9d[s ( two or m 
lights came 91 & ! circles  became      
foliat$ by ab\t #abcj1 & cont9u$ to     
#abfj or #abgj1 :5 !  ,decorat$ /yle    
began to come into fa%ion4         8,!  
w9d[s 9 ! e>li] examples are pla91      
lancet-%ap$ &       g5]ally n>r[2       
sometimes !y are ri*ly m\ld$ )9 &       
)\t1 b frequ5tly h no?+ b a pla9 *amf]  
outside       & a wide splay )94 ,9 !   
,e>ly ,engli% /yle we h1 9 !       lat] 

examples1 trac]y 9 ! heads ( ! w9d[s1 b 
x is       almo/ inv>iably 9 ! =m (     
circles1 ei!r pla9 or foliat$1       &  
is con/ruct$ 9 a diff]5t mann] f g5u9e  
,decorat$       trac]y4         8,at    
fir/ ! w9d[s h m]ely op5+s pi]c$ ?r\gh !
       solid masonry ( ! head1 ! solid  
portions ?us left gradually       becom+
 small] & ! op5+s l>g]1 until ! solid   
p>ts are       r$uc$ to ne>ly ! same    
?ickness z ! mullions2 b !y are       n 
m\ld$1 & d n =m cont9uations ( !        
mullions until we       arrive at real  
,decorat$ trac]y4 ,?is k9d ( trac]y 0   
call$       by ,pr(essor ,willis plate  
trac]y2 be+ 9 fact1 a plate ( /one      
pi]c$ ) holes3 x is ext5sively us$ 9    
e>ly ,fr5* "w4       ,! m usual k9d (   
trac]y is call$ b> trac]y1 to           
di/+ui% x f ! e>li] k9d40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47
    ,doorways are g5]ally po9t$ or      
trefoil$1 b sometimes r\nd-head$1  &    
small doorways are frequ5tly flat-head$1
 ) ! angles corbell$  9 ! =m call$ !    
squ>e-head$ trefoil1 or ! %\ld]$ ar*4   

,trefoil$ ar*es are *>act]i/ic ( ?is    
/yle4 ,ar*es are  frequ5tly1 b n always1
 acutely po9t$2 & 9 ! m important       
build+s are g5]ally ri*ly m\ld$1 z 9    
,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ei!r  ) or )\t !       
too?-ornam5t1 z ! ar*es at ,york ,m9/]4 
,!  pill>s are ( v>i\s =ms1 frequ5tly   
clu/]$2 b ! mo/  *>act]i/ic pill> ( !   
/yle is ! "o ) deta*$ %afts1  :i* are   
g5]ally ( ,purbeck m>ble4 ,^! are       
frequ5tly v long  & sl5d] & only        
connect$ ) ! c5tral %aft by ! capital & 
base1 ) or )\t "o or two b&s at         
int]vals4 ,^! b&s  sometimes consi/ (   
r+s ( copp] gilt1 z 9 ! *oir ( ,worce/] 
,ca!dral1 & are sometimes necess>y =    
hold+ toge!r ! sl5d]  %afts ( ,purbeck  
m>ble4 ,! bases g5]ally consi/ ( two    
r\nds1 !  l[e/ "o ! l>ge/1 bo? frequ5tly
 fillet$1 ) a deep holl[  betwe51 plac$ 
horizontally1 z at ,cant]bury4 ,9 pure  
,e>ly ,engli%  "w1 ! upp] memb] ( !     
capital1 call$ ! abacus1 is circul>  &  
consi/s1 9 ! e>li] examples1 simply (   
two r\nds1 ! upp]  "o ! l>ge/1 ) a holl[

 betwe5 !m2 b 9 lat] examples !  m\ld+s 
are frequ5tly increas$ 9 numb] &        
fillet$4    ,m\ld+s are *iefly bold     
r\nds1 ) equally bold & deeply cut      
holl[s1 :i* produce a /rong effect (    
light & %ade4 ,vaults are  bold] ?an    
dur+ ! ,norman p]iod & diff] f succe$+  
/yles  by _! great] simplicity1 z at    
,salisbury4 ,9 ! e>li] examples  !re are
 ribs on ! angles ( ! gro9s only2 at a  
lat] p]iod !  vault+ becomes m          
complicat$1 z at ,we/m9/]4 ,!re is a    
longitud9al rib1 & a cross rib along !  
ridge ( ! cross vaults1  & frequ5tly    
also an int]m$iate rib on ! surface ( ! 
vault4 ,!  bosses are r>e at fir/1 m    
abundant aft]w>ds3 !y are g5]ally  well 
work$ & enri*$ ) foliage4 ,engli% vaults
 are sometimes (  wood only1 z 9 ,york  
,m9/]1 & ! cloi/]s at ,l9coln4 ,a vault 
is1  9 fact1 a ceil+1 hav+ always an    
out] ro( ov] x4 ,!re is a  m>k$         
di/9ction 9 ! con/ruction ( ,go?ic      
vaults 9 ,engl& &  ,france4 ,9 ,engl&1 f
 ! e>lie/ p]iod1 ea* /one is cut to fit 

its place2 9 ,france ! /ones are cut    
squ>e or r oblong1 z 9  ! walls1 & only 
w$g$ out by ! ?ickness ( ! mort> at !   
back 9 ! jo9ts4 ,fan-trac]y vault+ is   
peculi> to ,engl&1 & x  beg9s1 9        
pr9ciple1 z e>ly z 9 ! cloi/] ( ,l9coln 
ab\t #abbj1  :]e ! vault is ( wood1 b ! 
spr++s are ( /one1 & cut to  fit ! ribs 
( ! wood5 vault4    ,buttresses project 
boldly1 & fly+-buttresses become a      
prom95t  feature4 ,!re is a f9e example 
( a comp\nd fly+-buttress at  ,we/m9/]  
,abbey1 :i* supports ! vaults ( ! *oir1 
! tri=ium  & ! aisles & c>ries ! ?ru/ ( 
! :ole ov] ! cloi/] to  ! gr\nd4 ,e>ly  
,engli% t[]s are g5]ally m l(ty ?an !   
,norman1 & _! buttresses h a great]     
projection4 ,! spire is  usually a      
noticeable feature4 ,! ,ea/ ,end is     
usually squ>e2 b  sometimes t]m9ates ) !
 apse1 g5]ally a half-octagon or a      
half-hexagon1 z at ,we/m9/] ,abbey4     
8,?r\gh\t ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod !re is  
an ornam5t us$ 9       ! holl[ m\ld+s   
:i* is z *>act]i/ic ( ?is /yle z       !

 zigzag is ( ! ,norman2 ?is consi/s ( a 
small pyramid1 m       or less acute1   
cut into f\r leaves or petals meet+ 9 ! 
po9t1       b sep>ate bel[ z 9 ,*e/]    
,ca!dral4 ,:5 v acute1 &       se5 9    
pr(ile1 x may be imag9$ to h some:at !  
appe>ance       ( a r[ ( dog's-tee?1 & f
 ?is x has be5 call$ !                  
#8dog-too?#a ornam5t1' or1 by "s1 !     
%>k's too? ornam5t1       m commonly !  
too?-ornam5t4 ,x is us$ ) ! greate/     
pr(usion on ar*es1 betwe5 clu/]$ %afts1 
on ! ar*itraves       & jambs ( doors1  
w9d[s1 pisc9as & inde$ 9 e place        
:]e su* ornam5t c be introduc$4 ,x is v 
*>act]i/ic (       ?is /yle1 & beg9s q  
at ! comm5cem5t ( ! /yle1 z       9 ,/4 
,hugh's "w at ,l9coln2 = ?\gh 9 !       
,norman we f9d an       approa* to x1 9 
! ,decorat$ v>i\s modifications ( x     
occur2       /ill ! g5u9e too?-ornam5t  
may be consid]$ to belong               
exclusively to ! ,e>ly ,engli%4         
8,ano!r peculi>ity consi/s ( ! foliage1 
:i* diff]s       consid]ably f !        

,norman3 9 ! latt] x has m or less !    
appe>ance ( be+ imitat$ f t ( ! ,classic
 ord]s1 :ile       9 ?is x is entirely  
orig9al4 ,its ess5tial =m seems to be   
t ( a trefoil leaf1 b ?is is v>i$ 9 su* 
a numb] ( ways       t ! greate/ v>iety 
is produc$4 ,x is us$ 9 cornices1 !     
bosses ( gro9+1 ! m\ld+s ( w9d[s &      
doorways1 &       v>i\s o!r places1 b   
p>ticul>ly 9 capitals to :i* x          
gives a peculi> & di/9ctive "*4 ,!      
foliage ( ^!       capitals is          
te*nically call$ #8/iff-leaf foliage1' b
 ?is       alludes only to ! /iff /em or
 /alk ( ! leaf1 :i* rises       f ! r+ (
 ! capital2 ! foliage itself is         
frequ5tly z       f> remov$ f /iffness z
 any c be1 z = in/ance 9 !              
capitals ( ,l9coln4 ,! /iff /alk is1    
h[ev]1 a ready m>k to       di/+ui% !   
,e>ly ,engli% capital f t ( ! succe$+   
/yle4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t       
foliage is by no means       an ess5tial
 feature ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle2 _m (   
our f9e/       build+s1 su* z ,we/m9/]  

,abbey1 h _! capitals =m$ (       a pla9
 bell rev]s$1 ) m\ld+s r\nd ! abacus l  
r+s       put ^u x1 & r\nd ! neck4      
8,! ornam5ts s well kn[n by ! "n (      
crockets 7 fir/       introduc$ 9 ?is   
/yle4 ,! "n is tak5 f ! %eph]d's        
crook1 adopt$ by ! bi%ops z emblematical
 ( _! (fice4 ,!y       occur at ,l9coln1
 9 ,/4 ,hugh's "w1 ! e>lie/ example (   
?is       /yle1 & are !re us$ 9 !       
unusual position ( be+ 9 a       v]tical
 l9e betwe5 ! deta*$ %afts4 ,!y are f\nd
 9 !       same position also 9 !       
beautiful "w ( ! we/ front (            
,wells4 ,aft]w>ds !y 7 us$ entirely on !
 outside (       p$im5ts1 or 9 simil>   
situations1 project+ f ! face (       ! 
"w1 or ! out] surface ( ! m\ld+1 z 9 ! v
       beautiful tomb ( ,ar*bi%op ,walt]
 ,grey 9 ,york ,ca!dral2 &       !y     
cont9u$ 9 use 9 ! subsequ5t /yles1      
al?\gh _! =m       & "* gradually *ange 
) ! /yle40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,!         
transition f ! ,e>ly ,engli% to !       
,decorat$ 0 v gradual4  ,x took place   

dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,! transepts (
 ,we/m9/]  ,abbey are held up z models (
 ?is transition & conta9 "s ( !  mo/    
beautiful "w t c be f\nd any:]e4 ,!     
crosses erect$ by  ,edw>d ,i4 at all    
places :]e ! body ( ,que5 ,eleanor _h   
re/$1 on  ! m>* f ,l9coln%ire to        
,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :]e %e 0 buri$1  are   
usually reg>d$ z f9e e>ly examples ( !  
,decorat$ /yle4 ,easy  attitudes &      
graceful drap]ies *>act]ise ! sculpture 
( human  figures4    ,! ,decorat$ ,p]iod
 dates f #acjj to #acgg4 ,x is also     
call$ !  ,middle ,po9t$1 ,geometrical   
,po9t$ & ! ,fl[+1 or ,curvil9e>1 &  also
 ! ,edw>dian1 because x cov]s ! reigns (
 ,edw>d ,i41 ,,ii4 &  ,,iii4    ,exet]  
,ca!dral is a sup]b example ( ?is /yle4 
,! nave ( ,york  ,m9/] & ! lant]n ( ,ely
 are also notewor?y illu/rations4       
8,! g5]al appe>ance ( ,decorat$ build+s 
is at once simple       & magnific5t2   
simple f ! small numb] ( p>ts1 &        
magnific5t f ! size ( ! w9d[s1 & ! easy 
fl[ ( !       l9es ( trac]y4 ,9 !       

int]ior ( l>ge build+s we f9d great     
bread?1 & an enl>gem5t ( ! cl]e/ory     
w9d[s1 ) a       correspond+ dim9ution (
 ! tri=ium1 :i* is n[ r a       "p ( !  
cl]e/ory op5+ ?an a di/9ct memb] ( !    
division4 ,! ro(+1 f ! increas$ ri*ness 
( ! gro9+1       becomes an object ( m  
att5tion4 ,on ! :ole ! nave ( ,york1    
f ! uncommon gr&eur & simplicity ( !    
design1 is       c]ta9ly ! f9e/ example2
 ornam5t is n[h]e sp>$1 yet !re       is
 a simplicity :i* is peculi>ly          
pleas+40--7,rickman47         8,!       
,decorat$ /yle is di/+ui%$ by its l>ge  
w9d[s divid$       by mullions1 & !     
trac]y ei!r 9 fl[+ l9es1 or =m+         
circles1 trefoils & o!r geometrical     
figures1 & n runn+       p]p5dicul>ly2  
its ornam5ts are num]\s & v delicately  
c>v$1 m /rictly fai?ful to nature & m   
ess5tially p>ts       ( ! /ructure ?an 9
 any o!r /yle4 ,!re is a v f9e          
w9d[ ) reticulat$ trac]y & ri*ly m\ld$ 9
 ! s\?       walk ( ! cloi/]s at        
,we/m9/]4 ,no rule :atev] is foll[$     

9 ! =m ( ! ar* ov] w9d[s 9 ?is /yle2 "s 
are v       obtuse1 o!rs v acute & !    
ogee ar* is n uncommon4       ,decorat$ 
trac]y is usually divid$ into ?ree g5]al
       classes--geometrical1 fl[+ &     
flamboyant2 ! v>iety is s       great t 
_m sub-divisions may be made1 b !y 7 all
 us$       simultane\sly = a consid]able
 p]iod4 ,! e>lie/ ,decorat$       w9d[s 
h geometrical trac]y2 ,exet] ,ca!dral   
is1 p]haps1 on       ! :ole1 ! be/      
typical example ( ! e>ly "p ( ?is       
/yle4 ,! fabric rolls are pres]v$1 & x  
is n[ evid5t t       ! exi/+ w9d[s are1 
= ! mo/ "p1 ( ! "t ( ,bi%op             
,quivil1 f #abgi to #abia4 ,9 "s        
in/ances w9d[s )       geometrical      
trac]y h ! m\ld+s & ! mullions cov]$    
) ! ball-fl[] ornam5t 9 great pr(usion1 
ev5 to excess2       ^! examples occur  
*iefly 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 z at ,leom9/]2     
& 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 z 9 ! s\? aisle ( !   
nave ( !       ,ca!dral at ,gl\ce/]3 !y 
are = ! mo/ "p1 if n       entirely1 ( !
 "t ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 ,:at is call$ !      

netlike       "* ( trac]y1 f its g5]al  
resemblance to a fi%]man's       net1 is
 v *>act]i/ic ( ?is /yle at its be/     
p]iod1 ab\t       ! middle ( ! ,f\rte5? 
,c5tury4 ,squ>e-head$ w9d[s are       v 
common4 ,w9d[s 9 t[]s are usually       
diff]5t f ^? 9       o!r p>ts ( ! *ur*4 
,9 ! upp] /ory1 :]e ! bells are1        
!re is no glass2 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry   
!re is pi]c$       /onework = keep+ out 
! birds1 b m usually !y are (       wood
 only4 ,^! are call$ s\nd-holes4        
,cl]e/ory w9d[s ( ?is       /yle are (t5
 small1 & ei!r circul> ) quatrefoil     
cusps1       or trefoils or quatrefoils2
 or ! sph]ical triangle ) cusps1        
:i* =ms an elegant w9d[4 ,! clev] mann] 
9 :i* ^!       w9d[s are splay$ )9 &    
especially bel[1 to ?r[ d[n !           
light1 %\ld be notic$40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47  
,! l>ge rose-w9d[1 s conspicu\s a       
feature on ! ,cont95t1 is  r>ely se5 9  
,engl&4 ,:5 x does occur x is usually   
f\nd 9 !  transept ends4    ,! ,ea/     
,front g5]ally consi/s ( "o l>ge w9d[ at

 ! end ( !  *oir1 flank$ by tall        
buttresses4 ,a small] buttress appe>s at
 ! end  ( ea* aisle4 ,! arrangem5t ( !  
,we/ ,front is ! same1 ) a  doorway     
b5ea? ! c5tral w9d[4 ,! t[]s ( !        
,decorat$ /yle  are usually plac$ at !  
we/ end & are1 z a rule1 simil> to !    
,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! spires diff] slightly 
f ^? ( ! ,e>ly  ,engli%1 except t !re   
are g5]ally m spire-lights & small      
w9d[s at ! bases & sides ( ! spire4     
,li*field ,ca!dral is "o  ( ! be/       
examples ( ! ext]ior ( a p]fect *ur* ( !
  ,decorat$ /yle4 ,its ?ree spires are  
p]fect4    ,! ogee ar* is frequ5tly us$ 
9 small arcades & 9 ! heads (  w9d[s4 ,!
 drip/ones1 or hood m\lds1 are g5]ally  
support$ by  heads & are frequ5tly      
enri*$ ) crockets & f9ials4 ,! arcades  
t ornam5t ! walls & ^? ov] ! s$ilia are 
*>act]i/ic  features ( ! /yle4 ,pill>s  
are clu/]$ & ar*es ri*ly m\ld$2  !y (t5 
h ! hood-m\ld+ ov] !m4 ,v (t5 !y h :at  
is call$ a /ilt$ base4 ,! capitals are  
ornam5t$ ) beautiful  foliage3 ea* leaf 

is copi$ f nature & (t5 arrang$ r\nd !  
bell ( ! capital4 ,! ornam5tal          
sculptures 9 ! holl[ m\ld+s  are num]\s1
 b !re are two :i* require m p>ticul>   
notice2  !y are ne>ly z *>act]i/ic ( !  
,decorat$ /yle z ! zigzag  is ( !       
,norman1 or ! too?-ornam5t ( ! ,e>ly    
,engli%4 ,! fir/  is ! ball-fl[]1 :i* is
 a globul> fl[] half op5$1 & %[+  )9 a  
small r\nd ball4 ,x is us$ ) ! utmo/    
pr(usion 9 !  m\ld+s ( w9d[s1 doorways1 
canopies1 cornices1 ar*es1 etc4 ,!  o!r 
ornam5t is ! f\r-leav$ fl[]4 ,?is has a 
rais$ c5tre1 &  f\r petals cut 9 high   
relief2 x is frequ5tly mu* v>i$1 b may  
be  di/+ui%$ by its be+ cut di/9ctly    
into f\r petals1 & by its  boldness3 x  
is sometimes us$ abundantly1 ?\gh n q s 
pr(usely  z ! ball-fl[]4 ,9 "s in/ances 
! c5tre is sunk in/ead (  be+ rais$4 ,! 
battlem5t1 z an ornam5tal feature 9 !   
int]ior  ( build+s1 is frequ5tly us$ 9  
?is /yle1 al?\gh x is m  common 9 !     
,p]p5dicul>4    ,! foliage 9 ?is /yle is
 m fai?fully copi$ f nature ?an 9  any  

o!r3 ! v9e-leaf1 ! maple & ! oak ) !    
acorn1 are !  mo/ usual4 ,! surface ( ! 
wall is (t5 cov]$ ) flat foliage1       
arrang$ 9 small squ>es call$ diap]-"w1  
:i* is believ$ to h  orig9at$ 9 an      
imitation ( ! ri* hang+s !n 9 g5]al use1
 &  :i* bore ! same "n4    ,! gro9$ ro(s
 or vaults are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( !  prec$+
 /yle1 *iefly by an additional numb] (  
ribs1 & by !  natural foliage on !      
bosses4 ,_m f9e examples ( ^! rema91 z 9
  ! ,ca!dral ( ,exet] & at ,york 9 !    
*apt]-h\se2 at ,norwi* 9  ! cloi/]s2 at 
,*e/] ! vault is ( wood ) /one spr+]s4  
,aft] culm9at+ 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle1      
,go?ic ,ar*itecture began to  decl9e 9 !
 ,fifte5? & ,sixte5? ,c5turies4 ,!      
transition f  ! ,decorat$ to !          
,p]p5dicul> took place f #acfj to #acii3
         8,?is *ange began to %[ itself 
9 ! *oir & transepts (       ,gl\ce/]   
,ca!dral be=e ! middle ( ! ,f\rte5?     
,c5tury4       ,! panell+ & !           
w9d[-trac]y h s mu* ! appe>ance (       
! ,p]p5dicul> ,/yle1 t !y h be5 commonly

 suppos$ to       h be5 rebuilt or alt]$
 at a late p]iod2 b ! vault+s       & ! 
m\ld+s are pure ,decorat$1 & ! pa9t$    
glass ( !       ,f\rte5? ,c5tury is     
evid5tly made = ! places :i* x n[       
occupies 9 ! heads ( ! w9d[s )          
,p]p5dicul> trac]y2 x       mu/ !re=e be
 consid]$ z ! e>lie/ kn[n example ( ?is 
great *ange ( /yle4 ,9 ?is "w (         
alt]ation ! walls &       ar*es ( !     
,norman *ur* 7 n rebuilt b cas$ )       
panell+ ov] ! inn] surface1 s z to give 
! effect ( !       latt] /yle to !      
int]ior4 ,?is 0 j ! same process z 0    
aft]w>ds foll[$ at ,w9*e/] by ,william (
 ,wykeham1 9       *ang+ ! ,norman to ! 
,p]p5dicul> /yle )\t any actual         
rebuild+40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,! "w at   
,gl\ce/] 0 begun z e>ly z #accg4 ,ano!r 
f9e example  is ! nave ( ,w9*e/]        
,ca!dral4    ,bi%op ,ed+ton1 :o di$ 9   
#acff1 began to alt] ,w9*e/] into !     
,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,8 "w 0 cont9u$ by    
,william ( ,wykeham4         8,be=e !   
dea? ( ,bi%op ,ed+ton ! great pr9ciples 

( !       ,p]p5dicul> /yle 7 fully      
e/abli%$4 ,^! *iefly consi/       ( !   
,p]p5dicul> l9es ?r\gh ! head ( ! w9d[1 
& 9       cov]+ ! surface ( ! wall )    
panell+ ( ! same k9d4       ,^! features
 are z di/9ctly m>k$ at ,w9*e/] z 9 any 
subsequ5t build+1 or z !y well c\ld     
be40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,! cloi/]s (     
,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral are decid$ly          
,p]p5dicul> 9 !  fan-trac]y ( ! vaults1 
b are p>tly ( e>li] date & "*4  ,ano!r  
example ( ! transition f ,decorat$ to   
,p]p5dicul> is !  *oir ( ,york ,m9/]1   
begun 9 #acfa & f9i%$ 9 #adjh4 ,its     
g5]al  appe>ance is ,p]p5dicul>4        
8,?is /yle is exclusively ,engli%1 x is 
nev] f\nd on !       ,cont95t1 & x has !
 advantage ( be+ m economical 9         
execution ?an ! e>li] /yles4 ,x rema9s  
to describe its       *>act]i/ic        
features4 ,! broad di/9ction ( !        
,p]p5dicul>       /yle lies 9 ! =m ( !  
trac]y 9 ! head ( ! w9d[s2       & 9    
fully develop$ examples ! di/9ction is  
suffici5tly       obvi\s4 ,we h no long]

 ! head ( ! w9d[ fill$ ) !              
gracefully fl[+ l9es ( ! ,decorat$      
trac]y1 b _! place       is suppli$ by !
 rigid l9es ( ! mullions1 :i* are c>ri$ 
?r\gh to ! ar*itrave m\ld+s1 ! spaces   
betwe5 be+       frequ5tly divid$ &     
subdivid$ by simil> ,p]p5dicul> l9es2   
s t ,p]p5dicul>ity is s cle>ly !        
*>act]i/ic (       ^! w9d[s t no o!r ^w 
c\ld h be5 f\nd :i* w\ld       at once s
 well express ! pr$om9at+ feature4 ,!   
same       "* prevails ?r\gh\t ! build+s
 ( ?is p]iod3 !       :ole surface ( a  
build+1 includ+ its buttresses1 p>apets1
       basem5ts1 & e "p ( ! flat        
surface1 is frequ5tly       cov]$ )     
panell+ 9 :i* ! ,p]p5dicul> l9e cle>ly  
pr$om9ates2 & to su* an excess is ?is   
c>ri$ t !       w9d[s frequ5tly appe> to
 be only op5+s 9 ! panel-"w4            
,panell+1 inde$1 n[ =ms an important    
feature ( ! /yle2 =       ?\gh x 0 us$ 9
 ! e>li] /yles1 x 0 n to ! same         
ext5t1 & 0 ( v diff]5t "*1 ! pla9       
surfaces 9       ^? /yles be+ reliev$   

*iefly by diap]-"w40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47     
,! great idea ( ! ar*itect 0 to correct 
& re/ra9 !  exub]ant trac]y by introduc+
 vigor\s /raight v]tical &  horizontal  
l9es4 ,ano!r feature ( ! ,p]p5dicul>    
/yle 0 !  gro9$ ro(4 ,! ribs ( ! vault+ 
7 n[ enri*$ by cross ribs1  :i* 7       
int]sect$ by m ribs into small panels1  
:i* 7 fill$  9 ) trac]y4 ,! key-/ones 7 
=m$ into p5dants4 ,?is network  ( ribs  
is call$ fan-trac]y because ! ribs      
spread out l !  /icks ( a fan4 ,v       
beautiful examples occur 9 ,h5ry        
,,vii4's ,*apel1  ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & 9 !
 cloi/]s ( ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral4           
8,! light & elegant /yle ( vault+ kn[n z
 fan-trac]y1       :i* is peculi> to ?is
 /yle1 ) its delicate p5dants &         
lace-l ornam5ts1 h>monises f9ely ) !    
elaborate ornam5t       ( ! tab]nacle-"w
 ornam5t4 ,fan-trac]y vault+ is         
peculi>ly ,engli%4 ,! pr9ciple ( x began
 ) ! e>lie/       ,engli% ,go?ic /yle1 z
 9 ! cloi/]s ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral1        
ea* /one ( ! vault+ be+ cut to fit its  

place4 ,9 ,france       ?is is nev]     
done1 ea* block ( /one is oblong1 z 9 ^?
 =       ! walls1 & is only made to     
curve ov] 9 a vault by ! mort>          
betwe5 ! jo9ts4         8,ar*es are n s 
acute z 9 ! e>li] p]iods2 capitals &    
bases ( columns are di/+ui%$ by !       
%all[ness ( !       m\ld+s2 mullions are
 c>ri$ /raight ?r\gh ! ar* ( !          
w9d[s2 doorways consi/ ( a depress$ ar* 
)9 a squ>e frame       ) a label above2 
! label m\ld+ is frequ5tly fill$ )      
foliage & ! space r\nd ! ar* p>allel2   
t[]s are (t5       extremely ri* &      
elaborately ornam5t$ ) f\r or five      
/ories       ( w9d[s1 canopies1 p9nacles
 & tab]nacles2 por*es are also          
f9e1 highly enri*$ ) panel-"w1          
buttresses & p9nacles1       & (t5 ) a  
ri*ly-gro9$ vault 9 ! int]ior2 &        
m\ld+s are g5]ally m %all[ ?an ! e>li]  
ones4         8,!re is an ornam5t :i* 0 
introduc$ 9 ?is /yle & :i*       is v   
*>act]i/ic4 ,?is is call$ !             
#8,tudor-fl[]1' n       because x 0     

introduc$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,tudors1 b because 
x       0 s mu* us$ at t p]iod4 ,x      
g5]ally consi/s ( "s       modification 
( ! fleur-de-lis alt]nately ) a small   
trefoil       or ball1 & is mu* us$ z a 
cre/ = scre5s on fonts1 ni*es1          
capitals & 9 almo/ all places :]e su*   
ornam5t c be us$4       ,! foliage ( ?is
 /yle is frequ5tly v beautifully        
execut$1       almo/ z fai?ful to nature
 z 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle1 9 :i*       !    
fidelity to nature is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic 
features4 ,!re       is comp>atively a  
squ>5ess ab\t ! ,p]p5dicul> foliage1    
:i* takes f ! fre%ness & beauty :i*     
di/+ui%$ t       ( ! ,decorat$ /yle4    
,inde$1 ! use ( squ>e & angul> =ms      
is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle2 we h    
squ>e panels1       squ>e foliage1 squ>e
 crockets & f9ials1 squ>e =ms 9 !       
w9d[s--caus$ by ! introduction ( s _m   
transoms--& an       approa* to squ>5ess
 9 ! depress$ & l[ pit* ( ! ro(s       9
 late examples40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,!   
woodwork ( ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod is v     

beautiful3 op5 timb]  ro(s 7met ) 9 !   
ea/]n c\nties71 scre5s & l(ts across !  
*ancel-ar* & ri*ly c>v$ b5* ends exi/ 9 
consid]able numb]s4         8,! frequ5t 
use ( figures1 simply z corbels betwe5 !
 w9d[s       ( ! cl]e/ory to c>ry ! ro(1
 is a good *>act]i/ic (       ! late    
,p]p5dicul> /yle2 !y are g5]ally ( ! "t 
(       ,h5ry ! ,sev5? or ,eigh?4 ,!    
figure us$ is g5]ally t (       an      
angel1 & ea* angel is sometimes         
repres5t$ z c>ry+ a       diff]5t       
musical in/rum5t s z to make up a       
heav5ly       *oir40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47     
,among ! be/ examples ( late ,p]p5dicul>
 are ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel1  ,we/m9/]   
,abbey2 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor2  
,k+'s ,college ,*apel1  ,cambridge2 &   
,ba? ,abbey ,*ur*4    ,9 writ+ ( ! latt]
 ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ells s beautifully describes
 ?is  /yle t no excuse is ne$$ = br++ 8 
def9ition into ?is  place4 ,he says3    
8,x is mo/ly ( t ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic :i* 
,i suppose m       my/ically lifts ! s\l
 ?an any o!r =m ( ar*itecture1 &       x

 is 9 a graci\s h>mony ) itself ?r\gh   
its lovely       proportions2 f ! /ems (
 its clu/]$ column1 ! trac]y (       _! 
fans spreads & delicately feels its way 
ov] ! vault$       ro( z if x 7 a liv+  
gr[? ( some?+ root$ 9 ! e>?             
b5ea?40          ,,abbreviations ,,(    
,,au?ors ,,quot$        ,a4 ,a4--,alex&]
 ,an/$        ,f4 ,b4--,fr$]ic ,bond    
,j4 ,e4 ,b4--,j4 ,e4 ,bygate        ,a4 
,b4 ,c4--,a4 ,b4 ,clifton      ,a4      
,c4-,b4--,a4 ,clutton-,brock      ,j4   
,c4-,b4--,j4 ,cavis-,br[n      ,h4 ,c4  
,c4--,hub]t ,c4 ,corlette        ,a4    
,d4--,ar?ur ,dimock      ,c4 ,d4--,*>les
 ,dick5s1 ,jr4      ,p4 ,d4--,p]cy      
,de>m]      ,p4 ,h4 ,d4--,p4 ,h4        
,dit*field      ,t4 ,f4 ,d4--,?omas     
,frognall ,dibd9        ,a4 ,h4 ,f4--,a4
 ,hugh ,fi%]      ,e4 ,a4 ,f4--,e4 ,a4  
,freeman      ,f4 ,w4 ,f4--,f4 ,w4 ,f>r>
      ,w4 ,h4 ,f4--,w4 ,h4 ,fremantle   
,h4--,hope      ,c4 ,h4--,cecil ,hallet 
,l4 ,h4--,leigh ,hunt      ,w4 ,h4      
,h4--,w4 ,h4 ,h>t        ,a4 ,f4        

,k4--,a4 ,f4 ,k5drick      ,g4 ,w4      
,k4--,dean ,kit*9      ,r4 ,j4          
,k4--,ri*>d ,j4 ,knight        ,l4--,dr4
 ,luckock      ,w4 ,j4 ,l4--,w4 ,j4     
,l(tie        ,m4--,dean ,milman        
,j4 ,mc,c4--,ju/9 ,mc,carthy      ,h4   
,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,m4--,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,mass  
,p4--,dean ,patrick      ,p4-,c4--,dean 
,pury-,cu/      ,f4 ,a4 ,p4--,f4 ,a4    
,paley      ,g4 ,h4 ,p4--,g4 ,h4 ,palm] 
,j4 ,h4 ,p4--,j4 ,h4 ,p>k]      ,t4     
,p4--,t4 ,p]k9s        ,c4 ,h4 ,b4      
,q4--,c4 ,h4 ,b4 ,qu5nell               
,r4--,rickman      ,f4 & ,r4--,field &  
,r\tl$ge        ,s4--,dean ,sp5ce       
,a4 ,p4 ,s4--,dean ,/anley      ,e4 ,f4 
,s4--,edw>d ,f4 ,/range      ,g4 ,g4    
,s4--,g4 ,g4 ,scott      ,w4 ,d4        
,s4--,w4 ,d4 ,sweet+        ,t4--,canon 
,talbot        ,w4--,willis             
,wal4--,walcott                         
,a4--,w4--,an?ony--,wood      ,c4       
,w4--,w9/on      ,e4 ,w4--,edw>d ,wal=d 
,f4 ,s4 ,w4--,f4 ,s4 ,wall]      ,g4    
,w4--,gleeson ,:ite      ,geo4          

,w4--,george ,worley      ,h4           
,w4--,h>tley ,)]          ,,cont5ts     
,,page    ,,cant]bury                   
#a    ,,ro*e/]                          
#cc    ,,w9*e/]                         
#df    ,,*i*e/]                         
#ff    ,,salisbury                      
#gf    ,,exet]                          
#ij    ,,wells                          
#ajg    ,,ba? ,,abbey                   
#acd    ,,bri/ol                        
#adj    ,,gl\ce/]                       
#aea    ,,h]e=d                         
#agd    ,,worce/]                       
#ahh    ,,li*field                      
#bjj    ,,*e/]                          
#bae    ,,man*e/]                       
#bbb    ,,c>lisle                       
#bbg    ,,durham                        
#bcc    ,,ripon                         
#bdi    ,,york ,,m9/]                   
#bfj    ,,l9coln                        
#bhd    ,,s\?well                       
#cac    ,,pet]bor\gh                    
#cai    ,,ely                           

#ccd    ,,norwi*                        
#cdi    ,,/4 ,,albans                   
#cfj    ,,ox=d                          
#cge    ,,/4 ,,paul',s1 ,,london        
#cic    ,,/4 ,,savi\r',s1 ,,s\?w>k      
#dae    ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey               
#dbe    ,,index                         
#dde          ,,illu/rations            
,salisbury3 ,cloi/]s                    
,frontispiece                           
,,fac+ ,,page    ,cant]bury3 ,s\? ,por* 
#ab    ,cant]bury3 ,nave1 ea/           
#ac    ,cant]bury3 ,*oir1 ea/           
#bd    ,ro*e/]3 ,we/ front              
#be    ,ro*e/]3 ,nave1 ea/              
#dj    ,ro*e/]3 ,*oir1 we/              
#da    ,w9*e/]3 ,nave1 we/              
#eb    ,w9*e/]3 ,font                   
#ec    ,w9*e/]3 ,*oir1 ea/              
#fd    ,w9*e/]3 ,we/ front              
#fe    ,*i*e/]                          
#gb    ,*i*e/]3 ,nave1 ea/              
#gc    ,*i*e/]3 ,scre5                  
#gf    ,salisbury3 ,nor?                
#gg    ,salisbury3 ,nave1 ea/           

#hh    ,exet]3 ,s\?-we/                 
#hi    ,exet]3 ,nave1 ea/               
#ih    ,exet]3 ,*oir1 ea/               
#ii    ,wells3 ,we/ front               
#aad    ,wells3 ,nor? ,por*             
#aae    ,wells3 ,nave1 ea/              
#abh    ,wells3 ,s\?-we/                
#abi    ,ba? ,abbey3 ,we/ front         
#acf    ,ba? ,abbey3 ,*oir1 we/         
#acg    ,bri/ol3 ,nor?                  
#add    ,bri/ol3 ,nave1 ea/             
#ade    ,gl\ce/]3 ,ea/                  
#aed    ,gl\ce/]3 ,tomb ( ,edw>d ,,ii   
#aee    ,gl\ce/]3 ,*oir1 ea/            
#afd    ,gl\ce/]3 ,cloi/]s              
#afe    ,h]e=d3 ,nave1 ea/              
#agf    ,h]e=d3 ,nor?-ea/               
#agg    ,h]e=d3 ,*oir                   
#ahf    ,worce/]3 ,s\?-we/              
#ahg    ,worce/]3 ,nave1 ea/            
#aib    ,worce/]3 ,*oir1 ea/            
#aic    ,li*field3 ,we/ front           
#bjj    ,li*field3 ,nave1 ea/           
#bja    ,li*field3 f ,ea/ w9d[          
#bab    ,*e/]3 ,nor?                    

#bac    ,*e/]3 ,*oir1 we/               
#bah    ,*e/]3 ,*oir-/alls              
#bai    ,man*e/]3 ,s\?                  
#bbd    ,man*e/]3 ,nave1 ea/            
#bbe    ,c>lisle3 ,s\?-we/              
#bbh    ,c>lisle3 ,*oir                 
#bbi    ,c>lisle3 ,ea/ ,end             
#bcb    ,durham3 ,we/ front             
#bcc    ,durham3 ,nave1 ea/             
#bdj    ,durham3 ,galilee ,*apel        
#bda    ,durham3 ,neville ,scre5        
#bdh    ,ripon3 ,s\?                    
#bdi    ,ripon3 ,nave1 ea/              
#bed    ,ripon3 ,*oir1 ea/              
#bee    ,york ,m9/]3 ,we/ front         
#bfh    ,york ,m9/]3 ,s\?               
#bfi    ,york ,m9/]3 ,*oir1 ea/         
#bgh    ,york ,m9/]3 ,*oir1 we/         
#bgi    ,l9coln3 ,we/ front             
#bhh    ,l9coln3 ,great ,we/ ,door      
#bhi    ,l9coln3 ,angel ,*oir           
#bih    ,l9coln3 ,*oir1 ea/             
#bii    ,l9coln3 ,ea/ ,w9d[             
#cjf    ,s\?well3 ,nor?-we/             
#cjg    ,s\?well3 ,*apt]-,h\se          

#caf    ,pet]bor\gh3 ,we/ front         
#cag    ,pet]bor\gh3 ,*oir1 ea/         
#cbh    ,pet]bor\gh3 ,s\?               
#cbi    ,ely3 ,we/ ,t[]s                
#ccf    ,ely3 ,*oir1 ea/                
#ccg    ,ely3 ,ea/ ,end & ,lady-,*apel  
#cdf    ,ely3 ,lady-,*apel              
#cdg    ,norwi*3 ,ea/                   
#cef    ,norwi*3 ,*oir                  
#ceg    ,/4 ,albans3 ,nor?              
#cff    ,/4 ,albans3 ,nave1 ea/         
#cfg    ,ox=d3 ,t[] & ,entrance         
#chb    ,ox=d3 ,*oir1 ea/               
#chc    ,ox=d3 ,lat9 ,*apel             
#cib    ,/4 ,paul's3 ,we/ front         
#cic    ,/4 ,paul's3 ,*oir1 ea/         
#dad    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 ,s\?w>k          
#dae    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 ,s\?w>k3 ,nave1  
ea/                                 #dbd
    ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,we/ front         
#dbe    ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,poets' ,corn] 
#dcb    ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,*oir1 ea/     
#dcc    ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,*apel & ,%r9e 
(    ,edw>d ! ,confessor                
#dcf    ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,h5ry ,,vii4's 

,*apel                                  
#dcg    ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,cloi/]s       
#ddj    ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,s\?-we/       
#dda          ,,cant]bury               
,,d$ication3 ,,*ri/ ,,*ur*4 ,,=m]ly ,,! 
,,*ur* ,,( ,a ,,b5$ict9e                
,,mona/]y4         ,,special ,,features3
 ,,becket',s ,,cr[n2 ,,door ,,(         
,,*apt]-,,h\se2 ,,we/       ,,doorway2  
,,crypt4      ,cant]bury ,ca!dral       
pres5ts a beautiful effect :5 se5 f a   
di/ance1 keep+ wat* ov] ! city t lies 9 
! valley ( !  ,/\r1 girdl$ by hills4 ,on
 "o ( ^! hills /&s ! village (          
,h>bl$[n1 ! 8,bob ,up & ,d[n10 :]e      
,*auc]'s ,pilgrims halt$1 &  f :i* a    
*>m+ view ( ! anci5t ,ca!dral is to be  
enjoy$4    ,ano!r f9e prospect is ga9$ f
 ,/4 ,m>t9's3         8,let any "o sit  
on ! hill ( ! little *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t91  
& look on ! view :i* is !re spread be=e 
8 eyes4       ,imm$iately bel[ are !    
t[]s ( ! great ,abbey ( ,/4             
,augu/9e1 :]e ,*ri/ian le>n+ &          
civilisation fir/ /ruck       root 9 !  

,anglo-,saxon race2 & )9 :i* n[1 aft] a 
lapse       ( _m c5turies1 a new        
in/itution has aris51 int5d$ to c>ry    
f> & wide to c\ntries ( :i* ,gregory &  
,augu/9e nev]       he>d1 ! bless+s :i* 
!y gave to u4 ,c>ry y\r view            
on1--& !re rises high above all !       
magnific5t pile ( our       ,ca!dral    
equal 9 spl5d\r & /ate to any1 ! noble/ 
temple       or *ur*1 t ,augu/9e c\ld h 
se5 9 anci5t ,rome1 ris+       on ! v   
gr\nd :i* d]ives its consecration f him4
 ,&       /ill m ?an ! gr&eur ( ! outw>d
 build+s t rose       f ! little *ur* ( 
,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! little palace (       
,e!lb]t1 h be5 ! in/itutions ( all k9ds1
 ( :i* ^!       are ! e>lie/ cradle4 ,f 
,cant]bury1 ! fir/ ,engli%              
,*ri/ian city--f ,k5t1 ! fir/ ,engli%   
,*ri/ian       k+dom--has1 by degrees1  
aris5 ! :ole con/itution ( ,*ur*       &
 ,/ate 9 ,engl&1 :i* n[ b9ds toge!r !   
:ole ,briti%       ,empire40--7,a4 ,p4  
,s47    ,?is great ,ca!dral /&s on !    
site ( ! primitive ,roman1 or  ,briti%1 

,*ur*1 attribut$ to ,k+ ,lucius & grant$
 by ,e!lb]t1  ,k+ ( ,k5t1 to ,/4        
,augu/9e 7:o _h conv]t$ him 9 #eig74 ,x 
is1  !re=e1 ! e>lie/ monum5t ( ! ,engli%
 union ( ,*ur* &  ,/ate1 & ! cradle (   
,engli% ,*ri/ianity4 ,pope ,gregory _h  
int5d$  to fix ! ,primacy 9 ,london &   
,york alt]nately2 b ! s5tim5t (  ,/4    
,augu/9e's l&+ 9 ,k5t prevail$2 &1      
!re=e1 !  ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ! ,see
 ( :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #eig1 is /ill  ,primate
 ( ,engl&4 ,he cr[ns ! ,k+ & ranks next 
to royalty4    ,! fir/ ,ca!dral 0 injur$
 by ! ,danes 9 #ajaa & x 0 burn$  d[n   
dur+ ! ,norman ,conque/ 9 #ajfg4        
,lanfranc1 ! fir/ ,ar*bi%op  aft] !     
,conque/ 7#ajgj-ajhi71 recon/ruct$ bo?  
*ur* & mona/]y  f _! f\ndations4 ,anselm
 7#ajic-aaji71 took d[n ! ea/]n "p  ( ! 
*ur* & rerect$ x ) f> great]            
magnific5ce4 ,ernulf1  ,prior ( !       
mona/]y1 0 responsible = ! ar*itecture2 
b !  *ancel be+ f9i%$ by 8 successor1   
,prior ,conrad1 & beautifully  decorat$1
 became kn[n z ! 8glori\s ,*oir (       

,conrad40 ,cant]bury  ,ca!dral 0 d$icat$
 by ,ar*bi%op ,william 9 #aacj4 ,h5ry   
,i41 ,k+ (  ,engl&1 ,david1 ,k+ (       
,scotl&1 & all ! ,bi%ops ( ,engl& 7     
pres5t at :at ,g]vase calls 8! mo/ fam\s
 d$ication t _h ev]  be5 he>d ( on ! e>?
 s9ce t ( ! temple ( ,solomon40 ,9      
#aagj1 ,?omas  ,becket 0 murd]$ "h1 hav+
 fl$ = protection to  ! *ur* aft] a     
viol5t sc5e 9 8 *amb] ) ,h5ry's knights4
  ,becket 0 buri$ at ! ea/ end ( !      
,crypt & rema9$ !re  =ty-six ye>s4      
8,mo/ m5 7 p]suad$ t a new bur/ (       
miracul\s p[]s1       su* z _h be5      
susp5d$ = _m g5]ations1 _h brok5 out at 
! tomb2 & ! contempor>y monk1 ,b5$ict1  
fills a volume )       extraord9>y      
cures1 wr\ght )9 a v few ye>s aft] !    
#8,m>tyrdom4' ,f> & wide ! fame ( #8,/4 
,?omas ( ,cant]bury'       spread4 ,! v 
"n ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 or ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 
by       :i* ! ,ca!dral 0 prop]ly       
designat$1 0 9 popul> usage       m]g$ 9
 t ( ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,= ! few    
ye>s       imm$iately succe$+ 8 dea? !re

 0 no regul> %r9e4 ,!       popul>      
en?usiasm /ill clung to ! two spots     
imm$iately       connect$ ) ! murd]4 ,! 
,transept 9 :i* he di$1 )9       five   
ye>s f t "t acquir$ ! "n by :i* x has   
ev]       s9ce be5 kn[n1 #8,!           
,m>tyrdom4' ,! flag/one on :i* 8 skull  
0 fractur$ & ! solid corn] ( ! masonry 9
 front ( :i*       he fell1 are probably
 ! only p>ts :i* rema9 un*ang$4 ,b      
aga9/ t corn] may /ill be se5 ! m>ks ( !
 space       occupi$ by a wood5 alt>1   
:i* cont9u$ 9 its orig9al               
simplicity ?r\gh all ! subsequ5t        
magnific5ce ( ! *ur*       till ! "t ( !
 ,re=mation4 ,x 0 probably ! id5tical   
memorial erect$ 9 ! fir/ ha/e (         
en?usiasm aft] !       reop5+ ( !       
,ca!dral = wor%ip 9 #aagb4 ,x 0 call$ ! 
,alt> ( ! ,m>tyrdom or m commonly !     
,alt> ( ! ,sword's       ,po9t 7,alt>e  
ad ,punctum ,ensis7 f ! circum/ance t 9 
a       wood5 %$ plac$ ^u x 0 pres]v$ ! 
fragm5t ( ,le ,bret's       sword1 :i*  
_h be5 left on ! pavem5t aft] accompli%+

 its       bloody "w4 ,"u a piece ( rock
 cry/al surm\nt+ ! *e/1       0 kept a  
portion ( ! bra9s4 ,to ?is alt> a regul>
 keep]       0 appo9t$ f among ! monks1 
"u ! "n ( #8,cu/os       ,m>tyrii4' ,9 !
 fir/ fr5zy ( desire = relics ( ,/4     
,?omas1       ev5 ?is gu>antee 0        
inadequate4         8,next to ! actual  
sc5e ( ! murd]1 ! object :i* ?is        
ev5t inve/$ ) especial sanctity 0 ! tomb
 9 :i* 8       rema9s 7 deposit$ 9 !    
,crypt beh9d ! ,alt> ( ! ,virg94        
,x 0 to ?is spot t ! fir/ great ru% (   
pilgrims 0 made       :5 ! *ur* 0 reop5$
 9 #aagb1 & x 0 "h t ,h5ry       p]=m$ 8
 p5ance4 ,hi!r on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/1      
#aagi1 came !       fir/ ,k+ ( ,france  
:o ev] set foot on ! %ores ( ,engl&1    
,l\is ,,vii41 w>n$ by ,/4 ,?omas 9      
dreams1 &1 aft]w>ds1 z he       believ$1
 receiv+ 8 son back f a dang]\s illness 
?r\gh       ! ,sa9t's int]cession4 ,he  
knelt by ! tomb & (f]$ ^u x       !     
celebrat$ jewel1#b z also 8 own ri* cup 
( gold40--7,a4 ,p4       ,s47    ,9     

#aagd a fire de/roy$ 8,conrad's ,glori\s
 ,*oir40 ,rebuild+ 0  imm$iately begun  
"u a ,fr5* ar*itect1 ,william ( ,s5s1 :o
 fell  f a scaffold+ & _h to rel9qui% ! 
"w to ano!r ,william1  :o complet$ !    
,*oir & ea/]n build+s 9 #aahd4          
,ev]y?+ 0 n[ 9 read9ess = ! removal ( ! 
,m>tyr's rema9s4  ,/eph5 ,langton gave  
two ye>s' notice ( ! int5d$             
8,translation02  & a m>vell\s assemblage
 ga!r$ f all p>ts ( ,europe on ,july #g1
  #abbj4 ,! ,ar*bi%op op5$ ! tomb !     
night be=e ! c(f9 0  c>ri$ to ! ,%r9e   
above 9 ,tr9ity ,*apel1 & ! 8,vigil ( ! 
,translation10 ,july #f1 0 kept 9 !     
,engli% *ur* until #aecg4 ,!  great     
procession to ! ,%r9e 0 l$ by ,h5ry     
,,iii41 !n ag$  ?irte54 ,pilgrims came  
to ! new ,%r9e1 z !y _h done to ! "o    
bel[1 9 ?\s&s4 ,sev5 great 8jubilees0 7 
held be=e #aecj4         8,! out] aspect
 ( ! ,ca!dral c be imag9$ )\t mu*       
difficulty4 ,a wide cemet]y1 :i*1 ) its 
num]\s grave/ones1       su* z t on !   
s\? side ( ,pet]sbor\gh ,ca!dral1       

occupi$       ! vacant space /ill call$ 
! ,*ur*y>d1 divid$ f !       g>d5 beyond
 by ! old ,norman ar* s9ce remov$ to a m
       conv5i5t spot4 ,9 ! cemet]y 7    
int]r$ su* pilgrims z       di$ dur+ _! 
/ay 9 ,cant]bury4 ,! ext]nal aspect ( ! 
,ca!dral itself1 ) ! exception ( !      
num]\s /atues :i*       !n fill$ its n[ 
vacant ni*es1 mu/ h be5 mu* :at x is    
n[4 ,n s its int]ior4 ,bright col\rs on 
! ro(1 on !       w9d[s1 on ! monum5ts2 
hang+s susp5d$ f ! rods :i*       may   
/ill be se5 runn+ f pill> to pill>2     
*apels &       alt>s1 & *antries        
int]cept+ ! view1 :]e n[ all is         
cle>1 mu/ h r5d]$ x s diff]5t1 t at fir/
 we %\ld       h>dly recognise x to be !
 same build+40--7,a4 ,p4 ,s47    ,at !  
*ur* door ! company ( pilgrims arrang$  
!mselves 8e  "o aft] 8 degree10 & a monk
 spr9kl$ _! heads ) holy wat]  ) !      
8,spr5gel40 ,! great tide ( pilgrims !n 
pass$ ?r\gh !  ,ca!dral4 ,sometimes !y  
paid _! devotions to ! ,%r9e fir/1 &    
sometimes !y visit$ ! less] objects fir/

 & ! ,%r9e la/4 ,9  ?is case1 !y ent]$ !
 ,transept ( ! ,m>tyrdom1 ?r\gh ! d>k   
passage "u ! /eps lead+ to ! ,*oir4     
,be=e ! wood5 alt>  & 9 ! s(t radiance (
 ! glori\s repres5tation ( ! ,m>tyr 9  !
 transept w9d[ 7( :i* !re rema9s only ! 
c5tral b& )  ! donors1 ,edw>d ,,iv41 8  
,que51 ) _! daught]s & ! two sons  :o   
p]i%$ 9 ! ,t[]71 :ile ! prie/ %[$ !m !  
relics (  :i* he _h *>ge1 includ+ ! ru/y
 fragm5t ( ,le ,bret's sword1  :i* all  
kiss$ 9 turn4 ,proce$+ d[n ! /eps on !  
way to !  ,crypt1 new gu>dians exhibit$ 
9 ! dim light ( a r[ ( lamps  susp5d$ f 
r+s 9 ! ro(1 ! actual relics ( ,/4      
,?omas1--"p  ( 8 skull cas$ 9 silv]1 :i*
 all kiss$ dev\tly1 & 8 %irt  & draw]s (
 hairclo?4    ,m\nt+ ! /eps ( ! ,*oir1 !
 pilgrims 7 !n %[n ! great  array ( ab\t
 f\r hundr$ relics pres]v$ 9 ivory1 gilt
 or silv]  c(f]s1 includ+ ! arm ( ,/4   
,george4 ,& n[1 pass+ beh9d !  alt> & up
 ! /eps1 :i* _m asc5d$ on _! knees1     
*ant+ !  hymn to ,/4 ,?omas1 !y ent]$   
,tr9ity ,*apel4 ,!y 7 fir/ l$  beyond ! 

,%r9e to ! ea/]nmo/ apse to see a gold5 
head ( !  ,sa9t /udd$ ) gems1 9 :i* !   
scalp or cr[n ( ! ,sa9t 0  pres]v$4     
8,! ,%r9e occupi$ ! c5tral "p ( ! upp]  
plat=m1 &       ! ext5t ( ! rail$ space 
r\nd x may be readily p]ceiv$ by        
exam9+ ! floor on :i* ! depression made 
by ! feet ( !       pilgrims is pla9ly  
visible4 ,! pavem5t inside ?is limit is 
compos$ ( ! orig9al /eps & plat=m ( !   
,%r9e1 &       consi/s 9 "p ( ri*       
,african m>bles1 z d also two :ole      
pill>s to nor? & s\?1 & two half pill>s 
to ! ea/4 ,^!       are said to h be5 ! 
gift ( a ,pope to ! ,%r9e1 &1           
inde$1 to h once =m$ "p ( a ,roman      
,temple4 ,! ,%r9e       itself 0 simply 
! c(f9 ( ! ,sa9t1 ri*ly adorn$ & cas$   
) gold & preci\s /ones4 ,x re/$ on a    
/ructure ( /one       ar*es "s five or  
six feet high1 & 01 z a rule1 conceal$  
"u a wood5 cov]1 work+ on pulleys1 l _m 
cov]s ( fonts       9 our *ur*es n[4 ,:5
 rais$ ! cov] w\ld reveal to !          
v5]at+ gaze ( ! pilgrims1 plates (      

preci\s metal /udd$       ) jewels (    
fabul\s value1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i*    
w\ld       be po9t$ out by ! att5dant ) 
a :ite w&4 ,:5 ! ,%r9e       0 de/roy$1 
by ord] ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ^! treasures   
fill$ two       great *e/s #8su* z six  
or sev5 /rong m5 c\ld no m ?an          
convey "o ( !m out ( ! *ur*4' ,we/ ( !  
,%r9e /ood an       alt>1 & we/ ( ! alt>
 a gate 9 ! rail+s1 9 fact j            
betwe5 ! alt> & ! beautiful fragm5t (   
,italian m>ble       pavem5t40--7,f4 &  
,r47    ,we c imag9e ! long l9e ( kneel+
 pilgrims & ^? :o 7  all[$ beh9d ! iron 
gates rubb+ !mselves aga9/ ! m>ble1 s  t
 ! wond]-work+ body )9 c\ld effect a    
cure 9 anticipation  ( ! mom5t :5 !     
wood5 canopy w\ld be lift$4         8,at
 a giv5 signal ?is canopy 0 drawn up by 
ropes1 & !       ,%r9e !n appe>$ blaz+ )
 gold & jewels2 ! wood5 sides       7   
plat$ ) gold & damask$ ) gold wire2     
cramp$ toge!r       on ?is gold gr\nd 7 
innum]able jewels1 pe>ls1 sapphires1    
blassas1 diamonds1 rubies & em]alds1 &  

#89 ! mid/ ( !       gold' r+s or cameos
 ( sculptur$ agates1 cornelians & onyx  
/ones4         8,z soon z ?is magnific5t
 sight 0 disclos$1 e "o dropp$       on 
8 knees1 & probably ! t9kl+ ( ! silv]   
bells       atta*$ to ! canopy w\ld     
indicate ! mom5t to all !       hundr$s 
( pilgrims 9 :atev] "p ( ! ,ca!dral !y  
might       be4 ,! body ( ! ,sa9t 9 !   
inn] iron *e/ 0 n to be       se5 except
 by m\nt+ a ladd]1 :i* w\ld be b r>ely  
all[$4 ,b :il/ ! vot>ies knelt ar\nd1 ! 
,prior1 or "s       o!r great (fic] ( ! 
mona/]y1 came =w>d1 & ) a       :ite w& 
t\*$ ! sev]al jewels1 nam+ ! giv] ( ea*1
       & = ! b5efit ( =eign]s1 add+ !   
,fr5* "n ( ea*1       ) a description ( 
its value & m>vell\s qualities4 ,a      
complete li/ ( !m has be5 pres]v$ to u1 
curi\s1 b devoid       ( g5]al int]e/4  
,!re 0 "o1 h[ev]1 :i* f> out%one !      
re/1 & inde$ 0 suppos$ to be ! f9e/ 9   
,europe4 ,x 0       ! great c>buncle1   
ruby1 or diamond1 said to be z l>ge z a 
h5's egg or a ?umb-nail1 & commonly     

call$ #8,! ,regale (       ,france4' ,! 
att5tion ( ! spectators 0 rivet$ by !   
figure       ( an angel po9t+ to x4 ,x  
_h be5 giv5 to ! orig9al tomb       9 ! 
,crypt by ,l\is ,,vii4 ( ,france1 :5 "h 
on 8       pilgrimage4#c         8,! lid
 once m desc5d$ on ! gold5 ark2 !       
pilgrims                        #8tell+ 
he>tily _! beads      ,pray$ to ,/4     
,?omas 9 su* wise z !y c\ld1'         & 
!n )drew1 d[n ! opposite flight ( /eps f
 :i*       !y _h asc5d$40--7,a4 ,p4 ,s47
    ,next ! pilgrims receiv$ ! small    
lead5 bottles1 or ampulles1  fill$ )    
wat] mix$ ) ! ,m>tyr's blood2 & 9 !     
num]\s  boo?s & /alls t l9$ ,m]c]y      
,lane1 ! n>r[ /reet runn+  f ! ,ca!dral 
to ! ,*equ]s ,inn1 b\ght o!r memorials (
 !  ,pilgrimage1 p>ticul>ly ! lead5     
broo*es repres5t+ ! mitr$  head ( ! sa9t
 ) ! leg5d1 ,caput ,?om4    ,f ! middle 
( ! ,f\rte5? to ! end ( ! ,fifte5?      
,c5tury a  wond]-work+ well 0 %[n to    
pilgrims 9 ! ,prec9cts4    ,among !     
great visitors to ! %r9e ( ! 8holy      

blissful ,m>tyr0  7 all ! ,engli% k+s f 
,h5ry ,,ii4 to ,h5ry ,,viii42 ,edw>d ,i4
  7#abii71 :o pres5t$ ! gold5 cr[n (    
,scotl&1 ! cr[n giv5 by  ,edw>d to ,john
 ,balliol & c>ri$ (f by him1 b recaptur$
 at ,dov]2  ,ri*>d & ,john ( ,engl&2    
,l\is ,,vii4 ( ,france2 ,isabella1 wife 
(  ,edw>d ,,ii42 ,john1 ! captive k+ (  
,france2 ,h5ry ,v4 on 8 return  f       
,ag9c\rt2 ,emmanuel1 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/ 9 
#adjj1 & ,sigismund1  ,emp]or ( ! ,we/ 9
 #adag2 & great lords & ladies f ,engl&1
  ,france & ,scotl&4 ,! b>ons ( ! ,c9que
 ,ports1 aft] e  coronation1 pres5t$ !  
canopies ( silk & gold :i* !y held &    
/ill hold ov] ! head ( ! k+4    ,9 #aech
 ,h5ry ,,viii4 issu$ a writ ( summons   
aga9/ ,?omas  ,becket  accus+ him (     
treason1 contumacy & rebellion & _h !   
docum5t  read be=e ! ,m>tyr's tomb4 ,!  
suit 0 tri$ 9 ,we/m9/]1 &  ! long       
defunct ,ar*bi%op condemn$4 ,8 bones 7  
ord]$ to be  burnt & all 8 (f]+s h&$ ov]
 to ! ,cr[n4 ,becket's body1  h[ev]1    
escap$ burn+ & 0 re-buri$4 ,! ,%r9e 0   

de/roy$ &  all ! (f]+s ( jewels & gold  
c>ri$ (f4 ,!y fill$ tw5ty-six  c>ts4    
,becket 0 depriv$ ( ! "n ( ,sa9t & 8    
images de/roy$  ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4       
,return+ n[ to ! ar*itectural hi/ory ( !
 ,ca!dral1 ,prior  ,*ill5d5 7#acgh-adaj7
 took d[n ,lanfranc's ,nave &           
,transepts4 ,ab\t  #adgc ,prior         
,gold/one ,,ii4 add$ ! spl5did ,angel   
,t[] t rises f  ! c5tre ( ! ro(1 & ^u   
:i* ! figure ( a gold5 angel  welcom$ ! 
pilgrims to ,cant]bury4    ,9 #afdb1 !  
,puritans batt]$ ! w9d[s1 hack$ & hew$ !
 alt>s  & monum5ts & committ$ ravages ( 
all k9ds "u a r+lead]1  ,ri*>d ,culm]1  
kn[n z 8,blue ,dick40    ,aft] !        
,re/oration1 #aj1jjj 0 devot$ to        
repairs4 ,at a lat] p]iod  !            
,*oir-/alls1 said to be c>v$ by ,gr9l+  
,gibbons1 7 replac$4    ,9 #ahcd1 !     
nor?we/ 7,arundel7 t[] _h to be pull$   
d[n4 ,x 0  rebuilt on a diff]5t plan4   
,no?+ ( importance happ5$ until #ahgb1  
:5 a fire broke out on !  ro( ( ,tr9ity 
,*apel at half-pa/ t5 9 ! morn+4 ,little

 damage  0 done1 h[ev]2 b ! ,black      
,pr9ce's ,tomb 0 9 dang] & !  relics    
above x 7 tempor>ily remov$4            
,cant]bury 0 f\r c5turies 9 build+4 ,x1 
!re=e1 exhibits  specim5s ( ne>ly all ! 
classes ( ,po9t$ ,ar*itecture4 ,x is    
*iefly1 h[ev]1 ,transitional ,norman &  
,p]p5dicul>4         8,! exi/+ ca!dral1 
al?\gh ( su* v>i\s dates1 cov]s1 z      
ne>ly z c be asc]ta9$1 ! same gr\nd z ! 
orig9al       build+ ( ,lanfranc1 ) !   
exception ( ! ,nave1 :i* is (           
great] l5g? we/w>d1 & ( ! ,retro-,*oir1 
or extreme ea/]n       portion1 :i* is  
also long]40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,pass+ ! 
traditional site ( ! ,*equ]s ,inn1 :]e  
,*auc]'s  ,pilgrims 7 h\s$1 we walk up  
,m]c]y ,lane to ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,gate1      
built by ,prior ,gold/one 9 #aeag4 ,x is
 a f9e example ( late  ,p]p5dicul> &    
once conta9$ a figure ( ,*ri/ 9 ! c5tral
  ni*e4    ,?is gate leads into !       
,prec9cts ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! close is     
surr\nd$ by ! g>d5s ( ! ,canons' h\ses4 
,we n[ look ^u !  beautiful s\? side ( !

 ,ca!dral4         8,9 ! imm$iate       
,prec9cts1 a delightful picture is      
pres5t$ f       ! ,gre5 ,c\rt1 :i* 0    
once ! ma9 out] c\rt ( !       mona/]y4 
,"h are noble trees & beautifully kept  
turf1 at once       9 p]fect h>mony &   
agreeable contra/ ) ! rugg$ walls (     
! wea!r-beat5 ,ca!dral3 ! quiet1 s(t    
col\r+ ( !       anci5t build+s & t look
 ( cloi/]$ seclusion only to be         
f\nd 9 ! peaceful nooks ( ca!dral cities
 are se5 "h at       _! v be/4          
8,! *ief glory ( ! ext]ior ( ,cant]bury 
,ca!dral is !       c5tral ,angel1 or   
,bell1 ,t[]4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect  
/ructures t ,go?ic ar*itecture inspir$  
by ! l(tie/       purpose t ev] /imulat$
 ! "w ( any art1 has produc$4 ,x       0
 complet$ by ,prior ,sell+1 :o held     
(fice 9 #adgb1 & has       be5 v>i\sly  
call$ ! ,bell ,h>ry ,t[] f ! mighty     
,dun/an       bell1 weigh+ ?ree tons &  
?ree hundr$weight1 & ! ,angel       ,t[]
 f ! gild$ figure ( an angel pois$ on "o
 ( !       p9nacles1 :i* has long ago   

disappe>$4 ,! t[] itself is (       two 
/ages1 ) two-light w9d[s 9 ea* /age2 !  
w9d[s are       transom$ 9 ea* face1 & !
 l[] ti] is canopi$2 ea* angle       is 
r\nd$ (f ) an octagonal turret2 & ! :ole
 /ructure is       a m>vell\s example ( 
ar*itectural h>mony & 9 e way a       "w
 ( transc5d5t beauty40--7,h4 ,w47    ,! 
,s\?-we/1 or ,*i*ele1 ,t[]1 7=m]ly ,/4  
,dun/an's ,t[]7 0  complet$ by ,prior   
,gold/one 7#addi-adfh74 ,x is n[ ! ,bell
 ,t[]4 ,!  ,nor!rn1 or ,arundel1 /eeple 
0 rebuilt by ,au/5 9 #ahdj 9 place (  ! 
old ,norman ,t[]1 :i* _h become dang]\s4
         8,! we/]n t[]s are built ea* ( 
six /ages3 ea* ( ! two       upp] ti]s  
conta9s two two-light w9d[s1 :ile bel[  
!re is a       l>ge f\r-light w9d[ uni=m
 ) ! w9d[s ( ! aisles4 ,!       base ti]
 is ornam5t$ ) ri* panell+4 ,! p>apet is
       battlem5t$ & ! angles are f9i%$ )
 f9e d\ble       p9nacles4 ,at ! we/ end
 !re is a l>ge w9d[ ( sev5-light        
transoms4 ,! gable conta9s a w9d[ ( v   
curi\s %ape1 fill$       ) intricate    

trac]y4 ,! space above ! aisle w9d[s is 
ornam5t$ ) quatrefoil$ squ>es1 & !      
cl]e/ory is pi]c$       by w9d[s ( ?ree 
lights40--7,h4 ,w47    ,above ! aisle   
w9d[s are quatrefoil$ squ>es4 ,!        
cl]e/ory1 ,*oir  & ,becket's ,cr[n      
conta9 lancet w9d[s4 ,9 ! ma9 transept  
!re is  a f9e ,p]p5dicul> w9d[ ( eight  
lights4    ,! ,s\? side ( ! ,ca!dral is 
! "o mo/ g5]ally admir$4         8,on ! 
s\? side is se5 ! por*2 ! nave 7a       
beautiful       design72 & ! *>m+       
p9nacle ( ! s\?-we/ transept4 ,ea/      
( ! ,w>rior's ,*apel is ! project+ end (
 ,/eph5 ,langton's       tomb4 ,ea/ (   
?is1 ! two l[] r[s ( w9d[s are ^? (     
,conrad's ,*oir2 ! upp] r[ t ( ,william 
( ,s5s4 ,! middle       w9d[s 9 !       
s\?-ea/ transept 7 ! cl]e/ory w9d[s (   
,conrad2 ! w9d[s above !m are ^? (      
,william ( ,s5s4 ,!       ?ree upp]     
/ages ( ! t[] on ! s\? ( ?is transept   
are       late ,norman "w2 "o ( !       
prettie/ bits 9 ,cant]bury4 ,f>!r       
ea/ we h ,fr5* design1 pure & simple2   

"h1 = ! fir/       "t 9 ,engli%         
ar*itecture1 ! fly+-buttresses are op5ly
       display$2 notice h[ flat & pla9  
!y are2 x _h n yet       occurr$ to     
ar*itects to make !m decorative4 ,! gr& 
sweep (       apse & ambulatory seems to
 s5d "o /raight back to ,france4 ,!n    
comes ! brok5 rocky outl9e ( ! corona--!
 great puzzle (       ,cant]bury4       
,nor?-ea/ ( ! corona are two gr\ps (    
ru9$       ,norman pill>s & ar*es       
discol\r$ by fire2 once !y 7            
cont9u\s1 =m+ "o v long build+1 !       
,monk's ,infirm>y1       ( :i* ! we/ end
 0 orig9ally an op5 dormitory1 op5 to ! 
ro(1 & ! ea/ end1 sep>at$ (f by a scre51
 ! ,*apel2       :i* has a late         
,geometrical w9d[4 ,on ! nor? side (    
,tr9ity       ,*apel is se5 ! ,*antry ( 
,h5ry ,,iv42 !n ,/4 ,&rew's ,t[]       &
 ! b>r$ ,treasury2 ! l[] "p ( ! latt] is
 late       ,norman "w1 l>gely          
rebuilt40--7,f4 ,b47    ,! ,por* on !   
s\? side ( ,*i*ele ,t[] is ! "w ( ,prior
  ,*ill5d54 ,x has a c5tral ni*e on :i* 

! ,m>tyrdom ( ,becket  0 repres5t$ on a 
panel ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,! ni*es are
  fill$ ) /atues4 ,?r\gh x we n[ pass   
into ! ,ca!dral4    ,! ,nave            
7,p]p5dicul>7 resembles ! bold] nave (  
,w9*e/]1 built  at ! same p]iod4 ,! mo/ 
/rik+ feature is ! mann] 9 :i* !  ,*oir 
is rais$ above ! level ( ! floor1 ow+ to
 ! fact t x  /&s ov] ! crypt4 ,!        
,illu/ration3 ,,cant]bury3 ,,s\? ,,por* 
,illu/ration3 ,,cant]bury3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/
    flight ( /eps plac$ betwe5 ! ,nave &
 ! ,*oir adds to !  effect4         8,! 
nave1 ( eight bays1 has no tri=ium4 ,ea*
 bay consi/s ( a       huge ar* re/+ on 
fillet$ pill>s1 & is subdivid$ into !   
pi]-ar*1 ) ! cl]e/ory & panell+ rea*+ to
 !       /r+-c\rse above4 ,x is pav$ )  
,portl& /one4 ,! vault+       &         
vault+-%afts are ! prom95t features ( ! 
nave1 & !       pi]-ar*es are q         
subord9ate2 ^! %afts are b&$1 z at      
,ba?1 l ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! ma9 transept  
has no aisles40--7,w4 ,j4       ,l47    
,( ! ,nave w9d[s none rema9 entire4 ,!  

great ,we/ ,w9d[ is made up  ( fragm5ts 
f ! o!rs4 ,x conta9s ! arms ( ,ri*>d    
,,ii4  impal+ ! ,confessor's2 & ^? (    
,anne ( ,bohemia 7nor?72 &  ,isabella ( 
,france 7s\?74    ,! beautifully c>v$   
,scre5 ( solid /one1 sep>at+ ! ,nave f  
! ,*oir1 0 plac$ !re 9 ! ,fifte5?       
,c5tury4 ,( ! six cr[n$  figures 9 ! l[]
 ni*es1 ! "o hold+ ! *ur* is suppos$ to 
be ,e!lb]t2 & ! "o on ! extreme "r1     
,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,! figures  ( ,*ri/ & !    
,twelve ,apo/les1 :i* fill$ ! ?irte5    
mitr$  ni*es ar\nd ! ar*1 7 de/roy$ by  
8,blue ,dick0 & 8  companions4 ,a       
/aircase leads to ! top ( ! ,scre54     
,ano!r ,scre5 p>tly fills ! space betwe5
 ! two we/]n pi]s (  ! c5tral1 or       
,angel1 ,t[]4         8,! pi]s :i*      
support ! c5tral t[] are probably !     
orig9al pi]s ( ,lanfranc's erection1    
cas$ ) ,p]p5dicul>       "w by ,prior   
,*ill5d5 at ! same "t ) ! build+ ( !    
nave4 ,to ?is ,prior ,gold/one ,,ii4    
7#adie-aeag7 add$ ! vault+ (       !    
t[]1 & all ! portion above ! ro(1 toge!r

 ) !       rem>kable buttress+-ar*es    
support+ ! pi]s bel[1 :i* _h            
p]haps %[n "s signs ( weakness4 ,^!     
ar*es h on !m       ! ,prior's rebus1 a 
%ield ) ?ree gold5 b>s1 or /ones4 ,!    
c5tral ar* occupies ! place ( ! anci5t  
roodl(t1 &       probably ! great rood 0
 plac$ on x until !                     
,re=mation40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,! ,*oir 
( five bays %[s ! e>lie/ in/ance ( !    
,po9t$ ,ar*  9 ,engl& & gro9+ on a l>ge 
scale4 ,! cl]e/ory ( ! ,*oir is  fill$ )
 w9d[s repres5t+ ! g5ealogy ( ! ,savi\r4
 ,!  c>v+s on ! /alls are said to be by 
,gr9l+ ,gibbons4    ,9 #ajif1 ,prior    
,ernulf began a long] & wid] ,*oir ?an  
orig9ally  exi/$2 & ?is 0 d$icat$ 9     
#aaad1 be=e he left ,cant]bury to       
become ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]4 ,prior ,conrad1
 8 successor1 f9i%$ !  decoration ( x & 
8! glori\s ,*oir ( ,conrad10 z x 0      
some:at  unju/ly call$1 0 consecrat$ 9  
#aacj4 ,9 #aagd x 0 de/roy$ by  fire to 
! great di/ress ( ev]ybody4 ,all t      
rema9s is a portion  ( ! pavem5t consi/+

 ( l>ge slabs ( 8/one or ve9$ m>ble (  a
 delicate br[n col\r10 betwe5 ! two     
,transepts4         8,ab\t f\r ye>s aft]
 ! murd] on ! #e? ( ,septemb]1 #aagd1 a 
fire broke out 9 ! ,ca!dral :i* r$uc$ ! 
,*oir--hi!rto       its *ief            
ar*itectural glory--to a%es4 ,! grief ( 
! p is       describ$ 9 t]ms :i* %[ h[  
closely ! expression (       ,m$ival    
feel+ resembl$ :at c n[ only be se5 9   
,italy or       ! ,ea/--#8,!y tore _!   
hair2 !y beat ! walls & pavem5ts       (
 ! *ur* ) _! %\ld]s & ! palms ( _! h&s2 
!y utt]$ trem5d\s curses aga9/ ,god & 8 
sa9ts--ev5 to       ! patron sa9t ( !   
*ur*2 !y wi%$ !y _h r h       di$ ?an   
se5 su* a day4' ,h[ f> m l ! description
 ( a       ,neapolitan mob 9            
disappo9tm5t at ! sl[ liquefaction ( !  
blood ( ,/4 ,janu>ius ?an ( ! citiz5s ( 
a quiet ca!dral       t[n 9 ! c\nty (   
,k5t6 ,! monks1 ?\gh appall$ by !       
calamity = a "t1 soon recov]$ !mselves2 
workm5 &       ar*itects1 ,fr5* &       
,engli%1 7 procur$2 & among !       =m]1

 ,william1 f ! city ( ,s5s1 s famili> to
 all       ,cant]bury at t p]iod z !    
sc5e ( ,becket's exile4 ,no             
obs]vant travell] c h se5 ! two         
,ca!drals )\t       rem>k+ h[ closely ! 
details ( ,william's workman%ip at      
,cant]bury 7 sugge/$ by 8 recollections 
( 8 own *ur* at       ,s5s1 built a %ort
 "t be=e4 ,! =ms ( ! pill>s1 !          
vault+ ( ! ro(1 ev5 ! v b>s & patt]ns ( 
!       w9d[s are almo/ id5tical4444 ,! 
,fr5* ar*itect un=tunately       met )  
an accid5t :i* disabl$ him f cont9u+ 8  
op]ations4 ,aft] a va9 /ruggle to       
sup]9t5d ! works by be+       c>ri$ r\nd
 ! *ur* 9 a litt]1 he 0 compell$ to     
surr5d]       ! task to a namesake1 an  
,engli%man1 & x is to him t we owe      
! design ( t "p ( ! ,ca!dral :i* 0 de/9$
 to       receive ! sacr$ ,%r9e40--7,a4 
,p4 ,s47         8,on ent]+ ! *oir1 !   
visitor is imm$iately /ruck by !        
s+ul> b5d ) :i* ! walls approa* ea* o!r 
at !       ea/]n end4 ,by ?is rem>kable 
feature1 toge!r ) ! great       l5g? ( !

 ,*oir 7#ahj feet2 x is ! longe/ 9      
,engl&7 &       ! l[ness ( ! vault+2 !  
antique "* ( !       ar*itecture en=c$  
by ! /rongly contra/$ ,purbeck & ,ca5   
/one1 & ! consequ5t f9e effects ( light 
& %ad[4 ,!       /yle is ?r\gh\t        
,transition1 hav+ ,norman & ,e>ly       
,engli%       *>act]i/ics1 curi\sly     
int]mix$4 ,! pill>s ) _!                
pi]-ar*es1 ! cl]e/ory wall above & !    
great vault up to       ! ,transepts1 7 
entirely f9i%$ by ,william ( ,s5s4 ,!   
:ole       "w diff]$ greatly f t ( ! =m]
 *oir4 ,! ri*ly       foliat$ & v>i$    
capitals ( ! pill>s1 ! great vault )    
its ribs ( /one1 & ! num]\s sl5d] %afts 
( m>ble 9 !       tri=ia1 7 all         
novelties excit+ ! great admiration ( ! 
monks40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,william (    
,s5s1 h[ev]1 reta9$ ! second or ,ea/]n  
,transepts1  :i* _h exi/$ 9 ! =m] *ur*4 
,be=e ! ,re=mation ! ,*oir conta9$ !    
high alt> & !  alt>-%r9es ( ,/4 ,alphege
 & ,/4 ,dun/an4 ,no trace ( ! =m]       
rema9s2 b on ! s\? wall ( ! ,*oir1      

betwe5 ! monum5ts (  ,ar*bi%ops ,/rat=d 
& ,sudbury1 !re is "s diap]-"w ( op5    
lilies t adorn$ ,/4 ,dun/an's alt>4     
,! ,high ,alt> is on a high] level ?an !
 floor ( ! *oir4 ,x is  approa*$ by two 
flights ( /eps 7"o on ei!r side7 9 !    
,presbyt]y1 ab\t #be feet high] ?an !   
floor ( ! ,nave4 ,! ,alt>  0 plac$ ov] !
 new ,crypt1 :i* is a good deal high]   
?an !  old]1 or we/]n1 ,crypt4 ,!       
,r]$os1 erect$ 9 #ahgj1 0 design$ 9  !  
/yle ( ! scre5-"w 9 ! ,lady-,*apel 9 !  
,crypt4 ,!  crimson velvet alt>-cov]+s1 
n[ 9 use1 7 pres5t$ by ,que5  ,m>y1 wife
 ( ,william ,,iii41 & ! gold *alice by !
 ,e>l ( ,arundell  9 #afcf4 ,!          
,ar*bi%op's ,?rone1 a gift ( ,ar*bi%op  
,h[ley 7#abjj71  0 c>v$ by ,flemi%      
workm5 f designs by ,au/54 ,!           
/one-pulpit1  by ,butt]field1 0 erect$ 9
 #ahdf4 ,! eagle us$ z a ,litany desk is
  dat$ #affc4    ,! organ1 built by     
,samuel ,gre51 is believ$ to be ! "o us$
 at !  ,hndel ,fe/ival 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey
 9 #aghd4 ,x 0 remodell$ 9 #ahhf4       

,among ! tombs & monum5ts ( ,ar*bi%ops &
 ,c>d9als are3 ,c>d9al  ,b\r*i]1 :o     
cr[n$ ,edw>d ,,iv41 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 &     
,h5ry ,,vii42  ,ar*bi%op ,h[ley1 :o     
cr[n$ ,que5 ,victoria2 ,/rat=d1 ,gr&    
,judici>y to ,edw>d ,,iii42 ,simon (    
,sudbury1 ^: head 0 cut (f  dur+ ,wat   
,tyl]'s rebellion2 & ,c>d9al ,kemp1 :o 0
 pres5t at  ,ag9c\rt4    ,9 ! nor?      
aisle1 9 a col\r$ & gilt alt>-tomb1 lies
 ,ar*bi%op  ,*i*ele 7di$ #addc71 accord+
 to ,%akespe>e1 ! in/igator ( !  w> )   
,france 7see ,h5ry ,v41 ,act ,i41 ,sc4  
,i474 ,"h also lies ,orl&o  ,gibbons1   
,*>les ,i4's organi/4    ,( ! six       
spl5did w9d[s 9 ! nor? aisle ( ! ,*oir  
describ$ by  ! old au?orities1 only two 
rema94         8,!y %\ld n be ov]look$  
by ! visitor1 z !y are full (           
curi\s symbolism4 ,! bir? ( ,*ri/ & ,8  
e>ly life are       depict$ 9 ! c5tral  
panels & ! types f ! ,old ,te/am5t      
) !m4 ,obs]ve ! ,magi all asleep 9 "o   
b$2 ,%em1 ,ham &       ,japhet1 divid+ !
 e>?1 :i* "o ( !m holds 9 8 h&s1       l

 a gorge\sly pa9t$ map2 & 9 ! six? panel
 ( ! fir/       w9d[ a v curi\s sc5e1 9 
:i* we see depict$ a bronze idol        
or /atue1 simil>1 no d\bt1 to "s ! arti/
 _h se5 z (       ,roman "w4 ,:oev] he 0
 :o design$ ! "w1 he knew :at 0         
classical art4 ,! exagg]at$ muscul>     
developm5t :i* came 9       aga9 "u     
,mi*ael ,angelo & 8 contempor>ies 9     
,italy1 is se5       "h q pla9ly40--7,w4
 ,j4 ,l47    ,! same fire t de/roy$ !   
,*oir also damag$ ! ,transepts4 ,!      
w9d[s & arcades 9 !m are m completely   
recon/ruct$ ?an ^?  9 ! side aisles4 ,"o
 feature "h is ! d\ble range ( tri=ia1  
or  op5 gall]ies4 ,! l[] tri=ium belongs
 to ,ernulf's "t3 !  w9d[s 9 ! upp] "o 7
 8 cl]e/ory4    ,! pilgrims 7 usually   
conduct$ into ! ,nor? ,transept1 or     
,transept  ( ! ,m>tyrdom ?r\gh ! d>k    
passage "u ! *oir /eps4 ,9 !  we/ wall  
"h1 a door op5$ into ! cloi/]1 ?r\gh :i*
 ,becket  pass$ to 8 tragic dea?4       
,directly opposite1 on ! o!r side ( !   
,*oir1 ! ,w>riors' ,*apel  is situat$4  

,! apse1 approa*$ by a broad flight (   
/eps1 is entirely occupi$ by  ! ,*apel (
 ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 :i* conta9$ ! ,m>tyr's
 ,%r9e4 ,!  "w "h %[s ! influ5ce ( !    
,fr5*4 ,f ! ,transept ( !  ,m>tyrdom !  
pilgrims 7 conduct$ ?r\gh ! ,nor? ,aisle
 ( !  ,*oir on _! way to ! great ,%r9e2 
&1 at ! end ( ! aisle1  close to ! /eps 
asc5d+ to ! ,retro-,*oir1 we f9d ! door 
( ,/4  ,&rew's ,t[]4 ,?is is "p (       
,lanfranc's build+ & n[ us$ z a  ve/ry2 
b x 0 once ! sacri/y1 :]e ! ri* (f]+s & 
preci\s relics connect$ ) ,becket 7     
exhibit$ to privileg$  pilgrims4    ,!  
,retro-,*oir is rea*$ by /eep flights ( 
/eps necessitat$ by !  height ( ! ,crypt
 bel[4 ,up ^! /eps ! pilgrims climb$ on 
_!  knees1 *ant+ ! hymn to ,/4 ,?omas3  
8,tu p] ,?om sangu9em       ,quem pro te
 imp5dit1       ,fac nos ,*ri/o sc&]e   
,quo ,?omas asc5dit40    ,all ?is "p ( !
 ,ca!dral is ! "w ( ,engli% ,william1   
:i* is  light]1 9 g5]al "*1 ?an t (     
,william ( ,s5s4    ,! ,*apel ( ! ,holy 
,tr9ity 7or t ( ,/4 ,?omas7 occupies !  

c5tral portion ( ! ,retro-,*oir betwe5 !
 pi]s =m$ by d\ble  columns4 ,9 ! old   
,*apel ( ! ,tr9ity 7de/roy$ by fire at !
 same  "t z ,conrad's ,*oir7 ,becket    
celebrat$ 8 fir/ ,mass z ,ar*bi%op4  ,8 
body lay 9 ! ,crypt imm$iately bel[ ?is 
spot4         8,9 e>li] times ! ea/]nmo/
 *apel _h conta9$ an alt> (       !     
,holy ,tr9ity1 :]e ,becket _h be5       
accu/om$ to say mass4       ,p>tly = !  
sake ( pres]v+ ! two old ,norman t[]s ( 
,/4       ,anselm & ,/4 ,&rew1 :i* /ood 
on ! nor? & s\? side (       ?is "p ( ! 
*ur*--b *iefly = ! sake ( fitly unit+   
to ! *ur* ?is ea/]n *apel on an enl>g$  
scale1 ! pill>s       ( ! *oir 7        
contract$ ) t s+ul> curve :i*           
attracts ! eye ( e spectator1 z ,g]vase 
=etold t x       w\ld1 :51 9 ord] to    
expla9 ?is peculi>ity1 he /at$ !        
two a=esaid reasons4 ,! ea/]n end ( !   
,ca!dral1 ?us       enl>g$1 =m$1 z at   
,ely1 a m spaci\s receptacle = !        
hon\r$ rema9s2 ! new ,tr9ity ,*apel1    
rea*+ consid]ably       beyond ! extreme

 limit ( its pr$ecessor1 & op5+ beyond  
into a yet fur!r *apel1 popul>ly call$  
,becket's ,cr[n4 ,!       w9d[s 7 duly  
fill$ ) ! ri*e/ pa9t$ glass ( !         
p]iod1 & among/ ^? on ! nor!rn side may 
/ill be trac$       elaborate           
repres5tations ( ! miracles wr\ght at ! 
subt]ranean tomb1 or by visions &       
int]cessions ( ! mighty       ,sa9t4    
,high 9 ! t[] ( ,/4 ,anselm1 on ! s\?   
side ( !       de/9$ site ( s great a   
treasure1 0 prep>$--a usual             
accompanim5t ( co/ly %r9es--! ,wat*+    
,*amb]4 ,x is a rude       ap>tm5t ) a  
fireplace :]e ! wat*] c\ld w>m himself  
dur+ ! long w9t] nights1 & a n>r[ gall]y
 betwe5 !       pill>s1 :5ce he c\ld    
ov]look ! :ole plat=m ( ! %r9e1       & 
at once detect any sacrilegi\s robb] :o 
0 attract$ by !       imm5se treasures  
!re collect$4 ,on ! occasion ( fires !  
,%r9e 0 additionally gu>d$ by a troop ( 
fi]ce ban-dogs4         8,:5 ! ,ca!dral 
0 ?us duly prep>$1 ! "t came = :at1     
9 ! language ( ^? days1 0 t]m$ !        

#8,translation' ( !       relics40--7,a4
 ,p4 ,s47    ,becket's body 0 remov$ "h 
on ,july #g1 #abbj 7,see page #d71 &    
rema9$ ! only occupant ( ?is *apel = m  
?an a hundr$  ye>s4    ,x only proves 9 
:at deep affection ! ,engli% nation held
 ! ,black  ,pr9ce to h plac$ 8 rema9s by
 ! side ( ,becket4 ,8 body lay 9  /ate 9
 ,we/m9/] f ,june #h1 #acgf1 to         
,septemb] #bi2 & on !  ,fea/ (          
,mi*aelmas x 0 tak5 to ,cant]bury1 :i*  
he _h select$  = 8 re/+-place4 ,!       
procession f ,london to ,cant]bury 0    
magnific5t2 & ! idol ( ! nation 0 laid n
 9 ! ,crypt1 z he  _h expect$1 b 9      
,tr9ity ,*apel4         8,9 ?is sacr$   
spot--believ$ at t "t to be ! mo/ sacr$ 
spot 9 ,engl&--! tomb /ood 9 :i* #8alone
 9 8 glory1' !       ,pr9ce 0 to be     
deposit$1 to be se5 & admir$ by all !   
c\ntless pilgrims :o crawl$ up ! /one   
/eps b5ea? x on       _! way to ! %r9e (
 ! sa9t4         8,let u turn to t tomb1
 & see h[ x sums up 8 :ole life4        
,its bright col\rs h long s9ce fad$1 b  

en\gh /ill rema9s       to %[ u :at x 0 
z x /ood aft] ! sacr$ rema9s ( him      
_h be5 plac$ )9 x4 ,!re he lies2 no o!r 
memorial ( him       exi/s 9 ! _w s     
au!ntic4 ,!re he lies1 z he _h          
direct$1 9 full arm\r1 8 head re/+ on 8 
helmet1 8 feet       ) ! lik5ess ( #8!  
spurs he won' at ,cressy1 8 h&s jo9$    
z 9 t la/ pray] :i* he _h (f]$ up on 8  
dea?b$4       ,!re y c see 8 f9e face ) 
! ,plantag5et features1 !       flat    
*eeks & ! well-*isell$ nose1 to be trac$
 p]haps 9       ! effigy ( 8 fa!r 9     
,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & 8 gr&fa!r       9    
,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral4 ,on 8 arm\r y c /ill 
see ! m>ks       ( ! bright gild+ ) :i* 
! figure 0 cov]$ f head       to foot1 s
 z to make x look l an image ( pure     
gold4 ,high       above are susp5d$ !   
braz5 gauntlets1 ! helmet1 ) :at 0      
once its gild$ leop>d-cre/1 & ! wood5   
%ield1 ! velvet       coat also1        
embroid]$ ) ! arms ( ,france & ,engl&1  
n[       tatt]$ & col\rless1 b !n blaz+ 
) blue & sc>let4       ,!re1 too1 /ill  

hangs ! empty scabb>d ( ! sword1 wield$ 
p]haps at 8 ?ree great battles1 & :i*   
,oliv] ,cromwell1 x       is said1 c>ri$
 away4 ,on ! canopy1 ov] ! tomb1 !re is 
!       fad$ repres5tation--pa9t$ aft] !
 /range fa%ion ( ^?       times--( !    
,p]sons ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 accord+ to ! 
peculi> devotion :i* he _h ent]ta9$4 ,9 
! pill>s y c       see ! hooks to :i* 0 
fa/5$ ! black tape/ry1 ) its            
crimson bord] & curi\s embroid]y1 :i* he
 direct$ 9 8       w %\ld be hung r\nd 8
 tomb & ! %r9e ( ,becket4 ,r\nd         
ab\t ! tomb1 too1 y w see ! o/ri*       
fea!rs1 :i*1       accord+ to ! old1 b  
d\btful tradition1 we are told he won at
       ,cressy f ! bl9d ,k+ ( ,bohemia1 
:o p]i%$ 9 ! ?ick (       ! fight2 &    
int]wov5 ) !m ! fam\s motto1 ) :i* he   
us$ to sign 8 "n1 #8,h\m\t1' #8,i*      
di5e4' ,if1 z seems mo/       likely1 !y
 are ,g]man words1 !y exactly express   
:at we h       se5 s (t5 9 8 life1 !    
union ( ,ho* mu? t is high       _s1 )  
,i* di51 ,i s]ve4 ,!y br+ be=e u ! v    

sc5e itself aft] ! battle ( ,poiti]s1   
:]e1 aft] hav+       vanqui%$ ! :ole    
,fr5* nation1 he /ood beh9d ! captive   
k+1 & s]v$ him l an att5dant4           
8,&1 la/ly1 c>v$ ab\t ! tomb1 is ! long 
inscription1       select$ by himself   
be=e 8 dea?1 9 ,norman ,fr5*1 & /ill    
! language ( ! c\rt1 writt51 z he begg$1
 cle>ly &       pla9ly1 t all might read
 x4 ,its purport is to contra/ 8        
=m] spl5d\r & vig\r & beauty ) ! wa/$   
body :i*       is n[ all t is           
left40--7,a4 ,p4 ,s47    ,! ,black      
,pr9ce's effigy ( brass 0 once entirely 
gilt4 ,r\nd !  tomb are escut*eons (    
arms1 & on ! canopy !re is a            
repres5tation ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity )       
emblems ( ! ,evangeli/s at  ! corn]s4   
,at ! foot ( ! ,black ,pr9ce's ,tomb is 
! monum5t ( ,ar*bi%op  ,c\rt5ay         
7#acha-acif71 ! great oppon5t ( !       
,wycliffites2 &  directly opposite is ! 
,tomb ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 & 8 ,que51 ,joan (  
,nav>re1 ^: effigies lie "u a mo/       
elaborate & beautiful  canopy4          

8,9 spite ( "s damage !y rema9 ! mo/    
int]e/+       repres5tations1 n only ( !
 co/ume ( ! "t1 b also1 we       _c     
d\bt1 ( ! actual features ( ! p]sons4   
,:5 ! tomb       0 op5$ "s "t ago !     
features ( ! k+ 7 se5 = a       mom5t & 
correspond$ closely ) ! repres5tation on
 !       tomb4 ,! figures at ! foot ( ! 
,que51 kn[n 9 h]aldry z       g5ets1 &  
to ! ord9>y p]son p]haps z weasels1     
appe> also       9 ! canopy comb9$ )    
eagles & ! motto #8,sov]ayne &          
,atemp]ance4' ,! defac$ pa9t+ on wood at
 ! foot ( ! tomb       repres5t$ !      
,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,?omas40--7,f4 & ,r47   
,adjo9+ ?is tomb is ! ,*apel ( ,h5ry    
,,iv4's ,*antry1 built1 z  direct$ 9 ! w
 ( ,k+ ,h5ry1 :o di$ 9 #adac1 8a        
*auntrie  p]petual ) twey pre/is = to s+
 & pray = my s\l40 ,x  conta9s ! fir/   
example 9 ,cant]bury ( ! 8fan-vault+10 s
  spl5didly repres5t$ 9 ! ,dean's       
,*apel4    ,! w9d[s "h & 9 ! ,corona    
%\ld be /udi$4         8,!y are ( !     
,?irte5? ,c5tury1 & among ! f9e/ ( ?is  

date 9 ,europe1 excell+ 9 _m respects ^?
 ( ,b\rges1 ,troyes       & ,*>tres2 #8=
 excell5ce ( draw+1 h>mony ( col\r+ &   
purity ( design !y are ju/ly consid]$   
unequall$4 ,! skill       ) :i* ! m9ute 
figures are repres5t$1 _c ev5 at ?is    
day be surpass$' 7,/anley74 ,rem>k      
especially ! great value       giv5 to !
 brilliant col\rs by ! pr(usion ( :ite &
       neutral t9ts4 ,! scrolls & bord]s
 surr\nd+ ! m$allions       are also (  
beauty4         8,! ?ree w9d[s rema9+ 9 
! aisles surr\nd+ ! ,tr9ity       ,*apel
 are entirely devot$1 z 7 all ! re/1 to 
! miracles       ( ,becket1 :i* comm5c$ 
imm$iately on ! dea? ( ! great          
m>tyr4 ,! miracles repres5t$ 9 !        
m$allions are ( v>i\s       *>act]s4 ,! 
,luc]na ,angli1 a true ,/4 ,?omas (     
,k&elb]g1 z       ! ,g]mans call$ him1  
re/ores sight to ! bl9d4 ,loss ( smell  
is recov]$ at ! %r9e ( ?is ,arbor       
,aromatica4 ,frequ5tly       he assi/s  
sailors1 ! rude crews ( ! ,c9que ,ports 
9 8 own       imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,at

 ! ,norway fi%+ 8 figure came           
glid+ ov] ! seas 9 ! dusk1 & desc5d$1   
burn+ l       fire1 to ! imp]ill$ %ips (
 ! ,crusad]s4 ,9 ! w9d[       t[>d !    
ea/1 on ! nor? ( ! ,%r9e1 is repres5t$ a
       rem>kable s]ies ( miracles1      
occurr+ 9 ! h\sehold ( a       knight   
nam$ ,jordan1 son ( ,eisulf1 ^: son is  
re/or$ to life       by ! wat] f ,/4    
,?omas's well1 :i*1 mix$ ) 8 blood1     
0 always c>ri$ (f by ! pilgrims4 ,! fa!r
 v[s an (f]+       to ! m>tyr be=e      
,mid-,l5t4 ,?is is neglect$2 ! :ole     
h\sehold aga9 suff]1 & ! son dies once  
m4 ,! knight &       8 wife1 bo? sick1  
drag !mselves to ,cant]bury1 p]=m _!    
v[ & ! son is f9ally re/or$4 ,on a      
m$allion 9 "o ( !       w9d[s on ! nor? 
side is a repres5tation ( ,becket's     
,%r9e1       ) ! m>tyr issu+ f x 9 full 
pontificals to say ,mass at       !     
alt>40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,at ! extreme  
ea/ end1 j beh9d ,tr9ity ,*apel1 is !   
circul>  apse call$ ,becket's ,cr[n1 or 
! ,corona4 ,on ! nor? side lies  ,c>d9al

 ,pole1 ,bloody ,m>y's c\s91 :o di$ !   
day aft] %e did4         8,! great      
lightness & beauty ( ! ,corona1 !       
extreme ea/ end       ( ! ,ca!dral1 are 
rem>kable4 ,x is ,engli% ,william's "w4 
,:5 ,ar*bi%op ,anselm 0 at ,rome 9 !    
e>ly "p ( 8       episcopate & att5d+ a 
c\ncil 9 ! ,lat]an1 a "q arose       z  
to 8 prop] place1 s9ce no ,ar*bi%op (   
,cant]bury _h z       yet be5 pres5t at 
a ,roman c\ncil4 ,pope ,pascal ,,ii4    
decid$ x by       assign+ to ! #8alt]ius
 orbis papa1' a seat 9 ! #8corona1'     
! mo/ hon\rable position4 ,x is possible
 t ?is fact may       h l$ ! ar*itects1 
on ! rebuild+ ( ! *oir1 to make       ! 
addition ( an ea/]n apse1 or corona1 :i*
 did n exi/ 9       ! e>li] *ur*4 ,9 x 7
 ! %r9es ( ,ar*bi%op ,odo &             
,wilfrid ( ,york1 & a gold5 reliqu>y 9 !
 =m ( a head1       conta9+ "s relic (  
,becket1 p]haps ! sev]$ scalp4 ,by a    
confusion ( its prop] "n ) ?is relic !  
ea/]n apse came       to be g5]ally kn[n
 z ,becket's ,cr[n4 ,on ! nor? side is !

       tomb ( ,c>d9al ,pole1 ,que5      
,m>y's ,ar*bi%op 7#aeef-aeeh7 & !       
la/ ,ar*bi%op buri$ at ,cant]bury4 ,8   
royal blood gave him a       title to s 
di/+ui%$ a place ( sepulture40--7,r4 ,j4
 ,k47    ,f "h "o ga9s ! be/ view ( !   
,ca!dral z a :ole4  ,cant]bury is "o ( !
 longe/ ( ca!drals 7#ead feet74    ,!   
c5tral w9d[ 7,?irte5? ,c5tury7 9        
,becket's ,cr[n is v  ornate4           
8,x is v complete & an admirable example
 ( ! intricate       symbolism ( ! "t4  
,! subjects are arrang$ 9 ?ree          
quatrefoils & two loz5ges3 !            
,crucifixion occupy+ a squ>e       panel
 at ! foot1 surr\nd$ by repres5tations (
 ! spies       c>ry+ ! great bun* (     
grapes2 ( ,moses /rik+ ! rock2 (       !
 sacrifice ( a lamb 9 ! ,temple1 & (    
,abraham (f]+ up       ,isaac on ,m\nt  
,moriah4 ,next above is a loz5ge-%ap$   
panel1       pa9t$ ) ! ,entombm5t1      
adjo9+ :i* we h ,joseph's       bre?r5  
putt+ him 9 ! pit2 ,samson %orn 9 8     
sleep by       ,delilah2 ,daniel 9 a    

wall$ city1 labell$ ,babilonia1 & ,jonah
 let       d[n into ! jaws ( ! :ale by  
two m5 9 a %ip4 ,above ^!       sc5es is
 a quatrefoil1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* we see ! 
,resurrection1 surr\nd$ by              
repres5tations ( ,moses & !       burn+ 
bu%2 ,noah 9 ! ,ark2 ,rahab lett+ !     
spies d[n by !       wall1 & ,jonah l&+ 
ne> ,n9eveh f ! m\? ( a great           
:ale4 ,!n ano!r loz5ge repres5ts !      
,asc5sion & ! sc5es       surr\nd+ x are
 ! ,ark ( ! ,m]cy-,seat2 ,elijah asc5d+ 
9 a       *>iot ( fire2 ! burial (      
,moses1 & ,hezekiah sick1 :ile an       
angel gives him ! sign ( ! %ad[ on !    
dial ( ,ahaz4 ,!       la/ ( ! s]ies is 
at ! top4 ,9 a squ>e panel we see !     
great ev5t ( ! ,day ( ,p5teco/4 ,above x
 ,*ri/ sits en?ron$       9 glory4      
,moses receiv+ ! ,two ,tables ( ! ,law  
is bel[4 ,on       "o side is ! fir/    
ord9ation ( deacons1 & on ! o!r !       
desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s on ! disciples4 ,! 
:ole /yle (       ?is w9d[ is lat] ?an t
 ( ! ,becket s]ies40--7,w4 ,j4 ,l47     

,illu/ration3 ,,cant]bury3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/
    ,illu/ration3 ,,ro*e/]3 ,,we/       
,,front    ,pass+ we/1 d[n ! /eps worn  
by ! pi\s pilgrims we rea* ,/4          
,anselm's ,t[] & ,*apel4 ,anselm's ,t[] 
7l ,/4 ,&rew's opposite7  is ,prior     
,ernulf's "w4 ,! elaborate s\? w9d[     
7#accf7 is ,decorat$  ( five lights4    
,/4 ,anselm's ,t[] is ent]$ ?r\gh       
spl5did gates ( anci5t wr\ght  iron4    
,at ! ea/ end beh9d ! ,alt> ( ,,ss4     
,pet] & ,paul1 ! great ,anselm          
7#ajic-aaji7 0 buri$4 ,ov] ! *apel is a 
small room ) a w9d[  look+ into !       
,ca!dral4 ,?is 0 ! ,wat*+ ,*amb]1 9 :i*1
 z  we h se51 a monk 0 /ation$ at night 
to keep wat* ov] !  ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,?omas4 
,!re is a tradition t ,k+ ,john (       
,france 0  imprison$ "h4    ,we n[ rea* 
! ,s\?-ea/ ,transept1 ! "w ( bo?        
,william ( ,s5s  & ,engli% ,william on  
,ernulf's walls4    ,at ! corn] ( !     
,s\?-we/ *oir-aisle ar*itects love to   
notice  ! r\nd ar* & d\ble zigzag ( !   
,norman /yle fitt$ into !  ,po9t$ ,ar* &

 dogtoo? ( ! re/oration ( #aahj4 ,"u !  
w9d[s  are ! tomb ( ,ar*bi%op ,reynolds 
& ! monum5t to ,hub]t ,walt]1  ! latt] !
 w>rior-prelate & ,crusad] :o kept !    
,realm =  ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion & rais$ !
 ransom = 8 release4    ,! /eps lead+   
d[n into ! great ,s\? ,transept are     
simil> to  ^? ( ! opposite ,transept ( !
 ,m>tyrdom4    ,op5+ ea/ f ?is ,transept
 is ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 or ,! ,w>riors'      
,*apel1 s nam$ because ( ! m>tial       
monum5ts & tombs conta9$ 9  x4    ,!    
fam\s ,ea/ ,k5t ,regim5t 8,! ,buffs0    
place _! memorials "h4  ,?is ,*apel is  
p>ticul>ly notable = conta9+ ! tomb (   
,/eph5  ,langton1 ! au?or ( ! ,magna    
,*>ta1 :i* is ( e>li] date ?an  ! *apel4
 ,a v beautiful alaba/] monum5t ( ,lady 
,m>g>et ,holl&  ) h] two husb&s1 ,john  
,beau=t1 son ( ,john ( ,gaunt1 & ! ,duke
  ( ,cl>5ce1 son ( ,h5ry ,,iv41         
beautifully repres5ts ! arm\r &  dress (
 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4    ,! ,w>riors'    
,*apel is ,p]p5dicul> 7ab\t #acgj71 ) a 
complex  li]ne vault4 ,! ar*itect is    

unkn[n4    ,directly opposite1 on ! o!r 
side ( ! ,*oir1 is ! ,transept (  !     
,m>tyrdom4 ,"h 0 erect$ a wood5 alt> to 
! ,virg91 :]e a  portion ( ! ,m>tyr's   
bra9s 7 exhibit$ "u a piece (           
rock-cry/al & fragm5ts ( ,le ,bret's    
sword4    ,be=e ?is alt> ,edw>d ,i4 0   
m>ri$ to ,que5 ,m>g>et 9 #abii4 ,a  rude
 repres5tation ( ! alt> may be se5 ov] !
 s\?-we/ door (  ! ,ca!dral4    ,return+
 to ! ,nor?-we/ ,transept1 we visit !   
sc5e ( !  ,m>tyrdom :i* took place ne>  
,/4 ,b5$ict's apsidal *apel 7n[  occupi$
 by ! ,dean's ,*apel7 ,dec4 #bi1 #aagj1 
dur+ vesp]s4 ,! we/  door f ! cloi/]s by
 :i* ,becket ent]$ & ! pavem5t by !     
wall1 :]e he fell1 rema94 ,he 0 m\nt+ ! 
/airs to ! nor?  aisle 7n[ remov$7 :5 ! 
knights attack$ him4    ,we h already   
notic$ ! great ,w9d[ "h1 :i* 0 ! gift1 9
  #adfe1 ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 & 8 ,que51 ^:   
8figures /ill rema9 9 x1 toge!r ) ^? ( 8
 daught]s       & ( ! two ,pr9ces murd]$
 9 ! ,t[]4 ,! #8rem>kably s(t       &   
silv]y appe>ance' ( ?is w9d[ has be5    

notic$ by ,mr4       ,w9/on4 ,9 its     
orig9al /ate ! ,virg9 0 pictur$ 9 x #89 
sev5 sev]al glori\s appe>ances' & 9 !   
c5tre 0 ,becket       himself at full   
l5g?1 rob$ & mitr$4 ,?is "p 0 demoli%$  
9 #afdb by ,ri*>d ,culm]1 call$ ,blue   
,dick1 ! great iconocla/       (        
,cant]bury1 :o #8rattl$ d[n pr\d        
,becket's glassie bones' )       a pike1
 & :o1 :5 ?us engag$1 n>r[ly escap$     
m>tyrdom       himself at ! h&s ( a     
malignant fell[-t[nsman40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47
    ,9 ?is transept /&s ! monum5t (     
,ar*bi%op ,peckham 7#abgi-abib7  ) 8    
effigy 9 ,iri% oak4 ,?is is ! e>lie/    
complete monum5t 9  ! ,ca!dral4    ,we  
n[ pass into ! ,dean's ,*apel1 occupy+ !
 site ( ,/4 ,b5$ict's  ,*apel4 ,x 0     
=m]ly ! ,lady-,*apel1 built by ,prior   
,gold/one 9  #adfj & d$icat$ to !       
,virg94 ,! beautiful fan-vault is simil>
 to  t 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel 9        
,we/m9/] ,abbey & to ! ro( ( !  /aircase
 lead+ to ! d9+-hall ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*      
,college1 ,ox=d4  ,! ,dean's ,*apel     

receiv$ its pres5t "n f ! numb] ( tombs 
&  monum5ts to deans "h1 "o ( ! mo/     
curi\s ( :i* is t (  ,dean ,boys1 :o di$
 9 #afbe4 ,he is repres5t$ z he 0 f\nd  
dead 9  8 ,libr>y1 & ! arrangem5t ( !   
books ) ! edges turn$  outw>d f ! %elves
 /rikes e "o z s+ul>4    ,ar*bi%op      
,w>ham1 ! la/ ,ar*bi%op be=e !          
,re=mation1 also lies  "h1 8 heavy tomb 
9 great contra/ to t ( ,ar*bi%op        
,peckham1  already m5tion$1 ne> x1--good
 examples ( ! /yles betwe5 #abib  &     
#aecc4    ,! ,ea/ ,w9d[ is also notable4
         8,! figures ( ,dean ,neville & 
8 bro!r1 aga9/ ! ea/]n       wall1 7    
transf]r$ to ?is place on ! de/ruction (
 !       *apel :i* =m]ly project$ f !   
s\? side ( ! nave1       & ( :i* ! m>ks 
9 ! wall are cle>ly visible4 ,9 ! ea/   
w9d[ "s po9ts may be not$4 ,we see !    
,neville arms1 & a r$       %ield ) :ite
 saltire1 & also ! elaborate ,b\*i]     
arms1       ! mo/ di/+ui%able features (
 :i* are ! wat] #8budgets1'       two   
curi\s r$ sk9s jo9$ toge!r at ! top1    

sometimes giv5       z an hon\rable     
blazon to ^? :o suppli$ an army ) wat]4 
,we also see ! ,b\*i] knot alt]nat+ 9   
mo/ ( ! panes )       ! oak leaf &      
acorn4 ,?is is ! m>k ( ,wood/ock40--7,f4
 &       ,r47    ,a door "h leads into !
 ,great ,cloi/]4    ,opposite to ,/4    
,anselm's1 ,/4 ,&rew's ,*apel1 n[ us$ z 
! ,*oir  ,ve/ry1 conta9s int]e/+ rema9s 
( col\r$ decorations4 ,9 old5  days ,/4 
,&rew's 0 a sacri/y1 :]e1 z we h se51 7 
kept !  v preci\s (f]+s to ! ,%r9e4 ,on 
! inn] side is a build+  ( late ,norman 
"w--?is 0 orig9ally ! ,treasury4    ,!  
,nor?-ea/ ,transept is a repetition ( ! 
,s\?-ea/ ,transept4 ,x1  h[ev]1 conta9s 
a monum5t to ,ar*bi%op ,tait1 design$ by
 ,boehm2 &  9 ! nor? wall are ?ree slits
 call$ hagiscopes4 ,?r\gh ^! 8holy  spy 
holes10 ! ,prior c\ld see ,mass be+     
celebrat$ at ! ,high ,alt>  & 9 ! alt>s 
9 ! ,*apels ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & ,/4 ,/eph5 9 !
  ,transept bel[4    ,be=e desc5d+ into 
! ,crypt we mu/ /op to look at ,/4      
,augu/9e's  ,*air1 by tradition ! ?rone 

on :i* ! k+s ( ,k5t 7 cr[n$  & giv5 by  
,e!lb]t to ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,all !         
,ar*bi%ops (  ,cant]bury h tak5 (fice 9 
x4         8,?is *air1 :i* is sometimes 
call$ ! *air ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1       b :i*
 belongs to ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 is      
compos$ ( ,purbeck       m>ble4 ,9 x ea*
 successive ar*bi%op = ! la/ six hundr$ 
ye>s has sat :5 he has be5 admitt$ to 8 
metropolitan       functions40--7,w4 ,h4
 ,f47    ,! fam\s ,crypt is usually     
ent]$ f ! ,s\? ,transept4 ,x is !  olde/
 "p ( ! ,*ur*1 hav+ be5 built betwe5    
#ajic & #aajg 9  ! reigns ( ,william    
,,ii4 & ,h5ry ,i4 ,x is heavy1 massive1 
d>k &  l[1 l all ,norman "w4 ,! capitals
 ( ! pill>s are qua9tly &  sometimes    
h>moni\sly c>v$2 "o "u ,/4 ,anselm's    
,*apel1 =  in/ance1 repres5ts a conc]t (
 bea/s play+ on musical in/rum5ts4  ,!  
:ole crypt 0 d$icat$ to ! ,bless$ ,virg9
 & 9 ! c5tre  /ood h] alt> & *apel4 8,! 
,virg9 ,"m10 ,erasmus wrote1 8has  !re  
an habitation1 b some:at d>k1 enclos$ ) 
a d\ble iron  rail1 = fe> ( ?ieves2 =   

inde$ ,i nev] saw any?+ m load$  )      
ri*es4 ,lights be+ br\ght we saw a m ?an
 royal spectacle4  ,?is *apel is n %[n b
 to noblem5 & p>ticul> fri5ds40    ,!   
beautiful ,scre51 :i* resembles ! scre5 
beh9d ! ,high ,alt>  ( ! *oir1 is ?\ght 
to h be5 add$ ) o!r decorations (  !    
,crypt at ! "t ( ! ,black ,pr9ce's      
m>riage to ! ,fair ,maid (  ,k5t        
7#acfc71 :5 he f\nd$ two *antries 9 !   
,crypt4 ,^! n[ =m  ! entrance to ! ,fr5*
 ,*ur*1 :]e ! desc5dants ( ! ,hugu5ot  &
 ,walloon refugees /ill hold s]vice 9 ! 
ritual ( _!  ance/ors4    ,que5         
,elizabe? gave up ! :ole ( ! ,crypt 9   
#aefa to ! ,flemi%  & ,fr5* refugees    
8:om ! rod ( ,alva bruis$40 ,!          
silk-weav]s  set up _! looms "h4        
,be=e ! magnific5t %r9e ( ! ,virg9 lies 
,h5ry ,,vii4's m9i/]1  ,c>d9al ,morton1 
^: tomb is enri*$ ) ! cr[n & roses (    
,york  & ,lanca/]1 ! ,c>d9al's hat1 !   
,tudor portcullis & a pass+  allusion to
 8 "n--,mort 7hawk7 & ,ton or ,tun 7a   
b>rel74 ,he assi/$  9 build+ ,bell ,h>ry

 7or ! ,angel7 ,t[]4    ,ano!r fam\s    
tomb 9 ! ,crypt is t ( ,isabel1 ,c\ntess
 ( ,a?oll1  gr&daught] ( ,k+ ,john &    
si/]-9-law ( ,john ,balliol1 ,k+ (      
,scotl&4 ,%e own$ ! ca/le ( ,*ilham ne> 
,cant]bury & di$ 9  #abib4 ,h] tomb /&s 
at ! entrance to ! ,*apel ( ,/4         
,gabriel4 ,!  latt] is extremely d>k1 b 
%[s1 :5 light$ up1 "s rem>kable         
frescoes ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury1 repres5t+ 
! ,nativity ( ,*ri/  & ( ,john !        
,bapti/4         8,fur!r beyond !       
,du*ess ( ,a?oll's tomb ! crypt is mu*  
l(ti] & becomes almo/ a *ur* 9 itself4  
,?is is ! "p       beyond ! apse ( !    
orig9al ,ca!dral1 ! place ( ,becket's   
fir/ burial1 :]e ,h5ry ,,ii4 did p5ance1
 pass+ ! night 9       fa/+ & 9 ! morn+ 
b>+ 8 back & receiv+ ?ree       la%es f 
ea* ( ! monks4 ,"h ! miracles began to  
be       wr\ght & ! ,tumba1 ev5 aft] its
 cont5ts 7 remov$1 0       /ill reckon$ 
a holy place4 ,! pres5t l(ty crypt 0    
built ov]       & r\nd ! ,tumba aft] !  
great fire ( #aagd2 &1 "s =ty       ye>s

 aft] its completion & t ( ! ,tr9ity    
,*apel above x1       ! rema9s ( ,becket
 7 translat$ by ,/eph5 ,langton1 )      
great pomp1 to ! %r9e prep>$ = !m 9 !   
sanctu>y       above40--7,w4 ,h4 ,f47   
,! ,crypt is l>gely ! "w ( ,ernulf2 & ! 
diap] patt]n &  m>ble %aft by ! door t  
leads f ! ,s4 ,e4 corn] ( !  ,m>tyrdom1 
occur aga9 9 ,ro*e/]1 :]e ,ernulf became
 bi%op 7,see  page #cd74 ,a /atue (     
,ernulf1 int5d$ = ! we/ front ( !       
,ca!dral1 is n[ 9 8 ,crypt4    ,! l[] "p
 ( ! ,crypt ends t[>ds ! ea/ 9 a        
semi-circul>  sweep ( pill>s4 ,! end ( !
 ,crypt 0 built by ,ernulf 9 #ajif4     
,! old ,b5$ict9e ,conv5t ( ,*ri/'s ,*ur*
 t ,/4 ,augu/9e  e/abli%$ grew to be ( !
 utmo/ importance4 ,portions ( ! massive
  wall by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$ /ill rema94 
,! mona/ic build+s  7 num]\s & ext5sive4
 ,! ,prior1 :o _h ! "r ( we>+ !  mitre &
 c>ry+ ! episcopal /aff1 liv$ 9 great   
dignity4 ,9 a set  ( /ate *amb]s1 kn[n z
 ! ,mei/' ,om]s & belong+ to ! ,prior1  
pilgrims ( high rank 7 lodg$4 ,some:]e 9

 ! vic9ity ( !  ,infirm>y & its *apel 0 
! miracul\s ,well ( ,/4 ,?omas1 :i*     
appe>$ 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,a passage 
& ! ,d>k ,entry1  haunt$ by ! gho/ (    
,nell ,cook ( ! ,+oldsby ,leg5ds1 takes 
u  into ! ,priors'1 or ,gre5 ,c\rt1     
plant$ ) l9d5 trees1 or limes1  z !     
,engli% call !m4 ,"h we f9d rema9s ( !  
great ,dormitory1  ! ,gue/ ,h\se1 built 
by ,prior ,gold/one1 ! ,norman ,almonry 
,gate &  ! ,norman ,/aircase1 ! only    
con/ruction ( its k9d exi/+4 ,!  ,hall  
above 0 built 9 #ahee4    ,! beautiful  
,cloi/]s1 ! "w ( ,prior ,*ill5d5 7ab\t  
#adjj71 are  decorat$ on ! ro( ) ! arms 
( ,k5ti% families4 ,9 !  nor?we/ corn]  
is ! doorway ?r\gh :i* ,becket pass$ to 
8  doom4         8,! cloi/] occupies !  
same space z ! ,norman cloi/] built     
by ,lanfranc1 b ( ! ,norman "w only a   
doorway rema9s at !       nor?-ea/      
corn]2 !re is "s ,e>ly ,engli% arcad+ on
 !       nor? side1 b ! pres5t trac]y & 
fan-work$ ro( belong to       ! end ( ! 
,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 :5 ,ar*bi%ops         

,sudbury1       ,arundell & ,c\rt5ay1 & 
,prior ,*ill5d5 7#acij-adaa7 rebuilt    
! nave1 ! cloi/] & ! *apt]-h\se4 ,!     
latt] "w cuts       across ! old] 9 !   
mo/ unc]emoni\s way1 z is se5           
especially 9 ! squ>e doorway by :i* we  
%all pres5tly ent]       ! ,m>tyrdom1   
:i* cuts into a f> m beautiful portal ( 
!       ,decorat$ p]iod4 ,if we take our
 /& at ! nor?-we/ corn] (       !       
cloi/]1 f :i* a v f9e view is ga9$ ( !  
,ca!dral1 especially ab\t sunset1 we may
 picture to ourselves !       life ( !  
monks4 ,above ! nor?-ea/]n side ( !     
cloi/] are       ! old ,norman ar*es (  
_! dormitory1 n[ tak5 9 to ! new        
libr>y2 on ! ea/]n side is ! *apt]-h\se1
 ) its f9e       geometrical ceil+1 :]e 
!y transact$ _! bus9ess2 on !       s\? 
! great *ur*1 ! s]vices ( :i* occupi$ s 
_m       h\rs ( ! day40--7,w4 ,h4 ,f47  
,,ro*e/]         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4      
,,&rew4 ,,=m]ly ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,a       
,,b5$ict9e       ,,mona/]y4             
,,special ,,features3 ,,door ,,(        

,,*apt]-,,h\se2 ,,we/ ,,doorway2        
,,crypt4      ,aft] l&+ 9 #efg1 ,/4     
,augu/9e prea*$ 9 ,ro*e/]1 :]e  ,e!lb]t 
soon f\nd$ ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,&rew = secul>  
canons4 ,9  #fjd1 a bi%op 0             
appo9t$1--,/4 ,augu/9e's companion1     
,ju/us4 ,ju/us  became ,ar*bi%op (      
,cant]bury 9 #fbd1 & 0 succe$$ 9 ,ro*e/]
  by ,paul9us2 & he1 9 8 turn1 by ! fir/
 ,engli% bi%op1 ,/4  ,y?am> 7#fdd-fee74 
,ro*e/]'s ?ree *ief sa9ts 9 e>ly days 71
  !re=e1 ,ju/us1 ,paul9us & ,y?am>4     
,gundulf1 a monk ( ,bec 9 ,norm&y1 0    
appo9t$ to ,ro*e/] 9 #ajgf4  ,he        
imm$iately turn$ x into a ,b5$ict9e     
mona/]y & built a *ur*  = 8 monks4      
,gundulf 0 "o ( ! greate/ ar*itects ( 8 
day3 he  also built ! great ,keep (     
,ro*e/] ,ca/le1 portions ( ! ,t[] (     
,london & ! ,ca/le ( ,dov]4 ,! ,saxon   
,ca!dral _h suff]$ f  ! ravages ( !     
,danes & ^u ! ru9s1 ,gundulf1 )         
assi/ance  f ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc (      
,cant]bury1 complet$ a l>g] ca!dral     
betwe5 #ajhj & #ajhi4 ,! plan 0 peculi>3

 x 0 nei!r ,engli% nor  ,norman4        
8,all ?is "w ( ,gundulf's is n[ gone    
except portions ( !       crypt1 ! keep 
& ! nave4 ,( ,gundulf's nave !re rema9  
on !       s\? side five ar*es1 toge!r )
 ! l[] p>ts ( ! walls       ( bo?       
aisles4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r he built   
any "p (       ! tri=ium or cl]e/ory4   
,at pres5t 8 "w c only be se5       9   
its orig9al condition f ! side ( !      
aisles4 ,!       pi]>*es _h orig9ally   
two squ>e ord]s1 :i* rema9 unalt]$      
on ! side ( ! aisle 7cf4 ,w9*e/]        
transept74 ,gundulf's       masonry 0 9 
r\gh tufa40--7,f4 ,b47    ,gundulf plac$
 ! relics ( ,/4 ,paul9us 9 a silv] %r9e 
at !  ea/]n end ( 8 new ca!dral4        
,ernulf1 ,prior ( ,cant]bury1 began !   
second ,norman *ur* ab\t #aabj4  ,?is 0 
cont9u$ by 8 successor1 ,john (         
,cant]bury4         8,subsequ5tly ! *oir
 0 re-arrang$ & ! nave p>tly            
rebuilt1 p>tly re-fac$1 add$ to1 & f9i%$
 ) ! we/       front1 :i*1 to a great   
ext5t1 /ill rema9s4 ,?is lat] ,norman   

"w 0 c>ri$ out f ea/ to we/ dur+ !      
episcopate (       ,ernulf 7#aaae-bd7 & 
,john ( ,cant]bury 7#aabe-cg74 ,! upp]  
"p       ( ! we/ front & "s ( ! c>v+ may
 n h be5       complet$ )9 ev5 t p]iod4 
,:at seems c]ta9 is1 t we       are     
indebt$ to lat] ,norman build]s = !     
re-cas+ ( !       pi]s ( ! nave arcade1 
! great] ri*ness ( _! capitals1       ! 
out] decorat$ ord] ( ! ar*es1 ! tri=ium 
) its       ri*ly diap]$ tympana1 & !   
we/ front4 ,assign+ mo/ (       ^! works
 to ! "t ( ,bi%op ,john1 z seems be/1 we
 c po9t       to o!rs t te/ify to       
,ernulf's ar*itectural skill4 ,he is    
record$ to h built ! refectory1         
dormitory & *apt]-h\se4       ,portions 
( ^! /ill rema91 & "o feature1 9 !      
ornam5tation ( ! *apt]-h\se1 especially1
 m>ks x z 8       "w4 ,?is is a peculi> 
lattice-l diap]1 :i* occurs             
else:]e at ,ro*e/]--9 fragm5ts t belong$
 probably to a       beg9n+ by him ( !  
r5ovation ( ! *oir--b has only be5      
notic$ at "o o!r place3 by ! entrance to

 ! crypt at       ,cant]bury1 :]e also x
 is due to him40--7,g4 ,h4 ,p47    ,!   
,ca!dral 0 d$icat$ 9 #aacj2 b :ile ,k+  
,h5ry ,i41 !  ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury &  
_m ( ! nobility 7 /ill 9 !  city a fire 
broke out 8)\t any reg>d to ! maje/y ( !
 ,k+1  gr&eur ( ! *ur* or solemnity ( ! 
occasion10 z an old  *ronicle qua9tly   
obs]ves1 & greatly damag$ ! new *ur*4   
,two o!r fires occurr$ 9 ! same c5tury1 
& 9 #aagi ! monks set  to "w to rebuild 
! :ole ca!dral4         8,z usual !y    
arrang$ _! build+ op]ations s z to avoid
       int]f]+ ) ! s]vices 9 ! *oir z   
long z possible4       ,fir/ !y rebuilt 
! nor? aisle ( ! *oir1 b n s high z     
x is at pres5t4 ,! aisle rema9$ n>r[    
because ,gundulf's t[]       0 9 ! way4 
,b ! s\? aisle ( ! *oir !y d\bl$ 9      
wid?4 ,next !y set to "w at ! ea/ end1  
plann+ x1 z at       ,h]e=d1 z an ea/]n 
transept ) an ea/]n aisle &             
project+ ea/w>d an oblong sanctu>y 7cf4 
,s\?well74 ,! new       transept 0 l(ty 
& broad2 & x is q possible t x 0        

built ov] ! top ( ,gundulf's ea/ end )\t
 di/urb+ daily       s]vices )9 x4 ,!n  
:5 all 0 f9i%$ ,gundulf's ea/ end       
0 pull$ d[n4 ,unlike ! ,worce/] monks !y
 pres]v$ !       level ( ! ,elev5?      
,c5tury *oir1 & consequ5tly _h to       
cont9ue ,gundulf's crypt ea/w>d4 ,9 !   
new presbyt]y is se5       ! same curi\s
 mixture ( quadrip>tite & sexp>tite     
vault+       z 9 ,/4 ,hugh's ea/]n      
transept at ,l9coln4 ,all ?is "w 0      
f9i%$ 9 #abbg40--7;,g4 ,h4 ,p47    ,!   
monks 7 enabl$ to und]take rebuild+ on  
?is l>ge scale  because 9 #abja !y      
acquir$ a new sa9t4 ,a bak] ( ,p]?1 nam$
  ,william1 fam$ = 8 piety1 />t$ to !   
,holy ,l&4 ,he got z f> z  ! road to    
,cant]bury1 :]e 8 s]vant kill$ him = 8  
money4 ,!  monks f\nd ! body & buri$ x 9
 ! *oir ( ,/4 ,&rew's4 ,/4  ,william    
soon began to "w miracles & attract$ _m 
( ! pilgrims  on _! way to ! ,%r9e ( ,/4
 ,?omas at ,cant]bury4 ,! *oir1  rebuilt
 by means ( ! (f]+s1 0 fir/ us$ = s]vice
 9 #abbg4         8,! *oir & transepts (

 ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral are a v               
beautiful & rem>kable example ( ,e>ly   
,engli%4 ,! ar*itect       0 ,william de
 ,hoo1 fir/ sacri/an1 !n prior1 & !re is
 "s       reason to believe t he is !   
same p]son z ,william ! "y              
,engli%man1 :o assi/$ ,william ( ,s5s   
aft] 8 fall f !       scaffold at       
,cant]bury1 & complet$ ! "w !re4 ,a "y  
man       at ,cant]bury 9 #aahe1 able to
 c>ry on & complete su* a "w1       may 
v well h become ! ar*itect on 8 own     
acc\nt ( !       daught] *ur* ( ,ro*e/] 
9 #abja-abbg1 & !re is great            
resemblance 9 /yle betwe5 ,ro*e/] & !   
lat] "w at       ,cant]bury40--7,j4 ,h4 
,p47    ,ab\t ?is "t ! monks resolv$ to 
h a c5tral t[] & to  rebuild ! nave4    
,:ile all ?is "w 0 go+ on1 ! *ur* 0     
desecrat$ by ! troops ( ,simon de       
,mont=t4 ,a *ronicl] relates t          
8,!y ent]$ ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,&rew on ! day  
on :i* ! ,"l       hung on ! cross =    
s9n]s4 ,arm$ knights on _! horses1      
c\rs+ ar\nd ! alt>s1 dragg$ away )      

impi\s h&s "s       :o fl$ = refuge     
?i!r1 ! gold & silv] & o!r preci\s      
?+s be+ ) viol5ce c>ri$ (f !nce4 ,!     
build+s 7       turn$ into horses'      
/ables1 & ev]y:]e fill$ ) ! dung (      
animals & ! defilem5t ( dead bodies40   
,9 #acdc ! c5tral t[] 0 complet$ by     
,bi%op ,hamo de ,hy!1 :o  hung 9 its    
wood5 spire f\r bells1 nam$ ,dun/an1    
,paul9us1 ,y?am>  & ,lanfranc4 ,bi%op   
,hamo is said to h recon/ruct$ 9 alaba/]
 &  m>ble ! %r9es ( ,paul9us & ,y?am>4  
,to ! middle ( !  ,f\rte5? ,c5tury      
belongs also ! beautiful doorway lead+  
into !  ,*apt]-,h\se & ,libr>y4    ,9 ! 
,fifte5? ,c5tury1 ! cl]e/ory & vault+ ( 
!  nor?-*oir-aisle 7 f9i%$ & ,p]p5dicul>
 w9d[s 7 plac$ 9  ! nave aisles4 ,!     
great we/ w9d[ 0 ins]t$ ab\t #adgj1 & ! 
:ole ( ! ,norman cl]e/ory 0 tak5 (f & a 
new cl]e/ory & a  new wood5 ro( 7 put   
up4 ,! nor!rn p9nacle ( ! we/ gable 0   
also rebuilt4 ,ab\t #adij1 !            
,lady-,*apel 0 erect$ 9 ! corn]  betwe5 
! s\? transept & ! nave4    ,9 #aedj !  

,ca!dral surr5d]$ to ! ,k+2 & became    
kn[n z !  ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ & !    
,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,9 #aeeh ! body  ( 
,c>d9al ,pole re/$ "h "o night on its   
way to ,cant]bury4 ,an  eyewitness      
speaks (         8! fun]al pompe :i*    
trulie 0 great & answ]able bo? to       
8 bir? & call+1 ) /ore ( burn+ tor*es & 
m\rn+       we$es4 ,at :at "t 8 c(f91   
be+ br\ght into ! *ur*1 0       cov]$ ) 
a clo? ( black velvet1 ) a great cross (
 :ite       satt5 ov] all ! l5g? & br$? 
( ! same1 9 ! mid/ (       :i* cross 8  
,c>d9al's hat 0 plac$40    ,! *ur*      
suff]$ f ! ,puritans 9 #afdb4    ,samuel
 ,pepys speaks ( repairs 9 #affa4 ,m 7  
made 9 #agdb-dc4 ,9  #agdi1 ! /eeple 0  
rebuilt4 ,a new organ 0 acquir$ 9 #agia2
 & at  ! close ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury !  
upp] "p ( ,gundulf's t[]  0 tak5 d[n4   
,?r\gh\t ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury repairs &   
re/orations 7  con/antly made4 ,! glass 
*iefly consi/s ( memorials to h]oes (  !
 w>s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4    ,! be/    
approa* is f ! ,high ,/reet ?r\gh !     

,college ,gate1  :i* m>ks ! entrance to 
! ,prec9cts1 or ,gre5 ,*ur* ,haw4 ,?is  
is  also kn[n z ,*]tseys1 or ,cemet]y   
,gate1 :i* lov]s ( ,dick5s  rememb] z   
,jasp]'s ,gateway2 = ,cloi/]ham ( ,edw9 
,drood is  ,ro*e/]4 ,! ,dean]y ,gate    
dat+ f ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 0  =m]ly 
! ,sacri/y ,gate4 ,! ,priors' ,gate     
dates f ! ,f\rte5?  ,c5tury4    ,! nor? 
side ( ! nave %[s two-light$ ,p]p5dicul>
 w9d[s )  irregul> quatrefoils 9 _!     
heads2 ! nor? transept 7,e>ly ,engli%7  
a high gable ) ?ree circul> w9d[s &     
p9nacles4 ,& on ! nor?  side ( ! *oir   
,gundulf's ,t[] to :i* !re are two      
entrances1--"o  ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! nor?  
wall1 ! o!r ?r\gh a doorway 9 !  s\?-we/
 corn]4 ,9 ! angle betwe5 ! s\? aisle & 
transept we  note ! ,lady-,*apel        
7,p]p5dicul>7 ) ?ree-light$ w9d[s ?ree  
bays long f ea/ to we/ & well-buttress$2
 ! s\? side ( !  *oir conta9s ?ree      
lancet w9d[s & a f9e doorway t us$ to   
op5  into ! cloi/]s4 ,! s\? transept    
7,e>ly ,decorat$7 is well  buttress$ &  

its gable adorn$ ) p9nacles & g>goyles4 
,!  l[e/ r[ ( w9d[s belongs to ! crypt4 
,! ,we/ ,front has be5 re/or$4 ,! great 
c5tral w9d[1 & ! flat  gable above1 are 
,p]p5dicul> 7re/or$71 b all ! re/ is    
ei!r  orig9al ,norman "w1 or z accurate 
a reproduction ( ?is z possible4    ,!  
great ,we/ ,doorway 7late ,norman7 dates
 f ! fir/ half ( !  ,twelf? ,c5tury4    
8,x is =m$ by five rec$+ ar*es & e /one 
( ea* (       ^! is c>v$ ) v>y+         
ornam5tal designs4 ,betwe5 ! second     
& ?ird ( !m runs a l9e ( cable m\ld+1 an
 ornam5t :i*       occurs also inside ! 
door4 ,ea* ar* has its own %aft & !     
gr\ps ( five on ea* side are elaborately
 b&$4 ,! %afts h       ri*ly sculptur$  
capitals1 & 9 ^? on ! s\? side1 z well  
z 9 ! tympanum1 ! signs ( ! ,evangeli/s 
appe>4 ,! %afts       second f ! door on
 ei!r side are c>v$ ) /atues1 two (     
! olde/ 9 ,engl&4 ,^! are mu* mutilat$1 
b !y 7       ?\ght wor?y ( great praise 
by ,flaxman4 ,t on ! spectator's        
left is said to repres5t ,k+ ,h5ry ,i4 &

 ! o!r 8 wife1 !       #8good ,que5     
,maud4' ,?is attribution is probably    
correct1 z ^!       sov]eigns 7 bo?     
great b5efactors to ! ,ca!dral & 7      
liv+ :5 ! front 0 be+ built4 ,! figure (
 ! ,que5 has       suff]$ ! m2 x is     
record$ to h be5 especially ill-us$     
by ! ,p>liam5t>ians 9 ! days ( ! great  
,civil ,w>4 ,!       tympanum conta9s a 
figure ( ,our ,"l1 seat$ 9 ,glory1 )9 an
       aureole support$ by two angels4  
,8 "r h& is rais$ 9       b5$iction & 8 
left h& holds a book4 ,outside ! aureole
 are       ! symbols ( ! f\r            
,evangeli/s3 ! ,angel ( ,/4 ,mat!w &    
! ,eagle ( ,/4 ,john1 "o on ea* side    
above ! ,w+$ ,lion (       ,/4 ,m>k & ! 
,ox ( ,/4 ,luke simil>ly plac$ bel[4 ,a 
/raight       b& ( masonry crosses b5ea?
 ! lunette1 & has c>v$ on x       twelve
 figures1 n[ mu* mutilat$1 b suppos$ to 
h       repres5t$ ! twelve ,apo/les4    
,all ! sculptur$ "w ( !       portal has
 suff]$ greatly f age & exposure & f !  
h&       ( man4 ,9 ! rec5t re/oration ! 

cop+ has be5 r5ew$1 !       %afts h be5 
giv5 sep>ate bases once m & _m ( !      
mo/ worn /ones h be5 replac$ by new ones
 c>v$ 9       facsimile40--7,g4 ,h4 ,p47
    ,?is doorway resembles ^? on !      
,cont95t & %[s ! influ5ce (  ! ,ea/4    
,freeman says3 8,! sup]b we/]n portal at
 ,ro*e/]  ,ca!dral is by f> ! f9e/      
example ( ?is k9d1 if n ! f9e/  ( all   
,norman doorways40    ,! ,mayor &       
,corporation ( ,ro*e/] /ill h ! "r (    
entry 9  _! robes by ?is door1 ?r\gh :i*
 we n[ pass4 ,imm$iately we  desc5d f\r 
/eps into ! ,nave3         8,! nave1    
#aej feet long to ! cross ( ! lant]n1 is
 ,norman1 z       f> z ! la/ two bays   
ea/w>d4 ,if1 z is mo/ probable1 x is a  
"p ( ,gundulf's "w1 x 01 no d\bt1 a copy
 ( ! ,norman nave       at ,cant]bury2 &
 we are ?us enabl$ to judge fairly :at !
       appe>ance ( ! metropolitan       
ca!dral 0 9 ?is "p ( x4       ,its      
ar*itecture is pla9] ?an t ( !          
contempor>y examples       9 ,france1   
?\gh ow+ to its hav+ be5 always de/9$ = 

a       wood5 ro(1 ! pi]s & ! design    
g5]ally are light] ?an       :]e        
prep>ation 0 made = a /one vault4 ,!    
tri=ium is       ri*ly ornam5t$2 & !    
ar*es op5 to ! space above !            
side-aisles z well z to ! nave1 a       
peculi>ity :i* bo?       ,ro*e/] &      
,cant]bury may h receiv$ f ! *ur* ( ,/4 
,/eph5's at ,ca51 :]e ! same arrangem5t 
may /ill be se54       ,lanfranc1 !     
build] ( ! ,norman *ur* at ,cant]bury1  
_h be5       ,abbot ( ,/4 ,/eph5's4 ,!  
cl]e/ory w9d[s above1 l ^? (       !    
aisles1 are ,p]p5dicul>2 & ! ro( seems  
to h be5       rais$ at ! "t ( _!       
ins]tion4 ,?is is ( timb] & q           
pla94         8,9 pass+ beyond ! ,norman
 portion ( ! nave to ! ,e>ly            
,engli%1 ( :i* ne>ly all ! re/ ( !      
,ca!dral consi/s1       ! /rong influ5ce
 ( ,cant]bury is at once app>5t4 ,!     
d\ble       transepts1 ! numb]less %afts
 ( ,petwor? m>ble1 & p]haps       !     
flights ( /airs asc5d+ f ei!r side ( !  
crypt1       recall imm$iately ! works (

 ! two ,williams 9 !       metropolitan 
*ur*1 :i* always ma9ta9$ ! close/       
connection       ) ,ro*e/]1 h] e>lie/   
daught]40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,at ! end ( 
! nor!rn aisle we note ! e>ly ,f\rte5?  
,c5tury  doorway = ! use ( ! p>i%ion]s (
 ,/4 ,ni*olas's alt>4 ,!  l[] end ( !   
s\!rn aisle t]m9ates 9 a bl9d arcade (  
?ree  ar*es4 ,ea* aisle end has also a  
r\nd-head$ ,norman w9d[4 ,! great  ,we/ 
,w9d[ is divid$ into eight lights       
sep>at$ into    ,illu/ration3 ,,ro*e/]3 
,,nave1 ,,ea/    ,illu/ration3 ,,ro*e/]3
 ,,*oir1 ,,we/    two r[s by a          
horizontal mullion4 ,! glass            
commemorates ! (fic]s  & m5 ( ! ,royal  
,eng9e]s :o fell 9 ! ,s\? ,african &    
,afghan  campaigns4 ,! subjects are     
,biblical sc5es & h]oes4    ,9 ! s\?-we/
 corn] ( ! ,nave1 a *>m+ little ,norman 
doorway  op5s into ! t[]4 ,a f9e        
embattl$ m\ld+ runs r\nd ! ar*4    ,!   
cross+ is noticeable = ! f9ely clu/]$   
%afts ( !  t[]-pi]s4    ,! ,nor?        
,transept 7,e>ly ,engli%7 dates f ab\t  

#abce4 ,! ,s\?  ,transept 7,e>ly        
,decorat$7 is lat]4 ,! nor? transept is 
! ri*] (  ! two4 ,! corbels ( mona/ic   
heads ( great excell5ce des]ve  notice4 
,9 ! ea/ wall1 opposite ! entrance to ! 
,p]p5dicul>  ,lady-,*apel1 two bays 7   
includ$ "u "o ar* to =m a recess =  !   
alt> ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ab\t #acbj4    ,! 
s\? transept und]w5t "s alt]ation :5 !  
,lady-,*apel 0  built4 ,on ! wall "u !  
c5tral w9d[ a monum5t to ,ri*>d ,watts  
0 erect$ 9 #agcf4 ,watts1 a memb] (     
,que5 ,elizabe?'s second  ,p>liam5t1    
ent]ta9$ h] at 8,satis ,h\se0 9 #aegc4  
,he also left  provisions 9 8 w = ! poor
 & f\nd$ 9 #aegi ! 8,h\se (  ! ,six     
,poor ,travell]s10 :]e nightly six poor 
wayf>]s are provid$  ) supp]1 b$ &      
breakfa/ & pres5t$ ) f\rp5ce :5 !y      
leave4    ,ne> ! ,watts monum5t a brass 
tablet to ,*>les ,dick5s1 :o made !     
,h\se ( ! ,six ,poor ,travell]s fam\s1  
connects 88 memory ) !  sc5es 9 :i* 8   
e>lie/ & late/ ye>s 7 pass$ & ) !       
associations ( ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral & its   

neighb\rhood1 :i*  ext5d$ ov] all 8     
life40    ,! ,*oir1 rea*$ by a flight ( 
t5 /eps1 is high] ?an ! nave4 ,x  is    
ent]$ ?r\gh iron gates 9 ! c5tral       
doorway ( ! scre51  :i* repres5t ,/4    
,&rew1 ,k+ ,e!lb]t1 ,/4 ,ju/us1 ,/4     
,paul9us1  ,bi%op ,gundulf1 ,william de 
,hoo1 ,bi%op ,walt] de ,m]ton & ,c>d9al 
,john ,fi%]1 design$ by ,mr4 ,john      
,pe>son4    ,! organ is on ! scre5 b5ea?
 ! *oir-ar*4 ,! ,*oir1 remodell$  9     
#ahbe-ahcj1         8is ent]$ by a      
flight ( /eps r5d]$ necess>y1 z at      
,cant]bury1 by ! height ( ! crypt bel[4 
,x 0 complet$       suffici5tly = use 9 
#aabg4 ,x is ?or\ghly develop$ ,e>ly    
,engli%1 al?\gh mu* has evid5tly be5    
borr[$1 ev5 9 detail1       f !         
,cant]bury transition "w4 ,x is n>r[ &  
some:at       heavy2 defects n light5$  
by ! woodwork ( ! /alls1 :i*       is   
indiff]5t1 or by ! use ( col\r1--a s+le 
l9e ( :i*1       h[ev]1 is c>ri$ along !
 ribs ( ! vault+ ) v good       effect4 
8,! brackets ( ,e>ly ,engli% foliage1 f 

:i* ! bl9d       wall-ar*es spr+1 %\ld  
be notic$4 ,two l>ge ones especially1   
at ! angles ( ! ea/]n transept1 are     
excell5t specim5s (       ?is p]iod1    
be=e ! naturalism ( ! ,decorat$ _h begun
 to       develop itself4 ,a fragm5t (  
mural pa9t+1 app>5tly ( !       same    
date z ! *oir itself1 rema9s on ! wall1 
close above !       pulpit4 ,! pa9t+1 :5
 entire1 is said to h repres5t$ a       
subject n uncommon 9 e>ly *ur*es--!     
,:eel ( ,=tune )       v>i\s            
figures--k+1 prie/1 husb&man &          
o!rs--climb+       x40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47   
,?is pa9t+ 7#e feet #aj in*es high & #b 
feet #b in*es wide7 dates  f ! ,?irte5? 
,c5tury4 ,=tune dress$ z a que51 & 9    
yell[1  moves ! :eel ) h] "r h&4        
,pass+ into ! ,nor?-*oir-transept1 /ill 
,e>ly ,engli% & a "p  ( ,william de     
,hoo's "w1 ! fir/ po9t ( int]e/ is ,/4  
,william's  ,tomb1 at ! nor?-ea/ corn]1 
( ,purbeck m>ble1 ) a floriat$  cross4  
,t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! transept is a flat   
/one m>k$ ) six  crosses1 ^u :i* ,/4    

,william's ,%r9e is said to h re/$4 ,!  
/eps :i* desc5d into ! nor? aisle ( !   
,*oir are1 z at  ,cant]bury1 deeply worn
 by ! con/ant asc5t ( pilgrims4    ,we/ 
( ! ,sa9t's tomb lies ,walt] de ,m]ton1 
f\nd] ( ,m]ton  ,college1 ,ox=d1 &      
,bi%op ( ,ro*e/] f #abgd to #abgg4 ,8   
tomb is  a v beautiful example ( ,e>ly  
,decorat$4    ,! pres5t arrangem5t ( !  
ea/ end is ! "w ( ,sir ,g4 ,scott4 ,!   
,*oir-/alls 7 design$ by ,sir ,g4       
,scott1 :o incorporat$ z mu* (  ! old "w
 z possible4    ,j beh9d ! ,alt>1 above 
:i* is a picture ( ,! ,angels appe>+  to
 ! ,%eph]ds1 by ,b5jam9 ,we/ 7plac$ !re 
9 #aghh71 is a f9e  ,pisc9a4 ,opposite  
?ree /one ,s$ilia 7late ,p]p5dicul>7    
des]ve  notice4    ,9 ! rail$-(f        
transept aisle1 kn[n z ,/4 ,john !      
,bapti/'s  ,*apel1 or ,w>n] ,*apel1     
because ( ! monum5ts to memb]s ( !      
,w>n] family 78,palladian0 9 /yle1      
#afff-afih71 !re is an old  wea!r-worn  
/atue :i* tradition says is a portrait (
 ,gundulf4    ,9 ! ea/]n aisle ( !      

nor?-ea/ transept is ! ,tomb ( ,bi%op   
,john ,de ,%eppy 7#acec-acfj74 ,x is    
8probably ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( anci5t 
col\r-"w n[       exi/+ 9 ,engl&4 ,x _h 
be5 brick$ up )9 ! ar* :]e       x /ill 
rema9s1 & 0 discov]$ dur+ ! repairs 9   
#ahbe4       ,! col\rs & monum5ts des]ve
 ! mo/ c>eful att5tion1 z       well =  
_! own beauty z = _! great value z      
au?orities4       ,9 ! maniple held ov] 
! left arm1 "s ( ! cry/als )       :i* x
 0 /udd$ /ill rema94 ,rem>k ! c\*ant    
dogs at !       feet4 ,ab\t _! necks are
 sc>let coll>s1 hung ) bells4 ,an       
inscription ) ! ,bi%op's "n surr\nds !  
effigy40--7,r4 ,j4       ,k47    ,! %ort
 sacr>ium1 or *ancel1 ea/ ( ! transepts1
 probably =m$  "p ( ,william de ,hoo's  
"w4 ,! beautiful w9d[s at ! ea/ end are 
,decorat$4 ,9 ! s\? side ( ! sacr>ium1  
next ! alt>1 a tomb (  pla9 m>ble is    
?\ght to be t ( ,gundulf4    ,9 ! ea/   
wall ( ! s\?-*oir-transept we come to "o
 ( !  f9e/ pieces ( ,engli% ,decorat$ 9 
exi/5ce1--! ,*apt]-,h\se  ,doorway4 ,x  

dates f ! middle ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4  
8,! full-l5g? figures1 "o on ea* side ( 
! door1 symbolis+       ! ,*ur* & !     
,synagogue1 7 bo? headless :5 ,mr4      
,cott+ham re/or$ ! doorway1 betwe5 #ahbe
 & #ahcj4 ,mu* fault       has be5 f\nd 
) him = turn+ ! fir/1 :i* is ?\ght to   
h be5 l ! o!r1 a female figure1 into a  
mitr$1 be>d$       bi%op hold+ a cross 9
 8 "r h& & ! model ( a *ur*       9 8   
left4 ,! bl9dfold$ #8,synagogue1' by h] 
brok5 /aff &       ! tables ( ! law held
 rev]s$ 9 h] "r h&1 typifies !          
ov]?r[ ( ! ,mosaic disp5sation4 ,above  
are figures1 two on       ea* side1     
seat$ at book-desks "u canopies4 ,^! are
 suppos$       to be ! f\r great        
,doctors ( ! ,*ur*3 ,sa9ts ,augu/9e1    
,gregory1 ,j]ome & ,ambrose4 ,q at !    
head ( ! ar*1 "u a       l(ty pyramidal 
canopy1 we see a t9y nude figure :i*    
repres5ts1       probably1 a pure s\l j 
releas$ f ,purgatory4 ,if ?is is s1     
x w\ld acc\nt = ! flames f :i* ! angels1
 on ea*       side1 be>+ scrolls1 seem  

to be ris+4 ,x has be5 sugge/$          
likewise t ! di/ort$ heads1 :i* alt]nate
 ) squ>es (       foliage 9 ! wid]      
inside m\ld+ ( ! doorway1 typify !      
suff]+s ( ! s\l 9 its passage4 ,!       
outside m\ld+ is also       int]e/+1 be+
 a wide holl[ 9 ! bottom ( :i* circul>  
holes are cut at int]vals4 ,?r\gh ^! c  
be se5 ! broad       /em f :i* spr+ !   
leaves t ornam5t ! int]v5+       spaces4
 ,! ar*-head is ogee-%ap$ outside1 )    
l>ge ext]nal       & small]1 b n less   
ri*1 int]nal crockets4 ,! squ>e back    
to x1 & ! spaces b5ea? ! corbels1 on :i*
 ! ,*ur* &       ,synagogue figures /&1 
are fill$ ) notewor?y diap]s4 ,!        
fir/ is divid$ diagonally into sunk5    
squ>es1 ea* conta9+ a       fl[]2 & !   
o!rs h lion masks 9 quatrefoils1 )      
five-petall$ roses 9 ! alt]nate         
spaces40--7,g4 ,h4 ,p47    ,a /eep      
flight ( /airs leads f ?is ,transept to 
,/4 ,edmund's  ,*apel1 s\? ( ! ,*oir4 ,f
 ?is we ent] ! ,crypt1         8:i*     
ext5ds "u ! :ole ( ! *oir & is "o ( !   

be/       specim5s ( its class to be    
f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,! we/ & ea/       p>ts  
are evid5tly ( a mu* e>li] date ?an !   
c5tral1 :i*       is ,e>ly ,engli%1 & ( 
! same p]iod z ! *oir above4 ,9         
build+ ?is1 ! anci5t crypt 0 probably   
brok5 ?r\gh1 &       9 "p recon/ruct$4  
,! e>li] portions are di/+ui%$ by       
v massive pi]s & circul> ar*es4 ,betwe5 
! pi]s are small       pill>s1 ) pla9   
broad capitals4 ,x is n impossible t ?is
       "p ( ! crypt may date f be=e !   
,conque/4 ,at all ev5ts1       x is !   
e>lie/ portion ( ! exi/+ ca!dral1 & _c  
be       lat] ?an ! "w ( ,bi%op         
,gundulf40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47               
,,w9*e/]         ,,d$ication3 ,,! ,,holy
 ,,& ,,indivisible ,,tr9ity4 ,,=m]ly ,,!
 ,,*ur*       ,,( ,a ,,b5$ict9e         
,,mona/]y4         ,,special ,,features3
 ,,norman ,,nave2 ,,t[]2 ,,we/ ,,w9d[2  
,,*oir-,,/alls2       ,,font2 ,,r]$os4  
,w9*e/] is ! l>ge/ ca!dral 9 ,engl& &   
af=ds good examples  ( e /yle f pure    
,norman to e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,x is !    

fif?  ca!dral t has occupi$ ?is site1 = 
tradition says t a ,briti%  *ur* 0 f\nd$
 "h by ,lucius1 ,k+ ( ! ,britons4       
,?is fir/ *ur* 0 de/roy$ 9 #bff & !     
cl]gy m>tyr$ dur+  ! p]secutions ( !    
,*ri/ians by ,diocletian4 ,! second     
*ur*1  erect$ "u ,con/ant9e1 0 9 #eae   
trans=m$ by ,c]dic1 f\nd] (  ! ,k+dom ( 
,wessex1 into a ,temple ( ,dagon1 9 :i* 
he 0 cr[n$  9 #eai & buri$ 9 #ecd4      
,c]dic's great gr&son1 ,kynegils1       
conv]t$  by ,/4 ,bir9us1 ! fir/ ( ,saxon
 bi%ops1 began ! ?ird *ur* :i*  8 son1  
,k5walk1 complet$ 9 #fdh4 ,k5walk's     
build+s 71 9 _!  turn1 enl>g$ & repair$ 
by ,s)un1 a prior ( ! ,b5$ict9e  mona/]y
 e/abli%$ "h4 ,s)un1 :o became ,bi%op ( 
,w9*e/] &  tutor to ,k+ ,alfr$ &        
,e!lwold1 01 accord+ to ! *ronicl]s1  8a
 dilig5t build] ( *ur*es 9 places :]e   
!re 7 none be=e1  & a repair] ( ^? t _h 
be5 de/roy$ or ru9$40 ,:5 he di$  9     
#hfb1 he 0 buri$1 accord+ to 8 own      
desire1 9 ! *ur*y>d (  ,w9*e/]1 :]e     
8pass]sby might tread on 8 grave1 & :]e 

!  ra9 f ! eaves might fall on x40      
,:5 ?is ?ird *ur* 0 de/roy$ by ! ,danes 
9 #hfg1 portions 7  re/or$ by ,alfr$ !  
,great1 ,/4 ,e!lwold & ,/4 ,alphege4 ,/4
  ,e!lwold remov$ ! body ( ,/4 ,s)un to 
! gold5 %r9e )9  ! ca!dral1 n[ d$icat$  
to ,/4 ,s)un1 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul2 b  
! ,translation be+ delay$ by ra91 gave !
 sa9t reputation z a  wea!r prophet4    
,h5ce ! wea!r on ! anniv]s>y 7,july #ae7
 is  =etold by ! old rhyme3        8,/4 
,s)un's ,day1 if ?\ do/ ra91       ,=   
=ty days x w rema92       ,/4 ,s)un's   
,day1 if ?\ be fair1       ,=ty days    
'twill ra9 na mair40    ,"o ( ! features
 ( ,/4 ,e!lwold's ca!dral 0 a magnific5t
 8pair  ( organs10 ( trem5d\s size &    
p[]1 ) twelve bell[s above &  f\rte5    
bel[ & sev5ty /rong m5 z bl[]s to fill !
 f\r  hundr$ pipes4 ,bel[1 at two       
keybo>ds1 sat two bre?r5 9 8unity (     
_s40    ,e!lwold 0 buri$ 9 ! s\!rn      
crypt4    ,?is ,saxon *ur* 0 succe$$ by 
! pres5t ca!dral1 begun 9 #ajgi1  by    
,walkelyn1 ! fir/ ,norman bi%op4        

,walkelyn 0 ( noble bir? & relat$ to    
,william ,rufus1 :o grant$  him lic5se  
to se>* = /one 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight & z   
mu* wood  f ! =e/ ( ,hanep+es 7on !     
,alres=d road7 z 8 c>p5t]s  c\ld take 9 
f\r days & nights4 ,! wily ,bi%op       
collect$ a l>ge  =ce ( m5 & )9 ! assign$
 "t cut d[n ! :ole =e/4 ,!  ,k+ 0       
furi\s4 ,! new ,ca!dral 0 f9i%$ 9 #ajic1
 hav+ be5  rebuilt by ,walkelyn1 f ! we/
 front to ! great t[]1 includ+  !       
transepts4 ,he also remov$1 & ) great   
pomp1 ,/4 ,s)un's  %r9e f ! old alt> to 
! new "o4 ,walkelyn di$ 9 #ajih & 0     
buri$ 9 ! nave4    ,bi%op ,lucy1 ,bi%op 
,william ( ,ed+ton & ,william ( ,wykeham
 are !  next ?ree great ar*itects (     
,w9*e/]4         8,x 0 ,bi%op ,ed+ton :o
 comm5c$ ! alt]ation ( ,w9*e/]          
,ca!dral into ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle2 he di$
 9 #acff1 & !       "w 0 cont9u$ by     
,william ( ,wykeham1 :o m5tions 9 8 w   
t ,ed+ton _h f9i%$ ! we/ end1 ) two     
w9d[s on !       nor? side & "o on !    
s\?3 ! *ange 9 ! "* ( !       "w is v   

di/9ctly m>k$4 ,bi%op ,ed+ton's "w at   
,w9*e/] 0 execut$ at a lat] p]iod ?an t 
at ,ed+ton1       &1 z might be expect$1
 ! new idea is m fully develop$2       b
 on a comp>ison betwe5 ! we/ w9d[ (     
,w9*e/] & !       ea/ w9d[ ( ,ed+ton1 x 
w at once be se5 t ! pr9ciple       (   
con/ruction is ! same2 !re is a c5tral  
division c>ri$ up       to ! head ( !   
w9d[1 & sub-ar*es spr++ f ea* side3     
x may be obs]v$ t :5ev] ?is arrangem5t (
 ! sub-ar*es       occurs 9 ,decorat$   
"w1 x is a sign t ! "w is late 9 !      
/yle4 ,be=e ! dea? ( ,bi%op ,ed+ton !   
great pr9ciples (       ! ,p]p5dicul>   
,/yle 7 fully e/abli%$4 ,^! *iefly      
consi/ ( ! ,p]p5dicul> l9es ?r\gh ! head
 ( ! w9d[1       & 9 cov]+ ! surface ( !
 wall ) panell+ ( ! same       k9d4 ,^! 
features are z di/9ctly m>k$ at ,w9*e/] 
z 9       any subsequ5t build+1 or z !y 
well c\ld be40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,9 !   
ea/]n "p ( ! ,crypt !re is anci5t       
masonry und\bt$ly  belong+ to ! "t ( ,/4
 ,e!lwold2 !n we f9d above x !  massive 

,norman "w ( ,bi%op ,walkelyn2 !n1 to ! 
ea/1 ! graceful  ,e>ly ,engli% ( ,bi%op 
,lucy2 along ! nave1 ! ,p]p5dicul>      
columns  ( ,bi%op ,ed+ton & ,william (  
,wykeham1 on :i* re/s ! exquisite  gro9$
 ro(4 ,above ?is ro( ! great r\gh-hewn  
beams cut f !  ,k+'s =e/ by ,walkelyn m 
?an eight hundr$ ye>s ago c /ill be  se5
 & 9 a p]fect /ate ( s\ndness4          
8,9 ?is great *ur* _m /irr+ sc5es (     
,engli% hi/ory h       be5 enact$4 ,!   
e>ly k+s made ,w9*e/] _! home & !       
,ca!dral _! *apel4 ,"h x 0 t ,egb]t1    
aft] be+       cr[n$ 9 regem totius     
,britanni1 ) ass5t ( all p>ties1        
issu$ an edict 9 #hbh1 ord]+ t ! isl&   
%\ld !reaft]       be always /yl$ ,engl&
 & its p ,engli%m54 ,"h ,k+       ,alfr$
 0 cr[n$ & liv$ & di$4 ,"h1 9 #ajce1    
,cnut's body       lay 9 /ate be=e !    
high alt>1 ov] :i* 0 hung h5ce=?       =
 _m a ye>1 a mo/ preci\s relic1 ! great 
,norseman's cr[n4       ,"h ,william !  
,conqu]or (t5 came1 & wore 8 cr[n at !  
,ea/] ,gemt2 "h1 too1 clu/]$ _m ( !     

national leg5ds3       ,/4 ,s)un "h did 
8 mighty works1 & "h 7 ! =ty            
dismal days ( ra92 h>d by is ! sc5e ( ! 
great fight       betwe5 ,colbr& ! ,dane
 & ,guy ( ,w>wick2 9 ! nave ( !         
*ur* ,que5 ,emma trod triumphant on !   
r$-hot pl\gh-%>es z       on a b$ (     
roses2 hi!r came ,e>l ,godw9's body aft]
 8       m>vell\s & t]rible dea?1 "o ( !
 well-kn[n gr\p (       malignant       
,norman tales4 ,x 0 9 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral t
 ,h5ry       ,beaucl]k took to wife 8   
que51 ,matilda1 to ! great joy ( all    
,engli%-speak+ folk4 ,"h ,/eph5 ( ,blois
 0 cr[n$ ,k+2 &       "h1 on ! o!r h&1 !
 ,empress ,maud 0 welcom$ by city &     
p ) high rejoic+s2 "h1 too1 0 drawn up &
 issu$ !       f9al compact1 9 #aaec1   
:i* clos$ ! civil w> ( t we>y           
reign & secur$ ! cr[n to ! "y ,pr9ce    
,h5ry4 ,he 9 8       turn (t5 soj\rn$ 9 
,w9*e/]1 & befri5d$ 9 8 /rong       way 
! gr[+ city4 ,! ,ca!dral witness$ ano!r 
compact 9       ! d>k days ( ,k+ ,john3 
! ,k+ 0 "h reconcil$ to !       ,engli% 

,*ur* 9 ! p]son ( ,/eph5 ,langton2 ,h5ry
 ,,iii4 &       8 ,que5 ,eleanor1 7 "h 9
 #abdb2 & on ,may-day ( t ye>           
#8came ! ,que5 into ! ,*apt]-h\se to    
receive society4' ,9 #abge       ,edw>d 
,i41 ) 8 ,que51 0 welcom$ ) great hon\r 
by !       prior & bre?r5 ( ,/4 ,s)un1 &
 att5d$ s]vice 9 !       *ur*4 ,! *ri/5+
 ( ,ar?ur1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 eld] bro!r  
( ,h5ry ,,viii41 0 "h2 & "h ,h5ry       
,,viii4 met 8 a/ute       rival1 !      
,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,x 0 9 ,w9*e/]       
,ca!dral t       ! m>riage ( ,philip &  
,m>y took place1 & ! *air 9 :i*       %e
 sat is /ill to be se5 9 ! *ur*4 ,!     
,/u>t ,k+s lov$       ! place4 ,"h 9 !  
great rebellion 0 enact$ t /range       
sc5e :51 aft] ! capture ( ! city1 ! mob 
ru%$ into !       ,ca!dral1 wild = booty
 & mis*ief1 & f9d+ 9 ! *e/s       no?+ b
 bones1 amus$ !mselves by ?r[+ !m at !  
/a9$ w9d[s ( ! *oir4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t   
,colonel       ,na?aniel ,fi5nes1 a     
,p>liam5t>y (fic] & an old ,wykehami/1  
/ood ) drawn sword at ! door (          

,wykeham's *antry to protect       x f  
viol5ce4 ,s9ce ! days ( ! ,m]ry ,mon>*1 
:o 0       (t5 at ,w9*e/]1 & lov$ x s   
well t he built 8 palace       "h1 no   
/rik+ hi/orical ev5ts h be5 enact$ )9   
its       walls4 ,! *ur* by degrees     
recov]$ f ! ru9 ( !       ,commonweal?  
"t1 & has _h a quiet1 happy life f t "t 
onw>d1 a tranquil grey build+ sleep+    
amid/ its trees1 9 !       he>t ( ! mo/ 
*>m+ ( all s\? ,engli% cities40--7,g4   
,w4       ,k47    ,! be/ view ( ,w9*e/] 
,ca!dral is f ! top ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e's     
hill1 :]e ! great mass rises solemnly   
ov] ! di/ant city4 ,its  enorm\s l5g? is
 brok5 by ! bold transepts1 :i* ext5d   
?ree bays  beyond ! aisles4 ,p are1 z a 
rule1 disappo9t$ ) _! fir/  view ( !    
ext]ior1 because ( its lack ( decoration
 & ! l[ness  ( ! heavy ,norman t[] 9 !  
c5tre4 ,! bright-gre5 turf ( !          
,prec9cts & ! trees1 h[ev]1 make ) !    
grey walls an impressive  picture4 ,a   
%ort av5ue ( trees leads ?r\gh ! ,close 
to ! we/]n  door4    ,! ,we/ ,front 0   

orig9ally ! "w ( ,ed+ton 7#acde-acff74  
,x is  #aah feet 9 bread? & compos$ ( a 
panell$ gable ( ,p]p5dicul>  /yle )     
hexagonal turrets4 ,imm$iately "u ! w9d[
 9 a gall]y  ov] ! entrance1 ! bi%op us$
 to give 8 b5$iction to !  p4 ,! figure 
( ,william ( ,wykeham /&s 9 ! gable1    
replac+  an anci5t bi%op remov$ 9 #ahfj4
 ,no "o seems to "k :e!r x  repres5t$   
,william ( ,wykeham1 ,bi%op ,ed+ton1 or 
,/4 ,s)un4 ,v  probably x 0 ! latt]1 z  
its companions on ! gable 7 ,/4  ,pet] &
 ,/4 ,paul1 ! ?ree patron sa9ts ( !     
,saxon ,ca!dral4    ,! great ,we/ ,w9d[ 
is divid$ by cross mullions into ?ree   
p]p5dicul> & six horizontal comp>tm5ts4 
,x is said to be fill$  ) glass1        
collect$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+1 aft]
 !  g5]al sma%+ by ! ,p>liam5t>y soldi]s
 9 #afdf4 ,w9/on says  ^! pieces are v  
e>ly ,p]p5dicul> glass1 & may h be5     
plac$ toge!r 9 ! w9d[1 z we n[ see !m1 9
 ,bi%op ,ed+ton's  "t4         8,be=e   
ent]+1 ! visitor %\ld rem>k ! gr& view (
 !       int]ior obta9$ ?r\gh ! op5     

c5tral door4 ,! l5g? (       ,w9*e/]    
7#ebj feet f ?is entrance to ! extreme  
ea/]n       buttresses7 exce$s t ( any  
o!r ca!dral on ?is side ( !       ,alps1
 ) ! exception ( ,ely 7#efj feet7 & (   
,cant]bury1 :i*       is ab\t five feet 
long] ?an ,w9*e/]4 ,a c]ta9 coldness1   
aris+ f want ( col\r1 is p]haps felt at 
fir/2 b ! eye       soon le>ns to dwell 
cont5t$ly on ! magnific5t =e/ (         
pi]s1 & on all ! graceful details above 
& ar\nd !m4 ,!       /r+-c\rse (        
corbel-heads & ! light balu/rade ( !    
tri=ium 9 ! nave %\ld "h be notic$ z    
rem>kably aid+       ! g5]al            
effect40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,! gr\nd-plan
 %[s a nave ( elev5 bays1 a transept (  
?ree1 a  *oir ( five1 a presbyt]y ( ?ree
 & a ,lady-,*apel at ! ea/ end  ( ?ree4 
,all are furni%$ ) side aisles4         
,w9*e/] is ! longe/ ca!dral 9 ,engl&1 & 
! ,nave is "o (  ! longe/ 9 ! _w4       
,f]gusson says x is 8p]haps ! mo/       
beautiful nave 9 ,engl& or else:]e40 ,! 
view is ov]:elm+ly  gr& & noble & !     

gro9+ ( ! ro( is /rik+ 9 ! extreme4     
,! tri=ium 0 sacrific$ & ! old ,norman  
pi]s1 recas$1 7  left to c>ry ! l(ty    
,p]p5dicul> ar*es & exquisitely vault$  
ro(4 ,! ,p]p5dicul> l9+ & panell+       
disguise ! fact t !  int]ior is really  
,norman4         8,! nave ga9s a special
 gr&eur by ! vault+ %afts ris+       f !
 v floor s t ! eye foll[s !m upw>ds     
t>dily1       z if !y 7 m l(ty ?an !y   
actually are1 to ! capitals       :5ce !
 gro9$ ro( spr+s4 ,! aisle w9d[s h a    
beauty       wor?y ( c>eful notice4     
8,a /rik+ yet beautiful peculi>ity is t 
,w9*e/] nave1       sett+ an example    
foll[$ g5]ally 9 ,p]p5dicul> *ur*es1    
has no prop] tri=ium--a balcony close   
above ! nave ar*es       tak+ its place4
 ,ow+ to ! ?ickness ( ! ,norman masonry 
?is       arrangem5t 0 unavoidable4     
8,! sev5 we/]ly pi]s on ! s\? side reta9
 ! ,norman       /one-"w fac$ ) new     
m\ld+s4 ,norman ar*es rema9 beh9d       
! tri=ium wall2 ,norman %afts may be se5
 above ! vault+2       & ,norman flat   

buttresses are traceable outside betwe5 
!       s\!rly cl]e/ory w9d[s40--7,g4   
,w4 ,k47    ,! ,nave ( ,w9*e/]1 !re=e1  
pres5ts "o ( ! mo/ curi\s  examples (   
trans=mation f "o /yle ( ar*itecture to 
ano!r2  = "h we h a p]fect specim5 ( !  
,f\rte5? &    ,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/]3   
,,nave1 ,,we/    ,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/]3
 ,,font    ,fifte5? ,c5turies1 yet x is 
f ! gr\nd to ! ro( ! orig9al  ,norman   
build+ begun by ,walkelyn4 ,! extreme   
we/]n "p 0 rebuilt  by ,ed+ton1 :o began
 ! trans=mation ( ! ,nave f ! ,norman to
  ! ,p]p5dicul>1 & cont9u$ by 8         
successor ,william ( ,wykeham           
7#acff-adjd74    ,at ,wykeham's dea? 9  
#adjd ! s\? side ( ! ,nave 0 f9i%$ &  ! 
nor? begun4 ,! "w 0 cont9u$ & f9i%$ by 8
 successors1  ,c>d9al ,beau=t & ,bi%op  
,waynflete 7#adjd-adhf74 ,! arms on !   
bosses ( ! vault ( ! nave are ^? (      
,wykeham1 ,c>d9al ,beau=t  & ,john (    
,gaunt 7! latt]'s fa!r72 ! *a9$ :ite h>t
 is !  device ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 & ! lily t 
( ,bi%op ,waynflete4    ,/ud5ts may     

comp>e ! ,nave ( ,w9*e/] ) ! ,*oir (    
,gl\ce/]1 :i* is also ,norman 9 plan1   
8ov]laid ) a v5e] (  masonry 9 ! ,po9t$ 
,/yle40 ,! ,gl\ce/] ,*oir is1 h[ev]1 (  
lat] date1 & in/ead ( %[+ an            
amalgamation ( ! two /yles1 z  at       
,w9*e/]1 ! ,po9t$ is add$ to !          
,r\nd-ar*$ /yle4    ,! curi\s black     
basaltic /one ,font 0 probably ! gift ( 
,bi%op  ,h5ry de ,blois 7#aabi-ga71 & "s
 antiqu>ians ?9k t x 0  br\ght f        
,con/ant9ople dur+ ! ,second ,crusade4  
,! c>v+s  repres5t ,/4 ,ni*olas ( ,myra1
 ! patron sa9t ( *ildr51 & mu*  hon\r$  
by ! ,normans4         8,)9 ! walls !   
mo/ /rik+ object ( int]e/ is            
und\bt$ly ! fam\s ,norman font ( black  
basaltic /one1 :i*       0 probably     
plac$ 9 ! *ur* 9 ! days ( ,walkelyn2 x  
portrays 9 bold if rude relief ! life & 
miracles ( ,/4       ,ni*olas ( ,myra4  
,next aft] ! font may p]haps be not$ !  
f9e c>v$ sp&rels1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury "w1 (
 !       *oir-/alls1 ) ! qua9t mis]]es (
 ! seats2 !n ,prior       ,silk/$e's    

ri*ly c>v$ pulpit ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 
& !       v int]e/+ & valuable          
,r5aissance panels ( ! pews1 put       9
 by ,william ,k+smill1 la/ prior & fir/ 
dean1 9 #aedj4 ,!       *antries & tombs
 9 ?is *ur* are ( unusual beauty &      
int]e/40--7,g4 ,w4 ,k47    ,at ! we/ end
 ( ! nor? aisle a squ>e /one gall]y     
call$ !  tribune is "p ( ,ed+ton's "w4  
,x 0 us$ z a ,m9/rels' ,gall]y  on great
 occasions4    ,! nave ,pulpit 0 a gift 
f ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 9 #ahhe4    ,9 !
 nor? aisle !re is a monum5tal brass 9  
memory ( ,jane ,au/51  ! au?oress1 & ne>
 ! s\?-we/ door are fix$ ! flags ( !    
#ig? ,regim5t & memorials ( ! ,crimean  
,w>4 ,! we/ w9d[ ( !  s\? aisle is fill$
 ) /a9$ glass to _! memory4    ,on ! s\?
 side ( ! ,nave & 9 ! second bay f !    
,*oir is  ,bi%op ,ed+ton's ,*antry4 ,x 0
 some:at alt]$ :5 ! pi]s  aga9/ :i* x   
/&s 7 trans=m$ f ,norman to ,p]p5dicul>4
  ,?is is ! fir/ ( a numb] ( v f9e      
*antries1 ! mo/  int]e/+ ( :i* is t (   
,william ( ,wykeham1 :i* occupies !     

entire space betwe5 two pi]s ( ! ,nave  
on ! s\? side 9 !  fif? bay f ! we/ end4
    ,?is *apel 0 built by ,wykeham on ! 
site ( an alt> d$icat$ to  ! ,virg91 :]e
 he us$ to wor%ip :5 a boy4         8,! 
design ( ,william's *antry is v         
beautiful2 & x is "o       ( ! be/      
rema9+ specim5s ( a ,f\rte5? ,c5tury    
monum5tal       *apel4 ,! f\ndation ( ! 
alt> is /ill visible4 ,! ,bi%op's       
effigy1 ! comel9ess ( :i*1 x has be5    
sugge/$1 may h       induc$ ,an?ony     
,wood to describe him z hav+ be5 ( #8a  
c\rtly       pres5ce1' reposes on an    
alt>-tomb 9 ! c5tre1 array$ 9 cope      
& mitre4 ,! pill[ at ! head is support$ 
by two angels4 ,at       ! feet ?ree    
monks are repres5t$ (f]+ up pray]s = !  
repose ( ! dep>t$ s\l4 ,!y are said1 b  
que/ionably1 to       repres5t          
,wykeham's ?ree assi/ants 9 ! ca!dral   
works--,william ,wyn=d1 8 ar*itect2     
,simon de ,membury1 8       surveyor ( !
 works2 & ,john ,wayte1                 
controll]40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,! ,*oir  

is ent]$ ?r\gh a scre5 ( /onework1 by   
,g>bett1  decorat$ ) figures ( ,james   
,i4 & ,*>les ,i41 tak5 f an old]  scre5 
by ,inigo ,jones4 ,! figure ( ,*>les ,i4
 0 mu* injur$ by !  ,p>liam5t>y troops  
:o /abl$ _! horses 9 ! ca!dral4 ,x 0    
made by ,hub]t ,le ,seur1 a pupil (     
,john ( ,bologna & mu* employ$ by       
,*>les ,i4    ,! ,*oir consi/s ( ! old  
*oir ( ! monks "u ! t[] & (  ! presbyt]y
 beyond x4 ,?is portion ( ! ca!dral is (
 v>i\s  dates3 ! t[] is late ,norman2 ! 
pi]s1 ar*es & cl]e/ory ( !  presbyt]y   
are ,decorat$ 7ab\t #acej72 ! scre5     
enclos+ x is  ,p]p5dicul> 7! "w ( ,bi%op
 ,fox ab\t #aebd72 ! vault+ ( !         
presbyt]y 7also ! "w ( ,bi%op ,fox72 & !
 ceil+ "u !  t[]1 dates f #afcd4    ,!  
visitor is /ruck by ! enorm\s pi]s ( !  
,t[]1 rebuilt aft]  #aajg :5 ,walkelyn's
 t[]1 "u :i* ,william ,rufus 0 buri$1   
fell4  ,_m ?\ght 8t ! fall ( ! t[] 0 a  
judgm5t = 8 s9s40         8,e>ly 9 !    
,twelf? ,c5tury occurr$ ! fall ( ! t[] (
       ?is ,ca!dral1 celebrat$ f !      

peculi> circum/ances )       :i* x 0    
accompani$1 :i* are ?us describ$ by     
,william (       ,malmsbury1 :o 0 liv+  
at ! "t3--#8,a few c\ntry m5 convey$    
! body ( ! ,k+1 ,william ,rufus1 plac$  
on a c>t1 to !       ca!dral ( ,w9*e/]1 
! blood dripp+ all ! way4 ,"h x       0 
committ$ to ! gr\nd )9 ! t[]1 att5d$ by 
_m (       ! nobility1 b lam5t$ by few4 
,! next ye> 7#ajig7 ! t[]       fell2   
?\gh ,i =be> to m5tion ! diff]5t op9ions
 on ?is       subject1 le/ ,i %\ld seem 
to ass5t too readily to unsupport$      
trifles2 mo/ especially t ! build+ might
 h fall5       ?r\gh imp]fect           
con/ruction1 ev5 ?\gh he _h nev] be5    
buri$ !re4' ,t ?is 0 really ! case1 !   
build+ itself       af=ds u abundant    
evid5ce1 & proves t ev5 ! ,normans at   
?is p]iod 7 /ill bad masons & v         
imp]fectly acqua9t$       ) ! pr9ciples 
( con/ruction4 ,! t[] :i* 0 rebuilt     
soon aft] ! fall is /ill /&+1 & !       
enorm\s masses (       masonry :i* 7    
pil$ toge!r to support x1 & prev5t x    

f fall+ aga91 %[ su* an amaz+ wa/e (    
lab\r &       mat]ial z cle>ly to prove 
t x 0 ! "w ( v unskilful                
build]s40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,! t[] 0    
orig9ally int5d$ to s]ve z a lant]n2 b 0
 ceil$  ov] 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 ,9 ! 
c5tre is a m$allion ( ! ,holy  ,family1 
! date #afcd1 & m$allions ( ,*>les ,i4 &
 ,h5rietta ,m>ia4    ,! v n>r[ ar*es    
op5+ to ! transepts %\ld be notic$4     
,! ,*oir ,/alls are magnific5t4         
8,! /alls :i* ext5d f ! ea/]n t[]-pi]s  
to ! fir/       pi] ( ! nave1 are ( oak1
 z black z ebony1 & probably            
exhibit ! v f9e/ woodwork ( _! date &   
/yle 7:i* is       ! be/7 9 ! ,k+dom4   
,!y are e>ly ,decorat$ 7,geometrical7   
"w & _! canopies & gables be>           
consid]able resemblance to       ^? ( ! 
tomb ( ,edmund ,cr\*back 9 ,we/m9/]     
,abbey4 ,?is       w\ld place _! date   
ab\t #abif4 ,! beauty & v>iety ( !      
c>v+s are wond]ful4 ,!re is no          
repetition2 & ! grace &       elegance1 
z well z ! fidelity1 ) :i* ! foliage is 

repres5t$1 are n[h]e to be surpass$4 ,! 
human heads are full       ( expression2
 & ! monkeys & o!r animals sport+ among 
!       bran*es h all ! same exquisite  
f9i%4 ,! mode 9 :i* !       cusps ( !   
circles 9 ! canopies are t]m9at$1 is    
wor?y (       att5tion2 & 9 %ort1 at ?is
 p]iod ( ! revival (       wood-c>v+1 no
 bett] examples c\ld be f\nd = /udy &   
imitation4 ,! mis]]es bel[ are ( e>ly "*
 &       int]e/+4 ,_! date is r lat] ?an
 ^? 7,e>ly ,engli%7       9 ,exet]      
,ca!dral--! mo/ anci5t 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,!   
desks &       /ools 9 front ( ! upp]    
range be> ! initials ( ,h5ry            
,,viii41 ,bi%op ,/eph5 ,g>d9]1 & ,dean  
,k+smill & ! date       #aedj4 ,! ri*   
pulpit on ! nor? side be>s ! "n ( its   
donor       #8,?omas ,silk/$e1 prior' on
 diff]5t p>ts ( x40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,!
 ,presbyt]y is ,e>ly ,engli%1 ! "w (    
,bi%op ,lucy 7#aahi-abjd74 ,x  has a    
c5tral alley ( ?ree bays4 ,! arcad+ is v
 graceful4 ,!  presbyt]y is clos$ at !  
sides by scre5s ( /one trac]y1 mo/ (  !m

 erect$ by ,bi%op ,fox1 & be> 8 motto1  
,e/ ,deo ,gratia4 ,^u  ^! scre5s /& six 
mortu>y *e/s 7also ! "w ( ,bi%op ,fox7  
conta9+ ! bones ( ! ,we/ ,saxon ,k+s &  
bi%ops remov$ f  ! crypt ( ! old ,saxon 
ca!dral into ,walkelyn's *ur* by ,bi%op 
,h5ry de ,blois & plac$ 9 lead5         
s>cophagi4 ,! *e/s are ( wood1  c>v$1   
pa9t$ & gild$ 9 ! ,r5aissance ,/yle1 :i*
 0 be+  introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ,fox's  
"t4         8,! vault+ ( ! presbyt]y 7( 
wood7 is ! "w ( ,bi%op ,fox             
7#aejj-aebj71 & displays on its bosses1 
a mass ( h]aldry besides       7at ! ea/
 end7 ! v>i\s emblems ( ! ,passion      
toge!r )       a numb] ( faces repres5t+
 ,pilate & 8 wife1 ,h]od1 ,annas       &
 ,caiaphas1 ,judas1 ,mal*us ) ! sword ( 
,pet] divid+ 8       e>1 ,pet] himself &
 _m o!rs4 ,all are curi\s & are be/     
se5 f ! gall]y bel[ ! ea/ w9d[4         
8,! ea/ w9d[ ( ! *oir is fill$ )        
,p]p5dicul> glass1 a       little e>li] 
?an #aebe1 ! "w ( ,bi%op ,fox1 ^: arms  
impal$ ) ^? ( ! sees he held 7,exet]1   

,ba? & ,wells1       ,durham & ,w9*e/]7 
& 8 motto ,e/ ,deo ,gratia are          
introduc$ 9 x40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,w9/on
 ?9ks t ! only "p ( ! glass 9 its       
orig9al position  consi/s ( ! two       
figures occupy+ ! two s\!rnmo/ ( ! l[]  
lights & all ! trac]y lights except !   
top c5tral "o & !  ?ree imm$iately bel[ 
x4         8,! top c5tral light is fill$
 pr9cipally ) "s glass (                
,wykeham's "t & all ! re/ ( ! w9d[ )    
glass ( ,fox's       "t1 remov$ f o!r   
w9d[s4 ,9 po9t ( execution x is z       
ne>ly z p]fect z pa9t$ glass c be4 ,9 x 
! %ad[s h       atta9$ _! prop] limit4  
,x 0 at ?is p]iod t glass       pa9t+   
atta9$ its highe/ p]fection z an        
art40--7,c4 ,w47    ,beyond ! t[]-pi]s 9
 ! presbyt]y a pla9 tomb ( ,purbeck     
m>ble  0 once ! re/+-place ( ,william   
,rufus1 kill$ 9 ! ,new ,=e/ 9  #aajj &  
fir/ buri$1 z we h se51 "u ! ,t[]4 ,8   
bones 7  remov$ 9 ! ,twelf? ,c5tury by 8
 nephew ,bi%op ,h5ry de ,blois &  are n[
 m+l$ ) ^? ( ,canute1 ,que5 ,emma & two 

,saxon bi%ops  9 "o ( ! mortu>y *e/s on 
! scre5 ( ! ,presbyt]y4    ,! pi]s &    
ar*es ( ! ,presbyt]y are ,decorat$1 dat+
 f #acbj  & #acej4    ,at ! ,high ,alt> 
( ! ,*oir ,que5 ,m>y 0 m>ri$ to ,philip 
( ,spa9  9 ,july1 #aeed1 by ,bi%op      
,g>d9]4 ,9 ,philip's tra9 7 ,alva1 !    
future sc\rge ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 &      
,egmont1 8 fam\s victim4 ,!  *air 9 :i* 
! bride sat is pres]v$ 9 ! ,*apel ( !   
,gu>dian  ,angels4    ,at ! back ( !    
alt> rises ! magnific5t ,r]$os1 dat+ f !
  latt] end ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,9    
#ahii ! f9al re/oration (  ! scre5 0    
complet$ by fill+ a ni*e t _h be5 vacant
 =  ?ree c5turies4 ,! alt>-rails are ( !
 "t ( ,*>les ,i4 ,a  repres5tation ( !  
,inc>nation hangs ov] ! alt> plac$ !re 9
  #ahii1 :5 ,b5jam9 ,we/'s ,rais+ (     
,laz>us 0 remov$ to ! ,s\?  ,transept4  
8,! ,r]$os is said to h be5 comm5c$ by  
,c>d9al ,beau=t       & complet$ by     
,bi%op ,fox & ,prior ,silk/$e4 ,x is an 
excell5t       specim5 ( ,p]p5dicul> "w1
 execut$ 9 a f9e1 :ite s(t       /one2  

its elaborately canopi$ ni*es1 pi]c$ &  
crockett$       p9nacles1 pila/]        
buttresses1 & c5tre project+ canopy1 are
       surm\nt$ at a height rea*+ ne>ly 
to ! corbels1 ) a       triple frieze ( 
runn+ leaves1 ,tudor fl[]s &            
quatrefoils4       ,?is ,r]$os is ( !   
same type z ^? at ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,priory   
& ,/4 ,alban's1 b its dim5sions are     
great] & bett]       proportion$4 ,its  
re/oration is c>ri$ out ) rem>kable     
fidelity to ! orig9al "w4 ,! back is    
closely panell$ 9 !       upp] "p1 & !  
l[] "p is ri*ly decorat$4 ,no           
description       c\ld d ju/ice to !    
beauty & effect ( ! :ole "w4 ,miln]     
describes its exquisite workman%ip z be+
 z magnific5t z ?is       or any o!r    
nation c exhibit4 ,! c5tral "p 0 re/or$ 
z a       memorial to ! late ,ar*deacon 
,jacob40--7,g4 ,w4 ,k47    ,on ei!r side
 ( ! alt> a door op5s to ! space beh9d !
  ,r]$os1 :i* 9 e>ly days 0 ! ,f]etory1 
a place = ! f]etra1  or %r9es ( ! patron
 sa9ts4         8,! ,f]etory1 or        

,capitul> ,*apel1 is imm$iately beh9d ! 
alt>       & communicates ) ! sanctu>y4 
,"h ! magnific5t %r9e (       ,/4 ,s)un1
 ( solid silv] gilt & g>ni%$ ) preci\s  
/ones1 ! gift ( ,k+ ,edg>1 us$ to be    
kept except on !       fe/ivals ( !     
sa9t1 :5 x 0 expos$ to view on ! ,alt>1 
or be=e x4         8,_m portions (      
/atu>y =m]ly belong+ to ! ,great ,scre5 
& o!r p>ts ( ! build+ are "h c>efully   
pres]v$4 ,f       ! plat=m beh9d ! r]$os
 may be obs]v$ ! admirable              
connection ( ,fox's new ) ,de ,lucy's   
e>li] "w40--7,g4 ,w4 ,k47    ,! old     
/atue ( ! bi%op1 tak5 f ! we/ front1 may
 also be  se5 "h4    ,back ( ! ,r]$os   
aga9 /&s ! fam\s ,edw>dian ,arcade1 )   
n9e  canopies 7or tab]nacles74 ,b5ea? x 
is ! anci5t entrance1 ! 8,holy  ,hole10 
lead+ into ! ,crypt4    ,! presbyt]y    
aisles are greatly admir$4 ,"h we f9d   
beautiful  examples ( ,e>ly ,engli% "w &
 _m spl5did monum5ts &  *antries4       
,beyond lies ! ,lady-,*apel1 ) ! ,*apel 
( ! ,gu>dian  ,angels on ! nor? side & !

 ,bi%op de ,langton's ,*antry on !  s\?4
    ,! ,lady-,*apel 7#adgj7 0 f\nd$ by  
,elizabe? ( ,york1 ,que5 ( ,h5ry        
,,vii41 aft] ! bir? ( h] son1 ,ar?ur1 z 
a te/imony ( h]  gratitude4 ,! arms (   
,h5ry ,,vii41 ,elizabe? & ! ,pr9ce (    
,wales--! fea!rs divid$ by roses--are   
among ! ornam5ts4    ,a pla9 slab ( grey
 m>ble 9 front ( ! ,lady-,*apel is      
suppos$ to  m>k ! ,tomb ( ,bi%op de     
,lucy1 ! build] ( all ?is "p ( !        
,ca!dral4 ,at ! back ( ! ,lady-,*apel a 
,r]$os 0 plac$ by ,dean  ,bran/on 9     
#ahgf4    ,asc5d+ ! /eps f ! transept1  
we rea* ! nor? aisle ( !  presbyt]y1 &  
ga9 a f9e view beyond ?is ( ! ea/]n     
portion (  ! *ur*1 ) its spl5did        
*antries & *apels4    ,) ! exception ( !
 extreme ea/ end ( ! ,lady-,*apel1 x is 
all ! "w ( ,bi%op ,godfrey de ,lucy     
7#aahi-abjd71 & consequ5tly a  v e>ly   
example ( ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! design &    
details are ( great  beauty4 ,! ?ree    
aisles or alleys 7call$ procession pa?s 
or ! via  processionum7 are sep>at$ f   

ea* o!r by ?ree ar*es on ea*  side &    
t]m9ate ea/w>d 9 *apels4 ,^! aisles 7   
=m$ 9  ord] to facilitate ! circulation 
( processions4    ,! nor? *apel 7"p (   
,de ,lucy's "w7 is call$ t ( ! ,gu>dian 
,angels1 f ! figures ( angels /ill      
rema9+ on ! vault+2 !  s\? *apel 7,de   
,lucy's "w7 0 fitt$ up z a *antry by    
,bi%op  ,langton1 :o di$ 9 #aejj4 ,!    
woodwork is ri* & beautiful & !  vault  
elaborate ) c>v$ rebuses on 8 "n4       
8,! nor? & s\? walls1 z f> z ! ea/ walls
 ( ! two       side *apels1 are ,de     
,lucy's "w1 & reta9 8 ri* ,e>ly ,engli% 
arcade4 ,! ea/]n comp>tm5t on ea* side1 
z well z ! ea/       wall1 h            
respectively a l>ge ,p]p5dicul> w9d[ (  
sev5       lights ) transom & trac]y ( a
 peculi> k9d (       subord9ation1 or r 
int]pretation ( patt]ns well wor? a     
c>eful /udy4 ,! vault is a complex &    
beautiful specim5 (       li]ne-"w4 ,!  
capitals & bases ( ! vault+-%afts are   
unusual & v beautiful4 ,! c>v$ panell+ (
 ! we/]n       half ( ?is *apel1 !      

seats1 desk & scre5 ( sep>ation1 are    
all excell5t1 & %\ld be notic$4 ,all ?is
 ,p]p5dicul> "w       is due to ,prior  
,hunton 7#adgj-adih7 & 8 successor1     
,prior       ,silk/$e 7#adih-aebd74 ,on 
! vault r\nd ! two c5tral keys--"o      
repres5t+ ! ,almighty1 ! o!r ! ,bless$  
,virg9--are !       rebuses ( ! two     
priors3 ! lett] ,t1 ! syllable ,hun1 !  
figure ( a ton = ,?omas ,hunton2 !      
figure #a & ! lett]s ,por       =       
,prior3 ! lett] ,t1 ! syllable silk1 !  
^w /$ ) a       horse bel[ x1 ! figure  
#a ) lett]s z be=e1 = ,?omas            
,silk/$e1 prior4 ,! walls ( ?is *apel   
are cov]$ ) !       rema9s ( "s v curi\s
 pa9t+s illu/rat+ ! leg5d>y       hi/ory
 ( ! ,virg94         8,^! are all ! "w (
 ,prior ,silk/$e1 ^: portrait1 ) an     
inscription1 is /ill fa9tly visible ov] 
! pisc9a40--7,r4 ,j4       ,k47         
,betwe5 ! pill>s ( ! c5tral aisle are ! 
,*antries ( ,waynflete  & ,beau=t4 ,bo? 
7 mu* injur$ by ,cromwell's troops & h  
be5  re/or$4 ,! delicacy & beauty (     

,waynflete's canopy %\ld be not$4  ,!   
lily1 8 device1 con/antly appe>s4 ,8    
effigy lies "h4    ,beau=t appe>s 9 8   
,c>d9al's robes4 ,he 0 half-bro!r to    
,h5ry  ,,iv4 & 0 bi%op1 /atesman1 soldi]
 & bank] to ! royal family4  ,he is said
 to h bur/ into te>s at ! burn+ ( ,joan 
( ,arc at  ,r\5 & to h left ! sc5e4     
,h[ev]1 he p]secut$ ! ,loll>ds4  ,betwe5
 ^! two *antries lies ! effigy ( a      
,?irte5? ,c5tury  ,knight 9 *a9-mail &  
cross-legg$4 ,x is ! only anci5t milit>y
  figure 9 ! ca!dral4 ,he is ei!r ,sir  
,w4 de ,foix or ,sir ,arnold de         
,gava/on4    ,beyond ! pi] :i* connects 
,de ,lucy's "w ) ! ,presbyt]y on !  nor?
 side is ! ,*antry ( ,bi%op ,g>d9]      
7#aeca-aeee71 ! 8hamm] (  h]etics10     
secret>y to ,c>d9al ,wolsey & ,h5ry     
,,viii4's ambassador to  ! ,pope reg>d+ 
8 m>riage4 ,bi%op ,g>d9] also m>ri$     
8,bloody  ,m>y0 to ! ,k+ ( ,spa94       
,opposite is ,bi%op ,fox's ,*antry1     
built by ,fox himself4 ,x is ! mo/      
elaborate *antry 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,! ar*es 

7 once fill$ )  /a9$ glass4 ,! ,bi%op's 
emblem1 ! pelican1 appe>s ev]y:]e4 ,fox 
0 secret>y & ,"l ,privy ,seal to ,h5ry  
,,vii4 & f\nd] ( ,corpus  ,*ri/i1 ,ox=d4
 ,?is college re/or$ ! ,bi%op's *antry4 
,bl9d  sev]al ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 ,fox us$
 to be l$ e day to !  small oratory     
atta*$ to 8 ,*antry4    ,! visitor %\ld 
/udy ^! *antries1 beg9n+ ) ,ed+ton's 9  
! ,nave & end+ ) ,g>d9]'s1 = !y =m a    
cont9u\s record  ( ! gr[? & developm5t (
 ,p]p5dicul> & ,tudor ar*itecture  f    
#acff to #aeee4         8,9 no ,engli%  
*ur* except ,we/m9/] ,abbey & ,/4       
,paul's1 lie       s _m m5 ( "n4 ,= j z 
! features ( ! ,ca!dral       repres5t  
all ! successive phases & *anges ( ! art
 (       build+1 until x has be5 /yl$ a 
#8,s*ool ( ,engli%       ,ar*itecture1' 
s x may be said to be ! home & c5tre (  
our       e>ly hi/ory4 ,long is ! roll (
 k+s & /atesm5 :o came       hi!r & ^:  
bones "h lie at re/4 ,cynegils &        
,c5walh1 ,we/       ,saxon ,k+s1 f\nd]s 
( ! *ur*1 are "h2 ,egb]t 0 buri$        

"h 9 #hch2 ,e!lwulf also & ,edw>d !     
,eld] & ,edr$4 ,!       body ( ,alfr$ ! 
,great lay a :ile 9 ! *ur*1 !n 0        
transf]r$ to ! new m9/] he _h built1 &  
f9ally re/$ at       ,hyde ,abbey4 ,&1  
mo/ spl5did "n ( all1 ! great ,cnut 0   
buri$ "h1 z 0 also 8 son1 ,h>?acnut1 z  
bad & mean z       8 fa!r 0 great4 ,!   
roll ( k+s 0 clos$ :5 ,r$               
,william's blood-dripp+ corpse came     
jolt+ hi!r 9 ! c\ntry       c>t f ,new  
,=e/40--7,g4 ,w4 ,k47    ,! two         
,transepts are simil>4 ,bo? h ea/ & we/ 
aisles & bo?  are ( two p]iods4 ,! e>li]
 p>ts are pla9 rude ,norman1 massive &  
gr& 9 effect4 ,! ar*es1 bo? ( tri=ium & 
cl]e/ory1 are  squ>e-edg$ l ! pi]-ar*es 
bel[ !m4 ,!y %\ld be comp>$  ) ,ely     
,ca!dral1 ! "w ( ,walkelyn's bro!r1     
,simeon4 ,x is  int]e/+ to note t !     
c5tral t[]s ( bo? fell1--,walkelyn's  9 
#aajg & ,simeon's 9 #acba4    ,! ,nor?  
,transept conta9s five alt>s4 ,on ! s\? 
side aga9/ !  organ scre5 is ! ,*apel ( 
! ,holy ,sepul*re1 ! walls ( :i* are    

cov]$ ) rude wall-pa9t+s illu/rative ( !
 passion ( our  ,savi\r4    ,! ,s\?     
,transept is simil> to ! ,nor? transept4
 ,9 its ea/]n  aisles are two *apels =m$
 by scre5s ( /one trac]y "w4 ,!  s\?    
*apel is call$ ,silk/$e's ,*apel1 f     
,prior ,silk/$e1 ^:  "n1 ,?omas1 is c>v$
 on ! scre5 ) ! monogram ,m4 ,a4 ( !    
,virg9 & a ske9 ( silk1 8 rebus4 ,!     
beautiful iron-"w is ( a  lat] p]iod4 ,a
 pla9 black m>ble slab 9 ,prior         
,silk/$e's ,*apel  m>ks ! ,tomb ( ,izaak
 ,walton1 8! pr9ce ( fi%]m510 :o di$ 9  
#afhc4    ,entrances f bo? transepts    
lead to ! crypt4    ,9 ! we/ aisle ( !  
s\? transept is ! ,*apt]-,h\se 7=m]ly  !
 sacri/y71 above :i* is ! ,libr>y4 ,!   
doorway 9 ! s\? wall  l$ to ! dome/ic   
build+s ( ! mona/]y4    ,! ,crypt is    
ent]$ f ! nor? transept4 ,x is ,norman1 
d>k &  massive1 & sugge/ive ( a remote  
age4 ,x is frequ5tly flood$2 =  ! level 
( ! riv] seems to h ris5 s9ce ! ,elev5? 
,c5tury4  ,l o!r crypts1 x s]ves to %[ !
 orig9al plan ( ! ,norman  ,*ur*4 ,x is 

9 ?ree p>ts3 ! we/]n1 consi/+ ( !       
sub/ructure ( ! orig9al *oir2 a long    
aisleless *apel ( ?ree  bays b5ea? !    
pres5t retro-*oir2 & ! sub/ructure (    
,c\rt5ay's ,lady-,*apel built betwe5    
#adhf & #adib4 ,b5ea? !    ,illu/ration3
 ,,w9*e/]3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/                
,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/]3 ,,we/ ,,front   
high alt> is ! sacr$ well1 ! c5tre (    
,saxon wor%ip be=e !  ,ca!dral _h an    
exi/5ce4    ,! ,ro(s ( ?is ca!dral also 
des]ve a visit4         8,9 ! ro( ( !   
nave may be se5 ! orig9al ,norman %afts 
runn+ up above ,wykeham's vault1 & 9 ^? 
( ! aisles !       ,norman ar*es ( !    
tri=ium1 be/ develop$ at ! ea/ end (    
! nave aisle-ro(4 ,! transept ro(s %[ to
 ?is day :at       ,bi%op ,walkelyn did 
) ,hempage-wood4 ,f ! leads ( ! t[]     
!re is a v /rik+ view ov] ! city & its  
environs40--7,r4       ,j4 ,k47    ,!   
,bells hang 9 ! great c5tral t[]3 ?ree  
are dat$ #agcd1 !  o!rs #agcg1 #agdb1   
#aggb1 #ahjd & #ahad4 ,! t5or bell 0    
reca/ 9  #ahib4    ,)9 ! ,prec9cts /ood 

! ,royal ,ca/le at ! "t ( ! ,norman     
,conque/4 ,?is 0 pull$ d[n by ,h5ry de  
,blois 9 ! ,twelf?  ,c5tury4            
,,*i*e/]         ,,d$ication3 ,,! ,,holy
 ,,tr9ity4 ,a ,,*ur* ,,s]v$ ,,by        
,,secul> ,,canons4         ,,special    
,,features3 ,,five ,,aisles2 ,,spire2   
,,campanile4      ,*i*e/] 7! camp (     
,cissa7 /&s at ! head ( an arm ( !      
,engli% ,*annel4 ,its ,ca!dral is ! only
 "o 9 ,engl& t c be  se5 f ! sea4    ,9 
#ajhb ! ,s\? ,saxon ,see 0 remov$ f     
,selsey to ,*i*e/]4 ,!  *ur* ( !        
mona/]y1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 seems to 
h be5 us$  until ,bi%op ,ralph ,luffa   
7ab\t :om little or no?+ is kn[n7 f\nd$ 
! exi/+ ,ca!dral4 ,?is 0 complet$ 9     
#aajh1 p>tly de/roy$ by  fire 9 #aaad & 
p>tly re/or$ by ! same ,ralph1 :o di$ 9 
#aabc4         8,*i*e/] ,ca!dral1 ?\gh  
"o ( ! smalle/1 is to !       /ud5t (   
,m$ival ar*itecture "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ &
       important ( our ca!drals4 ,at    
,salisbury "o or two /yles (            
ar*itecture are repres5t$2 at ,cant]bury

 two or ?ree2 at       ,*i*e/] e s+le   
/yle is to be se5 )\t a break f       ! 
,elev5? to ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,x is an 
epitome ( ,engli%       ar*itectural    
hi/ory = five hundr$ ye>s4 ,e>ly        
,norman1 late       ,norman1 late       
,transitional1 e>ly ,lancet1 late       
,lancet1 e>ly       ,geometrical1 late  
,geometrical1 ,curvil9e>1 ,p]p5dicul> & 
,tudor       "w all appe> 9 ! /ructure  
side by side4 ,we h _m o!r              
het]og5e\s & composite ca!drals1 b      
n[h]e1 except p]haps       at ,h]e=d1 c 
! :ole sequ5ce ( ,m$ival /yles be read s
       well z at ,*i*e/]40--7,f4 ,b47   
,*i*e/] 0 consecrat$ 9 #aadh1 aga9      
suff]$ f fire 9  #aahf-aahg & 0 re/or$ &
 enl>g$ by ,bi%op ,seffrid ,,ii4        
7#aahj-abjd74         8,! fire ( #aahf 0
 n z s]i\s z t ( ,cant]bury 9 #aahb1    
s t !re 0 no ne$ ( rebuild+4 ,bi%op     
,seffrid1 h[ev]1       cov]$ ! ,ca!dral 
) a /one vault & add$ ! necess>y        
buttresses & fly+-buttresses4 ,he also  
built ! ,*oir1 mak+       great use (   

,purbeck m>ble4 ,he remov$ ! ,norman    
apse & built       ! aisl$ retro-*oir ( 
two bays4         8,?is is !            
ar*itectural gem ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! idea (
 x       probably came f ,h]e=d1 :]e !  
retro-*oir is a few ye>s       e>li]4   
,at ,h]e=d1 h[ev]1 ! retro-*oir projects
       picturesquely & =ms an ea/]n     
transept4 ,! c5tral pi]s (       !      
,*i*e/] retro-*oir are rem>kably        
beautiful4 ,!y consi/       ( a c5tral  
column surr\nd$ by f\r %afts v widely   
deta*$2       columns & %afts are (     
,purbeck m>ble4 ,! capitals are         
,cor9?ianesque2 _! height is proportion$
 to ! diamet]s (       ! column & %afts4
 ,?is beautiful capital 0 reproduc$ a   
few       ye>s lat] by ,/4 ,hugh at     
,l9coln4 ,! tri=ium is ( q              
exceptional beauty1 z inde$ is ! :ole   
design4 ,semicircul>       ar*es occur 9
 ! pi] arcade & tri=ium1 & "s ( !       
abaci are squ>e2 o!rwise ! design is    
pure ,go?ic4 ,"h1 z at       ,abbey     
,dore1 ,/4 ,?omas's1 ,portsm\?1         

,boxgrove & ,wells1 we see       !      
transition to ! #8pure & undefil$       
,go?ic' ( ,/4 ,hugh's       *oir at     
,l9coln4 ,9 ^! beautiful *ur*es ! anci5t
       ,romanesque /yle brea!d its la/4 
8,! aisles ( ! new retro-*oir 7 cont9u$ 
on ei!r side (       ! fir/ bay ( !     
,norman ,lady-,*apel ^: ?ree bays _h    
probably be5 remodell$ be=e ! fire 9    
,transitional fa%ion4       ,! capitals 
( ! ,lady-,*apel are ( exceptional      
int]e/ &       importance1 z %[+        
exp]im5tal foliation :i* _h n yet       
settl$ d[n into ! conv5tional leafage ( 
e>ly ,go?ic4 ,!       apse also ( ! s\? 
transept 0 replac$ by a squ>e *apel1    
n[ us$ z a ,libr>y1 9 ! vault+ ( :i* !  
,norman zigzag       occurs4         8,a
 little lat] 9 ! ,lancet p]iod 0 built  
7#aaii-abde7 !       lovely s\? por*1 ) 
small exquisite m\ld+s1 & !       *>m+  
foliat$ capitals & corbels4 ,! diff]5ce 
betwe5       e>ly ,transitional1 late   
,transitional & ,lancet foliation may be
       well se5 by exam9+ successively !

 capitals ( !       ,lady-,*apel1 !     
tri=ium ( ! retro-*oir & ! s\? por*4    
,! nor? por* is almo/ equally f9e4 ,!   
vault+ ribs1 squ>e       9 section1 %[ t
 ! two por*es bo? belong to ! v fir/    
ye>s ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,r lat]1 !   
sacri/y 0       built on to ! s\? por*1 
) a massive vault support$ by           
foliat$ corbels40--7,f4 ,b47            
,*i*e/]'s sa9t 0 "o ( its own           
bi%ops--,ri*>d de la ,wy*--:o  di$ 9    
#abec4 ,he 0 canoniz$ 9 #abfa4 ,9 #abgf1
 8 rema9s 7  remov$ f _! fir/ re/+-place
 to ! %r9e 9 ! s\?  transept opposite ! 
beautiful ,e>ly ,decorat$ w9d[ 7"o ( !  
lovelie/ examples ( ?is /yle 9 ,engl&74 
,edw>d ,i41 8 ,que5 &  ! ,c\rt 7 pres5t 
at ! ,translation4 ,f t "t ! %r9e       
receiv$ _m visits f pilgrims4    ,!     
c5tral t[] 0 built dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! 
,f\rte5?  ,c5tury1 & ! spire 0 complet$ 
at ! end ( ! ,f\rte5?  ,c5tury4 ,!      
campanile 0 built by ,bi%op ,john de    
,langton 7#acje-accf74  ,bi%op ,%]borne 
7#aejg-aecf7 add$ ! upp] portion ( !    

*oir-/alls  & ! decorations ( ! s\?     
transept4 ,^! are ! ornam5tations       
ref]r$ to by ,full]1 :o qua9tly says    
,bi%op ,seffrid 8be/[$ !  clo? & mak+ on
 ! *ur*1 :ile ,bi%op ,%]borne gave !    
trimm+  & be/ lace !reto1 9 ! reign (   
,h5ry ,,vii40    ,9 #afdc1 !            
,p>liam5t>ian troops broke ! organ1     
defac$ !  monum5ts & hack$ ! seats &    
/alls1 :i*1 ( c\rse1  necessitat$       
re/orations & repairs4 ,repairs1        
re/orations &  alt]ations 7 also made f 
#ahdc to #ahef1 ! mo/ important (  :i* 0
 ! recon/ruction ( ! c5tral t[] & spire 
"u ,sir  ,gilb]t ,scott4 ,9 #ahfg !     
floor ( ! ,lady-,*apel 0 l[]$ to its    
orig9al level & ! ,gilb]t ,*apel re/or$2
 & dur+ ! la/ half  ( ! ,n9ete5?        
,c5tury1 ! cloi/] 0 re/or$ & ! ro( ( !  
,lady-,*apel1 & a new nor?-we/]n t[]    
design$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4  ,pe>son4       
8,! ,ca!dral /&s on ! s\? ( ,we/ ,/reet1
 :]e a f9e       view may be _h ( ! :ole
 ( ! nor? side ( ! build+ &       ( !   
deta*$ ,campanile4 ,! ,close occupies   

entirely !       s\?-we/ quadrant ( !   
city1 be+ b\nd$ by ,s\? & ,we/          
,/reets & ! ,city ,wall4 ,! c5tral t[] &
 spire1 ris+ to a       height ( #bgg   
feet1 are conspicu\s = _m miles ar\nd1 b
 !       we/ front is mu* %ut 94 ,p]haps
 ! mo/ pleas+ view is t       se5 f !   
mead[s on ! s\? ( ! city1 f :i* po9t    
! ,campanile fits 9 admirably ) ! g5]al 
mass ( !       build+40--7,j4 ,c4-,b47  
,?is ,campanile1 9 :i* eight bells hang1
 /&s on ! nor? side (  ! ,ca!dral1 & 0  
built 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,x cov]s a  
squ>e ( #ej feet & consi/s ( two cubes )
 an octagonal lant]n 7#h  feet74    ,!  
,c5tral ,t[] & its delicate ,spire h _h 
a peculi> hi/ory4  ,expos$ to ! s\?-we/ 
gales f ! ,*annel1 ! au?orities 9 !     
,sev5te5? ,c5tury _h fe>s = its safety2 
&1 consequ5tly !  upp] "p 0 tak5 d[n &  
rebuilt by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 :o      
plac$ )9 x a p5dulum-/age ( wood & iron 
to /eady x4 ,?is  +5i\s inv5tion la/$   
until #ahfa2 & x is said t ,wr5's       
contrivance prev5t$ ! spire f toppl+ ov]

 :5 ! collapse  occurr$4    ,ab\t #ahei 
?is spire %[$ signs ( weakness1 &       
und]p9n+ 0 (  no avail4 ,on ! #ba/ (    
,febru>y x incl9$ slightly to !         
s\?-we/1 !n seem$ to "r itself2 & !n1   
amid a great cl\d (  du/1 desc5d$       
p]p5dicul>ly into ! walls ( ! t[]1 do+  
no  h>m to ! ro( ( ! *ur*4 ,! fall only 
la/$ a few seconds4 ,z  ?is happ5$ 9    
,que5 ,victoria's reign1 ! old ,sussex  
prophecy 0  fulfil$3        8,if ,*i*e/]
 ,*ur* /eeple fall       ,9 ,engl& !re's
 no ,k+ at all40    ,! rebuild+ 0       
entru/$ to ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott ) a      
/ipulation  t ! new t[] & spire %\ld be 
exact reproductions ( !  orig9als4      
,scott1 h[ev]1 add$ six feet to !       
height4         8,! c5tral t[]1 :i* is  
battlem5t$1 ) octagonal turrets       at
 ! angles1 also battlem5t$1 has 9 its   
pr9cipal or second       /ory1 two      
c\plets 9 ea* face1 ) a quatrefoil 9 !  
head1       ea* "u a po9t$ ar*4 ,! spire
 is ( beautiful design1       octagonal2
 9 ea* face is a w9d[ ( two lights1     

flank$ by       p9nacl$ turrets1        
crocket$ & canopi$4 ,its elegance has   
con/antly l$ to its be+ comp>$ ) t (    
,salisbury1 :i*1       h[ev]1 diff]s f x
 9 age & _m o!r p>ticul>s1 z well       
z size4 ,x =ms n only ! c5tral b !      
pr9cipal feature (       ! *ur*1 all ^: 
l9es are design$ to "w 9 ) x1 a v       
p]fect effect ( unity1 z at ,salisbury1 
be+ atta9$4 ,x is       locally said t !
 ma/] built ,salisbury & ! man1         
,*i*e/]40--7,w4 ,j4 ,l47    ,! ,we/     
,front is compos$ ( ?ree /ories1 a      
gable1 por* & two  t[]s4 ,! nor!rn t[]  
is mod]n1 copi$ f its tw91 :i* is  ,e>ly
 ,engli% above ! ?ird /ory4 ,! great    
,we/ ,w9d[ is mod]n1  copi$ f ,f\rte5?  
,c5tury examples4 ,! c5tral por* 7,e>ly 
,engli%7 is ( ! same date & "* z ! s\?  
por*1 :i*  op5s into ! cloi/]s4 ,! nor? 
por* 7,e>ly ,engli%7 lies betwe5  !     
aisle & ! nor?-we/ t[]4    ,! nor? wall 
( ! nave has "s curi\s buttresses4 ,9 ! 
s\?  transept notice a ri*ly trac]i$    
w9d[ 7,decorat$71 ( sev5 lights1  ) a   

beautiful rose w9d[ above4 ,a trefoil$  
/r+-c\rse ornam5ts  ! p>apet 9 !        
transept & *oir4 ,! ,ea/ ,w9d[ consi/s (
 ?ree  lancet w9d[s1 ) a rose w9d[ (    
sev5 foliat$ circles ( !  *oir 9 !      
gable2 x is flank$ by arcad$ p9nacles ) 
small  spires4    ,! fir/ view ( !      
int]ior ( ,*i*e/] is some:at sev]e4     
8,on ent]+ ! nave ! eye is at once      
caught by ! five aisles1       a        
peculi>ity %>$ by no o!r ,engli% ca!dral
 b t (       ,man*e/]1 al?\gh "s p>i%   
*ur*es h x on a small]       scale1 z   
,taunton & ,cov5try4 ,on ! ,cont95t !   
increas$       numb] ( aisles is common1
 witness ,beauvais1 ,cologne1 ,milan1   
,seville1 & sev5-aisl$ ,antw]p4 ,gr&    
effects ( light & %ade       are produc$
 by ^! five aisles3 rem>k especially !  
view f       ! extreme nor?-ea/ corn] ( 
! nor? aisle1 look+ across       !      
ca!dral4 ,! great dep? ( ! tri=ium %ad[s
 is ow+ to       ! unusual wid? ( ?is   
wall passage4 ,! bread? ( ! nave 7#ia   
feet7 is great] ?an t ( any ,engli%     

ca!dral except ,york       7#ajc feet74 
8,! fir/ two /ories ( ! s\?-we/ t[] at !
 end ( !       nave des]ve exam9ation4  
,! rude1 long capitals1 & pla9          
circul> ar*es1 probably indicate t x =m$
 a "p ( !       fir/ *ur* complet$ by   
,bi%op ,ralph 9 #aajh4 ,! nave itself1 z
       f> z ! top ( ! tri=ium1 & ! two  
aisles imm$iately       adjo9+1 are ! "w
 ( ! same ,bi%op 7di$ #aabc71--or %\ld  
p]haps be describ$ z hav+ =m$ "p ( !    
,norman ca!dral       complet$ 9 #aadh4 
,! cl]e/ory above1 & ! %afts ( ,purbeck 
m>ble :i* light5 ! pi]s1 are ,seffrid's 
additions 7di$       #abjd74 ,! vault+  
is p]haps some:at lat]2 & x 0 because   
x 0 det]m9$1 aft] ! burn+ ( #aahg1 to   
replace ) a       /one vault ! wood5    
ro(s to :i* ! frequ5t fires _h be5      
ow+ t ,seffrid c>ri$ up 8 vault+-%afts  
along ! face (       ! ,norman pi]s1 "s 
( :i* he re-cas$4 ,! two ext]ior        
aisles1 nor? & s\?1 7 probably add$ by  
,bi%op ,neville       7di$ #abdd71 :5 x 
became necess>y to provide additional   

room       = *antries & relic %r9es4 ,! 
positions ( ! v>i\s       alt>s are m>k$
 by pisc9as & aumbries 9 ! walls4 ,!    
two1       h[ev]1 occur toge!r 9 ! s\?  
aisle alone2 9 ! nor? are       aumbries
 only1 an arrangem5t possibly result+ f 
! feel+       ) :i* t qu>t] 0 always    
anci5tly reg>d$4 ,a c]ta9ly             
triplicity p]vades all ?is "p ( !       
ca!dral1 :i* 0       d$icat$ by ,bi%op  
,seffrid to ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,! side    
%afts       are triple ?r\gh\t4 ,!      
be>+-%afts ( ! vault+ are       clu/]$ 9
 ?rees1 & bran* out ) ?ree triple       
vault+-ribs       above4 ,! transitional
 "* ( ,bi%op ,seffrid's "w is           
especially m>k$ 9 ! cl]e/ory1 ! inn]    
arcade ( :i* is       po9t$1 :il/ !     
w9d[s !mselves are r\nd-head$40--7,r4   
,j4       ,k47    ,! nave is full (     
monum5ts & tablets1 "s ( :i* are by     
,flaxman4  ,! "o 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,f\r    
,virg9s 7nor? side7 is a memorial to    
,coll9s ! poet4 ,ne> x are ! two figures
 ( ! ,e>l ( ,arundel &  ,maud1 8 wife4  

,arundel 0 behead$ 9 #abig4 ,he is      
repres5t$ 9 full  arm\r & at 8 feet is a
 lion4         8,! mo/ beautiful monum5t
 n[ rema9+ 9 ! *ur* is t       :i* is   
said to repres5t ,maud1 ,c\ntess (      
,arundel 7#abgj74 ,!       modell+ ( !  
:ole figure & ! long fl[+ l9es ( h]     
robes are wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,! h&s   
are clasp$ ov] !       brea/ ) ! =e>ms  
b5t upw>ds slightly t[>ds ! face4 ,on   
ea* ( ! long sides ( ! base support+ !  
figure are six       elongat$ quatrefoil
 panels1 conta9+ 9 all six female       
figures       & six %ields4 ,betwe5 !   
quatrefoils are w+$ heads ( t5          
angelic figures4 ,! blazon+ ( ! %ields  
is entirely gone1 &       ! brilliant   
col\r+ t once cov]$ ! entire monum5t is 
only to be trac$ 9 a few places4 ,! out]
 robe /ill %[s    ,illu/ration3         
,,*i*e/]4    ,illu/ration3 ,,*i*e/]3    
,,nave1 ,,ea/         "s signs ( ! ri*  
blue ) :i* x us$ to be cov]$4 ,!        
face ( ! figure appe>s to be badly      
mutilat$1 b ! damage to       ! features

 has be5 done pr9cipally by an endeav\r 
to pres]ve       !m40--7,h4 ,c4 ,c47    
,9 ! *oir we f9d /alls t h be5 9 use    
s9ce ! ,f\rte5?  ,c5tury4 ,on ! backs ( 
! *oir-/alls pictures by ,b]n>di        
repres5t  ,ceadwalla & ,h5ry ,,viii4    
confirm+ privileges to ! bi%ops ( _!    
day4    ,9 ! s\? transept is a beautiful
 w9d[1 bett] se5 f !  ,cloi/]s because !
 bad glass spoils ! effect ( ! trac]y4  
,at ! end ( ! s\? side 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 
,m>y ,magdal5e ,/4  ,ri*>d's head 0     
pres]v$ 9 a silv] reliqu>y 9 ! aumbry 9 
!  nor? wall4    ,! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>y   
,magdal5e is balanc$ by ! ,*apel ( ,/4  
,ka!r9e at ! end ( ! nor?-*oir-aisle4 ,9
 ! s\?-*oir-aisle1  two curi\sly c>v$   
,slabs1 repres5t+ ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us &  
,m>?a & ,m>y meet+ ,jesus1 are suppos$  
to h be5 br\ght f  ! fir/ ,ca!dral 9    
,selsey :5 ! ,see 0 transf]r$ to ,*i*e/]
  9 #ajhb4    ,a doorway 9 !            
nor?-*oir-aisle leads to ! old ,*apel ( 
,/4 ,john  ! ,bapti/ & ,/4 ,edmund !    
,k+4 ,! vault+ is unlike any o!r 9  !   

,ca!dral4 ,! zigzag1 or *evron1 occurs  
^u ! m\ld+ ( !  ribs4 ,a f9ely c>v$ head
 appe>s on ! spr+ ( ! ar*4 ,?is  *apel  
is n[ us$ z ! ,libr>y4         8,at     
,*i*e/] !re 7 built1 "o aft] ano!r1 f\r 
sets (       *apels--( ,/4 ,george & ,/4
 ,clem5t on ! s\? ( ! s\?       aisle1 &
 ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ,/4 ,anne & ,/4 ,edmund  
on ! nor? (       ! nor? aisle4 ,!      
,,w9d[s %\ld be /udi$ 9 ! above ord]2   
!y =m q an excell5t object-lesson ( !   
evolution (       b>-trac]y f           
plate-trac]y1 itself a d]ivative f su*  
designs z t ( ! ea/ w9d[ ( ! s\?        
transept *apel4       ,:5 ! *apels 7    
complet$1 ! ,norman aisle-walls 7       
pi]c$1 & ar*es 7 ins]t$ :]e ,norman     
w9d[s _h be52       & ! ,lancet         
buttresses1 :i* _h be5 add$ :5 ! nave   
vault       0 erect$1 n[ f\nd !mselves  
inside ! *ur*1 buttress+       pi]s     
in/ead ( walls4 ,! new w9d[s on ! s\?   
side 7       built s high t ! vault+ ( !
 *apels _h to be tilt$ up       to all[ 
room = _! heads2 ext]nally !y 7         

orig9ally       cr[n$ ) gables1 !       
wea!r+s ( :i* may be se5 outside4       
,9 ,/4 ,?omas's *apel is a *>m+ example 
( a simple ,?irte5?       ,c5tury       
r]$os40--7,f4 ,b47    ,above ! s\? por* 
!re is a small *amb] popul>ly kn[n z !  
8,loll>ds' ,prison40    ,betwe5 ! back (
 ! r]$os 7mod]n7 & ! entrance to !      
,lady-,*apel is ! ,retro-*oir1 or       
presbyt]y1 :i* _m critics  consid] !    
*ief glory ( ,*i*e/]4         8,! design
 9 detail ( ^! two bays is v diff]5t 9  
"* f ! ?ree 9 ! *oir1 :i* are l ^? 9 !  
nave4 ,! two pi]s ( ,purbeck m>ble are  
circul>1 & ab\t !m       are gr\p$ f\r  
deta*$ %afts ( ! same mat]ial4 ,!y are  
unit$ only at ! base & by ! abacus above
 ! capitals1 :i*       are beautifully  
c>v$4 ,! ma9 ar*es 9 ! two bays are n   
po9t$1 b r\nd1 l ^? 9 ! nave & *oir2 b1 
unlike       ! latt]1 !y h deeply cut   
m\ld+s 9 ?ree ord]s4 ,!       tri=ium   
arcade above1 on ! nor? & s\? sides1 has
 m\ld$       & c>v$ details ( a simil>  
"*4 ,"s ( ! beautifully       c>v$      

figure-"w /ill rema9s 9 ! sp&rels betwe5
 !       subsidi>y po9t$ ar*es4 ,b ! mo/
 beautiful piece ( design       9 all   
?is "w is 9 ! ar*es ( ! tri=ium passage 
across       ! ea/ wall1 above !        
entrance to ! ,lady-,*apel40--7,f4 ,b47 
,/4 ,ri*>d's ,%r9e /ood on a plat=m 9 ! 
bay 9 ! presbyt]y  imm$iately beh9d !   
,high ,alt>4 ,?is plat=m 0 remov$ at !  
"t ( ! g5]al re/oration 9 #ahfa-ahfg4   
,! ,lady-,*apel 0 once decorat$ )       
designs 9 col\r1 rema9s (  :i* are /ill 
to be se54 ,! new ,r]$os is ( alaba/]4  
,! glass  ( ! w9d[ is also mod]n4 ,"h is
 ! ,tomb ( ,bi%op ,ralph1 f\nd]  ( !    
orig9al ,norman *ur*4    ,! visitor %\ld
 walk ar\nd ! ,cloi/]s = ! sake ( !     
ext]ior views ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! s\?      
transept w9d[ is well se5  "h4 ,note !  
beautiful trac]y ( ! circul> w9d[ above 
x4 ,!  position ( ! ,cloi/]s1 ly+ ea/w>d
 "u ! ,transept & ,*oir1  in/ead (      
we/w>d along ! ,nave1 is unusual4       
8,! cloi/] :i* 0 add$ 9 ! ,fifte5?      
,c5tury is ( a       peculi>ly irregul> 

%ape1 & encloses ! s\? transept )9      
! p>adise4 ,x has be5 mu* re/or$ at     
diff]5t times4 ,!       pres5t ro( is ( 
tiles & is c>ri$ on common raft]s4 ,ea* 
has       a cross tie1 & ! /ruts are    
%ap$ s z to give a po9t$ ar*       =m to
 ea* "o4 ,! old ,fifte5? ,c5tury wood5  
cornice /ill       rema9s 9 "s sections4
 ,! trac]y is divid$ into f\r           
comp>tm5ts by mullions1 & ea* head is   
fill$ ) cusp$ "w4       ,r\nd ! cloi/]  
are plac$ ! old h\ses ( ! ,treasur]1 !  
,royal ,*apla9s1 & ,wiccamical          
,preb5d>ies4 ,above ! door       lead+  
to ! h\se ( ! ,royal ,*apla9s is an     
int]e/+       monum5t ( ! ,tudor ,p]iod4
 ,x is a panel divid$ into two          
comp>tm5ts by a m\ld$ /one fragm5t4     
,lead+ out ( ! s\?       walk is a      
doorway1 ?r\gh :i* ! dean]y may be se5  
beyond !       end ( a long wall$       
passage kn[n z ,,/4 ,,ri*>d',s ,,walk4  
,look+       back nor?w>ds1 !re is f9e  
view ( ! spire & transept f       ! end 
( ?is walk40--7,h4 ,c4 ,c47    ,9 !     

s\?-ea/ corn] ! ,cloi/] passes "u ! we/ 
end ( ,/4  ,fai?'s ,*apel1 f\nd$ 9 !    
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4          ,,salisbury  
,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,m>y2 ,a ,,*ur*      
,,s]v$ ,,by ,,secul> ,,canons4          
,,special ,,features3 ,,spire2          
,,*apt]-,,h\se4      ,salisbury1 on !   
edge ( ! great ,salisbury ,pla91 haunt$ 
by  ,+oldsby's 8,dead ,drumm]0 & n f> f 
weird ,/oneh5ge1 is fam\s  = its        
beautiful ,e>ly ,engli% ,ca!dral4       
8,! visitor :o sees x fir/ on a bright  
day c nev] =get !       impression x has
 made on 8 m9d4 ,unlike ! ar*itects ( ! 
s-call$ #8,great ,go?ic ,revival1' !    
build]s ( ,salisbury put       _! tru/ 9
 proportion4 ,incid5tally !y made _!    
details z       elaborate & z p]fect z  
possible2 b !y 7 subord9at$ to       !  
g5]al effect1 & :51 dur+ ! frightful    
ravages ( !       #8re/or]s1' let loose 
^u ! *ur* 9 ! pa/ & pres5t              
c5turies1 _m ( ! be/ & mo/ preci\s ( ^! 
details &       ornam5ts p]i%$ or 7     
r5ew$1 ! ma9 build+ survives1           

rais+ its exquisitely graceful spire    
into ! blue sky1 its       ?\s& p9nacles
 all po9t+ upw>d & gleam+ :ite aga9/    
! deep gre5 ( ! old trees & ! em]ald    
turf ( !       surr\nd+ close4 ,engl& c 
%[ no fair] sight4 #8,h[ long1'         
ask$ an ,am]ican visitor1 #8does x take 
to gr[ su* turf8' #8,oh6       n long1' 
0 ! reply2 #8only a c\ple ( c5turies4'  
,"o feels       at ,salisbury t :e!r !  
answ] 0 giv5 !re or at ,ox=d1       ( no
 place c\ld x be m true4 ,?\gh1 :5 we   
look ne>       en\gh1 we c see t fre% & 
:ite z is ! g5]al effect1       !       
masonry ( ,salisbury is ( great         
antiquity1 except ( c\rse       :]e x   
has be5 re/or$2 & antiquity adds ano!r  
*>m1 =       ,salisbury 0 ! fir/        
complete ca!dral built aft] !           
,romanesque tradition _h di$ out1 z ,/4 
,paul's is ! fir/ built       aft] x _h 
be5 reviv$4 ,9 o!r ca!drals !re are     
fragm5ts       ( ! same /yle1 & !y are  
always ! mo/    ,illu/ration3 ,,*i*e/]3 
,,scre5    ,illu/ration3 ,,salisbury3   

,,nor?         beautiful features ( !   
:ole build+4 ,we c recall ! we/]n       
por* at ,ely1 & ! ,angel ,*oir at       
,l9coln1 & ! *apt]-h\se       at        
,s\?well2 b1 "h1 at ,salisbury1 we h !  
:ole va/       ca!dral1 all 9 ! same    
supreme /yle1 e "p fitt+ into       its 
place1 & add+ its contribution to !     
g5]al effect1 nev]       9 contra/ b    
always 9 h>mony until ! effect is       
atta9$4       ,:at t is may be read 9   
c\ntless books ( travel or criticism4   
,salisbury ,ca!dral1 l ! ,p>!non & all  
o!r--!re are       n _m--build+s :i*    
tempt "o to call !m poems 9             
/one--produces a diff]5t feel+ 9 ! m9ds 
( all :o see       x40--7,w4 ,j4 ,l47   
,salisbury 0 built on a site unoccupi$  
by a =m] *ur*4 ,!  8,bi%op's ,/ool0 _h  
long be5 at ,old ,s>um on ,salisbury    
,pla91 a  =tifi$ ca/le & ca!dral2 b !   
ca/le became too important &  ,bi%op    
,poore & 8 canons remov$ ! ,see 9 ! e>ly
 "p ( !  ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,an old leg5d
 says t ! site ( ! new  ,ca!dral 0      

det]m9$ by an arr[ %ot by an ar*] f !   
ramp>ts  into ! gre5 vale bel[4    ,!   
fir/ /one 0 laid = ! ,pope1 :o _h       
cons5t$ to ! removal  ( ! *ur* f ,old   
,s>um2 ! second1 = ,/eph5 ,langton1     
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 !n ) "y ,h5ry   
,,iii4 9 ,wales2 !  ?ird1 = ,bi%op      
,poore2 ! f\r? 0 laid by ,william       
,longespe1 ,e>l  ( ,salisbury2 & ! fif?1
 by ! ,c\ntess ,ela1 8 wife4 ,:5 !  ,k+ 
return$ f ,wales _m ( 8 c\rti]s visit$  
,salisbury1 8&  ea* laid 8 /one1 b9d+   
himself to "s special contribution = a  
p]iod ( sev5 ye>s40    ,! build+ 0      
und]tak5 by ,elias ( ,d]eham1 cl]k ( !  
works2 &  8 successors 7 ,ni*olas (     
,portl& & ,ri*>d ( ,fairleigh4 ,!  latt]
 complet$ ! spire 9 #acge4    ,!        
,ca!dral 0 consecrat$ 9 #abeh1 by !     
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury  9 ! pres5ce (   
,h5ry ,,iii4 & 8 ,que54    ,! ,cloi/]s &
 ,*apt]-,h\se 7 built 9 ! ,?irte5?      
,c5tury &  ! ,spire 7:i* seems1 h[ev]1  
to h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al  plan7 9 !      
,f\rte5?4         8,! hi/ory ( no       

,engli% ca!dral is s cle> & s readily   
traceable z t ( ,salisbury4 ,x 0 ! fir/ 
great *ur* built       9 ,engl& 9 :at 0 
!n ! new or po9t$ /yle 7,e>ly           
,engli%72 ( :i* x /ill rema9s1 z a :ole1
 "o ( ! f9e/       & mo/ complete       
examples4 ,! ,abbey ,*ur* ( ,we/m9/]1   
comm5c$ 9 #abde1 & complet$ to ! ea/ end
 ( ! *oir 9       #abfi1 is ! only great
 build+ ( ?is age 9 ,engl& :i* c        
be consid]$ f9] ?an ,salisbury2 & x is  
probable t ,h5ry       ,,iii4 0 induc$  
to und]take ! rebuild+ ( ,we/m9/] f     
admiration ( ! ris+ glories ( ! new     
,wilt%ire ca!dral1       :i* he _h      
sev]al times visit$4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 !  
great       rival ( ,salisbury is       
,ami5s2 comm5c$ 9 ! same ye> 7#abbj7 &  
complet$1 ne>ly z at pres5t1 9 #abgb4   
8,! usual alt]ations took place 9       
,salisbury ,ca!dral at !                
,re=mation1 :5 mu* ( ! pa9t$ glass is   
said to h be5       remov$ by ,bi%op    
,jewell4 ,al?\gh desolate & ab&on$1 x   
escap$ mat]ial pr(anation dur+ ! ,civil 

,w>1 & workm5 7       ev5 employ$ to    
keep x 9 repair4 ,on ! ,re/oration1 a   
report (       ! g5]al condition ( !    
ca!dral 0 suppli$ by ,sir               
,*ri/oph] ,wr51 & c]ta9 additions = !   
/r5g!n+ (       ! spire 7 made at 8     
recomm5dation4 ,! great "w (            
de/ruction 0 res]v$ = a lat] p]iod & m  
compet5t       h&s4 ,"u ,bi%op ,b>r+ton 
7#aghb-agia7 ! ar*itect ,wyatt 01       
unhappily1 let loose ^u ,salisbury2 & 8 
untir+ use ( axe       & hamm] w /& a v 
fair comp>ison ) ! lab\rs ( an          
iconocla/ emp]or1 or ) ! burn+ zeal ( an
 e>ly ,mohamm$an       caliph4 ,he swept
 away scre5s1 *apels & por*es2 desecrat$
 &       de/roy$ ! tombs ( w>riors &    
prelates2 oblit]at$ anci5t       pa9t+s2
 flung /a9$ glass by c>tloads into !    
city dit*2       & levell$ ) ! gr\nd !  
,campanile--( ! same date z !           
,ca!dral itself--:i* /ood on ! nor? side
 ( ! *ur*y>d4       ,8 op]ations at ! "t
 7 pron\nc$ #8ta/eful1 effective &      
judici\s4' ,! be/ po9t ( view is f !    

nor?-ea/1 :i*       ,rickman has        
pron\nc$ #8! be/ g5]al view ( a ca!dral 
to be       _h 9 ,engl&1 display+ !     
v>i\s portions ( ?is int]e/+            
build+ to ! greate/ advantage4' ,!      
,ca!dral is built 7&       ro($7 ?r\gh\t
 ) free/one obta9$ f ! ,*ilm>k          
qu>ries1 situat$ ab\t twelve miles f    
,salisbury t[>ds       ,h5don1 & /ill   
work$4 ,! /one belongs to ! ,portl& b$s 
(       ! olite4 ,! pill>s & pila/]s ( !
 int]ior are (       ,purbeck m>ble4 ,! 
local rhyme 9 :i* ! ca!dral is          
celebrat$ may "h be quot$2 x is         
attribut$ by ,godw91 :o       gives a   
,lat9 v]sion ( x1 to a c]ta9 ,daniel    
,rog]s3        8#8,z _m days z 9 "o ye> 
!re be1       ,s _m w9d[s 9 ?is *ur* y  
see4       ,z _m m>ble pill>s "h appe>  
,z !re are h\rs ?r\gh ! fleet+ ye>4     
,z _m gates z moons "o "h does view1    
,/range tale to tell1 yet n m /range ?an
 true4'         ,! great po9t to :i* !  
att5tion ( ! /rang] is at once          
drawn is1 ( c\rse1 ! gr& peculi>ity (   

,salisbury1 !       #8sil5t f+]' ( its  
spire4 ,?is is ! l(tie/ 9 ,engl&1       
ris+ #djj feet above ! pavem5t 7,*i*e/] 
said1 b v       d\btfully1 to h be5     
built 9 imitation ( x1 is #bga feet 9   
height2 ,norwi* #cac feet7 & its summit 
is #cj feet above ! top       ( ,/4     
,paul's40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,dean       
,/anley said t ,we/m9/] is all-glori\s  
)9 & ,salisbury1  all-glori\s )\t4      
8,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! beauty ( !    
,ca!dral *ur* (       ,salisbury1 !     
*a/ity ( its /yle & ! purity ( its      
detail4       ,! ea/ end may be said to 
display ! utmo/ ref9em5t ( !       ,e>ly
 ,engli% era4 ,e subord9ate feature is s
 p]fectly       dispos$1 s admirably    
c>ri$ out & adapt$ to its purpose1 s    
necess>y to ! full effect ( ! :ole1 s   
simple & yet s       ri*1 t no?+1 ev5 by
 ! mo/ critical1 c be f\nd want+        
!re or consid]$ de trop4 ,! nor!rn side 
is sc>cely less       p]fect2 ! simple  
lancet op5+s ( its ea/]n transept1 !    
m fully develop$ quatrefoils ( ! c5tral 

gable & ! /ill       m advanc$ nor!rn   
por* beyond ^!1 all m>k ! progress (    
con/ruction4 ,at ! int]section rises !  
/ill lat] t[] &       spire1 ! f9al limb
 ( ! :ole1 on an embattl$ l[] /age (    
e>li] date4 ,x is ri* to ! utmo/ limit4 
,e ballfl[]1       e project+ %aft &    
m\ld+ sp>kles = itself & ca/s       its 
own dim9utive %ad[ ^u its fell[1        
entirely reliev+ !       wall-surface ( 
t flatness :i* is & mu/ be ! fault 9    
e view purport+ to sugge/ its elegance4 
,! *ur* /&s       alone2 l a model (    
itself2 9 its entirety p]haps ! mo/     
/ately ( :i* we c boa/40--7,a4 ,a47     
,9 ! close1 :i* is ab\t half a squ>e    
mile1 !re are ?ree gates3  ! ,s\?1 or   
,h>nham2 ! ,ea/1 or ,/4 ,anne's2 & !    
,nor?1 or ,close  ,gate1 built ab\t     
#acbg4         8,! fir/ ?+ to be notic$ 
9 ,salisbury is ! ample bread? (       !
 space 9 :i* its ca!dral /&s1 ! beauty (
 :i* space       is enhanc$ by r[s &    
av5ues ( magnific5t trees2 s t x is     
difficult to conceive a m appropriate   

enclosure 9 :i* to f9d       #8! mo/    
*a/e ( ,engli%' *ur*es4 ,salisbury cov]s
 no less       ?an eight acres ( gr\nd4 
8,ent]+ f ! ,high ,/reet1 ! visitor f9ds
 himself almo/ 9       ano!r t[n%ip4 ,a 
/reet l9$ ) h\ses conducts to !         
,ca!dral lawn1 :]e f ! nor?-ea/]n       
extremity ! full       proportions ( !  
*ur* may be compreh5d$4 ,! :ole nor?    
side       ( ! close is ?us op54 ,on !  
ea/ we f9d ano!r gateway &       !      
entrance to ! ,palace2 on ! o!r side !  
,*ori/]s'       ,gre51 9 itself ano!r   
little close4 ,! we/ is occupi$ by a    
gr\p ( int]e/+ & extremely h&some h\ses 
( v>i\s       dates4 ,"h are ! ,dean]y1 
/&+ 9 its own gr\nds opposite       !   
,ca!dral faade2 ! ,k+'s ,h\se1 a long1  
_m-gabl$ mansion       ( ! e>ly ,fifte5?
 ,c5tury1 ) mullion$ w9d[s & a          
vault$ por*1 ! occasional re/+-place ( !
 ,engli% mon>*s       on _! passage     
?r\gh ,salisbury2 & ! ,w>drobe1 di/+ui%$
       by its heavy ro(1 its project+   
d\ble gables1 & ! imm5se       squ>e    

w9d[s1 back & front1 ?r\gh :i* ! ev5+   
sun       p5etrates ) a curi\s          
half-gho/ly gleam4 ,^! =m ! mo/         
effective l9e ( build+s ( ! enclosure1  
:i* at ?is lea/       trim b n ! less   
picturesque side1 t]m9ates at ! ,h>nham 
,gate40--7,a4 ,a47    ,rais+ our eyes to
 ! ,t[] & ,spire1 we note3         8,!  
,e>ly ,engli% portion1 h[ev]1 t]m9ates )
 ! fir/       /ory1 ab\t eight feet     
above ! ro(2 ! two additional /ories    
& ! spire above !m date f ! reign (     
,edw>d ,,iii4 ,!       walls ( ! upp]   
/ories ( ! t[] are cov]$ ) a bl9d       
arcade1 ri*ly canopi$1 & pi]c$ = light )
 d\ble w9d[s       on all f\r sides4    
,above ea* /ory is a p>apet )           
loz5ge-%ap$ trac]ies1 :i* are repeat$ 9 
! ?ree b&s       encircl+ ! spire4 ,at  
ea* angle ( ! t[] is an octagonal       
/air-turret1 cr[n$ ) a small crocket$   
spire4 ,! great       spire1 itself     
octagonal1 rises f betwe5 f\r small     
ri*ly-decorat$ p9nacles4 ,its walls are 
two feet 9 ?ickness       f ! bottom to 

a height ( tw5ty feet2 f !nce to !      
summit _! ?ickness is only n9e in*es4 ,!
 spire is fill$       ) a rem>kable     
frame ( timb]-"w1 :i* s]v$ z a scaffold 
dur+ its erection4 ,:ile mak+ "s repairs
 9 #agfb1 ! workm5       f\nd a cavity  
on ! s\? side ( ! cap/one 9 :i* 0 a     
lead5 box1 enclos+ a second ( wood :i*  
conta9$ a piece (       mu* decay$ silk 
or f9e l951 no d\bt a relic 7possibly ( 
!       ,virg91 to :om ! ca!dral is     
d$icat$7 plac$ !re 9 ord]       to av]t 
lightn+ & tempe/40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47       
,ent]+ by ! we/ door we look d[n !      
,nave4         8,! int]ior is inde$ v   
f9e4 ,x c\ld h>dly help be+ f9e2       a
 nave s spaci\s & s proportion$ c\ld "u 
no circum/ances       be a failure4 ,x  
is imm5sely high & z long 9 proportion4 
,!       proportion ( height to span 7#b
 to #a7 is bett] ?an 9 mo/       ,engli%
 *ur*es4 ,! h>mony ( !                  
design--practically ! same       f ea/  
to we/ & f nor? to s\?--is unique 9     
,engl&1       & is mo/ impressive4 ,!   

*>m+ way1 too1 9 :i* !       ar*itect   
has contriv$ t we %\ld h a vi/a ( ano!r 
m9iature *ur* 9 ! ,lady-,*apel--a       
ca!dral )9 a       ca!dral--is wor?y (  
all comm5dation4 ,b1 z 9 ,l9coln nave1  
to ! eye e support is al>m+ly           
insuffici5t = ! "w x       has to d2 !  
pi]s are too tall & sl5d]1 ! walls too  
?9       & pi]c$ ) too _m op5+s4 ,!     
tri=ium is a mo/       un=tunate design3
 9 h>mony nei!r ) ! arcade bel[1 nor    
) ! cl]e/ory above2 its out] ar*es ugly 
9 !mselves &       discordant ) e o!r   
ar* 9 ! *ur*2 nor c\ld x be             
expect$ t its d>k m>ble %afts w\ld tell 
aga9/ a d>k       backgr\nd--black on   
black4 ,add to ?is ! dreadfully new look
 (       ev]y?+--p>tly due to ! v       
p]fection ( ! masonry1       p>tly      
because ,scott has be5 "h--& ! ov]p[]+  
gl>e3 "o       almo/ feels z if "o 7 9 !
 ,cry/al ,palace40--7,f4 ,b47    ,! mo/ 
int]e/+ tomb 9 ! nave is t ( ,william   
,longespe1 !  fir/ ,e>l ( ,salisbury1   
son ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,fair ,rosamond1 :o 

di$ at  8 ca/le ( ,old ,s>um 9 #abbf4   
8,! effigy is entirely 9 *a9-mail1 cov]+
 ! m\? z well       z ! *9 9 an unusual 
mann]4 ,ov] ! mail is ! %ort            
cyclas1 or surcoat4 ,on ! e>l's %ield   
are ! six gold5       lioncels also     
borne by 8 gr&fa!r ,ge(frey1 ,c\nt (    
,anj\4       ,longespe acquir$ ! e>ldom 
( ,salisbury ?r\gh m>riage )       its  
heiress1 ! ,c\ntess ,ela4 ,he took an   
active "p 9 public       affairs ?r\gh\t
 ! reign ( ,john2 jo9$ ! ,e>l ( ,*e/] 9 
an exp$ition to ! ,holy ,l&1 & 0 pres5t 
at ! battle (       ,damietta 9 #abba1  
:]e ! ,*ri/ians 7 defeat$4 ,he f\ght    
mu* 9 ,fl&]s & 9 ,france2 0 pres5t on ! 
,k+'s side at       ,runnym$e2 & 0 "o ( 
! witnesses to ! ,great ,*>t]40--7,r4   
,j4 ,k47    ,! curi\s monum5t ( ! ,boy  
,bi%op 0 remov$ to its pres5t  position 
ab\t #afhj1 :5 x 0 f\nd buri$ "u ! seat+
 ( !  *oir4 ,x is ,e>ly ,engli% &       
repres5ts an effigy ( ! boy 9  bi%op's  
robes & mitre1 hold+ a crozi] 9 8 left  
h&4 ,!  boy-bi%op 0 elect$ by !         

*oir-boys 9 _m ( ! ,engli%  ca!drals on 
,/4 ,ni*olas's ,day 7,dec4 #f7 & he held
 (fice until ,holy  ,innoc5ts' ,day     
7,dec4 #bh71 dur+ :i* "t he 0           
practically bi%op4  ,law provid$ t if a 
boy-bi%op di$ dur+ 8 t]m ( p[]1 he 0  to
 be buri$ 9 8 ve/m5ts & ) all ! pomp (  
an episcopal  fun]al2 &1 !re=e1 we mu/  
conclude t ?is boy di$ dur+ 8  %ort     
rule4    ,f ! nave we ent] ! ,nor?      
,transept1         8pass+ "u ! wide     
,p]p5dicul> ar*1 :i* 7z at ,cant]bury   
& ,wells7 0 ins]t$ e>ly 9 ! ,fifte5?    
,c5tury by way (       c\nt]-?ru/ aga9/ 
! weight ( ! c5tral t[]1 "u :i*       ! 
c5tral pi]s _h already giv5 away to "s  
ext5t1 z w be       at once p]ceiv$4 ,x 
is ow+ to ?is settlem5t ( ! pi]s t      
! spire is out ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,!       
tri=ium & cl]e/ory       ( ! nave are   
c>ri$ r\nd ! transept2 ! tri=ium on !   
nor? side1 be+ replac$ by two-light w9d[
 ( v elegant       "*4 ,! cl]e/ory w9d[ 
above1 ) its sl5d] pila/]s1       &     
graceful fl[ ( l9es1 des]ves especial   

notice4 ,ea* transept       has an ea/]n
 aisle divid$ by clu/]$ pi]s into ?ree  
bays4       ,! scre5s :i* =m]ly enclos$ 
! *apel 9 ea* ( ^!       bays 7 swept   
away by ,wyatt4 ,a /aircase 9 ! angle ( 
!       transept leads upw>d to ! t[]1  
:i* may be asc5d$ by       /aircases 9  
ea* ( its flank+ turrets4 ,! top ( ! t[]
 is       call$ ! ,eight ,doors1 f !    
d\ble doors on ea* side1 ?r\gh       :i*
 ! visitor w obta9 magnific5t views ov] 
! t[n &       surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! fir/  
/ory ( ! t[] is ( ,e>ly       ,engli%   
date1 & orig9ally =m$ a lant]n1 op5 to !
 nave4 ,x       is surr\nd$ by an arcade
 ( sl5d] pila/]s4 ,! asc5t ( !          
spire--:i* is a =midable und]tak+--is   
made int]nally by a       s]ies ( sl5d] 
ladd]s z f> z a little door ab\t =ty    
feet       bel[ ! vane1 & f t po9t !    
adv5tur\s climb] has to       scale !   
outside by means ( hooks atta*$ to !    
walls4 ,!       int]ior is fill$ ) a    
timb] frame consi/+ ( a c5tral          
piece ) arms & braces40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47  

,! ,s\? ,transept is a c\nt]p>t ( ! nor?
 transept4 ,! w9d[s  at ! s\? end are   
fill$ ) /a9$-glass4 ,! glass 9 ! upp]   
lights is ,e>ly ,engli%4    ,! li]ne    
vault above ! c5tral t[] ar*es is       
,p]p5dicul>4 ,f  "h we ent] ! ,*oir1    
pass+ "u a scre5 ( wr\ght metal         
7mod]n74 ,9 ! second arcade on ea* side 
( ! *oir is plac$ !  new & divid$ organ 
built by ,willis4         8,! ,*oir &   
,presbyt]y are v simil> to ! nave 9 !   
ma9       features ( _! design4 ,! pi]s 
%[ a diff]5t plan1 :i*       provides = 
eight %afts ( ,purbeck m>ble to ea*4 ,! 
inn]       m\ld+s ( ! ar*es exhibit !   
dog-too? ornam5tation (       _! p]iod4 
,! tri=ium & cl]e/ory diff] slightly f !
       correspond+ p>ts ( ! nave4 ,9 ea*
 ( ! la/ two bays (       ! presbyt]y ! 
tri=ium has five small c9quefoil ar*es4 
,at       ! ea/ wall ( ! *oir above !   
r]$os is an arcade ( five               
simply-po9t$ ar*es1 bel[ a triplet w9d[ 
9 ! gable1 :i*       is fill$ ) /a9$    
glass1 giv5 by ! ,e>l ( ,radnor 9 #agha1

       & repres5t+ ,! ,braz5 ,s]p5t1    
aft] a design by ,mortim]4         8,!  
*oir /ill be>s traces ( ,wyatt's        
de/ruction4 ,he remov$       ! orig9al  
r]$os beh9d ! high alt> & ! scre5 be=e  
! ,lady-,*apel1 s t bo?1 ) ! l[ ea/]n   
aisle1 7       ?r[n into ! *oir4 ,he    
%ift$ ! high alt> f ! *oir to       !   
extreme ea/ end ( ! ,lady-,*apel1       
sacrific+ sev]al       *antries & tombs 
to d s4 ,views ( ! ca!dral aft] 8       
reign ( t]ror fail to %[ any ga9 to     
comp5sate = s mu*       loss2 ! extreme 
l5g? is n app>5tly an advantage1 :ile ! 
b>e look ( ! int]ior seems decid$ly     
int5sifi$ by !       increas$ vi/a t he 
0 s delight$ to obta91 & = :i*1       ) 
a light he>t1 he effac$ ! sil5t records 
( dead       c5turies4 ,! decorations ( 
! ro( ( ! *oir & presbyt]y       are    
reproductions ( ! orig9al s]ies (       
pa9t+s1 dat+1 x       is ?\ght1 f !     
,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,! subjects are !     
prophets & sa9ts1 ,*ri/ & ! f\r         
,evangeli/s & ! twelve                  

mon?s40--7,g4 ,w47    ,on ! nor? side ( 
! *oir is ,bi%op ,audley's ,*antry1     
built by !  bi%op 9 #aebj1 f\r ye>s be=e
 8 dea?4 ,x is late ,p]p5dicul>  &      
resembles ! *antry ( ,bi%op ,fox at     
,w9*e/]4 ,! fan-trac]y  ( ! ro( 0       
orig9ally col\r$4 ,9 ! correspond+ bay  
on !  s\? side is ! *antry f\nd$ by     
,walt]1 ,"l ,hung]=d1 9 #adbi4  ,x 0    
remov$ f ! nave 9 #aggh4    ,!          
,*oir-,/alls are compos$ ( pieces (     
v>i\s dates ) "s  additions by ,sir     
,*ri/oph] ,wr5 & canopies by ,wyatt4 ,! 
,r]$os is  mod]n1 ! gift ( ,e>l         
,beau*amp 9 memory ( 8 ance/or1 ^:      
*antry ,wyatt de/roy$4 ,x 0 design$ by  
,sir ,gilb]t ,scott4    ,_m ( ! ,e>ls ( 
,pembroke & _! wives are buri$ ne> !    
*oir4    ,9 ! ,s\?-*oir-aisle an int]e/+
 monum5t to ,bi%op ,dav5port1  probably 
"o ( ! translators ( ! ,bible1 is ( :ite
 m>ble )  black ,cor9?ian pill>s4 ,ne> x
 is ! tomb ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,mompesson  & 8
 wife4 ,he is 9 arm\r & ,ka!r9e 9 a     
black robe ) gold  fl[]s4 ,! black      

,cor9?ian columns ) v9e leaves & grapes 
9  gre5 & gold twi/$ ar\nd !m are /rik+4
 ,ne> ! s\?  transept1 /ill 9 !         
*oir-aisle1 is ! alt>-tomb ( ,bi%op     
,mit=d  7#adjg71 ) c>v$ %ields4 ,on !   
cornice ) ! lilies1 birds are  hold+ 9  
_! beaks scrolls ) ! words ,honor ,deo  
et gloria4    ,9 ! floor ( !            
nor?-ea/-*oir-aisle is ! brass to ,bi%op
  ,wyvill1 g5]ally reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/  
wond]ful exi/+  examples4 ,bi%op ,wyvill
 7#acbi-acge7 recov]$ = ?is ,see ! ca/le
 (  ,%]borne & ! *ase ( ,b]e4 ,! brass1 
!re=e1 repres5ts !  conte/$ ca/le ) keep
 & portcullis4 ,at ! door ( ! fir/ w>d  
! bi%op appe>s1 be/[+ 8 b5$iction on 8  
*ampion1 :o  /&s at ! gate ( ! out] w>d 
) battle-axe & %ield4 ,!  rabbits & h>es
 be=e ! ca/le ref] to ! *ase ( ,b]e1 )9 
,w9dsor ,=e/4    ,bi%op ,giles de       
,bridport 7di$ #abfb7 lies opposite     
,william ( ,york's  tomb1 betwe5 !      
*oir-aisle & ! ea/]n-aisle ( ! transept4
 ,8  monum5t is "o ( ! mo/ important &  
int]e/+ 9 ! ,ca!dral4         8,all !   

details ( ?is rem>kable monum5t des]ve !
 mo/       c>eful exam9ation4 ,! effigy1
 at ! head ( :i* are small       figures
 ( c5s+ angels1 lies b5ea? a canopy1    
support$ nor?       & s\? by two op5    
ar*es ) quatrefoils 9 ! heads4 ,ea*     
ar* is subdivid$ by a c5tral pila/]1 &  
spr+s f       clu/]$ %afts1 deta*$4 ,a  
triangul> hood-m\ld+1 )       crockets &
 f9ials ( leafage1 projects above ea*   
ar*2 &       betwe5 & beyond ! ar*es    
pila/]s rise to ! top ( !       canopy1 
support+ f9ials ( v excell5t design4 ,! 
:ole       "* ( ! tomb is mo/ graceful1 
b an especial int]e/ is       giv5 to x 
by ! reliefs ) :i* ! sp&rels ( ! ar*es  
are fill$1 & by ! small sculptur$       
figures on v>i\s p>ts (       ! monum5t4
 ,! subjects1 beg9n+ on ! s\? side1 h   
be5       ?us int]pret$4 ,! fir/1 a     
female figure ) an infant &             
att5dants1 repres5ts ! bir? ( ! future  
bi%op3 9 ! ?ree       next sp&rels are 8
 confirmation2 ei!r 8 own education or  
8 in/ruction ( o!rs2 &1 possibly1 8 fir/

 pref]m5t4 ,!       %ield hung f a tree 
9 ?is comp>tm5t1 be>s ,az41 a cross1    
or1 betwe5 #d bezants1 no d\bt 8 own    
arms4 ,on ! nor? side (       ! monum5t 
are ! bi%op do+ homage = 8 see--a       
procession       ) a cross-be>]1 p]haps 
ref]r+ to ! d$ication (       ,salisbury
 ,ca!dral--! bi%op's dea? & !           
pres5tation ( 8       s\l = judgm5t4    
,little or no?+ is kn[n ( ! life (      
,bi%op       ,bridport40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47 
,at ! end ( ! nor? aisle ( !            
,lady-,*apel & at ! end ( !  s\? aisle1 
directly opposite1 are two monum5ts t w 
int]e/ !  visitor4 ,! fir/ is a m$ley ( 
obelisks1 globes1 sph]es & ! ,f\r       
,c>d9al ,virtues & effigies ( ,sir      
,?omas ,gorges & 8 wid[1  maid-(-hon\r  
to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,! second is a      
gorge\s tribute to  ,edw>d1 ,e>l (      
,h]t=d1 son ( ! ,protector ,som]set & ( 
8 wife1  ,ca!r9e1 ,lady ,jane ,grey's   
si/]4 ,! effigies are pray+2 ! ,e>l  is 
9 arm\r4 ,! :ole piece is gild$ &       
col\r$4    ,v little anci5t glass rema9s

 9 ,salisbury4         8,! fragm5ts t   
surviv$ 7 collect$ "s fifty ye>s s9ce1  
& plac$ 9 ! nave w9d[s1 & 9 p>ts ( "s ( 
! o!rs4       ,! mo/ important are 9 !  
great we/ triple lancet1 :]e9 !         
glass ranges 9 date f ! ,twelf? to !    
,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,mr4       ,w9/on1 9 8
 ,pap] read 9 #ahdi be=e ! ,ar*ological 
,in/itute & pr9t$ 9 ! ,salisbury volume 
= t ye>1       consid]$ t ! e>lie/      
fragm5ts are f a ,/em ( ,jesse          
ab\t #abdj & "s m$allions ab\t #abgj4   
,he describes two ( !       ovals t are 
on ea* side ( ! ?ron$ bi%op1 a prom95t  
figure 9 ! l[] half ( ! c5tral light1 "o
 ( ! ,*ri/       en?ron$1 ! o!r ( !     
,virg94 ,! two m$allions bel[ !m        
he believes repres5t ,za*>ias 9 !       
,temple & ! ,adoration (       ! ,magi4 
,! lat] glass n[ 9 ! same w9d[ may be   
ei!r       ,flemi% "w br\ght hi!r f     
,dijon1 or possibly p>tly f       ,r\51 
& p>tly f a *ur* ne> ,exet]4 ,x has be5 
conjectur$ t 9 ! s\? lancet ! figures   
repres5t ,,ss4       ,pet] & ,francis1 9

 ! c5tral "o ! ,crucifixion1 !          
,coronation ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,inv5tion ( !
 ,cross1 & 9 !       nor? light !       
,betrayal ( ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,9 two 
(       ! side w9d[s ( ! nave are ! arms
 ( ,john ,aprice       7#aeee-aeeh7 &   
,bi%op ,jewell 7#aefb740--7;,g4 ,w47    
,9 ! s\?-*oir-aisle is ,jacob's ,dream 9
 memory ( ! ,duke (  ,albany & !re are  
also two ( ! propos$ six                
angel-w9d[s--,angeli  ,m9i/rantes & !   
,angeli ,laudantes--design$ by ,sir     
,edw>d  ,burne-,jones & made by ,william
 ,morris4 ,^! are consid]$ among !  be/ 
examples ( glass-pa9t+ s9ce ! ,middle   
,ages4    ,! ,*apt]-,h\se is a v f9e    
type ( an ,engli% *apt]-h\se ( !        
,?irte5? ,c5tury1 :5 geometrical trac]y 
0 9 vogue4 ,x probably  dates f ! reign 
( ,edw>d ! ,fir/4         8,!           
ar*itecture is some:at lat] 9 /yle ?an t
 ( !       cloi/]s1 & if x be n1 z its  
admir]s claim1 ! mo/       beautiful 9  
,engl&1 x has few rivals4 ,l ,we/m9/]1  
,wells       & o!r ,engli% examples1    

except ,york & ,s\?well1 x has a        
c5tral pill>1 f :i* ! gro9+ ( ! ro(     
spr+s       gracefully 9 h>moni\s l9es4 
,a rais$ b5* ( /one runs r\nd       !   
int]ior4 ,at its back =ty-n9e ni*es ( a 
canopi$ arcade       borne on slight    
,purbeck m>ble %afts m>k$ out z _m      
seats4       ,!y are apportion$ z       
foll[s3 ^? at ea* side ( ! entrance     
to ! ,*ancellor & ,treasur]             
respectively1 ! re/ to !       ,bi%op1  
,dean1 ,ar*deacons & o!r memb]s ( !     
*apt]4         8,! plan ( ! build+ is   
octagonal1 ab\t fifty-eight feet 9      
diamet] & fifty-two feet 9 height4 ,ea* 
side has a l>ge       fan-light w9d[ )  
trac]i$ head4 ,bel[ ^! w9d[s & above    
! canopies ( ! seats is a v rem>kable   
s]ies (       bas-reliefs4 ,! bosses ( !
 ro( are some:at elaborately       c>v$3
 "o nor? ( ! we/ doorway has gr\ps (    
figures on x1       app>5tly int5d$ to  
repres5t arm\r]s1 musicians1 &          
apo!c>ies1 possibly commemorat+ guilds  
:o 7 b5efactors to       ! build+2 !    

o!rs h foliage *iefly ) grotesque       
mon/]s4 ,on ! base ( ! c5tral           
,illu/ration3 ,,salisbury3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/
    ,illu/ration3 ,,exet]3 ,,s\?-,,we/  
pill> is a s]ies ( c>v+s tak5 probably f
 "o ( ! _m       books ( fables s popul>
 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,^! 7               
reproduc$ f ! orig9als1 :i* are pres]v$ 
9 !       cloi/]s40--7,g4 ,w47    ,!    
vault$ ro( is re-pa9t$ 9 accordance ) ! 
orig9al4    ,! ,cloi/]s are on ! s\?-we/
 side ( ! ,ca!dral1 _! we/]n  wall be+  
on a l9e ) ! we/ front4 ,^! f9e cov]$   
walks1 !  l>ge/ 9 ,engl& 7#aha feet     
long71 surr\nd a great sw>d 7#adj feet  
squ>e71 :]e a gr\p ( d>k c$>s contra/s  
beautifully ) !  grey walls4 ,! /yle is 
late ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,! w9d[s =m$ (   
d\ble ar*es ) quatrefoils unit$ at ! ma9
 head ) a l>ge  six-foil$ circle are mu*
 admir$4          ,,exet]               
,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,pet]4 ,a ,,*ur*     
,,s]v$ ,,by ,,secul> ,,canons4          
,,special ,,features3 ,,scre5 ,,on ,,we/
 ,,front2 ,,mis]]es2 ,,bi%op',s ,,?rone2

       ,,m9/rels' ,,gall]y2             
,,lady-,,*apel2 ,,ea/ ,,w9d[4           
8,z ! la/ ca!dral *ur* we visit$1 namely
 ,salisbury1 may be       tak5 z ! mo/  
complete example ( ,e>ly ,engli% "w1 s  
,exet]       9 its pres5t /ate is ! be/ 
specim5 ( ! ,decorat$ /yle       t is to
 be met ) 9 ,engl&4 ,= ?\gh1 unlike     
,salisbury1 x       0 n built afre% f ! 
gr\nd1 yet "u ,bi%ops ,quivil1          
,bitton1 ,/apl$on & ,gr&isson1 betwe5 ! 
ye>s #abhj & #acfi1       ! fabric 0 s  
entirely remodell$ t x may be reg>d$ z  
practically a new build+2 & s9ce ! "w ( 
remodell+ began       ab\t ! "t t !     
,e>ly ,engli% /yle 0 pass+ into !       
,decorat$1 & 0 complet$ be=e ! "t :5 !  
,p]p5dicul>       _h sup]s$$ !          
,decorat$1 x naturally is *>act]is$ by !
       features ( t /yle :i* fl\ri%$    
dur+ ! fir/ half (       ! ,f\rte5?     
,c5tury4 ,mu* inde$ ( ! "w f\nd at      
,exet] is       ! v f9e/ t ! ,f\rte5?   
,c5tury produc$40--7,t4 ,p47    ,z e>ly 
z ! reign ( ,a!l/an a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y1

 d$icat$ to  ,/4 ,pet]1 exi/$ at        
,cr$iton & 0 mu* injur$ by ! ,nor?m5 9  
! ,t5? & ,elev5? ,c5turies4 ,:5 ! ,sees 
= ,devon & ,cornwall  7 remov$ f        
,cr$iton to ,exet] 9 #ajej1 ! old *ur* (
 ,/4  ,pet] 0 *os5 = ! new ,ca!dral4 ,( 
! ,saxon *ur*1 h[ev]1  no?+ rema9s4     
,william ,w>elwa/ 7#aajg-aacf71 ! ?ird  
bi%op aft]  ! ,conque/1 began ! new *ur*
 ab\t #aaab1 9 ! 8m>vell\s &  sumptu\s0 
ar*itecture ( ! ,normans4 ,dur+ its     
erection x suff]$  f fire :5 ,/eph5     
besieg$ ,exet] 9 #aacf4 ,( ?is build+ ! 
two  transept t[]s rema94 ,bi%op ,pet]  
,quivil built ! great] "p (  ! pres5t   
,ca!dral be=e #abia2 ,bi%op ,/apl$on1 :o
 0 murd]$ by  ! ,london]s at ! 8great   
cross 9 ,*epe0 9 #acbf1 ! ea/]n "p (  ! 
,*oir1 ! s$ilia & ! *oir-scre52 ,bi%op  
,gr&isson f9i%$  ! ,nave ab\t #acej & ! 
we/ front1 9 all probability1 a little  
lat]2 & ,bi%op ,brant+ham1 ! ,cloi/]s4  
,! ,lady-,*apel 0 built  dur+ !         
episcopates ( ,bronescomb & ,quivil1 & !
 *apels ( ,/4  ,m>y ,magdal5e & ( ,/4   

,gabriel ! ,ar*angel1 nor? & s\? ( !    
,lady-,*apel1 are ! "w ( ,bi%op         
,bronescomb4    ,_m ( ! anci5t          
decorations & arrangem5ts 7 ei!r remov$1
 or  defac$1 by ,que5 ,elizabe?'s       
8visitors10 :o1 9 #aeei1 7 appo9t$  to  
compel ! g5]al obs]vance ( ! ,prote/ant 
=mul>ies4 ,dur+  ! ,commonweal? !       
,ca!dral 0 divid$ into two portions by a
 brick  wall s t an ,indep5d5t prea*]   
nam$ ,/uckeley1 "o ( ,cromwell's        
*apla9s1 c\ld prea* 9 8,we/ ,pet]'s10 & 
a ,presbyt]ian1 nam$  ,=d1 9 ! ,*oir1 or
 8,ea/ ,pet]'s10 z ! ,puritans n[ nam$  
^!  portions ( ! ,ca!dral4    ,! f9e/   
view is p]haps f ,waddlesd[n1 ab\t f\r  
miles f  ,exet]4 ,tak+ a view ( !       
ext]ior1         8,! visitor %\ld       
especially rem>k ! ,norman t[]s1 !      
cre/+ ( ! ro(1 ! fly+-buttresses & !    
nor? por*4       ,! ,norman t[]s1 9     
connection ) ! long unbrok5 ro(1        
%\ld p]haps be reg>d$ z con/itut+ !     
specialty ( ,exet]4       ,at all ev5ts1
 ! peculi>ity ( _! pres5t position is s 

great & s /rik+ z at once to attract    
att5tion2 & !       "q ( _! place 9 !   
orig9al ,norman *ur* is "o (       v    
consid]able int]e/4 ,ea* t[] consi/s (  
six /ages1 !       two l[e/ ( :i* are   
pla93 ! o!r f\r h bl9d arcades       &  
circul> w9d[ op5+s1 ! details &         
arrangem5ts ( :i*       v>y 9 ! two     
t[]s4 ,at ! angles are squ>e buttresses1
 :i*       rise above ! upp]mo/ /ory4 ,!
 s\? t[] is ,norman       ?r\gh\t2 t on 
! nor? 0 alt]$ by ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay =     
! reception ( ! great bell f ,ll&aff1 & 
its f9al /age       is ,p]p5dicul>4 ,!  
fleur-de-lis cre/+ ( ! ro( is (         
lead 7) :i* ! :ole ( ! ro( is cov]$71 & 
its =m is       v graceful & effective4 
,! fly+-buttresses d]ive a v       gr&  
effect f ! fact t ! aisle-ro(s slope    
outw>ds1 &       n1 z usual1 inw>ds4    
,result+ also f ?is peculi>ity are1     
! great height ( ! aisles on ! ext]ior1 
& an unusual       developm5t ( !       
cl]e/ory1 )\t any int]v5+ space         
betwe5 x & ! aisle-ro(s2 & )9 ! nave1 ! 

abs5ce (       ! tri=ium2 ! place ( :i* 
is1 h[ev]1 indicat$ by !       bl9d     
arcade above ! pi]s4 ,! nor? por* ) its 
triple       canopy is "p ( ,gr&isson's 
"w1 & v beautiful40--7,r4 ,j4       ,k47
    ,_m p are at fir/ disappo9t$ ) _!   
fir/ view ( ! ,we/  ,front & m          
p>ticul>ly ( ! ,scre5 ) its noble array 
(  /atues4 ,! impression t x produces   
has be5 well describ$ by ,w4  ,d4       
,h[ells1 :o writes on 8 visit to ,exet]3
         8,to ! fir/ glance x is all a  
s(t gray blur ( age-worn       c>v+1 9  
:i* no po9t or angle seems to h fail$ ( 
!       t\* :i* has bl5t all ar*aic     
sanctities & royalties ( !       glori\s
 scre5 9 a dim sumptu\s h>mony ( figures
 & faces40    ,n[ let u exam9e x m 9    
detail4         8,! we/ front1 usually  
reg>d$ z ! late/ "w ( ,bi%op            
,gr&isson1 :o di$ 9 #acfi1 is ( v high  
int]e/2 &       al?\gh x _c compete ) ^?
 ( ,wells or ,l9coln 7bo? (       e>li] 
date71 may ju/ly claim great beauty z an
 ar*itectural       composition4 ,x     

rec$es 9 ?ree /ories1 ! l[e/ ( :i* is   
=m$ by ! sculptur$ scre52 ! second      
conta9s ! great we/       w9d[1 on ea*  
side ( :i* is a graduat$ arcade2 & 9 !  
?ird1 or gable1 is a triangul> w9d[     
surm\nt$ by a ni*e1       conta9+ a     
figure ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ! patron sa9t ( !   
ca!dral4 ,! ,,scre5 des]ves ! mo/ c>eful
 exam9ation4 ,x is       pi]c$ by ?ree  
doorways1 & surr\nd$ by a s]ies ( ni*es1
 9       :i* are ! /atues ( k+s1        
w>riors1 sa9ts & apo/les1               
gu>dians1 z x 71 ( ! entrance to !      
sanctu>y4 ,^!       figures are arrang$ 
9 ?ree r[s4 ,f p$e/als cr[n$ )          
battlem5ts spr+ angels1 ea* ( :om       
supports a triple pila/]1       )       
capitals4 ,! /atues on ^! capitals1 =m+ 
! second       r[1 are = ! mo/ "p ^? (  
k+s & knights2 above !       canopies   
:i* surm\nt !m appe>s ! ?ird r[1 *iefly 
sa9ts       & apo/les4 ,! positions ( ! 
angels are admirably v>i$4         8,!  
two /atues ) %ields ( arms 9 ni*es above
 ! upp] r[       are c]ta9ly ^? (       

,a!l/an & ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 !        
,saxon k+ :o expell$ ! ,britons f       
,exet]1 & ! f\nd] (       ! exi/+       
bi%opric4 ,9 all ^! figures ! g5]al     
arrangem5t ( ! hair z well z ! fa%ion ( 
! cr[ns & (       ! arm\r1 are ^? ( !   
reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 9 :i* !       "w 
0 probably complet$4         8,! plat=m 
above ! scre5 no d\bt s]v$1 z 9 _m =eign
       ca!drals1 z a /ation f :i* ! *ur*
 m9/rels &       *ori/]s might duly     
welcome di/+ui%$ p]sons on _!           
arrival2 & f :i* ! bi%op might be/[ 8   
b5$iction on       ! p4 ,! ?ree doorways
 are mu* enri*$4 ,r\nd t 9 !            
c5tre1 )9 ! por*1 is a m\ld+ ( c>v$     
foliage :i*       des]ves notice4 ,on ! 
c5tral boss ( ! gro9+ is a              
repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,!      
recess )9 ! s\?       doorway conta9s   
two sculptures1 ,! ,appe>ance ( ! ,angel
 to       ,joseph 9 a ,dream & ,!       
,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds4 ,bo?1 l       !
 figures on ! scre51 h suff]$ n a little
 f "t1       & ! assaults ( ,cromwell's 

,puritans40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,exet] is 
di/+ui%$ among ,engli% ca!drals 9 n hav+
 a c5tral  t[]4 ,?is gives ! ext]ior a  
unique appe>ance & ! int]ior  ga9s by ! 
abs5ce ( t[] pi]s to block ! view4      
,exet] has1  !re=e1 ! mo/ op5 &         
impressive vi/a ( any ,engli% ca!dral4  
,! scre5 be+ l[1 ! :ole design is       
imm$iately compreh5d$4 ,x  has be5      
comp>$ to ! ,ca!dral ( ,b\rges4    ,9   
our walks ?r\gh ,exet] x may be well to 
rememb] t ,quivil's  ar*itect det]m9$ to
 see :at he c\ld d ) l[ness & bread?4   
8,ev]y?+ %\ld be broad & l[1 outside z  
well z inside4       ,look at ! ea/ end 
( ! *oir--its two ar*es broad & l[2     
above x ! great w9d[--broad & l[4 ,n[h]e
 b at ,exet] d       y f9d ^! squat     
w9d[s ) _! truncat$ jambs2 "h !y        
are ev]y:]e--9 ! aisles1 9 ! cl]e/ory1 9
 *oir1       *apels1 transepts & nave2  
ev5 9 ! great w9d[ ( !       we/]n      
front3 broad & l[ w9d[s ev]y:]e4 ,/ill m
       orig9al is ! ext]nal realisation 
( ! design2 c5tral t[]       & spire1   

we/]n t[]s & spires1 alike are abs5t4   
,long &       l[1 massive & /able       
/ret*es out un9t]rupt$ly ! long         
horizontal l9e ( nave & *oir4 ,bread?   
gives 9 itself !       satisfactory     
feel+ ( massiv5ess1 /eadfa/ness &       
solidity2       & ?is is j :at is want+ 
9 ! all-too arial "w (       ,salisbury 
& ,beauvais2 vault$ ro(s at a dizzy     
height re/+ on       unsub/antial       
supports & %eets ( glass4 ,b ! ,exet]   
ar*itect has emphasis$ ?is satisfactory 
feel+ ( /ability       /ill fur!r4 ,!   
w9d[ trac]y is heavy & /rong2 ! vault is
       b>r$ all ov] ) massive ribs2 9 ! 
pi]s !re are no       pretty1 fragile1  
deta*$ %afts2 ! massive clu/]$ columns  
look z if !y 7 design$1 z !y 71 to c>ry 
! weight (       a ,norman wall40--7,f4 
,b47    ,! heav9ess 0 c\nt]act$ by      
transp>5cy3 ! arrangem5t ( !  w9d[s     
flood ! ,ca!dral ) light2 = ! aisle &   
cl]e/ory  are almo/ a cont9u\s %eet (   
glass4         8,ano!r di/9ctive feature
 9 ,exet] z 9 ,salisbury1 is t !        

ar*itect produces 8 effect ma9ly by     
ar*itectural means--is n       driv5 to 
rely on sculpture4 ,all ! pr9cipal      
capitals h       m\ld+s n foliage4 ,only
 9 ! great corbels ( ! vault+           
%afts & 9 ! bosses ( ! vault does he    
p]mit himself       foliage & sculpture4
 ,wond]ful c>v+ x is2 ! f9e/ "w (       
! be/ p]iod1 :5 ! naturali/ic treatm5t (
 foliage 0       fre% & "y4 ,v rem>kable
 ^! corbels are1 ) _!       life-l      
treatm5t ( v9e & grape1 oak & acorn1    
hazel leaf       & nut4 ,un=tunately !  
corbels1 & /ill m ! bosses1 are       s 
high up t _! lovely detail is ?r[n away2
 & !y are       out ( scale4         8,&
 ! patt]ns ( ! w9d[ trac]y are          
wond]fully div]se4 ,x       is n1 z 9   
,li*field nave or ,k+'s ,college ,*apel1
 :]e e       w9d[ is l its neighb\r2 :5 
y h se5 "o1 y h se5       all4 ,"h1 all 
d[n ea* side ( ! *ur* e w9d[ diff]s4    
,9 dim5sions1 9 g5]al "*1 !y agree2 9   
details !y       diff]2 ea* w9d[ is a   
fre% delight2 we h1 :at ev5 9           

,go?ic ar*itecture we r>ely             
get--div]sity )9                        
simplicity40--7,f4 ,b47    ,fir/ we     
exam9e ! spl5did ,nave4         8,! fir/
 view ( ! ,,nave is ri* & /rik+4 ,its   
pres5t       l5g? is #adj feet4 ,! view 
look+ ea/ is int]cept$ by !       organ1
 :i* is plac$ above ! scre5 at !        
entrance to !       *oir2 b ! g5]al     
impression1 not)/&+ a want (            
height1 is t ( great ri*ness & beauty4  
,! ro( especially1       spr++ f sl5d]  
vault+ %afts1 /udd$ ) delicately        
c>v$ & v>i$ bosses1 & ext5d+ unbrok5 to 
! ea/ end (       ! *oir1 is exce$$ 9   
grace & lightness by no o!r ( !         
same date 9 ! k+dom & by few on !       
,cont95t4 ,! c>v$       bosses1 all (   
:i* reta9 traces ( col\r1 repres5t      
foliage1       animals 7ne> ! c5tre ( ! 
nave is a s[ ) a litt] (       pigs71   
grotesque figures1 h]aldic %ields1      
subjects f e>ly       #8be/i>ies' &     
romances1 su* z ! c5taur ) a sword1 &   
! knight rid+ on a lion t[>d ! ea/]n    

end1 heads ( !       ,virg9 & ,savi\r1 !
 ,passion & ,crucifixion1 & 9 ! c5tre   
( ! second bay1 ! murd] ( ,becket4      
,gr&isson wrote a life (       ! great  
,ar*bi%op1 :i* rema9s 9 ,,ms41 b 0 v    
popul> 9       its day4 ,! episcopal    
figure on ! adjo9+ boss may ei!r        
repres5t ,becket or ,gr&isson himself4  
,clu/]$ pill>s (       ,purbeck m>ble   
7contra/+ well ) ! light] /one f        
,silv]ton & ,b]e7 ( :i* ! walls & ro(   
are con/ruct$1       sep>ate ! nave f ! 
aisles & divide x into sev5             
comp>tm5ts or #8bays4'         8,!      
corbels betwe5 ! ar*es1 :i* support !   
vault+ %afts       ( ! ro(1 are1 p]haps1
 peculi> to ?is ca!dral1 & %\ld       be
 especially notic$4 ,!y are wr\ght into 
figures1 twi/$       bran*es & long     
sprays ( foliage1 & af=d excell5t       
examples       ( ! v be/ p]iod (        
naturalism4 ,e leaf is v>i$ & !       "*
 ( ! diff]5t k9ds 7"h = ! mo/ "p oak &  
v9e7 is admirably reta9$4 ,! second     
corbel on ! s\? side (       ! nave     

exhibits ! ,virg9 tread+ on an evil _s1 
&       c>ry+ ! ,div9e ,infant4 ,above  
is h] coronation4 ,!       ea/]nmo/     
nave-corbels display on ! nor? side     
,moses ) 8       h&s support$ by ,a>on &
 ,hur2 & on ! s\? ! ris5       ,savi\r1 
) cross & bann]4 ,! brackets at ! foot (
 ^!       corbels are cr[n$ heads2 &    
possibly repres5t ,edw>d ,i4 &          
,edw>d ,,ii41 ! fir/ be>dless z usual1 !
 o!r m defac$4       ,! second corbel on
 ! nor? side repres5ts ,/4 ,cecilia1 ) a
       some:at grotesque angel li/5+ to 
h] music4         8,a bl9d arcade1 tak+ 
! place ( ! tri=ium1 deeply recess$     
& arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r ar*es "u ea*    
bay1 runs above       ! nave ar*es2 & 9 
! c5tral bay on ! nor? side projects    
! ,m9/rels' ,gall]y1 an arrangem5t = !  
accommodation (       musicians on high 
fe/ivals1 :i* occur 9 ?is p]fection     
n[h]e       else 9 ,engl&4 ,!re are1    
inde$1 o!r examples at ,wells & at      
,w9*e/]1 b ( f> less int]e/ &           
importance4 ,ea* ( !       twelve ni*es 

into :i* its front is divid$ conta9s !  
figure       ( a w+$ angel play+ on a   
musical in/rum5t & surm\nt$ by       a  
ri* canopy4 ,! in/rum5ts beg9n+ f ! we/ 
are1 a       citt]n1 bagpipes1          
flageolet1 cr[? or viol91 h>p1 an unkn[n
 or       unse5 in/rum5t 7! f+]s are put
 close to ! m\?71       trumpet1 organ1 
guit>1 w9d in/rum5t1 tamb\r & cymbals4  
,!       two corbell$ heads bel[1       
support+ ni*es1 are possibly ^? (       
,edw>d ,,iii4 & ,philippa4 ,! mann] 9   
:i* ! h&s & arms       are rais$ above !
 heads is unusual4 ,above ! arcade &    
m9/rels' gall]y is ! cl]e/ory1 along :i*
 a gall]y is       pi]c$ 9 ! ?ickness ( 
! wall4         8,! w9d[s ( ! nave1 all 
( ! be/ & pure/ 7geometrical7           
,decorat$1 are said to exhibit a great] 
v>iety ( trac]y ?an       c be f\nd 9   
any o!r build+ 9 ! k+dom4 ,!y are       
arrang$ 9 pairs1 on opposite sides ( !  
ca!dral2 s t no       two side by side w
 be f\nd to resemble ea* o!r4 ,! v>i$   
& graceful patt]ns ( ! lead-"w %\ld also

 be notic$4 ,!       /a9$ glass 9 !     
great we/ w9d[ is1 = ! mo/ "p1          
mod]n & wor?less 7x dates f #agff7      
injur+ ! beauty (       ! w9d[ itself by
 its entire want ( h>mony & mean+4 ,!   
ruby glass 9 ?is w9d[ is said to be "s (
 ! late/ t 0       manufactur$ 9 ,engl& 
be=e ,m4 ,bontemps reviv$ ! art40--7,r4 
,j4 ,k47    ,walk+ back to ! we/ end1 we
 /op to exam9e ! ,*antry ( ,/4          
,radegunde1         8con/ruct$ 9 !      
?ickness ( ! scre5 by ,bi%op ,gr&isson  
= ! place ( 8 own sepulture4 ,8 tomb    
=m]ly exi/$ "h1       b x 0 de/roy$ by  
,elizabe?'s visitors & ! high-born      
prelate's a%es scatt]$ #8no man kn[e?   
:]e4'0--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,op5+ f ! fir/ 
bay ( ! ,nave is ! small ,*apel ( ,/4   
,edmund1 ( e>li] date ?an ! ,nave4 ,9 ! 
fif? bay1 on ! same  side1 is ! ,nor?   
,por*4 ,9 ! la/ bay on ! s\? side is an 
,e>ly  ,engli% doorway t =m]ly op5$ into
 ! cloi/]s2 & betwe5 !  fir/ two        
buttresses on ! s\? side a f9ely c>v$   
consecration  cross attracts our notice4

    ,! ,pulpit dates f #afhd4    ,!     
,transepts1 "o bay ea*1 occupy ! space  
"u ! t[]s4 ,ea/ (  ! ,nor? transept is !
 ,*apel ( ,/4 ,paul1 built by ,quivil & 
n[  us$ z a ve/ry4 ,9 ! corn] we f9d !  
tomb & *antry ( ,sylke1 a  sub-*ant]1 :o
 f\nd$ ?is *antry 9 #adhe & 0 buri$ 9 x 
9  #aejh4 ,8 effigy lies "h4 ,aga9/ !   
ea/ wall are memorials to !  soldi]s ( !
 #bj?1 or ,ea/ ,devon ,regim5t :o fell 9
 ! ,crimean  ,w>4 ,"h is also ! fam\s   
clock :i* has two dials4 ,x is suppos$  
to date f ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4    ,a 
door bel[ ! clock op5s to ! /airs into !
 ,nor? t[]1 9  :i* is hung ! ,great1 or 
,pet] ,bell1 ! second l>ge/ bell 9      
,engl&4 ,x weighs #ab1ejj p\nds4        
8,! ,pet] bell 0 craz$ on ,nov4 #e1     
#afaa1 mo/ probably f a       too viol5t
 r++ 9 commemoration ( ! ,gunp[] ,plot1 
& 0       reca/ 9 #afgf4 ,its diamet] at
 ! m\? is #f feet #c in*es2 its         
height ne>ly #d feet #h in*es4 ,x is1 ( 
c\rse1 nev] rung1 b       ! h\rs are    
/ruck on x by an enorm\s hamm]4 ,!      

visitor :o       happ5s to be 9 ! t[] at
 ! "t ( /rik+ w exp]i5ce       a new    
s5sation1--! humm+ ( ! great mass (     
metal l+]s       = _m m9utes among !    
huge beams & raft]s4 ,a sup]b view (    
! city surr\nd$ by trees & g>d5s1 ( !   
riv] & ( its       junction ) ! sea at  
,exm\?1 is obta9$ f ! top ( !       t[]1
 ! upp] "p ( :i* 7( ,p]p5dicul> "*7 0   
rais$ & adapt$ by ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay = !   
reception ( ,great       ,pet]1 :i* he  
br\ght f ,ll&aff40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,! 
,s\? ,transept is a c\nt]p>t ( ! nor?1 &
 ! ,*apel ( ,/4  ,john ! ,bapti/        
,illu/ration3 ,,exet]3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/    
,illu/ration3 ,,exet]3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/    
7also ,quivil's "w7 corresponds ) ,/4   
,paul's opposite4 ,9 ! ,t[]  are elev5  
bells1 t5 ( :i* are rung 9 peal4 ,!y    
date f !  ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,betwe5 ?is
 ,transept & ! ,*apt]-,h\se lies  !     
,*apel ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 =m]ly us$ z a   
bapti/]y4 ,x is  ,norman4 ,!            
,*apt]-,h\se1 op5+ f :at is /ill call$ !
  ,cloi/]s 7al?\gh ! cloi/]s 7 demoli%$ 

dur+ ,cromwell's  rule71 0 begun 9 !    
,?irte5? ,c5tury & f9i%$ 9 !  ,fifte5?4 
,:5 ,bi%op ,gr&isson d$icat$ ! ,high    
,alt>1 ,dec4 #ah1 #acbh1 he wrote  to ! 
,pope t ! ,ca!dral1 !n half f9i%$1 w\ld 
be sup]ior 9  its k9d to any *ur* 9     
,france or ,engl&4         8,high z ?is 
praise 01 ! beauty ( ! vault$ ro( & !   
extreme grace ( ! details are pro(s t x 
0 sc>cely       exagg]at$4 ,! ro( bosses
 & corbels are ( ! same "*       z ^? 9 
! nave2 b ! latt] are ev5 m admirable 9 
design1 & f> m v>i$ 9 foliage4 ,maple1  
oak1 a%1 !       filb]t ) its clu/]s (  
nuts1 & ! v9e ) fruit &       t5drils1  
c\ld h>dly be reproduc$ m fai?fully4 ,on
 ! corbel       above ! organ-scre51 on 
! nor? side1 is a ,coronation ( !       
,virg9 & on t beyond x a ,virg9 & ,*ild 
) c5s+       angels40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    
,! ,*oir1 ,decorat$1 is v f9e3          
8,we approa* ! *oir1 ent]$ by a door 9 !
 beautiful scre5       support+ ! organ4
 ,?is 0 ! old rood-scre51 on :i*        
=m]ly /ood ! rood1 or figure ( our ,"l  

on ! ,cross4 ,x 0       erect$ 9 !      
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4         8,! bosses ( !
 vault$ ro( are wor?y ( especial        
exam9ation1       s rem>kable are !y = !
 delicacy ( ! c>v$ foliage4 ,!          
*oir has be5 c>efully re/or$ 9 rec5t    
ye>s1 & ! /alls1       pulpit & r]$os   
are mod]n & 7 design$ by ,sir ,gilb]t   
,scott4 ,notice ! old mis]]es1 :i* are v
 rem>kable &       probably ! olde/ &   
mo/ curi\s 9 ,engl&4 ,! foliage         
d5otes ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod & !y 7     
probably design$ by       ,bi%op ,bru]e 
7#abbd-abdd74 ,notice ! m]maid & m]man  
on !       s\? side1 ! elephant1 knight 
slay+ a leop>d1 a m9/rel1       etc4 ,! 
l(ty bi%op's ?rone 0 erect$ by ,/apl$on1
 & is       said to h be5 tak5 d[n &    
hidd5 away dur+ ! ,civil ,w>            
p]iod4 ,! pa9t$ figures repres5t ! f\r  
great       bi%ops--,w>elwa/1 ,quivil1  
,/apl$on & ,gr&isson4 ,! s$ilia       by
 ,/apl$on are v f9e4 ,notice ! c>v$     
lions' heads & !       heads ( ,le(ric1 
,edw>d ! ,confessor & 8 wife ,edi?a4 ,! 

ea/ w9d[ is ,e>ly ,p]p5dicul>1 ins]t$ by
 ,bi%op ,brant+ham       9 #acij1 &     
conta9s mu* old glass40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47  
,! mis]]e seats 7,?irte5? ,c5tury7 are  
curi\s & beautiful4 ,!y  are probably ! 
e>lie/ 9 ,engl&4         8,!y are fifty 
9 numb] & _! subjects are ( ! usual     
"*1--foliage1 grotesques1 animals 7among
 :i* is an       elephant7 & knights 9  
combat1 ^: heat] %ields1 flat helmets   
& e>ly arm\r are especially noticeable4 
,rem>k1 on ! s\?       side ( ! *oir a  
m]maid & a m]man hold+ "s circul>       
in/rum5t betwe5 !m1 ! elephant m5tion$  
above & a knight       sitt+ 9 a boat   
drawn by a swan1 an illu/ration ( !     
romance       ( ! ,*evali] au ,cygne4   
,on ! nor? side a knight attack+ a      
leop>d1 a mon/] on ^: back is a saddle )
 /irrups1 a       m9/rel ) tabor & pipe1
 a knight ?ru/+ 8 sword into a          
grotesque bird & a m]maid hold+ a fi%4  
,! ,e>ly ,engli%       "* ( ! foliage1 z
 well z its graceful arrangem5t1        
%\ld be notic$ ?r\gh\t40         8,on ! 

s\? side1 ! sup]b ,,bi%op',s ,,?rone    
t[]+ almo/ to       ! ro(4 ,?is 0 ! gift
 ( ,bi%op ,bo! 7#adfe-adgh74 ,x is said 
to h be5 tak5 d[n & hidd5 dur+ ,monm\?'s
       ,rebellion40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47      
8,! ,bi%op's ,?rone 7,a4,d4 #acaf71     
int5d$ = 8 ,lord%ip ) a       *apla9 on 
ei!r side2 #8a magnific5t %eaf ( c>v$   
oak1 put       toge!r )\t a s+le nail1 &
 ris+ to a height ( #eg feet4       ,!  
lightness ( its asc5d+ /ages almo/ rival
 ! fam\s       %eaf ( f\nta9s ( !       
,nuremb]g tab]nacle4 ,! co/ ( ?is       
va/ & exquisitely c>v$ canopy 7ab\t     
twelve gu9eas7 is       surpris+ly      
small1 ev5 = ^? days4 ,! c>v$ "w consi/s
       *iefly ( foliage1 ) f9ials (     
great beauty1 surm\nt+       tab]nacl$  
ni*es1 ) a sadly unt5ant$ look1 h[ev]1 =
 lack       ( _! /atuettes4 ,! p9nacle  
corn]s are enri*$ ) heads       ( ox51  
%eep1 dogs1 pigs & monkeys4' ,next came 
:at is p]haps       ! mo/ exquisite "w 9
 /one 9 ,engl&1 z ! ?rone is            
unp>allel$ 9 woodwork--! ,,s$ilia2 !    

seats ( ! prie/ to       ! ea/ & to !   
we/ ( him1 ^? ( ! ,gospell] &           
,epi/ol]4 ,! s$ilia h be5 pref]r$ ev5 to
 ! %r9e (       ,bev]ley & !            
,lady-,*apel ( ,ely4 #8,! canopy ( !    
seat       ne>e/ ! alt>1' says ,mr4     
,g>l&1 #8des]ves p>ticul>               
att5tion4 ,x is adorn$ ) a wrea? ( v9e  
leaves on ea* side1       :i* meet at ! 
po9t & !re =m a f9ial2 & nev] did       
,greek sculptor ( ! be/ age trace a m   
exact portrait ( !       leaf ( ! v9e1  
nor design a m graceful wrea?1 nor      
execute       8 design ) a m ma/]ly     
f9i%4' ,x is regrettable t !       c>v+ 
( ! s$ilia is attribut$ to a            
,fr5*man40--7,f4 ,b47    ,( ! high alt> 
& r]$os1 p]haps ! mo/ magnific5t 9      
,europe1  c>v$ at ! same p]iod1 n a     
fragm5t rema9s4    ,! two mo/ important 
tombs 9 ! *oir are ^? ( ,bi%op ,lacey1  
:o  di$ 9 #adee1 & ,walt] de ,/apl$on1  
:o 0 murd]$ 9 ,london 9  #acbf4 ,lacey  
has b a pla9 slab at :i* _m miracles are
 said to h  be5 done4 ,bi%op ,/apl$on   

lies "u a ,p]p5dicul> canopy1 a f9e     
figure hold+ a crozi] ) 8 left h& & a   
book ) 8 "r4  ,"u ! canopy is a figure (
 ! ,savi\r1 & at its side ! small       
figure ( a k+ cr[n$ & we>+ a sc>let     
robe1 suppos$ to be  ,edw>d ,,ii4 ,bi%op
 ,/apl$on's body 0 remov$ f ,london to  
,exet]  ,ca!dral by ! ,que5's comm& &   
int]r$ ) great magnific5ce4    ,f ! *oir
 two *apels op54 ,on ! nor?1 ,/4        
,&rew's1 v e>ly  ,decorat$1 is exactly l
 ! opposite "o1 ,/4 ,james's4 ,b5ea? !  
latt] is ! anci5t ,crypt4 ,bo? *apels h 
*amb]s above !m4    ,beyond ! ,*oir1 !  
ambulatory1 or procession-pa? 7,e>ly    
,decorat$71  ) ,speke's ,*antry on !    
left or nor? & ,bi%op ,oldham's on !  "r
 or s\?1 leads to ! ,lady ,*apel4 ,?is 0
 built by ,quivil1 &  is rem>kable = its
 beautiful foliage c>v+s1 old r]$os1    
graceful  op5+s to ! *antries on ei!r   
side & magnific5t ea/ w9d[4             
8,quivil fir/ trans=m$ ! ,lady-,*apel2  
to him are due !       %afts1 s$ilia1   
d\ble pisc9a1 & ! vault+1 !             

rib-m\ld+s ( :i* are ( e>li] "* ?an ^? (
 !       *oir2 & ! w9d[s1 :i* closely   
resemble ^? ( ,m]ton       ,college1    
,ox=d1 :i* we "k 0 comm5c$ 9 #abgg4 ,9 !
 c5tre       ( ! ,lady-,*apel ,bi%op    
,quivil is buri$2 he di$ 9 #abia4 ,!    
*apels on ei!r side may h be5 remodell$ 
or p>tly       remodell$ by             
,bronescombe2 b ! ea/ w9d[s are lat] 9  
/yle1       & are ,quivil's4 ,! pi]s    
h]eab\t are v int]e/+4 ,^?       ( !    
,lady-,*apel look+ into ! side *apels   
are compos$ (       f\r columns4 ,!     
nor?-ea/ & s\?-ea/ pi]s ( ! *oir h      
clu/]s ( eight %afts in/ead ( f\r2 :ile 
9 ! pi] betwe5       !m ! clu/] ( eight 
is develop$ into a clu/] ( sixte5       
columns4 ,f9ally notice t ^! pi]s are   
set diamond-wise1 )       f\r flat      
faces1 & ! angles to ! nor?1 we/1 s\? & 
ea/40--7,f4 ,b47    ,9 ! c5tre ( !      
pavem5t is ! tomb/one ( ,bi%op ,pet]    
,quivil  7di$ #abia71 au?or ( ! pres5t  
plan ( ! ca!dral4 ,o!r effigies  (      
bi%ops are int]e/+ works ( art1 b ^? (  

,sir ,john & ,lady  ,doddridge are v    
curi\s4 ,sir ,john 7di$ #afbh71 "o (    
,james ,i's  judges ( ! ,k+'s ,b5*1 0   
call$ 8! sleepy judge10 because he      
always sat on ! b5* ) clos$ eyes2 b m   
int]e/+ is ,lady  ,doddridge1 :o we>s a 
ri* dress brocad$ ) roses & c>nations & 
also a rem>kable ruff & headdress4      
,"u ! ar*es op5+ f ! ,lady-,*apel to !  
side *apels are  tombs ( ,bi%ops        
,bronescomb & ,/af=d4 ,bi%op            
,bronescomb's effigy  7#abhj71 on ! s\? 
side1 is a f9e piece ( c>v+4 ,/af=d's   
opposite 7#adai7 is ( alaba/]1 & x is   
fam\s = ! ri*  tab]nacle-"w above !     
head4    ,we h be5 long attract$ by !   
lovely ,ea/ w9d[4 ,n[ we c see  !       
details4         8,! ea/ w9d[ is e>ly   
,p]p5dicul> & 0 ins]t$ by ,bi%op        
,brant+ham ab\t #acij4 ,! /a9$ glass )  
:i* x is fill$       is = ! mo/ "p      
anci5t & v f9e4 ,mu* ( x dates          
app>5tly f ! fir/ half ( ! ,f\rte5?     
,c5tury 7temp4       ,edw>d ,i4 & ,,ii47
 & 0 remov$ f ! e>li] w9d[2 !           

%ields bel[ are ^? ( e>ly bi%ops &      
b5efactors2 !       figures ( sa9ts     
above1 mo/ ( :i* are to be recognis$ by 
_! emblems1 des]ve c>eful notice4       
,beg9n+ ) ! l[e/       r[1 & at ! left  
h&1 are ,/4 ,m>g>et1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,/4   
,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,/4 ,b>b>a1 ! ,virg9 &  
,*ild1 ,/4 ,m>t91 ,/4       ,pet]1 ,/4  
,paul & ,/4 ,&rew4 ,all ^! figures are  
"u v       ri* & v>i$ canopies4 ,! fir/ 
?ree & ! la/ ?ree are (       ! fir/    
p]iod2 ! o!rs ( ,brant+ham's "t4 ,9 !   
middle       r[ are ,/4 ,sidwell1 or    
,sativola1 believ$ to h be5 a ,briti%   
lady ( noble bir?1 & contempor>y ) ,/4  
,w9ifr$ ( ,cr$iton       7fir/ half ( ! 
,eigh? ,c5tury74 ,h] leg5d ass]ts t %e 0
       behead$ by a m[] at ! in/igation 
( h] /epmo!r1 :o       covet$ h]        
possessions1 ne> a well outside ! walls 
( ,exet]4       ,9 ! w9d[ ,/4 ,sativola 
appe>s ) a scy! 9 h] left h&1       :il/
 at h] "r is a well ) a /ream ( wat]    
fl[+ f       x4 ,^! emblems may ei!r =m 
a rebus ( h] "n 7scy!-well7       or    

ref] to h] m>tyrdom4 ,beyond ,/4        
,sidwell are ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,/4            
,mi*ael1 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1      
,edw>d ! ,confessor & ,/4       ,edmund4
 ,all ! figures 9 ?is r[ are (          
,brant+ham's p]iod4       ,! ?ree       
figures 9 ! upp]mo/ r[ are ,abraham1    
,moses &       ,isaiah4 ,^! are ( ! fir/
 p]iod4 ,! tone ( col\r       ?r\gh\t   
?is w9d[ is v f9e & solemn4 ,! h]aldry 9
 !       upp] "p ( ! w9d[ is mod]n4 ,9 !
 nor? cl]e/ory w9d[s       ( ! c5tral   
bay are f\r headless figures ( e>ly     
,decorat$       "*4 ,! beautiful runn+  
patt]n =m+ ! gr\nd on       :i* !y are  
plac$ %\ld be notic$40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47   
,9 ! nor?-*oir-aisle is a curi\s tomb ) 
a cross-legg$ effigy (  a ,f\rte5?      
,c5tury knight 9 arm\r ) "o esquire at 8
 head &  ano!r hold+ a horse at 8 feet4 
,?is is suppos$ to be a memorial  to    
,sir ,ri*>d de ,/apl$on1 a bro!r ( !    
,bi%op4    ,return+ z we came1 we pass !
 ,*antry ( ,/4 ,george1 f\nd$ by ,sir   
,?omas ,speke 9 #aeah4 ,x is a mass (   

ri* c>v+4 ,! effigy ( !  f\nd] lies )94 
,opposite is ,bi%op ,oldham's ,*antry1  
also a mass ( c>v+1 :]e !  owl 9 !      
panels ref]s to 8 "n 7! ^w old is       
pron\nc$  owld 9 ,lanca%ire1 :]e !      
,bi%op 0 born74 ,! ,bi%op's effigy  lies
 9 a ni*e 9 ! s\? wall4         8,!     
,tudor "w 7#adhe-aeai7 is exceptional 9 
importance4 ,x       includes ! nor?    
entrance & o!r late portions ( ! we/]n  
scre51 two exquisite *apels bo? built by
 ,bi%op ,oldham--8 own       *antry 7,/4
 ,savi\r's7 on ! s\? side ( !           
retro-*oir1 !       ,speke *antry 7,/4  
,george's7 on ! nor?--& 9 addition1     
,prior       ,sylke's *antry on ! nor?  
transept4 ,all ?is "w is admirable      
9 design & execution4 ,9 ,oldham's      
*antry is a *>m+ s]ies       ( owls ) ! 
scroll ,dam1 a rebus on 8 "n1 proce$+ f 
! beak ( ea* little owl4 ,to ,bi%op     
,oldham also 7#aejd-aeai7 is       due !
 gr& set ( /one scre5s--"o ( ! glories (
 !       ca!dral--no less ?an t51 :i*   
veil all ! n9e *apels &       ,prior    

,sylke's *antry1 & add fre% beauty to ! 
beautiful       *oir40--7,f4 ,b47    ,at
 ! extreme end ( ! ea/ aisle is ! ,*apel
 ( ,/4 ,m>y  ,magdal5e1 probably ! "w ( 
,bi%op ,bronescomb1 :o di$ 9 #abhj4 ,!  
ea/ w9d[1 :i* resembles t ( ! opposite  
*apel ( ,/4 ,gabriel1  conta9s "s /a9$  
glass ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ?is *apel
 a  f9e ,elizabe?an monum5t to ,sir     
,gawa9 ,c>ew1 8 wife & _! nephew  ,sir  
,pet] %\ld be notic$4 ,x dates f #aehi4 
,a /aircase "h leads  to ! ro(s ( !     
nor?-*oir-aisle & ( ! ambulatory4 ,!    
views  ( ! ,ca!dral obta9$ "h are v f9e1
 especially ( !  fly+-buttresses4    ,/4
 ,gabriel's ,*apel is simil> to t ( ,/4 
,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,bi%op  ,bronescomb's   
patron sa9t 0 ,/4 ,gabriel ! ,ar*angel1 
^: fea/  01 9 consequ5ce1 celebrat$ 9   
,exet] ,ca!dral ) ! same  solemnity z ^?
 ( ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]4 ,a monum5t by      
,flaxman to  ,g5]al ,simcoe1 :o di$ 9   
#ahjf1 hav+ di/+ui%$ himself at !  head 
( ! ,que5's ,rang]s dur+ ! ,am]ican w>1 
& a spl5did  /atue ( ,nor?cote1 ! pa9t]1

 by ,*antrey claim att5tion4    ,f9ally 
summ+ up ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is glori\s    
fane3         8,:atev] else ! /ud5t &   
lov] ( ,go?ic ar*itecture omits1        
he mu/ n omit to visit ,exet]4 ,he w f9d
 x fre% &       diff]5t f any?+ he has  
se5 be=e4 ,its unique plan1       )\t   
c5tral or we/]n t[]s1 ! abs5ce (        
ob/ructive       pi]s at ! cross+1 !    
consequ5tly un9t]rupt$ vi/a1 !          
s+l5ess & unity ( ! :ole design1 !      
rem>kable sy/em (       proportions1    
bas$ on bread? r ?an height1 ! satisfy+ 
massiv5ess & solidity ( ! build+1 inside
 & outside1 &       at ! same "t !      
air9ess & lightness ( ! int]ior1 !      
magnific5ce ( its pi]s ( m>ble1 !       
delightful col\r-contra/       ( m>ble  
column & s&/one ar*1 ! amaz+ div]sity ( 
!       w9d[ trac]y1 ! exquisite c>v+ ( 
! corbels & bosses1       ! abundant &  
admirable ,tudor "w1 ! weal? ( *antries 
&       monum5ts1 ! sup]b s$ilia1 scre5 
& ?rone1 ! mis]]es1       ! vaults1 !   
extraord9>y eng9e]+ feats f :i* its     

pres5t =m results1 ! orig9ality ( ! we/ 
front & ( !       :ole int]ior &        
ext]ior1 place ,exet] 9 ! v =efront (   
! triumphs ( ! ,m$ival ar*itecture ( our
 c\ntry40--7,f4 ,b47          ,,wells   
,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,&rew4               
,,special ,,features3 ,,we/ ,,front2    
,,ea/ ,,end2 ,,inv]t$ ,,ar*es ,,9       
,,nave2       ,,*apt]-,,h\se2 ,,c>v+s   
,,( ,,capitals2 ,,*a9-,,gate4      ,!   
site ( ?is beautiful ca!dral _h long be5
 sacr$ to ! ,britons  on acc\nt ( its   
wells1 or spr+s1 :5 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians on 
com+  to ,gla/onbury plac$ ^! wat]s "u !
 protection ( ,/4 ,&rew4  ,k+ ,ina's    
h\se ( secul> canons 0 e/abli%$ "h 9    
#gjd1 n f>  f ! old] ,gla/onbury1 :i*1  
accord+ to leg5d1 0 e/abli%$  by ,joseph
 ( ,arima!a4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t5?      
,c5tury1 a new  bi%opric 0 f\nd$ by     
,edw>d ! ,eld] = ! prov9ce ( ,som]set2  
& ! ,abbot ( ,gla/onbury 0 made ,bi%op (
 ,wells4         8,se5 f a di/ance1 !   
picturesque gr\p ( t[]s &       p9nacles
 d]ives increas$ effect f ! beauty &    

v>iety (       ! surr\nd+ l&scape4 ,on  
"o side rises ! long ridge ( !          
,m5dips1 ) its rocky outli]s2 :il/ 9 !  
s\!rn di/ance       ! l(ty peak (       
,gla/onbury ,tor lifts itself above !   
m>*es1       m>k+ ! site ( :at 0 g5]ally
 believ$1 ?r\gh\t !       ,middle ,ages1
 to h be5 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian *ur* 9      
,brita91       if n ! fir/ 9 ,*ri/5dom4 
,! ,ca!dral itself seems to       ne/le 
"u its protect+ hills2 & ! wat]s ( !    
,bi%op's       moat1 sp>kl+ 9 ! sun%9e1 
indicate ! spr+ or great well       :i* 
l$ ,k+ ,ina to e/abli% 8 *ur* "h1 & :i* 
_h       p]haps r5d]$ ! site a sacr$ "o 
z well 9 ! days ( !       ,druids z 9 ^?
 ( t primitive ,briti% ,*ri/ianity :i*  
disappe>$ be=e ! hea!ndom ( ! advanc+   
,saxons4         8,f :atev] direction ! 
visitor ent]s ! ,close1 he mu/ pass     
"u "o ( ! ?ree gateh\ses built by ,bi%op
 ,beck+ton       7#addc-adfd71 all ( :i*
 display 8 %ield ( arms & 8             
rebus1--a beacon inflam$ issu+ f a tun  
or b>rel4 ,ov] !       ,*a9-,gate passes

 ! gall]y :i* connects ! ,vic>s'        
,college       ) ! ,ca!dral4 ,! gate1   
call$ ! ,p5niless ,por*1 op5s to       !
 ,m>ket-place2 b ! ,ca!dral w be be/    
approa*$ = !       fir/ "t ?r\gh        
,br[ne's gate1 at ! end ( ,sadl]-/reet4 
,f       ?is po9t an excell5t view ( !  
we/ front is obta9$1 ris+       at ! end
 ( a broad lawn ( gre5sw>d1 bord]$ )    
trees4 ,!       ,ca!dral close ( ,wells 
is sc>cely s picturesque z ^? (         
,salisbury or ( ,w9*e/]4 ,x is m op51   
h[ev]1 & its       %ort1 bright turf    
contra/s v effectively ) ! grey /one    
( ! build+s :i* encircle x & ) ! gr& old
 *ur*       itself4 ,?is1 ) ! exception 
( its pila/]s ( ,purbeck1 is       built
 ?r\gh\t ) /one f ! ,d\lt+ qu>ries1 ab\t
 n9e       miles f ,wells40--7,r4 ,j4   
,k47    ,dur+ ! rule ( ,rob]t           
7#aace-aaff7 discord & jeal\sy betwe5 ! 
m5 ( ,ba? & ,wells rose to su* a pit* t 
x 0 det]m9$ !  bi%ops %\ld 9 future be  
/yl$ 8( ,ba? & ,wells0 & elect$ by an   
equal numb] ( monks & canons f ! abbey &

 collegiate *ur*4  ,bi%op ,rob]t rebuilt
 & repair$ ! ,saxon ca!dral :i* _h fall5
  into decay4 ,rob]t's "w has entirely  
p]i%$4 ,! next build]s 7  ,bi%op        
,reg9ald ,fitz-,jocelyn 7#aaga-aaia7 &  
,bi%op ,jocel9 ( ,wells  7#abjf-abdb71  
:o rebuilt ! ,ca!dral z we see x to-day4
 ,jocel9 0  able to consecrate p>ts ( x 
9 #abci4    ,jocel91 ! great 8mak] (    
,wells10 bi%op f #abjf to #abdb1 & 8    
bro!r1 ,hugh 7aft]w>ds ,bi%op (         
,l9coln71 7 natives ( ,wells2  "h       
,jocel9 s]v$ z canon & ,hugh z          
ar*deacon4 ,bo? 7 ri*4  ,hugh1 :o lavi%$
 money ^u ,l9coln1 also gave mu* to     
,jocel9 =  ,wells4 ,jocel9 sp5t 8 entire
 =tune ^u 8 belov$ ,ca!dral4 ,?is       
,jocel9 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! e>li]      
,reg9ald ,fitz-,jocelyn1  bi%op f #aaga 
to #aaia4         8,! "p :i* he built1  
!re c be little d\bt1 includ$ !         
?ree we/]n bays ( ! *oir 7:i* !n =m$ !  
presbyt]y71       ! transepts1 nor? por*
 & ! ea/]n bays ( ! nave4 ,t       is to
 say1 on ent]+ ! *ur*1 "o is look+ ^u   

,reg9ald's       "w1 & n ,jocel9's2 =1  
al?\gh ! re/ ( ! nave 0       complet$  
by ,jocel91 x 0 done 9 accordance )     
,reg9ald's       orig9al plan4 ,x is (  
great importance to rememb] ?is fact1   
s9ce until rec5tly ! nave1 ) ! o!r p>ts 
j m5tion$1       0 attribut$ by         
,pr(essor ,willis1 ,pr(essor ,freeman1 &
 mo/       au?orities to ,jocel940--7,p4
 ,d47    ,jocel9 also built ! fam\s we/ 
front & began ! ,bi%op's ,palace4    ,9 
#abdh an e>?quake did "s damage to !    
c5tral t[]1 & repairs  7 at once        
und]tak54 ,! canons g5]\sly contribut$  
funds :i*  7 augm5t$ by ! help ( a local
 sa9t4 ,bi%op ,william ,bytton1  nephew 
( ! bi%op ( ! same "n 7:o lies 9 ,/4    
,ca!r9e's  ,*apel71 di$ 9 #abgd2 & 8    
rema9s soon began to cure ! too?a*e4  ,8
 tomb 9 ! s\?-*oir-aisle 0 visit$ by    
suff]]s1 & !  fam\s we/]n capitals 9 !  
transept d\btless ref] to _! cures4     
,= ! next fifty ye>s & m1 mu* 0 done to 
! ,ca!dral by !  en]getic ,john de      
,godelee1 dean f #acjf to #accc1 :o     

f9i%$ ! ,lady  ,*apel 9 #acbf4    ,9    
#acah ! canons volunt>ily (f]$ a fif? ( 
_! sal>ies to  raise ! c5tral t[]1 :i* 0
 c>ri$ up ?ree m /ages &  f9i%$ 9 #acba2
 & 9 #acbe !y began new /alls1 ea* canon
 hav+  agre$ to pay = 8 own /all4 ,9    
#accg & #acch ! :ole *ur* 0  ?r[n into  
dismay on acc\nt ( fractures 9 ! t[]2 = 
! t[]  appe>s to h sunk deeply into !   
e>?1 ow+ to pressure on !  ar*es4 ,all !
 masonry 0 di/urb$2 & 9 ord] to rem$y   
?is  tr\ble1 ! curi\s d\ble ar*es 7     
ins]t$1 to help support !  /ra94 ,!     
orig9al ar*es 7 also pat*$ up & fill$ 9 
)  great blocks ( /one & /r5g!n$ 9 v>i\s
 ways4    ,mu* 0 due to ,bi%op ,ralph ( 
,%rewsbury 7#acbi-acfc71 :o 0 buri$     
be=e ! ,high ,alt> 9 ! ,*oir he _h      
f\nd$4 ,he also f9i%$ !  ,palace begun  
by ,jocel94 ,bi%op ,h>ewell1 :o di$ 9   
#achf1 gave  two-?irds ( ! co/ ( !      
s\?-we/ t[] call$ by 8 "n2 &  !         
executors ( ,bi%op ,bub) f9i%$ ! nor?we/
 t[] t be>s  8 "n4    ,bi%op ,beck+ton  
built ! lovely gateways1 & ,dean        

,gun?orpe 7di$  #adih71 ! ,dean]y4    ,!
 ea/]n walk ( ! ,cloi/] & ! ,libr>y     
above date f betwe5  #adjg & #adbd2 & ! 
we/]n & s\!rn ,cloi/] walks1 betwe5     
#addc  & #adfd4         8,late rese>*es 
h %[n t ,bi%op ,reg9ald began ! pres5t  
*ur* & t ! ,e>ly ,engli% "w %\ld be     
divid$ into f\r       p]iods3 7#a7 ,!   
?ree we/]n ar*es ( ! *oir1 ) ! f\r      
we/]n bays ( its aisles1 ! transepts & !
 f\r ea/]n bays       ( ! nave1 :i* are 
,reg9ald's "w 7#aagd-aaia71 & s e>ly z  
to be /ill 9 a /ate ( transition f !    
,norman4 ,x is a       unique example ( 
transitional build+1 & ,willis calls x  
#8an       improv$ ,norman1 work$ )     
consid]able lightness & ri*ness1       b
 di/+ui%$ f ! ,e>ly ,engli% by great]   
massiv5ess &       sev]ity4' ,!         
*>act]i/ics ( ?is late ,twelf? ,c5tury  
"w       are bold r\nd m\ld+s1 squ>e    
abaci1 capitals1 "s ) traces       ( !  
classical volute1 o!rs int]wov5 )       
fanciful imag]y       t rem9ds u ( !    
,norman "w ( ,gla/onbury2 :ile 9 !      

nor? por*1 :i* mu/ be ! e>lie/ ( all1 we
 ev5 f9d !       zigzag ,norman m\ld+4  
7#b7 ,! re/ ( ! nave1 :i* 0       f9i%$ 
9 ,jocel9's "t--t is to say1 9 ! fir/   
half (       ! ,?irte5?                 
,c5tury--pres]ves ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! 
e>li] "w1 ?\gh ! fl[+ sculptur$ foliage 
becomes m       naturali/ic1 & lacks !  
qua9t int]m+l+ ( figure       subjects4 
7#c7 ,! we/ front1 :i* is ,jocel9's "w1 
& alone       c claim to be ( pure ,e>ly
 ,engli% /yle4 7#d7 ,! *apt]-h\se       
crypt1 :i* is s late z to be almo/      
,transitional1 ?\gh1       curi\sly     
en\gh1 x conta9s ! *>act]i/ic ,e>ly     
,engli%       dog-too? m\ld+ :i* is f\nd
 n[h]e else except 9 ! we/       w9d[4  
,f ?is1 we rea* ! ,e>ly ,decorat$ ( !   
/aircase1       ! full ,decorat$ ( !    
*apt]-h\se itself1 ! lat] ,decorat$     
( ! ,lady-,*apel1 ! transitional        
,decorat$ ( ! presbyt]y1       & ! full 
,p]p5dicul> ( ! we/]n t[]s4 ,mu* ( !    
masonry 9 ! transepts1 *oir1 *oir       
aisles1 & ev5 9 !       ea/]n transepts1

 be>s ! peculi> diagonal l9es :i* are ! 
m>ks ( ,norman tool+4 ,?is does n1 (    
c\rse1 prove t any       "p ( ,bi%op    
,rob]t's *ur* is /&+1 = m$ival build]s  
7 notori\sly economical 9 us+ up old    
masonry1 b x does       %[ t !re are m  
rema9s ( 8 "w 9 ! build+ ?an       0    
g5]ally suppos$40--7,p4 ,d47    ,!      
,ca!dral 0 mu* damag$ dur+ ! ,re=mation 
& also dur+  ,monm\?'s rebellion 9      
#afhe1 :5 ! ,duke's foll[]s /abl$ _!    
horses 9 x & enjoy$ a b>rel ( be] on !  
high alt>4    ,!re is a nave ( n9e bays1
 a space "u ! t[]1 a *oir op5+  ea/w>d (
 x & two transepts 7ea* ( f\r bays7 )   
aisles op5+  nor? & s\?4 ,! *oir f !    
scre5 to ! high alt> occupies  six bays2
 a retro-*oir ( two bays lies beh9d !   
alt>2 & beyond x  aga9 is an apsidal    
,lady-,*apel4 ,! we/ front has be5 mu*  
admir$1  b "s critics consid] x too     
heavy = ! %ort t[]s t abut on  x4 ,!    
w9d[s ( ! nave & transepts are          
,decorat$4 ,! w9d[s (  ! *oir are m     
ornate1 al?\gh 9 ! same /yle1 & ^? ( !  

,lady-,*apel are /ill m s4 ,! c5tral t[]
 7,p]p5dicul>7 is  entirely cov]$ )     
panell+4 ,!re is no spire4 ,on ! s\?    
side  l>ge cloi/]s op5 f ! s\?-we/]n t[]
 & f ! we/]n  aisle ( ! s\? transept2 b 
!re are only ?ree walks1 !re be+  none  
on ! nor? side4 ,! ,*apt]-,h\se is      
approa*$ f ! nor?  side ( ! *oir by a   
%ort passage & a flight ( /eps3 a crypt 
lies  "u x4 ,a beautiful por*1 ) p>vise1
 op5s into ! six? bay (  ! nor? aisle4  
,f ! ea/]n aisle ( ! nor? transept !    
,*a9-,gate passes to ! ,vic>s' ,college1
 a d\ble r[ ( picturesque  h\ses1 dat+ f
 #acfj4         8,! ,*a9-,gate1 9 its   
association ) ! ,*apt]-,h\se & !        
,vic>s' ,close1 is unique4 ,! incl9e ( !
 /eps1 easily to be       di/+ui%$ f    
)\t1 gives ! corn] a "* q its       own4
 ,& ! entrance to ! ,gre5 by ?is gate1 )
 ! ,ca!dral       on "o side1 balanc$ by
 ! v>i$ gables & ro(s ( ! h\ses         
opposite1 is p>ticul>ly /rik+4 ,!       
ext]ior ( !       ,*apt]-,h\se comes    
into full view2 ! great c5tral t[] /&s  

boldly up aga9/ ! sky2 ! ea/]n gable    
pres5ts its curi\s       apex1 & !      
,lady-,*apel bel[ /&s l a ?+ sep>ate f  
! re/4 ,beyond1 & "u ! ,*a9-,gateway1 an
 ar* admits to       ! ,vic>s' ,close--a
 *>m+ /reet1 l9$ on ei!r side )         
dim9utive dwell+-h\ses1 once ! sep>ate  
resid5ces ( !       vic>s *oral4 ,at !  
top ( ! close is a small ,p]p5dicul>    
*apel ) a libr>y above4 ,! int]ior is   
pr(usely--almo/                         
grotesquely--decorat$ 9 a mann] to rem9d
 "o to "s ext5t (       ^? /range little
 oratories s frequ5tly met ) 9 o!r      
p>ts ( ,europe4 ,b to _m x w possess a  
c]ta9 *>m1       despite its florid     
adornm5ts1 n (t5 realis$ 9 ?is c\ntry4  
,! ,vic>s' ,hall1 a consid]able portion 
( :i* is ( !       ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 )  
additions ( a t[] & o!r features1       
probably by ,bi%op ,beck+ton1 /&s at !  
bottom ( ! /reet       & communicates   
?r\gh ! gall]y ( ! ,*a9-,gate ) !       
,*apt]-,h\se /aircase1 & ?us ) !        
ca!dral4 ,by ?is       gall]y ! *ori/]s 

pass$ into ! *ur*40--7,a4 ,a47    ,!    
celebrat$ ,we/ ,front         8consi/s (
 a c5tre1 9 :i* are ! ?ree lancets ( !  
we/]n w9d[ & above !m a gable rec$+ 9   
/ages1 )       small p9nacles at !      
angles2 & ( two w+s or we/]n t[]s1      
project+ beyond ! nave1 z at ,salisbury4
 ,! upp] "p (       ^! t[]s is (        
,p]p5dicul> "*4 ,t to ! nor?-we/       0
 complet$ by ,bi%op ,bub) 7#adjg-adbd71 
^: /atue rema9s       9 "o ( ! ni*es3 t 
to ! s\?-we/ 0 ! "w ( ,bi%op            
,h>ewell 7#acff-achf74 ,bo? ^! t[]s1 f9e
 z are _! details1       h a some:at    
truncat$ appe>ance2 & x is probable t ! 
orig9al ,e>ly ,engli% design t]m9at$ at 
! upp]mo/ b& (       sculpture4 ,! ?ree 
we/]n doors are ( unusually small       
dim5sions1 p]haps 9 ord] to leave ample 
room = ! ti]s (       figures :i* rise  
above !m4 ,six n>r[ buttresses at !     
angles       ( :i* are sl5d] %afts (    
,purbeck m>ble1 support+ canopies1      
divide ! entire front into five         
portions4 ,! :ole ( !       /atues :i*  

fill ! ni*es are ( ,d\lt+ /one40--7,r4  
,j4 ,k47    ,_m visitors are at ! fir/  
sight disappo9t$ at ! mutilat$ &  ar*aic
 expression ( ! figures2 b !y h comm&$ !
 greate/  admiration ev] s9ce old ,full]
 wrote3 8,! we/ front ( ,wells is a     
ma/]piece ( art inde$1 made ( imag]y 9 j
 proportion1 s t  we may call !m v]a et 
spirantis signa4 ,engl& af=de? n !  l40 
,! ,we/ ,front %\ld be consid]$ z a     
great scre5 int5d$ = !  display ( /atu>y
 r ?an z ! we/ t]m9ation ( ! nave4 ,!   
/one population1 numb]+ ab\t ?ree hundr$
 life-size or colossal  figures1 is only
 equall$ by t ( ,rheims & t ( ,*>tres4  
,all  critics agree t ^! /atues1 s      
notable = _! graceful  drap]ies &       
spiritual expressions1 rank ) !         
contempor>y  ma/]pieces ( ,italy &      
,france4 ,!y are ?\ght to h be5 made by 
,italian sculptors at ! "t :5 ,niccola  
,pisano 0 reviv+ sculpture  9 ,italy "u 
! inspiration ( classical models4 ,!    
k+s1 que5s1  pr9ces1 knights & nobles   
we> ! co/ume ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4  ,!  

o!r figures are prophets1 angels1 m>tyrs
 & 8! holy *ur*  ?r\gh\t ! _w40         
,unlike ! monum5tal we/ fronts (        
,france1 ) _! spl5did por*es  & doors1 !
 doors ( ,wells h be5 comp>$ to         
8rabbit-holes on a  m\nta9-side40    ,! 
we/]n t[]s project+ beyond ! aisles ( ! 
nave give  additional bread? to ! we/   
front4 ,! arrangem5t resembles t (      
,r\54 ,! two t[]s are v simil>4 ,bo? h  
two belfry w9d[s on  ea* side & a /air  
turret on ! out] we/]n angle4 ,! spires 
7  nev] add$4    ,! ,c5tral ,t[] is     
,e>ly ,engli% to ! level ( ! ro(1 & !   
two  upp] /ages are ,decorat$4 ,f its   
summit a beautiful view is to be        
enjoy$4    ,! ,nor? ,por* 7,norman7 is !
 olde/ "p    ,illu/ration3 ,,wells3     
,,we/ ,,front    ,illu/ration3 ,,wells3 
,,nor? ,,por*    ( ! *ur*4 ,"s ar*itects
 consid] x ! f9e/ piece (  ar*itecture  
at ,wells4         8,! entrance is d\bly
 recess$ & has ! zigzag ornam5t among   
its m\ld+s1 an indication1 if n ( its   
e>ly con/ruction1 at       lea/ ( l+]+  

,norman traditions among its build]s4   
,^!       m\ld+s des]ve ! mo/ c>eful    
att5tion4 ,! out] or       drip/one1 is 
=m$ ( a v beautiful comb9ation ( ,e>ly  
,engli% foliage4 ,squ>e panels on ei!r  
side ( ! ar* conta9       figures (     
my/ic animals1 "o ( :i* is a cockatrice4
 ,! gable       above has a bl9d arcade1
 9 ! c5tre ( :i* a small triplet        
gives light to a p>vise *amb]4 ,f !     
buttress at ! angles       rise sl5d]   
spire-capp$ p9nacles4 ,! buttresses     
!mselves are       flat & n>r[4         
8,! int]ior ( ! por* is divid$ into two 
bays1 & its walls       are l9$ ) a     
d\ble arcade1 ! upp] r[ ( ar*es be+ m   
deeply recess$ ?an ! t[]4 ,! vault spr+s
 f a c5tral       gr\p ( triple %afts4  
,! sculptures ( ! capitals on ! ea/     
side possibly repres5t ! dea? ( ,k+     
,edmund ! ,m>tyr 7,a4,d4                
#hgj71--;b\nd to a tree z a m>k = !     
,dani% arr[s &       aft]w>ds behead$4  
,! figures are well design$1 & full (   
life & "*4 ,! d\ble doorway lead+ into !

 nave       displays1 l ! ext]ior ar*1 !
 ,norman zigzag40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,on 
ent]+ ! ,nave ! visitor is at once /ruck
 by ! noble  proportions1 ! impression (
 great l5g?1 ! broad horizontal b&  ( ! 
tri=ium1 & ! weal? ( spirit$ & v>i$ c>v+
 ( !  capitals & corbels2 b ! mo/ /rik+ 
feature ( all is ! great  inv]t$1 or    
d\ble1 ar* t /ruts across ! c5tral pi]s 
=m+ a  ,/4 ,&rew's ,cross1 by :i* "n x  
is g5]ally kn[n1 & giv+ a  grotesque 7we
 are almo/ tempt$ to say ,*9ese7        
appe>ance4         8,und\bt$ly ! fir/ ?+
 t ! /rang] notices 9 ,wells            
,ca!dral1 & ! la/ t he is likely to     
=get1 is !       curi\s contrivance by  
:i* ! c5tral t[] is support$4 ,( !      
?ree pairs ( ar*es 7! upp] ar* re/+     
inv]t$ ^u !       l[]7 :i* /ret* across 
! nave & ea* ( ! transepts1       t 9 ! 
nave is se5 at once1 & l5ds a unique "* 
to       ! :ole *ur*4 ,at fir/ ^! ar*es 
give "o some?+ ( a       %ock1 s        
unnecess>ily frank are !y1 s excessively
 /urdy1 s       v ,engli%1 we may ?9k4  

,!y c>ry _! burd5 z a       great-limb$ 
lab\r] w c>ry a *ild 9 a cr[d1 to !     
great       advantage ( ! burd5 & !     
natural dissatisfaction ( !       cr[d4 
,9 fact1 !y seem to block up ! view1 &  
to de=m :at       !y d n hide4          
8,t is ! fir/ impression1 b x does n la/
 = long4       ,famili>ity bre$s respect
 = ?is simple1 /rong device1 :i*        
arre/$ ! fall ( ! t[] 9 ! ,f\rte5?      
,c5tury1 & has       kept its walls ev] 
s9ce 9 p]fect security1 s t ! great     
/ructure has /ood l a rock ^u ! wat]y   
soil ( ,wells =       ne>ly sev5        
c5turies1 ) its r5ts & breaks j z !y 7  
:5 ! damage 0 fir/ repair$4 ,! +5uity1  
too1 ( ^!       /range fly+-buttresses  
becomes m & m evid5t2 !       #8unga9ly 
props' are se5 to be s work$ into ! t[] 
!y       support1 t !y almo/ seem l "p (
 ! orig9al design (       ! fir/        
build]s4 ,"o discov]s t x is ! organ1 & 
n !       ar*es1 t really blocks ! view1
 & "o m>vels t s huge a       mass (    
masonry c look s light z to pres5t1 ) ! 

great       circles 9 ! sp&rels :]e !   
ar*es meet1 a k9d ( patt]n       (      
gigantic geometrical trac]y4 ,inde$ ,i  
?9k no "o :o has be5       9 ,wells a   
week c\ld wi% to see ! inv]t$ ar*es     
remov$4         8,to appreciate ! "w    
fully1 x %\ld be look$ at f "s          
spot1 su* z ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! nor?   
transept1 :5ce       ! ?ree great pairs 
( ar*es c be se5 toge!r4 ,! effect      
f "h is v f9e1 especially :5 ! nave is  
light$ up &       /rong %ad[s are ca/4  
,! extreme boldness ( ! m\ld+s1 !       
abs5ce ( %afts & capitals & ( all       
ornam5t1 give !m a       primitive      
vig\r1 & _! great int]m+l+ curves1 :i*  
contra/ s magnific5tly ) ! little %afts 
( ! pi]s       beyond1 seem m l a "p (  
"s great m\nta9 cav]n ?an a       m]e   
device ( ar*itectural utility40--7,p4   
,d47    ,! g5]al effect ( ! ,nave is t (
 l5g? r ?an height1  l>gely due to !    
cont9u\s arcade ( ! tri=ium :i* leads ! 
eye irresi/ibly ea/w>ds1 & !            
comp>atively re/rict$ height (  !       

,ca!dral has be5 increas$ by bold       
vault+1 & by ! way !  lant]n ar*es fit  
into ! vault4 ,a little /udy w %[ !     
visitor  ! sep>ation betwe5 ! late      
,twelf? ,c5tury "w ( ,reg9ald de        
,bohun1 or ,fitz-,jocelyn1 & ! ,?irte5? 
,c5tury "w ( ,jocel94  ,^! diff]5ces lie
 9 ! masonry & ! c>v$ heads & !         
capitals4    ,! heads ( a k+ & bi%op1   
project+ f ! s\? side betwe5  ! f\r? &  
fif? pi]s1 m>k ! po9t ( *ange ea/w>d3 ! 
masonry ( pi]s1 walls & aisle walls is 9
 small c\rses ( /one2  we/w>d1 ! blocks 
are l>g]1 ea/w>d1 small human heads     
project at  ! angles ( ! pi]-ar*es &    
we/w>d !re are none2 ea/w>d1 !  tympana 
( ! tri=ium arcade are fill$ ) c>v+s (  
grotesque  animals & small heads at !   
corn]s1 & we/w>d1 ! tympana are  fill$ )
 foliage & ornam5t$ ) l>g] heads4 ,!re  
are also  o!r diff]5ces4                
8,c]ta9ly x is an unusual in/ance ( an  
ar*itect delib]ately       sett+ himself
 to complete ! works ( an e>li] p]iod 9 
fai?ful accordance ) ! orig9al plan2 &  

we may well be       grateful to him = 8
 mode/y4         8,all ! c>v+ is mo/    
int]e/+ & beautiful3 ! caps &           
corbels ( ! vault+ %afts2 ! little heads
 at ! angles (       ! ar*es1 :i* are   
vivid sket*es ( e type ( contempor>y    
"*2 & ! c>v+s 9 ! tympana1 :i* are be/ 9
 !       sev5?1 eigh? & n9? bays 7c\nt+ 
f ! we/ end71 ^?       on ! nor? excell+
 9 design & execution1 :ile ^? on !     
s\? are m grotesque4 ,b ! capitals ( !  
pi]s are !       be/ ( all1 & ! mo/     
hurri$ visitor %\ld sp>e "s "t       = !
 /udy ( ^! rem>kable specim5s (         
sculpture1 vigor\s       & lifelike1 yet
 always subord9at$ to _! ar*itectural   
purpose4 ,^? 9 ! transepts#d are p]haps 
! be/1 b !       foll[+ 9 ! nave %\ld n 
be miss$3--         ,nor? side1 ,six?   
,pi] 7by nor? por*73 ,birds plum+ _!    
w+s3       ,bea/ lick+ himself3 ,ram3   
,bird ) human head1 hold+ knife         
7874         8,eigh? ,pi]4 ,fox /eal+   
goose1 peasant foll[+ ) /ick3           
,birds prun+ _! fea!rs4 7,)9 ,bub)'s    

,*apel7 ,human       mon/] ) fi%'s tail1
 hold+ a fi%3 ,bird hold+ frog 9 8      
beak1 :i* is extremely long & delicate4 
8,n9? ,pi]4 ,p$l> c>ry+ 8 pack on 8     
%\ld]s1 a /r+ (       l>ge beads 9 "o   
h&4 ,too?less mon/] ) h&s on knees4     
8,s\? side1 ,sev5? ,pi]4 ,birds ) human 
heads1 "o we>+ a       mitre4           
8,eigh? ,pi]4 ,peasant ) club1 seiz$ by 
lion3 ,bird ) curi\s       foliat$ tail 
7)9 ,/4 ,edmund's *apel74 ,owl3 ,peasant
 )       mallet 78740    ,if we look    
back t[>ds ! we/ end ( ! ,nave we note  
an arcade (  five ar*es1 ! middle "o    
wide/ ( all to accommodate ! two small  
ar*es ( ! doorway4 ,! ?ree lancet w9d[s 
are ,p]p5dicul>1  remodell$1 & "s ( _!  
dogtoo? m\ld+1 m$allions 9 !  sp&rels & 
little corbel heads ( ,e>ly ,engli% "w  
rema94 ,!re is  a gall]y bel[ ! sill ( !
 w9d[4    ,! two we/]n t[]s =m two small
 transepts t project beyond !  aisles4  
,ea* is connect$ ) ! aisle by an ar*4 ,!
 ,*apel ( !  ,holy ,cross "u ,bub)'s    
,t[] 7nor?7 is ! *oir-boys' ve/ry4 ,!   

*apel "u ,h>ewell's ,t[] 7s\?7 is us$ by
 ! bell-r+]s4 ,an  ,e>ly ,engli% doorway
 leads f x into ! ,cloi/]4         8,!  
nave1 z f> z ! pi]s ( ! c5tral t[]1     
consi/s (       t5 bays1 divid$ by      
octangul> pi]s1 ) clu/]$ %afts 9        
gr\ps ( ?ree4 ,! capitals are enri*$ )  
,e>ly ,engli%       foliage1 mu* ( :i*  
is ( unusually classical "*1--"o (      
! _m indications ( a l+]+ local s*ool1 )
 its ,norman       traditions4 ,birds1  
animals & mon/]s ( v>i\s =ms--among     
:i* is ! bird ) a man's face1 said to   
fe$ on human       fle%--tw9e & p]*     
among ! foliage4 ,above ! pi] ar*es     
runs ! tri=ium1 v deeply set1 & ext5d+  
backw>d ov]       ! :ole ( ! side       
aisles4 ,! ro( reta9s its orig9al       
position4 7,! :ole arrangem5t %\ld be   
comp>$ ) ! ,norman       tri=ia (       
,norwi* & ,ely1 bo? ( :i* ext5d ov] !   
side-aisles2 b _! ext]ior walls h be5   
rais$ &       ,p]p5dicul> w9d[s ins]t$74
 ,! n>r[ lancet op5+s t[>d       ! nave 
are arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 ) ?ick      

wall-plates       betwe5 !m4 ,! head )  
ea* lancet is fill$ ) a solid           
tympanum1 display+ foliage & grotesques1
 ( :i* ^? t[>d       ! upp] end ( ! s\? 
side are especially curi\s4 ,at !       
angles ( ! lancets are bosses ( foliage 
& human heads1 full       ( "*4 ,9 !    
upp] spaces betwe5 ea* ar* are m$allions
       ) leafage4 ,triple %afts1 )      
enri*$ capitals1 =m !                   
vault+-%afts1 ! corbels support+ :i*    
des]ve exam9ation4       ,a cl]e/ory    
w9d[ 7! trac]y is ,p]p5dicul>1 & 0      
ins]t$       by ,bi%op ,beck+ton        
7#addc-adfd77 op5s betwe5 ea* bay ( !   
vault+1 :i* is gro9$1 ) m\ld$ ribs &    
bosses ( foliage       at !             
int]sections40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,9 !   
cl]e/ory ( ! six? bay on ! s\? side !re 
is a ,music  ,gall]y1 e>ly ,p]p5dicul>1 
! front ( :i* consi/s ( ?ree  panels )  
l>ge qu>trefoils conta9+ %ields4 ,x is v
 f9e1 b  n equal to ! ,m9/rels' ,gall]y 
9 ,exet]4 ,x is f9i%$ ) an  embattl$    
cornice4    ,! aisles ( ! ,nave are ( ! 

same ar*itectural "* z !  ,nave itself4 
,among ! /rik+ capitals are3    ,fif?   
%aft4 ,peasants c>ry+ %eep1 ) a dog4    
,n9? %aft4 ,man 9 a r\gh coat c>ry+     
foliage on 8 back4    ,t5? %aft4 ,mason 
c>ry+ a hod ( mort> & a mallet2 opposite
 side  ( ar*3 ,peasant 9 hood ) /aff &  
opposite ?is two heads1  evid5tly )     
too?a*e4    ,! great] "p ( ! glass ( !  
,we/ ,w9d[ 0 collect$ by ,bi%op         
,creyghton 9 #affj-afgj1 excell5t       
,sixte5? ,c5tury repres5tations (  !    
hi/ory ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,possibly     
,creyghton add$ ! figures  ( ,k+ ,ina & 
,bi%op ,ralph 9 ! o!r lights1 = ! s\!rn 
"o also be>s 8 arms4 ,! top & bottom ( !
 middle light are said  to h come f ,r\5
 9 #ahac4    ,n[ we w exam9e !          
transepts4         8,! transepts seem to
 h be5 built be=e ! nave1 b "s (       !
 c>v$ "w ( ! capitals & corbels is (    
lat] date ?an       ! nave4 ,! capitals 
on ! we/ side ( bo? transepts are among 
! f9e/ 9 ,engl&4 ,_m ref] to ! too?a*e4 
8,nor? ,transept3 fir/ ,pi]4--7,inside !

 ,prie/ ,vic>s' ve/ry7 ,a               
prophet787 ) scroll on :i* !re is no "n3
 ,man c>ry+       goose4 7,outside7     
,head ) tongue on tee?4         8,second
 ,pi]4--,a>on writ+ 8 "n on a scroll3   
,moses ) !       tables ( /one4         
8,?ird ,pi]4--,woman ) a b&age across h]
 face4 ,above ?is cap       ! corbel    
consi/s ( a seat$ figure1 nak$1 )       
di/ort$ m\?       & an agonis$          
expression4         8,s\? ,transept1    
second pi] 7f ! s\? end74 ,two m5 are   
/eal+ grapes1 "o holds ! basket full1 ! 
o!r plucks       grapes1 hold+ a knife 9
 8 o!r h&3 ,! f>m]s 9 pursuit1       "o 
c>ries a spade &    ! o!r a pit*=k3 ,!  
man ) ! =k1 a vigor\s figure1 cat*es  "o
 ?ief3 ,! man ) ! spade hits ! o!r 7^:  
face is mo/  woe-begone7 on ! head4     
8,?ird pi]4--,woman pull+ ?orn out ( h] 
foot3 ,man ) "o eye1  f+] 9 8 m\?3      
,baboon head3 ,cobbl]2 ?is figure %[s v 
pla9ly ! me?od ( %oemak+ at ?is "t2 !   
cobbl] 9 8 apron1  sits ) ! %oe on "o   
knee1 8 /rap passes ov] ! knee & r\nd  !

 o!r foot1 8 foot is turn$ ov] s z to   
pres5t ! side &  n ! sole to ! /rap3    
,woman's head ) long hair4    8,f\r?    
pi]4--,head p]fectly hairless3 ,elias   
,p4 7! prophet7 ) h&  on *eek z if he1  
too1 has ! too?a*e3 ,head 9 hood1 )     
tongue on  ! "o rema9+ too?4    8,x may 
be well "h to say a ^w ab\t ! g5]al     
classification (  ^! e>li] capitals1    
s9ce _! date is a matt] ( great         
ar*itectural int]e/4 ,i w\ld v5ture to  
divide !m into five  gr\ps--    87#a7   
,^? ( ! ?ree we/]n bays ( ! *oir3 simple
 c>v$ foliage  ( di/9ctly ,norman "*1 z 
9 ! nor? por*3 ^! belong to  ! "t (     
,reg9ald 7#aagd-aaia74    87#b7 ,! f\r  
ea/]n bays ( ! nave & its aisles4 ,"s ( 
^! may  belong to ! fir/ p]iod1 ?\gh    
lat] ?an ! *oir3 !y are m  advanc$ 9 !  
foliage1 & teem ) grotesque birds &     
bea/s4 ,"s1  h[ev]1 ( ! caps 9 ^! bays  
are ( q diff]5t "*2  !y conta9 g5re     
subjects ( p]fectly naturali/ic         
treatm5t1 v  diff]5t to ! ,/4 ,edmund ( 
! nor? por* capital2 b exactly  simil>  

to ! figure caps ( ! transepts4 ,!y mu/ 
!re=e h  be5 c>v$ lat] ?an ! dea? (     
,sa9t ,william ,bytton4    87#c7 ,!     
we/]n bays ( ! nave4 ,^!1 :i* are ( mu* 
less  int]e/1 belong to ! p]iod (       
,jocel9's recon/ruction 7#abbj-abdb74   
,!y are *>act]i/ic examples ( ri*       
/iff-leaf foliage1 fre] ?an  t ( ! e>li]
 "w1 b mu* less v>i$ & )\t ei!r human   
figures or grotesques4    87#d7 ,on !   
ea/]n range ( transept pi]s4 ,^! w\ld   
seem also to  come )9 ,jocel9's p]iod1 )
 ! exception ( ! ?ird pi] (  ! s\?      
transept4         87#e7 ,on ! we/]n     
range ( transept pi]s1 ) :i* mu/ be     
class$ ^? lat] caps already ref]r$ to 9 
! nave "u       gr\p #b4 ,_! date is    
settl$ by ! fact t !y ab\nd 9           
unmi/akable repres5tations ( ! too?a*e4 
,n[ ,sa9t ,william       ,bytton di$ 9  
#abgd1 & 8 tomb became imm$iately fam\s 
=       cures ( ?is malady4 ,9 #abhf1 ! 
*apt] decid$ to repair !       old "w1  
no d\bt because ! (f]+s at 8 tomb _h    
br\ght       money to ! *ur*40--7,p4    

,d47    ,9 /udy+ ^! fasc9at+ grotesques1
 h[ev]1 we h neglect$ to  exam9e ! two  
*antries 9 ! nave--,bi%op ,bub)'s &     
,dean  ,sug>'s4 ,!y are opposite "o     
ano!r & are alike 9 g5]al  *>act]i/ics4 
,! scre5 "w & cornices ( ,bub)'s compos$
 (  light & elaborate trac]y are v mu*  
admir$4 ,light doorways p]mit  entrance4
 ,! alt> "h 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,savi\r4   
,bi%op ,bub)  7:o built ! nor?-we/ t[]7 
di$ 9 #adbd4 ,8 arms1 conta9+           
holly-leaves1 are beautifully c>v$4     
,sug>'s ,*antry1 ab\t sixty ye>s lat] 9 
date1 is ev5 m  elaborate4 ,l ,bub)'s1 x
 is hexagonal & ! canopy ov] ! alt>  is 
vault$ ) delicate fan-trac]y4 ,critics  
n[ consid] x ! f9]  ( ! two4    ,adjo9+ 
,sug>'s ,*antry ! /one ,pulpit1 built 9 
! reign ( ,h5ry  ,,viii41 calls =       
att5tion4 ,9 front are ! arms ( ,bi%op  
,knight1 :o  built x & :o is buri$ ne> x
 7he di$ 9 #aedg74 ,beside x1 is a      
brass lect]n pres5t$ 9 #affj2 ^u ?is    
re/s a ,bible ( ! same  date4    ,9 !   
,s\? transept1 we f9d ! ,font1 int]e/+  

because x is !  "o relic ( ,bi%op       
,rob]t's ,norman *ur*4 ,x may h /ood 9 !
  e>li] ,saxon ca!dral4 ,! cov] is      
,jacobean4    ,9 ! s\? end ( ! s\?      
transept is ! ,tomb ( ,bi%op de ,m>*ia  
7di$ #acjb74 ,! effigy ( ! bi%op1 ly+ 9 
a recess "u a canopy  bri/l+ ) crockets 
& f9ials & brilliant ) sc>let &         
crimson1 gre5 & gold1 is v /rik+4 ,"s ( 
! angels  surr\nd+ ! figure are *>m+4 ,x
 is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is  ) ! ,tomb (  
,lady ,lisle1 also adorn$ ) crockets &  
brightly  col\r$4    ,p]p5dicul> /one   
scre5s divide ! transepts f _! small    
*apels4 ,! *apels ( ! s\? transept are  
,/4 ,m>t9's 7n[ !  canon's ve/ry7 & t ( 
,/4 ,calixtus1 enclos$ on ! side ( !    
*oir-aisle by "s beautiful ironwork f   
,beck+ton's tomb4 ,on !  s\? side ( ,/4 
,calixtus's *apel we mu/ pause to exam9e
 ,dean  ,husse's tomb1 ( alaba/]1 & not$
 = its c>v$ panels ev5 9 ?is  ca!dral ( 
spl5did c>v+s4    ,/4 ,david's ,*apel 9 
! nor? transept compels u to pause aga9 
to  look at ! capital ( ! second        

transept pi]--a h&some head )  curls & a
 smile on 8 face--& a f9e corbel c>v$   
into ! =m (  a liz>d eat+ leaves ( a    
plant ) b]ries4 ,9 ?is *apel lies an    
int]e/+ effigy ( ,bi%op ,/ill           
7#aedc-afjg7 9 a r$ robe l9$ )  :ite    
fur4 ,next comes ! ,*apel ( ! ,holy     
,cross 9 :i* is ! tomb  ( ,bi%op ,corni%
 7di$ #aeac71 ?\ght also to h be5 us$ z 
!  ,ea/] ,sepul*re1 :]e ! ,ho/ 0 laid   
dur+ ,holy ,week4    ,! nor? transept   
conta9s a relic ( ! pa/ t delights e "o 
:o happ5s to be !re at ! /rik+ ( ! h\r4 
,! fam\s clock  t once belong$ to       
,gla/onbury ,abbey is /ill 9 work+ ord]4
 ,a  little figure kn[n locally z 8,jack
 ,bl&iv]0 kicks ! qu>t]s )  8 heels on  
two little bells & at ! h\r f\r figures 
on horseback  above ! clock ru% ar\nd & 
*>ge ea* o!r4 ,! curi\s clock 0  made by
 ,pet] ,lightfoot1 a monk ( ! abbey4 ,x 
0 said to h be5  9 con/ant use at       
,gla/onbury = #bej ye>s be=e x 0 remov$ 
to  ,wells at ! ,dissolution ( !        
mona/]ies4    ,f ! ea/ aisle ( ! nor?   

transept a door op5s to ! ,/aircase  t  
leads to ! ,*apt]-,h\se & also to !     
celebrat$ ,*a9-,gate1  or c>v$ bridge t 
connects ! ,vic>s' ,college ) !         
,ca!dral4  ,?r\gh ?is gall]y ! ,vic>s   
c\ld pass f _! own ,close into !        
,ca!dral4 ,! common hall ( _! college   
7#acdj7 op5s f x4         8,!re are few 
?+s 9 ,engli% ar*itecture t c be comp>$ 
) x = /range impressive beauty2 !       
/aircase goes upw>d       = eighte5 /eps
 & !n "p ( x sweeps (f to !             
,*apt]-h\se on ! "r1 :ile ! o!r "p goes 
on & up       till x rea*es !           
*a9-bridge2 ?us ! /eps lie1 worn "h &   
!re by ! tread ( _m feet1 l fall5       
leaves1 ! la/ (       !m lo/ 9 ! bright]
 light ( ! bridge4 ,"h "o is /ill       
almo/ )9 ! ca!dral1 & yet ! c>ts are    
pass+       und]nea?1 & _! rattle mixes 
) ! s\nd ( ! organ       )94         8,!
 ma9 gall]y ( ! ,*a9-,gate is %ut (f by 
a door1 :i*1       if x 7 kept op51 w\ld
 make ! prospect ev5 m beautiful        
?an x is4 ,two corbels :i* support !    

vault+-%afts ( !       l[] /aircase %\ld
 be notic$2 !y bo? repres5t figures     
?ru/+ _! /aves into ! m\? ( a dragon1 b 
t on !       ea/ 7we>+ a hood & a lea!rn
 girdle r\nd 8 surcoat7 is z            
vigor\s 9 action z ! figure on ! we/    
side is feeble4 ,a       small b>r$ op5+
 9 ! top ( ! ea/ wall lights a curi\s   
little *amb]1 :i* is rea*$ f ! /aircase 
t leads to       ! ro(40--7,p4 ,d47     
,! ,*apt]-,h\se is fam\s among ^!       
beautiful adjuncts to ,engli%  ca!drals4
 ,x has be5 call$ 8a glori\s developm5t 
( w9d[ &  vault40 ,x 0 built 9 ! latt]  
half ( ! ,geometrical p]iod             
7#abhj-acae74 ,note ! pr(usion (        
ball-fl[] ornam5t r\nd !  w9d[s & ! ogee
 drip/ones outside4         8,(         
octagonal plan1 its vault+ ribs bran*   
out f sixte5       ,purbeck %afts :i*   
clu/] r\nd ! c5tral pill>1 typify+      
! diocesan *ur* ) all its memb]s ga!r$  
r\nd its common       fa!r1 ! bi%op4    
,ea* ( ! eight sides ( ! room is occupi$
       by a w9d[ ( f\r lights1 )        

graceful trac]y ( an advanc$            
geometrical type4 ,^! w9d[s1 :i* are    
among ! f9e/       examples ( ! p]iod1 h
 no %afts1 b _! ar* m\ld+s       are    
enri*$ ) a cont9u\s s]ies ( ! ball-fl[] 
ornam5t4       ,mo/ ( ! old glass 9 :i* 
ruby & :ite are ! pr$om9ant             
col\rs1 rema9s 9 ! upp] lights4 ,"u !   
w9d[s runs an       arcade :i* =ms      
fifty-"o /alls1 sep>at$ into gr\ps (    
sev5       by ! blue lias vault+-%afts  
at ! angles1 b 9 ! side       :i* is    
occupi$ by ! doorway !re are only two   
/alls1 "o on       ei!r side ( !        
entrance4 ,two r[s ( /one b5*es are "u  
! /alls1 & !re is a b5* ( ,purbeck r\nd 
! base ( !       c5tral pi]40--7,p4 ,d47
    ,ano!r au?ority says3         8,at !
 spr+s ( ! ar*es are sculptur$ heads    
full (       expression1 k+s1 bi%ops1   
monks1 ladies1 je/]s2 & at !            
angles1 grotesques ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,a l9e 
( ! ball-fl[]       ornam5t is c>ri$    
r\nd above ! canopies4         8,! d\ble
 ar*es at ! entrance %[ traces ( a door 

on !       ext]ior4 ,rem>k ! curi\s boss
 9 ! vault+1 compos$ ( f\r       be>d$  
faces4 ,! diamet] ( ! *apt]-h\se is     
fifty feet1 its       height =ty-"o     
feet4 ,its unusual1 & inde$ unique1     
features       are--its sep>ation f !   
cloi/]s f :i* ! *apt]-h\se       g5]ally
 op5s2 & its crypt1 or l[] /ory1 :i*    
r5d]$       necess>y ! /aircase by :i* x
 is approa*$4         8,a mo/ /rik+ view
 ( ! *apt]-h\se is obta9$ f !       f\r?
 angle ( ! /aircase1 close to ! doorway 
( ! ,vic>s'       ,college4 ,! effect ( 
! d\ble-door ar*es ) _! trac]y1       ( 
! c5tral pi]1 ! bran*$ ribs ( ! vault+1 
& !       f9e w9d[s is magnific5t2 & :5 
! latt] 7 fill$ )       /a9$ glass1 mu/ 
h be5 q unrivall$4 ,! *apt]-h\se        
is by no means ! lea/ important ( ! _m  
ar*itectural       ma/]pieces :i* comb9e
 to place ,wells s high 9 ! ranks (     
,engli% ca!drals40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,! 
,crypt1 f9i%$ by #abhf1 repres5ts ! la/ 
developm5t ( !  ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,x 0
 us$ z ! treasury :]e valuables 7  kept4

 ,x is rea*$ by a d>k passage f !       
nor?-*oir-aisle4 ,!  odd corbels %\ld be
 not$4 ,! walls are v ?ick1 ! w9d[s     
n>r[ ) wide splays & ! vault+-ribs spr+ 
f r\nd &  massive pill>s ) mu* effect4  
,?is ,crypt is unusually high1 because  
! _m spr+s at ,wells w\ld n p]mit ( a   
subt]ranean *amb]4    ,b aga9 we h be5  
l$ a/ray f ! ma9 body ( ! ,ca!dral4     
,return+ ! same way1 we aga9 ent] ! nor?
 transept & /&  b5ea? ! spl5did         
fan-trac]y vault ( ! t[]1 a vault1      
beautiful  z x is1 t hides ! lant]n )   
its arcades4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 c  be se5 dur+ 
! asc5t ( ! t[]4    ,! ,scre5 dates f ! 
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4         8,! fir/      
impression on ent]+ ! *oir w n readily  
be       =gott54 ,ow+ to ! peculi> & mo/
 beautiful arrangem5t (       !         
,lady-*apel & ! retro-*oir1 to ! mann] 9
 :i* !       v>i$ gr\ps ( ar*es &       
pila/]s are se5 beyond ! l[ alt>        
scre51 to ! ri* spl5d\rs ( ! /a9$ glass1
 to !       beautiful ar*itectural      
details ( ! *oir itself1 & to !         

grace & f9i% ( ! late re/orations1 x may
 safely be said       t ! *oir ( no     
,engli% ca!dral af=ds a view m          
impressive or m picturesque4 ,x is      
difficult to det]m9e       :e!r ! effect
 is m /rik+ at e>ly morn+1 :5 !         
blaze ( _m-col\r$ light f all ! ea/]n   
w9d[s is       reflect$ ^u ! sl5d] %afts
 ( ,purbeck & ^u ! vault$       ro(1 or 
at ! late w9t] s]vices1 :5 ! d>k5$      
figures (       sa9ts & prophets 9 !    
cl]e/ory comb9e ) ! few lights          
burn+ at ! *ori/]s' /alls to add some?+ 
( my/]y &       solemn gloom to ! maze (
 half-se5 aisles & *apels4         8,!  
fir/ ?ree pi]s & ar*es ( ! *oir are     
,e>ly ,engli%1       ( ! same "* z ^? ( 
! nave & transepts1 & are       probably
 ! "w ( ,bi%op ,jocel94 ,! rema9+       
portion1       includ+ ! :ole ( ! vault+
 z well z ! cl]e/ory above       ! fir/ 
?ree bays1 is v ri* e>ly ,decorat$      
7geometrical7       & des]ves ! mo/     
c>eful /udy4         8,! tab]nacle "w & 
! w9d[ trac]y ( ! fir/ ?ree       bays1 

al?\gh ( ! same date1 are less ri* ?an  
^? ( !       ea/]n half ( ! *oir4 ,9 ?is
 latt] portion rem>k ! triple       b&$ 
%afts ( ,purbeck1 c>ri$ q to ! ro( z    
vault+-%afts1 & ! tab]nacle-"w occupy+ !
 place ( !       tri=ium1 deep] & wid]  
?an 9 ! l[] bays4 ,"u ea* ar*       is a
 %ort triple %aft1 support+ a bracket   
ri*ly c>v$ 9       foliage4 ,! sculpture
 ( ! capitals & ( ^! brackets is       v
 good & %\ld be notic$4 ,! foliage has  
become       unconv5tional1 & has       
evid5tly be5 /udi$ f nature4 ,its       
dim9utive "*1 z comp>$ ) ! ,e>ly ,engli%
 "w 9       ! nave1 is v /rik+4         
8,! ea/ end ( ! *oir is =m$ ( ?ree ar*es
 divid$ by       sl5d] pi]s above :i* is
 "s v ri* tab]nacle-"w1       surm\nt$  
by an ea/ w9d[ ( unusual design4 ,at !  
back ( !       alt>1 & betwe5 ! pi]s1 is
 a l[ diap]$ scre51 beyond       :i* are
 se5 ! ar*es & /a9$ w9d[s ( ! retro-*oir
       & ,lady-*apel40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47   
,! /one vault is unusual1 a sort ( 8cov$
 ro(10 ,freeman calls x1  8) cells cut 9

 x = ! cl]e/ory w9d[s40    ,! ?ree we/]n
 bays are ,bi%op ,reg9ald's ( ! ,twelf? 
,c5tury4  ,"h we are 9 ! v olde/ "p ( ! 
,ca!dral4 ,triple  vault+-%afts (       
,purbeck m>ble are c>ri$ d[n to ! floor4
         8,! cl]e/ory w9d[s conta9 fl[+ 
trac]y ( an advanc$ &       n v good    
type4 ,9 "s ! pla9 mullions are c>ri$ on
       ?r\gh ! head ( ! w9d[ & int]sect 
ea* o!r4 ,above !       tab]nacle-"w ( !
 ea/ end is ! ,,ea/ ,,w9d[ ( sev5       
lights1       ! la/ bit ( ! ,f\rte5?    
,c5tury recon/ruction1 ! la/            
flick] ( ,decorat$ fre$om4 ,its curi\s  
trac]y is /ill       beautiful1 d\bly s 
= ! glass x en%r9es1 b ! rule &         
squ>e ( ,p]p5dicul> dom9ation h already 
set _! m>k ^u       x2 ! two pr9cipal   
mullions run /raight up to ! w9d[ head1 
& "p ( ! trac]y betwe5 !m is            
rectangul>40--7,p4 ,d47    ,! ,ca!dral  
possesses sixty-f\r ,mis]icords1 f ! old
  *oir-/alls1 reg>d$ z among ! be/      
examples ( m$ival  wood-c>v+ 9 ,engl&4  
,! skilful h& ( ! c>v] has wond]fully   

repres5t$ griff9s fight+1 m]maids1 apes1
 goats1 dragons1 wyv]ns1  pop9jays1     
cats1 foxes1 peacocks1 mon/]s1 angels1  
eagles1 hawks1  rabbits1 k+s1           
peasants--& _m o!r birds1 animals &     
grotesques4    ,! s(t yet brilliant     
light sifts 9 f ! ,jesse ,w9d[ above !  
high alt>4 ,we lift our eyes & ) "s pa9s
 disc]n ! tw9+  bran*es ( ! v9e ) !     
recumb5t figure ( ,jesse at ! base1     
re/+ 8 head on 8 h&4 ,f him rises !     
lead+ %oot ( !  tree1 ) ! figures ( !   
,virg9 & ! ,*ild ea* ) radiant  nimbus &
 b5ea? a gold5 canopy4 ,! t5drils ( !   
v9e enwrea?  prophets1 prie/s & k+s1--! 
ance/ors ( ! ,babe ( ,be?lehem4  ,above 
is a repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion2 &  
at ! v    ,illu/ration3 ,,wells3 ,,nave1
 ,,ea/    ,illu/ration3 ,,wells3        
,,s\?-,,we/    top ( ! w9d[1 ! out/ret*$
 w+s ( ! ,holy ,_s4    ,! *oir-aisles   
are ( ! same "* z ! *oir itself & are   
ent]$ f ! transepts ?r\gh ogee ar*es1   
ornam5t$ ) crockets  & f9ials4    ,!    
s\?-*oir-aisle conta9s ! ,tomb ( ,sa9t  

,william ,bytton1 at  :i* 7! olde/      
incis$ slab 9 ,engl&7 (f]+s 7 made by ^?
  suff]+ f too?a*e1 z we h already se54 
,fur!r away is !  ,tomb ( ,beck+ton1    
surr\nd$ by a beautiful iron-scre5 ( !  
same  date z ! tomb 7#adeb74 ,! c>v+ is 
v f9e1 especially ! w+s  ( ! angels4 ,a 
little col\r is left "h & !re4 ,8 effigy
 re/s  ^u x1 ) old & wr9kl$ face4 ,?is  
bi%op said mass = 8 own  s\l "h 9       
,janu>y1 #adeb1 ?irte5 ye>s be=e he di$4
    ,9 ! s\?-ea/ transept1 we f9d !     
,*apel ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1  :]e a      
,decorat$ pisc9a ) canopy des]ves       
att5tion4    ,at ! extreme end ( !      
nor?-*oir-aisle is ,sa9t ,/eph5's ,*apel
  & at ! extreme end ( ! s\?-*oir-aisle 
is ! correspond+  ,sa9t ,ca!r9e's       
,*apel4 ,bo? conta9 effigies ( bi%ops1  
tombs &  monum5ts4 ,betwe5 & back ( ^!  
is ! ,lady-,*apel4    ,we n[ return to !
 ,retro-*oir4 ,f\r sl5d] pi]s ( ,purbeck
 m>ble  be> up ! vault4 ,! arrangem5t ( 
! columns %\ld be p>ticul>ly  notic$ "h4
 ,x is h>d to realise t ?is ,retro-*oir 

0 m]ely a  device = connect+ !          
,lady-,*apel ) ! ,*oir1 x seems s       
entirely a "p ( ! s*eme4         8,!    
beauty ( ! retro-*oir1 or #8procession  
aisles1' !       arrangem5t ( its pi]s &
 clu/]$ columns1 & ! admirable          
mann] 9 :i* x unites ! ,lady-*apel ) !  
*oir %\ld be       "h rem>k$4 ,x is     
?r\gh\t ,e>ly ,decorat$4 ,! foliage ( ! 
capitals & ! bosses ( ! vault+ w repay  
c>eful       exam9ation4 ,_m ( ! vault+ 
ribs appe> to spr+ f two       grotesque
 heads--"o on ei!r side ( ! l[          
*oir-scre5--:i*       hold !m betwe5 _! 
tee?4 ,! f\r support+ pill>s &          
%afts are plac$ )9 ! l9e ( ! *oir-pi]s1 
?us       produc+ ! unusual intricacy & 
v>iety ( ! ea/w>d view       f ! *oir4  
,at ,salisbury1 & 9 all o!r ,engli%     
ca!drals1       ! pi]s ( !              
procession-aisles are plac$ 9 a l9e ) ^?
       ( ! *oir40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,mr4
 ,bond ?9ks ! ,wells ar*itect got 8 idea
 = ! octagonal  ,lady-,*apel by tack+ on
 ! elongat$ octagonal ( ! ,li*field     

,*apt]-,h\se to ! rectangul> retro-*oir 
( ,salisbury4         8,! ,lady-*apel is
 an e>ly "w ( ! ,curvil9e> p]iod2 = x   
seems to h be5 complete 9 #acbd4 ,!     
w9d[s h beautiful       reticulat$      
trac]y ( e>ly type4 ,!re is lovely c>v+ 
9 !       capitals1 bosses1 r]$os1      
s$ilia & pisc9a4 ,! ,curvil9e>          
foliat$ capitals "h & 9 ! *oir %\ld be  
comp>$ ) !       some:at e>li] capitals 
( ! *apt]-h\se1 ) ! e>ly                
,geometrical capitals ( ! /aircase1 !   
,lancet capitals ( !       we/ front & !
 late ,transitional ones ( por*1 nave & 
transepts4 ,! anci5t glass "h & 9 !     
,jesse w9d[ ( !       *oir is sup]b 9   
col\r4         8,z e "o kn[s1 x is ! mo/
 beautiful ea/ end we h 9       ,engl&4 
,x may be wor? :ile to see h[ ?is design
 0 arriv$       at--a design z          
exceptional z x is effective4 ,! simple/
 =m       ( an ea/ end 9 ,engli% ,go?ic 
is se5 at ,york & ,l9coln3 x            
consi/s m]ely ( a l[ wall ) a big w9d[  
above x4 ,! next       improvem5t is to 

build an aisle or processional pa? beh9d
 !       ea/ end2 at ! same "t pi]c+ !  
ea/ wall ) "o1 two or       ?ree ar*es4 
,?is 0 done at ,h]e=d ab\t #aahj2 & on a
       magnific5t scale 9 ! ,*apels (   
,n9e ,alt>s at ,durham & at             
,f\nta9s e>ly 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,b !
 ,fr5* apsidal       ca!drals--( :i* we 
h an example 9 ,we/m9/]--h n       only 
an encircl+ processional aisle1 b also a
 *evet ( *apels       radiat+ out f x2  
?us provid+ ev]-*ang+ vi/as (           
entranc+ beauty4 ,! next /ep 9 ,engl&   
also 0 to provide our       rectangul>  
*oirs ) a *evet z well z ) a            
processional       aisle4 ,an e>ly      
example ( ?is plan is to be se5 at      
,abbey ,dore1       9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ab\t  
#aaij4 ,x occurs e>ly 9 ! ,?irte5?      
,c5tury on a /ill gr&] scale at         
,salisbury1 :]e "o f9ds n       "o b two
 processional aisles1 z well z *apels to
 ! ea/ (       !m2 &1 9 addition1 a     
,lady-*apel project+ /ill f>!r to       
! ea/1 ?us produc+ a design ( great     

complexity & beauty4       ,nev]!less1  
at ,salisbury1 s9ce ! *ief support+ pi]s
 ( !       retro-*oir & ! *evet are 9 a 
l9e ) ^? ( ! *oir1       !re is by no   
means ! same *angeful intricacy ( vi/a t
       af=ds "o ev] fre% delight 9 an   
apsidal *ur*4 ,at ,wells1       h[ev]1 !
 ar*itect atta9$ all ! success ( !      
,cont95tal       build] simply because  
he built 8 ,lady-*apel n rectangul> b   
octagonal4 ,= to get ?is octagon1 ( :i* 
only five sides 7       support$ by     
walls1 he _h to plant 9 ! retro-*oir two
 pi]s to       support ! rema9+ ?ree    
sides2 & ^! pi]s are necess>ily         
out ( l9e ) ! pi]s ( ! *oir4 ,he _h got 
! ,cont95tal       vi/a4 ,he saw x2 b he
 saw also t x c\ld be improv$ ^u4       
,& he did improve x1 by putt+ up an out]
 r+ ( f\r m       pi]s r\nd ! we/]n "p (
 ! octagon ( ! ,lady-*apel4 ,x       0  
an intuition ( g5ius3 x makes ! vi/as   
into !       retro-*oir & ! ,lady-*apel 
a v]itable glimpse into fairyl&2       &
 provides "h alone 9 ,engl& a rival to !

 glori\s ea/]n       t]m9ations ( ,ami5s
 & ,le ,mans4 ,& t is n all4 ,we saw 9  
! *apt]-h\se ! gr& effect ( ! c5tral    
/alk bran*+       upw>d & outw>d 9 all  
directions1 l "s palm tree              
transmut$ into /one4 ,?is beautiful     
effect he transf]s to !                 
retro-*oir1 b multipli$--f\r palm trees 
9 place ( "o2 =       ea* ( ! f\r       
ext]nal pi]s ( ! octagon emulates !     
*apt]-h\se's c5tral /alk40--7,f4 ,b47   
,! l>ge w9d[s are fill$ ) f9e specim5s (
 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury  glass un=tunately n[ 
jumbl$ toge!r4 ,! ,ea/ ,w9d[ is compos$ 
( odd pieces put toge!r by ,willem5t4   
,david & o!r patri>*s  occupy ! upp]    
ti]1 & ! ,virg91 ,eve & ! ,s]p5t &      
,moses &  ! ,braz5 ,s]p5t1 ! l[] ti]4 ,!
 upp] lights display angels )  !        
in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion1 emblems ( !     
,evangeli/s & bu/s (  bi%ops & patri>*s4
         8,f ! s\?-we/ transept we pass 
into ! ,,cloi/]s1 :i*       occupy an   
unusual am\nt ( space1 b h only ?ree    
walks       in/ead ( ! usual f\r4       

8,! diff]5ce betwe5 a true mona/ic      
cloi/] & ?is ( ,wells       %\ld be     
rem>k$4 ,! canons ( ,wells 7 n monks &  
did n       require a cloi/] 9 ! ord9>y 
s5se4 ,?is is m]ely an       ornam5tal  
walk ar\nd ! cemet]y4 ,x did n lead to  
ei!r       dormitory1 refectory or      
*apt]-h\se4 ,x s]v$ z a passage to      
! ,bi%op's ,palace2 & ! wall ( ! ea/    
walk is ,e>ly ,engli%       ( ! same    
date z ! palace itself4 ,! lavatory 9 ! 
ea/       walk %\ld be rem>k$1 z well z 
! grotesque bosses ( !       ro( 9 !    
portion built by ,bi%op ,beck+ton4 ,ov] 
! we/]n       cloi/] is ! ,*apt] ,gramm>
 ,s*ool4 ,! c5tral space is kn[n       z
 ! #8,palm ,*ur*y>d1' f ! yew-tree 9 its
 c5tre1 !       bran*es ( :i* 7 =m]ly   
c>ri$ 9 procession z palms4       ,f !  
s\?-ea/ angle ( ! cloi/]s we desc5d into
 ! op5       gr\nd )9 ! gateway adjo9+ !
 m>ketplace1 & opposite       !         
episcopal palace4 ,?is is surr\nd$ by a 
moat1 z well z by       /rong ext]nal   
walls & ba/ions1 & w\ld h be5 capable ( 

su/a9+ a long siege accord+ to ! m$ival 
sy/em (       w>f>e4 ,! moat is f$ by   
spr+s f ,/4 ,&rew's1 or !               
#8bottomless well'--! orig9al #8great   
well' ( ,k+ ,ina1--:i*       rise close 
to ! palace & fall into ! moat 9 a      
cascade at !       nor?-ea/ corn]4 ,bo? 
walls & moat 7 ! "w ( ,bi%op            
,ralph ( ,%rewsbury 7#acbi-acfe740--7,r4
 ,j4 ,k47    ,wells is fam\s = its      
anci5t h\ses4 ,! old ,palace & ! ,dean]y
  are /ill occupi$ by ! bi%op & ! dean2 
! canons & vic>s  also live 9 !         
individual h\ses built = ^!             
ecclesia/ics4 ,wells  0 nev] a mona/]y )
 a common refectory & dormitory3 !re 7  
always secul> prie/s "h & ea* man liv$ 9
 8 own h\se4 ,( all  ! dome/ic build+s !
 ,bi%op's ,palace is ! mo/ beautiful4 ,x
 is  consid]$ ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( an 
,e>ly ,engli% h\se t  exi/s4            
,,ba? ,,abbey         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4 
,,pet] ,,& ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,a ,,*ur* ,,s]v$
 ,,by ,,secul>       ,,canons4          
,,special ,,feature3 ,,we/ ,,front4     

,/&+ be=e ! ,we/ ,front1 we notice1 fir/
 ( all1 t ^u !  angles ( ! nave on ei!r 
side ( ! great w9d[ are two turrets1  on
 ! face ( ea* ( :i* is c>v$ a ladd] )   
angels asc5d+ or  desc5d+4 ,! space     
above ! w9d[ is also c>v$ ) angels2 &1  
"u a canopy above ! gr\p1 /&s a figure (
 ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,(  ?is /range decoration
 ! foll[+ /ory is told3    ,oliv] ,k+1  
,bi%op ( ,exet]1 0 translat$ to ! ,see (
 ,ba? &  ,wells 9 #adie4 ,he w5t at once
 to ,ba?1 & f\nd ! *ur* 9 a  dilapidat$ 
condition4 ,:ile !re1 he _h a repetition
 ( ,jacob's  fam\s dream ( a ladd] rea*+
 f heav5 to e>? ) angels  asc5d+ &      
desc5d+4 ,above !m /ood ! ,"l1 :o said3 
8,let an  ,olive e/abli% ! cr[n & a ,k+ 
re/ore ! *ur*40 ,tak+ !  h9t1 ,bi%op    
,oliv] ,k+ imm$iately set to "w to      
rebuild ! *ur*  & _h 8 dream record$ ^u 
! we/ front4 ,he also _h an  olive-tree 
& cr[n c>v$ on ea* ( ! corn] buttresses4
    ,bi%op ,k+'s new *ur* 0 small] ?an !
 old "o4 ,x only occupi$  ! site ( ! =m]
 nave4 ,he di$ be=e x 0 f9i%$4 ,prior   

,william ,birde cont9u$ ! "w1 n =gett+ a
 *antry = himself1  :i* is reg>d$ z !   
be/ ?+ 9 ! *ur*4 ,birde di$ 9 #aebe2  & 
! "w 0 /ill unf9i%$ :5 x 0 seiz$ by !   
k+'s  commission]s4 ,! ro(less &        
neglect$ *ur* soon fell into decay2  b 9
 #aegb x 0 pat*$ up a little 9 ord] t   
s]vices might be  held 9 x4 ,! ea/ w9d[ 
0 glaz$ & ! *oir 0 ro($4 ,!  nave1      
h[ev]1 0 n ro($ until ,bi%op ,montague's
 rule 7#afjh-afaf74    ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 _m mean h\ses t _h    
clu/]$ ar\nd ,ba? ,abbey 7 remov$1 &    
buttresses & p9nacles  7 add$ to /r5g!n 
! walls4 ,repeat$ re/orations h made x  
exce$+ly trim 9 appe>ance4    ,ab\t     
#gge1 ,(fa1 ! ,m]cian k+1 f\nd$ "h a    
college ( secul>  canons1 :o 7 expell$  
by ,dun/an 9 ! ,t5? ,c5tury & sup]s$$   
by monks4    ,"o great ev5t 9 ! abbey   
*ur* 0 ! coronation ( ,k+ ,edg> on  !   
,fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 #igc2 & = c5turies    
aft]w>ds x 0 !  cu/om to select on      
,:itsunday a 8,k+ ( ,ba?0 f among its   
citiz5s1  9 hon\r ( ?is circum/ance4    

,john de ,villula1 a ,fr5*man f ,t\rs1  
:o 0 ,bi%op ( ,som]set 9  ! reign (     
,william ,rufus1 greatly pref]r$ ,ba? to
 ,wells4 ,he 0 able  to m]ge ,ba? ,abbey
 into ! bi%opric2 & !n he began to      
rebuild !  *ur* d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]4   
,:5 x 0 f9i%$1 he transf]r$ !  bi%op's  
seat f ,wells to ,ba?4 ,?is did n       
satisfy ,wells1 h[ev]1  & :5 ,rob]t (   
,lewes became bi%op ( ,ba? & ,wells1 he 
seems to  h arrang$ matt]s by all[+ !   
,bi%op ( ,som]set to h a  ?rone at ,/4  
,&rew's 9 ,wells & at ,/4 ,pet]'s 9     
,ba?1 ! bi%op  to be *os5 by ! monks (  
,ba? & ! canons ( ,wells 7,see page     
#ajh74    ,! *ur* built by ,john ( ,t\rs
 hav+ suff]$ f fire1 ,rob]t 0  compell$ 
to rebuild x2 b subsequ5t bi%ops        
neglect$ ,ba?2 & at  ! end ( ! ,fifte5? 
,c5tury1 :5 ,oliv] ,k+ 0 remov$ "h f    
,exet]1 he f\nd ! *ur* 0 9 a ru9\s      
condition & began to  rebuild x1 z we h 
se54    ,ba? ,abbey is a v int]e/+      
example ( late ,p]p5dicul>4 ,x 0  ne>+  
completion :5 x surr5d]$ to ,h5ry       

,,viii4 9 #aeci1 & is1  !re=e1 ! la/    
expression ( ,go?ic ,art4 ,! mo/ int]e/+
 "p  ( ! *ur* is ! ,we/ ,front1 ) its   
l>ge w9d[ flank$ by !  turrets ) !      
ladd]s1 already describ$4 ,ea* turret   
conta9s a  /aircase2 rises f> above !   
p>apet ( ! nave2 & t]m9ates 9 an        
embattl$ p>apet surm\nt$ by an          
eight-sid$ & crocket$ pyramid4          
8,! great we/ w9d[ is "o ( sev5 lights1 
divid$ horizontally       into f\r p>ts4
 ,bel[ x is a battlem5t$ p>apet ) a ni*e
 9       ! c5tre1 9 :i*1 no d\bt1 a     
/atue =m]ly /ood1 & 9       :i* a new   
/atue has rec5tly be5 plac$4 ,at ! base 
( x are       ! arms & support]s ( ,h5ry
 ,,vii4 ,bel[ x is ! we/ door1          
b5ea? a rectangul> label4 ,! sp&rels    
conta9 emblems ( !       ,passion4 ,on  
ei!r side /& /atues ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4   
,paul1 to       :om ! *ur* 0 jo9tly     
d$icat$2 ^! seem to be (                
,elizabe?an date4 ,! doors !mselves 7 ! 
gift to ! *ur*       ( ! ,"l ,*ief      
,ju/ice1 ,sir ,h5ry ,montague1 bro!r ( !

       bi%op :o complet$ ! *ur*4 ,on !m 
may be se5 %ields       be>+ ! arms ( ! 
,montagues & ( ! ,bi%op ( ,ba? &        
,wells40--7,t4 ,p47    ,! ,c5tral ,t[]  
is oblong & rises two /ages above ! ro(4
 ,x  conta9s two pairs ( w9d[s          
,illu/ration3 ,,ba? ,,abbey3 ,,we/      
,,front    ,illu/ration3 ,,ba? ,,abbey3 
,,*oir1 ,,we/    ) rectangul> heads &   
ea* corn] is ornam5t$ by a heavy        
octagonal turret also t]m9at+ 9         
octagonal pyramids decorat$ )  crockets4
 ,simil> pyramids t]m9ate ! turrets t   
flank ! sides (  ! ea/ w9d[ ( ! *oir4   
,!re is no ,lady-,*apel4    ,let u      
survey ! ext]ior3         8,! nave      
consi/s ( five bays4 ,! cl]e/ory w9d[s  
are       unusually l(ty1 & are divid$  
by transoms2 !y are ( five       lights4
 ,along ! top ( ! cl]e/ory wall is a    
battlem5t$1       pi]c$ p>apet2 b !     
patt]n ( ! pi]c$ op5+s diff]s       f t 
( ! p>apet :i* runs along ! top ( !     
aisle       walls4 ,! aisles h five     
light w9d[s )\t transoms2 _!       heads

 are f\r c5tr$ ar*es2 betwe5 ea* bay are
 project+       buttresses ( ?ree /ages 
) gabl$ (fsets1 f9i%$ )       crocket$  
p9nacles2 aga9/ !m re/ fly+-buttresses  
=m$ (       a l[] semi-ar*1 ) a /raight 
rectil9e> truss4 ,f !       po9ts :]e ! 
ar*$ fly+-buttresses abut aga9/ !       
cl]e/ory walls1 v]tical1 slightly       
project+ buttresses are       built     
upw>ds aga9/ ! wall & ris+ above !      
p>apet1 are       f9i%$ by crocket$     
p9nacles4 ,! same design is c>ri$ "r    
r\nd ! *ur*4 ,! cl]e/ory ( ! transepts  
resembles ^?       ( ! nave & !         
*oir40--7,t4 ,p47    ,ent]+1 our fir/ & 
g5]al view is impressive1 because ( !   
fan-vault+ & height ( ! ,nave4 ,ow+ to !
 abs5ce ( horizontal  l9es1 ! vault     
seems high] ?an x really is4 ,!re is no 
tri=ium4  ,a /r+-c\rse runs above !     
ar*es ( ! ma9 arcade b5ea? !  cl]e/ory  
w9d[s1 :i* are unusually tall4 ,on      
acc\nt ( ! enorm\s  w9d[s & ! abs5ce (  
pa9t$ glass1 ,ba? ,abbey receiv$ ! "n  (
 ! 8,lant]n ( ! ,we/02 b n[ t ! w9d[s ( 

! nave &  *oir-aisles h be5 suppli$ )   
pa9t$ lights1 ! "n is less  appropriate4
 ,! trac]y ( ^! w9d[s is1 ( c\rse1      
,p]p5dicul>4  ,! "o 9 ! s\?-transept is 
a ?anksgiv+ = ! recov]y ( !  ,pr9ce (   
,wales 9 #ahgb4 ,! l[] lights depict !  
recov]y (  ,hezekiah & ! royal arms ( ! 
,pr9ce & ,pr9cess ( ,wales & also  ^? ( 
! city ( ,ba?4 ,! upp] "p repres5ts !   
,tree ( ,jesse4  ,! great ea/ & we/     
w9d[s h sev5 lights4 ,! we/ w9d[        
conta9s subjects f ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1
 & ! ea/-w9d[1  repres5tations ( ! life 
( ,*ri/4         8,!re is little v>iety 
9 ! ar*es & %afts ?r\gh\t !       *ur*4 
,?is repetition is a well-kn[n feature 9
 ,p]p5dicul>       "w4 ,! pi]s h no     
g5]al capital4 ,! %aft :i* c>ries       
! inn] ord] ( ! ar* has a capital1 & s1 
at ! same       level1 h ! vault+-%afts 
( ! high vault & t ( !       aisles4 ,^!
 %afts spr+ f ! bases ( ! ma9 pill>s4 ,!
       capitals at ?is level are pla91 &
 s are ! capitals ( !       vault+-%afts
 ( ! nave f :i* ! vault+-ribs spr+4     

,b 9 ! *oir ! place ( ^! pla9 b&s is    
tak5 by c>v$       angels4 ,c>v$ angels 
also =m ! t]m9ation ( !       hood-m\ld+
 ( ! l[] w9d[s ( ! s\? transept1 &      
probably ^? ( ! nor? transept also1 ?\gh
 ^! w9d[s are       hidd5 by ! wood5    
pipes ( ! organ4         8,ov] ! heads (
 ! cl]e/ory w9d[s ( ! nave are small    
%ields1 & %ields may also be se5 9 !    
c5tre ( !       fan-trac]y 9 ! nave1    
*oir & transept4 ,9 ! aisles !          
fan-trac]y is some:at diff]5t1 z 9 !    
c5tre ( ea* bay       !re is a p5dant4  
,! vault+ ( ! nave & its aisles &       
t ( ! s\? transept are mod]n1 put up1 "u
 ! direction       ( ,sir ,gilb]t       
,scott1 to mat* ! ro( ( ! *oir & its    
aisles       & nor? transept            
respectively4 ,! r]$os 0 design$ by !   
same ar*itect4 ,! oak scre5 across !    
ea/]n "p ( ! s\?       *oir aisle is due
 to 8 son4 ,! font is also mod]n4 ,9    
fact1       beyond ! walls & ! ro(+ ( ! 
ea/]n "p ( ! *ur*1       !re is little  
old ab\t x4 ,9 ! cl]e/ory w9d[s are a   

few       fragm5ts ( ,sev5te5?-,c5tury  
glass--h]aldic %ields40--7,t4 ,p47      
,al?\gh ,ba? ,abbey is full ( monum5ts  
7!re are ov] six hundr$  memorial       
tablets besides /atues71 ! only tombs t 
des]ve att5tion  are ^? ( ,bi%op        
,montague1 9 ! f\r? ar* ( ! nave on !   
nor? side1 & ,lady ,wall]'s ,monum5t "u 
! s\!rn w9d[ ( !  transept4 ,! figure ( 
h] husb&1 ,sir ,william ,wall]1 :o      
comm&$  ! ,p>liam5t>y army 9 ! ,battle (
 ,l&sd[n1 ne> ,ba?1 clad 9  mail1 gazes 
d[n ^u 8 dead wife4 ,two weep+ *ildr5   
kneel at h]  feet4    ,betwe5 ! *oir & !
 s\?-aisle ,prior ,birde's ,*antry      
occupies two  bays4 ,x is a mo/         
elaborate piece ( c>v+4 ,! rebus ( !    
f\nd]  7a bird & a ,w7 appe>s frequ5tly4
 ,fan-trac]y decorates ! vault4    ,! v 
f9e organ is plac$ 9 ! transept4 ,!     
bells ( ,ba? are  fam\s4                
,,bri/ol         ,,d$ication3 ,,! ,,holy
 ,,tr9ity4 ,a ,,*ur* ,,s]v$ ,,by        
,,augu/9ian       ,,canons4             
,,special ,,features3 ,,ea/ ,,w9d[      

7,,trac]y ,,& ,,glass72 ,,*apt]-,,h\se2 
,,great ,,gateway4      ,! ,we/ ,front (
 ,bri/ol gives u a slight sugge/ion ( a 
,fr5*  ca!dral1 = "h we f9d a rose w9d[ 
& a l>ge doorway1 at !  side ( :i* rise 
two squ>e t[]s4 ,! balu/rade above !    
crocket$  gable ( ! doorway p>tly hides 
! rose-w9d[4    ,! t[]s 7 built 9 #ahhg 
& #ahhh3 ! nor?-we/ is ,bi%op  ,butl]'s 
,t[] & ! s\?-we/1 ! ,col/on ,t[]4 ,!    
,butl] t[]  is enri*$ ) /atues ( ,/4    
,mi*ael1 ,/4 ,gabriel & ! ,angel (      
,praise2 ! ,col/on1 ) ! ,angel ( !      
,gospel1 ,/4 ,raphael & !  ,angel ( !   
,sun4 ,on our "r is ! ,great ,gateway4  
,! ext]ior ( ,bri/ol is n v /rik+4 ,!   
buttresses ( !  ,eld]-,lady-,*apel are  
,decorat$ & ( ! same date z ! ea/ w9d[  
( ! same *apel4 ,we %\ld also view !    
great ea/ w9d[ ( !  ,lady-,*apel f )\t &
 ! ,c5tral ,t[]4         8,e>ly 9 !     
,fifte5? ,c5tury a c5tral t[] 0 add$4   
,"h       aga9 "o is /ruck by !         
orig9ality ( ! ,briti% p3 x is       z  
beautiful z x is orig9al4 ,! design] _h 

notic$ h[       beautiful is ! effect ( 
a close-pack$ range ( tall cl]e/ory     
w9d[s1 su* z ^? ( ,leighton ,buzz>d     
,*ur*4 ,s in/ead (       re/rict+       
himself on ea* side ( ! t[] to "o or two
       w9d[s1 he ins]ts no less ?an     
five4 ,! range ( cl]e/ory       w9d[s1  
:i* ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury build] refus$ to 
!       *oir1 becomes ! special ornam5t 
& glory ( ! t[]40--7,f4       ,b47    ,z
 we ent] ?r\gh ! ,nor? ,por*1 :i*       
occupies ! space betwe5  two buttresses 
& is adorn$ ) /atues ( ! ,f\r           
,evangeli/s1 we  may rememb] t :5 ,h5ry 
,,viii4 creat$ ! diocese ( ,bri/ol !re  
_h be5 a *ur* & mona/]y ( ,augu/9e      
canons on ?is site =  f\r hundr$ ye>s4  
,?is mona/]y 0 f\nd$ 9 #aadb by ,rob]t  
,fitzh>d+e1 ,"l ( ,b]keley ,ca/le4 ,( 8 
,norman *ur* little  rema9s b portions (
 ! walls 9 bo? transepts1 a /aircase 9 !
  nor?-aisle lead+ to ! t[]1 & "s       
fragm5ts 9 ! *oir4 ,!  ,norman nave 0   
remov$ 9 #aedb1 because x 0 ?\ght       
unsafe4 ,! new  nave & we/]n t[]s 7     

complet$ 9 #ahhh by ,mr4 ,/reet1 :o     
copi$  f ! old1 repeat+ ! vault+ & !    
recesses ( ! ea/]n  end4    ,! gr\nd    
plan consi/s ( a nave ) an aisle on ei!r
 side2 a  c5tral t[] & transepts2 !n !  
*oir ) nor? & s\? aisles2  & f9ally1 !  
,lady-,*apel at ! end4 ,on ! nor? ( !   
nor?-*oir-aisle is ! fir/               
,lady-,*apel--built 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli%   
/yle1 & call$ ,eld]-,lady-,*apel to     
di/+ui% x f ! lat]  ,lady-,*apel at !   
ea/ end4    ,at ! s\?-ea/ end ( !       
s\?-*oir-aisle we f9d ! ,b]keley        
,*apel2 & at ! end ( ! s\? transept1 !  
,newton ,*apel4 ,beyond  x is !         
,*apt]-,h\se ) its ,ve/ibule1 & on ! s\?
 & we/  ! rema9s ( ! ,cloi/]s4    ,our  
be/ position = view+ ! ,nave is f ! nor?
 or betwe5 !  two big t[]s4 ,x is #abj  
feet long1 #fj feet high & #fi broad    
includ+ ! aisles4 ,"o peculi>ity (      
,bri/ol is t ! aisles are  ( ! same     
height z ! ,nave2 & ano!r1 t ?is        
,ca!dral has  nei!r cl]e/ory1 nor       
tri=ium4 ,! w9d[s ( ! ,nave are v  l>ge 

& are /r5g!n$ by transoms4    ,! ,we/   
,w9d[ has = its subject ! ,adoration ( !
 ,lamb4 ,!  ,*oir consi/s ( f\r bays4 ,x
 is 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle & dates f  #acjf 
to #accb4         8,! pi]s ( ! *oir c>ry
 triple %afts :i* support !       vault+
 ( ! *oir1 & o!rs = ! aisles1 :i* are "h
 (       ! same height z ! *oir4        
,capitals ( great delicacy &            
beauty1 modell$ f real foliage1 s]ve to 
break ! l9e ( !       m\ld+s & acc5tuate
 ! spr++ ( ! vault4 ,graceful       ?\gh
 ! span ( ! ro( is admitt$ to be1 ! l9es
 ( !       arcade ( ! *oir are f9]1 & ! 
effect ( ! contra/ (       _! s(t m\ld+s
 c>ri$ up & ar\nd )\t a break is        
excell5t4 ,! iron scre5-"w t sep>ates ! 
*oir f its       aisles is un9t]e/+ &   
too small 9 scale40--7,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4   
,m47    ,on ei!r side ( ! high alt> are 
canopi$ recesses conta9+  monum5ts4 ,!  
r]$os is a memorial to ,bi%op ,ellicott 
& is r  too high1 !re=e int]f]+ ) a good
 view ( ! spl5did ea/  w9d[ 9 !         
,lady-,*apel4 ,! mosaic pavem5t is new1 

& ! /alls  are also mod]n4 ,"s ( ! old  
,mis]]es h be5 pres]v$1 h[ev]1  & consi/
 ( grotesques4 ,"s ( !m illu/rate       
,reyn>d ! ,fox4    ,9 bo? aisles ( !    
,*oir we are /ruck by ! v peculi> vault+
  design$ by ,abbot ,kn[le to /r5g!n !  
build+ & help c>ry !  lat]al ?ru/       
occasion$ by ! heavy c5tral vault+4 ,^! 
bridges1  or transoms1 !re=e1 d ! "w (  
fly+-buttresses z fai?fully  to-day z :5
 !y 7 erect$ six hundr$ ye>s ago4       
8,! transoms1 features :i* 7 repeat$ 9 !
 w9d[s ( !       aisles ( ! *oir1 & 9 a 
mu* heavi] =m 9 ! w9d[s (       ! nave1 
are additionally /r5g!n$ by ! graceful  
ar*es       bel[ :i* spr+ f capitals    
almo/ simil> to ^? on !       *oir side 
( ! pi]s4 ,f ! c5tre ( ea* transom rises
 a       clu/] ( gro9+ ribs4 ,x has be5 
cu/om>y to speak r       disp>ag+ly (   
?is clev] piece ( "w ( ,abbot ,kn[le &  
to       t]m x c>p5try "w 9 /one4 ,x may
 be s1 b ! /ud5t (       to-day may ?ank
 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury ,abbot = a mo/      
in/ructive lesson4 ,! transoms h cr[n$  

heads at ei!r end       & 9 ! c5tre1 &  
!y1 unlike ! transoms 9 ! aisles (      
! nave1 are ornam5t$ ) little fl[]s4    
,b5ea? ! w9d[s1       :i* are ,decorat$ 
9 "*1 is a /r+-c\rse1 )       ball-fl[] 
ornam5t1 a feature :i* is f\nd all r\nd 
?is       ea/]n "p4 ,9 ! s\? aisle !    
vault+ 0 int5d$ to be       ! same z 9 !
 nor? aisle1 hav+ be5 plann$ by ! same  
ar*itect1 b a diff]5ce 9 ! we/]nmo/ bay 
%[s x 0       sup]9t5d$ by a diff]5t    
m9d4 ,9 all probability x 0             
,kn[le's successor1 ,abbot ,sn[1 :o1 f  
#accb-acda1 w5t on )       8            
pr$ecessor's "w1 add+ t "p call$ !      
,newton       ,*apel40--7,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4
 ,m47    ,!re is n a great deal ( old   
glass 9 ,bri/ol1 b "s ( !  ,w9d[s 9 ?is 
ea/ end are wor?y ( c>eful /udy4        
8,! ea/ w9d[s ( ! *oir aisles are fill$ 
) glass       col\r$ ) enamels 9        
accordance ) ! practice ( !             
,sev5te5? ,c5tury in/ead ( glass col\r$ 
9 its manufacture4       ,!y date f !   
reign ( ,*>les ,,ii42 & al?\gh x is     

traditionally said t !y 7 pres5t$ by    
,nell ,gwynne1 x is       m probable t  
!y 7 ! (f]+s ( ,h5ry ,gl5ham1 ,dean     
( ,bri/ol f #affa to #affg1 & aft]w>ds  
,bi%op ( ,/4 ,asaph4       ,! arms (    
,glemham 7,or1 a *evron gules betwe5    
?ree torteaux7       are repeat$ ?ree   
times 9 ! w9d[ ( ! s\? aisle & once     
9 t ( ! nor?4 ,! subjects 7arrang$ z    
type & antitype7       9 ! nor? aisle   
are--9 ! c5tre1 ! ,resurrection2 bel[   
,jonah deliv]$ f ! :ale4 ,on ! "r1      
above1 ! ,asc5sion2       bel[1 ,elijah 
tak5 up to heav54 ,on ! left1 above1 !  
,agony 9       ! g>d52 bel[1 ,abraham   
ab\t to (f] up 8 son40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47   
,9 ! ?ird bay ( ! nor? wall ( ?is       
nor?-*oir-aisle a doorway  op5s into a  
peculi> passage design$ by ,abbot ,kn[le
 to take ! place  ( a tri=ium4 ,!       
passage leads to a /aircase communicat+ 
) !  c5tral t[] & ! belfry4    ,nor? ( !
 nor?-*oir-aisle we come to ! greatly   
admir$ ,e>ly  ,engli% ,*apel1 ! ,eld]   
,lady-,*apel4         8,! ,lady-,*apel  

7g5]ally call$ ! ,eld] ,lady-,*apel     
because       ! alt> ( ! ,virg9 0 remov$
 to ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*       aft] ,abbot
 ,kn[le _h rebuilt ! *oir7 is ent]$ f ! 
nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! transept4 ,! *apel is
 ,e>ly ,engli%1 &       dates1 accord+  
to ,mr4 ,godw91 f ! "t ( ,abbot ,john   
7#aaif-abae74 ,! *apel is ( f\r bays1 ! 
w9d[s 9 :i* are       triplets ) inn]   
ar*es1 ( :i* ^? at ! side are           
gracefully foliat$4 ,! deta*$           
vault+-%afts are ( ,purbeck       m>ble4
 ,! sculpture ( ! capitals & /r+-c\rses 
is       unusually good2 & ! sp&rels ( !
 wall-arcade are fill$       ) grotesque
 designs :i* are full ( _s & "*1        
greatly resembl+ ! sculpture 9 ,wells   
,ca!dral1 mu* ( :i*       is ( ! same   
date4 ,rememb] especially--a goat bl[+ a
 horn &       c>ry+ a h>e slung ov] 8   
back2 a ram & an ape play+ on           
musical in/rum5ts2 & ,/4 ,mi*ael ) !    
dragon7872 bel[ is a       fox c>ry+ (f 
a foliage4 ,! vault+ ( ! ro( w\ld seem  
to       /amp ! ,engli% "*40--7,r4 ,j4  

,k47    ,?is *apel 0 orig9ally deta*$ f 
! re/ ( ! ,ca!dral4  ,b5ea? ! two ar*es 
,illu/ration3 ,,bri/ol3 ,,nor?          
,illu/ration3 ,,bri/ol3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/   
betwe5 x & ! nor?-*oir-aisle /&s ! ,tomb
 ( ,maurice1 n9?  ,"l ,b]keley 7di$     
#acfh74 ,"h he lies ) ,elizabe?1 8 wife4
 ,!  knight is 9 arm\r & 8 head lies on 
a mitre4 ,a good gro9$ canopy  ov]%ad[s 
^! figures4    ,retrac+ our /eps into ! 
*oir & pass+ into !  ,s\?-*oir-aisle1 we
 exam9e ! ,gl5ham w9d[1 :i* is ( ! same 
date z ! correspond+ "o 9 !             
nor?-*oir-aisle4    ,! subjects are--9 !
 c5tre1 above1 ,our ,"l ,driv+ ! ,money 
,*ang]s f ! ,temple2 bel[1 ,jacob's     
,dream2 on ! "r1 above1  ! ,tribute     
,money2 bel[1 ,mel*is$ec & ,abraham2 !  
subject on  ! left1 above1 is unc]ta92  
bel[1 ! ,sacrifice ( ,gideon4    ,f !   
we/]n bay ( ! s\?-*oir-aisle we ent] !  
,newton  ,*apel1 :]e memb]s ( ! ,newton 
family lie4 ,?is dates f  #accb-acda4 ,!
 /yle is late ,decorat$4 ,! s\? wall    
divides x f  ! ,*apt]-,h\se1 ) :i* x is 

p>allel4    ,on ! "r1 aft] pass+ out ( !
 ,newton ,*apel1 we come to "o (  ,abbot
 ,kn[le's recesses4 ,! foliage consi/s (
 oak leaves & acorns  int]sp]s$ "h & !re
 ) t9y sprays ( mi/letoe1 an unusual    
ornam5t1 9 *ur* decoration4    ,we next 
pass ! ,tomb ( ,?omas1 ,"l ,b]keley1 :o 
di$ 9 #abdc4 ,he is  repres5t$ 9 arm\r4 
,8 cross$ legs %[ t he 0 a              
knight-templ>4 ,?is is ! olde/ monum5t 9
 ! ca!dral4 ,! next  recess conta9s !   
effigy ( ,maurice1 ,"l ,b]keley1 :o di$ 
9 #abha4  ,he is also 9 arm\r4 ,9 ! next
 bay we pass up "o /ep to !  entrance ( 
a ,ve/ibule 7once a sacri/y1 n[ a       
music-room = !  *ori/]s71 a f9e specim5 
( ,decorat$ "w4 ,?r\gh ?is we pass  into
 ,b]keley ,*apel4         8,opposite !  
entrance door on ! s\? side are ?ree    
ogee ar*es       ) ni*es betwe54 ,9 "o (
 ^!1 ! ?ird f ! we/1 0       a he>? ^u  
:i* ! sacram5tal bread 0 bak$4 ,!       
ornam5tation 9 ! sp&rels & ! f9ials is  
curi\sly       int]e/+ "w 9 foliage4 ,! 
vault+ ( ! ro( w\ld seem to       /amp !

 "w z t ( ,abbot ,kn[le4 ,x consi/s (   
curv$ ribs1       q deta*$1 l>ge 9      
section1 spr++ f small capitals4        
,! bosses are p>ticul>ly f9e1 ! foliage 
be+ v fl[+       & free4 ,x is difficult
 to realise t ! mason has "h done       
9 /one :at _m wood-c>v]s w\ld fail to d 
9 _! s(t]       mat]ial4 ,! door into ! 
,b]keley ,*apel is enri*$ ) a       ni*e
 ov]head1 & a m\ld+ bel[ consi/+ (      
m$l]s40--7,h4       ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,m47    
,! ,b]keley ,*apel 0 d$icat$ to ! ,virg9
 ,m>y4 ,x is ?\ght t  an alt> also /ood 
"h to ,/4 ,keyne1 :o turn$ to /one all !
  snakes 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! ammonites 7    
probably sugge/$ by f9d+  "o or two 9 a 
piece ( /one4         8,!re are two     
w9d[s t[>d ! ea/1 ! s(fetes ( :i* are   
ornam5t$ ) a gigantic ball-fl[]2 & !    
peculi> foliage on       "s ( ! capitals
 %\ld be rem>k$4 ,"u ea* ( ! w9d[s      
0 an alt>1 ! /eps & pisc9 ( :i* rema94  
,! alt>s       7 sep>at$ by a scre51 !  
m>ks ( :i* 7 visible 9 !       old      
pavem5t4 ,betwe5 ! *apel & ! aisle !    

wall is pi]c$       by ! peculi> ar* (  
,abbot ,kn[le2 & "u x1 9 !              
?ickness ( ! wall1 is an alt>-tomb mu*  
ornam5t$ &       conta9+ five %ields    
*>g$ ) ! coats ( ! ,b]keley1            
,f]r]s & ,de ,qu9cey families4 ,! tomb 9
 its pres5t /ate is       no d\bt t (   
,?omas1 ,"l ,b]keley 7di$ #acba71 ^:    
wives       7 ( ^? families2 b ! l[] "p1
 ) its v f9e       foliage1 is ( ,e>ly  
,engli% date1 & may possibly h be5      
remov$ f ano!r "p ( ! *ur*40--7,r4 ,j4  
,k47    ,! ,lady-,*apel is ( ! same date
 z ! ,*oir4 ,! ea/ end 0  rebuilt ab\t  
#abhj & a w9d[ ) geometrical trac]y1    
consi/+ (  foliat$ circles1 0 ins]t$4   
,until #ahie x 0 us$ z a *ancel4 ,x  is 
#db feet long & #cb feet broad & consi/s
 ( two bays4 ,x is  light$ by five      
w9d[s4 ,! c5tral "o is a ,jesse w9d[1 & 
ea* (  ! f\r side w9d[s has a transom ) 
ri* trac]y bel[4 ,?is ri*  trac]y we    
notic$ f ! /reet4 ,9 a good light relics
 ( !  anci5t pa9t+ on ! walls1 repres5t+
 angels1 ea* ) a gold5  nimbus1 c be    

se54    ,! ,r]$os ( ! ,lady-,*apel is   
p>tly ,abbot ,kn[le's "w & p>tly        
,p]p5dicul>4 ,on ! fir/ bay ( ! s\? side
 are ! ,s$ilia1  re/orations ( ! orig9al
 cut away to make room = an ,elizabe?an 
tomb ( ,sir ,john ,"y & 8 family4 ,!y   
are 9 f\r divisions )  ri* canopies (   
leafage support$ by %afts ( r$ s]p5t9e4 
,! v>i\s recesses conta9 tombs &        
effigies ( dignit>ies ( !  ,ca!dral1 &1 
:ile ! g5]al l9es ( ^! recesses are     
simil>1  !re is mu* v>iety 9 ! treatm5t 
( details4    ,! spl5did ,ea/ ,w9d[ is  
pure ,decorat$ & ( great beauty 9       
trac]y & design4 ,mo/ ( ! glass is old1 
:i* adds ano!r *>m  to ! lovely effect (
 ! trac]y4 ,!re is mu* beautiful silv]y 
:ite glass f :i* ! brilliant col\rs     
sp>kle ) great effect1  & we h no       
difficulty 9 trac+ ! ,tree ( ,jesse3    
8,! l[] lights are sep>at$ by v9e       
t5drils into oval panels1       tw5ty-"o
 9 all4 ,9 ! l[e/ ti] 9 ! c5tre is      
,jesse )       ,david on ! "r & ,solomon
 on ! left h&4 ,to ! left ( !           

latt] are ! prophets ,micah1 ,haggai1   
,mala*i2 to ! "r (       ,david are     
,j]emiah1 ,daniel & ,amos4 ,9 ! next ti]
 ! c5tral       figure is ! ,virg9 &    
,*ild ) ,hezekiah on ! left & ,ahaz     
on ! "r1 ! f\r k+s1 ,david1 ,solomon1   
,hezekiah & ,ahaz1       repres5t+ !    
desc5t ( ! promise4 ,to ! left (        
,hezekiah       are ! prophets ,jonah1  
,habakkuk1 ,ze*>iah2 & to ! "r (        
,ahaz are ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel & ,hosea4   
,above ^! two r[s ( regul>       panels 
are ?ree panels1 conta9+ f\r subjects--!
 c5tral "o       giv+ u ! ,crucifixion1 
) our ,"l 9 glory 9 ! upp] "p       ( ! 
light4 ,9 ! "r h& light is ! ,virg9     
,m>y1 9 t       on ! left is ,/4 ,john4 
8,9 ! head ( ?is w9d[ !re are n[ sev5te5
 blazons (       arms4 ,9 ! quatrefoil  
at ! top--! arms ( ,engl& z us$         
be=e ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 viz41 ! ?ree 
lions2 9 ! two       trefoils imm$iately
 bel[ are ,b]keley ( ,/oke ,gif=d 7,l71 
,b]keley ( ,b]keley ,ca/le 7,r74        
8,mo/ ( ! glass 9 ?is upp] "p is orig9al

 & is suppos$       by ,mr4 ,w9/on to   
date betwe5 #acab-acbb1 z ! arms (      
,gave/on1       :o 0 murd]$ 9 #acab1 are
 n 9 ! w9d[1 :ile ! arms (       ,de    
,bohun1 :o 0 sla9 9 op5 rebellion 9     
#acbb1 are cle>ly       "h4 ,! glass1   
!n1 is ( ,kn[le's "t1 & be+ contempor>y 
) ! masonry1 af=ds a ri* example ( !    
h>mony ( =m &       col\r ab\t :i* "o   
he>s s mu* b :i* "o s seldom sees4      
,x is probable t ! trac]y ( ! w9d[ may h
 be5       design$ = ,abbot ,kn[le by ! 
build] ( ! w9d[ at ,c>lisle1       also 
an ,augu/9ian h\se4 ,!re is a /rong     
resemblance 9 ! two       w9d[s1 bo? (  
:i* are excell5t "w40--7,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 
,m47    ,! f\r side w9d[s conta9 ri* &  
int]e/+ glass ( ! same  date4 ,! "o be>+
 ! arms ( ,mortim]1 ,e>l ( ,m>*1 has a  
picture  ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,edmund1 ! 
la/ ( ! native k+s ( ,ea/  ,anglia1 :o  
tak5 prison] by ! ,danes 9 #hgj refus$  
to abjure 8  fai?4 ,he 0 put to dea?4   
,"h we f9d1 accord+ to leg5d1 ! grey    
wolf wat*+ ov] ! sev]$ head4 ,! co/ume (

 ! soldi]s gives  u #acbj z ! date ( ?is
 magnific5t w9d[4 ,b5ea? ,/4 ,edmund are
  an ar*bi%op & two knights1 be>+ ! arms
 ( ! ,b]keleys4    ,! trac]y ( ! l>ge   
nor? w9d[ 0 ins]t$ 9 #agjd4    ,! ,s\?  
,transept conta9s ! tomb ( ,bi%op       
,butl]1 m fam$ z !  au?or ( ! ,analogy (
 ,religion ?an z ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol       
7#agch-agej74 ,! epitaph is by ,s\!y4   
,! ,cloi/]s1 on ! s\? side ( ! ca!dral1 
are ent]$ f !  s\? transept4 ,f !m !    
,*apt]-,h\se is ent]$4    ,! entrance1  
or ve/ibule1 ( ! ,*apt]-,h\se %[s a v   
e>ly  example ( :at may be call$ a po9t$
 ar*4 ,! m\ld+s & memb]s  are q ( !     
circul> /yle & "*4 ,f nor? to s\? !     
ar*es are r\nd-head$1 b ea/ & we/ !y are
 po9t$4 ,?is  ,transitional ,norman     
"w--dat+ f ,fitzh>d+e's "t--is ( special
  int]e/4         8,! *apt]-h\se is "o (
 ! olde/ p>ts ( ! e>li] fabric       ( !
 ca!dral1 & z ,britton truly says1 #89  
its orig9al /ate       mu/ h be5 "o ( ! 
mo/ int]e/+ ( ! k9d 9 !       k+dom &   
p]haps 9 ,europe4' ,9 spite ( :at x has 

und]gone       at ! h&s ( ar*itects1    
re/or]s & riot]s1 x is mo/       int]e/+
 /ill1 a regul> p>allelogram 9 %ape1    
measur+ #db       feet 9 l5g? by #be 9  
bread? & #be feet 9 height1 divid$ into 
two bays4         8,! ea/]n wall1 :i*   
dates f #ahca1 has ?ree w9d[s1 &       !
 we/ wall has also ?ree r\nd-head$      
ar*es1 ! c5tral "o       be+ ! ma9 door1
 :ile ! side ones s]ve z w9d[s1 ea*     
be+ subdivid$ by a small pi]4 ,ea* ( ^! 
ma9 op5+s has a       label (           
cable-m\ld+4 ,above ?is cable-m\ld+ is  
an arcade (       int]lac+ ar*es1 borne 
by ?irte5 tall pi]s1 alt]nately         
pla9 & twi/$2 & above ?is is a          
semicircul> space1 also       fill$ )   
r\nd$-head$ int]sect+ ar*es1 s arrang$ z
 to       fill ! semicircul> space4 ,!  
nor? & s\? walls h a pla9               
r\nd-head$ arcad+ bel[1 ) a bold r\nd   
m\ld+1 :ile       above is an elaborate 
arcad+1 simil> to ! l[] ti] on !        
we/ wall1 b ) mu* ri*] capitals4 ,above 
?is is int]lac$       lattice-"w1 &     

above ?is 9 "o bay a space cov]$ )      
zigzag       m\ld+s4 ,! %afts ( ! arcad+
 on ! walls are alt]nately       ri*ly  
c>v$ or almo/ pla94 ,! clu/]$ %afts1 f  
:i* !       ma9 ar* ( ! vault+ spr+s1   
are peculi>ly ri* 9                     
ornam5tation40--7,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,m47   
,9 ! ,*apt]-,h\se !re is pres]v$ a f9e  
piece ( ar*aic  sculpture1 :i* 0 f\nd "u
 ! floor 9 #ahca aft] ! de/ructive  fire
 ( t date1 9 use z a slab cov]+ an      
anci5t c(f94 ,x  repres5ts ! desc5t ( ! 
,savi\r into ,hell & ! deliv]y (  ,adam1
 & is probably ( ! same date z ! slabs 9
 ,*i*e/]4    ,! fam\s ,great ,gateway1 !
 arcad+ ( :i* is mu* 9 ! /yle (  !      
,*apt]-,h\se1 is suppos$ to /& on ! site
 ( ! pr9cipal  entrance to ,fitzh>d+e's 
mona/]y4 ,?\gh ,norman 9 /yle &         
probably conta9+ a lot ( ,norman        
masonry1 critics believe t x is  a      
,p]p5dicul> re/oration ( ! old "w4      
,?is ar*way is compos$ ( f\r recess$    
ord]s enri*$ ) *evron  & o!r m\ld+s &   
ornam5ts4 ,?is mu/ n be confus$ ) !     

less elaborate ,gateway 9 ,l[] ,college 
,gre51 probably (  ,fitzh>d+e's "t &    
/r5g!n$ by ,abbot ,newl&4 ,! latt] 0  ! 
gateway to ! abbot's dwell+ & aft]w>ds  
to ! ,bi%op's  ,palace4                 
,,gl\ce/]         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4     
,,pet]3 ,,=m]ly ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,a       
,,b5$ict9e ,,abbey4         ,,special   
,,features3 ,,c5tral ,,t[]2 ,,*oir2     
,,lady-,,*apel2 ,,ea/ ,,w9d[2           
,,cloi/]s4      ,gl\ce/] pres5ts a f9e  
view f all po9ts ( approa*4         8,z 
a rule1 visitors see x fir/ f ! s\?     
side1 & !       s\?-we/ g5]al view is "o
 ( ! be/1 equall$1 b n       surpass$1  
by t f ! nor?-we/4 ,! nor? view f !     
,great ,we/]n ,railway1 ) ! s*ool       
play+-fields 9 !       =egr\nd1 makes a 
/rik+ picture1 b x is m sombre ?an      
! picture =m$ by ! s\? front4 ,view$ f !
 nor?-we/       corn] ( ! cloi/]-g>?1 ! 
pile is se5 p]haps at its be/4       ,f 
?is po9t x is easy to /udy s mu* ! v>i$ 
ar*itecture       ( ! :ole1 & ) little  
ef=t to transport ! m9d back =       a  

space ( f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,! eye fir/    
re/s ^u ! turf (       ! g>? n[         
ta/efully laid out aft] _m ye>s (       
comp>ative       neglect4 ,flank+ ! g>? 
on e side are ! exquisite w9d[s       ( 
! ,cloi/]--a cloi/] :i* no o!r c        
surpass4 ,above !       ,cloi/] w be se5
 on ! ea/]n side ! sob]1 impressive     
,norman "w ( ! ,*apt]-h\se 9 :i* s mu* (
 our ,engli%       hi/ory has be5 made4 
,to ! s\? ( ?is is ! ,libr>y1 built     
close aga9/ ! walls ( ! nor? transept1  
:i* t[] above1       & lead ! eye upw>d 
to ! great t[] :i*1 #89 ! midde/       (
 ! *ur*1' cr[ns ! :ole4         8,plac$ 
:]e x is1 almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! long l9e (
 !       nave1 cont9u$ 9 ! *oir &       
,lady-*apel1 at ! po9t :]e       !      
transept l9e int]sects x1 x is ! *ief   
feature ( !       massive pile4 ,all    
else seems to be gr\p$ ) a view to !    
enhanc+ ( ! effect ( ! c5tral position (
 ! t[]4 ,!       o!r memb]s ( ! build+  
seem m]ely to be /eps1 by means (       
:i* approa* c be made to x4 ,x is !     

gr&e/ & mo/       impressive feature ( !
 outside4 ,no matt] f :5ce "o looks     
at x1 ! *>m is !re4 ,se5 f ! g>d5s 9 !  
side       /reets close by :5 !         
pe>-trees are 9 bloom1 or 9 ! full      
blaze ( a hot summ] day1 or aga9 lat] 9 
! autumn :5 !       leaves are beg9n+ to
 turn1 or1 bett] /ill1 9 sn[ "t1 x is   
always full ( beauty4 ,on a bright hot  
day ! p9nacles seem s       f> (f 9 !   
haze z to sugge/ a dream fairyl&4 ,on a 
wet day1       aft] a %[]1 ! t[] has !  
appe>ance ( be+ s close at       h& t x 
almo/ seems to speak4 ,view$ by         
moonlight1 ! t[]       has an une>?ly   
look1 :i* _c well be describ$4 ,! t[] is
       #bbe feet high to ! top ( !      
p9nacles1 & ! effect ( x is             
extremely f9e4 ,f ! ma9 cornice upw>ds1 
! :ole ( !       /one-"w is op51 &      
compos$ ( :at at a di/ance appe>s to    
be delicate trac]y1 & mullions &        
crocket$ p9nacles40--7,h4 ,j4       ,l4 
,j4 ,m47    ,9 x hang ! v5]able bells t 
escap$ ! k+'s commission]s  at !        

,dissolution ( ! mona/]ies 9 #aeec4     
,gl\ce/] is notable = its examples ( !  
,transition f ,decorat$  to ,p]p5dicul>1
 :i* probably orig9at$ 9 ?is ,ca!dral4  
,! abbey ( ,gl\ce/] 0 f\nd$ by ,osric1  
vic]oy ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 9  #fha4 ,x 0      
d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]4 ,osric's si/]1    
,kyneburga1 :o di$  9 #gaj1 0 ! fir/    
,abbess ( ?is d\ble f\ndation = monks & 
nuns4 ,osric & ,kyneburga 7 buri$ 9 !   
,abbey *ur* 9 front (  ! alt> ( ,/4     
,petronilla4 ,9 #hbc1 secul> prie/s 7   
plac$ "h by  ! ,k+ ( ,m]cia2 & 9 #ajbb  
!y 7 expell$ by ,canute =  ,b5$ict9e    
monks4 ,:5 ! mona/]y 0 burn$ to ! gr\nd1
 ,aldr$1  ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 re-e/abli%$
 ! monks 9 #ajeh1 & began !  build+ ( a 
new *ur* also to ,/4 ,pet]1--8a little  
fur!r f !  place :]e x _h fir/ /ood1 &  
ne>] to ! side ( ! city40    ,! mona/]y 
fail$ to fl\ri%2 ,aldr$ 0 translat$ to  
,york 9 #ajfj2  & :5 ,s]lo1 :o _h be5   
,william ! ,conqu]or's *apla91 succe$$  
to ,wil/an1 or ,wul/an1 ,aldr$'s        
successor1 he _h "u him only two  monks 

& eight novices4 ,aft] fifte5 ye>s (    
en]getic rule  7#ajgb-aajc71 ,s]lo      
rebuilt ! ,ca!dral4    ,9 ,augu/1 #ajhi1
 an e>?quake damag$ ! !n exi/+ build+4  
,elev5 ye>s lat] 7#aajj71 9 ! la/ ye> ( 
! reign ( ,william  ,rufus1 8! *ur*10 z 
,flor5ce ( ,worce/] wrote1 8:i* ,abbot  
,s]lo1  ( rev]$ memory1 _h built f !    
f\ndations at ,gl\ce/]1 0  d$icat$ 7on  
,sunday1 ,july #ae?7 ) great pomp by    
,samson1 ,bi%op (  ,worce/]2 ,gundulf1  
,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]2 ,g]>d1 ,bi%op (       
,h]e=d2 &  ,h]veas1 ,bi%op ( ,bangor40  
,x is ?\ght t "p ( ! *ur* 0  f9i%$ = !  
d$ication1 su* z ! presbyt]y1 *oir1 !   
transepts1 ! ,abbot's cloi/]1 !         
*apt]-h\se1 & ! great] "p  ( ! nave4    
,! ,saxon ,*ronicle tells u t 9 #aabb1  
:ile ! monks 7 s++  mass1 fire bur/ out 
f ! upp] "p ( ! /eeple1 & burnt !  :ole 
mona/]y4 ,betwe5 #aafd & #aagi "o ( !   
we/]n t[]s fell  d[n4    ,repairs 7     
consequ5tly necess>y4    ,(f]+s at !    
,tomb ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 7 a great aid 9    
provid+ funds4         8,in/ead ( go+ on

 ) ,abbot ,morw5t's rebuild+ ( ! nave1  
! monks n[ turn$ _! att5tion to ! c5tral
 t[]4 ,!       t[] 0 ( no use z a       
lant]n1 = ! li]ne vault ( ! *oir        
_h be5 c>ri$ b5ea? x4 ,s x long rema9$  
unalt]$4 ,b 9       ! days ( ,abbot     
,seabroke 7#adfj-adhb71 x 0 rebuilt "u !
       sup]9t5d5ce ( a monk nam$ ,tully1
 to be 9 "* ) !       new ext]ior ( *oir
 & transepts4 ,a v impos+ t[] x is2     
fully able1 f its massiv5ess z well z f 
its height1 to       ga!r toge!r !      
masses ( ! build+--all ! m s because    
! transepts are s %ort4 ,x succe$s :]e !
 c5tral t[]s (       ,worce/] & ,h]e=d  
fail2 9 fact1 x is z effective 9 its way
       z ,salisbury spire4 ,! p9nacles1 
aga91 be> witness to ! love       ( ^!  
lat] arti/s = h>mony & unity2 ea*       
p9nacle1 )       its two ranges ( w9d[s1
 is a repeat ( ! two /ages ( !       t[]
 bel[4         8,!n--aft] ! t[] _h be5  
erect$--x 0 decid$ to rebuild       !   
,lady-*apel4 ,s an imm5se deta*$ build+ 
0 con/ruct$ to       ! ea/ ( ! great    

w9d[ ( ! presbyt]y2 )\t aisles1 b       
) little transepts2 almo/ "o cont9u\s   
%eet ( glass1 &       ) a sup]b vault4  
,?is ,lady-*apel _h to be jo9$ up to !  
presbyt]y1 b ! great ea/ w9d[ 0 9 ! way4
 ,h[ev]1 !       difficulty 0 got ov] by
 a s]ies ( +5i\s %ifts & dodges1        
:i* mu/ be se5 to be appreciat$         
7#adeg-adii74         8,& s end$ ?is    
great build+-p]iod at ,gl\ce/]          
7#accj-adii71       :i* turn$ ! c\rse ( 
,engli% ar*itecture2 s t !              
,curvil9e> /yle ( #acae to #acfj did n  
f9d its natural       developm5t 9      
,flamboyant1 z on ! ,cont95t1 b 0 swit*$
       (f to ,p]p5dicul> & ,tudor       
design40--7,f4 ,b47    ,let u see :at ! 
8%ifts & dodges0 ref]r$ to above consi/$
 (4         8,! me?od ( jo9+ !          
,lady-*apel to ! *oir is be/ notic$     
f ! outside4 ,x is a piece ( exce$+ly   
clev] & graceful       con/ruction1 &   
!re is ! m9imum ( ob/ruction to ! light 
pass+ ?r\gh to ! ea/ w9d[1 & ! maximum (
 support to       ! elliptical ea/ w9d[4

 ,view+ ! ,lady-*apel f ! nor?          
side1 ! play ( light ?r\gh ! w9d[s on ! 
s\? side has a       v gr& effect4 ,"u !
 ea/ end ( ! ,lady-*apel is a           
passage :i* has giv5 rise to mu*        
speculation 9 bygone times4       ,!    
,lady-*apel1 at    ,illu/ration3        
,,gl\ce/]3 ,,ea/    ,illu/ration3       
,,gl\ce/]3 ,,tomb ,,( ,,edw>d ,,ii4     
! "t ( its erection1 0 c>ri$ out to !   
f>!/ limit (       ! l& possess$ by !   
,abbey4 ,z ! ea/ wall ( ! *apel 0       
actually on ! we/]n b\nd>y wall !       
passage 0 made to give       access f ! 
nor? to ! s\? ( ! gr\nds1 )\t ! ne$     
( go+ "r r\nd ! prec9cts by ! we/       
front40--7,h4 ,j4 ,l4       ,j4 ,m47    
,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ! ,abbey 
:i* _h         8exi/$ = m ?an eight     
c5turies "u diff]5t =ms1 9       pov]ty 
& 9 weal?1 9 meanness & 9 magnific5ce1 9
       mis=tune & success1 f9ally       
succumb$ to ! royal w4 ,!       day     
came1 & t a dre> w9t] day1 :5 its la/   
,mass 0 sung1       its la/ c5s] wav$1  

its la/ congregation b5t 9 rapt & l[ly  
adoration be=e ! alt> !re2 &1 d\btless1 
z ! la/ tones       ( t day's ev5song   
di$ away 9 ! vault$ ro(1 !re 7       n  
want+ ^? :o l+]$ 9 ! solemn /illness ( !
 old       massive pile1 & :o1 z !      
lights disappe>$ "o by "o1 felt       t 
!re 0 a void :i* c\ld nev] be fill$1    
because _!       old abbey1 ) its       
beautiful s]vices1 its frequ5t means (  
grace1 its hospitality to /rang]s1 & its
 lov+ c>e = ,god's       poor1 _h pass$ 
away l a morn+ dream1 & 0 gone =        
ev]40--7,w4 ,h4 ,h47    ,gl\ce/] has    
suff]$ f ! h&s ( re/or]s4 ,9 #ahdg1 ,mr4
 ,f4 ,s4  ,wall] made ext5sive repairs4 
,at ?is "t ! g>d5s 7 add$4    ,! ext]ior
 pres5ts a great v>iety ( battlem5ts &  
p9nacles &  ano!r int]e/+ feature 9 !   
ext]ior is ! con/ruction ( !  two       
passages :i* make up ! great] "p ( !    
s-call$ ,:isp]+  ,gall]y4 ,?is connects 
! nor? & s\? tri=ium ( ! *oir4    ,!    
,we/ ,front ( ,gl\ce/]1 re/or$ 9 #ahgd1 
is comp>atively  un9t]e/+4 ,! buttresses

 ( ! great w9d[ are piec$1 z are  also !
 p>apets4 ,pla9 transoms cross ! lights 
( ! great we/  w9d[1 ! trac]y ( :i* is v
 elaborate :5 look$ at f  )94 ,! old    
t[]s h disappe>$4    ,! ,s\? ,por* is ! 
pr9cipal entrance4 ,x is ! "w ( ,morw5t 
7#adba-adcg74 ,ov] ! doorway /& ,/4     
,pet] & ,/4 ,paul & ! f\r  ,evangeli/s1 
& bel[ !m are ,k+ ,osric & ,abbot ,s]lo1
 ! f\nd]s  ( ! ,abbey *ur*4 ,9 ! ni*es (
 ! buttress /& ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4          
,ambrose1 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,gregory4  
,! w9d[s ( ?is por* h  be5 =m$ by pi]c+ 
! trac]y ( ! inside4 ,ov] ! por* is an  
unf9i%$ p>vis4 ,! doors date f !        
,fifte5? ,c5tury4    ,we n[ ent] !      
,nave4         8,! fir/ impression ( !  
nave *anges all e>li] ?\ghts (       !  
age ( ! build+4 ,x is unmi/akably       
,norman1 gr& beyond       expression1 b 
cold1 sev]e & dea?ly :ite4 ,! /a9$ glass
       7mo/ly mod]n7 ( ! ,norman &      
,decorat$ w9d[s fails to supply       ! 
evid5t lack ( col\r4         8,!re 0 a  
"t :5 l9es ( blue & sc>let & gold       

reliev$       ! :ite vault$ ro(1 :5     
alt>s agleam ) col\r & pale             
flick]+ lights gave light & brightness  
to ! *ill :it5ess       ( ?is va/ &     
mighty colonnade4 ,on ,sunday ev5+s1 :5 
!       nave is fill$ ) wor%ipp]s & !   
bright se>*+ daylight       is replac$  
by ! yell[ gleam ( ! little tongues (   
fire above       ! great & massive      
ar*es1 ! want ( col\r is little felt1   
& ! noble & sev]e beauty ( ! mat*less   
,norman "w 9 !       great nave /rikes !
 behold]4 ,! nave ( ,gl\ce/]1 to be     
lov$ & admir$ z x des]ves1 & z x appe>$ 
to m5 9 !       days ( ! ,plantag5et    
,k+s1 mu/ be se5 9 "o ( ! _m       cr[d$
 ev5+ s]vices4         8,save t ! alt>s 
) _! weal? ( col\r & light are          
gone1 & ! l9es ( col\r+ & ! gl9t ( gold 
( !       ,norman wood5 ceil+ no long]  
are visible on ! /one-vault$       ro(  
above & ! s\? aisle ,norman w9d[s are   
replac$ )       exquisite ,decorat$ "w (
 ! "t ( ! second ,edw>d1 !re is       no
 great /ructural *ange s9ce ! day at !  

close ( !       ,elev5? ,c5tury :5      
,abbot ,fulda f ,%rewsbury prea*$ 8     
fam\s s]mon to ! ,gl\ce/] folk1 ! s]mon 
9 :i* he       =etold ! dea? ( ! imp]i\s
 & cruel ,rufus 9 words s       pla91 s 
unmi/akable1 t ,abbot ,s]lo ( ,gl\ce/]1 
:o lov$       ! great wick$ ,k+1 9 spite
 ( 8 _m s9s1 0 al>m$ &       at once s5t
 to w>n 8 ma/]1 b 9 va94 ,rufus         
disreg>d$ !       ,gl\ce/] note ( al>m1 
& a few h\rs lat] ! news ( !       ,k+ (
 ,engl&'s bloody dea?1 9 ! leafy glades 
( ! ,new       ,=e/1 rang ?r\gh ,norm&y 
& ,engl&4         8,yes1 x is ! same    
nave1 only cold] & :it]1 on :i* ,anselm1
       ! sa9tly ar*bi%op1 & ,rufus gaz$2
 ! same av5ue ( massy       pill>s--!n  
sc>cely f9i%$--?r\gh :i* ,maud !        
,empress       (t5 w5t to h] pray]s ) h]
 *ivalr\s half-bro!r1 ,e>l       ,rob]t4
 ,beaucl]c1 h] fa!r1 too1 & "s          
grey-hair$ survivors       ( ,ha/+s mu/ 
h look$ on ^! huge columns cr[n$ )      
_! r\nd ar*es :i* excite our wond]      
to-day4 ,!y 7 a       curi\s fancy ( !  

ar*itect ( ,s]lo2 or 0 x n probably a   
design ( a yet old] arti/ ( ,edw>d !    
,confessor8 ,^!       enorm\s r\nd      
%afts1 :i* are ! peculi> feature ( !    
nave       ( our /ori$ abbey1 h only    
once be5 repeat$1 probably by !         
same ar*itect1 9 ! neighb\r+ abbey (    
,tewkesbury1 a few       ye>s lat]4 ,!re
 is no?+ l !m on ei!r side ( !          
silv] /reak ( sea4 ,! ,tewkesbury copies
 are slightly small]2       o!rwise !y  
are exact reproductions (               
,gl\ce/]40--7,s47    ,! ,nave diff]s f  
o!r ,norman naves l ^? ( ,pet]bor\gh1   
,ely  & ,norwi*4         8,! unique     
features "h are ! great height ( !      
massive       circul> columns1 f\rte5 9 
numb]1 & ! consequ5tly dw>f$            
tri=ium or gall]y runn+ ov] ! ma9 ar*es4
 ,!re are traces       to be se5 ( !    
orig9al ,norman cl]e/ory "u !           
,p]p5dicul> w9d[s1 &1 judg+ f ?is1 !    
height ( !       cl]e/ory1 z orig9ally  
con/ruct$1 mu/ h be5 b little       less
 ?an t ( ! pi]s 9 ! nave4         8,?is 

,norman cl]e/ory 0 alt]$ at ! same "t t 
! ro(       ( ! nave 0 vault$--viz4 9   
#abdb1 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,foliot4          
,?is "w 0 done by ! monks !mselves1 :o  
?\ght1 z       ,pr(essor ,willis        
sugge/s1 t !y c\ld d x bett] ?an common 
workm54 ,_! "w is made ( a light & por\s
 k9d ( /one1       treat$ ) pla/] on !  
"u-side1 & x 0 r5d]$       necess>y by !
 previ\s ro(1 :i* 0 ( wood1 hav+ be5    
de/roy$ by fire 9 #aaij4 ,( ?is fire !  
pi]s c]ta9ly %[       ! traces to ?is   
day1 all hav+ become r$d5$ & slightly   
calc9$4 ,to make ! new cl]e/ory ! :ole (
 ! orig9al       ,norman "w ov] ! arcade
 ( ! tri=ium 0 remov$1 ) !              
exception ( ! jambs ( ! side-lights 7:i*
 ext5d$ beyond       ! ar*es ( !        
tri=ium7 & ! wall betwe5 !m40--7,h4 ,j4 
,l4       ,j4 ,m47    ,all ! /one-"w 0  
orig9ally pa9t$4         8,! pa9t+ may  
be ?us g5]ally describ$4 ,! holl[ ( !   
abacus ( ! capitals 0 r$1 ! l[] memb] ( 
! same1       gre52 ! :ole ( ! bell r$1 
! leaves alt]nately gre5 &       yell[1 

) ! /alks1 runn+ d[n1 ( ! same col\rs1  
into       ! r$ bell ( ! capital4 ,!    
v]tical m\ld+s betwe5 !       m>ble     
%afts 7 r$ & blue alt]nately2 ! l[]     
%afts gre5       & blue1 ) r$ 9 !       
holl[s1 & ! foliage on ^! also is       
gre5 & yell[4 ,"s ( ! horizontal m\ld+s 
are p>tly       col\r$ also4 ,! bosses 9
 ! gro9+ are yell[ & gre51 z       9 !  
capitals4 ,all ! col\r+1 :i* 0 v ri*1 0 
effect$ ) wat] col\rs2 9 "o in/ance only
 has any gold be5       disc]n$1 & t 0  
^u "o ( ! bosses 9 ! ro(40--7,f4        
,s4 ,w47    ,abbot ,morw5t pull$ d[n !  
we/ end ( ! ,nave 9 #adba-adcg &        
recon/ruct$ x 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,x  
is suppos$ t !  orig9al we/ front 0 l t 
( ! ,abbey at ,tewkesbury4    ,! we/    
w9d[ conta9s n9e lights1 fill$ ) mod]n  
glass4    ,! ,s\? aisle1 orig9ally      
,norman1 0 remodell$ ab\t #acah4 ,!     
trac]y ( ! w9d[s is unusual4 ,!         
ball-fl[] is se5 9 great  pr(usion 9 ?is
 "p ( ! ,ca!dral4    ,9 ?is aisle !re is
 a monum5t to ,dr4 ,j5n] ( vacc9ation   

fame1 to  :om ! five-light we/ w9d[ "h  
is also a memorial4    ,! trac]y ( !    
w9d[s ( ! cl]e/ory is attribut$ to      
,abbot  ,morw5t4    ,! ,nor? aisle      
reta9s its orig9al ,norman vault+1 & !  
,norman  pi]s1 :i* correspond to ! pi]s 
9 ! ,nave1 are divid$ into  sev]al      
memb]s4 ,"s ( _! capitals are ri*ly     
c>v$4 ,9 ea* bay  !re is "s ,p]p5dicul> 
trac+4 ,a /one b5* along ! wall is  also
 ,p]p5dicul>4    ,! door into ! ,cloi/] 
at ! we/ end ( ! aisle is v f9e1  & !   
side ni*es & canopy "w ov] x des]ve     
/udy4    ,! door at ! ea/]n end ( !     
aisle lead+ to ! ,cloi/]s is  also      
,p]p5dicul>4 ,bo? doors h fan-vault$    
recesses1 l ! great  we/ door ( ! ,nave4
    ,! we/ end ( ! aisle is ! "w (      
,abbot ,morw5t 7#adba-adcg74    ,a heavy
 /one scre51 dat+ f #ahbj1 closes ! ea/ 
end ( ! nave4  ,we pass ?r\gh a small   
ar* 9 ?is scre51 & b5ea? ! broad  plat=m
 on :i* ! great organ /&s4    ,?is 0    
orig9ally built 9 #affc-affe by ,?omas  
,h>ris1 & 0 pa9t$  & gild$ 9 #afff4 ,!  

oak case is 9 ! ,r5aissance ,/yle4      
,little idea ( ! beauty ( ! ,*oir c be  
obta9$ f ! ,nave4 ,we  ent] f ! nor?    
aisle4 ,x is #adj feet long2 #cc feet #g
 in*es broad2  & #hf feet high4         
8,look+ upw>ds1 ! visitor w note !      
beauty ( ! vault+       & ! bosses plac$
 at ! int]section ( ! ribs4 ,^! bosses  
at ! ea/ end ( ! *oir *iefly repres5t a 
*oir ( angels       play+ on v>i\s k9ds 
( musical in/rum5ts1 & a figure (       
,our ,"l 9 ! attitude ( bless+4 ,all !  
ro( 0 orig9ally       probably pa9t$ &  
decorat$1 b ! exi/+ col\r & gild+       
is rec5t "w1 hav+ be5 done by ,clayton  
,bell4 ,at fir/ sight       ! gro9+ ( ! 
ro( looks mo/ complicat$1 b1 if analys$ 
& dott$ d[n on pap]1 x w be se5 to be 9 
reality a simple       geometrical      
patt]n4 ,! bosses w repay c>eful        
exam9ation )       a glass4             
8,view$ f ! door 9 ! scre51 ! *oir looks
 9 v tru?       a piece ( ,p]p5dicul>   
"w1 z ! ,norman sub/ructure is !n       
= ! mo/ "p conceal$4 ,a clos]           

exam9ation1 h[ev]1 w       prove t !    
,norman "w is all !re--t x has be5 veil$
       ov] ) trac]y f ! floor level to !
 vault+ ) op5       scre5-"w1 fix$ on to
 ! ,norman masonry1 :i* 0 p>$ d[n       
to receive x40--7,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,m47   
,! g5]al impression is /rik+3           
8,! *oir on :i* y are n[ look+ is v     
long--n too long1       h[ev]1 = its    
great height--= ! frett$ ro(1 a delicate
       mosaic ( t5d] col\rs set 9 pale  
gold1 so>s high above !       vault+ ( !
 nave4 ,! proportions are simply        
admirable4 ,f       ! l(ty trac]i$ ro(  
d[n to ! elaborately til$ floor1 !      
walls are cov]$ ) ri*ly c>v$ panell$ "w1
 brok5 "h &       !re ) delicate scre5s 
( /one4 ,! ea/]n end1 h>d by !          
high alt>1 is ! home ( sev]al %r9es4    
,!re is happily no       lack ( col\r 9 
?is "p ( our ca!dral4 ,! we/]n end is   
furni%$ ) sixty ri*ly-c>v$ canopi$ /alls
 ( d>k oak1       mo/ly ! h&iwork ( !   
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,! curi\sly &         
elaborately frett$ "w ( ! ro( we h      

already spok5 ( z       a ri* mosaic (  
gold & col\rs4 ,! floor1 if "o d>e brea!
       a criticism 9 ?is *>m$ build+1 is
 too bright & gli/5+1       b x is 9 its
 way v>i$ & beautiful4 ,! c>v+ ( !      
r]$os1 a "w ( our own day1 is1 to !     
writ]'s m9d1 op5 to       criticism1 b  
is /ill v fair1 tell+ 9 e detail (      
lov+ "w & true rev]5ce40--7,s47    ,!   
,high ,alt> occupies ! same site z !    
anci5t "o4 ,! sixty  ,*oir-/alls h be5  
re/or$ 9 "p2 ! sub-/alls date f ,sir    
,gilb]t ,scott's re/oration 7#ahgc74 ,on
 ! s\? side ( ! ,high ,alt>  !re are f\r
 ,s$ilia also re/or$4 ,r$f]n's figures 9
 ! ni*es  are ,abbot ,edric1 ,bi%op     
,wul/an1 & ,abbots ,aldr$1 ,s]lo1       
,foliot1  ,?okey1 ,wygmore1 ,horton1    
,fr\ce/]1 ,morw5t1 ,seabroke & ,hanley4 
,!  ?ree angels ov] ! canopies1 play+ on
 a tamb\r & trumpets1  des]ve notice4   
,on ! nor? side ( ! ,presbyt]y we pause 
to look at ! *antry ,tomb  ( ,abbot     
,p>k]1 :]e ! c>v+ ( v9e & grapes on !   
/one  scre5 is f9e4 ,! curi\s cross 9 ! 

=m ( a gr[+ tree at !  foot ( ! tomb is 
also /rik+4 ,p>k]1 :o di$ 9 #aeci1 0    
buri$  else:]e4 ,!n we pass to ! m fam\s
 ,tomb ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 erect$  by ,edw>d
 ,,iii4 ,! alaba/] figure is probably ! 
e>lie/ ( its k9d  9 ,engl&4 ,! tomb 0   
op5$ 9 #ahee to satisfy curiosity z to  
:e!r ! k+ 0 really buri$ !re aft] 8     
murd] 9 ,b]keley  ,ca/le ne>by4         
8,?\gh x awak5s our recollection ( a    
feeble-m9d$ k+1 &       8 b>b>\sly      
brutal murd]1 x also compels our        
admiration at       ! beauty ( ! "w4 ,x 
has be5 re/or$1 r5ovat$ or              
re-edifi$1 b 9 spite ( t1 appeals to u f
 ! weal? (       v highly ornate        
tab]nacle "w1 ! ri*ness1 & at ! same    
"t ! lightness & elegance ( ! :ole4 ,!  
details too are       well wor? c>eful  
exam9ation4 ,x may be1 judg+ f !        
expression ( ! face1 t !re has be5 "s   
attempt at       portraiture1 b repair &
 re/oration h practically made x        
impossible to settle :at w\ld o!rwise be
 an int]e/+       "q4 ,! sup]b canopy   

has suff]$ mu* at ! h&s (               
re/or]s--e4g4 9 #agcg1 #aghi1 #agih & 9 
#ahgf40--7;,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,m47    ,!   
next monum5t is to ,k+ ,osric1 erect$ 9 
8late dayes10 i4e4 9  ! "t ( ,abbot     
,p>k]1 ^: arms are 9 ! sp&rels ( !      
canopy  7#aead-aeci74    ,! ,norman     
pi]s1 cut away to receive ! tomb1 are   
decorat$ on _!  capitals ) ! :ite h>t   
*a9$ & gorg$1 ) a ducal coronet1  !     
device ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,osric is         
repres5t$ z clad 9 tunic1 lac$  mantle &
 a fur hood or coll>1 be>+ ! model ( a  
*ur* 9 8  left h&4    ,! next tomb      
we/w>ds is1 z ,lel& says1 t ( 8,k+      
,edw>d (  ,ca]n>von 7:o7 lye? "u a fayre
 tombe1 9 an ar* at ! head (  ,k+ ,osric
 tombe40    ,! transepts & ambulatory ( 
! *oir are usually ent]$ ?r\gh  ! iron  
gateway 9 ! s\? aisle ( ! nave4    ,^!  
,ambulatories1 or aisles1 h no?+        
uncommon 9 _! =m or  arrangem5t bel[1 b 
above occurs ! great peculi>ity ( ?is   
*ur*4 ,! upp] range ( *apels surr\nd+ ! 
,*oir is p]haps n  to be met ) 9 any o!r

 *ur* 9 ,europe4    ,ano!r peculi>ity ( 
! ,*oir is its six-light we/ w9d[4 ,?is 
0  r5d]$ necess>y by ! diff]5ce 9 height
 ( ! ,nave & ,*oir2  = ! vault+ ( ! *oir
 is ab\t tw5ty feet high] ?an t (  !    
,nave4 ,! glass consi/s *iefly (        
pat*work f o!r w9d[s 9  ! ,ca!dral4 ,x  
repres5ts a figure ( our ,"l1 ) angels  
on ei!r  side4 ,bel[ angels play musical
 in/rum5ts4    ,! ,tri=ium ( ! ,*oir is 
consid]$ by "s critics ! f9e/ 9         
exi/5ce4         8,x occupies ! space   
ov] ! gr\nd floors ( ! aisles or        
ambulatory ( ! *oir1 & orig9ally ext5d$ 
( a l wid?       r\nd ! ea/ end ( !     
,norman ,*ur*1 b at ! "t :5 !           
,f\rte5?-,c5tury "w ( ! pres5t *oir 0   
execut$1 !       :ole ( ! ea/ end ( !   
old ,norman *oir1 ) !       correspond+ 
"p ( ! tri=ium1 0 remov$ 9 ord] to make 
room = ! exi/+ l>ge w9d[1 ! small ea/   
*apel be+       all[$ to rema940--7,f4  
,s4 ,w47    ,! ,tri=ium is rea*$ by !   
/aircases 9 ! we/]n turrets ( !  two    
transepts & by arcad$ passages pass+ "u 

! great w9d[s (  ! transepts4           
8,! fir/ *apel 9 ! tri=ium conta9s two  
brackets ) ri*       canopies1 & !re is 
a v well pres]v$ d\ble pisc9a4          
,ball-fl[]s 9 two r[s w be f\nd 9 !     
m\ld+s ( ! ea/       w9d[4 ,rema9s ( two
 canopies 9 ! jambs ( ! w9d[s are       
also to be trac$4         8,! massive   
,norman pi]s %\ld be c>efully /udi$1 z !
 way       9 :i* ! lat] cas+ "w has be5 
appli$ c be m easily       se5 9 !      
tri=ium ?an else:]e4         8,! picture
 on ! we/ side ( ?is "p ( ! tri=ium 0   
discov]$ 9 #agah1 aga9/ ! !n ea/]n end (
 ! nave1       und]nea? ! panell$       
wa9scot at ! back ( ! seats occupi$     
by ! cl]gy :5 ! nave 0 us$ =            
s]vice40--7,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4       ,m47   
,?is pa9t+ ( ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t is suppos$
 to date f ! reign  ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 or 
,edw>d ,,vi4 ,x 0 sugge/$ by ! great    
alt>-piece  at ,dantzig 7#adfg74    ,z  
an entrance to ! ea/ *apel ( ! tri=ium1 
! n>r[ gall]y1  call$ ! ,:isp]+ ,gall]y1
 0 made4 ,x is a passage ( ,norman "w1  

v mu* alt]$ & re-us$4 ,x is #gd feet    
long1 #c feet wide1 #f  feet high1 & is 
c>ri$ on segm5tal ar*es f ! ea/ end ( ! 
s\? tri=ium to ! we/ wall ( ! ,lady     
,*apel1 & !nce 9 !  same way to ! nor?  
tri=ium4    ,on ! way t[>ds ! ,:isp]+   
,gall]y1 ! fly+-buttresses  ins]t$ 9    
#acdg-acej to support ! walls ( !       
cl]e/ory1 :i* 7  weak5$ by ! ins]tion ( 
! great ea/ w9d[ ( ! ,*oir1 %\ld  be    
notic$4    ,visitors are always int]e/$ 
9 ! ,:isp]+ ,gall]y1 :]e !  lighte/     
:isp] c be easily & di/9ctly he>d at !  
o!r end (  ! gall]y4 ,x inspir$ ! foll[+
 l9es1 by ,maurice ,:eel]  7head-ma/] ( 
! ,k+'s ,s*ool1 #afhd-agab73            
8,d\bt n b ,god1 :o sits on high1       
,?y secret pray]s c he>1       ,:5 a    
dead wall ?us cunn+ly        ,conveys   
s(t :isp]s to ! e>40    ,! ,ea/ ,w9d[ is
 l>g] ?an ! ,ea/ ,w9d[ ( ,york ,m9/]4 ,x
  measures #gh  #ch feet2 t at ,york is 
#gh  #cc4    ,?\gh x has suff]$ mu*     
mutilation1 re/or]s h done little h>m1  
& x is possible to get "s idea ( its    

orig9al spl5d\r4         8,x is wor?y ( 
rem>k t ! trac]y1 heads & cusps1 z se5  
f ! inside ( ?is w9d[1 are n repeat$ on 
! outside1 a       pla9 transom only    
cross+ ! lights4 ,?is peculi>ity is     
repeat$ 9 ! great we/    ,illu/ration3  
,,gl\ce/]3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/                
,illu/ration3 ,,gl\ce/]3 ,,cloi/]s      
w9d[ & 9 _m o!r w9d[s 9 !               
ca!dral40--7,f4 ,s4 ,w47    ,! /one-"w (
 ! w9d[ 0 re/or$ 9 #ahfb & ! glass      
clean$  & re-lead$4 ,! w9d[ consi/s (   
f\rte5 lights--six on ! c5tre  ) f\r on 
ei!r side4 ,! subjects are ! ,coronation
 ( ! ,virg9  ,m>y ) ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 
sa9ts & k+s4 ,! h]aldic  %ields fix !   
date ( ! glass betwe5 #acdg & #acej4 ,! 
canopies  & ne>ly all ! figures are (   
:ite glass enri*$ ) yell[4 ,!  tones (  
r$ & blue are p>ticul>ly ri*4 ,! draw+ (
 ! figures  has be5 mu* criticis$4      
8,! :ole ( ?is1 ! lovelie/ *oir 9       
,engl&1 is lit by a       mighty wall ( 
jewell$ glass beh9d ! great gold5 r]$os4
         8,?is va/ ea/ w9d[ :i* floods !

 *oir ( ,gl\ce/]1       beautiful z a   
dream ) its s(t1 silv]y light fa9tly    
col\r$       ) jewell$ %afts ( ! ri*e/  
blue & r$1 & "h &       !re a ve9 ( pale
 gold--?is va/ w9d[ c\ld n h be5        
se5 out ( ,engl&1 or1 at lea/1 "o ( !   
grey & mi/y       nor!rn c\ntries1 :]e  
gleams ( light or %afts ( sun%9e are    
exce$+ly preci\s4 ,9 s\? or c5tral      
,europe ! effect ( su*       a mighty   
w9d[ w\ld be simply dazzl+ to ! eye1    
w\ld be       pa9ful f its excess (     
light4         8,?is great ea/ w9d[ is !
 l>ge/ pa9t$ w9d[ 9       ,engl&--!     
l>ge/1 ! writ] believes1 9 ,europe4 ,its
 /onework       exce$s 9 size !         
magnific5t ea/ w9d[ ( ,york1 :i* /&s    
next to x4 ,! respective measurem5ts are
 ,gl\ce/]1 sev5ty-two       feet high by
 ?irty-eight wide2 ,york1 sev5ty-eight  
by ?irty-?ree       feet4 ,! l[] p>ts ( 
! c5tre comp>tm5ts at ,gl\ce/] are      
n completely glaz$1 ow+ to ! op5+ into !
 ,lady-*apel4       ,! glass ( ,gl\ce/] 
is1 on ! :ole1 light-col\r$1 !          

design]s be+ evid5tly anxi\s t !        
beautiful /one panels       & scre5-"w  
%\ld be se5 9 all _! exquisite details4 
,!       glass has suff]$ m>vell\sly    
little f ! ravages ( wea!r       & !    
fanaticism ( revolution>y times2 ! busy 
re/or]1 too1       has dealt g5tly ) x4 
,!re are =ty-n9e figures1 & (       ^!  
?irty-sev5 are pron\nc$ by our lynx-ey$ 
exp]ts to be       absolutely g5u9e4 ,( 
! eighte5 armorial %ields 9 ! l[]       
lights ?irte5 are c]ta9ly ! id5tical    
%ields ins]t$ by !       survivors (    
,cressy4 ,! :ole ( ! gorge\s canopy-"w  
has be5       unt\*$4 ,! subject ( !    
pa9t+s is ! ,coronation ( !       ,virg9
 & ! figures consi/ ( w+$ angels1       
apo/les1 sa9ts1       k+s & abbots4 ,!  
coats-(-arms are ^? borne by ,k+ ,edw>d 
,,iii41 ! ,black ,pr9ce1 & _! knightly  
companions1 su* z !       ,lords (      
,b]keley1 ,arundel1 ,pembroke1 ,w>wick1 
,nor?ampton1 ,talbot       & o!rs :o    
took "p 9 ! fam\s campaign 9 :i* occurr$
       ! battle ( ,cressy1 & :o 9 "s    

degree 7 connect$ )       ,gl\ce/]%ire4 
,! w9d[ 01 9 fact1 a memorial ( ! great 
,engli% victory1 & may fairly be t]m$ ! 
,cressy w9d[40--7,s47    ,! ,ve/ibule to
 ! ,lady-,*apel is a beautiful "w4 ,!   
l[] portions  ( ! we/ wall1 p>ts ( ! old
 ,norman apsidal *apel1 are pi]c$ by  ! 
op5+ = ! door & by two p]p5dicul> w9d[s4
    ,! li]ne vault+ is v delicate 7!    
ribs are run diff]5tly 9  ! f\r qu>t]s (
 ! ro(71 & ! p5dants =m a cross4 ,ov] ! 
ve/ibule is ! small *apel :i* is ent]$ f
 ! ,:isp]+  ,gall]y4    ,! beautiful    
,lady-,*apel 0 built betwe5 #adeg &     
#adii on ! site (  a small] "o4    ,!   
,lady-,*apel1 #ia feet #f in*es long1   
#be feet #f in*es high1 & #df  feet #f  
in*es high1 consi/s ( f\r bays1 :i*1 z !
 wall ( !  *apel is s l[1 are *iefly    
compos$ ( f9e trac]y & glass4           
8,all ! wall bel[ ! w9d[s is arcad$ )   
foil$ ar*es1 )       quatrefoils above  
!m4 ,! wall betwe5 ! w9d[s is panell$   
) delicate trac]y l t 9 ! w9d[s1 & 9 its
 ?ree       *ief ti]s conta9s brackets =

 figures1 ) ri*ly c>v$       canopies   
ov]head4 ,_m ( ^! canopies 7l ! walls7  
%[       traces ( col\r4                
8,vault+ %afts ( great beauty support "o
 ( ! gr&e/       ,p]p5dicul> ro(s t has 
ev] be5 made4 ,ea* boss 9 ! ro(       is
 wor? m9ute inspection1 & s9ce !        
re/oration 7#ahif7 x is       possible  
to see ! bosses 9 practically ! same    
condition z       !y 7 :5 !y left !     
masons' h&s 9 ! ,fifte5?       ,c5tury4 
,) ?ree exceptions !y are all           
repres5tations (       foliage4         
8,x has be5 said above t ! *apel is     
cruci=m4 ,! arms (       ! cross are    
repres5t$ by ! two side *apels1 l       
dim9utive       transepts on ! nor? &   
s\? sides1 ) oratories above !m1        
to :i* access is giv5 by small /aircases
 9 ! angles ( !       wall4 ,bo? ^! side
 *apels conta9 "s exquisite fan-trac]y  
vault+1 :i* is support$ ^u fly+ ar*es1  
fa%ion$ 9       imitation ( ! graceful  
fly+ ar*es 9 ! *oir4         8,on ! nor?
 side ! *apel conta9s a full-l5g? effigy

 (       ,bi%op ,goldsbor\gh 7:o di$ 9  
#afjd7 rob$ 9 8 :ite ro*et1       black 
*im]e1 ) lawn sleeves1 sc>f1 ruff &     
skull-cap4         8,! ea/ w9d[ 9 ?is   
*apel is 9 memory ( ,lieut4 ,ar?ur ,john
       ,law=d 7#ahhe71 & is d$icat$ to  
,/4 ,m>t94         8,! *apel above has a
 vault$ ro( ) bosses ( foliage1 &       
!re are small portions ( anci5t glass4  
8,! ,lady-*apel is "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 !     
k+dom1 & is said1       at ! "t ( !     
,dissolution1 to h be5 "o ( ! ri*e/4 ,a 
great "p ( x is said to h be5 gild$ &   
glori\sly       ornam5t$4 ,traces ( !   
col\r c be se5 9 ! m\ld+s (       !     
panell+s & 9 ! c>v+ ^u ! walls40--7,h4  
,j4 ,l4 ,j4       ,m47    ,! ,r]$os /ill
 reta9s traces ( its gorge\s col\rs4 ,x 
is v  ri*ly ornam5t$4    ,! ,ea/ ,w9d[1 
consi/+ ( n9e lights1 dates f           
#adgb-adgi4 ,!  monum5ts are n          
especially rem>kable4 ,! tiles ( ! floor
 & !  s$ilia are notable4    ,on our "r1
 z we leave ! ,lady ,*apel1 we come to  
,abbot ,botel]'s  ,*apel 7#adcg-adej74  

,x conta9s a f9e anci5t r]$os1 int]e/+  
tiles & a curi\s wood5 effigy ( ,rob]t1 
,duke ( ,norm&y1 son (  ,william !      
,conqu]or4 ,critics ?9k x ne>ly         
contempor>y ) !  ,duke himself4 ,!      
figure re/s on a ,fifte5? ,c5tury *e/4  
,next we come to ,/4 ,paul's ,*apel     
7nor?-we/7 ent]$ by a doorway4 ,!  r]$os
 "h is v f9e4 ,x 0 repair$ 9 #ahgj4 ,/4 
,pet]1 ,/4 ,paul  & ,/4 ,luke1 by       
,r$f]n1 ornam5t ! ni*es4    ,an anci5t  
/one read+-desk1 f :i* pilgrims to !    
%r9e (  ,edw>d ,,ii4 7 address$1        
attracts our att5tion ne> ! door lead+  
into ! ,nor? ,transept4 ,?is is         
orig9ally ,norman1 cas$ ov] )           
,p]p5dicul> panell+1 m develop$1 h[ev]1 
?an t 9 ! s\?  transept4 ,! "w "h 0 done
 9 #acfh-acgc4 ,angul> m\ld+s are  us$ 9
 ! place ( r\nd m\ld+s & ! mullions run 
"r up to  ! ro(1 :i* is mu* ri*] ?an t 9
 ! s\? transept4 ,!  vault+ ( ! nor?    
transept some:at resembles ! fan-trac]y 
( !  cloi/]s4 ,?is transept is #h feet  
l[] ?an t on ! s\? side &  x is #b feet 

%ort]4    ,b5ea? ! nor? w9d[ is a       
greatly admir$ piece ( ,e>ly ,engli%    
7#abdj71 suppos$ to h be5 a ,reliqu>y4  
,! middle ( ! ?ree  divisions is a      
doorway4 ,beautifully c>v$ foliage &    
,purbeck m>ble  %afts are ! *ief        
ornam5tation4    ,opposite1 betwe5 !    
t[]-pi]s1 is a small *apel1 said to h   
be5  d$icat$ to ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,x is us$ z
 ! ,dean's ve/ry4    ,! ,s\? ,transept  
7,/4 ,&rew's ,aisle7 0 trans=m$ f !     
,norman  9 #acbi-accg4 ,! vault+ is     
li]ne ) %ort ribs4 ,! walls are         
panell$4    ,on ! nor? side ( ! s\?     
transept1 we f9d ! ,seabroke ,*apel4    
8,! alaba/] effigy repres5ts ! ,abbot 9 
8 alb1 /ole1       tunic1 dalmatic1     
*asuble1 amice & mitre1 ) 8 pa/oral /aff
       on 8 "r side4 ,! *apel has be5   
p>tially re/or$4 ,traces       ( col\r  
are to be se5 9 ! r]$os & ! ro( ov] x4  
8,almo/ opposite to ?is1 b ne>] to !    
iron gate1 is a       recess$ tomb to a 
knight 9 mix$ arm\r ( mail & plate1 & by
       8 side 8 lady1 ) kirtle1 mantle &

 fl[+ hair4 ,bo? we>       ,,ss4 coll>s1
 & ?is helps to give ! age ( ! monum5t1 
by       n>r[+ ! date d[n to a ye> n    
e>li] ?an #acii40--7;,h4 ,j4       ,l4  
,j4 ,m47    ,on ! ea/ side ! ,*apel (   
,/4 ,&rew occupies a correspond+        
position to t ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ! nor?      
transept4 ,?is *apel has be5  re/or$4   
,"s ( ! be/ glass 9 ! ,ca!dral is       
conta9$ 9 !  ea/ w9d[ ov] ,/4 ,&rew's   
,*apel4 ,x dates f ab\t #accj &  consi/s
 ( ! head ( a :ite scroll-"w ( v9e      
leaves1 etc41 on a  f9e ruby-col\r$     
gr\nd1 & bel[ pla9 qu>ries ) v simple   
bord]s4    ,opposite ,botel]'s ,*apel we
 f9d ,/4 ,philip's ,*apel 7s\?-ea/71    
re/or$ 9 #ahfd4 ,!re is "s dog-too?     
m\ld+ ne> ! pisc9a4 ,a  f9e ,p]p5dicul> 
ar*1 support+ ! tri=ium above1 attracts 
att5tion be=e ! ,lady-,*apel is ent]$4  
,! ,crypt is ent]$ f ! ea/]n door 9 !   
s\? transept4 ,x is  "o ( ! five great  
ea/]n crypts erect$ be=e #ajhee &       
consi/s  ( an apse1 ?ree small apsidal  
*apels & two *apels und]nea? !  ea/]n   

*apels ( ! nor? & s\? transepts4        
8,great alt]ations h f "t to "t be5 made
 9 ! crypt4       ,! l>ge semicircul>   
columns aga9/ ! walls1 ?\gh ( great     
antiquity1 are n p>ts ( ! orig9al       
/ructure1 b are cas+s       built r\nd1 
& enclos+ ! =m] small] pi]s1 & ! ribs   
spr++ f _! capitals are built "u1 ) a   
view to       support ! vault+40--7,f4  
,s4 ,w47    ,?r\gh a door 9 ! organ     
scre5 9 ! nor? aisle ( ! nave we  ent] !
 ,cloi/]s1 :i* are among ! mo/ p]fect & 
beautiful 9  ,engl&4 ,!y =m a quadrangle
 & ea* walk is divid$ into t5           
comp>tm5ts4 ,fan-trac]y is ?\ght to h   
orig9at$ "h 9 !  vault+4 ,!y 7 begun by 
,abbot ,horton 7#acea-acgg7 & complet$  
by  ,abbot ,fr\ce/] 7#acha-adab74       
8,! view look+ d[n ei!r ( ! walks is v  
f9e1 ma9ly       ow+ to ! ri*ness ( !   
gro9$ ro(1 :i* is ! e>lie/       example
 ( ! fan-vault4 ,?is /yle ( vault+ is   
entirely       peculi> to ,engl&2 &     
,pr(essor ,willis has sugge/$ t !       
s*ool ( masons :o 7 employ$ 9 ?is       

ca!dral may h       orig9at$ x4 ,! wall 
sides ( ! cloi/]s are panell$2 &       !
 w9d[s1 divid$ by a transom1 h ri*      
,p]p5dicul> trac]y4       ,! lights     
above ! transom 7 glaz$4 ,ea* walk is   
divid$ into       t5 comp>tm5ts4 ,9 !   
s\? walk are ! ,c>rels--places =        
writ+ or /udy1 tw5ty 9 numb]1 =m$ by a  
s]ies ( ar*es1       runn+ bel[ ! ma9   
w9d[s4 ,9 ea* c>rel is a small &        
graceful w9d[ ( two lights4#f ,! v f9e  
view at ! angle       ( ! s\? & we/     
walks %\ld especially be notic$4 ,9 !   
nor? walk are ! lavatories1 project+    
into ! cloi/] g>?2       ^! are v       
p]fect4 ,"u ! w9d[s is a long tr\gh or  
bas9 into :i* ! wat] fl[$4 ,! ro( is    
gro9$4 ,opposite 9       ! wall ( !     
cloi/]1 is ! recess = t[els1 or         
manut]gia4 ,! w9d[s ( ! ea/ walk are    
fill$ ) memorial       glass by ,h>dman 
7! eigh? is by ,ballantyne1 z is "o w9d[
 9       ! we/ walk740--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47   
,a small cloi/]1 or slype1 op5s f ! ea/ 
walk betwe5 !  ca!dral & ! *apt]-h\se4  

,?is is also call$ ! ,abbot's  ,cloi/]4 
,?is is ,norman 9 its we/]n portion &   
,p]p5dicul>  beyond4#g ,above ?is is    
situat$ ! ,*apt] ,libr>y1 a long1 d>k   
,p]p5dicul> room ) a ro( ( d>k oak1 a   
l>ge ,p]p5dicul> w9d[  ea/ & a r[ (     
small w9d[s on ! nor? side4    ,?\gh !  
cloi/]s are quadrangul>1 ! l5g? ( ! f\r 
walks is  n q ! same4 ,! wid? 7#ab feet7
 & height 7#ah feet7 are  alike4    ,9 !
 ,nor? ,alley1 ! ,monks' ,lavatory is   
8"o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( its date4 ,x       
projects #h feet into !       g>?1 & is 
ent]$ f ! cloi/] alley by eight tall    
ar*es       ) glaz$ trac]i$ op5+s above4
 ,int]nally x is #dg feet long       &  
#f feet wide1 & is light$ by eight      
two-light w9d[s       t[>ds ! g>? & by a
 simil> w9d[ at ea* end4 ,"o light (    
! ea/ w9d[ has a small squ>e op5+ bel[1 
p]haps = !       admission ( ! supply   
pipes1 = :i* !re seems to be no o!r     
entrance ei!r 9 ! fan vault or ! side   
walls4 ,half ! wid?       ( ! lavatory  
is tak5 up by a broad1 flat l$ge or     

plat=m       aga9/ ! wall1 on :i* /ood a
 lead ci/]n or lav]1 ) a       r[ (     
taps1 & 9 front a holl[ tr\gh1 orig9ally
 l9$ )       lead1 at :i* ! monks wa%$  
_! h&s & faces4 ,f ?is       ! wa/e wat]
 ran away into a rec5tly discov]$       
7#ahhi7 tank 9       ! g>?40--7,h47     
,f ! ,we/ ,alley ! monks ent]$ _! great 
d9+-hall2 & at  ! s\?-we/ corn] a vault$
 passage call$ ! ,slype lies "u "p  ( ! 
old lodg+ ( ! ,abbots1 n[ ! ,dean]y4 ,9 
?is passage1 a  sort ( out] p>l\r1 !    
monks held conv]sation ) /rang]s4 ,9  ! 
,s\? ,alley ! monks /udi$ aft] d9n]     
until ev5song4 ,x has  t5 w9d[s ( six   
lights & tw5ty recesses1 or 8c>rels10   
bel[ !  transoms4    ,! ro( ( ! ,ea/    
,alley is a p]fectly pla9 b>rel vault   
)\t  ribs4 ,9 ! s\?-we/ corn] we f9d a  
holl[$ bracket1 or cresset  /one1 9 :i* 
a wick1 float+ 9 tall[1 0 kept to light 
!  passage4    ,opposite ! fif? bay a   
doorway1 conta9+ "s good ,norman "w1    
slightly re/or$1 leads into !           
,*apt]-,h\se4    ,orig9ally consi/+ (   

?ree ,norman bays1 x probably1 l !      
*apt]-h\ses at ,norwi*1 ,read+1 &       
,durham1 t]m9at$ 9 a  semi-circul> apse4
 ,! pres5t ea/ end is ,late ,p]p5dicul>1
 &  makes a f\r? bay4 ,! vault+ ( ! lat]
 "p is well gro9$1 &  ! w9d[ is good4 ,!
 ro( ( ! ?ree ,norman bays is a l(ty    
b>rel  vault support$ by ?ree slightly  
po9t$ ar*es spr++ f !  capitals ( !     
columns1 :i* are curi\sly set back1 &   
sep>ate !  bays4    ,norman arcad+ (    
twelve ar*es--i4e4 f\r to ea* bay--runs 
along  ! ?ree we/]nmo/ bays on ! nor? & 
s\? walls4         8,! we/ end is       
arrang$ 9 ! usual ,b5$ict9e fa%ion1 ) a 
c5tral door1 flank$ orig9ally by two    
l>ge unglaz$ w9d[       op5+s1 ) ?ree   
l>ge w9d[s above4 ,only "o ( ! w9d[s    
flank+ ! doorway c n[ be se51 ! o!r hav+
 be5 p>tly       de/roy$ & cov]$ by     
,p]p5dicul> panell+ :5 ! new            
libr>y /air 0 built 9 ! s\?-we/ corn] ( 
!       room40--7,h47    ,( ! f\r old   
gateways rema9+ ! f9e/ is ,/4 ,m>y's    
,gate1 a  typical specim5 ( ,e>ly       

,engli% "w4 ,x leads into ,/4 ,m>y's    
,squ>e4  ,9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( !         
,prec9cts ! fam\s v9ey>d 0  situat$4    
,,h]e=d         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,m>y 
,,& ,,/4 ,,e!lb]t4 ,a ,,*ur* ,,s]v$ ,,by
 ,,secul>       ,,canons4               
,,special ,,features3 ,,nor? ,,transept 
,,& ,,ea/ ,,end4      ,h]e=d is situat$ 
9 ! f]tile & cultivat$ valley ( ! ,wye4 
8,almo/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! city ! /urdy mass (
 ! ca!dral       build+ reposes 9 a     
seclud$ close1 f :i* ! be/ g5]al        
view is obta9$4 ,! close is ent]$ ei!r f
 ,broad ,/reet1       ne> ! we/ w9d[1 or
 f ,ca/le ,/reet2 ! :ole ( !            
build+ ly+ on ! s\? side ( ! close      
betwe5 ! pa? &       ! riv]4 ,! space   
betwe5 ! ,wye & ! ,ca!dral is fill$ by  
! ,bi%op's ,palace & ! college ( !      
,vic>s' ,*oral4 ,on !       ea/ are !   
f\ndations ( ! ca/le1 :i* 0 =m]ly "o (  
! /ronge/ on ! ,wel% m>%es40--7,a4 ,h4  
,f47    ,a /one *ur* 0 begun "h ab\t    
#hcj 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,e!lb]t1 !  ,ea/     
,anglian k+1 murd]$ by ,(fa ne> ,h]e=d 9

 #gib4 ,at 8 %r9e  miracles 7 wr\ght4   
,?is *ur* 0 rebuilt 9 ,edw>d !          
,confessor's  reign2 b 0 plund]$ & burnt
 by ! ,wel% & ,iri%4 ,! pres5t  build+ 0
 begun by ,rob]t de ,los+a ab\t #ajgi & 
f9i%$ by !  middle ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4 
,! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ! build+  is !    
nor? transept4 ,?is is suppos$ to h be5 
built by ,bi%op  ,aquablanca 7see page  
#agg71 :o 0 succe$$ by ,?omas de        
,cantilupe1 !  great sa9t ( ! ,ca!dral  
7see page #agh74    ,h]e=d has suff]$   
greatly f calamities & re/orations4 ,9  
#aghf  ! we/]n t[] & we/ front fell4 ,!y
 7 recon/ruct$ by ,wyatt4  ,he also     
%ort5$ ! nave by "o bay & de/roy$ !     
,norman  tri=ium4 ,repairs & re/orations
 7 und]tak5 9 #ahda1 #aheb &  #aheh4    
,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! ext]ior is !   
c5tral ,t[]--( two  /ories above ! ro( )
 buttresses & exhibit+ ! ball-fl[] 9    
great pr(usion4 ,! f\r p9nacles at !    
corn]s 7 add$ 9 #ahcj4  ,! ,lady-,*apel 
) its tall lancet-%ap$ w9d[s & bold     
buttresses  is also int]e/+4 ,on ! s\?  

side ! ,audley ,*antry projects )  great
 effect2 & f ! we/ we ga9 a good view ( 
! ,bi%op's  ,cloi/]s1 ) ! squ>e turret$ 
t[] call$ ! ,lady ,arb\r1 ?\gh  nobody  
kn[s :y4 ,only ! ea/ & ! s\? walks n[   
rema94 ,!y are  ,p]p5dicul> ) f9e w9d[  
op5+s & ri*ly c>v$ ro(4    ,we ent] !   
,ca!dral by ! ,nor? por*1 complet$ 9    
#aecj4 ,x is (  two /ages1 & projects   
beyond an inn] por* ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod4
  ,! doorway op5+ into ! *ur* is also   
,decorat$4    ,on ent]+ ! ,nave1 we pass
 to ! we/ end to get ! be/ g5]al  view4 
8,! nave1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! aisles by  
eight massive       ,norman pi]s 7"p ( !
 orig9al *ur*71 ( :i* ! capitals        
are wor?y ( notice1 has some:at suff]$  
by re/orations at !       h&s ( ,wyatt4 
,! tri=ium1 ! cl]e/ory1 ! vault+ ( !    
ro( & ! we/]n wall & doorway are all 8  
"w2 & x mu/       n be =gott5 t he      
%ort5$ ! orig9al nave by "o entire      
bay4 ,walk+ to ! we/ end1 f :i* ! be/   
g5]al view is       to be obta9$1 "o is 
impress$ by ! /rik+ effect ( !          

great ,norman pi]s & ar*es & ! gloom ( !
 *oir beyond4       ,?r\gh ! noble      
circul> ar*es1 :i* support ! c5tral t[] 
& ! mod]n scre5 on ! ea/]n side ( x1 we 
see ! ea/]n       wall ( ! *oir1 pi]c$  
above by ?ree lancet w9d[s & bel[       
by a wide circul> ar* rec$+ 9 _m ord]s4 
,a c5tral pill>       divides ?is l[]   
ar*1 two po9t$ ar*es spr++ f its        
capital1 & leav+ a sp&rel betwe5 !m1 :i*
 is cov]$ )       mod]n sculpture4 ,9 ! 
f> di/ance may be di/+ui%$ ! ea/        
wall ( ! ,lady-*apel & its brilliant    
lancet lights4 ,?r\gh\t       ! ,ca!dral
 ! ,norman "w is rem>kable = ! ri*ness (
 its       ornam5t z comp>$ ) o!r       
build+s ( ! same date1 su* z            
,pet]bor\gh or ,ely4         8,! ma9    
ar*es ( ! nave are ornam5t$ ) ! billet &
       o!r beautiful m\ld+s & ! capitals
 ( bo? pi]s & %afts       are also      
elaborately decorat$4 ,! d\ble half     
%afts set aga9/       ! nor? & s\?      
fronts ( ! huge circul> pi]s are 9 !    
great] "p re/orations4         8,ov] ea*

 pi]-ar* !re are two tri=ium ar*es      
imitat$ f       ! ,e>ly ,engli% (       
,salisbury4 ,!y are divid$ by sl5d]     
pill>s1 b !re is no tri=ium passage4    
,dur+ ! ,late       ,decorat$ p]iod !   
nave-aisles 7 practically rebuilt1 !    
exi/+ walls & w9d[s be+ erect$ ^u !     
bases ( !       ,norman walls1 :i* 7    
reta9$ = a few feet above !             
f\ndations4 ,! vault+ ( ! ro(s ( !      
nave-aisles & !       ro( ( ! nave      
itself 7 col\r$ "u ! direction ( ,mr4   
,cott+ham40--7,a4 ,h4 ,f47    ,9 !      
second bay ( ! s\? aisle /&s an anci5t  
,font ( late  ,norman design1 decorat$ )
 figures ( ! ,apo/les1 on a base )  f\r 
demi-griff9s or lions4 ,among ! monum5ts
 9 ! nave is an  alaba/] ,effigy ( ,sir 
,ri*>d ,pembridge1 9 plate & mail arm\r 
)  8 greyh\nd4 ,he di$ 9 #acge4 ,"h are 
also ! effigy & tomb (  ,bi%op ,boo?    
7di$ #aece71 :o built    ,illu/ration3  
,,h]e=d3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/    ,illu/ration3 
,,h]e=d3 ,,nor?-,,ea/    ! nor? por*4 ,!
 h&some iron grille 9 front ( ! tomb is 

( !  same date4    ,! ,c5tral ,t[] re/s 
on massive pi]s ) ,norman ar*es4 ,!     
entire  space is op5 f ! floor ( !      
,ca!dral to ! wood5 floor ( !           
bell-*amb]1 pa9t$ b5ea? 9 blue & gold4  
,f ?is floor hangs a  corona ( wr\ght   
iron1 col\r$ l ! scre54 ,! t[] conta9s a
  f9e peal ( t5 bells4    ,?r\gh ! nor? 
ar* ( ! t[] we pass into ! ,nor?        
,transept1  said to be ! "w ( ,pet] (   
,savoy1 :o became ,bi%op ( ,h]e=d4 ,he  
0 call$ ,bi%op ,aquablanca f 8 bir?place
 ne> ,*ambry4 ,he di$  9 #abfh int5sely 
hat$4 ,! orig9al ,norman nor? transept 0
 pull$  d[n ab\t #abfj = ?is new "o1    
rebuilt         8on a design :i* is     
p]haps ! mo/ orig9al1 z x c]ta9ly is    
"o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! hi/ory (       
,engli% ,go?ic       ar*itecture4 ,to ! 
nor? & we/ 7 built enorm\s w9d[s1       
) trac]y ( cusp$ circles1 q exceptional 
9 _!       elongation1 m l late ,g]man  
?an ,engli% "w4 ,on ! ea/       side 0  
built an aisle ( exquisite beauty4 ,its 
ar*es1 almo/       /raight-sid$--its    

tri=ium w9d[s1 a r+ ( cusp$ circles set 
"u a semicircul> ar*--its cl]e/ory      
w9d[s1 sph]ical       triangles1 enclos+
 a cusp$ circul> w9d[--! composition (  
! tri=ium--! nor? & we/ w9d[s--are q    
unique1 except       s f> z !y 7 copi$ 9
 lat] "w 9 ! city &       neighb\rhood4 
,at ! s\? end ( ! aisle is ! exquisite  
,,tomb       ( ,bi%op ,pet] ,aquablanca 
7di$ #abfh72 no d\bt built 9 8          
lifetime4 ,! tomb is z unique z !       
transept1 & *iefly       resembles x 9  
design4 ,! inf]5ce is t ,bi%op          
,aquablanca       built ! transept4 ,!  
cr$it ( x1 h[ev]1 is con/antly giv5     
to 8 successors1 app>5tly on acc\nt ( 8 
private vices4 ,b       sa9ts z well z  
s9n]s h lik$ to leave memorials beh9d !m
       9 /one2 &1 moreov]1 ,aquablanca  
_h 8 good po9ts4 ,to ?is       day f\r  
?\s& loaves are di/ribut$ e ye> out (   
funds       :i* he bequea!d4 ,x is      
record$1 too1 t ( a f9e :i* 0           
impos$ on ! citiz5s = encroa*m5ts on 8  
episcopal rights1       he remitt$ "o   

half & h&$ ov] ! o!r = works on !       
ca!dral40--7,f4 ,b47    ,aquablanca 0   
succe$$ by ,?omas ,cantilupe1 z mu* lov$
 z !  =m] 0 hat$4 ,dy+ on a homew>d     
j\rney f ,rome1 9 #abhb1 8  bones 7     
remov$ f ! fle% by boil+ & c>ri$ to     
,h]e=d to  be plac$ 9 ! ,lady-,*apel4   
,=ty ye>s lat] he 0 canoniz$4 ,_m       
miracles 7 effect$ at 8 %r9e1 remov$ to 
! transept 9 #abhg4  ,k+ ,edw>d ,i4 s5t 
sick falcons to be cur$ & p ?rong$ )    
l>ge (f]+s4 ,we %all soon see all t is  
left ( ! ,cantilupe  ,%r9e4         8,! 
,norman ar*es op5+ to ! aisles ( ! nave 
& *oir       resemble ^? :i* correspond 
to !m on ! s\? side ( !       *ur*4 ,!  
transept beyond !m 01 z we h se51       
entirely       rebuilt1 & is "o ( ! mo/ 
rem>kable examples ( ! p]iod            
rema9+ 9 ,engl&4 ,! unusual =m ( its    
ar*es1 & its pure1       l(ty w9d[s1 are
 suffici5tly impressive n[2 b _! effect 
mu/ h be5 wond]fully increas$ :5 ! w9d[s
 7 fill$       ) glass display+ ! hi/ory
 & miracles ( ! sa9t$       ,bi%op1 & :5

 ! %r9e itself 0 /&+ on its p$e/al      
)9 ! ea/]n aisle1 ri* ) ! gold & jewels 
(f]$ by       ! num]\s pilgrims :o knelt
 daily be=e x4         8,! we/ side ( ! 
transept 7:i* is ( two bays beyond !    
aisle passage7 is entirely fill$ by two 
v l(ty w9d[s (       ?ree lights ea*4 ,!
 heads ( ! n>r[ lights are %>ply        
po9t$2 & ! trac]y above is =m$ by ?ree  
circles enclos+       trefoils4 ,^!     
w9d[s are set back )9 triangul>-head$   
ar*es4 ,on ! nor? side is a d\ble w9d[ (
 ! same "*       divid$ by a gr\p ( b&$ 
%afts4 ,! triple lights on ei!r         
side ( ^! %afts1 & ! foil$ circles above
 !m1 precisely       resemble ! w9d[s on
 ! we/ side ( ! transept4         8,!   
vault+ spr+s f clu/]$ %afts1 ! corbels  
support+       :i*1 on ! ea/ side1 are  
beautiful & s+ul>1 & resemble           
bun*es ( re$s1 t]m9at+ 9 a small op5    
fl[]4 ,! small       heads bel[ ^!      
corbels1 at ! int]section ( ! ma9 ar*es1
       %\ld also be notic$4         8,! 
ea/]n aisles1 light$ by ?ree v beautiful

 w9d[s1 ea*       ( ?ree lights1 ) ?ree 
quatrefoils 9 ! trac]y1 are set         
back )9 wid] ar*es1 z is ! case ) !     
w9d[s 9 !       ma9 transept4 ,9 ?is    
aisle1 9 a l9e ) ! c5tral pi]1 is       
! p$e/al ( ! ,cantilupe ,%r9e4 ,?is is a
 long       p>allelogram1 n>r[+ t[>d !  
l[] end1 & is entirely (       ,purbeck 
m>ble4 ,x has two divisions2 ! l[]      
clos$1 l an       alt>-tomb1 ! upp] a   
flat canopy1 support$ on small op5      
ar*es4 ,^u ?is re/$ ! actual %r9e1      
conta9+ ! relics       ( ! sa9t4        
,cantilupe 0 ,prov9cial ,gr& ,ma/] ( !  
,knights       ,templ>s 9 ,engl&2 & r\nd
 ! l[] division ( ! p$e/al       are    
fifte5 figures ( ,templ>s 9 v>i\s       
attitudes1 plac$ 9 !       recesses ( a 
foliat$ arcade4 ,all are fully arm$1 9  
*a9-mail1       ) surcoat1 %ield &      
sword4 ,all are seat$1 & tread on       
v>i\s mon/]s1 among :i* are dragons &   
sw9e1 muzzl$4 ,!       sp&rels 9 ?is    
arcade1 & ! sp&rels betwe5 ! ar*es 9    
! upp] division1 are fill$ ) leafage ( !

 fir/ ,decorat$       p]iod1 reta9+ "s (
 ! /iff arrangem5t ( ! ,e>ly            
,engli%1 b directly copi$ f nature4 ,9 !
 l[] sp&rels x       is arrang$ 9       
sprays2 9 ! upp] x is (t5 laid 9 r[s (  
leaves1 among :i* occur oak1 maple &    
trefoil4 ,! :ole ( ?is       "w w repay 
! mo/ c>eful exam9ation4 7,x %\ld be    
comp>$ ) ! foliage ( ! capitals ( !     
%afts surr\nd+       ! c5tral pi] ( !   
aisle1 :i* is f> m /iff &               
conv5tional74 ,on ! top ( ! l[] division
 ( ! p$e/al 0       a brass ( ! ,bi%op1 
( :i* ! matrix alone rema9s4         8,!
 position ( ! %r9e 9 ?is transept may be
 comp>$ )       t ( ,/4 ,frideswide at  
,ox=d1 & ) t ( ,/4 ,ri*>d de       la   
,wy* at ,*i*e/]4 ,all _h an alt>        
imm$iately adjo9+ !       %r9e1 :i* 0   
d$icat$ to ! sa9t1 & at :i* !           
(f]+s ( pilgrims 7 made4 ,9 ^! cases1   
h[ev]1 ! usual       position ( a great 
%r9e--at ! back ( ! high alt>--01 =     
"s special reason1 dep>t$ f4 ,at ,h]e=d1
 ?is position (       highe/ hon\r 0    

probably occupi$ by ! %r9e ( ,/4        
,e!lb]t40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,close by is
 ! int]e/+ monum5t ( ,bi%op             
d',aquablanca1 j by !  nor?-*oir-aisle4 
,?is ,e>ly ,engli% monum5t 0 once ri*ly 
col\r$4    ,! effigy ( ?is =eign        
prie/--,pet] ( ,savoy--lies "u a canopy 
support$ by delicate %afts ( ,purbeck   
m>ble1 ! gables surm\nt$ by  floriat$   
crosses1 ! c5tral cross be>+ a figure ( 
! ,savi\r4  ,! ri*ly canopi$ tomb "u !  
great nor? w9d[ be>s ! effigy  ( ,bi%op 
,?omas ,*>lton1 treasur] ( ,engl& 9     
#acbi 7di$ #acfi74    ,"u !             
nor?-we/-w9d[ is ! canopi$ tomb ( ,bi%op
 ,sw9field  7#abhc-acag74 ,8 effigy     
disappe>$ long ago1 & "s unkn[n figure  
lies !re4 ,! ball-fl[] is conspicu\s 9 !
 m\ld+s ( !  canopy & beh9d ! tomb !re  
is a mutilat$ c>v+ ( !  ,crucifixion1   
surr\nd$ by v9e-leaves & t5drils1 q     
simil> to  ! leafage ( ! ,cantilupe     
,%r9e4 ,9 a neighb\r+ recess decorat$  )
 ! ball-fl[] lies ! effigy ( an unkn[n  
lady ( !  ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4    ,!       

,nor?-*oir-aisle is ent]$ ?r\gh !       
orig9al ,norman ar*4 ,9  ! nor? wall (  
?is aisle 9 a s]ies ( ar*$ recesses     
7,decorat$7  lie ! effigies ( v>i\s     
ecclesia/ics4 ,beyond ! fir/ "o1 ,bi%op 
,ge(fry de ,clive 7di$ #aabj71 a door   
op5s ^u ! turret /aircase  lead+ to a   
typical mona/ic ,libr>y1 conta9+ m ?an  
#b1jjj  volumes1 ,,mss4 & anci5t de$s1 !
 accumulations ( eight c5turies4  ,^!   
are kept 9 eighty old oak cupbo>ds & !  
anci5t books are  *a9$4    ,desc5d+ &   
pass+ to ! corn] ( ! nor?-ea/ transept  
we come  to ,bi%op ,/anb]y's ,*antry1 a 
ri* example ( late ,p]p5dicul>1 )  two  
w9d[s on ! nor? side4 ,! ceil+ is ri*ly 
gro9$4 ,!  capitals at ! corn]s ( !     
*apel are v grotesque4 ,opposite !      
*antry1 on ! nor? side ( ! *oir1 is !   
alaba/] effigy (  ,bi%op ,/anb]y 7di$   
#adgd74    ,9 ! wall ( ! aisle above is 
a ,decorat$ w9d[4 ,! glass is 9  memory 
( ,dr4 ,musgrave1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,york1    
previ\sly ,bi%op (  ,h]e=d4 ,! subject  
is ,/4 ,paul1 ! /ory ( ^: life is       

cont9u$  9 ! w9d[s ( ! *antry4          
,imm$iately beyond1 ! nor?-ea/-transept 
op5s4 ,x is ,e>ly  ,decorat$1 reta9+ "s 
,norman *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ! c5tre rises an
  octagonal pi] :i* helps to c>ry !     
quadrip>tite vault+1 :i*  has good      
bosses ( leafage4 ,?is pi] gives a      
peculi> "* to ?is  transept4 ,! w9d[s   
are ,e>ly ,decorat$4    ,! ,s\? transept
 reta9s mu* t is ,norman1 al?\gh x 0    
alt]$  dur+ ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 :5 two 
huge w9d[s 7 cut into !  walls4         
,p]p5dicul> panell+ surr\nds t 9 ! s\?  
wall4 ,!  li]ne vault+ is also ( ! same 
date4 ,! ea/ wall has five s]ies  (     
,norman arcades4 ,two ,norman w9d[s 9 ! 
cl]e/ory contribute  light4    ,! ,d5ton
 tomb1 ) its effigies 9 alaba/] %[+     
traces (  col\r1 dates f #aegf4    ,!   
organ1 9 ! fir/ ar*way on ! s\? side ( !
 *oir1 0 !  gift ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,x has  
be5 twice enl>g$4    ,effigies ( bi%ops 
fill ! f\r ,decorat$ ar*$ recesses on ! 
s\?  wall ( ! s\?-*oir-aisle & on ! nor?
 wall1 "u an ar*  op5+ to ! *oir1 is !  

tomb ( ,bi%op ,de ,lorra9e1 or ,los+a   
7di$ #ajie74 ,"h is also ! monum5t &    
tomb to ,bi%op ,mayhew1 (  ,magdal5     
,college 7#aejd-aeaf72 "s old w9d[s     
re/or$ by ,w>r+ton2  & ! fam\s ,map ( ! 
,_w1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable relics (       
m$ival geography 9 exi/5ce4 ,x 0 design$
 ab\t #acad by ,ri*>d  ( ,hald+ham1 a   
,l9coln%ire monk4 ,x 0 discov]$ m ?an a 
hundr$ ye>s ago "u ! floor ( ,bi%op     
,audley's ,*apel4    ,!                 
,s\?-ea/-transept1 betwe5 ! retro-*oir &
 ! *apt]-h\se1  op5s into ! latt]4 ,!   
/yle is 9 ! ma9 ,decorat$1 ?\gh !  w9d[ 
trac]y is lat] q ,flamboyant4 ,"o s+le  
octagonal pill>  sep>ates x f its ea/]n 
aisle4 ,f ?is transept a lovely view (  
! ,lady-,*apel c be enjoy$4    ,!       
peculi> d>kness ( ! ,*oir is due to !   
arrangem5t ( !  transepts1 :i* prev5ts !
 admission ( light except f !  cl]e/ory4
         8,! ma9 ar*es ( ! *oir are (   
?ree ord]s1 & spr+ f       massive      
composite pi]s1 ) broad1 squ>e bases4 ,!
 capitals (       ! semi-deta*$ %afts   

are enri*$ ) leafage & grotesque        
heads4 ,! tri=ium 9 ea* bay consi/s ( "o
 wide ,norman ar*       circumscrib+ two
 small]1 divid$ by a c5tral %aft1 &     
spr++ on ei!r side f two massive        
semicircul> pi]s1 )       small         
capitals4 ,bo? out] & inn] ar*es spr+ f 
^!       pi]s4 ,! capitals ( ! c5tral   
%afts h squ>e abaci1 &       are enri*$4
 ,! tympana ( ! out] ar*es are cov]$ )  
scallop1 leaf & billet ornam5t4 ,at !   
base ( ! tri=ium       runs a squ>e     
/r+-c\rse1 enri*$ ) m9ute c>v+4 ,!      
loz5ge ornam5t prevails r\nd ! ma9 ar*es
 ( ! *oir1 z       does ! zigzag r\nd ^?
 ( ! nave4         8,broad squ>e        
pila/]s1 ) semi-deta*$ %afts at _!      
angels1       fill ! spaces betwe5 !    
pi]s4 ,!y t]m9ate at ! spr+ (       !   
tri=ium ar*es 9 d\ble triangul> head+s1 
) crocket$       sides & f9ials (       
leafage4 ,^! head+s are ,e>ly ,engli%1 (
       ! same date z ! cl]e/ory &       
vault+2 & betwe5 ea* pair       rises a 
gr\p ( s-call$ vault+-%afts1 ) capitals 

(       leafage1 t]m9at+ at ! base ( !  
cl]e/ory2 & connect$       7"u ! actual 
base ( ! cl]e/ory7 by a b& ( op5        
fl[]s4 ,! cl]e/ory consi/s ( "o l(ty    
po9t$ ar* 9 ea*       bay1 divid$ by a  
c5tral2 on ei!r side is a small]        
trefoil$       ar*4 ,! w9d[s1 ( two     
lights1 ) a quatrefoil 9 ! head+1       
are plac$ at ! back ( ! wall-passage1 & 
=m 9 effect a       d\ble plane ) ! l>ge
 inn] ar*es4 ,!y are fill$ on ea*       
side ) indiff]5t /a9$ glass4 ,! *oir    
vault+ is pla9       quadrip>tite1 )    
bosses ( leafage at !                   
int]sections40--7,r4       ,j4 ,k47     
,! ,*oir-/alls are ,decorat$4 ,"s ( !   
,mis]]es are qua9t4 ,!  ,bi%op's ,?rone 
dates f ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,! ,ca!dral 
also  possesses an anci5t episcopal     
*air1 :i*1 x is said1 ,k+ ,/eph5  sat 9 
:5 he visit$ ,h]e=d4    ,)9 a great     
,norman ar* ( five ord]s /&s ! mod]n    
,r]$os1 at  ! back ( :i* rises a great  
pi] f :i* spr+ two po9t$  ar*es4 ,!     
sp&rel1 or ,tympanum1 is cov]$ ) mod]n  

sculpture--!  ,savi\r 9 ,maje/y & !     
,evangeli/s2 & bel[ a /atue ( ,k+       
,e!lb]t1 :o 0 said to h be5 buri$ 9 !   
fir/ ,saxon *ur*  some:]e ab\t ?is spot4
    ,f ! ,retro-*oir we pass into !     
,ve/ibule ( ! ,lady-,*apel1 !  walls (  
:i* are brok5 ) transitional ,norman    
w9d[  op5+s1--po9t$ ar*es ) massive     
m\ld+s4 ,! foliage ( !  capitals is     
,e>ly ,engli%4    ,five /eps            
7necessitat$ by ! height ( ! crypt bel[7
 lead up to  ! ,lady-,*apel1 v ri* ,e>ly
 ,engli%1 dat+ f ! fir/ half (  !       
,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,x is #bd  #de feet & 
( ?ree bays4 ,on !  nor? side ea* bay   
conta9s two l>ge w9d[s2 on ! s\? side1 !
  ?ird bay is fill$ by ! ,audley ,*apel4
         8,! v ri* clu/]$ %afts & ar*es 
( ! side w9d[s       %\ld be especially 
notic$4 ,! capitals ( ! %afts are ,e>ly 
,engli% leafage2 & !re are small heads  
at ! int]sections &       cr[ns ( !     
ar*es4 ,a circle enclos+ a quatrefoil   
pi]ces !       wall above ^! w9d[s4 ,!  
vault+ is pla9 quadrip>tite1 &          

spr+s f %afts :i* desc5d ^u a base rais$
 slightly above       ! pavem5t4 ,!     
mod]n pavem5t ( ! ,lady-*apel is laid ) 
r$ & gre5 tiles 9 l>ge squ>e panels4 ,! 
:ole design is       broad & good 9     
outl9e2 & is some:at ri*] at ! alt> end1
       :i* is rais$ on "o /ep40         
,f]guson has rem>k$ t         8,n[h]e on
 ! ,cont95t are su* comb9ations to be   
f\nd z !       ,five ,si/]s at ,york1 ! 
ea/ end ( ,ely1 or su* a gr\p z t       
:i* t]m9ates ! ea/ end ( ,h]e=d40    ,_m
 ( its features 7 hidd5 until !         
re/orations & repairs 7  und]tak5 9     
#ahda4         8,! glori\s ,,ea/-,,w9d[ 
consi/s ( five n>r[ lancets recess$     
)9 ar*es support$ by clu/]$ %afts1 !    
wall above be+       p]=at$ ) five      
quatrefoil op5+s1 ( :i* ! outside ones  
are circul> & ! c5tre ?ree are oval4 ,x 
0 z a memorial to       ,dean ,m]ewe!r1 
to :om ! ca!dral owes s mu*1 t !        
/a9$ glass design$ by ,cott+ham 0 plac$ 
9 ! ea/       w9d[s 9 ! n>r[ lancets t  
he lov$ s de>ly4 ,x       repres5ts     

sc5es 9 ! e>ly life ( ! ,virg9 & ! life 
(       ,*ri/1 ! la/ be+ ! supp] 9 !    
h\se ( ,m>y & ,m>?a4       ,9 ! side    
w9d[s ! visitor %\ld especially notice !
 ri*       clu/]$ %afts & ar*es1 ! ,e>ly
 ,engli% capitals & !       ornam5tation
 ( ! ar*es4 ,! d\ble ,,pisc9a & ,,aumbry
 s\? (       ! alt> are re/orations     
necessitat$ by ! dilapidat$ /ate (      
! orig9als40--7,a4 ,h4 ,f47    ,9 !     
c5tral bay on ! nor? side lies ! effigy 
( ,sir ,pet] de  ,gr&ison 7di$ #aceh7 "u
 a canopy ( op5 tab]nacle "w4 ,! arm\r  
is v int]e/+4 ,once ! effigy 0 suppos$  
to be ,humphrey de  ,bohun1 ,e>l (      
,h]e=d4 ,on ! same side lies ,joanna de 
,bohun1 ,c\ntess  ( ,h]e=d 7di$ #acbg74 
,h] effigy is a spl5did /udy 9 co/ume4  
,%e  left a l>ge e/ate to ! ,ca!dral4   
,a black m>ble slab1 ) brass1 m>ks !    
re/+-place ( ,dean  ,m]ewe!r 7di$       
#ahej74 ,dean ,b]ew1 or ,beaurieu1 9 !  
s\? wall (  ! ve/ibule1 is "o ( ! be/   
specim5s ( sculpture 9 !  ,ca!dral4 ,he 
di$ 9 #adfb4    ,x 0 n e bi%op :o c\ld  

build two *antries2 b ,bi%op ,audley    
7#adib-aejb7 built himself a *>m+ ,tudor
 *apel1 two /ories high1  project+ f !  
s\? side ( ! ,lady ,*apel1 a circul>    
/aircase  giv+ access to ! upp] room4   
,he int5d$ x = 8 tomb2 b z he  0        
translat$ to ,salisbury 9 #aejb1 he _h !
 tr\ble ( build+  ano!r "o !re1 9 :i* he
 0 buri$4         8,! l[] *amb] is %ut  
(f f ! ,lady-*apel by a scre5 (         
pa9t$ /one ) op5-"w panell+ 9 two /ages4
 ,! *apel is       p5tagonal 9 plan1 &  
has two w9d[s1 :ile a ?ird op5s into    
! ,lady-*apel ?r\gh ! scre54 ,! ceil+ is
 vault$1 &       be>s evid5ce ( hav+ 9  
=m] times be5 elaborately pa9t$4        
8,!re are five w9d[s 9 ! upp] *amb] & ! 
gro9$ ro(       is di/9ctly good4 ,!    
boss 9 ! c5tre repres5ts ! ,virg9       
cr[n$ 9 glory4 ,on o!r p>ts ( ! ceil+   
are ! arms (       ,bi%op ,audley & ^? (
 ! ,dean]y1 z well z a %ield be>+       
! lett]s ,r4 ,i4 ,! upp] "p ( ! *antry1 
:i* is divid$       f ! ,lady-*apel by !
 top ( ! scre5 :i* s]ves z a       k9d (

 rail1 may h be5 us$ z an oratory2 b no 
rema9s (       an alt> h be5 f\nd4 ,on !
 door op5+ on ! /aircase is       "s    
good iron-"w1 & ,bi%op ,audley's        
initials may be notic$ on       ! lock4 
,/&+ by ! door ( ?is *apel1 ! visitor   
has a       lovely view we/w>d3 two     
pill>s ris+ 9 ! ro( & across !       top
 ( ! r]$os2 to ! "r1 ! ,norman ar*es ( !
 nor?       transept & fur!r on /ill !  
nave40--7,a4 ,h4 ,f47    ,f ! s\? side (
 ! ,lady-,*apel we ent] ! ,crypt by /eps
  lead+ d[n f an ,e>ly ,engli% por*4 ,x 
is #ej feet long1 &  consi/s ( a nave & 
aisles4 ,because ! crypt 0 us$ z a      
*>nel-h\se1 x is call$ ,golgo?a4 ,x is  
light$ by pla9 lancets4    ,!re are only
 a few fragm5ts ( old glass 9 ! w9d[s1  
"s ( !  be/ 7e>ly ,f\rte5? ,c5tury7 is 9
 "o ( ! lancets on ! s\?  side ( !      
,lady-,*apel4 ,! subjects are ,*ri/     
surr\nd$ by symbols  ( ! ,f\r           
,evangeli/s2 ,lamb & flag2 ,angel &     
,m>ys at !  ,sepul*re2 ,crucifixion2    
,*ri/ c>ry+ ! ,cross4    ,a w9d[ 9 !    

nor?-ea/ transept conta9s ,f\rte5?      
,c5tury glass1  re/or$ by ,w>r+ton 9    
#ahfd3 ,/4 ,ka!r9e2 ,/4 ,mi*ael2 ,/4    
,gregory2  & ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury4 ,9
 ! s\?-ea/ transept a simil>  w9d[      
exhibits ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e2 ,/4        
,e!lb]t2 ,/4 ,augu/9e2 &  ,/4 ,george4  
,! _m memorial w9d[s d n call           
,illu/ration3 ,,h]e=d3 ,,*oir           
,illu/ration3 ,,worce/]3 ,,s\?-,,we/    
= special att5tion4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 9 ! nor?
 transept1 erect$ to  ,ar*deacon ,lane  
,fre]1 is to be notic$ on acc\nt ( !    
trac]y4 ,x is  "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ,engl& ( !
 p]iod ( ,edw>d ,i4    ,f ! s\?-ea/     
transept we ent] a n>r[ passage1 !      
,vic>s'  ,cloi/]1 t leads to ! ,college 
( ,vic>s-,*oral 7#acif74 ,x is a        
picturesque quadrangle ) an inn] cloi/] 
7,p]p5dicul>1 ab\t  #adgd74    ,!       
,bi%op's ,palace lies s\?1 betwe5 !     
,ca!dral & ! riv]  ,wye4                
,,worce/]         ,,d$ication3 ,,!      
,,bless$ ,,virg91 ,,/4 ,,pet] ,,& ,,!   
,,holy ,,confessors1       ,,oswald ,,& 

,,wul/an4 ,,=m]ly ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,a     
,,b5$ict9e ,,mona/]y4         ,,special 
,,features3 ,,nave2 ,,*oir-,,/alls2     
,,tomb ,,( ,,k+ ,,john2 ,,*antry ,,(    
,,pr9ce ,,ar?ur2 ,,arcade ,,across      
,,transepts ,,& ,,lady-,,*apel2 ,,crypt4
      ,! ,ca!dral ( ,worce/] is sev]e & 
pla92 b its v sev]ity  appeals to "s    
critics1 z d ! g5]al l9es ( ! entire    
edifice4         8,! beautiful          
proportions ( ! great t[] h>monise s    
well       ) ! g5]al plan & mass ( ! re/
 ( ! fabric t       al?\gh x has no     
pride ( place l ,durham or ,l9coln1 x   
/ill       dom9ates ! :ole city &       
vic9ity 9 a great & unmi/akable         
mann]4 ,! flat mead[-l& ( ! ,sev]n      
valley 9 ?is "p (       ! c\nty1 unbrok5
 we/w>d up to ! v foot ( ! ,malv]n      
hills1 gives ! ,ca!dral on ?is side !   
importance ( ! *ief       feature 9 _m  
miles ( l&scape4 ,& z "o approa*es f !  
ea/w>d1 ov] ! slight em95ces on :i* !   
battle (       ,worce/] 0 *iefly f\ght1 
a glimpse ( ! t[] is !       e>lie/     

evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! city40--7,e4 ,f4
 ,s47    ,! hi/ory ( ,worce/] ,ca!dral  
beg9s ) ,oswald1 a ,b5$ict9e  monk1     
consecrat$ ,bi%op ( ,worce/] by ,dun/an 
9 #ifa4 ,oswald's  ca!dral1 f9i%$ 9     
#ihc1 0 de/roy$ by ! ,danes 9 #ajda1 &  
rebuilt 9 #ajhd-ajhi by ,wul/an1 a monk 
( ,worce/]1 :o became ,bi%op  9 #ajfb4  
,wul/an plac$ 8 *ur* a little to ! s\? (
 ! fir/  "o4 ,8 crypt /ill rema9s1--!   
mo/ fam\s crypt 9 ,engl&4  ,wul/an's    
tomb 0 miracul\sly pres]v$ :5 a fire    
burn$ p>ts (  ! ca!dral 9 #aaac1 eight  
ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,miracles 7  p]=m$ &  
cures effect$4 ,f9ally 9 #abjc ,wul/an 0
 canoniz$4    ,:5 ,k+ ,john di$ 9 #abaf1
 he 0 buri$ be=e ! ,high ,alt> betwe5  !
 tombs ( ,oswald & ,wul/an4    ,!       
,ca!dral 0 d$icat$ 9 #abah 9 ! pres5ce (
 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii4  & bi%ops1 abbots1    
priors & nobles f all p>ts ( ! k+dom4   
,! *ur* suff]$ f fires & /orms2 & !     
c5tral t[] fell 9  #aage4 ,rebuild+ 0   
frequ5tly a necessity2 &1 !re=e1 _m     
/yles  are to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! fabric4 

,repairs 7 und]tak5 betwe5 #agjb &      
#agab1 :5 ! *oir 0 pav$  & :5 x is      
suppos$ t ! spires on ! corn]s ( !      
presbyt]y1 transepts & nave 7 add$4     
,an important s]ies ( repairs &         
re/orations 7 und]tak5 by  ,wilk9son f  
#agdh to #agef4 ,at ?is p]iod         8!
 nor? end ( ! nave transept 0 rebuilt1 !
 /one pulpit       remov$ f ! nave to ! 
*oir1 & ! latt] re-pav$ )       blue &  
:ite /one4 ,! old "r-(-way ?r\gh !      
ca!dral       0 replac$ by a m prop] &  
conv5i5t passage r\nd ! we/       end2 &
 _m grave/ones 7 remov$ f ! floors ( !  
side       aisles ( ! *oir1 & f ! nave1 
:i* 7 re-pav$ )       :ite /one4 ,!     
,jesus ,*apel 0 op5$ to ! nave & ! font 
!re9 erect$4         8,! great fly+     
buttresses at ! ea/ end 7 erect$ betwe5 
#agcf & #aghi4 ,! great we/ w9d[ 0      
rebuilt 9 #aghi1 & t       ( ! ea/ end 9
 #agib4 ,9 #ahab a new alt>-scre5 &     
*oir-scre5 7 built1 & ! tall p9nacles   
tak5 d[n aft]       #ahcb4         8,9  
#aheg began ! great re/oration ( !      

ca!dral "u !       auspices ( ,mr4      
,p]k9s1 ! ar*itect to ! dean & *apt]1   
^: "w 0 cont9u$ & amplifi$ by ,sir      
,gilb]t ,scott1 :o       0 employ$ aft] 
#ahfd4         8,! results ( ?is        
re/oration1 probably ! mo/ complete &   
f>-rea*+ und]gone by any ,briti%        
ca!dral1 include !       ext]ior &      
int]ior ( ! t[]1 ! pavem5ts ?r\gh\t !   
build+2 ! decoration ( ! *oir &         
,lady-*apel2 all !       w9d[s1 & almo/ 
! :ole ( ! furniture & fitt+s1          
includ+ a new r]$os1 *oir-scre51 organ &
 pulpit4 ,!       re/or$ ca!dral 0      
reop5$1 ) a magnific5t *oral s]vice     
on ! #h? ( ,april1 #ahgd4 ,s9ce t date  
_m additions h be5       made1 spl5did  
evid5ces ( ! survival ( ! old local     
patriotism2 = almo/ ev]y?+ is due to !  
munific5ce (       local donors40--7,e4 
,f4 ,s47    ,! *ief feature is ! c5tral 
,t[]1 suppos$ to h be5 complet$  9      
#acgd4 ,x has be5 re/or$ c>efully4      
8,x is ( two /ages4 ,! fir/ has two     
lancets on ea* side1       )9 an arcade 

( sev5 bays4 ,ea* ( ! upp] /ages has two
       l\vr$ w9d[s surm\nt$ by crocket$ 
canopies1 & ornam5t$ by       ?ree l>ge 
sculptur$ figures 9 ni*es1 ( ! :ole     
twelve (       :i*1 six are mod]n4 ,!   
:ole is cr[n$ by an op5 rail1 or        
p>apet1 ) six spirelets on ei!r side & a
 crocket$ p9nacle       at ea*          
corn]40--7,e4 ,f4 ,s47    ,! ,we/ ,end  
conta9s "o l>ge mod]n w9d[ ( eight      
lights ) a  :eel w9d[ above4 ,! gable1 )
 ?ree small lancet w9d[s1 is  surm\nt$  
by a cross & flank$ by two buttresses   
topp$ by p9nacles4  ,! doorway 9 ! we/  
front is also mod]n 7#aheg-ahgc72 b p>ts
 (  ! old ,norman doorway h be5 ins]t$4 
,on ! nor? side1 ! ,nor? ,por* 7#bd feet
 long & #h feet broad7  consi/s ( two   
bays4 ,! front 0 re/or$4 ,! sculptur$   
figures 9  ! canopi$ ni*es are ,*ri/ & !
 ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,above ^! is a  r[ ( 
sa9ts & !n ,p]p5dicul> battlem5ts4 ,an  
ext]ior turret  & /aircase lead to !    
rooms above x1 occupi$ by ! port]4 ,two 
bays1 ea* ) a w9d[1 foll[2 !n comes !   

,jesus ,*apel2 !n "o  m bay2 & !n !     
nor?-transept1 ) its gable1 cross &     
p9nacles2 !n f\r m bays2 !n ! *oir2 !n  
?ree m bays2  &1 f9ally1 ! ,lady-,*apel4
 ,! s\? side is simil>1 ) !  exception (
 ! project+ ,*apel ( ,/4 ,john4         
,p9nacles are a /rik+ feature on all    
sides ( ! edifice4    ,on ent]+ we are  
/ruck ) ! long vi/a1 = ! clos$          
*oir-scre51 f\nd 9 s _m ,engli%         
ca!drals1 is conspicu\sly  abs5t4 ,!    
proportions ( ! ,nave are ju/ly admir$4 
,x         8consi/s ( n9e bays1 ( :i* ! 
two we/]nmo/ are ( widely       diff]5t 
"* & date f ! rema9+ sev54 ,its bread?1 
includ+ ! aisles1 is #gh feet1 its l5g? 
#agj feet1 & its       height #fh feet2 
:i* dim5sions may be comp>$ ) ^? (      
,salisbury1 #hb feet1 #bbi feet #f      
in*es1 & #ha feet2 & ( ,wells1       #hb
 feet1 #afa feet1 & #fg feet1           
respectively4 ,! two we/]n       sev]ies
 are ( great int]e/4 ,! pi] ar*es are   
po9t$1 b       rise f ,late ,norman     
capitals2 ! tri=ium /ages h ea* two     

?ree-light r\nd-head$ w9d[s1 ( :i* !    
c5tre "o is       consid]ably ! highe/1 
surm\nt$ ) zigzag ornam5t &             
decorat$ ) *>act]i/ic loz5ges1 ! :ole   
enclos$ )9 a       po9t$ m\ld+4 ,!      
cl]e/ory has1 9 ea* bay1 a c5tral       
r\nd-head$ light1 ) ,norman ornam5t     
above x1 flank$ by blank       po9t$    
w9d[s1 consid]ably small]4         8,on 
! nor? side1 ! :ole ( ! walls ( ! five  
ea/]n       bays1 & ! pi] ar*es ( ! next
 two t[>ds ! we/ belong       to !      
,decorat$ p]iod1 & may be dat$ betwe5   
#acag & #acbg4       ,! rema9d] ( ! two 
latt] bays & ! :ole ( ! sev5       ea/]n
 bays ( ! s\? side are v e>ly           
,p]p5dicul>4 ,willis       consid]s t   
?is "w 0 probably begun 9 ! middle ( !  
f\rte5? c5tury1 & complet$ by ! date ( !
 vault+ (       ! nave1 #acgg1 :i* w\ld 
e/abli% x z "o ( ! e>lie/       specim5s
 ( ,p]p5dicul> "w 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! tri=ium
       arcade consi/s ( two po9t$ ar*es1
 ea* subdivid$ aga9 into       two2 & ! 
cl]e/ory has a l>ge c5tral light1 ) a   

small]       light on ei!r side 9 ea*   
bay4 ,on ! nor? side ^! are !           
ord9>y po9t$ ar*es ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod2 
on ! s\? !       lat]al ar*es are       
/raight sid$1 & ! c5tral ar* only has a 
small curve on jo9+ ! v]tical pi]s4     
,simil> ar*es1 b a       c5tury e>li] 9 
date1 occur 9 ! nor? transepts ( ,h]e=d 
& ( ,ro*e/] ,ca!drals40--7,e4 ,f4 ,s47  
,! vault+ 0 f9i%$ 9 #acgg4 ,! glass ( ! 
w9d[s is mod]n1  z is also ! h&some     
pulpit1 design$ by ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott1 
,italian  9 /yle & made ( alaba/] & grey
 & gre5 m>ble4    ,! monum5ts & tombs   
call = no special description1 ) !      
exception ( ! alt>-tomb ( ,john         
,beau*amp1 f\r? bay f ! ea/4  ,x dates f
 ! e>ly ,fifte5? ,c5tury & is panell$ 9 
five  comp>tm5ts ) col\r$ armorial      
be>+s4 ,! knight lies "h 9  full arm\r1 
) po9t$ bas9et1 sleeveless jupon &      
baldric4 ,8  lady beside him is 9 !     
co/ume ( ! p]iod4 ,h] head re/s on a    
swan & a dog lies at h] feet4    ,!     
,nor? aisle 7#acag-acbg7 is ,decorat$4  

,beyond ! nor? por*1 we  come to ,jesus 
,*apel1 enclos$ by a /one scre5         
7,p]p5dicul>7 &  conta9+ a wood5 alt> ) 
a full-size ,madonna & ,*ild4    ,!     
,nor? transept is a mixture ( ,norman & 
,p]p5dicul>4 ,x consi/s  ( two bays2 & 9
 ! nor?-we/ corn] is ! circul>          
/air-turret4  ,! ,s\? transept is simil>
 to ! nor?1 & has1 likewise1 a          
/air-turret 9 ! s\?-we/ corn]4          
,illu/ration3 ,,worce/]3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/  
,illu/ration3 ,,worce/]3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/  
,! we/ w9d[ is ( ,p]p5dicul> trac]y4 ,a 
f9e ,norman ar*1 p>tly  clos$ by a      
,p]p5dicul> scre51 m>ks ! entrance to ! 
,*apel (  ,/4 ,john4 ,bo? transepts are 
aisleless4 ,! ,s\? aisle ( ! nave is    
,norman & ,transitional4 ,! ,font is    
mod]n4    ,! ,*oir 0 begun 9 #abbd4 ,!  
ea/]n transepts 7 add$ at !  same "t4 ,a
 little ( ! old ,norman "w betrays      
itself "h &  !re4 ,no "o seems to "k :y 
,bi%op ,godfrey de ,giff>d 7#abfh-acja7 
plac$ gild$ brass r+s ar\nd ! columns1  
unless x 0 = ! sake  ( add+ extra /r5g?4

         8,! beauty ( ! pi]-ar*es & ^? (
 ! tri=ium1 reliev$       s h&somely by 
! black %afts ( ,purbeck m>ble be>+     
,bi%op       ,giff>d's brass r+s1 & by !
 f9ely proportion$ sp&rels (       ea*  
bay1 is by no means to be "u-e/imat$4   
8,! *oir is ( five bays1 includ+ ! ea/]n
 cross+1 :i*       is ( great] wid? ?an 
! o!rs4 ,! pi]-ar* m\ld+s are (         
two patt]ns1 "o v simil> to ^? ( ! *oir 
& presbyt]y       at ,salisbury1 hav+ "o
 ( ! ribs flank$ by a d\ble range (     
dog-too?4 ,! pi]s !mselves1 z well z ^? 
9 !       ,lady-*apel1 are octagonal1 & 
h deta*$ ,purbeck %afts1       elev5 (  
:i* are fix$ ) a n>r[ c\rse ( m>ble     
embrac+       ! %aft 9 ! mann] ( a r+2 &
 ! rema9+ eight )       brass r+s2 ! two
 processes be+ us$ symmetrically1 s t   
%afts simil>ly fix$ /& opposite to ea*  
o!r4         8,! tri=ium consi/s ( two  
l>ge ar*es 9 ea* bay1 subdivid$         
aga9 into two4 ,dur+ ! re/oration !     
pill>s1 :i* _h be5       :itewa%$1 7    
re/or$ to _! orig9al ri* black col\r1 & 

! r+s :i* b9d !m made visible4 ,!       
sculptures 9 !       sp&rels are        
re/orations by ,b\lton4 ,! inn] wall ( !
       tri=ium walk is decorat$ ) a     
f9ely-proportion$ arcade1       :i* adds
 greatly to ! g5]al effect4 ,! cl]e/ory 
has a       triplet ( po9t$ lights 9 ea*
 bay1 ! c5tre "o be+       consid]ably  
high] ?an ^? at ! side1 al?\gh !y rise f
       pill>s ( equal height4 ,! vault (
 ! ro( spr+s1 9 ea*       sev]y1 f a    
s+le %aft t]m9at$ ) a foliat$ capital2 x
       is simple 9 "*1 & 0 probably     
complet$ be=e ! end       ( ! fir/ half 
( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! elaborate pavem5t
       ( ,devon%ire m>ble & encau/ic    
tiles is mod]n40--7,e4 ,f4 ,s47    ,!   
,*oir-/alls 7re/or$7 date f #acgi4 ,!   
?irty-sev5 mis]]e  seats repres5t       
,biblical1 my?ological & contempor>y    
figures4    ,! ,r]$os1 beh9d ! ,high    
,alt>1 compos$ ( alaba/]1 inlaid )      
col\r$ m>bles1 lapis lazuli1 agates &   
mala*ite1 is mod]n4 ,!  ,bi%op's ,?rone 
is also mod]n2 b ! ri*ly c>v$ ,pulpit ( 

:ite  /one dates f ab\t #afcj4 ,x be>s !
 arms ( ,engl&1 ,france1  ,scotl& &     
,irel&4    ,9 ! c5tre ( ! *oir 9 front (
 ! alt> /eps /&s ! ,tomb  ( ,k+ ,john4  
,:5 ,john di$ 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,new>k 9     
#abaf1 8 body  0 br\ght to ,worce/]     
,ca!dral & buri$ be=e ! ,high ,alt>4 ,9 
#agig ! tomb 0 op5$4 ,! effigy1 n[      
gild$1 is ! e>lie/ royal  effigy 9      
,engl&4 ,x dates f ! e>ly ,?irte5?      
,c5tury & is  probably a good lik5ess ( 
! ,magna ,*>ta k+4 ,bloxam's description
  9 #ahfb1 gives an idea ( its orig9al  
appe>ance3         8,! effigy 0         
orig9ally ! cov] ( ! /one c(f9 9 :i*    
! rema9s ( t mon>* 7 deposit$ 9 ! ,*apel
 ( !       ,virg91 at ! ea/ end ( !     
ca!dral4 ,! alt> tomb is ( a       mu*  
lat] p]iod1 probably con/ruct$ e>ly 9 ! 
sixte5?       c5tury1 :5 ! tomb ( ,pr9ce
 ,ar?ur 0 erect$4444 ,! sides       (   
?is tomb are divid$ into ?ree squ>e     
comp>tm5ts by panell$       buttresses2 
ea* comp>tm5t conta9s a %ield be>+ !    
royal       arms )9 a quatrefoil ri*ly  

cusp$2 ! sp&rels are also       foliat$ 
& cusp$4444 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! effigy ( !  
k+1       sculptur$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( !     
,?irte5? ,c5tury1 &       probably !    
e>lie/ sepul*ral effigy 9 ! ca!dral1 to 
:i*       our *ief att5tion %\ld be     
drawn4 ,?is effigy repres5ts him 9      
! royal habilim5ts2 fir/1 ! tunic1      
yell[1 or ( clo? (       gold1 rea*+    
ne>ly to ! ankles1 ) close-fitt+        
sleeves1 (       :i* little is app>5t4  
,ov] ! tunic is se5 ! dalmatic1 ( a     
crimson col\r1 ) wide sleeves edg$ ) a  
gold & jewell$       bord]1 & girt ab\t 
! wai/ by a girdle buckl$ 9 front1 !    
p5dant end ( ! girdle1 :i* is jewell$1  
fall+ d[n z l[       z ! skirt ( !      
dalmatic4 ,( ! yell[ mantle l9$ ) gre5  
little is visible4 ,on ! feet are black 
%oes1 to ! heels (       :i* are affix$ 
spurs4 ,on ! h&s are gloves1 jewell$ at 
!       back2 ! "r h& held a sceptre1 ! 
l[] portion ( :i*       only is left2 ! 
left grasps ! hilt ( ! sword4 ,on ! head
 is       ! cr[n2 !re are m\/a*es &     

be>d1 & ! light-br[n hair       is long4
 ,on ei!r side ( ! head is ! figure ( a 
bi%op       hold+ a c5s]1 p]haps int5d$ 
to repres5t ,/4 ,oswald & ,/4           
,wul/an1 betwe5 ^: tombs ! k+ 0 int]r$ 9
 ! ,*apel (       ! ,virg940    ,on !   
s\? side ( ! sanctu>y we f9d ! ,*antry (
 ,pr9ce ,ar?ur1  son ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 :o 
di$ at ,ludl[ ,ca/le 9 #aejb4 ,?is is ! 
mo/  fam\s piece ( "w 9 ! ,ca!dral1 & "o
 ( ! be/ examples (  ,tudor ar*itecture 
9 exi/5ce4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 #aejd1 &       
8consi/s ( six bays ( op5 trac]y divid$ 
by panels ( canopi$       ni*es conta9+ 
figures & h]aldic be>+s surm\nt$ by a   
battlem5t$ rail & p9nacles4 ,)9 is a    
ri*ly gro9$ ro(1       ) unusual fly+   
supports1 ea/ & we/4 ,at ! ea/ end are  
! mutilat$ rema9s ( a ri* /one r]$os1   
conta9+ a figure       ( our ,"l1 & o!rs
 h>dly recognisable1 :i* 0 above !      
alt> =m]ly plac$ "h4 ,at ! we/ end is a 
small figure (       ,h5ry ,,vii4 seat$4
         8,! tomb itself ( ! ,pr9ce /&s 
9 ! c5tre ( ! *antry4       ,x is       

s+ul>ly pla91 9 contra/ to ! ri*ness (  
its       surr\nd+s1 almo/ ! only       
ornam5t be+ ! arms ( ,engl&       &     
,france )9 panels on ! sides4 ,ar\nd !  
top runs a       pa9t$ inscription1     
obvi\sly a late sub/itute = a brass :i* 
has be5 remov$1 to ?is effect3 #8,"h    
lye? buri$ pr9ce ,ar?ur1       ! fir/   
begott5 sonne ( ! righte r5[n$ ,k+e h5ry
 !       ,sev5!1 :i*e noble ,pr9ce      
dep>t$ oute ( ?is transitory life       
ate ! ,ca/le ( ,ludl[e1 9 ! sev5te5?    
ye]e ( hys fa!r's       reign1 & 9 !    
ye]e ( our ,lorde god on ?\s&e fyve     
hundr$       & two4'0--7,e4 ,f4 ,s47    
,! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,john1 project+ f two   
bays ( !  s\?-*oir-aisle1 is on ! site (
 a ,norman *apel4 ,! ,norman ar* at  !  
we/ end is its f9e/ feature4 ,x has ?ree
 w9d[s fill$ )  mod]n glass & a pisc9a 9
 ! s\? wall4    ,! ,ea/]n transepts dem&
 c>eful att5tion4         8,! design ( !
 walls 444 is extremely beautiful4 ,two 
l(ty       triplets ( lancet lights are 
plac$ ! "o above ! o!r4 ,!       l[]    

triplet has a gall]y 9 front ( x        
imm$iately above !       arcad$ wall1 & 
at ! same level z ! sill ( ! adjac5t    
side aisle w9d[s4 ,! upp] triplet has a 
simil> gall]y at !       level ( !      
tri=ium4 ,ri* clu/]$ %afts rise f ! l[] 
gall]y 9 two ord]s2 ! inn] ord] c>ries  
mold$ ar*es to       correspond ) !     
heads ( ! l[] triplet2 ! %afts ( !      
out] ord] rise f ! l[] gall]y up to !   
impo/ ( !       upp] triplet1 gr\p+     
!mselves ) ! %afts t /& 9       front ( 
! upp] triplet1 & unit+ 9 "o gr\p (     
capitals at       ! impo/1 :]e !y c>ry a
 range ( ?ree ar*es ) deep ri*          
m\ld+s4 ,?us ! entire composition       
repres5ts a gigantic w9d[       ( six   
lights40--7,w47    ,"o ( ! f9e/ features
 ( ! ,ca!dral is ! arcade t runs  along 
! :ole ext5t ( ! ea/]n transepts &      
across !  ,lady-,*apel4         8,?is is
 a s]ies ( trefoil head$ arcades ( ?ree 
m\ld+s1       re/+ on sl5d] ,e>ly       
,engli% %afts1 ea* sp&rel hav+ be5      
fill$ ) c>v+s :i* take high rank among !

 be/ ( !       ,engli% s*ool ( !        
,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,!y h n[ be51 to a    
great ext5t1 re/or$ 7by ,b\lton71 & _m1 
includ+ all at !       ea/ end1 are     
entirely new4 ,! be/ ( ! old ones are   
figur$ by       ,aldis2 & ! mo/ int]e/+1
 :e!r entirely anci5t or p>tly          
re/or$1 are z foll[s1 />t+ f ! we/ wall 
( !       s\?-ea/]n transept3           
8,two crusad]s fight+ a lion4 ,a c5taur4
 ,an angel weigh+ a       s\l1 & ! devil
 pull+ d[n ! scale4 ,devils roa/+ a s\l 
9 hell4 ,! ,jaws ( ,dea?4 ,a body borne 
to burial4 ,expulsion (       ,adam &   
,eve4 ,an angel lead+ a righte\s s\l to 
heav54 ,! dead       ris+ f c(f9s4 ,*ri/
 en?ron$4 ,! ar*angel bl[+ !       la/  
trump4 ,an angel hold+ a cross4         
8,s\? ,aisle4--,two monks build+4 ,a    
que5 in/ruct+ an       ar*itect4 ,two   
monks discuss+ plans4 ,a devil ) bird's 
claws1       rid+ on a man's %\ld]s4 ,! 
,crucifixion4                           
8,lady-,*apel4--,c5taur & crusad]4      
,prophets & ,bible subjects             

7mod]n71 grotesque4         8,nor?      
,aisle4--,bi%op (f]+ a model ( ! ca!dral
 at an       alt> 7p]haps ,bi%op ,h5ry  
de ,blois1 d4 #abcf74 ,! ,annunciation4 
,! ,visitation4 ,! ,nativity4           
8,nor? ,transept4--,old ,te/am5t        
subjects4 ,a bi%op4 ,a monk       *a/is+
 a novice40--7,e4 ,f4 ,s47    ,! trac]y 
( ! w9d[s 9 ! *oir aisles & !           
,lady-,*apel is  mod]n1 patt]n$ on ,e>ly
 ,engli% models4 ,! entire ea/ wall is  
mod]n4 ,! w9d[ consi/s ( five lights 9  
two ti]s4 ,! glass dates  f #ahfj &     
repres5ts ! ,crucifixion & ! ,asc5sion4 
,9 ! s\? aisle ( ! ,lady-,*apel we      
notice "o ( ! f9e/  effigies 9 ! build+4
 ,x is a ,f\rte5? ,c5tury lady1 ^: left 
h& holds ! cord ( h] cloak4 ,a little   
dog lies at h] feet4 ,x is  int]e/+ to  
comp>e ?is ) ano!r unkn[n effigy ( a    
lady ( !  ,?irte5? ,c5tury 9 ! nor?     
aisle ( ! ,lady-,*apel4 ,! left h&      
holds a glove4    ,9 front ( ! alt> & on
 ! floor ( ! ,lady-,*apel are !         
effigies ( ,bi%op ,william de ,blois    

7di$ #abcf7 & 8 successor ,bi%op  ,walt]
 de ,cantelupe 7di$ #abfe74 ,! latt] is 
9 high] relief ?an !  =m] & 0 orig9ally 
set ) gems4 ,9 ! nor? aisle we mu/ also 
note ! l>ge effigy ( ,sir ,james de     
,beau*amp1 9 complete arm\r )  surcoat &
 long %ield ( ,h5ry ,,iii4's reign4     
,b5ea? ! r]$os lies  ! ri*ly rob$ figure
 ( ,haw=d1 ,dean ( ,worce/] 9           
#aeec-aeeg4 ,on  ! s\? side lies        
,william1 ,e>l ( ,dudley1 9 :ite m>ble  
on ar*es  ( alaba/]4 ,! ,lady-,*apel is 
( ! same date z ! *oir4    ,f ! s\?     
transept ( ! nave we ent] ! fam\s       
,crypt1 :i*  dates f #ajhd4 ,x 0 built  
aft] t ( ,w9*e/] 7#ajgi7 & be=e  ^? (   
,gl\ce/] 7#ajhi7 & ,cant]bury 7#ajif74  
,?ree r[s ( pill>s  =m f\r walks1 ) an  
out] aisle ( two r[s ( pill>s4 ,x 0     
surr\nd$ by sev]al *apels1 b only !     
s\!rn *apel is n[  accessible4 ,! pill>s
 are admir$ = _! grace & lightness1 :5  
illum9at$4 ,x sugge/s ! ,mosque (       
,cordova4 ,9 comp>+ ! crypts  ( ,w9*e/]1
 ,gl\ce/]1 ,cant]bury1 & ,worce/]1      

,willis says3         8,! height ( all  
^! crypts is ne>ly ! same2 s t at       
,w9*e/] & ,gl\ce/] ! ar*es are flatt5$  
into ellipses1       ! pill>s are l[ &  
squat1 & ! crypts appe> z sepul*ral     
vaults2 :ile at ,worce/]1 :]e ! ar*es   
are semicircul> &       ! pill>s m      
sl5d]1 ! crypt is a complex & beautiful 
temple40    ,! ,cloi/]s =m an irregul>  
quadrangle enclos+ a lovely gre5  g>?1  
#hc feet squ>e4 ,! ro( ( ! walks is     
ri*ly vault$4 ,!  glass 9 ! w9d[s 9 !   
s\? alley depict$ ! hi/ory &  miracles (
 ,/4 ,wul/an1 b ! glass 0 de/roy$ by !  
,puritans4    ,beyond ! s\? walk is !   
,refectory1 a h&some build+ ( r$        
s&/one1 dat+ f ab\t #acgb4 ,x is n[ us$ 
z a class-room ( !  ,ca!dral ,s*ool     
f\nd$ by ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! monks'    
lavatory  occupies two bays 9 ! nor?    
alley4    ,f ! we/ walk we ent] !       
,*apt]-,h\se1 orig9ally a ,norman       
build+ ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 ,x 0 repair$
 ab\t #adjj1 :5 !  ,norman w9d[s &      
vaults 7 supplant$ by ^? we n[ see4 ,!  

pres5t ,*apt]-,h\se         8consi/s (  
t5 bays1 ) a ,p]p5dicul> vault$ ro( ris+
       f a c5tral ,norman ,column4 ,ea* 
bay conta9s a light trac]i$       w9d[1 
( :i* two are entirely1 & two half1     
block$ up4 ,bel[       ^! is a s]ies (  
slightly holl[$ ni*es 9 grey1 blue &    
yell[ /one 9 alt]nate c\rses1 re/+ on   
?ree c\rses (       r\gh r$ masonry4 ,^!
 ni*es h slight traces ( anci5t         
fresco pa9t+2 !y are surm\nt$ by an     
arcade ( int]sect+       circul> ar*es  
conta9+ small] ar*es4 ,simil>           
ornam5tation is       to be f\nd 9 !    
*apt]-h\ses at ,bri/ol & ,ro*e/]1 & 9   
! ext]nal wall ( ,ernulf's crypt at     
,cant]bury40--7,e4 ,f4 ,s47             
,,li*field         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4    
,,*ad ,,& ,,/4 ,,m>y4 ,a ,,*ur* ,,s]v$  
,,by ,,secul>       ,,canons4           
,,special ,,features3 ,,spires2 ,,we/   
,,front2 ,,nave2 ,,lady-,,*apel2        
,,h]k5rode       ,,glass4      ,li*field
 is fam$ = its ?ree beautiful spires1 ! 
only *ur* 9  ,engl& ) ?is di/+ui%+      

feature4 ,!y are locally kn[n z         
8,ladies ( ! ,vale10 or 8,ladies ( !    
,valley40    ,! c5tral spire1 :i* always
 gr\ps s *>m+ly ) ! two t  rise above ! 
we/ front1 dates f ! ,re/oration1 & is  
an  imitation ( ! we/]n ones4 ,its      
pr$ecessor1 de/roy$ dur+ !  ,civil ,w>s1
 0 suppos$ to h be5 rebuilt ab\t #abej4 
,! two  we/]n spires are said to h be5  
built by ,rog] de ,norbury              
7#acbb-acei71 b ! nor?-we/ "o 0 rebuilt 
9 ,p]p5dicul> times  9 imitation ( !    
e>li] /yle4 ,! s\?-we/1 or ,jesus ,t[]1 
also  ! belfry1 got its "n f ! ,jesus   
,bell1 giv5 by ,dean ,heyw>d 9  #adgg1 &
 de/roy$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,! ,jesus  
is a little high]  ?an ! o!r t[]4 ,bo?  
spires are octagonal4 ,at int]vals !y   
are  brok5 by w9d[s4         8,( all !  
ca!dral *ur*es ( ,engl&1 ,li*field may  
be said to       be ! mo/ lovely4 ,o!r  
ca!drals are l>g]--inde$1 ?is is        
"o ( ! smalle/2--_m are gr&]1 or m      
magnific5t2 b       = simple beauty1 =  
*>m1 = delicacy ( con/ruction &         

appe>ance1 ,li*field may rightly claim  
to take ! =emo/ place4                  
,pet]bor\gh1 :5 we /& inside ! we/ door 
& look d[n its       l9e ( enorm\s pi]s1
 fills u ) awe at its imm5sity &        
,illu/ration3 ,,li*field3 ,,we/ ,,front 
,illu/ration3 ,,li*field3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/ 
/r5g?2 a feel+ :i* is p]haps a little   
impair$ by !       pres5t position ( its
 /alls4 ,salisbury appeals to u ) its   
p]fect simplicity & symmetry1 & ,york ) 
its unequall$       gr&eur & spl5d\r2 b 
aft] view+ all ! ca!drals (             
,engl&1 x is ,li*field :i* is mo/ likely
 to be rememb]$       among !m = some?+ 
:i* may be mo/ aptly call$ *>m4 ,:at    
c be m delightful ?an ! view :i*        
confronts ! travell]       :o1 approa*+ 
f ! t[n1 pauses to look across ! sp>kl+ 
wat] ( ! pool at ! ?ree graceful spires 
/&+ out amid a       weal? ( gre5 trees 
& %rubs8 ,truly a picture to be long    
rememb]$4         8,! ca!dral /&s 9 a   
close :i* 0 once surr\nd$ by       /rong
 walls ) ba/ions & a moat4 ,nature _h   

suppli$ ! moat       on ! s\? side1 & ! 
,ca!dral ,pool1 z x is n[ call$1 is     
/ill !re4 ,! artificial moat has be5    
dra9$1 b its c\rse       c be easily    
trac$ runn+ r\nd ! bi%op's palace1 & its
       wat] has be5 replac$ by lovely   
g>d5s & gravel walks4 ,"s       bits ( !
 old wall rema91 ! nor?-ea/ ba/ion 9 !  
palace       g>d5s & a turret on a h\se 
at ! s\? corn]3 ! #8beautiful           
gates' ( ,bi%op ,langton are gone2 b 9 !
 ,vic>s' ,close at !       we/ ( !      
ca!dral are two small irregul> c\rty>ds 
)       h\ses s old t we feel sure t _! 
wood5 beams & pla/]       7 !re :5 !    
,royali/s ( ! neighb\rhood h\s$         
!mselves )9 ! =tifi$ close4         8,! 
close is n l>ge1 & ( c\rse1 z ,li*field 
is a ca!dral       ( ! old e/abli%m5t1  
!re are no mona/ical build+s1 no        
ru9$ cloi/]s4 ,on ! nor? side ! gr\nd   
rises rapidly 9 a       grassy slope to 
a t]race1 beh9d :i* are "s ( ! canons'  
h\ses4 ,opposite ! nor? transept is !   
dean]y1 a sub/antial       r$ brick h\se

 9 ! /yle ( ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury2    
next to x1 & f>!r ea/1 is ! bi%op's     
palace40--7,a4 ,b4 ,c47    ,li*field 0  
built 9 ! ,?irte5? & ,f\rte5? ,c5turies 
& is1  !re=e1 almo/ entirely 9 ! /yles (
 ,e>ly ,engli% & ,decorat$4  ,! ,e>ly   
,engli% may be /udi$ 9 ! transepts :i* 7
 begun  fir/2 ,e>ly ,decorat$ 9 ! nave2 
& fully develop$ ,decorat$ 9  !         
,lady-,*apel & ,presbyt]y4    ,!re is a 
curi\s simil>ity betwe5 ! build+ (      
,li*field &  ,york3         8,! ,norman 
,ca!dral ( ,york 0 built 9 #ajhj1 & t ( 
,li*field at an unc]ta9 date4 ,betwe5   
#aaed-aaha1 ,ar*bi%op ,rog]             
sub/itut$ = ! orig9al *ancel at ,york a 
long1 squ>e-end$       *oir1 ) ! aisle  
c>ri$ beh9d ! end4 ,at ,li*field1 dur+  
! same p]iod1 ! l>ge *apel 0 built at ! 
end ( !       ,norman apse2 & ab\t !    
beg9n+ ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury !       :ole
 ,norman ea/]n t]m9ation 01 z at ,york1 
replac$ by a       long1 squ>e-end$ *oir
 ) ! l[ aisles beh9d4 ,next1 at ,york   
! ,norman transepts 7 rebuilt 9 ,e>ly   

,engli%3 ! s\?       transept1          
#abcj-abda2 foll[$ by ! nor? transept1  
#abda-abfj4       ,also at ,li*field !  
,norman transepts 7 rebuilt 9 ,e>ly     
,engli%1 beg9n+ ) ! s\? & end+ ) ! nor?4
 ,!       ,e>ly ,engli% "w ( ?is ca!dral
 is %[n by ! lic5ses to       dig /one  
to h be5 9 progress 9 #abce & #abch4    
,york nave &       ,li*field 7 next     
rebuilt 9 ,e>ly ,decorat$--! fir/ 9     
#abia-acbd4 ,la/ly1 at ,li*field1 !     
elongation ( ! ea/]n "p       0 begun at
 ! extreme ea/1 beyond ! exi/+ *oir by !
       ,lady-*apel1 9 late ,decorat$ "u 
,bi%op ,langton1 #abif-acba1 &          
foll[$ by tak+ d[n ! *oir1 & cont9u+ !  
same "w on       its site we/w>d4 ,!    
works at ,york foll[$ 9 ! same ord]1    
b =ty or fifty ye>s lat]1 by fir/ erect+
 ! presbyt]y       outside ! exi/+ *oir1
 & !n tak+ d[n ! latt] &       cont9u+ !
 "w ( ! presbyt]y to =m ! new *oir4 ,!  
plans ( ! two ca!drals rival ea* o!r 9 !
 simplicity (       _!                  
proportions40--7,w47    ,no?+ def9ite is

 kn[n ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is ,ca!dral1 z 
all  records 7 de/roy$ dur+ ! ,civil    
,w>s4 ,9 all probability !re  0 ! same  
old /ory ( a ,saxon *ur* 9 ! ,sev5?     
,c5tury  succe$$ by sev]al o!r *ur*es   
until ! ,norman ,ca!dral 0  built1      
probably l ,pet]bor\gh1 only small]4    
,?is1 ( c\rse1 fell a victim to ! *ange 
( fa%ion1 & 0 pull$  d[n gradually z !  
new build+--! "o we "k to-day--arose4 ,!
  fir/ ?+ t 0 done 0 ! build+ ( a new   
*oir 7,e>ly  ,engli%7 f ! c5tral t[] to 
! sev5? bay ( ! pres5t *oir4  ,"s ( ?is 
0 de/roy$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,! sacri/y & 
adjo9+  room 7 also built4 ,!n1 ab\t    
#abbj1 ! s\? transept 0 begun1  !n !    
nave1 nor? transept & we/ front1 ) ! two
 t[]s4    ,walt] de ,langton            
7#abif-acba7 began ! ,lady-,*apel2 &    
:ile ?is 0  be+ built ! ,e>ly ,engli%   
presbyt]y 0 pull$ d[n & rebuilt 9  !    
,decorat$ /yle1 to be uni=m ) !         
,lady-,*apel4 ,! old  cl]e/ory ( ! *oir 
0 also rebuilt 9 ! same /yle4 ,walt] de 
,langton also built ! ,bi%op's ,palace1 

:i* 0 de/roy$ 9 #afdc1  bridg$ !        
,ca!dral ,pool1 & erect$ a spl5did %r9e 
to ,/4 ,*ad1  :i* co/ #b1jjj4 ,?is /ood 
beh9d ! high alt> 9 ! ea/]n bay  ( !    
retro-*oir1 ) an alt> to ?is sa9t on its
 we/4    ,/4 ,*ad1 or ,ceadda           
7#ffi-fgb71 0 ! patron sa9t ( ,li*field1
 :o1  :5 ,bi%op ( ,m]cia1 *ose ,li*field
 z 8 seat & ?us f\nd$ !  diocese2 & he  
built a small *ur* ne> ,/4 ,*ad's ,well4
 ,8 s]vice  0 %ort & he di$ 9 #fgb4     
,miracles 7 imm$iately p]=m$ at 8 %r9e 9
 ,/[e ,*ur*2 b  8 rema9s 7 remov$ to !  
,ca!dral4 ,/4 ,*ad's ,head 0 plac$ 9  a 
sep>ate *apel 7see page #bac74    ,:5   
,h5ry ,,viii4 despoil$ ! %r9e he f\nd a 
great horde (  treasures--jewels1 gold5 
& silv] crosses1 *alices1 maces1 &      
copes1 & o!r ve/m5ts _h accumulat$ 9    
great numb]4 ,9 !  ,f\rte5? ,c5tury a   
docum5t m5tions 8! head ( ,bless$ ,*ad1 
9 a  c]ta9 pa9t$ wood5 case2 also an arm
 ( ,bless$ ,*ad2 also bones (  ! said   
sa9t 9 a c]ta9 portable %r9e40          
,li*field suff]$ greatly dur+ ! ,civil  

,w>s4 ,! ,royali/s hoi/$  ! k+'s flag on
 ! c5tral /eeple & defi$ ! ,r\ndheads l$
 by  ,"l ,brooke4 ,! ,ca!dral 0 besieg$ 
9 ,m>*1 #afdc2 & on !  second day ( t   
mon?1 :i* happ5$ to be ,/4 ,*ad's ,day1 
,"l  ,brooke 0 kill$ by a %ot fir$ by a 
son ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,dyott1 call$  8,dumb 
,dyott10 because he 0 deaf & dumb4 ,?is 
0 reg>d$ z a  miracle4 ,a contempor>y   
lett] notes3         8,we h _h ! hon\r 9
 ^! p>ts to br+ my ,"l ,brooke to a     
quiet condition4 ,t enemy ( our ,*ur*   
7,m>* #b7 0 sla9 9       8 qu>rel aga9/ 
our ,*ur*1 by ! ,god ( our ,*ur*1 ) a   
%ot out ( ! ,ca!dral1 by a bullet made (
 ,*ur* lead1 ?r\gh       ! m\? :i*      
revil$ our ,*ur*2 & 7if ?is be wor? y\r 
read+7 ?is ,ca!dral 0 d$icat$ to !      
memory ( an old ,saxon       holy man   
7call$ ,ceadda1 commonly ,*ad72 ! bl[ ( 
dea? came       f ,/4 ,*ad's ,*ur* ^u   
,/4 ,*ad's ,day40    ,! ,ca!dral rema9$ 
9 a ru9\s condition = a ye> or m aft]  !
 ,re/oration4 ,!n ,bi%op ,hackett       
7#affa-afga7 w5t to "w to cle>  away !  

rubbi% & make repairs4 ,9 eight ye>s' "t
 ! ,ca!dral  0 ready = a new d$ication4 
,p]p5dicul> trac]y 0 ins]t$ 9 "s ( !    
w9d[s 9 !  ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 :5 !       
,ca!dral 0 at ! height ( its beauty4    
,! pres5t ,we/ ,front is a re/oration ( 
! beautiful "w ( !  ,middle ,ages4    ,9
 #ahbj ! we/ front 0 completely cov]$ ) 
cem5t :i*  conceal$ all its beauty until
 #ahgg1 :5 ! au?orities began to  remove
 x4 ,only five ( ! orig9al /atues rema9$
 & x 0 decid$  to fill all ! #aac ni*es4
 ,tradition said ! long r[ ( figures ov]
  ! doors repres5t$ ! ,saxon & ,engli%  
k+s ) ,/4 ,*ad 9 !  c5tre2 b ! o!rs 7   
unkn[n4 ,!y are n[ z foll[s3         8,!
 two r[s on ! nor!rn t[] to ! nor? ( !  
great we/       w9d[3 high] r[1 ,/4     
,edi?a1 ,david1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,solomon1   
,/4       ,gabriel1 ,ze*>iah1 ,nahum1   
,amos1 ,j]emiah2 l[] r[1 ,dean          
,bick]/e?1 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,que5 ,victoria1   
,/4 ,luke1 ,/4 ,uriel1       ,mala*i1   
,habakkuk1 ,obadiah1 ,daniel 7,j]emiah j
 above ,daniel by       ! w9d[74        

8,! two r[s on ! s\!rn t[] to ! s\? ( ! 
great we/       w9d[3 high] r[1 ,isaiah1
 ,hosea1 ,jonah1 ,zephaniah1 ,/4        
,mi*ael1       ,bi%op ,hacket1 ,bi%op   
,lonsdale1 ,bi%op ,selwyn2 l[] r[1      
,ezekiel1       ,joel1 ,micah1 ,haggai1 
,/4 ,raphael1 ,bi%op ,cl9ton1 ,bi%op    
,patte%all1 ,bi%op ,langton4            
8,next is ! long r[ ( k+s ) ,/4 ,*ad 9 !
 c5tre1       /ret*+ "r across !        
ca!dral3 ,william ! ,conqu]or1          
,william ,rufus1 ,h5ry ,i41 ,/eph51     
,h5ry ,,ii41 ,ri*>d ,i41 ,john1         
,h5ry ,,iii41 ,edw>d ,i41 ,edw>d ,,ii41 
,edw>d ,,iii41 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 ,/4        
,*ad1 ,p5da1 ,wilph]e1 ,e!lr$1 ,(fa1    
,egb]t1 ,e!lwolf1       ,e!lb]t1 ,e!lr$1
 ,alfr$1 ,edg>1 ,canute1 ,edw>d !       
,confessor4         8,l[e/ r[1 brok5    
?ree times by ! doors3 ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,/4
       ,b>?olomew1 ,/4 ,simon1 ,/4      
,james ! ,less1 ,/4 ,?omas 7nor!rn      
door71 ,/4 ,philip1 ,/4 ,&rew 7c5tral   
door71 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,mat!w            
7s\!rn door71 ,/4 ,james ! ,great]1 ,/4 

,jude1 ,/4 ,/eph51 ,/4       ,clem5t1   
,/4 ,w]burga40    ,! ,duke ( ,york      
7,james ,,ii47 gave ! money = ! trac]y (
 ! l>ge  ,we/ ,w9d[ aft] ! orig9al _h   
be5 de/roy$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s4  ,?is 0 
remov$ 9 #ahfi1 = ano!r m 9 sympa?y ) ! 
/yle  ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4    ,! ,we/  
,door is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,engl&1 
tak+ rank )  ! ,prior's ,door ( ,l9coln 
,ca!dral4 ,! por* is recess$ & !  out]  
ar*1 cusp$4 ,)91 a c5tral support rises 
to =m two ar*es4  ,! :ole is ri*ly c>v$4
 ,above ! c5tral pill> is a bas-relief  
repres5t+ ,*ri/ 9 ,glory1 ) angels by 8 
side4 ,on ! c5tral  column /&s a figure 
( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & on ei!r side (  ! 
door b5ea? canopies are ,m>y ,magdal5e &
 ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/  7nor?71 & ,m>y1
 wife ( ,cleophas1 & ,/4 ,pet] 7s\?74   
,:at ! orig9al /atues 7 is n kn[n4 ,mo/ 
( ! ironwork on !  doors is suppos$ to  
be orig9al4    ,! two side doors are    
deeply recess$4 ,! figures 9 ! nor!rn   
doorway are ( pr9ces & pr9cesses :o     
promot$ ,*ri/ianity 9  ,engl&2 & 9 !    

s\!rn1 ! *ief mission>ies4 ,! gable &   
t[]s are also adorn$ ) /atues (         
,biblical fame4    ,! nave is ornam5t$ &
 /r5g!n$ by buttresses &                
fly+-buttresses4 ,9 ! nor? transept we  
f9d a h&some ,nor?  ,doorway1 a spl5did 
specim5 ( ,e>ly ,engli% ) traces ( !    
,norman4  ,x is deeply recess$ & reveal+
 a d\ble ar* c>v$ ) foliage4  ,! m\ld+s 
are also c>v$4 ,! out] "o conta9s       
bas-reliefs  %[+ ! g5ealogy ( ,*ri/1    
beg9n+ ) ,jesse & end+ )  ! ,virg9 &    
,*ild4 ,on ! "r side1 opposite ,jesse1  
is ,/4 ,*ad  baptiz+ ! sons ( ,k+       
,wulph]e1 & above are ! ,apo/les4 ,!    
ar*itrave is surm\nt$ by a wea!r m\ld+ 9
 ! =m ( a gable  on ! top ( :i* is a    
cross4 ,! pill>s on ea* side ( ! doorway
  h f9ely c>v$ capitals & dog-too?      
ornam5tation4 ,! graceful  c5tre pill>  
consi/s ( f\r sl5d] %afts ) c>v$        
capitals4 ,next  comes ! octagonal      
,*apt]-,h\se2 !n ! *oir & presbyt]y2 &  
!n ! ,lady-,*apel1 entirely re/or$ & )  
new sa9ts 9 !  ni*es4 ,on ! s\? side ( !

 ,lady-,*apel are mortu>y *apels4    ,! 
s\? side %[s ! buttresses ( ! *oir2 !n !
 turrets (  ! sacri/y ) _! crocket$     
p9nacles2 & !n ! ,s\?  ,transept1 !     
gable ( :i* conta9s a beautiful rose    
w9d[4 ,! ,s\?  ,door1 mu* re/or$1       
resembles ! nor!rn "o1 only x is n s    
f9e4  ,! heavy buttresses on ?is side   
are ,wyatt's4 ,n[ we h aga9 come to  !  
,jesus t[] 7s\?-we/71 9 :i* ! t5 bells  
are hung4    ,ent]+ by ! we/ door1 !    
beauty ( ! int]ior bur/s ^u u4 ,we  h an
 unbrok5 vi/a & ! ,ca!dral !re=e        
impresses u z  imm5sely long4 ,!        
beautiful ar*es ( ! ro( c>ry ! eye      
/raight  d[n to ! w9d[s ( !             
,lady-,*apel4    ,! ,nave is            
transitional f ,e>ly ,engli% to         
,decorat$ & is dat$ by  v>i\s au?orities
 f #abej to #abhj4    ,! l>ge pi]s are  
compos$ ( clu/]$ %afts ) ri*ly c>v$     
capitals ( foliage4 ,f ^! spr+ m\ld+s4  
,! top ( ea* ar*  t\*es ! /r+-c\rse1 &  
!n comes ! tri=ium1 s beautiful  "h )   
its r[ ( d\ble ar*es1 ea* "o sub-divid$ 

into two  lights1 above :i* is          
geometrical trac]y4 ,dog-too? ornam5t   
decorates  ! m\ld+s ( ^! tri=ium ar*es1 
& also ! /r+-c\rse  t sep>ates ! tri=ium
 f ! cl]e/ory4 ,! cl]e/ory w9d[s  are   
curi\s3 sph]ical triangles enclos+ ?ree 
circles ) quatrefoil  cusps4 ,dog-too?  
ornam5tation runs ar\nd ! w9d[s4 ,a l>ge
 circle  ) five cusps ornam5ts ! sp&rels
 ( mo/ ( ! pi]-ar*es  across :i* ! vault
 %aft passes4 ,at ! int]section ( !     
v>i\s  ribs 7five ribs7 are f9ely c>v$  
bosses4 ,mu* ( ! effect is  obta9$ f !  
size ( ! tri=ium4    ,! glass 9 ! big   
we/ w9d[ dates f #ahfi1 a memorial to   
,canon  ,hut*9son1 :o 0 a zeal\s work] =
 ! ,ca!dral's re/oration1 by  ,sir      
,gilb]t ,scott4    ,9 ! nor? aisle ( !  
nave we note ! tablet plac$ !re by ,ann 
,sew>d to ! memory ( h] fa!r1 ,canon    
,sew>d1 8 wife & daught]1  ^u :i* ,sir  
,walt] ,scott add$ l9es to ! memory ( ! 
poetess4  ,!re is also a neighb\r+      
tablet to ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu1 
:o  0 born 9 ,li*field4    ,9 ! nor?    

transept we f9d a curi\s monum5t to     
,dean ,heywood 7di$  #adib7 %[+ !       
skeleton ( ?is wor?y4 ,! upp] "p 7:i*   
repres5t$ him 9 full canonical co/ume7  
has gone4 ,simil> monum5ts  are 9 ,exet]
 & ,l9coln4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,transept !re are 
bu/s &  memorials to ,dr4 ,samuel       
,johnson1 a native ( ,li*field 7di$     
#aghd71 &  to ,david ,g>rick 7di$       
#aggi71 an e>ly resid5t ( ,li*field4 ,9 
!  fir/ bay ( ! aisle1 !re is a monum5t 
to ! (fic]s & m5 (  ! #hj? ,regim5t     
7,/af=d%ire ,volunte]s71 ov] :i* hang   
col\rs  tak5 f ! ,sikhs4 ,at ! s\? end  
we note a f9e alt> to "o (  ,nelson's   
capta9s1 ,admiral ,sir ,william ,p>k]   
7di$ #ahff74 ,note ! big  s\? w9d[      
7,p]p5dicul>7 9 :i* !re is "s ,h]k5rode 
glass  7see page #bab74    ,!re is ano!r
 memorial w9d[ 9 ! s\? aisle ( ! nave to
 !  (fic]s ( ! #fd? 7#b;d ,/af=d%ire    
,regim5t7 :o fell 9 ! ,indian  ,mut9y4  
,! ,transepts1 z we h se51 7 built be=e 
! nave4 ,ea*  consi/s ( ?ree bays )     
ea/]n aisles4 ,mo/ ( ! w9d[s are        

,p]p5dicul>4         8,at ! s\? end 0   
probably a l>ge five-light ,e>ly ,engli%
       w9d[1 surm\nt$ by a rose w9d[4 ,!
 rose w9d[ /ill rema9s1       b1 be+    
above ! pres5t gro9+1 _c be se5 f inside
       ! ca!dral2 ! five lights are     
replac$ by a n9e-light                  
obtuse-head$ w9d[1 :i* seems mu* too    
l>ge = ! transept2       & ?is effect is
 increas$ by ! extreme :it5ess &        
transp>5cy ( its glass4 ,at ! nor? end1 
! five-light w9d[       is surm\nt$ )   
?ree small lights1 b ^! la/ aga9 are    
hidd5 9 ! ro(40--7,a4 ,b4 ,c47    ,n[ we
 come to ! ,*oir1 :i*1 includ+ !        
presbyt]y &  retro-*oir1 has eight bays4
 ,x has no tri=ium4    ,! splays ( !    
w9d[s are beautifully decorat$ )        
quatrefoil  ornam5tation4 ,!re is only  
"o ( ! orig9al ,decorat$ w9d[s 7ea/  on 
s\? side74 ,! o!rs are ,p]p5dicul>4     
8,! vault+ is v mu* ! same z 9 ! nave1 b
 !       vault+-%afts divide into sev5  
in/ead ( five ribs2 ! bosses1       z   
ev]y:]e else 9 ! ca!dral1 are v deeply &

 ri*ly       c>v$4         8,on ! f\r   
ea/]n sets ( pi]s long sl5d] %afts run  
up f       ! base ( ! pi]s 9 ! same way 
z 9 ! nave1 & simil>ly       ! sp&rels  
are ornam5t$ ) foliat$ circles1 ( :i*   
ne>ly       all trace _h disappe>$ be=e 
! rec5t re/oration4 ,?is1       h[ev]1  
is n ! arrangem5t on ! ?ree we/]n pairs4
 ,x 0       f\nd "h t ^! %afts did n    
rea* ! gr\nd2 & s ,sir       ,gilb]t    
,scott1 hav+ discov]$ a portion ( !     
sculptur$ w+       ( an angel j above ! 
dean's pres5t /all1 decid$ ^u           
f9i%+ ! %afts ) corbels 9 ! =m ( angels 
occupi$ 9       m9/relsy4 ,above ea* (  
^! angels--:i* 7 innovations--he        
plac$1 "u ri*ly crocket$ canopies & /&+ 
on v       f9ely-c>v$ brackets1 !       
figures ( six sa9ts40--7,a4 ,b4 ,c47    
,ar*itects love to /udy ! m]g+ ( ! two  
/yles 9 ?is "p (  ! ,ca!dral1 & "o ( !  
be/ illu/rations is ! entrance to !     
ve/ibule ( ! ,*apt]-,h\se4 ,! ar* at !  
we/ end ( !  nor?-*oir-aisle is v old & 
int]e/+ & s is ! arcad+ 9  ! aisles4    

8,9 ! fir/ ?ree we/]n bays 9 bo? aisles 
! l>ge arcad+1       ) its pla9 trefoil$
 ar*es1 is cle>ly ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,!     
arcad+ 9 ! o!r bays is equally cle>ly ( 
! ,decorat$       p]iod1 & is           
consid]ably small]4 ,9 ! f\r ea/]n bays 
9       ea* aisle ! ar*es g "r up to !  
c\rse :i* =ms ! top       ( ! arcad+1 & 
! triangul> sp&rels ?us =m$ are         
ornam5t$ ea* ) a curi\s little head1    
hav+ que] headge>2       ! re/ ( !      
sp&rel is c>v$ ) foliage1 & 9 ! plates  
( ! foliat$ ar*es are qua9t animals4 ,! 
arcad+ 9 !       rema9+ bay is simil>1 b
 angels' heads ) w+s take up !          
:ole sp&rel4 ,"s ( ! arcad+1 notably t 9
 ! ?ree       ea/]ly bays ( ! s\? aisle1
 is unre/or$4 ,! inf]iority (       !   
mod]n "w 9 ! next bay is only too       
pat5t40--7,a4 ,b4 ,c47    ,! w9d[ ov] ! 
tomb ( ,bi%op ,hackett 9 !              
,s\?-*oir-aisle is  adorn$ by lovely    
foliage4 ,"h1 too1 we f9d ! v int]e/+   
,m9/rels' ,gall]y4 ,x 0 probably plac$  
"h 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury  because !      

arcad+ has be5 cut away to make room =  
x4 ,! little  gall]y re/s ^u fan-%ap$   
vault+4 ,z x /&s directly 9 front  ( !  
*apel ( ! ,head ( ,/4 ,*ad1 x may h be5 
us$ = !  purpose ( exhibit+ ?is relic to
 ! dev\t 9 ! aisle bel[4 7,see  page    
#bac47 ,x is simil> 9 /yle to ! m9/rel  
gall]y ( !  ,m$ival halls3 h5ce its "n4 
,a /aircase 9 ! wall leads to !  gall]y4
    ,! ,*oir-scre51 ( ornam5tal         
metal-"w1 design$ by ,sir ,gilb]t       
,scott1 is simil> to ^? ( ,salisbury1   
,h]e=d & ,worce/]4 ,!  ,*oir-/alls1     
,bi%op's ,?rone & elaborate ,r]$os are  
all mod]n4 ,!  s\?-*oir-aisle conta9s a 
numb] ( int]e/+ monum5ts4 ,!re is a     
monum5t to 8,hodson ( ,hodson's ,horse10
 kill$ 9 ! ,indian ,mut9y4  ,"u ! cross 
is ! ,k+ ( ,delhi surr5d]+ 8 sword to   
,major  ,hodson1 ) figures ( ,ju/ice1   
,=titude1 ,temp]ance & ,m]cy &          
/atuettes ( ,jo%ua1 ,david1 ,/4 ,?omas (
 ,india & ,/4 ,george (  ,engl&4 ,"h is 
also ! monum5t ( ,bi%op ,langton 7di$   
#abif7 )  mutilat$ effigy4 ,opposite is 

! curi\s monum5t to ,sir ,john ,/anley  
( ,pipe1 ! effigy repres5t+ ! knight    
nak$ to ! wai/1 & !  legs 9 arm\r4 ,x   
seems t ,capta9 ,/anley _h be5          
excommunicat$  = "s (f5ce1 &1 aft]      
atonem5t1 _h be5 all[$ burial "h on     
condition t evid5ce ( 8 puni%m5t %\ld   
appe> on 8 effigy4  ,! mo/ fam\s monum5t
 ( all1 h[ev]1 is t ( ,! ,sleep+        
,*ildr51 by ,sir ,francis ,*antrey 9    
#ahag4 ,x e/abli%$ 8 fame &  is an e>ly 
example ( ! natural /yle j com+ into    
fav\r4 ,x  repres5ts two "y daught]s (  
,william ,rob9son1 ,preb5d>y ( !        
,ca!dral1 sleep+ 9 ea* o!r's arms4      
,we mu/ notice 9 ! nor?-*oir-aisle "o   
w9d[ 9 :i* ,k+ ,david  is tea*+ ! s+]s (
 ! ,h\se ( ,god4 ,! glass is old        
,flemi%4    ,n[ we h ! ,lady-,*apel1 !  
gem ( ! :ole ,ca!dral1 r5d]$            
exceptionally beautiful because ( ! old 
glass 9 ! w9d[s4         8,9 %ape x =ms 
a symmetrical ext5sion1 bo? 9 height &  
wid?1 to ! *oir1 b )\t aisles2 & x has  
an octagonal       apse--! only example1

 x is said1 ( su* a t]m9ation 9 !       
c\ntry4 ,x is light$ by n9e high w9d[s1 
) ,decorat$       trac]y4 ,?is trac]y   
has rec5tly be5 re/or$ 9 ! /yle (       
t 9 ! ?ree end w9d[s2 until ?is 0 done  
mo/ ( !       w9d[s conta9$ ,p]p5dicul> 
trac]y4         8,! w9d[s re/ on an     
arcade ( v beautiful design4 ,! arcade  
may be said to consi/ ( a s]ies ( small 
decorat$ canopies1       support$ by    
%afts ) c>v$ capitals1 & sep>at$ by     
ornam5t$ buttresses4 ,! canopies1 :i* b[
 =w>d1 h       trefoil ogee ar*es1      
surm\nt$ ) crockets & f9ials4 ,above    
! arcade is a simil> embattl$ p>apet to 
t 9 ! *oir1       ) a simil> passage    
r\nd ! *apel beh9d x4                99 
99       99       99       99           
8,! vault+ ( ! ro( is l t 9 ! *oir2 !   
same       numb] ( ribs div]g+ f ! sl5d]
 %afts :i* run "r       d[n to ! b5ds ( 
! arcade4 ,halfway up ^! %afts are      
ni*es1 ! brackets & canopies to :i* are 
beautifully c>v$4       ,^! are old1 b  
until rec5tly 7 empty1 & no au!ntic     

record rema9$ z to :at 7 ! *>act]s      
repres5t$40--7,a4       ,b4 ,c47    ,9  
#ahie t5 virg9 sa9ts & m>tyrs1 by ,c4   
,e4 ,kempe1 7 plac$ "h4    ,( c\rse1 all
 ! glass 0 cra%$ dur+ ! siege (         
,li*field2 &1  !re=e1 ! w9d[s are fill$ 
) o!r ?an ! orig9al4 ,!  sev5 mo/ ea/]n 
w9d[s conta9 :at is call$ ! ,h]k5rode   
glass1  orig9ally 9 ! ,abbey ( ,h]k5rode
 ne> ,lige4 ,! designs are  suppos$ to  
be by ,lamb]t ,lomb>d ( ! ,sixte5?      
,c5tury4 ,two ( !  w9d[s depict f\nd]s &
 b5efactors ( ! abbey1 & ! o!r  five1   
sc5es 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,h]k5rode    
glass 7#cdj pieces7  0 b\ght by         
,illu/ration3 ,,li*field3 ,,f ,,ea/     
,,w9d[    ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/]3 ,,nor?  
,sir ,brooke ,boo?by 9 ,belgium 9 #ahjb1
 = #bjj1 n[ valu$ at #ae1jjj4  ,:at     
rema9$ 0 us$ to fill o!r w9d[s 9 !      
,ca!dral4 ,on !  s\? side ( !           
,lady-,*apel are ?ree 8,mortu>y         
,*apels10 ) gro9$  ro(s4 ,9 ! c5tral "o 
lies ! effigy ( ,bi%op ,selwyn 7buri$   
outside71 ,bi%op ( ,new ,zeal&1 :o      

organiz$ ! *ur* 9 t  f>-away c\ntry4    
,?is acc\nts = ! frescoes %[+ ! ,maoris4
 ,!  two end w9d[s are also old glass   
suppos$ to h come f ! ,l[  ,c\ntries4   
,"o is a symbolic picture ( ,baptism2 ! 
o!r1 !  leg5d>y ,dea? ( ! ,virg94    ,we
 h yet to exam9e ! ,sacri/y ( !         
,*apt]-,h\se4 ,! sacri/y  is on ! s\?   
side 7,e>ly ,engli%74 ,its upp] floor 0 
! ,*apel (  ,/4 ,*ad1 :i*1 z we h se51 0
 ent]$ f ! m9/rels'  gall]y 7see page   
#baa74 ,! re/or$ *apel 0 re-d$icat$ on  
,/4  ,*ad's ,day 7,m>* #b71 #ahig4      
8,! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,*ad1 fir/ ,bi%op (    
,li*field1 &1 ) !       ,bless$ ,virg9  
,m>y1 patron ( our ,ca!dral ,*ur*1 0    
de/roy$       9 all probability :5 ! re/
 ( ! ,ca!dral 0 laid 9 ru9s       9     
#afdc1 ! siege beg9n+ on ,/4 ,*ad's     
,day1 ,m>* #bnd ( t       ye>4 ,little 0
 left3 ! f\r walls rema9$ 9 a brok5     
condition1 ) ! vault+-%afts & caps = !  
spr+]s (       ! /one gro9+1 & !        
wall-ribs1 to m>k its orig9al l9es2     
also ! v beautiful ,e>ly ,engli%        

w9d[s--twelve lancets 9       gr\ps (   
?ree--:i*1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 7 little      
injur$4       ,ext]nally ^! are v pla91 
b int]nally !y are full (       int]e/1 
& !re is no?+ bett] ( ! k9d 9 !         
,ca!dral4       ,! site ( ! old alt> is 
cle>ly m>k$2 inde$1 a small             
portion ( x has be5 pres]v$4 ,! pisc9a  
also /ill rema9s4       ,! aumbry rema9s
 9 :i* antiqu>ians suppose t ,/4 ,*ad's 
relics 7 pres]v$40--7,l47    ,!         
,*apt]-,h\se & ! ve/ibule lead+ to x 7  
built ab\t !  middle ( ! ,?irte5?       
,c5tury 7,e>ly ,engli%74 ,! ve/ibule    
conta9s  beautiful arcad+2 ! capitals ( 
! pill>s are f9ely c>v$4 ,!  entrance   
door into ! ,*apt]-,h\se is v h&some1 ) 
deeply cut  m\ld+s1 & capitals ( ! gr\p$
 %afts ri*ly c>v$ ) leaves4  ,dog-too? &
 trefoils are also us$ z ornam5tation4  
,! ,*apt]-,h\se  is octagonal4 ,! c5tral
 pill>1 compos$ ( clu/]$ %afts )  ri*ly 
c>v$ capitals ( foliage1 c>ries ! eye   
upw>d1 :]e !  ribs spread out           
beautifully ov] ! ro( & bosses m>k _!   

int]section4 ,! w9d[s are ,e>ly ,engli%1
 ( two lights4 ,bel[ !m  runs a f9e     
arcad+4          ,,*e/]                 
,,d$ication3 ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,! ,,bless$    
,,virg94 ,,orig9ally ,,! ,,*ur* ,,(     
,a ,,b5$ict9e ,,abbey4         ,,special
 ,,features3 ,,*oir2 ,,*oir-,,/alls2    
,,*apt]-,,h\se4      ,*e/] 0 ! *ur* ( ! 
,b5$ict9e ,abbey ( ,/4 ,w]burgh :5      
,h5ry ,,viii4 f\nd$ ! ,see aft] !       
dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,x  _h be5   
orig9ally an e/abli%m5t ( secul> canons4
 ,! patron  sa9t1 ,/4 ,w]burgh1 0 a     
niece ( ,/4 ,e!ldr$a ( ,ely2 & %e took  
! veil at ,ely1 :]e %e ev5tually became 
abbess4 ,/4 ,w]burgh 0  buri$ at        
,hanbury2 b :5 ! ,danes 7 ravag+ ,m]cia1
 ! monks (  ,hanbury fl$ ) ! relics (   
,/4 ,w]burgh to ,*e/]1 :]e !y 7  ri*ly  
en%r9$ 9 ! old *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4   
,paul4 ,?is  *ur* 0 rebuilt 9 ! ,t5?    
,c5tury2 & :5 a new f\ndation 0  made 9 
#ajie by ,hugh ,lupus1 ,e>l ( ,*e/]1 at 
! desire ( ,/4  ,anselm1 ! *ur* 0       
rebuilt1 ! canons replac$ by ,b5$ict9e  

monks  & ! h\se call$ ! ,abbey ( ,/4    
,w]burgh4    ,rebuild+ 0 aga9 necess>y 9
 #aaid & 0 cont9u$ = c5turies4  ,! ea/]n
 portion ( ! *ur* is ,e>ly ,engli%1 !   
re/ is  ,decorat$ ) alt]ations &        
additions 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle4         
,anci5t & royal ,*e/] is "o ( ! mo/     
picturesque cities 9  ,engl&4 ,x 0 s    
important 9 ,roman times t x 0 call$ !  
8,city  ( ,legions40 ,x 0 also a        
/ronghold ( ,saxons & ,danes4 ,f !      
,norman ,conque/ until ! reign ( ,h5ry  
,,iii4 ! ,e>ls ( ,*e/] _h  _! own c\rts 
& p>liam5ts at ,*e/]4 ,s9ce ,h5ry ,,iii4
 be/[$  ! title ( ,e>l ( ,*e/] ^u 8     
olde/ son1 ! heir to ! ?rone  has always
 held ! e>ldom4 ,! old *ur* did n become
 a ca!dral  until #aeda4    ,*e/]       
,ca!dral1 be+ built ( s(t r$ s&/one1    
suff]$ f !  wea!r4 ,re/oration 0 a      
necessity4 ,consequ5tly ! ext]ior is    
almo/ exclusively ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 
,x is h&some &  effective1 ?\gh1        
un=tunately1 ow+ to ! situation1 some:at
 bel[  ! level ( ! /reet1 & ! cr[d+ (   

build+s1 a good view (  ! ,ca!dral is   
h>d to obta94    ,at "o "t x 0 "o ( !   
mo/ beautiful1 z well z ! ri*e/1 9      
,engl&4 ,x 0 t]ribly defac$ dur+ !      
,civil ,w>1 :5 ! ,puritans  us$ x = a   
/able & broke ! w9d[s4 ,subsequ5t       
repairs &  re/orations h greatly        
trans=m$ x4    ,"o ( ! curi\s features (
 ! ,ca!dral is ! s\? transept4 ,x  0    
claim$ z ! ,p>i% *ur* ( ,/4 ,oswald     
until #ahha4 ,oswald  7#fjd-fdb71 be x  
rememb]$1 0 ! son ( ,k+ ,e!lfrid1 &     
became  ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria4 ,he 0 a      
conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* he  introduc$
 among ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,kill$ by      
,p5da1 ! ,k+ ( ,m]cia1  he 0 canonis$ by
 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4         8,on  
approa*+ ! ca!dral on ! s\? side1 !     
transept1 or       *ur* ( ,/4 ,oswald1  
is a rem>kable feature4 ,project+ to    
ne>ly       ! same l5g? z ! nave1 ) its 
l(ty cl]e/ory & great       s\? w9d[1 x 
attracts att5tion z well by its own     
importance       z by ! unusual         
gr\nd-plan :i* x gives to ! entire      

build+40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,let u look  
at ! *ief features ( ! ext]ior3         
8,! ,,we/ ,,front consi/s ( an          
eight-light canopi$ ,p]p5dicul>         
w9d[1 ) a b& ( elaborate trac]y succe$$ 
by ord9>y       trac]y ( ! p]iod 9 !    
head1 set betwe5 two b&$ octagonal      
turrets1 :i* are battlem5t$4 ,! we/ door
 is peculi>2 x       consi/s ( an ar* "u
 a squ>e head1 ) foliat$ sp&rels       &
 a range ( angels 9 ! m\ld+s1 deeply    
recess$ "u a       l>g] ar* ) ano!r     
squ>e head4 ,on ea* side are f\r        
crocket$ ni*es1 ) p$e/als d5ud$ ( _!    
/atues4 ,to !       we/ is a f\r-light  
canopi$ w9d[1 "u a panell$ b& &         
flank$ by a ri* b empty ni*e on ei!r    
side4         8,! door ( ! ,,s\? ,,por* 
is ,tudor ) two-light1 squ>e-head$      
w9d[s & a canopi$ ni*e1 & an int]v5+ ri*
 b&4 ,!       w9d[s ( ! aisles &        
cl]e/ory ( ! nave are ,p]p5dicul>2      
! p>apet is %all[4 ,! ,,s\? ,,transept1 
z long z ! *oir       & z broad z !     
nave1 has a ,p]p5dicul> cl]e/ory & s\?  

w9d[s1 ! =m] ( f\r lights & ) two       
transoms4 ,!       w9d[s ( ! aisle are  
,late ,decorat$ & ( f\r lights          
sep>at$ by buttresses4 ,?is description 
applies to ! s\? side       ( ! *oir1 b 
! aisles are ext5d$ )9 "o bay ( !       
ea/ end ( ! ,lady-*apel1 :i* has        
,p]p5dicul> w9d[s2 !       great ea/    
w9d[ is ( ! same date4 ,traces ( ,e>ly  
,engli%       ar*itecture appe> 9 ! nor?
 side ( ! *oir &       ,*apt]-h\se4 ,!  
nor? w9d[ ( ! transept & w9d[s ( !      
nave are ,p]p5dicul>40--7,wal47    ,we c
 ent]1 z we pref]1 by ! we/ door1 or !  
s\? por*4 ,!  ,nave is un9t]e/+4 ,x     
consi/s ( six bays1 ! pi]s are gr\ps (  
atta*$ %afts t]m9at+ 9 foliage capitals4
 ,! ro( is mod]n4    ,decorat$ w9d[s    
light ! ,s\? aisle4 ,! ,nor? aisle      
conta9s "s  old ,norman "w4 ,"h we f9d  
an anci5t ,italian font1 pres5t$ 9      
#ahhe1 & an old piece ( tape/ry t has   
be5 9 ! ,ca!dral s9ce  #affh4    ,!     
,nor? transept is small1 ow+ to !       
mona/ic build+s on ?is  side4 ,"h we f9d

 ,norman "w4 ,"s ( ! w9d[s exhibit      
,p]p5dicul> trac]y4 ,! ro( is           
,p]p5dicul>4    ,until #ahha ! ,s\?     
,transept 01 z we h said1 ! ,p>i% ,*ur* 
(  ,/4 ,oswald4 ,x has ,decorat$ w9d[s4 
,p]p5dicul> w9d[s light !  we/ aisle4   
,we n[ ent] ! ,*oir4 ,! scre5 is mod]n &
 by ,sir ,g4 ,scott4         8,! *oir is
 rem>kable = ! great beauty ( ! wood-"w 
:i* x conta9s1 z well z = its           
ar*itectural m]its4 ,!       /yle is t (
 ! transition betwe5 ! ,e>ly ,engli% &  
,decorat$4 ,! nor? side diff]s f ! s\?1 
especially 9       reg>d to ! m\ld+s4 ,!
 nor? side is e>li] ?an ! s\?1       !  
build+ hav+ be5 comm5c$ at ! ea/ end ( t
 side4       ,! m\ld+s on ! nor? are    
bold r\nds1 :ile ^? on !       s\? are  
%all[ & small holl[s4 ,! tri=ium has a  
s]ies (       elaborately-c>v$ cusp$    
ar*es1 & ! cl]e/ory w9d[s are           
light & graceful ) geometrical trac]y4  
,! vault is mod]n1       con/ruct$ (    
good ,engli% oak4 ,at ! ea/ !re are     
figures (       ! sixte5 prophets & at !

 we/ are angels play+ musical           
in/rum5ts4 ,!re are "s curi\s grotesque 
corbels1 f :i*       ! vault+ %afts     
spr+4         8,! c>v+ ( ! ,,*oir       
,,/alls is equal1 if n sup]ior1 to      
any?+ 9 ,engl&4 ,^! are ,f\rte5? ,c5tury
 "w & rival       ! noble /alls (       
,ami5s4 ,!y h be5 re/or$ ) mu*          
accuracy & ta/e4 ,! c>v+ ( ! dean's /all
 %\ld be       notic$1 z x repres5ts !  
,jesse tree1 surm\nt$ by !              
,coronation ( ! ,virg94 ,t repres5t+    
,jacob's ,dream is       mod]n4 ,!      
mis]]es are extremely int]e/+ & curi\s &
       full ( religi\s in/ruction1 ?\gh 
(t5 convey$ 9 ! way (       s>ca/ic     
repro(4 ,!re are =ty-eight1 ( :i* ?ree  
are       mod]n4 ,"s ( ! mo/ curi\s are3
 a pelican fe$+ h] "y2       ,/4        
,w]burgh & ! /ol5 goose2 a wife beat+ h]
 husb&2 !       /rategy ( ! fox2 /ag    
hunt2 ,ri*>d ,i4 pull+ out ! he>t (     
a lion2 a fox 9 ! g>b ( a               
,illu/ration3 ,,*e/]3 ,,*oir1 ,,we/     
,illu/ration3 ,,*e/]3 ,,*oir-,,/alls    

monk pres5t+ a gift to a nun2 v>i\s wild
 m52 wre/l]s2       unicorn re/+ its    
head on a virg9's knee1 & num]\s        
grotesques40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    ,! ,alt> 
is mod]n & is made ( oak ( ,ba%an1      
olive-wood f !  ,m\nt ( ,olives & ! c$> 
( ,lebanon4 ,! ,r]$os1 a mosaic ( !     
,la/ ,supp]1 ! ,pulpit & ! ,bi%op's     
,?rone are all mod]n4    ,= _m ye>s !   
,%r9e ( ,/4 ,w]burgh 0 us$ = ! latt]4   
,we  pause to look at ?is int]e/+ piece 
( ,f\rte5? ,c5tury "w1  rememb]+ h[ _m  
eyes ( ,m$ival pilgrims h gaz$ ) rev]5ce
  ^u x4         8,at ! end ( ! /alls on 
! s\? side is ! ,bi%op's ,?rone4        
,?is has be5 =m$ f ! base ( ! %r9e ( ,/4
 ,w]burgh1       :i* seems to h s]v$ its
 pres5t purpose s9ce ! f\ndation       (
 ! ,see 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,x has1   
h[ev]1 s greatly       alt]$ dur+ ! late
 #8re/oration1' t x is difficult to     
asc]ta9 ! anci5t arrangem5t4 ,! l[] "p1 
) ni*es =       figures1 is anci5t4 ,!  
"p re/+ on ?is1 z high z ! small        
gilt figures1 is mod]n4 ,! figures      

!mselves are old1 & be=e       !        
alt]ation !y re/$ on ! anci5t base4 ,!  
p9nacles &       all ! upp] portion are 
mod]n4 ,! anci5t portions are e>ly      
,decorat$ "w ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,!   
ni*es 9 front &       at ! sides ( !    
base are l9$ ) a small arcade & vault$4 
,above !m are foliag$ canopies4 ,! gilt 
figures hold scrolls1       once p]haps 
be>+ names4 ,!y are conjectur$ to       
repres5t k+s       & que5s ( ,m]cia1    
connect$ ei!r directly or collat]ally   
) ,/4 ,w]burgh4 ,x is possible t :5 !   
%r9e itself 0       p]fect1 ! l[] "p1 ) 
ni*es1 =m$ a portion ( ! base1          
:il/ ! small figures may h be5 a canopy 
support$ by m>ble       %afts4 ,"u ?is  
canopy & on ! base ! f]etory or actual  
%r9e1 ) ! relics1 may h re/$4 ,?is1     
h[ev]1 is b       conjecture1 s9ce no   
draw+ or description exi/s ( ! %r9e     
be=e ! ,re=mation40--7,r4 ,j4 ,k47    ,!
 ,nor? aisle ( ! *oir w deta9 ! /ud5t   
because !re is  mu* ,norman "w "h4 ,"h c
 also be trac$ ! t]m9ation ( !  old     

,norman apse4 ,! ar* 9 ! ea/ wall ( !   
transept is also  ,norman1 & e>ly1 too4 
,! doorway f ! nor? aisle is ,f\rte5?   
,c5tury "w4 ,! apse 0 rebuilt 9 ! ,e>ly 
,engli% p]iod & made  to end 9 a squ>e4 
,9 ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod x 0 ext5d$ fur!r4
  ,note ! gates ( old ,spani% workman%ip
 across bo? aisles4 ,!y date  f #aeeh4  
,at ! end /&s ! ,lady-,*apel4           
8,! ,lady-,*apel is ( ,e>ly ,engli%     
design1 & 0 built ab\t       #abff1     
previ\s to ! pres5t *oir4 ,_m alt]ations
 7 made       subsequ5tly1 includ+ !    
removal ( ! anci5t /eep & l(ty       ro(
 & ! sub/itution ( a flat ro( & !       
ins]tion (       ,p]p5dicul> w9d[s4 ,mo/
 ( ^! additions h be5 remov$       & !  
,e>ly ,engli% "* re/or$4 ,! ea/ w9d[ (  
five       lights 0 design$ by ,scott1 &
 ! orig9al =m ( ! ro( has       be5     
re/or$4 ,! vault1 :i* is orig9al ,e>ly  
,engli%1 has a       boss repres5t+ !   
murd] ( ,?omas  ,becket4 ,! mosaics 7   
design$ by ,sir ,a4 ,blomfield4 ,"h !   
consi/ory c\rt 0 held at       ! "t ( ! 

,re=mation1 & ,george ,m>%1 ! ,*e/]     
m>tyr1       0 condemn$ to be           
burnt40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    ,?r\gh a      
,norman doorway 9 ! nor? aisle ( ! *oir1
 we ent] !  ,cloi/]s4         8,! s\?   
walk is entirely new1 hav+ be5 re/or$ by
 ,scott4 ,!       we/ walk adjo9s a f9e 
,e>ly ,norman *amb]1 probably ! great   
cell> ( ! abbot's h\se4 ,! cloi/]s are  
,p]p5dicul> "w4       ,9 ! s\? & we/    
walks !re is a d\ble arcade on !        
cloi/]-g>? side1 :i* conta9$ ! c>rels1  
or enclos$       /udies ( wa9scot1 :]e !
 monks read or wrote1 & on !            
opposite side are recesses :i* are n    
tombs1 b ,arm>ia or       cupbo>ds1 :]e 
_! books & mat]ials = illum9ations 7    
/or$4 ,9 ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod ! ro( ( !  
cloi/]s 0       rais$1 :i* 0 n an       
advantage1 z x caus$ ! aisle w9d[s      
& ^? ( ! refectory to be p>tly block$   
up1 & !       vault+ cuts into ! e>li]  
"w4 ,! ,lavatorium is ne> !             
,refectory1 an ,e>ly ,engli% build+ )   
,p]p5dicul> w9d[s4       ,x is a noble  

/ructure1 %orn ( "s ( its l5g?1 & n[ us$
       z a music room4 ,! /one pulpit is
 rem>kably f9e1 ( ,e>ly       ,engli%   
design1 :i* rivals ! fam\s pulpit (     
,beaulieu       ,abbey40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47 
,a doorway 9 ! ea/ walk c>ries u into ! 
,ve/ibule ( !  ,*apt]-,h\se4    ,9 !    
ve/ibule 7,e>ly ,engli%7 light graceful 
pi]s support !  vault+4 ,! m\ld+s are v 
mu* admir$4    ,! ,*apt]-,h\se is also  
,e>ly ,engli% & ranks high among ^! v   
national productions4 ,x dates f ab\t   
#abdj4 ,! ea/ w9d[ ( five  lights is a  
h&some example ( its date4              
,,man*e/]         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4     
,,m>y ,,! ,,virg91 ,,/4 ,,george ,,&    
,,/4 ,,d5is4 ,,=m]ly       ,,s]v$ ,,by  
,,secul> ,,canons4         ,,special    
,,features3 ,,*oir-,,/alls2 ,,gordon    
,,w9d[4      ,man*e/] 0 built = a p>i%  
*ur* & only became a ca!dral 9  #ahdg4  
,x is a v f9e specim5 ( ,p]p5dicul>     
,go?ic ( ! e>ly  ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 ?\gh 
!re are "s rema9s ( old] "w "h &  !re4  
,! olde/ is ! ar* lead+ into !          

,lady-,*apel4 ,?is %[s  "s influ5ces ( !
 ,decorat$ /yle4    ,! *oir1 aisles &   
*apt]-h\se date f #adbb-adeh2 ! nave 0  
built 9 #adfe-adha2 ,*apel ( ! ,holy    
,tr9ity1 #adih2 ,jesus ,*apel1  #aejf2  
,/4 ,james' ,*antry 7,ducie ,*apel71    
#aejg2 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1  #aejh2    
,ely ,*apel1 #aeae2 & ,lady-,*apel 9    
#aeah4 ,! ,ca!dral suff]$  dur+ ! ,civil
 ,w>s & has be5 mu* re/or$4    ,!       
ext]ior is n p>ticul>ly impressive4 ,!  
walls are grimy )  smoke & !re is no    
em]ald sw>d1 nor are !re ivy-cov]$      
walls4    ,! "o t[] 7built 9 #ahfd-ahfh7
 rises above a /ill m rec5t  ,we/]n     
por*1 design$ by ,basil ,*ampneys &     
ornam5t$ ) a p>apet  & a s+le crocket$  
turret1 :i* gives x a v unsymmetrical   
appe>ance4 ,! squ>e t[] conta9s a clock 
9 ! fir/ /age1 so>s  #adj feet & is     
f9i%$ ) a pi]c$ battlem5t ) p9nacles at 
!  corn]s4    ,turn+ r\nd ! corn]1 we   
come to ! ,s\? por*1 two bays & two     
/ories 7mod]n7 & elaborately c>v$4 ,next
 comes ! ,jesus ,*apel2  !n ! octagonal 

,*apt]-,h\se2 !n ! ,fras] memorial      
*apel2 &  !n we turn ! corn] & come to !
 ,lady-,*apel1 unusually small &        
project+ only ab\t eighte5 feet4 ,!     
w9d[s are ,eighte5? ,c5tury1  ?\gh !    
trac]y is ,decorat$ 9 g5]al "*4         
,pass+ ! w9d[ ( ! nor?-*oir-aisle & !   
ea/]n end ( !  ,d]by ,*apel1 we aga9    
turn ! corn]4 ,! fir/ projection is !   
,ely  ,*apel & ! next & small] "o is an 
eng9e room us$ = work+  ! organ4 ,!     
small door next op5s into ! ante-*apel (
 ! ,d]by  ,*apel4 ,f9ally we rea* ! nor?
 por*4         8,x is a dimly light$    
build+2 ?is is due *iefly to two causes3
       fir/ to ! fact t x is enorm\sly  
wide1 & ! aisle w9d[s       are !re=e f>
 f ! c5tral nave1 & secondly to ! fact  
t almo/ all ! w9d[s bo? ( aisles &      
cl]e/ory are       fill$ ) pa9t$ glass1 
9 _m cases ( a deep col\r1 &       r5d]$
 /ill m imp]vi\s to light by !          
incru/ation (       c>bon deposit$ on _!
 outside by ! p]petual smoke ( !        
city4 ,s d>k is ! *ur* t 9 ! w9t] mon?s 

x has       g5]ally to be lit ) gas all 
! day long1 & ev5 9 !       summ]1 9    
comp>atively bright wea!r1 "s gas burn]s
 w       g5]ally be f\nd alight4 ,! mi/ 
also ( ! ext]ior atmosph]e       f9ds   
its way into ! build+1 & hangs b5ea? !  
ro(1       l5d+ an air ( my/]y to ! :ole
 place1 & giv+ rise to       mo/        
beautiful effects :5 ! sunlight /reams  
?r\gh !       cl]e/ory w9d[s4 ,! tone   
also ( ! nave arcad+ &       cl]e/ory   
rebuilt 9 rec5t ye>s1 ( w>m1 rose-col\r$
       s&/one1 is v lovely40--7,t4 ,p47 
,! ,nave is wid] ?an x is long4 ,) its  
d\ble aisles x measures  #aad feet2 its 
l5g? is only #he feet4 ,! *oir is ab\t !
 same  proportion4 ,! ,lady-,*apel1 at !
 extreme ea/1 is v small4 ,!  sides ( ! 
nave & *oir are /ill fur!r ext5d$ by    
*apels1  p>tition$ (f by scre5s4 ,on !  
s\? side ( ! nave we h fir/  ,/4        
,george's ,*apel 7f\nd$ 9 #aejh7 & ,/4  
,ni*olas's ,*apel 7f\nd$  9 #aahf1 be=e 
! pres5t *ur* 0 built72 & on ! nor? side
 !  space once occupi$ by ! ,holy       

,tr9ity ,*apel 7#adih7 & ,/4 ,james's   
,*apel 7#aejg74         8,?is *ur*      
diff]s f mo/ ( our ca!dral & abbey      
*ur*es       9 hav+ no tri=ium4#h ,& !  
cl]e/ory is n l(ty1 s t       ! *ur* is 
r l[ = its wid?1 ?\gh ! height ( !      
ar*es ( ! ma9 arcade prev5ts ?is be+    
felt4 ,! ro(s (       ! aisles are all  
mod]n1 b t ( ! nave1 ?\gh ext5sively    
repair$1 has mu* ( ! orig9al "w 9 x1 &1 
) !       exception ( a few bosses1 !   
*oir ro( is old4 ,all ! ro(s are       (
 timb]2 9 ! nave ! int]sections ( ! ma9 
beams are       cov]$ by beautiful      
bosses c>v$ out ( ! solid wood4 ,on ei!r
       side1 at ! po9ts f :i* ! ma9     
cross beams spr+1 is a       s]ies (    
angelic figures spl5didly c>v$ 9 wood3  
^? on !       s\? side play+ /r+$       
in/rum5ts1 ^? on ! nor? side       w9d  
in/rum5ts4         8,! pill>s ( ! ma9   
arcade ( ! nave are mod]n "w built      
9 imitation ( ! orig9al ones4 ,!y are   
light & graceful1       &1 l _m o!r     
pill>s ( fifte5? c5tury date1 are =m$   

( %afts ( :i* only half h sep>ate       
capitals1 ! o!r       m\ld+s runn+ r\nd 
! ar*4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! ar*es are     
elaborately c>v$ ) h]aldic              
%ields40--7,t4 ,p47    ,9 ! nave we f9d 
! "o int]e/+ w9d[ 9 ! ,ca!dral 7!  mo/  
ea/]n "o 9 ! ,ducie ,*apel71 a memorial 
to ,g5]al ,gordon  kill$ at ,kh>t\m 9   
#ahhh4 ,x consi/s ( five lights4 ,gordon
 is 9 !  c5tre1 8 h& on ! head ( a      
native boy4 ,natives & angels occupy  ! 
o!r lights4    ,t[>ds ! ea/ end ( ! nave
 /&s !    ,illu/ration3 ,,man*e/]3 ,,s\?
    ,illu/ration3 ,,man*e/]3 ,,nave1    
,,ea/    mod]n pulpit & !n an anci5t    
rood-scre5 ) ?ree wide op5+s  & d\ble   
doors4    ,pass+ ?r\gh ! scre51 we ent] 
! ,*oir1 sometimes call$ !  ,radcliffe  
,*oir1 because memb]s ( ?is family 7    
buri$ "h4    ,! ,*oir-/alls date f !    
e>ly ,sixte5? ,c5tury & resemble  ^? 9  
,ripon ,ca!dral & ,bev]ley ,m9/]4       
8,!re are twelve /alls on ei!r side1 &  
?ree on ea* side (       ! entrance     
?r\gh ! rood-scre5 fac+ ea/4 ,! /alls   

are       furni%$ ) mis]]es1 :i*1 9     
common ) _m o!rs bo?       9 ,engl& & on
 ! ,cont95t1 repres5t all mann] ( qua9t 
subjects1 mon/]s1 animals1 hunt+ sc5es1 
etc4         8,! c>v$ elb[s ( ! /alls & 
! end ( ! book desks are       also     
wor?y ( c>eful exam9ation1 especially ! 
,eagle & ,*ild       & g5]al c>v+ ( !   
,dean's ,/all1 :i* is a m>vel (         
beautiful workman%ip1 & said by high    
au?orities to be       unequall$4       
8,betwe5 ! /alls ! floor is "o /ep high]
 ?an t ( !       nave1 & at ! ea/ end ( 
! /all1 !re is a fur!r rise (       two 
/eps z we pass into ! presbyt]y4 ,"h1 on
 ! s\? side1       we see ! bi%op's     
?rone--mod]n "w1 c>v$ ) a view to be    
9 h>mony ) ! /alls1 b comp>+ unfav\rably
 ) !m 9       execution4 ,!re is a rise 
( two m /eps into ! sanctu>y1       & ! 
alt> itself is rais$ two /eps high]2 ?is
 gives a good       effect4 ,beh9d !    
alt> is an elaborately c>v$ wood5 r]$os 
(       mod]n "w1 ri*ly pa9t$ &         
gilt40--7,t4 ,p47    ,a f9e anci5t scre5

 runs across ! ar* at ! op5+ ( !        
,lady-,*apel4    ,along ! s\? side ( !  
s\?-*oir-aisle we fir/ come to !  ve/ry1
 !n to ! ,jesus ,*apel 7n[ a libr>y71   
sep>at$ f !  aisle by a h&some scre5 ( !
 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,!n we rea* !  f9e   
entrance to ! ,*apt]-,h\se1 b5ea? a l>ge
 ar*4 ,at ! end is  ! ,fras] ,*apel1 )  
an alt> c5otaph to ! second ,bi%op (    
,man*e/]1 ,james ,fras] 7di$ #ahhe71    
buri$ else:]e4    ,on ! nor? aisle ( !  
*oir ! space is occupi$ by ! ,d]by      
,*apel1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 
,x 0 ! private *apel (  ! ,/anley       
family1 to :i* ! ,e>ls ( ,d]by belong4  
,x 0 begun by  ,james ,/anley           
7#adhe-aeji71 :o became ,bi%op ( ,ely4  
,he di$ 9 #aeae &  0 buri$ ne> ! ,ely   
,*apel1 :]e ! orig9al tomb & brass are  
/ill to be se54          ,,c>lisle      
,,d$ication3 ,,! ,,holy ,,tr9ity4       
,,=m]ly ,,s]v$ ,,by ,,augu/9ian         
,,canons4         ,,special ,,features3 
,,*oir ,,& ,,ea/ ,,w9d[4      ,9 !      
anci5t t[n ( ,nor? ,cumb]l&--! fam\s    

bord] t[n  appe>+ s frequ5tly 9 ballads 
z 8,m]ry ,c>lisle0--! ,ca!dral  %>es !  
hon\rs ) ! ,ca/le4 ,bo? date f ab\t     
#ajib4    ,:5 ,william ,rufus ,,ii4     
rebuilt & =tifi$ ,c>lisle1 he left "o   
,walt]1 a ,norman prie/1 z gov]nor4 ,he 
began to build a *ur* &  priory1 b di$ 9
 ! meantime & ,h5ry ,i4 cont9u$ ! "w4 ,!
  *ur* 0 d$icat$ 9 #aaja2 ! mona/]y (   
,augu/9ians 0 f\nd$  9 #aaba2 & !       
,ca!dral e/abli%$ 9 #aacc4 ,x 0 built 9 
!  ,norman /yle1 a nave ) aisles1       
transepts & a t[] at !  int]section ( ! 
latt]4 ,! ar*itect 0 ,hugh1 once abbot (
  ,beaulieu4 ,! ,norman *oir 0 tak5 d[n 
e>ly 9 ! ,?irte5?  ,c5tury & rebuilt 9 !
 ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,two               
fires--especially  ! "o 9 #abib--wr\ght 
mu* damage4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ,f\rte5? 
,c5tury ! *oir 0 complet$ 9 ! ,decorat$ 
/yle1 & !  magnific5t ,ea/ w9d[ 0 also  
ins]t$ at ?is "t4 ,rob]t ,bruce  took up
 8 qu>t]s 9 ! ,ca!dral aft] ! ,battle ( 
,bannockburn  7#acad74 ,9 #acib ! nor?  
transept suff]$ f fire4 ,bi%op ,/rickl& 

7#adjj-adai7 re/or$ x & rebuilt ! c5tral
 t[]1 add+ to x a  wood5 spire4 ,h5ry   
,,viii4 dise/abli%$ ! mona/]y & =m$ a   
,ca!dral4    ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> !       
,puritan soldi]s 7 qu>t]$ 9 !  ,ca!dral 
& did mu* damage4    ,!y pull$ d[n      
two-?irds ( ! ,norman nave 9 ord] to get
 /ones  ) :i* to repair ! =tifications4 
,at ! ris+ ( ,*>les  ,edw>d1 8,bonnie   
,pr9ce ,*>lie10 9 #agde1 8 soldi]s      
captur$ ,c>lisle  & us$ ! ,ca!dral = _! 
headqu>t]s2 & :5 ! ,duke (  ,cumb]l&    
arriv$1 ! *ur* 0 aga9 us$ z b>racks & _m
 (  ! ,jacobites 7 conf9$ 9 its walls4  
,c>lisle is a f9e place to /udy all !   
/yles ( ,e>ly ,engli% 9  simple1 po9t$1 
geometric & fl[+4 ,x is fam$ = its      
wond]ful  ,ea/ ,w9d[ & ! sup]b ,*oir1 "o
 ( ! f9e/ 9 ,engl&4         8,a good    
view is obta9$ f ! ca/le4 ,! usual      
approa* is       f ! ea/ end1 :5ce we   
obs]ve ! gr& ea/ w9d[ ) its             
beautiful ,late ,decorat$ trac]y4 ,x is 
flank$ by buttresses1 )       ni*es &   
crocket$ p9nacles4 ,9 ! ni*es are /atues

 ( ,,ss4       ,pet]1 ,paul1 ,james &   
,john4 ,a foliat$ cross cr[ns ! gable & 
on ea* side are f\r simil> crosses4 ,9 !
 gable is a triangul>       w9d[1 hav+  
?ree trefoils1 & bel[ is a ni*e ) a     
figure       ( ! ,virg94 ,! ,c5tral     
,t[]1 built by ,bi%op ,/rickl&          
7#adjj-adai7 on ! old ,norman pi]s1 is  
too small = ! huge       *oir & lacks   
dignity4 ,=m]ly x 0 cr[n$ ) a wood5     
spire1 b ?is has be5 remov$4 ,!re is a  
turret set at !       nor?-ea/ angle1 & 
9 ! nor? side is a ni*e ) ! figure      
( an angel4 ,! l[] "p ( ! *oir is ,e>ly 
,engli%1 ) !       exception ( a        
,p]p5dicul> w9d[ at ! we/1 & a ,decorat$
       "o 9 ! ea/ bay4 ,! cl]e/ory is   
,late ,decorat$1 & !       w9d[s h fl[+ 
trac]y4 ,! ball-fl[] ornam5t is         
ext5sively us$ 9 ! cornice4 ,! sculpture
 at ,c>lisle is       wor?y ( notice4   
,c>v$ heads & curi\s g>goyles ab\nd4 ,! 
,nor? ,transept is    ,illu/ration3     
,,c>lisle3 ,,s\?-,,we/    ,illu/ration3 
,,c>lisle3 ,,*oir         ne>ly all     

mod]n4 ,x 0 rebuilt by ,/rickl& 9 !     
,fifte5?       ,c5tury1 & aga9 rebuilt  
:5 ! *ur* 0 re/or$4 ,!re is1            
h[ev]1 an ,e>ly ,engli% w9d[ 9 ! we/    
wall4 ,on ! ea/ side       !re 0 =m]ly a
 *apel1 :i* has n surviv$ ! repeat$     
alt]ations4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,nave 0    
tak5 d[n by       ,cromwell's soldi]s4  
,:at is left is ( unmi/akable ,norman   
"*4 ,!re is "s mod]n imitation "w1 &    
late       ar*itectural detail4 ,mo/ ( !
 w9d[s are mod]n1 & also !              
doorway4 ,! s\? side is simil> to !     
nor?4 ,! ,s\? ,transept       pres]ves !
 old ,norman walls4 ,on ! s\? is a mod]n
 doorway       ) a w9d[ ov] x4 ,on ! ea/
 is ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,*apel1 a       ,late 
,e>ly ,engli% or ,e>ly ,decorat$ build+4
 ,! s\? side (       ! *oir is simil> to
 ! nor?1 & pres5ts ,e>ly ,engli%        
details ( con/ruction4 ,! mona/ic       
build+s once /ood on !       s\? side ( 
! *ur* b !y h be5 pull$ d[n ) !         
exception ( ! fratry & gateh\se1 ! /one 
be+ us$ =       repair+ ! =tifications (

 ! city by ,puritan soldi]y4 ,!         
refectory1 or fratry1 0 rebuilt 9 !     
,fifte5? ,c5tury1 & is       n[ us$ z a 
*apt]-h\se4 ,!re is a f9e read]'s pulpit
 "h4       ,! gateway 0 erect$ by ,prior
 ,slee 9 #aebg4 ,! ,dean]y is a         
f9e old h\se1 & 0 =m]ly ! prior's lodg+4
 ,x 0       rebuilt 9 #aejg40--7,p4 ,h4 
,d47    ,! ,nave is ,norman1 b ( ! eight
 bays only two n[ rema94 ,! pi]s  are   
l[1 ! ar*es semicircul>1 & x appe>s t   
lat] h&s c>v$  ! ,e>ly ,engli% foliage  
on ! capitals4 ,! tri=ium %[s pla9      
r\nd-head$ ar*es4 ,! cl]e/ory has ?ree  
ar*es 9 ea* bay1  re/+ on %afts ) c>v$  
capitals4 ,! we/ end is mod]n4 ,sir     
,walt] ,scott 0 m>ri$ "h 9 #agig4    ,! 
,nor? ,transept 0 rebuilt 9 ! ,fifte5?  
,c5tury & ! nor?  end aga9 9 mod]n      
times4 ,! l>ge w9d[ is mod]n & ,decorat$
 9  /yle4 ,an ,e>ly ,engli% w9d[ 9 ! we/
 end is a good example (  plate-trac]y4 
,! ro( is mod]n2 ! ar* ( ! *oir aisle1  
,decorat$4 ,norman pi]s support ! ,t[]1 
to :i* ,bi%op ,/rickl&  add$ additional 

columns1 ,p]p5dicul> ) foliat$ capitals4
 ,!  cresc5t & fett]lock on ! capital ( 
! ea/]n ar* are emblems  ( ! ,p]cy      
family2 ! rose & scallop %ell on ! we/]n
 side1 (  ! ,dacres & ,nevilles4    ,!  
,s\? ,transept is only "o bay3 ,! ar*   
into ! *oir-aisle is  ,norman ) zigzag  
ornam5ts & cu%ion capitals4 ,ano!r      
,norman ar*  op5s into ,/4 ,ca!r9e's    
,*apel1 n[ a ve/ry4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,john 
de ,capella1 a weal?y citiz54 ,!        
beautiful scre5 is ,late ,decorat$4     
,! ,*oir consi/s ( eight po9t$ ar*es3 x 
is #ach feet long & #gb  feet high4     
8,we n[ ent] ! *oir by ! door 9 !       
organ-scre54 ,?is is       "o ( ! f9e/ 9
 ,engl&--spaci\s1 l(ty1 well-proportion$
       & ri* 9 all its details4 ,! ar*es
 ( ! ma9 arcade are       ,e>ly ,engli%1
 z ! m\ld+s & dog-too? ornam5t te/ify4  
,^! rema9$ aft] ! fire ( #abib & 7      
reta9$4 ,! pi]s       are ,e>ly         
,decorat$ & 7 evid5tly built to support 
! ar*es       aft] ! fire4 ,! capitals 7
 c>v$ lat] 9 ! ,late       ,decorat$    

p]iod1 :5 ! upp] p>ts ( ! *oir1 tri=ium1
       cl]e/ory1 ro( & ea/ end 7        
rebuilt4 ,! build]s 7       probably    
,bi%ops ,welton & ,appleby 7#acec-acie74
 ,:5 ! *oir 0       rebuilt 9 ,e>ly     
,engli% times1 ! ar*itect det]m9$ to    
enl>ge       x1 & z ! mona/ic build+s on
 ! s\? prev5t$ any       expansion 9 t  
direction1 ! s\? pi]s ( ! *oir reta9$   
_! old position1 :ile ! nor? 7 mov$     
fur!r nor?w>d1       & a new nor? aisle 
add$4 ,?us ! *oir & ! t[] & nave        
are n q symmetrical1 & !re is a blank   
wall at !       nor?-we/ end ( ! *oir   
:i* is ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,!       details (
 ! ar*itecture ( ! *oir m]it close      
att5tion1       especially ! sculpture4 
,small figures ( m51 animals &          
mon/]s are m+l$ ) ! foliage4 ,!re are "s
 admirable       repres5tations ( !     
seasons1 beg9n+ ) ! second capital      
on ! s\?1 c\nt+ f ! ea/ end4 ,!re is a v
 f9e       timb] ro(1 con/ruct$ ab\t !  
middle ( ! ,f\rte5?       ,c5tury4 ,!   
s*eme ( col\r decoration is1            

un=tunately1 n       orig9al40--7,p4 ,h4
 ,d47    ,! ,ea/ ,w9d[ is "o ( ! f9e/   
,decorat$ w9d[s 9 exi/5ce4 ,!  /one-"w  
is n new1 b x is believ$ to be an exact 
reproduction (  ! orig9al4 ,x is compos$
 ( #hf di/9ct pieces ( /one & is  /ruck 
f #bfc c5tres4 ,!re are n9e lights4 ,!  
glass ( ! upp]  portion is anci5t1 dat+ 
f ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,! pictures    
are ! ,resurrection1 ! ,f9al ,judgm5t & 
! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,hell is  %[n ) all ! 
t]rors famili> to ! ,m$ival m9d4 ,!     
mod]n  glass bel[ repres5ts sc5es f !   
life ( ,*ri/4    ,! ,/alls are ,late    
,p]p5dicul> & are beautifully c>v$4 ,!  
f9e  tab]nacle-"w is dat$ ab\t #adcc4 ,!
 mis]]es repres5t ! usual  grotesque    
mon/]s1 su* z dragons1 griff9s & fables 
9 :i* !  crafty fox is prom95t4 ,a      
,fifte5? ,c5tury brass to ,bi%op ,bell  
7#adie7  on ! floor ( ! *oir des]ves    
notice4    ,a ,r5aissance scre5         
p>titions (f ! nor?-*oir-aisle4 ,"h we  
notice ! ,e>ly ,engli% arcade & ! w9d[s 
) two lights1  dog-too? ornam5t & deep  

m\ld+s4 ,! la/ bay ea/w>d is ,late      
,decorat$2 ! la/ bay we/w>d conta9s a   
,p]p5dicul> w9d[4    ,9 ! nor? wall two 
,e>ly ,engli% sepul*ral recesses are    
unique  because ( _! *evron m\ld+4 ,!   
effigy ly+ 9 "o ( !m is  suppos$ to be  
,silve/] ( ,ev]don 7#abed74 ,! /alls 9 !
  ,nor?-*oir-aisle are ornam5t$ ) v     
/range pa9t+s ( !  ,fifte5? ,c5tury     
illu/rat+ ! lives ( ,/4 ,an?ony & ,/4   
,cu?b]t1 ) descriptive v]ses4    ,!     
,s\?-*oir-aisle1 ) a simil> scre5 to !  
opposite "o1 also  conta9s pa9t$ /alls  
repres5t+ ! life ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,x     
resembles ! nor?-*oir-aisle4    ,! n>r[ 
,retro-*oir is ( ! same date z ! big    
w9d[4    ,! l[] "p ( ! ,*oir is ,e>ly   
,engli% ) ! exception ( !  ,p]p5dicul>  
w9d[ 9 ! we/ bay & a ,decorat$ "o 9 !   
ea/  bay4 ,! cl]e/ory is ,late          
,decorat$1 ! w9d[s noticeable = _!  fl[+
 trac]y4 ,ev]y:]e ! ball-fl[] ornam5t   
ab\nds1 & c>v$  heads & weird g>goyles  
are omnipres5t4    ,! s\? side resembles
 ! nor? ) ! exception ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e's   

,*apel1 a ,late ,e>ly ,engli%1 or ,e>ly 
,decorat$ con/ruction4 ,!  mona/ic      
build+s h disappe>$ ) ! exception ( !   
,refectory1  rebuilt 9 ! ,fifte5?       
,c5tury1 n[ us$ z ! ,*apt]-,h\se1 & !   
gateway built 9 #aebg4 ,! f9e old       
,dean]y1 =m]ly ! prior's h\se1  0       
rebuilt 9 #aejg4    ,illu/ration3       
,,c>lisle3 ,,ea/ ,,end    ,illu/ration3 
,,durham3 ,,we/ ,,front                 
,,durham         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4      
,,cu?b]t4 ,,=m]ly ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,a     
,,b5$ict9e       ,,mona/]y4             
,,special ,,features3 ,,galilee ,,*apel2
 ,,*apel ,,( ,,! ,,n9e ,,alt>s2         
,,neville ,,scre52 ,,joseph',s ,,w9d[4  
,durham is ! mo/ beautifully situat$ (  
all ,engli% ca!drals4 ,x is  p]*$ ^u a  
rocky & wood$ em95ce above ! ,we> ,riv]1
 & )  ! ca/le by its side makes a noble 
picture4 ,:5 se5 f !  opposite side ( ! 
riv] ! we/ end ( ! ,ca!dral is v  *>m+2 
= ! ,galilee ,*apel1 ! we/]n t[]s &     
gable1 ! tall  c5tral t[] & ! ro( ( !   
nave %[ v>iety ( l9e & mass4  ,!        

,galilee ,*apel completely hides ! we/]n
 doorway2 b above x  rises ! big w9d[ ( 
#acdf1 ! semicircul> ar* & ! small gable
  betwe5 ! tw9 t[]s4    ,durham ,ca!dral
 ow$ its exi/5ce to ,/4 ,cu?b]t 7"o ( ! 
?ree  great ,engli% sa9ts71 & 0 =tunate 
en\gh to possess 8 %r9e4  ,!re=e1 x is  
well to recall 8 life be=e visit+ !     
*ur*4 ,/4  ,cu?b]t 0 born ab\t #fce1 & 9
 ,irel&1 accord+ to tradition4 ,he  is  
fir/ he>d ( z a %eph]d-boy 9            
,nor?umbria1 :]e1 9 #fea1 :ile  wat*+ 8 
flocks by night1 he _h a vision ( !     
heav5s op5+ &  angels c>ry+ ?i!r ! s\l (
 ,/4 ,aidan1 ! pi\s bi%op (  ,l9disf>ne4
 ,he decid$ to become a monk & ent]$ !  
mona/]y (  ,melrose1 :]e he became      
prior4 ,aft] a few ye>s he w5t to       
,l9disf>ne1 & also became prior !re4 ,9 
#fgf he became an an*orite  on ,f>ne    
,isl&1 :]e he di$1 ,m>* #bj1 #fhg4 ,!   
fame ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t  increas$ aft] 8 dea?
 & 8 anniv]s>y 0 a great fe/ival 9  !   
,engli% ,*ur*4 ,_m *ur*es 9 ! nor? 7    
d$icat$ to him4  ,8 body re/$ quietly 9 

,l9disf>ne = two hundr$ ye>s1 b 9  #hge1
 :5 ! ,danes 7 ravag+ ,nor?umbria1 !    
pi\s monks ( ,holy  ,isl&1 be>+ ! body  
on _! %\ld]s1 fl$ inl& & f\nd a         
tempor>y re/+-place 9 ,*e/]-le-,/reet1  
half-way betwe5 ,newca/le  & ,durham4 ,9
 #iie !y transf]r$ ! body ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t 
to ,ripon2  b 9 ! same ye> remov$ x to  
,durham4    ,leg5d says t aft] ! monks  
left ,*e/]-le-,/reet1 ,/4 ,cu?b]t       
appe>$ & ann\nc$ t he desir$ to re/ at  
,dun-holm4 ,! monks  w&]$ ab\t 9 se>* ( 
?is place4 ,f9ally !y he>d a woman  ask+
 ano!r if %e _h se5 h] lo/ c[4 ,! o!r   
answ]$3 8,x's  d[n 9 ,dun-holm40 ,!     
monks rememb]+ t ,dun-holm meant        
hill-mead[1 c>ri$ ! body ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t  
into ! lonely field4    ,"h !y built a  
/one *apel to protect ! body2 & ,bi%op  
,aldhun  soon began a great *ur*4 ,?is  
8,:ite ,*ur*0 0 consecrat$ 9 #iii4      
,aldhun di$ 9 #ajah4 ,! next important  
bi%op 0 ,william ( ,sa9t  ,c>ileph      
7#ajhj-ajif71 appo9t$ by ,william !     
,conqu]or4 ,he turn$ !  place into a    

,b5$ict9e mona/]y4 ,!n he det]m9$ to    
build a bett]  ,ca!dral1 & laid !       
f\ndation-/one 9 #ajic4 ,:5 he di$1 ?ree
  ye>s lat]1 ! walls ( ! *oir1 ! ea/]n  
walls ( ! transepts1  ! ar*es ( ! t[] & 
a "p ( ! fir/ bay ( ! nave 7  f9i%$4 ,a 
tempor>y %r9e 0 also made = ,/4         
,cu?b]t's body4  ,ranulph ,flamb>d      
7#ajii-aabh7 0 ! next great build]4 ,!  
nave1 !  aisles1 ! we/ doorway1 ! l[] "p
 ( ! we/]n t[]s & !  vault+ ( ! aisles  
are 84 ,9 #aajd he remov$ ! body ( ,/4  
,cu?b]t f ! cloi/]-g>? to ! spl5did %r9e
 beh9d ! high  alt>4 ,"h ! sacr$ relics 
7 suppos$ to "w miracles1 &  pilgrims   
flock$ 9 great numb]s to ?is holy place4
 ,william !  ,conqu]or1 ,h5ry ,,iii41   
,edw>d ,,ii41 & ,h5ry ,,vi4 7 among !   
royal  p]sonages :o did homage to !     
sa9t4    ,:5 ,h5ry ,,viii4 suppress$ !  
mona/]ies 9 #aedj1 ! %r9e 0  de/roy$2 b 
! monks secur$ ,/4 ,cu?b]t's body &     
buri$ x  b5ea? ! plat=m on :i* ! %r9e _h
 /ood4 ,9 #ahbg ! grave  0 op5$4 ,a c(f9
 0 f\nd t _h be5 made 9 #aeda2 ?is      

enclos$  ano!r1 suppos$ to date f #aajd2
 & ?is1 a ?ird1 t agre$ )  ! description
 ( ! "o made 9 #fih4 ,9 ! latt] 0 f\nd  
,/4  ,cu?b]t's body1 wrapp$ 9 five robes
 ( embroid]$ silk4 ,?us x  almo/ seem$ z
 if !re 7 "s reason = ! leg5d t 8 body  
0 suppos$ to be incorrupt4    ,william !
 ,conqu]or1 anxi\s to see ?is incorrupt 
body1 ord]$ !  %r9e to be op5$2 b1 at ! 
fir/ /roke1 su* sickness & t]ror  fell  
^u him t he ru%$ f ! ,ca!dral2 &1 m\nt+ 
8  horse1 he nev] drew bridle until he  
_h cross$ ! ,tees4    ,until !          
,re=mation ! bann] ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t hung   
ov] 8 %r9e4  ,x 0 made f a clo? us$ by  
,/4 ,cu?b]t 9 celebrat+ mass & x  0     
believ$ to insure victory to ! army 9 ^:
 ranks x 0  c>ri$4 ,flodd5 0 "o ( ! _m  
fields 9 :i* ! defeat ( !  ,scots 0     
ascrib$ to ! ,/&>d ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,ano!r
 0  ,neville's ,cross1 ne> ,durham1 :5  
#ae1jjj ,scots p]i%$4 ,a ?anksgiv+  hymn
 0 ord]$ to be sung on top ( ! ,ca!dral 
t[] on ea*  anniv]s>y ( ! battle4 ,?is  
cu/om is /ill obs]v$4    ,return+ n[ to 

! ar*itectural hi/ory ( ! ,ca!dral1 !   
next  great build] 0 ,hugh ,pudsey      
7#aaec-aaie71 9 ^: "t ! ,norman  /yle 0 
pass+ out ( fa%ion4 ,pudsey began to    
build a ,lady-,*apel at  ! ea/ end2 b :5
 he saw great cracks appe>+ 9 ! walls1  
he  ?\ght t ,/4 ,cu?b]t 0 manife/+ 8    
displeasure4 ,consequ5tly  he remov$ all
 8 build+ mat]ials1 includ+ ! ,purbeck  
m>ble  columns1 & began & f9i%$ !       
wond]ful ,galilee ,*apel at ! we/  end1 
ab\t #aage4    ,pudsey 0 a great pr9ce z
 well z a f9e build]4 ,he 0 only        
tw5ty-five :5 he became ,bi%op (        
,durham4 ,he b\ght ! e>ldom (           
,nor?umb]l& & also a manor4 ,:5 ,k+     
,h5ry decid$ to g to  ,j]usalem aft] 8  
capture by ! ,s>ac5s1 ,pudsey fitt$ out 
%ips &  _h a seat ( silv] = himself 9 "o
 ( !m4 ,! ,k+ di$1 &  ,pudsey rema9$ at 
home2 & :ile ,k+ ,ri*>d w5t on ! trip   
,pudsey  & ! ,bi%op ( ,ely qu>rell$4    
,pudsey 0 decoy$ to ,london &  ?r[n into
 ! ,t[]4 ,he 0 releas$4 ,he di$ on ano!r
 j\rney f  ,durham to ,london 9 #aaie4  

,bi%op ,poore 7#abbi-abcg71 arriv+ f    
,salisbury ,ca!dral 7see page  #gg71    
plann$ ! ,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s1 ano!r  
special feature (  ,durham & "o ( ! be/ 
examples ( ,e>ly ,engli% 9 exi/5ce4 ,z  
soon z he arriv$ 9 ,durham1 ,bi%op      
,poore began to plan ! ea/]n  transept1 
= ! apse ( ,c>ileph's *oir _h be5 deem$ 
unsafe4  ,build+1 h[ev]1 0 n und]tak5   
until aft] 8 dea?4    ,9 ! ,f\rte5?     
,c5tury ! l>ge w9d[ 9 ! nor? transept & 
!  we/ w9d[s ( ! nave 7 add$4 ,!n !     
cloi/]s 7 built &  sev]al halls4 ,!     
refectory 0 turn$ into a libr>y 9       
#affa-afhd4    ,! c5tral t[] 0 repair$ &
 rebuilt 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4          
,wyatt1 :o _h *>ge ( ! re/orations 9    
#agif1 de/roy$ ! f9e  ,norman           
,*apt]-,h\se 7built 9 #aacc-aadj71      
rebuilt ! turrets on !  ,*apel ( ! ,n9e 
,alt>s & plac$ a w9d[ ( 8 own design 9 !
  ea/ end1 remov+ = ! purpose ! great   
,e>ly ,engli% w9d[4 ,!  orig9al glass 0 
also tak5 out & pil$ up 9 baskets4 ,aft]
 mu*  _h be5 /ol5 ! rema9d] 0 lock$ up 9

 ! ,galilee4 ,"s ( x  0 ins]t$ 9 ! great
 r\nd w9d[4    ,wyatt came v ne> de/roy+
 ! ,galilee ,*apel s t he c\ld op5  !   
we/ doorway2 b he 0 =tunately /opp$4    
,! *ief re/orations ( late ye>s h be5 ^?
 ( #ahgj-ahgf1 :5  ! new *oir-scre5 &   
pulpit 7 erect$1 ! *oir-/alls replac$  &
 ! floor ( ! *oir pav$ ) m>ble mosaic4  
,f ! l>ge op5 space betwe5 ! ,ca!dral & 
,ca/le1 kn[n z !  ,palace ,gre51 we ga9 
a f9e view ( ! nor!rn side ( ! build+2  
! tall c5tral t[] & transept ) its      
spl5did w9d[ 7#acfb7 7,!  ,f\r ,doctors 
( ! ,*ur*72 & ! nor? aisle to ! ,*apel (
 !  ,n9e ,alt>s t completes ! ea/]n end4
    ,f ?is side we c /udy ! t[]s to     
advantage4 ,! two squ>e1  solid we/]n   
t[]s date f ,norman "t2 b ! ,norman "w  
ends at  ! ro( ( ! nave2 !n beg9s :at is
 probably "w ( !  ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,"h 
we h f\r /ories ornam5t$ ) arcad+1  bl9d
 & op54 ,! fir/ & ?ird h po9t$ ar*es1 & 
! second  & f\r? r\nd ar*es4 ,! op5     
p>apets & p9nacles 7 add$ at  ! end ( ! 
,eighte5? ,c5tury4    ,! ,c5tral ,t[]   

dates f ab\t #adgd1 replac+ an old] t[] 
t  _h be5 condemn$4 ,! belfry _h be5    
/ruck by lightn+ 9 #adbi4 ,!  t[]       
consi/s ( two /ories sep>at$ by a n>r[  
gall]y ) a  pi]c$ & embattl$ p>apet4    
,?is is call$ ! ,bell ,r+]s' ,gall]y4   
,! w9d[s are arrang$ 9 pairs surm\nt$ by
 ogee label mold+s1  crocket$ & ornam5t$
 ) f9ials4 ,! t[] is f9i%$ ) an         
op5-work$ p>apet1 & at ea* corn] are    
buttresses ) canopi$  ni*es conta9+     
figures4    ,we walk ea/w>d to ga9 a    
ne>] view ( ! ,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s  ) 
! ,e>ly ,decorat$ w9d[ & turrets cr[n$ )
 pyramids4 ,we  p>ticul>ly want to see  
on ! nor?-we/ turret ! panel ( ! ,dun   
,c[1 a mod]n reproduction ( an anci5t   
"w1 commemorat+ ! leg5d4    ,we n[ turn 
& walk we/w>ds4 ,!n we ent] ! ,nor?     
,door1 !  pr9cipal entrance to !        
,ca!dral4 ,! ext]ior is ! "w ( ,wyatt2  
& ?\gh we take "s pleasure 9 ! c>v+s (  
foliage1 figures1  *evrons & loz5ges t  
ornam5t ! capitals & ar*-m\lds1 x is  ! 
doorway1 ) its sanctu>y knock]1 t       

attracts our att5tion4    ,crim9als 7   
wont to claim sanctu>y at ,durham f #gdj
 to #aebd4 ,z  soon z ! fugitive grasp$ 
! r+ he 0 safe4 ,?is knock] is a        
grotesque head ( bronze ) a r+ hang+ f !
 gr9n+ m\?4         8,! nor? entrance   
door tells an int]e/+ tale4 ,! pres5t   
door is a mod]n re/oration1 & "s ( !    
orig9al features (       ! fam\s        
entrance h be5 oblit]at$4 ,t[>ds ?is    
door _m a       poor wret* ha/5+ to     
escape ! h&s ( ! av5g] has sp$       8  
fe>ful /eps 9 days gone by4 ,atta*$ to !
 door /ill       gl>es a fe>ful-look+   
metallic head hold+ a r+ 9 its m\?4     
,9 its n[ eyeless sockets 7 once 9 all  
probability balls (       cry/al1 or    
enamel4 ,:5 once ! r+ 0 grasp$ by ! h& (
       ! fugitive he 0 safe4 ,he _h     
claim$ ! #8peace' ( ,/4       ,cu?b]t1 &
 ! sanctity ( ! neighb\r+ %r9e %ield$   
him4       ,above ! door by day & night 
wat*$ relays ( monks to admit       ^?  
:o claim$ sanctu>y4 ,s soon z ev] a     
fugitive _h rea*$       ! door he 0     

admitt$4 ,?is done he _h to confess !   
crime (       :i* he 0 guilty1 & 8      
/atem5t 0 tak5 d[n 9 writ+4       ,all !
 :ile a bell 0 toll+ to give notice t "s
 "o _h       tak5 refuge 9 ! *ur*4 ,!n !
 culprit 0 array$ 9 a black       g[n ) 
a yell[ cross on 8 left %\ld]1 & rema9$ 
)9       ! prec9cts = ?irty-sev5 days4  
,if1 at ! end ( t "t1       he c\ld n   
obta9 a p>don ( ! civil au?orities1 he 0
       convey$ across ! seas to beg9    
life else:]e40--7,t47    ,! ext]ior has 
n prep>$ u = ! great impression t we    
exp]i5ce on ent]+ ! ,nave ) its enorm\s 
columns & noble  ar*es4 ,^! columns are 
deeply cut1 "s ) spirals1 "s )  zigzags1
 "s ) re$s1 etc4 ,! :ole effect is      
solemn4 ,=tunately  ! mod]n scre5 all[s 
! gaze to trav]se ! entire l5g? ( !     
nave & *oir until x is *eck$ by ! fam\s 
,neville ,scre54         8,! tri=ium is 
almo/ uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole *ur*4 ,9     
ea* sub-bay x consi/s ( two small ar*es 
"u "o l>ge "o1       ) ! tympanum solid4
 ,"h also ! capitals are cu%ions &      

p]fectly pla94         8,above ! tri=ium
 is ! cl]e/ory1 :i* conta9s "o light to 
ea* sub-bay1 & surm\nt+ all is ! vault+1
 :i* spr+s       f ! pi]s & f           
grotesquely c>v$ corbels betwe5 !       
tri=ium ar*es4 ,! vault+ ribs are       
ornam5t$ ) *evrons on       ei!r side ( 
a bold semicircul> m\ld+4 ,s mu* = !    
g5]al arrangem5t ( ! bays4 ,"s idea ( ! 
massiv5ess (       ! /ructures may be   
ga!r$ :5 x is kn[n t ea* gr\p (       ! 
clu/]$ pill>s sep>at+ ! bays cov]s an   
area ( two       hundr$ & tw5ty-five    
squ>e feet at its base1 :ile ^? ( !     
cyl9drical columns ( ! sub-bays are     
twelve feet squ>e1 & !       columns    
!mselves h a circumf]5ce ( ov]          
tw5ty-?ree feet4       ,!re is little   
room to d\bt t ! effect obta9$ by ! old 
build]s ( ,durham 0 int5tional4 ,!      
ma/]ly way 9 :i* great       masses (   
solid masonry1 great] ?an 0             
con/ructively necess>y1       are h&l$1 
& ! retic5ce & delicacy ( ! ornam5t     
comb9e       to prove ?is4 ,!re is 9 !  

:ole s*eme a delightful union (         
great p[] & vig\r 9 ! masses1 & (       
t5d]ness & lov+       c>e 9 !           
detail40--7,j4 ,e4 ,b47    ,at ! we/ end
 ( ! nave /&s ! ,font1 a mod]n "w 9 !   
,norman  /yle c>v$ ) m$allions depict+  
sc5es f ! life ( ,/4  ,cu?b]t4 ,x is    
cov]$ by a l>ge wood5 canopy1 dat+ f    
#affc &  curi\sly c>v$ ) a mixture (    
,classic & ,go?ic ornam5tation4         
,durham is built 9 ! =m ( a ,lat9 cross1
 ) transept1 & 9 !  c5tre ( ! arms rises
 ! t[]4 ,at ! ea/ end ano!r transept    
runs--! ,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s4 ,at !   
we/ end we h ! ,galilee  ,*apel4        
,illu/ration3 ,,durham3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/   
,illu/ration3 ,,durham3 ,,galilee       
,,*apel    ,no "o seems to "k ! orig9 ( 
! ^w ,galilee4 ,accord+ to ,canon       
,talbot3         8,its "n ( ,galilee has
 probably "s ref]5ce to ,galilee ( !    
,g5tiles1 & implies t x 0 consid]$ less 
sacr$ ?an !       re/ ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,/4 
,cu?b]t _h a m ?an monki% fe> (         
wom51 & !y 7 n all[$ to approa* ! %r9e4 

,a cross       let into ! pavem5t ( !   
nave at ! f> we/ end curi\sly       m>ks
 ! f>-remov$ spot ne>] ?an :i* wom5     
might n       approa*4 ,! prejudices ( !
 good sa9t 7 ?us p]petuat$       long   
aft] 8 dea?4 ,! :ole effect is light &  
graceful1 &       if ! wom5 7 n all[$ to
 ent] f>!r ?an ! we/]n       extremity (
 ! *ur*1 !y c]ta9ly _h a mo/ beautiful  
place       ( wor%ip40    ,! ,galilee   
,*apel is ! mo/ beautiful example (     
,transitional ,norman4         8,ent]+ !
 *apel by ! /eps lead+ f ! ,norman nave1
 !       visitor is at once impress$ ) !
 lightness & delicacy ( !       "w be=e 
him1 z comp>$ ) ! massive gr&eur ( !    
,norman ca!dral beh9d4 ,"h we h1 9 fact1
 "o ( ! late/       uses ( ! r\nd ar*   
influ5c$ by ! rapidly develop+ ,e>ly    
,engli% ,go?ic4 ,9 plan ! *apel consi/s 
( a nave ) d\ble       aisles1 :i*      
p]haps might be m prop]ly call$ five    
aisles4       ,^! are divid$ by arcades1
 ea* ( :i* is ( f\r bays4 ,^!           
ar*es & ! columns :i* support !m are !  

*ief beauty &       *>act]i/ic ( !      
*apel4 ,! ar*es are semicircul>1 ( "o   
ord]1 ) ?ree l9es ( *evrons1 "o on ea*  
face1 & "o on       ! s(fit betwe5 two  
roll m\ld+s4 ,! capitals are light &    
graceful & c>v$ ) a volute1 & ! columns 
clu/]s (       m>ble & free/one %afts4  
,! :ole seems to h be5 col\r$       9   
fresco1 & rema9s ( ?is are /ill to be   
se54 ,! /one       %afts1 :i* alt]nate )
 ^? ( m>ble1 d n c>ry any (       !     
weight ( ! ar*1 & are1 und\bt$ly1 an    
addition1 probably       9 ! "t (       
,c>d9al ,langley1 :5 !y mu/ h be5 add$1 
) a view to improv+ ! appe>ance4 ,!     
dim5sions ( !       *apel are =ty-sev5  
feet f ea/ to we/1 & sev5ty-six         
feet f nor? to s\?4 ,! exi/+ ro( & !    
?ree       ,p]p5dicul> w9d[s on ! we/   
end are also additions by       ,c>d9al 
,langley4 ,on ! walls above :at 7 once !
 alt>s (       ! ,virg9 & ,our ,lady (  
,pity1 rema9s ( fresco pa9t+ may be     
notic$1 all t rema9s ( :at has evid5tly 
be5 beautiful       "w4 ,^! 7 only      

br\ght to light by ! removal (          
successive       coats ( :itewa% ) :i*  
!y _h be5 cov]$40--7,j4 ,e4 ,b47    ,!  
two doorways at ! end ( ! nor? aisle &  
s\? aisle ( !  nave 7 made by ,c>d9al   
,langley1 :o clos$ up ! great ,we/ door1
  reop5$ 9 #ahdf4 ,?is 0 built by       
,flamb>d 7#ajii-aabh7 & consi/s (  an   
ar* ( f\r ord]s decorat$ ) *evrons4     
,grotesque animals also  appe> 9        
m$allions4 ,langley also made a new ro(1
 = :i* he rais$  ! walls4    ,9 front ( 
! pr9cipal alt> /&s ,langley's ,tomb1   
erect$ by  himself2 b ( f> m int]e/ is !
 re/+-place ( a great] man4    ,no      
visitor c look ^u ! /one slab t m>ks !  
grave ( !  ,v5]able ,b$e )\t awe4 ,b$e1 
s fam$ = 8 le>n+ & piety1  0 a          
contempor>y ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t & sp5t 8 long 
life *iefly 9  ! mona/]ies ( ,monkwe>m\?
 & ,j>r[4 ,he di$ 9 #gce & 0  buri$ at  
,j>r[4 ,9 #ajbb 8 rema9s 7 /ol5 & plac$ 
9 ! same  c(f9 ) ^? ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4      
,pudsey remov$ !m into ! new  ,galilee  
,*apel4 8,!re1 9 a silv] casket gilt )  

gold1 hee laid !  bones ( ,v5]able ,b$e1
 & erect$ a co/ly & magnific5t %r9e  ov]
 x10 s ! ,rites ( ,durham in=m u4 ,:5 ! 
%r9e 0  de/roy$ 9 #aedb1 ! bones 7      
int]r$ b5ea? ! site ( !  %r9e & 7 left  
undi/urb$ until #ahca1 :5 !y 7 exhum$1  
exam9$1 enclos$ 9 a lead-l9$ c(f9 &     
replac$ 9 ! tomb4         8,! mo/       
int]e/+ monum5t "h is ! pla9 alt>-slab  
:i*       m>ks ! burial-place ( ! great 
,nor?umbrian s*ol>4 ,on !       tomb are
 engrav$ ! well-kn[n words1 ,hac sunt 9 
foss ,b$       ,v5]abilis ossa 7,9 ?is  
grave lie ! bones ( ! ,v5]able          
,b$e74 ,accord+ to ! old leg5d ! monk1  
:o 0 ca/+ ab\t       = a ^w to complete 
! scansion ( 8 l9e betwe5 ,b$ &         
ossa1 left a space blank until he c\ld 9
 ! morn+ return to       8 task ) a m9d 
refre%$4 ,h[ev]1 dur+ ! night an        
unkn[n h& add$ ! metrically suitable    
,v5]abilis4 ,?is1       accord+ to !    
leg5d1 is ! orig9 ( ! peculi> preface   
,v5]able1 always associat$ ) ! "n (     
,b$e40--7,t47    ,!re are few monum5ts &

 tombs 9 ,durham ,ca!dral4 ,! mo/       
int]e/+ is t ( ,"l ,ralph ,neville & 8  
wife1 ,lady ,alice1 9  ! s\? side ( !   
nave4 ,un=tunately ! effigies ( #acfg & 
#acfd  are mu* mutilat$4 ,ne> !m is !   
alt>-tomb ( ,"l ,john ,neville  7di$1   
#achf71 & 8 wife1 ! daught] ( ,"l ,h5ry 
,p]cy1 ! fam\s  8,hotspur40 ,_! effigies
 are headless & mutilat$1 b traces (    
col\r & gild+ are to be se54 ,! c>v+ ( !
 canopies is v  beautiful & betwe5 ea* (
 ! ni*es are two squ>e panels be>+  !   
arms ( ,neville & ,p]cy4    ,we n[ come 
to ! transepts4 ,ea* consi/s ( two bays1
 ) an aisle  on ! ea/]n side1 to :i*    
?ree /eps lead4 ,9 ^! at "o "t  alt>s   
/ood--to ,/4 ,ni*olas & ,/4 ,giles1 to  
,/4 ,gregory & ,/4  ,b5$ict 9 ! nor?    
transept2 & to ,/4 ,fai? & ,/4 ,?omas ! 
,apo/le1 to ,our ,lady ( ,bolton & ,our 
,lady ( ,h\ghhall1 9 ! s\?  transept4 ,a
 l>ge w9d[ ornam5ts & lights ea* end4   
,! "o 9 ! nor? end is suppos$ to date f 
#acfb4 ,x is compos$  ( six lights1 & ! 
head %[s late geometrical trac]y4 ,!    

transom  cross+ ! mullions is n visible 
f ! outside4 ,bel[ x a second  set (    
mullions supports a small gall]y :i*    
leads to ! tri=ium4  ,?is w9d[ 0 repair$
 9 #aeab & fill$ ) glass ( ! p]iod      
repres5t+ its *ief figures--,/4         
,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,gregory  &   
,/4 ,ambrose4 ,!re=e x became kn[n z ,! 
,f\r ,doctors ( !  ,*ur*4 ,prior        
,ca/ell1 :o _h *>ge ( ! repairs1 plac$  
himself  "h kneel+ be=e ! ,virg94 ,!    
opposite w9d[1 9 ! s\? end  ( !         
transept1 is call$ ! ,te ,deum4 ,x      
conta9s six lights & is  ,p]p5dicul> 9  
/yle1 dat+ betwe5 #adaf & #addf4 ,!re   
are  correspond+ /airways 9 ! nor?-we/ &
 s\?-we/ corn]s ( !  transepts4    ,n[  
we come to ! ,t[]1 support$ on f\r l>ge 
,norman pi]s )  semicircul> ar*es4 ,we  
look above ab\t sev5ty feet & see ! fir/
  /ory ( ! lant]n ) a gall]y4 ,panels1  
grotesque heads1 corbels1  crockets &   
f9ials & a /r+-c\rse ornam5t$ ) ! ,tudor
  fl[] give u pl5ty to /udy4 ,!n come ! 
w9d[s1 ea* ) two  lights & divid$ by a  

transom1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! h&some gro9$   
ro( ) bosses on ! ribs4    ,! ,*oir is !
 e>lie/ "p ( ! *ur*4 ,x conta9s ,e>ly   
,norman1  ,e>ly ,engli% & ,e>ly         
,decorat$ "w4 ,! two lat] /yles occur 9 
! ea/]n "p1 & mu* beautiful detail is to
 be enjoy$4 ,:]e !  "o leaves (f & ! o!r
 beg9s af=ds int]e/+ /udy4    ,c>ileph's
 "w is se5 9 ! we/]n bays4 ,arcades     
adorn ! pi]s on  bo? sides ( ! *oir4 ,! 
l[] r[ has six ar*es & ! upp]  ?ree4    
,all ^! are c>v$ ) foliage1 heads & half
 figures4 ,on  ea* pi] ( ! upp] arcade  
!re is an angel "u a canopy4 ,!  vault+ 
dates f ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,x is       
quadrip>tite4 ,squ>e  leaves & !        
dog-too? decorate ! ribs4 ,! bosses at !
 po9ts (  int]section are v f9e4    ,an 
alt>-tomb ) ! effigy ( ,bi%op ,hatfield 
7#acde-acha71 b5ea?  ! ,bi%op's ,?rone1 
rem9ds u ( ! days :5 bi%ops 7 pr9ces  & 
w>riors4 ,hatfield l$ eighty ar*]s to ! 
siege ( ,calais2 &  dur+ 8 rule at      
,durham ! battle ( ,neville's ,cross    
occurr$ 7see  page #bcf74 ,su* a        

magnific5t bi%op _h to h a magnific5t   
tomb2 &  s1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! day1 
he design$ "o = himself4  ,"h he lies   
b5ea? a canopy t once 0 bright ) pa9t+ &
  gild+4 ,8 effigy %[s 8 spl5did robes4 
,! ,scre51 sep>at+ ! *oir f ! nave1     
dates f #ahgj-ahgf4  ,! ,*oir-/alls 7   
made f #affj to #afgb to replace !      
orig9als  de/roy$ by ! ,scotti% prison]s
 inc>c]at$ 9 ! ,ca!dral 9  #afej aft] ! 
battle ( ,dunb>4    ,above ! high alt>  
rises ! spl5did ,neville ,scre51 erect$ 
ab\t  #achj *iefly at ! exp5se ( ,john1 
,"l ,neville ( ,raby4 ,x runs along  !  
entire *oir1 & =ms s$ilia ( f\r seats on
 ei!r side4 ,!  scre5 0 orig9ally fill$ 
) #ajg /atues4 ,! ,virg9 /ood 9 !       
c5tre1 & "o side ( h] 0 ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 &  
on ! o!r ,/4  ,oswald4         8,! prior
 ( ! day employ$ at 8 own exp5se sev5   
masons =       ne>ly a ye> to fix !     
scre51 ! execution ( :i* is suppos$     
to h be5 ! fruit ( ! lab\rs ( ,fr5*     
arti/s4 ,! scre5       orig9ally 0 mu* m
 elaborate ?an at pres5t1 be+ cov]$     

) ri* col\r & e ni*e fill$ ) sculptur$  
figures1       b ev5 n[ its pres5t      
appe>ance is graceful40--7,t47    ,!    
,neville scre5 is pi]c$ by two doors t  
lead directly to !  ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t 
9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s j beh9d x2  =
 9 ?is *apel repose ! bones ( ! patron  
sa9t4 ,fac+ !  great rose w9d[ !re is an
 oblong plat=m 7#cg  #bc feet71 ab\t six
  feet high] ?an ! floor4 ,! %r9e 0     
plac$ "h 9 #aajd &  rema9$ until #aedj1 
:5 ! body 0 tak5 f x & buri$ b5ea?  ?is 
spot4    ,! ,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s 0 s  
nam$ because b5ea? ! n9e  lancet w9d[s  
=m]ly /ood n9e alt>s to ! foll[+ sa9ts3 
7#a71  ,/4 ,&rew & ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal52   
7#b71 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/4         
,m>g>et2 7#c71 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury &
 ,/4 ,ca!r9e2 7#d71 ,/4  ,oswald & ,/4  
,lawr5ce2 7#e71 ,/4 ,cu?b]t & ,/4 ,b$e2 
7#f71 ,/4  ,m>t92 7#g71 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 
,paul2 7#h71 ,/4 ,aidan & ,/4 ,hel52    
7#i71  ,/4 ,mi*ael ! ,ar*angel4         
8,x is approa*$ f ! aisles by /eps1 !   
floor level be+       l[] ?an t ( ! *ur*

 prop]4 ,x is altoge!r a rem>kable      
& int]e/+ /ructure4 ,) its lightness &  
l(t9ess       contra/+ gr&ly ) ! massive
 ,norman nave & *oir1 its       clu/]$  
columns ( poli%$ m>ble alt]nat+ ) /one1 
its       f9e bold sculpture1 its       
spl5did vault$ ro( & ri* arcad+1       x
 =ms a p]fect example ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% 
/yle4 ,?\gh       regul> & symmetrical 9
 g5]al design1 ! detail %[s great       
v>iety1 & ev5 irregul>ity1 a quality s  
(t5 pres5t 9 old       "w1 & s mu* to   
its advantage4         8,! #8,new ,"w1' 
z x 0 always call$1 0 comm5c$ 9 ! ye>   
#abdb4 ,! ea/]n wall1 ) its rose & n9e  
lancet w9d[s1 is       ! e>lie/ "p ( !  
*apel1 ! nor? & s\? walls be+           
lat]4 ,! jo9+ & bl5d+ ( ! "w ) ! ,norman
 (       ,c>ileph's *oir _h evid5tly be5
 accompli%$ :5 ! *apel       0 almo/    
complet$4 ,! ea/]n wall is ( ?ree bays1 
ea* bay       hav+ ?ree l(ty lancet     
w9d[s4 ,! bays are n ( equal wid?1      
! c5tre "o be+ regulat$ by ! wid? ( !   
nave ( !       *ur*1 & n>r[] ?an ! nor? 

& s\? bays4         8,a v beautiful     
arcade runs completely r\nd ! walls4 ,x 
is (       trefoil ar*es deeply & ri*ly 
m\ld$1 support$ on m>ble       columns  
c>v$ ) foliage4 ,ov] ! ar*es is a       
hood-m\ld       t]m9at+ ) heads4 ,9 !   
sp&rels are a s]ies ( deeply       sunk 
& m\ld$ quatrefoils1 two ( :i* conta9   
sculpture4 ,!       bases ( ! columns   
re/ on a pl9?4 ,surm\nt+ ?is arcade is a
       m\ld$ /r+ f ! level ( :i* rise ! 
w9d[s1 & above       ! w9d[s ano!r      
/r+-c\rse & a second range ( w9d[s4 ,9  
! c5tre bay1 h[ev]1 is ! l>ge rose w9d[1
 :i* is ov]       ?irty feet 9 diamet]4 
8,! division ( ! *apel into ?ree bays is
 effect$ by two ma9       vault+ ar*es1 
:i* spr+ on ! we/]n side f ! pi]s (     
! ea/ end ( ! *oir1 & on ! ea/]n side f 
responds (       clu/]$ %afts alt]nately
 ( m>ble & /one1 b&$ at       int]vals &
 hav+ ri*ly c>v$ capitals4 ,! ar*es     
!mselves       are deeply m\ld$ &       
ornam5t$ ) dog-too? ornam5t &           
foliage4 ,! vault ( ! c5tral bay has    

eight ribs--two spr++       f ea* ( !   
clu/]s j describ$1 & two f ea* ( !      
*oir pi]s4 ,! vault+ ( ! rema9+ bays is 
quadrip>tite1       b has peculi>ities  
:i* are wor?y ( notice1 aris+ f         
inequality ( wid?4 ,we mu/ n omit to    
call att5tion to !       exquisite      
sculpture ( ! vault+4 ,! c5tre has      
figures ( !       ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 :ile
 9 ! nor? is a beautifully execut$      
c>v+ ( v9e & grapes1 & 9 ! s\?1 figure  
subjects4       ,among ! sculptur$ heads
 on ! wall arcade at ! s\? end1 at      
! we/]n side ( ! two bays into :i* ! s\?
 wall is       divid$1 are two :i* are  
portraits ( ! m5 to :om we owe !        
design & execution ( ! beautiful        
sculpture ( ?is *apel4 ,"o       is an  
eld]ly man1 ! o!r mu* y\ng]1 & bo? we>  
l95       du/-caps ov] _! heads40--7,j4 
,e4 ,b47    ,! ri* & v>i$ c>v+ ( !      
capitals ( ! vault+-%afts &             
vault+-bosses w delight ! lov] (        
beautiful sculpture4    ,! beautiful    
,e>ly ,decorat$ nor? w9d[ ( six lights 0

 orig9ally  fill$ ) glass illu/rat+ !   
hi/ory ( ,joseph4 ,h5ce x 0  call$      
,joseph's ,w9d[4 ,x is a p>ticul>ly f9e 
example ( ! trac]y  ( ! p]iod4    ,! two
 w9d[s 9 ! s\? end ( ?is transept 7 once
 fill$ )  glass repres5t+ ! life &      
miracles ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,!y %[  trac]y (
 ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod4 ,ea* w9d[ is      
divid$ by a c5tral  mullion & is widely 
splay$ inw>ds4    ,! rose w9d[ ov] !    
lancets ( ! middle bay consi/s ( an out]
  circle ( tw5ty-f\r & an inn] circle ( 
twelve radiat+ lights1  ! mullions ( :i*
 are receiv$ on a foliat$ circle 9 !    
c5tre4  ,?is is ,wyatt's "w1 =1 z we h  
se51 he remov$ ! f9e ,e>ly  ,engli% w9d[
 f ?is place4    ,! ,cloi/]s & !        
,*apt]-,h\se we f9d on ! s\? side ( !   
,ca!dral4 ,! cloi/]s 7 begun 9          
#achh-adjf & complet$ ab\t  #adch4 ,!y  
are mu* alt]$ & re/or$4 ,f !m v>i\s     
halls ( !  monks c\ld be ent]$4    ,f ! 
ea/]n alley we pass into ! ,*apt]-,h\se1
 a re/oration (  :at 0 consid]$ ! f9e/  
,norman ,*apt]-,h\se 9 ,engl& :5  ,wyatt

 pull$ x d[n4    ,illu/ration3 ,,durham3
 ,,neville ,,scre5    ,illu/ration3     
,,ripon3 ,,s\?          ,,ripon         
,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,pet] ,,& ,,/4       
,,wilfrid4 ,,=m]ly ,a ,,collegiate      
,,*ur*       ,,s]v$ ,,by ,,augu/9ian    
,,canons4         ,,special ,,features3 
,,nave2 ,,/4 ,,wilfrid',s ,,ne$le2      
,,rood-,,scre52 ,,ea/       ,,w9d[2     
,,*oir-,,/alls4      ,ripon did n become
 a ca!dral until #ahcf4 ,f ! ,eigh?     
,c5tury  until t date x 0 9 ! diocese ( 
,york1 & ! ,ar*bi%op (  ,york1 hav+ 8   
?rone 9 ! *oir1 gave ! *ur* great       
importance4    ,ripon mona/]y 0 e/abli%$
 9 ! ,sev5? ,c5tury4 ,! monks came  f   
,melrose ,abbey on ! ,twe$ & repres5t$ !
 ,*ri/ianity t  0 introduc$ into ! nor? 
by way ( ,irel& ?r\gh ,/4 ,columba's    
mission>ies4 ,_! great abbot 0 ,wilfrid1
 :o became ,bi%op (  ,nor?umbria4 ,9    
#ffi he began a /one mona/]y1 on ! site1
 9 all  probability1 ( ! e>li] "o2 & ?is
 0 d$icat$ 9 #fgj to ,/4  ,pet]4        
,wilfrid di$ 9 #gji & 0 buri$ 9 8 *ur*  

at ,ripon4  ,miracles took place at 8   
tomb1 :i* drew su* l>ge cr[ds t !  monks
 tri$ to re/ra9 !m4 ,9 #idh1 :5 ,eadr$ 0
 quell+ a  rebellion 9 ,nor?umbria1 80 t
 fam$ m9/] burn$ at ,ripon :i*  ,/4     
,wilfrid built40    ,! next date (      
int]e/ is ! rebuild+ ( ! *ur* by ,rog]  
de  ,pont l'vque 7#aaed-aaha71 ! great  
rival ( ,?omas  ,becket4 ,x 0 a  cruci=m
 edifice2 its nave 0 )\t aisles4 ,( ?is1
 ! two  transepts1 half ( ! c5tral t[]1 
& portions ( ! nave &  *oir rema94      
,ripon is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! mo/ important  
examples  extant ( ! transition f       
,norman to ,e>ly ,engli%4    ,ar*bi%op  
,walt] de ,gray 7#abaf-abee7 translat$ !
 relics ( ,/4  ,wilfrid to a new %r9e 9 
#abbd4    ,! we/ front ) its two t[]s 0 
built ab\t ?is "t2 & !  ea/]n "p ( !    
*oir 0 rebuilt 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle by    
,ar*bi%op ,john ,romanus 7#abhf-abif74  
,! *ur* 0 us$ z a refuge & =tress by ! p
 ( ,ripon :5  ! ,scots invad$ x 9 #acag4
 ,_m necess>y repairs 7 made "u         
,ar*bi%op de ,melton 7#acag-acdj74 ,!   

c5tral t[] fell 9 #adej & _h  to be     
rebuilt2 also ! ea/ side ( ! s\?        
transept & ! s\?  side ( ! *oir4 ,!     
pres5t rood-scre5 & canopi$ /alls 7     
erect$ at ! end ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4   
,!n ! nave 0 rebuilt2  b progress 0     
delay$ by ! outbreak ( a plague 9 #aejf4
 ,/4  ,wilfrid's ,%r9e 0 demoli%$ by    
,h5ry ,,viii4 ,9 #aeic ! c5tral spire  0
 injur$ by lightn+4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s 
! ,p>liam5t>y  soldi]s %att]$ ! spl5did 
glass ( ! ea/ w9d[ & did o!r  damage4 ,9
 #affj ! c5tral spire fell & injur$ "s (
 ! canopies  ( ! *oir-/alls2 &1 !re=e1 9
 #affd1 ! we/]n spires 7  remov$ = fe> t
 !y might fall also4 ,_m repairs 7 made 
9  #ahbi4 ,re/orations on a l>ge scale 7
 und]tak5 by ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott  9     
#ahfb-ahgj4    ,! ,we/ ,front is ,e>ly  
,engli%4 ,x has two squ>e t[]s & a      
c5tral  gable4 ,/r+-c\rses divide !     
faade into f\r /ages4 ,9 ! fir/  are    
?ree doorways adorn$ ) gables & crosses4
 ,! c5tral door1  :i* is l>g] ?an !     
o!rs1 consi/s ( five ord]s & five triple

  %afts4 ,! two o!rs h ?ree ord]s & ?ree
 %afts4 ,"s ( !  m\ld+s are fill$ ) !   
dog-too? ornam5t4 ,all ?ree doors op5   
into ! nave4 ,betwe5 ! gables sp\ts     
issue f ! heads (  animals4 ,above !    
doors comes a r[ ( five lancet w9d[s &  
above  !m a gr\p ( ?ree small lancets   
plac$ v high4 ,! t[]s are  ornam5t$ )   
arcades & lancets1 buttresses1 p>apets &
 p9nacles4  ,! t5 bells hang 9 ! s\?    
t[]4    ,! ,c5tral ,t[] is int]e/+      
because x is compos$ ( two /yles (      
ar*itecture4 ,on ! nor? & we/ sides x is
 ,twelf? ,c5tury & on  ! two o!rs       
,p]p5dicul>4 ,! w9d[s on all sides are  
r\nd-head$4  ,! dog-too? ornam5t appe>s 
9 ! m\ld+4 ,ripon1 ?\gh f9ely           
proportion$1 is some:at cold & sev]e 9  
g5]al appe>ance4 ,!  nor? transept ) its
 r\nd-head$ w9d[s & its int]e/+         
doorway1 ) a r curi\s inn] ar* &        
capitals ( c>v$  foliage1 is a good     
example ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,! s\? side
 ( !  nave is pref]r$ to ! nor? side by 
critics4 ,9 ! s\? transept we  h        

,ar*bi%op ,rog]'s "w aga94 ,! doorway is
 elaborate4 ,!  foliage on ! capitals ( 
! columns approa*es ! ,e>ly ,engli%     
/yle4 ,! l9tel is squ>e4 ,! s\? side ( !
 *oir is p>tly  hidd5 by ! ,*apt]-,h\se 
) ! ,lady-,l(t above4 ,! buttresses  t  
foll[ are ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,! ?ree  
we/]n bays are  ,p]p5dicul>2 ! o!rs1    
,decorat$4 ,! two fly+-buttresses are l 
^? on ! nor? side4 ,g>goyles appe> at   
int]vals along ! /r+  ( ! ro(4 ,! ea/   
end is ,decorat$4 ,its *ief feature is !
  spl5did w9d[1 ( :i* ! trac]y alone    
rema9s4    ,ent]+ ! we/ doorway we look 
^u "o ( ! great naves ( !  ,p]p5dicul>  
p]iod1 rank+ next 9 size aft] ,york1    
,w9*e/]1  ,*i*e/] & aft] ,/4 ,paul's 9  
wid?4         8,among v late ,go?ic     
build+s !re are few inde$ :i* are (     
s good a quality z ?is nave ( ,ripon1   
:i*1 l ! late       *ur* t[]s (         
,som]set1 %[s t ,m$ival art took long to
 die       out 9 regions remote f       
,london4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! ar*itecture    
( ! days ( ,ag9c\rt r ?an ( ! eve ( !   

,engli%       ,r5aissance4 ,! pill>s are
 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,p]p5dicul>       /yle1 
_! section be+ a squ>e ) a semicircle   
project+       f ea* side1 & ! corn]s   
holl[$4 ,_! bases h complex       pl9?s 
( consid]able height & are polygonal1 b 
foll[       r\ghly ! =m ( ! pill>1 & !  
m\ld+s1 z usual 9 ?is       /yle1       
ov]hang ! pl9?4 ,! capitals1 ) small    
m\ld+s &       _m angles1 are ( some:at 
! same =m z ! bases4 ,on !              
we/]nmo/ complete pill> ( ! nor? arcade 
are two %ields1       *>g$ respectively 
) ! arms ( ,ripon 7a horn7 & ( ,pigott  
( ,clo!rholme4 ,! ar*es1 in/ead ( be+ ( 
t depress$       =m :i* is s common 9   
late "w1 are v beautifully              
proportion$1 & _! m\ld+s are bold1      
num]\s & well-cut4       ,!re is no     
tri=ium2 b a passage1 at a slightly l[] 
level       ?an 9 ,ar*bi%op ,rog]'s     
bays1 runs bel[ ! great cl]e/ory        
w9d[s1 :i* 7 once1 no d\bt1 gorge\s )   
/a9$ glass4       ,_! ar*es are m\ld$1 b
 ! splay is left pla94 ,!               

ro(-%afts1 :i* are 9 clu/]s ( ?ree & h  
fillets ^u       !m1 spr+ f             
semi-octagonal corbels1 & :]e ea* clu/] 
passes ! /r+-c\rse !re is an angel hold+
 a %ield4 ,a sign       ( decad5ce may  
be f\nd1 p]haps1 9 ! way 9 :i* !        
hood-m\lds ( ! w9d[s int]sect ) ^!      
%afts4 ,?\gh !       two sides ( ! nave 
are n q ( ! same date1 !y are           
almo/ alike1 b = "s slight diff]5ces 9 !
 capitals1 !       ar*-m\ld+s1 & !      
holl[s on ! pill>s2 ! build]s           
feel+1 d\btless1 t any m>k$ v>iation    
w\ld m> ! g5]al       p]spective--a     
consid]ation :i*1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n b9d !m
       9 design+ ! nor? aisle4 ,!       
orig9al ,p]p5dicul> ro( may       h     
resembl$ t :i* n[ cov]s ! transepts4    
,ab\t #ahbi       ,blore put up an almo/
 flat ceil+ ( deal4 ,! pres5t oak5      
vault1 by ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott1 0 copi$ f
 t ( ! transepts       ( ,york ,m9/]1 & 
is adapt$ to ! old ro(-%afts1 betwe5    
:i* h be5 add$ angel corbels ( wood4 ,z 
! ribs int]sect       ne> _! spr++1 !y  

weave a network ov] ! :ole vault1       
& ! c>v$ bosses at ! int]sections am\nt 
to #ajg4 ,a pass+       notice is m]it$ 
by ! pulpit1 :i* is ,jacobean40--7,c4   
,h47    ,! two great t[] ar*es "u ! we/ 
t[]s are ,e>ly ,engli%2  ^? ( ! c5tral  
t[] are r\nd4 ,_! great pi]s are compos$
 (  clu/]s ( engag$ %afts4 ,massive     
ar*es also m>k ! op5+ ( ea*  aisle ( !  
nave into ! transept4 ,9 ! s\? aisle /&s
 a blue  m>ble ,font1 & ne> x an old]   
"o1 probably ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4       
,tradition says t ! alt>-tomb "h is t ( 
an ,iri% pr9ce :o  br\ght home f        
,pale/9e a tame lion4 ,on ! bas-relief a
 lion1 a  kneel+ man & two birds are    
repres5t$1 :i* gives cause = !  /ory4 ,!
 "w is presumably ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 
,above ! font  we c see ! only ,m$ival  
glass 9 ! ,ca!dral--fragm5ts (  ,f\rte5?
 ,c5tury "w left f ! wreckage ( !       
,puritan soldi]s4  ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,paul 
& ,/4 ,&rew w easily be recogniz$4 ,!re 
is  also a %ield be>+ ! ,engli% arms 9  
?is w9d[4 ,9 ! s\? wall  ( ! nave !re is

 a f9e ,pisc9a dat+ f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4
 ,at  ?is po9t we %all h to int]rupt our
 walk ?r\gh ! ,ca!dral to  exam9e ,/4   
,wilfrid's ,ne$le1 ! popul> "n = !      
,saxon ,crypt4         8,f a trap-door 9
 ! pavem5t bel[ ! pisc9a a flight (     
twelve /eps w9ds d[n into a flat-ro($ & 
desc5d+ passage       #b feet wide &    
slightly ov] #f feet high1 :i*1 runn+ a 
few       feet nor?w>ds & b5d+ at "r    
angles r\nd ! s\?-we/       t[] pi]1    
ext5ds ea/w>d = ab\t #aj y>ds1 ) a      
desc5t (       "o /ep ne> ! end1 &      
t]m9ates 9 a blank wall4 ,!re is a      
squ>e-head$ ni*e at ! turn & a          
r\nd-head$ ni*e at !       end1 bo?     
meant1 d\btless1 to hold lights4 ,?ree  
feet f ! end       a r\nd-head$ doorway1
 #b feet wide & ov] #f feet high1 op5s  
nor?w>ds ) a desc5t ( two m /eps1 into a
 b>rel-vault$       *amb]1 #aa feet #e  
in*es long f ea/ to we/1 #g feet #g     
in*es       wide & #i feet #aj in*es    
high4 ,9 ! nor? wall ( ?is *amb]1       
& approa*$ by ?ree wide /eps1 is !      

celebrat$ ,/4 ,wilfrid's       ,ne$le1 a
 r\nd-head$ ap]ture pi]c$ ?r\gh into a  
passage t       runs beh9d4 ,?is ap]ture
 0 connect$ ) "o ( ^?       sup]/itions 
t s (t5 fl\ri%$ be=e ! ,re=mation 9     
notable c5tres ( religion1 & ability to 
pass ?r\gh x1 or       #8?read ! ne$le1'
 0 reg>d$ z a te/ ( female *a/ity2 b    
x 01 ( c\rse1 9 ! lat] middle ages t ?is
 sup]/ition       arose1 & ! #8ne$le'   
7or r ne$le's eye7 is evid5tly only     
"o ( ! orig9al ni*es ) ! back knock$    
out4 ,( ^!       ni*es 7:i* aga9 7      
d\btless = lights7 !re are f\r 9       !
 *amb] besides ! #8ne$le1'--"o 9 ea*    
wall1--&1 l !       ni*e at ! end ( !   
passage ( entrance1 !y all h            
semicircul> heads1 ea* cut 9 a s+le     
/one4 ,t 9 ! we/       wall has a hole  
or cup at ! bottom1 probably to hold oil
 9 :i*       a wick might float1 :ile ! 
o!rs 7except ! #8ne$le'7 h a       sort 
( funnel at ! top1 d\btless to cat* !   
soot f       lamps40--7,c4 ,h47    ,!   
,nor? ,transept is a f9e specim5 ( !    

transitional f ,norman to  ,e>ly        
,engli%1 & is almo/ 9 its orig9al       
condition4 ,x is #cd feet  wide1 or #eb 
feet includ+ ! aisle4 ,"h we f9d a /one 
pulpit ( !  ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 its five 
,illu/ration3 ,,ripon3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/    
,illu/ration3 ,,ripon3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/    
sides embelli%$ ) panell+4 ,at ! nor?   
wall 0 probably  situat$ ! ,m>k5field   
,*antry2 = ! aisle is /ill call$ by ?is 
"n4 ,two family tombs rema94    ,! ,s\? 
,transept is slightly n>r[] ?an ! nor?4 
,p>ts ( x 7  alt]$ 9 ! ,p]p5dicul>      
p]iod4 ,9 ! aisle we f9d ! ,mallory     
,*apel1 :]e memb]s ( ! ,/udley family   
are buri$4 ,! nor!rn bay  is fill$ by a 
/one /airway1 at ! top ( :i* are two    
doors4 ,"o  op5s into a *amb] conta9+ ! 
bell[s ( ! organ & ! o!r  into !        
,lady-,l(t1 or ,libr>y4 ,?is /airway 0  
erect$ by ,sir ,gilb]t  ,scott to       
replace an old] "o4    ,! elegant ,rood 
,scre5 is ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,x      
conta9s a  c5tral doorway surm\nt$ by a 
crocket$ ogee hood1 b5ea? :i* is a      

mutilat$ c>v+ ( ,! ,tr9ity4 ,f\r l>ge   
ni*es /& on ei!r side  ( ! door & a r[ (
 tw5ty-f\r small] ones runs above ^!4   
,c9quefoils & fea!r$ cusps decorate !   
:ole scre51 :i* is  twelve feet ?ick4 ,9
 ! passage ?r\gh x a door on ! "r op5s  
into a w9d+ /aircase to ! l(t above & "o
 on ! left into a  deep pit4    ,we pass
 on to ! ,*oir4 ,?is is ( ?ree /yles3 ! 
fir/ ?ree bays  on ! nor? side are      
,twelf? ,c5tury2 ! fir/ ?ree on ! s\?   
side1 ,p]p5dicul>2 & ! la/ ?ree on bo?  
sides1 ,decorat$4 ,!  tri=ium w9d[s are 
fill$ ) glass4         8,! great w9d[ 9 
! c5tral comp>tm5t is "o ( ! f9e/       
examples ( ,geometrical trac]y1 if n "o 
( ! l>ge/ w9d[s1       9 ,engl&4 ,x is  
ov] #ej feet high1 is #be feet wide1 &  
has sev5       lights4 ,( ^! ! ?ree at  
ei!r end are compris$ "u a              
sub-ar*1 9 ! head ( :i* are ?ree        
c9quefoil$ circles1       :ile ! c5tral 
light ( ! sev5 is surm\nt$ by an ar*1 n 
s high z its neighb\rs1 b impal+ ^u its 
acute po9t a huge       circle :i* fills

 ! head ( ! w9d[ & conta9s six trefoils 
radiat+ f its c5tre4 ,! ar* ( ?is sup]b 
w9d[ is r       acutely po9t$ & ri*ly   
m\ld$1 & has two v sl5d] %afts          
work$ on ! /ones ( ei!r jamb1 ) foliage 
on _!       capitals4         8,! huge  
w9d[1 :i* is n splay$1 has a deep       
re>-vault       b\nd$ by a massive rib1 
^: out] edge re/s on sl5d] engag$       
%afts ) foliage on _! capitals1 :ile !  
inn] edge ends 9       bun*es ( foliage4
 ,betwe5 ?is rib & ! trac]y is ano!r rib
       spr++ on ! nor? side f a bun* (  
foliage & on !       s\? f a grotesque  
corbel4 ,! inn] ar* has sl5d] %afts1    
& s has ! m\ld+ next to ! trac]y1 b 9 ! 
latt] case       ! capitals are pla94   
,few acts ( v&alism are m to be         
regrett$1 probably1 ?an ! de/ruction 9  
#afdc ( !       magnific5t ,f\rte5?     
,c5tury glass :i* once occupi$ ?is      
w9d[4 ,! pres5t v poor glass1 by ,wailes
 ( ,newca/le1       commemorates !      
revival ( ! ,see ( ,ripon 9 #ahfc4      
8,ov] ! w9d[ may be se5 ! m>k ( "o ( !  

e>li] ro(s4       ,! *oir is ?\ght to h 
receiv$ a gro9$ vault ( oak aft]       !
 rebuild+ ( ! ea/ end1 b ?is vault 0    
probably r5ew$       m ?an once1        
especially aft] ! accid5t to ! t[] ab\t 
#adej1 & ! fall ( ! spire 9 #affj4 ,sir 
,gilb]t ,scott f\nd a       vault ( la? 
& pla/] 7probably ! "w ( ,blore7 = :i*  
he       sub/itut$ ! pres5t ro(1 a gro9$
 wood5 vault1 admirable 9       its l(ty
 pit* & judici\s col\r+4 ,its *ief      
feature1       h[ev]1 is ! spl5did      
bosses along ! ridge1 :i* are           
survivals f ei!r ! ,decorat$ or a       
subsequ5t ,p]p5dicul>       vault4 ,9 "s
 ( ^! bosses ! figures are five feet    
long40--7,c4 ,h47    ,! ,*oir-,/alls are
 spl5did specim5s ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 
)  v ornate canopies ( tab]nacle-"w     
bri/l+ ) spires &  p9nacles4            
8,!re are ribb$ vaults "u ! canopies1 & 
^u ! p5dants       9 front are hov]+    
angels4 ,! canopies on ! s\? side 7     
wreck$ by ! fall ( ! spire 9 #affj1 & ^?
 ov] ! eight       ea/]nmo/ /alls 7 !n  

recon/ruct$ 9 ! #8,jacobean' /yle       
) a gall]y above1 :ile ( ! canopies n[  
ov] ! o!r       n9e1 eight are said to h
 be5 br\ght across f ! ea/]n       end (
 ! nor? range1 :]e m ,jacobean canopies 
7 erect$       9 _! place4 ,sir ,gilb]t 
,scott remov$ all ?is ,sev5te5?         
,c5tury "w & set up reproductions ( !   
,fifte5? ,c5tury       design4 ,?us !   
eight ea/]nmo/ canopies on ei!r side are
       mod]n4 ,! mis]]es & arms ( !     
/alls are exquisitely       c>v$4       
8,! subjects ^u ! =m] are z foll[s1     
beg9n+ f !       ar*way 9 ! scre53--    
8,nor? side3--7#a7 7,,canon ,,9         
,,resid5ce7 lion attack$ by dogs2 7#b7  
dragon attack$ by dogs2 7#c7 angel )    
%ield2 7#d7 dragon &       birds2 7#e7  
h>t's-tongue f]ns2 7#f7 conv5tional     
fl[]s2 7#g7 ape       attack$ by lion2  
7#h7 v9e2 7#i7 birds peck+ fruit2 7#aj7 
antelopes2 7#aa7 fox prea*+ to goose &  
cock2 7#ab7 fox runn+       (f ) geese2 
7#ac7 fox caught by dogs2 7#ad7 dragons 
fight+2       7#ae7 fruit & fl[]s issu+ 

f inv]t$ head2 7#af7 man hold+          
club ) oak leaves & acorns2 7#ag7       
7,,mayor',s ,,/all7 griff9       cat*+  
rabbit4         8,s\? side3--7#a7       
7,,dean7 angel ) book2 7#b7 angel )     
%ield       be>+ date #adhi2 7#c7 lion  
v]sus griff92 7#d7 griff9 dev\r+       a
 human leg2 7#e7 owl2 7#f7 m]maid )     
mirror & hair-bru%2 7#g7       two pigs 
danc+ to bagpipe play$ by a ?ird2 7#h7  
,jonah ?r[n to       ! :ale2 7#i7 man   
:eel+ ano!r :o holds a re$ & a bag2     
7#aj7 fox caught c>ry+ (f goose by dog &
 by woman )       di/aff2 7#aa7 w+$     
animal2 7#ab7 h>t1 gorg$ & *a9$2 7#ac7  
pelican fe$+ "y2 7#ad7 ,jonah em]g+ f ! 
:ale2 7#ae7       ,samson c>ry+ ! gates2
 7#af7 head 7mod]n72 7#ag7 7,,bi%op',s  
,,?rone7 ,caleb & ,jo%ua c>ry+ ! grapes 
& wat*$ by ,anakim4         8,mo/ ( ^!  
mis]]es h exquisite conv5tional fl[]s   
7especially roses7 cut ^u !m 9 addition 
to !       figure-subjects4 ,! desks 9  
front ( ! /alls h ri*       f9ials1 & _!
 panell$ fronts =m ! backs ( a l[] ti]  

( seats1 ! arms ( :i* are support$ ea*  
on a squ>e %aft       set diamondwise4  
,9 front ( ^! l[] seats ! desks aga9    
h c>v$ f9ials & panell$ fronts & on ^?  
p>allel )       ! ,rood-,scre5 ! trac]y 
is di/9ctly ,flamboyant4 ,! f9ial       
be=e ! /all ( ! ,canon 9 ,resid5ce has a
 griff9 atta*$       to x & t 9 front ( 
! ,dean's /all a lion4 ,be=e bo?        
^! /alls ! ends ( ! two ti]s ( desks are
 ri*ly c>v$4       ,! ,bi%op's ?rone &  
,mayor's /all h ea* a canopi$ ni*e on   
! ext]ior t[>d ! ea/1 & two small       
ap]tures 9 ! ea/       side to enable ! 
occupant to see ! alt>1 & 9 front ( ^!  
two /alls ! ends ( ! two ti]s ( desks   
are aga9 ri*ly       c>v$4 ,! ,mayor's  
/all is wid] ?an ! o!rs1 & atta*$ to    
! f9ial 9 front is a grotesque ape1     
b5ea? :i* !       support+ %aft is ( op5
 "w4 ,! end ( ?is desk displays a       
%ield *>g$ ) two keys 9 saltire1 = ! see
 ( ,york4         8,! ,bi%op's ?rone 0  
orig9ally occupi$ by ! ,ar*bi%ops (     
,york4 ,! ,jacobean canopy1 :i* succe$$ 

t ( ! ,fifte5?       ,c5tury1 compris$ !
 space ( two /alls1 z did also ! mod]n  
/ructure by :i* x 0 itself succe$$ & :i*
 is n[ 9 !       ,consi/ory ,c\rt4 ,!   
pres5t canopy resembles ^? ( ! o!r      
/alls b is high] & m elaborate4 ,^u !   
back ( !       ?rone inside is a small  
mitre4 ,! f9ial 9 front consi/s ( an    
elephant c>ry+ a man 9 8 trunk1 & be>+  
on 8 back a       ca/le fill$ ) arm$    
soldi]y1 & 9 front ( ! elephant is      
a c5taur 7r5ew$71 ! %aft "u :i* is aga9 
( op5-"w4       ,! end ( ?is desk       
displays a l>ge mitre above a %ield *>g$
       ) ! ?ree />s ( ,/4 ,wilfrid &    
support$ by two angels1       betwe5 :om
 is a scroll ) ! date ( #adid40    ,!   
alt> /&s aga9/ ! ea/ wall ( ! presbyt]y4
 ,! ,r]$os is  a re/oration ( ! orig9al 
,decorat$ "o4 ,! ,s$ilia & a ,pisc9a    
are plac$ on ! s\? side4    ,sir ,gilb]t
 ,scott consid]$ !m ,late ,decorat$ "w1 
b !y h  r ! appe>ance ( ,late           
,p]p5dicul>4    ,"s hi/orians ?9k t !   
%r9e ( ,/4 ,wilfrid /ood 9 ! ea/  end ( 

! nor?-*oir-aisle4 ,! rema9s 7 kept 9 a 
sup]b c(f]1  :i* 0 c>ri$ 9 processions4 
,pass+ d[n ! s\?-*oir-aisle f ! ea/ we  
fir/ come to !  ve/ry2 !n to !          
,*apt]-,h\se2 & !n to ! ,mallory ,*apel4
 ,a  r\nd-head$ door 9 ! we/ wall ( !   
,*apt]-,h\se op5s ^u a  /airway t leads 
into ano!r ,crypt t belong$ to ,norman  
times4    ,! ,*apt]-,h\se is ( ! ,twelf?
 ,c5tury4 ,above x is a ,lady-,*apel1   
call$ "h ! ,lady-,l(t4 ,x is unusual to 
f9d a ,lady-,*apel on !  s\? side ( !   
,*oir & on an upp] floor4 ,x dates f    
ab\t !  middle ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,x 
is n[ us$ z a ,libr>y4          ,,york  
,,m9/]         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,pet]4
 ,,s]v$ ,,by ,,secul> ,,canons4         
,,special ,,features3 ,,we/ ,,front2    
,,*oir2 ,,*apt]-,,h\se2 ,,w9d[s4        
,york1 8! ,k+ ( ,ca!drals10 is "o ( !   
noble/ & be/ examples  ( ,go?ic         
ar*itecture4 ,9 =m & proportion1 9      
detail ( ornam5t1  9 ext]ior & int]ior1 
! fam\s ,m9/] takes rank ) !  greate/   
ecclesia/ical build+s4 ,n only is x     

enorm\s--a =e/ (  ar*itecture--b x      
conta9s1 p]haps1 m anci5t /a9$ glass ?an
  any o!r build+ 9 ! _w4         8,o!r  
,engli% ca!drals are m f9ely plac$1     
sev]al are       ri*] 9 ornam5t1 "o or  
two h a m delicately v>i$       outl9e4 
,none are s /ately & s magnific5t2 & !re
 is       h>dly a *ur* 9 ,europe t      
appe>s s va/ z ! ,m9/]1       view$ f ! 
nor?4         8,! l[-pit*$ ro( ( !      
,m9/]1 ! solidity ( ! c5tral       t[]1 
! simple & tranquil front ( ! nor?      
transept1 give       ! build+ an air (  
mascul9e & /ately repose1 & ( p]fect    
f9i% seldom to be f\nd 9 =eign *ur*es2  
:ile ! app>5t       uni=mity ( /yle1    
?\gh ! ar*itecture is ( ?ree diff]5t    
p]iods1 frees x f ! picturesque         
inconsequ5ce ( _m       ,engli%         
ca!drals4 ,yet nei!r inside nor outside 
does ! ,m9/]       appe> to be !        
expression ( ! spiritual aspirations ( a
       p4 ,x repres5ts r a secul>       
magnific5ce1 ! temporal       p[] ( a   
,*ur* t has play$ a great "p 9 ! hi/ory 

(       ! nation4 ,! ar*bi%ops ( ,york h
 be5 =c$ by       circum/ances to be    
militant prelates1 cont5d+ ) ,cant]bury 
= prec$5ce1 lead+ armies aga9/ ! ,scot*1
 sometimes ev5       head+ rebellions   
aga9/ ! k+2 & 9 _! ca!dral !y       h   
express$ _! ambition & _! pride40--7,a4 
,c4-,b47    ,! visitor :o has a %ort "t 
to visit ,york ,m9/] w /udy !  we/      
front1 ! *oir1 ! ,*apt]-,h\se1 & !      
w9d[s4         8,if ! beauty 9 ! =m (   
our flos florum is due to its           
ar*itecture1 v mu* ( its beauty 9 col\r 
dep5ds on !       gl[+ & mell[$ t9ts )  
:i* its w9d[s are fill$4 ,b       x is a
 l>ge subject to ent] ^u1 = z reg>ds    
quantity !re       are no less ?an "o   
hundr$ & ?ree w9d[s 9 ! ,m9/]1 mo/      
( !m entirely1 & ! rema9d]1 only except+
 ! trac]y1       fill$ ) real old       
,m$ival glass4 ,"s ( ! w9d[s1 too1 are  
( great size4 ,! ea/ w9d[1 :i* is       
entirely fill$ ) old       glass1       
consi/s ( n9e lights & measures         
sev5ty-eight feet 9       height1       

?irty-"o feet two in*es 9 wid?4 ,! two  
*oir transept       w9d[s1 t 9 ! nor?   
transept to ,/4 ,william1 & ! s\?       
to ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 measure sev5ty-?ree feet
 by sixte5 feet4 ,!y       h bo? be5    
re/or$1 ! latt] v rec5tly1 b by f> !    
great] "p ( !m is old glass4 ,on ea*    
side ( ! *oir1 !       aisles conta9 n9e
 w9d[s measur+ f\rte5 feet n9e in*es by 
twelve feet1 only ! trac]y lights ( :i* 
are mod]n2 ! same       numb] ( w9d[s   
fill ! cl]e/ory above1 ! great] portions
       ( :i* are anci5t4         8,!    
fam\s w9d[ ( ! nor? transept1 ! ,five   
,si/]s1       consi/s ( five lights1 ea*
 measur+ fifty-?ree feet six in*es      
by five feet "o in*1 & is entirely ( old
 glass4 ,!re are six       w9d[s 9 !    
nor? & six 9 ! s\? aisles ( ! nave1 )   
only a little mod]n glass 9 ! trac]y4 ,!
 sup]b ,flamboyant       w9d[ at ! we/  
end ( ! c5tre aisle measures fifty-six  
feet       ?ree in*es by tw5ty-five feet
 f\r in*es1 & consi/s1 ,i       believe1
 entirely ( old glass1 except ! faces ( 

! figures4       ,! cl]e/ory w9d[s are  
/udd$ ) anci5t %ields1 b a       great  
"p ( ! glass is1 ,i fancy1 mod]n2 ^? ( !
       ve/ibule1 eight 9 numb]1 measur+ 
?irty-two feet by eighte51       are (  
old glass1 includ+ ! trac]y lights4 ,!  
ea/ w9d[ has       be5 clumsily re/or$  
by ,willem5t4 ,9 ! side w9d[s ( !       
transept !re is "s old glass1 & ! great 
rose w9d[ ov]       ! s\? entrance /ill 
reta9s mu* ( ! old glass2 :ile f>       
ov]head 9 ! t[] !re are "s really f9e   
bold designs (       late1 b g5u9e1     
design & execution4 ,altoge!r1 accord+  
to       actual measurem5ts1 !re are    
#be1eca sup]ficial feet ( ,m$ival       
glass 9 ! ,m9/]1 i4e41 m ?an half an    
acre--a possession1       we %\ld ?9k1  
unequall$ by any *ur* 9 ,engl&1 if n 9  
,*ri/5dom40--7,p4-,c47    ,york1 or1 to 
use its old] "n1 ,eboracum1 _h be5 an   
important ,briti%  settlem5t long be=e !
 ,romans made x ! pr9cipal seat ( _!    
p[] 9 ! nor? betwe5 ! ye>s #gj & #hj    
,a4,d4 ,x cont9u$ to be a  ,roman c\rt  

until ! ,emp]or ,honorius left ,brita9 9
 #dji4 ,hadrian  liv$ "h2 ,sev]us &     
,con/ant9e ,*lorus di$ "h2 & "h         
,con/ant9e ! ,great 0 proclaim$ ,emp]or4
 ,_m *ur*es 9 !  vic9ity 7 d$icat$ to ! 
latt]'s "m1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 !  leg5d>y      
discov]] ( ! ,true ,cross4    ,york 0   
!re=e ! great milit>y po/ & ! great     
ecclesia/ical  seat 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4  
,! "q ( prec$5ce betwe5 ,york &         
,cant]bury arose z e>ly z  ! days ( ,/4 
,augu/9e4 ,gregory ! ,great in/ruct$ !  
latt] to  appo9t twelve bi%ops1 "o ( :om
 0 to be ! ,bi%op ( ,york1 :o  0 to     
orda9 o!r bi%ops 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,he 
0 to be  subord9ate to ,augu/9e2 b      
subsequ5tly prec$5ce %\ld be  det]m9$ by
 priority ( consecration4 ,?is occasion$
 diss5sions =  c5turies1 culm9at+ 9 !   
murd] ( ,?omas  ,becket 7see page #b71  
:i* ,rog] de ,pont l'vque is said to h  
in/igat$4 ,x 0 ?is  ,ar*bi%op ( ,york   
:o1 refus+ to take a l[] seat at !      
,c\ncil (  ,we/m9/] 9 #aagf1 sat himself
 9 ! lap ( ,becket's successor only  to 

be pull$ (f & s\ndly beat54 ,! "q 0 n   
f9ally  settl$ until ! "t ( ,john (     
,?orsby 7#aceb-acgc71 :5 ,innoc5t ,,vi4 
det]m9$ t ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury %\ld 
be /yl$ ,primate (  ,all ,engl& & !     
,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 ,primate ( ,engl&4   
,! fir/ ar*bi%op 0 ,paul9us1 ,bi%op (   
,ro*e/] 7see page #cc71  :o accompani$  
,e!lburga1 daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,k5t1 :5 %e
 w5t  to ,nor?umbria to m>ry ,k+ ,edw94 
,edw9 embrac$ ,*ri/ianity & 0  baptis$ 9
 #fbg1 by ,paul9us1 9 a tempor>y wood5  
*ur* on ! site  ( ! pres5t glori\s ,york
 ,m9/]4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ,edw9 began
  to build a /one *ur* 9 ?is same place1
 :i* he d$icat$ to ,/4  ,pet]4 ,?is *ur*
 0 repair$ by ! next ar*bi%op--! great  
,wilfrid--ab\t #ffi4    ,:5 ,?omas (    
,bayeux1 ! fir/ ,norman ar*bi%op1 arriv$
 9 #ajgj1 he  f\nd ! ,ca!dral 9 ru9s1   
ow+ to ! ,dani% invasion & to !  w>s ( !
 ,conqu]or2 &1 if ,william ( ,malmsbury 
may be believ$1  ,?omas began ! *ur* f  
its f\ndations & also f9i%$ x4    ,rog] 
de ,pont l'vque 7#aaed-aaha7 rebuilt !  

*oir4    ,ab\t ?is "t ,york acquir$ its 
patron sa9t1 ,william ,fitzh]b]t1       
great-gr&son ( ! ,conqu]or1 :o became   
,bi%op ( ,york 9 #aadc4  ,expell$ f     
(fice 9 #aadg1 he 0 re/or$ 9 #aaec4 ,on 
8 return he  p]=m$ a miracle & di$ almo/
 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 s sudd5ly1  9     
fact1 t he 0 ?\ght to h be5 poison$ out 
( ! holy  *alice4 ,! monks buri$ him 9 !
 ,ca!dral4 ,8 tomb attract$  pilgrims   
because ( ! m>vell\s cures4 ,/4 ,william
 0 canonis$ 9  #abhd2 & 9 t ye> 8 relics
 7 translat$ f ! nave to !  *oir4 ,edw>d
 ,i4 & ,que5 ,eleanor 7 pres5t & gave   
jewels to !  %r9e1 :i* 0 plac$ at !     
ea/]n end ( ! nave "u a huge  canopy4   
,/4 ,william's head 0 pres]v$ 9 a silv] 
reliqu>y4    ,!re is n[ no ,norman "w   
visible 9 ,york ,m9/] except 9 ! crypt  
& 9 p>ts ( ! nave & t[]4 ,9 #abjj1      
h[ev]1 ! nave1 *oir1  t[]s1 & transepts 
7 ,norman4 ,ab\t #abcj x 0 decid$ to    
rebuild  ! transepts on a big scale4    
,walt] de ,grey 7#abaf-abfe7 began ! s\?
  transept 7,e>ly ,engli%72 & he lies   

!re "u an ar*1 9 a spl5did  tomb4 ,john 
,romeyn1 treasur] ( ,york1 built ! nor? 
transept & also  an ,e>ly ,engli% t[] to
 replace ! ,e>ly ,norman t[]4 ,8 son1   
,john  ,romeyn1 also ar*bi%op f #abhf to
 #abif1 began ! new nave4    ,john (    
,?orsby 7#aceb-acgc7 began ! pres5t *oir
 9 #acfa4 ,! "w  0 />t$ at ! extreme ea/
 end4 ,?orsby 0 a ,york%ireman1 :o      
8_h ! fur!r developm5t ( ! glories ( !  
,m9/]       ?or\ghly at he>t4 ,at once  
he sacrific$ 8 palace at ,%]burn        
to provide mat]ials = an appropriate    
,lady-,*apel1 gave       successive     
munific5t donations ( #ajj at ea* ( !   
great       fe/ivals ( ! ,*ri/ian ye>1 &
 call$ on cl]gy & laity       alike to  
submit *e]fully to /r+5t self-d5ial to  
supply !       funds4         8,dur+ 8  
t5ure ( (fice ( tw5ty-?ree ye>s !       
,lady-,*apel       0 complet$1 a *a/e & 
dignifi$ specim5 ( e>ly                 
,p]p5dicul> /yle1 into :i* ! ,decorat$  
gradually bl5d$       aft] ! ye> #acfj1 
& unique 9 its glori\s ea/ w9d[1        

sev5ty-eight feet high & ?irty-?ree feet
 wide1 /ill !       l>ge/ pa9t$ w9d[ 9 !
 _w1 enri*$ ) its d\ble       mullions1 
:i* give su* /r5g? & lightness to its   
graceful       proportions1 & ) its     
elaborate glass execut$ by ,?ornton (   
,cov5try1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ c5tury4
 ,b ,rog]'s       *oir1 :i* 0 /ill /&+1 
mu/ n[ h look$ sadly dw>f$       betwe5 
! l(ty ,lady-,*apel & ! t[] &           
transepts40--7,p4-,c47    ,edw>d ,i4    
made ,york 8 capital dur+ ! w> )        
,scotl&1 to !  exp5se ( :i* ! ar*bi%op &
 cl]gy gave "o-fif? ( _!  income4       
,p>liam5t assembl$ !re 9 #acah4 ,!      
ar*bi%ops 7 great  politicians &        
intrigu]s1 n[ plott+ aga9/ ! k+ & n[    
support+ him2 great milit>y lead]s1     
sometimes defeat$1 l ,melton  at        
,myton-on-,swale1 :]e he l$ #aj1jjj m5  
aga9/ ! ,scots1 or  victori\s1 l        
,william ,la ,z\*e 7#acdb-aceb7 at      
,neville's ,cross ne>  ,durham2 & ne>ly 
always great build]s & b5efactors ( !   
,ca!dral4 ,ri*>d ,scrope's rebellion is 

fam\s4 ,"l ,*ancellor (  ,engl& & ,bi%op
 ( ,li*field be=e he became ,bi%op (    
,york 9 #acih1  ,scrope 0 advanc$ by    
,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,9 #adje he head$ a        
rebellion & 0  captur$4 ,! ,*ief ,ju/ice
 refus$ to try him4 ,he 0 tak5 to 8 own 
palace at ,bi%op?orpe1 condemn$ to dea? 
& behead$ ne> ,york 9  #adje4 ,buri$ 9 !
 ,m9/]1 ?\s&s flock$ to 8 tomb 9 !      
nor?-*oir-aisle4 ,naturally en\gh ! k+  
:o _h murd]$ him tri$  to *eck ! /ream (
 (f]+s2 b ,scrope's tomb became m popul>
  ?an t ( ,/4 ,william4 ,scrope 0 a     
,york%ireman1 ! son ( ,"l  ,scrope1 (   
,ma%am1 & ! ,scropes _h a *antry 9 !    
*apel ( ,/4  ,/eph51 n[ de/roy$4    ,!  
great c5tral t[] 0 erect$ 9 #adjj-adbc &
 ! *ur* 0  re-consecrat$ on ,july #c1   
#adgb2 & s1 at ! close ( ! ,fifte5?     
,c5tury1 ,york ,m9/] exi/$ z we see x3  
save = two fires 7#ahbi  & #ahdj7 & a   
judici\s repair+ & re/oration 9 #ahga1 !
 great  ,m9/] has n be5 *ang$4    ,:5   
,h5ry ,,viii4 dise/abli%$ ! mona/]ies   
!re 7 _m  outbreaks 9 ,york1 & ! fam\s  

8,pilgrimage ( ,grace0 7#aecf7 0 mu*    
excit$ by ! seizure ( ,/4 ,william's    
head1 /ill a belov$ relic (  ! ,ca!dral4
 ,lee1 !n ar*bi%op1 0 tak5 by ! rebels &
 =c$  to support !m4 ,be=e ?is1 h[ev]1  
,?omas ,wolsey _h be5 arre/$  at        
,cawood4 ,?\gh ,ar*bi%op 7#aead-aecj71 x
 is said t he 0 nev]  at ,york4    ,:5  
,york 0 besieg$ by ! ,p>liam5t>ians 9   
#afdd1 ,fairfax  re/ra9$ 8 soldi]s to "s
 degree1 :i* expla9s :y s mu* (  !      
anci5t glass is left4 ,?omas ,mace's    
description ( ! siege1  h[ev]1 %[s h[   
little respect ! army really _h = !     
,m9/]3         8,! enemy 0 v ne> & fi]ce
 ^u !m1 especially on t       side ( !  
city :]e ! *ur* /ood2 & _h plant$ _!    
great guns mis*iev\sly aga9/ ! *ur*2 )  
:i* con/antly       9 pray]'s "t1 !y    
w\ld n fail to make _! helli%           
di/urbance by %oot+ aga9/ & batt]+ !    
*ur*2 insomu*       t sometimes a cannon
 bullet has come 9 at ! w9d[s &         
b\nc$ ab\t f pill> to pill> 7ev5 l "s   
furi\s fi5d       or evil _s7 backw>ds &

 =w>ds & all mann] ( sideways1       z x
 has happ5$ to meet ) squ>e or r\nd     
opposition among/       ! pill>s40      
,on ,febru>y #b1 #ahbi1 ,jona?an ,m>t91 
bro!r ( ! pa9t]1 ,john  ,m>t91 hid      
himself beh9d ! tomb ( ,ar*bi%op        
,gre5field1 9 !  nor? transept dur+ ev5+
 s]vice2 & aft] ! *ur* _h be5  clos$1   
set fire to ! *oir4 ,! /alls1 organ1 &  
vault 7  de/roy$ & mu* ( ! /one-"w 0    
damag$4 ,re/orations 7  />t$ 9 #ahcb4   
,ano!r fire occurr$ 9 #ahdj 9 ! s\?-we/ 
t[]1  occasion$ by "s workm5 :o 7       
repair+ ! clock 9 !  s\?-we/ t[]4 ,!    
wood5 vault ( ! nave & ! t[] & bells  7 
damag$4 ,9 #ahga "s ( ! side walls 7    
rebuilt4    ,e "o is famili> ) ! ,we/   
,front ( ,york2 b ! travell] :o  looks  
^u x = ! fir/ "t is1 nev]!less1         
ov]:elm$4         8,! ,we/ ,front is m  
ar*itecturally p]fect z a composition 9 
its details ?an t ( any o!r ,engli%     
,ca!dral1 & is       unque/ionably ! be/
 ca!dral faade 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! l[]     
"p1 ) ! entrances & l[] w9d[s1 belongs  

to ! ,e>ly       ,decorat$ p]iod4 ,above
 ! w9d[s ! "w is ,late ,decorat$ &      
! t[]s above ! ro( ,p]p5dicul>4 ,num]\s 
ni*es cov] !       surface4 ,x is       
d\btful :e!r !y ev] conta9$ /atues4 ,!  
pr9cipal entrance is divid$ by a clu/]$ 
pi]1 & above x is       a circle fill$ )
 cusp$ trac]y4 ,ov] ! :ole doorway is a 
deeply-recess$ ar*1 & ov] t a gable )   
ni*es1 "o (       :i* conta9s ! /atue ( 
an ar*bi%op1 suppos$ to be ,john le     
,romeyn1 :o began ! nave 9 #abia1 & o!r 
ni*es h figures       ( a ,p]cy & a     
,vavas\r1 :o gave ! wood & /one = !     
build+4 ,! fav\rite ballfl[] ornam5t ( !
 ,decorat$ /yle       is se5 on ! gable1
 & ! m\ld+s 9 ! ar*es h figures         
repres5t+ ! hi/ory ( ,adam & ,eve4      
,above ! entrance is a       l>ge       
eight-light w9d[1 pron\nc$ by _m to be  
too l>ge ev5       = ,york ,m9/]1       
conta9+ v elaborate & beautiful trac]y1 
& ov] x is a po9t$ gable4 ,on ea* side (
 ! we/ w9d[ are       buttresses cov]$ )
 panell+ & ni*es4 ,! noble t[]s         

ris+ on ea* side ( ! we/ front1 h       
buttresses simil>ly       adorn$1 & ea* 
?ree w9d[s1 & ov] ! second an op5       
battlem5t =ms a walk along ! :ole front4
 ,! t[]s h       battlem5ts & p9nacles4 
,! s\?-we/ t[] 7#adcc-adeg7 0           
injur$ by fire 9 #ahdj2 & ! nor? t[]    
7#adgj-adgd7 has !       l>ge/ bell 9 ! 
k+dom1 ,great ,pet]1 :i* co/ #b1jjj 9   
#ahde       & weighs t5 tons40--7,p4 ,h4
 ,d47    ,! tw9-t[]s rise to a height ( 
two hundr$ feet & are ornam5t$  ) w9d[s1
 battlem5ts1 & p9nacles4    ,! ,c5tral  
,t[] at ! cross+ ( ! transepts1 built 9 
#adaj-adcc1  ,p]p5dicul>1 is also two   
hundr$ feet high4 ,x is ! l>ge/ 9       
,engl&1 & is consid]$ n only "o ( !     
triumphs ( ,fifte5?  ,c5tury ar*itects1 
b "o ( ! f9e/ t[]s 9 ! _w4 ,mu* (  x is 
suppos$ to be ! "w ( ,walt] ,skirlawe1  
,bi%op ( ,durham1 &  its resemblance to 
! c5tral t[] ( ,durham ,ca!dral ju/ifies
 !  assumption4 ,x has nev] be5 f9i%$4  
8,! c5tral t[] rises a s+le /ory above !
 ridge ( ! ro(       & is op5 inside to 

! top4 ,b = small gables on !           
buttresses1 x is q pla9 up to ! level ( 
! ro( ridge4       ,above ?is x conta9s 
two long & n>r[ ,p]p5dicul> w9d[s on    
ea* side1 ( ?ree lights ea*1 ) a        
transom4 ,^! w9d[s are       ornam5t$   
ogee gables1 & betwe5 !m are ?ree ni*es1
 "o       above ! o!r1 ) canopies4 ,!   
ext]nal buttresses are split       up ) 
v]tical m\ld+s & ornam5t$ ) ni*es &     
panell+4 ,! t[] is cr[n$ ) a battlem5t4 
,horizontal       /r+-c\rses ) g>goyles 
divide ! buttresses at int]vals4        
,!re are no p9nacles on ^! buttresses1 &
 !y appe> nev]       to h be5 f9i%$4 ,x 
is possible t x 0 int5d$ to set         
ano!r /ory on ! top ( ! pres5t "o1 b ?is
 is m]ely       conjecture4         8,! 
,engli% ar*itects ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 
if !y 7       inf]ior to e>li] build]s 9
 inv5tion & vig\r1 7 at any       rate  
supreme 9 ! managem5t ( t[]s4 ,_!       
wond]ful s5se (       proportion1 _!    
habitual use ( v]tical l9es1 & ! "*     
( _! w9d[s help$ !m to build :at are    

p]haps ! f9e/       t[]s 9 ,europe1 & ! 
c5tral t[] ( ,york ,m9/]                
,illu/ration3 ,,york ,,m9/]3 ,,we/      
,,front    ,illu/ration3 ,,york ,,m9/]3 
,,s\?         is "o ( ! f9e/ ( all4 ,ev5
 ! abs5ce ( p9nacles1 if x       is an  
accid5t1 seems to be a lucky accid5t1 & 
gives ?is t[]       an unrivall$ dignity
 & an air ( re/ra9t suitable to !       
"* ( ! :ole ca!dral40--7,a4 ,c4-,b47    
,we ent] ! ,ca!dral by ! s\? door ( !   
,s\? ,transept & are  introduc$ to :at  
is consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ sup]b            
ar*itectural  views 9 ! _w4 ,! enorm\s  
wid? ( ! *ur* & l5g? ( !  transepts & ! 
trem5d\s lant]n produce almo/ ! effect (
 ,/4  ,paul's or ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,nei!r !  
ea/ nor ! we/ end is visible1 =  we are 
look+ "r across ! arms ( ! cross+       
/raight to !  nor? end ( ! transept1 :]e
 ! ,five ,si/]s display _! jewels4    ,!
 ,lant]n is v l(ty--#ahj feet f !       
floor--ea* transept is  f\r bays        
long--#bbc feet f nor? to s\?--& #ic    
feet wide4 ,to !  top ( ! ro( !y measure

 #ii feet4         8,! transepts1 !re=e1
 are unusually prom95t1 ev5 = an        
,engli% ca!dral1 & !y h _m o!r unusual  
features4 ,tak5       9 conjunction ) ! 
lant]n1 !y produce an effect to be f\nd 
9 no o!r ,go?ic *ur* 9 ! _w4 ,9 ,engl&  
!re are none       s wide & s l(ty4 ,9  
,france !re are int]iors ev5 l(ti]1     
b 9 ,france ! transepts are seldom a    
prom95t feature ( !       design4 ,(t5  
!y d n project beyond ! out] wall ( !   
aisles ( ! nave1 & (t5] /ill !re is no  
c5tral t[]       l>ge en\gh to all[ ( a 
lant]n at all4 ,x is a great piece (    
good =tune1 also1 t ! five va/ lancets (
 ! nor?       transept end1 kn[n z !    
,five ,si/]s1 /ill keep _! beautiful    
orig9al glass4 ,if we look at ^! w9d[s &
 consid] h[       utt]ly ineffective !y 
w\ld be if !y 7 glaz$ ) pla9            
glass1 we c und]/& h[ little rema9s ( ! 
orig9al beauty       ( ! int]ior (      
,salisbury4         8,! ,five ,si/]s    
are1 no d\bt1 ! l>ge/ lancet w9d[s 9    
,engl&1 & x 0 a bold idea to fill almo/ 

! :ole ( t       great front ) !m1 b !  
boldness 0 entirely ju/ifi$ by       !  
result4         8,! glass 9 ! ,five     
,si/]s is ,e>ly ,engli% ( ! simple/ &   
mo/ beautiful design4 ,! col\r1 an almo/
 uni=m s*eme (       greyi% gre51 is a  
curi\s contra/ to ! vivid blues & yell[s
       ( ! p]iod :i* prec$$ x1 &        
examples ( :i* may be se5       9 ! *oir
 ( ,cant]bury4 ,! patt]n is an elaborate
 b       re/ra9$ arrangem5t ( ! foliage 
( ! ,planta ,b5$icta       7h]b b5et74  
,! pla9 bord] surr\nd+ ! ,e>ly ,engli%  
glass       0 ins]t$ 9 #agae4 ,at ! foot
 ( ! c5tral light is a panel       (    
,norman glass1 ! subject ( :i* is ei!r !
 dream ( ,jacob1       or ,daniel 9 !   
lions' d540--7,a4 ,c4-,b47    ,! glass 9
 ! lancets above ! ,five ,si/]s is      
mod]n4    ,9 ! ea/]n aisle ( ! s\?      
transept 7,e>ly ,engli%7 ! ,tomb (      
,walt] de ,grey 7di$ #abee71 %[s an     
effigy 9 full canonicals4 ,!  "r h& is  
rais$ 9 bless+1 ! left grasps a crozi]1 
& !  feet cru% a dragon4 ,! columns at !

 sides are ornam5t$ ) leaves  at equal  
di/ances4 ,on ei!r side ( ! gable ov] ! 
,ar*bi%op's  head an angel /&s4 ,!      
canopy is support$ by n9e pill>s4 ,9 !  
ea/]n aisle ( ! nor? transept we /op to 
look at ! tomb (  ,ar*bi%op ,gre5field  
7di$ #acae74 ,?is is decorat$ ) an      
ornam5t$  canopy4    ,a ri* & elaborate 
,rood ,scre5 sep>ates ! *oir f ! cross+4
  ,x dates f #adge-aeje & is compos$ ( a
 c5tral doorway & fifte5  canopi$ ni*es 
conta9+ /atues ( ,engli% k+s f ,william 
!  ,conqu]or to ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,! latt] is 
! only mod]n "o4 ,above ^!  are angels  
by ,b]nasconi4 ,! c5tral ar* is surm\nt$
 ) an ogee  m\ld+ decorat$ ) foliage & a
 ni*e1 on ei!r side ( :i* is  an angel )
 a c5s]4 ,! capitals ( ! %afts are c>v$2
 &  rosettes & r[s ( foliage appe>      
betwe5 ! %afts4 ,! canopies are  v      
ornate4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is     
scre5 ) ! "o at  ,exet]4    ,! ,*oir1   
includ+ ! retro-*oir1 consi/s ( n9e     
bays--! l>ge/  & l(tie/ *oir 9 ,engl& & 
"o ( ! mo/ beautiful4 ,x 0  begun 9     

#acfa at ! ea/ end & complet$ 9 #adje4  
,x has be5  describ$ z an 8int]e/+      
example ( a ,p]p5dicul> build+ c>ri$    
out on ! l9es ( an e>li] ,decorat$      
design40         8,! *oir itself is l an
 enorm\s college *apel4 ,! aisles       
exi/1 b play no "p 9 ! design1 :i* /ill 
culm9ates 9       ! spl5did blaze (     
glass f ! ea/]n transepts & !           
great ea/ w9d[1 & once culm9at$ on !    
/ill m spl5did       blaze ( ! alt>4    
8,! retro-*oir1 f> too %ort & wide to be
 judg$ z an av5ue       ( /one1 is /ill 
m dep5d5t = its effect on its glass4 ,z 
mo/ ( t glass luckily rema9s1 x is a    
miracle ( airy       spl5d\r2 "o may see
 f x :at 7 ! objects1 & h[ great       !
 success ( ! mu*-malign$ ,p]p5dicul>    
ar*itects at _!       be/4         8,to 
sum up1 !n1 ?is *oir has n ! delicate & 
spiritual       beauty ( ! *oirs (      
,l9coln or ,ely4 ,t is nev] f\nd ev5 9  
! f9e/ "w ( ,p]p5dicul> ar*itects2 b =  
/atel9ess       & magnific5ce x has n a 
rival 9 ,engl&4 ,^! qualities may       

be be/ appreciat$ /&+ midway betwe5 !   
two transepts &       9 front ( ! alt>4 
,f t po9t glitt]+ scre5s ( glass       &
 so>+ %afts ( /one are to be se5 on all 
sides2 ! :ole       effect is "o (      
triumphant light & space & col\r1 n to  
be       surpass$ by ! spl5d\rs ev5 (   
,moori% or ,italian                     
ar*itecture40--7,a4 ,c4-,b47    ,!      
magnific5t ,p]p5dicul> /alls p]i%$ 9 !  
fire ( #ahbi1 s  did ! ,p]p5dicul>      
alt>-scre54 ,! pres5t /alls & scre5 are 
reproductions ( ^!4 ,! r]$os (          
t]ra-cotta & wood is mod]n4    ,! vault 
( ! *oir is ( wood1 an imitation ( !    
vault de/roy$  by fire 9 #ahbi4 ,! w9d[s
 ( ! cl]e/ory are ,p]p5dicul> &  conta9 
five lights4         8,! glass 9 ! *oir 
is almo/ :olly ,p]p5dicul>4 ,z 9 !      
nave1 x is v fragm5t>y & disord]$4 ,!   
*ange 9 !       "* ( ! design w be      
easily notic$4 ,! ,p]p5dicul>           
glass is n s cle> & delicate 9 col\r1 & 
! ar*itectural       & o!r patt]ns are  
less pron\nc$4 ,?is glass1 reg>d$ simply

       z decorative1 is p]haps sup]ior  
to t 9 ! nave4         8,mr4 ,w9/on has 
po9t$ out t ! e>lie/ ,p]p5dicul> glass  
9 ! *oir is conta9$ 9 ! ?ird w9d[ f !   
ea/ 9 !       s\? aisle2 9 ! ?ird & f\r?
 w9d[s f ! ea/ 9 !       nor? cl]e/ory2 
& 9 ! f\r? cl]e/ory w9d[ f ! ea/        
on ! opposite side4 ,^! w9d[s date f !  
close ( !       ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,!re  
is also an e>ly ,p]p5dicul> ,jesse 9    
! ?ird w9d[ f ! we/ 9 ! s\? aisle ( !   
*oir4 ,!       o!r w9d[s ( ! *oir aisles
 ea/ ( ! small ea/]n       transepts1 z 
well z ! glass 9 ! lancet w9d[s on ! ea/
       side ( ! great we/]n transepts1  
appe>s1 he says1 to be ( !       "t (   
,h5ry ,,iv42 ! re/ ( ! glass 9 ! *oir is
 ( !       reigns ( ,h5ry ,v4 & ,,vi41  
*iefly ( ! latt]4 ,he notices also1     
t ! :ite glass 9 ! w9d[s is g5]ally less
 gre5 9 t9t       ?an usual1 & t he has 
le>nt f ,mr4 ,br[ne t x is all       (  
,engli% manufacture40--7,a4 ,c4-,b47    
,we n[ come to ! small] transepts       
situat$ betwe5 ! f\r ea/]n  & f\r we/]n 

bays ( ! *oir4 ,!y are practically "o   
bay ( !  *oir ) ! tri=ium & cl]e/ory    
remov$4 ,at ea* end are imm5se  w9d[s4  
,ea* is #gc feet long by #af feet wide4 
,bo? h be5 re/or$2  b ! glass is orig9al
 & v spl5did4 ,! nor? w9d[ conta9s      
sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,william2 ! s\?    
w9d[ depicts !  hi/ory ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 & 
is ?\ght to date f ab\t #adcg4 ,9 x  are
 memb]s ( ! h\se ( ,lanca/]4    ,! ea/  
end ( ! *oir is almo/ entirely fill$ ) !
 great ,ea/  ,w9d[4    ,! space beh9d ! 
alt> is sometimes call$ ! ,lady-,*apel4 
,?is  occupies f\r bays4 ,x 0 built 9   
#acfa-adje1 & is ,p]p5dicul> 9  /yle4 ,!
 ,alt> ( ! ,virg9 /ood "u ! great ea/   
w9d[ &  "h also 0 a *antry f\nd$ by !   
,p]cys4         8,! great ea/ w9d[ 0    
glaz$ by ,john ,?ornton ( ,cov5try4 ,!  
t]ms ( ! contract = ?is "w1 dat$ #adje1 
are extant4 ,!y       provide t ,?ornton
 %all #8portray ! said w9d[ ) 8 own     
h&s1 & ! hi/ories1 images1 & o!r ?+s to 
be pa9t$ on       x4' ,x 0 to be f9i%$  
)9 ?ree ye>s4 ,glass1 lead &            

workm5 7 to be provid$ at ! exp5se ( !  
*apt]1 &       ,?ornton 0 to receive    
#ds4 a week1 #e a ye> & #aj at          
completion       = 8 tr\ble4         8,!
 w9d[ is #gh feet high & #cb feet wide1 
& conta9s n9e       lights4 ,x is       
entirely fill$ ) old glass1 except =    
c]ta9       pit*es ( mod]n glass1 r     
crude 9 col\r1 & ins]t$1 x       is     
said1 aft] ! fire ( #ahbi4 ,x conta9s   
#bjj panels ( figures4       ,! subjects
 9 ! upp] "p are f ! ,old ,te/am5t1     
rea*+       f ! creation ( ! _w to !    
dea? ( ,absalom4 ,! l[]       "p conta9s
 illu/rations f ! ,book ( ,revelations4 
,9 !       l(tie/ r[ ( all are          
repres5tations ( k+s & ar*bi%ops4       
8,9 ! top lights are figures ( prophets1
 sa9ts & k+s4 ,at       ! apex ( ! w9d[ 
is a repres5tation ( ! ,savi\r 9        
,judgm5t4         8,?is w9d[ is probably
 ! f9e/ example ( ,p]p5dicul> glass     
9 ,engl&4         8,! great ea/ w9d[1 l 
! w9d[s ( ! transepts1 has a       d\ble
 plane ( trac]y rea*+ to ab\t half !    

height ( !       :ole4 ,betwe5 ! two    
planes a passage runs at ! base ( !     
w9d[1 betwe5 two doors :i* lead to      
/aircases 9 ! turrets       on ea* side 
( ! w9d[s4 ,^! /aircases1 9 _! turn1    
lead       to a gall]y across ! w9d[ on 
! top ( ! inn] plane (       trac]y4 ,! 
view f ?is gall]y is v f9e40--7,a4      
,c4-,b47    ,( ! num]\s tombs & monum5ts
 9 ! ea/ end bel[ ! w9d[s 9  !          
retro-*oir & *oir-aisles1 we note only  
two4 ,t ( ,ar*bi%op  ,b[et 7di$ #adbc71 
9 ! retro-*oir 7s\? side71 is "o ( !    
f9e/  ,p]p5dicul> monum5ts 9 exi/5ce1   
mu* mutilat$1 x is true2 b  /ill        
exhibit+ its clu/]s ( tab]nacles &      
p9nacles jo9$ to !  ar* b5ea? )         
fan-trac]y4 ,b[et 0 /ill alive :5 ?is   
monum5t  0 erect$ 9 #adae4 ,! o!r is    
,william ( ,hatfield 7di$ #acdd71       
second son ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ag$ eight4  
,! ,plantag5i/a ornam5ts !  canopy4     
,un=tunately ! effigy ( ! little pr9ce  
is mu* damag$4    ,! ,nave is also sup]b
 & all ! decoration mo/ elaborate4      

8,! fir/ impression on view+ ?is nave is
 a s5se ( its       magnitude4 ,ar*bi%op
 ,romeyn & 8 build]s det]m9$ to build a 
va/ *ur* :i* w\ld eclipse all o!r       
rivals4 ,!y w\ld h       l>ge w9d[s1    
high1 t[]+ pi]s1 a huge1 vault$ ro(1 &  
ev]y?+ t 0 gr& & impressive4 ,edw>d ,i4 
0 !n       fight+ ) ! ,scots & made     
,york 8 *ief city4 ,x 0       imm5sely  
prosp]\s & ! ecclesia/ical treasury 0   
replete       ) ! (f]+s ( knights &     
nobles1 k+s & pilgrims4       ,n[h]e    
%\ld !re be s mighty a *ur* z ,york     
,m9/]4 ,9       ord] to h space = l>ge  
w9d[s !y made ! tri=ium       unusually 
small1 :i* is =m$ only by a cont9uation 
( !       ar*es ( ! cl]e/ory w9d[s4 ,!  
design = ! /one vault$       ro( 0 nev] 
c>ri$ out4 ,! build]s fe>$ t ! great    
weight ( a ro( ) s l>ge a span w\ld be  
too mu* = !       walls1 s a wood5 vault
 0 sub/itut$4 ,! pi]s h octagonal       
bases & consi/ ( v>i\s siz$ %afts       
closely connect$4 ,!       capitals are 
beautifully enri*$ ) foliage ( oak &    

?orn1       & sometimes a figure is se5 
amid/ ! foliage4 ,we notice             
?irty-two sculptur$ bu/s at !           
int]section ( !       hood-m\ld+ ) !    
vault+ %afts4 ,coats-(-arms ( !         
b5efactors ( ,york appe> on ea* side ( !
 ma9 ar*es4 ,!       cl]e/ory w9d[s h   
ea* five lights4 ,! old ro( 0           
de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahdj4 ,! pres5t "o   
has a va/ numb] (       bosses repres5t+
 ! ,annunciation1 ,nativity1 ,magi1     
,resurrection1       besides a quantity 
( small] ones40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    ,look+
 up at ! we/ end ( ! nave we h a d\ble  
/udy 9 !  spl5did ,we/ ,w9d[ 7only      
surpass$ by ! fam\s w9d[ ( ,c>lisle     
,ca!dral72 = ! trac]y ( ! ,curvil9e>1 or
 fl[+ ,decorat$  /yle has be5 c>efully  
re/or$1 & ! w9d[1 :i* measures #ef   #be
 feet1 is almo/ entirely fill$ ) !      
orig9al glass giv5 by  ,ar*bi%op ,melton
 9 #acch4         8,?is is rem>kable n  
only = ! purity & boldness ( its        
s*eme ( col\rs1 b = ! admirable way 9   
:i* ! design (       ! glass fits !     

elaborate patt]n ( ! trac]y4 ,x w be    
notic$ t bo? ! figures & ! ar*itectural 
ornam5ts are       9 bold] relief ?an 9 
! e>li] glass ( ! ,five ,si/]s1 or      
! lat] ( ! *oir4 ,"s ( ! faces ( !      
figures h be5       re/or$ by ,peckett1 
b n s z to int]f]e ) ! decorative       
effect ( ! :ole4 ,! w9d[ conta9s ?ree   
r[s ( figures1 !       l[e/ a r[ ( eight
 ar*bi%ops1 ! next a r[ ( eight sa9ts1  
includ+ ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,james
 & ,/4 ,ka?>9e1 &       above ?is a r[ (
 small] figures unid5tifi$4         8,! 
w9d[ conta9s eight lights4 ,^! lights   
are c\pl$ 9       pairs by f\r ar*es ) a
 quatrefoil 9 ! head ( ea*1 &       aga9
 =m$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r by an ogee ar* above 
! o!r       ar*es4 ,! fl[+ curves ( ^!  
ogee ar*es are mo/       +5i\sly &      
beautifully work$ into ! patt]n ( ! upp]
       "p ( ! w9d[1 :i* conta9s five ma9
 divisions (       /onework1 ea* l !    
skeleton ( a leaf 9 %ape & 9 !          
delicacy ( its patt]n4 ,( ^! five       
divisions ! top "o is       made by     

splitt+ up ! c5tral mullion2 two div]ge 
f x at       ! top ( ! l[] lights2 & two
 o!rs curve inw>ds f !       outside    
ar*4 ,! c5tral mullion runs up almo/ to 
! top ( !       ar*4 ,! mullions are    
alike 9 m\ld+ & size4 ,bel[ ! w9d[      
is ! we/ door1 ! head ( :i* is fill$ )  
anci5t /a9$       glass4 ,!re is a gable
 above x1 runn+ up to ! bottom ( !      
w9d[ & conta9+ ?ree ni*es4 ,!re are     
kneel+ figures on       ea* side ( !    
gable1 s t ! top ( x may h held a       
figure ( ,*ri/4 ,all t portion ( ! we/  
end n occupi$ by       ! w9d[ & ! por*  
is fill$ ) /ories ( ni*es &             
arcad+40--7,a4 ,c4-,b47    ,! w9d[s ( ! 
aisles ( ! nave are ,decorat$4    ,!    
,nave conta9s eight bays4 ,ea* bay      
consi/s ( two ma9 divisions3  ! upp]    
half conta9+ ! tri=ium & cl]e/ory2 & !  
l[]  half1 ! ma9 ar*es4 ,a sl5d] m\ld+  
runs betwe5 ! two  divisions4 ,! pi]s   
consi/ ( a gr\p ( sep>ate %afts & !     
capitals are v delicate 9 design4 ,!    
tri=ium is little m ?an  an ext5sion ( !

 cl]e/ory w9d[-lights2 b a b& ( /one    
ornam5t$ ) quatrefoils sep>ates tri=ium 
& cl]e/ory4 ,!  cl]e/ory w9d[s are      
geometrical ,decorat$4 ,! design is mu* 
admir$4         8,x consi/s ( five      
lights1 ! two out] ( :i* are gr\p$ 9    
a s+le ar*1 ) a quatrefoil pi]c+ 9 its  
head4 ,betwe5       ^! two ar*es & on ! 
top ( ! ar* ( ! c5tral light is       a 
circle fitt+ into ! ar* ( ! w9d[1 &     
ornam5t$ )       f\r quatrefoils1 f\r   
trefoil pi]c+s1 & o!r small] lights4    
,!re are capitals to ! outside %afts ( !
 w9d[s1 & to !       ma9 %afts ( ! two  
inn] mullions4 ,all ^! mullions are v   
delicately m\ld$4         8,! fir/ w9d[ 
f ! we/ end is pla94 ,! glass 9 !       
o!r w9d[s is r f9] & less fragm5t>y ?an 
9 !       nor? aisle4         8,! second
 w9d[ appe>s to h be5 l>gely re/or$4 ,! 
tab]nacle "w is v crude 9 col\r4 ,x     
conta9s figures ( ,/4       ,laur5ce1   
,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 ano!r sa9t1 & ?ree       
coats-(-arms       bel[4 ,! top lights  
are f9e1 & p]haps ( ,p]p5dicul> date4   

8,! ?ird w9d[ is "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 col\r 9 
! m9/]1       ) its gorge\s arrangem5t (
 crimsons1 gre5s & blues4 ,!re       are
 inscriptions by ,peckett1 ) ! date at !
 bottom1 #aghi4 ,8       deep blues on !
 top lights are p>ticul>ly un=tunate4   
8,! six? w9d[ is also v bright4 ,x      
probably conta9s ,norman       fragm5ts4
 ,all ! w9d[s except ! fif? conta9      
ins]tions by       ,peckett4         8,!
 cl]e/ory w9d[ conta9s fragm5ts &       
coats-(-arms4         8,9 ! we/]nmo/    
light ( ! second w9d[ f ! we/1 on       
! nor? side1 are portions ( an ,e>ly    
,engli% ,jesse w9d[4 ,!       :eel ( ?is
 w9d[1 & ^? ( ! next five1 also conta9  
fragm5ts ( ,e>ly ,engli% glass4 ,& 9 !  
l[] lights ( !       fif? & sev5? w9d[s 
f ! we/ are rema9s ( ! same       date4 
8,! :eels 9 ! cl]e/ory w9d[s on ! s\?   
side ( ! nave       all conta9 ,e>ly    
,engli% glass1 except ! ?ird f ! we/4   
,!re is also "s ,e>ly ,engli% glass 9 _!
 l[] lights4         8,! aisles ( ! nave
 are bold] 9 design & altoge!r m        

satisfactory ?an ! nave itself4 ,l !    
nave !y are unusually       wide & l(ty4
 ,9 ! two f>!/ bays to ! we/1 above :i* 
are ! we/]n t[]s1 ! r\gh wood5 ro(1 :i* 
has nev] be5       cov]$ ) a vault1 may 
be se54 ,! vault ( ! aisles is (        
/one1 ) only /ructural ribs1 f9ely m\ld$
 & ) c>v$       bosses4 ,! aisle w9d[s  
are1 l ^? ( ! cl]e/ory1 ( !             
geometrical ,decorat$ ,/yle1 b ( an     
e>li] & simpl]1 uni=m       design4 ,!y 
ea* conta9 ?ree lights4 ,above ! ?ree   
lights are       ?ree quatrefoils1      
pyramidally arrang$40--7,a4 ,c4-,b47    
,! second w9d[ f ! ea/ 9 ! nor? aisle ( 
! nave is said  to h be5 giv5 by a guild
 ( bell-f\nd]s1 or by ,ri*>d ,tunnoc    
7di$ #accj71 ,"l ,mayor ( ,york4 ,tunnoc
 appe>s 9 ! design kneel+  be=e !       
,ar*bi%op & ar\nd ! picture ( ! ca/+ ( a
 bell is  ! leg5d 8,ri*>d ,tunnoc me    
fi/40 ,above ,tunnoc is a w9d[4 ,bells  
appe> 9 ! bord] ( ! glass4    ,! w9d[ at
 ! we/ end ( ! nor?-aisle ( ! nave is   
also v  f9e4 ,x repres5ts ! ,virg9 &    

,*ild & ,/4 ,ca!r9e ) h]  :eel4 ,9 ! we/
 w9d[ ( ! s\?-aisle ( ! nave ! subject  
is  ! ,crucifixion4 ,! head ( ,*ri/ is  
suppos$ to be ( ! ,eighte5?  ,c5tury4   
,! *oir-aisles are v simil> to ^? ( !   
nave4 ,!y h /one  vaults & _! w9d[s are 
v beautiful4 ,!y h be5 describ$ z       
repres5t+ 8a design ( :i* ! trac]y is   
arre/$ half-way 9 its  process ( /iff5+ 
f ! curv$ l9es ( ! ,decorat$ /yle to  ! 
/raight ( ! ,p]p5dicul>40 ,ea* w9d[ is  
divid$ into ?ree  lights1 ea* end+ 9 an 
obtuse ar*4 ,above ^! are ?ree o!r      
ar*es & above !m aga9 two quatrefoils1 &
 above !m a sexfoil$  op5+4    ,= a     
description ( ! glass 9 ^! aisles we    
turn to ,a4  ,clutton-,brock3           
8,9 ! nor? aisle ! ea/ w9d[ is also v   
f9e4 ,x conta9s       a repres5tation ( 
! ,crucifixion1 ) ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,james 
&       ! ,virg94         8,! fir/ w9d[ 
f ! ea/ is v fragm5t>y4 ,! w9d[s 9      
! s\? aisle are r fragm5t>y4 ,9 ! fir/  
two f !       we/ ! top lights are      
empty4         8,! second w9d[ is       

rem>kable = ! delicate modell+ &        
draw+ ( ! heads4 ,! head ( ! ,virg9     
rem9ds "o ( "o (       ,lippo ,lippi's  
,madonnas4 ,t ( an old man ) a be>d 9 ! 
c5tral light is ,g]man 9 "*4 ,if ^! are 
comp>$ )       ! crude    ,illu/ration3 
,,york ,,m9/]3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/            
,illu/ration3 ,,york ,,m9/]3 ,,*oir1    
,,we/         & simple design ( ! heads 
9 ! o!r w9d[s1 x w be       obvi\s t !y 
are ( a diff]5t orig94 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is 
kn[n ( _! hi/ory4         8,! ?ird w9d[ 
has bord]s by ,peckett4 ,x conta9s !    
,jesse       not$ be=e4         8,! f\r?
 w9d[ is v fragm5t>y4 ,x conta9s a      
beautiful       figure ( a sa9t 9 "o ( !
 top lights2 ! o!r top lights       are 
by ,peckett4 ,9 ! c5tral division1 at ! 
bottom1 is ! "n       ( ,ar*bi%op       
,lamplugh1 ) a coat-(-arms4 7,lamplugh's
 tomb is       close to ?is w9d[47      
8,! la/ ( ^? w9d[s conta9s pa9t$ glass  
giv5 by ,"l       ,c>lisle 9 #ahjd1 &   
b\ght f a *ur* at ,r\54 ,x is a         
repres5tation ( ! ,visitation1 ,mr4     

,w9ton says1 tak5 f a       picture by  
,b>occio1 & dates f ! end ( ! ,sixte5?  
,c5tury4 ,! upp] lights conta9 ! orig9al
 glass4         8,! ea/ w9d[ ( ?is aisle
 is v f9e 9 col\r+1 &       fairly      
coh]5t 9 design4 ,! subject is n cle>40 
,9 ! we/]nmo/ bay ( ! nor?-*oir-aisle ! 
eight-ye>-old son  ( ,edw>d             
,,iii4--,william ( ,hatfield--0 buri$   
7see page #bgd74 ,we/ (  ! tomb (       
,ar*bi%op ,/]ne 7di$ #afhc71 :i* has be5
 call$ 8an  example ( almo/ ev]y?+ t a  
monum5t %\ld n be10 we f9d !  tomb (    
,ar*bi%op ,scrope1 behead$ by ,h5ry     
,,iv4 7see page #bfe71  int]e/+ because 
x 0 a place ( pilgrimage 9 ! ,middle    
,ages4    ,f ! nor?-*oir-aisle we ent] !
 ,crypt4 ,?is 0 discov]$ aft]  ! fire ( 
#ahbi4 ,"h we f9d ,norman "w & "s       
au?orities g s  f> z to say "s portions 
( ! wall are ( ! ,saxon *ur*1 built  by 
,edw9 9 ! ,sev5? ,c5tury4 ,! capitals ( 
! pill>s 7"t (  ,rog] ,pont l'vque7 are 
v>i$ & v int]e/+4         8,ent]+ !     
ve/ibule we notice ! exact place :]e !  

,e>ly       ,engli% build]s f9i%$ _! "w 
& ! ,decorat$ /yle       beg9s4 ,!      
diff]5ce betwe5 ! /yles 9 ! ,*apt]-,h\se
 &       ve/ibule %[s t ! =m] 0 erect$  
fir/4 ,x has a wall       arcade1 &     
above are w9d[s ( curi\s trac]y1 fill$ )
       beautiful old glass4 ,! %afts ( !
 arcade support trefoil$       ar*es1 ) 
a c9quefoil ornam5t$ ) a sculptur$ boss4
 ,ea*       boss & capital is           
beautifully c>v$ ) foliage1 amid/ :i*   
! heads ( m5 & dragons appe>4 ,! glass  
is ,e>ly ,decorat$1       & conta9s     
repres5tations ( ,royal p]sonages4      
8,! ,*apt]-,h\se is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful
 9 ,engl&4 ,!       entrance is an ar*1 
divid$ into two ar*es by a canopi$ pi]1 
:i* be>s a mutilat$ /atue ( ! ,virg9 &  
,*ild4 ,clu/]$       %afts1 ) capitals1 
are on ea* side ( ! doors1 :i* h        
rem>kably good scroll$ iron-"w4 ,! *amb]
 itself is v       magnific5t4 ,x is    
octagonal & 9 ea* bay !re are six       
canopi$       /alls "u a five-light     
w9d[4 ,! w9d[ trac]y is sup]b4          

,clu/]$ %afts support ! vault$ ro(4     
,ev]y:]e we see ri*ly       c>v$        
/one-"w1 ! f9e/ 9 any ca!dral1 ! foliage
 (       maple1 oak1 v9e & o!r trees4   
,"h are pigs & squirrels       fe$+ on  
acorns1 m5 ga!r+ grapes1 birds1 & coil$ 
dragons       & reptiles4 ,! grotesques 
are mo/ curi\s & int]e/+4 ,9            
#ahde1 un=tunately1 ! build+ 0 re/or$ & 
! pa9t$       figures ( k+s & bi%ops 7  
de/roy$1 a poor til$ floor       laid   
d[n2 b1 9 spite ( all1 x c /ill ma9ta9  
its pr\d       boa/3        #8,ut ,rosa 
flos florum       ,sic e/ ,domus i/a    
,domorum4'         #8,z ! ,rose is !    
fl[] ( fl[]s1 s is ?is ,h\se ! *ief     
( ,h\ses4'0    ,! date ( ?is build+ is  
g5]ally giv5 z #acbj4    ,a curi\s      
doorway at ! nor?-ea/ end ( ! nor?      
transept op5s into  ! ve/ibule t takes u
 into ! ,*apt]-,h\se4 ,?is is a n>r[    
passage runn+ nor? = ?ree bays1 !n turn+
 at "r angles &  runn+ ea/ = two bays4  
,x is ,decorat$ 9 /yle4 ,traces ( anci5t
  pa9t+ may be obs]v$1 & ! w9d[s display

 _! orig9al glass1  *iefly ,decorat$4 ,9
 ! upp] lights !re are "s fragm5ts (    
,norman & ,e>ly ,engli% glass4    ,!    
,*apt]-,h\se diff]s f mo/ *apt]-h\ses 9 
hav+ no c5tral  pill>4 ,x is octagonal &
 is divid$ into eight bays4 ,an         
acutely-ar*$ w9d[1 ) geometrical        
,decorat$ trac]y1 fills ea* (  ! sev5   
bays4 ,! space ov] ! entrance is occupi$
 ) blank  trac]y l t ( ! w9d[s4 ,! w9d[s
 conta9 five lights1 ea*  light t]m9at+ 
9 a trefoil$ ar*4 ,! glass1 *iefly      
m$allions &  %ields1 dates f ! "t (     
,edw>d ,,ii4 & ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,! "o      
mod]n w9d[ decl>es itself4    ,pass+ to 
! ,ea/ ,front we f9d t x is squ>e1 &1 l 
! ,we/  ,front1 x is almo/ entirely     
fill$ ) an enorm\s w9d[4 ,! great  ,ea/ 
,w9d[ conta9s n9e lights1 beautifully   
divid$ by mullions &  cross$ by ?ree    
transoms4 ,! ar* ( ! head is fill$ ) a  
great  numb] ( small divisions4 ,ov] !  
w9d[ is an ogee gable1 surm\nt$  by a   
p9nacle4 ,panell+ =ms a k9d ( backgr\nd 
= x4 ,buttresses1  tall & n>r[1 &       

conta9+ six ti]s ( ni*es1 flank ! w9d[  
on  ei!r side4 ,ea* is f9i%$ ) a spire4 
,! two aisle w9d[s also  h ogee gables1 
surm\nt$ ) f9ials4 ,above !m runs a b& (
  panell+4 ,at ea* corn] rises a tall   
buttress1 f9i%$ ) a l(ty  spire4        
8,! ,*oir & ,lady-,*apel are ,p]p5dicul>
 "w4 ,! f\r ea/]n       bays con/itut+ !
 ,lady-,*apel1 are e>li] ?an ! lat] ones
       ( ! *oir & v>y 9 detail4 ,!      
tri=ium passage 9 !       =m] is outside
 ! build+1 & ! w9d[s are recess$4       
,/range g>goyles1 ) figures ( apes &    
demons1 adorn !       buttresses4 ,! ea/
 end is ma9ly fill$ ) ! huge w9d[1      
! l>ge/ 9 ,engl&1 :i* does n leave mu*  
space =       ar*itectural detail4      
,above x is ! figure ( ,ar*bi%op        
,?oresby1 ! build] ( ?is "p ( !         
,ca!dral4 ,panell+       cov]s ! surface
 ( ! /one1 & bel[ ! w9d[ is a r[ (      
sev5te5 bu/s1 repres5t+ our ,"l & 8     
,apo/les1 ,edw>d       ,,iii4 &         
,ar*bi%op ,?oresby4 ,!re are two aisle  
w9d[s2       buttresses adorn$ ) ni*es  

sep>ate ! aisles f ! c5tral             
portion1 & o!rs1 capp$ ) spires1 /& on !
 nor? &       s\? ( ?is front40--7,p4   
,h4 ,d47    ,f ! s\?-ea/ we ga9 a v     
satisfactory view ( ! c5tral  t[] & !   
ornate & elegant ,s\? ,transept 7,e>ly  
,engli%71 dat+  f #abaf-abda4 ,! gable1 
) its l>ge rose-w9d[1 cusp$ lights1     
turrets1 buttresses1 & lancet w9d[s1 all
 make a h>moni\s  ar*itectural picture4 
,! s\? por* is consid]$ r small &  has  
be5 mu* re/or$4 ,dog-too? m\ld+ is      
pl5tiful along !  ar*es4 ,x also occurs 
on ! w9d[s & gable4    ,p9nacles & weird
 g>goyles decorate ! ,nave1 divid$ into 
sev5 bays  by tall buttresses4    ,!    
nor? side ( ! ,m9/] is f> less ornate   
?an ! s\?4 ,(  c\rse1 ! *ief features "h
 are ! ,*apt]-,h\se1 ) its curi\s  ro( &
 lovely w9d[s1 & ! ,nor? ,transept1 v   
f9e ,e>ly ,engli%  ( #abda-abfj4 ,"h we 
h ! fam\s gr\p ( lancets1 ! ,five ,si/]s
  7see page #bgj71 & sev5 beautifully   
arrang$ lancets 9 ! gable  above--a v   
f9e contra/ to ! gable ( ! s\? transept1

 ) its  rose-w9d[4 ,a ve/ibule leads f !
 ,nor? ,transept to !  ,*apt]-,h\se1 t  
spl5did octagonal build+1 p]haps ! f9e/ 
example ( ,e>ly ,decorat$ 9 exi/5ce4    
,buttresses1 topp$ )  p9nacles1 project 
at ea* ( ! eight corn]s4 ,! /range      
pyramidal  ro( is surr\nd$ by a         
battlem5t & curi\s g>goyles2 among !m   
be>s pe] out into space4                
,,l9coln         ,,d$ication3 ,,/4      
,,m>y4 ,a ,,*ur* ,,s]v$ ,,by ,,secul>   
,,canons4         ,,special ,,features3 
,,/4 ,,hugh',s ,,*oir2 ,,angel ,,*oir2  
,,ea/ ,,w9d[2       ,,c5tral ,,t[]4     
,l9coln ,ca!dral possesses a comm&+ site
 & ?ree spl5did t[]s  t =m a beautiful  
picture4 ,di/ance l5ds en*antm5t to !   
view at  all times ( ! day & seasons ( !
 ye>4         8,?r\gh\t a va/ di/rict   
ar\nd ! city1 ! "o great feature       (
 ! l&scape is ! mighty m9/]1 :i*1 almo/ 
l t (       ,laon1 cr[ns ! edge ( !     
ridge1 ris+1 ) a /eepness               
well-nigh unkn[n 9 ! /reets ( ,engli%   
t[ns1 above ! l[]       city & ! pla9 at

 its feet4 ,next 9 importance to ! m9/] 
is ! ca/le1 :i*1 m>r$ z x is by mod]n   
*anges1 /ill       cr[ns ! height z no  
unwor?y yoke-fell[ ( its ecclesia/ical  
neighb\r4 ,! pr\d polygonal keep ( !    
=tress /ill gr\ps       well ) ! so>+   
t[]s1 ! %>p-po9t$ gables1 ! long        
cont9u\s l9e ( ro(1 ( ! *ur* ( ,remigius
 & ,sa9t       ,hugh40--7,e4 ,a4 ,f47   
,l9coln ,ca!dral is also a l&m>k 9 !    
hi/ory ( ar*itecture1 =  "h 0 develop$ !
 fir/ complete & pure =m ( ! ?ird great 
=m ( ar*itecture--! ar*itecture ( !     
,po9t$ ,ar*4         8,! be/ in=m$ ,fr5*
 antiqu>ies ackn[l$ge t !y h       no?+ 
l x 9 ,france = ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds2 !y 
?\ght       x 0 copi$ f ,notre-,dame at 
,dijon1 to :i* !re is a                 
consid]able resemblance1 b t *ur* 0 n   
consecrat$ till       #abcj1 s t !      
,dijon ar*itect might h copi$ f !       
,l9coln "o1 b ! ,l9coln c\ld n h copi$ f
       ,dijon40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,to ! 
hi/orian1 z well z to ! /ud5t (         
ar*itecture1 ,l9coln  makes a /rong     

appeal = _m visits4 ,^? ^: "t is limit$ 
w  be impati5t to inspect ,/4 ,hugh's   
,*oir1 & ! m beautiful ,angel  ,*oir    
beyond x4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 pause a mom5t 
to recapitulate its  hi/ory be=e we beg9
 our walk ?r\gh ! ,ca!dral4         8,! 
surface or ext]ior ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral   
pres5ts at lea/       f\r p]fect        
specim5s ( ! succe$+ /yles ( ! fir/ f\r 
ord]s ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! great] "p
 ( ! front may be       z old z ! "t (  
its f\nd]1 ,bi%op ,remigius1 at ! end ( 
! ,elev5? ,c5tury2 b ev5 "h may be trac$
 invasions &       int]mixtures1 up to !
 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,! l>ge ind5t$       
w9d[s are ( ?is latt] p]iod1 & exhibit a
 frightful h]esy4       ,! we/]n t[]s   
c>ry y to ! end ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury2    
!n succe$s a wond]ful ext5t ( ! ,e>ly   
,engli%1 or !       po9t$ ar*4 ,!       
transepts beg9 ) ! ,?irte5?1 & come     
d[n to ! middle ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury2 & 
! int]ior1       especially ! *oir & !  
side aisles1 ab\nds ) ! mo/             
exquisitely v>i$ specim5s ( t p]iod4    

,fruits1 fl[]s1       vegetables1       
insects1 capriccios ( e description1    
encircle       ! ar*es or %afts1 &      
sp>kle ^u ! capitals ( pill>s4          
,ev5 d[n to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 !re 
are two private       *apels1 to ! left 
( ! small] s\? por*1 on entrance1 :i*   
are p]fect gems ( art40--7,t4 ,f4 ,d47  
,9 ! ,sev5? ,c5tury1 ,paul9us1 ,bi%op ( 
,york1 made conv]ts 9 !  ,roman hill-t[n
 ( ,l9coln1 & sev]al *ur*es 7 f\nd$4 ,! 
8bi%op's /ool0 0 at ,sidnace/] &        
,dor*e/]-on-,?ames be=e x  0 fix$ at    
,l9coln4         8,! k+0 7,william !    
,conqu]or7 8_h giv5 ,remigius1 :o _h    
be5 a monk at ,fescamp1 ! bi%opric (    
,dor*e/] :i* is       situat$ on !      
,?ames4 ,?is bi%opric1 be+ l>g] ?an all 
o!rs 9 ,engl&1 /ret*+ f ! ,?ames to !   
,humb]1 !       bi%op ?\ght x tr\blesome
 to h 8 episcopal ,see at !             
extreme limit ( 8 diocese4 ,he 0 also   
displeas$ ) !       smallness ( ! t[n1 !
 mo/ illu/ri\s city appe>+ f> m         
wor?y to be ! ,see ( a bi%op4 ,he !re=e 

b\ght c]ta9 l&s       on ! highe/ p>ts (
 ! city1 ne> ! ca/le /&+ al(t       )   
its /rong t[]s1 & built a *ur*1 /rong z 
! place 0       /rong1 & fair z ! place 
0 fair1 d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 (           
,virg9s1 :i* %\ld bo? be a joy to !     
s]vants ( ,god1 & z       befitt$ ! "t  
unconqu]able by enemies40    ,su* is    
,h5ry ( ,hunt+don's acc\nt ( !          
transf]5ce ( ! ,see1  :i* took place    
betwe5 #ajgb & #ajge4    ,! *ur* built  
by ,remigius1 on ! site ( an e>li] *ur*1
 0  complet$ 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,remigius di$
 ?ree days be=e ! date  appo9t$ = !     
consecration1 ,may #i1 #ajib1 & 0 buri$ 
be=e !  ,alt> ( ! ,holy ,cross 9 front (
 ! rood-scre54 ,?is fir/ *ur*  0 #cjj   
feet long4 ,x 0 sev]ely pla92 b s /rong 
t ,/eph5  us$ x z a =tress 9 #aada1 :5 !
 ca/le opposite 0 held by 8  enemies4   
,! next great build] 0 ,alex&] !        
,magnific5t 7#aabc-aadh71 nephew  (     
,rog]1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury4 ,a fire     
de/roy+ ! ro( 9 #aada  necessitat$      
repairs4 ,alex&] remodel$ p>ts ( ! *ur*4

 ,he add$  ! elaborate doorways 9 ! we/ 
front 9 #aadf2 ! ,norman arcade  along !
 we/ front2 & built ! we/]n t[]s4       
8,"p ( ! we/ front ( ,l9coln 0 built by 
,bi%op ,remi1 or       ,remigius1       
#ajhe-ajib3 ! small portion :i* rema9s (
 ?is "w       is a v valuable specim5 ( 
e>ly ,norman1 ! m s t !       ins]tion (
 lat] & ri*] ,norman doorways by ,bi%op 
,alex&]1       ab\t fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1
 enables u to comp>e e>ly & late        
,norman "w1 :ile ! jo9t+ ( ! masonry    
leaves no d\bt (       ! fact t ^!      
doorways are ins]tions &1 !re=e1        
confirms ! e>ly date ( ! ?ree l(ty ar*es
 "u :i* !y       are ins]t$4 ,a         
comp>ison ( ! capitals & details ( ^!   
two       p]iods1 ?us plac$ 9           
juxtaposition1 is extremely int]e/+4    
,! wide-jo9t+ ( ! masonry & ! %all[ness 
( ! c>v+       di/+ui% ! old "w f ! new4
 ,sev]al capitals ( !       lat] p]iod  
are ins]t$ 9 ! old] "w1 z is %ewn on    
c>eful       exam9ation by ! jo9t+ ( !  
masonry1 & by ! =m ( !       capitals   

!mselves3 ! e>li] capitals are %ort1 & h
       volutes at ! angles1 =m+ a sort (
 rude ,ionic2 ! lat]       capitals are 
m elongat$1 & h a sort ( rude ,cor9?ian1
 or       ,composite foliage40--7,j4 ,h4
 ,p47    ,9 #aahe an e>?quake injur$ !  
,ca!dral2 & s1 :5 ,hugh ( ,avalon       
became ,bi%op ( ,l9coln 9 #aahf1 he     
began to collect money = repairs  &     
rebuild+4 ,! ea/]n end ( ! orig9al      
,ca!dral 0 remov$1  & 9 #aaib ,bi%op    
,hugh laid ! f\ndations ( 8 v orig9al   
,*oir4  ,! ar*itect 0 ,ge(frey de       
,noy]s4 ,j4 ,h4 ,p>k]1 :o /udi$ ,l9coln 
,ca!dral = ?irty ye>s1 consid]s ?is "w (
 ,/4 ,hugh 7,a4,d4  #aaib-abjj7 pure    
,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic & ! e>lie/ build+ (
 t  /yle 9 ! _w4         8,cant]bury 0  
complet$ 9 #aahd & 9 #aahe ,/4 ,hugh (  
,gr5oble1       also call$ ,/4 ,hugh (  
,burgundy1 0 appo9t$ ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1  
& imm$iately began to rebuild 8 ca!dral4
 ,x is !re=e       pla9 t ?is portion ( 
! build+ 0 complet$ be=e #abjj1       & 
a c>eful exam9ation enables u to di/+ui%

 cle>ly !       "w complet$ 9 ! "t (    
,bi%op ,hugh1 :i* comprises 8       *oir
 & ! ea/]n transepts ) its *apels4 ,!   
pres5t       vaults ( ,/4 ,hugh's ,*oir1
 & ( bo? ! transepts1 7       introduc$ 
subsequ5t to ! fall ( ! t[]1 :i* occurr$
 9       #abdj4         8,! ar*itecture 
9 ! nor? ( ,l9coln%ire & ! s\? (        
,york%ire appe>s to h be5 a little 9    
advance ( any o!r 9       ,europe at t  
p]iod4 ,/4 ,hugh's ,*oir at ,l9coln is !
 e>lie/       build+ ( ! pure ,go?ic    
/yle free f any mixture ( !             
,romanesque t has be5 hi!rto f\nd 9     
,europe1 or 9 ! _w4       ,! ,ori5tal   
/yles are n ,go?ic1 ?\gh !y help$ to    
lead to       x4 ,! ,fr5* ,go?ic has a  
/rong mixture ( ! ,romanesque )       x 
d[n to a lat] p]iod ?an ! ,*oir (       
,l9coln4 ,/4 ,hugh (       ,l9coln      
c]ta9ly did n br+ ! ,go?ic /yle ) him f 
8       own c\ntry ,dauph9y1 or f !     
,gr&e ,*>treuse :]e he 0       educat$1 
= no?+ ( ! k9d exi/$ !re at t p]iod4    
,gr5oble 7! place f :i* ,/4 ,hugh 0     

br\ght to ,engl&7 &       its           
neighb\rhood 0 q half-a-c5tury beh9d    
,engl& 9 !       "* ( its build+s1 9 !  
"t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,engl& &       (     
,anj\1 9 ^: "t ?is /yle 0 develop$4     
8,no?+ c well exce$ ! fre$om1 delicacy &
 beauty ( ?is       "w2 ! orig9al arcade
 ( ! "t ( ,/4 ,hugh is ( ! same         
free & beautiful /yle z ! additions ( 8 
successors4 ,!       crockets1 arrang$  
v]tically "o ov] ! o!r beh9d !          
deta*$ m>ble %afts ( ! pill>s1 are a    
rem>kable & n a       common feature1   
:i* seems to h be5 9 use = a few ye>s   
only2 x occurs also 9 ! we/ front (     
,wells ,ca!dral1 ! "w       ( ,bi%op    
,jocel91 a few ye>s aft] ?is at ,l9coln2
 or p]haps       "u him1 ( ,hugh de     
,wells40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,! eight ye>s
 dur+ :i* ,hugh c>ri$ on ! "w         87
 busy ones at ,l9coln4 ,contempor>y     
records enable u to       picture him   
enc\rag+ ! workm5 by 8 pres5ce &        
example1       ev5 %ew+ 8 zeal by c>ry+ 
! /ones on 8 own %\ld]s4       ,he did n

 live to see 8 "w complet$1 z ,remigius 
_h done4       ,b he _h set ! example & 
giv5 ! patt]n1 & ! "w 0       cont9u$ by
 8 successors until ! build+ 0 aga9     
entire4       ,hugh _h already f9i%$ !  
apse1 ! ea/]n transept1 !       *oir1 & 
"p ( ! we/]n transept 7i4e41 ! :ole     
ea/]n       portion ( ! *ur*7 :5 he fell
 ill4 ,f9d+    ,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln3  
,,we/ ,,front    ,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln3
 ,,great ,,we/ ,,door         8 dea?    
approa*+1 he s5t = 8 ar*itect ,ge(frey  
de       ,noy]s1 & enjo9$ him to ha/5 ! 
completion ( ! alt> (       ,/4 ,john ! 
,bapti/1 8 patron4 ,he !n gave          
directions = 8       fun]al1 &          
in/ructions t he 0 to be buri$ 9 !      
"m-*ur* ( 8 diocese d$icat$ to ! ,"m (  
,god1 ne>       ! alt> ( ,/4 ,john !    
,bapti/4 ,! p]sonality ( ! great        
bi%op comes vividly be=e u :5 we read t 
he also wi%$ 8       tomb to be plac$   
ne> ! wall1 9 a conv5i5t place1 le/ x   
%\ld be a /umbl+-block to ^? approa*+4  
,on ! #af? (       ,novemb]1 #abjj1     

,hugh brea!d 8 la/1 ly+1 z he _h wi%$1  
on       ! b>e gr\nd1 on a cross (      
consecrat$ a%es4 ,8 in/ructions         
reg>d+ ! fun]al 7 c>ri$ out2 b su* a    
light z ,hugh's       c\ld n be hid1 &  
)9 a c5tury we f9d 8 rema9s enclos$     
9 a co/ly gold5 %r9e1 borne on ! %\ld]s 
( k+s &       bi%ops1 & plac$ at la/ 9 a
 /ructure erect$ specially =       _!   
reception1 #8"o ( ! lovelie/ ( human    
works1' !       celebrat$ ,angel ,*oir4 
,! orig9al place ( ,hugh's burial has   
be5 some:at disput$4 ,! ,magna ,vita    
tells u t he 0       buri$ ne> ! alt> he
 _h nam$1 a boreali ipsius a$is         
regione4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! ea/]n       
transept1 ,hugh _h plac$       f\r      
apsidal *apels1 two nor? & two s\? ( !  
c5tral apse4       ,f ! words above     
quot$1 x has be5 consid]$ t !           
nor!rn-mo/ ( ^! *apels 0 ! site ( 8     
tomb40--7,a4 ,f4       ,k47    ,! we/]n 
transept & ! nave 7 next f9i%$ 7,?irte5?
  ,c5tury71 & a c5tral t[] 0 built to   
replace ! "o t fell 9  #abcg-abci4 ,to  

?is p]iod belongs ,bi%op ,hugh de       
,wells1 bro!r (  ,jocel9 7see page      
#ajh71 :o contribut$ l>gely to ! funds =
  build+ & ro(+4    ,he 0 succe$$ by    
,rog] ,bacon's fri5d1 ,rob]t ,grossete/e
  7#abce-abec74 ,9 8 "t ! new nave 0    
complet$4 ,! l>ge scre5 (  ! we/ front1 
! c5tral gable & ! octagonal turrets at 
!  corn]s1 belong to ?is p]iod2 also !  
l[] "p ( ! c5tral  t[]1 ! ,canon's      
,ve/ry at ! ea/]n transept1 & ! ,galilee
 ,por*  at ! we/]n transept4 ,! trellis 
ornam5t always m>ks  ,grossete/e's "w4  
,he made _m *anges 9 ! w9d[s4    ,to !  
treasur]1 ,john de ,welburne 7di$       
#achj71 ! ,ca!dral is  indebt$ = its    
spl5did *oir-/alls4    ,! ,russell &    
,longl& *antries1 ! upp] p>ts ( ! t[]1 &
  _m w9d[s date f ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod4  
,john ,evelyn1 visit+ ,l9coln 9 #afed1  
gives u an idea h[ !  ,ca!dral suff]$ 9 
! ,civil ,w>s3         8,l9coln is an   
old confus$ t[n1 v long1 unev51 /eep &  
ragg$1 =m]ly full ( good h\ses1         
especially *ur*es &       abbeys4 ,!    

m9/] almo/ comp>able to t ( ,york       
itself1       ab\nd+ ) m>ble pill>s1 &  
hav+ a fair front 7"h 0       int]r$    
,que5 ,eleanora1 ! loyal & lov+ wife :o 
suck$ !       poison out ( h] husb&'s   
w\nd72 ! abbot f\nd]1 ) r>e       c>v+ 9
 ! /one2 ! great bell1 or ,tom1 z !y    
call x4 ,i       w5t up ! /eeple1 f :5ce
 is a goodly prospect all ov] !         
c\ntry4 ,! soldi]s _h lately knock$ (f  
mo/ ( ! brasses       f ! grave/ones1 s 
z few inscriptions 7 left2 !y told      
u t ^! m5 w5t 9 ) axes & hamm]s1 & %ut  
!mselves 91 till !y _h r5t & torn (f "s 
b>geloads (       metal1 n sp>+ ev5 !   
monum5ts ( ! dead2 s helli% an          
av>ice possess$ !m3 besides :i*1 !y     
exce$+ly ru9$ !       city40    ,we are 
n[ able to analyze ! ,we/ ,front1 kn[+ !
 p]iods ( !  great scre5 wall1 ) its    
,go?ic arcad+ & ! octagonal /air        
turrets capp$ by tall pyramids t t]m9ate
 ! ends2 ! two tall  squ>e t[]s1 ,norman
 bel[1 ,p]p5dicul> above2 ! ?ree great  
recesses pi]c$ ) w9d[s & doors2 ! gable 

above ! recess )  sev5 ar*es 7two pi]c$ 
) w9d[s & two conta9+ /atues7 9 a  r[ & 
"o above ) angels4    ,we mu/ note t ^u 
! s\!rn turret /&s a /atue ( ,/4 ,hugh2 
& ,! ,sw9eh]d ( ,/[1 :o contribut$ a    
peck ( silv] p5nies  t[>ds build+ !     
,ca!dral1 ornam5ts ! nor!rn "o4 ,x is a 
copy  ( ! orig9al1 n[ 9 ! ,cloi/]s4     
,! trac]y ( ! w9d[s 9 ! ?ree recesses is
 suppos$ to date  f ! end ( ! ,f\rte5?  
,c5tury4 ,! big we/ w9d[ & !  c9quefoil 
w9d[ above 7 plac$ !re 9 ,grossete/e's  
rule  7#abce-abec74    ,! c5tral door & 
^? on ei!r side ( x1 date f ! ,twelf?   
,c5tury1 & give ! be/ possible idea ( ! 
,romanesque p]iod j  be=e x m]g$ into   
,go?ic4    ,above ! c5tral door are     
elev5 k+s1 f ,william ! ,conqu]or to    
,edw>d ,,iii4 ,^! /atues date f #acej & 
7 orig9ally col\r$  & gilt4    ,! two   
we/]n t[]s 7,norman7 7 built 9 ! ,twelf?
 ,c5tury4 ,!  arcad+ 7:i* is n ! same 9 
bo?7 %[s :]e !y end$ &  :]e !           
,p]p5dicul> /ories 7 add$1 c>ry+ !m two 
hundr$  feet high]4 ,l ! c5tral t[]1 !y 

7 orig9ally cr[n$ )  tall wood5 spires1 
cov]$ ) lead4 ,^! spires became unsafe &
  7 remov$ 9 #ahjg4 ,9 ! nor!rn1 or ,/4 
,m>y's1 hung 8,great ,tom (  ,l9coln0 & 
its successor until #ahcd4 ,! s\!rn t[]1
 call$ ,/4  ,hugh's1 has a r+ ( eight   
bells4 ,"u ,/4 ,hugh's ! ,r+]s' ,*apel  
is naturally situat$2 & !re is a        
correspond+ *apel "u ,/4  ,m>y's ,t[]4  
,b5ea? ,/4 ,m>y's ,t[] we f9d ! ,nor?we/
 ,*apel2 "u ,/4 ,hugh's1  ! ,r+]s'      
,*apel4 ,bo? *apels are vault$ ) /one & 
date f  ! fir/ half ( ! ,?irte5?        
,c5tury4    ,! ,nave1 a v *>act]i/ic    
example ( ! fir/ half ( !  ,?irte5?     
,c5tury1         8exhibits an ,e>ly     
,engli% /yle 9 its highe/ /age (        
developm5t3 massive )\t heav9ess1 ri* 9 
detail )\t       exub]ance1 its p>ts    
symmetrically proportion$ & c>efully    
/udi$ ?r\gh\t1 ! foliat$ c>v+ bold &    
effective1 !re       seems no defici5cy 
9 any way to det]iorate f its           
m]its40--7,g4 ,g4 ,s47    ,!re are sev5 
bays4 ,! fir/ bay 0 conv]t$ into a sort 

(  ve/ibule by ar*es con/ruct$ 9 !      
,eighte5? ,c5tury to add  /r5g? to !    
we/]n t[]s4 ,! big ar*1 sep>at+ !       
ve/ibule  f ! nave1 dates f ab\t #agcj4 
,! vault+ "u ! we/]n  t[]s dates f !    
,f\rte5? ,c5tury2 also ! trac]y cov]+ ! 
walls ( ^! comp>tm5ts4         8,ea* pi]
 is surr\nd$ by r\nd %afts ( ,purbeck   
m>ble4 ,!       ar* m\ld+s1 l ^? ( ,/4  
,hugh's *oir1 7 consid]$                
#8beautiful specim5s' by ,rickman4 ,!y  
are deeply cut1 & ?r[       good1 bold  
%ad[s4 ,9 ! tri=ium ea* bay conta9s two 
ar*es1       support$ by clu/]$ columns 
) foliag$ capitals4 ,!       sp&rels are
 decorat$ ) sunk trefoils or            
quatrefoils4 ,9 mo/       cases ! ar*es 
are ea* divid$ into ?ree sub-ar*es )    
clu/]$ %afts1 ! tympanum be+ pi]c$ )    
quatrefoils4 ,a       diff]5ce is       
noticeable1 h[ev]1 9 ! ea/]nmo/ ar* & ! 
two we/]nmo/ bays 7five ar*es altoge!r7 
on bo? sides4 ,"h       ! sub-ar*es are 
only two 9 numb]4 ,! n>r[ness ( ! two   
we/]n bays acc\nts = ! v>iation at t    

end4 ,! cl]e/ory       is ! same ?r\gh\t
 its l5g?1 hav+ ?ree tall n>r[ w9d[s    
9 ea* bay1 ) sl5d] b&$ %afts4 ,9 ! nave 
we h1       accord+ to ,f]gusson1 #8a   
type ( ! fir/ p]fect$ =m (       ,engli%
 vault+4' ,he calls x #8v simple &      
beautiful4' ,at !       junctions ( !   
ribs are elaborate bosses ( foliage4 ,! 
comp>tm5ts are cov]$ ) pla/]1 once      
decorat$ 9 col\rs       & gold4 ,9 !    
second bay f ! ea/ is ! "n3 ,w4 ,l4     
,,p>is3--evid5tly int5d$ z a record ( "s
 repairs to !       vault4 ,! spr+]s re/
 on clu/]s ( ?ree long sl5d]            
vault+-%afts1 ris+ f foliag$ corbels j  
above !       capitals ( ! nave pi]s4   
8,9 ! aisles1 ea* bay has two lancet    
w9d[s1 except !       ea/]nmo/ bay on ! 
s\? side1 :i* has only "o4 ,9 ! jambs   
are sl5d] ,purbeck %afts1 twice b&$4 ,j 
b5ea? ^!       w9d[s1 an arcade (       
trefoil$ ar*es runs along ! :ole l5g?   
( ! nave1 be+ cont9u$ on ! scre5 walls  
to ! we/]n       *apels4 ,! ar*es are   
deep1 ) bold m\ld+s1 & are              

support$ by clu/]$ columns4 ,!re are    
five ar*es 9 ea* bay1       b !y are n  
plac$ 9 ! same mann] on bo? sides ( !   
nave4 ,on ! s\?1 ! ar*es are arrang$ 9  
gr\ps ( five1 )       blank spaces (    
wall betwe51 9 front ( :i* pass !       
vault+-%afts4 ,on ! nor?1 ! arcade is   
cont9u\s1 & is s       arrang$ t ea*    
clu/] ( %afts support+ ! vault passes 9 
front ( an ar*4 ,! "w on ! s\? side is m
 elaborate2       too? ornam5t is us$1 a
 /r+-c\rse runs along at ! height (     
! capitals1 & foliag$ bosses are f\nd 9 
! l[] corn]s (       ! sp&rels4 ,9      
addition to ! clu/]$ vault+-%afts       
already       m5tion$1 !re is a s+le    
vault+-%aft 9 ! c5tre ( ea*       bay1  
betwe5 ! w9d[s1 ris+ f a corbel above ! 
wall-arcade4 ,on ! nor? side ^! corbels 
m]ely h pla9       m\ld+s1 b on ! s\?   
side !y are foliat$4 ,! arrangem5t      
( ! vault+-ribs is diff]5t 9 ! nor? &   
s\? aisles2       & 9 ! latt] x w be    
notic$ t "s ( ! bosses h                
figure-subjects1 besides ! foliage met )

 on ! nor? side4       ,! ,agnus ,dei   
c>v$ on ! boss 9 ! f\r? bay f ! we/     
%\ld be notic$4 ,to su* m9or diff]5ces1 
cont9ually f\nd 9       ! correspond+   
p>ts ( a ,go?ic edifice1 ! /yle         
und\bt$ly       owes a peculi>          
*>m40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47    ,! great ,we/   
,w9d[ 0 ins]t$1 z we h se51 9 ,bi%op    
,grossete/e's "t 7#abce-abec74 ,its     
trac]y1 h[ev]1 dates f !  end ( !       
,f\rte5? ,c5tury & is ,e>ly ,p]p5dicul>4
 ,! upp]  lights are fill$ ) fragm5ts ( 
,f\rte5? ,c5tury glass2 b !  glass 9 !  
l[] lights is mod]n4 ,! c9quefoil above1
 ( ! same  date1 conta9s mod]n glass    
also4 ,! c5tral figure repres5ts        
,remigius1 ) 8 bi%op's /aff 9 "o h& & ! 
*ur* 9 !  o!r4 ,! re/ ( ! glass 9 ! nave
 is also mod]n4    ,"u ! la/ ar* on !   
nor? side ( ! nave we come to a slab    
suppos$ to m>k ! orig9al burial-place ( 
,remigius4 ,?is slab 0  discov]$ 9 !    
cloi/]s & is suppos$ to date f ! "t (  t
 wor?y prelate4    ,! neighb\r+ ,pulpit 
is probably ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,on !

  o!r side ( ! nave /&s ! black basalt  
,norman ,font1 rem9d+ u  ( ! font 9     
,w9*e/]4 ,ar\nd ! sides ( ! squ>e bas9 a
 r[ (  grotesque mon/]s is c>v$ 9 l[    
relief4    ,n[ we come to ! ,c5tral     
,t[]4 ,f\r massive pi]s c>ry ! f\r      
ar*es f :i* x rises4 ,foliage decorates 
! top ( ea* ar*4 ,!  sp&rels are        
ornam5t$ by two r[s ( arcad+ )          
sl5d]-clu/]$  %afts4 ,! vault+ is ( !   
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,! iron r+s on !  pi]s
 7 plac$ !re = ! purpose ( fa/5+ !      
bell-ropes (  ! 8,lady ,bells0 t once   
hung 9 ?is t[]4    ,a beautiful /one    
,rood-,scre51 ,decorat$ 9 /yle & dat+ f 
!  end ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 fills !    
ea/]n t[] ar*1 & m>ks  ! b\nd>y ( ,/4   
,hugh's ,*oir4 ,traces ( col\r & gild+  
reveal  !mselves to an e>ne/ scrut9y4   
8,on ei!r side ( ! c5tral doorway are   
f\r deep ar*es       support$ by deta*$ 
pill>s1 decorat$ ) grotesque heads &    
small figures ( bi%ops4 ,! wall beh9d is
 ri*ly c>v$ )       diap] designs1 %ew+ 
mu* fre$om & v>iety4 ,?is scre5 0       

once decorat$ ) col\rs & gild+1 traces (
 :i* are /ill       visible4 ,x appe>s  
to h suff]$ a good deal at ! h&s (      
iconocla/s2 _m /atues h d\btless be5    
remov$1 & "o mu/       be v cauti\s )   
reg>d to ! decoration :i* rema9s1 z x   
0 consid]ably re/or$ by a mason nam$    
,james ,p9k dur+ !       second half (  
la/ c5tury4 ,! scre5 n[ c>ries ! organ  
erect$ 9 #ahbf4         8,! two side    
doorways lead+ into ! nor? & s\? aisles 
(       ! *oir are some:at e>li] ?an !  
scre5 betwe5 !m4 ,!y       are beautiful
 examples ( c>v+1 dat+ f ! end ( ! ,e>ly
       ,engli% p]iod4 ,! exquisite      
op5work foliage :i* runs r\nd !         
ar* is execut$ ) ! utmo/ skill & c>e1 & 
is )\t !       lab\r$ effect ( s mu* (  
our lat] /one-"w4 ,! injur$       p>ts 7
 c>efully re/or$ ab\t #aggj by ,james   
,p9k1 :o 0       also employ$ by ,essex 
on ! canopy ( ! r]$os4 ,! doorways      
h mod]n iron gates40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47     
,! ,*oir n[ includes ,/4 ,hugh's ,*oir &
 two bays ( ! ,angel ,*oir  beyond4     

,/4 ,hugh's ,*oir is ! e>lie/ example ( 
pure ,go?ic 9 ! _w4  ,p are frequ5tly   
disappo9t$ 9 x because ( its l[ vault & 
squat ar*es2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !    
fall ( ! c5tral  t[] 9 #abcg-abci       
greatly damag$ ?is "p ( ! build+4 ,9    
ord]  to /r5g!n ! *oir "s heavy columns 
)\t capitals replac$ !  orig9al sl5d]   
%afts4 ,! ar*es 7 also p>tly            
recon/ruct$4  ,arcad$ scre5s betwe5 !   
pi]s divide ! *oir f ! aisles nor?  &   
s\?1 & aid 9 ! support4         8,!     
foliage ( ! capitals is exquisitely     
beautiful1 & ?\gh       di/+ui%$        
te*nically by ! "n ( /iff-leaf foliage1 
because !re are /iff /alks to ! leaves  
ris+ f ! r+       ( ! capital1 ! leaves 
!mselves curl ov] 9 ! mo/       graceful
 mann]1 ) a fre$om & elegance n exce$$  
at any       subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! m\ld+s 
are also z bold & z deep z              
possible1 & !re is sc>cely a ve/ige (   
,norman "*       rema9+ 9 any "p ( !    
"w40--7,r47    ,viollet-le-,duc1 :o     
fixes ! date ( ,/4 ,hugh's ,*oir at     

#abbj or #abaj  at ! e>lie/1 says3      
8,we h 9 ,norm&y1 especially 9 ! ca!dral
 ( ,r\5 & !       *ur* ( ,eu1           
ar*itecture ( ! date ( #aaij2 x is      
purely       ,fr5*1 t is to say1 x      
corresponds exactly ) !                 
ar*itecture ( ! #8,isle de ,france'     
except 9 c]ta9 details4 ,at       ,eu1  
at ! ca!dral ( ,le ,mans1 at ,seez1 we h
 ar*itecture       :i* resembles t ( !  
*oir ( ,l9coln1 b t ar*itecture       is
 f #abaj to #abbj1 x is ! ,norman s*ool 
( ! ,?irte5?       ,c5tury4 ,!re is1    
inde$1 at ,l9coln1 an ef=t at1 a t5d5cy 
to       orig9ality1 a /yle ( ornam5t   
:i* attempts to emancipate       itself2
 nev]!less ! "* is purely               
,anglo-,norman4         8,! con/ruction 
is ,engli%1 ! pr(iles ( ! m\ld+s are    
,engli%1 ! ornam5ts are ,engli%1 !      
execution ( ! "w       belongs to !     
,engli% s*ool ( workm5 ( ! beg9n+ ( !   
,?irte5? ,c5tury4         8,on ! ext]ior
 ! *oir ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,l9coln is       
?or\ghly ,engli% or ,norman1 if y w2 "o 

c p]ceive all !       ,norman influ5ce2 
ar*es acutely po9t$1 blank w9d[s 9 !    
cl]e/ory1 rem9d+ "o ( ! basilica cov]$ )
 a wood5       ro(2 a l[ tri=ium2 ea*   
bay ( ! aisles divid$ into two by a     
small buttress2 %afts b&$4 ,9 ! int]ior 
vaults :i* h       n at all ! same      
con/ruction z ! ,fr5* vaults ( ! end (  
! ,twelf? ,c5tury2 ar*-m\ld+s1 sl5d] &  
deeply und]cut2       ! abacus r\nd2 !  
too?-ornam5t2 :i* d n at all resemble   
! ornam5ts :i* we f9d at ,p>is1 ,s5s1   
,/4 ,d5is1 etc40    ,! ,*oir-,/alls1    
dat+ f ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 are among !  
f9e/ 9 ,engl&4 ,pug9 consid]$ !m q !    
be/4         8,! /alls are 9 two r[s1 ! 
upp] ( #fb seats1 & ! l[]       ( #df2 !
 =m] numb] has n[ be5 increas$ by six & 
!       latt] by two4 ,! upp] /alls h   
elaborate trefoil$ canopies1            
surm\nt$ by an intricate maze (         
buttresses & p9nacles1 ris+       to a  
height ( #bd feet #f in*es above ! *oir 
floor4 ,! ni*es       above ! canopies h
 rec5tly be5 fill$ ) /atues ( sa9ts     

9 ! ,anglican ,cal5d>4 ,! /alls 9 bo?   
r[s are provid$ )       h+$ seats or    
mis]]es1 int5d$ to s]ve z supports 9 !  
long s]vices dur+ :i* ! occupants ( !   
/alls 7       requir$ to /&4 ,^! seats1 
z well z ! elb[-re/s &       f9ials1 are
 ri*ly c>v$ ) ^? grotesque subjects 9   
:i*       ! ,m$ival arti/ s greatly     
delight$4 ,! c>v] has giv5 full         
scope to a mo/ f]tile imag9ation4       
,scriptural subjects d       c]ta9ly    
occur on "s ( ! mis]]es 9 ! upp] r[1 b  
o!rs are ( a playful "*4 ,! fox is se5  
prea*+ to       birds & bea/s1 & !n     
runn+ riot among !m2 monkeys are at     
play1 or occupi$ 9 ! m s]i\s bus9ess (  
hang+ "o (       _! numb] & bury+ him   
aft]w>ds2 we also f9d m5 fight+       ) 
wild animals2 ! lab\rs ( husb&ry2 k+s1  
knights1       ladies1 dragons1 griff9s1
 lions1 hogs1 & wyv]ns4 ,:e!r !re       
is a hidd5 mean+ 9 any ( ^! qua9t       
subjects1 x is p]haps       difficult n[
 to say1 b ! prea*+ fox is c]ta9ly      
sugge/ive40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47    ,at ! ea/ 

end ( ! /alls on ! s\? side rises !     
,bi%op's  ,?rone ) tall ,go?ic canopy4  
,x 0 design$ by ,james ,essex 9 #aggh1  
& c>v$ by ,lumby4 ,opposite is ,sir     
,gilb]t ,scott's ,pulpit ( c>v$  oak    
7#ahfc-ahfd74    ,! brass *&eli] (      
sixte5 lights1 susp5d$ f ! vault1 is    
dat$ #afih2 & ! brass eagle lect]n1     
#affg4    ,! /one ,r]$os is a mixture ( 
"w ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury &  t ( ,james   
,essex 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,james    
,p9k c>v$ !  c5tral canopy 9 #agfi aft] 
designs by ,essex4    ,! ,ea/]n         
,transept 0 also ! "w ( ,/4 ,hugh4 ,he  
jo9$ ! ends  by means ( an apse1 :i*    
ext5d$ to ! second bay ( ! ,angel       
,*oir4 ,"s hi/orians say t he 0 buri$ 9 
! nor!rn ( !  f\r *apels t he built     
along ! apse4    ,/4 ,hugh di$ 9 ,london
 9 #abjj4 ,:5 8 body arriv$ 9 ,l9coln x 
0  met by ,k+ ,john & c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s 
( ar*bi%ops & bi%ops  to ! ,*oir t he _h
 erect$4 ,he 0 buri$ on ,novemb] #bd2 &1
  accord+ to an old ballad3        8,a' 
! bells o' m]rie ,l9coln         ,)\t   

m5's h&s 7 rung1       ,& a' ! books o' 
m]rie ,l9coln         ,7 read )\t man's 
tongue2       ,& ne'er 0 su* a burial   
,s9' ,adam's days begun40    ,pilgrims  
came 9 su* numb]s to 8 %r9e t x 0 deem$ 
necess>y  to make 8 tomb m important1 & 
! apse 0 remov$ = ! fam\s  ,angel ,*oir1
 :i*1 l ! ,*oir ( ,/4 ,hugh1 m>ks a new 
p]iod 9  ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4        
8,?us ! ,angel ,*oir ( ,l9coln 0 erect$ 
to conta9 ! %r9e       ( "o ( ,l9coln's 
noble/ bi%ops & "o ( ,engl&'s greate/   
sa9ts1 ^: l[ly tomb1 plac$ 9 a corn] at 
8 own desire =       fe> ( its be+ 9 !  
way1 _h become ! resort ( su* a va/     
conc\rse ( pilgrims z to require !      
trans=mation ( !       ea/]n arm ( !    
m9/]4 ,9 #abee1 lic5se 0 obta9$ f       
,h5ry ,,iii4 = ! removal ( "p ( ! ea/]n 
city wall1 :i*       /ood 9 ! way1 & 9 !
 next ye> ! ,angel ,*oir 0 probably     
begun4 ,! "w 0 c>ri$ on s rapidly t )9 a
 qu>t] (       a c5tury ! translation   
took place4 ,! *oir 0 n1 h[ev]1         
fully complet$ till ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury 0

 well on its way4         8,! #f?       
,octob]1 #abhj1 0 ! pr\de/ day 9 !      
,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln3 ,,angel ,,*oir  
,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/   
hi/ory ( ! city4 ,p]haps nev]1 be=e or  
s9ce1 has su* an       augu/ assembly   
ga!r$ )9 h] walls4 ,! body ( ! ,sa9t (  
,l9coln 0 to be translat$ to ! co/ly    
%r9e 9 ! c5tre (       ! ,angel ,*oir4  
,! c]emony 0 magnific5t4 ,edw>d himself 
0       pres5t1 & support$ on 8 own     
%\ld] ! sa9t's rema9s z       !y 7 c>ri$
 to _! new re/+-place2 ) him 0 8        
belov$ que5 ,eleanor1 ^: effigy 0 s soon
 to be plac$       b5ea? ! same ro(4 ,! 
k+ & que5 7 accompani$ by       ,edmund1
 ,e>l ( ,k5t1 bro!r ( ,edw>d1 & 8 wife2 
! ,e>ls (       ,gl\ce/] & ,w>wick2 !   
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury2 ! bi%ops       (
 ,l9coln1 ,ba?1 ,ely1 ,norwi*1 ,worce/]1
 ,ll&aff1 ,bangor1 &       ,/4 ,asaph2 !
 bi%op-elect ( ,exet]2 & two hundr$ &   
fifty       knights4 ,! %r9e1 ornam5t$ )
 gold & silv] & preci\s       /ones1 0  
rais$ on a l(ty /one p$e/al1 & ab\t     

?irty       ye>s aft] 0 protect$ by an  
iron grille1 wr\ght by ,simon !         
,smi?4 ,x is record$ t ! fa/5+s ( !     
grille 7 /ill       to be se5 9 !       
pavem5t at ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 b   
all traces h n[ entirely disappe>$4 ,x  
mu/ h be5 soon       aft] ! translation 
t ! head 0 remov$ f ! body1 &           
enclos$ 9 a metal case1 enri*$ ) gold & 
silv] &       preci\s /ones4 ,a keep] 0 
appo9t$ to gu>d ! preci\s relic         
dur+ ! day1 & two _h ?is *>ge at night4 
,yet1 9 spite (       all su*           
precautions1 x 0 /ol5 f ! *ur* 9 ! ye>  
#acfd2 ! head 0 ?r[n into a field1 & !  
case sold 9 ,london       = tw5ty m>ks4 
,! ?ieves 7 robb$ ( _! ill-gott5 ga9s   
on _! way back1 & 7 aft]w>ds convict$ ( 
! crime1 &       hang$ at ,l9coln4 ,!   
head 0 f\nd & re/or$ to !       ca!dral4
 ,! treasur]1 ,john de ,welburne 7d4    
#achj71 ei!r       re/or$ ! old %r9e or 
made a new "o ( ! same                  
mat]ials40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47    ,f]gusson  
call$ ! ,angel ,*oir 8! mo/ beautiful   

presbyt]y 9  ,engl&40 ,x dates f #abef  
to #abhj1 :5 ! ,e>ly ,engli% 0 m]g+     
into ! ,decorat$4 ,! sculptural angels t
 ornam5t ! sp&rels (  ! tri=ium acc\nt =
 ! "n4         8,x is 9 five bays c>ri$ 
ea/w>d at a uni=m height &       bread? 
) ! *oir ( ,/4 ,hugh4 ,l9coln /one is   
us$       ?r\gh\t1 reliev$ ) %afts &    
capitals ( ,purbeck m>ble4       ,!     
sp&rels ( ! great ar*es1 :i* are pla9 9 
o!r p>ts       ( ! build+ are "h        
decorat$ ) sunk geometrical =ms4        
,ea* bay ( ! tri=ium is divid$1 z       
else:]e1 into two       ar*es1 bo? ( :i*
 enclose two sub-ar*es2 b ! details are 
ri*] ?an 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ! m9/]4 ,!    
cl]e/ory has       "o w9d[ ( f\r lights 
9 ea* bay1 ) an eight-foil & two        
trefoils 9 ! head4 ,! comp>tm5ts ( !    
vault 7 orig9ally       coat$ ) pla/]1  
:i* has be5 scrap$ away s z to %ew !    
/one surface und]nea?4 ,x is a "q :e!r x
 does n n[       look bett] ?an ) ! old 
pla/]1 & ! gaudy col\r+       :i* once1 
mo/ probably1 decorat$ x4 ,! spr+]s ( ! 

vault+ are support$ by sl5d] %afts1 :i* 
re/ on elaborately       foliag$ corbels
 9 ! sp&rels ( ! great ar*es4 ,!        
beautiful foliag$ bosses along ! ridge  
rib are be/ se5 f       ! tri=ium or !  
cl]e/ory40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47    ,9 old5    
times ! ,angel ,*oir conta9$ ! ,%r9e (  
,/4 ,hugh & a  monum5t to ,que5         
,eleanor1 ( :i* ! "o n[ /&+ 9 ,we/m9/]  
,abbey is probably a copy4 ,x 0 an      
alt>-monum5t ( m>ble ) !  ,que5's effigy
 9 gild$ brass1 & 0 de/roy$ dur+ !      
,civil ,w>s  9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4     
,eleanor di$ n f> f ,l9coln1 f  :i* city
 ! fun]al procession />t$ to ,london4 ,a
 mod]n /one  monum5t1 ) a brass effigy (
 ,que5 ,eleanor1 0 plac$ "u !  ,ea/     
,w9d[ 9 #ahia4    ,j beh9d ! r]$os !re  
is a r[ ( f\r table-tombs4 ,! nor?  "o 0
 plac$ !re by ,bi%op ,full]1 to m>k !   
re/+ place ( ,/4  ,hugh2 next comes     
,bi%op ,full] himself 7di$ #afge72 next1
 ,bi%op  ,g>d9] 7di$ #agje72 & next1    
,subdean ,g>d9] & 8 daught]1  ,susanna  
7di$ #agca & #agcb74 ,ne> ! latt] /&s ! 

alaba/] &  r$ m>ble monum5t to ,dean    
,butl] 7di$ #ahid74 ,9 correspond+      
position & next to ,/4 ,hugh's tomb we  
see ,bi%op ,wordswor?'s effigy  "u a    
tall ornate ,go?ic canopy4 ,?is ,bi%op (
 ,l9coln 7di$ #ahhe71  0 a nephew (     
,william ,wordswor?4 ,ne>] ! ,ea/ ,w9d[ 
we f9d a  gr\p ( ,f\rte5? ,c5tury       
monum5ts to ! ,burgh]% family1 "o (  :om
 0 ,bi%op ( ,l9coln 7#acbj-acdj71 &     
ano!r1 a h]o ( ,crcy1  & ,con/able (    
,dov]1 & ,w>d5 ( ! ,c9que ,ports4       
,opposite is !  monum5t to ,ni*olas de  
,cantelupe 7di$ #acee71 a mutilat$      
effigy "u  a ,go?ic canopy4 ,ne> x lies 
,prior ,wimbis*e4 ,8 effigy1 also       
headless1 lies "u a canopy4    ,lel&1   
writ+ 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 m5tions   
two mutilat$  tombs3 ,ca!r9e ,swyn=d1 ! 
?ird wife ( ,john ( ,gaunt1 made ,e>l ( 
,l9coln 9 #acfb1 & t ( h] daught]1 ,joan
 ,beau=t1 :o m>ri$  ! ,e>l ( ,we/morel&4
    ,on ! nor? side ( ! *oir is ! ,ea/] 
,sepul*re1 a f9e piece (  ,?irte5?      
,c5tury c>v+1 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle4 ,x    

consi/s ( f\r  canopies ) trefoil$      
ar*es4 ,?ree sleep+ soldi]s ornam5t ?ree
  ( ! panels4    ,on a sp&rel on ! nor? 
side1 "u a corbel above ! mo/ ea/]ly    
pi]1 sits ! ,l9coln ,imp--"o ( ^?       
grotesques t ! ,m$ival  c>v]s delight$ 9
 creat+2 & "h he has be5 sitt+ ) cross$ 
leg & gr9n+ grimly = c5turies4 ,he is ( 
! same family z ,!  ,devil ,look+ ov]   
,l9coln 7see page #cji74    ,9 ! ,s\?   
,aisle ( ! *oir we pause aga9 be=e ano!r
 spot1  sacr$ 9 ,m$ival days4 ,"h /ood  
until ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury !  ,%r9e (    
,little ,/4 ,hugh1 a *ild said to h be5 
crucifi$ by !  ,jews 9 #abee4 ,accord+  
to ! ballads ! ball ( ! eight-ye>-old   
boy fell into a ,jew's g>d52 & :5 he ran
 9 to get x1 ! ,jews  murd]$ him4    ,! 
canons ( ,l9coln obta9$ ! body & buri$ x
 9 ! ,ca!dral4  ,hugh became a local    
sa9t2 & ! ,jews ( ,l9coln 7 promptly    
p]secut$4 ,:5 ! /one c(f9 0 op5$ 9      
#agia1 ! skeleton ( a  *ild ?ree feet   
long1 encas$ 9 lead1 0 f\nd4    ,h5ry ( 
,hunt+don 7di$ ab\t #aaee71 ! *ronicl] (

 ,l9coln1 0  also buri$ 9 ?is aisle4    
,on ! nor? & s\? ( ! ,angel ,*oir is a  
small *antry4 ,t on  ! nor? is ! ,flem+ 
,*antry1 built by ,ri*>d ,flem+1 ,bi%op 
(  ,l9coln 9 #adai-adca1 & ! correspond+
 "o ! ,russell ,*antry1  built by ,john 
,russell1 :o held ! ,see f #adhj to     
#adid4 ,?is is  simil> to ! ,flem+      
,*antry1 ,p]p5dicul> 9 /yle4 ,v simil>  
is  ! ,longl& ,*antry1 on ! o!r side ( !
 s\? door1 or ,bi%op's  ,por*4 ,?is     
*antry 0 built by ,john ,longl&1 ,bi%op 
( ,l9coln1 9  #aeba-aedg4    ,!re is no 
,lady-,*apel4    ,! great ,ea/ ,w9d[ is 
! f9e/ specim5 ( its k9d 9 ,engl&4 ,x   
is =m$ ( eight lights2 & ! great :eel ( 
! head is compos$  ( a six-foil1        
surr\nd$ by six quatrefoils4            
8,b>-trac]y be+ fully develop$1 ! g5]al 
appe>ance ( #8!       w9d[ is r         
,decorat$ ?an ,e>ly ,engli%1 b ! m\ld+s 
/ill belong to ! e>li] /yle4' #8,?is    
w9d[ 444 toge!r )       ! :ole ( t "p ( 
! *oir is s+ul>ly & beautifully         
accommodat$ to ! /yle ( ! re/ ( !       

build+4'0--7,r47    ,! glass is mod]n & 
deals ) sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/1 &  !    
,old ,te/am5t4         8,! aisle w9d[s  
are ea* ( ?ree lights1 ) ?ree circles 9 
! head1 two fill$ ) c9quefoils & "o ) a 
quatrefoil4       ,! two ea/ w9d[s ( !  
aisles are simil> to ! o!rs4 ,!         
wall bel[ ! w9d[s is decorat$ all r\nd )
 arcad+ ( a       ri*] design ?an t 9 ! 
nave4 ,two trefoil$ ar*es are           
includ$ 9 a l>g] ar*1 ) a quatrefoil )9 
a circle       fill+ ! head4 ,! sp&rels 
h sunk trefoils4 ,! bosses (       !    
/one vaults to ! aisles are c>v$ ) sacr$
 subjects1       foliage1 & grotesque   
figures4         8,! ea/ w9d[s ( ! nor? 
& s\? aisles are fill$ )       beautiful
 /a9$ glass ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod4 ,! 
subjects       are arrang$ )9 m$allions1
 &1 ?\gh some:at difficult to           
deciph]1 appe> to repres5t sc5es 9 !    
lives ( two sa9ts       ^: /ory has _m  
po9ts ( resemblance--,/4 ,?omas (       
,cant]bury & ,/4 ,hugh ( ,l9coln4 ,!    
glass is said to h be5       mov$ ab\t !

 end ( ! la/ c5tury f ! w9d[s ( !       
nave aisles4 ,! date ( ! m$allions may  
be plac$ t[>ds !       middle ( !       
,?irte5? ,c5tury1 ab\t ! "t ( ! erection
 (       ! nave1 &1 ( c\rse1 e>li] ?an !
 w9d[s :i* !y n[       occupy4 ,!       
grisaille into :i* !y are n[ reglaz$1 is
       consid]$ by ,we/lake to be !     
e>lie/ 9 ,engl&40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47    ,"o 
( ,/4 ,hugh's *>act]i/ics 0 ! peculi>   
d\ble arcad+ on  8 walls4 ,we f9d x 9 ! 
*oir & transepts4    ,! ,we/]n ,transept
 0 begun by ,/4 ,hugh2 & 8 "w is ?\ght  
to  end at ! walls ( ! six *apels t run 
along ! ea/]n side4  ,^! are d$icat$ to 
,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,/4 ,d5is1 ,/4 ,james1 ,/4
 ,edw>d  ! ,m>tyr1 ,/4 ,john !          
,evangeli/ & ,/4 ,giles1 & are sep>at$  
f ! transept by scre5s plac$ betwe5 !   
pi]s4 ,f\r ( ^!  scre5s are ( c>v$ oak &
 date f ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury2 b !  "o (   
c>v$ /one is ( ! ,f\rte5?4 ,! we/]n     
transept is fam$  = its two l>ge circul>
 w9d[s 9 ea* end4 ,z "o look$ ^u !      
,dean]y & ! o!r ^u ! ,bi%op's ,palace1  

!y 7 call$  respectively ! ,dean's ,eye 
& ! ,bi%op's ,eye4 ,^! nicknames appe>  
9 ! ,metrical ,life ( ,/4 ,hugh1 writt5 
betwe5 #abbj & #abbe4    ,! ,dean's     
,eye1 9 ! nor? end1 dates f ab\t #abbj4 
,"h we h  n only exquisite trac]y1 b    
spl5did glass ( ! ,?irte5?  ,c5tury4    
8,x repres5ts ! ,*ur* on ,e>? & ! ,*ur* 
9 ,heav54 ,9 !       c5tre is our       
,savi\r seat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,bless$ 9    
,heav54       ,ar\nd are f\r l>ge       
comp>tm5ts1 conta9+ portions (          
diff]5t subjects1 :i* d n appe> to h all
 orig9ally       belong$ to _! pres5t   
positions4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ is t          
%ew+ ! translation ( ! relics ( ,/4     
,hugh1 repres5t$ z       borne on !     
%\ld]s ( cr[n$ & mitr$ p]sonages4 ,( !  
sixte5 out] circles1 ! topmo/ repres5ts 
our ,savi\r seat$ on       a ra9b[2 on  
ei!r side are angels ) ! in/rum5ts ( !  
,passion2 9 ! next circles ,/4 ,pet] &  
o!r sa9ts are       conduct+ holy p]sons
 to heav52 bel[ ^! is ! g5]al           
,resurrection2 ! l[e/ five circles ea*  

conta9 ! figure ( an       ar*bi%op or  
bi%op4 ,! subjects c be be/ se5 f !     
neighb\r+ tri=ium or f ! passage :i*    
runs j b5ea?       ! w9d[2 x w be notic$
 t ! glass 9 "s ( !       comp>tm5ts is 
mu* mutilat$1 z might naturally be      
expect$1       consid]+ its antiquity4  
,f bel[1 ! subjects are confus$       & 
n easy to di/+ui%1 b ! ri* & h>moni\s   
bl5d+       ( ! col\rs c be se5 to !    
fulle/ advantage1 & !       g5]al effect
 is mu* f9]4 ,rickman believes ! =m ( ! 
trac]y to be q unique 9 ,engl&1 b /ates 
t !re is a       w9d[ exactly simil> at 
,laon40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47    ,an arcade (  
sev5 lancet ar*es runs b5ea? ! w9d[4 ,! 
wall  beh9d is pi]c$ ) w9d[s fill$ )    
fragm5ts ( old glass4 ,two  l>g] lancet 
w9d[s bright5 ea* side ( ! doorway4 ,!y 
conta9  fragm5ts ( old glass4 ,! we/]n  
"o repres5ts angels play+  musical      
in/rum5ts 9 ! mid/ ( foliage4 ,! o!r    
w9d[ is fill$  ) geometrical patt]ns4 ,!
 doorway leads into ! ,dean's ,por*4    
,! ,bi%op's ,eye1 at ! s\? & opposite   

end1 is ab\t a hundr$  ye>s lat] ?an its
 companion4 ,x is ,f\rte5? ,c5tury &    
,decorat$4         8,x is fill$ )       
delicate & beautiful fl[+ trac]y1 :i*   
has be5 comp>$ to ! fibres ( a leaf4    
,rickman consid]s x to       be ! ri*e/ 
rema9+ example ( its p]iod4 ,x is       
enclos$       )9 a k9d ( ar* =m$ by two 
r[s ( op5work quatrefoils2       an op5 
frame-"w ( a simil> nature is (t5 to be 
se5 r\nd       circul> w9d[s 9 ,fr5*    
ca!drals4 ,! glass consi/s (            
fragm5ts f o!r w9d[s1 *iefly ( ! ,e>ly  
,engli% p]iod4       ,al?\gh ! pieces   
are plac$ q at r&om1 =m+ no subject     
:atev]1 yet ! effect ( ! col\r+ is good1
 especially :5       se5 f ! opposite   
end ( ! transept4 ,( all ! mod]n        
w9d[s 9 ! m9/]1 ) _! elaborate subjects1
 x may       safely be said t n "o c be 
comp>$ 9 effect ) ?is       mass ( gl[+ 
col\r40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47    ,! f\r lancet 
w9d[s bel[ conta9 ,e>ly ,engli% glass1  
collect$  f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,ca!dral4    
,ne> ! ,bi%op's ,eye ,john de ,dald]by's

 %r9e 0 situat$4 ,?is 0  ( 8massey      
silv]0 incru/$ ) diamonds & rubies4     
,john de ,dald]by1  ,bi%op ( ,l9coln f  
#acjj to #acbj1 0 rev]5c$ z a local     
sa9t4  ,h5ry ,,viii4 remov$ 8 alt>-tomb1
 fragm5ts ( :i* may be se5 ne>  !       
,galilee ,por*1 situat$ at ! corn] ( !  
s\? arm ( !  we/]n transept1 diff]5t 9  
position to ! ,galilees ( bo? ,durham  &
 ,ely4 ,l9coln's 0 built ab\t #abcj = ! 
bi%op's /ate entrance4  ,! s\? & we/    
ends are op52 & x may1 !re=e1 be ent]$ f
  ei!r4 ,two enorm\s oak doors op5 f !  
ea/ side into !  transept4 ,! por* is   
vault$ & ornam5t$ pr(usely ) !          
dog-too?4 ,! ,p]p5dicul> p>apet runn+   
along ! top ( ! por*  is1 ( c\rse1 a    
lat] addition4    ,retrac+ our /eps--no 
great h>d%ip 9 a place ( su* beauty &   
int]e/--we walk up ! s\?-*oir-aisle to !
 ,ea/]n ,transept1  :]e we h two        
semicircul> *apels on ! "r h&1 & on !   
left ! ,dean's ,*apel4 ,we are n[ at ,/4
 ,hugh's e>lie/ "w2 & 8  d\ble arcad+ is
 aga9 se5 9 ! nor? wall lead+ to !      

cloi/]s4 ,"h also we f9d on two ( !     
columns crockets t 7  novelties at ?is  
p]iod4 ,!y occur at ,wells1 ! "w (      
,jocel94 ,!  "n ( ,dean's ,*apel is a   
misnom]--no "o kn[s :at x 0 us$ =       
orig9ally4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t x 0 !   
orig9al burial-place  ( ,/4 ,hugh4      
,two semicircul> *apels also bord] !    
ea/]n side ( ! s\? end  ( ?is transept1 
& ! ,*ori/]s' ,ve/ry occupies !         
correspond+  corn] to ! ,dean's ,*apel4 
,a /one scre5 7,decorat$7 sep>ates x  f 
! s\? aisle ( ,/4 ,hugh's ,*oir4 ,!     
d\ble arcad+ &  sculptur$ angels are    
con/antly se54 ,two o!r ve/ries lie     
beyond1  t[>ds ! s\? wall4    ,by means 
( an oak doorway1 lead+ f ! nor? wall ( 
! ea/]n  transept1 we ent] a long1 n>r[ 
passageway1 ) /one vault+ &  w9d[s fill$
 ) trac]y & glass4 ,?is takes u into !  
,cloi/]s1  = at ,l9coln ^! seclud$      
,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln3 ,,ea/ ,,w9d[    
,illu/ration3 ,,s\?well ,,f ,,nor?-,,we/
    walks lie on ! nor? in/ead ( ! usual
 s\? side ( ! ,ca!dral4    ,only ?ree   

walks rema9 ( ! orig9al con/ructions    
dat+ f !  end ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,!  
f\r? walk 7nor?7 0 replac$ by a         
colonnade1 design$ by ,sir ,*ri/oph]    
,wr51 9 #afgd1 ^: uncle 0  ,bi%op (     
,l9coln at t "t4    ,f ! ea/ walk ( !   
,cloi/] we ent] ! ,*apt]-,h\se1 :i*     
dates f ! e>ly ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,x is a
 decagon1 ) two  lancet w9d[s 9 ea* bay4
 ,fir/1 on ent]+1 we note ! massive     
c5tral column ) its t5 ,purbeck m>ble   
%afts b&$ toge!r 9 !  middle4 ,!        
,*apt]-,h\se has be5 re/or$1 b x has n  
suff]$4  ,! glass 9 ! w9d[s is mod]n4 ,!
 arcade runn+ bel[ ! w9d[s  is ornam5t$ 
) %afts ( ,purbeck m>ble1 foliag$       
capitals1 & a  great display ( !        
dog-too?4 ,! /one vault is lat] ?an !   
re/  ( ! room & is v graceful4    ,_m   
f9e views c be _h ( ! ,ea/ ,front4 ,!   
spl5did ,decorat$  w9d[ is always ! mo/ 
conspicu\s object4 ,! w9d[ above x is   
also ,decorat$ & ne>ly fills ! gable4 ,9
 ! trefoil ov] ! top  circle is a figure
 ( ! ,virg94 ,! ri*ly crocket$ pyramids 

( !  turrets on ei!r side make a        
beautiful effect4 ,! aisle w9d[s are    
sep>at$ f ! big w9d[ by bold buttresses4
 ,ar\nd ! base runs  ! arcade t we      
con/antly f9d at ,l9coln4 ,!            
,*apt]-,h\se )  its %>ply-po9t$         
pyramidal ro( gr\ps beautifully ) ! re/ 
(  ! ,ca!dral4    ,next we look at !    
,angel ,*oir1 ) its crocket$ gables &   
p9nacles1 its elaborate trac]y1 &       
panell$ buttresses t divide  x into five
 bays4 ,grotesque figures project f all 
( ^! gables4  ,"o repres5ts an ,imp on !
 back ( a ,wit*4 ,l>ge w9d[s ) ri*      
trac]y fill ! wall spaces "h4    ,next  
we rea* ! beautiful ,s\? ,doorway ) !   
,russell & ,longl&  *antries            
7,p]p5dicul>7 on ei!r side4         8,x 
0 probably con/ruct$1 l ! ,galilee      
doorway1 z a /ate       entrance = !    
bi%op4 ,! por* fills ! ?ird bay1 &      
projects z f> z ! buttresses2 its sides 
rec$e inw>ds to !       pair ( doors    
giv+ access to ! ,angel ,*oir4 ,al?\gh !
       doorways ( our ca!drals1 z a     

rule1 _c 9 any way be       comp>$ ) !  
magnific5t portals to be se5 9 ,france1 
yet       ?is s+le example ( ,l9coln    
w\ld be q en\gh to prove t       ,engli%
 ar*itects 7 capable ( design+ a really 
magnific5t       doorway4 ,9 ! tympanum 
is ! subject ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t 9        
relief4 ,! ar*ivolt is ri*ly decorat$ ) 
sculpture4 ,9 !       inn] b& is a r[ ( 
ni*es ) twelve seat$ figures1           
app>5tly k+s & que5s3 next a d\ble b& ( 
delicate       op5-"w foliage2 outside  
?is a r[ ( sixte5 sl5d] /&+             
figures enclos$ by int]lac+ /ems1 ri*ly 
decorat$ )       foliage4 ,! doorway is 
=m$ ( two c9quefoil$ ar*es1             
sep>at$ by a c5tral pill> hav+ ! canopy 
& base = a       figure ( ! ,virg91 :i* 
has be5 remov$4 ,on ei!r side ( !       
doorway is a triple canopy = /atues1 &  
beh9d ?is a r[ (       sl5d] columns )  
foliat$ capitals40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47       
,next come ,/4 ,hugh's two semicircul>  
*apels1 & !n ,/4 ,hugh's  transept1     
sl5d] & fill$ ) s _m w9d[s t ! wall     

space is  ne>ly tak5 up by !m4 ,on top (
 ea* ( ! two turrets1 surm\nt$  by      
pyramidal ro(s1 /&s an angel4 ,next     
comes ! ,canon's ,ve/ry &  !n ! we/]n   
transept ) ! conspicu\s ,bi%op's ,eye4  
,we pause to  admire ?is beautiful w9d[ 
f ! outside & !n look above x at  !     
horizontal b& ( sev5 elaborately c>v$   
quatrefoils4 ,above ?is  aga9 is a      
,f\rte5? ,c5tury w9d[ ) fl[+ trac]y4    
,ar\nd !  gable runs a bord] ( op5      
,go?ic trac]y4 ,! peak be>s a cross4    
,next comes ! ,nave1 ! sev5 bays ( :i*  
are sep>at$ by  buttresses4 ,ov] ! ro( (
 ! aisle fly+ buttresses are ?r[n4 ,a   
sl5d] buttress also sep>ates ! w9d[s ( !
 aisle4 ,! cl]e/ory  w9d[s are 9 gr\ps (
 ?ree4 ,ov] ! cl]e/ory is a wavy p>apet 
(  ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 :]e /& canopi$   
ni*es = /atues4  ,grotesque figures     
project f _! bases4 ,grotesque figures  
also  project f ! crocket$ ro(s ( !     
p9nacles ( ! great transept4    ,!      
*apel1 us$ z ! ,consi/ory ,c\rt1 foll[s 
) two w9d[s  fac+ s\? & two ea/4 ,on !  

ea/ end ( ! latt]1 9 front (  ! w9d[s1  
our eyes are arre/$ by ! grotesque      
,devil ,look+ ov]  ,l9coln4 ,! sculptur$
 figures ne> by are pilgrims4 ,next     
comes ,/4  ,hugh's ,*apel1 or ! ,r+]s'  
,*apel1 ) "o w9d[ fac+ ! s\?4    ,f !   
road at ! nor?-ea/ corn] we get a good  
g5]al view ( !  ,ca!dral & !            
,*apt]-,h\se4 ,/4 ,hugh's transept is   
hidd51 b we  c see ! end ( ! we/]n      
transept ) ! ,dean's ,eye--! l>ge       
quatrefoil encircl$ by sixte5 small     
circles4 ,! lancet w9d[ ( five  lights 9
 ! gable above x is also visible4    ,! 
second bay on ! nor? side ( ! ,angel    
,*oir conta9s ! ,flem+  ,*antry1 on :i* 
! two *apels on ! s\? side 7 modell$4   
,!n  we come to ! nor? doorway ( !      
,angel ,*oir1 correspond+ to !  m ornate
 entrance on ! s\?4    ,we h n[ complet$
 our survey ( ! ,ca!dral & h n yet      
notic$ ! ,c5tral ,t[]1 consid]$ by _m   
critics ! f9e/ t[]  9 ,engl&4 ,x rises  
to a height ( #bga feet4 ,two l(ty w9d[s
 adorn  ea* side ( ! upp] /ory ) _!     

crocket$ pill>s & canopi$  heads4       
,octagonal panell$ turrets1 surm\nt$ by 
p9nacles1 ornam5t !  f\r corn]s4        
,grossete/e's lattice-"w patt]n cov]s ! 
l[] "p  )9 & )\t4 ,! t[] 9 its pres5t   
/ate dates f #agge1 :5  ,james ,essex   
built ! p>apet & advis$ battlem5ts &    
p9nacles  in/ead ( a spire4 ,! tall     
spire ( timb]1 coat$ ) lead1 t  complet$
 ! t[] ( #acaa1 0 bl[n d[n 9 #aedg1     
c>ry+ !  p>apet ) x2 & aga9 9 #agae ?ree
 ( ! p9nacles 7 bl[n  d[n & replac$ 9   
#agbh4 ,9 #ahhc ! we/]n side 0 damag$ by
 a  /orm1 b 0 repair$4 ,"h 8,great ,tom 
( ,l9coln10 ! f\r? l>ge/  bell 9 ,engl& 
7#e tons1 #h cwt471 sev5 feet 9 diamet]1
 hangs4 ,too  l>ge to r+1 ! h\rs are    
/ruck on x ) a hamm]4    ,! orig9al     
,great ,tom hung 9 ! nor?-we/ t[]4      
8,x is n kn[n h[ x 0 acquir$2 "s say x 0
 a gift1       o!rs say x 0 /ol5 f !    
,abbey ( ,beau*ief1 ,d]by%ire1       or 
f ,pet]bor\gh4 ,! orig9 ( its "n1 too1  
has be5 a       subject ( dispute4      
,/ukeley consid]$ x possible t x _h     

be5 consecrat$ to ,/4 ,?omas (          
,cant]bury4 ,o!rs ?9k x took       its  
"n f t ( ! old bell ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1      
,ox=d1 :i*       bore ! curi\s          
inscription1 ,9 ,?omae laude1 resono    
,bim ,bom s9e       fraude4 ,x %\ld be  
rememb]$ t ,ox=d 0 9 ! diocese (        
,l9coln 9 old5 days1 & t sev]al ,bi%ops 
( ,l9coln 7       *ancellors ( ,ox=d4   
,:]ev] ! fir/ #8,great ,tom' came f1    
x 0 reca/ 9 ! m9/] y>d by two bell      
f\nd]s f       ,nott+ham & ,leice/] e>ly
 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 :5 !            
weight 0 increas$ f #h1gdc p\nds to     
#i1hid p\nds4 #8,!       bell 0 ca/ &   
hung upp & ^u ,sonday ! xxvij ( ?is mon?
       ,janu>y1 #afaa ronge owte & all  
safe & well4' ,x 0 toll$       until    
#ahjb1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ?is process %ook ! 
t[] too       mu*4 ,! foll[+ extract f !
 ,/am=d ,m]cury ( ! #f?       ,augu/1   
#ahjb1 is giv5 by ,nor? 9 8 #8,*ur*     
,bells (       ,l9coln%ire'3--#8,great  
,tom o' ,l9coln is to be rung no m6 ,!  
full sw+ ( f\r tons & a half is f\nd to 

injure ! t[]       :]e he hangs4 ,he has
 !re=e be5 *a9$ & rivet$ d[n2 s       t 
in/ead ( ! full m\?ful he has be5 us$ to
 s5d =?1       he is enjo9$ 9 future    
m]ely to wag 8 tongue4' ,t[>ds ! end    
( ! ye> #ahbg exp]i5c$ e>s detect$ t    
some?+ 0       wrong1 & by ,*ri/mas x   
became pla9ly evid5t t ! bell 0         
crack$4 ,x 0 f9ally decid$ to h x reca/ 
9 a l>g] size4       ,= ?is purpose x 0 
brok5 to pieces ) its own clapp]1 &     
s5t to ,london4 ,to provide ! extra     
metal1 ! six ,lady ,bells 7             
un=tunately sacrific$4 ,! ca!dral ?us   
lo/ ! di/9ction       ( be+ ! only "o 9 
! k+dom possess$ ( two r+s (            
bells4 #8,great ,tom' 0 reca/ by ,?omas 
,me>s at ! ,:ite*apel       ,bell f\ndry
 on ! #ae? ,novemb]1 #ahcd4 ,x 0 tak5 by
 road to       ,l9coln1 drawn by eight  
horses1 & rais$ to its new position 9   
! c5tral t[]4 ,two new qu>t] bells1 ca/ 
at ! same "t1       7 also hung 9 ?is   
t[]4 ,! numb] ( qu>t] bells 0           
increas$ 9 #ahhj to f\r40--7,a4 ,f4 ,k47

    ,! six 8,lady ,bells10 ref]r$ to    
above1 hung 9 ?is c5tral t[] 7see  page 
#bid74 ,:5 !y 7 remov$ 9 #ahcd x 0 se5 t
 f\r 7  dat$ #aeic2 "o1 #afcc2 & "o1    
#agcg4    ,9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury ! ,m9/] 
,y>d1 z _m /ill call !  ,ca!dral ,close1
 0 enclos$ by a wall4 ,sev]al massive   
gates =m$  ! entrances4 ,( ^! !         
,ex*equ]1 a l>ge ar*way1 ) a po/]n  on  
ea* side & an upp] /ory1 rema9s at !    
we/]n end4 ,pott]gate  ,ar*1 at ! top ( 
! new road1 %[s u :at an e>ly ,f\rte5?  
,c5tury s+le gate 0 l4 ,ne> x ! ,grecian
 ,/airs lead up to !  ,close4           
,,s\?well    ,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,m>y4   
,,*ief ,,feature3 ,,*apt]-,,h\se4       
,= _m c5turies ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y1      
,s\?well1 0 "u !  dom9ion ( ,york4 ,!   
cl]gy _h _m privileges1 held prop]ty1   
liv$  9 _! own h\ses1 l c\ntry g5tlem51 
& hunt$ 9 ! =e/s  :i* ,rob9 ,hood & 8   
m]ry m5 _h made romantic2 = ,s\?well is 
n f> f leg5d>y ,%]wood4    ,! *ur*      
became a ,ca!dral 9 #ahhd4 ,x dates 9 ! 
ma9 f !  ,twelf? ,c5tury1 ?\gh a few    

fragm5ts are old]4 ,x is suppos$ t  !   
fir/ ,saxon *ur* 0 de/roy$ by ! ,danes2 
! next is said to  h be5 built by ,k+   
,edg> 9 #ifj2 & 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,i4 0    
rebuilt 9 ! ,norman /yle4 ,walt] de     
,grey1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,york 7see  page     
#bfd71 rebuilt ! nave ( ,s\?well1 & 0   
assi/$ by ,john  ,romeyn1 subdean 7see  
page #bfd74         8,9 ! ,curvil9e>    
,p]iod 7#acae-acfj7 0 erect$ q !        
lovelie/ *oir-scre5 9 ,engl&2 next comes
 t ( ,l9coln1       evid5tly by ! same  
h&4 ,ea/]n & we/]n sides are entirely   
diff]5t 9 design2 on ! we/]n side !     
arti/ p>ts       reluctantly ) !        
beautiful geometrical design ( !        
,?irte5?       ,c5tury2 on ! ea/]n side 
he accepts unres]v$ly ! reign (       ! 
ogee ar*4 ,magnific5t s$ilia & /one     
/alls ( simil>       "* 7 erect$1 :i*   
only survive 9 "p4 ,v beautiful1        
too1 is ! cusp+ ( ! reticulat$ w9d[s    
ins]t$ 9 !       nor? transept *apel4 ,!
 upp] p>ts ( ! ,*apt]-,h\se & !         
nor? transept *apel also 7 remodell$ 9 !

 ,curvil9e>       ,p]iod4 ,= two hundr$ 
ye>s & m1 ! highe/ & be/ (       ,m$ival
 art f\nd cultivat$ & weal?y patrons 9 !
 canons (       ,s\?well4 ,norman1      
,lancet1 ,geometrical1 ,curvil9e> "w are
 all       se5 "h at _! be/4 ,few ( our 
ca!drals1 f ! po9t (       view ei!r (  
ar*itectural design or sculptural       
detail1 c be       m5tion$ 9 ! same     
brea? ) ,s\?well4 ,x is "o ( !          
greate/ delights ( ,s\?well t ?is lovely
 m9/] is little       kn[n & almo/      
unvisit$3 "o feels z if "o 7 #8! fir/   
t ev] bur/ into ! sil5t sea'60--7,f4    
,b47    ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ,ca!dral 
is ,norman4         8,! ,,we/ ,,front   
has be5 alt]$ 9 "* f its orig9al        
,norman "w4 ,we see a huge ,p]p5dicul>  
w9d[ ) an embattl$       p>apet ov] x1  
an alt]ation made 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 
,!       w9d[s 9 ! l[] /ages ( ! t[]s   
are mod]n imitations (       ,norman "w4
 ,! t[]s h sev5 /ages & ! six? is enri*$
       ) f9e arcad+ compos$ ( int]sect+ 
ar*es4 ,! pres5t       spires are mod]n 

imitations ( ! orig9als de/roy$ by fire 
9       #agaa4 ,^! 7 imm$iately re/or$ b
 remov$ 9 #ahjb1 & h       n[ aga9 be5  
replac$4 ,! old ,norman doorway is      
rem>kably f9e4       ,x has five ord]s1 
! zigzag & ! fillet$ edge roll be+ !    
*ief m\ld+s4         8,pass+ to ! s\?   
side we see ! walls ( ! nave pi]c$ by   
app>5t ,norman w9d[s1 b ^! are mod]n    
imitations4 ,! mo/       we/]n w9d[ 9 ! 
nor? side is ! only orig9al ,norman     
w9d[2 ! re/ are copi$ f x1 & 7 erect$ 9 
#ahdg4 ,f\r       ,p]p5dicul> w9d[s 7   
ins]t$ 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,!re       
is a r[ ( small squ>e w9d[s above :i*   
light ! tri=ium1       & ! cl]e/ory has 
a curi\s s]ies ( circul> w9d[s :i*      
are unique 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ro( is      
high-pit*$1 hav+ be5       erect$ 9     
mod]n times by ! ar*itect ,*ri/ian1 & ! 
p>apets are ,p]p5dicul> 9 /yle4 ,! s\?  
doorway %\ld be       notic$1 ( ,norman 
workman%ip ) zigzag /r+-c\rse ov]       
x40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    ,! ,*oir is ,e>ly 
,engli% & mu* resembles t ( ,l9coln4 ,! 

dog-too? is v evid5t4 ,! w9d[s are      
lancet4 ,! two  fly+-buttresses on ! s\?
 7 add$ 9 ! ,decorat$ p]iod4    ,!      
,*apt]-,h\se is on ! nor?1 & its        
simil>ity to t ( ,york  w /rike e "o :o 
has se5 ! flos florum ( ! great  ,m9/] (
 ! nor?4 ,x is suppos$ ! same ar*itect  
7probably ,john  ,romeyn7 design$ bo?4  
,?is is octagonal4 ,! w9d[s are ( ?ree  
lights1 ) trefoil & circul> ones 9 !    
heads4 ,! ro( is mod]n4    ,! ,nor? por*
 is mu* admir$4 ,! inn] doorway has a   
zigzag &  beak-head m\ld+4 ,9 ! p>vise  
above 7v unusual 9 a por* (  ?is date71 
! wife ( ,william ,clay1 a hunt$        
,royali/1 0 hidd5  dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4   
,"h h] *ild 0 born4    ,we ent] by ! we/
 door & ga9 a view ( ! ,nave4           
8,look+ d[n ! nave 7#aaaj-aaej7 we are  
impress$ by ! massive       appe>ance ( 
! int]ior4 ,! pi]s are r %ort1 only #ai 
feet high1 six on ea* side1 ) squ>e     
bases & r\nd capitals4       ,! tri=ium 
is l>ge1 & above is ! cl]e/ory ) its    
unique       pla9 circul> w9d[s4 ,!     

,norman m\ld+s1 zigzag1 billet1         
hat*et1 etc41 are easily recogniz$4 ,!  
pres5t ro( 0 erect$       9 #ahha4 ,!   
,font1 erect$ 9 #affa1 is a poor        
sub/itute = !       "o de/roy$ by !     
soldi]s ( ,cromwell4 ,! ,pulpit is      
mod]n4       ,! second pill> f ! ea/ on 
! s\? side is call$ ,pike's             
,pill>1 & reta9s fa9t traces ( a mural  
pa9t+ ( !       ,annunciation2 ! nave   
aisles h "s good vault+4 ,a pla9        
/one b5* runs along ! walls4 ,?is 0     
common 9 old *ur*es       & 0 ! orig9 ( 
! say+ #8,let ! weake/ g to ! wall1'    
:]e !y c\ld sit & re/1 z ! days ( pews 7
 n yet4       ,! only orig9al ,norman   
w9d[ :i* rema9s is at ! we/ end (       
! nor? aisle40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    ,!     
,transepts are ,norman4 ,at ! ea/ end ( 
ea* ! orig9al plan  includ$ an apsidal  
*apel4 ,! s\? transept /ill reta9s ! ar*
  ) its zigzag & cable m\ld+s t connect$
 x ) ! transept4  ,! *apel at ! ea/ end 
( ! nor? transept has also gone1 b "h   
we f9d on its site a ,late ,e>ly ,engli%

 con/ruction1 ) /ill lat]  w9d[s        
7,decorat$74 ,9 ! upp] floor ! ,libr>y  
is situat$4    ,! ,t[] is ,norman1 built
 9 #aaej4 ,a cable m\ld+ runs ar\nd !   
f\r l>ge ar*es4 ,x conta9s a peal (     
bells4         8,a /one scre5 ( ri*     
,decorat$ "w sep>ates ! transept f      
! *oir1 ov] :i* is n[ ! organ 7a mod]n  
in/rum5t74 ,!       scre5 is ri*ly      
ornam5t$1 & a noble specim5 ( ! "w (    
! p]iod4 ,!re are ?ree ar*es op5+ to !  
space b5ea? !       t[]1 sep>at$ by     
slight pi]s ( clu/]$ %afts1 ! capitals  
c>v$ ) foliage ( a ,late ,decorat$ "*4  
,! walls ( !       scre5 support ! old  
rood-l(t1 access to :i* is ga9$ by two  
/aircases4         8,ent]+ ! ,*oir we   
see on ea* side ( ! doorway ?ree        
preb5dal /alls ) mis]]es1 on :i* are    
c>v$ "s       foliage4 ,! ,bi%op's ,/all
 0 once occupi$ by ,c>d9al ,wolsey4     
,! *oir 0 built by ,ar*bi%op ,grey 9    
,e>ly ,engli% /yle       7#abcj-abej74  
,!re are six ar*es1 ) pi]s ( eight      
clu/]$       %afts4 ,! dogtoo? m\ld+ is 

conspicu\s 9 ! ar*es & on       ! vault+
 ( ! ro(4 ,x w be notic$ t ! tri=ium &  
cl]e/ory are bl5d$ toge!r4 ,! ea/ w9d[  
consi/s ( two       r[s ( lancets1 ! l[]
 ones conta9+ old glass br\ght f        
,p>is 9 #ahae1 :]e x 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,*apel 
( ! ,knights       ,templ>4 ,! ,baptism 
( ,our ,"l2 ,rais+ ( ,laz>us 7,francis  
,i4 is       to be se5 9 a crimson cap72
 ,*ri/ ent]+ ,j]usalem 7,lu!r is        
ne> ,our ,"l1 ,l\is ,,xi4 & ! ,duke (   
,orleans72 ! ,mock+ (       ,our ,"l 7! 
figure ( ,dante appe>s74         8,!    
,s$ilia 7 erect$ 9 #acej & are good     
,decorat$    ,illu/ration3 ,,s\?well3   
,,*apt]-,,h\se ,,& ,,door               
,illu/ration3 ,,pet]bor\gh3 ,,we/       
,,front         "w4 ,!y h ! unusual     
numb] ( five seats on ! same level4     
,! ar*es are ogee-%ap$ & are ri*ly c>v$4
 ,! sculptur$       figures are         
rem>kable1 & repres5t ! ,creation & !   
,r$emption4 ,beg9n+ at ! ea/ we see !   
,fa!r hold+ !       _w 7two gr\ps       
unc]ta971 ,joseph's ,dream1 ! ,nativity 

&       ,flight into ,egypt4         8,!
 ,lect]n belong$ to ! monks ( ,new/ead  
,abbey1 :o ?rew x       into ! lake to  
hide x f ! commission]s ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 
,its       date is ab\t #aejj40--7,p4   
,h4 ,d47    ,ent]+ a beautiful doorway 9
 ! nor?-*oir-aisle we pass ?r\gh a      
ve/ibule into ! ,*apt]-,h\se4           
8,! transition betwe5 ! ,e>ly ,engli% "w
 ( ! *oir & !       ,decorat$ /yle ( !  
,*apt]-,h\se is v gradual4 ,! doorway1  
) its two ar*es & %afts ( ,purbeck      
m>ble1 is rem>kably       f9e4 ,!re is a
 small cloi/] c\rt1 ) a /one-cov]$ well4
       ,9 ! ve/ibule we see ! walls     
cov]$ ) beautiful arcad+       ( lancet 
ar*es ( an ,e>ly ,engli% "*4 ,! capitals
 are       beautifully c>v$ ) foliage4  
,!re is a curi\s boss (       sculpture 
repres5t+ a secul> prie/ %ak+ ! regul>  
monk by       ! hair1 :i* figuratively  
depicts ! supremacy ( ! =m] 9       !   
*ur* ( ,s\?well4         8,!            
,*apt]-,h\se 7#abhe-acjj7 is describ$ by
 ,rusk9 z #8! gem       ( ,engli%       

ar*itecture1' & all ar*itects agree 9   
s++ !       praises ( ?is noble build+4 
,x mu* resembles t ( ,york1 b       is  
small] & p]haps m beautiful4 ,x is      
octagonal1 has no       c5tral pill>1 & 
is rem>kable = its f9e sculpture4 ,!    
hi/orian ( ,s\?well says3 #8,! foliage  
ev]y:]e is mo/       beautiful3 ! oak1 !
 v9e1 ! maple1 ! :ite-?orn1 ! rose1     
) a va/ v>iety ( o!r plants1 are        
sculptur$ ) exquisite       fre$om &    
delicacy2 & no two capitals1 or bosses  
or sp&rels       are f\nd alike4        
,ev]y:]e we meet1 9 ev]-*ang+ &         
ev]-*>m+ v>iety1 ) "s fre% object (     
int]e/ &       admiration4 ,figures are 
introduc$ amid ! foliage1 heads )       
bran*es issu+ out ( _! m\?s1 birds &    
liz>d-l       mon/]s4 ,9 ! capitals a   
man recl9es b5ea? a tree1 puff+         
lu/ily at a horn1 or a goat is gnaw+ !  
leaves1 or a bird       peck+ ! b]ries1 
or a pair ( pigs are grunt+ up ! acorns1
       or a brace ( h\nds j grabb+ a    
h>e4 ,all ?is is ! "w (       no m]e    

*isell] ( /one1 b ( a consummate arti/2 
?an :om       x may be d\bt$ :e!r any   
sculptor ( any age or c\ntry ev]        
produc$ any?+ m life-l & exquisitely    
graceful4' ,!       entrance doorway is 
rem>kably f9e & is wor?y ( close /udy4  
,! ma9 ar* is divid$ into two by a sl5d]
 %aft1 & ov] !m       is a quatrefoil$  
circle ( beautiful design4 ,! leaf      
ornam5t is       l>gely us$1 bo? 9 !    
small] ar*es & 9 ! ma9 ar*4             
,fillet$ r\nds & holl[s are ! o!r m\ld+s
 us$40--7,p4 ,h4       ,d47             
,,pet]bor\gh    ,,d$ication3 ,,/4       
,,pet]4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,a ,,b5$ict9e        
,,mona/]y4    ,,special ,,features3 ,,! 
,,we/ ,,front2 ,,! ,,new ,,build+4      
,! great f5l& mona/]y ( ,/4 ,pet]1 !    
holy h\se (  ,m$e%amp/ead1 attract+     
h\ses ar\nd x1 grew into a bor\gh1 &    
f9ally into a city--,pet]bor\gh4 ,!     
village 0 fir/ call$                    
,m$e%amp/ead--home/ead 9 ! mead[s4 ,=   
c5turies ! settlem5t  _h no int]e/s     
outside ! mona/]y4 ,9 ! ,sev5? ,c5tury  

,p5da1  ,k+ ( ,m]cia1 & 8 family 7      
conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & x  0 8 son    
,p5da :o f\nd$ ! mona/]y "h 9 #fed4 ,!  
fir/  mona/]y 0 de/roy$ by ! ,danes 9   
#hgj4 ,x lay 9 ru9s = a  hundr$ ye>s4 ,)
 ! religi\s revival "u ,duncan & ,k+    
,edg>1  ! holy h\se ( ,m$e%amp/ead 0    
rebuilt by ,bi%op ,e!lwold1 (  ,w9*e/]1 
& h5ce=? kn[n z ! ,burgh4    ,!         
f\ndations ( ! old ,saxon *ur* /ill     
rema9 "u ! ea/ wall  ( ! s\? transept4  
,x is relat$ t :5 ,k+ ,edg> visit$ !    
mona/]y & saw "s old de$s he wept = joy 
on read+ !  privileges ( ! place &      
grant$ a new *>t] r5ew+ &  confirm+ ^!4 
,! *ur* seems to h be51 ev5 9 ^? days1  
d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,abbey fl\ri%$ 
= a "t2 !n x 0  plund]$ by ,h]ew>d1 !   
,saxon lead]1 & suff]$ also f fire  :ile
 ! monks 7 c>\s+4 ,9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,i4 a 
great fire  de/roy$ ! :ole build+4 ,!   
picturesque imag9ation ( ! p]iod        
attribut$ x to a s]vant1 :o1 try+       
unsuccessfully to light a fire  9 !     
bakeh\se1 lo/ 8 temp] & call$ ^u ,satan 

= aid1 cry+  8,v5i1 ,diabole1 et        
insuffla ignem40    ,john de ,sais1 :o 0
 !n ,abbot 7#aaad-aabe71 began ! build+ 
( a  new m9/]1 ! "o t we n[ see4 ,z     
usual ! "w 0 begun at !  ea/ end4 ,!    
*oir 0 f9i%$ ) an apse4 ,a small apse   
also  t]m9at$ ea* *oir-aisle4 ,! :ole   
*ur* 0 9 progress (  build+ = eighty    
ye>s4 ,?is 0 all ,norman "w ( c\rse4    
,! we/]n transept1 dat+ f ! close ( !   
,twelf? & beg9n+  ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 
%[s a *ange4         8,! ,norman /yle 0 
giv+ place to ! light] & m elegant      
ar*itecture ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod1 !  
r\nd ar* 0       beg9n+ to be sup]s$$ by
 ! po9t$ ar*1 & ! massive               
ornam5tation :i* m>ks ! e>li] /yle 0    
displac$ by !       conv5tional foliage 
t soon came to be v g5]ally employ$4    
,mo/ wisely1 h[ev]1 ! ,pet]bor\gh       
build]s made _! "w at       ! we/ end ( 
! nave int5tionally uni=m ) :at 0       
already built4 ,v num]\s indications (  
?is c be se5 by       c>eful obs]v]s4 ,!
 bases ( ! we/]n pill>s1 ! *ange 9      

! dep? ( ! m\ld+s1 *>act]i/ic *anges 9 !
 capitals       9 ! tri=ium range1 &    
especially ! gr& ar*es bel[ !           
transept t[]s1 :i* are po9t$ b enri*$ ) 
ornam5tation       ( pron\nc$ ,norman   
"*1 all po9t to ! lat] date ( ?is       
we/]n transept4         8,at ! we/ wall 
( ! *ur* all trace ( ,norman "w         
disappe>s4 ,! arcade ne> ! gr\nd1 ! l>ge
 r\nd ar* above       ! door1 ! great   
we/ w9d[ & its adjac5t ar*es 7n1 (      
c\rse1 includ+ ! late trac]y71 are all (
 di/9ct ,e>ly       ,engli% "*4 ,! :ole 
( ?is wall may be held to be an         
integral "p ( ! we/ front1 & n ( !      
transept :i* x       b\nds4         8,:5
 we come to ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! 
ca!dral1 !       glori\s we/ front1 we  
f9d we h no help :atev] f !             
*ronicles4 ,n[h]e is !re ! smalle/      
ref]5ce to its       build+4 ,o!r works 
rais$ by ! ,abbots ( ! p]iod are nam$1  
b ! noble we/]n portico is nev] once    
m5tion$40--7,w4 ,d4 ,s47    ,accord+ to 
,mat!w ,p>is ! *ur* 0 d$icat$ 9 #abch by

 !  ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 ,rob]t            
,grossete/e4    ,9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury _m
 *anges 7 made4 ,! bell-t[] 0  built1 & 
bells f ,london1 call$ ,les ,londreis1 7
 hung 9 x4  ,! ,lady-,*apel 7n[ de/roy$7
 0 built 9 #abgb at ! ea/ ( !  nor?     
transept 7z at ,ely74    ,9 ! ,f\rte5?  
,c5tury ! great r\nd ea/ & we/ ar*es ( !
  c5tral t[] 7 *ang$ into po9t$ ones1   
p]haps because ! t[]  at ,ely _h fall5 9
 #acba & ! monks want$ to /r5g!n !irs4  
,!n !y began to *ange all ! tri=ium     
w9d[s 9 ! nave &  *oir f ,norman to     
,decorat$4 ,next1 ! c5tral por* 0 add$  
to !  we/ front4 ,dur+ ! ,p]p5dicul>    
p]iod all ! ,norman w9d[s t  _h n be5   
alt]$ 7 n[ fill$ ) ,p]p5dicul> trac]y2 !
  great we/ w9d[ 0 also br\ght up to    
date1 ! battlem5ts 7  add$ to ! corn]   
turrets1 & ! ,new ,build+ tack$ on to ! 
,ea/  ,end ( ! *oir4    ,a popul> /ory  
relat$ t ,h5ry ,,viii4 sp>$ ! *ur*      
because 8  que51 ,ka!r9e ( ,aragon1 0   
buri$ !re4 ,at any rate1 he made        
,pet]bor\gh a ca!dral 9 #aeda1 :5 he    

suppress$ ! mona/]ies4    ,! great      
hi/orical ev5t 9 connection )           
,pet]bor\gh 0 !  burial ( ,m>y1 ,que5 ( 
,scots1 9 #aehg4    ,cromwell's soldi]s 
made sad havoc4 ,dean ,patrick in=ms u t
         8,! next day aft] _! arrival1  
e>ly 9 ! morn+ !y break       op5 ! *ur*
 doors1 pull d[n ! organs ( :i* !re 7   
two       pair4         8,!n ! soldi]s  
ent] ! quire1 & _! fir/ bus9ess 0 to    
te> 9 pieces all ! common pray]-books t 
c\ld be f\nd4       ,next !y break d[n  
all ! seats1 /alls & wa9scot t 0        
beh9d !m1 be+ adorn$ ) sev]al hi/orical 
passages out (       ! ,old ,te/am5t4   
8,n[ beh9d ! communion-table !re /ood a 
curi\s piece (       /one-"w1 admir$ mu*
 by /rang]s & travell]s3 a /ately       
skre5 x 01 well wr\ght1 pa9t$ & gilt1   
:i* rose up z       high almo/ z ! ro( (
 ! *ur*1 9 a r[ ( ?ree l(ty             
spires1 ) o!r less] spires gr[+ out (   
!m4 ,?is n[ _h       no imag]y "w ^u x1 
or any?+ else t might ju/ly give        
(f5ce1 & yet because x bore ! "n ( !    

high alt>1 0       pull$ d[n ) ropes1   
lay'd l[ & level ) ! gr\nd4             
8,ov] ?is place1 9 ! ro( ( ! *ur*1 9 a  
l>ge oval yet to       be se51 0 !      
picture ( ,our ,savi\r seat$ on a ?rone2
 "o       h& erect$ & hold+ a globe 9 ! 
o!r1 att5d$ ) !       f\r ,evangeli/s & 
sa9ts on ea* side1 ) cr[ns 9 _!         
h&s1 int5d$1 ,i suppose1 = a            
repres5tation ( ,our ,savi\r's          
com+ to judgm5t4 ,?is 0 defac$ & spoilt 
by ! dis*>ge (       muskets4           
8,!n !y rob & rifle ! tombs & violate ! 
monum5ts ( !       dead4444         8,:5
 !y _h ?us demoli%$ ! *ief monum5ts1 at 
l5g? !       v grave/ones & m>bles on ! 
floor did n escape _!       sacrilegi\s 
h&s4 ,= :]e !re 0 any?+ on !m (         
sculptures or inscriptions 9 brass1 ^!  
!y =ce & te> (f4         8,hav+ ?us done
 _! "w on ! floor bel[1 !y are n[ at    
leisure to look up at ! w9d[s above4    
8,n[ ! w9d[s ( ?is *ur* 7 v fair1 be+   
adorn$ &       beautifi$ ) sev]al       
hi/orical passages out ( ,scripture &   

ecclesia/ical /ory2 su* 7 ^? 9 ! body ( 
! *ur*1 9       ! aisles1 9 ! ,new      
,build+1 & else:]e4 ,b ! cloi/]         
w9d[s 7 mo/ fam$ ( all1 = _! great art &
 pleas+       v>iety4 ,"o side ( !      
quadrangle conta9+ ! hi/ory ( !         
,old ,te/am5t2 ano!r1 t ( ! ,new2 a     
?ird1 ! f\nd+ &       f\nd]s ( ! *ur*2 a
 f\r?1 all ! k+s ( ,engl&       d[nw>ds 
f ! fir/ ,saxon k+4 ,all :i* not)/&+ 7  
mo/ %amefully brok5 & de/roy$4 ,yea1 to 
enc\rage !m !       m 9 ?is trade (     
break+ & batt]+ w9d[s d[n1 ,cromwell    
himself 7z 'twas report$7 espy+ a little
 crucifix 9 a w9d[       al(t1 :i* none 
p]haps be=e _h sc>ce obs]v$1 gets a     
ladd]       & breaks x d[n zeal\sly ) 8 
own h&4         8,?us1 9 a %ort "t1 a   
fair & goodly /ructure 0 q       /ript (
 all its ornam5tal beauty1 & made a     
ru?ful spectacle1       a v *aos (      
desolation & confusion1 no?+ sc>ce      
rema9+       b only b>e walls1 brok5    
seats & %attr'd w9d[s on e              
side40--7,p47    ,! old /ory (          

neglect--8sc>ce any ca!dral 9 ,engl& is 
m  neglect$10 wrote ,br[ne ,willis 9    
#agdb--;is told ( ,pet]bor\gh 9 !       
,eighte5? ,c5tury2 b 9 #agfd-agia ,dean 
,t>rant collect$ all !  fragm5ts ( /a9$ 
glass & ins]t$ !m 9 ! two c5tral w9d[s  
( ! apse4 ,!y deal *iefly ) sc5es 9 !   
life ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,!  late hi/ory ( !   
,ca!dral is only t ( repairs1           
re/orations1 &  gifts4    ,we ent] !    
,m9/] ,prec9cts by ! we/]n gateway1     
built by ,abbot  ,b5$ict1 9 ! ,norman   
/yle1 9 ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,x 0 alt]$ at
  ! end ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,! approa*
 is mona/ic 9 !  extreme4 ,! room ov] ! 
gate 0 once ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,ni*olas4    
,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ?is gate1 on ! left h&
 we see all t  rema9s ( ! ,*apel ( ,/4  
,?omas ( ,cant]bury 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury74 
,! v>i\s gateways1 doors1 arcades1 &    
rema9s ( anci5t build+s  h>monize well )
 ! v5]able & elegant ,ca!dral4          
8,a f9e view ( ! be/ feature (          
,pet]bor\gh1 ! we/ front1       is      
imm$iately op5$ ) a =egr\nd ( smoo?     

turf4 ,! great       portico1 ) its ?ree
 ar*es1 eighty feet high1 ( pure ,e>ly  
,engli% /yle1 is unlike any?+ else 9    
,engl&1 & inspires       univ]sal       
surprise & admiration4 ,x 0 built on !  
old ,norman       *ur*1 b does n        
actually t\* ! we/]n walls4         8,! 
spires ( ! portico are ( diff]5t sizes &
 designs4 ,!       nor!rn does n gr\p   
well ) ! transeptal t[] beh9d x1       &
 !re is a c]ta9 confusion to ! eye :5 s 
_m t[]s are       9 our view4 ,! s\!rn  
transeptal t[] 0 nev] c>ri$ above       
! ro(4 ,! c5tral t[] ov] ! *oir aft] be+
 repeat$ly       repair$ & re/or$1 fell 
9 #ahhd1 de/roy+ ! int]ior       fitt+s 
& /alls1 b1 on ! :ole1 do+ less damage  
?an       might h be5 expect$4 ,! t[]   
has be5 rebuilt1 b n to       ! old     
patt]n1 & ! f\r corn] turrets h         
disappe>$40--7,w4 ,j4 ,l47    ,! ,we/   
,front1 ) its ?ree magnific5t doorways &
 orig9al wood5  doors1 0 ! "w ( ,abbots 
,za*>y & ,rob]t ( ,l9dsay 7ab\t #abjj   
to #abbb74         8,imm$iately be=e u  

we see ! noble ,we/ ,front #8! pride &  
glory ( ,pet]bor\gh1' ! f9e/ portico 9  
,europe4 ,) !       exception ( ! por*1 
! /yle is pure ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,on !     
nor? & s\? are two l(ty turrets1 flank$ 
at ! angles )       clu/]$ %afts1 &     
cr[n$ ) spires4 ,betwe5 ^! are ?ree     
po9t$ ar*es1 support$ by clu/]$ %afts1  
six on ea* side       ) foliat$         
capitals4 ,! c5tral ar* is n>r[] ?an !  
re/1       b its m\ld+s are ornam5t$ )  
crockets & dog-too?4 ,a       /r+-c\rse 
runs along ! top ( ! ar*es1 & ! sp&rels 
h trefoils1 quatrefoils & ni*es )       
/atues4 ,above !       /r+-c\rse is a   
s]ies ( trefoil$ ar*es1 "s ( :i* h      
/atues4 ,betwe5 ! ?ree gables are       
p9nacles mu* ornam5t$4       ,! gables h
 circul> w9d[s ( beautiful design & a   
cross       on ! apex2 !y are ornam5t$ )
 dog-too? & h ni*es       ) /atues--,/4 
,pet] 9 ! c5tre1 ) ,,ss4 ,john & ,&rew  
on       ei!r side4 ,! turrets on ! nor?
 & s\? h six /ages       panell$ )      
ar*es4 ,! spires are good examples ( !  

diff]5ce betwe5 ^? ( ! ,e>ly ,decorat$ &
 ,p]p5dicul>       p]iods4 ,! s\? spire 
is connect$ ) ! p9nacles ( !       t[]  
by clu/]$ p9nacles spr++ f an ar*2 ^!   
are       decorat$ ) crockets1 & ! spire
 belongs to ! e>ly       ,f\rte5?       
,c5tury2 :]eas ! spire on ! nor? has no 
su*       connection & is ,e>ly         
,p]p5dicul>4         8,we n[ notice !   
,por* ) ! p>vise ov] x4 ,?is 0 built    
late 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury 9 ord] to give
 additional /r5g?       to ! we/ front &
 act z a k9d ( buttress to ! pi]s ( !   
c5tral ar*4 ,! design is v beautiful4 ,!
 entrance has an       obtuse ar*1 &    
above a ,p]p5dicul> w9d[ ) elliptical   
ar*4       ,buttresses empanell$ ) ni*es
 /& on ea* side4 ,x has a       /one    
vault ( good design4 ,"o boss is curi\s1
 repres5t+ !       ,tr9ity4 ,! attitude 
( ! ,savi\r %[s t ! figure 0            
design$ by a freemason1 & be>s witness  
to ! antiquity ( t       frat]nity4 ,!  
p>vise is n[ a libr>y40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47  
,9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury !  

c5tral por*1 )  its upp] room1 ,p>vise1 
0 add$ betwe5 ! two middle pi]s ( !  we/
 front4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ by "s critics 
z a blemi% & by  o!rs z an improvem5t1 b
 x 0 probably a necessity = !  purpose (
 extra /ability4         8,! con/ruction
 ( ?is elegant little edifice is        
extremely       sci5tific1 especially 9 
! matt] 9 :i* ! ?ru/ is       di/ribut$ 
?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! side turrets s z to   
fall       ^u ! buttresses 9 front4 ,^! 
turrets be+ erect$ aga9/       "o side (
 ! triangul> columns1 on ! "r & ! left  
h&1       support !m 9 two directions at
 once1 viz41 f collaps+       t[>ds ea* 
o!r1 & f fall+ =w>d4 ,! latt] pressure  
is ?r[n :olly ^u ! buttresses 9 front1  
:i* project sev5       feet beyond !    
base ( ! great pill>s40--7,f4 ,a4 ,p47  
,turn+ n[ to a description3         8,x 
is vault$ 9 two bays1 ! fir/ be+ ( !    
same dim5sions       z ! inn] wid? ( !  
portico2 ! we/]n bay 7( ! same          
size7 ?us rea*es beyond ! two great pi]s
 & ! corn]       turrets & buttresses 9 

all project ab\t sev5 feet4 ,?is gives  
a v sub/antial support to ! pi]s4 ,!    
:ole composition is       v f9e1 & q    
wor?y ( ! great portico to :i* x is an  
adjunct4 ,x mu/ be left to ea* spectator
 to decide = himself if       x improves
 or dim9i%es ! effect ( ! :ole4 ,x is ( 
late       ,decorat$ date1 highly enri*$
 ) pr(use c>v+4 ,! /aircase             
turrets1 z well z ! great w9d[1 are     
embattl$4 ,! spaces       nor? & s\?1 & 
)9 ! portico1 h trac]y on ! walls       
simil> to ! w9d[4 ,! gro9+ is v f9e4 ,"o
 ( !       c5tral bosses has a          
repres5tation ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! ,fa!r is  
repres5t$ z ! ,anci5t ( ,days1 ) a ,dove
 = ! ,holy ,_s       above ! %\ld] & !  
figure ( ! ,savi\r on ! ,cross 9        
front4 ,freemasons are recomm5d$ to look
 = a special symbol       :i* !y alone c
 und]/& & appreciate4 ,! floor ( !      
portico is pav$ ) grave/ones1 "s        
app>5tly 9 _!       orig9al position4 ,!
 place 0 at "o "t appropriat$ z a       
burial-place = ! ,m9or ,canons40--7,w4  

,d4 ,s47    ,?is por* hides ! f9e c5tral
 doorway1 :i* is divid$ by a c5tral     
pill>4 ,a ,b5$ict9e monk tortur$ by     
demons--probably a h9t to !  bro!rs--is 
c>v$ ^u x4         8,) a few exceptions1
 ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! ,ca!dral        
is 9 ! ,norman /yle1 & _m judge x to be 
! mo/ p]fect       specim5 9 ,engl&4 ,! 
plan consi/s ( a nave ( t5 bays1 )      
aisles & a we/]n transept2 transepts (  
f\r bays1 t]m9at+       9 an apse1 ne>ly
 semicircul>1 ) aisles2 & beyond ! apse 
a       l>ge squ>e-end$ addition = m    
*apels hav+ a gro9$       /one-ro( (    
fan-trac]y1 n[ kn[n z ! ,new ,build+4 ,!
       ritual *oir1 z di/+ui%$ f !      
ar*itectural *oir1       ext5ds two bays
 into ! nave4 ,?is arrangem5t is a      
return to !       anci5t "o us$ by !    
,b5$ict9es1 ! *oir 9 ,dean ,monk's      
alt]ations hav+ be5 limit$ to ! position
 ea/ ( ! c5tral       t[]4         8,z  
we ent] at ! we/ door we see at a glance
 ! entire l5g?       & ! :ole beauty ( !
 admirable proportion ( ! sev]al        

p>ts4 ,:ile _m may wi% t ! great ar*es (
 ! t[] :i*       c be se5 f ! we/ end _h
 nev] be5 alt]$ f ! r\nd       =m ( !   
,norman build]s1 few w regret t !       
,decorat$       ar*es :i* took _! place 
7 reta9$ :5 ! t[] 0       rebuilt1      
in/ead ( hav+ new ar*es 9 ! ,norman /yle
       sub/itut$4 ,! want ( col\r :i* is
 s m>k$ a defect 9 _m       ,engli%     
ca!drals is n s conspicu\s "h1 because (
 !       pa9t$ ceil+40--7,w4 ,d4 ,s47   
,!re is no ,norman "w at ! we/ wall4 ,! 
great doorway has a r\nd  ar*1 b !      
arcade at ! base consi/s ( po9t$ ar*es4 
,!  m\ld+s "h are ,e>ly ,engli%2 & x is 
inside an ,e>ly ,engli% ar*  t ! ,we/   
,w9d[ ( ,p]p5dicul> trac]y is set4 ,we  
may note t  ! glass is mod]n & a        
memorial to (fic]s & soldi]s :o 7  kill$
 9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w>4    ,! ,we/      
,transept ext5ds beyond ! aisles4 ,!    
enorm\s po9t$ ar*es  h ,norman m\ld+s4  
,9 ! s\? end is a ,font ( ! ,?irte5?    
,c5tury2 ! nor? end is a ve/ry4         
8,z we ent] we notice ! di/9ctive "* ( !

 ,norman "w       ( :i* ?is ,ca!dral is 
a notable & excell5t example4 ,9 !      
extreme we/ !re is a bl5d+ ( ! two /yles
 ( ,norman &       ,e>ly ,engli%1 b !   
monks ( ,pet]bor\gh clung t5aci\sly to  
_! old ideas & to ,norman & ,romanesque 
models1 & "r up       to ! end ( !      
,twelf? ,c5tury built 9 ?is /yle1 n f   
any       desire to imitate ! "w ( _!   
pr$ecessors 7z "s writ]s       ass]t71 b
 f an ob/9ate adh]5ce to cons]vative    
tradition4       ,ev5 :5 ! glori\s tide 
( ,engli% ,go?ic 0 ris+1 & !y       c\ld
 no long] resi/ ! flood1 !y clung to !  
old zigzag       m\ld+s4 ,x is evid5t f 
! con/ruction ( ! ?ird column       t !y
 int5d$ to end _! *ur* !re2 b happily ! 
,?irte5? ,c5tury bre?r5 decid$ to re> ! 
noble tw9-t[]$       front & ! p]fect   
portico4 ,"s ( ! lat] columns %[        
,transition "w2 on "o side we see a     
,norman base or capital1 on       ! o!r 
an ,e>ly ,engli%4         8,!re is a gr&
 un9t]rupt$ view ( ! :ole l5g? ( !      
,ca!dral f we/ to ea/4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 

! l[]       ar* is ,decorat$1 & ?is adds
 to ! beauty ( ?is view4 ,be=e          
leav+ ! we/ we notice "s dog-too? c>v$ 9
 wood1 :i* is       some:at r>e40--7,p4 
,h4 ,d47    ,! ,nave consi/s ( t5 bays1 
) ,norman ar*es4 ,! tri=ium ar*es  are  
,norman2 ! cl]e/ory w9d[s are           
,p]p5dicul>4 ,! ceil+ is  v peculi> & v 
int]e/+1 & is1 moreov]1 orig9al ,norman4
         8,all agree t ! /yle ( ! pa9t+ 
is p]fectly       *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 
,! divisions are ( ! loz5ge       %ape2 
9 ea* loz5ge ( ! c5tral l9e is a figure1
 & 9 ea*       alt]nate "o ( ! sides4 ,!
 middle set has m elongat$       loz5ges
 ?an ! o!rs4 ,! bord]s are black & :ite1
 )       "s col\r$ l9es1 9 odd zigzag   
patt]ns4 ,! figures1 :i* are       mo/ly
 seat$1 are v qua9t & /range4 ,"s are   
sacr$1 "s       grotesque4 ,we c see ,/4
 ,pet] ) ! keys1 k+s1 que5s &           
m9/rels2 we f9d also a head ) two faces1
 a monkey rid+       backw>ds on a goat1
 a human figure ) head & ho( ( an ass1 a
       horse play+ a h>p1 a w+$ dragon1 

a danc+ lion1 an eagle1       & o!r     
curi\s devices40--7,w4 ,d4 ,s47    ,!   
,*oir beg9s ) ! two ea/ bays ( ! nave 7!
 same  arrangem5t occurs at ,norwi*71 & 
runs ?r\gh ! space "u !  t[] &          
,illu/ration3 ,,pet]bor\gh3 ,,*oir1     
,,ea/    ,illu/ration3 ,,pet]bor\gh3    
,,s\?    takes up f\r bays ea/ ( ! t[]4 
,! pi]s are alt]nately r\nd  &          
polygonal4         8,?is portion 0 !    
e>lie/ "p ( ! ,ca!dral1 & 0             
con/ruct$ by ,abbot de ,sais            
7#aaad-aabe74 ,! hat*et m\ld+ is        
conspicu\s4 ,! tri=ium ar*es are d\ble l
 ! nave1 & !       cl]e/ory has triple  
ar*es1 ! c5tre "o be+ ! highe/4 ,!      
apse is p>ticul>ly f9e4 ,! ,decorat$    
/yle is evid5t 9 !       w9d[s1 :i* 7   
ins]t$ 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury in/ead (    
! old ,norman ones1 & ! hang+ trac]y (  
graceful design 0       !n add$4 ,! ro( 
( ! *oir is late ,f\rte5? ,c5tury "w    
except at ! ea/ end :]e ! ro( is flat4  
,"h ,cromwell's       soldi]s dis*>g$ _!
 muskets at ! figure ( our ,"l 9        

glory1 :i* !y deem$ to be an idol4 ,?is 
ceil+ 0 decorat$       9 #ahhd by ,sir  
,gilb]t ,scott4 ,! bosses ( ! re/ ( !   
ro(       are curi\s4 ,ne>ly all ! old  
glass 0 de/roy$ 9 ! ,puritan            
desecration2 ! rema9+ fragm5ts h be5    
plac$ 9 ! two       highe/ ea/ w9d[s4 ,!
 fitt+s ( ! *oir are mod]n except       
an anci5t lect]n ( ,fifte5? ,c5tury     
date1 giv5 by ,abbot ,ramsay       &    
,prior ,mald51 z ! inscription te/ifies1
 ?\gh x is n[       sc>cely legible4 ,! 
*oir-/alls are rem>kably f9e4 ,! c>v$   
figures conta9 a hi/ory ( ! ,ca!dral    
writt5 9 wood40--7,p4       ,h4 ,d47    
,pass+ beh9d ! ,high ,alt> we come to ! 
,retro-,*oir1 or ,new  ,build+3         
8,! ,new ,build+ built beyond ! apse is 
a v noble specim5 (       late          
,p]p5dicul> "w4 ,x 0 begun by ,abbot    
,ri*>d ,a%ton       7#adch-adga7 &      
complet$ by ,abbot ,rob]t ,kirton       
7#adif-aebh73 !       works seem to h   
be5 susp5d$ betwe5 ^! p]iods4 ,! ro(    
has ! beautiful fan trac]y1 v simil> on 

a small scale to       t at ,k+'s       
,college ,*apel at ,cambridge4 ,! build+
 is ( !       wid? ( ! *oir & aisles    
toge!r4         8,! junction ( ?is      
addition ) ! orig9al ,norman apse is    
admirable1 & %\ld be specially notic$4  
,p>ts ( ! orig9al       ext]nal         
/r+-c\rse ( ! apse c be se54 ,!         
ornam5tation       on ! bosses ( ! ro( &
 9 ! cavetto bel[ ! w9d[s1 &       r\nd 
! great ar*es f ! *oir aisles1 is v     
v>i$4         8,x mu/ be suffici5t "h to
 indicate "s ( ! designs4 ,mo/       ne$
 little explanation1 b a few are h>d to 
und]/&4 ,on !       ro( may be se5 !    
?ree lions ( ,engl&1 a cross betwe5 f\r 
m>tlets1 ?ree cr[ns ea* pi]c$ by an     
arr[1 & ano!r       design4 ,! small]   
designs include f\r-leav$ fl[]s1 ,tudor 
roses1 fleur-de-lys1 ! portcullis1 "s   
undescribable creatures1       cross$   
keys1 cross$ swords1 cross$ crosi]s1    
crosses1 cr[ns1       cr[ns pi]c$ )     
arr[s1 cr[n$ female head1 an eagle1 !   
head       ( ! ,bapti/ 9 a *>g]1 an     

angel1 mitres1 ?ree fea!rs       ris+ f 
a cr[n1 ,/4 ,&rew's cross1 & p]haps     
o!rs4 ,!re       are also "s rebuses &  
"s lett]+4 ,on ! nor? wall1 9 six       
sev]al scrolls1 ! lett]s ,,ar be=e a    
*ur* & a bird on a tun       occur m ?an
 once4 ,?is c]ta9ly ref]s to ,abbot     
,rob]t ,kirton2       b :at ! bird means
 is n cle>4 ,9 ! m\ld+ ov] !       l>ge 
ar* to ! s\? *oir are f\r sets ( lett]s4
 ,!y =m       ! la/ v]se ( ! psalt]4 ,! 
words are contract$3 !y /&       =      
,omnis spiritus laudet ,dom9um40--7,w4  
,d4 ,s47    ,! relic ( greate/ int]e/ 9 
! ,new ,build+ is ! fam\s ,monks'       
,/one1 :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 0     
con/ruct$ 9 commemoration  ( ! massacre 
( ,abbot ,h$da & 8 monks by ! ,danes 9  
#hgj4  ,critics are divid$ 9 op9ion4 ,"s
 ?9k x ,norman1 b _m accept  ! !ory t x 
is ,saxon "w4 ,9 #ahhg rema9s 7 f\nd ( !
  orig9al ,saxon *ur*1 :i* 0 sack$ by ! 
,danes1 rebuilt &  visit$ by ,k+ ,edg> &
 ,dun/an4 ,traces ( ! fire t de/roy$ x  
7 also f\nd4 ,! ea/ wall /ood at ! pi]s 

( ! pres5t s\?  transept4    ,que5      
,ka!r9e ( ,aragon 0 buri$ 9 !           
nor?-*oir-aisle outside  ! mo/ ea/]n ar*
 7#aece74 ,?is 0 violat$ by ! ,puritans4
 ,dean  ,patrick says3 8,fir/ !y demoli%
 ,que5 ,ka!r9e's tomb2 !y break  d[n !  
rails t enclos$ ! place & take away !   
black velvet  pall :i* cov]$ ! he>se2   
ov]?r[ ! he>se itself1 displace !       
grave/one t lay ov] h] body1 & h left   
no?+ n[ rema9+  ( t tomb1 b only a      
monum5t ( _! own %ame & villa9y40 ,a    
few slabs 7 rec5tly f\nd b5ea? ! floor2 
& a m>ble /one  be>+ coats-(-arms &     
inscription has lately be5 plac$ ov] ?is
  spot4    ,9 ! s\?-*oir-aisle a tablet 
tells u t "h ,m>y ,/u>t 0  buri$ 9      
#aehg1 j )9 ! *oir4 ,! body 0 remov$ to 
,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 #afab4 ,rema9s ( !    
he>se betwe5 ! pill>s  7 se5 z late z   
#ahjj4 ,^! royal arms & escut*eons 7    
also  defac$ & torn by ! ,puritans4     
,! ,transepts are ,norman1 & *>act]i/ic 
,norman m\ld+s are  univ]sal4 ,a        
,p]p5dicul> scre5 9 ea* sep>ates !      

transept f a  sort ( ea/]n aisle1 divid$
 by pill>s into *apels4 ,9 ! ,nor?      
,transept ! two *apels ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4
 ,james h be5 ?r[n into  "o--n[ ! ,morn+
 ,*apel4 ,"s old ,saxon c(f9 lids are   
pres]v$  "h4    ,! *apels ( ,/4 ,oswald1
 ,/4 ,b5$ict1 & ,/4 ,kyneburga & ,/4    
,kynes)a /ill rema9 9 ! ,s\? ,transept4 
,we/ ( ! ,s\?  ,transept we come to !   
old ,*apt]-,h\se 7v small71 n[ a music  
room4 ,x is late ,norman1 b x has a     
,p]p5dicul> doorway4    ,at ! nor?-ea/  
corn] ( ! close we come to ! ,dean]y    
,gateway1  lead+ to ! ,dean]y4 ,x is a  
f9e specim5 ( ,late ,p]p5dicul>1 &  0   
erect$ by ,abbot ,kirton 7,kirkton71 ^: 
rebus 7a *ur* on a tun7  appe>s ov] !   
side-door4 ,x has a ,tudor ar*1 ) ! arms
 ( !  ,see 9 sp&rels1 & is also ornam5t$
 ) ! ,tudor rose &  portcullis & !      
,pr9ce ( ,wales's fea!rs4 ,we ga9 "h a v
 good  view ( ! nor? side ( ! ,ca!dral4 
,! nor? side is v f9e4 ,! arcad+ on !   
side ( ! t[] is  id5tical ) t on ! we/  
front4 ,next we mu/ notice ! big  w9d[s 

( ! we/]n transept1 e>ly & f9e specim5s 
( cusp$ &  trac]i$ w9d[s4 ,! jambs are v
 peculi> because "o side is  ,norman )  
squ>e capitals1 & ! o!r side ,e>ly      
,engli%4 ,! ar*  ( ! w9d[ rea*es z high 
z ^? ( ! tri=ium4 ,above is a           
r\nd-head$ w9d[1 & ! gable1 surm\nt$ by 
a cross & bord]$  ) ! wavy ornam5t1     
conta9s a rose-w9d[4 ,p9nacles1 resembl+
  ^? on ! we/ front1 adorn ! sides ( ?is
 we/ transept4 ,! nave  rises 9 five    
/ages3 a ti] ( small lights sep>ates !  
tri=ium  f ! aisle4    ,! ,dean's ,door 
on ?is side ( ! nave is ,norman4 ,! ?ree
 %afts on  ei!r side1 ) _! cu%ion       
capitals1 c>ry r\nd ar*es )  *>act]i/ic 
& diff]5t m\ld+s4 ,!re are t5 w9d[s1 v  
broad1 ( five lights ea*1 "u depress$   
ar*es4 ,!y 7 ins]t$  9 ! ,?irte5?       
,c5tury4 ,! p>apet at ! top is ,e>ly    
,engli%4    ,! nor? transept has sev5   
/ages ( w9d[s 7,p]p5dicul>71 &  bl9d    
arcades & a battlem5t$ gable1 flank$ by 
octagonal turrets4    ,"h we ga9 a view 
( ! lant]n t[]1 rebuilt 9 #ahhd4 ,!n we 

come  to ! *oir1 & la/ly to ! ,new      
,build+4 ,! ,decorat$ w9d[s (  ! apse   
are p>ticul>ly f9e4         8,! ea/ end 
( ,pet]bor\gh is r peculi>4 ,!re rema9s 
!       old ,norman apse ) ,decorat$    
w9d[s ins]t$1 & ?is is       surr\nd$ by
 :at is call$ ! ,new ,build+1 ?\gh x is 
#djj       ye>s old1 =m$ by ext5d+ !    
walls ( ! *oir & build+       a squ>e   
end to ! ,ca!dral4 ,?is 0 erect$ by     
,abbot ,kirton4       ,8 "w possesses ! 
be/ features ( ,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,x is  
ri*ly ornam5t$ & :5 we exam9e 8 "w we _c
 say t       ! glories ( ,go?ic         
a*ievem5t _h q dep>t$4 ,we see !        
twelve buttresses1 ea* t]m9at$ ) a seat$
 figure1 usually       said to be "o ( !
 ,apo/les40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    ,turn+    
r\nd ! ea/ end we come to ! ru9s ( !    
,infirm>y1  erect$ ab\t #abfj4 ,"s f9e  
arcad+ is /ill to be se54 ,aft]w>ds  we 
come to ! ,slype1 once vault$1 b n[ op5 
to ! sky1 :i*  =m]ly connect$ !         
,refectory ) ! ,*apt]-,h\se1 on ! ea/   
side ( ! ,cloi/]4 ,only ! s\? & we/     

walls ( ! ,cloi/]  ,c\rt rema94 ,?is is 
always call$ ,laurel ,c\rt1 ?\gh ! orig9
 is  unkn[n4    ,! s\? side ( ! ,ca!dral
 is m beautiful ?an ! nor?1 f  :i* x    
diff]s by hav+ two doorways into ! nave 
f !  cloi/]s1 & a v f9e s\?-we/ spire1  
e>ly ,f\rte5? ,c5tury  "w4 ,a beautiful 
view ( ?is spire & ! bell-t[] is obta9$ 
f  ,laurel ,c\rt4          ,,ely        
,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,e!lr$a4 ,,*ur* ,,(  
,a ,,b5$ict9e ,,mona/]y4                
,,special ,,features3 ,,! ,,octagon2    
,,galilee ,,por*2 ,,lady-,,*apel2       
,,bi%op       ,,alcock',s ,,*apel2      
,,bi%op ,,we/',s ,,*apel2 ,,monk',s     
,,door4      ,ely is p]haps ! mo/ s+ul> 
& beautiful ( ,engli% ca!drals1  :5 se5 
f a di/ance2 = ! massive build+1 ) its  
turrets1  buttresses1 & p9nacles1 rises 
) spl5did maje/y f ! gre5  meads t make 
a p]fect =egr\nd4         8,! fir/      
glimpse ( ,ely ov]:elms u1 n only by its
       /atel9ess & v>iety ( its outl9e1 
b by its utt]       /rang5ess1 its      
unlik5ess to any?+ else4 ,ely1 ) its va/

       s+le we/]n t[]1 ) its c5tral     
octagon unlike any?+ else       9 ! :ole
 _w1 has an outl9e altoge!r peculi> to  
itself40--7,e4 ,a4 ,f47    ,ab\t #fee   
,e!ldr$a1 daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,ea/        
,anglia1 w5t to live  9 ! f5-l& di/rict1
 kn[n z ! ,isle ( ,ely1 t _h come into  
h] possession accord+ to ! t]ms ( h]    
m>riage settlem5t )  ,tonb]t1 "o ( !    
noblem5 ( h] fa!r's c\rt4 ,! civil      
gov]nm5t  ( h] t]ritory %e gave to a    
/ew>d nam$ ,ov91 :ile %e devot$  h]self 
to good works4 ,%e 0 induc$ to m>ry     
,egfrid1 son ( ,oswy1  ,k+ (            
,nor?umb]l&1 :o became k+ 9 #fgj4       
,e!ldr$a1 we>i$ (  c\rt life1 became a  
nun2 & :5 ,egfrid det]m9$ to =ce h] to  
return to c\rt %e fl$ f ,cold+ham to !  
,isle ( ,ely1 :]e %e  e/abli%$ a        
religi\s h\se4 ,%e began to build 9     
#fgc4 ,! mona/]y  ov] :i* ,e!ldr$a      
presid$ z abbess 0 a mix$ community4    
,b$e  calls x a nunn]y4 ,e!ldr$a di$ 9  
#fgi & 0 buri$1 accord+ to  h] own      
reque/1 9 ! nuns' gravey>d4 ,h] body 01 

h[ev]1 remov$  into ! *ur* on ,octob]   
#ag1 #fie4 ,:5 ! body 0 plac$ 9 a m>ble 
s>cophagus x 0 f\nd 9 p]fect            
pres]vation1 & miracles took  place4    
,two hundr$ ye>s lat] ! ,danes ravag$   
,ely & de/roy$ !  mona/]y 7#hgj71 :i* 0 
rebuilt 9 #igj by ,k+ ,edg> & ,bi%op    
,e!lwold1 ( ,w9*e/]4 ,! prior ( ,w9*e/]1
 ,bri?no? 7#igj-iha71  0 appo9t$ its    
fir/ abbot4 ,!re 7 no nuns 9 ! new      
mona/]y4    ,! monks ( ,ely educat$     
,edw>d ! ,confessor1 :o _h be5 (f]$ on  
?is alt> 9 infancy by 8 p>5ts4 ,aft] he 
became k+ he cont9u$  8 8fav\rable reg>d
 to ! place40 ,8 bro!r1 ,alfr$1 ^: eyes 
7 put out by ,e>l ,godw91 di$ & 0 buri$ 
9 ,ely4 ,ely 0 !  la/ /ronghold (       
,h]ew>d2 & x took ! monks a long "t to  
make  _! peace ) ! ,conqu]or4 ,9 ord] to
 raise en\gh money to  pur*ase =giv5ess 
!y 7 =c$ to sell almo/ e article (  gold
 & silv] t !y own$4 ,?ur/on1 ! la/      
,saxon abbot  7#ajff-ajgb71 rema9$ 9    
*>ge ( ! mona/]y until 8 dea?4 ,:5      
,simeon1 prior ( ,w9*e/]1 & bro!r (     

,walkelyn1 ,bi%op (  ,w9*e/]1 0 made    
abbot 9 #ajha1 x 0 deem$ necess>y to    
build a  m sumptu\s *ur*4 ,simeon       
contribut$ a great "p ( 8 l>ge  =tune4  
,he began ) ! transepts2 & built !      
c5tral t[]1 (t5  call$ 8,simeon's ,t[]40
    ,ri*>d 7#aajj-aajg71 a ,norman1 &   
relative ( ! k+1 f9i%$ !  ea/ end 9     
#aajf4 ,two bays ( ! nave next to ! t[] 
7 also 8  "w1 & he cont9u$ ,simeon's    
,t[]4 ,dur+ ,ri*>d's rule ! rema9s  (   
,/4 ,e!ldr$a1 ,/4 ,sexburga1 ,/4        
,erm5ilda1 & ,/4 ,)burga1 !  fir/ f\r   
abbesses1 7 re-buri$ be=e ! high alt>4  
,9 #aaji ,ely 0 made a ca!dral2 b no?+  
seems to h be5 done to  ! build+ until  
,bi%op ,riddell 7#aagd-aahi7 8c>ri$ on !
 new "w  & ,t[] at ! we/ end ( ! *ur*1  
almo/ to ! top40    ,eu/a*e             
7#aaih-abae71 "o ( ! bi%ops appo9t$ to  
excommunicate ,k+  ,john1 built !       
celebrat$ ,galilee ,por* at ! we/ end4  
,he contribut$  l>ge sums out ( 8       
private =tune4    ,hugh ,norwold1 or    
,nor?wold 7#abbi-abed71 built ! six     

ea/]n bays (  ! presbyt]y1 & ! palace4  
,aga9 7 ! rema9s ( ,/4  ,e!ldr$a1 ,/4   
,sexburga1 ,/4 ,erm5ilda1 & ,/4 ,)burga 
remov$ to  ?is "p ( ! *ur*1 & ! ,ca!dral
 0 d$icat$ 9 #abeb4 ,k+  ,h5ry ,,iii4 & 
,pr9ce ,edw>d 7 pres5t4 ,:5 ,bi%op      
,norwold di$  7#abed71 he 0 buri$ at !  
feet ( ,/4 ,e!ldr$a4 ,8 monum5t 0       
remov$ to ! nor? side ( ! presbyt]y1    
?ird ar* f ! ea/4    ,john ,ho?am       
7#acaf-accg7 built ! *oir4 ,x 0 dur+ 8  
bi%opric  t ! ,t[] fell1 & he provid$ = 
! build+ ( ! wreck$  we/]n bays4    ,!  
,f\rte5? ,c5tury br+s u to ! greate/ (  
all ! ,ely  build]s1 ! supreme arti/ &  
ar*itect1 ,alan de ,wals+ham1           
sub-prior1 sacri/1 & f9ally prior4 ,9   
#acba he began ! ,lady-,*apel1  :i* 0   
f9i%$ 9 #acdi4 ,its position is         
,illu/ration3 ,,ely3 ,,we/ ,,t[]s       
,illu/ration3 ,,ely3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/      
peculi>--nor?-ea/ ( ! nor? transept4    
,its site 0 *os5 9 all  probability     
because ,/4 ,e!ldr$a's %r9e occupi$ !   
sacr$ ea/  end4 ,wals+ham's great "w1   

h[ev]1 is ! celebrat$ ,octagon4    ,on !
 eve ( ,/4 ,erm5ilda's ,day1 ,febru>y   
#ab1 #acbb1 j aft] !  monks _h f9i%$    
mat9s1 ! c5tral t[] fell & de/roy$ ?ree 
bays ( ! *oir4 ,!re 0 no wick$ k+ 9 ?is 
case to blame =  ! calamity1 z 0 ! case 
) ! simil> t[] built by ,simeon's  bro!r
 at ,w9*e/] 7see pages #ee-ef74         
8,no "o c\ld possibly h be5 f\nd 9 !    
:ole k+dom bett]       qualifi$ to cope 
) ! great disa/] t took place at ,ely 9 
#acbb ?an ! (fic] ( ! h\se :o _h !      
special cu/ody (       ! fabric4 ,!     
orig9ality & skill ) :i* he design$ &   
c>ri$ out ! noble "w t takes ! place ( !
 c5tral       t[]1 :i* is )\t a rival 9 
! ar*itecture ( ! :ole       _w1 are    
beyond all praise4 ,! exquisite "w 9 !  
,lady-,*apel       w\ld 9 itself h be5  
suffici5t to e/abli% ,wals+ham's        
reputation z an ar*itect ( ! v highe/   
ord] ( m]it2 b       x w\ld h reveal$   
no?+1 if x /ood alone1 ( !              
consummate con/ructive g5ius :i* he     
display$ 9 ! conception       ( !       

octagon4         8,! build+ 0 begun z   
soon z ! space 0 cle>$4 ,!              
/onework 0 f9i%$ 9 #acbh1 little m ?an  
six ye>s aft]       ! t[] fell4 ,!      
woodwork ( ! vault+ & lant]n took       
long] "t2 b ?is also 0 q complete 9     
#acdb4 ,wals+ham       _h become prior 9
 ! previ\s ye>4 ,! weight ( ! lant]n1   
x ne$ h>dly be said1 is n borne1 ?\gh x 
looks l x f       bel[1 by ! vault+ t we
 see4 ,!re is a p]fect =e/ (       oak  
hidd5 f sight1 ! eight great angle po/s 
be+ no less       ?an #c feet #d in*es  
by #b feet #h in*es 9 section4          
8,) su* a man z ,wals+ham on ! spot we  
_c be wrong 9       assign+ to him !    
au?or%ip ( all ! ar*itectural designs   
t 7 c>ri$ out 9 8 lifetime4 ,x is       
believ$--= !       date is n exactly    
kn[n--t he di$ 9 #acfd4 ,besides !      
,lady-,*apel & ,octagon1 he mu/ h       
design$ ! s+ul>ly       beautiful bays (
 ! presbyt]y betwe5 ! ,octagon &        
,nor?wold's "w4 ,! exquisite way 9 :i* !
 ma9       *>act]i/ics ( ! ,e>ly ,engli%

 "w are adapt$ to !       ,decorat$ /yle
 dem&s our highe/ admiration4 ,!        
arrangem5t (       ! ?ree we/]n bays on 
ea* side is exactly l ,nor?wold's       
"w1 :ile ! additional grace & beauty (  
ornam5tation m>k       ! advance 9 ta/e 
t di/+ui%$ ! ,decorat$ p]iod4           
,bi%op ,ho?am und]took ! :ole exp5se (  
rebuild+ ?is       portion ( ! ca!dral4 
,he did n live to see x complet$1 z     
he di$ 9 #accg1 b he left money = !     
purpose40--7,w4 ,d4 ,s47    ,wals+ham1  
?\gh elect$ bi%op by ! monks1 0 n       
confirm$ by !  ,pope4 ,h[ev]1 :5 !y     
plac$ ! brass ov] 8 re/+-place 9  front 
( ! *oir !y repres5t$ 8,! ,fl[] (       
,craftsm50 7,flos  op]atorum 0 8        
epitaph71 ) mitre & crozi]4    ,ely     
suff]$ less ?an _m *ur*es dur+ !        
,puritan w>s4    ,! mo/ important "w (  
late ye>s has be5 ! re/oration ( !      
octagon & lant]n1 z orig9ally design$ by
 ,alan de ,wals+ham4    ,! great ,we/   
,t[] 7,e>ly ,engli% & ,decorat$7 0 built
 be=e !  ,galilee ,por*1 ab\t ! la/ ye> 

( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,x is  surm\nt$ by 
an octagon ) a w9d[ ( ?ree lights 9 ea* 
face4 ,an  octagonal turret ornam5ts ea*
 corn]4 ,w9d[s & arcades m>k ea*  /ory4 
,a f9e view ( x is obta9$ f ! s\? side4 
,! ,galilee ,por* is "o ( ! f9e/        
examples ( ,e>ly ,engli% 9  exi/5ce & is
 only surpass$ by ,bi%op ,hugh's ,*oir  
at ,l9coln4         8,ea* side          
ext]nally1 is cov]$ ) lancet arcad+ 9   
f\r       ti]s4 ,9 ! upp] ti] ! lancets 
are trefoil$ ) dog-too?       9 ! m\ld+2
 9 ! next l[] ti] ! lancets are         
c9quefoil$1 ) two sets ( dog-too?4 ,!   
lancets 9 ! we/       face are all      
c9quefoil$1 & ! ?ree l[] ti]s h trefoils
       9 ! sp&rels4 ,ne>ly all are      
highly enri*$ ) dog-too?2       :ile !  
m\ld+s ( ! we/ door h conv5tional       
foliage z       well4 ,! lancets "h are 
deep] ?an on ! sides ( ! por*1       & 7
 probably design$ to hold figures4 ,( ! 
?ree l>ge       lancets 9 ! we/ w9d[ !  
c5tral "o is slightly m l(ty       ?an !
 o!rs4         8,! int]ior ( ! por* is  

ev5 m beautiful2 ! pr(usion (           
ornam5tation on ! inn] doorway & !      
exce$+ gracefulness       ( ! d\ble     
arcades 9 ! sides are q unsurpass$4 ,bo?
       doorways are divid$ by a %aft &  
bo? h op5 trac]y (       exceptional    
beauty above40--7,w4 ,d4 ,s47    ,9     
addition to ?is feature1 ,ely has !     
unique ,octagon1 a good view (  :i* is  
obta9$ f ! nor?-we/4 ,x is beautifully  
proportion$  & beautifully decorat$ )   
w9d[s ( exquisite trac]y4         8,!   
way 9 :i* ! octagon & lant]n comb9e 9   
produc+ a       p]fectly h>moni\s       
composition is 9 great "p due to two    
po9ts       ( diff]5ce1 po9ts :i* v few 
obs]v]s detect4 ,^! are1       fir/ly1 t
 ! lant]n is a regul> octagon1 hav+ all 
its       sides equal1 9 ?is respect be+
 unlike ! /one octagon b5ea?       x2 &1
 secondly1 t ! eight faces ( ! lant]n   
are n       p>allel to ! eight faces ( !
 octagon4 ,! new w9d[s ( !       lant]n 
are simil> to ! l>ge ones bel[1 b are n 
m]e       copies ( !m4 ,! upp] /age ( ! 

lant]n1 above ! ro( z       se5 f )91 0 
once a bell-*amb]2 its lights are n1 &  
nev] h be51 glaz$4 ,! :ole ( ! lant]n is
 ( wood1       cov]$ ) lead4 ,two       
fly+-buttresses rise f ! corn]s (       
! nave & transept aisles to ! corbel    
table ( ! cl]e/ory       range4 ,!re are
 also eight elegant fly+-buttresses1 "o 
to ea*       ( ! angles ( ! lant]n4 ,^! 
are "p ( ! new "w1 !       orig9als hav+
 long disappe>$40--7,w4 ,d4 ,s47    ,!  
nor?-we/]n "p ( ! nor? transept fell 9  
#afii1 & 0  rebuilt by ,sir ,*ri/oph]   
,wr51 nephew ( ,bi%op ,wr51 !n 9 (fice4 
,! nor? end ( ! transept conta9s ,norman
 w9d[s1 & above !m  are two ,p]p5dicul> 
w9d[s1 ea* ( ?ree lights4 ,9 ! ea/ wall 
(  ! transept ! l[] lights are          
,decorat$2 ! upp] w9d[s are !  orig9al  
,norman4    ,next we come to !          
,lady-,*apel1 ! ea/ w9d[ ( :i* 7sev5    
lights7  0 ins]t$ by ,bi%op ,b>net      
7#acff-acgc71 :o also 8beautifi$ five ( 
! w9d[s 9 ! presbyt]y40 ,! we/ w9d[     
7eight lights7 is ( a  little lat] date4

 ,9 ! side walls ( ! ,lady-,*apel are   
five l>ge  w9d[s1 ! trac]y ( :i* is v   
beautiful4    ,! ,ea/ ,end is a sup]b   
illu/ration ( ,e>ly ,engli%1 al?\gh     
slightly alt]$ f its orig9al /ate by !  
introduction ( !  w9d[s 9 ! *apels (    
,alcock & ,we/1 & a pla9 wall = !       
orig9al w9d[s 9 ! s\? aisle4            
,fly+-buttresses support ! ro( ( !      
presbyt]y & *oir4 ,!  ,p]p5dicul> w9d[ (
 sev5 lights attracts our notice 9 ! s\?
  end ( ! s\? transept4    ,! entrance  
to ! ,ca!dral f ! s\? op5s f ! ea/]n end
  ( ! cloi/]s & is call$ ! ,monks'      
,door4    ,! ornam5tation is v ri*4 ,"o 
spiral column is especially f9e4  ,! ar*
 is trefoil$ ) cusps1 hav+ circul>      
t]m9ations ) />  ornam5t1 & 9 ! sp&rels 
are qua9t1 cr\*+ monks1 ea*  hold+ a    
pa/oral /aff4 ,two twi/$ dragons wri!   
above4    ,at ! we/ end ( ! nor? alley (
 ! cloi/]s we come to !  ,prior's ,door1
 a f9e specim5 ( late ,norman4 ,9 !     
tympanum is a  c>v+ 9 high relief ( !   
,savi\r4    ,ent]+ ?r\gh ! ,we/ we h a  

full view ( ! ,ca!dral1 !  vi/a         
=tunately n brok51 = ! op5 scre5 p]mits 
! gaze to  w&] ! :ole l5g? to ! ea/ end4
 ,! massive ,p]p5dicul>  ar*es "h 7     
built b5ea? ! ,norman ones to secure    
/ability =  ! big t[] t we h j exam9$4  
,! ,nave is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect specim5s (
 late ,norman4 ,x is v  simil> to t (   
,pet]bor\gh4 ,ely1 h[ev]1 (f]s no       
sugge/ion (  ! transition ( ! next /yle1
 z does ,pet]bor\gh4 ,! ,ely nave is    
suppos$ to h be5 f9i%$ be=e #aagc1 a    
little be=e  ,pet]bor\gh's1 & aft] t (  
,norwi*4 ,x conta9s twelve bays &       
measures #bjh feet4 ,! pi]s are (       
alt]nate design4 ,9 front ( ea* a  %aft 
runs up to ! ro(4 ,z we foll[ ?is ) our 
eyes we see t  ! ceil+ is pa9t$ )       
,biblical subjects2 b ^! pictures ne$  n
 deta9 u1 z !y are mod]n4 ,! billet     
m\ld+ decorates !  /r+-c\rse above ! ma9
 arcade4 ,mo/ ( ! capitals are cu%ion4  
,! ,octagon is ! gem ( ! :ole ,ca!dral4 
8,few visitors w p]haps be dispos$ to   
exam9e any ( !       objects ( int]e/ 9 

! ca!dral be=e an inspection ( !        
beauties ( ?is magnific5t erection1 !   
fir/ sight ( :i*1       f "o ( ! small] 
ar*es t[>ds ! aisles1 is a ?+ nev]      
to be =gott54 ,!re is n "o ( ! _m able  
arti/s &       ar*itects :o h writt5    
ab\t ! ,octagon t has n spok5       ( x 
z be+ )\t rival 9 ! :ole _w2 & !        
admiration       t 0 express$ fifty & m 
ye>s ago w\ld h be5 f>       great]1 & !
 en?usiasm m pr(\nd1 _h ! writ]s se5 x  
9 its pres5t /ate ( p]fect re/oration4  
,no description c d       adequate      
ju/ice to ! gr&eur ( ! conception or to 
!       brilliancy ( ! execution ( ?is  
r5[n$ "w4         8,! f\r great ar*es   
rise to ! full height ( ! ro(2 t to     
! ea/1 inde$1 is high] ?an ! vault$ ro( 
( ! *oir &       presbyt]y1 ! int]v5+   
space be+ occupi$ ) trac]y (            
woodwork on pa9t$ bo>ds1 ! ,savi\r on ! 
,cross be+ pa9t$       9 ! middle4 ,!   
wood5 vault+ ( ! ,octagon spr+s f !     
capitals on ! same level z ^? ( ! great 
ar*es4 ,! f\r       small ar*es to !    

aisles are ( c\rse no high] ?an ! ro(s  
( ! aisles3 above ^!1 on ea* side1 are  
?ree figures (       apo/les1 "u        
canopies ) crockets4 ,! figures are     
seat$1 &       ea* holds an emblem1 by  
:i* x c be se5 = :om ! figure       is  
int5d$4 ,x may be notic$ 79 ! c5tral    
figure on !       s\?-we/ side7 t ,/4   
,paul1 n ,/4 ,mat?ias1 is put 9 !       
place ( ,isc>iot4 ,! hood-m\lds ( !     
ar*es are t]m9at$ by       heads1 ( :i* 
six are portraits4 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii4 &  
,que5       ,philippa are at ! nor?-ea/1
 ,bi%op ,ho?am & ,prior ,craud5 at      
! s\?-ea/1 ,wals+ham & 8 ma/]-mason 7s x
 is believ$7       at ! nor?-we/2 ^? to 
! s\?-we/ are m]e grotesques4           
,above ! seat$ figures on ea* side is a 
w9d[ ( f\r broad       lights1 fill$ )  
/a9$ glass4 ,! eight *ief vault+ %afts  
rise f ! gr\nd z slight triple %afts2 !y
 support1 a       little above ! spr+ ( 
! side ar*es1 l>ge corbels1 :i*       =m
 bases = exquisitely design$ ni*es1 &   
?r\gh ^!       spr+ m %afts rea*+ to !  

vault4 ,on ea* ( ! corbels is       a   
boldly c>v$ sc5e f ! c>e] ( ,/4         
,e!ldr$a2 !y       comm5ce at ! nor?-we/
 ar*4 ,! subjects 7two to ea* ar*7      
are z foll[s3         8,nor?-we/ ar*3   
,/4 ,e!ldr$a's second m>riage4 ,h] tak+ 
!       veil at ,cold+ham4              
8,nor?-ea/ ar*3 ,h] /aff tak+ root4 ,h] 
pres]vation 9 !       flood at ,/4      
,abb's ,head4         8,s\?-ea/ ar*3 ,h]
 in/allation z ,abbess ( ,ely4 ,h] dea? 
&       burial 7two sc5es74             
8,s\?-we/ ar*3 ,"o ( h] miracles4 ,h]   
translation4         8,9 ord] to und]/& 
^! wond]ful sculptures m fully we       
ref] to ! ,lib] ,eli5sis :i* describes  
,e!ldr$a z       hurry+ away f ,cold+ham
 ) two ladies1 ,sew5na & ,sew>a1       &
 z rea*+ a rocky place on ! coa/ :]e !y 
7       ov]tak5 by ! k+1 b ! ?ree ladies
 cross$ ! ,humb] &       proce$$ s\?1   
dress$ z pilgrims4 ,"o night1 :ile !    
que5       slept1 h] /aff1 plac$ 9 !    
gr\nd1 bur/ into leaf & fl[]4       ,on 
?is spot a *ur* 0 built & d$icat$ to ,/4

 ,e!ldr$a4       ,:5 ! ?ree pilgrims    
arriv$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,ely1 !y 7       jo9$
 by ,wilfrid1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,york1 :o    
induc$ ,e!ldr$a       to take ! veil4 ,!
 miracle ref]r$ to 9 ! s\?-we/ ar*      
%[s ,/4 ,e!ldr$a & ,/4 ,b5$ict appe>+ to
 a monk nam$       ,bryt/an1 :o 0 *>g$ )
 seek+ refuge 9 a mona/]y 9       ord]  
to escape puni%m5t = robb]ies ( :i* he  
_h be5       guilty4 ,! miracle 0 told  
to ,que5 ,matilda1 :o fre$              
,bryt/an40--7,w4 ,d4 ,s47    ,! ,scre5  
sep>at+ ! *oir f ! ,octagon 0 design$ by
 ,scott4  ,x is ( oak1 delicately c>v$ 9
 geometric patt]ns1 & be>+ a  cross on !
 cre/+ t runs along ! top4 ,! gates are 
brass4    ,! fir/ ?ree bays ( ! *oir 7  
begun ab\t #abdj2 ! la/ six1  =m+ !     
presbyt]y1 7 f9i%$ 9 #acdj4 ,! space ( a
 hundr$  ye>s ?us lies betwe5 !m4       
8,9 ! juxtaposition ( ^! two magnific5t 
specim5s ( !       ,e>ly ,engli% &      
,decorat$ p]iods ( ar*itecture !re is an
       opportunity ( comp>ison :i* on   
su* a scale occurs n[h]e       else4 ,x 

is to be rememb]$ t 9 nei!r case is !   
treatm5t       ( ! upp] "p q 9          
accordance ) ! usual practice (       ! 
p]iod4 ,:5 ! presbyt]y 0 be+ built !re 7
 /ill       /&+ ea/ ( ! c5tral t[] ! f\r
 orig9al bays ( !       ,norman *oir4   
,^!1 x may be assum$1 7 v simil> 9      
"* to ^? 9 ! nave4 ,!re w\ld1 beyond "q1
 h       be5 9 ea* bay l>ge tri=ium     
ar*es1 ea* ) a c\ple (       subord9ate 
ar*es2 & a s+le w9d[ 9 ! cl]e/ory ) a   
blank ar* on ea* side4 ,bi%op           
,nor?wold's "w 0 purposely made       to
 correspond ) ^! bays z f> z ,e>ly      
,engli% "w c\ld d       s2 & :5 aft] !  
fall ( ! t[] x became necess>y to       
rebuild ! *oir1 ,bi%op ,ho?am 9 l mann] 
made 8 ,decorat$       "w correspond ) !
 ,e>ly ,engli% presbyt]y4 ,! *oir is1 z 
w\ld be expect$1 ri*] 9 detail z well z 
m elaborate 9       design2 & x w\ld be 
difficult to f9d 9 ,engl& any?+ to      
surpass ! trac]y ( ! cl]e/ory w9d[s &   
tri=ium ar*es1       ! beautiful cusp$  
inn] ar*es ( ! cl]e/ory range1 ! op5    

p>apets at ! base ( ! two /ages1 or !   
long corbels1       cov]$ ) foliage1 t  
support ! vault+ %afts4 ,9 !       *oir 
! cl]e/ory w9d[s h f\r lights ea*2 9 !  
presbyt]y are triplets4 ,! old col\r+   
has be5 r5ew$       ?r\gh\t4 ,on ! nor? 
side ( ! *oir ! ?ree bays are           
precisely alike2 b on ! s\? !re is a    
v>iation 9 !       trac]y ( ! we/]n     
tri=ium ar*4 ,!re are also %ields (     
arms 7( ! ,see ( ,ely & ( ,bi%op ,ho?am7
 9 ! sp&rels (       ! tri=ium & ar*    
bel[2 & ! %aft betwe5 ?is ar* &       ! 
next is enl>g$ at ! top into a base = a 
/atue 7probably       ( ,/4 ,e!ldr$a72  
:ile level ) ! /r+ above is a v         
f9e l>ge canopy 7call$ by ! workm5 #8!  
table'71 :i* is       l no?+ else 9 !   
ca!dral4 ,! cl]e/ory w9d[s also on      
! s\? h diff]5t trac]y4         8,!     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! two /yles (           
ar*itecture is well       m>k$ 9 ! gro9+
 ( ! ro(1 ! ,decorat$ portion be+       
mu* m elaborate4 ,"s ( ! bosses are v   
rem>kable3 "o       has ,/4 ,e!ldr$a )  

pa/oral /aff2 "o has ! coronation (     
! ,virg9 ,m>y2 "o has ! f\ndress be>+ ! 
model ( a       *ur*1 9 :i* 7z ,dean    
,/ubbs has po9t$ out7 bo? arms ( !      
we/]n transept are repres5t$1 s t x is a
 fair inf]5ce       t at ! "t ?is ro( 0 
con/ruct$ ! :ole ( ! we/]n              
transept 0 /&+4         8,betwe5 ! *oir 
& presbyt]y !re rise ! massive ,norman  
pi]s built z ! entrance to ! apse2 & ^! 
are ! only       rema9s ( ! ,norman *ur*
 ea/ ( ! octagon40--7,w4 ,d4 ,s47    ,! 
magnific5t ,*oir-,/alls1 ) _! beautiful 
canopies1 are ?\ght  to be ,wals+ham's  
"w4 ,!y are consid]$ ! f9e/ ,decorat$   
/alls  9 exi/5ce4 ,! mis]]es %[ wond]ful
 c>v+s4    ,! ,r]$os1 ( alaba/]1 design$
 by ,scott1 /&s 9 ! c5tre (  ! scre5 (  
/one t runs along ! :ole ( ! presbyt]y1 
!  l[] "p ( :i* is a diap] patt]n & !   
upp] portion an op5  arcade ( six ar*es 
7,e>ly ,decorat$ /yle74         8,! ea/ 
end ( ,ely is ! gr&e/ example ( ! gr\p+ 
(       lancets4444 ,ely is also        
und\bt$ly ! head ( all ea/ ends &       

ea/]n limbs ( t class 9 :i* ! ma9 body (
 ! *ur* is       ( ! same height        
?r\gh\t1 & 9 :i* ! aisles are br\ght    
out to ! full l5g? ( ! build+40--7,e4   
,a4 ,f47    ,at ! end ( !               
nor?-*oir-aisle we come to ! ,*apel (   
,bi%op  ,alcock 7di$ #aejj71 ,bi%op (   
,ely f #adhf to #aejj4 ,he 0 a great    
ar*itect1 built ! great hall 9 !        
,bi%op's palace at ,ely & also  ?is v   
ornate *apel4 ,x dates f #adhh4 ,! ro(  
is compos$ (  fan-trac]y1 ) a l>ge      
p5dant2 & ! walls are cov]$ )  canopies1
 tab]nacles1 crockets1 ni*es1 panels &  
o!r decorations  ) lavi% display4 ,!    
figures h gone f ! ni*es4 ,a cock on a  
globe--,alcock's rebus--occurs on !     
/one-"w v frequ5tly4    ,at ! end ( !   
s\?-*oir-aisle we f9d ! correspond+     
,*apel (  ,bi%op ,we/ 7di$ #aecc74 ,?is 
is simil> 9 /yle to ! ,alcock *apel1  b 
less ornate4    ,sev]al bi%ops are buri$
 9 ?is *apel4 ,?\gh we may c>e little or
  no?+ = ! c>e]s ( ! dignit>ies :o lie  
!re1 or :o are  p]petuat$ by monum5ts1  

we f9d among ! tombs "s f9e examples (  
sculpture & ornam5t ( ! pa/4    ,=      
in/ance1 t ( ,bi%op ,l\? 7di$ #abih71 "u
 ! fir/ ar* (  ! presbyt]y 9 !          
s\?-*oir-aisle1 is a f9e example ( ,e>ly
  ,decorat$4    ,9 ! la/ ar*1 be=e rea*+
 ,bi%op ,we/'s ,*apel1 ! tomb (  ,bi%op 
,ho?am 7di$ #accg7 calls = att5tion4    
,"u ! f\r ar*es ( ! presbyt]y on ! nor?1
 betwe5 ! /alls  & ! alt>1 is t ( ,bi%op
 ,r$man 7di$ #aeje71 a v f9e  specim5 ( 
enri*$ ,p]p5dicul> "w4    ,next is !    
effigy ( ,bi%op ,kilk5ny 7di$ #abef71 a 
f9e example (  ,e>ly ,engli%4    ,9 !   
next ar* a l>ge ,decorat$ /ructure ( two
 /ories1 believ$ by  ,scott to h be5    
built by ,wals+ham z ! base = ! ,%r9e ( 
,/4  ,e!ldr$a1 0 =m]ly kn[n z ,bi%op    
,ho?am's %r9e4    ,9 ! ar* nor? ( ! alt>
 is ! tomb ( ! build] ( !  presbyt]y1   
,bi%op ,nor?wold 7di$ #abed71 :o is     
repres5t$ 9 full  ve/m5ts4    ,x is only
 natural t ! transepts %\ld %[ simil>ity
 ) ^?  ( ,w9*e/]1 consecrat$ 9 #ajic1   
sev5 ye>s be=e ,simeon (  ,w9*e/] came  

to ,ely4 ,he began 8 "w1 z we h se51 "h1
 &  got up z f> z ! tri=ium4 ,! cl]e/ory
 0 add$ by 8  successor4 ,alt]ations    
took place at lat] p]iods1 & n[ bo?     
tri=ium & cl]e/ory are almo/ id5tical ) 
^? 9 ! nave4    ,9 ! s\? transept       
,p]p5dicul> w9d[s (    ,illu/ration3    
,,ely3 ,,ea/ ,,end ,,& ,,lady-,,*apel   
,illu/ration3 ,,ely3 ,,lady-,,*apel     
?ree lights h replac$ ! we/]n w9d[s ( ! 
tri=ium4 ,two  l>ge ,p]p5dicul> w9d[s   
ornam5t ! nor? end & a curi\s w9d[  (   
sev5 lights adorns ! s\?4 ,gall]ies1    
ar*es1 & arcades af=d  exce$+ly int]e/+ 
/udy4    ,on ! ea/ ( ! nor? transept are
 ?ree *apels1 "o ( :i* has  be5 re/or$ =
 private devotion4 ,old pa9t+s ( !      
,m>tyrdom (  ,/4 ,edmund on ! ro( h giv5
 x ! "n ( ,/4 ,edmund's ,*apel4  ,!     
scre5 9 front dates f ab\t #acej4    ,f 
! nor? transept we ent] ! ,lady-,*apel4 
8,not)/&+ ! cruel mutilation ( !        
sculpture all r\nd       ?is *apel1 x c 
be se5 t = p]fection ( exquisite "w     
!re is no build+ ( ! size 9 ?is c\ntry  

wor?y = "o       mom5t to be comp>$ )   
?is 9 its unmutilat$ /ate4 ,its         
s+le defect /rikes ! behold] at once3 ! 
span ( ! ro( is       too broad & !     
vault+ too depress$ = ! size ( !        
*apel4 ,! w9d[s on ! nor? h be5 re/or$4 
,! end       w9d[s1 :i* are ( great     
size1 are ( lat] date2 t to !       ea/ 
has a look ( ,transition "w ab\t x4 ,!  
build+ 0       f9i%$ 9 #acdi1 & ! ea/   
w9d[ 0 ins]t$ by ,bi%op       ,b>net1   
circa #acgc4 ,! great beauty ( ! int]ior
 consi/s 9       ! s]ies ( tab]nacle "w 
& canopies t run r\nd all !       f\r   
sides bel[ & betwe5 ! w9d[s4 ,! heads ( 
! canopies       project4 ,9 ! trac]y   
b5ea?1 at ! head ( ! mullion1 0 a       
/atue4 ,! delicate c>v+ ( ! cusps & o!r 
trac]y is       v>i$ ?r\gh\t4 ,on !     
sp&rels 7 incid5ts connect$ )       !   
hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 7ma9ly leg5d>y7 &
 ( ,julian !       ,apo/ate2 & ?\gh 9 no
 s+le in/ance is a p]fect un9jur$       
specim5 left1 yet en\gh rema9s1 9 all b 
a few cases1 = !       orig9al subjects 

to be id5tifi$4 ,all 0 once enri*$ )    
col\r1 & _m traces rema92 & 9 v>i\s p>ts
 ( ! w9d[s       !re are fragm5ts ( /a9$
 glass4 ,mo/ ( ! monum5tal       tablets
 :i* once disfigur$ ! arcade bel[ !     
w9d[s h       be5 happily remov$ into ! 
ve/ibule4 ,! ar*es & canopies at       !
 ea/ end are arrang$ diff]5tly f ^? on !
 sides4 ,9       ! ro(1 :i* rem9ds u ( !
 contempor>y ro( 9 ! *oir1       are "s 
c>v$ bosses1 n l>ge1 b s+ul>ly good4    
,among !       subjects c be recognis$ a
 ,crucifixion1 ) half-figures beside    
! cross2 ,adam & ,eve2 ! ,virg9 ,m>y &  
,elizabe?1 hold+       betwe5 !m a book 
inscrib$ #8,magnificat'2 !              
,annunciation1 )       #8,ave ,m>ia     
,gratia pl5a'2 ! ,asc5sion1 indicat$ by 
! skirt &       feet ( ! ,savi\r & five 
heads ( apo/les2 ! ,coronation (       !
 ,virg92 & ! ,virg9 9 an aureole40--7,w4
 ,d4 ,s47          ,,norwi*             
,,d$ication3 ,,! ,,holy ,,tr9ity4 ,,*ur*
 ,,( ,a ,,b5$ict9e ,,mona/]y4      ,?is 
,ca!dral 0 begun 9 #ajif by ,h]b]t de   

,los+a1 ! bi%op  appo9t$ by ,william    
,rufus1 :o _h receiv$ 8 education 9     
,norm&y1  & :o became prior ( ,fcamp4   
,no e>li] *ur* /ood on ! site4 ,x  0    
d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,tr9ity4         8,! 
*>act]i/ics ( ! ca!dral are--its long   
nave1 :i* is       typical ( ! ,norman  
*ur*2 its glori\s apsidal t]m9ation1    
encircl$ by a procession pa?1 :i*       
recalls ! plan ( a ,fr5*       ca!dral2 
& ! =m ( ?is1 ) ! rema9s ( its old      
bi%ops' *air c5trally plac$1 & ) !      
we/w>d position1 (       ! ?rone at     
,torcello & o!r ,italian *ur*es1 ( !    
basilican       type ( plan4         8,x
 is int]e/+ to note t ,h]b]t's e>ly     
,fr5* tra9+       influ5c$ him 9 !      
plann+ ( ! beautiful ea/]n t]m9ation    
to 8 ca!dral1 & ! gr& sweep ( !         
procession pa?4       ,simil> apsidal   
t]m9ations1 ( slightly lat] date1 once  
exi/$       at ,ely1 & /ill rema9 9 a   
modifi$ =m at ,pet]bor\gh & ,/4         
,b>?olomew's4         8,x is probable1 &
 ! m g5]ally accr$it$ supposition1      

t ,h]b]t built ! presbyt]y ) its        
encircl+ procession       pa? & !       
orig9al trefoil ( ,norman *apel radiat+ 
!refrom2--! *oir & transepts ) ! two    
*apels project+       ea/w>ds & ! fir/  
two bays ( ! nave4 ,h>rod advances a    
!ory t he completely f9i%$ ! :ole ( !   
ca!dral       *ur*1 z well z ! (fices = 
! h\s+ ( ! sixty monks       :o 7 plac$ 
!re91 9 #aaja40--7;,c4 ,h4 ,b4 ,q47     
,norwi* acquir$ its *ief sa9t 9 !       
,twelf? ,c5tury1 & a sa9t1  moreov]1 t  
mu* resembl$ ,little ,sa9t ,hugh (      
,l9coln4 ,a "y  boy1 ,william1 ! *ild ( 
simple c\ntry p1 0 murd]$ by !  ,jews 9 
! city4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 dea? miracles
 took place4 ,!  monks plac$ 8 alt> ne> 
! ante-*oir1 & rak$ 9 ! (f]+s4    ,!    
,ca!dral suff]$ f fires1 & ! t[] 0 /ruck
 by lightn+  9 #abga4 ,!re 0 also a     
t]rible riot betwe5 ! p & ! monks  9 !  
,?irte5? ,c5tury1 :5 ! ,ca!dral 0       
besieg$4 ,!  mona/]y & ! ,ca!dral 7     
burn$1 & _m monks 7 kill$4  ,"s citiz5s 
( ,norwi* 7 hang$1 drawn & qu>t]$1 & !  

city  _h to repair ! *ur*4 ,! monks 7   
compell$ to erect new gates  &          
entrances1 "o ( :i*1 ,/4 ,e!lb]t's      
,gate1 /ill exi/s 7see  page #cea74     
,ab\t #acfa ! spire & p>ts ( ! t[] 7    
bl[n d[n1 & !  presbyt]y 0 damag$4      
,!re=e1 ! cl]e/ory 0 rebuilt1 & 9  !    
transitional /yle f ,decorat$ to        
,p]p5dicul>4 ,! ,cloi/]s  date f ab\t   
?is "t1 & s does ! ,erp+ham ,gate4 ,9 ! 
middle  ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury ! nave     
vault 0 con/ruct$2 & x 0  "u ! two rules
 ( ,bi%op ,lyh>t & ,bi%op ,goldwell t ! 
,ca!dral 0 practically complet$ z we see
 x to-day4 ,dean ,g>d9]  pull$ d[n !    
,lady-,*apel & ! ,*apt]-,h\se 9 !       
,sixte5?  ,c5tury1 & 9 ! ,sev5te5?      
,c5tury ,cromwell's soldi]s took        
possession4    ,bi%op ,hall tells u h[  
!y behav$3         8,"l1 :at "w 0 "h1   
:at clatt]+ ( glasses1 :at beat+        
d[n ! ,walls1 :at te>+ up ( ,monum5ts1  
:at pull+ d[n (       ,seats1 :at wre/+ 
out ( ,irons & ,brass f ! ,w9d[s &      
,graves6 ,:at defac+ ( ,armes1 :at      

demoli%+ ( curi\s /one       "w1 t _h n 
any repres5tation 9 ! ,_w1 b only ( !   
co/ ( ! ,f\nd] & skill ( ! ,mason1 :at  
tot+ & pip+       ^u ! de/roy$ ,organ   
pipes1 & :at a hide\s triumph on !      
,m>ket day be=e all ! ,c\ntrey1 :51 9 a 
k9d ( ,sacrilegi\s       & pr(ane       
procession1 all ! ,organ pipes1         
,ve/m5ts1 bo? ,copes       & ,surplices1
 toge!r ) ! ,lead5 ,crosse :i* _h be5   
newly       sawne d[n f ov] ! ,gre5-,y>d
 ,pulpit1 & ! ,s]vice books       & s++ 
books t c\ld be _h1 7 c>ri$ to ! fire 9 
! publick ,m>ket place2 ,a leud wret*   
walk+ be=e ! ,tra91       9 8 ,cope     
trail+ 9 ! dirt1 ) a ,s]vice book 9 8   
h&1       imitat+ 9 an impi\s scorne !  
tune1 & usurp+ ! words (       !        
,letany2 ne] ! ,publick ,crosse1 all ^! 
monum5ts (       ,idolatry mu/ be       
sacrific$ to ! fire1 n )\t mu*          
,o/5tation ( a zeal\s joy40    ,!       
,prec9cts are1 l ^? ( all ,engli%       
ca!drals1 lovely1 &  ^! are =tunate     
en\gh to be ent]$ by sev]al anci5t      

gates4 ,!  "o on ! s\?1 ,/4 ,e!lb]t's   
,gate 7,e>ly ,decorat$71 0 built 9  !   
,?irte5? ,c5tury1 aft] ! riots & fire ( 
#abgb4 ,! ,gate ,h\se  7,p]p5dicul>71 on
 ! nor?1 is ! entrance to ! ,bi%op's    
,palace4    ,opposite ! we/ front we f9d
 ! ,erp+ham ,gate1 built ab\t #adbj1 by 
,sir ,?omas ,erp+ham1 ^: figure /&s 9 ! 
ni*e ov] ! wide  ar*4 ,x is a greatly   
admir$ piece ( ,p]p5dicul> "w4    ,!    
,we/ ,front 7,p]p5dicul>7 cle>ly def9es 
! wid? ( ! nave &  ! aisles on ei!r     
side4 ,ov] ! c5tre door is ! l>ge we/   
w9d[  ( n9e lights1 (t5 comp>$ to ! w9d[
 ( ,we/m9/] ,hall4 ,above  is a gable1  
surm\nt$ by a cross4 ,! doors date f    
#adcf1 & !  we/ w9d[ f ,bi%op ,lyh>t's  
"t 7#addf-adgb74 ,!re are no t[]s  "h2 =
 ! p9nacles plac$ on ! side turrets 9   
#ahge are n  des]v+ ( ?is "n4           
8,! ,t[] & ,spire /& at ! int]section ( 
! *oir &       transepts1 cov]$ )       
v]tical %afts on ! face ( ea*4 ,!       
t[] is ,norman buttress1 :i* is f9i%$ by
 a crocket$       p9nacle4 ,betwe5 ^!   

buttresses are horizontal b&s ( design3 
! l[e/1 a ,norman arcade ( n9e ar*es1   
?ree ( :i* are       pi]c$ z w9d[s2 !n1 
above ?is1 a small] wall arcade )       
int]lac$ ar*es2 & !n1 above aga91 !     
pr9cipal feature1 an       arcad+ ( n9e 
ar*es1 ?ree pi]c$ = w9d[s1 & ! o!rs     
fill$ ) wall trac]y ( diamonds &        
circles2 !n1 betwe5       ?is la/ & !   
battlem5t$ p>apet1 occur five v]tical   
panels1       ea* compris+ two circles1 
! upp] pi]c$ = a w9d[4 ,above1          
so>+ upw>d1 rises ! lat] crocket$ spire4
 ,! re/ ( !       t[] 0 f9i%$ dur+ !    
reign ( ,h5ry ,i41 & is a beautiful     
specim5 ( ! "w ( t "t2 ! /onework 0     
almo/       entirely refac$ 9 #ahef4 ,! 
t[] 0 cr[n$ by a wood5 spire       f    
#abig2 ?is 0 bl[n d[n 9 #acfa1 damag+ ! 
presbyt]y s       badly t ! cl]e/ory _h 
to be rebuilt4 ,! wood5 spire 0         
con/ruct$ probably at ! same "t1 & !    
pres5t ,e>ly       ,p]p5dicul> turrets 7
 add$4 ,! spire 0 aga9 9 #adfc          
/ruck by lightn+1 & aga9 fall+ ea/w>d1  

w5t ?r\gh !       presbyt]y ro(4 ,!     
pres5t spire 0 !n con/ruct$ 9 /one by   
,bi%op ,lyh>t 7#addf-gb71 & 0 f9i%$ by 8
 successor1 ,bi%op       ,goldwell      
7#adgb-ii71 :o add$ ! battlem5ts4       
8,x w h>dly be necess>y to enl>ge on !  
beauty ( ?is spire       ( ,norwi*1 z ! 
dom9ant feature1 se5 f ! s\?-ea/1       
ris+ above ! curv$ sweep ( ! apse1 &    
/rongly buttress$       by ! s\?        
transept1 x /&s up1 cle>ly def9$ aga9/ !
       we/]n sky1 & po9ts upw>d1        
significant & symbolical at once       (
 ! ends & aspirations ( ! *ur* bel[4    
8,! ea/]n arm1 or presbyt]y1 takes its  
hi/ory f ! t[]4       ,"h1 z 9 ! nave1 !
 orig9al tri=ium w9d[s are block$       
up1 & a range ( ,p]p5dicul> "w          
sup]impos$ on ! old4       ,above &     
beyond ?is1 support$ betwe5 ea* bay by  
fly+-buttresses1 comes ! transitional   
,decorat$ to       ,p]p5dicul> cl]e/ory1
 high] ?an ! orig9al ,norman            
cl]e/ory rema9+ to ! nave4 ,at ! base ( 
ea*       fly+-buttress are figures (   

sa9ts4 ,! ro( & ,norman       cl]e/ory 7
 damag$ by ! fall+ t[] 9 #acfa1 b 7     
rebuilt by ,bi%op ,p]cy1 #acee-fi4 ,?is 
"w is transitional       ,decorat$ to   
,p]p5dicul>4 ,! presbyt]y 0 !n re-ro($ )
       a fram$ timb] con/ruction1 :i* 0 
consum$ by ! fall+ (       ! burn+      
spire1 /ruck by lightn+ 9 #adfc4 ,!     
pres5t /one       vault 0 add$ 9 its    
place by ,bi%op ,goldwell1 #adgb-ii4    
,?is       necessitat$ ! addition z well
 ( fly+-buttresses to take !       ?ru/ 
( ! vault4         8,! battlem5t+ to !  
presbyt]y also 0 add$ at ! same       "t
 z ! fly+-buttresses4         8,x w also
 be not$ t "h1 z 9 ! nave1 an addition 0
       made 9 ! way ( a range ( lat]    
#8,p]p5dicul>' w9d[s       sup]impos$   
ov] ! orig9al ,norman tri=ium1 :i* 0    
block$       up40--7,c4 ,h4 ,b4 ,q47    
,! s\? transept projects "u ! c5tral    
t[]4    ,next foll[s ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>y
 ! ,less 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury7  project+   
s\?w>d1 !n ! circul> ,*apel ( ,/4 ,luke 
7,norman71  v peculi> 9 =m1 ) two r[s ( 

arcad+4    ,! nor? side is well view$ f 
! ,bi%op's ,g>d5s4 ,x diff]s  little f !
 s\? side1 except 9 ! fact t x has be5  
less  re/or$4 ,! *apel correspond+ ) !  
,*apel ( ,/4 ,luke is !  ,jesus ,*apel1 
& is also circul>4 ,"h we f9d           
,p]p5dicul> w9d[s  ins]t$ 9 ! ,norman   
"w4         8,! nave on ! s\? side c be 
se5 well ei!r f ! upp]       or l[]     
,close1 & c be bett] exam9$ 9 detail f !
       int]ior ( ! cloi/]s4 ,its        
elevation consi/s ( f\rte5 bays         
divid$ by flat ,norman buttresses4 ,9   
height x is compos$ (       :at1 at fir/
 sight1 appe>s a bewild]+ confusion (   
ar*es1       arcades & w9d[s4 ,ov] !    
aisle w9d[s1 hidd5 by ! nor?       walk 
( cloi/]s1 comes a ,norman wall arcad+2 
& ov] ?is !       ,norman tri=ium w9d[s 
block$ up1 & aga91 above ! lat]         
,p]p5dicul> tri=ium1 sup]impos$ on !    
old1 & f9i%$ )       a battlem5t$       
p>apet4 ,beh9d ?is come ! tri=ium ro(1 &
       !n beyond ! orig9al ,norman      
cl]e/ory1 ea* bay ) a triple       ar*  

=mation1 ! c5tre ar* pi]c$ = a w9d[4 ,& 
!n       above all1 ! lead ro( ov] !    
nave vault4         8,! radical *anges t
 h tak5 place s9ce ! nave 0 built       
by ,bi%op ,ebor>d 7#aaba-de7 consi/ ( ! 
ins]tion 9 ! aisles       ( lat]        
#8,decorat$' trac]i$ w9d[s 9 place ( !  
orig9al       ,norman ones1 & ( !       
sup]imposition1 be=e ref]r$ to1 at      
tri=ium level1 ( a :ole range (         
#8,p]p5dicul>' w9d[s ov]       ! old    
,norman "w1 :i* 7 block$ up at ?is      
p]iod4 ,!       battlem5t+1 too1 ov] !  
cl]e/ory to ! nave is lat] "w1       to 
correspond ) battlem5t+ ov] ! tri=ium   
w9d[s4 ,x       w be notic$ t ! two bays
 next ! transept 9 !       tri=ium are  
high] ?an ! o!rs1 9 ord] to ?r[         
additional       light into ! *oir4     
8,also on ?is same s\? side1 9 ! sev5? &
 eigh? bays f       ! we/ end1 two v    
late w9d[s occur1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,norman    
arcad+ "u ! orig9al tri=ium w9d[s2 ^! 7 
ins]t$       by ,bi%op ,nykke to light !
 *apel he built 9 two bays ( !       s\?

 aisle ( ! nave4         8,! curi\s rak+
 ( ! lead rolls to ! nave ro( is        
noticeable2 ! m$ival build]s did ?is ) a
 view (       c\nt]act+ ! #8crawl' ( !  
lead40--7,c4 ,h4 ,b4 ,q47    ,norwi*    
,ca!dral is fam\s = its magnific5t      
int]ior4 ,a noble view  is obta9$ on    
ent]+1 = ! great ,nave rea*es #bjj feet 
to !  *oir-scre52 & if ! organ on !     
latt] 7 remov$1 ! view  w\ld be long]1 =
 ! extreme l5g? ( ! ,ca!dral is #djg    
feet4  ,! p]spective is spl5did1 z x is1
 & v l>gely is x s because  ( ! li]ne   
vault ( ,p]p5dicul> days1 :i* relieves !
 sev]ity  ( ! ,norman "w bel[4    ,!    
nave consi/s ( sev5 d\ble bays 7f\rte5  
comp>tm5ts7 f !  we/ end to ! transepts4
 ,! ma9 pi]s are1 ( c\rse1 l>ge1 & !    
arcade ar*es are ornam5t$ ) ! billet4 ,!
 tri=ium ar*es are  decorat$ ) a *evron 
or zigzag4 ,ov] x is ! typical ,norman  
cl]e/ory & above all spreads ! h&some   
li]ne vault  7,p]p5dicul>74 ,?is spl5did
 vault 7#gb feet71 built by ,bi%op      
,lyh>t  7#addf-adgb71 aft] ! ,norman ro(

 _h be5 de/roy$ by fire 9 #adfc1  is (  
great value to ! /ud5t4 ,!re are #cbh   
c>v$ bosses at !  int]section ( ! ribs1 
! subjects ( :i* are tak5 f ,biblical   
hi/ory4         8,! vault is (          
,p]p5dicul> design1 & kn[n z li]ne2 su* 
vaults may be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t      
betwe5 ! ma9 ribs1       spr++ f !      
vault+ %afts1 are plac$ cross ribs =m+ a
       patt]n1 z x 71 & brac+ ! ma9     
ribs1 b n 9 any       great measure     
/ructural4 ,?is vault at ,norwi* may be 
tak5 z       typical ( ! la/ legitimate 
developm5t ( ! /one ro(2 x       0 !    
precursor ( ! lat] fan-vault+1 su* z we 
f9d 9       ,h5ry ,,vii4's *apel at     
,we/m9/]1 :]e legitimate con/ruction    
0 replac$ by o/5tati\s +5uity & !       
accumulation (       ne$less ornam5t &  
detail4         8,to all ^? :o take an  
int]e/ 9 e>ly /one-cutt+1 ?is           
vault ( ,norwi* is a /ore ( inexhau/ible
 treasure2 ! bosses1       rudely cut z 
!y are1 tell _! own tales ) s+ul> tru?  
& directness4 ,_! sculpture may n       

display ! anatomical       k ( ! "w ( ! 
,r5aissance2 yet x has a di/9ct         
decorative value t has be5 seldom       
equall$ 9 ! lat]       decad5t p]iod4 ,!
 f\rte5 l>ge c5tral bosses on ! ma9     
longitud9al ribs pres5t 9 !mselves an   
epitome n only (       ,bible hi/ory1 b 
( ! connect+ incid5ts =m+ ! !me (       
,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,9 ! t5? bay1 on !      
longitud9al rib1       !re is1 9 place (
 a boss1 a circul> hole ?r\gh ! vault4  
,x is suppos$ to h be5 =m$ to all[ a    
?urible to be       susp5d$ !refrom into
 ! *ur* bel[4 ,h>rod1 quot+ f           
,lamb>d's #8,topographical ,diction>y1' 
says3 #8,i myself1 be+ a       *ild1    
once saw 9 ,p\le's ,*ur* at ,london1 at 
a fea/ (       ,:itsontide1 :e>e !      
comyng d[n ( ! ,holy ,go/ 0 set =?      
by a :ite pigeon t 0 let to fly out ( a 
hole t is yet to       be se5 9 ! myd/ (
 ! ro( ( ! great ile1 & by a long       
c5s] :i*1 desc5d+ out ( ! same place    
almo/ to ! v       gr\nd1 0 sw+$ up &   
d[n at su* a l5g? t x rea*$ at       "o 

swepe almo/ to ! we/ gate ( ! *ur*1 & ) 
!       o!r to ! que] quire /airs ( !   
same1 brea?+ out ov]       ! :ole *ur* &
 companie a mo/ pleasant p]fume ( su*   
sweet       ?+s z burn$ !re94'          
8,x is probable t ! hole 9 ! nave vault 
at ,norwi* 0 us$       = a simil>       
purpose2 & its position w\ld seem to    
agree )       su* use1 situat$ z x is   
ab\t midway betwe5 ! we/ end &       :]e
 ! front ( ! m$ival rood l(t            
occurr$40--7,c4 ,h4 ,b4 ,q47    ,9 !    
aisles we f9d ,decorat$ w9d[s1 & 9 !    
tri=ium1  ,p]p5dicul> w9d[s4    ,!      
,*oir-,scre5 0 erect$ by ,bi%op ,lyh>t 9
 #addf-adgb1 b only !  l[] "p surviv$ ! 
fury ( ! ,puritan mob4 ,! organ 0 plac$ 
9  its pres5t position 9 #ahcc4         
,imm$iately "u ! organ l(t is a  s+le   
comp>tm5t1 block$ (f f ! nor? & s\?     
aisles by  scre5s t orig9ally belong$ to
 "o old scre5 7,p]p5dicul>74 ,?is       
ante-*apel 0 =m]ly ! *apel ( ,our ,lady 
( ,pity4    ,! ,*oir ext5ds a little    
into ! nave1 &1 !re=e1 beyond !  t[] &  

transepts4 ,!re are sixty spl5did       
,*oir-/alls ( !  ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 )    
ornate mis]]es4 ,! ,bi%op's ,?rone &    
,pulpit are mod]n4 ,! old ,pelican      
,lect]n1 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle1  %\ld be   
notic$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,norwi*3 ,,ea/
    ,illu/ration3 ,,norwi*3 ,,*oir    ,!
 ,presbyt]y is ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ca!dral4 
,x consi/s (  f\r comp>tm5ts1 or bays1 &
 t]m9ates 9 a semicircul> apse (  five  
comp>tm5ts4 ,we f9d "h ,p]p5dicul>      
ar*es1 a l(ty ,norman  tri=ium1 &       
cl]e/ory w9d[s ( ! transitional p]iod f 
,decorat$ to ,p]p5dicul>4 ,! :ole effect
 is ,norman & noble4  ,un=tunately ! old
 glass ( ! w9d[s has p]i%$4    ,! aisles
 ( ! presbyt]y are also call$ !         
,processional ,pa?1 &  consi/ ( f\r     
bays1 & five ar\nd ! apse4 ,a door 9 !  
nor?  aisle op5s into ! g>d5s ( !       
,bi%op's ,palace2 & 9 ?is aisle1  at !  
f\r? bay ea/ ( ! t[]1 !re is a v peculi>
  bridge-*apel t spans ! aisle4 ,critics
 say t x =m$ !  ante-*apel to ! reliqu>y
 *apel project+ nor?w>d f ! out]  wall (

 ! ,ca!dral1 & t x 0 probably built z a 
bridge =  exhibit+ relics z !           
processions pass$ along und]nea?4    ,on
 ! s\? side ( ! presbyt]y 7?ird bay7 is 
! ,*apel ( ,/4  ,m>y ! ,less1 or ,bau*on
 ,*apel 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury74 ,x projects 
beyond ! wall4 ,! vault is ,fifte5?     
,c5tury1 & ! bosses  repres5t ! ,life1  
,dea? & ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,?is is 
n[ !  ,consi/ory ,c\rt4    ,! nor?      
transept is )\t aisles or tri=ium4      
,arcad+ decorates  ! wall up to !       
cl]e/ory4 ,above is a li]ne vault ( lat]
 date1 (  c\rse1 ?an ! transept4 ,! old 
apsidal *apel on ! ea/ 7d$icat$  to ,/4 
,anne7 is n[ us$ z a /or]oom4    ,a     
/aircase 9 ! ea/ wall ( ! nor? transept 
leads to !  t[]-gall]ies & walks1 v     
int]e/+ 9 !mselves & af=d+  glimpses    
?r\gh _! op5+s into ! nave1 presbyt]y & 
transepts  bel[4    ,betwe5 ! s\? aisle 
( ! presbyt]y & ! s\? transept a        
beautiful scre5 ( late ,p]p5dicul>      
trac]y fills ! ,norman ar*4  ,! ro(1 l t
 ( ! nor? transept1 orig9ally ( wood1 0 

de/roy$ by fire 9 #aeji1 & a new vault  
add$ 9 ,p]p5dicul> times4    ,( ! ?ree  
*apels gr\p$ ar\nd ! presbyt]y ! ,jesus 
,*apel on  ! nor? & ! *apel on ! s\?1   
,/4 ,luke's1 rema94 ,!  ,lady-,*apel1 at
 ! extreme ea/1 has p]i%$4    ,! ,norman
 ,lady-,*apel 0 p>tly de/roy$ by ! fire 
( #aafi1 & 0  succe$$ by an ,e>ly       
,engli% *apel ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,?is
 0  de/roy$ 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury2 b !   
f9ely proportion$ entrance  ar*es /ill  
rema94 ,!y are ornam5t$ ) ! dog-too?4   
,x is n (t5 t anci5t alt>-pieces are    
f\nd 9 ! ,engli%  ca!drals2 b ,norwi*   
possesses a ,retable1 suppos$ to be ! "w
 (  an ,italian pa9t] ( ! ,f\rte5?      
,c5tury4 ,x is 9 five panels--,!        
,sc\rg+1 ,be>+ ! ,cross1 ,crucifixion1  
,resurrection & ,asc5sion4  ,x 0 =m]ly 9
 ! ,jesus ,*apel4    ,! ,cloi/]s are 9  
_! usual position--on ! s\?4 ,orig9ally 
^! 7 ,norman1 & p]i%$ by fire 9 #abgb4  
,! pres5t ones 7  #acc ye>s 9 build+1 & 
s !y reveal ! developm5ts (  ar*itecture
 dur+ #abig-adcj4 ,! cloi/] g>? is ab\t 

#ade feet  squ>e4         8,! ar*es are 
fill$ ) op5 trac]y c>ri$ by two         
mullions4         8,on ! ea/ side x is  
geometrical 9 "*1 ! "w be+              
transitional betwe5 ,e>ly ,engli% &     
,decorat$2 on ! s\?       side ! trac]y 
is m fl[+ & has advanc$ to ,decorat$2 on
       ! we/ side aga91 we get !        
transitional /yle betwe5       ,decorat$
 & ,p]p5dicul>1 ) "s flamboyant or      
flame-l       detail2 :ile on ! nor? &  
late/ side x is frankly                 
,p]p5dicul>40--7,c4 ,h4 ,b4 ,q47    ,!y 
are ent]$ f ! s\? side ( ! nave1 (      
c\rse4 ,! ,monk's  ,door1 op5+ into !   
,ea/ ,walk1 is an ornate specim5 (      
,p]p5dicul>2 & ! ,prior's ,door1 op5+   
into ! ,we/ ,walk1 a f9e  specim5 (     
,e>ly ,decorat$4          ,,/4 ,,albans 
,,d$ication3 ,,/4 ,,alban4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,a
 ,,b5$ict9e ,,mona/]y4      ,:5 ,sir    
,gilb]t ,scott began to re/ore & repair 
! old abbey *ur*  ( ,/4 ,albans1 9      
#ahgj1 he f\nd x 9 a v dilapidat$       
condition4  ,among o!r base uses to :i* 

v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,ca!dral _h be5  put1 !  
,lady-,*apel _h be5 conv]t$ into a      
gramm>-s*ool1 & a  ?or\ghf>e _h be5 made
 ?r\gh ! retro-*oir4 ,aft] ,scott's     
dea?1  9 #ahgh1 ,"l ,grim?orpe1 :o _h   
be5 dilig5t & lib]al = ye>s  reg>d+     
re/orations1 succe$$ 9 gett+ control ( !
 entire "w4  ,he made v>i\s *anges &    
additions1 & ins]t$ w9d[s at 8 own      
pleasure1 n always ) judgm5t1 nor 9 !   
be/ ta/e4 ,!  consequ5ce is t ,/4       
,albans is op5 to mu* criticism4 ,yet x 
rema9s  an int]e/+ old pile 9 _m        
respects4    ,/4 ,albans did n become a 
ca!dral until #ahgg4 ,x 0 a fam\s old   
abbey *ur*1 dat+ back to ! days ( ,(fa  
,,ii41 ,k+ ( ! ,m]cians1  :o f\nd$ a    
,b5$ict9e mona/]y "h ab\t #gic4 ,f ?is  
"t until  ! suppression ( ! mona/]ies by
 ,h5ry ,,viii41 ! ,abbey ( ,/4  ,albans 
0 ( ! greate/ importance4 ,its ,abbot _h
 a seat 9 ! ,h\se  ( ,lords1 & took     
prec$5ce ( all ! abbots 9 ! k+dom4      
,naturally1 !re=e1 ! li/ ( abbots is    
notable4 ,"s ( !m 7  relat$ to ! royal  

family4 ,among ^? especially di/+ui%$ 73
  ,paul ( ,ca51 ,john de ,cella1        
,william ( ,trump+ton1 ,john ( ,h]t=d1  
,rog] ( ,norton1 ,hugh ( ,ev]sd51 ,ri*>d
 ( ,wall+=d1 ,?omas de la  ,m>e1 ,john  
de la ,moote1 ,john ( ,:ea?amp/ead1 &   
,?omas ,wolsey1 !  great c>d9al4        
,royalty 0 ent]ta9$ 9 ! ,abbey on _m    
occasions z bo? gue/ &  prison]4 ,:5 !  
,abbey 0 consecrat$ 9 #aaae by !        
,ar*bi%op (  ,r\51 ,h5ry ,i4 & 8 que51  
,matilda1 ) _! c\rti]s1 7  ent]ta9$ f   
,decemb] #bg until ,janu>y #f2 ,ri*>d   
,,ii4 /ay$ "h  = eight days aft] ,wat   
,tyl]'s rebellion _h subsid$2 & "h !    
conspiracy aga9/ him 0 plann$1 :5 !     
,duke ( ,gl\ce/] & !  ,prior ( ,we/m9/] 
7 d9+ ) ! abbot1 ,john de la ,moote4 ,9 
#acii ,john ( ,gaunt's body re/$ "h2 &  
,ri*>d ,,ii41 & ,h5ry1 ,duke  ( ,lanca/]
 7,h5ry ,,iv47 7 "h 9 ! same ye>4 ,dur+ 
! ,w>s (  ! ,roses ! ,abbey ( ,/4       
,albans 0 frequ5tly us$ z a prison4 ,9  
! fir/ battle ( ,/4 ,albans 7,may #bc1  
#adee71 :5 ! ,:ite ,roses 7  victori\s1 

,h5ry 0 conf9$ 9 ! mona/]y2 b 9 ! second
  battle 7,febru>y #ag1 #adfa71 ! k+1   
hav+ be5 captur$1 0 set at  lib]ty by 8 
brave wife1 ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1 :o m>*$ f  
,wakefield  ) #ah1jjj m54 ,! royal p>ty 
w5t to ! ,abbey1 :]e ! monks  *ant$     
?anksgiv+ & 9 e way receiv$ !m )        
delight4 ,!  undiscipl9$ horde ( soldi]s
 un=tunately ran wild 9 ! t[n &  plund]$
 ! ,abbey4 ,_! behavi\r 0 su* t ,abbot  
,john ,/okes  *ang$ 8 politics1 & became
 an ard5t ,yorki/4    ,among ! celebrat$
 monks ( ,/4 ,albans ,mat!w ,p>is takes 
! lead1  ! great hi/orian ^: book beg9s 
) ! creation & cont9ues to  #abei4      
,/4 ,albans = a long p]iod receiv$      
8,pet]'s ,p5ce40 ,?is 0 fir/  levi$ by !
 ,k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons 9 #gbg1 & 0 a tax 
( "o p5ny  on ea* family own+ l&s4 ,!   
receipt am\nt$ to ?irty p5ce a ye>  &   
w5t to ! support ( a ,saxon ,college at 
,rome2 & because x 0  collect$ on ,augu/
 #a 7! day ( ,/4 ,pet] ad ,v9cula7 x 0  
call$  8,pet]'s ,p5ce40 ,(fa induc$ !   
,pope to give x to ! ,abbey ( ,/4       

,albans4    ,! mona/ic build+s h all    
p]i%$1 & ! only remnant ( !  ,abbey is !
 ,great ,gate1 built 9 ! days ( ,?omas  
de la ,m>e1 ab\t  #acfe4 ,ov] ! ar*way  
!re is a l>ge room 9 :i* sessions us$ to
  be held1 & bel[ ! road ! curi\s may   
inspect ! dungeons4 ,?is  ,gateway 0 a  
law-c\rt & prison2 &1 z ! ,abbot ( ,/4  
,albans _h  civil jurisdiction ov] all !
 t[n1 z well z 8 mona/]y1 _m  (f5d]s 7  
tri$ & condemn$ "h4 ,9 ! days ( ,wat    
,tyl]'s  rebellion ,john ,ball & 8      
sev5te5 companions 7 tri$ "h &  sp5t _! 
la/ days 9 ! dungeons4 ,ano!r sc5e t we 
c picture  is t ( ! monks br++ out ale &
 w9e to quell ! fury ( !  mob t /orm$ ! 
,gateh\se be=e ! news ( ,wat ,tyl]'s    
dea?  arriv$4    ,/4 ,albans 0 a        
favorite place ( pilgrimage1 = x %elt]$ 
!  rema9s ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian m>tyr 9     
,brita94 ,alban1 or ,albans1 0  a "y    
soldi]1 :o1 dur+ ! p]secution ( !       
,*ri/ians 9 !  ,f\r? ,c5tury1 befri5d$ a
 deacon nam$ ,amphibalus by receiv+ him 
9  8 h\se4 ,amphibalus conv]t$ him4     

,alban ex*ang$ clo?+ ) him  s t he might
 escape4 ,amphibalus 0 captur$1 h[ev]1 &
 execut$  ne> ,v]ulamium4 ,alban 0 also 
behead$2 & a few ye>s aft] 8  dea? a    
*ur* 0 built ov] ! spot :]e 8 blood _h  
be5 %$4  ,! nor? transept ( ! exi/+ *ur*
 is said to cov] ?is place4    ,mat!w   
,p>is /ates t ! body ( ,/4 ,alban 01    
dur+ an invasion1  remov$ f ! *ur* =    
safety1 & aft]w>d plac$ 9 its orig9al   
grave4 ,(fa ,,ii4 f\nd ! c(f9 conta9+ ! 
rema9s ( ! m>tyr  & laid !m 9 a spl5did 
reliqu>y1 tak+ c>e fir/ to place a      
gold5 b& ar\nd ! head ) ! inscription   
8,hoc e/ caput ,sancti  ,albani40 ,(fa  
also _h ! m>tyr canoniz$4 ,) a          
miracle-work+  %r9e1 ! ri*ly-end[$      
mona/]y cont9u$ to fl\ri%4    ,! ,abbey 
,*ur* 0 deem$ q l>ge en\gh until ,paul (
 ,ca5  7#ajgg-ajic7 0 appo9t$ abbot by  
,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,9 ab\t  elev5    
ye>s only 7#ajgg-ajhh7 he rebuilt ,/4   
,albans1 us+ _m ( !  ,roman bricks f !  
ru9s ( ! neighb\r+ ,v]ulamium & timb]   
already collect$4 ,8 0 an enorm\s       

,norman edifice 7#dfj feet71 long]  ev5 
?an ,cant]bury 7#bij feet74    ,aft] a  
hundr$ ye>s or s1 ,abbot ,john de ,cella
 7#aaie-abad7 made  v>i\s *anges4 ,money
 0 rais$ 9 v>i\s ways = ! purpose1 &    
among !m ! abbot p]suad$ 8 monks to d   
)\t w9e = fifte5  ye>s & contribute !   
sav+s to ! fund = build+4    ,aft] him  
came ,william ( ,trump+ton 7#abad-abce71
 :o cont9u$ !  "w ( build+4 ,he also    
con/ruct$ ! cloi/]4 ,let u see exactly  
9 :at _! "w consi/$3         8,abbot    
,john de ,cella 7#aaie-abad7 pull$ d[n !
 we/ front &       began to build a new 
"o 9 its place4 ,he laid ! f\ndation (  
! :ole front1 b !n w5t on ) ! nor? side 
fir/4 ,!       nor? por* 0 ne>ly f9i%$ 9
 8 "t2 ! c5tral por* 0       c>ri$ up z 
f> z ! spr+ ( ! ar*2 ! s\!rn por* 0     
c>ri$ h>dly any way up f ! f\ndations4  
,! por*es are       describ$ by ^? :o   
saw !m be=e ,"l ,grim?orpe swept away   
! :ole we/ front z "s ( ! *oice/        
specim5s (       ,?irte5? ,c5tury "w 9  
,engl&4 ,! m\ld+s 7 ( great             

delicacy1 & 7 enri*$ ) dog-too? ornam5t4
 ,x is said       t ,abbot ,john 0 n a  
good man ( bus9ess1 & t he 0            
sorely robb$ & *eat$ by 8 build]s1 & s  
_h n money       en\gh to f9i% ! "w t he
 _h plann$4 ,to 8 successor1            
,william ( ,trump+ton1 x !re=e fell to  
c>ry on ! "w4 ,he       0 a man ( a m   
practical "*1 ?\gh n equal to 8         
pr$ecessor 9 matt]s ( ta/e4 ,he f9i%$ ! 
ma9 "p ( !       we/]n front4 ,oddly    
en\gh no dog-too? ornam5t 0 us$ 9 !     
c5tral & s\!rn por*es1 & ! "* ( ! c>v$  
foliage diff]s also f t ( ! nor? por*4  
,9 ,abbot ,john's       und\bt$ "w !    
curl+ leaves ov]lap1 & h /rongly        
def9$ /ems resembl+ ! foliage ( ,l9coln 
*oir1 :ile t       ( ,abbot ,william's  
"t _h ! ord9>y "* ( ! ,e>ly             
,engli% /yle4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t he
 int5d$ to vault       ! *ur* ) a /one  
ro(2 ?is may be se5 f ! m>ble           
vault+-%afts on ! nor? side ( ! nave    
betwe5 ! ar*es (       ! ma9 arcade1    
:i*1 h[ev]1 are n c>ri$ high] ?an !     

/r+-c\rse bel[ ! tri=ium4 ,! idea ( a   
/one vault 01       h[ev]1 ab&on$ be=e !
 two ea/]n ,e>ly ,engli% bays on !      
s\? side 7 built1 = no prep>ation =     
vault+ %afts       exi/s !re4           
8,abbot ,john de ,cella _h begun to     
build afre% ! we/]n t[]s1       or1     
accord+ to "s au?orities1 to build !    
fir/ we/]n       t[]s t ! *ur* ev] _h2  
we h no record ( _!       completion1 & 
x is said t ,abbot ,william ab&on$ !    
idea4       ,we h only ! f\ndations by  
:i* we c det]m9e _! size4       ,william
 ( ,trump+ton trans=m$ ! w9d[s ( !      
aisles into       ,e>ly ,engli% ones4   
,he also add$ a wood5 lant]n to ! t[]1  
some:at 9 ! /yle ( ! wood5 octagon on ! 
c5tral t[] (       ,ely40--7,t4 ,p47    
,! next *anges 7 made 9 ! ea/ end4 ,^! 7
 begun 9 ! la/  half ( ! ,?irte5?       
,c5tury4 ,! walls ( ! presbyt]y 7 rais$2
  ! ,sa9t's ,*apel built2 !n !          
retro-*oir2 & !n ! ,lady-,*apel         
7#acbf74    ,!n ,hugh ( ,ev]sd5         
7#acjh-acbf7 became abbot & _h to       

rebuild !  "p ( ! nave t fell 9 #acbc4  
,8 "w 0 cont9u$ by ,ri*>d (  ,wall+=d   
7#acbf-acce7 & complet$ by ,mi*ael (    
,m5tmore 9 #acde4    ,john de           
,:ea?amp/ead1 :o 0 twice abbot          
7#adbj-addj1 & #adea-adfd71  rebuilt !  
upp] "p ( ! we/ front1 made *anges 9 !  
ro(s1  ins]t$ ,p]p5dicul> w9d[s 9 ! ends
 ( ! transept1 & also  conv]t$ ! ,norman
 tri=ium ar*es into w9d[s by fill+ !m ) 
,p]p5dicul> trac]y4 ,8 *antry 0 built   
aft] 8 dea?4 ,william (  ,wall+=d       
7#adgf-adhd7 contribut$ ! gorge\s scre54
    ,! ext]ior has no int]e/ = ! /ud5t (
 ar*itecture4 ,!  enorm\s *ur* is pla91 
& ,"l ,grim?orpe has be5 at "w  ev]y:]e4
 ,! only feature t has any real beauty  
is ! f9e ,norman  t[]4         8,x is   
#add feet high & is n q squ>e 9 plan1   
measur+ #dg       feet f ea/ to we/1 &  
two feet less f nor? to s\?4 ,!         
walls are ab\t sev5 feet ?ick2 9 !      
?ickness1 h[ev]1       passages are cut4
 ,x has ?ree /ages above ! ridges ( !   
ro(4       ,! l[] /age has pla9 w9d[s 9 

ea* face1 light+ ! *ur*       bel[2 !   
next /age1 or r++ room1 has two pairs ( 
d\ble       w9d[s2 & ! upp] or belfry   
/age1 two d\ble w9d[s ( l>ge       size1
 furni%$ ) l\vre bo>ds4 ,! p>apet is    
battlem5t$1       & ( c\rse ( lat] "w   
?an ! t[] itself4 ,! t[] is       flank$
 by pila/] buttresses1 :i* m]ge into    
cyl9drical       turrets 9 ! upp] /ory4 
,= simple dignity ! t[] /&s             
unrivall$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x mu/ h be5    
spl5didly built to       h /ood z x has 
done s _m c5turies )\t accid5t4         
,w9*e/] t[] fell n long aft] its build+1
 ,pet]bor\gh       t[] has be5 rebuilt 9
 mod]n days2 b ,paul ( ,ca5 did n       
scamp 8 "w z ! monks ( ,pet]bor\gh did1 
& no evil-liv+       k+ 0 buri$ bel[ !  
t[]1 z 0 ! case at ,w9*e/]1       ?us1  
accord+ to ! beliefs ( ! "t1 lead+ to   
its       d[nfall4 ,tewkesbury t[] alone
 c vie ) t ( ,/4 ,albans1       & !     
,sev5te5? ,c5tury p9nacles on t t[]     
spoil !       g5]al effect1 s t ! =emo/ 
place among c5tral ,norman       t[]s z 

we see !m to-day may safely be claim$ = 
t at ,/4       ,albans4 ,few m beautiful
 ar*itectural objects c be se5 ?an      
?is t[] ( ,roman brick1 especially :5 ! 
w>m? ( its col\r       is acc5tuat$ by !
 ruddy flu% ?r[n ov] x by ! rays ( a    
sett+ sun40--7,t4 ,p47    ,! pilgrims to
 ,/4 ,alban's %r9e us$ to ent] by !     
,nor? ,door (  ! ,transept1 c>ry+ !     
c&les t !y _h b\ght at ! ,waxh\se       
,gate4 ,?is ,norman doorway1 ) a ,norman
 w9d[ on ea* side 7mod]n  glass71 /ill  
exi/s4 ,! upp] "p ( ! nor? wall ) ! :eel
  w9d[ 0 rebuilt by ,"l ,grim?orpe4     
,! nave is imm5sely long--ab\t a t5? ( a
 mile4 ,x is ,norman1 grim1  & cold1 b  
impressive4         8,z we /& j inside !
 we/ door ( ! *ur* we are /ruck       by
 ! l5g? ( ritual nave1 ab\t #bjj feet1 !
 flatness ( !       ro(s1 & ! massiv5ess
 ( ! arcad+ divid+ ! nave f       !     
aisles2 =1 ?\gh ! f\r we/]n bays on !   
nor? side &       five on ! s\? are     
,e>ly ,engli% 9 date1 !re is none ( t   
lightness & grace t we are accu/om$ to  

associate ) "w       ( ?is p]iod1 no    
deta*$ %afts ( ,purbeck m>ble su* z we  
see       at ,salisbury1 no exquisitely 
c>v$ capitals su*    ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 
,,albans3 ,,nor?    ,illu/ration3 ,,/4  
,,albans3 ,,nave1 ,,ea/         z we    
meet ) at ,wells4 ,william ( ,trump+ton 
seems to h       aim$ at mak+ 8 "w      
h>monize ) ! ,norman "w t he       left 
unt\*$2 & :5 ! re/ ( ! ma9 arcade on !  
s\?       side 0 rebuilt 9 ! next       
c5tury1 x 0 made to diff] b       little
 9 g5]al appe>ance & dim5sions f ,abbot 
,william's4         8,on ent]+ by ! we/ 
door a peculi>ity w at once be          
notic$4 ,ab\t fifte5 feet f ! inn] side 
( ! we/ wall       !re is a rise ( five 
/eps :i* /ret* "r across ! *ur*       f 
nor? to s\?4 ,! floor to ! ea/ ( ^! /eps
 slopes       imp]ceptibly upw>ds =     
eight bays1 :5 a rise ( ?ree m          
/eps is met )4 ,on ?is high] level /&s !
 alt>1 :i* is       back$ up by ! rood  
scre54 ,!re is ano!r /ep to be asc5d$   
to ! level ( ! *oir1 & ano!r to rea* !  

space bel[ !       t[]4 ,five /eps lead 
f ?is into ! presbyt]y2 !re is          
ano!r /ep at ! high alt> rails1 & f\r m 
lead up to !       plat=m on :i* ! high 
alt> w /&4 ,f ! space bel[       ! t[]  
"o /ep leads up into ! nor? aisle & two 
m into       ! nor? arm ( ! transept4 ,f
 ! level ( ! s\? *oir       aisle & s\? 
transept two /eps lead up into ! s\?    
aisle (       ! presbyt]y2 f ?is aisle  
!re is a rise ( f\r /eps into       !   
aisle s\? ( ! ,sa9t's ,*apel1 & f ?is   
into !       *apel itself a rise ( f\r  
m4 ,s t ! floor ( ?is *apel       is1 ) 
! exception ( ! high alt> plat=m1 :i* is
 "o       /ep high]1 ! highe/ 9 ! :ole  
*ur*1 or n9ete5 /eps       above ! floor
 j inside ! we/ door4 ,f ! aisle ( !    
,sa9t's ,*apel "o /ep leads into !      
retro-*oir1 & two m       into !        
,lady-,*apel2 h5ce ! floor ( !          
,lady-,*apel is "o       /ep l[] ?an t (
 ! ,sa9t's ,*apel4 ,if we take sev5     
in*es       z ! av]age height ( a /ep1 x
 w\ld appe> t ! floor (       !         

,lady-,*apel is ab\t t5 feet high] ?an !
 floor at ! we/       end ( !           
nave40--7,t4 ,p47    ,! nave is block$  
beh9d ! alt> ) a ,rood scre51 ( ,f\rte5?
  ,c5tury "w1 mu* re/or$4 ,x is pi]c$ by
 two doors 7also ,f\rte5?  ,c5tury71    
?r\gh :i* processions pass$ into ! *oir4
 ,^u x !  organ is plac$4    ,! ea/]n "p
 ( ! nave 0 rebuilt aft] ! calamity t   
happ5$ on ,/4 ,paul9us's ,day 7,octob]  
#aj71 #acbc4 ,mass _h j be5  celebrat$1 
& ! *ur* 0 /ill cr[d$ ) m51 wom5 &      
*ildr51 :5 two ( ! great pi]s ( ! ma9   
arcade on ! s\?  side fell outw>ds1     
cru%+ ! s\? wall ( ! aisle & cloi/]s4   
,soon ! wood5 ro( ( ! nave also fell4   
,/range to relate nobody 0  injur$2 &   
al?\gh ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,amphibalus 0       
damag$1 /ill  ! *e/ t conta9$ 8 relics  
suff]$ no h>m4    ,all ?is "p ( ! *ur*  
_h to be rebuilt2 &1 ( c\rse1 ! s\?     
arcade diff]s f ! nor!rn "o4    ,a      
massive pi]1 ei!r ! orig9al ,norman or  
"o rebuilt 9 ! ,norman  /yle1 divides ! 
five ,e>ly ,engli% bays on ! we/ f !    

,decorat$ ones on ! ea/4 ,we/ we f9d !  
*>act]i/ic too?  ornam5t2 & ea/1 !      
*>act]i/ic ball-fl[]4    ,:5 ! pe/il5ce 
0 rag+ 9 ,london 7only tw5ty miles away7
 9  #aedc1 #aehi1 & #aeic1 c\rts (      
ju/ice 7 held 9 ?is nave4 ,on !  nor?   
side a pi] be>s an inscription to !     
memory ( ,sir ,john  ,m&eville1 ! fam\s 
travell]1 :o 0 born at ,/4 ,albans 9 !  
,f\rte5? ,c5tury & educat$ 9 ! mona/]y  
s*ool4    ,! massive pi]s 7 coat$ )     
pla/] & !n pa9t$4 ,ea* has  traces ( !  
same picture ( ! ,crucifixion1 ) a      
second subject  bel[ x4 ,?is subject    
diff]s on e column4 ,! s(fits ( !  ar*es
 7 also bright ) col\r1 s t ! sev]ity & 
pla9ness  t we n[ feel 7 orig9ally      
miss+4         8,al?\gh 9 ! f\r we/]n   
bays ( ! ma9 arcade ! ,e>ly             
,engli% "w is v pla91 yet ! tri=ium is  
ornate4 ,!       arcad+ consi/s ( two   
po9t$ ar*es 9 ea* bay1 ea*              
compris+ two sub-ar*es2 ! support+      
columns are sl5d] &       enri*$ )      
dog-too? m\ld+s1 ) :i* also !           

/r+-c\rse bel[ ! tri=ium is decorat$4 ,!
 %afts1 :i*       probably 7 int5d$ to  
support a /one vault ov] ! nave1        
%\ld be notic$4         8,! tri=ium ov] 
! ,norman ma9 arcade consi/s ( l>ge1    
wide-splay$1 r\nd-head$ op5+s1 9 :i* !  
trac]y &       glaz+ introduc$ 9 !      
,fifte5? ,c5tury1 :5 ! aisle ro(       0
 l[]$ 9 pit* s z to expose ! nor? side (
 !       tri=ium to ! sky1 /ill rema9s4 
,"o ( ! tri=ium ar*es1       namely1 !  
?ird f ! t[]1 0 simply wall$ up at ?is  
"t1 & s reta9s its orig9al =m4 ,!       
cl]e/ory 9 ?is "p       ( ! *ur* consi/s
 ( pla91 r\nd-head$ op5+s4 ,betwe5      
ea* bay ! out] s\!rn face ( ea* ,norman 
pi] is cont9u$       9 ! =m ( ! flat    
pila/] buttress up to ! ro(40--7,t4 ,p47
    ,! pi]s ( ! *oir1 l ^? ( ! nave1 7  
orig9ally pa9t$4  ,s 0 ! ceil+4         
,wall-pa9t+s 7 likewise discov]$ betwe5 
!  cl]e/ory w9d[s 9 #ahge4 ,! *oir-/alls
 & ,bi%op's ,?rone are  mod]n4 ,9 !     
s\?-*oir-aisle ! tomb ( ,rog] & ,sig>1  
two local  h]mits1 0 once a place ( pi\s

 pilgrimage4    ,! ar*es ( ! ,t[] are   
fifty-five feet high4 ,! f\r inside     
faces  ( ! lant]n conta9 w9d[s above !  
arcade1 & ! ceil+ ( !  lant]n 7#ajb feet
 f ! floor7 is pa9t$ ) ! r$ & :ite      
roses ( ,lanca/] & ,york1 & v>i\s       
coats-(-arms4 ,! effect (  ! t[] is     
impressive4 ,! peal consi/s ( eight     
bells1 ca/ 9  ,london 9 #afii4 ,"s ( !  
bells h be5 reca/4    ,b5ea? !          
,presbyt]y notable abbots1 monks & laym5
 7 giv5  burial4 ,! presbyt]y is divid$ 
f ! aisles by solid walls1 brok5  by !  
,ramryge & ,:ea?amp/ead *antries1 & two 
doorways3 x is  clos$ 9 on ! ea/ side by
 a magnific5t scre51 con/ruct$ dur+     
,william ( ,wall+=d's rule 7#adgf-adhd71
 & g5]ally kn[n z !  ,wall+=d ,scre54 ,x
 is h>d to realize t ! lace-l canopies1 
( :i* x is compos$1 are made ( /one4 ,! 
mat]ial is clun*1 a  h>d /one f ! l[]   
*alk =mation4 ,?is great r]$os has be5  
re/or$ ( late ye>s & fill$ ) /atues4    
,!re are no records to  describe or ev5 
"n ! orig9al figures2 b ^? n[ occupy+ ! 

ni*es1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,hems1 ( ,exet]1 are1
 beg9n+ on ! left &  read+ d[nw>ds3 7#a7
 ,/4 ,titus1 ,/4 ,timo?y1 ,/4 ,b>nabas1 
,angel  ,gabriel2 7#b7 ,k+ ,edmund1 ,/4 
,cu?b]t1 ,/4 ,augu/9e2 7#c7 ,/4 ,oswyn1 
,/4 ,giles1 ,/4 ,cecilia1 ,/4 ,boniface1
 ,/4 ,ka!r9e1 ,/4 ,david2 7#d7 ,k+      
,(fa1 ,/4 ,hel51 oak door2 7#e7 ,/4     
,e!lb]t1 ,/4 ,leon>d1 ,/4 ,agnes1  ,/4  
,ni*olas1 ,/4 ,frideswide1 ,/4 ,*ad2    
7#f7 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ,/4  ,b5$ict1 
,/4 ,alban2 7#g7 ,angel1 ,angel1 ,angel2
 7#h7 ,angel1 ,bless$ ,virg9  ,m>y2 7#i7
 ,crucifix2 7#aj7 ,angel1 ,/4 ,john2    
7#aa7 ,angel1 ,angel1 ,angel2 7#ab7  ,/4
 ,hugh ( ,l9coln1 ,/4 ,patrick1 ,/4     
,amphibalus2 7#ac7 ,edw>d ,k+ (  ,we/   
,saxons1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,/4 ,lucy1 ,/4   
,wolf/an1 ,/4 ,osy?1 ,/4  ,alphege2     
7#ad7 ,pope ,adrian ,,iv41 ,/4 ,e!ldr$a1
 oak door2 7#ae7 ,/4  ,george1 ,/4      
,b5$ict1 ,biscop1 ,/4 ,e!lb]ga1 ,/4     
,ri*>d2 7#ag7 ,!  ,v5]able ,b$e1 ,/4    
,g]ma91 ,/4 ,erk5wald1 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 ,/4 
lfric2  7#ah7 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,luke1 ,/4 

,m>k1 ,/4 ,m>y ! ,virg94 ,bel[ !        
,crucifix /&s a r[ ( small] /atues      
repres5t+ ,*ri/ & !  ,twelve ,apo/les4  
,on ,*ri/'s "r3 ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 ,/4   
,philip1 ,/4  ,john1 ,/4 ,james ,major1 
,/4 ,&rew1 ,/4 ,pet]2 & on 8 left3 ,/4  
,?omas1 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 
,simon1 ,/4 ,mat?ias & ,/4  ,jude4      
,on ! "r & left ( ! alt> are *antries4  
,! s\? "o is t  ( ,john ( ,:ea?amp/ead1 
:o 0 twice ,abbot 7#adbj-addj1 &        
#adea-adfd74 ,8 effigy is rob$ 9 full   
ve/m5ts1 c>ries a pa/oral  /aff & we>s a
 mitre4 ,8 rebus--?ree e>s ( :eat--& 8  
motto--,valles habundabunt--appe> 9     
v>i\s places4    ,on ! o!r side ( ! /eps
 ! h&som] ,ramryge ,*antry  commemorates
 ,abbot ,?omas ,ramryge1 :o also has a  
rebus--a ram we>+ a  coll> ) ! lett]s   
,r4 ,y4 ,g4 ,e4 ^u x4 ,he ent]$ (fice 9 
#adib1  &1 /range to relate1 no details 
( 8 rule are kn[n4 ,! date (  8 dea? is 
also a blank4 ,yet "h is 8 f9e monum5t 9
 !  ,p]p5dicul> /yle4    ,beh9d !       
,wall+=d ,scre5 lies ! ,sa9t's ,*apel1 )

 ! ,%r9e  ( ,/4 ,alban 9 ! c5tre4       
8,! bones ( ,/4 ,alban 7 ( c\rse c\nt$ z
 ! *ief       treasure ( ! ,abbey1 9 "s 
respects ! mo/ valuable relics 9       !
 k+dom1 s9ce !y 7 ! bones ( ! fir/      
,*ri/ian       m>tyr 9 ! isl&4 ,x 0 meet
 & fitt+1 !n1 t ! mo/       spl5did     
re/+-place %\ld be *os5 = !m4 ,! bones  
!mselves 7 enclos$ 9 an out] & an inn]  
case2 ! inn]       0 ! "w ( ! sixte5?   
,abbot1 ,ge(frey ( ,gorham              
7#aaai-aadi71 & ! out] ( ! n9ete5?      
,abbot1 ,symeon       7#aafg-aahc74 ,^! 
c(f]s 7 ( special metal encru/$ )       
ri* gems4 ,x is record$ t ! reliqu>y 0 s
 heavy t x       requir$ f\r m5 to c>ry 
x1 :i* !y probably did by two           
poles1 ea* pass+ ?r\gh two r+s on ei!r  
side ( ! c(f]4       ,x is said to h be5
 plac$ 9 a l(ty position by ,abbot      
,symeon2       b ! p$e/al ( :i* we see !
 recon/ruction to-day 0       erect$    
dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 9 !
       "t ( ! tw5ty-six? ,abbot1 ,john  
de ,m>9is 7#acjb-acjh74 ,?is       0    

built ( ,purbeck m>ble & consi/s ( a    
basem5t #b feet #f       in*es high1 #h 
feet #f in*es long1 & #c feet #b in*es  
wide1 above       :i* 7 f\r canopi$     
ni*es at ea* side & "o at ea* end2      
^! 7 ri*ly pa9t$ & probably conta9$ o!r 
relics2 9       ! sp&rels 7 c>v$        
figures1 at ! corn]s angels c5s+4       
,at ! we/ end 0 a repres5tation ( ,/4   
,alban's m>tyrdom2 on       ! s\? side 9
 ! c5tre 01 & /ill is1 a figure ( ,k+   
,(fa hold+ ! model ( a *ur*2 9 ! next   
sp&rel to !       ea/ ! figure ( ano!r  
k+2 on ! ea/ side a repres5tation       
( ! sc\rg+ ( ,/4 ,alban1 & on ! nor? o!r
 figures1 (       :i* ! only "o rema9+  
is t ( a bi%op or mitr$ abbot4       ,9 
! p$im5ts or gables 7 c>v+s ( foliage1 &
 r\nd !       top ( ! p$e/al ran a      
ri*ly-c>v$ cornice2 r\nd ! base         
/ood f\rte5 deta*$ %afts1 on :i* p]haps 
! movable canopy       re/$1 & outside  
?ree o!r %afts ( twi/$ patt]n on ea*    
side1 :i* c>ri$ six huge c&les1 probably
 kept burn+ day &       night1 c]ta9ly  

dur+ ! night1 to light ! *amb] hold+ !  
%r9e4 ,on ?is l(ty p$e/al1 #h feet #c   
in*es high1 ! glori\s       %r9e re/$4  
,x 0 r5d]$ /ill m ornate ?an x 0 9      
,abbot ,symeon's "t by ! addition ( a   
silv]-gilt turret1 on !       l[] "p (  
:i* 0 a repres5tation ( ! ,resurrection 
)       two angels & f\r knights        
7sugge/$ by ! gu>d ( ,roman             
soldi]s7 keep+ ! tomb4 ,a silv]-gilt    
eagle ( cunn+       craftsman%ip /ood on
 ! %r9e4 ,all ^! additions 7 giv5       
by ,abbot ,?omas de la ,m>e             
7#acdi-acif74 ,a c]ta9 monk also gave   
two repres5tations ( ! sun 9 solid gold1
 surr\nd$ by rays (       silv] tipp$ ) 
preci\s /ones4 ,ov] all 0 a canopy :i*1 
l _m mod]n font-cov]s1 0 probably       
susp5d$ by a rope       runn+ ov] a     
pulley 9 ! ro(1 by :i* x might be rais$4
       ,!re is a m>k 9 ! ro( rema9+1    
possibly caus$ by !       fa/5+ ( !     
pulley4 ,an alt>1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,alban1
 /ood at       ! we/ end ( ! p$e/al4    
8,su* a preci\s ?+ z ?is jewell$ %r9e & 

! /ill m       preci\s bones )9 x c\ld n
 be left = a mom5t ungu>d$       &      
unwat*$1 = /eal+ relics1 :5 a fav\rable 
opportunity       arose1 0 a temptation 
too great to be resi/$ by any monks1    
h[ev] holy4 ,s on ! s\? side ( ! %r9e 0 
erect$ a       wat*+ l(t2 ! "o t rema9s 
0 con/ruct$ probably dur+       ! reign 
( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 & 8 badge appe>s on x1  
b1 no       d\bt1 f ! fir/ !re 0 "s su* 
place provid$ = !       purpose ( keep+ 
gu>d4 ,! *amb] _h two /ories3 ! l[]     
conta9$ cupbo>ds1 9 :i* ve/m5ts & relics
 7 kept1 ^!       are n[ fill$ ) v>i\s  
antiqu>ian curiosities1 ,roman pott]y   
f ,v]ulamium1 ar*itectural fragm5ts1    
etc4 ,an oak5 /aircase       leads up   
into ! *amb] :]e ! #8cu/os f]etri' sat  
wat*+       ! %r9e day & night1 gu>d (  
c\rse be+ *ang$ at       int]vals4 ,x   
mu/ h be5 try+ "w wat*+ !re dur+ !      
night-"t 9 fro/y wea!r1 b monks 7       
accu/om$ to be>       cold4 ,! wat*+    
*amb] 0 built ( oak & 0 ri*ly c>v$4     
,on ! s\? side ( ! cornice are angels1 !

 h>t--badge (       ,ri*>d ,,ii41 !     
m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,alban1 ,"t ! reap]1 & ! 
seasons2 on ! nor? ! mon?s ( ! ye> are  
repres5t$40--7,t4       ,p47    ,on !   
s\? side is buri$ ,humphrey1 ,duke (    
,gl\ce/]1 son ( ,h5ry  ,,iv41 bro!r (   
,h5ry ,v41 & uncle ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,he di$
 9 #addg4 ,!  h&some tomb 0 probably    
erect$ by ! ,abbot ,:ea?amp/ead1 :o 0  a
 great fri5d ( ,duke ,humphrey's4    ,9 
! nor? aisle ( ! ,sa9t's ,*apel we come 
to ! p$e/al ( !  ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,amphibalus
 7see page #cfb74 ,x /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ! 
retro-*oir until ,"l ,grim?orpe remov$ x
 to its pres5t position4    ,an oak     
scre5 sep>ates ! ,sa9t's ,*apel f !     
,retro-,*oir4 ,?is is  ,"l ,grim?orpe's 
"w1 & ?r\gh x we pass4 ,! ,retro-,*oir  
dates  f ! end ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 &  
has be5 greatly re/or$4  ,9 ! c5tre once
 /ood ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,amphibalus 7n[      
remov$ to  ! nor? aisle ( ! ,sa9t's     
,*apel71 & !re 7 sev]al alt>s3  to ,our 
,lady ( ! ,f\r ,tap]s2 to ,/4 ,mi*ael2  
to ,/4 ,edmund1 ,k+ &  ,m>tyr2 to ,/4   

,pet]2 & to ,/4 ,amphibalus4    ,!      
,lady-,*apel1 greatly re/or$1 dates f ! 
latt] "p ( !  ,?irte5? & e>ly "p ( !    
,f\rte5? ,c5turies4 ,sev]al *anges  (   
/yle may be not$4 ,! side w9d[s are f9e 
examples ( !  ,decorat$1 & ! /atuettes  
ornam5t+ ! jambs & mullions /ill  rema94
 ,! ea/]n w9d[ ( five lights is a /range
 comb9ation (  trac]y & tab]nacle "w4   
,orig9ally ! ,lady-,*apel 0 sep>at$  f !
 retro-*oir by a scre54 ,! glass 9 !    
w9d[s is mod]n1  & ! /one vault+ is also
 mod]n4 ,hi/orical associations are     
num]\s4    ,b5ea? ! floor lie ! hat$    
,edmund ,beau=t1 ,duke ( ,som]set1      
gr&son ( ,john ( ,gaunt2 ,h5ry ,p]cy1   
,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l&1 son (  ! fam\s      
,hotspur2 & ,?omas1 ,"l ,clif=d3 ^:     
bodies 7 f\nd  ly+ dead 9 ! /reets ( ,/4
 ,albans1 aft] ! fir/ battle 9 #adee1  9
 :i* !y fell fight+ = ! ,r$ ,rose p>ty4 
,beyond ! ea/]n bay on ! s\? side 0     
built ! ,*apel ( !  ,transfiguration1   
d$icat$ 9 #adcj4 ,( late ye>s ?is       
addition 0  rebuilt = a ve/ry4 ,! walls 

7 made l[] ?an ! orig9al ones1  s z to  
%[ ! f9e w9d[ above t consi/s ( a       
trac]i$ ar*  )9 a curvil9e> triangle1   
b5ea? :i* is a r[ ( ni*es4 ,b5ea?  ^! is
 a v f9e r[ ( s$ilia & pisc94 ,! c>v+ 9 
!  new *apel is v naturali/ic1 &        
repres5ts ! poppy1 butt]cup1  primrose1 
gooseb]ry1 rose1 blackb]ry1 pansy1 ivy1 
maple1 &  convolvulus & o!r local fl[]s 
& leaves4          ,,ox=d               
,,d$ication3 ,,! ,,holy ,,tr9ity1 ,,/4  
,,m>y ,,& ,,/4 ,,frideswide4            
,,special ,,features3 ,,ceil+ ,,9       
,,*oir2 ,,w9d[s2 ,,%r9e ,,( ,,/4        
,,frideswide4      ,?is ,ca!dral is     
peculi> 9 be+ almo/ hidd5 f sight 9 a   
s]ies  ( college build+s1 g>d5s &       
quadrangles4 ,x is ! *apel (  ,*ri/     
,*ur*1 z well z a ca!dral2 & to ent] x  
we h to pass  ?r\gh ! gateway ( ! fam\s 
,tom ,t[]1 & across ! great  quadrangle1
 famili>ly kn[n z ,tom ,quad4    ,! big 
bell ,tom gives its "n to ! t[] &       
quadrangle1 is sev5  feet "o in* 9      
diamet]1 & weighs #ag1jjj tons4 ,x 0    

br\ght f  ,os5ey ,abbey ) ! o!r bells1 !
 8m]ry ,*ri/ ,*ur* bells10 t  n[ hang 9 
! bell-t[] above ! hall /aircase4 ,tom 0
 reca/ 9  #afhj4    ,! l[] /ory ( ,tom  
,t[] 0 built by ,c>d9al ,wolsey4 ,!     
cupola  0 add$ by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54  
,?ree sides ( ! quadrangle 7  built by  
,wolsey1 & ! nor? side by ,bi%op ,fell4 
,z we pass ?r\gh  ,tom ,t[] we note t a 
/atue ( ,c>d9al ,wolsey faces ,/4       
,aldgate's1  & a /atue ( ,que5 ,anne    
faces ! quadrangle4    ,*ri/ ,*ur* is ! 
l>ge/ college 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & 
/&s on ! site ( ! anci5t priory ( ,/4   
,frideswide4    ,9 #aebd ,c>d9al ,wolsey
 obta9$ au?ority f ,h5ry ,,viii4 &      
,clem5t  ,,viii4 to suppress a numb] (  
religi\s h\ses 9 v>i\s p>ts (  ,engl&1 &
 to appropriate _! rev5ues to ! build+ &
 end[+  ( a ,college4 ,aft] he _h made  
consid]able progress 9 ! build+ (  ,*ri/
 ,*ur* he fell into disgrace ) ! ,k+1 :o
 seiz$ !  prop]ty & di/ribut$ x among 8 
c\rti]s4 ,at a lat] p]iod ,h5ry  ,,viii4
 ref\nd$ ! e/abli%m5t1 & add$ to x !    

,abbey ( ,os5ey1  :i* 0 !n ! ,ca!dral ( 
! ,see ( ,ox=d4 ,*ri/ ,*ur* 7!  pres5t  
,ca!dral7 0 at t "t call$ ! ,college (  
,h5ry ,,viii41  & 0 a ,collegiate ,*ur*4
 ,9 #aedf1 on ! suppression ( ,os5ey    
,abbey1 ,/4 ,frideswide became !        
,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,ox=d4 ,os5ey is       
depict$ 9 ! ,k+ w9d[ 7see page #cia74   
,! f\ndation 0 conv]t$ into "o ( secul> 
canons 9 ! ,eigh? or  ,n9? ,c5tury2 & ^!
 7 9 turn succe$$ by ! regul> canons1   
:o built _! *apt]-h\se1 dormitory1      
refectory & cloi/]s4 ,9  #aaeh !y began 
! pres5t ,ca!dral1 :i* 0 complet$ 9     
#aahj1  hav+ swept away ! ,saxon *ur*   
rebuilt by ,k+ ,e!lr$ 9 #ajjd1  accord+ 
to "s critics1 :ile o!r antiqu>ies ?9k t
 mu* (  ! pres5t ,ca!dral is ,/4        
,e!lr$'s4 ,! *ur* 0 d$icat$ to !  ,holy 
,tr9ity1 ,/4 ,m>y1 & ,/4 ,frideswide1 & 
0 some:at peculi>  = ! ,twelf? ,c5tury1 
9 be+ m elegant ?an 0 usual at t  "t4   
,cramp$ = room ! s\? transept 0 cut (f =
 ! sake (  ! cloi/]s2 & aisles 7 giv5 to
 ! nor? transept4 ,!re 0 no  room = a   

,lady-,*apel at ! ea/ end2 &1           
consequ5tly1 an additional  aisle nor? (
 ! nor? aisle ( ! *oir 0 built4 ,! same 
arrangem5t occurs at ,ripon2 ! ,eld]    
,lady ,*apel at ,bri/ol holds a  simil> 
position4         8,/4 ,frideswide      
,*ur*1 n[ ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,ca!dral1 ,ox=d1  
is a       f9e example ( late ,norman & 
transitional "w ( e>ly       "*4 ,x 0   
consecrat$ 9 #aahj1 & 0 probably build+ 
= ab\t tw5ty ye>s previ\sly3 !          
confirmation1 by ,pope       ,hadrian   
,,iv4 7,breakspe>e1 ! only ,engli%      
,pope71 ( ! *>t]s       grant+ ! ,saxon 
mona/]y ( ,/4 ,frideswide to ! ,norman  
monks       0 n obta9$ until #aaeh1 & x 
is n probable t !y began       to       
rebuild _! *ur* until _! prop]ty 0      
secur$4 ,! ,prior       at ?is p]iod 0  
,rob]t ( ,cricklade1 call$ ,canutus1 a  
man (       consid]able em95ce1 "s ( ^: 
writ+s 7 9 exi/5ce 9       ! "t ( ,lel&4
 ,"u 8 sup]9t5d5ce ! *ur* 0             
entirely rebuilt f ! f\ndations1 & )\t  
d\bt on a       l>g] scale ?an be=e1 z !

 ,saxon *ur* does n appe> to       h be5
 de/roy$ until ?is p]iod4         8,!   
design ( ! pres5t /ructure is v         
rem>kable2 ! l(ty       ar*$ recesses1  
:i* are c>ri$ up ov] ! actual ar*es &   
! tri=ium1 giv+ ! idea ( a subsequ5t "w 
c>ri$ ov]       ! old] "w2 b an         
exam9ation ( ! con/ruction %[s t        
?is is n ! case1 t x 0 all built at "o  
"t1 & t       none ( x is e>li] ?an ab\t
 #aafj4 ,9 ?is *ur* ! c5tral       t[]  
is n squ>e1 ! nave & *oir be+ wid] ?an !
       transepts1 & consequ5tly ! ea/ & 
we/ ar*es are       r\nd-head$1 :ile !  
nor? & s\? are po9t$3 ?is w\ld n       9
 itself be any pro( ( transition1 b !   
:ole "* (       ! "w is late1 ?\gh v ri*
 & good1 & ! cl]e/ory       w9d[s ( !   
nave are po9t$ )\t any necessity = x1   
:i*       is !n a m>k (                 
transition40--7,j4 ,h4 ,p47    ,/4      
,frideswide 7,bond ( ,peace71 or 8!     
,lady10 z %e 0 call$ 9  ,ox=d1 liv$ e>ly
 9 ! ,eigh? ,c5tury1 :5 ,e!lbald 0 k+ ( 
,m]cia4 ,h] fa!r1 ,didan1 0 a pr9ce :o  

liv$ 9 ! city ( ,ox=d  ab\t #gbg1 :]e   
,frideswide 0 born4 ,( h] e>ly piety1 h]
 refusal (  m>riage1 h] f\ndation ( ?is 
nunn]y at ,ox=d1 h] miracles (  heal+ & 
h] 8glori\s dea?10 !re are _m pretty    
/ories4    ,/4 ,frideswide's ,*ur* 0    
burn$ 9 #ajjb1 :5 ,e!lr$ ! ,unready     
orda9$ ! ,massacre ( ! ,danes4    ,e!lr$
 aft]w>ds made a v[ t he w\ld rebuild   
,/4 ,frideswide's  ,*ur*2 & 9 #ajjd he  
began ! spl5did edifice1 ( unusual      
magnific5ce = ! p]iod4    ,rob]t (      
,cricklade1 prior f #aada to #aahj1     
seems to h re/or$  ,e!lr$'s *ur*2 & 9 t 
ye> ! relics ( ,/4 ,frideswide 7        
translat$ to a m conspicu\s place 9 !   
*ur*4    ,_m di/+ui%$ noblem5 & prelates
 7 pres5t3         8,aft] !y 7 meet1 &  
injoyn$ fa/+ & pray]s 7 pa/1       z    
also ^? c]emonies t are us$ at su* times
 0 ) all       dec5cy p]=m$1 !n ^?      
bi%ops t 7 appo9t$1       accompani$ )  
,alexio1 ! pope's legat = ,scotl&1 w5t  
to !       place :]e %e 0 buri$1 & op5+ 
! sepul*re1 took out       ) great      

devotion ! rema9d] ( h] body t 0 left   
aft]       x _h re/$ !re #dhj ye>es1 & )
 all ! sweet od\rs &       spices       
imag9able to ! great rejoyc+ ( !        
multitude !n       pres5t m+l$ !m among/
 h] bones & laid !m up 9 a ri*          
gilt c(f] made & consecrat$ = t purpose1
 & plac$ x on       ! nor? side ( !     
quire1 some:at di/ant f ! gr\nd1 &      
inclos$ x ) a p>tition f ! sight h]eaft]
 ( !       vulg>40--7,a4--,w47    ,9    
#abhi ^! relics 7 aga9 translat$ & plac$
 9 ! position (  ! old %r9e1 probably 9 
! nor?-*oir-aisle1 :]e ! m>ble base     
rec5tly discov]$ n[ /&s 7see page #che74
         8,9 ! ,lancet p]iod            
7#aaij-abde7 ! works w5t on apace4 ,an  
upp]       /age 0 add$ to ! t[] & on t !
 spire 0 built--!       fir/ l>ge /one  
spire 9 ,engl&4 ,x is a ,broa* spire1   
i4e41 !       c>d9al sides ( ! spire are
 built "r out to ! eaves1 s       t !re 
is no p>apet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 in/ead (    
hav+       broa*es at ! angle x has     
p9nacles4 ,moreov]1 to br+ d[n !        

?ru/s m v]tically1 heavy dorm] w9d[s are
 ins]t$ at !       foot ( ea* ( ! c>d9al
 sides ( ! spire1--altoge!r a v         
logical & sci5tific piece ( eng9e]+1 mu*
 m common 9       ! e>ly spires (       
,nor!rn ,france ?an 9 ,engl&40--7,f4    
,b47    ,ab\t ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury ! monks
 built ! ,*apt]-,h\se n[  /&+2 !n !     
,lady-,*apel2 alt]$ ! ,norman w9d[s to  
,decorat$2  & 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury made 
_m *anges 9 ! new ,p]p5dicul>  /yle4    
,wolsey de/roy$ half ( ! nave 9 ord] to 
build ,tom ,quad4 ,8 idea  0 to erect a 
magnific5t *ur* on a l>ge scale2 b 9 !  
meantime  8 fall occurr$4 ,9 #aedf ,/4  
,frideswide's 0 made1 z already not$1  !
 ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,ox=d4    ,9 !        
,sev5te5? ,c5tury ! trac]y ( _m w9d[s 0 
alt]$ =  ! sake ( glass by ! ,dut*man   
,abraham ,van ,l+1 = :i* old  w9d[s     
depict+ sc5es f ,/4 ,frideswide's life &
 anci5t arms  7 sacrific$4 ,9 lat] times
 "s ( ,van ,l+'s w9d[s suff]$ !  same   
fate1 = mod]n "w4 ,"o ( 8 w9d[s1 h[ev]1 
rema9s 7see  page #chb74 ,"s ( ! w9d[s 7

 sma%$ dur+ ! ,puritan w>s2 b  on ! :ole
 ! ,ca!dral escap$ damage4    ,*ri/     
,*ur* be+ a royal college1 dur+ ! ,civil
 ,w> a ,univ]sity  regim5t ( ,cavali]s 0
 drill$ 9 ,tom ,quad2 & :5 ,*>les ,i4   
occupi$ ,ox=d1 aft] ,edgehill1 he held  
c\rt 9 ,*ri/ ,*ur*4    ,! ,ca!dral w5t  
?r\gh ! fate ( all ,engli% ca!drals 9 ! 
,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 & f9ally1 9 #ahgj1 a  
?or\gh re/oration 0  und]tak5 by ,dean  
,liddell & ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott1 ^:      
cons]vative  alt]ations & re/orations ( 
w9d[s1 etc41 h br\ght all !  p>ts ( !   
,ca!dral into h>mony4 ,! w9d[s (        
,burne-,jones are a  great addition to !
 *>m ( ! int]ior4         8,! :ole *ur* 
is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,x fills a ni*e 9  
! hi/ory ( ,engli% ar*itecture all by   
itself4 ,x is n !       e>ly & rude     
,traditional "w ( ! ,ci/]cians4 ,on !   
o!r       h&1 x has n yet ! lightness & 
grace ( ,ripon2 /ill less       ! *>m ( 
! ,cant]bury *oir1 ,*i*e/] presbyt]y1   
,wells &       ,abbey ,dore--,go?ic 9   
all b "n4 ,9 spite ( a po9t$ ar* "h     

& !re1 x is a ,romanesque design4       
8,! "w comm5c$1 z usual1 at ! ea/1 z is 
%[n by !       gradual improvem5t we/w>d
 9 ! designs ( ! capitals4 ,!           
evid5ce ( ! vault+1 too1 po9ts 9 ! same 
direction4 ,9 !       *oir-aisle ! ribs 
are massive & heavy2 9 ! we/]n aisle (  
! nor? transept !y are light$2 9 ! s\?  
aisle ( ! nave       !y are po9t$ &     
fillet$40--7,f4 ,b47    ,ow+ to its     
seclud$ position x is almo/ impossible  
to get a view (  ! ,ca!dral2 b ! t[] &  
spire c be se5 f ! cloi/]s4    ,!       
,cloi/]s l9e ?ree sides ( ! squ>e only1 
= ! we/ side 0  de/roy$ by ,wolsey = !  
hall /aircase1 :i* is surm\nt$ by !     
,bell ,t[]1 9 :i* ! bells f ! ,abbey (  
,os5ey hang4         8,f ! same position
 at ! we/ ( ! cloi/] "o c enjoy       ! 
be/ view ( ! t[] & spire ( ! *ur*4 ,"o  
is close       en\gh to see all ! detail
 & yet f ?is angle no?+ is       lo/ ( !
 g5]al effect4 ,on a moonlit ev5+ !     
effect is       p>ticul>ly solemn &     
beautiful4 ,f ?is po9t also %\ld be     

notic$ ! diff]5ce 9 ! masonry ( ! s\?   
transept4 ,!       l[] /ory is entirely 
rubble1 :ile ! upp] /ory is p>tly (     
good a%l> "w4         8,on ! s\? side ( 
! cloi/] is ! ,old ,libr>y1 z x is n[   
call$1 :i* 0 =m]ly ! refectory ( !      
mona/]y1 & is       all t n[ rema9s ( ! 
conv5tual build+s4 ,its l>ge            
,p]p5dicul> w9d[s1 ris+ l a cl]e/ory    
above x1 look on       to ! cloi/]1 b !y
 7 spoilt on ! inside by a /aircase1    
:5 ! build+ 0 turn$ into und]graduates' 
rooms4 ,on !       o!r side1 fac+ !     
mead[ build+s1 !re is a curi\s little   
oriel w9d[1 its lights n[ wall$ up1 t   
once conta9$ !       pulpit :5ce !      
lessons 7 read dur+ meals40--7,p4 ,d47  
,we may rememb]1 z we /& "h1 t ,cranm] 0
 unfrock$ 9 ?is  quadrangle4    ,ent]+  
?r\gh ! por* 9 ,tom ,quad1 cut ?r\gh "o 
( ! canonical  h\ses1 we come into a    
sort ( ante-*apel ) ! organ scre5 be=e  
u4 ,pass+ "u ! scre5 we h an unbrok5    
view ( ! ,nave1 !  ,*oir ) its wond]ful 
ceil+ & ! h&some :eel-w9d[ ris+  above !

 arcade & two r\nd-head$ w9d[s at ! ea/ 
end4         8,*ri/ ,*ur* is ! smalle/ (
 our ca!drals2 = ev5 ) !       new      
ante-*apel x measures ab\t #age feet 9  
l5g?4 ,in/ead (       be+ ( ! usual     
cruci=m plan1 x is n[ almo/ squ>e1--9   
fact1 ! l5g? f ! r]$os to ! organ-scre5 
is #acb feet1       :ile ! bread? across
 f ! ,lat9 ,*apel to ,/4 ,lucy's ,*apel 
is #ajh feet4 ,! *ur* is made up ( !    
%ort5$ nave ) its       two aisles1 &   
ante-*apel1 ! c5tral t[]1 ! nor?        
transept       ) its "o aisle1 ! s\?    
transept1 & ! ea/]n half ( !       *ur*1
 :i* itself conta9s no less ?an six     
divisions1--!       *oir1 ) its two     
aisles1 ! ,lady-,*apel on ! nor?1 & !   
,lat9 ,*apel 7or ,/4 ,ca!r9e's7 on !    
nor? aga9 ( t1 :ile       on ! s\? is ! 
small *apel ( ,/4 ,lucy4         8,if ! 
unusual appe>ance ( ! ca!dral is p>tly  
due to       ,wolsey's de/ruction1 x is 
p>tly due also to its be+ us$ z a       
college *apel1 & p>tly to ! fact t 9    
g5]al plan1 & to       "s ext5t 9       

detail1 x is ,e!lr$'s design1 comm5c$   
sev5ty       ye>s be=e ! great          
developm5ts ( ,norman ar*itecture       
began40--7,p4 ,d47    ,we /op at ! we/  
end ( ! nor? aisle ( ! nave to exam9e ! 
"o rema9+ w9d[ design$ by ,van ,l+4     
8,!re are v>i\s op9ions ab\t ?is w9d[1  
:i* repres5ts       ,jonah sitt+ "u 8   
g\rd1 & ! t[n ( ,n9eveh 9 !             
di/ance4 ,we mu/ confess to a great     
admiration = x2 ! foliage       is f9e &
 ri*1 & if x is a little ov]-/rong 9 its
 gre51       t only makes x m *>act]i/ic
 ( its age4 ,&1 h[ev]       t may be1   
!re _c be two op9ions z to beauty ( !   
t[n       9 ! backgr\nd1 :i* rem9ds "o  
irresi/ibly ( ,dr]2 &1       ) its ri*  
br[n h\ses1 blui% ro(s1 t\*es ( gre5]y1 
&       fair purple hills beyond1 makes 
! "r-h& light ( ! w9d[       a picture (
 :i* "o nev] we>ies4 ,! :ole is lead$ 9 
rectangul> panes1 l ,bi%op ,k+'s        
w9d[40--7,p4 ,d47    ,we n[ cross to !  
we/ end ( ! s\? aisle ( ! nave to see   
,burne-,jones's ,fai?1 ,hope & ,*>ity   

w9d[1 a memorial to ,edw>d  ,d5ison 7di$
 #ahgj71 son ( ! ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 & 
a pione]  work] 9 ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london4
         8,! figure ( ,hope has a       
greyi%-blue drap]y1 v>i$ 9 t9t &        
diap]$ ) ! patt]n ( a fl[] 9 /a94 ,!    
sc>f float+       r\nd ! figure is      
sky-blue 9 tone & light] ?an ! dress4   
,! figure ( ,*>ity has a ruby           
ov]-mantle1 ) a :ite dress              
und]nea?2 :ile ! figure ( ,fai? has a   
blue dress beautifully       & ri*ly    
diap]$1 ! upp] portion ) a sumptu\s     
,v5etian       design famili> on !      
brocades ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 & !      
l[] portion ) a sprig ( foliage4 ,! tone
 ( ! backgr\nds       is a ri*1 w>m     
gre51 & is v c>efully pa9t$ ) foliage1  
& ! contra/ yield$ by    ,illu/ration3  
,,ox=d3 ,,t[] ,,& ,,entrance            
,illu/ration3 ,,ox=d3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/     
! pale blue ( ! drap]y1 & ! ri*1 w>m    
gre5 ( !       backgr\nd 9 ! two outside
 w9d[s1 is mo/ h>moni\s &       /rik+4  
,! detail 9 ?is w9d[ is v elaborate1 & e

       "p ( x be>s traces ( c>e &       
?\ght40--7,p4 ,d47    ,! ,*oir consi/s (
 f\r bays1 ) ! presbyt]y beyond4        
,p]p5dicul> alt]ations are noticeable 9 
! upp] "p4 ,!  tri=ium is late ,norman4 
,! pill>s are l>g] ?an ^? 9 ! nave  & _!
 capitals are v f9e specim5s ( /one     
c>v+4 ,"s  critics g s f> z to say !y   
are ,saxon4    ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! 
:ole ,ca!dral is ! p5dant ceil+  ( !    
,*oir4         8,f]gusson consid]s ?is  
"w to be ! mo/ satisfactory attempt     
ev] made to surm\nt ! great difficulty  
pres5t$ 9 all       fan-trac]y by !     
awkw>d1 flat1 c5tral space :i* is left 9
       ea* bay by ! f\r cones ( ! vault4
 ,at ,gl\ce/]1 ,k+'s       ,college     
,*apel1 ,cambridge1 ,h5ry ,,vii4's      
,*apel1 ,we/m9/]1 &       o!r places1   
v>i\s attempts 7 made to deceive ! eye1 
&       hide ! unmanageable space2 9    
,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel ! well-kn[n       
p5dants 7 boldly introduc$ ) ?is object4
 ,none 7 :olly       satisfactory1 b1   
says ,f]gusson3--         8#8,/range z x

 may appe> f its date1 ! mo/            
satisfactory       ro( ( ?is class is t 
erect$ by ,c>d9al ,wolsey ov] !         
*oir ( ,ox=d ,ca!dral4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! 
p5dants are ?ru/       s f> =w>d1 & made
 s important1 t ! c5tral "p ( !         
ro( is practically quadrip>tite4 ,!     
rema9+ difficulty 0       obviat$ by    
ab&on+ ! circul>1 horizontal outl9e (   
true       fan-trac]y1 & adopt+ a       
polygonal =m in/ead4 ,z ! :ole is       
done 9 a con/ructive mann] & )          
appropriate detail1 ?is       ro(1      
except 9 size1 is "o ( ! be/ & mo/      
rem>kable ev]       execut$4'           
8,fan-trac]y is a peculi>ly ,engli%     
feature1 & 0 inv5t$1       accord+ to   
,f]gusson1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! endless
       repetition ( inv]t$ pyramids :i* 
e>li] vault+ produc$4 ,he       !re=e   
consid]s x an improvem5t on ! vault+ ( !
 e>ly       ,engli% & ,decorat$ p]iods2 
&1 z he ?9ks ! ceil+ (       ,*ri/ ,*ur*
 ,ca!dral to be ! be/ example (         
fan-trac]y1 he       comes ne> to       

pron\nc+ x ! f9e/ 9 ! _w40--7,p4 ,d47   
,! ,ea/ ,end is ,scott's re/oration 9 ! 
/yle ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4  ,! l>ge      
:eel-w9d[ 7an imitation f ,cant]bury7 & 
! two  r\nd-head$ w9d[s bel[ produce a  
f9e effect4    ,on ! left ( ! ,*oir we  
come to ! mo/ curi\s "p ( !  ,ca!dral4  
,columns & ar*es m>k ! divisions ( !    
nor?-*oir-aisle1 ! ,lady-,*apel fur!r   
nor? & ! ,lat9 ,*apel                   
beyond--practically ?ree aisles4 ,! ea/ 
end ( ea* aisle conta9s a  beautiful    
,burne-,jones w9d[4 ,! nor? transept =ms
 ! we/]n  b\nd>y ( ^! ?ree aisles1 :i*  
are 9 reality only an ext5sion  ( ?is   
transept4         8,"h ! eye w&]s among 
pill>s & ar*es :i* bran* away 9       s 
_m directions t ! gr&e/ *ur*es c sc>cely
 give       m ?or\ghly ! idea ( inf9ity4
 ,& "h "o /&s on !       site ( ,/4     
,frideswide's fir/ little *ur*1 ) ! v   
ar*es       t %e _h built = h]1 /ill /&+
 9 all _! primitive       simplicity4   
8,at ! end ( ! nor?-*oir-aisle is ! ,/4 
,cecilia w9d[1       pres5t$ 9 hon\r ( !

 patroness ( music by ,dr4 ,corfe1 a    
=m] organi/1 9 #ahgc4 ,9 ! c5tre light !
 sa9t is       repres5t$ play+ h] regal 
or small h&-organ2 two angels           
hold+ o!r musical in/rum5ts1 ) palms 9  
_! h&s1 /&       by h]4 ,! drap]y is    
wr\ght 9 :ite glass1 ! angels h         
pale-blue w+s1 & ! fle% t9ts matt$ ov] )
 r$ tell w>m       aga9/ ! drap]y4 ,9 ! 
l[] panels are ?ree sc5es f h]          
life3 #8,"h ,/4 ,cecilia tea*es h]      
husb&1' #8,"h an angel ( !       ,"l    
tea*es ,/4 ,cecilia1' #8,"h ,/4 ,cecilia
 w9s a heav5ly       cr[n2' ! sa9t's    
figure 9 ! la/ panel is mo/ t\*+ly      
drawn4 ,^! l[] panels are ri*] 9 col\r  
?an ! re/1 & a       great] v>iety (    
t9ts is introduc$2 b ! col\rs are s     
delicate1 & s skilfully bl5d$1 t !y fall
 9 mo/       h>moni\sly ) ! ma9 p>ts ( !
 w9d[40--7,p4 ,d47    ,9 ! mo/ ea/]n ar*
 betwe5 ! nor?-*oir-aisle & !           
,lady-,*apel we /op to exam9e ! ,%r9e ( 
,/4 ,frideswide4         8,! c(f] or    
%r9e1 :i* 0 made = ! translation 9 #abhi

       7its base be+ !re=e ! mo/ anci5t 
monum5t 9 !       ca!dral71 0 knock$ to 
pieces at ! ,re=mation 7#aech71 &1      
be+ ( wood1 mu/ h entirely p]i%$4 ,b    
gradually1 & f       diff]5t places1    
fragm5ts ( ! base 7 br\ght toge!r3      
fir/1 sev]al pieces ( delicately c>v$   
m>ble 7 discov]$       9 ! sides ( a    
squ>e well 9 ! y>d s\?-we/ ( !          
ca!dral2 !n a "p ( ! pl9? on ! s\? side 
0 f\nd to       be 9 use z a /ep1       
luckily ) ! c>v$ portion turn$          
inw>ds2 next a sp&rel 0 detect$ by ,mr4 
,francis1 ! head       v]g]1 9 ! wall ( 
! cemet]y2 & la/ ( all a piece ( !      
pl9? 0 f\nd 9 a wall 9 ,tom ,quad4 ,?\gh
 "s portions are       /ill want+1 x is 
n impossible t m may yet be f\nd4       
8,z ! monum5t /&s n[1 x _c1 ( c\rse1    
impress "o z       x w\ld h done 9 its  
p]fect /ate1 ) ! ri*       sup]/ructure 
cr[n+ x3 especially z ! re/or$ %afts are
       m]ely squ>e /one supports ( !    
clumsie/ description1 s       /udi\sly  
c>eful has ! re/or] be5 n to confuse !m 

)       ! orig9al "w4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! base
 ( ,/4 ,frideswide's       %r9e is only 
a collection ( fragm5ts1 ^! fragm5ts are
 (       rem>kable beauty & int]e/4 ,x  
is ( ,=e/ m>ble1 measur+       sev5 feet
 by ?ree & a half2 & consi/s ( an arcade
 ( two       ri*ly cusp$ ar*es at !     
sides & "o at ea* end4 ,on ! top       (
 ?is 0 fix$ ! f]etrum1 conta9+ ! jewell$
 casket       t held ! relics !mselves4 
,! sp&rels are fill$ )       wond]fully 
c>v$ foliage1 unusually naturali/ic1 &  
pres]v+       /ill ! traces ( col\r &   
gild+ to rem9d "o ( its =m]             
glories4 ,on ! s\? side !re is maple 9 !
 c5tral sp&rel1       ) a wrea? ( :at is
 probably cr['s-foot 9 a boss bel[3 !   
two side sp&rels conta9 columb9e & !    
great] cel&9e4 ,on       ! nor? side !  
foliage is mo/ly oak1 ) acorns & num]\s 
empty cups2 sycamore & ivy fill+ !      
adjo9+ sp&rels4 ,at       ! ea/ end "o (
 ! sp&rels conta9s v9e leaves & grapes1 
! o!r fig-leaves1 b )\t ! fruit2 ! cusp 
"u !       v9e has a leaf :i* may be t (

 hog-leaf4 ,at ! we/ end       !re is   
haw?orn & bryony4 ,! *oice ( all ?is    
foliage 0       d\btless made =         
symbolical reasons1 ref]r+ fir/ to ,/4  
,frideswide's life 9 ! oak woods ne>    
,ab+don1 & next to h]       c>e = ! sick
 & suff]+ at ,?ornb]rie 7n[ ,b9sey74 ,& 
9       ?is connection x is pleasant to 
?9k t ! sculptor1 )       t5d] fancy1   
*ose plants :i* 7 fam\s = _! heal+      
virtue40--7,p4 ,d47    ,! ,lady-,*apel  
7,?irte5? ,c5tury & ,e>ly ,engli%7 is   
sometimes  call$ ! ,dormitory1 because  
_m canons are buri$ "h4  ,*>act]i/ic    
curl+ foliage decorates ! capitals4 ,!  
%afts are  fillet$4 ,traces ( col\r+ c  
be obs]v$ "h & !re & also  figures (    
angels on ! ro(4 ,! ,decorat$ w9d[      
7re/or$7 at !  ea/ end conta9s glass    
design$ by ,burne-,jones & made by      
,william  ,morris1 a memorial to        
,fr$]ick ,vyn]1 murd]$ by brig&s at     
,m>a?on  9 #ahgj4    ,! figures repres5t
 ,samuel ! ,prophet1 ,david1 ,k+ (      
,israel1 ,john  ! ,evangeli/1 & ,timo?y 

! ,bi%op4 ,9 ! panels b5ea? are1 ,eli   
in/ruct+ ! "y ,samuel1 ,david slay+     
,golia?1 ,/4 ,john at !  ,la/ ,supp]1 & 
,timo?y z a little boy le>n+ f 8 "m4    
,"h also is ! tomb ( ,elizabe? ,lady    
,montacute1 :o gave ,*ri/  ,*ur* ,mead[ 
to ! ,priory = ! support ( two prie/s = 
h]  *antry 9 ?is ,lady-,*apel4 ,h]      
effigy lies on ! top ( ! tomb1 &        
portraits ( h] *ildr5 appe> 9 ! panels  
bel[4 ,! :ole 0  orig9ally brilliantly  
col\r$4    ,f\r ar*es divide !          
,lady-,*apel4 ,"u ! ea/]nmo/ "o is a    
l>ge tomb kn[n z ! ,wat*+ ,*amb]4       
8,its real nature is /ill a matt] (     
dispute3 "s ma9ta9+ x       to h be5 us$
 z a *antry *apel = ! welf>e ( ^? :o    
7 buri$ bel[2 o!rs1 t x s]v$ z a #8wat*+
 *amb]'       to protect ! gold & jewels
 :i* hung ab\t ! %r9e ( ,/4             
,frideswide4         8,mo/ elaborately  
c>v$ & crocket$1 ! #8wat*+ *amb]' is a  
beautiful example ( full-bl[n           
,p]p5dicul> workman%ip2 #8mo/           
lovely ,engli% "w1 bo? ( he>t & h&1'    

accord+ to ,mr4       ,rusk94 ,x consi/s
 ( f\r /ories1 ! two l[]1 9 /one1       
=m+ an alt> tomb & canopy1 & ! two upp] 
9 wood4 ,a door       f ! ,lat9 ,*apel  
leads "o up a small & well-worn /one    
/aircase into ! int]ior ( ! little upp] 
*apel1 :i* is       n[ a r\gh wood5     
room4 ,its extreme r\ghness sugge/s t x 
0       once panell$ & o!rwise adorn$1  
:ile !re are m>ks at its       ea/ end1 
:i* may be ! site ( an alt>1 or ( !     
f]etrum       itself40--7,p4 ,d47       
,la/ly we come to ! ,lat9-,*apel also   
call$ ,/4 ,ca!r9e's1 9  hon\r ( ! patron
 ( /ud5ts ( !ology4         8,!         
,decorat$ vault+ 0 built :5 ! *apel 0   
enl>g$ 9       ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,!   
foliage ( its bosses is v               
beautiful2 ! wat]-lilies especially ( ! 
?ird boss1 s       sugge/ive ( ,ox=d    
/reams1 & ! roses a little fur!r ea/1   
are a happy comb9ation ( naturali/ic    
treatm5t ) decorative       re/ra9t4 ,x 
w be notic$ t ! vault+ does n run true  
9 ! ?ird bay1 ! ,decorat$ "w !re hav+   

be5 some:at       awkw>dly jo9$ to !    
,e>ly ,engli% ( ! second bay4           
8,a prom95t feature 9 ! ,lat9-,*apel is 
! old oak /all+1       :i* a second     
inspection proves to be pat*work4 ,!    
return$       /alls at ! we/ end        
probably belong$ to ! *oir ( !          
conv5tual *ur*1 & 9 t case w\ld h be5   
fitt$ 9 "h       :5 ,dean ,duppa        
#8adorn$' ! *oir by de/roy+ ! old       
wood-"w4 ,ne> to ^! is "s ( ! "w prep>$ 
= ,c>d9al       ,wolsey's new *apel4 ,! 
poppy-heads are good specim5s (         
wood-c>v+1 & conta9 a monogram          
,i4,h4,s41 a he>t 9 a cr[n (            
?orns1 a c>d9al's hat1 & o!r devices4 ,!
 pulpit1 ) its       delicate canopy1 an
 excell5t specim5 ( ,sev5te5? ,c5tury   
wood-"w1 0 =m]ly ! ,vice-,*ancellor's   
seat 9 ano!r "p       ( ! *ur*1 occupi$ 
by him dur+ univ]sity s]mons4 ,x 0      
!n us$ by ! ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity
 = 8 lectures1 b       s9ce ! alt> 0    
re/or$ six ye>s ago1 ! *apel has be5 no 
long] us$ z a lecture-room40--7,p4 ,d47 

,"h we f9d "s ( ! be/ glass 9 !         
,ca!dral4 ,at ! ea/ end is  ! fam\s ,/4 
,frideswide w9d[ by ,burne-,jones2 & !  
?ree w9d[s  on ! nor? are beautiful     
specim5s ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 replac$  
"h by ,dean ,liddell4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* 
light is a figure & !  re/ ( ! space is 
cov]$ ) ! diamond-%ap$ pieces ( glass   
be>+ leaves & fl[]s1 te*nically call$   
8qu>ries40 ,m$allions  & bord]s ) v>i\s 
bea/s--ev5 monkeys--decorate ! spaces 9 
! trac]y4 ,! fir/ w9d[ depicts ,/4      
,ca!r9e1 a ,virg9 & ,*ild1  & next a    
figure1 probably ,/4 ,frideswide2 !     
second w9d[ repres5ts  an ar*bi%op &    
angels2 & ! ?ird1 ,/4 ,frideswide ) ,/4 
,m>g>et on "o side & ,/4 ,ca!r9e on !   
o!r4 ,x is v  int]e/+ to comp>e ^! ) !  
,burne-,jones's ,/4 ,frideswide at  !   
ea/ end3         8,?\gh ?is is "o ( !   
fir/ w9d[s t ,burne-,jones ev]          
design$ x is "o ( 8 be/4 ,bett] suit$ 7z
 _m ?9k7 to       ! purpose ( a w9d[1 at
 all ev5ts 9 ?is enclos$ *apel1         
?an ! fre] me?od ( ! o!r glass1 x c>ries

 on ! be/       traditions ( ! craft1 9 
its inf9ite v>iety ( gem-l col\r       &
 complexity ( detail2 :ile x atta9s a   
degree ( p]fection       9 pictorial    
effect & figure-draw+ :i* 0 impossible  
dur+       ! great era ( m$ival         
glass-pa9t+4 ,! dea? ( ! sa9t1       )  
its lovely effect ( light ?r\gh !       
lattic$ w9d[1 =       in/ance1 & !      
picture ( h] 9 ! pig-/y1 w\ld be p]fect 
z f9i%$ pictures1 & yet d n = an in/ant 
out/ep !       conv5tion :i* is necess>y
 = _! function z "p ( a       w9d[4     
8,! col\r is1 9 spite 7or r because7 (  
its radiant       v>iety1 n s imm$iately
 attractive to e "o z t ( !       o!r   
,burne-,jones w9d[s2 b :5 "o has sat d[n
 = five or       t5 m9utes & deciph]$ ! 
v>i\s sc5es1 its unapproa*able          
beauty becomes app>5t1 & ea* succe$+    
visit deep5s !       impression ( !     
spl5d\r & poetry ( ?is incomp>able "w4  
8,! sc5es depict$ are1 by ! arti/'s own 
acc\nt1 z       foll[s3--         8,fir/
 ,light3 ,/4 ,frideswide & h] companions

 br\ght up by ,/4       ,cecilia & ,/4  
,ca!r9e2 ,/4 ,frideswide f\nds h] fir/  
conv5t2       ,a mess5g] f ! ,k+ (      
,m]cia dem&s h] 9 m>riage2 ,!       ,k+ 
comes to take h] by =ce1 & ! fir/ conv5t
 is brok5       up4         8,second    
,light3 ,flight ( ,/4 ,frideswide to    
,ab+don2 ,! ,k+ (       ,m]cia & 8      
soldi]s 9 pursuit2 ,! ,flight cont9u$2  
,!       ,pursuit cont9u$2 ,/4          
,frideswide takes refuge 9 a pig-/y4    
8,?ird ,light3 ,flight ( ,/4 ,frideswide
 to ,b9sey2 ,! ,k+ (       ,m]cia 9     
pursuit2 ,/4 ,frideswide f\nds a new    
conv5t at ,b9sey2       ,h] m]ciful     
de$s4         8,f\r? ,light3 ,return (  
,/4 ,frideswide to ,ox=d2 ,! ,siege (   
,ox=d by ! ,k+ ( ,m]cia2 ,! ,siege      
cont9u$2 ,! ,k+ /ruck       bl9d2 ,!    
,dea? ( ,/4 ,frideswide4         8,9 !  
trac]y above are ! trees ( life & ( k1 &
 a       %ip ( s\ls convoy$ by          
angels40--7,p4 ,d47    ,pass+ into !    
nor? transept we note t ! ea/]n aisle   
has be5  m]g$ into ! ,lady-,*apel &     

,lat9-,*apel ( :i* x =ms !  we/]n bays2 
b t ! we/]n aisle rema9s4    ,! nor?    
w9d[ 7mod]n glass7 0 re/or$ back to its 
orig9al design  by ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott4 
,b5ea? x is a panell$ tomb ( ,h5ry      
,,vii4's  p]iod4 ,x is suppos$ to be t (
 a monk nam$ ,z\* 7di$ #aejc71  probably
 a scribe1 because 8 ink-horn & p5-case 
appe> on !  %ields ( 8 tomb4 ,he left a 
beque/ to pay = ! vault+4    ,! ,t[] is 
n p]fectly squ>e4 ,! nave & *oir sides  
are wid]  ?an ^? ( ! transepts1 & !re=e 
! nor? & s\? ar*es  are po9t$ & ! ea/ & 
we/ ar*es are r\nd4 ,foliage decorates  
! capitals ( ! %afts4 ,! lant]n is op5 &
 is ornam5t$ )  arcades & ar*es4 ,at !  
s\?-ea/ pi] ! break 9 ! masonry         
indicates1 9 ! op9ion ( "s /ud5ts1 !    
place :]e ! build]s  /opp$ "w :5 ,sweyn 
drove ,e!lr$ out ( ,engl&4    ,! f9e    
,jacobean ,pulpit 7#afce71 elaborately  
c>v$ ) grotesques on  ! panels1 des]ves 
at lea/ a pass+ glance4    ,! s\?       
transept has no aisles1 = ! we/]n aisle 
0 cut (f by  ! cloi/]s & ! ea/]n aisle  

became ,/4 ,lucy's ,*apel1 9 !  second  
bay4 ,?\gh !re are _m old royali/ tombs 
! *ief int]e/  "h is ! beautiful ,w9d[ (
 ?ree lights1 ! ,flamboyant trac]y (    
:i* frames ! mo/ spl5did glass 9 ! :ole 
ca!dral4 ,x dates  f ab\t #accj4        
8,9 ! upp]mo/ comp>tm5t ( ! trac]y is a 
figure ( our       ,"l seat$ 9 glory2   
bel[ !re are angels ) c5s]s1 & next     
two ,augu/9ian monks 9 blue & :ite      
robes1 kneel+ )       out/ret*$ arms2 !n
 come coats-(-arms1 & v>i\s grotesque   
bea/s1 all mo/ ri*ly col\r$ 9 ruby &    
blue & gre5 &       gold4 ,bel[1 9 !    
pr9cipal spaces1 are 7#a7 ,/4 ,m>t9 on  
horseback giv+ 8 coat to ! begg>2 7#b7 !
 m>tyrdom ( ,/4       ,?omas  ,becket3  
,/4 ,?omas' head has be5 knock$ out by  
"s       fanatic1 & replac$ ) :ite      
glass2 ! arm\r & %ields (       !       
knights %\ld be notic$2 7#c7 ,/4        
,augu/9e1 :o holds a       pa/oral /aff1
 is tea*+ 8 monks & o!rs4 ,9 ! next f\r 
spaces are3--,! head ( a k+2 ,/4        
,cu?b]t1 c>ry+ ! head       ( ,/4       

,oswald1 & we>+ a gre5 *asuble2 ,/4     
,blaise1 9 a       mulb]ry-col\r$       
*asuble2 ! head ( a que54 ,! glass 9 !  
?ree ma9 lights 0 de/roy$1 & !n replac$ 
by "s (       ,sev5te5? ,c5tury "w1 b   
?is too is n[ gone1 all except a        
portion ( ! upp] "p :i* %[s t ! design 0
       ar*itectural 9 "* & ! col\r t (  
fog-smitt5       /one-"w40--7,p4 ,d47   
,! ,s\?-,*oir-,aisle is ( e>li] date ?an
 ! nave & transept  aisles4 ,scott      
rebuilt ! s\!rn w9d[s 9 ! ,norman /yle4 
,heads (  m5 & monkeys decorate !       
corbels t support ! vault4 ,!  orig9al  
half-fl[] m\ld+ adorns ! ,decorat$ ea/  
w9d[  7re/or$7 :i* conta9s "o (         
,burne-,jones's fam\s designs4 ,x is a  
memorial to ,edi? ,liddell 7#ahgf71 ^:  
portrait appe>s 9 ! c5tral  figure z ,/4
 ,ca!r9e4 ,9 ! trac]y above angels are  
play+ musical  in/rum5ts & 9 ! panels   
bel[ are sc5es f ! life & dea?  ( ,/4   
,ca!r9e4    ,! ?ird w9d[ 9 ! wall ne>   
,/4 ,lucy's ,*apel is ( great  int]e/4  
,x is ! only "o ( ! orig9al ,romanesque 

w9d[s t  rema9s4 ,! old glass %[s a     
portrait ( ,bi%op ,k+1 ,abbot ( ,os5ey  
& fir/ ,bi%op ( ,ox=d4 ,he di$ 9 #aeeg &
 0 buri$ 9 ,*ri/  ,*ur* ,ca!dral4       
8,?is w9d[1 ) "s o!rs1 0 tak5 d[n dur+ !
 ,civil       ,w>1 buri$ = safety by a  
memb] ( ! family1 & put up aga9       at
 ! ,re/oration4 ,! ,bi%op is repres5t$  
/&+ ve/$ 9 a       jewell$ cope ( clo? (
 gold1 & mitre1 a pa/oral /aff 9 8      
glov$ h&4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 among ! trees1
 is a picture (       ,os5ey ,abbey 9   
its already ru9$ condition 7c4 #afcj71  
drawn       )\t mu* feel+ = its         
ar*itecture1 b ( great value z          
almo/ ! only picture ( ! place we       
possess4 ,! we/]n t[]       0 ! fir/    
home ( :at are n[ ! ,*ri/ ,*ur* bells4  
,?ree       coats-(-arms 7be+ ^? ( !    
,bi%op1 impal$ ) ! ,abbey       ( ,os5ey
 & ! ,see ( ,ox=d7 complete ! ri*ness ( 
:at is a       v good example (         
,sev5te5? ,c5tury pa9t$ glass1 9 !      
/rict s5se ( ! ^w40--7,p4 ,d47    ,s\? (
 ! ,s\? ,transept ! slype1 a vault$     

passage includ+ "p  ( ! transept1 leads 
into ! ,cloi/]s4    ,s\? ( ! slype lies 
! ,*apt]-,h\se1 des]v+ a visit because x
  is a f9e example ( ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,!  
monks' heads c>v$ on !  corbels1 !      
bosses ( ! ro(1 & ! arcade ( five ar*es 
at !  ea/ end are ! *ief features ( !   
int]ior4    ,illu/ration3 ,,ox=d3 ,,lat9
 ,,*apel    ,illu/ration3 ,,/4          
,,paul',s3 ,,we/ ,,front          ,,/4  
,,paul',s1 ,,london         ,,d$ication3
 ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,a ,,*ur* ,,=m]ly ,,s]v$  
,,by ,,secul> ,,canons4                 
,,special ,,features3 ,,dome2 ,,*oir    
,,/alls2 ,,tombs ,,& ,,monum5ts4      ,!
 pres5t build+ 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle is !
 ?ird ,*ri/ian  *ur* erect$ on ?is site4
 ,x is said t a ,roman temple to ,diana 
/ood "h2 b ! e>lie/ *ur* ( :i* records  
exi/ 0 erect$  by ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t1 9
 #faj1 9 :i* he 0 assi/$ by ,sieb]t1    
,k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,saxons1 8 nephew1 :o f\nd$
 ! mona/]y ( ,/4  ,pet]1 call$ ,we/m9/]1
 on ,?orney ,isl&4 ,?is ,ca!dral1 :i*   
ow$  mu* ( its prosp]ity to ,/4         

,erk5wald1 f\r? ,bi%op ( ,london1 to  ^:
 memory a gold5 %r9e 0 erect$ "h1 suff]$
 f fire 9 #ifa  & 0 completely de/roy$ 9
 #ajhf4 ,on ! ru9s a ,norman *ur* 0     
imm$iately erect$1 ! ar*itect = :i* 0   
,bi%op ,maurice4 ,?\gh  injur$ by fire 9
 #aaic x 0 a /ately & beautiful build+1 
9 !  ,norman /yle4 ,x 0 cruci=m1 ) two  
we/]n t[]s = bells & a  high t[] 9 !    
c5tre ) a spire4 ,9 addition to ! high  
alt>  !re 7 sev5ty or eighty *antries ) 
_! own alt>s1 & beh9d  ! high alt> !    
gold5 %r9e conta9+ ! body ( ,/4         
,erk5wald4  ,! nave conta9$ twelve bays 
& also ! *oir rebuilt 9 #abba4 ,!       
,lady-,*apel 0 add$ 9 #abbe4 ,x 0 !     
l>ge/ ,ca!dral 9 ,engl&4  ,/4 ,paul's 0 
ri* 9 relics & 9 treasure ( all         
k9ds--pictures  & frescoes1 ve/m5ts1    
gold1 silv] & jewels4 ,9 #acab ! nave 0 
pav$ ) m>ble & 9 #acae a new wood5 spire
 #dfj feet high 0  add$4    ,?is great  
,ca!dral became ! v c5tre ( ! life ( !  
citiz5s4  ,"h m5 met to def5d _!        
lib]ties1 summon$ by ! great bells (    

,/4 ,paul's1 f ! days ( ,k+ ,/eph5 until
 ! magnific5t  ,ca!dral p]i%$ 9 ! ,great
 ,fire4         8,aga9 & aga9 ! tocs9   
s\nd$1 z ,/4 ,paul's bell rang cle>     
& l\d1 & ! citiz5s seiz$ _! weapons &   
=m$ _!       battalions b5ea? ! %ad[ ( !
 great *ur*4 ,n[ x 0 to       help      
,simon de ,mont=t aga9/ ! ,k+2 n[ to    
seize ! p]son (       ! obnoxi\s ,que5  
,eleanor1 :o 0 try+ to escape by wat] f 
! ,t[] to ,w9dsor1 & :o 0 rescu$ f _!   
h&s by !       ,bi%op ( ,london1 & f\nd 
refuge 9 8 palace4 ,n[ !       fav\rites
 ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 excit$ _! rage1         
especially ! ,bi%op       ( ,exet]1 !   
,k+'s reg5t1 :o d>$ to ask ! ,"l ,mayor 
=       ! keys ( ! city & paid = 8      
tem]ity ) 8 life4#i         8,!         
*ronicles ( ! ,ca!dral tell ! /ory ( !  
tr\bl\s       times ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4
 ,we see ,h5ry ,,iv4 pret5d+ bitt]      
sorr[ = ! dea? ( ! murd]$ ,ri*>d1 &     
cov]+ )       clo?-(-gold ! body1 :i* _h
 be5 exhibit$ to ! p 9       ,/4        
,paul's4 ,we see ,h5ry ,v4 return+ 9    

triumph f ! ,fr5*       w>s1 rid+ 9 /ate
 to ! ,ca!dral att5d$ by #8! mayor &    
bre?r5 ( ! ,city companies1 we>+ r$ g[ns
 ) hoods ( r$       & :ite1 well-m\nt$ &
 gorge\sly hors$ ) ri* coll>s &         
great *a9s1 rejoic+ at 8 victori\s      
return4' ,!n came ,h5ry       ,,vi4     
att5d$ by bi%ops1 ! dean & canons1 to   
make 8 (f]+       at ! alt>4 ,"h ! false
 ,duke ( ,york took 8 oa? on !          
,bless$ ,sacram5t to be loyal to ! ,k+4 
,"h ! rival h\ses       swore to lay    
aside _! diff]5ces1 & to live at peace4 
,b a       few ye>s lat] saw ! new ,k+  
,edw>d ,,iv41 at ,/4 ,paul's1           
att5d$ by great ,w>wick1 ! k+-mak]1 ) 8 
body-gu>d (       #hjj m5-at-arms4      
,/range 7 ! *anges ( =tune 9 ^? days4   
,soon ,/4 ,paul's saw ! exhibition ( !  
dead body ( !       k+-mak]1 & n long   
aft]w>ds t ( ! poor de?ron$       ,h5ry1
 & ,ri*>d came 9 /ate "h amid ! %\ts ( !
       populace4 ,aft] ! defeat ( !     
conspiracy ( ,lamb]t ,simnel1           
,h5ry ,,vii4 celebrat$ a joy\s ?anksgiv+

 9 ! ,ca!dral1 &       "h1 amid mu*     
rejoic+1 ! y\?ful m>riage ( ,pr9ce      
,ar?ur       ) ,ka!r9e ( ,aragon took   
place1 :5 ! conduits ( ,*eapside       &
 on ! we/ ( ! ,ca!dral ran ) w9e1 & !   
bells rang       joyfully1 & all wi%$   
happ9ess to ! ,royal *ildr5 ^:          
w$d$ life 0 de/9$ to be s brief4        
8,/4 ,paul's became ! ga!r+-place =     
lords & c\rti]s &       pr(essional p1  
:o met e day f elev5 till twelve &      
f ?ree till six to discuss ! news ( !   
day & to transact       bus9ess4        
8,"h lawy]s receiv$ _! cli5ts2 "h m5    
s\ght s]vice2 "h       usur]s met _!    
victims1 & ! tombs & font 7 mightily    
conv5i5t = c\nt]s = ! ex*ange ( money & 
!       transaction ( b>ga9s1 & ! rattle
 ( gold & silv] 0       con/antly he>d  
amid/ ! l\d talk+ ( ! cr[d4 ,gallants   
ent] ! ,ca!dral we>+ spurs1 hav+ j left 
_! /e$s at       ,! ,bell & ,savage &   
are imm$iately besieg$ by ! *ori/]s1    
:o h ! "r ( dem&+ spur money f any "o   
ent]+       ! build+ we>+ spurs4 ,nor   

are ! fair sex abs5t1 & ,paul's         
,walk 0 us$ z a conv5i5t place =        
assignations4 ,old plays are       full 
( ref]5ces to ?is practice4 ,lat] on !  
nave 0 no?+       b a public ?or\ghf>e1 
:]e m5 tramp$1 c>ry+ baskets (          
bread & fi%1 fle% & fruit1 vessels (    
ale1 sacks ( coal1 &       ev5 dead     
mules & horses & o!r bea/s4 ,huck/]s &  
p$dl]s       sold _! w>es4 ,duke        
,humphrey's tomb 0 ! great meet+-place  
( all begg>s & l[ rascals1 & !y         
euphemi/ically call$       _! ga!r+ #8a 
d9+ ) ,duke ,humphrey4' ,mu* m c\ld be  
writt5 ( ?is assembly ( all sorts &     
conditions ( m51 b we       h said en\gh
 to %[ t ! ,ca!dral _h suff]$ greatly   
f desecration & abuse4 ,inde$ an old    
writ] 9 #aefa decl>$       t ! burn+ ( !
 /eeple 9 t ye> 0 a judgm5t = !         
sc5es ( pr(anation :i* 7 daily witness$ 
9 old ,/4       ,paul's40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47
    ,cromwell's army demoli%$ %r9es &   
de/roy$ all ! relics &  works ( art1 &  
seam/resses & huck/]s took up _! abode 9

 !  we/]n portico1 built by ,*>les ,i4  
aft] designs by ,inigo ,jones4 ,at  !   
,re/oration plans to repair & re/ore !  
,ca!dral 7 be+  made by ,wr5 :5 ! ,great
 ,fire de/roy$ x4 ,wr5 _h ! task (      
rebuild+ x1 & produc$ a ma/]piece t     
takes rank ) ,/4  ,pet]'s 9 ,rome & ev5 
surpasses x 9 "s ( its details4    8,!  
/ones ( ,paul's10 wrote ,evelyn1 8flew l
 granados1 ! melt+  lead runn+ d[n !    
/reets 9 a /ream & ! v pavem5ts gl[+  ) 
fi]y r$ness1 s z no horse or man 0 able 
to tread on !m1 &  ! demolition _h /opp$
 all ! passages1 s t no help c\ld be    
appli$40    ,x took a long "t to remove 
! ru9s & to decide ^u ! plan =  !       
successor ( ,old ,/4 ,paul's4 ,wr5 made 
num]\s designs & draw+s  & !re 0 great  
delay4 ,at l5g? ! royal w>rant 0 obta9$ 
&  ! fir/ /one 0 laid ,june #ba1 #afge1 
at ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( !  *oir4 ,!        
,ca!dral 0 build+ = ?irty-five ye>s4 ,! 
*oir 0  f9i%$ & s]vice held 9 x on      
,decemb] #b1 #afig4 ,x is sad to        
rememb] t ! great ar*itect 0 a victim ( 

jeal\sy & intrigue1  & pleasant to "k t 
he liv$ to see ! glori\s *ur* t _h  tak5
 =m 9 8 m9d complet$4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9      
#agaj4         8,0 !re ev] kn[n 9 !     
hi/ory ( ! _w any ca!dral       :i*     
suff]$ f fire l ,/4 ,paul's8 ,! :ole    
c>e] ( !       *ur* 0 an ordeal by fire4
 ,x 0 injur$ by fire a hundr$       ye>s
 be=e ,we/m9/] ,hall 0 built2 x 0       
totally de/roy$       by fire 9 !       
,elev5? ,c5tury & x took ne>ly two      
c5turies to       re/ore x to any?+ l   
its =m] magnific5ce4 #8,away6 we        
lose ourselves 9 light1' might h be5 its
 motto1 = x 0 all       b completely    
de/roy$ by fire 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 & 
its       spire1 :i* 0 !n claim$ to be !
 highe/ 9 ! _w1 0       de/roy$ by fire 
a c5tury lat]4 ,?us we h br\ght x to !  
t]rible days ( #afff1 :5 x w5t "u ) s   
mu* ( ,london to       accompany x--"o (
 ! mo/ trem5d\s conflagrations record$ 9
       ! hi/ory ( great cities4 ,!n came
 ! ,commission to rebuild       x1 ( :i*
 brave ,john ,evelyn 0 a memb]1 & !n    

,sir       ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 rais$ !       
monum5t to 8 fame :i* ^? :o       w\ld  
"q 8 r5[n h only to look ^u & be        
satisfi$40--7,j4 ,mc,c47    ,com+ along 
f ,ludgate ,hill we ga9 a spl5did view (
 ! impressive  ,dome em]g+ ?r\gh ! mi/s 
9 ! v he>t ( ! ,city4         8,/4      
,paul's is (t5 call$ ,classical1 or     
,roman1 or ,italian2 x is       n "o (  
^! ?ree3 x is ,engli% ,r5aissance4 ,x 01
 too1 a       di/9ctly happy ?\ght (    
,f]gusson to sugge/ t ! ,ca!dral        
takes a l place 9 ,engli% ar*itecture to
 t :i* !       immortal #8,p>adise ,lo/'
 does 9 ,engli% lit]ature4 ,! plan is   
t ( a m$ival *ur*2 ! pila/]s &          
entablature are ,roman2       ! r\nd ar*
 is f\nd 9 bo? ,roman & ,romanesque1 & t
       comm&+ feature1 ! ,dome1 is !    
common prop]ty ( _m /yles       & _m    
ages4 ,! g5]al plan resembles ! long or 
,lat9 ,cross1       ) transepts ( great]
 bread? ?an l5g?2 & ! uni=mity       is 
brok5 by an apse at ! ea/1 & ! two      
*apels at ! we/       end40--7,a4 ,d47  

,be=e we beg9 our t\r ( ! ,ca!dral let u
 take a little note (  our surr\nd+s4   
8,9 old5 times ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d 0 "o
 ( ! great bus9ess       c5tres (       
,london4 ,ab\t ! *ur* m5 met to discuss 
! do+s       ( ! day1 ! la/ piece ( news
 f ,fl&]s1 ,france or ,spa91       or ! 
rum\rs f ! c\ntry4 ,"h ! citiz5s ga!r$  
angrily       :5 !re 0 any talk ( an    
invasion ( _! *]i%$       lib]ties1     
grumbl$ ov] ! b5evol5ce dem&$ by 8      
,maje/y       = ! pay ( ! troops engag$ 
9 ! ,fr5* w>1 or je]$ at       "s poor  
wret* nail$ by 8 e>s 9 ! pillory4 ,"h ! 
h]alds w\ld proclaim ! news ( our       
victories by sea & l&2       "h ! public
 newsm5 w\ld read out _! budgets2 v5dors
 (       infallible no/rums w\ld wax    
eloqu5t z to ! virtues ( _!       w>es2 
& ! wives & daught]s ( ! citiz5s w\ld   
ga!r to       gossip & flirt4 ,x 0 at   
once ! ex*ange1 ! club1 & !             
meet+-place ( ,london4 ,paul's ,cross 0 
! he>t ( ! ,city2       "h m5 ?rew up _!
 bonnets :5 !y he>d ( ,crcy & (         

,ag9c\rt2 "h !y li/5$ to ! prea*+s ( !  
fir/       foll[]s ( ,wycliffe2 "h !y   
erect$ _! *oice/ pageants       :5 a new
 sov]eign visit$ ! ,city = ! fir/ "t1 or
       br\ght 8 new-made sp\se to %[ h] 
to 8 lieges2 & ga!r$       ) fr[n+ br[s 
b5ea? iron caps :5 ,london ?rew 9 its   
lot       ) ! ,p>liam5t1 & ! tra9 b&s   
m>*$ (f to fight !       ,k+'s =ces4 ,! 
bus9ess m>t ( ! ,city lies n[ 9 front ( 
! ,mansion ,h\se1 b a great deal (      
bus9ess is /ill done "u       ! %ad[ ( !
 ,ca!dral40--7,c4 ,d47    ,all ! /reets 
be> names t rem9d u ( ! vic9ity ( ,/4   
,paul's--,cre$ ,lane1 ,ave ,m>ia ,lane1 
,s]mon ,lane1 ,canon ,alley1 ,am5       
,corn] & ,pat]no/] ,r[ kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w
 z !  headqu>t]s ( ! book trade &       
publi%]s1 :ile ,*eapside1 ,ludgate      
,hill1 ,fleet ,/reet & ,/4 ,paul's      
,*ur*y>d sw>m ) gho/s &  memories (     
,london's /irr+ ev5ts4         8,! mod]n
 pass5g] ?r\gh ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d has 
n only       ! la/ home ( ,nelson & o!rs
 to v5]ate z he goes by4 ,9       !     

gr\nd ( ! old *ur* 7 buri$1 & "h !re=e  
rema9s :atev] du/ may survive !m1 !     
gallant ,sir ,philip       ,sidney 7!   
beau idal ( ! age ( ,elizabe?71 &       
,v&yke1 :o       immortalis$ ! y\? &    
beauty ( ! c\rt ( ,*>les !       ,fir/4 
,"o ( ,elizabe?'s great /atesm5 also lay
       !re--,wals+ham--:o di$ s poor t  
he 0 buri$ by /eal?       to prev5t 8   
body f be+ arre/$4 ,ano!r1 ,sir         
,*ri/oph]       ,hatton1 :o is suppos$  
to h danc$ himself into ! (fice (       
,h] ,maje/y's ,*ancellor1 _h a tomb :i* 
8 contempor>ies       ?\ght too         
magnific5t1 & :i* 0 accus$ ( #8%\ld]+ ! 
alt>4'         8,old ,/4 ,paul's 0 mu*  
l>g] ?an n[1 & ! ,*ur*y>d 0 (           
proportionate dim5sions4 ,! wall by :i* 
x 0 b\nd$ ran       along by ! pres5t   
/reets ( ,ave ,m>ia ,lane1 ,pat]no/]    
,r[1       ,old ,*ange1 ,c>t] ,lane &   
,cre$ ,lane2 & !re=e includ$ a          
l>ge space & _m build+s :i* are n n[    
consid]$ to be       )9 ! prec9cts ( !  
,ca!dral4 ,?is spaci\s area _h grass    

inside1 & conta9$ a v>iety ( app5dages  
to ! e/abli%m5t4       ,"o ( ^! 0 !     
cross ( :i* ,/[ did n "k !              
antiquity4 ,x 0 call$ ,paul's ,cross1 & 
/ood on ! nor? side       ( ! *ur*1 a   
little to ! ea/ ( ! entrance ( ,cannon  
,alley40--7,l4 ,h47    ,at fir/ ! space 
ar\nd x 0 us$ = ! meet+ ( !  populace--!
 ,folkmote--:5 _! magi/rates 7 elect$1  
public  affairs discuss$ & crim9als tri$
 & s5t5c$4 ,at a lat] p]iod  ,paul's    
,cross 0 *iefly us$ = proclamations1 & f
 ! pulpit1  :i* 9 ,/['s "t 0 an         
hexagonal piece ( wood 8cov]$ ) lead1   
elevat$ ^u a flight ( /one /eps &       
surm\nt$ by a l>ge cross10  s]mons 7    
prea*$4    ,9 #ahgi ! f\ndations (      
,paul's ,cross 7 discov]$ on !  nor?-ea/
 side ( ! pres5t ,*oir4 ,a monum5t is n[
 be+ erect$ on  ! spot4    ,if we wi% to
 exam9e ! nor? & s\? fronts m p>ticul>ly
 we  fir/ g to ! =m] &         8,we note
 ! two-/ori$ con/ructions1 ! graceful   
,cor9?ian       pill>s1 arrang$ 9 pairs1
 ) r\nd-head$ w9d[s betwe5       !m2 !  

entablature2 & !n1 9 ! second /ory1     
ano!r r[       ( beautiful pila/]s ( !  
,composite ord]4 ,betwe5 ^! are         
ni*es :]e "o w\ld h expect$ w9d[s2 b ?is
 /ory is       simply a scre5 to hide ! 
fly+-buttresses support+ !              
cl]e/ory1 z ,wr5 ?\ght !m a             
disfigurem5t4 ,! walls are       f9i%$ )
 a cornice1 :i* ,wr5 0 compell$ by      
ho/ile       critics to add1 mu* aga9/ 8
 own judgm5t4 ,!re are "s               
excell5tly c>v$ fe/oons ( foliage &     
birds & *]ubs1 :i*       are well wor?y 
( close obs]vation4 ,! ,nor? & ,s\?     
,fronts       h ,cor9?ian pill>s1 :i*   
support a semicircul> entablature4      
,figures ( ! ,apo/les adorn !           
triangul>-%ap$ heads &       balu/rade4 
,! ,royal ,arms appe> on ! nor? side1 & 
a ,phnix       is ! suitable ornam5t on 
! s\?1 signify+ ! resurrection       ( !
 build+ f its a%es4 ,! s\? side is almo/
 simil> to       ! nor?4 ,! ea/ end has 
an apse40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    ,on !       
s\?-we/ is ! ,dean's y>d1 lead+ pa/ !   

,dean]y to !  ,*oir ,h\se 9 ,great ,c>t]
 ,lane :]e ! *oir-boys are tra9$4       
,doctors' ,commons1 :]e m>riage lic5ses 
us$ to be issu$1 only  survives 9 "n4   
,opposite ! nor? por* ( ! ,ca!dral is ! 
,*apt]-,h\se & f  ?is side ,/4 ,paul's  
,bridge1 ! plan = :i* 0 adopt$ 9 #aiji1 
w />t4 ,x w co/ no less ?an #a1fjj1jjj1 
& w cross !  ,?ames betwe5 ,blackfri>s &
 ,s\?w>k4    ,fac+ ,ludgate ,hill /&s a 
/atue ( ,que5 ,anne1 a mod]n replica (  
! orig9al /atue by ,bird4 ,at ! foot ( !
 #bb m>ble /eps lead+  up to ! doorway  
is a m>ble slab commemorat+ ! ,diamond  
,jubilee  ,?anksgiv+ 7,june #bb1 #ahig74
 ,f "t immemorial national ?anksgiv+    
s]vices h be5 (f]$ at ,/4 ,paul's4 ,!   
fir/ 9 ?is build+ 0  a special ?anksgiv+
 = ! ,peace ( ,ryswick4 ,que5 ,anne     
return$  ?anks = ,m>lbor\gh's victories 
9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & !  de/ruction ( !   
,spani% fleet at ,vigo & = ! victory (  
,bl5heim  7#agjb & #agjd74 ,"h ?anks 7  
also (f]$ = ! recov]y ( !  ,pr9ce (     
,wales 7,edw>d ,,vii47 f a s]i\s illness

 9 #ahgb & by  ,que5 ,victoria = !      
sixtie? anniv]s>y ( h] reign 7#ahig72 by
 ,k+  ,edw>d & ,que5 ,alex&ra = !       
re/oration ( peace 9 ,s\? ,africa       
7,june #h1 #aijb72 by ,k+ ,edw>d on     
,octob] #ah1 #aijb1 = 8 recov]y  f !    
illness t delay$ ! ,coronation2 & by ,k+
 ,george &  ,que5 ,m>y4         8,!     
,,we/ ,,front has a magnific5t portico1 
divid$1 l ! re/       ( ! build+1 into  
two /ories4 ,! l[] consi/s ( twelve     
c\pl$ & flut$ columns2 t1 above1 has    
only eight1 :i* be>       an entablature
 & p$im5t ( :i* ! tympanum is sculptur$ 
9       bas-relief1 repres5t+ !         
conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,on ! apex (     
! p$im5t is a figure ( ! ,sa9t himself1 
& at its       extremities1 on ! "r &   
left ( ,/4 ,paul1 are figures ( ,/4     
,pet] & ,/4 ,james4 ,! transepts are    
t]m9at$ upw>ds by       p$im5ts1 ov]    
c\pl$ pila/]s at ! quo9s1 & two s+le    
pila/]s 9 ! int]m$iate space4 ,on ea*   
side ( ! we/]n       portico a squ>e    
p$e/al rises ov] ! upp] ord]1 & on ea*  

p$e/al a /eeple1 or campanile t[]1      
support$ ^u triangul>       gr\ps (     
,cor9?ian columns f9i%+ 9 small domes   
=m$ by       curves ( contr>y flexure v 
l bells4 ,l[] d[n 9 front (       ^!    
campaniles1 ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s are      
repres5t$ ) _!       emblems4 ,9 ! face 
( ! s\!rn campanile a clock is ins]t$4  
,a flight ( /eps ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! 
portico =ms       ! basem5t4 ,9 ! s\?we/
 t[] is ! ,great ,bell ( ,/4            
,paul's1 ca/ 9 #agji by ,ri*>d ,phelps &
 ,langley ,bradley4 ,x is       t5 feet 
9 diamet]1 t5 in*es ?ick 9 metal &      
weighs #aa1dgd       p\nds40--7,m47     
,fir/ we w take a g5]al view ( !        
ext]ior3         8,! =m ( ,/4 ,paul's is
 t ( ! long or ,lat9 cross4 ,its        
extreme l5g?1 includ+ ! por*1 is #ejj   
feet2 ! greate/       bread?1 t is to   
say across ! transept b )9 ! doors (    
! porticoes1 #bej feet2 ! wid? ( ! nave1
 #aah feet4 ,!re       are1 h[ev]1 at ! 
foot or we/]n end ( ! cross1 projections
       nor?w>d & s\?w>d1 :i* make !     

bread? #aij feet4 ,"o (       ^!1       
namely1 on ! nor? side1 is us$ z a morn+
 *apel1 &       ! o!r1 on ! s\? side1   
conta9s ! ,well+ton ,monum5t1 b       0 
=m]ly us$ z ! ,consi/ory ,c\rt4 ,at !   
int]nal angle (       ! cross are small 
squ>e ba/ion-l adjuncts1 ^: real use is 
to /r5g!n ! pi]s ( ! dome2 b !y are     
inw>dly       s]viceable z ve/ries & a  
/aircase4 ,! height ( !       ,ca!dral  
on ! s\? side to ! top ( ! cross is #cfe
 feet4         8,! ext]ior consi/s      
?r\gh\t ( two ord]s1 ! l[] be+          
,cor9?ian1 ! upp] composite4 ,x is built
 ext]nally 9 two       /ories1 9 bo? (  
:i*1 except at ! nor? & s\? porticoes   
& at ! we/ front1 ! :ole ( !            
entablatures re/ on       c\pl$ pila/]s1
 betwe5 :i* 9 ! l[] ord] a range (      
circul>-head$ w9d[s is introduc$4 ,b 9 !
 ord] above1 !       correspond+ spaces 
are occupi$ by dress$ ni*es1 /&+ on     
p$e/als pi]c$ ) op5+s to light !        
passages 9 ! ro(       ov] ! side       
aisles4 ,! upp] ord] is no?+ b a scre5  

to       hide ! fly+-buttresses c>ri$   
across f ! out] walls to       resi/ !  
?ru/ ( ! great vault+40--7,m47    ,!    
,dome1 ! great feature ( ! *ur*1 is v   
beautiful :5 se5  f a di/ance1 z f "o ( 
! bridges1 ris+ ) its graceful  curves  
f> above ! ro(s & o!r spires4           
8,! dome1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ magnific5t 
& elegant feature       9 ! build+1     
rises f ! body ( ! *ur* 9 great         
maje/y4 ,x is #ade feet 9 outw>d & #ajh 
feet 9 inw>d diamet]4       ,tw5ty feet 
above ! ro( ( ! *ur* is a circul> range 
(       tw5ty-two columns1 e f\r?       
int]columniation be+ fill$       )      
masonry1 s dispos$ z to =m an ornam5tal 
ni*e or recess1       by :i* arrangem5t 
! project+ buttresses ( ! cupola are    
conceal$4 ,^!1 :i* =m a p]i/yle ( !     
,composite ,ord]1       ) an unbrok5    
entablature1 enclose ! int]ior ord]4 ,!y
       support a h&some gall]y adorn$ ) 
a balu/rade4 ,above ^!       columns is 
a range ( pila/]s1 ) w9d[s betwe5 !m1   
=m+       an attic ord]1 & on ^! ! great

 dome /&s4 ,! g5]al       idea ( !      
cupola1 z appe>s f ! ,p>5talia1 0 tak5  
f ! ,pan!on at ,rome4 ,on ! summit ( !  
dome1 :i* is       cov]$ ) lead1 is a   
gilt circul> balcony1 & f its c5tre     
rises ! lant]n1 adorn$ ) ,cor9?ian      
columns4 ,! :ole is       t]m9at$ by a  
gilt ball & cross4         8,b ) !      
mat*less ext]ior ceases ! sup]iority1 & 
likewise1 to a great degree1 !          
responsibility ( ,wr54 ,8       designs 
= ! int]ior 7 n only c>ri$ out1 b he 0 9
       e way ?w>t$1 controll$1 baffl$ 9 
8 old age to !       et]nal disgrace (  
all conc]n$2 ! victim ( ! pitiful       
jeal\sy ( "s1 ! ignorance ( o!rs1 !     
+ratitude (       all40--7,m47    ,x is 
s+ul> to note t :5 ,wr5 laid !          
corn]-/one on ,june #aa1  #afge1 !re 0  
no solemn c]emonial4 ,! ,k+1 ! ,c\rt1 ! 
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ! ,"l ,mayor ( 
,london 7 all notably  abs5t1 b :5 he   
laid ! la/ /one 9 ! lant]n ( ! cupola 9 
#agaj         8all ,london p\r$ =? = !  
spectacle1 :i* _h be5 publicly          

ann\nc$1 & 7 look+ up 9 wond] to ! old  
man1 or 8       son1 if n ! old man     
himself1 :o 01 on t wondr\s height1     
sett+ ! seal1 z x 71 to 8 augu/ lab\rs4 
8,:5 "o ent]s ! we/ door "o _c fail to  
be /ruck )       ! va/ness ( ! space    
enclos$ )9 its massive walls2 !re       
is no scre5 to break ! view t[>ds ! ea/1
 &1 z "o /&s       b5ea? ! dome & looks 
up into its enorm\s holl[1 ! s5se       
( ov]p[]+ height is felt z 9 no o!r *ur*
 9       ,engl&40--7,t4 ,p47    ,ent]+  
?r\gh ! we/]n door we are /ruck ) !     
imm5sity (  ! ,nave & ov]spread+ dome1 !
 effect ( ! lights1 &1 if  s]vice is be+
 held1 ! peculi> beauty ( ! *ants ( !   
*ori/]s1 ^: voices seem to come f ! dome
 & float ?r\gh  ! mi/y light to our e>s4
    ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k if ,wagn]  
ev] he>d ! *oir-boys (  ,/4 ,paul's &   
s\ght to reproduce ! effect 9 ,p>sifal1 
by  arrang+ ! voices ( knights1 squires 
& y\?s at v>i\s /ages 9  ! dome (       
,montsalvat to s+ s(tly ( ! 8wondr\s "w 
( m]cy &  salvation40         8,!       

int]ior ( ! nave is =m$ by an arcade    
re/+ on massive       pill>s & divid+ ! 
*ur* into a body & two aisles4 ,!       
ea/]n pi]s ( ! nave s]ve at ! same "t = 
! supports       ( ! cupola4 ,!y are    
wid] ?an ! o!r pi]s1 & are flank$       
by pila/]s at _! angles & h %all[ oblong
 recesses 9       ! int]columniations4  
,! ro( ov] ^! pi]s is a boldly          
c(f]$ waggon-vault1 :i* contra/s v      
effectively ) !       re/ ( ! vault+4   
8,! nave is sep>at$ f ! *oir by ! area  
ov] :i* !       cupola rises4 ,f ! c5tre
 ( ?is area1 ! transepts1 or            
trav]se ( ! cross1 div]ge to ! nor? &   
s\?1 ea*       ext5d+ "o sev]y1 or ar*1 
9 l5g?4 ,! *oir1 :i* is       vault$ &  
dom$ ov]1 l ! nave & transepts1 f ! top 
( ! attic ord]1 is t]m9at$ ea/w>d by a  
semicircul>       tribune1 ( :i* !      
diamet] is1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! same z      
! wid? ( ! *oir itself4 ,! we/]n end ( !
 *oir has       pill>s simil> to ^? at !
 ea/]n end ( ! nave1 uni=m       ) :i*  
!re are at its ea/]n end pi]s ( ! same  

ext5t       & =m1 except t !y are pi]c$ 
= a communication ) !       side aisles4
 ,above ! entablature & "u ! cupola is !
       ,:isp]+ ,gall]y1 & 9 ! concave   
above are repres5tations (       !      
pr9cipal passages ( ,/4 ,paul's life 9  
eight comp>tm5ts1       pa9t$ by ,sir   
,james ,?ornhill40--7,m47    ,we %\ld   
note t !re are ?ree /ages--! ma9 arcade1
 !  tri=ium & ! cl]e/ory4 ,! pi]s are   
fac$ ) ,cor9?ian  pila/]s t divide (f ! 
bays ea/ & we/4 ,! ar*es spr+ f  an     
entablature4 ,!y are v high4 ,! 8tri=ium
 belt10 z ! 8attic0  is t]m$ by ^?      
critics :o h dropp$ ! ,classical        
nom5clature1  & cl]e/ory above are      
easily und]/ood at a glance4         8,!
 great ar*es ov]head divide ! vault z ! 
great]       pila/]s & _! cont9uations d
 ! walls4 ,betwe5 ^!       ar*es are !  
small sauc]-%ap$ domes1 #bf feet 9      
diamet]4 ,!       reason = ^! & _!      
accessories1 ! p5d5tives1 may be/       
be und]/ood f ,wr5's own words4 ,he says
 t 8 me?od (       vault+ is ! mo/      

geometrical1 & #8is compos$ (           
,hemisph]es1       & _! ,sections only2 
& :]eas a ,sph]e may be cut all ,mann]  
( ,ways1 & t /ill into ,circles4444 ,i h
 = j ,reasons       foll[$ ?is way 9 !  
,vault+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul's4444     
,x is ! lighte/ ,mann]1 & requires less 
,butm5t ?an !       ,cross-vault+1 z    
well t x is ( an agreeable ,view4444    
,vault+ by ,p>ts ( ,hemisph]es ,i h     
!re=e foll[$ 9 !       ,vault+s ( ,/4   
,paul's1 & ) good reason pref]r$ x above
       any o!r way us$ by ,ar*itects4'  
,! sauc]-%ap$ domes are       sections (
 sph]es1 z are bo? ! p5d5tives1 & !     
sides (       ! cl]e/ory w9d[s4 ,!      
wrea?s1 g>l&s1 & fe/oons1 &       !     
v>i\s conv5tional patt]ns ) :i* ! edges 
& surfaces       ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( !     
vault+ is adorn$ _c be e/imat$       f !
 pavem5t40--7,a4 ,d47    ,f ! ,crypt to 
! dome ! space measures #aij feet4      
8,:5 ,wr5 plann$ 8 dome int]ior he _h ! 
difficulty caus$       by ! f\r limbs & 
_! side aisles to ov]come4 ,he mu/ h    

turn$ to 8 uncle's ca!dral at ,ely =    
enlight5m5t4 ,9 !       e>li] ye>s ( !  
,f\rte5? ,c5tury ! c5tral t[] ( ,ely    
collaps$1 & ! sacri/ ,alan de ,wals+ham1
 :o act$ z       ar*itect1 see+ t !     
bread? ( 8 nave1 *oir & transepts       
happ5$ to agree1 took = 8 base ?is      
common bread?1 &       cutt+ (f !       
angles1 obta9$ a spaci\s octagon4 ,! f\r
 sides       t]m9at+ ! ma9 aisles are   
long] ?an ! f\r alt]nate       aisles at
 ! angles ( ! side aisles2 b at ,ely ?is
 pres5ts       no difficulty1 ow+ to !  
use ( ! po9t$ ar*4 ,z y /&       9 !    
c5tre ( ! octagon "u ! lant]n y see     
eight       spaci\s ar*es ( two diff]5t 
wid?s1 all spr++ f !       same level & 
ris+ to ! same height ( eighty-five     
feet1 !       t]m9al ar* ( ! ,norman    
nave po9t$ l its opposite       neighb\r
 ( ! *oir4 ,among/ ,go?ic *ur*es !      
int]ior ( ,ely       reigns unique &    
supreme1 c]ta9ly 9 ,engl& if n 9        
,europe4       ,wr5 0 famili> ) ?is     
ca!dral1 & ev5 design$ "s               

re/orations = x2 & he adopt$ ! eight    
ar*es 9 pref]5ce       to any possible  
s*eme ( f\r great ar*es ( sixty feet3 b 
!       use ( ! r\nd ar*1 z di/9ct f !  
po9t$1 depriv$ him       ( ,sacri/      
,alan's lib]ty1 :o )\t incongruity made 
8       int]m$iate ar*es ( ! %ort]      
sides1 spr++ f ! same       level1 rise 
to ! same height z ! o!rs4 ,wr5 0       
compell$ to       make use ( "s exp$i5t 
to reconcile 8 two diff]5t spaces       
betwe5 pi]s ( =ty feet & tw5ty-six feet1
 & accord+ly       ar*$ ^! f\r small]   
int]m$iate spaces z foll[s4 ,a small]   
ar*1 ris+ f ! ar*itrave ( ! great pi]1  
spans ea*       %ort] side ( ! octagon1 
& has a ceil+ or semi-dome 9 !          
backgr\nd1 com+ d[n to ! t]m9al ar*es ( 
! side aisles4       ,a blank wall space
 above is reliev$ by a section ( an     
ornam5tal       ar* ( l>g] span1 re/+ on
 ! c5tre ( ! cornice2 &       above ?is 
a ?ird ar*1 ris+ f ! level ( ! tri=ium  
cornice1 re/s m ^u ! out] side ( ! great
 support+       pi]1 & !reby obta9s !   

requir$ equal span ( =ty feet1       &  
equal height ( eighty-n9e feet f !      
gr\nd4 ,?is also has       a semi-dome2 
& ! plat=m b5ea? on a level ) !         
cl]e/ory is rail$4         8,! r$uction 
( ! octagon to ! circle is facilitat$ by
       giv+ ! sp&rels betwe5 ! ar*es !  
necess>y concave       surface2 & ?is   
/age is f9i%$ (f ) a cantilev] cornice1 
! "w 7at lea/ 9 "p7 ( "o ,jona?an ,ma9e4
 ,! eight great       key/ones ( ! ar*es
 by ,caius ,gabriel ,cibb] are sev5 feet
 by       five1 & eighte5 in*es 9       
relief40--7,a4 ,d47    ,ab\t a hundr$   
feet f ! pavem5t & ! same di/ance across
 is  ! celebrat$ ,:isp]+ ,gall]y1 :]e a 
curi\s effect is obta9$4    ,! att5dant 
:isp]+ across ! :ole area c be di/9ctly 
he>d1  an ac\/ic prop]ty seem+ly caus$  
by ! ne>ness ( ! concave  hemisph]e     
above4    ,! ,cross is q #bfj feet above
 u4 ,! gall]y projects s t !  lect]n    
/eps & ! pulpit are und]nea?4    ,n[ we 
come to ! ,drum4 ,! actual b5d inw>ds n[
 beg9s1 b =  ?is "p only 9 /raight l9es4

 ,fir/ comes ! pla9 b& or ,podium1      
panell$ & ( a height ( tw5ty feet4 ,on  
?is /& ?irty-two  pila/]s1 9 reality1 z 
well z 9 appe>ance1 out ( ! horizontal4 
,?ree out ( ea* f\r         8int]v5+    
spaces are pi]c$ ) squ>e-head$ w9d[s2 & 
f !m su* light z ! dome receives1 /reams
 d[n ?r\gh !       w9d[s ( ! ext]ior    
colonnade4 ,! alt]nate f\r? recesses1   
app>5tly no?+ m ?an ornam5tal ni*es1    
conceal !       supports :i* be> !      
weight above4 ,9 ! rec5t s*eme (        
decoration !y h be5 fill$ ) /atues (    
,e>ly ,fa!rs--!       f\r ea/]n1 ,,ss4  
,*ryso/om1 ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,basil1 &
       ,a?anasius2 & ! f\r we/]n1 ,,ss4 
,ambrose1 ,augu/9e ( ,hippo1            
,j]ome1 & ,gregory4         8,! /raight 
l9es be>+ inw>ds give way to ! sph]e2 & 
"h1 too1 ! ?ree sep>ate cov]+s1 :i*     
con/itute ! dome1       beg94 ,! circul>
 op5+ bel[ ! lant]n co9cides ) !        
l[] edge ( ! flut+ ( ! ext]ior %ell1 &  
is ab\t two       hundr$ & fifte5 feet f
 ! pavem5t4         8,^! upp] regions1  

hidd5 9 an almo/ p]petual gloom1 7      
decorat$ 9 mono*rome by ,sir ,james     
,?ornhill2 b 8 "w has       fail$ to    
resi/ ! *emical action ( ! sur*>g$      
atmosph]e4       ,9 ^! comp>tm5ts are   
sc5es f ! life ( ! patronal       sa9t3 
7#a7 ,! ,conv]sion1 7#b7 ,elymas1 7#c7  
,cripple at ,ly/ra1 7#d7       ,jail] at
 ,philippi1 7#e7 ,m>s ,hill1 7#f7 ,burn+
 ,books at ,ephesus1       7#g7 ,be=e   
,agrippa1 7#h7 ,%ipwreck4 ,we h all he>d
 ! /ory (       ! pa9t]1 on a plat=m at 
a great height1 :o /epp$ back to        
get a bett] view ( 8 "w4 ,z he did s1 an
 assi/ant1 /&+       by1 bru% 9 h&1     
obs]v$ ) al>m t ! slighte/ fur!r        
backw>d /ep w\ld entail 8 fall+ headlong
 & be+ da%$ to       pieces4 ,he        
delib]ately daub$ ! pa9t+2 & ! arti/1   
/epp+ in/9ctively =w>d to prev5t ?is1   
sav$ 8 life4 ,!       pa9t] is said to  
be ,?ornhill3 ! sc5e1 ! giddy height "u 
! dome40--7,a4 ,d47    ,! beautiful     
iron-"w ( ! gates is by ,tij\1 bo? at ! 
ends (  ! aisles & doorways ( ! r]$os   

ar*4 ,! ,*oir-/alls are by  ,gr9l+      
,gibbons & are v ornate & h&some4 ,! ,"l
 ,mayor's  /all is on ! left1 or nor?   
side1 & ! ,bi%op ( ,london's on !  "r1  
or s\?4 ,! latt]'s ?rone is ne> ! alt>4 
,!re are  ?irty-"o /alls altoge!r4      
8,! exquisite c>v+s ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons 9 
! /all-"w (       ! *oir 7 n m]ely 9    
!mselves admirable1 b 9 p]fect          
h>mony ) ! "* ( ! ar*itecture4 ,!y      
rivall$1 if       !y did n surpass1 all 
,m$ival works ( _! class 9 grace1       
v>iety1 ri*ness2 !y kept up an          
inimitable unison ( ! l9es       ( !    
build+ & ! decoration4 ,9 ! words (     
,walpole #8!re       is no in/ance ( a  
man be=e ,gibbons :o gave to wood !     
loose       & airy lightness ( fl[]s &  
*a9$ toge!r ! v>i\s       productions ( 
! elem5ts ) a f9e disord] natural to ea*
       species4'0--7,m47    ,! ,organ is
 "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 recon/ruct$ by
  ,willis 9 #ahig1 & /ill conta9s p>ts (
 ! orig9al organ built by  ! ,g]man1    
,s*midt1 9 #afig4 ,x consi/s ( #d1hbb   

pipes & #ajb /ops  & is divid$ into two 
p>ts1 plac$ on ei!r side ( ! *oir4 ,^!  
are connect$ by pneumatic tubes b5ea? ! 
floor4 ,! keybo>d is on  ! nor? side4   
,! old] "p ( ! case ) its foliage1      
figures & ar*itectural  devices 0 also  
design$ by ,gr9l+ ,gibbons4    ,! ,alt> 
/&s betwe5 ! great ea/]n pi]s & is      
surm\nt$ by a  tall r]$os ( :ite m>ble4 
8,! symbolism is express$ 9 ! frieze    
above ! ,crucifixion1       #8,sic ,deus
 dilexit mundum' 7#8,god s lov$ ! _w'74 
,! l[]       "p is pi]c$ ) doors on ei!r
 side2 & #8,vas ,electionis' 7#8,a      
*os5 vessel'7 ov] ! nor? door ref]s to  
,/4 ,paul1 & #8,pasce       oves meos'  
7#8,fe$ my %eep'7 ov] ! o!r to ,/4      
,pet]2 & "h       are ! cross$ swords1 !
 arms ( ! diocese4 ,! section above     
has ! ,entombm5t 9 ! c5tre1 & !         
,nativity & ,resurrection       on ei!r 
side4 ,a ,crucifixion occupies ! c5tral 
position4 ,!       framework is ( ,roman
 design1 ) pila/]s & a r\nd ar*2 &      
rememb]+ ,wr5's conception1 x is int]e/+

 t ! columns       ( ,brescia m>ble1    
support+ ! entablature above1 are twi/$4
       ,?is is flank$ ) a colonnade2 !  
figure on ! nor? be+ !       ,angel     
,gabriel1 & to ! s\? ! ,virg94 ,above ! 
p$im5t is a       canopy ) ! ,virg9 &   
,*ild1 & ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul to !     
nor? & s\?2 & above all1 & ne>ly sev5ty 
feet f !       gr\nd1 ! ,ris5 ,*ri/     
completes ?is mo/ rev]5t design4        
8,! alt> cross is adorn$ ) preci\s /ones
 & lapis lazuli2       & ! massive copp]
 c&le/icks are imitations ( ! orig9al   
f\r said to h be5 sold dur+ !           
,protectorate40--7,a4 ,d47    ,! apse   
beh9d ! alt> cut (f by ! r]$os is n[    
call$ ! ,jesus  ,*apel4 ,ov] ! alt> "h  
is a copy ( ,cima de ,conegliano's      
,d\bt+  ,?omas 79 ! ,national ,gall]y74 
,! apse & ! vault+ & ! walls ( ! *oir & 
ambulatory h  9 rec5t ye>s be5 decorat$ 
by ,sir ,william ,ri*mond )             
ri*ly-col\r$ mosaics4 ,! *ief panels ( !
 apse repres5t our  ,"l en?ron$1 )      
record+ angels on ei!r side4 ,9 ! *oir !

  ?ree 8sauc] domes10 or cupolas1       
repres5t ?ree ,days ( ,creation3        
,bea/s1 ,fi%es & birds4 ,! f\r p5d5tives
 ( ea* bay are decorat$  ) h]ald        
,angels1 ) ext5d$ arms4 ,mosaics ( !    
,crucifixion1  ,entombm5t1 ,resurrection
 & ,asc5sion1 also by ,sir ,william     
,ri*mond1  adorn ! 8qu>t] domes40    ,! 
eight pa9t+s by ,?ornhill1 ( sc5es f !  
life ( ,/4 ,paul1  c be view$ prop]ly   
only f ! ,:isp]+ ,gall]y4 ,9 ! ni*es    
above ?is ,gall]y are /atues ( ! ,fa!rs 
( ! ,*ur*4 ,!  sp&rels betwe5 ! great   
ar*es are decorat$ by eight l>ge mosaics
  repres5t+ apo/les & prophets3 ,/4     
,mat!w & ,/4 ,john are by ,g4  ,f4      
,watts2 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke1 by ,a4    
,brittan2 & ! f\r prophets  are ! "w (  
,alfr$ ,/ev5s4    ,! ,transepts are ( "o
 ar* only4 ,! w9d[s are mod]n & repres5t
  bi%ops & k+s ( e>ly days4 ,9 ! s\?    
transept aisle !re is a  w9d[           
commemorat+ ! recov]y ( ! ,pr9ce (      
,wales 7,edw>d ,,vii47  9 #ahgb2 & a    
bronze tablet by ,pr9cess ,l\ise 9      

memory ( 8#d1cjj sons  ( ,brita9 beyond 
! seas0 :o 7 kill$ 9 ! ,s\? ,african w> 
(  #ahii-aija4    ,to ! left ( ! *ief   
entrance is ,/4 ,dun/an's ,*apel1       
sometimes  call$ ! ,nor?-,we/1 or ,morn+
 ,*apel4 ,x is ri*ly decorat$ &  conta9s
 a ,salviati mosaic repres5t+ ! ,?ree   
,m>ys at !  ,sepul*re4    ,9 ! s\?      
aisle1 opposite1 is ! ,*apel ( ! ,ord] (
 ,/4 ,mi*ael  & ,/4 ,george1 a ,colonial
 ord]1 conf]r$ only = di/+ui%$  s]vices 
beyond ! seas4 ,! ,sov]eign's /all is at
 ! we/]n end2  & on ea* side ( x is t ( 
! ,gr& ,ma/] 7,pr9ce ( ,wales7 &  !     
,duke ( ,connaught4 ,f ^! div]ge ! oak  
/alls ( ! ,knights  ,gr& ,cross ( !     
,ord]1 ov] ea* ( :i* is susp5d$ a silk  
bann]  ) 8 p]sonal arms4 ,! ri*ly-gild$ 
ceil+ is decorat$ ) !  arms ( ! ,k+1 !  
,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! late ,duke (         
,cambridge &  ,sir ,rob]t ,h]b]t1 :o 7  
responsible = ! s*eme4 ,9 ! s\?  w9d[ is
 a kneel+ figure ( ! donor1 ,sir ,walt] 
,wilk94 ,! *apel  0 d$icat$ on ,june    
#ac1 #aijf1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 ! 

,pr9ce ( ,wales & _m ,knights4    ,above
 ?is *apel ! ,libr>y is situat$ to :i* !
 curi\s  ,geometrical ,/aircase leads4  
,?is is circul>1 ( a diamet] (          
tw5ty-five feet1 & ea* /ep is support$  
by ! "o bel[ x4 ,?is  is 9 ! ,s\? t[]4  
,/4 ,paul's is second only to ,we/m9/]  
,abbey 9 ! numb] (  ,monum5ts to !      
celebrat$ dead4 ,imm$iately )9 ! we/    
door  /&s a gilt monum5t to ! (fic]s &  
m5 ( ! ,cold/ream ,gu>ds  :o fell 9 !   
,s\? ,african ,w>4 ,9 ! nor? aisle ( !  
nave we  come to monum5ts ( ,g5]al      
,gordon1 a recumb5t figure on a         
s>cophagus  by ,sir ,joseph ,edg>       
,boehm2 ,well+ton1 by ,alfr$ ,/ev5s2 ,"l
 ,leighton2  ,"l ,melb\rne4 ,9 ! nor?   
transept ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 by      
,flaxman2  & ,admiral ,rodney1 by       
,rossi2 9 ! s\? transept ,nelson1 by    
,flaxman1  :o ?us describes 8 "w3       
8,britannia is direct+ ! "y seam5's     
att5tion to _! great       example1 ,"l 
,nelson4 ,on ! die ( ! p$e/al :i*       
supports       ! h]o's /atue are figures

 9 basso-relievo1 repres5t+ !           
,froz5 ,ocean1 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 ! ,nile1
 & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,on       ! cornice &
 9 ! frieze ( laurel wrea?s are ! words1
       ,cop5hag51 ,nile1 ,trafalg>4 ,!  
,briti% ,lion sits on ! pl9?1           
gu>d+ ! p$e/al40    ,9 ! ,s\? transept3 
,"l ,cornwallis1 by ,rossi1 commemorates
 8  ,indian c>e]4 ,he appe>s 9 8 mantle 
( ! ,g>t]1 ) an  allegorical female     
figure ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire & a male      
figure  repres5t+ an ,indian riv]4      
,at ! ea/ side ( ! s\? transept is !    
entrance to ! ,crypt1  sombre1 dimly    
light$ & sepul*ral4 ,9 ! c5tre a circle 
( pill>s  surr\nds ! tomb ( ,nelson1 ^: 
rema9s lie 9 a pla9 tomb "u a           
black-&-:ite s>cophagus 7,sixte5?       
,c5tury71 :i* 0 made =  ,c>d9al         
,wolsey's monum5t & confiscat$ ) 8 o!r  
possessions4  ,?r\gh a grat+ "h ! dim   
light f ! f>-away dome sifts d[n  ^u    
,engl&'s great admiral4 ,to ! left (    
,nelson lies ,coll+wood1  &1 to ! "r1   
,cornwallis4 ,n f> away we come to !    

simple tomb  ( ,ar?ur1 ,duke (          
,well+ton1 a great block ( porphyry on a
 granite  base4    ,9 ! ea/ recess ( !  
s\?-*oir-aisle is ! grave ( ,sir        
,*ri/oph] ,wr5 m>k$ by a pla9 black     
m>ble slab4 ,on ! wall is !  celebrat$  
inscription3 8,lector1 si monum5tum     
requiris1 circumspice40  ,!n comes      
,pa9t]s' ,corn] ) ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1
 ,b5jam9 ,we/1  ,lawr5ce1 ,turn]1       
,l&se]1 ,millais1 ,leighton & o!rs4     
,we h yet to make ! asc5t ( ,/4 ,paul's4
 ,! way is long & gr[s  m t$i\s & /eep] 
z we asc5d4 ,x w be well to /op at !    
,/one ,gall]y 7#bjj feet high71 = al?\gh
 ! ,gold5 ,gall]y1 at !  top ( ! dome1  
is a hundr$ feet high]1 ! view is n s   
di/9ct4  ,! ,/one ,gall]y is safe1 &    
delightful views are to be _h 9 !       
spaces betwe5 ! balu/rades4 ,! view     
ext5ds f ,h>r[ on !  nor?-we/1 to !     
,cry/al ,palace1 ,%oot]'s ,hill &       
,gre5wi*  ,obs]vatory 9 ! s\?-ea/4 ,!   
t\ri/ w1 h[ev]1 take m  pleasure 9 look+
 ov] ! t]ritory cov]$ by ! ,great ,fire 

( #afff  & all ! ,wr5 /eeples 7!re are  
?irty at lea/7 t rise ?r\gh  ! mi/s bel[
 u4 ,"h we aga9 ?9k ( ,sir ,*ri/oph]'s  
g5ius &  rememb] aga9 8 epitaph3 8,if y 
wi% an e/imate ( 8 g5ius1 look  ar\nd40 
,x is int]e/+1 too1 to trace ,fleet     
,/reet1 ,*eapside &  ! o!r great art]ies
 ( traffic & travel1 to look at ! ,?ames
  & und]/& its peculi> w9d+s & to view f
 ?is height !  grim old ,t[] half a mile
 bel[ ,london ,bridge--! olde/ build+ 9 
,engl& & ! mo/ romantic4 ,)\t ! ,t[] (  
,london & )\t  ,/4 ,paul's :at w\ld     
,london be8 ,we/m9/] ,abbey is ! *ur* ( 
!  ,k+ & ! gov]nm5t2 ,/4 ,paul's is !   
*ur* ( ! citiz5s1 !  *ur* t1 z we h se51
 has be5 a c5tral po9t = ! /irr+  ev5ts 
( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,:5ev] ! travell]  
?9ks ( ,london1  he sees its maje/ic    
dome ris+ above ,london ,bridge or      
,ludgate ,hill1 or  ,*eapside1 purple 9 
! mi/s1 gold5 9 ! sunlight--! emblem (  
,london's antiquity & its pres5t        
imm5sity4         8,i always end[ ,/4   
,paul's ,ca!dral ) life & human nature &

       sympa?y4 ,i _c well expla9 :at   
e>ly associations & *ances       h made 
,/4 ,paul's a m liv+ influ5ce to me ?an 
! mu*       gr&] & nobl] ,we/m9/]       
,abbey2 b s x is & ,i feel z       if   
,/4 ,paul's 7 a liv+ influ5ce ov] all t 
region ( !       metropolis :i* is      
survey$ by its ball & its cross4 ,b 9   
ano!r s5se x is unlike o!r build+s to   
me4 ,x is n "o       long-liv$1         
long-liv+ ca!dral2 x is r a g5]ation (  
ca!drals4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey takes u back 9
 unbrok5 cont9uity       ( hi/ory to !  
e>li] days ( ,engl&'s budd+ greatness4  
,we/m9/] itself1 nev]!less1 0 only call$
 s 9 !       beg9n+ to di/+ui% x f !    
e>li] ,ea/ ,m9/]1 :i*       0 ei!r !    
exi/+ ,/4 ,paul's or a ca!dral /&+ on   
,t[]       ,hill4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t   
,/4 ,paul's r ?an ,we/m9/]       ,abbey 
ought to repres5t ! gradual movem5t (   
,engli% hi/ory       & ,engli% ?\ght & !
 gr[? ( ! metropolis4 ,b obs]ve       ! 
diff]5ce4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey has always    
s9ce its erection       be5 s$ately     

wat*+ ov] ,london4 ,x has be5           
recon/ruct$ "h       & !re1 (           
c\rse--repair$ & r5ovat$1 t\*$ up &     
decorat$ ) new adornm5ts 9 tribute (    
grateful piety2 b x       is ev] &      
always ! same ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,n[      
obs]ve !       hi/ory ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,/4
 ,paul's has fall5 & di$ "t aft]        
"t1 & be5 reviv$ & re/or$4 ,x has ris5  
new ^u new       g5]ations4 ,x has p]i%$
 9 flame aga9 & aga91 l a               
succession ( m>tyrs1 & has come up afre%
 & ) new spangl$       ore flam$ 9 !    
=ehead ( ! morn+ sky4 ,/4 ,paul's is a  
religi\s or ecclesia/ical dyna/y r ?an a
 ca!dral4 ,x has       be5 de/roy$ s (t5
 & ris5 aga9 9 s _m diff]5t       %apes1
 t x seems z if ea* succe$+ age 7 putt+ 
its       fre% /amp & m9t-m>k on x & s  
comm5d+ x to ! special       s]vice (   
ea* new g5]ation40--7,j4 ,mc,c47        
,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,paul',s3 ,,*oir1   
,,ea/    ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,savi\r',s1
 ,,s\?w>k          ,,/4 ,,savi\r',s1    
,,s\?w>k         ,,=m]ly ,,!            

,,collegiate ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,savi\r2  
,,& ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,ov]ie1       ,,s\?w>k4 
,,special ,,features3 ,,c5tral ,,t[]2   
,,*oir-,,scre52 ,,tomb ,,( ,,john ,,g[]2
       ,,h>v>d ,,w9d[2 ,,w9d[s ,,to     
,,elizabe?an ,,dramati/s4      ,al?\gh  
,/4 ,savi\r's1 ,s\?w>k1 is "o ( ! olde/ 
build+s 9  ,london1 x is "o ( ! y\nge/ (
 ca!drals 9 ,engl&1 hav+ be5  =mally    
inaugurat$ z a ,ca!dral by ,k+ ,edw>d on
 ,july #c1 #aije4 ,x  0 rec5tly re/or$  
at a co/ ( #dj1jjj4 ,p>ts ( ! ,norman   
nave1  dat+ f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury1 7      
incorporat$ by ,sir ,ar?ur  ,blomfield 9
 ! new nave built 9 #ahia-ahif4    ,/4  
,savi\r's /&s on ! s\? or ,surrey side (
 ,london 9 !  ,bor\gh1 a di/rict ( v    
little int]e/ 9 comp>ison ) ,london     
nor? ( ! ,?ames2 b v ri* 9 hi/orical    
associations4 ,aft]  cross+ ,london     
,bridge we f9d ?is *ur* on our "r on a  
l[] level  ?an ! road1 :i* sunk5        
situation prev5ts a good view ( !       
v5]able pile4 ,adjo9+ ! *ur* is !       
,bor\gh ,m>ket = fruit &  vegetables &  

we/ ( x 9 ,p>k ,/reet1 close to ,s\?w>k 
,bridge1 is  ,b>clay's ,brew]y on ! site
 ( ,%akespe>e's ,globe ,!atre4 ,go+ d[n 
,bor\gh ,high ,/reet we pass ! site ( ! 
old ,tab>d ,inn1 f :i*  ,*auc]'s        
,cant]bury ,pilgrims />t$ on _! j\rney2 
& /ill l[]  d[n ! /reet1 ! successor to 
! ,:ite ,h>t1 :]e ,mr4 ,pickwick  f\nd !
 immortal ,sam ,well]4 ,9 ! vic9ity !   
,m>%alsea prison  /ood until ! middle ( 
! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 )9 ! s\nd (  ,/4    
,savi\r's bells4    ,/4 ,savi\r's is n[ 
almo/ ! only rema9+ l&m>k ( 8,old       
,s\?w>k40    ,its e>ly hi/ory is lo/ 9  
leg5d4 ,/[1 on ! au?ority ( ,l9/$e1  !  
la/ ( ! priors1 attribut$ ! build+ ( !  
orig9al ,london  ,bridge to ! pr(its    
made by a f]ryman "h1 :o left 8 money to
 8  daught] ,m>y4 ,he tells ! /ory z    
foll[s3         8,ea/ f ! ,bi%op (      
,w9*e/]'s h\se1 directly ov] aga9/      
x1 /&e? a fair *ur* call$ ,/4           
,m>y-ov]-!-,rie1 or ,ov]ie2       t is1 
ov] ! wat]4 ,?is *ur*1 or "s o!r 9 place
       !re(1 01 ( old "t1 long be=e !   

,conque/1 a h\se (       si/]s1 f\nd$ by
 a maid5 nam$ ,m>y2 unto ! :i* h\se &   
si/]s %e left1 z 0 left to h] by h]     
p>5ts1 ! ov]sight       & pr(its ( a    
cross f]ry1 or trav]se f]ry ov] !       
,?ames1       !re kept be=e t any bridge
 0 built4 ,?is h\se ( si/]s       0 aft]
 by ,s)un1 a noble lady1 conv]t$ into a 
college (       prie/s1 :o 9 place ( !  
f]ry built a bridge ( timb]1 &       f  
"t to "t kept ! place 9 good rep>ations2
 b la/ly1       ! same bridge 0 built ( 
/one2 & !n 9 ! ye> #aajf 0       ?is    
*ur* aga9 f\nd$ = canons regul> by      
,william ,pont de la       ,ar*1 &      
,william ,dauncey1 ,knights1 ,normans40 
,mod]n hi/orians h made a few           
corrections 9 ?is /atem5t1  p>ticul>ly z
 reg>ds ! p]son :o *ang$ ! nunn]y into a
  college ( prie/s4 ,?is 0 n a 8noble   
lady10 b ,/4 ,s)un1 ,bi%op  ( ,w9*e/]   
7#hcb-hef7 7see page #df74 ,x became a  
mona/]y ( !  ,augu/9ian ord] 9 #aajf1 & 
! ,norman knights :o aid$ 9 its         
f\ndation also built ! new ,norman nave4

 ,aft] a sev]e fire t  occurr$ e>ly 9 ! 
,?irte5? ,c5tury1 :5 mu* ( ,s\?w>k 0    
de/roy$1 ! *ur* suff]$ greatly4 ,repairs
 71 ( c\rse1  necess>y2 & ! ,bi%op (    
,w9*e/]1 :o took *>ge1 rebuilt !  nave 9
 ! light] ,e>ly ,engli% /yle & also !   
*oir &  retro-*oir4    ,ano!r fire 9 !  
reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 occasion$ o!r      
repairs 9 !  new ,p]p5dicul> /yle :i* 0 
cont9u$ by ,c>d9al ,beau=t1 ,bi%op  (   
,w9*e/] 7#adje-addg71 :o re/or$ ! s\?   
transept4 ,! ,c>d9al  0 ! son ( ,john ( 
,gaunt & ,ca!r9e ,swyn=d4 ,9 ?is *ur* he
  m>ri$ 8 niece ,jane ,beau=t to ,james 
,i4 ( ,scotl& 9 #adbc1 )  :om ! royal   
poet fell 9 love dur+ 8 imprisonm5t at  
,w9dsor4    ,aft] ! ,dissolution ( !    
mona/]ies 9 #aecf ,/4 ,m>y ,ov]y1 :i*   
_h already be5 unit$ ) ,/4 ,m>y         
,magdal5e1 0 n[ comb9$ )  ,/4 ,m>g>et's 
& 9 ! ye> ( ,l9/$e's surr5d] to ,h5ry   
,,viii4  7#aedj7 ! ?ree p>i%es 7 unit$  
"u ! "n ( ! ,collegiate  ,*ur* ( ,/4    
,savi\r4    ,/4 ,savi\r's 0 sev]al times
 repair$ & alt]$ 9 ! ,eighte5?  ,c5tury1

 & !n fell into neglect4    ,! ,ea/ ,end
 is an enl>gem5t or addition to ! *oir4 
,x consi/s1 z  we see1 ( f\r bays       
sep>at$ by buttresses & surm\nt$ by     
gables4  ,ea* gable is light$ by a      
triplet ( lancet w9d[s4 ,l>g] w9d[s (  !
 same g5]al /yle light ! bays bel[4 ,at 
! nor?-ea/ corn] is  a %ort hexagonal   
/air turret4 ,above ! ,lady-,*apel rises
 ! ,ea/ ,end  or gable ( ! *oir4 ,?is   
has also a ?ree-light lancet w9d[1 ) a  
small circul> w9d[ ) sev5 cusps above4  
,on ! nor?-ea/ corn]  ! turret is capp$ 
by a p9nacle4 ,above rises ! v5]able    
squ>e  t[]--,/4 ,savi\r's be/ feature4  
,! ,t[] at ! int]section ( ! nave &     
transepts 0 p>tly built  by ,bi%op ,fox 
9 ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle4         8,at !    
int]section ( ! nave1 transepts & *oir1 
rises a       noble t[]1 ?irty-five feet
 squ>e & "o hundr$ & fifty feet       9 
height1 re/+ on f\r massive pill>s      
adorn$ ) clu/]$       columns4 ,!       
%>p-po9t$ ar*es are v l(ty4 ,! int]ior (
       ! t[] is 9 f\r /ories1 9 !       

upp]mo/ ( :i* is a f9e       peal (     
twelve bells4 ,ext]nally ! t[]1 :i* is n
 old] ?an       ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1     
some:at resembles t ( ,/4 ,sepul*re's   
,*ur*1 close by ,newgate4 ,x is divid$  
into two p>ts1 )       h&some po9t$     
w9d[s1 9 two /ories1 on ea* front2 x has
       tall p9nacles at ea* corn]1 & !  
battlem5ts are ( fl9t1 9       squ>es or
 *equ]-"w40--7,e4 ,w47    ,! ,s\?       
transept1 l ! nor? transept1 0 built 9 !
 ,decorat$  /yle 9 ! fir/ half ( !      
,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 b 0 rebuilt by        
,c>d9al ,beau=t4 ,x has be5 re/or$ 9 !  
/yle ( 8 "t1 &  ! w9d[ ( five lights is 
,transitional 9 /yle f ,decorat$ to     
,p]p5dicul>4    ,we ent] by ! ,doorway  
at ! s\?-we/1 ! pr9cipal entrance to !  
,ca!dral4         8,9 all probability ! 
door 0 plac$ 9 ?is position :5 !        
,norman nave 0 built by ,bi%op ,giff>d  
7circa #aajf72 b its       "* 0 alt]$ by
 ,pet] de ,rupibus1 a c5tury lat]1 to   
br+ x into h>mony ) ! re/ ( 8 ,e>ly     
,engli% "w1 :5       he remodell$ ! nave

 9 t /yle4         8,! por* t we n[ h   
agrees 9 its ma9 features ) !           
draw+s tak5 ( ! e>li] "o be=e x 0       
de/roy$4 ,a deeply       recess$ &      
acutely po9t$ ar* is divid$ into two by 
a c5tral       %aft1 ) m\ld$ base &     
foliag$ capital4 ,! jambs conta9        
five %afts on ea* side1 :i* diff] f t 9 
! c5tre1 9       t !y are ( ,purbeck    
m>ble1 & b&$1 9 pleas+ contra/       to 
! pla9 /one ( _! own bases & capitals1 &
 ( !       7unb&$7 c5tral %aft4 ,9 !    
tympanum ( ! d\ble doorway       ?us    
=m$1 !re is a po9t$ arcad+1 consi/+ ( a 
c5tral       ar* & two small] ar*es on  
ei!r side4 ,! deep s(fit ( !       ar* 9
 :i* ?is elegant arcad+ is enclos$1 is  
adorn$ ) a       s]ies ( quatrefoil     
panels40--7,geo4 ,w47    ,on ent]+ we   
get a f9e view ( m ?an two hundr$ feet4 
,! ,nave 0 rebuilt 9 #ahij-ahig & is a  
reproduction ( ! ,e>ly  ,engli% nave 9  
ne>ly e detail4 ,z we look d[n ! long   
vi/a we  are rem9d$ ( ,salisbury4 ,"h1  
h[ev]1 we h ! magnific5t scre5  & !     

h&some ,ea/ w9d[ above x4 ,! cl]e/ory is
 light$ by  pla9 lancet w9d[s1 enclos$ 9
 an elegant arcad+4    ,walk+ d[n ! nor?
 aisle ( ! nave we soon come to ! mo/   
int]e/+ monum5t 9 ! ,ca!dral--! tomb (  
,john ,g[]1 :o di$  9 #adjh1 eight ye>s 
aft] 8 fri5d ,*auc]1 to :om ! w9d[ above
  7#aijj7 is appropriately en\gh a      
memorial & be>s ! latt]'s  portrait4    
8,he _h be5 a lib]al b5efactor to !     
,*ur*1 & f\nd$ a       *antry 9 ! ,*apel
 ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :]e he 0        
ev5tually buri$4 ,! *apel & *antry are  
no m1 b !       monum5t m>ks ! spot1    
hav+ be5 re/or$ 9 #ahid to its fir/     
position4 ,x is 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle1 & 
consi/s ( an       alt>-tomb1 ) a dado1 
ornam5t$ by sev5 panels 9 front1 on     
:i* lies ! effigy ( ! poet1 surm\nt$ by 
a canopy ( ?ree       ogee ar*es1 ) an  
inn] ord] ( five cusps1 & t]m9at+ 9     
crocket$ p9nacles4 ,!re is a pila/] set 
angle-wise at ea*       end1 b&$ at !   
sep>ate divisions ( ! monum5t1 & also   
ris+ into crocket$ p9nacles4 ,!re are   

simil> p9nacles       betwe5 ! ar*es ( !
 canopy4 ,beh9d ! canopy is a scre51    
divid$ into op5 panels ( ?ree           
trefoil-head$ lights4 ,!       cornice  
at ! top is mod]n1 & ! h&s & nose ( !   
figure       are re/orations4           
8,! poet is repres5t$ ly+ on 8 back1 ) 8
 h&s jo9$       9 pray]1 & 8 head re/+  
^u ! ?ree volumes on :i* 8       fame   
dep5ds1 ! ,speculum ,m$itantis1 ,vox    
,clamantis1 &       ,confessio ,amantis4
 ,he is ve/$ 9 a long d>k habit1 button$
       d[n to ! feet1 aft] ! mann] ( a  
cassock1 ! ord9>y dress       ( an      
,engli% g5tleman at ! "t4 ,!re is a g>l&
 ( f\r       roses r\nd 8 head1 & at 8  
feet a lion c\*ant4 ,! ,,ss4       coll>
 adorns ! neck1 ) a p5dant jewel1 on :i*
 a swan is       engrav$--! device (    
,ri*>d ,,ii41 to :om ,g[] 0 ,poet       
,laureate4 ,on ! wall ( ! canopy1 at !  
foot ( ! tomb1 !re       is a sculptur$ 
& col\r$ repres5tation ( ! poet's own   
%ield ( arms1 cre/ & helmet4 ,on ! back 
wall ( ! recess1       above ! effigy1  

!re 7 =m]ly ?ree pa9t$ figures1         
repres5t+ ,*>ity1 ,m]cy1 & ,piety1 ea*  
be>+ a scroll )       an invocation1 9  
,norman-,fr5*1 = ! s\l ( ! dep>t$4      
,aft] und]go+ repa9t+ m ?an once1 )     
modifications1 !       figures 7 sc>cely
 recognisable 9 #ahcb1 :5 ! monum5t 0   
repair$1 b ! figures 7 un=tunately      
oblit]at$4 ,!       inscription along ! 
l$ge ( ! tomb1 :i* _h also be5          
de/roy$1 is n[ replac$3 #8,hic jacet ,i4
 ,g[]1 ,arm4 ,angl3 poeta               
celeb]rimus ac hoc sacro b5efac4        
insignis4 ,vixit temporibus ,edw4       
,,iii41 ,ric4 ,,ii41 et ,h5ri           
,,iv4'0--7,geo4 ,w47    ,n[ we h rea*$ !
 ,nor? ,transept1 suppos$ to h be5      
orig9ally  a *apel d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]4
 ,x is n[ us$ z a sort ( museum =  !    
relics & antiquities ( ! *ur*--old      
bosses1 *e/s1  /one-c(f9s1 etc4 ,! l>ge 
nor? w9d[ 0 unveil$ 9 #ahih to          
commemorate d\bly ! ,pr9ce ,consort &   
,que5 ,victoria's ,diamond  ,jubilee4   
,its f\r lights depict ,gregory !       

,great1 ,k+ ,e!lb]t1  ,/eph5 ,langton & 
,william ( ,wykeham4    ,pass+ to ! t[] 
we c n[ look upw>d z f> z ! floor ( !   
bell-r+]s4 ,! bosses on ! new oak5 ro(  
date f ! ,fifte5?  ,c5tury4 ,f x hangs a
 f9e ,*&eli] ( #afhj4    ,! ,s\?        
,transept 0 rebuilt by ,c>d9al ,beau=t1 
^: arms we see  on a pi] by ! transept  
door4 ,! great s\? w9d[ ( five lights1  
describ$ by ,sir ,ar?ur ,blomfield1 !   
design]1 z 8transitional  betwe5 ,fl[+  
,decorat$ & ,p]p5dicul>10 is fill$ )    
mod]n  glass4 ,! design is a 8,tree (   
,jesse40    ,return+ n[ to ! ,*oir we   
pause "h to /udy x 9 detail4 ,x 0  built
 by ,pet] de ,rupibus 9 ! ,?irte5?      
,c5tury1 & is ,e>ly  ,engli%4 ,x consi/s
 ( five bays4 ,! pi]s are alt]nate      
circul> &  octagonal1 ) pla9 capitals & 
well-cut base m\ld+s4 ,f\r ar*$  op5+s  
occur 9 ea* bay ( ! tri=ium4 ,corbels ) 
sculptur$  heads occur on ! ar*es ( !   
s\? side4    ,! ,alt> /&s on a plat=m & 
above x rises ! wond]ful ,scre51  erect$
 by ,bi%op ,fox 9 #aebj4 ,x almo/ fills 

! entire ea/]n end (  ! *oir4           
8,! scre5 is ab\t ?irty feet 9 height1 &
 ext5ds to ! ma9       arcades on ei!r  
side4 ,?ree ti]s ( canopi$ ni*es1 t5 9  
ea*       ti]1 divid$ d[n ! c5tre by a  
,p]p5dicul> s]ies ( ?ree       l>ge     
ni*es1 all occupi$ by /atues1 made up a 
composition :i*       0 at once #8a ?+ (
 beauty' & an object lesson on !        
,inc>nation4 ,! total numb] ( ni*es     
7?irty-?ree7 sugge/$ a       my/ic      
ref]5ce to ! ye>s ( our ,"l's e>?ly     
life1 :ile !       image ( ! ,pelican   
#89 h] piety1' "h & !re1 besides be+    
a rem9d] ( ,bi%op ,fox 7^: peculi>      
device x 071 also       typifi$ !       
sacram5t ( ! alt>4 ,! orig9al mat]ials (
       :i* ! scre5 0 built are quot$ z  
#8,ca5 & fire-/one1' =       :i* ,mr4   
,wallace sub/itut$ /one f ,pa9swick 9   
,gl\ce/]%ire1 z m easily obta9$ & agree+
 9 col\r       ) ! old "w4         8,!  
doors on ea* side w be notic$1 ) _!     
depress$ ogee       head+s1 :i* indicate
 t ?is scre5 is ( some:at lat] date     

?an ! correspond+ "o 7also by ,bi%op    
,fox7 at ,w9*e/]4       ,ano!r          
indication to ! same effect has be5     
detect$ 9 !       grotesque c>v+s 9 !   
sp&rels1 :i* are "h ( a humor\s         
"*1 :]eas at ,w9*e/] ! m9or decorations 
are entirely       sacr$1 e4g41 !       
,annunciation & ,visitation40--7,geo4   
,w47    ,! ,ea/ ,w9d[ above conta9s ?ree
 lancets1 ! glass repres5t+ !           
,crucifixion 9 ! c5tre ) ,/4 ,john on "o
 side & ! ,virg9 on  ! o!r4 ,x is plac$ 
9 a qu9tuple arcade4 ,! prevail+ col\r  
is  blue4    ,on ! nor? side ( ! *oir "u
 ! fir/ ar* we notice !  ,monum5t (     
,ri*>d ,humble1 a good specim5 ( !      
,jacobean p]iod4  ,"h1 "u an ar*$       
canopy1 ,ri*>d ,humble is kneel+ be=e an
  alt>1 ) 8 two wives beh9d him4 ,!     
second "o we>s a conical  hat4    ,!    
,retro-,*oir1 n[ call$ ! ,lady-,*apel1 0
 erect$ by ,pet] de  ,rupibus4 ,x is "o 
( ! be/ examples ( ,e>ly ,engli% extant4
 ,six  sl5d] columns support ! gro9$    
vault4 ,if we look at x f !  s\?-ea/    

corn] we ga9 a good view %[+ ! alt> on !
 nor?  side & ! tomb ( ,bi%op ,&rews    
7di$ #afbf7 on ! we/1 an example  ( !   
,r5aissance /yle1 ) a pa9t$ effigy4 ,?is
 ,bi%op (  ,w9*e/] 7:o (t5 visit$ ,/4   
,savi\r's1 ! mo/ important *ur*  9 8    
diocese aft] ! ,ca!dral ( ,w9*e/]7 0    
buri$ 9 a little  *apel ea/ ( !         
retro-*oir4 ,! 8,bi%op's ,*apel10 z x 0 
call$1  0 de/roy$ 9 #ahcj & ! body (    
,bi%op ,&rews 0 transf]r$ to  its pres5t
 place4    ,( ! w9d[s 9 ! ,retro-,*oir !
 mo/ admir$ is ! "o 9 !  nor? side (    
?ree lights conta9+ figures ( ,*>les    
,i41 ,?omas   ,becket & ,ar*bi%op ,laud4
 ,! trac]y is 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle4       
,walk+ along ! nor?-*oir-aisle we pass !
 effigy ( a knight &  soon come to ! mo/
 conspicu\s monum5t 9 ?is aisle1 t (    
,john  ,trehe>ne1 s]vant to ,que5       
,elizabe? & 8,g5tleman ,port>0 to ,james
 ,i4  ,on ! top ( ! tomb are ,trehe>ne &
 8 wife ) big ruffs4 ,!y  pr\dly hold a 
tablet :i* is a eulogy ( ,trehe>ne's    
rem>kable  qualities4 ,_! f\r *ildr5    

kneel on a bas-relief bel[4 ,x is a v   
int]e/+ example ( ,sev5te5? ,c5tury     
mortu>y art4    ,a door leads f !       
nor?-*oir-aisle into ! ,*apel ( ,/4     
,john !  ,div9e1 n[ fam\s = ! ,h>v>d    
,w9d[ 9 its ea/]n wall4         8,h5ce=?
 ! *apel w be associat$ ) ! "n ( ,john  
,h>v>d1 :o 0 born 9 ! p>i%1 & baptis$ 9 
! *ur* on       #bi? ,novemb]1 #afjg1 & 
its re/oration is int5d$ to take !      
=m ( a memorial to t great & good man4  
8,! fir/ practical /ep 9 ?is direction 0
 tak5 by ! ,hon4       ,joseph ,h4      
,*oate1 :o manife/$ great int]e/ 9 !    
anci5t       fabric :ile he 0 ,am]ican  
,ambassador1 & pres5t$ ! ea/       w9d[ 
to ! *apel 9 commemoration ( ,john      
,h>v>d1 f\nd] (       ! r5[n$ univ]sity 
:i* be>s 8 "n4 ,! w9d[1 unveil$       by
 ,mr4 ,*oate on ,monday1 #bnd ,may1     
#aije1 is ( ?ree lights1       transom$1
 z design$ by ,sir ,ar?ur ,blomfield &  
,sons1 ! glass       be+ made 9 ,am]ica 
"u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,f4       
,mc,kim1 ! fam\s ,am]ican ar*itect4 ,!  

design is by ,mr4 ,john ,la       ,f>ge4
 ,9 ! c5tral light ( ! l[] division !   
,baptism (       ,*ri/ is depict$1      
att5dant angels occupy+ ! sides4 ,! upp]
       division conta9s ! arms (        
,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e     
,john ,h>v>d 0 educat$1 & ( ! ,h>v>d    
,univ]sity1 ) its       mottoes1 ,v]itas
 & ,*ri/o et ,ecclesiae4 ,! base be>s ! 
inscription1 #8,9 memory ( ,john ,h>v>d1
 f\nd] ( ,h>v>d       ,univ]sity 9      
,am]ica1 baptis$ 9 ?is *ur*1 ,nov4 #bi1 
#afjg4'         8,! w9d[ is a notewor?y 
example ( mod]n "w1 & !       treatm5t (
 ! famili> subject is di/9ctly orig9al1 
9 :i*       respect1 z well z 9 col\r+1 
x pres5ts a v /rik+       contra/ to !  
o!r w9d[s1 especially to ^? ( m$ival    
"*1 ?r\gh\t ! *ur*4 ,p]haps x is =tunate
 t x       occupies an isolat$ position 
9 ! *apel1 :]e ! brilliance       &     
peculi>ity ( ! col\r+ are se5 to full   
advantage )\t       detrim5t to ! o!r   
w9d[s40--7,geo4 ,w47    ,we aga9 f9d our
 way back to ! t[] & into ! s\?-aisle ( 

!  nave = ! p>ticul> purpose ( look+ at 
! w9d[s repres5t+  ! ,elizabe?an play]s 
& dramati/s1 associat$ ) ! ,s\?w>k      
!atres4 ,"s ( !m1 ,john ,flet*]1 ,philip
 ,mass+] & ,edmund  ,%akespe>e1 are     
buri$ "h4 ,! fir/ ( ?is s]ies ( w9d[s is
 a  memorial to ,edw>d ,alleyn          
7#aeff-afbf72 next to ,francis ,beaumont
  7#aehe-afaf72 next to ,john ,flet*]   
7#aegi-afbe72 next to ,philip ,mass+]   
7#aehc-afci72 next to ,%akespe>e1 :o    
liv$ n f> f 8 !atre1  ! ,globe1 9 ! p>i%
 ( ,/4 ,savi\r's ,*ur*4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,/4 ,,savi\r',s1 ,,s\?w>k3 ,,nave1    
,,ea/    ,illu/ration3 ,,we/m9/]        
,,abbey3 ,,we/ ,,front                  
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey         ,,d$icat$ ,,to
 ,,/4 ,,pet]4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,a ,,b5$ict9e  
,,mona/]y4         ,,special ,,features3
 ,,edw>d ,,! ,,confessor',s ,,*apel2    
,,%r9e ,,( ,,!       ,,confessor2 ,,!   
8,,poets' ,,corn]02 ,,h5ry ,,vii4',s    
,,*apel4      ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ?\gh n a 
ca!dral1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ fam\s  *ur* 9
 ,engl&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 visit$ on acc\nt 

( its hi/orical  associations r ?an     
because ( its ar*itecture4 ,yet         
ar*itects  "k full well t x is ! equal (
 ,salisbury1 ,l9coln1 ,ely1 or          
,cant]bury4 ,9 x all ,briti% sov]eigns h
 be5 cr[n$ s9ce !  days ( ! ,conqu]or & 
9 x re/ ! rema9s ( ! nation's mo/       
hon\r$ dead4    ,accord+ to tradition1 9
 ! ,sev5? ,c5tury1 ,sieb]t1 ,k+ ( !     
,ea/ ,saxons1 built a *ur* to ,/4 ,pet] 
on :at 0 !n ,?orney  ,isl&4 ,x became   
kn[n z ,we/m9/]4    ,dun/an e/abli%$ a  
,b5$ict9e mona/]y "h2 b ! ,abbey t we   
"k 0 begun by ,edw>d ! ,confessor 9     
#ajej4 ,?is ,k+ di$ soon  aft] ! ,*oir 0
 f9i%$ 9 #ajfe1 & 0 buri$ !re4 ,we ga9  
an  idea ( 8 *ur* f ! ,bayeux tape/ry1  
:i* depicts ,edw>d !  ,confessor's      
fun]al4 ,"s portions ( x rema9 bel[ !   
pres5t ,*oir4    ,dur+ ,william ,rufus's
 reign ! transepts & fir/ bay ( ! nave  
7 f9i%$4    ,h5ry ,,iii4 det]m9$ to     
build a new *ur* 9 ! ,fr5* /yle2 &  ?is 
0 begun 9 #abde & complet$ z f> z ! f\r?
 bay ( !  nave 9 #abfi4 ,x is ! mo/     

f9i%$ production ( ! fir/ half (  !     
,?irte5? ,c5tury 9 ,engl&4    ,h5ry     
,,iii4 also built a ,lady-,*apel1       
aft]w>ds de/roy$ by ,h5ry ,,vii4  = 8   
exquisite *apel--! mo/ p]fect example ( 
,p]p5dicul>  "w4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,ri*>d 
,,ii4 ! old nave 0 recon/ruct$4    ,to  
_m1 ! ext]ior ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey is n z  
impressive z ,/4  ,paul's4 ,x is        
disappo9t+ 9 size & some:at too n>r[ =  
its  height4 ,x is only :5 we ent] & see
 ! sup]b ar*itecture &  impressive      
monum5ts t its gr&eur & solemnity gr[ ^u
 u1  not)/&+ ! fact t ! black-g[n$ v]g]s
 conduct+  p>ties ( t\ri/s f tomb to    
tomb & *apel to *apel1 9  bus9ess-l     
fa%ion1 d all !y c to dispel rev]5ce by 
rattl+  (f /ories ( ,que5 ,hanne &      
#8,en]y ,,vii41 n always )  unimpea*able
 accuracy4         8,! ,,we/ ,,front is 
flank$ by two t[]s #bbe feet high1 built
 by       ,wr5 & f9i%$ by 8 pupil       
,hawksmoor1 ab\t #agdj4 ,9 ! c5tre      
( ! front is ! great ,p]p5dicul> w9d[1  
b5ea? :i* is a       r[ ( ni*es4 ,!     

entrance por* has a gro9$ ro(4 ,! nave  
is       rem>kable = its l5g? & height4 
,on ! nor? side we notice       t !re is
 a weal? ( buttresses4 ,/rong buttresses
 support !       aisle walls1 & f ^!    
fly+-buttresses /ret* across to !       
walls built on ! c5tral arcade4 ,! f\r  
ea/]n buttresses       comprise ! "p ( !
 *ur* f9i%$ by ,h5ry ,,iii42 ! re/ (    
! nave1 ) ! exception ( ,wr5's t[]s1 0  
built dur+ !       la/ half ( ! ,f\rte5?
 ,c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( !       ,fifte5?4 
,! figures 9 ! ni*es are mod]n40--7,p4  
,h4 ,d47    ,! ,nor? ,front is new1     
design$ by ,sir ,g4 ,scott & ,mr4       
,pe>son4         8,x is a v elaborate "w
 & mu* ( x is beautiful2 b x       does 
n seem to h>monise ) ! re/ ( ! build+4  
,!re is       a l>ge rose-w9d[2 on ea*  
side tall buttresses cr[n$ )            
turrets & cov]$ ) ni*es4 ,!re is an     
arcade ( op5-"w       bel[ & !n "s      
deeply-recess$ ,e>ly ,engli% w9d[s1 &   
bel[ ?ree doorways "u "o /r+-c\rse1 !   
c5tre "o hav+       a high gable4 ,!    

door is divid$ by a pi] hav+ a          
f9ely-c>v$       figure ( ! ,virg9 &    
,*ild4 ,! tympanum is divid$ into ?ree  
panels4 ,9 ! highe/ is ,our ,"l 9 glory 
surr\nd$ by angels       & bel[ him are 
! ,twelve ,apo/les1 :ile 9 ! l[e/ ti]   
are       figures repres5t+ ,art1       
,hi/ory1 ,philosophy1 ,w>1 ,legislation 
&       ,sci5ce1 ) ! build]s ( ! ,abbey1
 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1       ,h5ry ,,iii4
 & ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,! ni*es are fill$ )    
figures (       p]sons 9 "s way connect$
 ) ! ,abbey4 ,! ,*oir is 9 !       =m ( 
an apse1 ) radiat+ *apels1 plann$ on !  
model (       ! ,fr5* *evet1 accord+ to 
! ta/e ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 :i* he       _h  
cultivat$ dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ,france4 ,!   
,lady-,*apel at !       ea/ end1        
commonly call$ ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel1 is
 "o ( !       noble/ examples ( ! be/   
,p]p5dicul> "w 9 ! k+dom1 &       ranks 
) ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor1 & ,k+'s
 ,college1       ,cambridge4 ,! mona/ic 
build+s are on ! s\? side ( !           
,abbey40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    ,! gr\nd plan

 is ,fr5*1 ) a ,fr5* *evet & *apels     
radiat+  f ! ,*oir1 & n only 9 ! plan b 
9 ! n>r[ness &  height ( ! bays ( !     
,*oir & 9 ! trac]y ( ! w9d[s4  ,fr5*    
*>act]i/ics decl>e !mselves4 ,! nave is 
bord]$ )  aisles4 ,beyond ! ,*oir rises 
! c5tral t[]2 & on ei!r side !  nor? &  
s\? transepts4 ,! latt] is kn[n z !     
8,poets' ,corn]40  ,beyond comes ! alt>1
 ar\nd :i* _m tombs cr[d closely2 &     
beyond !m ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,ambulatory4   
,beyond aga9 runs a circle  ( *apels4   
,!n beyond ?is apse a flight ( /eps     
lead+ to ,h5ry  ,,vii4's ,*apel1 also   
cr[d$ ) tombs4    ,! ,cloi/]s &         
,*apt]-,h\se lie on ! s\? side ( !      
,abbey2 &  on ! "r ( ! *ief or ,we/     
entrance1 we f9d ! fam\s ,j]usalem      
,*amb]1 ,j]i*o1 & ! ,d9+-,hall &        
,c\rt--all "p ( ! old  ,palace &        
demon/rat+ to /rang]s f ov]-sea ! close 
connection  betwe5 ! religi\s & civic   
life ( ! ,briti% nation4         8,"o   
nev] ent]s ! ,abbey ,*ur* )\t a ?rill ( 
admiration       = ! d>+ g5ius :o rais$ 

^? l(ty vaults4 ,t !y 7       ! fir/ (  
_! k9d 9 ,engl& is almo/ c]ta91 b ! "n  
( _! design] does n seem to h be5       
pres]v$4 ,x is m       likely t he 0 an 
,engli%man :o _h /udi$ 9 ,france1 ?an   
t he 0 a ,fr5*man4 ,c]ta9 x is t ?\gh ! 
plan1 if n       all ! design1 is purely
 ,fr5*1 ! arrangem5t ( ! *apels         
be+ 9 fact peculi> to ,we/m9/] among/   
,engli% *ur*es1 !       workman%ip is v 
sup]ior to t 9 any contempor>y build+   
on ! ,cont95t40--7,w4 ,j4 ,l47    ,!    
,nave is ! l(tie/ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is two   
feet high] ?an t (  ,york ,m9/]4        
8,! view ( ! int]ior is v impressive4   
,/&+ at ! we/       end ( ! nave we _c  
fail to admire ! magnific5t beauty (    
?is noble %r9e4 ,?is nave ( twelve bays1
 ) its clu/]$       columns1 its        
beautiful tri=ium1 & its l(ty & firmly  
proportion$ ro( so>+ to ! height ( #aja 
feet1 is v       /rik+4 ,a close        
inspection w %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 !     
pi]s ( ! portion f9i%$ by ,h5ry ,,iii4 &
 ! new] "w (       ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4  

,! trac]y ( ! tri=ium op5+s is       v  
f9e4 ,! *oir-scre5 :i* crosses ! nave at
 ! eigh?       pi]1 is mod]n1 & also !  
pulpit4 ,! we/ w9d[ is                  
,p]p5dicul>1 & has "s ,georgian glass   
conta9+ figures (       ! ,patri>*s4    
,mu* ar*itectural beauty has be5        
sacrific$ =       ! sake ( pond]\s      
monum5ts1 b _m ( ^! h mu*       int]e/ &
 = _m visitors w prove ! mo/ attractive 
features ( ! ,abbey40--7,p4 ,h4 ,d47    
,! g5]al effect ( ! int]ior has *ang$   
little s9ce ,wa%+ton  ,irv+ wrote 8     
sympa!tic essay on ,engl&'s ,walhalla3  
8,i pursu$ my walk to an ar*$ door op5+ 
to ! int]ior ( !       ,abbey4 ,on ent]+
 "h ! magnitude ( ! build+ breaks fully 
^u ! m9d1 contra/$ ) ! vaults ( !       
cloi/]s4 ,! eye       gazes ) wond] at  
clu/]$ columns ( gigantic dim5sions )   
ar*es spr++ f !m to su* an amaz+ height2
 & man       w&]+ ab\t _! bases %runk   
into insignificance 9       comp>ison ) 
8 own h&iwork4 ,! spaci\sness & gloom ( 
?is va/ edifice produce a pr(\nd &      

my/]i\s awe4 ,we /ep       cauti\sly &  
s(tly ab\t z if fe>ful ( di/urb+ !      
hall[$ sil5ce ( ! tomb2 :ile e footfall 
:isp]s along       ! walls1 & *att]s    
among ! sepul*res1 mak+ u m             
s5sible ( ! quiet we h int]rupt$4       
8,x seems z if ! awful nature ( ! place 
presses d[n ^u !       s\l1 & hu%es !   
behold] into noiseless rev]5ce4 ,we feel
       t we are surr\nd$ by ! congregat$
 bones ( ! great m5 (       pa/ times :o
 h fill$ hi/ory ) _! de$s & ! e>?       
) _! r5[n4         8,i pass$ "s "t 9    
,poets' ,corn]1 :i* occupies an end ( "o
       ( ! transepts1 or cross aisles ( 
! ,abbey4 ,! monum5ts are       g5]ally 
simple2 = ! lives ( lit]>y m5 af=d no   
/rik+       !mes = ! sculptor4          
,%akespe>e & ,addison h /atues          
erect$ to _! memories1 b ! great] "p h  
bu/s1       m$allions & sometimes m]e   
inscriptions4         8,f ,poets' ,corn]
 ,i cont9u$ my /roll t[>ds t "p ( !     
,abbey :i* conta9s ! sepul*res ( ! k+s4 
,i w&]$ among       :at once 7 *apels1 b

 :i* are n[ occupi$ by ! tombs &        
monum5ts ( ! great4 ,at e turn ,i met ) 
"s illu/ri\s       "n1 or ! cognizance (
 "s p[]ful h\se r5[n$ 9 hi/ory4       ,z
 ! eye d>ts into ^! dusky *amb]s ( dea?1
 x cat*es       glimpses ( qua9t        
effigies3 "s kneel+ 9 ni*es1 z if 9     
devotion2 o!rs /ret*$ ^u ! tombs1 ) h&s 
pi\sly       press$ toge!r2 w>riors 9   
arm\r1 z if repos+ aft] battle2         
prelates1 ) crosi]s & mitres2 & nobles 9
 robes &       coronets1 ly+ z x 7 9    
/ate4 ,9 glanc+ ov] ?is sc5e1       s   
/rangely popul\s1 yet :]e e =m is s /ill
 & sil5t1       x seems almo/ z if we 7 
tread+ a mansion ( t fabl$       city1  
:]e e be+ _h be5 sudd5ly transmut$ into 
/one40    ,! ,we/ ,w9d[ dates f ! reign 
( ,george ,,ii41 ^: arms are 9  ! c5tre4
 ,x conta9s tw5ty-f\r l>ge & f\rte5     
small  comp>tm5ts depict+ ,moses1 ,a>on 
& ! patri>*s4    ,! ,nor?-we/ ,t[]1 also
 call$ ,belfry ,t[]1 has be5 call$ !    
8,:igs' ,corn]10 on acc\nt ( ! monum5ts 
!re4 ,! glass 9 !  w9d[ is old4 ,!      

s\?-we/1 or ,bapti/]y ,t[]1 us$ to      
conta9 !  font 7n[ 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's     
,*apel74 ,"h are also _m monum5ts &     
bu/s4 ,! /a9$ glass w9d[1 9 memory (    
,george ,h]b]t & ,william  ,c[p]1 0 !   
gift ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,*ilds1 (           
,philadelphia4    ,! nave pulpit 0 plac$
 "h 9 #ahfb2 & ?\gh ! inn] /one-"w  ( ! 
,*oir-scre5 is ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 :at
 is visible is  mod]n4         8,!      
spl5did arcade :i* =ms ! ,,tri=ium is "o
 ( !       greate/ glories ( ,we/m9/]1 =
 x is fill$ ) trac]y       simil> 9 e   
respect to ! be/ w9d[ trac]y ( ! ,e>ly  
,engli% p]iod4 ,above ! tri=ium comes ! 
gr& ti] ( w9d[s       compos+ !         
cl]e/ory4 ,ea* is divid$ by a s+le      
c5tral       mullion :i*1 9 ! old]      
portions1 t]m9ates ) two pla9           
ar*es surm\nt$ by a circle foliat$ 9 six
 divisions1 & 9 !       new] portions ) 
trefoil-head$ ar*es surm\nt$ by a circle
       divid$ into only f\r p>ts4 ,! f9e
 vault+1 ( :i* !       rib-"w is enri*$ 
) sculptur$ bosses at its po9ts (       

int]section1 completes ! c5tre ( ! nave 
9 su* a fa%ion       t its decorative   
effect is 9 complete h>mony ) ! ri*ness 
( ! ar* m\ld+s40--7,c4 ,h47    ,! aisles
 are greatly disfigur$ by ! innum]able  
monum5ts4 ,mu*  beautiful sculpture has 
be5 cut away to make room = !m4 ,! nor? 
aisle has "o doorway2 ! s\? aisle has   
?ree1 two ( :i* lead into  ! ,cloi/]s & 
! ?ird 7! mo/ we/]n "o7 into ! ,dean]y4 
,above x is ! ,abbot's ,pew1 an oak5    
gall]y built by ,abbot ,islip e>ly  9 ! 
,sixte5? ,c5tury4    ,! mo/ important   
monum5t 9 ! nor? aisle is t ( ,b5       
,jonson1  ) ! fam\s inscription 8,o r>e 
,b5 ,jonson40 ,9 ! s\? aisle lies       
,major ,john ,&r4    ,! ,transepts (    
,we/m9/] ,abbey conta9 "s ( ! mo/       
beautiful  "w t c be f\nd any:]e4    ,! 
,nor? ,transept is ent]$ by ! fam\s     
,solomon's ,por*4 ,x consi/s  ( f\r bays
 & is bord]$ ) aisles4 ,! ea/]n aisle is
 divid$  into ?ree *apels--,/4 ,&rew1   
,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 ,john !               
,evangeli/--all ( :i* are fill$ )       

monum5ts4         8,! transept end      
consi/s ( five /ages1 ( :i* ! l[e/ is   
compos$ ( f\r obtusely po9t$ ar*es1 two 
( !m be+       doorways4 ,! sp&rels are 
v ri*ly sculptur$4 ,9 ! second          
comp>tm5t is an arcade ( six            
trefoil-head$ ar*es spr++       f clu/]$
 columns4 ,above ?is arcade are six     
lancet w9d[s on       sl5d] columns4 ,! 
s(fits ( ! ar*es are decorat$ )         
sculpture & at bo? ends !re are /atues 9
 ni*es4 ,! f\r?       /age is a         
cont9uation ( ! tri=ium arcade4 ,!re are
 ?ree       ar*es1 ea* enclos+ two      
trefoil$ ar*es1 ) a c9quefoil$          
circle betwe5 !m4 ,x is possible t !re 7
 once w9d[s 9       ?is comp>tm5t1 b ^! 
h be5 fill$ up4 ,! transept end       is
 complet$ by a great rose-w9d[ fill$ )  
mod]n /a9$       glass repres5t+ !      
,apo/les & ,evangeli/s4 ,"h we f9d !    
celebrat$ ,,c5s+ ,,angels4         8,!  
tri=ium is ! place f :i* we c be/ see ^?
 fam\s       sculptures kn[n z ! #8c5s+ 
angels4' ,! arti/ :o plac$       ^!     

figures 9 ! nor? & s\? transepts mu/ h  
_h a       g5ius :i* br\ght him ne>] to 
! great ,greek sculptors ( !            
,p]iclean p]iod ?an any :o has liv$ s9ce
 _! "t4 ,:at mu/       ! c5tral /atues h
 be5 l to be wor?y ( su*                
accessories8 ,p]haps if "o _h to select 
! be/ public /atue 9       ,engl&1 x    
w\ld be impossible to ov]look ! angel on
 ! nor?       transept on ! we/]n side4 
,he appe>s to be lit]ally hov]+       9 
! air1 or r--= ?is ! sculptor has mo/   
m>vell\sly       express$--he is suppos$
 to be sw++ 8 c5s] 9 ! pres5ce       ( 8
 ,"l1 & to be float+ 9 a sea ( light1   
:i* =ces him       to b[ 8 head & av]t 8
 face f its dazzl+                      
effulg5ce40--7,w4 ,j4 ,l47    ,among !  
monum5ts 9 ! nor? transept ! mo/ int]e/+
 are to  ,admiral ,v]non1 ,george       
,cann+1 ,d',israeli1 ,glad/one1 ,sir    
,rob]t ,peel1  ,william ,pitt & ,w>r5   
,ha/+s4    ,! ,s\? ,transept is popul>ly
 kn[n z ! ,poets' ,corn]1 a "n giv5  by 
,goldsmi?4 ,x is s cr[d$ ) tombs &      

c5otaphs t !  ar*itectural features are 
r>ely notic$4 ,x is n uni=m ) !  nor?   
transept ?\gh bo? are ( ,h5ry ,,iii4's  
reign1 ,e>ly ,engli%  m]g+ into         
,decorat$4 ,a door 9 ! s\? wall leads   
into ! ,*apel  ( ,/4 ,fai?1 long us$ z a
 ve/ry & n[ z a *apel = private  pray]4 
,! mo/ int]e/+ tomb "h is t ( ,ge(frey  
,*auc]1 :o =  ye>s liv$ 9 a h\se 9 !    
mona/]y g>d5 pull$ d[n to make room     
,illu/ration3 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey3        
,,poets' ,,corn]    ,illu/ration3       
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey3 ,,*oir1 ,,ea/    =   
,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel4 ,x is a small    
alt>-tomb suppos$ to date f  #adea1 ) a 
canopy ( ,purbeck m>ble ( lat] date4 ,! 
memorial w9d[  above dates f #ahfh4 ,"h 
lie ,dryd51 ,francis ,beaumont1 ,br[n+1 
,t5nyson & ,edmund ,sp5c] among o!rs2 & 
a bu/ ( ,longfell[ 0  plac$ "h 9 #ahhd4 
8,! ,*oir1 :i* has be5 ! sc5e ( s _m    
solemn &       memorable s]vices1 has no
 anci5t woodwork4 ,! /alls 7            
erect$ ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! 
alt> & r]$os       are mod]n4 ,!re are  

"s l>ge figures1 & a mosaic ( ! ,la/    
,supp]4 ,"h ! coronations ( our mon>*s  
take place4 ,!       pavem5t is int]e/+1
 z x 0 br\ght f ,rome by ,abbot ,w>e    
9 #abfh1 & b5ea? x he re/s ) o!r abbots 
( ,we/m9/]4       ,! s$ilia are ,?irte5?
 ,c5tury "w1 & 7 decorat$ )             
pa9t+s4 ,! figures ( ,k+ ,sieb]t1 ! fir/
 f\nd]1 & (       ,h5ry ,,iii41 !       
munific5t re-f\nd]1 rema94 ,above ! base
 (       ! tomb ( ,anne ( ,cleves1 "o ( 
,h5ry ,,viii4's _m wives1 is a          
rem>kable pa9t+ ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 & beh9d 
x "s anci5t       tape/ry40--7,p4 ,h4   
,d47    ,on ! nor? side ( ! sanctu>y    
?ree anci5t tombs h>monise  p]fectly )  
_! ar*itectural surr\nd+s4 ,! mo/ we/]ly
 is  t ( ,avel9e ( ,lanca/]1 :o di$ ab\t
 #abgc1 a weal?y heiress1  daught] ( !  
,e>l ( ,albem>le1 :o 0 m>ri$ 9 ! ,abbey 
9 #abfi  to ,edmund ,cr\*back1 ,e>l (   
,lanca/]1 y\ng] son ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,a   
s+le cusp$ ar* ) a high gable 9 ! sp&rel
 ( :i* is a  trefoil$ panel =ms !       
canopy4 ,two dogs are at ! feet ( !     

effigy  drap$ 9 fl[+ mantle4 ,! tomb is 
,e>ly ,decorat$4 ,next comes !  tomb (  
,aym] de ,val5ce1 ,e>l ( ,pembroke 7di$ 
#acbc74 ,! ,e>l1 9  full arm\r1 re/s 8  
feet on a lion c\*ant4 ,beyond is ! tomb
 (  ,edmund ,cr\*back 7di$ #abif74 ,!   
effigy ( ! ,e>l 9 *a9 arm\r  lies "u a  
triple canopy1 ri*ly ornam5t$4 ,! aisles
 are cr[d$  ) tombs & monum5ts4 ,!      
aisles ( ! *oir are fill$ ) tombs  &    
monum5ts4    ,beh9d ! alt> is situat$ ! 
,confessor's ,*apel conta9+ !  fam\s    
,%r9e ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor4            
8,:5 we ent] ,/4 ,edw>d's ,*apel1 or !  
,*apel ( ! ,k+s       7,capella ,regum71
 we f9d ourselves 9 :at may fairly be   
describ$ z ! mo/ important "p ( !       
,abbey1 alike f !       ecclesia/ical & 
hi/orical po9ts ( view4 ,! *apel is     
di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! *ur* by its sup]ior
 height       above ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! c5tre 
is ! ,confessor's %r9e1 ar\nd       :i* 
are ! tombs ( five ,k+s & six ,que5s (  
,engl&4 ,!       entrance is by "s wood5
 /eps ?r\gh a small space betwe5 "o     

( ! columns & ,edw>d ,i4's tomb4 ,!     
*apel is sep>at$ f       ! sanctu>y by a
 ,fifte5? ,c5tury scre51 :i*1 ?\gh mu*  
mutilat$1 is /ill beautiful4 ,!         
sculptures deal ) ! life       & visions
 ( ! ,confessor40--7,c4 ,h47    ,!      
,confessor's ,%r9e1 ?\gh mutilat$1 is ! 
mo/ important monum5t  9 ! ,abbey4 ,!   
pres5t tomb 0 f9i%$ 9 #abfi at ! in/ance
 (  ,k+ ,h5ry1 & 0 ! "w ( "o ,pet]1 a   
,roman citiz54 ,at !  ,dissolution ( !  
,mona/]ies ! body ( ! ,k+ 0 remov$ & !  
gold5 ornam5ts ( ! tomb disappe>$2 b 9  
,que5 ,m>y's "t ,abbot  ,feck5ham _h !  
body re-int]r$1 ! %r9e repair$ & ! wood5
  sup]/ructure erect$4 ,james ,,ii4 _h !
 old c(f9 enclos$ 9 ano!r  case4 ,?is   
rema9s /ill )9 ! %r9e4    ,on ! nor?    
side ( ! %r9e is ! ,tomb ( ,h5ry ,,iii41
 ( two  /ages1 9 ! upp] "o ( :i* ! body 
re/s4 ,an effigy 9 gilt  bronze re/s on 
! top4 ,next is ! tomb ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,on 
! o!r side  7ea/7 lies ,eleanor (       
,ca/ile 7di$ #abij7 9 a tomb ( ,purbeck 
m>ble1  ! sides ( :i* are embelli%$ )   

trefoil$ heads1 a f9e example  ( ,go?ic1
 probably design$ by ,torel4 ,imm$iately
 beh9d !  ,confessor's ,%r9e comes !    
,*antry ( ,h5ry ,v4 7:]e an alt> once   
/ood74 ,x is a spl5did piece ( ornate   
,p]p5dicul> "w1 )  elaborate sculptur$  
figures repres5t+ ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,d5ys
 & !  /ory ( ! h]o's life--8 fights1    
coronation & c\rt4 ,! effigy  is        
mutilat$4 ,above ! tomb hang ! mon>*'s  
%ield1 saddle &  helmet1 :i* 7 c>ri$ 9 8
 fun]al procession4    ,! next tomb is t
 ( ,que5 ,philippa ( ,ha9ault1 ,que5 (  
,edw>d  ,,iii41 :o di$ 9 #acfi4 ,next   
comes ,edw>d ,,iii4 7di$ #acgg7 & next t
  ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 & 8 fir/ wife1 ,anne ( 
,bohemia4 ,next1 ,sieb]t's  ,tomb1      
consi/+ ( an ar*$ recess 9 ! wall &     
suppos$ to conta9  ! body ( ! leg5d>y   
f\nd] ( ! ,abbey4 ,x dates f #acjh4     
,next  comes ! tomb ( ,anne ( ,cleves4  
,9 ?is *apel /& ! ,coronation ,*airs4 ,!
 "o on ! left 0 made  9 ! reign ( ,edw>d
 ,i4 to enclose ! /one ( ,scone1 suppos$
 to be  ! /one on :i* ,jacob slept at   

,be?-el4 ,! *air 0 once pa9t$  &        
jewell$4 ,! o!r *air 0 made = !         
coronation ( ,william &  ,m>y4 ,betwe5  
^! hang ! sword & %ield ( /ate ( ,edw>d 
,,iii41  us$ at 8 & all o!r coronations4
    ,! little ,*apel ( ,/4 ,b5$ict is   
clos$ to ! public4 ,"u an ar*  is an    
alt> tomb ( f\r *ildr5 ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 & 
f\r ( ,edw>d ,i4    ,!n comes ,/4       
,edmund's ,*apel1 fill$ ) tombs2 !n ,/4 
,ni*olas's  ,*apel1 sep>at$ f !         
ambulatory by an embattl$ /one scre5    
7,p]p5dicul>71 probably erect$ 9 ! reign
 ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,on ! o!r  side ( ! /eps 
lead+ to ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel is ,/4   
,paul's ,*apel1  correspond+ ) ,/4      
,ni*olas's ,*apel4 ,next we f9d ! ,*apel
 ( ,/4  ,john ,bapti/ ) ! ,*apel ( ,/4  
,erasmus =m+ ! entrance4 ,!  doorway1   
dat+ f ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 is       
beautiful1 a l[ ar*1  support$ by clu/]$
 pill>s4 ,next to ?is comes ,islip's    
,*apel1  scre5$ (f & vault$ by ,abbot   
,islip 7di$ #aecb71 to hold 8 own  tomb4
 ,! abbot's rebus1 an eye ) a slip ( a  

tree grasp$ 9 a h&1  or a man slipp+ f !
 bran* ( a tree1 occurs frequ5tly inside
  & outside ! *apel4 ,9 ! upp] "p (     
,islip's *apel are  pres]v$ ! rem>kable 
collection ( wax-works4         8,!     
wax-works ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey h n be5 se5 
by _m       p1 b are des]v$ly fam\s4 ,at
 fir/1 x 0 cu/om>y :5       a k+ or any 
o!r great p]sonage 0 to be buri$1 to    
place on       ! c(f9 8 effigy =m$ (    
boil$ lea!r4 ,:5 ! art (       modell+ 9
 cuir b\illi 0 lo/1 wax 0 employ$ = mak+
       ! image1 & wax1 not)/&+ its      
prov]bial pliancy1 is a       v endur+  
sub/ance4 ,f ! nor? aisle ( ! apse we   
asc5d       a n>r[ /aircase1 pass+ by ! 
way "s ( ! mo/ beautiful       sculpture
 9 ! ,abbey front+ ! *apel ( ,abbot     
,islip4 ,at a       turn 9 ! /air :i*   
leads to a k9d ( upp] gall]y we are     
sudd5ly confront$ ) ! lifelike figure ( 
,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41       ^: face1 z r5d]$
 famili> by num]\s & contempor>y        
engrav+s1 ) its black eyes & sw>?y      
complexion1 looks out       f beh9d !   

glass ( a cupbo>d only a few in*es f !  
spot       we h rea*$4 ,! royal figure  
is dress$ 9 crimson velvet1 n[          
sadly br[n$1 & adorn$    ,illu/ration3  
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey3 ,,*apel ,,& ,,%r9e   
,,( ,,edw>d ,,!  ,,confessor            
,illu/ration3 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey3 ,,h5ry 
,,vii',s ,,*apel         ) ! f9e/ lace (
 ! p]iod4 ,:5 we h recov]$              
composure & brea?1 & c look ar\nd1 we   
f9d ourselves 9 !       pres5ce ( a     
s]ies ( mo/ int]e/+ & curi\s portraits4 
,!       wood5 presses1 ) glass fronts1 
are1 to judge f ! patt]n       ( ! h+es1
 ( ab\t ! "t ( ! mon>* ^: effigy 0      
! fir/ to confront u4 ,! re/1 tak5      
*ronologically1 consi/       ( t5       
figures beg9n+ ) ,que5 ,elizabe? & end+ 
) ,"l       ,nelson1 b nei!r ( ^!1 !    
fir/ & la/1 7 really       fun]al       
effigies40--7,w4 ,j4 ,l47    ,directly  
beh9d ! ,confessor's ,*apel we come to  
,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel1  orig9ally       
design$ to hold ! rema9s ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 
:o 0 buri$ at  ,w9dsor1 b ! plan 0 n    

c>ri$ out4         8,at ! entrance to ! 
*apel we are br\ght to :at ,dean ,/anley
       calls a #8solemn ar*itectural    
pause4' ,"h we may /udy ?ree            
di/9ct ar*itectural p]iods4 #8,fir/1' z 
,mr4 ,l(tie says1 #8!re       is ! e>ly 
"w ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 :o1 x w be rememb]$1 
made a       ,lady-,*apel "h be=e he    
recomm5c$ ! rebuild+ ( !                
,confessor's *ur*4 ,secondly1 ! next pi]
 %[s u ! "w done       :5 ! body ( ,h5ry
 ,v4 0 br\ght hi!r f ,france 9 #adbb4   
,la/ly1 alongside ( ^! two is ! fir/    
column ( ! new &       gorge\s /ructure 
) :i* ,h5ry ,,vii4 replac$ !            
,lady-,*apel       ( ,h5ry ,,iii4' ,!   
dimness ( ! approa* mat]ially enhances !
       effect ( ! sup]b build+ beyond1 &
 x _c be d\bt$ t       ?is comp>ative   
gloom1 s f> f be+ an accid5t1 0         
delib]ately int5d$4 ,! build+ ( ! *apel 
occupi$ !       fir/ twelve ye>s ( !    
,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,x measures inside    
#ajd       feet #f in*es long by #fi    
feet #aj in*es broad1 & consi/s ( a     

nave & aisles ( f\r bays1 ! nave t]m9at+
 9 five small       polygonal *apels1 ! 
/yle ?r\gh\t be+ ,p]p5dicul>4 ,!        
entrance is "u a l>ge c5tral & two      
small] side ar*es1       :i* h six      
bronze doors ( sup]b design & spl5did   
workman%ip1 9 :i* a numb] ( ,h5ry       
,,vii4's devices       appe>40--7,c4    
,h47    ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s impressions 7 z
 foll[s3         8,i /ood be=e !        
entrance to ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel4 ,a 
flight ( /eps leads up to x1 ?r\gh a    
deep & gloomy1 b       magnific5t ar*4  
,great gates ( brass1 ri* & delicately  
wr\ght1 turn heavily ^u _! h+es1 z if   
pr\dly reluctant to       admit ! feet (
 common mortals into ?is mo/ gorge\s (  
sepul*res4         8,on ent]+1 ! eye is 
a/oni%$ by ! pomp ( ar*itecture &       
! elaborate beauty ( sculptur$ detail4  
,! v walls are       wr\ght into        
univ]sal ornam5t1 encru/$ ) trac]y &    
scoop$       into ni*es1 cr[d$ ) !      
/atues ( sa9ts & m>tyrs4 ,/one          
seems1 by ! cunn+ lab\r ( ! *isel1 to h 

be5 robb$ (       its weight & d5sity1  
susp5d$ al(t1 z if by magic1 & !        
frett$ ro( a*iev$ ) ! wond]ful m9ut5ess 
& airy       security ( a cobweb4       
8,along ! sides ( ! *apel are ! l(ty    
/alls ( ! ,knights       ( ! ,ba?1 ri*ly
 c>v$ ( oak1 ?\gh ) ! grotesque         
decorations ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,on ! 
p9nacles ( ! /alls       are affix$ !   
helmets & cre/s ( ! knights ) _! sc>fs  
& swords2 & above !m are susp5d$ _!     
bann]s1 emblazon$       ) armorial      
be>+s1 & contra/+ ! spl5d\r ( gold &    
purple & crimson1 ) ! cold grey fretwork
 ( ! ro(4 ,9 !       mid/ ( ?is gr&     
mausoleum /&s ! sepul*re ( its          
f\nd]1--8 effigy1 ) t ( 8 que51 ext5d$  
on a       sumptu\s tomb1 & ! :ole      
surr\nd$ by a sup]bly wr\ght       braz5
 rail+4         8,!re is a sad dre>9ess 
9 ?is magnific5ce2 ?is /range           
mixture ( tombs & trophies2 ^! emblems (
 liv+ & aspir+       ambition1 close    
beside mem5toes :i* %[ ! du/ & oblivion 
9 :i* all mu/ soon] or lat] t]m9ate4    

8,two small aisles on ea* side ( ?is    
*apel pres5t a t\*+       in/ance ( !   
equality ( ! grave1 :i* br+s d[n !      
oppressor to a level ) ! oppress$1 &    
m+les ! du/ (       ! bitt]e/ enemies   
toge!r4 ,9 "o is ! sepul*re ( !         
haughty ,elizabe?2 9 ! o!r is t ( h]    
victim1 ! lovely       & un=tunate ,m>y4
 ,n an h\r 9 ! day b "s ejaculation     
( pity is utt]$ ov] ! fate ( ! latt]1   
m+l$ )       indignation at h]          
oppressor4 ,! walls ( ,elizabe?'s       
sepul*re       cont9ually e*o ) ! sighs 
( sympa?y heav$ at ! grave (       h]   
rival4         8,a peculi> melan*oly    
reigns ov] ! aisle :]e ,m>y lies        
buri$4 ,! light /ruggles dimly ?r\gh    
w9d[s d>k5$ by du/4       ,! great] "p (
 ! place is 9 deep %ad[1 & ! walls are  
/a9$ & t9t$ by "t & wea!r4 ,a m>ble     
figure ( ,m>y is       /ret*$ ^u ! tomb1
 r\nd :i* is an iron rail+ mu*          
corrod$1 be>+ h] national emblem--!     
?i/le40    ,dean ,/anley writes3        
8,x 0 to be 8 *antry z well z 8 tomb1 = 

he 0       det]m9$ n to be beh9d !      
,lanca/rian pr9ces 9 devotion2       &  
?is unusual anxiety = ! sake ( a s\l n  
too heav5w>d       9 its affections     
exp5d$ itself 9 ! imm5se app>atus (     
s]vice :i* he provid$4 ,almo/ a second  
,abbey 0 ne$$ to       conta9 ! new     
e/abli%m5t ( monks :o 7 to s+ 9 _!      
/alls #8z long z ! _w %all endure4'     
,almo/ a second %r9e       surr\nd$ by  
its blaz+ tap]s & %9+ l gold ) its      
glitt]+ bronze1 0 to conta9 8 rema9s4   
8,to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 to :om ! *apel 0    
d$icat$1 he _h a       special devotion4
 ,h] #89 all 8 necessities he _h made 8 
cont9ual refuge'2 & h] figure1          
accord+ly1 looks d[n ^u 8       grave f 
! ea/ end1 betwe5 ! apo/olic patrons ( !
       ,abbey1 ,pet] & ,paul1 ) #8! holy
 company ( heav5--t is to       say1    
angels1 ar*angels1 patri>*s1 prophets1  
apo/les1       evangeli/s1 m>tyrs1      
confessors & virg9s1' to #8^: s+ul>     
m$iation & pray]s he also tru/$1'       
includ+ ! royal sa9ts       ( ,brita91  

,/4 ,edw>d1 ,/4 ,edmund1 ,/4 ,oswald1   
,/4 ,m>g>et (       ,scotl&1 :o /&1 z he
 direct$1 sculptur$ ti] above ti]1 on   
e side ( ! ,*apel2 "s reta9$ f ! anci5t 
,lady-,*apel2 ! great] "p ( ! "w ( 8 own
 age4 ,ar\nd       8 tomb /& 8          
#8accu/om$ ,av\rs or gu>dian sa9ts to   
:om he       calls & cries'--,/4        
,mi*ael1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,john 
!       ,evangeli/1 ,/4 ,george1 ,/4    
,an?ony1 ,/4 ,edw>d1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4    
,anne1 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,/4 ,b>b>a1 
ea* ) _! peculi>       emblems--#8s to  
aid1 succ\r & def5d him1 t ! anci5t &   
gho/ly enemy1 nor none o!r evil or      
damnable _s1 h no       p[] to invade   
him1 nor ) _! wick$ness to annoy him1 b 
) holy pray]s to be int]cessors to 8    
,mak] & ,r$eem]4'       ,^! 7 !         
adjurations ( ! la/ ,m$ival ,k+1 z !    
,*apel       0 ! climax ( ! late/       
,m$ival ar*itecture40         8,b al?\gh
 ! ,*apel hangs on t5aci\sly to ! skirts
 ( !       anci5t ,abbey & ! anci5t     
,*ur*1 yet t solemn ar*itectural        

pause betwe5 ! two--:i* arre/s ! mo/    
c>eless obs]v]1       & r5d]s x a       
sep>ate /ructure1 a f\ndation #8adjo9+ !
       ,abbey1' r ?an =m+ "p (          
x--corresponds ) m>vell\s       fidelity
 to ! pause & break 9 ,engli% hi/ory (  
:i* ,h5ry       ,,vii4's reign is !     
expression4 ,x is ! close ( ! ,middle   
,ages3       ! apple ( ,granada 9 its   
ornam5ts %[s t ! la/ ,crusade       0   
ov]2 its fl[+ drap]ies & classical      
attributes indicate       t !           
,r5aissance _h already begun4 ,x is !   
end ( ! ,w>s       ( ! ,roses comb9+    
,h5ry's "r ( conque/ ) 8 fragile        
claim ( h]$it>y desc5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 x  
is a glorification       ( ! victory (  
,boswor?4 ,! angels at ! f\r corn]s ( ! 
tomb1 held or hold ! lik5ess ( ! cr[n   
:i* he won on t       fam\s day4 ,9 !   
/a9$ glass we see ! same cr[n hang+ on  
! gre5 bu% 9 ! fields ( ,leice/]%ire4   
,on ! o!r h&1       l ! ,*apel ( ,k+'s  
,college at ,cambridge1 x ass]ts        
ev]y:]e ! memory ( ! #8holy ,h5ry's     

%ade'2 ! ,r$ ,rose (       ,lanca/]     
appe>s 9 e pane ( glass3 9 e corn] is ! 
,portcullis--! ,alt]s securitas1 z he   
t]m$ x1 ) an       allusion to its own  
mean+1 & ! d\ble safegu>d ( 8           
succession--:i* he d]iv$ ?r\gh ,john (  
,gaunt f !       ,beau=t ,ca/le 9 ,anj\ 
inh]it$ f ,blan*e ( ,nav>re by          
,edmund ,cr\*back2 :il/ ,edw>d ,,iv4 &  
,elizabe? ( ,york are       commemorat$ 
by int]tw9+ ^! ,lanca/rian symbols ) !  
,greyh\nd ( ,cecilia ,neville1 wife (   
,ri*>d1 ,duke ( ,york1 )       ! ,rose 9
 ! ,sun1 :i* scatt]$ ! mi/ at ,b>net1 & 
!       ,falcon on ! ,fett]lock1 by :i* 
! fir/ ,duke ( ,york express$       to 8
 desc5dants t #8he 0 lock$ up f ! hope (
 !       k+dom1 b advis+ !m to be quiet 
& sil5t1 z ,god kn[e?       :at may come
 to pass4'         8,x is also ! revival
 ( ! anci5t ,celtic-,briti%             
,illu/ration3 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey3        
,,cloi/]s    ,illu/ration3 ,,we/m9/]    
,,abbey3 ,,s\?-,,we/         elem5t 9 ! 
,engli% mon>*y1 aft] c5turies ( eclipse4

 ,x is       a /range & /rik+ ?\ght1 z  
we m\nt ! /eps ( ,h5ry       ,,vii4's   
,*apel1 t we ent] !re a mausoleum (     
pr9ces1 ^:       boa/ x 0 to be desc5d$ 
n f ! ,confessor or !       ,conqu]or1 b
 f ,ar?ur & ,llewellyn2 & t r\ndab\t !  
tomb1 side by side ) ! emblems ( ! great
 ,engli% ,h\ses1 is       to be se5 !   
,r$ ,dragon ( ! la/ ,briti% ,k+         
,cadwallad]--#8! dragon ( ! great       
,p5dragon%ip1' ( ,wales1       ?ru/ =w>d
 by ! ,tudor ,k+ 9 e direction1 to      
supplant       ! hat$ ,:ite ,bo> ( 8    
dep>t$ enemy--! fulfilm5t1 9       ano!r
 s5se ?an ! old ,wel% b>ds _h dreamt1 ( 
_!       pr$iction t ! prog5y (         
,cadwallad] %\ld reign                  
aga940--7,a4 ,p4 ,s47    ,& n[ we w beg9
 a m detail$ survey3         8,we n[    
ent] ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel1 ! mo/ p]fect
 example ( !       ,p]p5dicul> /yle at  
its be/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,at ! entrance are  
beautiful bronze doors cov]$ ) designs  
symbolical ( !       titles ( ! ,royal  
f\nd]4 ,x is impossible to describe 9   

words       ! ri*ness & beauty ( !      
int]ior ( ?is noble *apel4 ,!           
vault is v beautiful ) fan-trac]y4 ,!   
bann]s ( !       ,knights ( ! ,ord] ( ! 
,ba? hang ov] _! /alls4 ,!       mis]]es
 are wond]fully c>v$1 & are wor?y (     
close       exam9ation4 ,! black m>ble  
tomb ( ! f\nd] is consid]$ to       be !
 be/ example ( ! ,r5aissance /yle 9     
,engl&4 ,x 0       fa%ion$ by           
,torregiano4 ,v num]\s monum5ts are f\nd
 "h4       ,! tombs ( ,m>y ,que5 (      
,scots & ( ,que5 ,elizabe? h            
especial int]e/4 ,oliv] ,cromwell's body
 once lay 9 ! mo/       ea/]n *apel1 b !
 ,royali/s at ! ,re/oration wr\ght      
v5geance on 8 corpse1 & on t ( o!r      
regicides1 & did       n suff] !m to    
rema9 9 ^! hall[$ prec9cts40--7,p4 ,h4  
,d47    ,! tombs t attract ! mo/        
att5tion are ^? ( ,que5 ,elizabe?  &    
,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots4 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s1
 erect$ by ,james ,i41  consi/s ( a     
canopy support$ on t5 ,cor9?ian pill>s1 
"u :i*  ! effigy ( ! que5 lies on a slab

 borne by lions4 ,m>y ,i4 re/s 9  ! same
 tomb4 ,m>y ,/u>t's tomb be>s an effigy4
 ,at h] feet is !  cr[n$ lion ( ,scotl&4
 ,h] body 0 remov$ f ,pet]bor\gh 7see   
page #cca7 by ,james ,i4    ,f ! ea/    
walk ( ! ,cloi/]s1 f9i%$ 9 #acde1 we    
ent] !  ,*apt]-,h\se1 dat+ f #acej4 ,x  
is octagonal & is not$ = its  f9e       
trac]y4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons us$ to meet 
"h 7be=e #acdj74 ,!  speak] sat 9 !     
abbot's seat4         8,! ,*apt]-,h\se  
is visit$ by comp>atively few ( !       
myriads       :o come to ! ,abbey2 b ^? 
:o "k :at to look = may well       l+] =
 "s "t 9 ?is deeply int]e/+ build+4 ,!  
spl5d\r & lovel9ess ( ! entrance to x %[
 ! important       place :i* x held 9 ! 
g5]al e/imation2 ! /ones "u !       left
 arcade ( ! ve/ibule are /ill deeply    
worn by ! feet (       g5]ations (      
monks1 z !y walk$ two & two to _! weekly
       assemblies4 ,! vault+ & its      
bosses are qua9t & ri*4 ,!       qua9t  
entrance door itself1 ble>$ & ru9$ z x  
n[ is1 0       once ri* ) gold & sc>let4

         8,ent]+ ! ,*apt]-,h\se we see  
at a glance an octagon ( !       noble/ 
proportions1 ( :i* ! ro( is support$ by 
a sl5d]       & graceful pill> ( poli%$ 
,purbeck1 ?irty-five feet high1         
#8surr\nd$ by eight subord9ate %afts1   
atta*$ to x by ?ree       m\ld$ b&s4' ,!
 pa9t$ w9d[s 7 plac$ !re z a memorial   
to ,dean ,/anley4 ,"o 0 giv5 by ! ,que51
 & "o by ,am]icans4       ,9 ! c5tral   
light at ! summit ( ea* is repres5t$ !  
greate/ man ( ea* c5tury--! ,v5]able    
,b$e1 ,/4 ,anselm1 ,rog]       ,bacon1  
,*auc]1 ,caxton & ,%akespe>e4 ,9 ! w9d[ 
ov] ! door       is ,que5 ,victoria4 ,! 
c5tral b& ( ! w9d[s repres5ts _m       (
 ! great hi/orical ev5ts connect$ ) !   
,abbey40--7,f4 ,w4       ,f47           
8,! ,*apel ( ! ,pyx is approa*$ f ! ,ea/
 ,cloi/] ,walk by       a massive door )
 sev5 locks4 ,x is b5ea? ! old dormitory
       & occupies two bays ( !          
,confessor's build+1 &1                 
hi/orically consid]$1 is p]haps ! mo/   
int]e/+ portion (       ! ,abbey        

build+s4 ,! pyx is a box conta9+ ! /&>d 
pieces ( gold & silv] co9 ( ! realm :i* 
7 us$ =       te/+ ! accuracy ( !       
curr5cy4 ,x has n[ be5 remov$ to       !
 ,m9t1 :]e ! trial ( ! pyx takes        
place40--7,c4 ,h47    ,! ,cloi/]s ) _!  
ar*es1 beautiful trac]y & anci5t        
memorials  are /rangely impressive1     
p>ticul>ly z !y are situat$ 9 ! mid/  ( 
,london's ro>2 yet "h !re is quiet4     
,! mo/ fam\s "p ( ! ,dean]y is !        
,j]usalem ,*amb] project+  j beyond !   
s\?-we/ t[]4 ,x probably 0 s call$ on   
acc\nt  ( ! tape/ry repres5t+ ! hi/ory (
 ,j]usalem t adorn$ x4  ,h5ry ,,iv4 di$ 
9 x 9 #adac1 accord+ to ! prophecy t he 
%\ld  die 9 ,j]usalem4 7,see ,h5ry      
,,iv41 ,"p ,,ii41 ,act ,,iv41 ,sc5e #d47
 ,9 ?is  room ! ,assembly ( ,div9es met 
9 #afdc2 & ! ,revis]s ( ! ,old  & ,new  
,te/am5ts ( late ye>s4 ,a small room )  
c>v$ panell+1  built by ,abbot ,islip1  
lead+ f x1 is kn[n z ! ,j]i*o  ,p>l\r4  
,,index      ,abbey ( ,/4 ,w]burgh1     
#bae4    ,abbot's ,cloi/]1 #aga4        

,abbot's ,pew1 #dca4    ,abbots ( ,/4   
,albans1 #cfj-cfa4    ,aisles1 ,five1   
#ga4    ,aldr$1 #aeb1 #aec4    ,alfr$1  
,k+1 #df1 #dg1 #di4    ,alleyn1 ,edw>d1 
#dbd4    ,alt>3--,cant]bury1 #af2       
,*e/]1 #bai2    ( ! ,m>tyrdom1 #c2      
,/4 ,paul's1 #dji2    ( ! ,sword's      
,po9t1 #c2    ( ! ,virg91 #d4           
,ambulatories3--,exet]1 #ajb2           
,gl\ce/]1 #afb4    ,am5 ,corn]1 #cih4   
,&r1 ,major ,john 7tomb71 #dca4         
,&rews1 ,bi%op 7tomb71 #dbb4    ,angel  
,*oir1 #bhe1 #bhi1 #bih-cjj1 #cjg1 #cji4
    ,angel ,t[] 7,cant]bury71 #i1 #aj1  
#aa1 #ac1 #cj4    ,angel ,w9d[s         
7,salisbury71 #hh4    ,anne ( ,bohemia  
7tomb71 #dce4    ,anne ( ,cleves 7tomb71
 #dce4    ,anselm1 #ab2    burial-place 
(1 #be4    ,aquablanca1 ,?omas1 #agd1   
#agg1 #ahj4    ,arcade1 ,w9*e/]1 #fj4   
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 #b1 #bfc4       
,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 #bfc1 #bfe4          
,ar*es1 ,inv]t$ 7,wells71 #aaj1 #aaf4   
,arundel1 ,e>l1 & ,maud 7tomb71 #gb4    
,arundel ,t[]1 #i1 #aa4    ,a!l/an1 #ij4

    ,a?oll1 ,c\ntess 7tomb71 #cj4       
,au/51 ,jane 7brass71 #ed4    ,avel9e ( 
,lanca/] 7tomb71 #dcc4    ,ave ,m>ia    
,lane1 #cih4      ,ball-fl[]1 #adc1     
#aei1 #afc1 #age4    ,ball & ,cross1 ,/4
 ,paul's1 #djc4    ,bapti/ry ,t[]1 #dcj4
    ,ba? ,abbey1 #acd-aci4    ,bayeux   
,tape/ry1 #dbe4    ,beau*amp1 ,james de 
7effigy71 #aih4    ,beau*amp1 ,john     
7tomb71 #aib4    ,beau=t1 ,c>d9al1 #ec1 
#ei1 #dag1 #dah4    ,beau=t1 ,jane1     
#dag1 #dba4    ,beaumont1 ,francis1     
#dbd1 #dcc4    ,becket1 ,?omas 1 #b1 #c1
 #aj1 #ah1 #ai1 #bdi1 #bfb4    ,becket's
 ,cr[n1 #ai1 #bc-bd4    ,beck+ton1      
,bi%op1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aai4    ,beck+ton  
7tomb71 #abi4    ,b$e1 ,v5]able1 grave  
(1 #bdb-bdc4    ,belfry ,t[]1 #dcj4     
,bell ,h>ry ,t[]1 #aa1 #cj4    ,bell    
,t[]1 #chj4    ,bell3--,dun/an          
7,cant]bury71 #aa2    7,ro*e/]71 #cf2   
,great ,pet]1 #bfh2    ,pet]1 #ih2      
,tom ( ,l9coln1 #caj-caa2    ,tom (     
,ox=d1 #cge4    ,bells3--,cant]bury1    
#cf2    ,exet]1 #ib2    ,gl\ce/]1 #aeb2 

,l9coln1 #caj-caa2    ,ox=d1 #cge1 #chj2
    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cba2    ,/4 ,albans1  
#cfi2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dah2           
,w9*e/]1 #fe2    ,york1 #bfh4    ,bell  
,r+]'s ,gall]y1 #bch4    ,b5 ,jonson1   
#dca4    ,b]keley1 ,maurice 7tomb71     
#ade4    ,birde1 ,william1 #acd-ace4    
,bi%op's ,cloi/]s 7,h]e=d71 #age4       
,bi%ops' ,g>d5s 7,norwi*71 #cjc1 #ceg4  
,bi%op's ,eye 7,l9coln71 #cje1 #cjh4    
,bi%op's ,palace 7,wells71 #acb1 #acc4  
,bi%op's ,?rone3--,*e/]1 #bai2          
,exet]1 #ii1 #ajj-aja2    ,h]e=d1 #ahc2 
,l9coln1 #big2    ,ripon1 #beh4         
,bitton1 ,bi%op1 #ij4    ,black ,pr9ce  
7tomb71 #i1 #bj-ba4    ,blois1 ,william 
de 7effigy71 #aih4    ,blue ,dick1 #i1  
#ac1 #bg4    ,bohun1 ,joanne de1 #ahe4  
,boo?1 ,bi%op 7effigy71 #agf4    ,boo?  
7tomb71 #agf4    ,bor\gh1 ,!1 #dae4     
,b\*i]1 ,c>d9al1 #af4    ,b[et1         
,ar*bi%op 7tomb71 #bgd4    ,boy ,bi%op1 
#hb-hc4    ,boys1 ,dean 7tomb71 #bg4    
,brant+ham1 #ia1 #ajj4    ,bridport1    
,giles de 7tomb71 #hf-hg4    ,bri?no?1  

#cce4    ,bri/ol1 #adj-aej4             
,bronescomb1 ,bi%op1 #ia1 #ajb4         
,bronescomb 7tomb71 #ajc4    ,br[ne's   
,gate1 #ajh4    ,bruce1 ,rob]t1 #bbg4   
,bub)1 ,bi%op1 #aaj4    ,bub) ,t[]1     
#aac1 #aad1 #aah4    ,burne-,jones1     
,w9d[s by1 #hh1 #chj1 #chb1 #chd1 #chf1 
#chh1 #cia4    ,butl]1 ,bi%op 7tomb71   
#adi4    ,butl] ,t[]1 #adj4    ,bytton1 
,/4 ,william 7tomb71 #abi4              
,campanile1 #fi4    ,canon ,alley1 #cih4
    ,cantelupe1 ,walt] de 7effigy71     
#aih4    ,cant]bury1 #a-cb4    ,c>ileph1
 #bdd4    ,c>lisle1 #bbg-bcb4           
,c>v+3--,c>lisle1 #bbh2    ,exet]1 #ie1 
#if2    ,l9coln1 #bhe1 #bie-bif2        
,wells1 #aag-aah1 #abj-abb1 #acj2       
,worce/]1 #aif-aig2    ,york1 #bhj2     
,s\?well1 #cag-cah4    ,ca!dral ,pool1  
#bja1 #bjc4    ,celia1 ,john de1 #cfc1  
#cfd4    ,cemet]y1 #e4    ,cemet]y      
,gate1 #ch4    ,c5s+ ,angels1 #dcb4     
,c]dic1 #df4    ,*a9-,gate1 #ajb1 #aab1 
#aac1 #abd4    ,*antry3--,audley1 #he1  
#age1 #ahe-ahf2    ,beau=t1 #fb2        

,birde1 #aci2    ,bub)1 #abb2           
,ed+ton1 #ed1 #afb2    ,flem+1 #cjb1    
#cji2    ,fox1 #fb1 #he2    ,g>d9]1 #fb2
    ,h5ry ,,iv1 #bb2    ,h5ry ,v1 #dce2 
,hung]=d1 #he2    ,langton1 #fj1 #fa2   
,longl&1 #cjb1 #cjh2    ,oldham1 #ajb1  
#ajd-aje2    ,pr9ce ,ar?ur1 #aie-aif2   
,ramryge1 #cgj1 #cga2    ,russell1 #cjb1
 #cjh2    ,speke1 #ajb2    ,/4 ,george1 
#ajd2    ,/4 ,radegunde1 #ig2           
,/anb]y1 #aha2    ,sug>1 #abb2          
,sylke1 #ih2    ,waynflete1 #fb2        
,:ea?amp/ead1 #cgj1 #cga2    ,william ( 
,wykeham1 #ed-ee4    ,*apel3--,alcock1  
,bi%op1 #cde2    ,b]keley1 #ada1 #adf2  
,botel]s1 #afh2    ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 #cge2   
,d]by1 #bbc1 #bbf2    ,dean's           
7,cant]bury71 #bb1 #bf1 #bg2    ,dean's 
7,l9coln71 #cjf2    ,ducie1 #bbb1 #bbe2 
,f\r ,virg9s1 #gb2    ,fras]1 #bbc1     
#bbf2    ,gu>dian ,angels1 #fj1 #fa2    
,holy ,cross1 #aah1 #abc2    ,holy      
,gho/1 #ii2    ,holy ,sepul*re1 #fd2    
,holy ,tr9ity1 #bbd2    ,islip1 #dcf2   
,jesus1 #aib1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #dji2   

,mallory1 #bee1 #bei2    ,morn+1 #daj2  
,newton1 #ada1 #ade2    ,n9e ,alt>s1    
#acj1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdf-bdg2 
( ! ,pyx1 #ddc2    ,ord] ( ,/4 ,mi*ael &
 ,/4 ,george1 #daj2    ,r+]s1 #cji2     
,sa9ts1 #cfg1 #cga2    ,seabroke1 #afi2 
,silk/$e's1 #fd2    ( !                 
,transfiguration1 #cgd2    ,w>riors'1   
#ah1 #be1 #bf2    ,we/1 ,bi%op1 #cde2   
,/4 ,&rews1 #ajb1 #afi2    ,/4 ,b5$ict1 
#cca1 #dce2    ,/4 ,calixtus1 #abc2     
,/4 ,ca!r9e1 #abi1 #chg2    ,/4 ,*ad1   
#baj-baa1 #bac2    ,/4 ,david1 #abc2    
,/4 ,dun/an1 #daj2    ,/4 ,edw>d !      
,confessor1 #dcd2    ,/4 ,edmund1 #de1  
#ig1 #dcf2    ,/4 ,erasmus1 #dcf2    ,/4
 ,fai?1 #ge1 #dcb2    ,/4 ,gabriel1 #cj1
 #aje2    ,/4 ,george1 #bbd2    ,/4     
,hugh1 #cji2    ,/4 ,james1 #ajb1 #bbd2 
,/4 ,john1 #aic1 #aif2    ,/4 ,john !   
,bapti/1 #dc1 #ih1 #abi1 #dcf2    ,/4   
,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/4 ,edmund ! ,k+1    
#gc2    ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e1 #dbc2    ,/4
 ,ka!r9e1 #gc2    ,/4 ,kyneburga1 #cca2 
,/4 ,kynes)a1 #cca2    ,/4 ,lucy1 #cha1 

#cij2    ,/4 ,luke1 #cec1 #ceh2    ,/4  
,m>t91 #abc2    ,/4 ,m>y ! ,less1 #cec1 
#ceg2    ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 #gc1 #aje2 
,/4 ,ni*olas1 #bbd1 #dcf2    ,/4        
,oswald1 #cca2    ,/4 ,paul1 #ih1 #afh1 
#dcf2    ,/4 ,philip1 #afi2    ,/4      
,/eph51 #abi2    ,/4 ,?omas (           
,cant]bury1 #cbc2    ,tr9ity1 #f1 #i1   
#ab1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj2    ,w>n]1 #dc4      
,*apels3--,ely1 #bbc1 #bbf2    ,l9coln1 
#bib4    ,*apt]-,h\se3--,bri/ol1 #ada2  
,c>lisle1 #bcb2    ,*e/]1 #bba1 #bbe2   
,durham1 #bcg1 #bdh2    ,gl\ce/]1       
#adi-aej1 #aea1 #agb2    ,li*field1     
#acj1 #bjg1 #bac1 #bad2    ,l9coln1     
#cjg2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cca2    ,ox=d1   
#cgi1 #cib2    ,ripon1 #bei2            
,salisbury1 #gh1 #hh-hi2    ,s\?well1   
#cac1 #cag-cah2    ,wells1 #aab1 #aac1  
#abd1 #abe-abf2    ,we/m9/] ,abbey1     
#dbh1 #ddb2    ,w9*e/]1 #fd2            
,worce/]1 #aii2    ,york1 #bfa1 #bhj1   
#bha1 #bhb4    ,*apt]-,h\se ,doorway    
7,ro*e/]71 #dd-de4    ,*>les ,edw>d1    
#bbh4    ,*>lton1 ,bi%op 7tomb71 #ahj4  

,*auc]1 #a1 #aj1 #dae4    ,*auc] 7tomb71
 #dcb1 #dcc4    ,*auc] ,w9d[1 #dai4     
,*eapside1 #cih4    ,*equ]s ,inn1 #h1   
#aj4    ,*]tsey's ,gate1 #ch4    ,*e/s1 
,mortu>y1 #eg4    ,*e/]1 #bae-bba4      
,*i*ele ,t[]1 #aa1 #ab4    ,*i*ele1     
,ar*bi%op 7tomb71 #ag4    ,*i*e/]1      
#ff-ge4    ,*ill5d51 ,prior1 #i1 #ab1   
#ac1 #ca1 #cb4    ,*oate1 ,joseph ,h41  
#dbc4    ,*oir3--,ba? ,abbey1 #ach2     
,bri/ol1 #adb2    ,cant]bury1 #ad-ag2   
,c>lisle1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcj-bcb2         
,*e/]1 #bah2    ,*i*e/]1 #gc2           
,durham1 #bcg1 #bdd2    ,ely1 #cdc-cde2 
,exet]1 #ii-ajb2    ,gl\ce/]1 #ec1      
#afj-afc2    ,h]e=d1 #ahb-ahc2          
,l9coln1 #bie-big2    ,li*field1        
#bji-baa2    ,man*e/]1 #bbe2    ,norwi*1
 #cef2    ,ox=d1 #cha1 #chc2            
,pet]bor\gh1 #cbh-cbi2    ,ripon1       
#bee-bef2    ,ro*e/]1 #db2              
,salisbury1 #hd-he2    ,s\?well1 #caf2  
,/4 ,alban's1 #cef2    ,/4 ,paul's1     
#djd2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dba2    ,wells1
 #abf-abi2    ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #dbg1    

#dcc2    ,w9*e/]1 #ee2    ,worce/]1     
#aic-aid2    ,york1 #bga-bgb1 #bha4     
,*oir ( ,conrad1 glori\s1 #b1 #d1 #ab1  
#ad4    ,*oir-scre5 7,li*field71 #baa4  
,*oir-scre5 7,s\?well71 #cac1 #caf4     
,*oir-/alls3--,cant]bury1 #i1 #ad2      
,c>lisle1 #bca2    ,*e/]1 #bah-bai2     
,*i*e/]1 #gc2    ,durham1 #bde2    ,ely1
 #cde2    ,exet]1 #eg2    ,gl\ce/]1     
#afa2    ,h]e=d1 #ahc2    ,man*e/]1     
#bbe2    ,norwi*1 #cef2    ,pet]bor\gh1 
#cbi2    ,ripon1 #bef-beg2    ,ro*e/]1  
#dc2    ,salisbury1 #he2    ,/4 ,albans1
 #cfi2    ,/4 ,paul's1 #djh2    ,w9*e/]1
 #ef-eg2    ,worce/]1 #aid2    ,york1   
#bga4    ,*ori/]s' ,gre51 #hj4          
,*ori/]s' ,ve/ry1 #cjf4    ,*ri/ ,*ur*  
,gate1 #aj4    ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 #cge4
    ,clive1 ,ge(frey de 7tomb71 #ahj4   
,clock 7,exet]71 #ih4                   
,cloi/]s3--,bri/ol1 #ada1 #adi2         
,cant]bury1 #bh1 #ca-cb2    ,*e/]1      
#bbj-bba2    ,*i*e/]1 #ge2    ,durham1  
#bdh2    ,ely1 #cdj1 #cda2    ,exet]1   
#ii2    ,gl\ce/]1 #aea1 #aei1 #agj-agb2 

,ox=d1 #cej1 #ceh1 #cei1 #chj1 #cib2    
,pet]bor\gh1 #ccc2    ,salisbury1 #gh1  
#hi2    ,wells1 #aaj1 #acb2    ,we/m9/] 
,abbey1 #dbh2    ,worce/]1 #aih-aii4    
,cloi/] ,c\rt1 #ccc4    ,close          
7,salisbury71 #hj2    7,wells71 #ajh4   
,close ,gate1 #hj4    ,cold/ream ,gu>ds1
 #daa4    ,college ,gate1 #cg4          
,coll+wood1 #dab4    ,col/on ,t[]1 #adj4
    ,conrad1 ,prior1 #b1 #ad4           
,corni%1 ,bi%op 7tomb71 #abc4           
,cornwallis1 ,"l1 #dab4    ,con/ant9e1  
#df1 #bfb4    ,corona1 #ab1 #bc-bd4     
,coronation ,*airs1 #dce4    ,c\rt5ay1  
,ar*bi%op1 #ba4    ,cre$ ,lane1 #cih4   
,cricklade1 ,rob]t (1 #cgg1 #cgh4       
,cross1 ,/4 ,paul's1 #djg4    ,cr\*back1
 ,edmund 7tomb71 #dcd4                  
,crypt3--,cant]bury1 #bi-ca2    ,exet]1 
#ajb2    ,gl\ce/]1 #afi-agj2    ,h]e=d1 
#ahf2    ,ripon1 #bed1 #bei2    ,ro*e/]1
 #de2    ,/4 ,paul's1 #dab2    ,wells1  
#abf2    ,w9*e/]1 #fd2    ,worce/]1     
#aih2    ,york1 #bgi-bhj4      ,d>k     
,entry1 #ca4    ,dav5port1 ,bi%op1 #he4 

,dean]y 7,c>lisle71 #bcb1 #ddc4         
,dean]y ,gate1 #ch4    ,dean]y ,gateway1
 #cca-ccb4    ,dean's ,door1 #ccb4      
,dean's ,eye 7,l9coln71 #cjd1 #cji4     
,dean's ,y>d1 ,/4 ,paul's1 #djj4        
,decorat$3--,bri/ol1 #ade1 #adg2        
,cant]bury1 #cb2    ,c>lisle1 #bbg1     
#bca1 #bcb2    ,*e/]1 #bae1 #bag2       
,ely1 #cch1 #cdc1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdf2     
,exet]1 #ij2    ,h]e=d1 #age1 #ahj1     
#ahb2    ,li*field1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #bji1   
#baj2    ,l9coln1 #cja1 #cje1 #cjg2     
,norwi*1 #cej1 #cec1 #ced1 #cei2        
,ox=d1 #cgi1 #chg2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cba1
 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccc2          
,ripon1 #bej1 #beb2    ,ro*e/]1 #ch1    
#da1 #dd-de2    ,s\?well1 #cae1 #caf1   
#cag2    ,/4 ,albans1 #cfh1 #cgd2    ,/4
 ,savi\r's1 #dah2    ,wells1 #aaa1 #aab1
 #aad2    ,worce/]1 #aia1 #aib2         
,york1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha4    ,devil      
,look+ ov] ,l9coln1 #cja1 #cji4         
,dick5s1 ,*>les1 #ch1 #da4              
,diocletian1 #df4    ,doddridge1 ,sir   
,john & ,lady 7tomb71 #ajc4             

,dog-too?1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bad1 #bcj1 #bca1
 #bea1 #cjg1 #cae1 #cbd1 #cfh4    ,dome 
7,/4 ,paul's71 #cig1 #djb1 #dab4        
,doorway1 ,s\?we/ 7,/4 ,savi\r's71 #dah4
    ,drum 7,/4 ,paul's71 #djg4          
,duncan1 #cai1 #ccj4    ,dun ,c[1 #bcd1 
#cch4    ,dun/an1 #dbe4    ,durham1     
#bcc-bdh4      ,e>l ( ,h]t=d 7monum5t71 
#hg4    ,e>ly ,decorat$3--,h]e=d1 #aha2 
,li*field1 #bja2    ,wells1 #acj2       
,york1 #bfg1 #bhb4    ,e>ly             
,engli%3--,bri/ol1 #ada1 #add2          
,c>lisle1 #bcj2    ,*e/]1 #bae1 #bag1   
#bbj1 #bba2    ,*i*e/]1 #gj2    ,durham1
 #bcf2    ,ely1 #cch1 #cdj1 #cdd1 #cdf2 
,exet]1 #ig2    ,gl\ce/]1 #afh2         
,h]e=d1 #ahd2    ,li*field1 #bja1 #bjg1 
#baj1 #bad2    ,l9coln1 #bib1 #bie2     
,ox=d1 #chf2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cbj1 #cbd1
 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ccb2    ,ripon1 #bej1     
#beb2    ,ro*e/]1 #ch1 #dj1 #da2        
,salisbury1 #gf1 #gh2    ,s\?well1 #cae1
 #caf2    ,/4 ,albans1 #cfd1 #cfh2      
,wells1 #aaa1 #aah1 #aai1 #abg1 #acc2   
,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #dcj1 #dcb2    ,w9*e/]1

 #dh1 #eg1 #fj2    ,worce/]1 #aif2      
,york1 #bjb1 #bhb4    ,e>?quakes1 #aji1 
#aec1 #bhg4    ,ea/] ,sepul*re1 #cja4   
,ea/]n ,transept 7,l9coln71 #big-bih4   
,ea/ ,end3--,h]e=d1 #ahd2    ,wells1    
#acj1 #aca2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dag4     
,ea/ ,front 7,york71 #bha4    ,ea/      
,w9d[3--,bri/ol1 #adg-adh2              
,cant]bury1 #bh2    ,c>lisle1 #bbg1     
#bbh1 #bca2    ,*i*e/]1 #gj2    ,exet]1 
#ajj1 #ajc2    ,gl\ce/]1 #afd-aff1 #afg2
    ,h]e=d1 #ahd2    ,l9coln1 #cjb-cjc2 
,ox=d1 #cia2    ,ripon1 #beb2           
,s\?well1 #caf2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dai1 
#dbb2    ,wells1 #acb2    ,w9*e/]1 #eh2 
,york1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bgc-bgd1 #bha4      
,eboracum1 #bfb4    ,edfrid1 #ccd4      
,edg>1 #cac1 #cag1 #ccj1 #cce4    ,edg>1
 ,coronation (1 #ace4    ,ed+ton1       
,bi%op1 #dh1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed4        
,edw>d ,i41 #bfe1 #bgd4    ,edw>d ,i4   
7tomb71 #dce4    ,edw>d ,,ii4 7tomb71   
#aeb1 #afa-afb4    ,edw>d ,,iii4 7tomb71
 #dce4    ,edw>d ,,iv41 #e4    ,edw>d ( 
,ca]n>von 7tomb71 #afb4    ,edw>d !     

,confessor1 #cce1 #dbe4    ,edw9 ,drood1
 #ch4    ,edw91 ,k+1 #bfc4    ,eleanor1 
,que5 7monum5t71 #cjj2   7tomb71 #dce4  
,eld] ,lady ,*apel 7,bri/ol71 #ada1     
#add4    ,elias ( ,d]eham1 #gg4         
,elizabe?1 ,que5 7tomb71 #dch1 #dda4    
,elizabe?1 ,lady ,montacute 7tomb71     
#chf4    ,elizabe?an ,play]s &          
,dramati/s1 #dbd4    ,ely1 #ai1 #fc1    
#ccd-cdh2    ,isle (1 #ccd4    ,erasmus1
 #bi4    ,ernulf1 #b1 #ad1 #be1 #cj1    
#ca1 #cd4    ,erp+ham ,gate1 #cej1 #cea4
    ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t1 #b1 #cc4       
,e!lr$1 ! ,unready1 #cgf1 #cgh4         
,e!lwold1 ,/41 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #cai1     
#cce4    ,evelyn1 ,john1 #bij1 #cif4    
,ex*equ] ,gate1 #caa4    ,exet]1        
#ij-ajf4      ,fai?1 ,hope & ,*>ity     
7w9d[71 #chb4    ,fan-trac]y1 #bb1 #bg1 
#abf1 #acg1 #ach1 #agj1 #cbi1 #chc4     
,f]etory1 #ei4    ,fire3--,ba? ,abbey   
#acf2    ,cant]bury1 #d1 #i1 #ad-ae1    
#ag1 #ah2    ,c>lisle1 #bbg2    ,*i*e/]1
 #ff1 #fg2    ,exet]1 #ia2    ,gl\ce/]1 
#aec1 #aeh2    ,l9coln1 #bhf2           

,norwi*1 #cej1 #cee1 #ceh2              
,pet]bor\gh1 #cai1 #ccj2    ,ro*e/]1    
#ce2    ,/4 ,paul's1 #cic2    ,/4       
,savi\r's1 #daf1 #dag2    ,york1        
#bff-bfg4    ,fitzh>d+e1 ,rob]t1 #ada1  
#adi1 #aej4    ,fitzjocelyn1 ,bi%op1    
#ajh1 #aag4    ,five ,si/]s 7,york71    
#bfa1 #bfi-bgj1 #bhb4    ,flamb>d1      
,r&olph1 #bce1 #bdb4    ,fleet ,/reet1  
#cih4    ,flet*]1 ,john1 #dbd4    ,flos 
,florum1 #bfa1 #bhj4                    
,fly+-buttresses3--,cant]bury1 #ab2     
,ely1 #cci1 #cdj2    ,gl\ce/]1 #afd4    
,font3--,durham1 #bdj2    ,h]e=d1 #agf2 
,l9coln1 #bid2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cbg2    
,ripon1 #bec2    ,wells1 #abb2          
,w9*e/]1 #ec-fd4    ,f\r ,doctors ( !   
,*ur* 7,durham71 #bcg1 #bdd4    ,fox1   
,bi%op1 #ee1 #eg1 #ei1 #dba4    ,fr5*   
,*ur* 7,cant]bury71 #bi4      ,galilee  
,*apel 7,durham71 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bdj-bdb2 
,por* 7,ely71 #ccf1 #cch2    ,por*      
7,l9coln71 #cje-cjf4    ,g>rick1 ,david1
 #bjh4    ,gateway1 ,great 7,bri/ol71   
#aej4    ,geometrical ,/aircase1 #daa4  

,gibbons1 ,gr9l+1 #i1 #ad1 #djh-dji4    
,gibbons1 ,orl&o1 #ag4                  
,glass3--,l9coln1 #bid2    ,ox=d1       
#cij-cia2    ,york1 #bfa-bfb1 #bfd1     
#bfi1 #bgj1 #bgb4    ,gla/onbury1 #ajg4 
,gla/onbury ,clock1 #abd4    ,gl5ham    
,w9d[ 7,bri/ol71 #adc1 #ade4    ,globe  
,!atre1 #dbd4    ,gl\ce/]1 #aea-agc4    
,godelee1 ,john de1 #aji4    ,gold/one  
,,ii1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #bg1 #ca4      
,goldwell1 ,bi%op1 #cej1 #ceb4    ,gold5
 ,gall]y1 #dac4    ,gorges1 ,?omas      
7monum5t71 #hg4    ,gordon1 ,g5]al1     
#daa4    ,g[]1 ,john 7tomb71 #dai-dbj4  
,gr&ison1 ,bi%op1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ig1   
#ii4    ,gr&ison1 ,sir ,pet]1 #ahe4     
,gray 7,grey71 ,walt] de1 #bej1 #bfd1   
#cac1 #caf2    7tomb71 #bgj4    ,great  
,fire1 #cif1 #dab4    ,great ,gate1 ,/4 
,albans1 #cfb4    ,grecian ,/airs1 #cab4
    ,gre5 ,*ur* ,haw1 #cg4    ,gre5     
,c\rt1 #aj1 #ca4    ,gregory1 ,pope1 #a1
 #b4    ,grim?orpe1 ,"l1 #cfj1 #cfd1    
#cfe1 #cgc4    ,grossete/e1 ,rob]t1     
#bhi1 #bic1 #caj1 #cba4    ,gundulf1    

#cc1 #dj1 #aec2    7tomb71 #dd2         
7t[]71 #ce1 #cg4    ,gun?orpe1 ,dean1   
#aaj4      ,hackett1 ,bi%op1 #bjd4      
,hackett 7tomb71 #baj4    ,hadrian1     
#bfb4    ,hagiscopes1 #bh4    ,hamo de  
,hy!1 #cf4    ,h>bl$[n1 #a4    ,h>ewell1
 ,bi%op1 #aaj4    ,h>ewell ,t[]1 #aac1  
#aad1 #aah4    ,h>nham ,gate1 #hj4      
,h>v>d ,w9d[1 #dbc4    ,hatfield1 ,bi%op
 7tomb71 #bde4    ,haw=d 7effigy71 #aih4
    ,h5ry ,,iii41 #d1 #gg1 #gh1 #dbe2   
7tomb71 #dcd-dce4    ,h5ry ,,iv4 7tomb71
 #ba-bb4    ,h5ry ,v41 ,*antry1 #dce4   
,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel1 #dbg1 #dcg-dda4  
,h5ry ,,viii41 #f1 #i1 #cba1 #cfj1 #cgf4
    ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don1 #bhf1 #cja4      
,h]e=d1 #ce1 #fg1 #acj1 #agd-ahg4       
,h]ew>d1 #cai4    ,h]k5rode ,glass1     
#bji1 #bab-bac4    ,hugh ( ,avalon1     
#bhg4    ,hugh ( ,ev]sd51 #cfe4    ,hugh
 de ,wells1 #bhh1 #bhi4    ,hodson (    
,hodson's ,horse1 #baa4    ,holl&1 ,lady
 ,m41 #bf4    ,holy ,hole1 #fj4         
,ho?am1 ,john1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cdb1 #cdc2  
7tomb71 #cdf4    ,h\se ( ! ,six ,poor   

,travell]s1 #da4    ,h[ley1 ,ar*bi%op1  
#af4    ,humble ,ri*>d 7tomb71 #dbb4    
,hunton1 ,prior1 #fa4    ,husse1 ,dean  
7tomb71 #abc4      ,imp on ,back (      
,wit*1 #cjh4    ,ina1 ,k+1 #ajg4        
,+oldsby ,leg5ds1 #ca1 #gf4    ,islip1  
,abbot1 #dca1 #dcf1 #ddc4    ,irv+1 ,w41
 #dbi1 #dch4      ,jack ,bl&iv]1 #abd4  
,james ,i41 #dag4    ,j]i*o ,p>l\r1     
#dbh1 #ddc4    ,j]usalem ,*amb]1 #dbh1  
#ddc4    ,jesse ,w9d[ 7,wells71 #abh4   
,jesus ,*apel1 ,norwi*1 #cec1 #ceh4     
,jesus ,t[]1 #bjj4    ,jewell1 ,bi%op1  
#gh4    ,joan ( ,nav>re 7tomb71 #ba-bb4 
,jocel91 ,bi%op1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aag4
    ,john1 ,k+ 7tomb71 #aid-aie4        
,john ( ,cant]bury1 #cd4    ,john ,le   
,romeyn1 #bfg4    ,john ( ,?orsby1 #bfd1
 #bhc4    ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,samuel1 #bjh4 
,joseph ( ,arima!a1 #ajg4    ,joseph's  
,w9d[ 7,durham71 #bdh4    ,ju/us1 #cc4  
,ka!r9e ( ,aragon1 #cba1 #ccj4    ,kemp1
 ,c>d9al1 #af4    ,k5walk1 #df4         
,kilk5ny1 ,bi%op1 #cdf4    8,k+ ( ,ba?10
 #ace4    ,k+1 ,oliv]1 #acd4    ,k+     

,w9d[1 #cia4    ,kirton1 ,abbott1 #ccb1 
#ccc4    ,knight 7effigy71 #fb 7,f\rte5?
 ,c5tury74    ,knight 7tomb71 #ajd4     
,kn[le1 ,abbot1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 
#adf1 #adg4    ,kyneburga1 #aeb4        
,kynegils1 #df4      ,lacey1 ,bi%op     
7tomb71 #aja4    ,lady ,arb\r1 #age4    
,lady ,bells1 ,l9coln1 #bid1caa4        
,lady ,*apel3--,bri/ol1 #ada1 #adg2     
,cant]bury1 #bg2    ,*e/]1 #bbj2        
,*i*e/]1 #fg1 #fi1 #gd-ge2    ,durham1  
#bcf2    ,ely1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cci1  
#cdj1 #cdg2    ,exet]1 #ajb2            
,gl\ce/]1 #aea1 #aed-aee1 #aff-afg2     
,h]e=d1 #age1 #ahc-ahd2    ,li*field1   
#bjc1 #bjg1 #baa-bab2    ,man*e/]1 #bbb1
 #bbc1 #bbe2    ,ox=d1 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chd1
 #che1 #chf2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cba2      
,ripon1 #bei2    ,ro*e/]1 #cg1 #ch1 #da2
    ,/4 ,alban's1 #cfg2    ,/4          
,savi\r's1 #dag1 #dbb2    ,wells1 #aji1 
#aab1 #abf1 #abi1 #acj-aca2    ,we/m9/] 
,abbey1 #dbf2 ,w9*e/]1 #fj2    ,worce/]1
 #aif1 #aig1 #aih2    ,york1 #bfd1 #bgc1
 #bhb4    ,lady ,lisle 7tomb71 #abc4    

,lady ,l(t1 #bei4    ,lady1 ,f\rte5?    
,c5tury 7effigy71 #ig4    ,la ,f>ge1    
,john1 #dbc4    ,lancet1 #fg4           
,lanfranc1 #b1 #ac1 #ah1 #cc4           
,langley1 ,c>d9al 7tomb71 #bdb4         
,langton1 ,john de1 #fh4    ,langton1   
,/eph51 #d1 #gg4    ,langton1 ,/eph5    
7tomb71 #bf4    ,langton1 ,walt] de1    
#bjc4    ,lant]n 7,ely71 #cci2    ,york1
 #bfi4    ,lant]n ( ! ,we/1 #acg4       
,late ,decorat$ 7,york71 #bfg4    ,lat9 
,*apel1 #cha1 #chd1 #chg4    ,laurel    
,c\rt1 #ccc4    ,lee1 ,ar*bi%op1 #bff4  
,leighton1 ,"l1 #daa4                   
,libr>y3--,*i*e/]1 #gc2    ,gl\ce/]1    
#aea1 #aga2    ,h]e=d1 #aha2    ,/4     
,paul's1 #daa2    ,wells1 #aaj4         
,li*field1 #bjj-bad4    ,liddell1 ,edi? 
7w9d[71 #cia4    ,l9coln1 #bhd4         
,l9coln ,imp1 #cja4    ,l+1 ,a4 ,van1   
#cgi1 #chb4    ,loll>ds' ,prison1 #gd4  
,london ,bridge1 #dae-daf4    ,longespe1
 ,william1 #gg2    7tomb71 #hb4         
,longfell[ 7bu/71 #dcc4    ,los+a1      
,rob]t de1 #agd2    7tomb71 #ahb4       

,los+a1 ,h]b]t de1 #cdi4    ,l\?1 ,bi%op
 7tomb71 #cdf4    ,l\is ,,vii41 #d1 #h4 
,lucius1 ,k+1 #b1 #df4    ,lucy1 ,bi%op1
 #dh1 #eg1 #fa2    7tomb71 #fj4         
,ludgate ,hill1 #cih1 #djj4    ,luffa1  
,bi%op1 #ff4    ,lyh>d1 ,bi%op1 #cej1   
#ceb1 #cee1 #cef4      ,man*e/]1        
#bbb-bbf4    ,m&eville1 ,sir ,john1     
#cfh4    ,map ( ! ,_w1 #ahb4    ,m>*ia1 
,bi%op 7tomb71 #abc4    ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1
 #cfa4    ,mass+]1 ,philip1 #dbd4       
,maurice1 ,"l ,b]keley 7effigy71 #ade4  
,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 #cbb1 #cca2       
7tomb71 #dch1 #dci1 #dda1 #ddb4         
,mei/' ,om]s1 #ca4    ,melb\rne1 ,"l1   
#daa4    ,melrose ,abbey1 #bdi4         
,melton ,ar*1 #bge4    ,m]c]y ,lane1 #h1
 #aj4    ,m]ton1 ,walt] de1 #dc4        
,m9/] ,y>d1 #caa4    ,m9/rels'          
,gall]y3--,exet]1 #if2    ,w9*e/]1 #ed2 
,li*field1 #baj-baa4    ,mis]]es1       
,exet]1 #ii-ajj4    ,mis]icords1 ,wells1
 #abh2    ,bri/ol1 #adb4    ,mit=d1     
,bi%op 7tomb71 #he4    ,mompesson1 ,sir 
,ri*>d 7tomb71 #he4    ,monks'          

,door3--,ely1 #cdj2    ,norwi*1 #cei4   
,monks' ,/one1 #ccj4    ,monm\?         
,rebellion1 #aaa4    ,montagu1 ,lady    
,m>y ,wortley1 #bjh4    ,montague1      
,bi%op1 #ace2    7tomb71 #aci4    ,morn+
 ,*apel1 #cca4    ,morton1 ,c>d9al      
7tomb71 #cj4    ,morw5t1 ,abbot1 #aef1  
#aeh1 #aei4    ,music ,gall]y 7,wells71 
#aai4      ,nave3--,ba?1 #acg2          
,bri/ol1 #ada2    ,cant]bury1 #ab-ac2   
,c>lisle1 #bbi2    ,*e/]1 #bag2         
,*i*e/]1 #ga-gb2    ,durham1 #bci-bdj2  
,ely1 #cda2    ,exet]1 #ie-if2          
,gl\ce/]1 #aef-aeh2    ,h]e=d1 #age-agf2
    ,li*field1 #bjg-bjh2    ,l9coln1    
#bib-bid1 #cji2    ,man*e/]1 #bbc-bbd2  
,norwi*1 #cec1 #ced-cee1 #cff2    ,ox=d1
 #cha2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cbh2    ,ripon1 
#beb-bec2    ,ro*e/]1 #dj-da2           
,salisbury1 #ha-hb2    ,s\?well1 #cae2  
,/4 ,albans1 #cfg1 #cfh2    ,/4 ,paul's1
 #djd2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dai2          
,wells1 #aae-abj2    ,we/m9/] ,abbey1   
#dbh2    ,w9*e/]1 #ab1 #ea-ec2          
,worce/]1 #aia-aib2    ,york1 #bgd-bgf1 

#bhb4    ,nelson1 ,"l1 #daa-dab4        
,neville1 ,lady ,alice1 #bdc4           
,neville1 ,"l ,john 7tomb71 #bdc1 #bde4 
,neville1 ,"l ,ralph 7tomb71 #bdc4      
,neville ,scre51 #bdj1 #bde-bdf4    ,new
 ,build+1 #cba1 #cbi-ccj1 #ccc4    ,new 
,"w 7,durham71 #bdf4    ,ni*olas (      
,portl&1 #gg4    ,norman3--,bri/ol1     
#ada1 #adi1 #aej2    ,cant]bury1 #be1   
#bi1 #cb2    ,c>lisle1 #bbi2    ,*e/]1  
#bbj2    ,durham1 #bch1 #bda2    ,ely1  
#cdj1 #cda1 #cdd2    ,exet]1 #ia1 #ib2  
,gl\ce/]1 #aea1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 
#afj1 #afh1 #agb2    ,h]e=d1 #age1 #agf1
 #agh2    ,l9coln1 #bhf2    ,norwi*1    
#cdi1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee1 #ceg1     
#ceh2    ,ox=d1 #chc2    ,pet]bor\gh1   
#cbj1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccj1     
#cca1 #ccb1 #ccc2    ,ro*e/]1 #cd1 #ch1 
#dj1 #da2    ,s\?well1 #cad1 #cae1 #caf2
    ,/4 ,albans1 #cfc1 #cfe1 #cfi2      
,welles1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aad-aae2          
,w9*e/]1 #dh1 #eb1 #eg1 #fc2            
,worce/]1 #aia1 #aib2    ,york1 #bjb1   
#bfd1 #bgi4    ,nor?cote 7,*antreys71   

#aje4    ,nor? ,door3--,durham1 #bch2   
,li*field1 #bjf-bjg4    ,nor? ,front    
7,we/m9/] ,abbey71 #dbf-dbg4    ,nor?   
,por*3--,bri/ol1 #ada2    ,exet]1 #ig1  
#aij-aia2    ,h]e=d1 #age1 #agg2        
,man*e/]1 #bbc2    ,s\?well1 #cae2      
,wells1 #aad-aae2    ,worce/]1 #aij-aia4
    ,nor? ,transept3--,h]e=d1 #agd1     
#agg-ahj2    ,norwi*1 #ceg2    ,/4      
,savi\r's1 #dbj2    ,we/m9/] ,abbey1    
#dca-dcb2    ,york1 #bhb4    ,nor?wold  
7,norwold71 ,bi%op1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cdc2   
7tomb71 #cdf4    ,norwi*1 #cdi-cei4     
,octagon 7,ely71 #ccd1 #cch1 #cci1 #cda4
    ,(fa1 ,k+1 #ace1 #acf1 #agd1 #cfj1  
#cfc4    ,old ,/4 ,paul's1 #cic-cie4    
,osric1 #aeb1 #aef4    ,osric 7monum5t71
 #afb4    ,oswald1 #ahh1 #baf4          
,organ3--,cant]bury1 #af2    ,gl\ce/]1  
#aei2    ,h]e=d1 #ahb2    ,ro*e/]1 #cg2 
,salisbury1 #hd2    ,/4 ,paul's1        
#djh-dji4    ,organs1 ,anci5t1 #dg4     
,os5ey ,abbey1 #chj1 #cia4    ,ox=d1    
#cge-cib4      ,pa9t]s' ,corn]1 #dab4   
,palace ,gre51 #bcg4    ,p>is1 ,mat!w1  

#cba1 #cfb1 #cfc4    ,p>k]1 ,abbot      
7tomb71 #afa4    ,p>vise1 #cbe-cbf4     
,pat]no/] ,r[1 #cih4    ,paul9us1 #cc1  
#cd1 #bfc1 #bhe4    ,paul ( ,ca51 #cfc4 
,paul's ,cross1 #cih1 #cii4    ,paul's  
,walk1 #cie4    ,peckham1 ,ar*bi%op1    
#bg4    ,pembridge1 ,sir ,ri*>d         
7effigy71 #agf4    ,p5da1 #cai4         
,p5niless ,por*1 #ajh4    ,pepys1       
,samuel1 #cg4    ,p]p5dicul>3--,ba?     
,abbey1 #acf2    ,cant]bury1 #ab1 #bf2  
,*e/]1 #bae1 #bag1 #bbj2    ,ely1 #cdj1 
#cda1 #cdg2    ,gl\ce/]1 #aeg1 #aeh1    
#aei1 #afj1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga1     
#agb2    ,h]e=d1 #age1 #aha1 #ahg2      
,li*field1 #bjd1 #bji1 #baj2    ,l9coln1
 #bid1 #cjh2    ,man*e/]1 #bbb2         
,norwi*1 #cej1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cei2  
,ox=d1 #cgi1 #chc2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cba1
 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccc2    
,ripon1 #bea1 #beb2    ,ro*e/]1 #ch1    
#da2    ,s\?well1 #cad2    ,/4 ,albans1 
#cfe2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dah2    ,wells1
 #aaa1 #aac1 #aah1 #aai2    ,w9*e/]1    
#dh1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #eg2    ,worce/]1   

#aia1 #aib2 ,york1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bga1    
#bgc1 #bha4    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cai-ccc4   
,pet]'s ,p5ce1 #cfb4    ,philippa (     
,ha9ault 7tomb71 #dce4    ,pilgrimage ( 
,grace1 #bff4    ,pilgrims1 #d1 #e1 #f1 
#g1 #h1 #aj1 #ag1 #ah1 #ca1 #dc1 #fh1   
#afh1 #bce1 #bfe1 #cff1 #dae4           
,pisc9a3--,ripon1 #bec1 #beh2           
,ro*e/]1 #dc2    ,wells1 #abi4          
,poets' ,corn]1 #dbg1 #dbi1 #dcb4       
,pole1 ,c>d9al1 #cg2    7tomb71 #bc4    
,pont l'vque1 ,rog] de1 #bdi1 #bej1     
#bfb1 #bfc4    ,poore1 ,bi%op1 #gg1     
#bcf4    ,por* 7,c5tral71 ,*i*e/]1 #gj4 
,portico 7,pet]bor\gh71 #cbd4           
,pott]gate ,ar*1 #cab4    ,prec9cts     
7,cant]bury71 #aj4                      
,presbyt]y3--,norwi*1 #ceg2    ,/4      
,alban's1 #cfi-cgj2    ,w9*e/]1 #eg4    
,primate ( ,engl&1 #b1 #bfc4    ,primate
 ( ,all ,engl&1 #bfc4    ,priors' ,c\rt1
 #ca4    ,priors' ,door3--,ely1 #cda2   
,norwi*1 #cei4    ,priors' ,gate1 #ch4  
,processional ,pa?1 #ceg4    ,pudsey1   
,hugh1 #bcf4    ,pulpit3--,ox=d1 #cij2  

,wells1 #abb4    ,puritans1 desecrations
 by1 #i1 #bg1 #cg1 #baf1      #bjd1     
#bbh1 #cbb-cbc1 #ccj-cca1 #cej-cea1     
#cgi4      ,quivil1 ,bi%op1 #ij1 #ia1   
#ih1 #ii1 #ajb2    7tomb71 #ajb4        
,ralph1 ,bi%op 7tomb71 #ge4    ,ralph ( 
,%rewsbury1 #aaj4    ,r$man1 ,bi%op1    
#cdf4    ,refectory3--,c>lisle1 #bcb2   
,worce/]1 #aii4    ,regale ( ,france1   
#d1 #g4    ,relics ( ,/4 ,?omas1 #c1 #e1
 #f4    ,relics1 #cfh1 #cgh4            
,remig9s1 #bhf1 #bid4                   
,r]$os3--,bri/ol1 #adg2    ,cant]bury1  
#af2    ,gl\ce/] 7,lady ,*apel71 #afg2  
,h]e=d1 #ahc2    ,l9coln1 #big2    ,/4  
,albans1 #ei2    ,w9*e/]1 #ei2          
,worce/]1 #aid4    ,retable 7,italian71 
#ceh4    ,retro-,*oir3--,cant]bury1 #ah2
    ,c>lisle1 #bcb2    ,*i*e/]1 #fg1    
#gd2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cbi-ccj2          
,salisbury1 #acj1 #aca2    ,/4 ,albans1 
#cgc2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dbb2    ,wells1
 #abf1 #abi-acj4    ,reynolds1 ,sir     
,jo%ua1 #daa4    ,reynolds1 ,ar*bi%op   
7tomb71 #be4    ,ri*>d ( ,fairleigh1    

#gg4    ,ri*>d ( ,wall+=d1 #cfe4        
,ri*>d1 ,sir ,w41 #dji-daj4    ,r+]s'   
,*apel1 #bia1 #bib4    ,rob]t ( ,lewes1 
#ace4    ,rob]t1 ,bi%op1 #ajh4          
,rob]t1 ,duke ( ,norm&y 7effigy71 #afh4 
,ro*e/]1 #cc-de4    ,rodney1 ,admiral1  
#daa4    ,rog] de ,norbury1 #bjj4       
,rog] & ,sig>1 #cfi4    ,romeyn1 ,john1 
#bfd1 #cac4    ,romeyn1 ,john ,,ii41    
#bfd4    ,rood-,scre53--,exet]1 #ii2    
,l9coln1 #bid2    ,ripon1 #bee2    ,/4  
,albans1 #cfg2    ,york1 #bgj4    ,ro(s 
7,w9*e/]71 #fe4    ,royal ,*ildr5       
7tomb71 #dce4    ,rupibus1 ,pet] de1    
#dah1 #dba1 #dbb4      ,sacr>ium1 #dd4  
,sais1 ,john de1 #cbj1 #cbi4            
,salisbury1 #gf-hi4    ,sanctu>y        
7,durham71 #bci4    ,saxon3--,ox=d1     
#cgf1 #chc2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #ccj2       
,ripon1 #bed2    ,w9*e/]1 #dg2    ,york1
 #bgi4    ,scott1 ,sir ,g41 #fh1 #gj1   
#hb1 #he1      #ii1 #aib1 #baa1 #bej1   
#bef1 #beh1 #cbi1 #cdc1 #cde1 #cfj1     
#chj4    ,scre53--,cant]bury1 #ac1 #bi2 
,ely1 #cdc2    ,exet]1 #ii2    ,l9coln1 

#cjf2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dba2           
,w9*e/]1 #ee4    ,scre5                 
7ext]ior73--,exet]1 #ib-ic2    ,wells1  
#abf4    ,scrope1 ,ri*>d1 #bfe2         
7tomb71 #bgi4    ,s$ilia3--,bri/ol1     
#adg2    ,exet]1 #aja2    ,gl\ce/]1     
#afa2    ,ripon1 #beh2 ,ro*e/]1 #dc2    
,s\?well1 #caf2    ,/4 ,albans1 #cgd4   
,seffrid ,,ii41 #ff1 #fh1 #gb4          
,selwyn1 ,bi%op 7effigy71 #bac4         
,s]lo1 #aec1 #aef1 #aeg4    ,s]mon      
,lane1 #cih4    ,%akespe>e1 #dbd4       
,%]borne1 ,bi%op1 #fh4    ,%eppy1 ,john 
de 7tomb71 #dc-dd4    ,%r9e (3--,/4     
,alban1 #cga-cgc2    ,/4 ,amphibalus1   
#cfh1 #cgc2    ,cantilupe1 #agh1 #agi2  
,edw>d ! ,confessor1 #dcd2    ,/4       
,e!ldr$a1 #cdf1 #ceg2    ,/4 ,erk5wald1 
#cic2    ,/4 ,frideswide1 #cgh1         
#che-chf2    ,john ( ,dald]by1 #cje2    
,little ,/4 ,hugh1 #cjb2    ,/4 ,albans1
 #cga2    ,/4 ,*ad1 #bjc1 #bjd2    ,/4  
,cu?b]t1 #bce1 #bdf2    ,/4 ,hugh1 #bii1
 #cjj2    ,/4 ,paul9us1 #cd1 #cf2    ,/4
 ,ri*>d1 #gd2    ,/4 ,s)un1 #dh1 #ei2   

,/4 ,?omas1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #ah2
    ,/4 ,w]burgh1 #ai2    ,/4 ,wilfrid1 
#bej2    ,/4 ,william1 #dc1    ,/4      
,y?m>1 #cf4    ,sieb]t1 #dbe2    7tomb71
 #dce4    ,silk/$e1 ,prior1 #ei1 #fd2   
pulpit (1 #eg4    ,simcoe1 ,g5]al1 #aje4
    ,simeon ( ,ely1 #fc1 #fd1 #cce1     
#ccg1 #cdf4    ,simeon's ,t[]1 #cce1    
#ccf1 #ccg4    ,simon de ,mont=t1 #cf4  
,skirl[e1 ,walt]1 #bfh4    ,slabs1 c>v$1
 #gc4    ,sleep+ ,*ildr5 7,*antrey71    
#baa4    ,slype3--,ox=d1 #cib2          
,pet]bor\gh1 #ccc4    ,solomon's ,por*1 
#dca4    ,s\? ,por*3--,cant]bury1 #ab2  
,*e/]1 #bag2    ,gl\ce/]1 #aef2         
,man*e/]1 #bbb4    ,s\?w>k ,bridge1     
#dae4    ,s\? ,transept3--,*e/]1 #bag2  
,li*field1 #bjg2    ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7see
 ,poets' ,corn]72    ,york1 #bfi1 #bhb1 
#ceh1 #dcb4    ,s\?well1 #ce1 #cac-cah4 
,s\? ,door3--,li*field1 #bjg2           
,l9coln1 #cjh4    ,spire3--,*i*e/]1 #fh1
 #fi1 #gi2    ,norwi*1 #gi1 #ceb2       
,ox=d1 #cgi2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #ccc2      
,salisbury1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #ha1 #bdi4   

,spires 7,li*field71 #bjj4    ,/4 ,aid51
 #bcc4    ,/4 ,alban1 #cfb1 #cfc4    ,/4
 ,albans1 #cfj-cgd4    ,/4 ,albans1     
,battle (1 #cfa4    ,/4 ,alphege1 #dg4  
,/4 ,amphibalus1 #cfb-cfc4    ,/4       
,augu/9e1 #a1 #b1 #cc4    ,/4 ,bir9us1  
#df4    ,/4 ,*ad1 #bjc4    ,/4 ,columba1
 #bdi4    ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 #bcc-bcd1 #bce1  
#bdj4    ,/4 ,erm5ilda1 #ccf4    ,/4    
,e!ldr$a1 #bae1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccf1       
#cdb-cdc1 #cdd4    ,/4 ,frideswide1     
#cgg4    ,/4 ,hel5a1 #bfb4    ,/4 ,hugh 
( ,gr5oble1 #bhg-bhi4    ,/4 ,hugh (    
,l9coln1 #ajh1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cjf4    ,/4 
,hugh1 ,little1 #cjb4    ,/4 ,m>y       
,ov]ie1 #daf1 #dag4    ,/4 ,paul's1     
#cic-dad4    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dae-dbd4   
,/4 ,sexburga1 #ccf4    ,/4 ,s)un1 #df1 
#ea1 #daf4    ,/4 ,?omas1 #c1 #f-i4     
,/4 ,w]burgh1 #bae4    ,/4 ,wilfrid1    
#bdi1 #bej4    ,/4 ,william1 #bfd1 #bfe4
    ,/4 ,william ( ,p]?1 #ce4    ,/4    
,william ,bytton1 #aji1 #aba1 #abb4     
,/4 ,william ( ,norwi*1 #cej4    ,/4    
,)burga1 #ccf4    ,/4 ,&rew's ,*apel1   

#bh4    ,/4 ,&rew's ,t[]1 #ah1 #ai4     
,/4 ,anne's ,gate1 #hj4    ,/4 ,anselm's
 ,*apel1 #be4    ,/4 ,anselm's ,t[]1    
#ai1 #be4    ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,*oir1      
#bh-bi4    ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,w9d[1 #cia4   
,/4 ,cecelia's ,w9d[1 #chd-che4    ,/4  
,cu?b]t's ,w9d[1 #bdh1 #bfa1 #bgc4      
,/4 ,dun/an's ,t[]1 #aa4    ,/4         
,edmund's ,*apel1 #cdg4    ,/4 ,e!lb]t's
 ,gate1 #cej1 #cea4    ,/4 ,frideswide's
 ,priory1 #cge4    ,/4 ,frideswide's    
,w9d[1 #chh-chi4    ,/4 ,hugh's ,*oir1  
#fg1 #bhe1 #bhg-bhi1 #bie1 #cjf4    ,/4 
,hugh's ,t[]1 #big4    ,/4 ,hugh's      
,transept1 #ce1 #cjh4    ,/4 ,lucy's    
,*apel1 #cha4    ,/4 ,m>y's ,gate1 #agc4
    ,/4 ,m>y's ,t[]1 #bia1 #bib4    ,/4 
,mi*ael's ,*apel1 #be4    ,/4 ,oswald1  
,*ur* (1 #baf-bag1 #bah4    ,/4 ,paul's 
,bridge1 #djj4    ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 
#cib-dad4    ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1      
#cig-cih4    ,/4 ,ri*>d's ,walk1 #ge4   
,/4 ,wilfrid's ,ne$le1 #bed4    ,/4     
,william's ,head1 #bfd1 #bff4    ,/4    
,william's ,w9d[1 #bfa1 #bgc4    ,/4    

,william1 ,tomb (1 #dc4    ,/af=d1      
,bi%op 7tomb71 #ajc4    ,/aircase       
7,wells71 #abd4    ,/anley1 ,sir ,john1 
#baa4    ,/apl$on1 ,bi%op 7tomb71 #aja4 
,/ill1 ,bi%op 7effigy71 #abc4    ,/one  
,gall]y 7,/4 ,paul's71 #dab-dac4        
,/rat=d1 ,ar*bi%op1 #af4    ,/rickl&1   
,bi%op1 #bbg1 #bbh4    ,sw9field1 ,bi%op
 7tomb71 #ahj4    ,swyn=d1 ,ca!r9e      
7tomb71 #cja4      ,tab>d ,inn1 #dae4   
,tait1 ,ar*bi%op1 #bh4    ,te ,deum     
,w9d[1 #bdd4    ,?anksgiv+ at ,/4       
,paul's1 #djj4    ,?omas ( ,bayeux1     
#bfc4    ,?omas1 ,"l ,b]keley 7tomb71   
#ade4    ,?rone1 ,ar*bi%op's1 #af4      
,tij\1 #djh4    ,tom ( ,l9coln1 ,great1 
#bia1 #caj4    ,tom ( ,ox=d1 #cge4      
,tom ,quad1 #cge1 #cgi4    ,tom ,t[]1   
#cge4    ,t[]1 ,c5tral3--,ba?1 #acf-acg2
    ,bri/ol1 #adj2    ,c>lisle1 #bbh2   
,*i*e/]1 #fh1 #fi2    ,durham1 #bce1    
#bch1 #bdd1 #bfh2    ,ely1 #fc1 #cba1   
#ccf1 #ccg2    ,gl\ce/]1 #aec1 #aed2    
,h]e=d1 #age1 #agg2    ,l9coln1 #bid1   
#caj2    ,ox=d1 #cgh1 #cij2             

,pet]bor\gh1 #cbd2    ,ripon1 #bea2     
,ro*e/]1 #cf2    ,/4 ,albans1 #cfe1     
#cfi2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dah2    ,wells1
 #aji1 #aad2    ,w9*e/]1 #ee-ef1 #fc1   
#fd2    ,worce/]1 #aij2    ,york1       
#bfe-bff1 #bfh4    ,t[]3--,nor?1 ,exet]1
 #ih2    ,simeon's1 ,ely1 #fd1 #dje1    
#djf2    ,salisbury1 #ha2               
,walkelyn's1 ,w9*e/]1 #fd4              
,t[]s3--,l9coln1 #bia-bib2    ,norwi*1  
#ceb2    ,wells1 #aac2    ,york1 #bfh4  
,trac]y3--,exet]1 #ie2    ,h]e=d1 #ahg2 
,l9coln1 #bia1 #bid1 #cjb1 #cjd2        
,wells1 #abh2 ,york1 #bgh4    ,transept 
( ! ,m>tyrdom1 #c1 #e1 #ag1 #ah1 #bf4   
,transepts3--,cant]bury1 #ae1 #ag1 #be1 
#bh2    ,c>lisle1 #bbi1 #bcj2    ,*e/]1 
#bah2    ,durham1 #bdc2    ,ely1 #cdf2  
,exet]1 #ih2    ,gl\ce/]1 #afh-afi2     
,h]e=d1 #aha1 #ahb2    ,li*field1 #bji2 
,pet]bor\gh1  #cca2    ,ripon1 #bed-bee2
    ,ro*e/]1 #da1 #db-dc2    ,salisbury1
 #hc-hd2    ,/4 ,hugh's1 #cjh2    ,/4   
,paul's1 #daj2    ,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dah2  
,wells1 #abj2    ,w9*e/]1 #fc1 #fd1     

#aif2    ,worce/]1 #aib-aic2    ,york1  
#bfi-bgj1 #bgb4    ,translation ( ,/4   
,?omas1 #d1 #ai2    ,/4 ,s)un1 #dg4     
,trehe>ne1 ,john1 #dbc4    ,tully1 #aed4
      ,val5ce1 ,a4 de 7tomb71 #dcc4     
,vault+ 7,norwi*71 #cee-cef4    ,vic>s' 
,cloi/]1 #ahg4    ,vic>s' ,close        
7,li*field71 #bja4    ,vic>s' ,college1 
#ajh1 #aab4    ,vigil ( ! ,translation1 
#d4    ,villula1 ,john de1 #ace4        
,wakefield1 ,battle (1 #cfa4            
,walkelyn1 ,bi%op1 #dg1 #dh1 #fd4       
,wals+ham1 ,alan1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch1     
#cdb1 #cde1 #dje4    ,wall]1 ,lady      
7monum5t71 #aci4    ,wall+=d1 ,william  
(1 #cfe4    ,wall+=d ,scre51 #cgj-cga4  
,walt]1 ,hub]t1 #be4    ,walton1 ,izaak 
7tomb71 #fd4    ,w>elwa/1 ,william1 #ij1
 #ajj4    ,w>ham1 ,ar*bi%op 7tomb71 #bg4
    ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 #cfa4    ,wat*+    
,*amb]1 #ai1 #be1 #chg4    ,wat ,tyl]'s 
,rebellion1 #cfa1 #cfb4    ,watts1      
,ri*>d1 #da4    ,waxh\se ,gate1 #cff4   
,waxworks 7,we/m9/] ,abbey71 #dcf-dcg4  
,waynflete1 ,bi%op1 #ec4    ,well1      

,sacr$ 7,w9*e/]71 #fe4    ,well ( ,/4   
,?omas1 #ca4    ,well+ton1 #daa1 #dab4  
,wells1 #ajg-acc4    ,we/               
,door3--,durham1 #bdb2    ,li*field1    
#bjf2    ,ro*e/]1 #ch-ci4    ,we/ ,end  
7,worce/]71 #aij4    ,we/ ,front3--,ba?1
 #acd1 #acf2    ,bri/ol1 #adj2          
,cant]bury1 #aa2    ,*e/]1 #bag2        
,*i*e/]1 #gj2    ,durham1 #bcc2         
,exet]1 #ib2    ,ely1 #cch2    ,gl\ce/]1
 #aee-aef2    ,li*field1 #bjd-bje2      
,l9coln1 #bij-bia2    ,norwi*1 #cea2    
,pet]bor\gh1 #cbd-cbe2    ,ripon1 #bej1 
#bea2    ,ro*e/]1 #ch2    ,s\?well1     
#cad2    ,/4 ,paul's1 #dja2    ,we/m9/] 
,abbey1 #dbf2    ,w9*e/]1 #ea2          
,wells1 #aac1 #aad2    ,york1 #bfg-bfh4 
,we/ ,t[] 7,ely71 #cch4    ,we/         
,w9d[3--,bri/ol1 #adb2    ,cant]bury1   
#ac1 #ad2    ,*i*e/]1 #gj2    ,gl\ce/]1 
#afb2    ,li*field1 #bje2    ,l9coln1   
#bic-bid2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cbg2         
,ro*e/]1 #dj-da2    ,wells1 #abj2       
,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #dcj2    ,w9*e/]1 #ea2 
,york1 #bge4    ,we/1 ,b5jam91 #dc1 #ei4

    ,we/]n ,por* 7,man*e/]71 #bbb4      
,we/]n ,transept3--,l9coln1 #cjc2       
,pet]bor\gh1 #cbg4    ,we/m9/] ,abbey1  
#gh1 #dad1 #dbe-ddc4    ,:ea?amp/ead1   
,john de1 #cfe4    ,:eel ( ,=tune1 #db4 
,:isp]+ ,gall]y3--,gl\ce/]1 #aee1 #afd2 
,/4 ,paul's1 #djd1 #djg1 #daj4    ,:ite 
,*ur*1 #bcd4    ,w9*e/]1 #df-fe2        
burials 91 #fc2    coronations 91       
#di-ej4    ,w9*e/] ,hi/orical           
,associations1 #di-ej1 #eh4    ,william 
! ,conqu]or1 #bce4    ,william1 ,e>l (  
,dudley 7effigy71 #aih4    ,william1    
,engli%1 #d1 #ah1 #be1 #cf4    ,william1
 ,fitzh]b]t 7tomb71 #bfc4    ,william ( 
,hatfield 7tomb71 #bgd4    ,william de  
,hoo1 #cf1 #dc1 #dd4    ,william (      
,malmsbury1 #bfc4    ,william ,rufus1   
#dg1 #ee-ef1 #eh1 #aeg1 #cei1 #dbe4     
,william ( ,s5s1 #d1 #ab1 #ae1 #ah1 #be1
 #cf4    ,william ( ,/4 ,c>ileph1 #bcd4 
,william ( ,trump+ton1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cfg4
    ,william ( ,wykeham1 #dh1 #di1 #ea1 
#ec4    ,william ,la ,z\*e1 #bfe4       
,w9d[ 7,decorat$73--,*i*e/]1 #fh2       

,diamond ,jubilee1 #dbj2    ,edw>d ,,iv4
 7,cant]bury71 #e1 #bf-bg2    ,edw>d    
,,vii41 #daj2    ,flamboyant 7,ox=d71   
#cij2    ,s\? 7,/4 ,savi\r's71 #dba4    
,w9d[s3--,ba?1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach2        
,bri/ol1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh2  
,cant]bury1 #aa1 #ac1 #ag1 #bb-bc1 #bd1 
#be2    ,c>lisle1 #bbi2    ,durham1     
#bdc1 #bdh2    ,ely1 #cdj1 #cdf1 #cdg2  
,exet]1 #id1 #ig2    ,gl\ce/]1 #aei2    
,h]e=d1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahf-ahg2           
,li*field1 #bji1 #bab2    ,l9coln1 #bia1
 #cjg2    ,norwalk1 #cef2    ,ox=d1     
#cgi1 #chj2    ,pet]bor\gh1 #cbh1 #ccb2 
,ro*e/]1 #cg1 #ch2    ,salisbury1 #hd1  
#hg-hh2    ,s\?well1 #cad1 #cae1 #caf2  
,/4 ,savi\r's1 #dbc1 #dbd2    ,wells1   
#aah1 #aai1 #abh2    ,we/m9/] ,abbey1   
#dcj2    ,w9*e/]1 #eh2    ,york1        
#bgf-bgi4    ,wolsey1 ,?omas1 #bff1     
#caf1 #cge1 #cgi1 #dab4    ,worce/]1    
#ahh-aii4    ,wordswor?1 ,bi%op 7tomb71 
#cja4    ,wr51 ,bi%op1 #cdj4    ,wr51   
,sir ,c41 #fi1 #gh1 #he1 #cjg1 #cdj1    
#cge1 #cif1 #cig1 #djc1 #dje-djf1 #dab1 

#dbf4    ,wul/an1 #aec1 #ahh1 #ahi4     
,wyatt1 #gh1 #hd1 #age1 #bcg1 #bdh4     
,wyvill1 ,bi%op 7brass71 #he-hf4        
,wy*1 ,ri*>d de la1 #fh4      ,york1    
#bjb1 #bfj-bhc4    ,york & ,li*field1   
#bjb4    ,"y1 ,sir ,john 7tomb71 #adg4  
,y?am>1 #cc4      ,z\* 7tomb71 #cij4    
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pp4 #ii1 #aja4