,transcrib] ,notes ,text emphasis is d5ot$ z ,italics4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,f>m]s ,,bullet9 ,no4 #fcj ,,"s ,,common ,,birds ,,useful to ! ,,f>m] ,,f a purely practical po9t ( view ! mo/ important ( ! relations ( native birds to man are ! economic4 ,! e/hetic value ( birds is great--great]1 inde$1 ?an t ( any o!r gr\p ( animals2 & t ?is is a real & especially treasur$ value is n to be d5i$4 ,b x is 9 _! relation to insect & o!r enemies ( crops t birds are mo/ directly associat$ ) ! welf>e ( mank9d1 & _! value 9 ?is p>ticul> %\ld be made z widely kn[n z possible4 ,?is bullet9 is "o ( a s]ies design$ to assi/ 9 do+ ?is4 ,n all birds are b5eficial1 & all facts t5d+ to %[ 9 :i* class ea* species belongs w be set =?4 ,! useful k9ds f> outnumb] ! injuri\s1 h[ev]1 & s great is _! value z insect de/roy]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t to !m may be giv5 ! cr$it ( be+ "o ( ! greate/ controll+ factors 9 limit+ ! developm5t ( insect pe/s & 9 prev5t+ _m disa/r\s outbreaks4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages are discuss$ ! habitat1 food habits1 & relation to agriculture ( m ?an #ej species ( birds common to f>m+ sections4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ ,febru>y #ac1 #aiae2 revis$ ,april1 #aibf ,,"s ,,common ,,birds ,,useful ,,to ,,! ,,f>m]4#a ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,beal1 ,late ,assi/ant ,biologi/1 ,division ( ,food ,habits ,rese>*1 ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey4 #a ,?is bullet9 is l>gely a revision ( ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ed1 by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,beal4 ,! p>ts relat+ to ! cr[ & blue ,jay 7 contribut$ by ,e4 ,r4 ,kalmba*1 assi/ant biologi/1 & ! discussion ( ! nigh?awk & bob:ite by ,w4 ,l4 ,mc,atee1 9 *>ge4 ,food ,habits ,rese>*4 ,pr(essor ,beal1 au?or ( ! rema9d] ( ! bullet91 di$ ,octob] #a1 #aiaf4 ,,cont5ts ,page4 ,page4 ,! bluebirds #b ,bullock oriole #ad ,! rob9s #c ,! mead[l>ks #ad ,! titmice #d ,! r$-w+$ blackbirds #ae ,! wr5s #f ,bobol9k #ag ,br[n ?ra%] #g ,cr[ #ag ,catbird #g ,blue jay #ai ,! swall[s #h ,pacific coa/ jays #bj ,t[hee #i ,! phbes #ba ,! sp>r[s #i ,! k+birds #bc ,h\se f9* #aa ,nigh?awk #bd ,! grackles #ab ,! woodpeck]s #be ,brew] blackbird #ab ,! cuckoos #bg ,baltimore oriole #ac ,bob:ite #bh ,,:e!r a bird is b5eficial or injuri\s dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u :at x eats4 ,9 ! case ( species :i* are v abundant1 or :i* fe$ to "s ext5t on ! crops ( ! f>m]1 ! "q ( _! av]age diet becomes "o ( supreme importance1 & only by /oma* exam9ations c x be satisfactorily answ]$4 ,field obs]vations are at be/ b fragm5t>y & inconclusive & lead to no f9al results4 ,birds are (t5 accus$ ( eat+ ?is or t product ( cultivation1 :5 an exam9ation ( ! /oma*s %[s ! accusation to be unf\nd$4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,biological ,survey has conduct$ = "s ye>s a sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! food ( ^? species :i* are mo/ common ab\t ! f>m & g>d54 ,)9 c]ta9 limits birds eat ! k9d ( food t is mo/ accessible1 especially :5 _! natural food is sc>ce or want+4 ,?us !y sometimes injure ! crops ( ! f>m] :o has un9t5tionally de/roy$ _! natural food 9 8 improvem5t ( swamp or pa/ure4 ,mo/ ( ! damage done by birds & compla9$ ( by f>m]s & fruit gr[]s arises f ?is v cause1 ! b]ry-produc+ %rubs & se$-be>+ we$s h be5 cle>$ away1 & ! birds h no rec\rse b to attack ! cultivat$ gra9 or fruit :i* has replac$ _! natural food supply4 ,! great majority ( l& birds subsi/ ^u insects dur+ ! p]iod ( ne/+ & molt+1 & also fe$ _! "y ^u !m dur+ ! fir/ few weeks4 ,_m species live almo/ entirely ^u insects1 tak+ vegetable food only :5 o!r subsi/5ce fails4 ,x is ?us evid5t t 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> birds de/roy an incalculable numb] ( insects1 & x is difficult to ov]e/imate ! value ( _! s]vices 9 re/ra9+ ! great tide ( insect life4 ,9 w9t]1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\ntry1 insects become sc>ce or entirely disappe>4 ,_m species ( birds1 h[ev]1 rema9 dur+ ! cold season & are able to ma9ta9 life by eat+ vegetable food1 z ! se$s ( we$s4 ,"h aga9 is ano!r useful function ( birds 9 de/roy+ ^! we$ se$s & !reby less5+ ! gr[? ( ! next ye>4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages are discuss$ ! food habits ( m ?an #ej birds belong+ to #ab families4 ,_m are ea/]n =ms :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! ,we/ by slightly diff]5t species or subspecies1 b unless ! food habits diff] !y are n sep>ately describ$4 ,9 "s cases specific p]c5tages ( food are giv51 b = ! mo/ "p ! /atem5ts are made )\t direct ref]5ce to ! data on :i* !y are bas$4 ,,! ,,bluebirds4 ,! ea/]n bluebird#b 7fig4 #a71 "o ( ! mo/ famili> & welcome ( our fea!r$ visitors1 is a common inhabitant ( all ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to s\!rn ,canada4 ,9 ! ,mississippi valley x w9t]s z f> nor? z s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & 9 ! ,ea/ z f> z ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is "o ( ! e>lie/ nor!rn migrants1 & ev]y:]e is hail$ z a h>b+] ( spr+4 ,v dome/ic 9 habits1 x frequ5ts or*>ds & g>d5s1 & builds its ne/s 9 cavities ( trees1 crannies 9 f>m build+s1 or boxes provid$ = its use4 #b ,sialia sialis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,bluebird4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #f in*es4 ,! bluebird has n be5 accus$1 s f> z kn[n1 ( /eal+ fruit or ( prey+ ^u crops4 ,an exam9ation ( #hee /oma*s %[$ t #fh p] c5t ( ! food consi/s ( insects & _! allies1 :ile ! o!r #cb p] c5t is made up ( v>i\s vegetable sub/ances1 f\nd mo/ly 9 /oma*s tak5 9 w9t]4 ,beetles con/itute #ba p] c5t ( ! :ole food1 gras%opp]s #bb1 cat]pill>s #aj1 & v>i\s o!r insects #i1 :ile a numb] ( spid]s & myriapods1 ab\t #f p] c5t1 comprise ! rema9d] ( ! animal diet4 ,all ^! are m or less h>mful1 except a few pr$aci\s beetles1 :i* am\nt to #i p] c5t4 ,9 view ( ! l>ge consumption ( gras%opp]s & cat]pill>s1 we may at lea/ condone ?is (f5se1 if su* x may be call$4 ,! de/ruction ( gras%opp]s is v noticeable 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 :5 ^! insects make up ab\t #ec p] c5t ( ! diet4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! selection ( its food ! bluebird is gov]n$ m by abundance ?an by *oice4 ,pr$aci\s beetles are eat5 9 spr+1 z !y are among ! fir/ insects to appe>2 b 9 e>ly summ] cat]pill>s =m an important "p ( ! diet1 & ^! are lat] replac$ by gras%opp]s4 ,beetles are eat5 at all times1 except :5 gras%opp]s are m easily obta9$4 ,s f> z its vegetable food is conc]n$ ! bluebird is positively h>mless4 ,! only trace ( any useful product 9 ! /oma*s consi/$ ( a few blackb]ry se$s1 & ev5 ^! probably belong$ to wild r ?an cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,foll[+ is a li/ ( ! v>i\s se$s :i* 7 f\nd2 ,blackb]ry1 *okeb]ry1 junip]b]ry1 pokeb]ry1 p>tridgeb]ry1 gre5bri]1 ,virg9ia creep]1 bitt]sweet1 holly1 /rawb]ry bu%1 false spik5>d1 wild s>sap>illa1 sumac 7sev]al species71 rose haws1 sorrel1 ragwe$1 grass1 & asp>agus4 ,?is li/ %[s h[ little ! bluebird dep5ds ^u ! f>m or g>d5 to supply its ne$s & h[ easily1 by enc\rag+ ! gr[? ( "s ( ^! plants1 _m ( :i* are highly ornam5tal1 ! bird may be induc$ to make its home on ! premises4 ,two species ( bluebirds inhabit ! ,we/]n ,/ates--! m\nta9 bluebird#c & ! we/]n bluebird4#d ,9 _! food habits !y are ev5 m to be comm5d$ ?an _! ea/]n relative4 ,_! insect food is obta9able at all times ( ! ye>1 & ! g5]al diet v>ies only 9 ! fall1 :5 "s fruit1 pr9cipally eld]b]ries1 is eat51 ?\gh an occasional blackb]ry or grape is also reli%$4 ,9 an exam9ation ( #bag /oma*s ( ! we/]n bluebird1 animal matt] 7insects & spid]s7 0 f\nd to ! ext5t ( #hb p] c5t & vegetable matt] to ! ext5t ( #ah p] c5t4 ,! bulk ( ! =m] consi/s ( bugs1 gras%opp]s1 & cat]pill>s4 ,gras%opp]s1 :5 !y c be obta9$1 are eat5 freely dur+ ! :ole season4 ,cat]pill>s also are a favorite food & are eat5 dur+ e mon? ( ! ye>2 ,m>* is ! mon? ( greate/ consumption1 ) #ej p] c5t1 & ! av]age = ! ye> is #bj p] c5t4 ,two /oma*s tak5 9 ,janu>y conta9$ #fd & #ej p] c5t1 respectively1 ( cat]pill>s4 ,beetles also are eat5 & comprise mo/ly h>mful species4 #c ,sialia currucoides4 #d ,sialia mexicana subspecies4 ,! vegetable matt] consi/s ( we$ se$s & small fruits4 ,9 ,decemb] a few grapes are eat51 b eld]b]ries are ! favorites :5ev] !y c be f\nd4 ,x is only :5 ^! are 9 _! greate/ abundance t vegetable exce$s animal food4 ,,! ,,rob9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,rob94 ,l5g?1 ab\t #aj in*es4 ,! rob9#e 7fig4 #b71 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry "o ( ! mo/ *]i%$ ( our birds1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & is repres5t$ f>!r we/ & s\? by slightly diff]5t subspecies4#f1 #g ,x bre$s f> nor? ?r\gh ,canada1 & is f\nd ev5 9 ,alaska4 ,al?\gh ! great bulk ( ! species leaves ! ,nor!rn ,/ates 9 w9t]1 a few individuals rema9 9 %elt]$ swamps1 :]e wild b]ries furni% abundant food4 ,! rob9 is an omnivor\s fe$] & its food habits h sometimes caus$ appreh5sion to ! fruit gr[]1 = x is fond ( *]ries & o!r small fruits1 p>ticul>ly ! e>li] v>ieties4 ,= ?is reason _m compla9ts h be5 lodg$ aga9/ rob9s1 & x has be5 necess>y to p]mit ! kill+ ( ! birds 9 "s fruit-gr[+ regions4 #e ,plane/icus migratorius4 #f ,plane/icus migratorius prop9quus4 #g ,plane/icus migratorius a*ru/]us4 ,exam9ations ( #a1bcf /oma*s %[ t #db p] c5t ( its food is animal matt]1 pr9cipally insects1 :ile ! rema9d] is made up l>gely ( small fruits or b]ries4 ,ov] #af p] c5t consi/s ( beetles1 ab\t "o-?ird ( :i* are useful gr\nd beetles1 tak5 mo/ly 9 spr+ & fall :5 o!r insects are sc>ce4 ,gras%opp]s make up ab\t #e p] c5t ( ! :ole food1 b 9 ,augu/ !y comprise #ag p] c5t4 ,cat]pill>s =m ab\t #i p] c5t1 :ile ! re/ ( ! animal food1 ab\t #aa p] c5t1 is made up ( v>i\s insects1 ) a few spid]s1 snails1 & angleworms4 ,all ! gras%opp]s1 cat]pill>s1 & bugs1 ) a l>ge portion ( ! beetles1 are injuri\s1 & x is safe to say t noxi\s insects comprise m ?an "o-?ird ( ! rob9's food4 ,vegetable food =ms #eh p] c5t ( ! /oma* cont5ts1 ov] #db p] c5t be+ wild fruits & only a little m ?an #h p] c5t be+ possibly cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,cultivat$ fruit am\nt+ to ab\t #be p] c5t 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma*s 9 ,june & ,july1 b only a trifle 9 ,augu/4 ,wild fruit1 on ! contr>y1 is eat5 e mon? & con/itutes a /aple food dur+ half ! ye>4 ,no less ?an #fe species ( fruit 7 id5tifi$ 9 ! /oma*s2 ( ^!1 ! mo/ important 7 #d species ( dogwood1 #c ( wild *]ries1 #c ( wild grapes1 #d ( gre5bri]1 #b ( holly1 #b ( eld]2 & cranb]ries1 huckleb]ries1 blueb]ries1 b>b]ries1 s]vice b]ries1 hackb]ries1 & p]simmons2 toge!r ) #d species ( sumac & v>i\s o!r se$s n /rictly fruit4 ,! depr$ations ( ! rob9 seem to be conf9$ to ! small] & e>li] fruits1 few1 if any1 compla9ts be+ made t x eats apples1 pea*es1 pe>s1 grapes1 or ev5 late *]ries4 ,by ! "t ^! are ripe ! =e/s & h$ges are teem+ ) wild fruits :i* ! bird evid5tly f9ds m to its ta/e4 ,! *]ry1 un=tunately = man1 rip5s s e>ly t x is almo/ ! only fruit accessible at a "t :5 ! bird's appetite has be5 %>p5$ by a long-cont9u$ diet ( insects1 e>?worms1 & dri$ b]ries1 & x is no wond] t at fir/ ! ri* juicy morsels are gre$ily eat54 ,:ile ! rob9 takes "s cultivat$ fruits1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 be+ a natural enemy ( ! insect _w1 x has be5 work+ dur+ ! :ole season to make t crop a possibility1 & :5 ! fruit rip5s ! rob9 already has a /&+ acc\nt ) ! f>m] = s]vices r5d]$1 ) ! cr$its up to ?is "t entirely on 8 side4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! delicate discrim9ation ( birds = *oice fruit & _! selection ( only ! f9e/ & co/lie/ v>ieties4 ,?is is contr>y to obs]v$ facts4 ,birds1 unlike human be+s1 seem to pref] fruit t1 l ! mulb]ry1 is sweetly insipid1 or t1 l ! *oke*]ry or holly1 has "s a/r+5t or bitt] quality4 ,! s-call$ black ald]1 a species ( holly1 has bright sc>let b]ries ta/+ z bitt] z qu99e1 t rip5 late 9 ,octob] & rema9 on ! bu%es ?r\gh ,novemb]4 ,?\gh fro/ grapes1 ! fruit ( ! ,virg9ia creep]1 & sev]al species ( dogwood are abundant at ! same "t1 ! birds h be5 f\nd to eat ! b]ries ( ! holly to a consid]able ext5t4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a rem>kable fact t ! wild fruits ^u :i* birds l>gely fe$ are ^? :i* man nei!r ga!rs = 8 own use nor adopts = cultivation4 ,:]e wild fruit is n abundant1 a few fruit-be>+ %rubs & v9es judici\sly plant$ w s]ve = ornam5t & provide food = ! birds4 ,! ,russian mulb]ry is a vigor\s gr[] & a pr(use be>]1 rip5+ at ! same "t z ! *]ry4 ,s f> z obs]vation has gone1 mo/ birds seem to pref] its fruit to any o!r4 ,x is believ$ t a numb] ( mulb]ry trees plant$ ar\nd ! g>d5 or or*>d w\ld fully protect ! m valuable fruits4 ,,! ,,titmice4 ,birds ( ! titm\se family1 ?\gh insignificant 9 size1 are f> f be+ s 9 ! matt] ( food habits4 ,:at !y lack 9 size ( body !y m ?an make up 9 numb]s ( individuals4 ,:ile 9 ! case ( "s l>g] birds1 z1 = in/ance1 ! flick]1 !re is "o pair ( eyes to look = food = "o l>ge /oma*1 we h 9 ! case ( ! t5 times z num]\s titmice an equival5t /oma* capacity divid$ into #aj p>ts1 ea* furni%$ ) a pair ( eyes & o!r accessories1 z w+s & feet4 ,z aga9/ ! "o place occupi$ by ! l>g] bird1 #aj are be+ se>*$ = food at ! same "t by ! small] species4 ,! "* ( ! food ( titmice gives a peculi> value to _! s]vices1 = x consi/s l>gely ( ! small insects & _! eggs t :olly escape ! se>* ( l>g] birds4 ,?r\gh\t ! ye> mo/ ( ! species ( ?is gr\p rema9 on _! range1 s t !y are con/antly engag$ 9 _! b5eficial "w1 cont9u+ x 9 w9t] :5 ! majority ( _! c[ork]s h s\ght a mild] clime4 ,x is at ?is season t ! titmice d _! greate/ good1 = :5 fly+ & crawl+ insects are no m to be f\nd1 ! birds mu/ fe$ ^u su* species z !y f9d hib]nat+ 9 crevices1 or ^u ! eggs ( insects laid 9 simil> places4 ,9 w9t]'s de>? ( mov+ insects ! se>* = su* animal food z may be f\nd is p]=ce ?or\gh & unremitt+4 ,)9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are "s #ag species ( titmice1 ) ne>ly z _m races or subspecies1 s t !re is no portion ( ! c\ntry lack+ "o or m =ms4 ,! we/]n coa/ region is peculi>ly ri* ,9 repres5tatives ( ! family4 ,9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! c\ntry ! be/-kn[n & mo/ widely di/ribut$ species is ! common black-capp$ *ickadee#h 7fig4 #c74 ,?is bird1 or "s ( its subspecies1 occupies ! :ole ( t "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor? ( ! latitude ( ,wa%+ton & ext5ds into ,canada4 ,x is a prolific bre$]1 usually re>+ f six to eight "y 9 a brood4 #h ,p5!/es atricapillus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,black-capp$ *ickadee4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #e in*es4 ,exam9ation ( #bhi /oma*s ( ?is *ickadee %[s t its food consi/s ( #fh p] c5t animal matt] 7insects7 & #cb p] c5t vegetable matt]4 ,! =m] is made up ( small cat]pill>s & mo?s & _! eggs4 ,prom95t among ! latt] are ! eggs ( ! t5t cat]pill> mo?s1 bo? ! or*>d & =e/ species4 ,z ^! are two ( our mo/ de/ructive insects1 ! good done by ! *ickadee 9 dev\r+ _! eggs ne$s no comm5t4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! *ickadee's food is made up ( l>v1 *rysalids1 & eggs ( mo?s1 v>i$ by a few se$s1 b z spr+ br+s out hordes ( fly+1 crawl+1 & jump+ insects1 ! bird v>ies its diet by tak+ also "s ( ^!4 ,flies & bugs are ! favorites until ! wea!r becomes q w>m1 :5 beetles & small wasps also are enjoy$4 ,among ! bugs may be m5tion$ ! plant lice & _! eggs :i* are eat5 9 w9t]4 ,! beetles ne>ly all belong to ! gr\p ( sn\t beetles1 m commonly kn[n z weevils4 ,^! insects are mo/ly ( small size1 & ne>ly all are kn[n to ! f>m] or fruit rais] z pe/s4 ,sev5te5 ( !m 7 f\nd 9 "o /oma*4 ,gras%opp]s d n at any "t con/itute an important elem5t ( ! food ( ! *ickadee1 z !y are too l>ge = s small a bird2 moreov]1 !y are = ! mo/ "p t]re/rial ,insects1 :ile ! bird is ess5tially arboreal4 ,small wasps & ants are eat5 to "s ext5t ,spid]s con/itute an ,important elem5t ( ! food & are eat5 at all times ( ! ye>1 ! birds locat+ !m :5 !y are hib]nat+ 9 w9t]1 z well z :5 !y are active 9 summ]4 ,! vegetable food ( ! *ickadee consi/s l>gely ( small se$s1 except 9 summ]1 :5 !y are replac$ by pulp ( wild fruit4 ,! wax f ! se$s ( poison ivy ,is eat5 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 b ! se$s !mselves are n tak54 ,9 ?is respect ! *ickadee diff]s f mo/ o!r birds1 :i* swall[ ! se$s :ole2 ^!1 aft] dige/+ ! wax1 pass ! se$s ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal1 or regurgitate !m1 & s scatt] !m broadca/ to reproduce ! noxi\s plants4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry ! ,c>ol9a *ickadee#i & ! tuft$ tit#aj replace ! black-cap1 b _! food habits are s simil> t !re is practically no diff]5ce 9 ! "w done4 ,9 ! ,we/ sev]al o!r species occur2 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! bu% tit#aa :i*1 ) sev]al subspecies1 occupies ! :ole ,pacific coa/ region4 ,!y are active1 social little creatures1 & except = a %ort "t dur+ ! bre$+ season are f\nd 9 flocks1 flitt+ f tree to tree1 busily hunt+ = ,insects & _! eggs4 ,! cont5ts ( #ff /oma*s ( ^! birds 7 f\nd to consi/ mo/ly ( injuri\s insects to ! ext5t ( #hc p] c5t4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important 0 a small hemipt]\s insect :i* am\nt$ to m ?an half ( ! /oma* cont5ts4 ,^! insects are ( consid]able economic importance1 z !y frequ5tly infe/ grapev9es & o!r plants to a h>mful ext5t ,sev]al /oma*s 7 almo/ exclusively fill$ ) ^! m9ute creatures1 "s conta9+ z _m z #ajj individuals4 #i ,p5!/es c>ol95sis4 #aj ,bolophus bicolor4 #aa ,psaltrip>us m9imus4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important & int]e/+ insect f\nd 0 ! black olive scale1 :i* occurr$ 9 #bd /oma*s & am\nt$ to a little m ?an #ah p] c5t ( ! food4 ,9 addition1 a numb] ( ! /oma*s 7 m or less fill$ ) ano!r scale1 :i* 0 n fur!r id5tifi$4 ,a numb] ( small sn\t beetles 7weevils7 7 eat5 & "s small cat]pill>s2 !re 7 also ! rema9s ( a spid]4 ,! vegetable food ( ! species seem$ to consi/ mo/ly ( se$s1 b !y 7 s brok5 up z to defy recognition4 ,a little fruit pulp & a little ma/ 7 also f\nd4 ,among ! /oma*s ( ! bu% tits exam9$ 7 ^? ( "o brood ( eight ne/l+s ab\t #aj days old4 ,! vegetable matt] 9 ^! /oma*s 0 only ?ree-f\r?s ( #a p] c5t & consi/$ ( "o se$ & "s rubbi%4 ,! animal matt] 0 made up ( beetles1 wasps1 bugs1 cat]pill>s & pup1 & spid]s4 ,! greate/ int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t e "o ( ^! /oma*s conta9$ pup ( ! codl+ mo?1 on an av]age ( ov] five to ea*4 ,! oak tree 9 :i* ^! birds 7 f\nd 0 9 a belt ( timb] ne> a neglect$ or*>d :i* ! p>5t birds us$ z a =ag+ gr\nd1 & !y did _! be/ to rem$y ! neglect ( ! own]4 ,z fe$+ & dige/ion 9 ! case ( ne/l+ birds is almo/ cont9u\s dur+ ! h\rs ( daylight1 ! above record w\ld be sev]al times repeat$ dur+ a day's fe$+4 ,!re 7 probably n less ?an a doz5 ne/s ( ! bu% tit along ! bord] ( ?is or*>d1 & ^! birds mu/ h ex]t$ a great re/rictive influ5ce ^u ! increase ( ! codl+ mo?1 z well z ( o!r insects 9 t vic9ity4 ,,! ,,wr5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,h\se wr54 ,l5g?1 ab\t #d in*es4 ,! dim9utive h\se wr5#ab 7fig4 #d7 frequ5ts b>ns & g>d5s1 & p>ticul>ly old or*>ds 9 :i* ! trees are p>tially decay$4 ,he makes 8 ne/ 9 a holl[ :]e p]haps a woodpeck] _h a domicile ! ye> be=e1 b he is a pugnaci\s "*1 & if he happ5s to fancy "o ( ! boxes put up = bluebirds1 he does n hesitate to take x ,he is usually n sl[ to avail himself ( boxes1 g\rds1 t9 cans1 or empty j>s plac$ = 8 accommodation4 #ab ,troglodytes adon4 ,9 food habits ! h\se wr5 is entirely b5eficial4 ,he may be said to live ^u animal food alone1 = an exam9ation ( #hh /oma*s %[$ t #ih p] c5t ( ! cont5ts 0 made up ( insects or _! allies1 & only #b p] c5t 0 vegetable food1 includ+ bits ( grass & simil> matt]1 evid5tly tak5 by accid5t ) ! insects4 ,half ( ?is food consi/$ ( gras%opp]s & beetles2 ! rema9d] ( cat]pill>s1 bugs1 & spid]s4 ,z ! wr5 is a prolific bre$]1 frequ5tly re>+ 9 a season f #ab to #af "y1 a family ( ^! birds mu/ cause consid]able r$uction 9 ! numb] ( insects 9 a g>d54 ,wr5s are indu/ri\s =ag]s1 se>*+ e tree1 %rub1 & v9e = cat]pill>s1 & exam9+ e po/ & rail ( ! f5ce & e cranny 9 ! wall = insects or spid]s4 ,! h\se wr5 is only "o ( a num]\s gr\p ( small birds ( simil> habits4 ,!re are )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #bh species & subspecies ( wr5s1 occupy+ m or less completely ! :ole c\ntry f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,) ! exception ( ! m>% wr5s1#ac !y all appe> to pref] "s cosy nook = a ne/+ site1 &1 z x happ5s1 ! f>m build+s af=d j ! place desir$4 ,?is has l$ sev]al ( ! wr5s to seek out ! habitations ( man1 & he is b5efit$ by _! de/ruction ( noxi\s insects4 ,wr5s h r>ely be5 accus$ ( h>m1 & _! pres5ce %\ld be enc\rag$ except :5 undue int]f]5ce ) ! ne/s ( o!r birds is not$4 #ac ,telmatodytes palu/ris & ,ci/o!rus /ell>is4 ,,br[n ,,?ra%]4 ,! br[n ?ra%]#ad 7fig4 #e7 bre$s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & w9t]s 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates4 ,x visits ! g>d5 or or*>d1 its ne/1 h[ev]1 be+ 9 d5se %rubb]y or groves4 ,! ?ra%]'s favorite "t = s++ is 9 e>ly morn+1 :51 p]*$ on ! top ( a bu% or tree1 x gives an exhibition ( vocal p[]s :i* w\ld d cr$it to ! mock+bird4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e ! latt] bird is abundant1 ! ?ra%] is kn[n z ! s&y mock]4 #ad ,toxo/oma rufum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,br[n ?ra%]4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #aa in*es4 ,! food ( ! br[n ?ra%] consi/s ( bo? fruit & insects4 ,an exam9ation ( #fcf /oma*s %[$ #ei p] c5t ( vegetable & #da p] c5t ( animal food1 practically all insects1 & mo/ly tak5 9 spr+ be=e fruit 0 ripe4 ,half ! insects 7 beetles & ! rema9d] *iefly gras%opp]s1 cat]pill>s1 bugs1 & spid]s4 ,a few pr$aci\s beetles 7 eat51 b on ! :ole ! "w ( ! species z an insect de/roy] may be consid]$ b5eficial4 ,eight p] c5t ( its food is made up ( fruits l raspb]ries & currants :i* are or may be cultivat$1 b ! raspb]ries at lea/ are z likely to belong to wild z to cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,gra91 made up mo/ly ( scatt]$ k]nels ( oats & corn1 is m]ely a trifle1 am\nt+ to only #c p] c5t4 ,?\gh "s ( ! corn may be tak5 f newly plant$ fields1 x is amply paid = by ! de/ruction ( ,may beetles :i* are eat5 at ! same "t4 ,! re/ ( ! food consi/s ( wild fruit or se$s4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! br[n ?ra%] is a useful bird1 & probably does z good "w 9 its seclud$ retreats z x w\ld ab\t ! g>d51 = ! swamps & groves are no d\bt ! bre$+ gr\nds ( _m insects t migrate !nce to attack ! crops ( ! f>m]4 ,,catbird4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,catbird4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #i in*es4 ,! catbird#ae 7fig4 #f71 l ! ?ra%]1 is a lov] ( ?ickets & delights to make its home 9 a tangle ( wild grapev9es1 gre5bri]s1 & %rubs1 :]e x is safe f attack & c f9d its favorite food 9 abundance4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates we/ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ext5ds also f ,wa%+ton1 ,idaho1 & ,utah nor?w>d into ! ,prov9ces ( ,canada4 ,x w9t]s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,cuba1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 #ae ,dumetella c>ol95sis4 ,reports f ! ,mississippi ,valley indicate t ! catbird is sometimes a s]i\s annoyance to fruit gr[]s4 ,! reason = su* reports may possibly be f\nd 9 ! fact t on ! prairies fruit-be>+ %rubs1 :i* af=d s l>ge a "p ( ?is bird's food1 are conspicu\sly abs5t ,) ! settlem5t ( ?is region comes an ext5sive plant+ ( or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1 & small-fruit g>d5s1 :i* furni% %elt] & ne/+ sites = ! catbird z well z = o!r species4 ,!re is 9 consequ5ce a l>ge increase 9 ! numb]s ( ! birds1 b no correspond+ ga9 9 ! supply ( native fruits ^u :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to fe$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances :at is m natural ?an = ! birds to turn to cultivat$ fruit = _! food4 ,! rem$y is obvi\s3 ,cultivat$ fruits c be protect$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( plant+ ! wild species :i* are pref]r$ by ! birds4 ,"s exp]im5ts ) catbirds 9 captivity %[ t ! ,russian mulb]ry is pref]r$ to any cultivat$ fruit4 ,! /oma*s ( #fde catbirds 7 exam9$ & f\nd to conta9 #dd p] c5t ( animal 7insect7 & #ef p] c5t ( vegetable food4 ,ants1 beetles1 cat]pill>s1 & gras%opp]s con/itute ?ree-f\r?s ( ! animal food1 ! rema9d] be+ made up ( bugs1 miscellane\s insects1 & spid]s4 ,"o-?ird ( ! vegetable food consi/s ( cultivat$ fruits1 or ^? :i* may be cultivat$1 z /rawb]ries1 raspb]ries1 & blackb]ries2 b :ile we debit ! bird ) ! :ole ( ?is1 x is probable--& 9 ! ea/]n & well-wood$ "p ( ! c\ntry almo/ c]ta9--t a l>ge "p is obta9$ f wild v9es4 ,! re/ ( ! vegetable matt] is mo/ly wild fruit1 z *]ries1 dogwood1 s\r gum1 eld]b]ries1 gre5bri]1 spiceb]ries1 black ald]1 sumac1 & poison ivy4 ,al?\gh ! catbird sometimes does consid]able h>m by de/roy+ small fruit1 x c n on ! :ole be consid]$ injuri\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry x does f> m good ?an h>m4 ,,! ,,swall[s4 ,sev5 common species ( swall[s are f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f\r ( :i* h ab&on$ to "s ext5t _! primitive ne/+ habits & h atta*$ !mselves to ! abodes ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,b>n swall[4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #g in*es4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\ntry ! b>n swall[#af 7fig4 #g7 n[ builds exclusively "u ro(s1 hav+ entirely ab&on$ ! rock caves & cliffs 9 :i* x =m]ly ne/$4 ,m rec5tly ! cliff swall[#ag has f\nd a bett] ne/+ site "u ! eaves ( build+s ?an 0 af=d$ by ! ov]hang+ cliffs ( e>? or /one :i* x once us$ & to :i* x /ill resorts occasionally 9 ! ,ea/ & habitually 9 ! unsettl$ ,we/4 ,! m>t9#ah & ! :ite-belli$1 or tree1 swall[#ai ne/ ei!r 9 h\ses suppli$ = ! purpose1 9 ab&on$ ne/s ( woodpeck]s1 or 9 natural crannies 9 rocks4 ,! nor!rn violet-gre5 swall[1#bj ! r\gh-w+$ swall[1#ba & ! bank swall[#bb /ill live 9 practically su* places z _! ance/ors *ose4 #af ,hirundo ery?roga/ra4 #ag ,petro*elidon lunifrons4 #ah ,progne subis4 #ai ,iridoprocne bicolor4 #bj ,ta*yc9eta ?alass9a4 #ba ,/elgidopt]yx s]rip5nis4 #bb ,rip>ia rip>ia4 ,field obs]vation conv9ces an ord9>ily att5tive p]son t ! food ( swall[s mu/ consi/ ( ! small] insects captur$ 9 mid-air or pick$ f ! tops ( tall grass or we$s4 ,?is obs]vation is borne out by an exam9ation ( /oma*s1 :i* %[s t ! food is made up ( _m small species ( beetles :i* are mu* on ! w+2 _m species ( flies1 toge!r ) l>ge quantities ( fly+ ants2 & a few insects ( simil> k9ds4 ,mo/ ( ^! are ei!r injuri\s or annoy+1 & ! numb]s de/roy$ by swall[s are n only beyond calculation b almo/ beyond imag9ation4 ,unlike _m o!r gr\ps ( birds1 ! six species ( swall[s f\nd 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates ext5d 9 a practically un*ang$ =m across ! cont95t1 :]e !y are re9=c$ by ! nor!rn1 or ,pacific-coa/1 violet-gre5 swall[4 ,x is a mi/ake to te> d[n f ! eaves ( a b>n ! ne/s ( a colony ( cliff swall[s1 = s f> f disfigur+ a build+ !y make a picturesque addition to x1 & ! pres5ce ( swall[s %\ld be enc\rag$ by e device4 ,x is said t cliff & b>n swall[s may be induc$ to build _! ne/s 9 a p>ticul> locality1 o!rwise suitable1 by provid+ a quantity ( mud to be us$ by !m z mort>4 ,b>n swall[s may also be enc\rag$ by cutt+ a small hole 9 ! gable ( ! b>n1 :ile m>t9s & :ite-belli$ swall[s w be grateful = boxes l ^? = ! bluebird1 b plac$ 9 a high] situation4 ,,t[hee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,t[hee4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #h in*es4 ,! t[hee1 *ew9k1 or gr\nd rob9#bc 7fig4 #h71 z x is v>i\sly kn[n1 inhabits ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,x bre$s f ! ,middle ,/ates nor?w>d & w9t]s 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! c\ntry4 ,naturally associat$ ) ! catbird & br[n ?ra%]1 x lives 9 mu* ! same places1 ?\gh x is m giv5 to haunt+ h$g][s along roads & f5ces4 ,aft] sn[ has disappe>$ 9 e>ly spr+ an inve/igation ( ! ru/l+ s (t5 he>d among ! leaves ne> a f5ce or 9 a ?icket w frequ5tly disclose a t[hee h>d at "w scrat*+ = 8 d9n] aft] ! mann] ( a h52 & 9 ^! places & along ! sunny bord] ( woods old leaves w be f\nd ov]turn$ :]e ! bird has be5 se>*+ = hib]nat+ beetles & l>v4 ,! good :i* ! t[hee does 9 ?is way c h>dly be ov]e/imat$1 s9ce ! dea? ( a s+le insect at ?is "t1 be=e x has _h an opportunity to deposit its eggs1 is equival5t to ! de/ruction ( a ho/ lat] 9 ! ye>4 ,! t[hee has also be5 cr$it$ ) visit+ potato fields & fe$+ ^u ! potato beetle4 ,its vegetable food consi/s ( se$s & small wild fruits1 b no compla9t on ?is score is kn[n to h be5 made4 ,s = z obs]vation goes1 ! bird nev] t\*es ei!r cultivat$ fruit or gra92 9 fact1 x is too %y & retir+ ev5 to /ay ab\t g>d5s = any l5g? ( "t4 #bc ,pipilo ery?roph?almus4 ,,! ,,sp>r[s4#bd #bd ,! sp>r[s "h m5tion$ are all native species4 ,a full acc\nt ( ! ,engli%1 or h\se1 sp>r[ 7,pass] dome/icus71 includ+ its introduction1 habits1 & depr$ations1 0 publi%$ ,9 ,bull4 ,no4 #a ( ! ,division ( ,orni?ology 9 #ahhi4 ,= in=mation 9 reg>d to combat+ ! ,engli% sp>r[1 see ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,leaflet #fa1 ,engli% ,sp>r[ ,control4 ,sp>r[s are n obtrusive birds1 ei!r 9 plumage1 song1 or action4 ,!re are "s #dj species1 ) ne>ly z _m subspecies1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,n m ?an half a doz5 =ms are g5]ally kn[n 9 any "o locality4 ,all ! species are m or less migratory1 b s widely are !y di/ribut$ t !re is probably no "p ( ! c\ntry :]e "s c n be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,:ile sp>r[s are not$ se$ eat]s1 !y d n by any means conf9e !mselves to a vegetable diet4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 & especially 9 ! bre$+ season1 !y eat _m insects & fe$ _! "y l>gely ^u ! same food4 ,exam9ation ( /oma*s ( ?ree species--! song sp>r[#be 7fig4 #i71 *ipp+ sp>r[1#bf & field sp>r[#bg 7fig4 #aj7--%[s t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! food consi/s ( insects1 compris+ _m injuri\s beetles1 z sn\t beetles or weevils1 & leaf beetles4 ,_m gras%opp]s are eat54 ,9 ! case ( ! *ipp+ sp>r[ ^! insects =m "o-eigh? ( ! food4 ,gras%opp]s w\ld seem to be r l>ge morsels1 b ! bird probably conf9es itself to ! small] species2 inde$1 ! greate/ am\nt 7ov] #cf p] c5t7 is eat5 9 ,june1 :5 ! l>g] species are /ill "y & ! small] mo/ num]\s4 ,besides ! insects already m5tion$1 _m wasps & bugs are tak54 ,pr$aci\s & p>asitic hym5opt]\s insects & pr$aci\s beetles1 all useful1 are eat5 only to a slight ext5t1 s t z a :ole ! insect diet ( ! native sp>r[s may be consid]$ b5eficial4 ,!re are sev]al records ( potato-bug l>v eat5 by *ipp+ sp>r[s4 #be ,melospiza melodia4 #bf ,spizella pass]9a4 #bg ,spizella pusilla4 ,_! vegetable food is limit$ almo/ exclusively to h>d se$s4 ,?is might seem to indicate t ! birds fe$ to "s ext5t ^u gra91 b ! /oma*s exam9$ %[ only "o k9d1 oats1 & b little ( t4 ,! great bulk ( ! food is made up ( grass & we$ se$s1 :i* =m almo/ ! entire diet dur+ w9t]1 & ! am\nt consum$ is imm5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,song sp>r[4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #f in*es4 ,9 ! agricultural region ( ! upp] ,mississippi ,valley1 by roadsides1 on bord]s ( cultivat$ fields1 or 9 ab&on$ fields1 :]ev] !y c obta9 a foo?old1 masses ( rank we$s spr+ up & (t5 =m almo/ imp5etrable ?ickets :i* af=d food & %elt] = imm5se numb]s ( birds & enable !m to )/& great cold & ! mo/ t]rible blizz>ds4 ,a p]son visit+ "o ( ^! we$ pat*es on a sunny morn+ 9 ,janu>y1 :5 ! !rmomet] is #bj or m bel[ z]o1 w be /ruck ) ! life & animation ( ! busy little inhabitants4 ,in/ead ( sitt+ =lorn & half froz51 !y may be se5 flitt+ f bran* to bran*1 twitt]+ & flutt]+1 & %[+ e evid5ce ( enjoym5t & p]fect com=t4 ,if "o ( !m is captur$ x w be f\nd 9 excell5t condition2 9 fact1 a v]itable ball ( fat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,field sp>r[4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #e in*es4 ,! sn[bird#bh & tree sp>r[#bi are p]haps ! mo/ num]\s ( all ! sp>r[s4 ,exam9ation ( _m /oma*s %[s t 9 w9t] ! tree sp>r[ fe$s entirely ^u se$s ( we$s4 ,probably ea* bird consumes ab\t "o-f\r? ( an ounce a day4 ,9 an article contribut$ 9 #ahha to ! ,new ,york ,tribune ! writ] e/imat$ ! am\nt ( we$ se$ annually de/roy$ by ^! birds 9 ,i[a4 ,on ! basis ( "o-f\r? ( an ounce ( se$ eat5 daily by ea* bird1 & an av]age ( #aj birds to ea* squ>e mile1 rema9+ 9 _! w9t] range #bjj days1 !re w\ld be a total ( #a1gej1jjj p\nds1 or #hge tons ( we$ se$ consum$ 9 a s+le season by ?is "o species4 ,l>ge z are ^! figures1 !y unque/ionably fall f> %ort ( ! reality4 ,! e/imate ( #aj birds to a squ>e mile is v cons]vative1 = 9 ,massa*usetts1 :]e ! food supply is less ?an 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! tree sp>r[ is ev5 m abundant ?an ?is 9 w9t]4 ,! writ] has kn[n places 9 ,i[a :]e sev]al ?\s& tree sp>r[s c\ld be se5 )9 ! space ( a few acres4 ,?is e/imate1 moreov]1 is = a s+le species1 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are at lea/ half a doz5 birds 7n all sp>r[s7 t habitually fe$ dur+ w9t] on ^! se$s4 ,f>!r s\? ! tree sp>r[ is replac$ 9 w9t] by ! :ite-?roat$ sp>r[1#cj ! :ite-cr[n$ sp>r[1#ca ! fox sp>r[1#cb ! song sp>r[1 ! field sp>r[1 & sev]al o!rs2 s t all ov] ! l& a va/ numb] ( ^! se$ eat]s are at "w dur+ ! cold] mon?s r$uc+ next ye>'s crop ( worse ?an useless plants4 #bh ,junco hyemalis4 #bi ,spizella monticola4 #cj ,zonotri*ia albicollis4 #ca ,zonotri*ia leucophrys4 #cb ,pass]ella iliaca4 ,,h\se ,,f9* ,( all ! sp>r[ gr\ps1 !re is probably no memb]1 unless x be ! exotic =m kn[n z ! ,engli% sp>r[1#cc t has by reason ( ,its food habits call$ d[n s _m mal$ictions ^u ,its head z ! h\se f9*1#cd r$ head1 or l9net1 z x is v>i\sly call$4 ,?is bird1 l ! o!r memb]s ( its family1 is by nature a se$ eat]1 & be=e ! beg9n+ ( fruit rais+ 9 ,cali=nia probably subsi/$ ^u ! se$s ( we$s1 ) an occasional ta/e ( "s wild b]ry4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 :5 or*>ds h ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,/ate & e mon? f ,may to ,decemb] sees "s rip5+ fruit1 ! l9nets take _! %>e4 ,z _! numb] ,is legion1 ! sum total ( ! fruit t !y de/roy is m ?an ! fruit rais] c well sp>e4 ,z ! bird has a /\t beak1 x has no difficulty 9 break+ ! sk9 ( ! h>de/ fruit & fea/+ ^u ! pulp1 !reby spoil+ ! fruit & giv+ weak]-bill$ birds a *ance to sample & acquire a ta/e = :at !y might n o!rwise h mole/$4 ,compla9ts aga9/ ?is bird h be5 _m & l\d1 m especially 9 ! ye>s :5 fruit crops fir/ came to be an important factor 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,at t "t ! v>i\s fruits af=d$ ! l9nets a new & easily obta9$ food1 :ile cultivation _h r$uc$ _! =m]ly abundant supply ( we$ se$4 ,:5 ! e>ly fruit gr[]s saw _! expect$ gold5 h>ve/ sudd5ly snat*$ away or at lea/ mu* r$uc$ 9 value by ! little m>aud]s1 x is no wond] t !y 7 exasp]at$ & wi%$ to de/roy ! au?ors ( ! mis*ief4 #cc ,pass] dome/icus4 #cd ,c>podacus mexicanus frontalis4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! matt] ?or\ghly & asc]ta9 :e!r ^! birds ate any o!r k9d ( food t might to "s ext5t (fset ! damage inflict$ ^u ! fruit1 ! horticulturi/s & orni?ologi/s ( ,cali=nia 7 reque/$ to secure a numb] ( ! /oma*s ( ^! birds & s5d !m to ! ,biological ,survey4 ,an ag5t 0 also s5t to ! fruit-rais+ sections1 :o wat*$ ! birds 9 ! or*>ds & collect$ a numb] ( !m4 ,9 ?is way #a1bjf /oma*s 7 obta9$ & c>efully exam9$1 & ! result %[s t animal food 7insects7 con/itut$ #b4dd p] c5t & vegetable food #ig4ef p] c5t ( ! /oma* cont5ts1 n c\nt+ gravel4 ,s small a proportion ( animal food c n1 ( c\rse1 mean a great de/ruction ( insects4 ,z ^! /oma*s 7 collect$ 9 e mon?1 ) ! great] numb] tak5 dur+ ! summ]1 x is evid5t t :atev] good "o may expect f ! l9net mu/ n be look$ = 9 ?is direction4 ,unlike mo/ ( ! sp>r[ family1 ! l9net does n fe$ its "y ^u ,insects to any great ext5t4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma*s ( a numb] ( ne/l+s 7 c>efully exam9$1 & ! only animal food 0 f\nd to consi/ ( wooly plant lice4 ,^! also con/itut$ ! great bulk ( ! animal food eat5 by adults4 ,! vegetable food ( ! species consi/s ( ?ree pr9cipal items--gra91 fruit1 & we$ se$s4 ,gra9 am\nts to less ?an #a p] c5t 9 ,augu/1 :i* is ! mon? ( greate/ consumption1 & ! av]age = ! ye> is a trifle m ?an "o-f\r? ( #a p] c5t4 ,fruit atta9s its maximum 9 ,septemb]1 :5 x am\nts to #bg p] c5t ( ! :ole food1 b ! av]age = ! ye> is only #aj p] c5t4 ,! se$s ( we$s con/itute ! bulk ( ! diet ( ! l9net1 & 9 ,augu/1 ! mon? ( lea/ consumption1 am\nt to ab\t #fd p] c5t ( ! food4 ,! av]age = ! ye> is #hf p] c5t4 ,f ! =ego+ x is evid5t t :atev] ! l9net's s9s may be1 gra9 eat+ is n "o ( !m4 ,9 view ( ! great compla9t made aga9/ its fruit-eat+ habits1 ! small quantity f\nd 9 ! /oma*s tak5 is some:at ( a surprise4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! /oma* cont5ts d n tell ! :ole /ory4 ,:5 a bird takes a s+le peck f a *]ry or an apricot1 x spoils ! :ole fruit1 & 9 ?is way may ru9 half a doz5 9 tak+ a s+le meal4 ,x is safe to say t ! fruit pulp f\nd ,9 ! /oma* does n repres5t m ?an "o-fif? ( :at is actually de/roy$4 ,t ! l9nets are p]si/5t & voraci\s eat]s ( e>ly fruits1 especially *]ries & apricots1 e fruit rais] hi ,cali=nia w be> te/imony4 ,t ! damage is (t5 s]i\s no "o w d5y4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t ! e>lie/ v>ieties are ! ones mo/ affect$2 also1 t 9 l>ge or*>ds ! damage is n p]ceptible1 :ile 9 small plantations ! :ole crop is frequ5tly de/roy$4 ,,! ,,grackles4 ,! cr[ blackbird or grackle#ce 7fig4 #aa7 9 "o or m ( its subspecies is a famili> object 9 all ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,?r\gh\t ! ye> x is resid5t z f> nor? z s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & 9 summ] ext5ds its range into ! ,canadian ,prov9ces4 ,9 ! ,mississippi ,valley x is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( birds1 pref]r+ to ne/ 9 ! artificial groves & w9dbreaks ne> f>ms in/ead ( 9 ! natural timb] :i* x =m]ly us$4 ,x bre$s also 9 p>ks & ne> build+s1 (t5 9 consid]able colonies4 ,f>!r ea/1 9 ,new ,engl&1 x is only locally abundant1 ?\gh frequ5tly se5 9 migration4 ,9 ! latt] days ( ,augu/ & ?r\gh\t ,septemb] x is f\nd 9 imm5se numb]s be=e mov+ s\?w>d4 #ce ,quiscalus quiscula4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,purple grackle4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #ab in*es4 ,! grackle is accus$ ( _m s9s1 su* z /eal+ gra9 & fruit & robb+ ! ne/s ( o!r birds4 ,an exam9ation ( #b1cdf /oma*s %[s t ne>ly "o-?ird ( its food consi/s ( insects1 mo/ ( :i* are injuri\s4 ,! bird also eats a few snails1 crawfi%es1 salam&]s1 small fi%1 & occasionally a m\se4 ,! /oma* cont5ts d n indicate t x robs o!r birds' ne/s to any great ext5t1 z rema9s ( birds & birds' eggs am\nt to less ?an half ( #a p] c5t4 ,x is on acc\nt ( its vegetable food t ! grackle mo/ des]ves condemnation4 ,gra9 is eat5 dur+ ! :ole ye>1 & only = a %ort "t 9 summ] is o!r food attractive en\gh to induce ! bird to alt] its diet4 ,! gra9 tak5 9 w9t] & spr+ probably consi/s ( wa/e k]nels f /ubble4 ,! /oma*s d n indicate t ! bird pulls spr\t+ gra92 b ! :eat eat5 9 ,july & ,augu/ & ! corn eat5 9 ! fall are probably f fields ( /&+ gra94 ,! total am\nt ( gra9 consum$ dur+ ! ye> con/itutes #de p] c5t ( ! food1 b x is safe to say t at lea/ half is wa/e gra9 & consequ5tly ( no value4 ,al?\gh ! cr[ blackbird eats a few *]ries & blackb]ries 9 _! season1 & 9 ! fall "s wild fruit1 x app>5tly does no damage 9 ?is way4 ,l>ge flocks ( grackles no d\bt d consid]able injury to gra9 crops1 & !re seems to be no rem$y1 except ! de/ruction ( ! birds1 :i* is 9 itself exp5sive4 ,dur+ ! bre$+ season1 h[ev]1 ! species does mu* good by eat+ insects & by fe$+ !m to its "y1 :i* are re>$ almo/ entirely ^u ?is food4 ,! bird does ! greate/ am\nt ( good 9 spr+1 :5 x foll[s ! pl[ 9 se>* ( l>ge grubworms1 ( :i* x is s fond t x sometimes lit]ally crams its /oma* full ( !m4 ,,brew] ,,blackbird4 ,! ,brew] blackbird#cf takes ! place 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ( ! grackle1 or cr[ blackbird1 :i* lives 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley & f>!r ea/ & is v simil> 9 appe>ance & habits4 ,x bre$s ea/ to ! ,great ,pla9s & nor? into ,canada1 & w9t]s ov] mo/ ( its bre$+ range 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & s\? to ,guatemala4 ,at home 9 fields1 mead[s1 & or*>ds1 & ab\t ran* build+s & cultivat$ l&s g5]ally1 x ne/s 9 bu%es & we$s1 sometimes 9 trees1 & is v greg>i\s1 especially ab\t b>ny>ds & corrals4 ,! bird fe$s freely 9 /ocky>ds & 9 cultivat$ fields1 & :5 fruit is ripe does n hesitate to take a %>e ,dur+ ! *]ry season 9 ,cali=nia ! birds are mu* 9 ! or*>ds4 ,9 "o case !y 7 obs]v$ fe$+ on *]ries1 b :5 a neighbor+ fruit gr[] began to pl[ 8 or*>d almo/ e blackbird 9 ! vic9ity 0 ^u ! newly op5$ gr\nd close aft] ! pl[man's heels 9 its eag]ness to secure ! insects turn$ up4 #cf ,euphagus cyanocephalus4 ,! laboratory inve/igation ( ?is bird's food cov]$ #cab /oma*s1 collect$ 9 e mon? & repres5t+ especially ! fruit & gra9 sections ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! animal portion ( ! food 0 #cb p] c5t & ! vegetable #fh p] c5t4 ,cat]pill>s & _! pup am\nt$ to #ab p] c5t ( ! :ole food & 7 eat5 e mon?4 ,!y include _m ( ^? pe/s kn[n z cutworms4 ,! cotton-boll worm1 or corn-e> worm1 0 id5tifi$ 9 at lea/ #aj /oma*s1 & 9 #aa 7 f\nd pup ( ! codl+ mo?4 ,! animal food also includ$ o!r insects1 & spid]s1 s[ bugs1 snails1 & egg%ells4 ,! vegetable food may be divid$ into fruit1 gra91 & we$ se$s4 ,fruit 0 eat5 9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july1 n a trace appe>+ 9 any o!r mon?1 & 0 compos$ ( *]ries1 or :at 0 ?\ght to be su*1 /rawb]ries1 blackb]ries or raspb]ries1 & fruit pulp or sk9s n fur!r id5tifi$4 ,h[ev]1 ! am\nt1 a little m ?an #d p] c5t = ! ye>1 0 too small to make a bad %[+1 & if ! bird does no great] h>m ?an is involv$ 9 its fruit eat+ x is well wor? protect+4 ,gra9 am\nts to #ed p] c5t ( ! ye>ly food & =ms a consid]able p]c5tage 9 ea* mon?2 oats are ! favorite & 7 ! sole cont5ts ( #ad /oma*s1 & :eat ( #b1 b no /oma* 0 completely fill$ ) any o!r gra94 ,we$ se$s1 eat5 9 e mon? to ! ext5t ( #i p] c5t ( ! food1 7 f\nd 9 r small quantities & irregul>ly1 & appe> to h be5 m]ely a make%ift4 ,/oma*s ( ne/l+s1 v>y+ 9 age f #bd h\rs to "s t 7 ne>ly fl$g$1 7 f\nd to conta9 #hi p] c5t animal to #aa p] c5t vegetable matt]4 ,! l>ge/ items 9 ! =m] 7 cat]pill>s1 gras%opp]s1 & spid]s4 ,9 ! latt] ! l>ge/ items 7 fruit1 probably *]ries2 gra91 mo/ly oats2 & rubbi%4 ,,baltimore ,,oriole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,baltimore oriole4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #g ,in*es4 ,brilliancy ( plumage1 sweetness ( song1 & food habits to :i* no exception c be tak5 are "s ( ! /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,baltimore oriole#cg 7fig4 #ab74 ,9 summ] x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,its ne/ comm&s h>dly less admiration ?an ! beauty ( its plumage or ! excell5ce ( its song4 ,hang+ f ! tip ( ! out]mo/ b\gh ( a /ately elm1 x is almo/ inaccessible to depr$ators & s /rongly fa/5$ z to bid defiance to ! elem5ts4 #cg ,ict]us galbula4 ,obs]vation bo? 9 ! field & laboratory %[s t cat]pill>s con/itute ! l>ge/ item ( ! f>e ( ! oriole4 ,9 #bjd /oma*s !y =m$ #cd p] c5t ( ! food1 & !y are eat5 9 v>y+ quantities dur+ all ! mon?s 9 :i* ! bird rema9s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fewe/ are eat5 9 ,july1 :5 a little fruit also is tak54 ,! o!r insects consi/ ( beetles1 bugs1 ants1 wasps1 gras%opp]s1 & "s spid]s4 ,! beetles are pr9cipally click beetles1 ! l>v ( :i* are among ! mo/ de/ructive insects kn[n2 & ! bugs include plant & b>k lice1 bo? v h>mful1 b s small & obscure z to be pass$ ov] unnotic$ by mo/ birds4 ,ants are eat5 mo/ly 9 spr+1 gras%opp]s 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & wasps & spid]s ) consid]able regul>ity ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,dur+ ! /ay ( ! oriole 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 vegetable matt] am\nts to only a little m ?an #af p] c5t ( its food1 s t ! possibility ( its do+ mu* damage to crops is v limit$4 ,! bird is accus$ ( eat+ peas to a consid]able ext5t1 b rema9s ( su* 7 f\nd 9 only two cases4 ,"o writ] says t x damages grapes1 b none 7 f\nd 9 ! /oma*s4 ,,bullock ,,oriole4 ,! ,bullock oriole#ch is practically a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,baltimore oriole1 tak+ ! place ( t species we/ ( ! ,pla9s & ?r\gh\t ! ,pacific coa/ region4 ,x does n ess5tially diff] 9 its habits ( ne/+ or 9 its food f its ea/]n relative1 b x is less beautiful 9 plumage4 ,! exam9ation ( #afb /oma*s %[s t #gi p] c5t ( its food consi/s ( insects1 ) a few spid]s1 a liz>d1 a mollusk %ell1 & egg%ells4 ,beetles am\nt$ to #ce p] c5t1 & all except a few ladybugs 7 h>mful species4 ,ants 7 f\nd 9 #ai /oma*s1 & 9 "o !re 0 no?+ else4 ,bees1 wasps1 etc41 7 9 #ef /oma*s1 & entirely fill$ #b ( !m4 ,includ+ ! ants1 !y am\nt to ne>ly #ae p] c5t ( ! food ( ! season4 #ch ,ict]us bullocki4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ articles ( food 9 ! oriole's diet>y 0 ! black olive scale1 f\nd 9 #de /oma*s1 & am\nt+ to #e p] c5t ( ! food4 ,9 sev]al cases ^! scales =m$ #hj p] c5t or m ( ! cont5ts1 & 9 "o1 #cj individual scales c\ld be c\nt$4 ,!y 7 evid5tly a /&>d article ( diet1 & 7 eat5 regul>ly 9 e mon? ( ! oriole's /ay except ,april4 ,hemipt]\s insects o!r ?an scales1 eat5 q regul>ly1 make up a little m ?an #e p] c5t ( ! food4 ,!y 7 mo/ly /9kbugs1 leaf hopp]s1 & tree hopp]s4 ,plant lice 7 f\nd 9 "o /oma*4 ,mo?s1 pup1 & cat]pill>s compose ! l>ge/ item ( ! oriole's animal food2 ! av]age consumption dur+ its summ] /ay ,is a little m ?an #da p] c5t4 ,( ^!1 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ 7 ! pup & l>v ( ! codl+ mo?4 ,^! 7 f\nd 9 #bc /oma*s1 %[+ t !y are n an unusual article ( diet4 ,no less ?an #ad ( ! pupal cases 7 f\nd 9 "o /oma*1 & z !y are v fragile _m o!rs may h be5 pres5t1 b brok5 beyond recognition4 ,gras%opp]s probably d n come mu* 9 ! oriole's way4 ,!y 7 eat51 h[ev]2 to ! ext5t ( a little m ?an #c p] c5t4 ,b 9 spite ( ! fact t gras%opp]s are eat5 s sp>+ly1 #b /oma*s1 bo? tak5 9 ,june1 conta9$ no?+ else1 & ano!r conta9$ #ig p] c5t ( !m4 ,v>i\s insects & spid]s1 ) a few o!r items1 make up ! re/ ( ! animal food1 a little m ?an #e p] c5t4 ,spid]s are n important 9 ! oriole's food1 b are probably eat5 :5ev] f\nd4 ,!y 7 id5tifi$ 9 #dd /oma*s1 b 9 small numb]s4 ,! scales ( a liz>d 7 f\nd 9 "o /oma* & ! %ell ( a snail 9 ano!r4 ,! vegetable cont+5t ( ! oriole's food is mo/ly fruit1 especially 9 ,june & ,july1 :5 x takes k9dly to *]ries & apricots1 & sometimes eats m ?an ! fruit gr[] consid]s a fair %>e4 ,h[ev]1 no great compla9t is made aga9/ ! bird1 & x is probable t z a rule x does n d s]i\s h>m4 ,) su* a good record z an insect eat] x c well be sp>$ a few *]ries4 ,,! ,,mead[l>ks4 ,! ea/]n mead[l>k#ci 7fig4 #ac7 is a common & well-kn[n bird occurr+ f ! ,atlantic coa/ to ! ,great ,pla9s1 :]e x gives way to ! closely relat$ we/]n species1#dj :i* ext5ds !nce we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 ,x w9t]s f our s\!rn bord] z f> nor? z ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & occasionally ,i[a4 ,! we/]n1 =m w9t]s some:at f>!r nor?4 ,al?\gh x is a bird ( ! pla9s1 & f9ds its mo/ cong5ial haunts 9 ! prairies ( ! ,we/1 x is at home :]ev] !re is level or undulat+ l& cov]$ ) grass or we$s1 ) pl5ty ( wat] at h&4 #ci ,/urnella magna4 #dj ,/urnella neglecta4 ,9 ! #a1ead /oma*s exam9$1 animal food 7practically all insects7 con/itut$ #gd p] c5t ( ! cont5ts & vegetable matt] #bf p] c5t4 ,z w\ld naturally be suppos$1 ! insects 7 gr\nd species1 z beetles1 bugs1 gras%opp]s1 & cat]pill>s1 ) a few flies1 wasps1 & spid]s4 ,a numb] ( ! /oma*s 7 collect$ :5 ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) sn[1 b ev5 ^! conta9$ a l>ge p]c5tage ( insects1 %[+ ! bird's skill 9 f9d+ prop] food "u adv]se circum/ances4 ,( ! v>i\s insects eat51 crickets & gras%opp]s are ! mo/ important1 con/itut+ #bf p] c5t ( ! food ( ! ye> & #gb p] c5t ( ! food 9 ,augu/4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion ! b5eficial effect ( a numb] ( ^! birds on a field ( grass 9 ! height ( ! gras%opp] season4 ,( ! #a1ead /oma*s collect$ at all seasons ( ! ye>1 #ggh1 or m ?an half1 conta9$ rema9s ( gras%opp]s1 & "o 0 fill$ ) fragm5ts ( #cg ( ^! insects4 ,?is seems to %[ conclusively t gras%opp]s are pref]r$1 & are eat5 :5ev] !y c be f\nd4 ,especially notable is ! great numb] tak5 9 ,augu/1 ! mon? :5 gras%opp]s rea* _! maximum abundance2 /oma* exam9ation %[s t l>ge numb]s ( birds resort at ?is "t to ?is diet1 no matt] :at may be ! food dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,next to gras%opp]s1 beetles make up ! mo/ important item ( ! mead[l>k's food1 am\nt+ to #be p] c5t1 ab\t "o-half ( :i* are pr$aci\s gr\nd beetles4 ,! o!rs are all h>mful species4 ,=ty-two individuals ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,may beetles 7 f\nd 9 ! /oma*s ( mead[l>ks1 & !re 7 probably _m m :i* 7 pa/ recognition4 ,to ?is =m & sev]al closely alli$ ones belong ! num]\s :ite grubs1 :i* are among ! wor/ enemies to _m cultivat$ crops1 notably grasses & gra9s1 & to a less ext5t /rawb]ries & g>d5 vegetables4 ,9 ! l>val /age !y eat ! roots ( ^! plants1 & be+ l>ge1 "o individual may de/roy sev]al plants4 ,9 ! adult /age !y fe$ ^u ! foliage ( trees & o!r plants1 & 9 ?is way add to ! damage :i* !y began 9 ! e>li] =m4 ,z ^! enemies ( husb&ry are n easily de/roy$ by man1 x is obvi\sly wise to enc\rage _! natural foes4 ,among ! weevils f\nd 9 ! /oma*s ! mo/ important economically are ! cotton-boll weevil & ! rec5tly introduc$ alfalfa weevil ( ,utah4 ,sev]al hundr$ mead[l>ks 7 tak5 9 ! cotton-gr[+ region1 & ! boll weevil 0 f\nd 9 #be /oma*s ( ! ea/]n mead[l>k & 9 #af ( ! we/]n species4 ,( ! =m]1 "o /oma* conta9$ #bg individuals4 ,( #be /oma*s ( we/]n mead[l>ks tak5 9 alfalfa fields ( ,utah1 #ae conta9$ ! alfalfa weevil4 ,9 "o /oma* #bc adults 7 f\nd1 9 ano!r #cb adults & #gj l>v1 /ill ano!r _h #aj adults & #dj l>v1 & a f\r? _h #d adults & #ajj l>v4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,mead[l>k4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #aj in*es4 ,cat]pill>s =m a v con/ant elem5t ( ! food1 & 9 ,may con/itute ov] #bd p] c5t ( ! :ole4 ,may is ! mon? :5 ! dread$ cutworm beg9s ,its deadly c>e]1 & !n ! l>k does "s ( its be/ "w4 ,mo/ ( ^! cat]pill>s are gr\nd fe$]s1 & are ov]look$ by birds :i* habitually frequ5t trees1 b ! mead[l>k f9ds & dev\rs !m by ?\s&s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! insect food is made up ( ants1 wasps1 & spid]s1 ) "s bugs1 includ+ *9* bugs1 & a few scales4 ,! vegetable food consi/s ( gra9 & we$ & o!r h>d se$s4 ,gra9 9 g5]al am\nts to #aa p] c5t & we$ & o!r se$s to #g p] c5t4 ,gra91 pr9cipally corn1 is eat5 mo/ly 9 w9t] & e>ly spr+ & consi/s1 !re=e1 ( wa/e k]nels2 only a trifle is consum$ 9 summ] & autumn1 :5 x is mo/ pl5tiful4 ,no trace ( spr\t+ gra9 0 discov]$4 ,glov] se$ 0 f\nd 9 only six /oma*s1 & b little 9 ea*4 ,se$s ( we$s1 pr9cipally ragwe$1 b>ny>d grass1 & sm>twe$1 are eat5 f ,novemb] to ,april1 inclusive1 b dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> are replac$ by insects4 ,briefly /at$1 m ?an half ( ! mead[l>k's food consi/s ( h>mful insects2 its vegetable food is compos$ ei!r ( noxi\s we$s or wa/e gra92 & ! rema9d] is made up ( useful beetles or neutral insects & spid]s4 ,a /rong po9t 9 ! bird's favor is t1 al?\gh naturally an insect eat]1 x is able to subsi/ on vegetable food1 & consequ5tly is n =c$ to migrate 9 cold wea!r f>!r ?an is necess>y to f9d gr\nd free f sn[4 ,,! ,,r$-,,w+$ ,,blackbirds4 ,! r$-w+$ or swamp blackbird#da 9 its v>i\s =ms 7fig4 #ad7 is f\nd all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! region imm$iately to ! nor?4 ,:ile common 9 mo/ ( its range1 its di/ribution is m or less local1 ma9ly on acc\nt ( its p>tiality = m>%es4 ,x builds its ne/ ov] or ne> /&+ wat]1 9 tall grass1 ru%es1 or bu%es4 ,ow+ to ?is peculi>ity ! bird may be abs5t f l>ge tracts ( c\ntry :i* af=d no swamps or m>%es suitable = ne/+4 ,x usually bre$s 9 l>ge colonies1 ?\gh s+le families1 consi/+ ( a male & sev]al females1 may sometimes be f\nd 9 a small sl\gh1 :]e ea* female builds h] ne/ & re>s h] own little brood4 ,:ile h] liege "l displays 8 brilliant colors & /ruts 9 ! sun%9e4 ,9 ! upp] ,mississippi ,valley ! species f9ds mo/ favorable conditions1 = ! c\ntless prairie sl\ghs & ! m>g9s ( ! num]\s %all[ lakes af=d ne/+ sites = ?\s&s ( r$-w+s2 & "h are br$ ! imm5se flocks :i* sometimes d s mu* damage to ! gra9 fields ( ! ,we/4 ,aft] ! bre$+ season ! birds congregate prep>atory to migration1 & rema9 ?us associat$ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 #da ,agelaius phniceus4 ,?ree species & sev]al subspecies ( r$-w+s are recogniz$1#db b practically no diff]5ce exi/s 9 ! habits ( ^! =ms ei!r 9 ne/+ or fe$+1 except su* z may result f local conditions4 ,mo/ ( ! =ms are f\nd on ! ,pacific side ( ! cont95t1 & may be consid]$ z includ$ 9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts z to food & economic /atus4 #db ,agelaius phniceus 7#h =ms71 ,agelaius gub]nator1 & ,agelaius tricolor4 ,_m compla9ts h be5 made aga9/ ! r$-w+1 & sev]al ,/ates h at times plac$ a b\nty ^u its head4 ,x is said to cause great damage to gra9 9 ! ,we/1 especially 9 ! upp] ,mississippi ,valley1 b few compla9ts come f ! nor!a/]n section1 :]e ! bird is mu* less abundant ?an 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,r$-w+$ blackbird4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #i ,in*es4 ,exam9ation ( #a1jhc /oma*s %[$ t vegetable matt] =ms #gd p] c5t ( ! food1 :ile animal matt]1 ma9ly ,insects1 =ms b #bf p] c5t ,a little m ?an #aj p] c5t consi/s ( beetles1 mo/ly h>mful species4 ,weevils1 or sn\t beetles1 am\nt to #d p] c5t ( ! ye>'s food1 b 9 ,june rea* #be p] c5t4 ,z weevils are among ! mo/ h>mful insects kn[n1 _! de/ruction %\ld condone "s1 at lea/1 ( ! s9s ( :i* ! bird is accus$4 ,gras%opp]s con/itute ne>ly #e p] c5t ( ! food1 :ile ! re/ ( ! animal matt] is made up ( v>i\s insects1 a few snails1 & cru/aceans4 ,! few dragon flies f\nd 7 probably pick$ up dead1 = !y are too active to be tak5 alive1 unless by a bird ( ! flycat*] family4 ,s f> z ! insect food z a :ole is conc]n$1 ! r$-w+ may be consid]$ entirely b5eficial4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! vegetable food ( ?is bird c5t]s ar\nd gra94 ,only ?ree k9ds1 corn1 :eat1 & oats1 7 f\nd 9 ! /oma*s 9 appreciable quantities4 ,!y aggregate b little m ?an #ac p] c5t ( ! :ole food1 oats =m+ ne>ly half ( ?is am\nt4 ,field inve/igation has %[n1 h[ev]1 t1 :5 local conditions are favorable1 l>ge flocks ( r$-w+s may d consid]able damage4 ,conspicu\s among su* cases are ! losses suff]$ by f>m]s to sweet corn 9 "s ( ! nor!a/]n ,/ates & to milo 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/4 ,9 ! r limit$ gra9-rais+ area ( ! ,imp]ial ,valley ( ,cali=nia ! annual damage to milo alone by enorm\s flocks ( r$-w+s & yell[-head$ blackbirds has be5 e/imat$ to be fully #ej1jjj4 ,! mo/ important item ( ! bird's food1 h[ev]1 is we$ se$1 :i* =ms practically all ( its food 9 w9t] & ab\t #eg p] c5t ( ! f>e ( ! :ole ye>4 ,! pr9cipal we$ se$s eat5 are ^? ( ragwe$1 b>ny>d grass1 & sm>twe$4 ,t ^! se$s are pref]r$ is %[n by ! fact t ! birds beg9 to eat !m 9 ,augu/1 :5 gra9 is /ill readily obta9able1 & cont9ue fe$+ on !m ev5 aft] insects become pl5tiful 9 ,april4 ,! r$-w+ eats v little fruit & does practically no h>m to g>d5 or or*>d4 ,x is app>5t t :]e mod]ately abundant1 ! r$-w+ does m good ?an h>m1 b 9 sections :]e x becomes excessively abundant a r$uction 9 its numb]s is ju/ifiable4 ,,bobol9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,bobol9k1 ricebird1 or re$ bird4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #g in*es4 ,! bobol9k1 ricebird1 or re$bird#dc 7fig4 #ae7 is a common summ] resid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor? ( ab\t latitude #dj1 & f ,new ,engl& we/w>d to ! ,great ,pla9s1 w9t]+ beyond our s\!rn bord]4 ,9 ,new ,engl& !re are few birds ab\t :i* s mu* romance clu/]s z ?is rollick+ song/]1 naturally associat$ ) sunny ,june mead[s2 b 9 ! ,s\? !re are none on ^: head s _m mal$ictions h be5 heap$ on acc\nt ( its fondness = rice4 ,dur+ its soj\rn 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates x fe$s ma9ly ^u insects & se$s ( useless plants2 b :ile re>+ its "y1 insects con/itute its *ief food1 & almo/ ! exclusive diet ( its brood4 ,aft] ! "y are able to fly1 ! :ole family ga!rs into a small flock & beg9s to live almo/ entirely ^u vegetable food4 ,?is consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( we$ se$s1 s9ce ,9 ! ,nor? ^! birds d n appe> to attack gra9 to any great ext5t4 ,!y eat a few oats1 b _! /oma*s d n reveal a great quantity ( ?is or any o!r gra94 ,z ! season advances !y ga!r into l>g] flocks & move s\?w>d1 until by ! end ( ,augu/ ne>ly all h left _! bre$+ gr\nds4 ,on _! way !y frequ5t ! re$y m>%es ab\t ! m\?s ( riv]s & on ! inl& wat]s ( ! coa/ region & subsi/ l>gely ^u wild rice4 ,9 ! ,middle ,/ates1 dur+ _! s\?w>d migration1 !y are commonly kn[n z re$birds1 &1 becom+ v fat1 are treat$ z game4 #dc ,doli*onyx oryzivorus4 ,=m]ly1 :5 ! l[ m>%y %ores ( ! ,c>ol9as & "s ( ! m s\!rn ,/ates 7 devot$ to rice culture ! bobol9ks made great havoc bo? ^u ! spr\t+ rice 9 spr+ & ^u ! rip5+ gra9 on _! return migration 9 ! fall4 ,:ile ! damage is n s great z :5 ?is region 0 ! c5t] ( rice production1 /ill x am\nts to _m ?\s&s ( doll>s annually4 ,z a rem$y1 an op5 season on ricebirds 0 provid$ 9 ! ,coa/ ,/ates f ,new ,j]sey to ,florida4 ,,cr[4 ,9 "o or ano!r ( its geographic races ! common cr[#dd 7fig4 #af7 bre$s 9 great numb]s ?r\gh\t ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,pla9s & f ! ,gulf well up into ,canada1 :ile 9 less abundance x is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! cold] mon?s a s\!rn migratory movem5t br+s mo/ ( ^! birds )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & at ab\t ! latitude ( ,philadelphia & s\!rn ,ill9ois we f9d !m congregat+ nightly 9 roo/s4 ,f>m]s dwell+ 9 ! vic9ity ( su* roo/s frequ5tly suff] losses to %ock$ corn4 #dd ,corvus bra*yrhyn*os4 ,9 fact1 none ( our native birds s mu* conc]ns ! av]age f>m] ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates z ! common cr[4 ,_m ( our pres5t criticisms ( ?is bird1 z its pull+ spr\t+ corn1 fe$+ on rip5+ e>s1 damag+ fruits ( v>i\s k9ds1 de/roy+ p\ltry & wild birds1 & dissem9at+ diseases ( live-/ock1 7 common compla9ts 9 ! days ( ! e>ly coloni/s4 ,_m ( ! virtues ( ! cr[1 n[ q g5]ally recogniz$1 also h be5 matt]s ( record = _m ye>s4 ,9 rec5t times1 h[ev]1 sci5tific /udy ( ^! problems1 includ+ ! exam9ation ( ! /oma*s ( hundr$s ( cr[s secur$ 9 e mon? ( ! ye> & "u a v>iety ( conditions1 has enabl$ u to r5d] a mu* fair] v]dict ?an 0 =m]ly possible4 ,! cr[ is practically omnivor\s4 ,dur+ spr+ & e>ly summ] any =m ( insect life seems to make a desirable item 9 its diet1 & 9 w9t] :5 h>d press$ no?+ 9 ! animal or vegetable k+doms :i* conta9s a morsel ( nutrim5t is ov]look$4 ,! insect food ( ! cr[1 :i* comprises ab\t a fif? ( its ye>ly su/5ance1 does mu* to atone = its misdemeanors4 ,gras%opp]s1 ,may beetles & _! l>v 7:ite grubs71 cat]pill>s1 weevils1 & wireworms /& out prom95tly4 ,9 #a1cdj /oma*s ( adults exam9$ ^! highly ,injuri\s =ms compris$ ov] #hj p] c5t ( ! insect food4 ,gras%opp]s are naturally tak5 9 greate/ abundance late 9 ! season4 ,septemb] be+ ! mon? ( l>ge/ consumption1 :5 !y =m ab\t a fif? ( ! total food4 ,may beetles & :ite grubs are eat5 9 e mon?1 b occur mo/ prom95tly 9 ,may4 ,9 ,june cat]pill>s are a favorite food1 & weevils ( v>i\s k9ds are tak5 9 v>y+ quantities ?r\gh\t summ] & fall4 ,ab\t half ( ! rema9+ #bj p] c5t ( insect food is compos$ ( b5eficial gr\nd beetles1 ladybirds1 pr$aci\s bugs1 & p>asitic wasps1 & relat$ =ms1 ! re/ consi/+ ( neutral or injuri\s =ms4 ,num]\s in/ances are on record :]e fields badly infe/$ ) :ite grubs or gras%opp]s h be5 favorite resorts ( cr[s1 ^: voracity has result$ 9 a mat]ial suppression ( ! pe/4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( food requir$ to su/a9 ! individual cr[ is consid]$1 ! "w ( ^! birds appe>s all ! m important ,s+le /oma*s conta9+ upw>d ( #ej gras%opp]s are n uncommon4 ,?us 9 its *oice ( insect food ! cr[ is r5d]+ an important s]vice to ! f>m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,cr[4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #ai in*es4 ,9 ! o!r animal food ( ! cr[ are sev]al items ( ! utmo/ economic importance4 ,spid]s are tak5 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ,may & ,june1 b ! ye>ly total is a little ov] #a p] c5t ( ! food4 ,9 e>ly spr+ crawfi% are eag]ly s\ght1 & o!r aquatic food1 z fi% & mollusks1 l5d v>iety to ! cr['s bill ( f>e ! ye> r\nd4 ,9 ! consumption ( toads1 salam&]s1 frogs1 & "s snakes1 :i* toge!r compose a little ov] #b p] c5t ( ! ye>ly food1 ! cr[ is d\btless do+ h>m4 ,small rod5ts occurr$ 9 ! /oma*s collect$ ne>ly e mon?1 b x ,is (t5 difficult to det]m9e :e!r small mammals f\nd 9 birds' /oma*s 7 tak5 alive or f\nd dead4 ,f its c>rion-eat+ habits ! cr[ has be5 unfairly criticiz$ z a dissem9ator ( live-/ock diseases4 ,:ile ?is may be to "s ext5t j1 ! fact t !re are _m o!r important c>ri]s :i* lie l>gely beyond our control1 %[s t we mu/ seek f9al relief only ?r\gh ! /ricte/ me?ods ( sanitation4 ,! ne/-robb+ habit ( ! cr[1 long a s]i\s criticism1 is v]ifi$ by /oma* analysis4 ,( ! #a1ajc cr[s exam9$1 #dg _h f$ on wild birds or _! eggs1 & ! eggs ( dome/ic f[ls 7 f\nd some:at m frequ5tly4 ,! cr['s habit ( rummag+ ab\t g>bage piles may expla9 mu* ( ?is latt] mat]ial4 ,( ! vegetable food1 corn1 :i* is eat5 e mon?1 is ! mo/ important item & =ms ab\t #ch p] c5t ( ! diet4 ,mu* ( ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be consid]$ wa/e1 s9ce ov] #fj p] c5t ( x is consum$ f ! fir/ ( ,novemb] to ! end ( ,m>*4 ,dur+ ! p]iods :5 corn is spr\t+ & :5 9 ! roa/+-e> /age ! cr[ is eat+ ?is gra9 at a rate consid]ably less ?an ! ye>ly av]age1 & ! mon?s ( smalle/ consumption are ,july & ,augu/4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 ! damage to corn becomes a s]i\s problem1 & 7 x n possible to make use ( su* det]r5ts z coal t> ^u se$ corn !re w\ld be little fri5d%ip = ! cr[ 9 "s sections ( ! ,ea/4 ,! pull+ ( corn is a trait mo/ preval5t 9 small-field areas4 ,:eat & oats suff] simil> damage at times1 especially 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates1 :]e ^! gra9s pr$om9ate4 ,ab\t ! only safegu>d to rip5+ gra9 is ! con/ant use ( p[d] & %ot or ! sc>ecr[4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( cultivat$ fruits are also eat51 & local damage to su* crops z apples1 melons1 peas1 beans1 peanuts1 & almonds is occasionally report$4 ,9 long1 rigor\s w9t]s1 ! cr[1 l o!r birds1 resorts to ! fruit ( num]\s wild plants1 z dogwood1 s\r gum1 hackb]ry1 smilax1 & ! sev]al species ( sumac & poison ivy4 ,damage to ! eggs ( p\ltry may be r$uc$ to a m9imum by c>eful h\s+ ( la/+ h5s1 & ! f>m] c protect 8 spr\t+ gra9 to a l>ge ext5t by ! use ( t>-coat$ se$4 ,x w be well also to keep ! cr[ )9 reasonable numb]s on game pres]ves & public p>ks :]e x is desir$ to enc\rage ! ne/+ ( small] birds4 ,:ile legal protection is n ne$$ = s w>y an individual z ! cr[1 x seems well1 :]e local conditions h n aggravat$ "s p>ticul> %ortcom+s ( ! bird1 to all[ x to cont9ue ! good s]vices g5d]$ to man 9 ! de/ruction ( noxi\s insects4 ,,blue ,,jay4 ,! blue jay#de 7fig4 #ag7 is a conspicu\s memb] ( our bird population ea/ ( ! ,pla9s1 especially 9 autumn :5 8 brilliant plumage contra/s vividly ) ! br[n foliage4 ,ev5 9 w9t] he /ays ) u1 ?\gh at ?is "t he is less common along our nor!rn bord]4 ,9 spr+ & summ]1 :ile by no means uncommon1 ! blue jay is n s (t5 notic$1 z ! retir+ disposition :i* he assumes dur+ ! bre$+ season assi/s 9 protect+ him f enemies4 ,?is also all[s him to c>ry on ) consid]able impunity t +lori\s practice ( ne/ robb+ ( :i*1 9 a measure1 he has be5 rightfully accus$4 #de ,cyanocitta cri/ata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,blue ,jay4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #aa in*es4 ,exam9ation ( #ecj /oma*s collect$ at all times ( ! ye> 9 #cj ( our ,ea/]n ,/ates & ,canada %[s t insects comprise ab\t #bb p] c5t ( ! ye>ly su/5ance4 ,ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ^! are injuri\s1 ! rema9d] be+ neutral or b5eficial4 ,( ! injuri\s insects1 gras%opp]s =m ! l>ge/ portion2 9 ,augu/ ne>ly a fif? ( ! food4 ,cat]pill>s are conspicu\s 9 ,july & ,augu/ & at ?is "t av]age ab\t a t5? ( ! /oma* cont5ts4 ,bo? laboratory inve/igations & field obs]vations h e/abli%$ ! fact t 9 w9t] ! eggs ( ! t5t cat]pill> & ! hib]nat+ l>v ( ! br[n-tail mo? 9 ,new ,engl& are eag]ly s\ght ,sc>abid beetles =m ab\t #d p] c5t ( ! ye>ly food1 & click beetles & wire-worms ab\t #a p] c5t4 ,( ! b5eficial =ms1 gr\nd beetles 7#c p] c5t7 & hym5opt]\s insects1 "p ( :i* are p>asitic 7#b4e p] c5t71 are tak5 mo/ frequ5tly4 ,a few o!r inv]tebrates1 z spid]s1 millip$es1 mollusks1 & cru/aceans1 also are eat5 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ! v]tebrate food ( ! blue jay we are confront$ ) ! problem ( ! de/ruction ( wild birds & _! eggs4 ,special se>* 0 made = e possible trace ( su* mat]ial 9 ! /oma*s1 & 9 #f ( ! #ecj 7 f\nd ! rema9s ( wild birds or _! eggs4 ,9 ,febru>y two jays _h kill$ a small bird apiece2 9 ,may "o _h robb$ a ne/ ( eggs2 9 ,june two _h tak5 a small bird & a clut* ( eggs1 respectively2 & 9 ,augu/ ano!r _h robb$ a ne/ ,z ?is trait ( ! jay appe>s to be mo/ pron\nc$ dur+ its own bre$+ season1 x is q possible = _m birds :i* h suff]$ f its boldness e>ly 9 ! season to raise ano!r brood unmole/$4 ,?irty-n9e ( ! #ecj jays exam9$ _h f$ on h5's eggs4 ,mu* ( ?is food1 h[ev]1 0 pick$ up ab\t rubbi% heaps1 to :i* ! jay1 l o!r memb]s ( ! cr[ family1 is p>tial4 ,:ile ! result ( /oma* analysis w\ld appe> to belittle ?is fault ( ! blue jay1 x is d\btless q *>act]i/ic ( ! bird "u favorable conditions4 ,compla9t t ! jay is ! s\rce ( consid]able damage to corn 9 ! fall has be5 v]ifi$ to a c]ta9 degree by /oma* exam9ation4 ,?is gra9 is tak5 9 e mon? ( ! ye>1 b 9 great] quantities dur+ w9t] & e>ly spr+1 :5 mu* ( x is necess>ily wa/e1 & x =ms ab\t #ah p] c5t ( ! ye>ly food4 ,cultivat$ fruits ( v>i\s k9ds are eat5 f ,june to ! end ( ! ye>1 & ! #ae p] c5t tak5 9 ,july app>5tly ju/ifies compla9ts aga9/ ! bird on ?is score4 ,! favorite vegetable food ( ! blue jay is ma/ ( v>i\s k9ds1 acorns pr$om9at+1 b bee*nuts1 *e/nuts1 *9quaqu9s1 & hazelnuts also are reli%$4 ,?is food is important 9 e mon? b ,july & ,augu/1 ! ye>ly av]age be+ ov] #dc p] c5t1 & f ,octob] to ,m>* x con/itutes ab\t two-?irds ( ! diet4 ,occasionally h>m is done by fe$+ also on cultivat$ nuts1 z pecans4 ,wild fruits are eat5 dur+ ! summ] & fall & con/itute ab\t #g p] c5t ( ! ye>ly su/5ance4 ,! blue jay probably r5d]s its be/ s]vices to man 9 de/roy+ gras%opp]s late 9 ! season & 9 fe$+ on hib]nat+ insects & _! eggs1 z x does 9 ! case ( ! t5t cat]pill> & br[n-tail mo?4 ,su* =e/ insects z bupre/id beetles & weevils ( v>i\s k9ds also fall z its prey4 ,! blue jay's vegetable food1 ) ! exception ( "s cultivat$ fruit & corn 9 ! fall1 is l>gely neutral4 ,! sev]e/ criticism aga9/ ! species is ! de/ruction ( o!r birds & _! eggs4 ,:]e we wi% to attract birds 9 l>ge numb]s ab\t our doory>ds1 9 our p>ks1 & 9 game pres]ves1 x w be well n to all[ ! jays to become too abundant4 ,,pacific ,,coa/ ,,jays4 ,9 ,cali=nia & adjac5t ,/ates two species ( jays are mu* 9 evid5ce "u sev]al m or less well-m>k$ =ms4 ,! ,/ell] jay#df mu* resembles ! ea/]n bird1 b x is m %y & retir+ & seldom visits ! or*>d or vic9ity ( ! ran* build+s4 ,/oma* exam9ation %[s t its food does n radically diff] f t ( ! ea/]n blue jay4 ,z is ! case ) t bird1 a v consid]able "p ( ! food consi/s ( ma/1 toge!r ) a little fruit & "s insects4 ,! insects are l>gely wasps1 ) "s beetles & gras%opp]s4 ,?is jay also eats "s gra91 :i* is probably wa/e or volunte]4 ,no compla9ts1 s f> z kn[n1 are made aga9/ ?is bird4 ,until x %all become less w>y x is n likely to trespass to a s]i\s ext5t ^u ! f>m]'s pres]ve4 #df ,cyanocitta /ell]i4 ,! ,cali=nia jay1#dg al?\gh ( a diff]5t g5us1 m ne>ly resembles its ea/]n relative 9 food habits & actions4 ,x freely visits ! /ocky>ds ne> ran* build+s1 & or*>ds & g>d5s4 ,z a fruit /eal] x is notori\s4 ,"o in/ance is record$ :]e sev5 jays 7 %ot f a prune tree1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! dead bodies be+ left "u ! tree until all 7 kill$4 ,s eag] 7 ! birds to get ! fruit t ! report ( ! gun & ! sight ( _! dead did n det] !m f com+ to ! tree4 ,9 or*>ds 9 canyons or on hillsides adjac5t to *ap>ral or o!r cov] great mis*ief is done by ?is bird4 ,9 "o su* case an or*>d 0 "u obs]vation at a "t :5 ! prune crop 0 rip5+1 & jays 9 a cont9u\s /ream 7 se5 to come d[n a small rav9e to ! or*>d1 prey ^u ! fruit1 & return4 #dg ,aphelocoma cali=nica4 ,fruit /eal+1 h[ev]1 is only "o ( ! s9s ( ! ,cali=nia jay4 ,t x robs h5s' ne/s is univ]sal te/imony4 ,a case is report$ ( a h5 hav+ a ne/ "u a clump ( bu%es2 e day a jay came to a tree a few rods away1 & :5 x he>d ! cackle ( ! h5 ann\nc+ a new egg x flew at once to ! ne/4 ,at ! same "t ! mi/ress ( ! h\se ha/5$ to ! spot to secure ! prize1 b 9 mo/ cases ! jay won ! race4 ,?is is only "o ( _m simil> cases rec\nt$4 ,! jays h le>n$ j :at ! cackle ( ! h5 means4 ,ano!r case m s]i\s is t relat$ by a man engag$ 9 rais+ :ite leghorn f[ls on a ran* sev]al miles up a canyon4 ,he /at$ t :5 ! *icks 7 v "y ! jays attack$ & kill$ !m by a few bl[s ( ! beak & !n peck$ op5 ! skull & ate out ! bra9s4 ,9 spite ( all ef=ts to protect ! *icks & kill ! jays ! losses 9 ?is way 7 s]i\s4 ,exam9ation ( ! /oma*s ( #cbf ,cali=nia jays %[s t #bg p] c5t ( ! cont5ts = ! ye> consi/s ( animal matt] & #gc p] c5t ( vegetable4 ,al?\gh ! great bulk ( ! animal food is made up ( insects1 ! rema9s ( egg%ells & birds' bones appe> mu* too (t54 ,! insect food is fairly well di/ribut$ among ! m common ord]s1 b gras%opp]s are slightly ! mo/ num]\s & con/itute #d4e p] c5t ( ! ye>'s food4 ,9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt is #ad1 #ah1 & #ai p] c5t1 respectively4 ,f\r p] c5t ( ! food consi/s ( wasps1 bees1 etc41 b 9 ! ?ree mon?s nam$ !y con/itute #ae1 #g1 & #i p] c5t1 respectively4 ,a work] honeybee f\nd 9 ea* ( two /oma*s is r surpris+1 = x is unusual to f9d a bird l ! jay eat+ ^! active & elusive insects1 :i* ent] into ! diet ( ! flycat*]s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! insect food is pretty ev5ly di/ribut$ among beetles1 bugs1 flies1 & cat]pill>s4 ,egg%ells 7 f\nd 9 #ba /oma*s & birds' bones 9 #e4 ,six /oma*s conta9$ ! bones ( mammals & two ^? ( a liz>d4 ,no bird has a worse reputation = ne/ robb+ ?an has ! ea/]n jay1 & yet ( #ecj /oma*s ( ! ea/]n species only #f conta9$ egg%ells or ! bones ( birds4 ,?is comp>ison s]ves to %[ :at a m>aud] & ne/ ?ief ! ,cali=nia jay really is4 ,9 its vegetable diet ?is bird mu* resembles its ea/]n relative1 ! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce be+ 9 ! matt] ( fruit eat+4 ,) great] opportunities ! ,cali=nia bird has develop$ a great] appetite = fruit & indulges x to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,rema9s ( fruit 7 f\nd 9 #bbj ( ! #cbf /oma*s4 ,! p]c5tage = ! ye> is only #af1 b = ! f\r mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb] x is #dd1 #cc1 #ec1 & #be1 respectively4 ,*]ries1 apricots1 & prunes are ! favorites among cultivat$ fruits1 & eld]b]ries are reli%$ to "s ext5t4 ,gra91 :i* 0 f\nd 9 #dh /oma*s1 am\nts to #f p] c5t ( ! food ( ! ye>4 ,practically all ( x 0 tak5 9 ! f\r mon?s above m5tion$1 b x is n probable t mu* damage is done by ! jay 9 ?is respect4 ,! major portion ( ! gra9 0 oats4 ,:at 0 n wild 0 probably simply scatt]$ gra9 glean$ aft] ! h>ve/4 ,ma/ is eat5 by ! ,cali=nia jay f ,septemb] to ,m>*1 inclusive1 & con/itutes dur+ mo/ ( t p]iod "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( its food4 ,9 ?is respect ! bird %[s a rem>kable simil>ity to ! ea/]n species4 ,a few we$ se$s & o!r miscellane\s items make up ! balance ( ! vegetable food4 ,9 summ+ up f an economic po9t ( view ! "* ( ! food ( ! ,cali=nia jay1 x mu/ be conc$$ t x is n all t c\ld be wi%$4 ,its ta/e = birds' eggs & fruit is entirely too pron\nc$1 & at pres5t ! species is sup]abundant 9 ,cali=nia4 ,:ile ! natural food supply ( ! bird has be5 less5$ by br++ ! woods & bru%y canyons "u cultivation1 ! same areas h be5 plant$ to fruit1 & naturally ! jay takes ! fruit z an acceptable sub/itute4 ,a consid]able r$uction ( ! bird's numb]s w\ld appe> to be ! only effective rem$y4 ,,! ,,ph,,bes4 ,among ! e>ly spr+ arrivals to _! nor!rn homes none is m welcome ?an ! phbe 7fig4 #ah74 ,! common phbe#dh bre$s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & w9t]s f ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates s\?w>d4 ,its we/]n relative1 ! black phbe1#di is f\nd f ,texas we/ to ! ,pacific coa/1 :i* x occupies z f> nor? z ,wa%+ton1 replac+ ?r\gh mo/ ( ?is region ! common or ea/]n =m4 #dh ,sayornis phbe4 #di ,sayornis ,nigricans4 ,?\gh naturally build+ its ne/ "u an ov]hang+ cliff ( rock or e>?1 or 9 ! m\? ( a cave1 ! pref]5ce ( ! ea/]n species = ! vic9ity ( f>m build+s is s m>k$ t 9 ! m ?ickly settl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! bird is seldom se5 at any great di/ance f a f>mh\se1 except :]e a bridge spann+ a /ream af=ds a secure spot = a ne/4 ,its confid+ disposition r5d]s x a great favorite1 & consequ5tly x is seldom di/urb$4 ,! phbe subsi/s almo/ exclusively ^u insects1 mo/ ( :i* are caught ^u ! w+4 ,an exam9ation ( #cgj /oma*s %[$ t ov] #hi p] c5t ( ! ye>'s food consi/s ( insects & spid]s1 :ile wild fruit con/itutes ! rema9d]4 ,! insects belong *iefly to noxi\s species1 & include _m click beetles4 ,may beetles1 & weevils4 ,o!r beetles1 belong+ to #ba families t 7 id5tifi$1 make up #aj4fe p] c5t4 ,!y appe> to be eat5 v regul>ly 9 e mon?1 b ! mo/ are tak5 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,may is ! mon? ( maximum consumption1 ) #bj4dc p] c5t4 ,beetles altoge!r am\nt to #ae4c p] c5t1 :i* places !m second 9 rank ( ! items ( animal food4 ,! notori\s cotton-boll weevil 0 f\nd 9 six /oma*s tak5 9 ! cotton fields ( ,texas & ,l\isiana1 & five individuals ( ! /rawb]ry weevil 7 tak5 f "o collect$ 9 ,texas4 ,_m o!r beetles conta9$ ,9 ! /oma*s are equally h>mful1 b are n s widely kn[n4 ,su* are ! corn leaf-beetle1 :i* fe$s ^u corn2 ! #ab-spott$ cucumb] beetle1 & ! /rip$ cucumb] beetle1 bo? ( :i* s]i\sly injure & sometimes de/roy cucumb] & squa% v9es2 & ! locu/ leaf m9]1 :i* is sometimes s num]\s t all ! locu/ trees ov] l>ge areas are bla/$ z by fire4 ,9 ! phbe's diet hym5opt]\s insects /& at ! head1 z is ! case ) mo/ ( ! flycat*]s4 ,!y are eat5 ) great regul>ity & are ! l>ge/ item 9 ne>ly e mon?4 ,a few are useful p>asitic species1 b ^! are (fset by a numb] ( sawfly l>v1 :i* are v h>mful insects4 ,ants 7 f\nd 9 #bd /oma*s4 ,no honeybees 7 id5tifi$4 ,9 _! season gras%opp]s are mu* reli%$1 :ile wasps ( v>i\s =ms1 _m flies ( species t annoy cattle1 & a few bugs & spid]s are also eat5 regul>ly4 ,x is evid5t t a pair ( phbes mu/ mat]ially r$uce ! numb] ( insects ne> a g>d5 or field1 z ! birds (t51 if n always1 raise two broods a ye>1 & ea* brood numb]s f f\r to six "y4 ,!re is h>dly a m useful species ab\t ! f>m ?an ! phbe1 & x %\ld receive e enc\ragem5t4 ,to furni% ne/+ boxes is helpful1 b n necess>y1 z x usually pref]s a m op5 situation1 l a %$ or a nook "u ! eaves1 b x %\ld be protect$ f cats & o!r m>aud]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,phbe4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #f in*es4 ,! black phbe has ! same habits z its ea/]n relative1 bo? z to selection ( food & ne/+ sites1 pref]r+ = ! latt] purpose "s /ructure ( man1 z a %$ or1 bett] /ill1 a bridge ov] a /ream ( wat]1 & ! pref]5ce ( ! black phbe = ! vic9ity ( wat] is v pron\nc$4 ,"o may always be f\nd at a /ream' or pool & (t5 at a wat]+ tr\gh by ! roadside4 ,c>eful /udy ( ! habits ( ! bird %[s t x obta9s a l>ge portion ( ,its food ab\t wet places4 ,:ile camp+ beside a /ream 9 ,cali=nia ! writ] took "s pa9s to obs]ve ! habits ( ! black phbe4 ,! ne/+ season 0 ov]1 & ! birds _h no?+ to d b eat4 ,?is !y appe>$ to be do+ all ! "t4 ,:5 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! morn+1 at ! fir/ glimm] ( daylight1 a phbe 0 always f\nd flitt+ f rock to rock1 al?\gh x 0 s dusky t ! bird c\ld h>dly be se54 ,?is activity 0 kept up all day4 ,ev5 9 ! ev5+1 :5 x 0 s d>k t notes 7 writt5 by ! aid ( ! camp fire1 ! phbe 0 /ill engag$ 9 its "w ( collect+1 ?\gh x 0 difficult to und]/& h[ x c\ld cat* insects :5 !re 0 sc>cely light en\gh to see ! bird4 ,exploration ( ! /ream %[$ t e portion ( x 0 patroll$ by a phbe1 t ea* "o app>5tly did n range ov] m ?an #ab or #ac rods ( wat]1 & t sometimes two or ?ree 7 9 close proximity4 ,! numb] ( insects de/roy$ 9 a ye> by ! black phbe is enorm\s4 ,=tunately1 ! exam9ation ( /oma*s has supplem5t$ obs]vation 9 ! field1 & we are enabl$ to give precise details4 ,( ! #ccc /oma*s exam9$1 e "o conta9$ insects z ! great bulk ( ! food4 ,only #ae conta9$ any vegetable food at all1 & 9 no case 0 x a consid]able "p ( ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,! insects eat5 7 mo/ly wasps1 bugs1 & flies1 b _m beetles also 7 de/roy$4 ,useful beetles belong+ to ?ree families am\nt to #b4h p] c5t ( ! food4 ,o!r beetles ( h>mful or neutral species rea* #aj4e p] c5t4 ,wasps1 ! l>ge/ item ( ! food1 7 f\nd 9 #beb /oma*s & 7 ! :ole cont5ts ( #ae4 ,! av]age = ! ye> is #ce p] c5t4 ,p>asitic species 7 not$1 b !y 7 v few4 ,ants 7 f\nd 9 #dh /oma*s1 & = a %ort "t 9 midsumm] !y con/itute a notable "p ( ! food4 ,v>i\s wild bees & wasps make up ! bulk ( ?is item4 ,no honeybees 7 f\nd4 ,bugs 9 v>i\s =ms con/itute #aj4ef p] c5t & are eat5 9 e mon? b ,may4 ,/9kbugs appe> to be ! favorites1 z !y 7 conta9$ 9 #aj /oma*s4 ,plant lice 7 f\nd 9 "o /oma*4 ,flies1 =m+ ! second l>ge/ item1 7 f\nd 9 #ig /oma*s & completely fill$ #c4 ,!y con/itute ! mo/ regul> article 9 ! black phbe's diet4 ,! maximum consumption occurs 9 ,april1 #fd4c p] c5t4 ,! black phbe well m]its its title ( flycat*]4 ,mo?s & cat]pill>s am\nt to #h4b p] c5t ( ! food4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 #gb /oma*s1 ( :i* #ea conta9$ ! adult mo?s & #bh ! l>v or cat]pill>s4 ,"o /oma* 0 entirely fill$ ) adults4 ,?is is "o ( ! few birds /udi$ by ! writ] t eats m mo?s ?an cat]pill>s1 = z a rule ! cat]pill>s are l>gely 9 excess4 ,flycat*]s1 tak+ _! food ^u ! w+1 w\ld naturally prove exceptions to ! rule4 ,crickets are evid5tly n a favorite food ( ! black phbe1 z !y am\nt to only #b4de p] c5t4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 #ci /oma*s1 b usually ! am\nt 9 ea* 0 small1 ?\gh "o /oma* 0 entirely fill$ ) !m4 ,gras%opp]s did n appe>4 ,dragon flies 7 eat5 to "s ext5t1 & ^! illu/rate ! fondness ( ! species = ! neighborhood ( wat]4 ,! vegetable matt] eat5 consi/$ *iefly ( small wild fruits ( no economic importance4 ,ano!r phbe inhabit+ ! ,we/]n ,/ates & bre$+ z f> nor? z ,alaska is ! ,say phbe4#ej ,inve/igation ( its food 0 bas$ on ! exam9ation ( #hf /oma*s1 & :ile none 7 available = ! mon?s :5 insects are mo/ num]\s1 ! bird prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ exclusively insectivor\s ( ! family4 ,t x takes a few useful insects c n be d5i$1 b ^! are f> outnumb]$ by ! h>mful ones x de/roys1 & ! balance is cle>ly 9 favor ( ! bird4 ,its vegetable food am\nts to only #b p] c5t & is made up ( a little wild fruit1 se$s1 & rubbi%4 #ej ,sayornis sayus4 ,,! ,,k+birds4 ,! well-kn[n ea/]n k+bird#ea 7fig4 #ai7 is ess5tially a lov] ( ! or*>d1 ?\gh groves & ! edge ( =e/s 7 probably its orig9al habitat4 ,x bre$s 9 ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & less commonly 9 ! ,great ,bas9 & on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,its ho/ility to hawks & cr[s is prov]bial1 & = ?is reason a family ( k+birds is a desirable adjunct to a p\ltry y>d4 ,on "o occasion 9 ! k ( ! writ] a hawk :i* attack$ a brood ( "y turkeys 0 p\nc$ ^u & s sev]ely buffet$ by a pair ( k+birds ^: ne/ 0 ne> by t ! w\ld-be robb] 0 glad to escape )\t 8 prey4 ,song birds t ne/ ne> ! k+bird are simil>ly protect$4 #ea ,tyrannus tyrannus4 ,! k+bird is l>gely insectivor\s4 ,x is a true flycat*] & takes on ! w+ a l>ge "p ( its food4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 conf9e itself to ?is me?od ( hunt+1 b picks up "s insects f trees & we$s1 & ev5 desc5ds to ! gr\nd 9 se>* ( myriapods or ?\s& legs4 ,! *ief compla9t aga9/ ! species by bo? pr(essional bee keep]s & o!rs has be5 t x preys l>gely ^u honeybees4 ,"o bee rais] 9 ,i[a1 suspect+ ! k+birds ( fe$+ ^u 8 bees1 %ot a numb] ne> 8 hives2 b :5 ! /oma*s ( ! birds 7 exam9$ by an exp]t entomologi/1 n a trace ( honeybees c\ld be f\nd4 ,an exam9ation ( #ffe /oma*s collect$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 0 made by ! ,biological ,survey1 b only #bb 7 f\nd to conta9 rema9s ( honeybees4 ,9 ^! #bb /oma*s !re 7 9 all #fa honeybees1 ( :i* #ea 7 drones1 #h 7 c]ta9ly work]s1 & ! rema9+ #b 7 too badly brok5 to be fur!r id5tifi$4 ,! insects t con/itute ! great bulk ( ! food ( ! bird are noxi\s species1 l>gely beetles--,may beetles1 click beetles 7! l>v ( :i* are kn[n z wire-worms71 weevils1 :i* prey ^u fruit & gra91 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,wasps1 wild bees1 & ants are conspicu\s elem5ts ( ! food1 f> outnumb]+ ! hive bees4 ,dur+ summ] _m gras%opp]s & crickets1 z well z leaf hopp]s & o!r bugs1 also are eat54 ,9 ! /oma*s exam9$ 7 a numb] ( robb] files--insects :i* prey l>gely ^u o!r insects1 includ+ honeybees1 & :i* are kn[n to commit 9 ?is way ext5sive depr$ations4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! k+bird by de/roy+ ^! flies actually does good "w = ! api>i/4 ,! #bf robb] flies f\nd 9 ! /oma*s may be consid]$ m ?an an equival5t = ! #h work] honeybees already m5tion$4 ,a few cat]pill>s are eat51 mo/ly belong+ to ! gr\p commonly kn[n z cutworms1 all ! species ( :i* are h>mful4 ,ab\t #aa p] c5t ( ! food consi/s ( small native fruits1 compris+ "s #cj common species ( ! roadsides & ?ickets1 z dogwood b]ries1 eld]b]ries1 & wild grapes4 ,! k+bird is n report$ z eat+ cultivat$ fruit to an injuri\s ext5t1 & x is v d\btful if ?is is ev] ! case4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ! ,arkansas k+bird#eb is n s dome/ic 9 its habits z its ea/]n relative1 pref]r+ to live among scatt]+ oaks on lonely hillsides1 r ?an 9 or*>ds ab\t ran* build+s4 ,! "w x does1 h[ev]1 9 ! de/ruction ( noxi\s insects fully equals t ( any memb] ( its family4 ,l o!r flycat*]s1 x subsi/s mo/ly ^u insects tak5 9 mid-air1 ?\gh x eats a numb] ( gras%opp]s1 probably tak5 f ! gr\nd4 ,! bulk ( its food consi/s ( beetles1 bugs1 wasps1 & wild bees4 ,l its ea/]n repres5tative1 x has be5 accus$ ( fe$+ to an injuri\s ext5t ^u honeybees4 ,9 an exam9ation ( #fb /oma*s ( ?is species1 great c>e 0 tak5 to id5tify e insect or fragm5t t _h any resemblance to a honeybee2 z a result1 #cj honeybees 7 id5tifi$1 ( :i* #bi 7 males or drones & #a a work]4 ,^! 7 conta9$ 9 f\r /oma*s1 & 7 ! sole cont5ts ( ?ree2 9 ! f\r? !y con/itut$ #ii p] c5t ( ! food4 ,x is evid5t t ! bee-eat+ habit is only occasional & accid5tal1 r ?an habitual2 & x is also evid5t t if ?is ratio ( drones to work]s 7 ma9ta9$1 ! bird w\ld be ( m b5efit ?an h>m to ! api>y4 #eb ,tyrannus v]ticalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,k+bird4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #h in*es4 ,! ,cass9 k+bird#ec has a m s\!rly range ?an ! ,arkansas flycat*]4 ,exam9ation ( a numb] ( /oma*s %[s t its food habits are simil> to ^? ( o!rs ( ! gr\p4 #ec ,tyrannus vocif]ans4 ,?ree po9ts seem to be cle>ly e/abli%$ 9 reg>d to ! food ( ! k+birds--7#a7 t ab\t #ij p] c5t consi/s ( insects1 mo/ly injuri\s species2 7#b7 t ! alleg$ habit ( prey+ ^u honeybees is mu* less preval5t ?an has be5 suppos$1 & probably does n result 9 any great damage2 & 7#c7 t ! vegetable food consi/s almo/ entirely ( wild fruits :i* h no economic value4 ,all ( ! k+birds are ( ! greate/ importance to ! f>m] & fruit gr[]1 z !y de/roy va/ numb]s ( h>mful insects1 & d no appreciable damage to any product ( cultivation4 ,,nigh?awk4 ,! nigh?awk1 or bull-bat1#ed bre$s ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & w9t]s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is /rictly insectivor\s1 & h5ce does no damage to crops4 ,! only *>ge t c be made aga9/ ! bird is t x de/roys "s useful insects1 b ^! are greatly 9 ! m9ority 9 its food4 #ed ,*ordeiles virg9ianus4 ,nigh?awks are s exp]t 9 flight t no insects c escape !m4 ,9 _! capaci\s m\?s !y sweep up ev]y?+ f ! l>ge/ mo?s & dragon flies to ! t9ie/ ants & gnats1 & 9 ?is way sometimes ga!r mo/ rem>kable collections ( insects4 ,sev]al /oma*s h conta9$ #ej or m diff]5t k9ds1 & ! numb] ( individuals ran into ! ?\s&s4 ,ne>ly a f\r? ( ! birds' total food is compos$ ( ants4 ,^! ,insects are g5]ally annoy+ & (t5 v injuri\s1 especially on acc\nt ( _! damage to /or$ products & because ( _! habit ( fo/]+ de/ructive plant lice4 ,m ?an a fif? ( ! nigh?awk's food consi/s ( ,june bugs1 dung beetles1 & o!r beetles ( ! leaf-*af] family4 ,^! are ! adults ( :ite grubs1 not$ pe/s1 & ev5 z adults _m memb]s ( ! family are decid$ly h>mful4 ,num]\s o!r injuri\s beetles1 z click beetles1 wood bor]s1 & weevils1 are reli%$4 ,true bugs1 mo?s1 flies1 gras%opp]s1 & crickets also are important elem5ts ( ! food4 ,sev]al species ( mosquitoes1 includ+ ! transmitt] ( mal>ia1 are eat54 ,o!r well-kn[n pe/s consum$ by ! nigh?awk are ,colorado potato beetles1 cucumb] beetles1 rice1 clov]-leaf1 & cotton-boll weevils1 billbugs1 b>k beetles1 squa% bugs1 & mo?s ( ! cotton worm4 ,nigh?awks are mu* less num]\s ?an =m]ly1 *iefly because ( wanton %oot+4 ,!y are giv5 full legal protection almo/ ev]y:]e1 & citiz5s %\ld see t ! law is obey$4 ,! bird is f> too useful & attractive to be p]secut$4 ,,! ,,woodpeck]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,hairy woodpeck]4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #i in*es4 ,five or six species ( woodpeck]s are famili>ly kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,9 ! ,we/ are replac$ by o!rs ( simil> habits4 ,sev]al species rema9 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ?r\gh ! entire ye>1 :ile o!rs are m or less migratory4 ,f>m]s are prone to look ^u woodpeck]s ) suspicion4 ,:5 ! birds are se5 scrambl+ ov] fruit trees & peck+ holes 9 ! b>k1 x is conclud$ t !y mu/ be do+ h>m4 ,c>eful obs]v]s1 h[ev]1 h notic$ t1 except+ a s+le species1 ^! birds r>ely leave any conspicu\s m>k on a heal?y tree1 except :5 x is affect$ by wood-bor+ l>v1 :i* are accurately locat$1 dislodg$1 & dev\r$ by ! woodpeck]4 ,two ( ! be/-kn[n woodpeck]s1 ! hairy woodpeck]#ee 7fig4 #bj7 & ! d[ny woodpeck]1#ef includ+ _! races1 range ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y diff] *iefly 9 size1 _! colors be+ practically ! same4 ,! males1 l ^? ( _m o!r woodpeck]s1 are di/+ui%$ by a sc>let pat* on ! head4 ,an exam9ation ( _m /oma*s ( ^! two species %[s t f two-?irds to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! food consi/s ( insects1 *iefly noxi\s k9ds4 ,wood-bor+ beetles1 bo? adults & l>v1 are conspicu\s1 & ) !m are associat$ _m cat]pill>s1 mo/ly species t burr[ into trees4 ,next 9 importance are ! ants t live 9 decay+ wood1 all ( :i* are s\ght by woodpeck]s & eat5 9 great quantities4 ,_m ants are p>ticul>ly h>mful to timb]1 = if !y f9d a small spot ( decay 9 ! vacant burr[ ( a wood bor]1 !y enl>ge ! hole1 &1 z _! colony is always on ! increase1 cont9ue to eat away ! wood until ! :ole trunk is honeycomb$4 ,moreov]1 !y are n accessible to birds g5]ally1 & c\ld pursue _! c>e] ( de/ruction unmole/$ 7 x n t ! woodpeck]s1 ) beaks & tongues especially fitt$ = su* "w1 dig out & dev\r !m4 ,x is ?us evid5t t woodpeck]s are great cons]vators ( =e/s4 ,to !m m ?an to any o!r ag5cy we owe ! pres]vation ( timb] f hordes ( de/ructive insects4 #ee ,dryobates villosus4 #ef ,dryobates pubec5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,flick]4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #ab in*es4 ,"o ( ! l>g] woodpeck]s famili> to ev]yone is ! flick]1 or gold5-w+$ woodpeck]#eg 7fig4 #ba71 :i* is g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! ,atlantic coa/ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,!re x is replac$ by ! r$-%aft$ flick]1#eh :i* ext5ds we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 ,! two species are z ne>ly id5tical 9 food habits z _! respective environm5ts w all[4 ,! flick]s1 :ile g5u9e woodpeck]s1 diff] some:at 9 habits f ! re/ ( ! family1 & are frequ5tly se5 se>*+ = food ^u ! gr\nd4 ,l ! d[ny & hairy woodpeck]s1 !y fe$ ^u wood-bor+ grubs & ants1 b ! numb] ( ants eat5 is mu* great] ?an t eat5 by ! o!r two species4 ,( ! flick]s' /oma*s exam9$1 ?ree 7 completely fill$ ) ants4 ,two ( ^! conta9$ m ?an #c1jjj individuals ea*1 :ile ! ?ird conta9$ fully #e1jjj4 ,^! ants belong to species :i* live 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is ^! insects = :i* ! flick] se>*es :5 x runs ab\t 9 ! grass1 al?\gh "s gras%opp]s also are !n tak54 ,! flick]'s habit ( peck+ holes 9 build+s sometimes greatly annoys its human fri5ds1 & x is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! ,cali=nia species4 ,obs]vation has %[n t ! object ( ! "w is to obta9 %elt] = ! w9t]4 ,9 ! ,ea/ mo/ ( ! flick]s are migratory1 & only a few rema9 ,nor? :]e %elt] is necess>y4 ,^! g5]ally f9d a safe retreat 9 ! holl[ tree ,9 :i* !y ne/$4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 h[ev]1 :]e ! birds d n migrate1 trees are n s abundant z 9 ! ,ea/1 & consequ5tly build+s are br\ght into requisition1 & 9 !m holes are drill$1 usually "u ! eaves1 :]e snug nights' lodg+s are f\nd4 ,(t5 a doz5 holes may be se5 9 "o build+4 ,b>ns or o!r outbuild+s are usually select$1 ?\gh *ur*es sometimes h be5 us$4 #eg ,colaptes auratus4 #eh ,colaptes caf] coll>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,r$-head$ woodpeck]4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #i in*es4 ,! r$-head$ woodpeck]#ei 7fig4 #bb7 is well kn[n ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 b ,is r r>e 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,unlike "s ( ! o!r species1 x pref]s f5ce po/s & telegraph poles to trees z a =ag+ gr\nd4 ,its food !re=e naturally diff]s f t ( ! prec$+ species1 & consi/s l>gely ( adult beetles & wasps :i* x frequ5tly captures on ! w+ aft] ! fa%ion ( flycat*]s4 ,gras%opp]s also =m an important "p ( ! food4 ,among ! beetles are a numb] ( pr$aci\s gr\nd species & "s tig] beetles1 :i* are useful insects4 ,! r$-head has be5 accus$ ( robb+ ne/s ( o!r birds1 & ( peck+ out ! bra9s ( "y birds & p\ltry2 b z ! /oma*s %[$ little evid5ce to sub/antiate ?is *>ge1 ! habit probably is exceptional4 #ei ,melan]pes ery?rocephalus4 ,! vegetable food ( woodpeck]s is v>i$1 b consi/s l>gely ( small fruits & b]ries4 ,! d[ny & hairy woodpeck]s eat su* fruits z dogwood & ,virg9ia creep] & se$s ( poison ivy1 sumac1 & a few o!r %rubs4 ,! flick] also eats a great _m small fruits & ! se$s ( a consid]able numb] ( %rubs & we$s4 ,none ( ! ?ree species is mu* giv5 to eat+ cultivat$ fruits or crops4 ,! r$-head has be5 accus$ ( eat+ ! l>g] k9ds ( fruit1 z apples1 & also ( tak+ consid]able corn4 ,/oma* exam9ations %[ t to "s ext5t ^! *>ges are sub/antiat$1 b t ! habit is n preval5t en\gh to cause mu* damage4 ,! bird is fond ( ma/1 especially bee*nuts1 & :5 ^! nuts are pl5tiful x rema9s nor? all w9t]4 ,woodpeck]s app>5tly are ! only ag5ts :i* c successfully cope ) c]ta9 insect enemies ( ! =e/1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ) ^? ( fruit trees also4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 !y %\ld be protect$ 9 e possible way4 ,,! ,,cuckoos4 ,two species ( cuckoos are common ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 ! yell[-bill$ cuckoo#fj 7fig4 #bc7 & ! black-bill$ cuckoo1#fa & 9 ! ,we/ a relative ( ! yell[-bill1 ! ,cali=nia cuckoo1#fb ranges f ,colorado & ,texas to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,:ile ! two species are q di/9ct1 ! food habits ( ! yell[-bill & ! black-bill d n greatly diff] & _! economic /atus is practically ! same4 #fj ,coccyzus am]icanus4 #fa ,coccyzus ery?yrop?almus4 #fb ,coccyzus am]icanus occid5talis4 ,exam9ation ( #aee /oma*s has %[n t ^! species are mu* giv5 to eat+ cat]pill>s1 &1 unlike mo/ birds1 d n reject ^? cov]$ ) hair4 ,9 fact1 cuckoos eat s _m hairy cat]pill>s t ! hairs pi]ce ! inn] l9+ ( ! /oma* & rema9 !re1 & (t5 :5 ! /oma* is op5$ x appe>s to be l9$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( fur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,yell[-bill$ cuckoo4 ,l5g?1 ab\t #ab in*es4 ,an exam9ation ( ! /oma*s ( #df black-bill$ cuckoos1 tak5 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 %[$ ! rema9s ( #ijf cat]pill>s1 #dd beetles1 #if gras%opp]s1 #ajj sawflies1 #cj /9kbugs1 & #ae spid]s4 ,9 all probability m individuals ?an ^! 7 repres5t$1 b _! rema9s 7 too badly brok5 = recognition4 ,mo/ ( ! cat]pill>s 7 hairy1 & _m ( !m belong to a g5us t lives 9 colonies & fe$s on ! leaves ( trees1 includ+ ! apple tree4 ,"o /oma* 0 fill$ ) l>v ( a cat]pill> belong+ to ! same g5us z ! t5t cat]pill>1 & possibly to t species4 ,o!r l>v 7 ^? ( l>ge mo?s1 = :i* ! bird seems to h a special fondness4 ,! beetles 7 = ! mo/ "p click beetles & weevils1 z well z a few ,may beetles4 ,! sawflies 7 conta9$ 9 two /oma*s1 "o ( :i* held no less ?an #fj 9 ! l>val /age4 ,( ! yell[-bill$ cuckoo1 #aji /oma*s 7collect$ f ,may to ,octob]7 7 exam9$4 ,!y conta9$ #a1hfe cat]pill>s1 #ic beetles1 #bdb gras%opp]s1 #cg sawflies1 #fi bugs1 #f flies1 & #hf spid]s4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! black-bill$ cuckoo1 mo/ ( ! cat]pill>s belong$ to hairy species & _m ( !m 7 ( l>ge size4 ,"o /oma* conta9$ #bej ,am]ican t5t cat]pill>s2 ano!r #bag fall webworms4 ,! beetles 7 di/ribut$ among sev]al families1 all m or less h>mful to agriculture4 ,9 ! same /oma* :i* conta9$ ! t5t cat]pill>s 7 #b ,colorado potato beetles2 9 ano!r 7 #c goldsmi? beetles1 & rema9s ( sev]al o!r l>ge beetles4 ,besides ! ord9>y gras%opp]s 7 sev]al katydids & tree crickets4 ,! sawflies 7 9 ! l>val /age1 9 :i* !y resemble cat]pill>s s closely t !y are commonly call$ false cat]pill>s by entomologi/s4 ,! bugs consi/$ ( /9kbugs & cicadas1 or dog-day h>ve/ flies1 ) ! s+le exception ( "o :eel bug1 :i* 0 ! only useful insect eat54 ,,bob:ite4 ,no bird is bett] kn[n to c\ntry resid5ts ?an ! bob:ite#fc 7see illu/ration on title-page74 ,! bird's *e]y calls ! ye> r\nd =m "p ( ! mo/ pleasant associations ( c\ntry life1 & its neat =m & h>moni\s coloration1 & especially its confid+ habits1 make x a g5]al favorite4 #fc ,col9us virg9ianus4 ,any bu%y f5ce r[ s]ves z a retreat = its ne/1 or = w9t] %elt]1 & we$-cov]$ fields are its favorite fe$+ places4 ,we$ se$s =m m ?an half ! total food & include ^? ( all ! wor/ we$ pe/s ( ! f>m4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ crab1 cockspur1 wit*1 & foxtail grasses1 %eep sorrel1 sm>twe$1 b9dwe$1 lamb's-qu>t]s1 pigwe$s1 corn cockle1 *ickwe$1 *>lock1 p>tridge pea1 begg> lice1 nail grass1 rib grass1 ragwe$1 & ,spani% ne$les4 ,acorns1 bee*nuts1 *e/nuts1 & p9e se$s make up ab\t #b4e p] c5t ( ! food1 & wild fruit ab\t #aj p] c5t ,! fruits include b]ries ( palmetto1 smilax1 wax myrtle1 mulb]ry1 sassafras1 blackb]ries & raspb]ries1 rose haws1 *]ry1 sumac1 grapes1 s\r gum1 blueb]ries1 honeysuckle1 p>tridgeb]ry1 & a numb] ( o!rs4 ,! bob:ite fe$s to a slight ext5t ^u buds & leaves1 includ+ ^? ( yell[ & r$ sorrel1 c9quefoil1 & clov]4 ,gra9 =ms sc>cely m ?an a six? ( ! food1 & mo/ ( x is tak5 dur+ w9t] & e>ly spr+ :5 no?+ b wa/e gra9 is available ,! habit ( glean+ ?is aft] ! h>ve/ is b5eficial to ! f>m1 = volunte] gra9 is n desirable1 especially :]e x s]ves to ma9ta9 c]ta9 insect & fungus pe/s4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! gra9 & se$ crops gr[n ^u ! f>m are repres5t$ 9 bob:ite's diet>y1 no significant damage c be attribut$ to ! bird4 ,animal food1 *iefly insects1 compos$ ne>ly a six? ( ! bird's subsi/5ce4 ,f ,june to ,augu/1 inclusive1 :5 insects are mo/ num]\s1 _! proportion 9 ! food is ab\t #cf p] c5t4 ,! v>iety ( insect food is great & includes a numb] ( ! mo/ de/ructive agricultural pe/s4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ! ,colorado potato beetle1 #ab-spott$ cucumb] beetle1 bean leaf beetle1 squa% ladybird1 wire-worms4 ,may beetles1 corn billbugs1 clov]-leaf weevil1 army worm1 boilworm1 cutworms1 & *9* bug4 ,! food habits ( ! bob:ite und\bt$ly are b5eficial & ! bird %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 numb]s on e f>m4 ,?is is n to say t all %oot+ %\ld be prohibit$1 = ! bird is v prolific4 ,b its numb]s %\ld n be r$uc$ bel[ :at ! available ne/+ sites & range w support4 ,on ! o!r h& ! policy ( absolute protection rec5tly adopt$ by "o ( ! ,/ates is n call$ = by /rictly economic consid]ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,:5 ,,?is ,,publication ,,0 ,,la/ ,,pr9t$ ,secret>y ( ,agriculture ,h5ry ,a4 ,wallace4 ,"u ,secret>y ,rex=d ,g4 ,tugwell4 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ,m4 ,l4 ,wilson4 ,director ( ,ext5sion ,"w ,c4 ,w4 ,w>burton4 ,director ( ,p]sonnel ,w4 ,w4 ,/ockb]g]4 ,director ( ,in=mation ,m4 ,s4 ,eis5h[]4 ,director ( ,f9ance ,w4 ,a4 ,jump4 ,solicitor ,se? ,?omas4 ,agricultural ,adju/m5t ,*e/] ,c4 ,davis1 ,adm9i/ration ,adm9i/rator4 ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,economics ,a4 ,g4 ,black1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,eng9e]+ ,s4 ,h4 ,mc,crory1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey ,j4 ,n4 ,d>l+1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry & ,soils ,h4 ,g4 ,knight1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,dairy ,indu/ry ,o4 ,e4 ,re$1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,lee ,a4 ,/rong1 ,*ief4 ,qu>ant9e ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations ,james ,t4 ,j>d9e1 ,*ief4 ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration ,walt] ,g4 ,campbell1 ,*ief4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,f]d9& ,a4 ,silcox1 ,*ief4 ,gra9 ,futures ,adm9i/ration ,j4 ,w4 ,t4 ,duvel1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,home ,economics ,l\ise ,/anley1 ,*ief4 ,libr>y ,cl>ibel ,r4 ,b>nett1 ,libr>ian4 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,fr$]ick ,d4 ,ri*ey1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads ,?omas ,h4 ,mac,donald1 ,*ief4 ,wea!r ,bureau ,willis ,r4 ,gregg1 ,*ief4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aice ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #e c5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,notes ,all illu/rations 7 mov$ s z to n split p>agraphs4 ,!re does n appe> to be a footnote numb]$ #b1 !re=e1 ! "o numb]$ #c & all foll[+ footnote numb]s 7 decrem5t$ by #a4