,transcrib] ,note    ,emphasis d5ot$ z  
,italics4                               
,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4   
,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9  ,no4 #dc4           
,,sewage ,,disposal ,,on ,,! ,,f>m1     
,,&                            ,,!      
,,protection ,,( ,,dr9k+ ,,wat]4        
,,by                                    
,,!obald ,,smi?1 ,m4 ,d41               
,pr(essor 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1          
,pa?ologi/ to ! ,massa*usetts           
,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 etc4              
,illu/ration                            
,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4  
#ahif4          ,,cont5ts4              
,page4      ,introduction               
#c    ,disposal ( sewage                
#e      ,night soil                     
#g        ,! privy                      
#g        ,! cesspool                   
#g        ,! dry-e>? closet             
#h        ,! wat]-closet                
#aa      ,liquid sewage                 
#aa        ,vaults                      
#aa        ,irrigation                  

#ab      ,kit*5 & *amb] slops           
#ad      ,wa/e & g>bage                 
#ae    ,protection ( dr9k+ wat]         
#af      ,ways ( contam9ation           
#ag      ,con/ruction ( wells           
#ah    ,conclusion                      
#ai        ,,illu/rations4        ,fig4 
#a4 ,%all[ b>ny>d well                  
#f         #b4 ,portable e>? closet     
#h         #c4 ,old =m ( e>? closet     
#i         #d4 ,e>? closet & dry cat*   
#aj         #e4 ,self-act+ peat du/     
closet            #aa         #f4       
,settl+ *amb] & flu% tank =             
irrigation                              
#ab         #g4 ,subsurface irrigation (
 sewage         #ac         #h4 ,g>bage 
cremator                        #af     
,,sewage ,,disposal ,,on ,,! ,,f>m ,,&  
,,! ,,protection ,,( ,,dr9k+ ,,wat]4    
,,introduction4      ,! conditions "u   
:i* homes & _! surr\nd+s are kept       
heal?ful  9 ! city & 9 ! c\ntry diff] 9 
_m respects1 al?\gh !  pr9ciples und]ly+
 !m are ess5tially ! same4 ,9 ! city !  

sanit>y condition ( homes is ma9ta9$    
*iefly by a sy/em (  coop]ation &       
c5tralization :i* br+s into exi/5ce     
ext5sive  sew]age sy/ems1 wat] supplies1
 & ! collection ( h\se wa/e by  public  
au?ority4 ,regulations are prescrib$ &  
en=c$ "u :i*  ! individual h\sehold mu/ 
avoid all conditions :i* are likely to  
prove dang]\s to ! heal? ( ! imm$iate   
neighborhood & ( !  entire community4 ,9
 ! c\ntry di/ricts1 & m p>ticul>ly 9    
isolat$ home/eads1 ! conditions affect+ 
! heal? ( ! h\sehold  are l>gely 9 its  
own h&s1 & m individual ef=t is requir$ 
to  ma9ta9 heal?ful surr\nd+s ?an 9     
cities4 ,! f>m] mu/ supply  himself ) 8 
dr9k+ wat] & mu/ get rid ( ! wa/e ( !   
h\sehold z be/ he c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !    
inhabitant ( ! c\ntry  is 9 _m ways     
bett] (f ?an ! dwell] 9 l>ge cities4 ,n 
only  has he pure air to draw ^u at all 
times1 b he c supply himself  (t5 ) pur]
 food ?an is possible 9 l>ge            
communities4 ,?\gh he  mu/ procure =    
himself dr9k+ wat]1 he is1 9 mo/ cases1 

able to  get a pur] wat] f ! gr\nd ?an !
 sewage-pollut$ fluid :i*  is ! only    
wat] accessible 9 _m cities4 ,:ile he   
mu/ get rid (  night soil himself r ?an 
h x dispos$ ( by a wat]-c>riage  sy/em  
conv5i5tly locat$ )9 ! h\se1 he may     
avoid ! annoy+  complications ( plumb+1 
br++ ) x ! leakages ( sew] gas1 !       
plugg+ up ( soil pipes by ! roots (     
trees or by articles c>elessly  ?r[n    
into !m4 ,moreov]1 he has x (t5 )9 8 p[]
 to acquire  suffici5t l& ar\nd 8 h\se  
to take *>ge ( all sewage & wa/e  & to  
utilize x z a manure = enri*+ ! soil4   
,nev]!less1 x  mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t :5 !  
circum/ances "u :i* heal?ful  surr\nd+s 
are procurable are "u ! imm$iate control
 ( ea*  individual h\sehold !y are apt  
to be p]v]t$ ?r\gh ignorance &  neglect4
 ,conditions may !n arise :i* are n only
 unfavorable to  heal?1 b :i* are likely
 to lead to sev]e sickness at any "t :5 
! opportunity pres5ts itself4    ,/&+   
betwe5 ! =tunate inhabitant ( a l>ge    
city ^:  wat]-supply & sew]age sy/ems   

are above reproa* & ! f>m]  :o bas x )9 
8 p[] to make !m s ) ref]5ce to 8 own   
wants1 is ! half-develop$ village or    
t[n1 ) its *iefly unsanit>y  conditions4
 ,"h ! leaky cesspool /ill exi/s1 close 
by ! family  well1 or by ! neighbor's   
well4 ,! abs5ce ( any sy/em ( collect+  
g>bage & miscellane\s wa/e %[s itself by
 ! litt]+ ( !  y>ds1 ! alleys1 /reets1 &
 ev5 /ream b$s ) all k9ds (  refuse4 ,9 
"s t[ns ! premature introduction ( a    
wat]-supply sy/em  causes ! gr\nd to    
become /ill m ?or\ghly saturat$ ) dilut$
  sewage1 s t ! wells ( ^? h\seholds n  
yet connect$ )  ! wat]-supply are a     
cont9ual s\rce ( dang]4 ,9 su*          
communities1  appreciation ( ! necessity
 = a public control ( sanitation has n  
yet made mu* headway4 ,! acts ( ea*     
family violat+ ! laws (  heal? n only   
react ^u itself b ^u ! imm$iate         
neighborhood1  (t5 ) disa/r\s results4  
,:5 typhoid fev] has once ga9$ a        
foo?old 9 su* communities x is apt to   
develop into an epidemic4    ,! t5d5cy (

 our population to conc5trate 9 villages
 & t[ns makes  ! sanit>y improvem5t (   
su* communities a mo/ important & vital 
condition ( national heal? & prosp]ity4 
,! foll[+ pages are n  int5d$ = ^!      
communities1 = !y ne$1 9 mo/ cases1 !   
advice  ( sanit>ians & sanit>y eng9e]s1 
acqua9t$ ) local conditions4  ,/ill1 !y 
may be ( s]vice 9 po9t+ out ! dang]s :i*
 may & d  actually beset ! population t 
neglects to dispose ( refuse & wa/e  9 a
 mann] :i* does n cla% ) ! laws ( heal?4
    ,! *ief dang]s :i* ?reat5 rural     
inhabitants are ^? aris+ f  pollut$     
dr9k+ wat]4 ,?is is infect$ f ! h\sehold
 excrem5t &  b>ny>d dra9age1 z w be     
describ$ f>!r on1 & its use leads 9  !  
ma9 to b[el di/urbances1 typhoid-fev]1 &
 dys5t]ic affections4  ,x might be      
claim$ t 9 an isolat$ home/ead ! dang]  
is abs5t  because ! night soil f !      
heal?y h\sehold c n conta9 !  g]ms (    
typhoid-fev]1 &1 !re=e1 ! well wat] c n 
receive  !m f leaky cesspools & surface 
dra9age4 ,?is w\ld be true if  ! family 

liv$ seclud$ f o!r human be+s4 ,z ! case
 /&s1  !re is mu* m communication ?an is
 at fir/ ?\ght suppos$4 ,!re  is m or   
less com+ & go+ ( f>m h&s & o!r hir$    
help1  ( tramps1 p$dl]s1 etc4 ,! f>m]   
travels m ?an =m]ly4 ,he  frequ5tly     
visits neighbor+ communities4 ,! *ildr5 
g to s*ool4 ,z  x has be5 %[n t !re may 
be mild cases ( typhoid-fev] pass+      
unnotic$1 9 a f>m h&1 = example1 :o     
leaves on acc\nt ( ill  heal?1 p]haps1 &
 :o has mean:ile1 9 8 dis*>ges1 deposit$
 !  g]ms ( ?is disease on ! premises1 x 
is evid5t t isolation  n[adays does n   
exi/ except 9 remote1 ?9ly settl$       
regions1 & t  disease g]ms may make     
!mselves sudd5ly felt 9 an unexpect$    
mann] 9  any f>mh\se4    ,!re are o!r   
important reasons1 h[ev]1 :y rural      
sanitation %\ld  n be neglect$4 ,! heal?
 ( ! l>ge communities ( p :o draw  _!   
food supply f ! c\ntry is 9 a measure   
dep5d5t on ! heal?  ( ! f>m+ community4 
,!re is sc>cely a city *ild :o is n1 9 a
  degree1 dep5d5t = its heal? on !      

sanit>y conditions prevail+ 9  ! h\se ( 
! dairyman4 ,milk has be5 repeat$ly %[n 
to be ! means  ( di/ribut+ typhoid-fev] 
& o!r diseases4 ,any vegetable foods  f 
! f>m eat5 raw are liable to become     
c>ri]s ( infection "u  unsanit>y        
conditions4    ,9 _m p>ts ( our c\ntry  
o!r causes op]ate 9 mak+ ! heal?  ( _m p
 dep5d on ! proprieties ( c\ntry homes4 
,! ?\s&s  ( city p1 :o flock e summ] to 
! c\ntry & br+ to !  f>m+ community     
consid]able sums ( money1 %\ld be       
prop]ly protect$  aga9/ ! dang]s (      
pollut$ wat] & infect$ milk by !        
adoption  ( suitable me?ods ( sewage    
disposal4 ,too frequ5tly ^? :o left !   
city = ! purpose ( ga9+ /r5g? by brea?+ 
pure air1 dr9k+  pure wat]1 & eat+ pure 
food1 only return ) ! g]ms ( an (t5     
fatal disease )9 !m to swell ! typhoid  
/ati/ics ( our l>ge  cities4            
,,disposal ,,( ,,sewage4      ,! vital  
?+ :i* ?us pres5ts itself is ! disposal 
( fecal matt]  & o!r refuse s t ! wells1
 ^u :i* mo/ rural families dep5d  = _!  

dr9k+ wat]1 may rema9 pure4 ,to ?is     
matt] we w fir/  turn our att5tion4     
,e p]son :o tills ! soil is acqua9t$ ) !
 rem>kable  trans=m+ p[] ( ! sup]ficial 
lay]s ( ! e>? ^u manure &  excrem5t4    
,out ( ^! (f5sive wa/es h>mless         
sub/ances are produc$  :i* are ess5tial 
to ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,?is p[]1 kn[n z
  decay1 is n[ g5]ally attribut$ to v   
m9ute organisms 7bact]ia7  :i* are f\nd 
9 imm5se numb]s 9 ! sup]ficial lay]s ( !
 soil1  :i* dim9i% 9 numb] z we g deep]1
 & :i* completely disappe>  bel[ a dep? 
( #f to #ab feet1 accord+ to ! physical 
condition (  ! soil4 ,bact]ia are m     
num]\s :]e wa/e & excrem5t are mo/      
abundant4 ,:5 night soil & manure are   
deposit$ 9 excavations or  s-call$      
cesspools 9 ! e>?1 f :i* ! fluid matt]  
may ent]  ! gr\nd at "s dep? bel[ !     
surface1 :]e ! air or c]ta9 k9ds  (     
bact]ia c p5etrate only to a slight     
ext5t1 ! sub/ances1 :i*  "u ! influ5ce (
 ! air 7oxyg57 & ( bact]ia ne> !        
surface1  w\ld h decay$1 n[ und]go      

p>tial putrefaction ) ! sett+  free (   
disagreeable gases & odors4 ,! deep]    
lay]s ( ! e>?  sl[ly become saturat$ )  
organic matt]1 :i* is c>ri$ by !        
gr\nd-wat] into ! wells or spr+s ne> by4
 ,!re is also "s reason  to believe t   
disease g]ms live long] 9 ! oxyg5-free  
dep?s ( !  soil ?an at or ne> ! surface4
    ,! ext5t to :i* ! fill+ up ( ! soil 
) excrem5titi\s matt]  may g on 9 d5sely
 populat$ cities has be5 %[n by ,fodor =
 !  ,hung>ian city ,budape/4 ,by analyz+
 ! soil at diff]5t levels f  ! surface  
to a dep? ( ab\t #ac feet1 he f\nd1 ov] 
an area compris+  #ae acres1 ab\t       
#a1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds organic matt]1     
equival5t to !  excrem5t ( #ajj1jjj p   
void$ dur+ ?irty-sev5 ye>s4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,! %all[ b>ny>d
 well1 ) privy vault &  manure heaps ne>
 by4 ,! wat] is likely to receive fluid 
f ^! at  any "t4    ,to ! surface ( !   
e>? we owe ?us a purify+ influ5ce ^:    
activity furni%es u vegetation & food on
 ! "o h& & pres]vation  f disease on !  

o!r4 ,?is purify+ p[] is n possess$ by !
  deep] lay]s1 & !re=e ! p]colation (   
organic refuse into !m  f deep cesspools
 is wa/eful to agriculture & dang]\s to 
our  /oreh\se ( dr9k+ wat]4    ,ev5 !   
surface ( ! soil :5 ov]load$ ) sewage   
loses p>tially  its p[] ( purify+ !     
organic matt]4 ,aft] suffici5t re/1 su* 
an  ov]load$ soil rega9s its orig9al    
p[]4 ,! purify+ activity ( !  soil f a  
sanit>y aspect is ! same z t gov]n+     
f]tility f  an agricultural /&po9t1 h5ce
 any fur!r discussion ( ?is subject  is 
unnecess>y4    ,a h9t z to ! prop]      
disposition ( wa/e1 excrem5t1 etc41 is  
furni%$ by :at is /at$ above conc]n+ !  
purify+ capacities (  ! e>?'s surface4  
,wa/e1 night soil1 etc41 %\ld be        
deposit$ )  prop] precautions on or     
imm$iately bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 :]e 
x may p]=m ! d\ble function ( ridd+ !   
h\sehold ( a nuisance  & ( enri*+ ! soil
 itself4 ,?is leads u to a consid]ation 
( !  be/ means ( tak+ c>e ( ! h\sehold  
wa/es4 ,^! are1 9 g5]al1  ( ?ree        

classes3 ,fir/1 fecal matt]2 second1    
kit*5 & *amb] slops2  & ?ird1           
miscellane\s rubbi% & a%es4      ,,night
 ,,soil4    ,! prop] disposition ( fecal
 matt] or night soil 9 ! c\ntry has  be5
 "o ( ! mo/ press+ & vexati\s problems (
 mod]n sanitation4  ,_m plans h be5     
sugge/$1 mu* app>atus has be5 inv5t$ to 
meet  ! difficulty1 b op9ions n only    
diff] b *ange f ye> to ye>  & h l$ to   
diff]5t practices 9 diff]5t c\ntries4   
,moreov]1  diff]5t climatic conditions &
 ! div]g5t t5d5cies ( rural  populations
 9 ! v>i\s sections ( our own c\ntry    
make x impossible  to apply ! same s*eme
 to ! :ole c\ntry4 ,diff]5t degrees (   
prosp]ity & weal?1 ev5 9 ! same         
locality1 w br+ into use  widely diff]5t
 s*emes to accompli% ! same end4 ,!re   
are 9 use  sev]al sy/ems--    ,!        
privy4--,! old-fa%ion$ privy1 at pres5t 
/ill q a common  ?+ ev5 9 cities1 is1   
p]haps1 ! mo/ favor$ me?od ( dispos+ (  
fecal matt] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a pit is dug & 
a small build+ set ov]  x4 ,! excrem5t  

deposit$ 9 x sl[ly fills x up4 ,! fluids
 & !  solids dissolv$ by !m p5etrate !  
subsoil & diffuse !mselves 9  ! gr\nd4  
,r>ely is su* a pit clean$ out4 ,ano!r  
is dug & ! old  "o cov]$ up4 ,9 ?is way 
! gr\nd becomes ov]load$ ) refuse       
organic matt]4 ,x is ev5 /at$ on good   
au?ority t su* collections  ( fecal     
matt] h be5 f\nd "u ! dwell+2 also1 t ! 
privy  vaults h be5 dug until ! curr5t (
 gr\nd-wat] 0 rea*$ :i*  0 to facilitate
 ! removal ( ! excrem5t4 ,x is difficult
 to  conceive a m p]nici\s cu/om1 or "o 
m c]ta9 to pollute !  dr9k+ wat]4 ,!    
privy vault is ! mo/ rudim5t>y way (    
gett+ rid  ( night soil1 & its dang]\s  
features are too pla9 to be ref]r$ to4  
,! cesspool4--,next comes ! cesspool1   
:i* is usually connect$ )  a            
wat]-closet1 & may also receive ! slops 
f ! kit*54    ,^! are con/ruct$ 9 two   
ways1 ei!r z wat]-tight receptacles or z
  simple p]vi\s pits diff]+ 9 no way f !
 privy vault except+1  p]haps1 9 _! m   
dang]\s t5d5cies4 ,all sanit>y          

au?orities  agree 9 condemn+ ! leaky    
cesspool z a mo/ %iftless & dang]\s     
me?od ( gett+ rid ( sewage4 ,9 mo/      
c\ntries !y are prohibit$  by law 9     
popul\s communities4 ,9 exceptional     
cases1 leaky cesspools  may d no h>m1 z 
9 an isolat$ h\se 9 ! c\ntry ^: cesspool
 is  built at a consid]able di/ance bo? 
f ! h\se & ! well4 ,!  safe di/ance f   
any well x w\ld be difficult to /ate1   
because t  w\ld dep5d on ! "* ( !       
subsoil & ! g5]al slope ( !  l&4 ,9 any 
case1 ! cesspool %\ld be on l[] gr\nd   
?an ! well1  z ! curr5t ( ! gr\nd wat]  
fe$+ ! latt]1 usually b n  always1      
con=ms to ! slope ( ! surface4 ,a fair  
e/imate ( ! lea/  all[able di/ance      
betwe5 well & cesspool w\ld be #ajj     
feet4 ,soluble  salts f sewage might    
/ill f9d _! way into ! well wat]1 b x   
is q improbable t disease g]ms c\ld     
p5etrate ! soil = su* a  di/ance except 
:]e fissures & cracks may be pres5t4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,portable e>?  
closet4 ,a1 ! pail to receive !         

excrem5t2 ,b1 ! ur9e-sep>at+ receptacle 
hang+ on ! op5 door2 ,c1  m\? ( ! hopp] 
convey+ ! dry-e>? or a%es f res]voir ,d 
^u  ! night soil 9 ,a4    ,9 villages1  
leaky cesspools are /ill ( frequ5t      
occurr5ce4 ,if !  dr9k+ wat] is tak5 f  
wells1 su* cesspools are a con/ant      
m5ace1  & all t is ne$$ 9 _m su* t[ns is
 a sp>k 9 ! %ape ( "s  disease g]m to   
k9dle an epidemic4 ,x is true t ye>s may
 pass by  )\t ! occurr5ce ( m ?an !     
usual am\nt ( illness1 b ev5  !n we h   
good reason to suppose t 9 _m villages  
us+ cesspools  ! av]age am\nt ( sickness
 & mortality is f> too high1 n to       
m5tion ! occasional epidemics (         
typhoid-fev]4 ,we may sum up !  matt] ( 
leaky cesspools by ! /atem5t t !y may d 
no h>m ne>  isolat$ h\ses on f>ms1      
provid$ !y are suffici5tly f> away f !  
s\rce ( wat]-supply4 ,9 small t[ns      
cesspools %\ld be prohibit$1 or  only v 
?or\ghly con/ruct$ wat]-tight ones      
p]mitt$1 accord+ to  circum/ances4 ,!   
same holds true = ! well-kn[n privies4  

,! dry-e>? closet4--,! dry cons]vancy   
sy/em is a mu* bett]  me?od ( disposal (
 excrem5t1 & is ext5sively 9 use to-day 
ev5  9 c]ta9 l>ge cities on ! ,cont95t (
 ,europe :]e sew]s h n  yet be5         
introduc$4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( !     
frequ5t removal (  excreta 9 ! c\ntry by
 "s man s]vant or memb] ( ! family2 9   
villages & t[ns accord+ to "s coop]ative
 plan4 ,?is sy/em has  tak5 v>i\s       
directions1 accord+ to circum/ances4    
,?us !re are :at  is call$ ! pail sy/em1
 :i* consi/s 9 ! daily or less frequ5t  
removal ( a pail receiv+ ! excreta2 & ! 
e>? closet inv5t$ by  ! ,rev4 ,h5ry     
,m\le1 ( ,engl&1 ! *ief feature ( :i*   
consi/s 9  ! cov]+ ( ! excreta ) "s     
absorb5t sub/ance l dry-e>?  or a%es4 ,9
 "s places ! excreta are receiv$ into a 
well-built brick  or /one receptacle &  
cov]$ ) e>?1 f :i* !y may be remov$  f  
"t to "t4 ,( ^! sy/ems ! dry-e>? closet 
has receiv$ !  greate/ am\nt ( att5tion 
& discussion4 ,x consi/s1 ess5tially1 ( 
a pail to receive night soil1 :i* is    

cov]$ ei!r automatically or  ) a scoop )
 dry-e>? 7fig4 #b74 ,! e>? absorbs !    
fluids & !  odors & keeps ! closet      
in(f5sive4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#c4--,! old =m ( e>? closet ) frame &   
pail  remov$ to %[ ! me*anism4 ,! h&le  
on ! left :5 rais$ ?r[s  into ! pail a  
c]ta9 quantity ( dry-e>? or a%es f !    
res]voir  or hopp] 9 ! re>4    ,! e>? to
 be us$ %\ld be a r f9e loam1 sift$ to  
remove  co>se p>ticles1 ?or\ghly dri$ by
 spread+ out 9 ! sun or "u a  %$1 & !n  
/or$ 9 b>rels4 ,! dri] ! e>? ! bett] x  
is4  ,! f9] ! p>ticles ( e>? ! great] ! 
capacity = absorb+  fluids4 ,= ?is      
reason s& is n satisfactory4 ,goal or   
wood a%es are  q satisfactory1 z !y are1
 aft] prop] sift+1 ( ! requisite  f95ess
 & are ?or\ghly dry4 ,! mixture ( e>? or
 a%es & night  soil %\ld be remov$ at   
c]ta9 times1 dep5d+ on ! location (  !  
closet1 ! season ( ! ye>1 & o!r         
conditions4 ,! m  frequ5t ! removal !   
bett]4 ,! mixture ( soil & excrem5t is s
  unobjectionable t x has be5 us$ ov] a 

numb] ( times aft] be+  dri$ ea* "t4    
,?is c n be recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 z x is    
g5]ally  accept$ n[adays t disease g]ms 
may rema9 alive 9 su* a mixture  = "s   
"t4    ,9 place ( ! movable e>? closets1
 a wat]-tight1 concret$ area  may be    
built 9 an annex to ! h\se1 :i* is to   
receive ! night  soil f a closet on !   
floor above ) ! necess>y quantity ( dry 
soil 7see fig4 #d74 ,poore1 f ^: book ! 
illu/ration is tak51  recomm5ds1 9      
addition1 ! con/ruction ( ! floor ( su* 
a pit )  an incl9ation suffici5t to c>ry
 away ! ur9e into "s gutt] outside      
fill$ ) absorb5t soil4 ,! area %\ld h   
suitable op5+s =  inspection & = removal
 ( cont5ts1 z well z = v5tilation4 ,w>+ 
recomm5d$ a simil> sy/em _m ye>s ago4 ,!
 closet describ$ by him  dis*>ges into a
 wat]-tight vault 9 ! cell>1 :i*        
requires empty+  only occasionally4 ,!  
cont5ts rema9 in(f5sive1 provid$        
suffici5t  ?or\ghly dry e>? is us$4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,e>? closet & 
dry cat* 7f ,poore's  ,rural hygi5e1    

scale1 #a_/b in* equals #a foot74 ,to   
prev5t drafts !  e>? closet is clos$    
bel[ by a h+$ flap :i* op5s & %uts      
automatically by means ( a c\nt]poise4  
,! cat* bel[ is provid$ )  air bricks & 
an air %aft lead+ to a v5tilator4    ,9 
cold climates1 indoor closets are       
especially desirable to obviate  !      
exposure :i* c n be avoid$ :5 closets   
are out ( doors4  ,= invalids !re %\ld  
be a c>efully manag$ e>? closet kept 9  
a well-air$ room set ap>t = ?is purpose4
 ,9 w>m climates1 e>?  closets %\ld be  
frequ5tly clean$4 ,to prev5t !          
attraction ( flies  & insects & ! too   
rapid decomposition ( ! cont5ts a little
  unslack$ lime add$ ) ! e>? to !       
excrem5t w be ( value4  ,! dis*>ges (   
p]sons suff]+ f typhoid-fev] & b[el     
tr\bles  %\ld be mix$ ) ?9 slack$ lime#a
 7milk ( lime74 ,"o-half to  "o h\r aft]
 ! mix+1 su* dis*>ges may be put ^u !   
soil1  always at "s di/ance f a well or 
spr+1 a /ream1 or a field "u            
cultivation4    #a ,lime1 to be us$ =   

dis9fection1 %\ld n be air-slack$1 b    
kept  9 tightly cov]$ receptacles to    
prev5t ?is f tak+ place4    ,9 ,europe1 
! use ( e>? & a%es has be5 sup]s$$ by   
peat du/4  ,! upp] lay] ( peat is dri$ 9
 ! air & gr\nd 9 a suitable  ma*9e4 ,!  
co>s] p>ticles are remov$ by sift+ & us$
 = b$d+  9 /ables4 ,! f9e portion1 :i*  
has a v high absorb+ p[] =  fluids & is 
also capable ( prev5t+ odors1 is us$ 9  
dry closets4  ,9 ,g]many !re are at     
pres5t ab\t ?irty factories engag$ 9 !  
prep>ation ( peat moss = ! purposes     
m5tion$4 ,its great advantages  ov] dry 
e>? %\ld br+ x into use 9 our c\ntry4   
7,see fig4 #e47    ,x does n matt] f a  
sanit>y /&po9t :i* "o ( ! dry-e>?       
sy/ems is adopt$1 provid$ ! necess>y    
att5tion be giv5 to x4 ,e  sy/em :i* c  
be recomm5d$ is bad if n prop]ly att5d$ 
to4 ,!  conditions to be obs]v$ are3    
,! night soil %\ld be receiv$ 9         
wat]-tight receptacles4    ,x %\ld be   
frequ5tly remov$4    ,x %\ld be utiliz$ 
9 ! g>d5 or field by be+ plac$ "u a ?9  

lay] ( soil4    ,to excreta f ! sick1   
milk ( lime or unslack$ lime %\ld be    
add$  be=e disposal 9 ! soil4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,self-act+ peat
 du/ closet4 ,! lid is replac$  by a h+$
 res]voir conta9+ ! peat du/4 ,:5ev] ?is
 is let d[n  a c]ta9 quantity ( peat du/
 is dis*>g$ automatically & ?r[n1  ^u ! 
night soil4 7,f ,weyl's ,h&bu* d]       
,hygi5e4 ,,ii1 p4 #cae47    ,!          
wat]-closet4--,!re c be no d\bt t to-day
 ! wat]-c>riage  sy/em1 z x is call$1   
or1 9 simpl] language1 ! indoor         
wat]-closet1  is pref]r$ to all o!r     
contrivances4 ,?is is true = ! op5      
c\ntry  z well z = villages & ! suburban
 t]ritories ( cities4 ,!re  is mu* to be
 said 9 favor ( ! pres5t-day p]fect     
contrivance =  ! rapid removal ( excreta
 & ! exposure !reby prev5t$4 ,b  = all  
rural inhabitants ! co/ %\ld be c>efully
 weigh$ be=e a  wat]-c>riage sy/em is   
introduc$ into a h\se1 = none b ! be/  w
 answ]1 z all o!rs are likely to become 
nuisances4    ,! supply ( wat] mu/ be   

suffici5t to flu% ! wat]-closet         
?or\ghly & keep all ! pipes clean2 !    
plumb+ mu/ con=m to  t 9 vogue 9 cities1
 ) its traps & v5tilat+ pipes to prev5t 
! odors ( ! pipes f escap+ into ! h\se2 
& ! disposal (  ! l>ge quantity ( liquid
 sewage1 ! mo/ difficult problem1 mu/   
be prop]ly att5d$ to or x is likely to  
prove m dang]\s to !  wat]-supply ?an ! 
old dry privy pits4      ,,liquid       
,,sewage4    ,! me?ods available to     
dispose ( liquid sewage 9 ! c\ntry are  
wat]-tight cesspools & irrigation4      
,vaults4--,wat]-tight cesspools %\ld be 
con/ruct$ ( h>d-burn$  brick1 laid 9    
cem5t1 & hav+ a simil> brick or a       
concret$ bottom4  ,! inside & outside   
surfaces ( ! brick wall %\ld be coat$ ) 
a ?9 lay] ( cem5t1 & clay ramm$ 9 ar\nd 
! wall1 to increase  its imp]vi\sness to
 wat]4 ,x %\ld be vault$ above1 & topp$ 
by  a squ>e or r\nd c5tral op5+1 cov]$ )
 /one or iron plate4  ,cesspools are    
also made ( ca/ or wr\ght iron1 ! jo9ts 
be+ made  wat]-tight4 ,cesspools mu/ be 

v5tilat$ by two pipes1 "o ris+ sev]al   
feet above gr\nd1 ! o!r c>ri$ to ! ro( (
 ! h\se1 b>n1 or  o!r /ructure ne> by4  
,! curr5t w1 9 mo/ cases1 t5d d[n !     
%ort & up ! long pipe4 ,! latt] may be  
disp5s$ ) & ! soil  pipe ( ! h\se act z 
a flue1 provid$ all bran*es are p]fectly
  trapp$4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#f4--,settl+ *amb] & flu% tank = surface
  & subsurface irrigation ( sewage4 7,f 
,g]h>d's ,! ,disposal (  ,h\sehold      
,wa/es1 #ahij47    ,irrigation4--,!     
disposal ( sewage by irrigation is by f>
 ! be/  me?od n[ )9 rea*4 ,two me?ods   
are 9 use1 viz1 surface & subsoil       
irrigation4 ,! fir/ 9 its mo/ complete  
=m consi/s 9 c>ry+ !  liquid sewage to a
 piece ( gr\nd set ap>t = ! purpose &   
c>efully  und]dra9$4 ,! sewage is all[$ 
to fl[ ov] ! gr\nd 9 %all[  *annels4 ,! 
fluid sl[ly disappe>s 9 ! soil & ent]s !
 dra9s  z comp>atively pure wat]1 :i*   
may be all[$ to fl[ into a /ream4  ,=   
villages ?is is ! be/ means ( dispos+ ( 
sewage4 ,^? :o z  village (ficials may  

be int]e/$ 9 ?is me?od w f9d plans (    
su* sewage f>ms1 toge!r ) fai?ful       
acc\nts ( _! op]ation &  ! results      
obta9$1 9 ! annual report ( ! ,/ate     
,bo>d ( ,heal?  ( ,massa*usetts = #ahib1
 page #eei1 & same report = #ahic1 page 
#efc4  ,sugge/ions = its application to 
c\ntry h\ses are giv5 f>!r on4    ,=    
isolat$ rural homes1 or village homes   
comm&+ a c]ta9 am\nt (  gr\nd ar\nd !   
h\se1 ! liquid sewage f wat]-closets1 ! 
kit*5  & *amb] slops may be dispos$ ( by
 ! simple means ( subsoil  irrigation1  
fir/ describ$ by ,mr4 ,m\le &           
subsequ5tly elaborat$ by  ,colonel ,w>+4
    ,! sy/em z us$ at pres5t 9 its mo/  
successful =m consi/s1  outside ( !     
h\se1 ( ! foll[+ p>ts 7see fig4 #f73    
,two adjo9+ wat]-tight receptacles (    
brick4 ,"o ( ^! receives  ! sewage f !  
h\se & is int5d$ to act z a settl+ *amb]
  = ! co>s] p>ticles1 pap]1 etc4 ,?is   
communicates ) ! second  receptacle1 :i*
 receives f x ! fluid sewage4 ,?is *amb]
 is  call$ ! flu% tank & is provid$ ) a 

siphon4 ,:5 ! fluid has  rea*$ a c]ta9  
level1 ! siphon is set 9 op]ation &     
dis*>ges !  cont5ts ( ! *amb] at "o "t  
into ! subsoil pipes4    ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #g4--,subsurface irrigation (     
sewage3 a1 absorption  tiles 7,g]h>d's  
,! ,disposal ( ,h\sehold ,wa/es72 b & c1
 l9es  ( absorption tiles %[+ _!        
relation to flu% tank 7,f ,w>+'s        
,sew]age & ,l& ,dra9age74    ,f ! second
 ci/]n a sy/em ( subsoil pipes laid ov] 
a treeless  piece ( gr\nd1 pref]ably a  
lawn1 receives & dis*>ges ! sewage  into
 ! gr\nd4 ,^! pipes %\ld consi/ ( por\s 
tiles1 #b in*es  9 diamet] & ab\t #a    
foot long1 laid f #h to #af in*es b5ea? 
!  surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ) a g5tle       
incl9ation ( #b or #c in*es =  e #ajj   
feet4 ,! tiles %\ld h op5 jo9ts n less  
?an "o-f\r?  ( an in* wide4 ,!y are laid
 ^u e>!n gutt]s & ! jo9ts are  protect$ 
above by caps f be+ clogg$ ) e>?4 ,!    
int]mitt5t  dis*>ge ( ! liquid sewage is
 q ess5tial to ! successful  work+ ( ?is
 sy/em4 ,if ! sewage is all[$ to dribble

 away into !  pipes c]ta9 portions ( ^! 
w become sup]saturat$ ) fluid &  o!rs w 
n receive any2 ! purification ( ! sewage
 9 ! soil is  !reby r5d]$ imp]fect4 ,!  
dis*>ge ( a l>ge quantity ( fluid at  "o
 "t1 besides sc\r+ ! sy/em ( pipes1     
fills x m uni=mly  & di/ributes ! "w to 
all p>ts ( ! subsoil sy/em4    ,!       
successful con/ruction ( su* a plant    
requires ! s]vices (  someone famili> ) 
x1 & x is !re=e n necess>y = me to  d m 
?an call att5tion to x "h z a highly    
recomm5d$ sy/em  = homes1 especially 9  
villages1 :]e ! prop] am\nt ( l& is     
procurable & :]e ! sewage mu/ be dispos$
 ( 9 a mann] bo?  in(f5sive & safe4 ,9  
any case ! soil ( su* l& mu/ be por\s1  
n clayey & ret5tive4 ,^? :o wi% to      
famili>ize !mselves )  ! details w f9d  
descriptions 9 ! ,sanit>y ,eng9e] =     
#ahhc1 page  #ecj1 by ,philbrick2 9 ,!  
,disposal ( ,h\sehold ,wa/es1 by ,g]h>d1
 &  9 ,sew]age & ,l& ,dra9age1 by ,w>+4 
,! entire plant is said to  co/ #bjj to 
#cjj1 ! annual exp5ditures = clean+1    

repairs1 etc41  ab\t #aj4    ,! me?od ( 
subsurface irrigation j describ$ may be 
too complex  & too exp5sive :]e l& is   
abundant & neighbor+ h\ses at "s        
di/ance4 ,! simpl] me?od ( surface      
irrigation may be resort$ to by  lay+   
out at "s di/ance--at lea/ #ajj feet--f 
! h\se a small  sewage f>m :]e ! sewage 
may fl[ 9 %all[ tr5*es ov] ! surface  & 
sl[ly s9k into ! gr\nd4 ,su* an         
irrigation field mu/ h !  same qualities
 dem&$ by subsurface irrigation4 ,its   
surface %\ld h  suffici5t slope & ! soil
 %\ld be por\s1 n ret5tive4 ,! liquid   
sewage1 includ+ kit*5 & *amb] slops1 is 
conduct$ to ?is field 9  a wat]-tight   
tile dra9 & !n all[$ to fl[ into %all[  
tr5*es4  ,to avoid ! ov]load+ ( ! soil )
 sewage at any "o place !  ma9 di/ribut+
 tr5* %\ld be s arrang$ t x & ! irrigat+
  tr5*es bran*+ f x may be tempor>ily   
block$ at any po9t to  div]t ! sewage   
into "o or m diff]5t tr5*es e day4 ,9   
w9t]  ! w>m? ( ! sewage w keep x 9      
motion & ! filtration w  g on al?\gh !  

field may be cov]$ ) sn[ & ice4 ,! use (
 !  flu% tank z describ$ above w\ld     
cause a m uni=m di/ribution (  ! fluid  
ov] ! field & make ! filtration di/9ctly
 int]mitt5t4  ,! gr\nd betwe5 ! tr5*es  
may be cultivat$ to increase ! am\nt  ( 
evaporation4 ,if conv5i5tly situat$1 an 
or*>d may be us$ z !  irrigation field4 
,x %\ld be di/9ctly und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t  
m>ketable fruits & vegetables %\ld n be 
c>elessly all[$ to come  9 contact )    
fre% sewage1 nor %\ld ! irrigation field
 be ne> !  well unless ! latt] is fairly
 deep & tub$ or til$ to ! surface (  !  
wat]4      ,,kit*5 ,,& ,,*amb] ,,slops4 
,! removal ( kit*5 & *amb] slops is a   
matt] :i* also requires  prop] att5tion1
 z ?is liquid frequ5tly gives rise to   
unheal?ful  conditions1 annoy+ alike to 
sight & smell :5 c>elessly dispos$  (4  
,! simple/ way to utilize kit*5 slops is
 to p\r !m ^u plants  ab\t ! h\se 9     
summ]1 9 w9t] ^u ! soil1 ea* "t 9 ano!r 
spot1 s z n to sup]saturate ! surface   
lay]s ( soil 9 any "o  place4 ,a means (

 less tr\ble recomm5d$ by ,w>+ is to    
p>tly fill  ) soil a b>rel ) leaky      
bottom & cov] ?is ) a lay] ( /able      
manure to prev5t ! puddl+ ( ! soil4 ,!  
slops filt] ?r\gh !  soil & leave !     
b>rel bel[ z a cle> fluid4 ,! b>rel is  
empti$  two or ?ree times a ye> & !     
cont5ts us$ = f]tiliz]4    ,h\se slops  
may be dispos$ ( by surface irrigation  
or by subsoil pipes1  z already         
describ$4 ,! orig9ator ( ?is me?od1 ,mr4
 ,m\le1 may "h  be pr(itably quot$ z to 
its simplicity & success3      ,:]e !re 
is a g>d5 ! h\se slops & s9k wat] may1 9
 mo/    cases1 be made ( great value &  
remov$ f ! h\se )\t    ! lea/ annoyance 
,! only requirem5t is t !re %all be a   
gradual incl9e f ! h\se to ! g>d54 ,let 
all ! slops fall    into a trapp$ s9k1 !
 dra9 f :i* to ! g>d5 %all be (    glaz$
 socket pipes well jo9t$1 & empty+      
itself into a small    tank1 #ah in*es  
deep1 ab\t a foot wide1 & ( su* l5g? z  
may    be necess>y4 ,! surplus ra9 wat] 
f ! ro( may also ent]    ?is4 ,out ( ?is

 tank lay #c-;in* common dra9 pipes1 #h 
feet ap>t    & #ab in*es bel[ ! surface4
 ,lay mort> at ! top & bottom    ( !    
jo9ts1 leav+ ! sides op54 ,if ^! pipes  
are ext5d$    to a consid]able l5g?1    
small tanks ab\t #a foot squ>e & #ah    
in*es deep mu/ be sunk at ab\t e #bj or 
#dj feet to all[ =    subsid5ce4 ,^! c  
be empti$ z (t5 z requir$1 & ! deposit  
may be ei!r mix$ ) dry-e>? or be dug 9  
at once z manure4 ,!    liquid oozes    
into ! cultivat$ soil1 & ! result is    
some?+    fabul\s4 99 99 99      ,on a  
wall #ee feet 9 l5g? & #af feet high a  
v9e gr[s4 ,a #c-;in*    pipe runs       
p>allel ) ?is at a di/ance ( #f feet f x
 = !    entire l5g?4 ,! slops fl[ ?r\gh 
?is pipe z above describ$4 ,on    ?is   
v9e ye> aft] ye> _h be5 gr[n #djj       
well-rip5$ bun*es (    grapes1 "s ( !   
bun*es weigh+ ?ree-f\r?s ( a p\nd4 ,dur+
    a p]iod ( f\r ye>s1 = a c]ta9       
purpose1 ! supply 0 cut (f4    ,to !    
surprise ( ! g>d5] sc>cely any grapes   
dur+ ^? ye>s    appe>$2 b aft]w>ds !    

supply 0 re/or$1 & ! consequ5ce    0 an 
abundant crop1 ! wood gr[ fully #af     
feet1 ( good size &    well rip5$4    ,9
 place ( an indoor s9k1 an upright tube 
or hopp] may be con/ruct$  out ( doors 9
 communication ) ! subsurface pipes into
 :i* !  wa/e fluids are p\r$4           
,,wa/e ,,& ,,g>bage4    ,! attractiv5ess
 ( a rural home dep5ds l>gely ^u !      
promptness  ) :i* all k9ds ( wa/e       
mat]ial are dispos$ (4 ,! abundance  (  
space ar\nd ! h\se is a great temptation
 = ! memb]s ( !  h\sehold to use x z a  
place = /or+ rubbi% & useless1 worn-out 
?+s4 ,sift$ a%es are easily utiliz$ 9   
e>? closets & ^u walks  & roads1 to make
 !m compact & firm4 ,o!r articles ( no  
use1  su* z brok5 crock]y1 bottles1 t9  
cans1 etc41 c be ?r[n into  depressions 
& gullies & cov]$ ov] ) e>?1 or else    
buri$ 9  tr5*es :]e subsoil dra9age is  
desirable4 ,! removal ( rubbi% is a  v  
fruitful !me & might be dealt ) at l5g?4
 ,its importance z  relat$ to heal? &   
disease is a subord9ate "o1 & ! re=m]   

mu/  appeal to ! love ( ord]1 propriety1
 & beauty 9 & ar\nd ! home  9 ord] to   
make an impression4    ,g>bage is ( mu* 
less annoyance 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! city1 
:]e  its collection & de/ruction is a   
great exp5se1 & is frequ5tly v          
unsatisfactorily done4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 !   
h\sehold g>bage is f$ to !  sw9e &      
p\ltry1 & is 9 ?is way pr(itably us$4   
,!re are1 h[ev]1  homes :]e g>bage mu/  
be tak5 c>e ( 9 o!r ways4 ,x may be     
buri$  9 ! g>d5 or else burn$ 9 ! kit*5 
range4 ,rec5tly a device has  be5 pat5t$
 :i* enables ! h\sekeep] to place !     
g>bage 9 a  section ( ! smoke pipe ( !  
range1 :]e x dries out rapidly1 burns1  
& leaves only a little *>coal beh9d1 :i*
 may be us$ = fuel next  day4 ,?is      
device has be5 well recomm5d$ by        
sanit>ians 7see fig4 #h74               
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,g>bage       
cremator4 ,! g>bage is plac$ 9 !  p]=at$
 frame4 ,! latt] is pu%$ into ! smoke   
pipe1 :]e !  g>bage becomes sl[ly       
c>boniz$4          ,,protection ,,(     

,,dr9k+2 ,,wat]4      ,! next subject to
 claim our att5tion is ! protection ( ! 
s\rces  ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,9 ! c\ntry wat]  
is1 z a rule1 obta9$ f wells  & spr+s4  
,! important be>+ ^u well wat] ( soil   
purity dem&s  a few explanatory rem>ks  
conc]n+ ! orig9 ( well wat]4 ,wells  are
 excavations made into ! gr\nd to a     
v>iable dep? until wat] is  rea*$4 ,?is 
wat] is d5om9at$ gr\nd or subsoil wat]4 
,its orig9  may be bett] und]/ood if1 = 
! mom5t1 we conceive ! surface (  ! e>? 
z m or less irregul> & entirely imp]vi\s
 to wat]4 ,!  ra9 w\ld collect on ?is   
surface & =m lakes1 ponds1 & /reams1    
accord+ to ! configuration ( ! surface4 
,if1 n[1 we conceive ?is  surface cov]$ 
) s& or o!r por\s e>? to a great] or    
less]  height1 & ! top ( ?is be consid]$
 ! e>?'s actual surface1 !  wat] w rema9
 9 ! same position1 b x w be buri$ )9 & 
fill ! pores ( ! ov]ly+ soil z          
subt]ranean lakes1 ponds1 &  /reams4 ,9 
digg+ a well we remove ?is por\s lay] ( 
e>? until we  rea* ^! subt]ranean /reams

 or res]voirs ( gr\nd-wat]4 ,if !  above
 description be ?or\ghly und]/ood1 !    
condition "u :i* well  wat] may be      
obta9$ at diff]5t dep?s w become        
intelligible1 &  x w also appe> pla9 :y 
gr\nd-wat] may fl[ z any surface /ream  
& pick up on its way v>i\s sub/ances :i*
 h p]colat$ into !  gr\nd4    ,:5 ! b$ (
 por\s soil ov]ly+ ! imp]vi\s lay]s is v
 deep1  wells w h to be dug d[n to a    
consid]able dep? to rea* !  surface ( ! 
gr\nd-wat]4 ,:]e ?is lay] ( p]vi\s e>?  
is (  slight ?ickness wells w be %all[1 
& ! gr\nd-wat] may appe> on  ! bottom ( 
gullies1 tr5*es1 & :]ev] ! por\s lay]   
has be5  dug or wa%$ away4    ,! movem5t
 ( ! gr\nd-wat] dep5ds on ! incl9ation  
or slope (  ! imp]vi\s /rata1 & has be5 
obs]v$ to be q rapid 9 "s  in/ances4 ,by
 add+ common salt to ! wat] 9 a well its
 detection  9 o!r wells at a %ort       
di/ance has be5 f\nd a guide 9 !        
det]m9ation ( ! rapidity & direction ( !
 und]gr\nd curr5t4    ,:5 ! gr\nd-wat]  
re/+ on ! upp]mo/ imp]vi\s lay]s is ne> 

! surface1 & !re=e n safe or fit to use 
z dr9k+ wat]1  x may be possible by     
digg+ bel[ ?is lay] to f9d ano!r por\s  
b$ conta9+ wat]4 ,?is s\rce w1 9 g5]al1 
be mu* pur] s9ce  x is less expos$ to   
pollution f above1 & s9ce ! wat] has to 
travel long] di/ances und]gr\nd4 ,su* a 
deep supply mu/1 h[ev]1 be  protect$ f !
 sup]ficial supply by a wat]-tight wall 
ext5d+ to  ! surface ( ! deep supply1   
o!rwise ! wat] f ! upp] lay]s  w simply 
dra9 into ! well4      ,,ways ,,(       
,,contam9ation4    ,wells are expos$ to 
contam9ation 9 two ways4 ,! surface wat]
 f  ra91 h\se slops1 & b>ny>d dra9age   
may f9d its way into ! well at  or ne> !
 surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,or ! gr\nd-wat]    
/ream supply+  ! well ) wat] may 9 its  
subt]ranean movem5ts enc\nt] cesspools  
or seep+s f cesspools1 & c>ry ) x       
soluble & susp5d$  p>ticles1 "s ( :i*   
may ent] ! well4 ,!re c be no d\bt t  a 
l>ge p]c5tage ( ! wells are expos$ to   
contam9ation ) refuse  matt] 9 ! mann]  
describ$2 & x n[ rema9s to gauge ! dang]

  to heal? & life :i* may be c>ri$ 9 !  
contam9at+ sub/ance4  ,! dang] (        
typhoid-fev] bact]ia ent]+ ! wat] has   
already be5  m5tion$4 ,^! may be wa%$ 9 
f ! surface or !y may pass f  cesspools 
ne> by ?r\gh fissures 9 ! gr\nd1        
passages dug by rats1  etc4 ,:e!r su*   
bact]ia c pass ?r\gh ! pores ( a        
compact1  unbrok5 soil f a cesspool to a
 well ne> x is a matt] n fully  settl$4 
,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! actual condition ( !    
deep] lay]s ( !  soil betwe5 cesspool & 
well c n be kn[n1 x becomes imp]ative   
to prev5t all pollution ( ! gr\nd-wat]  
curr5t supply+ wells by  ei!r aboli%+ ! 
cesspools or else plac+ !m at a         
consid]able  di/ance f all s\rces (     
wat]4    ,beside typhoid-fev] bact]ia1  
^? organisms :i* cause dige/ive         
di/urbances1 & sev]] tr\bles1 su* z     
di>rhea1 dys5t]y1 &  possibly o!r unkn[n
 diseases1 may be c>ri$ into well wat]4 
,dur+  *ol]a epidemics1 pollut$ wells   
might =m c5t]s ( infection4 ,eggs (     
animal p>asites may be wa%$ 9 f !       

surface4 ,aga91 ! b>ny>d  manure1       
repres5t+ ! mix$ excrem5t ( v>i\s       
animals1 may "u  c]ta9 conditions be    
be>]s ( disease g]ms1 & su* excrem5t    
%\ld1 "u no conditions1 be look$ ^u z   
entirely h>mless to human  be+s4#b    #b
 ,x is probable t ! fil? :i* gets into  
c['s milk & :i*  appe>s to be ma9ly     
excrem5t ( c[s is l>gely responsible = !
  sev]e summ] diseases ( infants f$ on  
c['s milk4    ,besides ! protection ( ! 
gr\nd-wat] ne> ! well f pollution       
emanat+ f cesspools1 etc41 ! surface ( !
 gr\nd ab\t ! well  %\ld be kept free f 
manure1 slops1 & o!r wa/e wat]2 h5ce  ! 
well %\ld n be dug "u or close by !     
h\se1#c nor %\ld  x be locat$ 9 !       
b>ny>d1 :]e ! gr\nd is usually saturat$ 
) manure4 ,x %\ld be surr\nd$ by turf1 &
 n by ri*ly manur$1  cultivat$1 or      
irrigat$ soil4 ,! gr\nd imm$iately ar\nd
 x %\ld  slope g5tly away f x & be pav$ 
if possible4 ,! wa/e wat] f  ! well %\ld
 n be all[$ to soak into ! gr\nd1 b %\ld
 be  collect$ 9 wat]-tight receptacles  

or else conduct$ at lea/ #be feet  away 
9 op5 or clos$ *annels :i* are          
wat]-tight4    #c ,! wat] may be c>ri$  
into ! kit*5 by runn+ ! pipe f !  well1 
horizontally1 "u gr\nd4                 
,,con/ruction ,,( ,,wells4    ,! well   
itself mu/ be s con/ruct$ t impurities c
 n get into  x f above or f ! sides4 ,if
 wat] c soak into x aft] pass+  ?r\gh a 
few feet ( soil only1 x c n be reg>d$ z 
secure f  pollution4 ,to prev5t ?is1 !  
well may be provid$ ) a wat]-tight  wall
 built ( h>d-burn$ brick & cem5t d[n to 
! wat] level4 ,!  outside surface ( ?is 
wall %\ld be cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] (  cem5t1
 & clay p\nd$ & puddl$ 9 ar\nd x4 ,or1  
tile may be us$  to l9e ! well & ! jo9ts
 made wat]-tight ) cem5t d[n to !  wat] 
level4 ,driv5 wells1 i4 e41 wells       
con/ruct$ ( iron tub+ driv5  into !     
gr\nd1 are1 p]haps1 ! safe/ :]e !       
quantity ( wat]  ne$$ is n l>ge & :]e   
o!r conditions are favorable4    ,^!    
diff]5t devices are all design$ to keep 
wat] ne> ! surface  ( ! soil f p]colat+ 

into ! well4 ,to keep impurities f      
ent]+ ! well directly f ! top           
consid]able c>e is necess>y4  ,su*      
impurities are likely to prove ! mo/    
dang]\s because !re is  no e>? nit] to  
hold !m back & de/roy !m be=e !y c rea* 
! wat]4 ,adequate protection above may  
be provid$ 9 sev]al ways4  ,! sides ( ! 
til$ wells %\ld project above ! surface 
& be  securely cov]$ ) a wat]-tight lid4
 ,! ord9>y well %\ld also  h its sides  
project above ! surface & a wat]-tight  
cov] ( heavy  planks provid$1 :i* %\ld n
 be di/urb$ except+ = repair+ or        
cleans+ ! well4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld
 objects be let d[n into  ! well to     
cool4 ,a /ill bett] me?od ( protect+ !  
wat] f above  is to h ! l9+ wall ( !    
well end #c feet bel[ ! surface ( !     
gr\nd & to be topp$ !re ) a vault$ ro(1 
clos$ 9 ! c5t]  ) a removable iron or   
/one plate4 ,! top %\ld be cov]$ ) #ab  
in*es ( clay or loam2 above ?is !re %\ld
 be a lay] ( s&1 &  la/ly a pavem5t     
slop+ away 9 all directions4    ,too mu*

 c>e c n be be/[$ ^u ! h\sehold well4 ,x
 %\ld  be gu>d$ jeal\sly & all means    
appli$ to put ! wat] above any          
suspicion ( be+ impure4 ,?is is         
especially true 9 dairies :]e well  wat]
 is us$ 9 clean+ ! milk cans1 & :]e /eam
 & boil+ wat]  h n yet f\nd _! way = ?is
 end4 ,pollut$ wells 9 su* h\ses  n only
 endang] ! heal? ( ! inmates b t ( a m  
or less  num]\s body ( city cu/om]s4    
,9 ^? regions :]e ra9 wat] is ! only    
safe dr9k+ wat]1 !  same c>e is necess>y
 to protect ! /or$ supply f             
contam9ation1  & no sugge/ions beyond ^?
 already giv5 are necess>y "h4          
,,conclusion4      ,9 ! =ego+ pages x   
has be5 ! aim ( ! writ] to give a few   
facts & supply a c]ta9 numb] ( ideas    
:i*1 9 ! m9d ( any  p]son :o has        
?or\ghly und]/ood !m & :o ?9ks =        
himself1  may be safely left to rip5    
into s*emes adapt$ to 8 own wants &     
surr\nd+s4 ,h[ _m res\rces a man arm$ ) 
correct views may f9d  9 ! simple/      
appliances ! read] may judge = himself  

by consult+  ,*apt]s ,,ix1 ,x1 & ,,xi ( 
,dr4 ,vivian ,poore's v int]e/+ volume  
on  rural hygi5e4 ,:e!r ! means =       
utiliz+ h\sehold wa/es !re  describ$ &  
adopt$ by him w\ld be adequate outside (
 a limit$  t]ritory ( our own c\ntry1 ,i
 am n prep>$ to /ate4 ,= ! same  reason 
no def9ite sugge/ions c be made 9 ^!    
pages1 ow+ to !  wide div]sity 9 !      
climatic & o!r conditions obta9+ ov] !  
va/ t]ritory ( our c\ntry4 ,! writ] has1
 fur!rmore1 omitt$ all  /atem5ts (      
detail :i* prop]ly belong to ! sanit>y  
eng9e]4 ,!  works ref]r$ to w1 h[ev]1   
supply ^? m directly int]e/$  ) ! facts 
& figures desir$4    ,! pr9ciples to be 
kept 9 ! =egr\nd are ! disposal ( sewage
  9 ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! soil 9 n too 
great quantity1 !  dis9fection ( ! /ools
 ( ! sick ) lime be=e su* disposition   
is made1 ! digg+ ( wells 9 places kept  
p]man5tly 9 grass & at  "s di/ance f    
b>ny>ds1 &1 above all1 _! ?or\gh        
protection  f contam9ation f ! surface &
 f ! soil imm$iately bel[  ! surface4   

,9 e community !re are public-spirit$   
citiz5s :o c\ld d mu*  good by tak+ hold
 ( ! simple/ & safe/ me?ods ( dispos+ ( 
sewage & refuse1 putt+ !m into practice1
 & %[+ ! re/ (  ! community j :at good c
 be accompli%$ & :at h>m avoid$  by a   
little cont9u\s att5tion to sanit>y     
matt]s4 ,9 ?is way _m  may be l$ to     
und]take improvem5ts :o1 ) no def9ite k 
(  ! exp5se involv$ & ) misgiv+s z to ! 
f9al success ( !  und]tak+1 w\ld o!rwise
 hesitate to make a beg9n+4             
99       99       99       99       99  
,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9s4    ,^! bullet9s    
fire s5t free ( *>ge to any address ^u  
application  to ! ,secret>y (           
,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4    ,only
 ! bullet9s nam$ bel[ are available =   
di/ribution4      ,no4 #ae4 ,"s         
,de/ructive ,potato ,diseases3 ,:at ,!y 
,are & ,h[ to              ,prev5t ,!m4 
,pp4 #h4    ,no4 #af4 ,legum9\s ,plants 
= ,gre5 ,manur+ & = ,fe$+4 ,pp4 #bd4    
,no4 #ah4 ,=age ,plants = ! ,s\?4 ,pp4  
#cj4    ,no4 #ai4 ,important            

,insecticides3 ,directions = ,_!        
,prep>ation &              ,use4 ,pp4   
#bj4    ,no4 #bj4 ,wa%$ ,soils3 ,h[ to  
,prev5t & ,reclaim ,!m4 ,pp4 #bb4       
,no4 #ba4 ,b>ny>d ,manure4 ,pp4 #cb4    
,no4 #bb4 ,fe$+ ,f>m ,animals4 ,pp4 #cb4
    ,no4 #bc4 ,foods3 ,nutritive ,value 
& ,co/4 ,pp4 #cb4    ,no4 #bd4 ,hog     
,*ol]a & ,sw9e ,plague4 ,pp4 #af4       
,no4 #bf4 ,sweet ,potatoes3 ,culture &  
,uses4 ,pp4 #cj4    ,no4 #bg4 ,flax =   
,se$ & ,fib]4 ,pp4 #aj4    ,no4 #bh4    
,we$s2 & ,h[ to ,kill ,!m4 ,pp4 #cj4    
,no4 #bi4 ,s\r+ ( ,milk & ,o!r ,*anges 9
 ,milk ,products4 ,pp4 #bc4    ,no4 #cj4
 ,grape ,diseases on ! ,pacific ,coa/4  
,pp4 #af4    ,no4 #ca4 ,alfalfa1 or     
,luc]n4 ,pp4 #bc4    ,no4 #cb4 ,silos & 
,silage4 ,pp4 #ca4    ,no4 #cc4 ,pea*   
,gr[+ = ,m>ket4 ,pp4 #bd4    ,no4 #cd4  
,meats3 ,composition & ,cook+4 ,pp4 #bi4
    ,no4 #ce4 ,potato ,culture4 ,pp4    
#bc4    ,no4 #cf4 ,cotton ,se$ & ,its   
,products4 ,pp4 #af4    ,no4 #cg4 ,kafir
 ,corn3 ,*>act]i/ics1 ,culture1 & ,uses4

 ,pp4 #ab4    ,no4 #ch4 ,spray+ = ,fruit
 ,diseases4 ,pp4 #ab4    ,no4 #ci4      
,onion ,culture4 ,pp4 #ca4    ,no4 #dj4 
,f>m ,dra9age4 ,pp4 #bd4    ,no4 #da4   
,f[ls3 ,c>e & ,fe$+4 ,pp4 #bd4    ,no4  
#db4 ,facts ab\t ,milk4 ,pp4 #bi4       
,no4 #dc4 ,sewage ,disposal on ! ,f>m4  
,pp4 #bb4    ,no4 #dd4 ,comm]cial       
,f]tiliz]s4 ,pp4 #bd4    ,no4 #de4 ,"s  
,insects ,injuri\s to ,/or$ ,gra94 ,pp4 
#cb4    ,no4 #df4 ,irrigation 9 ,humid  
,climates4 ,pp4 #bg4    ,no4 #dg4       
,insects ,affect+ ! ,cotton ,plant4 ,pp4
 #cb4    ,no4 #dh4 ,! ,manur+ ( ,cotton4
 ,pp4 #af4    ,no4 #di4 ,%eep ,fe$+4    
,pp4 #bd4    ,no4 #ej4 ,sorghum z a     
,=age ,crop4 ,pp4 #bd4    ,no4 #ea4     
,/&>d ,v>ieties ( ,*ick5s4 ,pp4 #dh4    
,no4 #eb4 ,! ,sug> ,beet4 ,pp4 #dh4     
,no4 #ec4 ,h[ to ,gr[ ,mu%rooms4 ,pp4   
#bj4    ,no4 #ea4 ,"s ,common ,birds 9  
,_! ,relation to ,agriculture4 ,pp4 #dj4
    ,no4 #ee4 ,! ,dairy ,h]d3 ,its      
,=mation & ,managem5t4 ,pp4 #ba4    ,no4
 #ef4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,"w--,i4 ,pp4   

#cj4    ,no4 #eg4 ,butt] ,mak+ on !     
,f>m4 ,pp4 #ae4    ,no4 #eh4 ,! ,soy    
,bean z a ,=age ,crop4 ,pg4 #bd4    ,no4
 #ei4 ,bee ,keep+4 ,pp4 #cb4    ,no4    
#fj4 ,me?ods ( ,cur+ ,tobacco4 ,pp4 #af4
    ,no4 #fa4 ,asp>agus ,culture4 ,pp4  
#dj4    ,no4 #fb4 ,m>ket+ ,f>m ,produce4
 ,pp4 #bh4    ,no4 #fc4 ,c>e ( ,milk on 
! ,f>m4 ,pp4 #dj4    ,no4 #fd4 ,ducks & 
,geese4 ,pp4 #dh4    ,no4 #fe4 ,exp]im5t
 ,/ation ,"w--,,ii4 ,pp4 #cb4    ,no4   
#ff4 ,mead[s & ,pa/ures4 ,pp4 #bd4      
,no4 #fg4 ,=e/ry = ,f>m]s4 ,pp4 #dh4    
,no4 #fh4 ,! ,black ,rot ( ! ,cabbage4  
,pp4 #bb4             99       99       
99       99       99      ,transcrib]   
,note    ,illu/rations 7 mov$ to prev5t 
splitt+ p>agraphs4