,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ by ,italics4 ,revis$6 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,no4 #ed ,,"s ,,common ,,birds ,,9 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,agriculture4 ,,by ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,,beal1 ,b4 ,s41 ,,assi/ant ,,orni?ologi/1 ,,biological ,,survey4 ,may1 #ahig4 ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #ahih4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction #c ,! cuckoos 7,coccyzus am]icanus & ,c4 ery?oph?almus7 7fig4 #a7 #e ,! woodpeck]s 7figs4 #b-e7 #f ,! k+bird 7,tyrannus tyrannus7 7fig4 #f7 #aa ,! phbe 7,sayornis phbe7 7fig4 #g7 #ac ,! bluejay 7,cyanocitta cri/ata7 7fig4 #h7 #ad ,! cr[ 7,corvus am]icanus7 #ae ,! bobol9k1 or ricebird 7,doli*conyx oryzivorus7 7fig4 #i7 #ag ,! r$w+$ blackbird 7,agelaius phniceus7 7fig4 #aj7 #ai ,! mead[ l>k1 or old field l>k 7,/urnella magna7 7fig4 #aa7 #ba ,! ,baltimore oriole 7,ict]us galbula7 7fig4 #ab7 #bc ,! cr[ blackbird1 or grackle 7,quiscalus quiscula7 7fig4 #ac7 #bd ,! sp>r[s 7fig4 #ad7 #bf ,! rose-brea/$ grosbeak 7,zamelodia ludoviciana7 7fig4 #ae7 #bh ,! swall[s 7fig4 #af7 #cj ,! c$>bird 7,ampelis c$rorum7 7fig4 #ag7 #ca ,! catbird 7,galeoscoptes c>ol95sis7 7fig4 #ah7 #cc ,! br[n ?ra%] 7,h>porhyn*us rufus7 7fig4 #ai7 #cd ,! h\se wr5 7,troglodytes adon7 7fig4 #bj7 #ce ,! rob9 7,m]ula migratoria7 7fig4 #ba7 #cg ,! bluebird 7,sialia sialis7 7fig4 #bb7 #ci ,,"s ,,common ,,birds ,,9 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,agriculture4 ,,introduction4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t birds play an important "p 9 relation to agriculture1 b !re seems to be a t5d5cy to dwell on ! h>m !y d r !n on ! good4 ,:e!r a bird is injuri\s or b5eficial dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u :at x eats1 & 9 ! case ( species :i* are unusually abundant or :i* dep5d 9 "p ^u ! f>m]'s crops = subsi/5ce ! "* ( ! food (t5 becomes a v practical "q4 ,if cr[s or blackbirds are se5 9 numb]s ab\t cornfields1 or if woodpeck]s are notic$ at "w 9 an or*>d1 x is p]haps n surpris+ t !y are accus$ ( do+ h>m4 ,c>eful inve/igation1 h[ev]1 (t5 %[s t !y are actually de/roy+ noxi\s insects1 & also t ev5 ^? :i* d h>m at "o season may comp5sate = x by eat+ noxi\s species at ano!r4 ,insects are eat5 at all times by ! majority ( l& birds1 & dur+ ! bre$+ season mo/ k9ds subsi/ l>gely & re> _! "y exclusively on ?is food4 ,:5 insects are unusually pl5tiful1 !y are eat5 by _m birds :i* ord9>ily d n t\* !m4 ,ev5 birds ( prey resort to ?is diet1 & :5 insects are m easily obta9$ ?an o!r f>e1 ! small] hawks & owls live on !m almo/ entirely4 ,?is 0 well illu/rat$ dur+ ! rec5t plague ( ,rocky ,m\nta9 locu/s 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 :5 x 0 f\nd t locu/s 7 eat5 by ne>ly e bird 9 ! region1 & t !y =m$ almo/ ! entire food ( a l>ge majority ( ! species4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 birds fe$ ^u ! k9d ( food t is mo/ accessible4 ,?us1 z a rule1 insectivor\s birds eat ! insects t are mo/ easily obta9$1 provid$ !y d n h "s peculi>ly disagreeable prop]ty4 ,x is n probable t a bird habitually passes by "o k9d ( insect to look = ano!r :i* is m appetiz+1 & !re seems little evid5ce 9 support ( ! !ory t tire selection ( food is re/rict$ to any p>ticul> species ( insect1 = x is evid5t t a bird eats ^? :i* by its own me?od ( seek+ are mo/ easily obta9$4 ,?us1 a gr\nd-fe$+ bird eats ^? x f9ds among ! dead leaves & grass2 a flycat*]1 wat*+ = its prey f "s vantage po9t1 captures entirely diff]5t k9ds2 & ! woodpeck] & w>bl]1 9 ! tree tops1 select /ill o!rs4 ,x is ?us app>5t t a bird's diet is likely to be q v>i$1 & to diff] at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! food habits ( birds1 field obs]vation c be reli$ on only to a limit$ ext5t1 = x is n always easy to det]m9e :at a bird really eats by wat*+ x4 ,9 ord] to be positive on ?is po9t1 x is necess>y to exam9e ! /oma* cont5ts4 ,:5 birds are suspect$ ( do+ injury to field crops or fruit trees1 a few individuals %\ld be %ot & _! /oma*s exam9$4 ,?is w %[ unmi/akably :e!r or n ! birds are guilty4 ,9 response to a g5]al dem& = def9ite in=mation reg>d+ ! food habits ( our native birds1 ! biological ,survey ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has = "s ye>s pa/ be5 conduct+ a sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! food ( species :i* are believ$ to be ( economic importance4 ,?\s&s ( birds' /oma*s h be5 c>efully exam9$ 9 ! laboratory1 & all ! available data respect+ ! food br\ght toge!r4 ,! results ( ! inve/igations relat+ to birds ( prey1 bas$ on an exam9ation ( ne>ly #c1jjj /oma*s1 7 publi%$ 9 #ahic1 9 a special bullet9 entitl$ ,! ,hawks & ,owls ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m o!r species h be5 simil>ly /udi$ & ! results publi%$1 ei!r 9 special bullet9s or z articles 9 ! ye>books4 ,! pres5t bullet9 conta9s brief ab/racts ( ! results ( food /udies ( ab\t #cj gra9 & insect eat+ birds belong+ to #aj diff]5t families4#a #a ,! limits ( ?is bullet9 preclude giv+ m ?an a v brief /atem5t reg>d+ ! food ( ea* bird1 b m detail$ acc\nts ( "s ( ! species w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ reports ( ! ,biological ,survey 7=m]ly ,division ( ,orni?ology & ,mammalogy73 ,! ,cuckoos--,bullet9 ,no4 #i1 #ahih1 pp4 #a-ad2 ,cr[--,bullet9 ,no4 #f1 #ahie1 pp4 #a-ih2 ,woodpeck]s--,bullet9 ,no4 #g1 #ahie1 pp4 #a-ci2 ,k+bird--,annual ,report ,secret>y ( ,agriculture = #ahic1 pp4 #bcc-bcd2 ,r$w+$ ,blackbird--,ye>book = #ahig1 pp4 #cdi-cea2 ,baltimore ,oriole--,ye>book = #ahie1 pp4 #dbf-dcj2 ,grackles--,ye>book = #ahid1 pp4 #bcc-bdh2 ,mead[l>k--,ye>book = #ahie1 pp4 #dbj-dbf2 ,c$>bird--,annual ,report ,secret>y ( ,agriculture = #ahib1 pp4 #aig-bjj2 ,catbird1 ,br[n ,?ra%]1 & ,wr5--,ye>book = #ahie1 pp4 #dje-dah4 ,^! species comprise among o!rs ! cr[ blackbirds & ricebirds1 aga9/ :i* s]i\s compla9ts h be5 made on acc\nt ( ! damage !y d to corn1 :eat1 rice1 & o!r crops2 & also ! cuckoos1 grosbeaks1 & ?ra%]s1 :i* are g5]ally admitt$ to be b5eficial1 b ^: true value z insect de/roy]s has n be5 fully appreciat$4 ,! practical value ( birds 9 controll+ insect pe/s %\ld be m g5]ally recogniz$4 ,x maybe an easy matt] to ext]m9ate ! birds 9 an or*>d or gra9 field1 b x is an extremely difficult "o to control ! insect pe/s4 ,x is1 c]ta91 too1 t ! value ( our native sp>r[s z we$ de/roy]s is n appreciat$4 ,we$ se$ =ms an important item ( ! w9t] food ( _m ( ^! birds1 & x is impossible to e/imate ! imm5se numb]s ( noxi\s we$s :i* are ?us annually de/roy$4 ,if birds are protect$ & enc\rag$ to ne/ ab\t ! f>m & g>d51 !y w d _! %>e 9 de/roy+ noxi\s insects & we$s1 & a few h\rs sp5t 9 putt+ up boxes = bluebirds1 m>t9s1 & wr5s w prove a good inve/m5t4 ,birds are protect$ by law 9 _m ,/ates1 b x rema9s = ! agriculturali/s to see t ! laws are fai?fully obs]v$4 ,,! ,,cuckoos4 7,coccyzus am]icanus & ,c4 ery?oph?almus7 ,two species ( cuckoos1 ! yell[-bill$ 7fig4 #a7 & ! black-bill$1 are common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,pla9s1 & a subspecies ( ! yell[-bill$ ext5ds we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 ,:ile ! two species are q di/9ct1 !y d n diff] greatly 9 food habits1 & _! economic /atus is practically ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,yell[-bill$ cuckoo4 ,an exam9ation ( #aee /oma*s has %[n t ^! cuckoos are mu* giv5 to eat+ cat]pill>s1 &1 unlike mo/ birds1 d n reject ^? cov]$ ) hair4 ,9 fact1 cuckoos eat s _m hairy cat]pill>s t ! hairs pi]ce ! inn] l9+ ( ! /oma* & rema9 !re1 s t :5 ! /oma* is op5$ & turn$ inside out1 x appe>s to be l9$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( fur4 ,an exam9ation ( ! /oma*s ( #dj black-bill$ cuckoos1 tak5 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 %[$ ! rema9s ( #ijj cat]pill>s1 #dd beetles1 #if gras%opp]s1 #ajj sawflies1 #cj /9k bugs1 & #ae spid]s4 ,9 all probability m individuals ?an ^! 7 repres5t$1 b _! rema9s 7 too badly brok5 = recognition4 ,mo/ ( ! cat]pill>s 7 hairy1 & _m ( !m belong$ to a g5us t lives 9 colonies & fe$s on ! leaves ( trees1 includ+ ! apple tree4 ,"o /oma* 0 fill$ ) l>v ( a cat]pill> belong+ to ! same g5us z ! t5t cat]pill>1 :ile o!rs conta9$ t species4 ,o!r l>v 7 ^? ( l>ge mo?s1 = :i* ! bird seems to h a special fondness4 ,! beetles 7 ma9ly click beetles & weevils1 ) a few ,may beetles4 ,! sawflies 7 all f\nd 9 two /oma*s1 "o ( :i* conta9$ no less ?an #ajj 9 ! l>val /age4 ,( ! yell[-bill$ cuckoo1 #aji /oma*s 7collect$ f ,may to ,octob]1 inclusive7 7 exam9$4 ,! cont5ts consi/$ ( #a1hfe cat]pill>s1 #ic beetles1 #bdb gras%opp]s1 #cg sawflies1 #fi bugs1 #f flies1 & #hf spid]s4 ,mo/ ( ! cat]pill>s belong$ to hairy species & _m ( !m 7 ( l>ge size4 ,"o /oma* conta9$ #bej ,am]ican t5t cat]pill>s2 ano!r #bag fall webworms4 ,9 places :]e t5t cat]pill>s are abundant !y seem to con/itute a l>ge portion ( ! food ( ^! two birds4 ,! beetles 7 di/ribut$ among sev]al families1 b all m or less h>mful to agriculture4 ,9 ! same /oma* :i* conta9$ ! t5t cat]pill>s 7 two ,colorado potato beetles2 9 ano!r 7 ?ree goldsmi? beetles & rema9s ( sev]al o!r l>ge beetles4 ,besides gras%opp]s 7 sev]al katydids & tree crickets4 ,! sawflies 7 9 ! l>val /age1 9 :i* !y resemble cat]pill>s s closely t !y are commonly call$ false cat]pill>s1 & p]haps ?is lik5ess may be ! reason ! cuckoos eat !m s freely4 ,! bugs consi/$ ( /9k bugs & cicadas or dog-day h>ve/ flies1 ) ! s+le exception ( "o :eel bug1 :i* 0 ! only useful insect eat51 unless ! spid]s be c\nt$ z su*4 ,,! ,,woodpeck]s4 ,five or six species ( woodpeck]s are famili>ly kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ! we/ are replac$ by o!rs ( simil> habits4 ,sev]al species rema9 9 ! nor!rn ,/ates ?r\gh ! entire ye>1 :ile o!rs are m or less migratory4 ,f>m]s are prone to look ^u woodpeck]s ) suspicion4 ,:5 ! birds are se5 scrambl+ ov] fruit trees & peck+ at ! b>k1 & fre% holes are f\nd 9 ! tree1 x is conclud$ t !y are do+ h>m4 ,c>eful obs]v]s1 h[ev]1 h notic$ t1 except+ a s+le species1 ^! birds r>ely leave any important m>k on a heal?y tree1 b t :5 a tree is affect$ by wood-bor+ l>v ! ,insects are accurately locat$1 dislodg$1 & dev\r$4 ,9 case ! holes f :i* ! bor]s are tak5 are aft]w>ds occupi$ by colonies ( ants1 ^! ants 9 turn are drawn out & eat54 ,two ( ! be/ kn[n woodpeck]s1 ! hairy woodpeck] 7,dryobates villosus7 7fig4 #b7 & ! d[ny woodpeck] 7,d4 pubesc5s71 includ+ _! races1 range ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = ! mo/ "p rema9 ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 _! usual haunts4 ,!y diff] *iefly 9 size1 = _! colors are practically ! same1 & ! males1 l o!r woodpeck]s1 are di/+ui%$ by a sc>let pat* on ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,hairy woodpeck]4 ,an exam9ation ( _m /oma*s ( ^! two birds %[s t f two-?irds to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! food consi/s ( insects1 *iefly noxi\s4 ,wood-bor+ beetles1 bo? adults & l>v1 are conspicu\s1 & ) !m are associat$ _m cat]pill>s1 mo/ly species t burr[ into trees4 ,next 9 importance are ! ants t live 9 decay+ wood1 all ( :i* are s\ght by woodpeck]s & eat5 9 great quantities4 ,_m ants are p>ticul>ly h>mful to limb]1 = if !y f9d a small spot ( decay 9 ! vacant burr[ ( "s wood-bor]1 !y enl>ge ! hole1 & z _! colony is always on ! increase1 cont9ue to eat away ! wood until ! :ole trunk is honey-comb$4 ,moreov]1 ^! insects are n accessible to o!r birds1 & c\ld pursue _! c>e] ( de/ruction unmole/$ 7 x n t ! woodpeck]s1 ) beaks & tongues especially fitt$ = su* "w1 dig out & dev\r !m4 ,x is ?us evid5t t woodpeck]s are great cons]vators ( =e/s4 ,to !m1 m ?an to any o!r ag5cy1 we owe ! pres]vation ( timb] f hordes ( de/ructive insects4 ,"o ( ! l>g] woodpeck]s famili> to ev]yone is ! flick]1 or gold5-w+$ woodpeck] 7,colaptes auratus7 7fig4 #c71 :i* is g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! ,atlantic ,coa/ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta94 ,x is !re replac$ by ! r$-%aft$ flick] 7,c4 caf]71 :i* ext5ds we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 ,! two species are z ne>ly id5tical 9 food habits z _! environm5t w all[4 ,! flick]s1 :ile g5u9e woodpeck]s1 diff] some:at 9 habits f ! re/ ( ! family1 & are frequ5tly se5 ^u ! gr\nd se>*+ = food4 ,l ! d[ny & hairy woodpeck]s1 !y eat wood-bor+ grubs & ants1 b ! numb] ( ants eat5 is mu* great]4 ,two ( ! flick]s' /oma*s exam9$ 7 completely fill$ ) ants1 ea* /oma* conta9+ m ?an #c1jjj individuals4 ,^! ants belong$ to species :i* live 9 ! gr\nd1 & x is ^! insects = :i* ! flick] is se>*+ :5 runn+ ab\t 9 ! grass1 al?\gh "s gras%opp]s are also tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,flick]4 ,! r$-head$ woodpeck] 7,melan]pes ery?rocephalus7 7fig4 #d7 is well kn[n ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 b is r r>e 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,unlike "s ( ! o!r species1 x pref]s f5ce po/s & telegraph poles to trees z a =ag+ gr\nd4 ,its food !re=e naturally diff]s f t ( ! prec$+ species1 & consi/s l>gely ( adult beetles & wasps1 :i* x frequ5tly captures on ! w+1 aft] ! fa%ion ( flycat*]s4 ,gras%opp]s also =m an important "p ( ! food4 ,! r$-head has a peculi> habit ( select+ v l>ge beetles1 z %[n by ! pres5ce ( fragm5ts ( sev]al ( ! l>ge/ species 9 ! /oma*s4 ,among ! beetles 7 q a numb] ( pr$ace\s gr\nd beetles1 & un=tunately "s tig] beetles1 :i* are useful insects4 ,! r$-head has be5 accus$ ( robb+ ! ne/s ( o!r birds2 also ( attack+ "y birds & p\ltry & peek+ out _! bra9s1 b z ! /oma*s %[$ little evid5ce to sub/antiate ?is *>ge x is probable t ! habit is r exceptional4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,r$-head$ woodpeck]4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to speak ( ! small] woodpeck]s z sapsuck]s1 "u ! belief t !y drill holes 9 ! b>k ( trees = ! purpose ( dr9k+ ! sap & eat+ ! inn] b>k4 ,close obs]vation1 h[ev]1 has fix$ ?is habit ^u only "o species1 ! yell[-belli$ woodpeck]1 or sapsuck] 7,sphyrapicus v>ius7 7fig4 #e74 ,?is bird has be5 %[n to be guilty ( peck+ holes 9 ! b>k ( v>i\s =e/ trees1 & sometimes 9 t ( apple trees1 f :i* x dr9ks ! sap :5 ! pits become fill$4 ,x has be5 prov$1 h[ev]1 t besides tak+ ! gap ! bird captures l>ge numb]s ( insects :i* are attract$ by ! sweet fluid1 & t ^! =m a v consid]able portion ( its diet4 ,9 "s cases ! trees are injur$ by be+ ?us punctur$1 & die 9 a ye> or two1 b s9ce comp>atively few are t\*$ ! damage is n great4 ,x is equally probable1 moreov]1 t ! bird fully comp5sates = ?is injury by ! insects x consumes4 ,! vegetable food ( woodpeck]s is v>i$1 b consi/s l>gely ( small fruits & b]ries4 ,! d[ny & hairy woodpeck]s eat su* fruits z dogwood1 ,virg9ia creep]1 & o!rs1 ) ! se$s ( poison ivy1 sumac1 & a few o!r %rubs4 ,! flick] also eats a great _m small fruits & ! se$s ( a consid]able numb] ( %rubs & we$s4 ,none ( ! ?ree species is mu* giv5 to eat+ cultivat$ fruits or crops4 ,! r$-head has be5 accus$ ( eat+ ! l>g] k9ds ( fruit1 su* z apples1 & also ( tak+ consid]able corn4 ,! /oma* exam9ations %[ t to "s ext5t ^! *>ges are sub/antiat$ b t ! habit is n preval5t en\gh to cause mu* damage4 ,x is q fond ( ma/1 especially bee*nuts1 & :5 ^! nuts are pl5tiful ! birds rema9 nor? all w9t]1 in/ead ( migrat+ z is _! usual cu/om4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,yell[-belli$ woodpeck]4 ,half ! food ( ! sapsuck]1 aside f sap1 consi/s ( vegetable matt]1 l>gely b]ries ( ! k9ds already m5tion$1 & also a quantity ( ! inn] b>k ( trees1 m ( :i* is eat5 by ?is species ?an by any o!r4 ,_m o!r woodpeck]s are f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 b _! food habits agree 9 ! ma9 ) ^? j describ$4 ,^? birds are c]ta9ly ! only ag5ts :i* c successfully cope ) c]ta9 insect enemies ( ! =e/s1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ( fruit trees also4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 !y %\ld be protect$ 9 e possible way4 ,,! ,,k+bird 7,tyrannus tyrannus7 ,! k+bird 7fig4 #f7 ,is ess5tially a lov] ( ! or*>d1 & :]ev] ! native groves h be5 replac$ by fruit trees ?is pugnaci\s bird takes up its abode4 ,x bre$s 9 all ( ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & less commonly 9 ! ,great ,bas9 & on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,x migrates s\? e>ly 9 ! fall1 & g5]ally leaves ! ,unit$ ,/ates to sp5d ! w9t] 9 m s\!rn latitudes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,k+bird4 ,! k+bird manife/s its pres5ce 9 _m ways4 ,x is some:at boi/]\s & obtrusive1 & its antipa?y = hawks & cr[s is well kn[n4 ,x nev] hesitates to give battle to any ( ^! m>aud]s1 no matt]1 h[ sup]ior 9 size1 & = ?is reason a family ( k+birds is a desirable adjunct to a p\ltry y>d4 ,on "o occasion 9 ! k ( ! writ] a hawk :i* attack$ a brood ( "y turkeys 0 p\nc$ ^u & s sev]ely buffet$ by a pair ( k+birds1 ^: ne/ 0 ne> by1 t ! w\ld-be robb] 0 glad to escape )\t 8 prey4 ,song birds t ne/ ne> ! k+bird are simil>ly protect$4 ,9 its food habits ?is species is l>gely insectivor\s4 ,x is a true flycat*] by nature1 & takes a l>ge "p ( its food on ! w+4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 conf9e itself to ?is me?od ( hunt+1 b picks up "s insects f trees & we$s1 & ev5 desc5ds to ! gr\nd 9 se>* ( myriapods or ?\s& legs4 ,! *ief compla9t aga9/ ! k+bird is t x preys l>gely ^u honeybees2 & ?is *>ge has be5 made bo? by pr(essional bee keep]s & o!rs4 ,_m obs]v]s h se5 ! bird at "w ne> hives1 & !re is no reason to d\bt ! hone/y ( _! te/imony4 ,"o bee rais] 9 ,i[a1 suspect+ ! k+birds ( fe$+ ^u 8 bees1 %ot a numb] ne> 8 hives1 b :5 ! birds' /oma*s 7 exam9$ by an exp]t entomologi/ n a trace ( honeybees c\ld be f\nd4 ,! ,biological ,survey has made an exam9ation ( #bha /oma*s collect$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b f\nd only #ad conta9+ rema9s ( honeybees4 ,9 ^! #ad /oma*s !re 7 9 all #ej honeybees1 ( :i* #dj 7 drones1 #d 7 c]ta9ly work]s1 & ! rema9+ #f 7 too badly brok5 to be id5tifi$ z to sex4 ,! insects t con/itute ! great bulk ( ! food ( ?is bird are noxi\s species1 l>gely beetles--,may beetles1 click beetles 7! l>v ( :i* are kn[n z wire worms71 weevils1 :i* prey ^u fruit & gra91 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,wasps1 wild bees1 & ants are conspicu\s elem5ts ( ! food1 f> outnumb]+ ! hive bees4 ,dur+ summ] _m gras%opp]s & crickets1 z well z leaf hopp]s & o!r bugs1 are also eat54 ,among ! flies 7 a numb] ( robb] flies--insects :i* prey l>gely ^u o!r insects1 especially honeybees1 & :i* h be5 kn[n to commit 9 ?is way ext5sive depr$ations4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! k+bird by de/roy+ ^! flies actually does good "w = ! api>i/4 ,n9ete5 robb] flies 7 f\nd 9 ! /oma*s exam9$2 ^! may be consid]$ m ?an an equival5t = ! f\r work] honeybees already m5tion$4 ,a few cat]pill>s are eat51 mo/ly belong+ to ! gr\p commonly kn[n z cutworms1 all ! species ( :i* are h>mful4 ,ab\t #aj p] c5t ( ! food consi/s ( small native fruits1 compris+ "s tw5ty common species ( ! roadsides & ?ickets1 su* z dogwood b]ries1 eld] b]ries & wild grapes4 ,! bird has n be5 report$ z eat+ cultivat$ fruit to an injuri\s ext5t1 & x is v d\btful if ?is is ev] ! case1 = *]ries & blackb]ries are ! only ones t might h come f cultivat$ places1 & !y 7 f\nd 9 b few /oma*s4 ,?ree po9ts seem to be cle>ly e/abli%$ 9 reg>d to ! food ( ! k+bird--7#a7 t ab\t #ij p] c5t consi/s ( insects1 mo/ly injuri\s species2 7#b7 t ! alleg$ habit ( prey+ ^u honeybees is mu* less preval5t ?an has be5 suppos$1 & probably does n result 9 any great damage2 & 7#c7 t ! vegetable food consi/s almo/ entirely ( wild fruits :i* h no economic value4 ,^! facts1 tak5 9 connection ) its well-kn[n enmity = hawks & cr[s1 entitle ! k+bird to a place among ! mo/ desirable birds ( ! or*>d or g>d54 ,,! ,,ph,,be4 7,sayornis phbe47 ,among ! e>ly spr+ arrivals at ! ,nor?1 none m welcome ?an ! phbe 7fig4 #g74 ,?\gh1 naturally build+ its ne/ "u an ov]hang+ cliff ( rock or e>?1 or 9 ! m\? ( a cave1 its pref]5ce = ! vic9ity ( f>m build+s is s m>k$ t 9 ! m ?ickly settl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! bird is seldom se5 at any great di/ance f a f>mh\se except :]e a bridge spans "s /ream1 af=d+ a secure spot = a ne/4 ,its confid+ disposition has r5d]$ x a great favorite1 & consequ5tly x is seldom di/urb$4 ,x bre$s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & w9t]s f ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates s\?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,phbe4 ,! phbe subsi/s almo/ exclusively ^u insects1 mo/ ( :i* are caught ^u ! w+4 ,an exam9ation ( #hj /oma*s %[$ t ov] #ic p] c5t ( ! ye>'s food consi/s ( insects & spid]s1 :ile wild fruit con/itutes ! rema9d]4 ,! insects belong *iefly to noxi\s1 species1 & include _m click beetles4 ,may beetles1 & weevils4 ,gras%opp]s 9 _! season are eat5 to a consid]able ext5t1 :ile wasps ( v>i\s species1 _m flies ( species t annoy cattle1 & a few bugs & spid]s are also eat5 regul>ly4 ,x is evid5t t a pair ( phbes mu/ mat]ially r$uce ! numb] ( insects ne> a g>d5 or field1 z ! birds (t51 if n always1 raise two broods a ye>1 & ea* brood numb]s f f\r to six "y4 ,! vegetable portion ( ! food is unimportant1 & consi/s ma9ly ( a few se$s1 ) small fruits1 su* z wild *]ries1 eld] b]ries1 & junip] b]ries4 ,! raspb]ries & blackb]ries f\nd 9 ! /oma*s 7 ! only fruits t might h bang$ to cultivat$ v>ieties1 & ! quantity 0 trifl+4 ,!re is h>dly a m useful species ?an ! phbe ab\t ! f>m1 & x %\ld receive e enc\ragem5t4 ,to furni% ne/+ boxes is unnecess>y1 z x usually pref]s a m op5 situation1 l a %$1 or a nook "u ! eaves1 b x %\ld be protect$ f cats & o!r m>aud]s4 ,,! ,,blue ,,jay4 7,cyanocitta cri/ata47 ,! blue jay 7fig4 #h7 is a common bird ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & rema9s ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 mo/ ( its range1 al?\gh its numb]s are some:at r$uc$ 9 w9t] 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,dur+ spr+ & summ] ! jay is =c$ to become an indu/ri\s hunt] = insects1 & is n s conspicu\s a feature ( ! l&scape z :5 x roams ! c\ntry at w aft] ! c>es ( ! ne/+ season are ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,blue ,jay4 ,orni?ologi/s & field obs]v]s 9 g5]al decl>e t a consid]able portion ( its food 9 spr+ & e>ly summ] consi/s ( ! eggs & "y ( small birds1 & "s f>m]s accuse x ( /eal+ corn to an injuri\s ext5t 9 ! fall4 ,:ile !re may be "s tru? 9 ^! accusations1 !y h almo/ c]ta9ly be5 exagg]at$4 ,no d\bt _m jays h be5 obs]v$ robb+ ne/s ( o!r birds1 b ?\s&s h be5 se5 t 7 n s engag$4 ,9 an inve/igation ( ! food ( ! blue jay #bib /oma*s 7 exam9$1 :i* %[$ t animal matt] compris$ #bd p] c5t & vegetable matt] #gj p] c5t ( ! bird's diet4 ,s mu* has be5 said ab\t ! ne/ robb+ habits ( ! jay t special se>* 0 made = traces ( birds or birds' eggs 9 ! /oma*s1 ) ! result t %ells ( small birds' eggs 7 f\nd 9 ?ree & ! rema9s ( "y birds 9 only two /oma*s4 ,su* negative evid5ce is n suffici5t to controv]t ! great mass ( te/imony ^u ?is po9t1 b x %[s t ! habit is n s preval5t z has be5 believ$4 ,besides birds & _! eggs1 ! jay eats mice1 fi%1 salam&]s1 snails1 & cru/aceans1 :i* altoge!r con/itute b little m ?an #a p] c5t ( its diet4 ,! insect food is made up ( beetles1 gras%opp]s1 cat]pill>s1 & a few species ( o!r ord]s1 all noxi\s1 except "s #c p] c5t ( pr$ace\s beetles4 ,?us some?+ m ?an #ai p] c5t ( ! :ole food consi/s ( h>mful insects4 ,9 ,augu/ ! jay1 l _m o!r birds1 turns its att5tion to gras%opp]s1 :i* con/itute ne>ly "o-fif? ( its food dur+ t mon?4 ,at ?is "t1 also1 mo/ ( ! o!r noxi\s insects1 includ+ cat]pill>s1 are consum$1 ?\gh beetles are eat5 *iefly 9 spr+4 ,! vegetable food is q v>i$1 b ! item ( mo/ int]e/ is gra94 ,corn 0 f\nd 9 #gj /oma*s1 :eat 9 #h1 & oats 9 #b--;all con/itut+ #ai p] c5t ( ! total food4 ,corn is evid5tly ! favorite gra91 b a clos] inspection ( ! record %[s t ! great] "p 0 eat5 dur+ ! fir/ five mon?s ( ! ye>1 & t v little 0 tak5 aft] ,may1 ev5 9 h>ve/ "t1 :5 x is abundant4 ,?is indicates t mo/ ( ! corn is glean$ f ! fields aft] h>ve/1 except :at is /ol5 f cribs or ga!r$ 9 ,may at plant+ "t4 ,! jay's favorite food is ma/ 7i4 e41 acorns1 *e/nuts1 *9quap9s1 etc471 :i* 0 f\nd 9 #aeh ( ! #bib /oma*s & am\nt$ to m ?an #db p] c5t ( ! :ole food4 ,9 ,septemb] corn =m$ #ae & ma/ #ce p] c5t1 :ile 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb] corn dropp$ to an almo/ inappreciable quantity & ma/ am\nt$ to #fd1 #hb1 & #hc p] c5t1 respectively4 ,& yet 9 ^! mon?s corn is abundant & ev]y:]e easily accessible4 ,! o!r elem5ts ( food consi/ ( a few se$s & wild fruits1 among :i* grapes & blackb]ries pr$om9ate4 ,! results ( ! /oma* exam9ation %[1 7#a7 t ! jay eats _m noxi\s insects2 7#b7 t its habit ( robb+ ! ne/s ( o!r birds is mu* less common1 ?an has be5 ass]t$2 & 7#c7 t x does little h>m to agriculture1 s9ce all b a small am\nt ( ! corn eat5 is wa/e gra94 ,,! ,,cr[4 7,corvus am]icanus47 ,!re are few birds s well kn[n z ! common cr[1 & unlike mo/ o!r species he does n seem to decrease 9 numb]s z ! c\ntry becomes m d5sely populat$4 ,! cr[ is commonly reg>d$ z a blackleg & a ?ief4 ,)\t ! da% & brilliancy ( ! jay1 or ! bold savag]y ( ! hawk1 he is accus$ ( do+ m mis*ief ?an ei!r4 ,t he does pull up spr\t+ corn1 de/roy *ick5s1 & rob ! ne/s ( small birds has be5 repeat$ly prov$4 ,nor are ^! all ( 8 s9s4 ,he is kn[n to eat frogs1 toads1 salam&]s1 & "s small snakes1 all h>mless creatures t d "s good by eat+ insects4 ,) s _m *>ges aga9/ him1 x may be well to %[ :y he %\ld n be utt]ly condemn$4 ,! exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( /oma*s1 :ile confirm+ all ! =ego+ accusations1 has ?r[n ^u ! subject a light some:at diff]5t f t d]iv$ sl[ly f field obs]vation4 ,x %[s t ! bird's ne/+ habit1 z 9 ! case ( ! jay1 is n s univ]sal z has be5 suppos$2 & t1 s f> f be+ a habitual ne/ robb]1 ! cr[ only occasionally indulges 9 t repreh5sible practice4 ,! same is true 9 reg>d to de/roy+ *ick5s1 = he is able to c>ry (f none b v "y ones1 & 8 opportunities = captur+ !m are some:at limit$4 ,nei!r are _m toads & frogs eat51 & z frogs are ( no great practical value1 _! de/ruction is n a s]i\s matt]2 b toads are v useful1 & _! consumption1 s f> z x goes1 mu/ be c\nt$ aga9/ cr[4 ,turtles1 crayfi%es1 & snails1 ( :i* he eats q a l>ge numb]1 may be consid]$ neutral1 :ile mice may be c\nt$ to 8 cr$it4 ,9 8 insect food1 h[ev]1 ! cr[ makes am5ds = s9s 9 ! re/ ( 8 diet>y1 al?\gh ev5 "h ! fir/ item is aga9/ him4 ,pr$ace\s beetles are eat5 9 "s numb]s ?r\gh\t ! season1 b ! numb] is n great4 ,may beetles1 dor-bugs1 or ,june bugs1 & o!rs ( ! same family1 con/itute ! pr9cipal food dur+ spr+ & e>ly summ]1 & are f$ to ! "y 9 imm5se quantities4 ,o!r beetles1 ne>ly all ( a noxi\s "*1 are eat5 to a consid]able ext5t4 ,gras%opp]s are fir/ tak5 9 ,may1 b n 9 l>ge numb]s until ,augu/1 :51 z might be expect$1 !y =m ! lead+ article ( diet1 %[+ t ! cr[ is no exception to ! g5]al rule t mo/ birds subsi/1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ^u gras%opp]s 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,_m bugs1 "s cat]pill>s1 mo/ly cutworms1 & "s spid]s are also eat5--all ( !m ei!r h>mful or neutral 9 _! economic relations4 ,( ! insect diet ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,s*w>z says3 ,! facts1 on ! :ole1 speak ov]:elm+ly 9 favor ( ! cr[4 ,probably ! mo/ important item 9 ! vegetable food is corn1 & by pull+ up ! newly spr\t$ se$s ! bird r5d]s himself extremely obnoxi\s4 ,obs]vation & exp]im5ts ) tame cr[s %[ t h>d1 dry corn is nev] eat5 if any?+ else is to be _h1 & if f$ to ne/l+s x is soon disgorg$4 ,! reason cr[s resort to newly plant$ fields is t ! k]nels ( corn are s(t5$ by ! moi/ure ( ! e>?1 & probably become m palatable 9 ! process ( g]m9ation1 :i* *anges ! />* ( ! gra9 to sug>4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 rema9s t cr[s eat corn ext5sively only :5 x has be5 s(t5$ by g]m9ation or p>tial decay1 or be=e x is ripe & /ill 9 ! milk4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t !y may be prev5t$ f pull+ up "y corn by t>r+ ! se$1 :i* n only saves corn b =ces !m to turn _! att5tion to insects4 ,if !y p]si/ 9 eat+ gre5 corn x is n s easy to prev5t ! damage2 b no details ( ext5sive injury 9 ?is way h yet be5 pres5t$ & x is probable t no great h>m has be5 done4 ,cr[s eat fruit to "s ext5t1 b conf9e !mselves = ! mo/ "p to wild species1 su* z dogwood1 s\r gum1 & se$s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( sumac4 ,!y h also a habit ( sampl+ almo/ ev]y?+ :i* appe>s eatable1 especially :5 food is sc>ce4 ,= example1 !y eat froz5 apples f\nd on ! trees 9 w9t]1 or pumpk9s1 turnips1 & potatoes :i* h be5 ov]look$ or neglect$2 ev5 mu%rooms are sometimes tak51 probably 9 default ( some?+ bett]4 ,9 e/imat+ ! economic /atus ( ! cr[1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t he does "s damage1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he %\ld receive mu* cr$it = ! insects :i* he de/roys4 ,9 ! m ?ickly settl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! cr[ probably does m good ?an h>m1 at lea/ :5 ord9>y precautions are tak5 to protect "y p\ltry & newly-plant$ corn aga9/ 8 depr$ations4 ,if1 h[ev]1 corn is plant$ ) no provision aga9/ possible m>aud]s1 if h5s & turkeys are all[$ to ne/ & to roam ) _! broods at a di/ance f f>m build+s1 losses mu/ be expect$4 ,,! ,,bobol9k1 ,,or ,,ricebird4 7,doli*conyx oryzivorus7 ,! bobol9k 7fig4 #i7 is a common summ] resid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor? ( ab\t latitude #dj1 & f ,new ,engl& we/w>d to ! ,great ,pla9s1 w9t]+ beyond our s\!rn bord]4 ,9 ,new ,engl& !re are few birds1 if any1 ar\nd :i* s mu* romance has clu/]$2 9 ! ,s\? none on ^: head s _m mal$ictions h be5 heap$4 ,! bobol9k1 ent]+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! ,s\? at a "t :5 ! rice fields are fre%ly s[n1 pulls up ! "y plants & fe$s ^u ! se$4 ,its /ay1 h[ev]1 is n long1 & x soon ha/5s nor?w>d1 :]e x is welcom$ z a h]ald ( summ]4 ,dur+ its soj\rn 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates x fe$s ma9ly ^u insects & small se$s ( useless plants2 b :ile re>+ its "y1 insects con/itute its *ief food1 & almo/ ! exclusive diet ( its brood4 ,aft] ! "y are able to fly1 ! :ole family ga!rs into a small flock & beg9s to live almo/ entirely ^u vegetable food4 ,?is consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( we$ se$s1 s9ce 9 ! ,nor? ^! birds d n appe> to mole/ gra9 to any great ext5t4 ,!y eat a few oats1 b _! /oma*s d n reveal a great quantity ( ?is or any o!r gra94 ,z ! season advances !y ga!r into l>g] flocks & move s\?w>d1 until by ! end ( ,augu/ ne>ly all h left _! bre$+ gr\nds4 ,on _! way !y frequ5t ! re$y m>%es ab\t ! m\?s ( riv]s & on ! inl& wat]s ( ! coa/ region1 subsi/+ l>gely ^u wild rice4 ,aft] leav+ ! ,nor!rn ,/ates !y are commonly kn[n z re$ birds1 & hav+ become v fat are treat$ z game4 ,!y beg9 to arrive on ! rice fields 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/1 & dur+ ! next mon? make havoc 9 ! rip5+ crop4 ,x is un=tunate t ! rice di/ricts lie exactly 9 ! track ( _! fall migration1 s9ce ! abundant supply ( food ?us (f]$ has und\bt$ly s]v$ to attract !m m & m1 until mo/ ( ! bobol9ks br$ 9 ! ,nor? are conc5trat$ ) disa/r\s effect on ! s\? ea/ coa/ :5 ! rice rip5s 9 ! fall1 !re 0 evid5tly a "t :5 no su* supply ( food await$ ! birds on _! j\rney s\?w>d1 & x seems probable t ! introduction ( rice culture 9 ! ,s\?1 comb9$ ) ! cle>+ ( ! =e/s 9 ! ,nor?1 ?us af=d+ a l>g] available bre$+ area1 has favor$ an increase 9 ! numb]s ( ?is species4 ,! food habits ( ! bobol9k are n necess>ily easily inimical to ! int]e/s ( agriculture4 ,x simply happ5s t ! rice af=ds a supply ( food m easily obta9able ?an did ! wild plants :i* =m]ly occupi$ ! same region4 ,7 ! rice fields at a di/ance f ! l9e ( migration1 or nor? ( ! bobol9ks' bre$+ gr\nd1 !y w\ld probably nev] be mole/$2 b ly+1 z !y d1 directly 9 ! pa? ( migration1 !y =m a recruit+ gr\nd1 :]e ! birds c re/ & accumulate fle% & /r5g? = ! long sea flight :i* awaits !m 9 _! c\rse to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,bobol9k4 ,! annual loss to rice gr[]s on acc\nt ( bobol9ks has be5 e/imat$ at #b1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! face ( su* losses x is evid5t t no m]e poetical s5tim5t %\ld /& 9 ! way ( apply+ any rem$y :i* c be devis$4 ,x w\ld be unsafe to assume t ! insects :i* ! birds consume dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ! ,nor? c comp5sate = su* de/ruction4 ,if ^! figures are any approximation to ! tru?1 ! ord9>y f>m] w n believe t ! bobol9k b5efits1 ! ,nor!rn half ( ! c\ntry ne>ly z mu* z x damages ! ,s\!rn half1 & ! ?\ghtful orni?ologi/ w be incl9$ to agree ) him4 ,b ev5 if ! bird really does m h>m ?an good1 :at is ! rem$y6 ,= ye>s ! rice plant]s h be5 employ+ m5 & boys to %oot ! birds & drive !m away f ! fields1 b 9 spite ( ! millions sla9 e ye> _! numb]s d n decrease4 ,9 fact1 a l>ge "p ( ! loss su/a9$ is n 9 ! gra9 :i* ! birds actually eat1 b 9 ! outlay necess>y to prev5t !m f tak+ x all4 ,at pres5t !re seems to be no effective rem$y %ort ( complete ext]m9ation ( ! species1 & ?is is evid5tly impracticable ev5 7 x desirable4 ,,! ,,r$w+$ ,,blackbird4 7,agelaius phniceus47 ,! r$w+$1 or swamp1 blackbird 7fig4 #aj7 is f\nd all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! region imm$iately to ! nor?4 ,:ile common 9 mo/ ( its range1 its di/ribution is m or less local1 ma9ly on acc\nt ( its p>tiality = swamps4 ,its ne/ is built ne> /&+ wat]1 9 tall grass1 ru%es1 or bu%es4 ,ow+ to ?is peculi>ity ! bird may be abs5t f l>ge tracts ( c\ntry :i* af=d no swamps or m>%es suitable = ne/+4 ,x usually bre$s 9 l>ge colonies1 ?\gh s+le families1 consi/+ ( a male ) sev]al wives1 may sometimes be f\nd 9 a small sl\gh1 :]e ea* ( ! females builds1 h] ne/ & re>s h] own little brood1 :ile h] liege "l displays 8 brilliant colors & /ruts 9 ! sun%9e4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley x f9ds ! conditions mo/ favorable1 = ! c\ntless prairie sl\ghs & ! m>g9s ( ! num]\s %all[ lakes =m ne/+ sites = ?\s&s ( r$w+s2 & !re are br$ ! imm5se flocks :i* sometimes d s mu* damage to ! gra9 fields ( ! ,we/4 ,aft] ! bre$+ season is ov]1 ! birds collect 9 flocks to migrate1 & rema9 ?us associat$ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,_m compla9ts h be5 made aga9/ ! r$w+1 & sev]al ,/ates h at times plac$ a b\nty ^u its head4 ,x is said to cause great damage to gra9 9 ! ,we/1 especially 9 ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley2 & ! rice gr[]s ( ! ,s\? say t x eats rice4 ,no compla9ts h be5 receiv$ f ! ,nor!a/]n portion ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ! bird is mu* less abundant ?an 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?4 ,an exam9ation ( #gbe /oma*s %[$ t vegetable matt] =ms #gd p] c5t ( ! food1 :ile ! animal matt]1 ma9ly insects1 =ms b #bf p] c5t4 ,a little m ?an #aj p] c5t consi/s ( beetles1 mo/ly h>mful species1 ,weevils1 or sn\t-beetles1 am\nt to #d p] c5t ( ! ye>'s food1 b 9 ,june rea* #be p] c5t4 ,z weevils are among ! mo/ h>mful insects kn[n1 _! de/ruction %\ld condone = at lea/ "s ( ! s9s ( :i* ! bird has be5 accus$4 ,gras%opp]s con/itute ne>ly #e p] c5t ( ! food1 :ile ! re/ ( ! animal matt] is made up ( v>i\s insects1 a few snails1 & cru/aceans4 ,sev]al dragon flies 7 f\nd1 b ^! 7 probably pick$ up dead1 = !y are too active to be tak5 alive1 unless by "o ( ! flycat*]s4 ,s f> z ! insect food z a :ole is conc]n$1 ! r$w+ may be consid]$ entirely b5eficial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,r$w+$ blackbird4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! vegetable food ( ?is bird c5t]s ar\nd ! gra94 ,only ?ree k9ds1 corn1 :eat1 & oats1 7 f\nd 9 appreciable quantities 9 ! /oma*s1 & !y aggregate b little m ?an #ac p] c5t ( ! :ole food1 oats =m+ ne>ly half ( ?is am\nt4 ,9 view ( ! _m compla9ts t ! r$w+ eats gra91 ?is record is surpris+ly small4 ,! cr[ blackbird has be5 f\nd to eat m ?an ?ree times z mu*4 ,9 ! case ( ! cr[1 corn =ms "o-fif? ( ! food1 s t ! r$w+$ blackbird1 ^: diet is made up ( only a trifle m ?an "o-eigh? ( gra91 is really "o ( ! lea/ de/ructive species2 b ! mo/ important item ( ?is bird's food is we$ se$1 :i* =ms practically ! :ole food 9 w9t] & ab\t #eg p] c5t ( ! :ole ye>'s f>e4 ,! pr9cipal we$ se$s eat5 are ^? ( ragwe$1 b>n grass1 sm>twe$1 & ab\t a doz5 o!rs4 ,t ^! se$s are pref]r$ is %[n by ! fact t ! birds beg9 to eat !m 9 ,augu/1 :5 gra9 is /ill readily accessible1 & cont9ue fe$+ on !m ev5 aft] insects become pl5tiful 9 ,april4 ,! r$w+ eats v little fruit & does practically no h>m 9 ! g>d5 or or*>d4 ,:ile x is impossible to dispute ! mass ( te/imony :i* has accumulat$ conc]n+ its gra9-eat+ prop5sity1 ! /oma* exam9ations %[ t ! habit mu/ be local r ?an g5]al4 ,z ! area ( cultivation increases & ! bre$+ gr\nds are curtail$1 ! species is likely to become r$uc$ 9 numb]s & consequ5tly less h>mful4 ,ne>ly sev5-eigh?s ( ! r$w+'s food is made up ( we$ se$ or ( insects injuri\s to agriculture1 indicat+ unmi/akably t ! bird %\ld be protect$1 except1 p]haps1 9 a few places :]e x is too abundant4 ,,! ,,mead[ ,,l>k1 ,,or ,,old ,,field ,,l>k4 7,/urnella magna47 ,! mead[ l>k 7fig4 #aa7 is a common & well-kn[n bird occurr+ f ! ,atlantic ,coa/ to ! ,great ,pla9s1 :]e x gives way to a closely relat$ subspecies1 :i* ext5ds !nce we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 ,x w9t]s f our s\!rn bord] z f> nor? z ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & occasionally ,i[a4 ,al?\gh x is a bird ( ! pla9s1 f9d+ its mo/ cong5ial haunts 9 ! prairies ( ! ,we/1 x does n disda9 ! mead[s & m[+ l&s ( ,new ,engl&4 ,x ne/s on ! gr\nd & is s t]re/rial 9 its habits t x seldom p]*es on trees1 pref]r+ a f5ce rail or a telegraph pole4 ,:5 undi/urb$1 x may be se5 walk+ ab\t ) a peculi> da9ty /ep1 /opp+ e few mom5ts to look ab\t & give its tail a n]v\s flirt or to s\nd a note or two ( its cle> :i/le4 ,! mead[ l>k is almo/ :olly b5eficial1 al?\gh a few compla9ts h be5 made t x pulls spr\t+ gra91 & "o f>m] claims t x eats clov] se$4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 x is look$ ^u ) favor & is n di/urb$4 ,9 ! #bch /oma*s exam9$1 animal food 7practically all insects7 con/itut$ #gc p] c5t ( ! cont5ts & vegetable matt] #bg p] c5t4 ,z w\ld naturally be suppos$1 ! insects 7 gr\nd species1 su* z beetles1 bugs1 gras%opp]s1 & cat]pill>s1 ) a few flies1 wasps1 & spid]s4 ,a numb] ( ! /oma*s 7 tak5 f birds t _h be5 kill$ :5 ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) sn[1 b /ill !y conta9$ a l>ge p]c5tage ( insects1 %[+ ! bird's skill 9 f9d+ prop] food "u adv]se circum/ances4 ,( ! v>i\s insects eat51 crickets & gras%opp]s are ! mo/ important1 con/itut+ #bi p] c5t ( ! entire ye>'s food & #fi p] c5t ( ! food 9 ,augu/4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to enl>ge ^u ?is po9t1 b x c readily be se5 :at an effect a numb] ( ^! birds mu/ h on a field ( grass 9 ! height ( ! gras%opp] season4 ,( ! #bch /oma*s collect$ at all seasons ( ! ye>1 #agh1 or m ?an two-?irds1 conta9$ rema9s ( gras%opp]s1 & "o 0 fill$ ) fragm5ts at #cg ( ^? insects4 ,?is seems to %[ conclusively t gras%opp]s are pref]r$ & are eat5 :5ev] !y c be procur$4 ,! great numb] tak5 9 ,augu/ is especially noticeable4 ,?is is ess5tially ! gras%opp] mon?1 i4 e41 ! mon? :5 gras%opp]s rea* _! maximum abundance2 & ! /oma* exam9ation has %[n t a l>ge numb] ( birds resort to ?is diet 9 ,augu/1 no matt] :at may be ! food dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,mead[ l>k4 ,next to gras%opp]s1 beetles make up ! mo/ important item ( ! mead[ l>k's food1 am\nt+ to ne>ly #ba p] c5t1 ( :i* ab\t "o-?ird are pr$ace\s gr\nd beetles4 ,! o!rs are all h>mful species1 & :5 x is consid]$ t ! bird fe$s exclusively on ! gr\nd1 x seems rem>kable t s few useful gr\nd beetles are eat54 ,_m ( !m h a disgu/+ odor1 & possibly ?is may occasionally save !m f de/ruction by birds1 especially :5 o!r food is abundant4 ,cat]pill>s1 too1 =m a v con/ant elem5t1 & 9 ,may con/itute ov] #bh p] c5t ( ! :ole food4 ,may is ! mon? :5 ! dread$ cutworm beg9s its deadly c>e]1 & !n ! bird does "s ( its be/ "w4 ,mo/ ( ^! cat]pill>s are gr\nd fe$]s1 & are ov]look$ by birds :i* habitually frequ5t trees2 b ! mead[ l>k f9ds !m & dev\rs !m by ?\s&s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! insect food is made up ( a few ants1 wasps1 & spid]s1 ) a few bugs1 includ+ "s c9* bugs4 ,! vegetable food consi/s ( gra91 we$1 & o!r h>d se$s4 ,gra9 9 g5]al am\nts to #ad1 & we$ & o!r se$s to #ab p] c5t4 ,! gra91 pr9cipally corn1 is mo/ly eat5 9 w9t] & e>ly spr+1 & mu/ be !re=e simply wa/e k]nels2 only a trifle is consum$ 9 summ] & autumn1 :5 x is mo/ pl5tiful4 ,no trace ( spr\t+ gra9 0 discov]$4 ,clov] se$ 0 f\nd 9 only six /oma*s1 & b little 9 ea*4 ,se$s ( we$s1 pr9cipally ragwe$1 b>n grass1 & sm>twe$1 are eat5 f ,novemb] to ,april1 inclusive1 b dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> are replac$ by insects4 ,briefly /at$1 m ?an half ( ! mead[ l>k's food consi/s ( h>mful insects2 its vegetable food is compos$ ei!r ( noxi\s we$s or wa/e gra91 & ! rema9d] is made up ( useful beetles or neutral insects & spid]s4 ,a /rong po9t 9 ! bird's favor is t1 al?\gh naturally an insect eat]1 x is able to subsi/ on vegetable food1 & consequ5tly is n =c$ to migrate 9 cold wea!r any f>!r ?an is necess>y to f9d gr\nd free f sn[4 ,?is expla9s :y x rema9s = ! mo/ "p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ w9t]1 & moves nor?w>d z soon z ! sn[ disappe>s f its usual haunts4 ,!re is "o dang] to :i* ! mead[ l>k is expos$4 ,z its fle% is highly e/eem$ ! bird is (t5 %ot = ! table1 b x is entitl$ to all possible protection1 & to slaught] x = game is ! lea/ pr(itable way to utilize ?is valuable species4 ,,! ,,baltimore ,,oriole4 7,ict]us galbula47 ,brilliancy ( plumage1 sweetness ( song1 & food habits to :i* no exception c be tak5 are "s ( ! /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,baltimore oriole 7fig4 #ab74 ,9 summ] ?is species is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & is welcom$ & lov$ 9 e c\ntry home 9 t broad l&4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates x arrives r late1 & is usually fir/ se51 or he>d1 =ag+ amid/ ! e>ly bloom ( ! apple trees1 :]e x se>*es = cat]pill>s or fe$s da9tily on ! surplus blossoms4 ,its ne/ comm&s h>dly less admiration ?an ! beauty ( its plumage or ! excell5ce ( its song4 ,hang+ f ! tip ( ! out]mo/ b\gh ( a /ately elm1 x is almo/ inaccessible1 & s /rongly fa/5$ z to bid defiance to ! elem5ts4 ,by wat*+ an oriole :i* has a ne/ "o may see x se>*+ among ! small] bran*es ( "s neighbor+ tree1 c>efully exam9+ ea* leaf = cat]pill>s1 & occasionally trill+ a few notes to its mate4 ,obs]vation bo? 9 ! field & laboratory %[s t cat]pill>s con/itute ! l>ge/ item ( its f>e4 ,9 #aac /oma*s !y =m$ #cd p] c5t ( ! food1 & are eat5 9 v>y+ quantities dur+ all ! mon?s 9 :i* ! bird rema9s 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh ! fewe/ are eat5 9 ,july1 :5 a little fruit is also tak54 ,! o!r insects consi/ ( beetles1 bugs1 ants1 wasps1 gras%opp]s1 & "s spid]s4 ,! beetles are pr9cipally click beetles1 ! l>v ( :i* are among ! mo/ de/ructive insects kn[n2 & ! bugs include plant & b>k lice1 bo? v h>mful1 b s small & obscure z to be pass$ ov] unnotic$ by mo/ birds4 ,ants are eat5 mo/ly 9 spr+1 gras%opp]s 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & wasps & spid]s ) consid]able regul>ity ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,vegetable matt] am\nts to only a little m ?an #aj p] c5t ( ! food dur+ ! bird's /ay 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s t ! possibility ( ! oriole do+ mu* damage to crops is v limit$4 ,! bird has be5 accus$ ( eat+ peas to a consid]able ext5t1 b rema9s ( peas 7 f\nd 9 only two /oma*s4 ,"o writ] says t x damages grapes1 b none 7 f\nd4 ,9 fact1 a few blackb]ries & *]ries compris$ ! only cultivat$ fruit detect$ 9 ! /oma*s1 ! rema9d] ( ! vegetable food be+ wild fruit & a few miscellane\s se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,baltimore oriole4 ,,! ,,cr[ ,,blackbird1 ,,or ,,grackle4 7,quiscalus quiscula47 ,! cr[ blackbird 7fig4 #ac7 or "o ( its subspecies is a famili> object 9 all ( ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x is a resid5t ?r\gh\t ! ye> z f> nor? z s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & 9 summ] ext5ds its range into ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,mississippi ,valley x is "o ( ! mo/ abundant birds1 pref]r+ to ne/ 9 ! artificial groves & w9dbreaks ne> f>ms in/ead ( ! natural timb] :i* x =m]ly us$4 ,x bre$s also 9 p>ks & ne> build+s1 (t5 9 consid]able colonies4 ,f>!r ea/1 9 ,new ,engl&1 x is only locally abundant1 ?\gh frequ5tly se5 9 migration4 ,aft] ,july x becomes v r>e1 or entirely disappe>s1 ow+ to ! fact t x collects 9 l>ge flocks & retires to "s quiet place1 :]e food is abundant & :]e x c rema9 undi/urb$ dur+ ! molt+ season1 b 9 ! latt] days ( ,augu/ & ?r\gh\t ,septemb] x usually reappe>s 9 imm5se numb]s be=e mov+ s\?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,cr[ blackbird4 ,x is evid5t t a bird s l>ge & s abundant may ex]cise an important influ5ce ^u ! agricultural welf>e ( ! c\ntry x inhabits4 ,! cr[ blackbird has be5 accus$ ( _m s9s1 su* z /eal+ gra9 & fruit & robb+ ! ne/s ( o!r birds2 b ! f>m]s d n und]take any w> ( ext]m9ation aga9/ x1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 all[ x to ne/ ab\t ! premises undi/urb$4 ,an exam9ation ( #b1beh /oma*s %[$ t ne>ly "o-?ird ( its food consi/s ( insects1 ( :i* ! great] "p are injuri\s4 ,! bird also eats a few snails1 crayfi%es1 salam&]s1 small fi%1 & occasionally a m\se4 ,! /oma* cont5ts d n indicate t x robs o!r birds' ne/s to any great ext5t1 z rema9s ( birds & birds' eggs am\nt to less ?an "o half ( #a p] c5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( its vegetable food t ! grackle is mo/ likely to be accus$ ( do+ damage4 ,gra9 is eat5 dur+ ! :ole ye>1 & dur+ only a %ort "t 9 summ] is o!r food attractive en\gh to induce ! bird to alt] its diet4 ,! gra9 tak5 9 ! w9t] & spr+ mon?s probably consi/s ( wa/e k]nels ga!r$ f ! /ubble4 ,! /oma*s d n indicate t ! bird pulls spr\t+ gra92 b ! :eat eat5 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & ! corn eat5 9 ! fall1 are probably tak5 f fields ( /&+ gra94 ,! total gra9 consum$ dur+ ! ye> con/itutes #de p] c5t ( ! :ole food1 b x is safe to say t at lea/ half is wa/e gra91 & consequ5tly ( no value4 ,al?\gh ! cr[ blackbird eats a few *]ries & blueb]ries 9 _! season1 & "s wild fruit 9 ! fall1 x app>5tly does no damage 9 ?is way4 ,l>ge flocks ( cr[ blackbirds no d\bt d consid]able injury to gra9 crops1 & !re seems to be no rem$y except ! de/ruction ( ! birds1 :i* is 9 itself exp5sive4 ,dur+ ! bre$+ season1 h[ev]1 ! species does mu* good by eat+ insects & by fe$+ !m to its "y1 :i* are re>$ almo/ entirely ^u ?is food4 ,! bird does ! greate/ am\nt ( good 9 spr+1 :5 x foll[s ! pl[ 9 se>* ( l>ge grub worms1 ( :i* x is s fond t x sometimes lit]ally crams its /oma* full ( !m4 ,! f>m] mu/ decide = himself :e!r or n ^! birds cause m damage ?an c be repaid by insect de/ruction2 b :5 !y de/roy an entire crop x is no consolation to "k t !y h already eat5 a multitude ( insects :i*1 if left alone1 w\ld h accompli%$ ! same result4 ,,! ,,sp>r[s4#b #b ,! sp>r[s "h m5tion$ are all native species4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ! ,engli% sp>r[1 includ+ its introduction1 habits1 & depr$ations1 see ,bull4 ,no4 #a ( ! ,division ( ,orni?ology1 publi%$ 9 #ahif4 ,sp>r[s are n obtrusive birds1 ei!r 9 plumage1 song1 or action4 ,!re are "s =ty species1 ) ne>ly z _m subspecies1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b _! diff]5ces1 bo? 9 plumage & habits1 are 9 mo/ cases too obscure to be readily recogniz$1 & n m ?an half a doz5 =ms are g5]ally kn[n 9 any "o locality4 ,all ! species are m or less migratory1 b s widely are !y di/ribut$ t !re is probably no "p ( ! c\ntry :]e "s c n be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,:ile sp>r[s are not$ se$ eat]s1 !y d n by any means conf9e !mselves to a vegetable diet4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 & especially 9 ! bre$+ season1 !y eat _m insects1 & probably fe$ _! "y l>gely ^u ! same food4 ,an exam9ation ( ! /oma*s ( ?ree species--! song sp>r[ 7,melospiza71 *ipp+ sp>r[ 7,spizella socialis71 & field sp>r[ 7,spizella pusilla7 7fig4 #ad7--%[s t ab\t "o ?ird ( ! food consi/s ( insects1 compris+ _m injuri\s beetles1 su* z sn\t-beetles or weevils1 & leaf beetles4 ,_m gras%opp]s are eat51 & 9 ! case ( ! *ipp+ sp>r[ ^! insects =m "o eigh? ( ! food4 ,gras%opp]s w\ld seem to be r l>ge morsels1 b ! bird probably conf9es itself to ! small] species2 inde$1 ?is is indicat$ by ! fact t ! greate/ am\nt 7ov] #cf p] c5t7 is eat5 9 ,june1 :5 ! l>g] species are /ill "y & ! small species mo/ num]\s4 ,besides ! insects already m5tion$1 _m wasps & bugs are tak54 ,pr$ace\s & p>asitic ,hym5opt]a & pr$ace\s beetles1 all useful insects1 are eat5 only to a slight ext5t1 s t z a :ole ! sp>r[s' insect diet may be consid]$ b5eficial4 ,_! vegetable food is limit$ almo/ exclusively to h>d se$s4 ,?is might seem to indicate t ! birds fe$ to "s ext5t ^u gra91 b ! /oma*s exam9$ %[ only "o k9d--oats--& b little ( t4 ,! great bulk ( ! food is made up ( grass & we$ se$1 :i* =m almo/ ! entire diet dur+ w9t]1 & ! am\nt consum$ is imm5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,field sp>r[4 ,anyone acqua9t$ ) ! agricultural region ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley c n h fail$ to notice ! enorm\s gr[? ( we$s 9 e wa/e spot :]e ! orig9al sw>d has be5 di/urb$4 ,by ! roadside1 on ! bord]s ( cultivat$ fields1 or 9 ab&on$ fields1 :]ev] !y c obta9 a foo?old1 masses ( rank we$s spr+ up1 & (t5 =m imp5etrable ?ickets :i* af=d food & %elt] = imm5se numb]s ( birds & enable !m to )/& great cold & ! mo/ t]rible blizz>ds4 ,a p]son visit+ "o ( ^! we$ pat*es on a sunny morn+ 9 ,janu>y1 :5 ! !rmomet] is #bj or m bel[ z]o1 w be /ruck ) ! life & animation ( ! busy little inhabitants4 ,in/ead ( sitt+ =lorn & half froz51 !y may be se5 flitt+ f bran* to bran*1 twitt]+ & flutt]+1 & %[+ e evid5ce ( enjoym5t & p]fect com=t4 ,if "o ( !m be kill$ & exam9$1 x w be f\nd 9 excell5t condition--9 fact1 a v]itable ball ( fat4 ,! sn[bird 7,junco hyemalis7 & tree sp>r[ 7,spizella monticola7 are p]haps ! mo/ num]\s ( all ! sp>r[s4 ,! latt] fairly sw>ms all ov] ! ,nor!rn ,/ates 9 w9t]1 arriv+ f ! nor? e>ly 9 ,octob] & leav+ 9 ,april4 ,exam9ation ( _m /oma*s %[s ?ats 9 ,w9t] ! tree sp>r[ fe$s entirely ^u se$s ( we$s2 & probably ea* bird consumes ab\t "o-f\r? ( an ounce a day4 ,9 an article contribut$ to ! ,new ,york ,tribune 9 #ahha ! writ] e/imat$ ! am\nt ( we$ se$ annually de/roy$ by ^! birds 9 ! ,/ate ( ,i[a4 ,^u ! basis ( "o-f\r? ( an ounce ( se$ eat5 daily by ea* bird1 & suppos+ t ! birds av]ag$ t5 to ea* squ>e mile1 & t !y rema9 9 _! w9t] range two hundr$ days1 we %all h a total ( #a1gej1jjj p\nds1 or #hge tons1 ( we$ se$ consum$ by ?is "o species 9 a s+le season4 ,l>ge z ^! figures may seem1 !y c]ta9ly fall f> %ort ( ! reality4 ,! e/imate ( t5 birds to a squ>e mile is mu* )9 ! tru?1 = ! tree sp>r[ is c]ta9ly m abundant ?an ?is 9 w9t] 9 ,massa*usetts1 :]e ! food supply is less ?an 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 & ,i h kn[n places 9 ,i[a :]e sev]al ?\s& c\ld be se5 )9 ! space ( a few acres4 ,?is e/imate1 moreov]1 is = a s+le species1 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are at lea/ half a doz5 birds 7n all sp>r[s7 t habitually fe$ on ^! se$s dur+ w9t]4 ,f>!r s\? ! tree sp>r[ is replac$ 9 w9t] by ! :ite-?roat$ sp>r[1 ! :ite-cr[n$ sp>r[1 ! fox sp>r[1 ! song sp>r[1 ! field sp>r[1 & sev]al o!rs2 s t all ov] ! c\ntry !re are a va/ numb] ( ^? se$ eat]s at "w dur+ ! cold] mon?s r$uc+ next ye>'s crop ( worse ?an useless plants4 ,9 treat+ ( ! value ( birds1 x has be5 cu/om>y to consid] !m ma9ly z insect de/roy]s2 b ! =ego+ illu/ration seems to %[ t se$ eat]s h a useful function1 :i* has nev] be5 fully appreciat$4 ,,! ,,rose-,,brea/$ ,,grosbeak4 7,zamelodia ludoviciana47 ,! beautiful rose-brea/$ grosbeak 7fig4 #ae7 bre$s 9 ! nor!rn half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 b sp5ds its w9t]s beyond our b\nd>ies4 ,un=tunately x is n abundant 9 ,new ,engl&1 & n[h]e z pl5tiful z x %\ld be4 ,x frequ5ts groves & or*>ds r ?an g>d5s or doory>ds1 b probably ! beauty ( ! male is ! greate/ ob/acle to its increase2 ! fully adult bird is pure black & :ite1 ) a broad pat* ( brilliant rose color ^u ! brea/ & "u ea* w+4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is attractive plumage ! birds are highly priz$ = ladies' hats2 & consequ5tly heave be5 %ot 9 season & out1 till ! wond] is n t !re are s few1 b t any rema9 at all4 ,:5 ! ,colorado potato beetle fir/ swept ov] ! l&1 & naturali/s & f>m]s 7 anxi\s to discov] :e!r or n !re 7 any enemies :i* w\ld prey ^u ! pe/1 ! grosbeak 0 almo/ ! only bird se5 to eat ! beetles4 ,fur!r obs]vation confirm$ ! fact1 & !re c be no reasonable d\bt t :]e ! bird is abundant x has contribut$ v mu* to ! abatem5t ( ! pe/ :i* has be5 not$ dur+ ! la/ decade4 ,b ?is is n ! only good :i* ! bird does1 = _m o!r noxi\s insects besides ! potato beetle are also eat54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,rose-brea/$ grosbeak4 ,! vegetable food ( ! grosbeak consi/s ( buds & blossoms ( =e/ trees1 & se$s1 b ! only damage ( :i* x has be5 accus$ is ! /eal+ ( gre5 peas4 ,! writ] has obs]v$ x eat+ peas & has exam9$ ! /oma*s ( sev]al t _h be5 kill$ 9 ! v act4 ,! /oma*s conta9$ a few peas & en\gh potato beetles1 old & "y1 z well z o!r h>mful insects1 to pay = all ! peas ! birds w\ld be likely to eat 9 a :ole season4 ,! g>d5 :]e ?is took place adjo9$ a small potato field :i* e>li] 9 ! season _h be5 s badly infe/$ ) ! beetles t ! v9es 7 completely riddl$4 ,! grosbeaks visit$ ! field e day1 & f9ally br\ght _! fl$g$ "y4 ,! "y birds /ood 9 a r[ on ! topmo/ rail ( ! f5ce & 7 f$ ) ! beetles :i* _! p>5ts ga!r$4 ,:5 a c>eful inspection 0 made a few days lat]1 n a beetle1 old or "y1 c\ld be f\nd2 ! birds _h swept !m f ! field & sav$ ! potatoes4 ,x is easy to advise measures ei!r = increas+ ! numb]s ( ?is bird or induc+ x to take up its resid5ce on ! f>m4 ,naturally x inhabits ?91 op5 woods or groves1 & ! *ange f su* places to or*>ds w\ld be simple--9 fact1 has already be5 made 9 "s p>ts ( ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! bird is some:at r>e1 & p]haps ! be/ t c be done "h or else:]e x to see t x is ?or\ghly protect$4 ,,! ,,swall[s4 ,!re are sev5 common species ( swall[s )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f\r ( :i* h1 to "s ext5t1 ab&on$ _! primitive ne/+ habits & atta*$ !mselves to ! abodes ( man4 ,z a gr\p1 swall[s are greg>i\s & social 9 an em95t degree4 ,"s species build ne/s 9 l>ge colonies1 occasionally numb]+ ?\s&s2 9 ! case ( o!rs only two or ?ree pairs are f\nd toge!r2 :ile /ill o!rs ne/ habitually 9 s+le pairs4 ,_! habits are too famili> to require any ext5d$ description4 ,_! indu/ry & tirelessness are wond]ful1 & dur+ ! day x is r>e to see swall[s at re/ except j be=e _! dep>ture = ! ,s\?1 :5 !y assemble ^u telegraph wires or ^u ! ro(s ( build+s1 app>5tly mak+ plans = ! j\rney4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,b>n swall[4 ,a noticeable *>act]i/ic ( sev]al ( ! species is _! atta*m5t to man4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\ntry ! b>n swall[ 7,*elidon ery?roga/ra7 7fig4 #af7 n[ builds exclusively "u ro(s1 hav+ entirely ab&on$ ! rock caves & cliffs 9 :i* x =m]ly ne/$4 ,m rec5tly ! cliff swall[ 7,petro*elidon lunifrons7 has f\nd a bett] ne/+ site "u ! eaves ( build+s ?an 0 af=d$ by ! ov]hang+-cliffs ( e>? or /one :i* x once us$1 & to :i* x /ill resorts occasionally 9 ! ,ea/1 & habitually 9 ! unsettl$ ,we/4 ,! m>t9 7,progne subis7 & :ite-belli$ swall[ 7,ta*yc9eta bicolor7 ne/ ei!r 9 h\ses suppli$ = ! purpose1 9 ab&on$ ne/s ( woodpeck]s1 or 9 natural crannies 9 rocks4 ,! o!r species h n yet ab&on$ _! primitive habitats1 b possibly may d s z ! c\ntry becomes m ?ickly settl$4 ,field obs]vation w conv9ce any ord9>ily att5tive p]son t ! food ( swall[s mu/ consi/ ( ! small] insects captur$ 9 mid-air1 or p]haps 9 "s cases pick$ f ! tops ( tall grass or we$s4 ,?is obs]vation is borne out by an exam9ation ( /oma*s1 :i* %[s t ! food consi/s ( _m small species ( beetles :i* are mu* on ! w+2 _m species ( ,dipt]a 7mosquitoes & _! allies71 ) l>ge quantities ( fly+ ants & a few insects ( simil> k9ds4 ,mo/ ( !m are ei!r injuri\s or annoy+1 & ! numb]s de/roy$ by swall[s are n only1 beyond calculation1 b almo/ beyond imag9ation4 ,! :ite-belli$ swall[ eats a consid]able numb] ( b]ries ( ! bayb]ry1 or wax myrtle4 ,dur+ migrations & 9 w9t] x has a habit ( roo/+ 9 ^! %rubs1 & x probably obta9s ! fruit at t "t4 ,x is a mi/ake to te> d[n ! ne/s ( a colony ( cliff swall[s f ! eaves ( a b>n1 = s f> f disfigur+ a build+ ! ne/s make a picturesque addition1 & _! pres5ce %\ld be enc\rag$ by e device4 ,x is said t cliff & b>n swall[s c be induc$ to build _! ne/s 9 a p>ticul> locality1 o!rwise suitable1 by provid+ a quantity ( mud to be us$ z mort>4 ,b>n swall[s may also be enc\rag$ by cutt+ a small hole 9 ! gable ( ! b>n1 :ile m>t9s & :ite-belli$ swall[s w be grateful = boxes l ^? = ! bluebird1 b plac$ 9 "s high] situation4 ,,! ,,c$> ,,bird4 7,ampelis c$rorum47 ,! c$> waxw+1 or *]ry bird 7fig4 #ag71 inhabits ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b is mu* less common 9 ! ,we/4 ,al?\gh ! great bulk ( ! species retires s\?w>d 9 w9t]1 ! bird is occasionally f\nd 9 e ,/ate dur+ ! cold] mon?s1 especially if wild b]ries are abundant4 ,its prov]bial fondness = *]ries has giv5 rise to its popul> "n1 & mu* compla9t has be5 made on acc\nt ( ! fruit eat54 ,obs]vation has %[n1 h[ev]1 t its depr$ations are conf9$ to trees on :i* ! fruit rip5s e>lie/1 :ile lat] v>ieties are comp>atively unt\*$4 ,?is is probably ow+ to ! fact t :5 wild fruits rip5 !y are pref]r$ to *]ries1 & really con/itute ! bulk ( ! c$> bird's diet4 ,9 #aeb /oma*s exam9$ animal matt] =m$ only #ac & vegetable #hg p] c5t1 %[+ t ! bird is n :olly a fruit eat]4 ,) ! exception ( a few snails1 all ! animal food consi/$ ( insects1 ma9ly beetles--& all b "o m or less noxi\s1 ! fam\s elm leaf-beetle be+ among ! numb]4 ,b>k or scale lice 7 f\nd 9 sev]al /oma*s1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! animal food 0 made up ( gras%opp]s1 bugs1 & ! l4 ,?ree ne/l+s 7 f\nd to h be5 f$ almo/ entirely on insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,c$> bird4 ,( ! #hg p] c5t ( vegetable food1 #gd consi/$ entirely ( wild fruit or se$s & #ac ( cultivat$ fruit1 b a l>ge "p ( ! latt] 0 made up ( blackb]ries & raspb]ries1 & x is v d\btful :e!r !y repres5t$ cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,*]ry /eal+ is ! *ief compla9t aga9/ ?is bird1 b ( ! #aeb /oma*s only #i1 all tak5 9 ,june & ,july1 conta9$ any rema9s ( cultivat$ *]ries1 & ^! aggregate b #e p] c5t ( ! ye>'s food4 ,z #da /oma*s 7 collect$ 9 ^? mon?s1 x is evid5t t ! birds d n live to any great ext5t on cultivat$ *]ries4 ,al?\gh ! *]ry bird is n a great insect de/roy]1 x does "s good "w 9 ?is way1 s9ce x probably re>s its "y mo/ly ^u insect food4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n dev\r ne>ly z mu* cultivat$ fruit z has be5 ass]t$1 & mo/1 if n all1 ( ! damage c be prev5t$4 ,! bird %\ld !re=e be consid]$ a useful species1 & z su* %\ld be accord$ all possible protection4 ,,! ,,catbird4 7,galeoscoptes c>ol95sis47 ,! catbird 7fig4 #ah71 l ! ?ra%]1 is a lov] ( swamps1 & delights to make its home 9 a tangle ( wild grapev9es1 gre5bri>s1 & %rubs1 :]e x is safe f attack & c f9d its favorite food 9 abundance4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates we/ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 occurs also 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,idaho1 & ,utah1 & ext5ds nor?w>d into ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,x w9t]s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,cuba1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,catbird4 ,! catbird always attracts att5tion1 & ! intrud] ^u its haunts soon und]/&s t he is n welcome4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ! mean+ ( ! sne]+ voice ) :i* he is salut$1 & !re is little d\bt t ?is gave rise to ! popul> prejudice aga9/ ! bird2 b ! feel+ has be5 increas$ by ! fact t ! species is sometimes a s]i\s annoyance to fruit gr[]s4 ,all su* reports1 h[ev]1 seem to come f ! prairie c\ntry ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 accord+ to ! writ]'s exp]i5ce ! catbird is seldom se5 ab\t g>d5s or or*>ds2 ! reason may possibly be f\nd 9 ! fact t on ! prairies fruit-be>+ %rubs :i* af=d s l>ge a "p ( ?is bird's food are conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,) ! settlem5t ( ?is region comes an ext5sive plant+ ( or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1 & small fruit g>d5s1 :i* furni% %elt] & ne/+ sites = ! catbird1 z well z = o!r species1 ) a consequ5t l>ge increase 9 _! numb]s1 b )\t provid+ ! native fruits ^u :i* !y h be5 accu/om$ to fe$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 :at is m natural ?an = ! birds to turn to cultivat$ fruits = _! supplies8 ,! rem$y is obvi\s2 cultivat$ fruits c be protect$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( plant+ wild species or o!rs :i* are pref]r$ by ! birds4 ,"s exp]im5ts ) catbirds 9 captivity %[$ t ! ,russian mulb]ry 0 pref]r$ to any cultivat$ fruit t c\ld be (f]$4 ,! /oma*s ( #bac catbirds wore exam9$ & f\nd to conta9 #dd p] c5t ( animal 7insect7 & #ef p] c5t ( vegetable food4#c ,ants1 beetles1 cat]pill>s1 & gras%opp]s con/itute ?ree-f\r?s ( ! animal food1 ! rema9d] be+ made up ( bugs1 miscellane\s insects & spid]s4 ,"o-?ird ( ! vegetable food consi/s ( cultivat$ fruits1 or ^? :i* may be cultivat$1 su* z /rawb]ries1 raspb]ries1 & blackb]ries2 b :ile we debit ! bird ) ! :ole ( ?is1 x is probable--& 9 ! ea/]n & well-wood$ "p ( ! c\ntry almo/ c]ta9--t a l>ge "p 0 obta9$ f wild v9es4 ,! re/ ( ! vegetable matt] is mo/ly wild fruit1 su* z *]ries1 dogwood1 s\r gum1 eld] b]ries1 gre5bri>1 spice b]ries1 black ald]1 sumac1 & poison ivy4 #c ,! inve/igation ( ! food ( ! catbird1 br[n ?ra%]1 & h\se wr5 0 made by ,mr4 ,sylve/] ,d4 ,judd & publi%$ 9 ! ,ye>book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = #ahie1 pp4 #dje-dah4 ,al?\gh ! catbird sometimes does consid]able h>m by de/roy+ small fruit1 ! bird c n be consid]$ injuri\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry x does f> m good ?an h>m1 & ! evil x does c be r$uc$ appreciably by ! me?ods already po9t$ out4 ,,! ,,br[n ,,?ra%]4 7,h>porhyn*us rufus47 ,! br[n ?ra%] 7fig4 #ai7 bre$s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & w9t]s 9 ! s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates4 ,x occasionally visits ! g>d5 or or*>d1 b ne/s 9 swamps or 9 groves /&+ ^u l[ gr\nd4 ,:ile x g5]ally pref]s a ?ickly gr[n retreat1 x sometimes builds 9 a pile ( bru% at a di/ance f trees4 ,on acc\nt ( its m retir+ habits x is n s conspicu\s z ! rob91 al?\gh x may be equally abundant4 ,few birds c excel ! ?ra%] 9 sweetness ( song1 b x is s %y t its notes are n he>d (t5 en\gh to be appreciat$4 ,its favorite "t = s++ is ! e>ly morn+1 :51 p]*$ on ! top ( "s tall bu% or l[ tree1 x gives an exhibition ( vocal p[]s :i* w\ld d cr$it to a mock+bird4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e ! latt] bird is abundant1 ! ?ra%] is kn[n z ! s&y mock]4 ,! food ( ! br[n ?ra%] consi/s ( bo? fruit & insects4 ,an exam9ation ( #aba /oma*s %[$ #cj p] c5t ( vegetable & #fd ( animal food1 practically all insects1 & mo/ly tak5 9 spr+ be=e fruit is ripe4 ,half ! insects 7 beetles1 & ! rema9d] *iefly gras%opp]s1 cat]pill>s1 bugs1 & spid]s4 ,a few pr$ace\s beetles 7 eat51 b1 on ! :ole1 its "w z an insect de/roy] may be consid]$ b5eficial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,br[n ?ra%]4 ,eight p] c5t ( ! food is made up ( fruits l raspb]ries & currants :i* are or may be cultivat$1 b ! raspb]ries at lea/ are z likely to belong to wild z to cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,gra91 made up mo/ly ( scatt]$ k]nels ( oats & corn1 is m]ely a trifle1 am\nt+ to only #c p] c5t1 & ?\gh "s ( ! corn may be tak5 f newly plant$ fields x is amply paid = by ! ,may beetles :i* are eat5 at ! same "t4 ,! re/ ( ! food consi/s ( wild fruit or se$s4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! br[n ?ra%] is a useful bird1 & probably does j z good "w 9 its seclud$ retreats z x w\ld ab\t ! g>d51 = ! swamps & groves are no d\bt ! bre$+ gr\nds ( _m insects t migrate !nce to attack ! f>m]s' crops4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,wr54 7,troglodytes adon47 ,! dim9utive h\se wr5 7fig4 #bj7 frequ5ts b>ns & g>d5s1 & p>ticul>ly old or*>ds 9 :i* ! trees are p>tially decay$4 ,he makes 8 ne/ 9 a holl[ bran* :]e p]haps a woodpeck] _h a domicile ! ye> be=e1 b he is a pugnaci\s "*1 & if he happ5s to fancy "o ( ! boxes t h be5 put up = ! bluebirds he does n hesitate to take x4 ,he is usually n sl[ to avail himself ( boxes1 g\rds1 t9 cans1 or empty j>s plac$ = 8 accommodation4 ,z reg>ds food habits1 ! h\se wr5 is entirely b5eficial4 ,practically1 he c be said to live ^u animal food alone1 = an exam9ation ( #fb /oma*s %[$ t #ih p] c5t ( ! /oma* cont5ts 0 made up ( insects or _! allies1 & only #b p] c5t 0 vegetable1 includ+ bits ( grass & simil> matt]1 evid5tly tak5 by accid5t ) ! insects4 ,half ( ?is food consi/$ ( gras%opp]s & beetles2 ! rema9d] ( cat]pill>s1 bugs1 & spid]s4 ,z ! h\se wr5 is a prolific bre$]1 frequ5tly re>+ f twelve to sixte5 "y 9 a season1 a family ( ^! birds mu/ cause consid]able r$uction 9 ! numb] ( insects 9 a g>d54 ,wr5s are indu/ri\s =ag]s1 se>*+ e tree1 %rub1 or v9e = cat]pill>s1 exam9+ e po/ & rail ( ! f5ce1 & e cranny 9 ! wall = insects or spid]s4 ,!y d n1 z a rule1 fly f> afield1 b "w indu/ri\sly 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( _! ne/s4 ,9 ?is way !y become valuable aids 9 ! g>d5 or or*>d1 & by provid+ suitable ne/+ boxes !y may be induc$ to take up resid5ce :]e _! s]vices w d mo/ good4 ,_! ecc5tricities 9 ! selection ( a home are well-kn[n4 ,almo/ any?+1 f an old cig> box to a tomato c1 an old teapot1 a worn-out boot1 or a horse's skull1 is acceptable1 provid$ x be plac$ well up f ! gr\nd & out ( rea* ( cats & o!r pr[l]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,h\se wr54 ,x does n seem possible to h too _m wr5s1 & e ef=t %\ld be made to protect !m & to enc\rage _! ne/+ ab\t ! h\se4 ,,! ,,rob94 7,m]ula migratoria47 ,! rob9 7fig4 #ba7 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 & is repres5t$ f>!r we/ by a slightly diff]5t subspecies4 ,x ext5ds f> nor? ?r\gh ,canada1 & is f\nd ev5 9 ,alaska4 ,al?\gh ! great bulk ( ! species leaves ! ,nor!rn ,/ates 9 w9t]1 a few individuals rema9 9 %elt]$ swamps1 :]e wild b]ries furni% an abundant supply ( food4 ,! rob9 builds its ne/ 9 or*>ds & g>d5s1 & occasionally takes advantage ( a nook ab\t ! h\se1 or "u ! %elt] ( ! ro( ( a %$ or outbuild+4 ,its food habits h sometimes caus$ appreh5sion to ! fruit gr[]1 = x is fond ( *]ries & o!r small fruits1 p>ticul>ly ! e>li] v>ieties4 ,= ?is reason _m compla9ts h be5 lodg$ aga9/ x1 & "s p]sons h gone s f> z to condemn ! bird4 ,! rob9 is1 h[ev]1 too valuable to be ext]m9at$1 & *oice fruit c be readily protect$ f its depr$ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,rob94 ,an exam9ation ( #ccj /oma*s %[s t ov] #db p] c5t ( its food is animal matt]1 pr9cipally insects1 :ile ! rema9d] is made up l>gely ( small fruits or b]ries4 ,ov] #ai p] c5t consi/s ( beetles1 ab\t "o-?ird ( :i* are useful gr\nd beetles1 tak5 mo/ly 9 spr+ & fall1 :5 o!r insects are sc>ce4 ,gras%opp]s makeup ab\t "o-t5? ( ! :ole food1 b 9 ,augu/ comprise ov] #cj p] c5t4 ,cat]pill>s =m ab\t ,g p] c5t1 :ile ! re/ ( ! animal food1 ab\t #g p] c5t1 is made up ( v>i\s insects1 ) a few spid]s1 snails1 & angle-worms4 ,all ! gras%opp]s1 cat]pill>s1 & bugs1 ) 9 l>ge portion ( ! beetles1 are injuri\s1 & x is safe to say t noxi\s insects comprise m ?an "o-?ird ( ! rob9's food4 ,vegetable food =ms ne>ly #eh p] c5t ( ! /oma* cont5ts1 ov] #dg be+ wild fruits1 & only a little m ?an #d p] c5t be+ possibly cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,cultivat$ fruit am\nt+ to ab\t #be p] c5t 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma*s 9 ,june & ,july1 b only a trifle 9 ,augu/4 ,wild fruit1 on ! contr>y1 is eat5 9 e mon?1 & con/itutes a /aple food dur+ half ! ye>4 ,no less ?an =ty-"o species 7 id5tifi$ 9 ! /oma*s ( ^!1 ! mo/ important 7 f\r species ( dogwood1 ?ree ( wild *]ries1 ?ree ( wild grapes1 f\r ( gre5bri>1 two ( holly1 two ( eld]2 & cranb]ries1 huckleb]ries1 blueb]ries1 b>b]ries1 s]vice b]ries1 cranb]ries1 & p]simmons1 ) f\r species ( sumac1 & v>i\s o!r se$s n /rictly fruit4 ,! depr$ations ( ! rob9 seem to be conf9$ to ! small] & e>li] fruits1 & few1 if any1 compla9ts h be5 made aga9/ x on ! score ( eat+ apples1 pea*es1 pe>s1 grapes1 or ev5 late *]ries4 ,by ! "t ^! are ripe ! =e/s & h$ges are teem+ ) wild fruits1 :i* ! bird evid5tly f9ds m to its ta/e4 ,! *]ry1 un=tunately1 rip5s s e>ly t x1 is almo/ ! only fruit accessible at a "t :5 ! bird's appetite has be5 %>p5$ by a long-cont9u$ diet ( insects1 e>?worms1 & dri$ b]ries1 & x is no wond] t at fir/ ! ri* juicy morsels are gre$ily eat54 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! rob9 takes t5 times z mu* wild z cultivat$ fruit1 x seems unwise to de/roy ! birds to save s little4 ,nor is ?is necess>y1 = by a little c>e bo? may be pres]v$4 ,:]e mu* fruit is gr[n1 x is no great loss to give up "o tree to ! birds2 & 9 "s cases ! crop c be protect$ by sc>ecr[s4 ,:]e wild fruit is n abundant1 a few fruit-be>+ %rubs & v9es judici\sly plant$ w s]ve = ornam5t & provide food = ! birds4 ,! ,russian mulb]ry is a vigor\s gr[] & a pr(use be>]1 rip5+ at ! same "t z ! *]ry1 &1 s f> z obs]vation has gone1 mo/ birds scorn to pref] its fruit to any o!r4 ,x is believ$ t a numb] ( ^! trees plant$ ar\nd ! g>d5 or or*>d w\ld fully protect ! m valuable fruits4 ,_m p]sons h writt5 ab\t ! delicate discrim9ation ( birds = *oice fruit1 ass]t+ t only ! f9e/ & co/lie/ v>ieties are select$4 ,?is is contr>y to all c>eful sci5tific obs]vation4 ,birds1 unlike human be+s1 seem to pref] fruit l ! mulb]ry1 t is sweetly insipid1 or t has "s a/r+5t or bitt] quality l ! *oke*]ry or holly4 ,! s-call$ black ald] 7,ilex v]ticillata71 :i* is a species ( holly1 has bright sc>let b]ries1 z bitt] z qu99e1 t rip5 late 9 ,octob]1 & rema9 on ! bu%es ?r\gh ,novemb]1 & ?\gh fro/ grapes1 ! fruit ( ! ,virg9ia creep]1 & sev]al species ( dogwood are abundant at ! same "t1 ! birds eat ! b]ries ( ! holly to a consid]able ext5t1 z %[n by ! se$s f\nd 9 ! /oma*s4 ,x is moreov] a rem>kable fact t ! wild fruits ^u :i* ! birds fe$ l>gely are ^? :i* man nei!r ga!rs = 8 own use nor adopts = cultivation4 ,,! ,,bluebird4 7,sialia sialis47 ,! common & famili> bluebird 7fig4 #bb7 is an inhabitant ( all ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico nor?w>d into ,canada4 ,x w9t]s z f> nor? z s\!rn ,ill9ois1 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & ,p5nsylvania 9 ! ea/2 9 spr+ x is "o ( ! fir/ migrants to arrive 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 & is always welcom$ z an indication ( ! f9al break+ up ( w9t]4 ,x frequ5ts or*>ds & g>d5s1 :]e x builds its ne/ 9 holl[ trees1 or takes advantage ( a ne/+ box provid$ by ! ent]pris+ f>m]'s boy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,bluebird4 ,s f> z kn[n1 ?is bird has n be5 accus$ ( /eal+ fruit or ( prey+ ^u any crops4 ,an exam9ation ( #bje /oma*s %[$ t #gf p] c5t ( ! food consi/s ( insects & _! allies1 :ile ! o!r #bd p] c5t is made up ( v>i\s vegetable sub/ances1 f\nd mo/ly 9 /oma*s tak5 9 w9t]4 ,beetles con/itute #bh p] c5t ( ! :ole food1 gras%opp]s #bb1 cat]pill>s #aa1 & v>i\s insects1 includ+ q a numb] ( spid]s1 comprise ! rema9d] ( ! insect diet4 ,all ^! are m or less h>mful1 except a few pr$ace\s beetles1 :i* am\nt to #h p] c5t1 b 9 view ( ! l>ge consumption ( gras%opp]s & cat]pill>s1 we c at lea/ condone ?is (f5se1 if su* x may be call$4 ,! de/ruction ( gras%opp]s is v noticeable 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 :5 ^! insects =m m ?an #fj p] c5t ( ! diet4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! selection ( its food ! bluebird is gov]n$ m by abundance ?an by *oice4 ,pr$ace\s beetles are eat5 9 spr+1 z !y are among ! fir/ insects to appe>2 b 9 e>ly summ] cat]pill>s =m an important "p ( ! diet1 & are replac$ a little lat] by gras%opp]s4 ,beetles are eat5 at all times1 except :5 gras%opp]s are m easily obta9$4 ,s f> z its vegetable food is conc]n$1 ! bluebird is positively h>mless4 ,! only trace ( any useful product 9 ! /oma*s consi/$ ( a few blackb]ry se$s1 & ev5 ^! m probably belong$ to wild ?an cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,foll[+ is a li/ ( ! v>i\s se$s :i* 7 f\nd3 ,blackb]ry1 *okeb]ry1 junip]b]ry1 pokeb]ry1 p>tridgeb]ry1 gre5bri>1 ,virg9ia creep]1 bitt]sweet1 holly1 /rawb]ry bu%1 false spik5>d1 wild s>sap>illa1 sumac 7sev]al species71 rose haws1 sorrel1 ragwe$1 grass1 & asp>agus4 ,?is li/ %[s h[ little ! bluebird dep5ds ^u ! f>m or g>d5 to supply its ne$s1 & indicates t by enc\rag+ ! gr[? ( "s ( ^! plants1 _m ( :i* are highly ornam5tal1 ! bird c be induc$ to make its home on ! premises4 ,bluebirds are s well kn[n t x seems unnecess>y to urge any?+ m 9 _! favor2 b 9 view ( ! fact t l>ge numb]s 7 de/roy$ dur+ ! sev]e /orm ( #ahie1 m ?an ord9>y vigilance %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 protect+ !m until !y h rega9$ _! normal abundance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,figures 7 mov$ s z to prev5t splitt+ p>agraphs4 ,hyph5ation 0 /&>diz$ to ! mo/ preval5t =m us$ 9 ! publication4