,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text is enclos$ 9 und]scores2 sup]scripts are %[n z #abc2 subscripts are %[n z #abc4 ,o!r notes appe> at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,illu/ration ,,locomotive ,,eng9e ,,runn+ ,,& ,,managem5t3 ,a ,treatise on ,locomotive ,eng9es1 ,,%[+ ,,_! ,,p]=mance ,,9 ,,runn+ ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,tra9s ,,) ,,economy ,,& ,,dispat*2 ,,also ,,directions ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,c>e1 ,,managem5t1 ,,& ,,repairs ,,( ,,locomotives ,,& ,,all ,,_! ,,connections4 ,,by ,,angus ,,s9clair1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,bro!rhood ,,( ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]s1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]s1 ,,associate ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,railway ,,ma/] ,,me*anics' ,,association1 ,,associate ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,naval ,,in/itute1 ,,etc4 ,,t5? ,,edition4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,,wiley ,,& ,,sons4 #ahhh4 ,,copyright1 #ahhd1 ,,by ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons4 ,,electrotyp$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,r&1 ,,av]y1 ,,& ,,company1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,,preface4 ,:ile foll[+ ! occupation ( a locomotive eng9e]1 ,i (t5 obs]v$ peculi>ities ab\t ! work+ ( my eng9e1 :ile runn+1 t ,i did n entirely und]/&4 ,z ,i 0 p]fectly aw>e1 ev5 be=e mak+ my fir/ trip on a locomotive eng9e1 t !re is no effect )\t a cause1 ,i nev] felt satisfi$ to accept any ?+ z incompreh5sible )\t inve/igation1 & fell into ! habit ( not+ d[n facts ab\t ! work+ ( ! eng9e1 ) ! view ( /udy+ out1 at leisure1 any ?+ :i* 0 n q cle>4 ,:51 "s ye>s ago1 ,i ab&on$ eng9e-runn+ to take *>ge ( ! r\nd-h\se at ! me*anical headqu>t]s ( ! ,burl+ton1 ,c$> ,rapids1 & ,nor!rn ,railway1 9 ,i[a1 ! practice ( keep+ notes 0 cont9u$4 ,! "w connect$ ) ! ord9>y repair+ ( runn+-eng9es1 ! em]g5cy repair+ execut$ to get eng9es ready hurri$ly to meet ! traffic dem&s on a road !n *ronically %ort ( p[]1 & diagnos+ ! num]\s diseases t locomotives are heir to1 provid$ ample mat]ial = volum9\s notes4 ,^? notes =m$ ! raw mat]ial f :i* ?is book 0 con/ruct$4 ,! orig9al int5tion 01 to publi% a book on ,locomotive ,eng9e ,runn+ alone1 & ! fir/ portion ( ! "w 0 prep>$ ) t idea 9 view2 b1 be=e ! articles 7 f9i%$1 ,i jo9$ ! editorial /aff ( ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/4 ,! correspond5ce 9 ! (fice ( t pap] conv9c$ me t an urg5t dem& exi/$1 among eng9e]s1 ma*9i/s1 & o!rs1 = pla9ly giv5 in=mation relat+ to num]\s op]ations connect$ ) ! repair+ & ma9t5ance ( locomotives4 ,to meet ?is dem&1 ! *apt]s on 8,valve-,motion0 & all ! succe$+ "p ( ! book 7 writt54 ,mo/ ( t matt] 0 orig9ally writt5 = ! pages ( ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 b 0 aft]w>ds re-arrang$ = ! book4 ,9 prep>+ a book = ! use ( eng9e]s1 firem51 ma*9i/s1 & o!rs int]e/$ 9 locomotive matt]s1 x has be5 my aim to treat all subjects discuss$ 9 su* a way t any read] w\ld easily und]/& e s5t5ce writt54 ,no attempt is made to convey in/ruction 9 any ?+ beyond elem5t>y problems 9 me*anical eng9e]+1 & all problems br\ght =w>d are treat$ 9 ! simple/ mann] possible4 ,! practice ( apply+ to books = in=mation conc]n+ _! "w1 is rapidly spread+ among ! eng9e]s & me*anics ( ?is s*ool-spangl$ c\ntry2 & ?is book is publi%$ 9 ! hope t its pages may furni% a %>e ( ! ne$$ assi/ance4 ,^? m51 :o1 ,socrates-l1 se>* = k f ! record$ exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 are ! m51 :o1 9 ! ne> future1 w take lead+ places 9 our m>* ( national progress4 ,to su* m51 :o are e>ne/ly toil+ up ! /eep grade ( ,self-help1 ?is book is respectfully d$icat$4 ,,angus ,,s9clair4 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahhe4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,i desire to ?ank ! railroad _w & ! te*nical press = ! k9d reception !y h ext5d$ to my book4 ,! necessity = publi%+ ! ?ird edition )9 ?ree mon?s aft] ! fir/ "o 0 issu$1 indicates t ! book 0 want$4 ,9 ! pres5t edition ,i h correct$ a few errors1 & made "s necess>y alt]ations1 t w add to ! value ( ! book4 ,,angus ,,s9clair1 ,,new ,,york1 ,april #f1 #ahhe4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,_! ,,duties #a ,attributes t make a ,good ,eng9e]4--,h[ ,eng9e]+ ,k & ,skill are ,acquir$4--,public ,int]e/ 9 ,locomotive ,eng9e]s4--,ignorance v]sus ,k4-- ,illit]ate ,eng9e]s n want$ 9 ,am]ica4--,gr[+ ,importance ( ,eng9e]s' ,duties4--,individuality ( ,am]ican ,eng9e]s4--,necessity = ,class ,improvem5t4-- ,! ,skill ( ,eng9e]s influ5ces ,op]at+ ,exp5ses4-- ,me?ods ( ,self-improvem5t4--,obs]v+ ,%op ,op]ations4-- ,:]e ,ignorance 0 ,ru94--,prejudice aga9/ /udy+ ,books4--,! ,k9d ( ,k ga9$ f ,books4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]s ,,are ,,made #aa ,reliable ,m5 ne$$ to run ,locomotives4--,e>ly ,me?ods ( mak+ ,locomotive ,eng9e]s4--,practice ( rais+ ,eng9e]s f ,ma*9i/s & ,te*nical-s*ool ,graduates n f\nd satisfactory4--,exp]i5ce demon/rat$ t ,firem5 made ! ,be/ ,eng9e]s4--,difficulties ( runn+ ,locomotives at ,night1 & dur+ ,bad ,wea!r4--,k9d ( ,m5 to be *os5 z ,firem54--,mod]n ,me?ods ( select+ ,firem54--,fir/ ,trips4--,popul> ,misconception ( a ,fireman's ,duties4--,le>n+ ,firem5's ,duties4--,a ,good ,fireman makes a ,good ,eng9e]4--,le>n+ an ,eng9e]'s ,duties4--,conditions ( ,eng9e ,runn+ t vanqui% ! ,inexp]i5c$ ,man4--,le>n+ to keep ! ,locomotive 9 ,runn+-ord]4--,me?ods ( ,promotion on our ,lead+ ,roads4--,nature ( ,exam9ation to be pass$4--,ma/] ,me*anics on ! ,be/ ,me?od ( ,educat+ ,"y ,m5 = ,eng9e]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,inspection ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive #cj ,locomotive ,inspectors4--,good ,eng9e]s ,inspect _! own ,eng9es4--,:at comes ( neglect+ ,sy/ematic ,inspection ( ,locomotives4--,confid5ce on ! ,road d]iv$ f ,inspection4--,inspection on ! ,pit4--,outside ,inspection4--,oil-cups4--,inspection ( ,runn+-ge>4-- ,att5tions to ! ,boil]4--,miscellane\s ,att5tions4-- ,rew>d ( ,?or\gh ,inspection4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,gett+ ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,road #ci ,rais+ ,/eam4--,precautions aga9/ ,scor*+ ,boil]s4-- ,/>t+ ! ,fire4--,fireman's ,fir/ ,duties4--,sav+ ! ,grates4--,supplies4--,eng9e]'s ,fir/ ,duties4--,rea*+ 8 ,eng9e 9 ,good ,season4--,oil+ ! ,ma*9]y4-- ,quantity ( ,oil t ,diff]5t ,be>+s ne$4--,leav+ ! ,eng9e-h\se4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,runn+ ,a ,,fa/ ,,freight ,,tra9 #dh ,runn+ ,freight ,tra9s4--,! ,eng9e4--,! ,tra94--,! ,division4--,pull+ out4--,hook+ back ! ,l9ks4-- ,work+ ! ,/eam ,expansively4--,advantage ( ,cutt+-(f ,%ort4--,boil] ,pressure ,be/ = ,economical ,work+4-- ,runn+ ) ,l[ ,/eam4--,! ,?rottle-lev]4--,managem5t ( ! ,fire4--,conditions t dem& ,good ,fir+4-- ,highe/ ,type ( ,fireman4--,sci5tific ,me?ods ( ,good ,firem54--,! ,m$ium ,fireman4--,! ,hopelessly ,bad ,fireman4--,:o is to ,blame = ,bad ,fir+8 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,gett+ ,,up ,,! ,,hill #fa ,special ,skill & ,att5tion requir$ to get a ,tra9 up a ,/eep ,grade4--,gett+ ,ready = ! ,grade4--,work+ up ! ,hill4--,:eel-slipp+4--,h[ to use ,s&4-- ,slipp]y ,eng9es4--,fe$+ ! ,boil]4--,*oice ( ,pump & ,injector4--,fall ( ,boil]-temp]ature n indicat$ by ! ,/eam-gauge4--,"s ,effects ( ,injudici\s ,boil]-fe$+4--,c>eful ,fe$+ & ,fir+ pres]ve ,boil]s4--,op]at+ ! ,damp]s4--,loss ( ,heat ?r\gh ,excess ( ,air4--,loss ( ,heat f ,bad ,damp]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,f9i%+ ,,! ,,trip #gd ,runn+ ov] ,ord9>y ,track4--,/opp+-places4--,k ( ,tra9-rights4--,precautions to be obs]v$ 9 approa*+ & pass+ ,/ations4--,! ,be/ ,rules mu/ be ,supplem5t$ by ,good ,judgm5t4--,op]at+ ,s+le ,tracks ,safely4--,causes ( ,anxiety to ,eng9e]s4--,acqua9tance ) ! ,road4--,f9al ,duties ( ! ,trip4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,runn+ ,a ,,fa/ ,,pass5g] ,,tra9 #hb ,av]age ,spe$4--,spe$ betwe5 ,j]sey ,city & ,philadelphia4--,requisites ( a ,high-spe$ ,locomotive4-- ,mak+ up ! ,fire4--,gett+ ready = ! ,trip4--,! ,tra9 to be pull$4--,! ,/>t4--,gett+ ! ,tra9 ov] ! ,road4--,h[ ! ,eng9e] did 8 ,"w4--,qualifications t make a ,successful ,eng9e]4--,h[ ! ,fir+ 0 done4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,h>d-,,/eam+ ,,eng9es #ib ,importance ( ,locomotives ,/eam+ ,freely4--,ess5tials = ,good-/eam+ ,eng9es4--,causes ,detrim5tal to mak+ ,/eam4--,petticoat-pipe4--,! ,smoke-/ack4--,ob/ructions to ,draught4--,*ok+ ! ,nett+ ) ,oil4--,silici\s ,deposit on ,flue-%eet4--,! ,ext5d$ ,smoke-box4-- ,/eam-pipes leak+4--,defects ( ,grates4--,lime1 ,scale1 & ,mud4--,prev5t+ ,accumulation ( ,mud 9 ,boil]s4-- ,tempor>y ,cures = ,leaky ,flues4--,good ,managem5t ,makes ,eng9es ,/eam4--,int]mitt5t ,boil]-fe$+4--,too ,mu* ,pi/on ,cle>ance4--,badly ,proportion$ ,smoke-/acks4--,! ,exhau/ ,nozzles4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,%ortness ,,( ,,wat]4--,,pump ,,disord]s #aji ,tr\ble develops ,natural ,en]gy4--,%ortness ( ,wat] a ,s]i\s ,pr$icam5t4--,h[ to deal ) ,%ortness ( ,wat]4--,wat*+ ! ,wat]-gauges4--,:at to d :5 ! ,t5d] is f\nd empty betwe5 ,/ations4--,a ,try+ ,position4--,wat*+ ! ,/ra9]s4--,c>e ( ,pumps4-- ,h[ ! ,condition ( ,pumps c be te/$4--,lift ( ,pump-valves4--,keep ,pipes tight1 & ,pack+ 9 ,ord]4-- ,s& 9 ! ,pump-*amb]s4--,deliv]y ,orifice *ok$ ) ,lime ,s$im5t4--,m9or ,pump ,tr\bles4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,injectors #aai ,inv5tion ( ! ,injector4--,try+ to f9d out h[ ! ,injector work$4--,! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,injector's ,action4--,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,injector4--,a ,heat]-pipe act+ z an ,injector4--,skill & ,reflection ,ne$$ 9 ,repair+ ,injectors4--,c>e ( ,injectors4--,! ,mo/ ,common ,causes ( ,d]angem5t4--,h[ to ,keep an ,injector 9 ,good ,ord]4--,curi\s ,cases ( ,tr\ble ) an ,injector4-- ,common ,defects4--,c>e ( ,injectors 9 ,w9t]4--,sell]s ,injector4--,! ,na?an ,manufactur+ ,company's ,monitor ,injector4--,! ,kort+ ,injector4--,! ,hancock ,inspirator4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,boil]s ,,& ,,fire-,,boxes #acf ,c>e ( ,locomotive ,boil]s4--,factor ( ,safety4--,boil] ,explosions4--,pres]vation ( ,boil]s4--,caus+ ,injury to ,boil]s4--,dang]s ( ,mud & ,scale4--,bl[+ (f ,boil]s4--,ov]-pressure4--,reliev+ ,ov]-pressure4-- ,bur/$ ,flues4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,! ,,valve-,,motion #adc ,runn+ ,worn-out ,eng9es4--,c>e & ,en]gy defy ,defeat4-- ,wat*+ ! ,exhau/4--,! ,att5tive ,e> detects ,det]ioration ( ,valves4--,locat+ ! ,f\r ,exhau/ ,s\nds4--,id5tify+ ,defects by ,s\nd ( ! ,/eam4-- ,accid5ts ,prev5t$ by att5d+ to ! ,note ( ,w>n+ f ! ,exhau/4--,neglect+ a ,w>n+4--,h[ an ,ecc5tric-/rap ,pun*$ a ,hole 9 a ,fire-box4--,int]e/ 9 ! ,valve-motion among ,eng9e]s4--,tr\ble ) ! ,valve-motion4--,a ,wrong ,conclusion4--,locat+ ,defects ( ! ,valve-motion4--,position ( ,ecc5trics4--,me?od ( ,sett+ ,slipp$ ,ecc5trics4--,slipp$ ,ecc5tric-rods4-- ,detect+ ! ,cause ( a ,lame ,exhau/4--,:at to d :5 ,ecc5trics1 ,/raps1 or ,rods ,break4--,diff]5t ,ways ( secur+ ! ,cross-head4--,brok5 ,tumbl+-%aft4-- ,brok5 ,valve-/em1 or ,valve-yoke4--,:5 a ,rock]-%aft or ,l[] ,rock]-arm ,breaks4--,miscellane\s ,accid5ts to ,valve-motion4--,brok5 ,/eam-*e/ ,cov]4--,/eam-pipe ,bur/$4--,te/+ ! ,valves4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,cyl9d]s ,,& ,,/eam ,,connections #afb ,importance ( ! ,pi/on 9 ! ,tra9 ( ,me*anism4--,causes t lead to ,brok5 ,cyl9d]-heads4--,brok5 ,cyl9d]-heads (t5 ,prev5table4--,:5 a ,ma9 ,rod breaks4--,crank-p9 brok54--,?rottle disconnect$4--,oil+ ! ,valves :5 ! ,?rottle is ,disconnect$4--,:at causes a ,disconnect$ ,?rottle4--,bur/+ a ,dry ,pipe4--,o!r ,?rottle ,accid5ts4--,p\nd+ ( ! ,work+-p>ts4--,"s ,causes ( ,p\nd+4--,locat+ a ,my/]i\s ,p\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,(f ,,! ,,track4--,,accid5ts ,,to ,,runn+-,,ge> #agb ,gett+ ,dit*$4--,deal+ ) ,sudd5 ,em]g5cies4-- ,/opp+ a ,freight ,tra9 9 ,case ( ,dang]4--,sav+ ! ,heat+ ,surfaces4--,gett+ ! ,eng9e on ! ,track4-- ,und]/&+ ! ,runn+-ge>4--,brok5 ,driv+-spr+4-- ,equaliz] ,brok54--,accid5ts to ,trucks4--,brok5 ,frame4-- ,brok5 ,driv+ ,axles1 ,:eels1 & ,tires4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,connect+-,,rods1 ,,side ,,rods1 ,,& ,,w$ges #ahb ,c>e ( ,locomotive ,rods4--,functions ( ,connect+-rods4-- ,effects ( ,bad ,fitt+4--,/rik+ ,po9ts & ,cle>ance4-- ,wat*+ ,rods on ! ,road4--,side ,rods4--,adju/m5t ( ,side ,rods4--,key+ ,side ,rods4--,difficulty 9 locat+ ,defects4--,p\nd+ 9 ,driv+-boxes & ,w$ges4-- ,importance ( hav+ ,w$ges prop]ly ,fitt$4--,influ5ce ( ,half-r\nd ,brasses4--,position ( ,boxes :ile sett+ up ,w$ges4--,necessity = keep+ ,boxes & ,w$ges ,clean4-- ,temp]ature ( ! ,box to be consid]$4--,small ,disord]s t cause ,r\gh ,rid+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,valve-,,motion #aii ,! ,locomotive ,slide-valve4--,inv5tion & ,application ( ! ,slide-valve4--,description ( ! ,slide-valve4-- ,primitive ,slide-valve4--,outside ,lap4--,"s ,effects ( ,lap4--,inside ,lap4--,! ,ext5t ( ,lap usually adopt$4-- ,fir/ ,application ( ,lap4--,! ,all5 ,valve4--,advantages ( ! ,all5 ,valve4--,case :]e ! ,all5 ,valve prov$ its ,value4--,inside ,cle>ance4--,lead4--,op]ation ( ! ,/eam 9 ! ,cyl9d]s4--,back ,pressure 9 ! ,cyl9d]s4--,effect ( too ,mu* ,inside ,lap4--,runn+ into a ,hill4--,compression4--,def9ition ( an ,ecc5tric4-- ,e>ly ,application ( ! ,ecc5tric4--,relative ,motion ( ,pi/on & ,crank1 ,slide-valve1 & ,ecc5trics4--,attempts to ,aboli% ! ,crank4--,valve ,movem5t4--,effect ( ,lap on ! ,ecc5tric's ,position4--,angul> ,advance ( ,ecc5trics4--,angul>ity ( ,connect+-rod4--,effect on ! ,valve-motion ( ,connect+-rod ,angul>ity4--,aids to ! ,/udy ( ,valve-motion4--,ev5ts ( ! ,pi/on ,/roke4--,:at ,happ5s ,inside ! ,cyl9d]s :5 an ,eng9e is ,rev]s$4--,ev5ts ( ! ,/roke 9 ,rev]s$ ,motion4-- ,purpose ( ,relief-valve on ,dry ,pipe4--,us+ ,rev]se-motion z a ,brake4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,%ift+-,,l9k #bbi ,e>ly ,rev]s+ ,motions4--,inv5tion ( ! ,l9k4-- ,con/ruction ( ! ,%ift+ ,l9k4--,action ( ! ,l9k4-- ,valve-motion ( a ,fa/ ,pass5g] ,locomotive4--,effect ( *ang+ ,valve-travel4--,weak ,po9ts ( ! ,l9k-motion4-- ,:y ,decreas+ ! ,valve-travel ,increases ! ,p]iod ( ,expansion4--,influ5ce ( ,ecc5tric ,?r[ on ! ,valve4-- ,h>mony ( ,work+-p>ts4--,adju/m5t ( ,l9k4--,slip ( ! ,l9k4--,radius ( ,l9k4--,increase ( ,lead4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,valves #bdf ,! ,m5 :o le>n ,valve-sett+4--,be/ way to le>n ,valve-sett+4--,prelim9>y ,op]ations4--,connect+ ,ecc5tric-rods to ,l9k4--,m>k+ ! ,valve-/em4--,l5g? ( ! ,valve-rod4--,accuracy ,ess5tial 9 ,locat+ ! ,dead ,c5t] ,po9ts4--,f9d+ ! ,dead ,c5t]s4--,turn+ ,:eels & ,mov+ ,ecc5trics4--,sett+ by ! ,lead ,op5+4-- ,asc]ta9+ ! ,po9t ( ,cut-(f4--,adju/m5t ( ,cut-(f4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,l9k-,,motion #beg ,prelim9>y ,explanations4--,def9ition ( ,t]ms us$4-- ,conditions4--,problems ,involv$ 9 ,lay+ ,out ,l9k-motion4--,to f9d ! ,position ( ,crank :5 ! ,pi/on is at ,full & ,half ,/roke4--,to f9d ! ,c5t] ,l9e ( ,motion & ! ,am\nt ( ,(fset 9 ! ,l[] ,rock]-arm4--,to f9d ! ,relative ,positions ( ,crank-p9 & ,ecc5trics :5 ! ,pi/on is at ,full & ,half ,/roke4--,to det]m9e ! ,correct ,l5g? ( ! ,ecc5tric-rods4--,to f9d ! ,position ( ! ,c5t] ( ,saddle-p94--,to ,f9d ! ,position ( ! ,c5t] ( ,lift+-%aft & ! ,l5g? ( its ,arms4--,dim5sions ( ,locomotives4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,/ev5s ,,valve-,,ge> #bhg ,description ( ,motion4--,arrangem5t ( ! ,motion4--,valve ,movem5t4--,valve-/ems & ,/uff+-boxes4--,h[ ,movem5t ( ,valve is ,gov]n$4--,h[ ,exhau/ ,lead is ,controll$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,joy ,,valve-,,ge> #bib ,description ( ,motion4--,h[ to ,apply ?is ,ge> to ,am]ican ,locomotives4--,con/ruction ,directions4--,h[ ,lap & ,lead are ,regulat$4--,advantages claim$ = ! ,motion4-- ,action ( ! ,motion4--,rules = lay+ d[n ! ,c5t] ,l9es ( ! ,motion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,indicator #cjc ,purpose ( ! ,indicator4--,description ( ,in/rum5t4-- ,op]ation ( ! ,indicator4--,l9es ( ! ,diagram4-- ,data ,necess>y = ,analyz+ ! ,diagram4--,advantages ( ,indicat+ ,locomotives4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,air-,,brake #cji ,inv5tion ( ! ,we/+h\se ,atmosph]ic ,brake4--,di/9ct ,classes ( ,inv5tions4--,b5efits conf]r$ on ,tra9 ,m5 by ,good ,brakes4--,fir/ ,trials ( ! ,we/+h\se ,atmosph]ic ,brake4--,fir/ ,roads t ,adopt$ ! ,we/+h\se ,brake4--,outl9es ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,brake4-- ,h[ ,ea/]n ,railroads kept alo( f ! ,we/+h\se ,brake4--,lesson ( ! ,rev]e ,railroad ,accid5t4--,weak ,po9ts ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,brake4--,! ,we/+h\se ,automatic ,air-brake4--,life-sav+ ,value ( ! ,automatic ,brake4--,fir/ ,railroads t adopt$ ! ,we/+h\se ,automatic ,air-brake4--,ess5tial ,p>ts ( ! ,we/+h\se ,automatic ,air-brake4--,! ,air-pump4--,h[ ! ,air-pump ,works4--,h[ ! ,air-end ,op]ates4--,air-pump ,disord]s4-- ,puny ,difficulties ,vanqui% ! ,ignorant ,eng9e]4--,causes t make ,brakes ,inop]ative (t5 ,easily ,rem$i$4--,c>e ( ! ,air-pump4--,pump ,pack+4--,h[ ,/eam ,passages get ,*ok$4--,sagacity ne$$ 9 ,repair+ ,air-pumps4--,gradual ,deg5]ation ( ! ,air-pump4--,causes t make a ,pump ,p\nd4--,! ,triple ,valve4--,action ( ! ,triple ,valve4-- ,to prev5t creep+ on ( ,brakes4--,h[ to ,apply & ,release ! ,brake4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,eames ,,vacuum ,,brake #cda ,effici5cy ( ! ,brake on ! ,elevat$ ,railroads4-- ,op]ation ( ! ,brake4--,! ,diaphragm4--,! ,ejector4-- ,c>e ( ! ,brake4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,locomotives ,,& ,,tra9 ,,resi/ances #cdf ,calculat+ ,p[] ( ,locomotives4--,proportion ( ,adhesion to ,traction4--,e/imat+ ,tractive ,p[]4--,horse-p[] ( ,locomotives4--,=mulas ( ,tra9 ,resi/ances4--,exp]im5ts ( ,tra9 ,resi/ances on ! ,erie ,railway4--,conditions t ,increase ,tra9 ,resi/ances4--,resi/ance ( ,curves4--,"w done by a ,locomotive pull+ a ,tra94--,record ( ,fa/ ,express ,tra9 made by ,pr(essor ,p4 ,h4 ,dudley's ,dynagraph ,c>4--,calculations ( ,weight ( ,tra9s t ,locomotives c ,pull4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,wat] ,,= ,,locomotive ,,boil]s #cei ,h[ ,wat] gets mix$ ) ,lime4--,exp5se entail$ by us+ ,bad ,wat]4--,ef=ts ( ,ma/] ,me*anics to secure ,good ,wat]4--,loss ( ,fai? 9 ,purify+ ,me?ods4-- ,scale-mak+ ,ag5cies4--,to ,asc]ta9 ! ,quality ( ,wat]4--,appliances ne$$ 9 ,te/+ ,wat]4--,prep>+ = ! ,exp]im5ts4--,lime held 9 ,solution by ,free ,c>bonic ,acid4--,te/ = ,lime ,salts4--,te/ = ,sulphate ( ,lime4--,te/ = ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia4--,te/ = ,salts ( ,iron4--,te/ = ,*lor9e4--,le>n+ ! ,manipulation ( ,te/s4--,mak+ ,qualitative ,te/s4--,! ,soap-te/ = ,h>dness4--,modification ( ! ,cl>k ,soap-te/4--,apply+ ! ,soap-te/4--,difficulties ( purify+ ,wat] = ,locomotives4--,mud4--,c>bonate ( ,lime4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,exam9ation ,,= ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]s #cgf ,pr9cipal ,duties ( an ,eng9e]4--,c>ry+ ,wat] 9 ,boil]4--,proc$ure :5 ,%ort ( ,wat]4-- ,boil]-foam+4--,disconnect+ ! ,eng9e4--,slipp+ an ,ecc5tric4--,break+ a ,valve-yoke4--,cyl9d]-pack+ ,bl[+4--,brok5 ,rock]-arm4--,brok5 ,l9k-hang]4-- ,brok5 ,side ,rods4--,?rottle ,disconnect$4--,brok5 ,tires4 ,,locomotive ,,eng9e ,,runn+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,_! ,,duties4 ,,attributes ,,t ,,make ,a ,,good ,,eng9e]4 ,! locomotive eng9e :i* rea*es ne>e/ p]fection1 is "o :i* p]=ms ! greate/ am\nt ( "w at ! lea/ co/ = fuel1 lubricants1 we> & te> ( ma*9]y1 & ( ! track trav]s$3 ! ne>e/ approa* to p]fection 9 an eng9e]1 is ! man :o c "w ! eng9e s z to develop its be/ capabilities at ! lea/ co/4 ,poets are said to be born1 n made4 ,! same may be said ( eng9e]s4 ,"o man may h *>ge ( an eng9e = only a few mon?s1 & yet exhibit ?or\gh k ( 8 bus9ess1 display+ sagacity resembl+ in/9ct conc]n+ ! treatm5t necess>y to secure ! be/ p]=mance f 8 eng9e3 ano!r man1 :o appe>s equally intellig5t 9 matt]s n p]ta9+ to ! locomotive1 nev] develops a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,,h[ ,,eng9e]+ ,,k ,,& ,,skill ,,are ,,acquir$4 ,a man :o possesses ! natural gifts necess>y = ! mak+ ( a good eng9e]1 w advance m rapidly 9 acquir+ ma/]y ( ! bus9ess ?an does "o :om ,nature int5d$ = a dit*]4 ,b !re is no royal road to ! k requisite = mak+ a fir/-class eng9e]4 ,! capability ( h&l+ an eng9e c be acquir$ by a few mon?s' practice4 ,op5+ ! ?rottle1 & mov+ ! rev]se lev]1 require b scanty skill2 !re is no great accompli%m5t 9 be+ able to pack a gl&1 or tight5 up a loose nut2 b ! magaz9e ( practical k1 :i* enables an eng9e] to meet e em]g5cy ) calmness & promptitude1 is obta9$ only by ye>s ( exp]i5ce on ! footbo>d1 & by assidu\s obs]vation :ile !re4 ,,public ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]s4 ,ev] s9ce ! incipi5cy ( ! railroad sy/em1 a close int]e/ has be5 manife/$ by ! g5]al public 9 ! "* & capabilities ( locomotive eng9e]s4 ,?is is natural1 = no o!r class ( m5 hold ! safe-keep+ ( s mu* life & prop]ty 9 _! h&s4 ,,ignorance ,,v]sus ,,k4 ,two lead+ pione]s ( railway progress 9 ,europe took diametrically opposite views ( ! intellectual qualities be/ calculat$ to make a good eng9e]4 ,george ,/eph5son pref]r$ intellig5t m51 well educat$ & read up 9 me*anical & physical sci5ce2 ,brunel recomm5d$ illit]ate m5 = tak+ *>ge ( eng9es1 on ! novel hypo!sis1 t1 hav+ no?+ else 9 _! heads1 !re w\ld be abundant room = ! acquirem5t ( k respect+ _! "w4 ,9 e te/ ( skill1 ! intellig5t m5 prov$ victors4 ,,illit]ate ,,eng9e]s ,,n ,,want$ ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,no dem& = illit]ate or ignorant eng9e]s has ev] aris5 9 ,am]ica4 ,_m m5 :o h sp5t an important portion ( _! lives on ! footbo>d1 h ris5 to grace ! highe/ ranks ( ! me*anical & social _w4 ,! pione] eng9es1 :i* demon/rat$ ! successful work+ ( locomotive p[]1 7 run by "s ( ! mo/ accompli%$ me*anical eng9e]s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z an eng9e adapt$ to ! "w x has to p]=m1 ! ,am]ican locomotive is recogniz$ to h always kept ahead ( its compe]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,no inconsid]able "p ( ?is sup]iority is due to ! fact1 t ne>ly all ! ma/] me*anics :o control ! design+ ( our locomotives h _h exp]i5ce 9 runn+ !m1 & !reby und]/& exactly ! qualities mo/ ne$$ = ! "w to be done4 ,,gr[+ ,,importance ,,( ,,eng9e]s' ,,duties4 ,! safe & punctual op]ation ( our railroads has always dep5d$ to a great ext5t ^u ! discrim9at+ c>e ( ! eng9e]4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy ( railroad op]at+ is to increase 8 responsibility4 ,e advance 9 brake improvem5t increases ! duties ( ! eng9em51 & ^u !m w soon devolve ! entire managem5t & control ( tra9s :ile 9 motion4 ,,individuality ,,( ,,am]ican ,,eng9e]s4 ,writ+ on ! fitness ( v>i\s railroad employs = _! duties1 t em95t au?ority1 ,ex-,railroad-,commission] ,*>les ,f4 ,adams1 jun41 says1 8,9 discuss+ & comp>+ ! appliances us$ 9 ! practical op]at+ ( railroads 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 !re is "o elem5t1 h[ev]1 :i* c nev] be left out ( ! acc\nt4 ,! intellig5ce1 quickness ( p]ception1 & capacity = tak+ c>e ( !mselves1--t comb9ation ( qualities1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute individuality1 & adaptability to circum/ances1--v>y greatly among ! railroad employs ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! ,am]ican locomotive eng9e]1 z he is call$1 is especially gift$ 9 ?is way4 ,he c be reli$ on to take c>e ( himself & 8 tra9 "u circum/ances :i* 9 o!r c\ntries w\ld be ?\ght to insure disa/]40 ,,necessity ,,= ,,class ,,improvem5t4 ,:ile ,am]ican locomotive eng9e]s c confid5tly invite comp>ison betwe5 _! own me*anical & intellectual atta9m5ts & ^? ( _! compe]s 9 any nation "u ! sun1 !re /ill rema9s ample room = improvem5t4 ,if !y are n advanc+1 !y are retrograd+4 ,! eng9e] :o looks back to companions ( a g5]ation ago1 & says t we "k z mu* z !y did1 b no m1 implies ! ass]tion t 8 class is go+ backw>d4 ,on v few roads1 & 9 b r>e in/ances1 c ?is grave *>ge be made1 t ! eng9e]s are fall+ beh9d 9 ! intellectual race4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are signs all ar\nd u ( sub/antial "w 9 ! cause ( intellectual & moral advancem5t4 ,,! ,,skill ,,( ,,eng9e]s ,,influ5ces ,,op]at+ ,,exp5ses4 ,no class ( railroad-m5 affects ! exp5ses ( op]at+ s directly z eng9e]s d4 ,! daily wages paid to an eng9e] is a trifl+ sum comp>$ to ! am\nt he c save or wa/e by good or bad managem5t ( 8 eng9e4 ,fuel wa/$1 lubricants ?r[n away1 supplies de/roy$1 & ma*9]y abus$1 lead+ to extravagant runn+ repairs1 make up a long bill by ! end ( ea* mon?1 :]e eng9em5 are incompet5t4 ,e man ) any sp>k ( manl9ess 9 8 brea/ w /rive to become ma/] ( 8 "w2 &1 /irr$ by ?is ambition1 he w avoid wa/+ ! mat]ial ( 8 employ] j z zeal\sly z if ! /ores 7 8 own prop]ty2 & only su* m5 des]ve a position on ! footbo>d4 ,! day has pass$ away :5 an eng9e] 0 reg>d$ z p]fectly compet5t s long z he c\ld take 8 tra9 ov] ! road on "t4 ,n[adays a man mu/ get ! tra9 along on s*$ule "t to be tol]at$ at all1 & he is n consid]$ a fir/-class eng9e] unless he possesses ! k :i* enables him to take ! greate/ am\nt ( "w out ( ! eng9e ) ! lea/ possible exp5se4 ,to accompli% su* results1 a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) all details ( ! eng9e is ess5tial1 s t ! entire ma*9e may be op]at$ z a h>moni\s unit1 )\t j> or p\nd3 ! v>i\s me?ods ( economiz+ heat mu/ be intimately und]/ood1 & ! laws :i* gov]n combu/ion %\ld be well kn[n s f> z !y apply to ! managem5t ( ! fire4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,self-,,improvem5t4 ,to obta9 ?is k1 :i* gives p[]1 & directly increases a man's intr9sic value1 "y eng9e]s & aspir+ firem5 mu/ devote a portion ( _! leisure "t to ! =m ( self-improvem5t relat+ to ! locomotive4 ,socrates1 a sagaci\s old ,greek philosoph]1 believ$ t ! easie/ way to obta9 k 0 by p]si/5tly ask+ que/ions4 ,"y eng9e]s c turn ?is sy/em to good acc\nt4 ,nev] feel a%am$ to ask = in=mation :]e x is ne$$1 & d n imag9e t a man has rea*$ ! limit ( me*anical k :5 he kn[s h[ to op5 & %ut ! ?rottle-valve4 ,! m a man progresses 9 /udy+ out ! philosophy ( ! locomotive & its economical op]ation1 ! m he gets conv9c$ ( 8 own limit$ k4 ,a "y eng9e] :o seeks = k by que/ion+ 8 eld]s mu/ n feel disc\rag$ at a rebuff4 ,m5 :o refuse to answ] civilly que/ions ask$ by juniors se>*+ = in=mation1 are g5]ally 9 ! d>k !mselves1 & attempt by rud5ess to conceal _! own ignorance4 ,,obs]v+ ,,%op ,,op]ations4 ,! sy/em 9 vogue 9 mo/ ( our ,/ates1 especially 9 ! ,we/1 ( tak+ on m5 = firem5 :o h receiv$ no previ\s me*anical tra9+1 leaves a wide field op5 = eng9e]+ in/ruction4 ,su* m5 c n sp5d too mu* "t wat*+ ! op]ations go+ on 9 repair-%ops2 e detail ( r\nd-h\se "w %\ld be closely obs]v$2 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! great ma*9e !y are le>n+ to manage %\ld be /udi$ 9 detail4 ,no op]ation ( repairs is too trifl+ to receive /rict att5tion4 ,:]e ! ma*9i/s are exam9+ pi/on-pack+1 fac+ valves1 r$uc+ rod-brasses1 or l9+ d[n w$ges1 ! ambiti\s novice w1 by close wat*+ ( ! "w1 obta9 k ( ! mo/ useful k9d4 ,look+ on w n tea* him h[ to d ! "w1 b int]e/+ himself 9 ! proc$ure is a long /ep 9 ! direction ( le>n+4 ,repair+ ( pumps & injectors is int]e/+ "w1 full ( in/ructive po9ts :i* may prove invaluable on ! road4 ,! r\gh "w p]=m$ by ! m5 :o *ange truck-:eels1 put new brasses 9 oil-boxes1 & replace brok5 spr+s1 is wor?y ( close att5tion2 = x is j su* "w t eng9em5 are mo/ likely to be call$ ^u to p]=m on ! road 9 cases ( accid5t4 ,to obta9 a ?or\gh insight into ! work+ ( ! locomotive1 no detail ( its con/ruction is too trifl+ = att5tion4 ,! unison ( ! aggregate ma*9e dep5ds ^u ! h>moni\s adju/m5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts2 &1 unless a man und]/&s ! connection ( ! details1 he is nev] likely to become skillful 9 detect+ d]angem5ts4 ,,:]e ,,ignorance ,,0 ,,ru94 ,i knew a case :]e ! neglect to le>n h[ m9or "w ab\t ! eng9e 0 done1 prov$ fatal to ! prospects ( a "y eng9e]4 ,a new eng9e-truck box _h be5 adopt$ %ortly be=e he w5t runn+2 &1 al?\gh he _h (t5 se5 ! cell> tak5 d[n by ! r\nd-h\se m5 :5 !y 7 pack+ ! trucks1 he nev] paid close att5tion to h[ x 0 done4 ,z ! new plan 0 a radical *ange f ! old practice1 tak+ d[n ! new cell> 0 a little puzzl+ at fir/ to a man :o did n "k h[ to d x4 ,"o day ?is "y eng9e] took out an eng9e ) ! new k9d ( truck1 & a j\rnal got runn+ hot4 ,he crept "u ! truck among sn[ & slu%1 to take ! cell> d[n = pack+2 b he /ruggl$ half an h\r ov] x1 & c\ld n get ! ?+ d[n4 ,!n ! conductor came along1 to see :at 0 ! matt]2 &1 be+ po/$ on su* "w1 he p]ceiv$ t ! "y eng9e] did n "k h[ to take ! cell> out ( ! box4 ,! conductor help$ ! eng9e] to d a job he %\ld h ne$$ no assi/ance )4 ,! /ory 0 pres5tly c>ri$ to headqu>t]s ) additions1 & 0 ! means ( return+ ! "y eng9e] to ! left-h& side4 ,,prejudice ,,aga9/ ,,/udy+ ,,books4 ,!re is a silly prejudice 9 "s qu>t]s aga9/ eng9e]s apply+ to books = in=mation respect+ _! eng9es4 ,eng9e]s are num]\s :o boa/ noisily t all _! k is d]iv$ f actual exp]i5ce1 & !y despise !ori/s :o /udy books1 draw+s1 or models 9 acquir+ p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! con/ruction or op]ation ( ! locomotive p>ts4 ,su* m5 h no?+ to boa/ (4 ,!y nev] le>n mu*1 because ignorant egotism keeps !m bl9d4 ,!y keep ! ranks ( ! m]e /opp] & />t] well fill$4 ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,k ,,ga9$ ,,f ,,books4 ,! books on me*anical practice :i* ^! ultra practical m5 despise1 conta9 9 cond5s$ =m ! exp]i5ce & discov]ies t h be5 glean$ f ! h>de/ work]s & ?9k]s ( pa/ ages4 ,! product ( long ye>s ( toilful exp]im5t1 :]e int5se ?\ght has furr[$ expansive br[s1 & we>y wat*+ has :it5$ rav5 locks1 is (t5 record$ on a few pages4 ,a me*anical fact :i* an exp]im5t] has sp5t ye>s 9 discov]+ & elucidat+1 c be le>n$ & te/$ by a /ud5t 9 z _m h\rs4 ,! man :o despises book-k relat+ to any call+ or pr(ession1 rejects ! wisdom begott5 ( =m] record$ labor4 ,a c>eful p]usal ( ,=ney's ,cate*ism ( ! ,locomotive w tea* ! "y eng9e] valuable lessons ab\t 8 eng9e :i* c be daily sub/antiat$ by practice4 ,9 ne>ly e in/ance1 read+ su* a "w acts z a /imulant to ! p]ceptive faculties ( an eng9e]4 ,an explanation ( a po9t helps to ?r[ new light on some?+ t 0 hazy1 b n[ appe>s p]fectly cle>4 ,an ass]tion made t a man does n agree ) provokes ?\ght1 & ?\ght leads to inve/igation4 ,a writ] may cont9ually pres5t matt]s at v>iance ) ! views ( a read]1 & yet be ! means ( imp>t+ valuable k4 ,:5 an eng9e] wi%es to ga9 a ?or\gh k ( ! valve-motion1--& mo/ ( u pride ourselves on :at we "k ab\t ?is subject1--he may g 9 = a sy/ematic /udy ( ,au*9closs on ,l9k & ,valve ,motions4 ,"h he w obta9 in=mation t c nev] be rea*$ by m]e practice ) ! actual motion2 yet access to1 & obs]vation (1 ! work+-motion1 w engrave ! pr9ciples ^u 8 memory s t !y c nev] be =gott54 ,port] on ! ,indicator is a good s\rce f :5ce accurate k respect+ ! expansive work+ ( /eam c be obta9$4 ,_m o!r spr+s ( k fl[ cle> & free4 ,:at is ne$$ is ! incl9ation to receive & ! det]m9ation to obta94 ,:5 a man is se>*+ hone/ly = in=mation ^u me*anical subjects1 he w quickly f9d means ( gratify+ 8 desire4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]s ,,are ,,made4 ,,reliable ,,m5 ,,ne$$ ,,to ,,run ,,locomotives4 ,locomotive eng9e runn+ is "o ( ! mo/ mod]n ( trades1 consequ5tly its acquirem5t has n be5 controll$ by ! exact me?ods associat$ ) anci5t guild appr5tice%ips4 ,nev]!less1 graduates to ?is bus9ess d n take *>ge ( ! iron horse )\t ! full me$ ( exp]i5ce & skill requisite = p]=m+ _! duties successfully4 ,! man :o runs a locomotive eng9e on our cr[d$ railroads has s mu* valuable prop]ty1 directly & indirectly1 "u 8 c>e1 s mu* ( life & limb dep5d+ ^u 8 skill & ability1 t railroad companies are n likely to intru/ ! position to ^? ) a suspicion ( incompet5cy re/+ ^u !m4 ,,e>ly ,,me?ods ,,( ,,mak+ ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]s4 ,! prevail+ me?ods ( rais+ locomotive eng9e]s h be5 evolv$ f exp]i5ce ) ! k9d ( m5 be/ adapt$ to fill ! position4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! railroad _w1 :5 su* m5 z ,george ,/eph5son1 ,horatio ,all51 ,john ,b4 ,j]vis1 ,ross ,w9ans1 & o!r pione] eng9e]s1 demon/rat$ ! successful op]ation ( ! locomotive1 !y usually turn$ ov] ! c>e ( _! eng9es to ! m5 :o _h assi/$ 9 con/ruct+ ! ma*9es1 or 9 putt+ !m toge!r4 ,?is 0 ! be/ t c\ld be done at ! "t2 & ! m5 select$ g5]ally prov$ compet5t = ! tru/ repos$ 9 !m2 b x gave rise to a belief t no man c\ld run a locomotive successfully unless he 7 a ma*9i/4 ,! possession ( me*anical skill necess>y = mak+ repairs 0 consid]$ ! be/ recomm5dation = an eng9e]4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 all t a ma*9i/ 0 requir$ to d1--s t he c\ld graduate z a full-fl$g$ eng9e]1--0 to practice mov+ eng9es r\nd 9 ! y>d = a few days1 :5 he 0 report$ ready = ! road4 ,ak9 to ?is s5tim5t 0 t :i* recomm5d$ y\?s ( natural me*anical ability = ! position ( locomotive eng9e] )\t subject+ !m to any previ\s special tra9+4 ,graduates f me*anical in/itutes 7 deem$ capable ( runn+ an eng9e z soon z !y 7 p]fectly c]ta9 ab\t h[ to />t & /op ! ma*9e4 ,! late ,alex&] ,l4 ,holley us$ to relate an anecdote ( ?is k9d ( an eng9e]4 ,dur+ a sev]e w9t] /orm1 ! tra9 ,holley 0 travel+ on got firmly /all$ 9 a sn[-bank4 ,9 its /ruggles ) ! froz5 elem5ts1 ! eng9e got %ort ( wat]2 & ,holley f\nd ! eng9e] try+ to fill ! boil] by %ovel+ sn[ d[n ! smoke-/ack6 ,,practice ,,( ,,rais+ ,,eng9e]s ,,f ,,ma*9i/s ,,& ,,te*nical-,,s*ool ,,graduates ,,n ,,f\nd ,,satisfactory4 ,b x came to pass t m light 9 ! matt] ( eng9e-runn+ dawn$ ^u ! m9ds ( railroad manag]s4 ,!y discov]$ t exp]tness 9 effect+ repairs on locomotives 0 n s ess5tial 9 an eng9e] z 0 ! less pret5ti\s ability ( work+ ! eng9e s t ! tra9 w\ld be pull$ ov] ! road safely & on "t3 !y p]ceiv$ b scanty m]it 9 inh]it$ me*anical g5ius :i* did n inspire a y\? ) sagacity en\gh to see t c]ta9 de/ruction w\ld befall ! heat+-surface :5 he attempt$ to run )\t wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,exp]i5ce demon/rat$1 t1 to manage an eng9e on ! road s t its be/ "w %\ld be develop$ at ! lea/ co/1 c]ta9 traits ( skill & tra9+ 7 necess>y1 :i* 7 altoge!r diff]5t f ! culture t made a man sm>t at con/ruct+ or repair+ ma*9]y4 ,x 0 f\nd t "o man might be a good ma*9i/1 & yet make no k9d ( a dec5t runn]2 a second man w\ld be equally exp]t 9 bo? capacities2 :ile a ?ird man1 :o nev] c\ld d a respectable job ) tools1 develop$ into an excell5t eng9e]4 ,"o ( ! be/ millwrights ,i ev] knew1 a man :o a*iev$ consid]able celebrity = skill 9 8 craft1 became a fireman ) ! ambition ( becom+ a locomotive runn]4 ,he fir$ acceptably = two ye>s1 !n 0 promot$1 b quickly f\nd t he c\ld n run an eng9e1 & ackn[l$g$ t to be ! case by return+ to ! left side4 ,he 0 too n]v\s1 & lack$ confid5ce 9 himself4 ,ov]we5+ egotism is n an attractive feature 9 a man's "*2 b1 e ?+ else be+ equal1 x is ! self-confid5t man t makes ! successful eng9e]4 ,,exp]i5ce ,,demon/rat$ ,,t ,,firem5 ,,made ,,! ,,be/ ,,eng9e]s4 ,! exp]im5t ( rais+ locomotive eng9e]s f ma*9i/s & me*anical empirics 0 ! unc]ta9 grop+ 9 ! d>k = ! "r man to fill ! "r place4 ,:5 ! se>* = pret5ti\s m5 prov$ unsatisfactory1 ! "r m5 7 f\nd at h&1 accumulat+ ! necess>y exp]i5ce on ! fireman's side ( ! eng9e4 ,!n x became a recogniz$ fact1 t1 to take hold & run an eng9e to advantage1 a man mu/ le>n ! bus9ess by work+ z fireman4 ,!re h be5 frequ5t cases ( m5 becom+ successful locomotive eng9e]s )\t any previ\s tra9+ z firem51 b !y 7 ! exceptions t prov$ ! rule4 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,runn+ ,,locomotives ,,at ,,night1 ,,& ,,dur+ ,,bad ,,wea!r4 ,9 ! matt] ( spe$ alone1 !re is mu* to le>n be=e a man c safely run a locomotive4 ,dur+ daylight a novice w g5]ally be half out 9 e/imat+ spe$2 & 8 judgm5t is m]ely wild guess-"w1 regulat$ m by ! condition ( ! track ?an by ! velocity 8 tra9 is rea*+4 ,on a smoo? piece ( track1 he ?9ks he is mak+ tw5ty-five miles an h\r1 :5 =ty miles is ab\t ! correct spe$3 !n he /rikes a r\gh portion ( ! road-b$1 & concludes he is te>+ along at ?irty miles an h\r1 :5 he is sc>cely rea*+ tw5ty miles2 s9ce ! fir/ lur*y spot made him %ut (f tw5ty p] c5t ( ! /eam4 ,at night ! case is mu* worse1 especially :5 ! wea!r proves unfavorable4 ,on a wild1 /ormy night1 ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ye>s on ! footbo>d1 :i* tra9s a man to judge ( spe$ by s\nd ( ! revolv+-:eels1 & to locate 8 position betwe5 /ations f a tree1 a %rub1 a protrud+ bank1 or any o!r trifl+ object t w\ld pass unnotic$ by a less cultivat$ eye1 is all ne$$ to aid an eng9e] 9 work+ along ) unv>i$ spe$ )\t jolt or tumult4 ,on su* a night1 a man /range to ! bus9ess c n "w a locomotive1 & ex]cise prop] control ov] its movem5ts4 ,he may place ! rev]se lev]-lat* 9 a c]ta9 not*1 & keep ! /eam on2 he c regulate ! pump aft] a fa%ion1 & wat* t ! wat] %all n get too l[ 9 ! boil]2 he c %ut (f 9 good season :ile approa*+ /ations1 & blund] into ea* depot by repeat$ly apply+ /eam2 b he ex]ts no control ov] ! tra91 kn[s no?+ ( :at ! eng9e is do+1 & is con/antly liable to break ! tra9 9 two4 ,a diagram ( 8 spe$ w\ld fluctuate z irregul>ly z ! pr(ile l9es ( a bluffy c\ntry4 ,?is is :]e a ma*9i/'s skill does n apply to locomotive-runn+ until x is supplem5t$ by an intimate k ( spe$1 ( facility at h&l+ a tra91 & keep+ ! c\pl+s intact1 & ( insight into ! be/ me?ods ( economiz+ /eam4 ,^! are ess5tials :i* e man %\ld possess be=e he is put 9 *>ge ( a locomotive on ! road4 ,! great fund ( practical k :i* /amps ! fir/-class eng9e]1 is amass$ by g5]al labor dur+ ye>s ( vigilant obs]vation on ! footbo>d1 amid/ _m *anges ( fair & f\l wea!r4 ,z pass+ ?r\gh ! occupation ( fireman 0 ! only way m5 c\ld obta9 practical k ( eng9e-runn+ be=e tak+ *>ge1 railroad (ficials all ov] ! _w gradually fell into ! way ( reg>d+ t z ! prop] *annel = m5 to trav]se be=e rea*+ ! "r-h& side ( ! locomotive4 ,,k9d ,,( ,,m5 ,,to ,,be ,,*os5 ,,z ,,firem54 ,z ! pay = firem5 rules mod]ately good1 ev5 :5 comp>$ ) o!r skill$ labor2 & z ! high] position ( eng9e] looms l a beacon n f> ahead1--!re is always a lib]al *oice ( good m5 to beg9 "w z firem54 ,mo/ railroad companies recognize ! importance ( ex]cis+ judgm5t & discretion 9 select+ ! m5 :o are to run z _! future eng9e]s4 ,sobriety1 indu/ry1 & intellig5ce are ess5tial attributes 9 a fireman :o is go+ to prove a success 9 8 call+4 ,lack 9 any "o ( ^! qualities w quickly prove fatal to a fireman's prospects ( advancem5t4 ,sobriety is ( ! fir/ importance1 because a man :o is n /rictly temp]ate %\ld n be tol]at$ = a mom5t ab\t a locomotive1 s9ce he is a s\rce ( dang] to himself & o!rs2 indu/ry is ne$$ to light5 ! burd5 ( a fireman's duties1 = (t5times !y are ardu\s beyond ! conception ( /rang]s2 & want+ 9 ! ?ird quality1 intellig5ce1 a man c nev] be a good fireman 9 ! wide s5se ( ! ^w1 s9ce "o defici5t 9 m5tal tact nev] rises high] ?an a human ma*9e4 ,an intellig5t fireman may be ignorant ( ! sci5tific nom5clature relat+ to combu/ion1 b he w be p]fectly famili> ) all ! practical ph5om5a connect$ ) ! economical g5]ation ( /eam4 ,su* a man does n imag9e t he has rea*$ ! limit ( locomotive k :5 he und]/&s h[ to keep an eng9e hot1 & c %9e up ! jacket4 ,e trip reveals some?+ new ab\t 8 art1 e day op5s 8 vision to /range facts ab\t ! wond]ful ma*9e he is le>n+ to manage4 ,& s1 week by week1 he goes on 8 way1 att5d+ *e]fully to 8 duties1 & accumulat+ ! k t w ev5tually make him a fir/-class locomotive eng9e]4 ,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,( ,,select+ ,,firem54 ,on ! v>i\s roads ?r\gh\t ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 !re is great div]sity ( practice 9 ! selection ( m5 = ! position ( fireman4 ,on num]\s roads1 especially 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 m5 are tak5 f all occupations2 no prelim9>y tra9+ be+ deem$ necess>y be=e putt+ a man on an eng9e z fireman4 ,a li/ ( applicants is kept by ! ma/] me*anic1 & likely m5 recomm5d$ = firem54 ,:5 a man is want$1 ! fir/ "o :o c be f\nd conv5i5tly is s5t out2 & ! eng9e] mu/ break him 9 z be/ he c4 ,on o!r roads1 aga91 ! m5 int5d$ = firem5 are tak5 to "w ab\t ! r\nd-h\se1 & are employ$ 9 help+ ) ! clean+1 repair+1 & prep>+ ( locomotives = ! road4 ,?is plan is greatly 9 vogue 9 ,europe1 & on c]ta9 ( ! old] roads ( ,am]ica2 & x has _m features to recomm5d x ov] ! practice ( plac+ m5 entirely devoid ( railroad exp]i5ce ^u eng9es4 ,x is bett] = ! m5 !mselves1 s9ce work+ ab\t eng9es famili>izes ea* to "s ext5t ) ! "w he is expect$ to d z an eng9e]'s help]1 = t is really a fireman's position2 x is bett] = ! company1 s9ce ! (fic]s get ! opportunity ( obs]v+ a man's habits be=e he receives tra9+ t entails "s exp5se2 x is bett] = ! eng9e]1 s9ce 8 assi/ant is n entirely /range to ! "w he is expect$ to d4 ,,fir/ ,,trips4 ,a y\? entirely unacqua9t$ ) all ! op]ations :i* a fireman is call$ ^u to p]=m1 f9ds ! fir/ trip a t]ribly ardu\s ordeal1 ev5 ) "s previ\s exp]i5ce ( railroad "w4 ,:5 8 fir/ trip introduces him to ! locomotive & to railroad life at ! same "t1 ! day is c]ta9 to be a record ( p]sonal tribulation4 ,to ride = t5 or twelve h\rs on an eng9e = ! fir/ "t1 /&+ on "o's feet1 & subject to ! %ak+ motion1 is int5sely tiresome1 ev5 if a man has no "w to d4 ,b :5 he has to ride dur+ t p]iod1 & 9 addition has to %ovel six or eight tons ( coal1 mo/ ( :i* has to be h&l$ twice1 ! job proves no s9ecure4 ,!n1 ! po/ure ( 8 body :ile do+ "w is new2 he is expect$ & requir$ to pit* coal ^u c]ta9 exact spots1 ?r\gh a small door1 :ile ! eng9e is sw++ ab\t s t he c sc>cely keep 8 feet2 8 h&s get bli/]$ ) ! %ovel1 & 8 eyes gr[ dazzl$ f ! respl5d5t light ( ! fire4 ,!n come ! additional side duties ( tak+ wat]1 %ak+ ! grates1 clean+ ! a%-pan1 or ev5 ! fire1 :]e bad coal is us$1 fill+ oil-cans1 & trimm+ lamps1 to say no?+ ( poli%+ & keep+ ?+s clean & tidy4 ,by ! "t all ^! duties are att5d$ to1 ! "y fireman does n f9d a great deal ( leisure to admire ! pass+ sc5]y4 ,,popul> ,,misconception ,,( ,a ,,fireman',s ,,duties4 ,a great _m idle "y fell[s1 ignorant ( railroad affairs1 imag9e t a fireman's pr9cipal "w consi/s 9 r++ ! bell1 & %[+ himself (f conspicu\sly 9 com+ into /ations4 ,!y look ^u ! bus9ess z be+ ( ! h]oic k9d1 & /rive to get tak5 on z firem54 ,if a y\? ( ?is k9d happ5s to succe$1 & />ts out on a run ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles ) e c> a heavy eng9e w pull /uck on beh9d1 8 visions ( hav+ rea*$ some?+ easy are quickly dispell$4 ,l ne>ly e o!r occupation1 t ( fireman has its drawbacks to c\nt]balance its advantages2 & ! drawbacks weigh heavie/ dur+ ! fir/ t5 days4 ,! man :o ent]s ! bus9ess "u ! delusion t he c lead a life ( semi-idl5ess mu/ *ange 8 views1 or he w prove a failure4 ,! man :o becomes a fireman ) a _s ready & will+ to ov]come all difficulties1 ) a *e]ful det]m9ation to d 8 duty ) all 8 might1 is c]ta9 ( success2 & to su* a man ! "w becomes easy aft] a few weeks' practice4 ,,le>n+ ,,firem5',s ,,duties4 ,practice1 comb9$ ) intellig5t obs]vation1 gradually makes a man famili> ) ! be/ /yles ( fir+1 z adapt$ to all v>ieties ( eng9es2 & he gets to und]/& intimately all ! qualities ( coal to be met )1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,z 8 exp]i5ce wid5s1 8 fire managem5t is regulat$ to accord ) ! k9d ( coal on h&1 ! /eam+ prop]ties ( ! eng9e1 ! weight ( ! tra91 ! "* ( ! road & ( ! wea!r4 ,fir+1 ) all ! details connect$ ) x1 is ! c5tral figure ( 8 "w1 ! object ( pre-em95t conc]n2 b a good man does n all[ ?is to prev5t him f att5d+ regul>ly & exactly to 8 rema9+ r\t9e duties4 ,a ,,good ,,fireman ,,makes ,a ,,good ,,eng9e]4 ,!re is a famili> adage among railroad m51 t a good fireman is c]ta9 to make a good eng9e]2 & x r>ely fails to come out true4 ,to he> "s firem5 ( ?ree mon?s' /&+ talk1 a /rang] might conclude t !y knew m ab\t eng9e runn+ ?an ! olde/ eng9e] 9 ! di/rict4 ,^! are n ! good firem54 ,good firem5 le>n _! own bus9ess ) ! humility born ( e>ne/ness1 & !y d n und]take to in/ruct o!rs 9 matt]s beyond _! own k4 ,x is ! man :o goes into ! he>t ( a subject1 :o und]/&s h[ mu* !re is to le>n1 & is !re=e mode/ 9 p>ad+ 8 own acquirem5ts1 t succe$s4 ,,le>n+ ,,an ,,eng9e]',s ,,duties4 ,:5 a fireman has ma/]$ 8 duties suffici5tly to keep !m go+ smoo?ly1 he beg9s to f9d "t = wat*+ ! op]ations ( ! eng9e]4 ,he notes h[ ! boil] is f$2 &1 ^u 8 k ( ! eng9e]'s practice 9 ?is respect1 mu* ( 8 fir+ is regulat$4 ,! diff]5t me?ods ( us+ ! /eam by eng9e]s1 s t tra9s c be tak5 ov] ! road ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( coal1 are engrav5 ^u ! memory ( ! obs]vant fireman4 ,_m ( ! acquirem5ts :i* comm5d a good fireman = promotion are le>n$ by imp]ceptible degrees1--! k ( spe$1 = in/ance1 :i* enables a man to tell h[ fa/ a tra9 is runn+ on all k9ds ( track1 & "u all conditions ( wea!r4 ,!re w\ld be no use 9 "o /range to tra9 s]vice go+ out = a few runs to le>n spe$4 ,he might le>n ne>ly all o!r requisites ( eng9e runn+ be=e he 0 able to judge )9 t5 miles ( h[ fa/ ! tra9 0 go+ "u adv]se circum/ances4 ,! same may be said ( ! s\nd :i* indicates h[ an eng9e is work+4 ,x requires an exp]i5c$ e> to detect ! false note :i* indicates t some?+ is wrong4 ,amid/ ! m+l$ s\nds produc$ by an eng9e & tra9 hamm]+ ov] a /eel track1 ! novice he>s no?+ b a m$ley ( confus$ noises1 /range & mean+less z are ! h>monies ( an op]a to an untutor$ savage4 ,b ! tra9$ e> ( an eng9e] c di/+ui% a /range s\nd amid/ all ! tumult ( ?und]+ exhau/1 scream+ /eam1 & cla%+ /eel1 z readily z an accompli%$ musician c detect a false note 9 a _m-voic$ *orus4 ,^u ?is ability to detect gr[+ defects :i* pave ! way to disa/]1 dep5ds mu* ( an eng9e]'s *ances ( success 9 8 call+4 ,?is k9d ( skill is n obta9$ by a few weeks' indu/ry3 x is ! gradual accumulation ( mon?s & ye>s ( pati5t labor4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,eng9e ,,runn+ ,,t ,,vanqui% ,,! ,,inexp]i5c$ ,,man4 ,i once knew a ma*9e-%op =eman1 a man ( ext5sive exp]i5ce 9 build+ & repair+ eng9es1 :o took a locomotive out on trial trip4 ,a side-rod p9 began to run hot2 &1 al?\gh he 0 lean+ out ( ! cab-w9d[1 he did n obs]ve any ?+ wrong till a drop ( babbitt /ruck him 9 ! eye4 ,an exp]i5c$ eng9e] wat*+ ! rods w\ld h detect$ ! condition ( affairs be=e babbitt 0 ?r[n4 ,a difficult ?+ = an inexp]i5c$ man to control 9 runn+ a locomotive at night1 :5 ! conditions ( adhesion are bad1 is ! slipp+ ( ! driv]s4 ,slipp+ is a simple matt] en\gh to ^? :o feel x 9 ! vibrations ( ! eng9e2 b ! novice has n ?is s5sitiv5ess to slipp+ vibration develop$1 & he mu/ dep5d ^u 8 eyesight or 8 he>+ to detect x4 ,on a d>k1 /ormy night1 ! eye is useless z a means ( judg+ z to ! regul>ity ( ! revolv+ :eels3 ! h[l+ w9d or ra91 rattl+ on ! cab1 dr[ns ! s\nd ( ! exhau/4 ,"u circum/ances ( ?is k9d1 an eng9e might j]k ! p9s out be=e ! empirical eng9e] discov]$ ! :eels 7 slipp+4 ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,keep ,,! ,,locomotive ,,9 ,,runn+-,,ord]4 ,z 8 acqua9tance ) ! h&l+ & ord9>y work+ ( ! locomotive ext5ds1 ! aspir+ fireman le>ns all ab\t ! pack+ ( gl&s1 & h[ !y %\ld be kept s z to run to ! be/ advantage3 he displays an active int]e/ 9 e ?+ relat+ to lubrication1 f ! pack+ ( a box-cell> to ! regulat+ ( a rod-cup4 ,:5 ! eng9e] is r\nd key+ up rods1 or do+ o!r necess>y "w ab\t 8 eng9e1 ! ambiti\s fireman %\ld give a help+ h&1 & !reby become famili> ) ! op]ations t are likely to be ( s]vice :5 he is requir$ to draw ^u 8 own res\rces = do+ ! same "w4 ,( late ye>s ! art ( locomotive con/ruction has be5 s highly develop$1 ! am\nt ( /ra9 & %ocks to :i* ea* work+ "p is subject$ has be5 s well calculat$ & provid$ aga9/1 t breakages are really v r>e on roads :]e ! motive-p[] is kept 9 fir/-class condition4 ,consequ5tly1 firem5 ga9 comp>atively small insight1 on ! road1 into ! be/ & quicke/ me?ods ( disconnect+ eng9es1 or ( fix+ up mi%aps promptly1 s t a tra9 may n be delay$ long] ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,a fireman mu/ get ?is in=mation beyond ! daily r\t9e ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,he mu/ se>* = ! k among ^? compet5t to give x4 ,p]si/5t inquiry among ! m5 po/$ on ^! matt]s2 obs]vation amid/ ma*9e-%op & r\nd-h\se op]ations2 & c>eful /udy ( locomotive con/ruction1 s t a cle> insight into ! physiology ( ! ma*9e may be obta9$1--w prep>e "o to meet accid5ts1 arm$ ) ! k :i* vanqui%es all difficulties4 ,reflect+ on probable or possible mi%aps1 & calculat+ :at is be/ to be done "u all cont+5cies t c be conceiv$1 prep>e a man to act promptly :5 a breakd[n occurs4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,promotion ,,on ,,our ,,lead+ ,,roads4 ,9 ! me?od ( promotion ( firem51 consid]able div]sity ( practice is foll[$ by ! diff]5t railroads4 ,on c]ta9 roads1 ) well-e/abli%$ bus9ess1 & little fluctuation ( traffic1 firem5 beg9 "w on swit* eng9es1 & are promot$ by s5iority1 or by selection ?r\gh ! v>i\s grades ( freight tra9s1 !nce to pass5g] s]vice1 f :5ce !y em]ge z incipi5t eng9e]s4 ,a m common practice1 & "o almo/ inv>iably foll[$ 9 ! ,we/1 is = firem5 to beg9 z extra m51 9 place ( firem5 :o are sick or ly+ (f4 ,f fir+ extra1 !y get advanc$1 if f\nd compet5t & des]v+1 to regul> eng9es4 ,!n1 /ep by /ep1 !y g ahead to ! be/ pay+ runs1 till _! turn = be+ 8set up0 comes r\nd4 ,pass5g] eng9es are n fir$ by any b exp]i5c$ m51 b ! olde/ firem5 d n always claim pass5g]-runs4 ,= le>n+ ! bus9ess ( eng9e-runn+1 freight s]vice is consid]$ mo/ valuable2 & _m ambiti\s firem5 pref] ! h>d "w ( a freight eng9e on ?is acc\nt4 ,,nature ,,( ,,exam9ation ,,to ,,be ,,pass$4 ,:5 a fireman has obta9$ ! exp]i5ce t recomm5ds him = promotion1 on ne>ly all well-regulat$ roads he is subject$ to "s =m ( exam9ation be=e be+ put 9 *>ge ( an eng9e4 ,9 "s cases ?is exam9ation is q ?or\gh4 ,! t5d5cy to require firem5 to pass su* an ordeal is ext5d+1 & its b5eficial effect ^u ! m5 is unque/ion$4 ,! usual =m ( exam9ation is1 = (fic]s connect$ ) ! locomotive dep>tm5t to "q ! c&idate = promotion on matt]s relat+ to ! managem5t ( ! locomotive1 & h[ he w\ld proce$ 9 ! ev5t ( c]ta9 mi%aps befall+ ! eng9e4 ,p>ties belong+ to ! traffic dep>tm5t prop\nd que/ions relat+ to road-rules1 tra9-rights1 und]/&+ ( "t-c>d1 & s on4 ,,ma/] ,,me*anics ,,on ,,! ,,be/ ,,me?od ,,( ,,educat+ ,,"y ,,m5 ,,= ,,eng9e]s4 ,! ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association appo9t$ a committee to inve/igate ! 8be/ mann] ( educat+ "y m5 = locomotive eng9e]s10 & ! foll[+ report 0 made3-- 8,consid]+ ?is subject to be ( vital importance to ! ,association1 & to ! public 9 g5]al1 & t prop] c>e & att5tion h n be5 giv5 to x 9 ! pa/1 ! committee h sp>$ no pa9s to get all ! in=mation !y possibly c\ld on ?is subject1 kn[+ & feel+ t m5 select$ to fill ! responsible position ( locomotive eng9e]s mu/ possess faculties1 t1 z a g5]al ?+1 d n belong to all ! human race2 &1 z locomotive eng9e]s h to be select$ f ! ranks ( firem51 !y feel t due c>e & caution %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 select+ "y m5 = firem54 ,n[1 to arrive at a prop] conclusion1--"o t w\ld be satisfactory to ! ,association & to ! railways ( ! c\ntry1--y\r committee s5t circul>s to all ! ma/] me*anics 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,mexico4 ,we s5t out five hundr$ & ?irty-two circul>s1 to :i* we receiv$ sev5ty-six replies2 be+ an av]age ( "o answ] to e sev5 s5t4 ,_m ( ^! replies conta9 v valuable in=mation1 & 7 f _m ( ! lead+ roads ( ?is c\ntry1 ,canada1 & ,mexico4 ,y\r committee beg leave to return ?anks = ! answ]s to _! circul>4 8,! op9ions giv5 u by ! diff]5t ma/] me*anics :o repli$1 7 z foll[s3 ,five recomm5d$ t none b ma*9i/s %\ld be locomotive eng9e]s2 n9ete5 ?\ght t no?+ m 0 ne$$ ?an to h a "y man fire f ?ree to f\r ye>s ) good1 compet5t eng9e]s1 to make him a good runn]2 fifty-two ?\ght t "o ye> 9 ! %op & r\nd-h\se1 ) two to ?ree ye>s' fir+1 0 necess>y to make a compet5t eng9e]2 _m recomm5d$ t "y m51 :ile fir+1 read & /udy books t w\ld give !m a g5]al k ( ! locomotive1 su* z ,=ney's ,cate*ism ( ! ,locomotive1 & sev]al o!r works ( t k9d4 ,_m ( ! replies admitt$ t ma*9i/s w\ld make ! be/ runn]s if !y w\ld cons5t to fire "o ye> aft] hav+ le>n$ _! trade1 z !y w\ld !n h ! advantage ( kn[+ all ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! locomotive4 ,( c\rse1 :5 speak+ ( t class ( m51 !y meant bright1 intellig5t "y ma*9i/s1 m5 ) n]ve & en]gy1 & quick to act 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,( c\rse1 !re are "s :o w\ld nev] make eng9e]s1 no matt] :at opportunities 7 giv5 !m4 ,if "y m5 ( ?is k9d w\ld cons5t to run "o ye> or m z firem51 we c\ld select our locomotive eng9e]s f among t class2 b !y w n d x1 f ! belief t !y are j z compet5t to run a locomotive z ! be/ eng9e] on ! road = :i* !y are work+3 &1 if !y are giv5 an opportunity to run an eng9e1 !y are c]ta9 to make a failure4 ,?is be+ ! fact1 we are compell$ to select our eng9e]s f among ! ranks ( ! firem51 z ! be/ & safe/ runn]s4 ,n[1 ?is be+ ! class ( m5 f :i* we h to select our eng9e]s1 "s uni=m mode ( in/ruct+ !m = ! responsible position t _m ( !m w h to fill 9 ! future1 w h to be adopt$ by ! diff]5t railroads 9 ,am]ica4 ,y\r committee w\ld !re=e recomm5d ! foll[+3-- 8,all ma/] me*anics %\ld h full control ( ! eng9e]s & firem5 9 ! employ ( _! respective roads1 ) full p[] to hire & dis*>ge ! same1--( c\rse1 recogniz+ ! rights t ! g5]al manag]s or sup]9t5d5ts h to ord] ! dis*>ge ( any eng9e] or fireman = neglect ( duty4 8#a/1 ,! qualifications = ! position ( fireman on all ! railways 9 ,am]ica %\ld be z foll[s3 ,! applicant %\ld be f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r ye>s old1 able-bodi$1 & 9 good heal?1 ) a good common-s*ool education1 & a fair k ( ari?metic1 & ( sob] & /eady habits4 ,all applicants %\ld be requir$ to make application 9 _! own h&writ+1 sign+ x 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ma/] me*anic1 or ! p]son he may appo9t to hire t class ( m54 ,9 select+ m5 = firem51 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$4 ,! ma/] me*anic %\ld endeavor1 s f> z lies 9 8 p[]1 to select en]getic1 sm>t1 & active "y m51--m5 ( n]ve1 & pres5ce ( m9d1 quick to act 9 cases ( em]g5cy :i* may occur 9 ! position !y may be select$ to fill 9 ! future4 ,if we select m5 ( t k9d1 !re w be v little difficulty 9 educat+ !m up to ! prop] /&>d to fill ! place ( eng9e]s4 8#b;d1 ,!re %\ld be ?ree grades ( firem51 class$ z junior1 int]m$iate1 & s5ior firem51--! "y man j comm5c+1 to be class$ z junior fireman1 & s on up to s5ior fireman2 ! s5ior fireman receiv+ ! highe/ pay = 8 s]vices1 ! o!rs 9 proportion4 ,:5 a fireman has fir$ f\r ye>s1 & is wor?y ( promotion1 & fully compet5t to run a locomotive1 !re may be no vacancies 9 ! eng9e] =ce on ! road by :i* he may be employ$4 ,9 t case we recomm5d t he receive a small am\nt m p] day ?an ! s5ior fireman 7say f fifte5 to tw5ty c5ts p] day m71 & be rank$ z vet]an fireman4 ,on ! road :i* "o ( y\r committee repres5ts 9 ?is conv5tion1 ?is cu/om has be5 9 vogue = a numb] ( ye>s1 & has work$ exce$+ly well4 ,all ! eng9e]s on ?is road h be5 educat$ "u ?is rule1 & to-day no eng9e]s 9 ! c\ntry rank high] ?an !y d4 8,prop] c>e %\ld be tak51 9 select+ "y m5 = firem51 z to _! ability to di/+ui% colors 9 a practicable1 common-s5se way4 ,we recomm5d t all railroads hav+ a suffici5t numb] ( employs to ju/ify !m 9 s do+1 h a read+-room & libr>y = _! firem5 & eng9e]s1 9 :i* ! o!r employs c\ld p>ticipate4 ,! libr>y1 to "s ext5t1 %\ld consi/ ( works on ! locomotive eng9e t a man ) a fair education c\ld und]/&4 ,:ile we d n ?9k x ess5tially necess>y1 /ill we believe x w\ld be b5eficial to "s ext5t to let firem5 "w "o ye> out ( ! f\r 9 ! %op & r\nd-h\se1 s t !y might obta9 a m p]fect k ( all ! p>ts ( ! locomotive4 8,"y m5 consi/+ ( ! class we h m5tion$1 are c]ta9 to make good runn]s2 & !re w be no difficulty1 at ! prop] "t1 9 select+ good junior eng9e]s f among t class ( m54 ,all opportunities possible %\ld be giv5 firem5 to get su* k ( ! !ory & movem5ts ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! locomotive z w\ld be b5eficial to !m :5 !y ent] on _! c>e] z eng9e]s4 ,to accompli% ?is end1 mon?ly lectures might be giv5 9 ! read+-room by m5 ( good practical common s5se1 :o fully und]/& :at !y are talk+ ab\t4 ,if possible1 ^! lectures %\ld be giv5 by "o ( ! eng9e]s4 ,! firem5 w\ld le>n m f him1 z !y w\ld bett] und]/& :at he 0 say+2 he hav+ =m]ly be5 "o ( !m4 8,y\r committee is conv9c$1 t1 if ! mode recomm5d$ by !m is adopt$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 a l>ge majority1 if n all1 ( ! firem51 w\ld be educat$ to a po9t f :i* !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 select+ m5 :o w make good & reliable eng9e]s4 8#c;d1 ,! fireman n[ be+ compet5t to run a locomotive1 & be+ plac$ 9 *>ge ( "o1 has yet "s few ?+s to le>n t he did n h ! opportunity ( le>n+1 f ! fact t he 0 n runn+ ! eng9e4 ,:ile he may run c>efully1 & avoid accid5ts1 he has to le>n to run 8 eng9e ) economy 9 ! consumption ( fuel & ! co/ ( repairs4 ,to le>n ?is1 & to give ! "y eng9e] an opportunity to become a fir/-class man 9 8 occupation1 we recomm5d !re be ?ree grades ( eng9e]s1--fir/1 second1 & ?ird grades1--& t ! remun]ation !y receive be accord+ to grade2 ! fireman j promot$ rank+ 9 ! ?ird grade2 aft] "o ye>'s s]vice he ent]s ! second grade2 :5 two ye>s h pass$1 he ent]s ! fir/ grade1 & becomes a fir/-class locomotive eng9e]40 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,inspection ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive4 ,,locomotive ,,inspectors4 ,on railroads :]e ! sy/em ( 8long runs0 = locomotives prevails1 !re is a locomotive inspector employ$1 ^: duty x is to ?or\ghly exam9e e available po9t ab\t e eng9e t arrives at 8 /ation1 & f9d out :at repairs are ne$$1 & to detect ! incipi5t defects :i* lead to disa/] on ! road4 ,"s roads t d n practice long runs h an inspector :o exam9es e eng9e4 ,?is plan is v effectually us$ on ! elevat$ railroads ( ,new ,york1 & has mu* to d ) ! immunity f accid5t ( _! eng9es4 ,^! inspectors are n employ$ to exempt eng9e]s f look+ ov] _! eng9es1 b m]ely to supplem5t _! c>e4 ,9 "s cases eng9e]s are br\ght %>ply to task if !y ov]look any important defect :i* is discov]$ by ! inspector4 ,,good ,,eng9e]s ,,inspect ,,_! ,,own ,,eng9es4 ,! eng9e] :o has a lik+ = 8 "w1 & takes pride 9 mak+ 8 eng9e p]=m its "p1 s z to %[ ! highe/ possible record1 does n require ! fe> ( an inspector beh9d him z an inc5tive to prop]ly exam9e 8 eng9e1 & keep x 9 ! be/ runn+-ord]4 ,he recognizes ! fact1 t ^u sy/ematic & regul> inspection ( ! eng9e :ile at re/1 dep5ds 9 a great measure 8 success z a runn]1 & 8 exemption f tr\ble4 ,,:at ,,comes ,,( ,,neglect+ ,,sy/ematic ,,inspection ,,( ,,locomotives4 ,! man :o habitually neglects ! bus9ess ( inspect+ 8 eng9e1 & leaves to luck 8 *ances ( gett+ ov] ! road safely1 soon f9ds t ! wor/ k9d ( luck is always ov]tak+ him on ! road4 ,a c>eful man may h a run ( bad luck occasionally1 b ! c>eless man meets ) no?+ else4 ,among a great _m m5 :o h fail$ z runn]s1 ,i c recall num]\s cases :]e c>elessness ab\t ! eng9e 0 ! only & direct cause :i* l$ !m to failure4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful eng9e]s t ev] pull$ a ?rottle on ! ,erie ,railroad 0 ask$ by a "y runn] to :at cause he attribut$ 8 extraord9>y good =tune4 ,8 reply 01 8,i nev] w5t out )\t giv+ my eng9e a good inspection40 ,?is man _h be5 runn+ ne>ly half a c5tury1 & nev] ne$$ to h 8 eng9e haul$ to ! r\nd-h\se4 ,,confid5ce ,,on ,,! ,,road ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,inspection4 ,:5 a locomotive is ?und]+ ov] a road ahead ( a heavy tra9 9 :i* may be hundr$s ( human be+s1 ! eng9e] ought to und]/& t ! safety ( ?is freight ( lives dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u 8 c>e & =esight4 ,z ! tra9 ru%es ?r\gh d>k5$ cutt+s1 spans giddy bridges1 or r\nds curves edg$ by deep *asms1 no "o c und]/& bett] ?an ! eng9e] ! importance ( hav+ e nut & bolt ab\t ! eng9e 9 good condition1 & 9 its prop] place4 ,! consci\sness t e ?+ is "r1 ! k t a ?or\gh inspection at ! beg9n+ ( ! j\rney prov$ ! locomotive to be 9 p]fect condition1 give a wond]ful degree ( com=t & confid5ce to ! eng9e] z he urges 8 tra9 along at ! be/ spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,,inspection ,,on ,,! ,,pit4 ,betwe5 ! "t ( an eng9e's return f "o trip & its prep>ation = ano!r1 a ?or\gh exam9ation ( all ! ma*9]y & runn+-ge> %\ld be made :ile ! eng9e is /&+ ov] a pit4 ,monkey-wr5* 9 "o h&1 & a tor* 9 ! o!r if necess>y1 ! eng9e] ought to ent] ! pit at ! head ( ! eng9e1 & make ! inspection sy/ematically4 ,! eng9e-truck1 ) all its connections1 comes 9 = ! fir/ scrut9y4 ,n[ is ! "t to gu>d aga9/ ! loss ( bolts or screws1 :i* leads to ! loss ( oil-box cell>s on ! road4 ,?is is also ! prop] "t to exam9e ! condition ( ! oil-box pack+4 ,! eng9e]s ( my acqua9tance :o are mo/ successful 9 gett+ tra9s ov] ! road on "t1 att5d to ! pack+ ( ! truck-boxes !mselves4 ,no?+ is m annoy+ on ! road ?an hot boxes4 ,!y are a fruitful s\rce ( delay & dang]1 & no?+ is bett] calculat$ to prev5t su* tr\bles ?an good pack+ & cle> oil-holes4 ,! %op-m5 :o are kept = att5d+ to ?is "w are sometimes c>eless4 ,!y c h>dly be expect$ to feel s /rongly impress$ ) ! importance ( hav+ boxes well pack$ z ! eng9e]1 :o w be blam$ = any delay4 ,he %\ld1 !re=e1 "k f p]sonal inspection t ! "w is prop]ly done4 ,:5 ! eng9e] is satisfi$ t ! truck1 pilot-braces1 c5t]-ca/+s1 & all _! connections1 are 9 prop] condition1 he passes on to ! motion4 ,8 tra9$ eye scans e bolt1 nut1 & key 9 se>* ( defects4 ,! ecc5trics are exam9$1 to see t set screws & keys are all tight4 ,m5 :o h wre/l$ ov] ! sett+ ( ecc5trics on ! road are n likely to =get ?is "p4 ,ecc5tric-/raps are ano!r po9t ( solicitude4 ,a brok5 ecc5tric-/rap is a v common cause ( break-d[n1 & ^! /raps v seldom break ?r\gh weakness or defect ( ! ca/+4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! break occurs ?r\gh loss ( bolts1 or on acc\nt ( oil-passages gett+ /opp$ up4 ,! l9ks are c>efully gone ov]1 !n ! w$ges & p$e/al braces come 9 = an exam9ation :i* br+s ! assurance t no bolts are miss+1 or w$ge-bolts loose4 ,pass+ along1 ! c>eful eng9e] f9ds _m po9ts t claim 8 att5tion2 &1 :5 he gets ?r\gh1 he feels com=tably c]ta9 t no tr\ble f t "p ( ! eng9e w be exp]i5c$ dur+ ! com+ trip4 ,! runn]s :o d n foll[ ?is practice are n aw>e ( h[ mu* !re is to be se5 "u a locomotive :5 ! exam9ation is und]tak5 9 a compreh5sive mann]4 ,,outside ,,inspection4 ,9 go+ r\nd ! outside ( ! eng9e1 ! mo/ important po9ts = exam9ation are ! guides & ! rods4 ,guide-bolts1 rod-bolts1 & keys1 ) ! set screws ( ! latt]1 are ! m9uti mo/ likely to give tr\ble if neglect$4 ,9 go+ ab\t ! eng9e oil+1 or = any o!r purpose1 x is a good ?+ to get 9 ! habit ( se>*+ = defects4 ,:5 a man tra9s himself to d ?is1 x is surpris+ h[ natural x comes to make runn+ inspections4 ,z he oils ! ecc5tric-/raps1 he sees e bolt & nut )9 sight2 z he drops "s oil on ! rods1 he id5tifies ! condition ( ! keys1 set screws1 or bolts2 :ile oil+ ! driv+-boxes1 ! spr+s c be conv5i5tly exam9$2 &1 :5 he rea*es ! eng9e-trucks ) ! oil-c1 he is sure to be ca/+ 8 se>*+ eyes ov] ! portions ( ! runn+-ge> )9 sight4 ,,oil-,,cups4 ,! oil-cups %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 to see t !y are 9 good fe$+-ord]4 ,a great _m fe$]s h be5 inv5t$1 :i* gu>antee to supply oil automatically2 b ,i h nev] yet se5 ! cup :i* c\ld long disp5se ) p]sonal att5tion4 ,& ?is does n apply to locomotives alone1 b to all k9ds ( ma*9]y4 ,! wor/ sort ( oil-cup w p]=m its functions fairly 9 ! h&s ( a capable man1 & ! mo/ pret5ti\s cup w soon cease to lubricate regul>ly if ! eng9e] neglects x4 ,! oil-cups %\ld be clean$ out at regul> int]vals3 = mud1 c9d]s1 & du/ "w 92 & !y sometimes reta9 glut9\s matt] f ! oil1 :i* =ms a /icky mixture t prev5ts ! oil f runn+4 ,! ecc5tric-/rap cups & ! tops ( ! driv+-boxes %\ld receive simil> att5tion4 ,9 look+ r\nd an eng9e1 x is a good plan to wat* ! diff]5t oil-cups to see t !y are n work+ loose4 ,_m cups t are /rew$ ov] ! c\ntry c\ld be sav$ by a little m att5tion4 ,a cup fly+ (f a rod :5 an eng9e is runn+ fa/ becomes a dang]\s projectile4 ,i h kn[n sev]al cases :]e cups w5t back ?r\gh ! cab-w9d[4 ,i h also se5 sev]al cases :]e cups work$ (f ! guides or cross-head1 & got betwe5 ! guides1 do+ s]i\s damage4 ,"o in/ance 0 t ( an eng9e out on ! trial-trip4 ,x sma%$ ! cross-head to pieces1 & let ! pi/on ?r\gh ! cyl9d]-head4 ,,inspection ,,( ,,runn+-,,ge>4 ,a %>p tap ) a hamm] on ! tread ( ! ca/-iron :eel w produce a cle>1 r++ s\nd if ! :eel is 9 good ord]4 ,! driv]s c g5]ally be effectively inspect$ by ! eye4 ,if oil be obs]v$ work+ out betwe5 ! :eel & axle1 att5tion is dem&$2 = ! :eel may be gett+ loose4 ,moi/ure & dirt issu+ f betwe5 ! tire & :eel indicate t ! =m] is becom+ loose1 & ?is is a common occurr5ce :5 ! tires are worn ?94 ,:5 a :eel is runn+ s t ! flange is cutt+ itself on ! rail1 some?+ is wrong1 :i* also dem&s imm$iate att5tion4 ,oblique travel ( :eels may be produc$ by v>i\s causes4 ,if ! axles ( ! driv+-:eels are n secur$ at "r angles to ! frames1 & p>allel ) ea* o!r1 ! :eels w run tang5tially to ! track1 accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! axles4 ,viol5t /ra9s or concussions1 su* z result f eng9es jump+ ! track ab\t swit*es1 sometimes spr+ ! frames1 & twi/ ! axle-box jaws away f _! true position en\gh to cause cutt+ ( flanges )\t disabl+ ! eng9e4 ,tires we>+ unev5ly 9 consequ5ce ( "o be+ h>d] ?an ! o!r1 produce a simil> effect4 ,:]e !re are movable w$ges =w>d & aft ( ! boxes1 ! :eels are (t5 ?r[n out ( squ>e by unskillful manipulation ( ^! w$ges4 ,eng9e]s runn+ eng9es ( ?is k9d %\ld leave ! =w>d w$ges alone4 ,sometimes ! c5t]-p9 ( ! eng9e-truck gets mov$ f ! true c5tral position1 lead+ ! driv]s t[>ds ! dit*4 ,diagnos+ ! cause ( :eel-cutt+ is no simple matt]1 & x is a wise plan = eng9e]s to all[ ! %op-m5 to devise a rem$y4 ,,att5tions ,,to ,,! ,,boil]4 ,on our well-regulat$ roads1 eng9e]s are n requir$ to inspect _! boil]s2 z exp]t boil]-mak]s1 :o c readily detect a brok5 /ay-bolt1 or brok5 brace1 h to make p]iodical exam9ations4 ,b a prud5t eng9e] w keep a %>p look\t = indications t %[ weak po9ts ab\t any "p ( ! boil] or fire-box4 ,?is dep>tm5t c n receive too mu* vigilance4 ,a seam or /ay-bolt leak+ is a sign ( di/ress1 & %\ld receive imm$iate att5tion4 ,leaks "u ! jacket %\ld nev] be neglect$1 al?\gh !y are h>d to rea*2 = !y may proce$ f ! beg9n+ ( a dang]\s rupture4 ,a leak />t+ 9 ! boil]-head %\ld make ! eng9e] asc]ta9 t none ( ! longitud9al braces h brok54 ,i once _h "s rivet-heads on my boil]-head />t leak+1 & pres5tly ! wat]-glass broke4 ,aft] %utt+ (f ! cocks1 ,i f\nd t ! boil]-head 0 bulg$ out4 ,i r$uc$ ! pressure on ! boil] z quickly z possible4 ,:5 ! boil] 0 inspect$1 x 0 f\nd t two ( ! longitud9al braces 7 brok51 & ! head-%eet 0 b5t out two in*es4 ,,miscellane\s ,,att5tions4 ,if an eng9e] is go+ to take out an eng9e ! fir/ "t aft] x has be5 9 ! %op = repairs1 x is a good plan to exam9e ! tank to see if ! workm5 h left x free f bagg+1 greasy wa/e1 & o!r imp$im5ts1 :i* are n conducive to ! free action ( pumps or injectors4 ,keep+ ! tank clean at all times saves no end ( tr\ble ?r\gh d]angem5t to fe$+-app>atus4 ,! smoke-box door %\ld be op5$ regul>ly1 & ! petticoat-pipe & cone exam9$4 ,^! ?+s we> out by use1 & x is bett] to h !m r5ew$ or repair$ be=e !y break d[n on ! road4 ,a cone dropp+ d[n ?r\gh failure ( ! braces makes a tr\blesome accid5t on ! road4 ,i h kn[n ( sev]al cabs be+ badly damag$ by fire ?r\gh ! cone dropp+ d[n1 & clos+ up ! /ack4 ,:]e eng9es h ext5d$ smoke-boxes1 ! nett+s & deflectors mu/ be inspect$ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,,rew>d ,,( ,,?or\gh ,,inspection4 ,to g ov] an eng9e 9 ! mann] indicat$1 requires p]sev]ance & indu/ry4 ,! "w w1 h[ev]1 br+ its full rew>d to e man :o practices ! c>e & wat*fulness entail$ by regul> & sy/ematic inspection4 ,x is ! sure road to success4 ,he :o reg>ds 8 "w f a high] plane ?an t ( m]e labor well done1 w exp]i5ce satisfaction f ! k1 t1 und]/&+ ! nobility ( 8 duties1 he p]=m$ !m ) ! vigor & intellig5ce wor?y ( 8 responsible call+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,gett+ ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,road4 ,,rais+ ,,/eam4 ,x us$ to be ! univ]sal cu/om1 t1 :5 an eng9e arriv$ f a trip1 ! fire 0 drawn1 & ! eng9e put into ! r\nd-h\se = t5 or twelve h\rs be=e ano!r run 0 und]tak54 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( inaction1 ! boil] p>tly cool$ d[n4 ,:5 ! eng9e 0 want$ aga91 a new fire 0 />t$ 9 "t to raise /eam4 ,! sy/em ( long runs1 introduc$ on _m roads1 has *ang$ ?is2 & eng9es are n[ g5]ally kept hot1 unless !y h to be cool$ d[n = wa%+ out1 or repairs4 ,:5 an eng9e comes 9 (f a trip1 ! fire is clean$ f cl9k] & dead c9d]s1 & ! clean fire bank$4 ,x is f\nd t ?is plan keeps ! temp]ature ( ! boil] m uni=m ?an is possible ) ! cool+-d[n practice1 & t ! fire-box %eets are n s liable to crack1 or ! tubes to become leaky4 ,:]e x is /ill ! habit to draw ! fire at ! end ( ea* trip1 a supply ( good wood is kept on h& = rais+ /eam4 ,to raise /eam f a cold boil]1 "s !ori/s recomm5d ! />t+ ( a fire mild en\gh to raise ! temp]ature ab\t tw5ty degrees an h\r4 ,! exig5cies ( railroad s]vice prev5t ?is sl[ me?od f be+ practicable1 & ! ord9>y practice is to raise /eam z promptly z possible :5 x is want$4 ,,precautions ,,aga9/ ,,scor*+ ,,boil]s4 ,! fir/ consid]ation be=e />t+ a fire 9 a locomotive1 is to asc]ta9 t ! boil] conta9s ! prop] quantity ( wat]4 ,! m5 :o att5d to ! />t+ ( fires %\ld be in/ruct$ n to dep5d ^u ! wat]-glass = ! level ( ! wat]1 b to see t x runs out ( ! gauge-cocks4 ,i h kn[n sev]al cases :]e boil]s 7 burn$ ?r\gh ^? fir+ up be+ deceiv$ by a false %[ ( wat] 9 ! glass1 & />t+ ! fire :5 ! boil] 0 empty4 ,if ! boil] has be5 fill$ ) wat] ?r\gh ! fe$-pipes by ! r\nd-h\se hose1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! *eck-valves are n /uck up4 ,:]e !re is s& 9 ! wat]1 x frequ5tly happ5s1 t1 9 fill+ up ) a hose1 all ! valves get s&$1 & d n close prop]ly4 ,:5 !re is /eam on ! boil]1 ?is s\rce ( dang] w g5]ally be indicat$ at once by ! /eam & wat] bl[+ back into ! tank2 b1 :]e ! boil] is cold1 ! wat] fl[s back s sil5tly & sl[ly1 t ! cr[n-%eet may be dry be=e ! p]il is discov]$4 ,,/>t+ ,,! ,,fire4 ,! wat] be+ f\nd or made "r1 ! next consid]ation is ! grates4 ,be=e ?r[+ 9 ! wood1 all loose cl9k]s left ^u ! grates %\ld be clean$ (f3 c>e %\ld be tak51 to see t ! grates are 9 good condition1 & connect$ ) ! %ak] lev]s4 ,?is is also ! "t to see t no accumulation ( c9d]s is left on ! brick ar*1 ! wat]-table1 or 9 ! combu/ion *amb]1 %\ld ! eng9e be provid$ ) ei!r ( ^! appliances4 ,9 />t+ ! fire1 x is consid]$ ! be/ plan to put en\gh wood 9 ! fire-box to raise suffici5t /eam to op]ate ! bl[] be=e ! fire ne$s repl5i%+4 ,to d ! job 9 a clean1 workman-l mann]1 ! fire %\ld be />t$ f bel[3 o!rwise e "p ( ! cab w be v5e]$ ) soot & du/1 & ! bright "w t>ni%$4 ,,fireman',s ,,fir/ ,,duties4 ,on mo/ roads1 ! eng9e] & fireman are requir$ to be at _! eng9e f fifte5 m9utes to half an h\r be=e tra9-"t4 ,a good fireman w rea* ! eng9e 9 "t to p]=m 8 prelim9>y duties delib]ately & well4 ,he w h ! du/ bru%$ (f f ! cab-furni%+1 & f ! conspicu\s p>ts ( ! eng9e1 ! deck swept clean1 ! coal wat]$1 & ! oil-cans ready = ! eng9e]4 ,8 fire is att5d$ to1 & its make-up regulat$1--! k9d ( coal us$1 ! tra9 to be pull$1 & ! "* ( ! road on ! />t4 ,) an easy or d[n grade1 = a mile or two on ! />t1 ! fire does n ne$ to be s well made up z :5 ! />t is made on a heavy pull4 ,b e intellig5t fireman gets to und]/& 9 a few weeks j :at k9d ( a fire is ne$$4 ,x is ! capability ( p]ceiv+ ?is & o!r matt]s promptly1 t di/+ui%es a good f an indiff]5t fireman4 ,:5 a "y fireman possesses ^! 8true workman0 p]ceptions1 & is ( an indu/ri\s1 aspir+ disposition1 anxi\s to become ma/] ( 8 call+1 he w prove a reliable help to ! eng9e]2 & 8 c>eful att5tion to ! "w w insure com=t & success on e trip4 ,!re mu/ be a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w done on ! eng9e1 to get a tra9 along2 &1 if ! fireman c n d 8 "p effici5tly1 x w fall ^u ! eng9e]1 :o mu/ get x done someh[4 ,,sav+ ,,! ,,grates4 ,an important duty1 :i* is nev] neglect$ by fir/-class firem51 be=e tak+ ! eng9e away f ! r\nd-h\se1 is t ( look+ to ! grates1 & see+ t ! a%-pan is clean4 ,:5 grates get burn$1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 x happ5s ?r\gh neglect+ ! a%-pan4 ,"s v>ieties ( bitum9\s coal h an invet]ate t5d5cy to burn ! grates4 ,su* coal usually conta9s an excess ( sulphur1 :i* has a /rong aff9ity = iron1 & at c]ta9 temp]atures unites ) ! surface ( ! grates1 =m+ a sulphuret ( iron4 ,neglect+ ! a%-pan1 & lett+ hot a%es accumulate1 prep>es ! way = bad coal to act on ! grates4 ,keep+ ! a%-pan cle> ( hot a%es is ! be/ ?+ t c be done to save grates1 s9ce t prev5ts ! iron f becom+ hot en\gh to comb9e ) sulphur4 ,,supplies4 ,be=e />t+ out1 ! fireman ought to asc]ta9 t all ! supplies necess>y = ! trip are 9 ! boxes2 t ! requisite flags1 lant]ns1 & o!r signals are on h&1 & t all ! lamps are trimm$4 ,he %\ld also "k to a c]ta9ty t all 8 fire-irons are on ! t5d]1 t ! latt] is full ( wat]1 & t ! s&-box is full ( s&4 ,^! look l num]\s duties z prelim9>y to />t+1 b !y are all necess>y2 & ! fireman :o att5ds to !m all ) ! greate/ regul>ity1 w be valu$ accord+ly4 ,ne>ly all firem5 are ambiti\s to become eng9e]s4 ,! be/ me?od !y c pursue1 to %[ t !y are des]v+ ( promotion1 is to p]=m _! own duties regul>ly & well4 ,a fir/-class fireman w save 8 wages ea* trip ov] ! exp5diture made by ! m$iocre fireman3 a p]si/5tly bad fireman %\ld be s5t to ano!r call+ )\t delay4 ,few railroad companies c af=d ! extravagance ( a set ( bad firem54 ,,eng9e]',s ,,fir/ ,,duties4 ,try ! wat]4 ,t is ! mo/ important call ^u ! eng9e] :5 he fir/ ent]s ! cab4 ,if ! eng9e has a glass wat]-gauge1 he %\ld asc]ta9 by ! gauge-cocks if ! wat]-level %[n 9 ! glass be correct4 ,a wat]-glass is a great conv5i5ce on ! road1 b x %\ld only be reli$ on z an auxili>y to ! gauge-cocks4 ,_m eng9e]s h come to grief ?r\gh repos+ too implicit confid5ce 9 ! wat]-glass4 ,eng9e] ,williams 0 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ reliable m5 on ! ,a4 ,b4 road4 ,) an express tra9 he />t$ out on "t "o morn+2 & he _h run only two miles :5 ! boil] w5t up 9 ! air1 ) fatal results to bo? occupants ( ! cab4 ,an exam9ation ( ! wreck %[$ unmi/akable evid5ce ( ov]heat$ %eets4 ,circum/antial evid5ce indicat$ t ! glass _h deceiv$ ! eng9e] by a false wat]-level4 ,:5 he pull$ out1 ! fire-box %eets1 :i* 7 ( copp]1 became weak5$ by ! heat1 s t ! cr[n-%eet gave way2 ! re-action ( ! releas$ /eam te>+ ! boil] to pieces4 ,num]\s less s]i\s accid5ts orig9at+ f ! same cause might be cit$4 ,,rea*+ ,,8 ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,good ,,season4 ,an eng9e] :o has a prop] int]e/ 9 8 "w1 & ?or\ghly appreciates ! importance ( x1 w rea* 8 eng9e 9 "t to p]=m ! duties ( gett+ h] ready = ! road leisurely1 )\t ru% or hurry4 ,al?\gh a good fireman may relieve ! eng9e] ( _m prelim9>y duties1 ! eng9e] himself %\ld be c]ta9 t ! necess>y supplies & tools are on ! eng9e1 & t wat] is 9 ! tank1 & ! s&-box fill$4 ,,oil+ ,,! ,,ma*9]y4 ,oil+ ! ma*9]y is su* an important "p ( an eng9e]'s "w1 & ! success ( a fa/ run is s dep5d5t ^u ?is be+ prop]ly done1 t x %\ld nev] be p]=m$ hurri$ly4 ,al?\gh practice ) %ort /oppages at /ations may h got an eng9e] into ! way ( ru%+ r\nd an eng9e1 & oil+ at express-spe$1 x is no reason :y ! fir/ oil+ ( ! trip %\ld n be c>efully & delib]ately att5d$ to :5 !re is an opportunity4 ,9 addition to fill+ oil-cups1 lubricators1 & oil-boxes1 ?is is a good "t to complete ! inspection1 :i* assures ! eng9e] t e ?+ ab\t ! eng9e is 9 prop] runn+-ord]4 ,:5 any ?+ 9 ! way ( repairs has be5 done to ! eng9e s9ce %e came (f ! la/ trip1 special att5tion has g5]ally to be giv5 to ! p>ts work$ at4 ,new :eels require close c>e ) ! pack+ ( ! boxes2 rod-brasses r$uc$ entail an additional supply ( oil to ! p9s = ! fir/ few miles2 guides clos$ %\ld insure a free supply ( oil till x is f\nd t ! cross-heads run cool4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,oil ,,t ,,diff]5t ,,be>+s ,,ne$4 ,:ile oil+1 ! eng9e] %\ld be> 9 m9d t x is ( p>am\nt importance t ! rubb+-surfaces receive lubrication suffici5t to keep !m f heat+2 b1 :ile mak+ sure t no be>+s %all run dry1 lavi% p\r+ ( oil %\ld be avoid$4 ,!re are /ill too _m cases to be notic$1 ( m5 p\r+ oil on ! ma*9]y )\t seem+ to compreh5d ! exact wants4 ,we are con/antly see+ cases :]e oil-cups wa/e _! measure ( oil ?r\gh neglect 9 adju/+ ! fe$]s4 ,a /eady supply1 equal to ! requirem5ts1 is :at a well-regulat$ cup provides4 ,) ! ord9>y quality ( m9]al oil1 six drops w lubricate ! back end ( a ma9 rod = "o mile :5 ! eng9e is pull+ a load4 ,?is applies to eight-:eel eng9es on pass5g] s]vice4 ,heavi] small-:eel$ eng9es w require a qu>t] m oil4 ,guides c be kept moi/ ) five drops ( oil to ! mile4 ,a dry1 s&y road w require a m lib]al supply4 ,) good fe$]s1 prop]ly att5d$ to1 ! supply c equal ! dem& ) close accuracy4 ,an oil-cup :i* runs out ! oil fa/] ?an x is ne$$1 wa/es /ores1 besme>s e ?+ ) a coat+ ( grease1 & is likely to leave ! rubb+-surfaces to suff] by runn+ dry be=e x c be repl5i%$4 ,a cup 9 t condition also adv]tises ! eng9e] to be incompet5t4 ,,leav+ ,,! ,,eng9e-,,h\se4 ,be=e mov+ ! eng9e out ( ! h\se1 ! cyl9d]-cocks %\ld be op5$ s t wat]1 or ! /eam cond5s$ 9 w>m+ ! pipes & /eam-*e/1 may escape4 ,aft] r++ ! bell1 & giv+ workm5 employ$ ab\t ! eng9e "t to get out ( ! way1 ! ?rottle %\ld be op5$ a little1 & ! eng9e mov$ out sl[ly & c>efully4 ,if !re is a suffici5t pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil]1 & ! eng9e refuses to move1 some?+ is wrong4 ,nev] =ce an eng9e4 ,any "w :i* may h be5 p]=m$ ^u x :ile 9 ! h\se w probably indicate ! nature ( ! defect4 ,! mo/ common cause ( /all+ eng9es 9 ! h\se is a miscalculation ( ! pi/on-travel1 p]mitt+ x to pu% aga9/ ! cyl9d]-head4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! sett+ ( ! valves is at fault4 ,i knew a case :]e ! ma*9i/ connect$ ! back+-up ecc5tric-/rap ) ! top ( ! l9k1 & ! mi/ake 0 n discov]$ till !y attempt$ to move ! eng9e out ( ! h\se4 ,ano!r blund]1 ! result ( gross c>elessness1 0 :]e a cold *isel 0 left 9 ! /eam-*e/4 ,b a m repres5tative case 0 t :i* happ5$ to ,eng9e] ,amos1 on ! ,b4 ,c4 road4 ,8 eng9e _h ! pi/on-pack+ set up2 & ! foll[+ morn+1 :5 he tri$ to take x out ( ! h\se1 x w\ld n pass a c]ta9 po9t4 ,?9k+ t ! pack+ 0 set up r tight1 he back$ = a />t1 det]m9$ to make x g ov] on ! run4 ,he succe$$1 too1 b a hamm] :i* _h be5 left 9 ! cyl9d] w5t out ?r\gh ! cov]4 ,:ile runn+ f ! r\nd-h\se to ! tra91 is a good "t to c>efully wat* ! work+ ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! eng9e4 ,%\ld any defects exi/1 !y are bett] to be detect$ n[ ?an aft] ! eng9e is out ) a tra94 ,! brakes c be te/$ conv5i5tly at ?is "t1 & ! work+ ( ! wat]-pumps tri$4 ,all ^! matt]s are regul>ly att5d$ to by ! successful eng9e]3 !y are habitually neglect$ by ! unlucky man1 & mis=tune nev] loses sight ( him4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,runn+ ,a ,,fa/ ,,freight ,,tra94 ,,runn+ ,,freight ,,tra9s4 ,by f> ! great] proportion ( ,am]ican locomotive eng9e]s are employ$ on freight s]vice4 ,on mo/ roads1 ! freight eng9es con/itute f sev5ty-five to n9ety p] c5t ( ! :ole locomotive equipm5t4 ,on ?is k9d ( s]vice1 locomotive eng9e]s le>n _! bus9ess by ye>s ( h>d practice 9 gett+ tra9s ov] ! road z ne>ly z possible on "t4 ,on ! be/ ( roads1 !re is mu* h>d%ip to be und]gone1 work+ ahead ?r\gh e disc\ragem5t ( bad wea!r or h>d-/eam+ eng9es4 ,! man :o br+s ! mo/ en]gy1 good s5se1 & p]sev]ance to 8 aid1 w come out mo/ successfully above ^! difficulties4 ,e dep>tm5t ( locomotive eng9e runn+ has difficulties peculi> to itself4 ,e k9d ( tra9 ne$s to be h&l$ und]/&+ly1 to %[ ! be/ results2 b1 ,i ?9k1 gett+ a heavy fa/ freight tra9 on "t1 ov] a hilly road1 hav+ a s+le track1 requires ! highe/ degree ( locomotive eng9e]+ skill4 ,!re=e1 ,i h select$ t =m ( tra9 z ! fir/ subject ( description4 ,,! ,,eng9e4 ,! eng9e t takes ! tra9 ov] ! road weighs #ce tons1 & has #a1ajj squ>e feet ( heat+-surface = g5]at+ /eam = cyl9d]s #ag by #bd in*es1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! pi/ons1 transmit p[] to :eels #fj in*es diamet]4 ,! eng9e is an ord9>y eight-:eel$ bitum9\s coal-burn+ ,am]ican type ( locomotive1 built by "o ( our be/ mak]s1 & well adapt$ = pull+ any k9d ( tra9 ov] a ,we/]n railroad4 ,,! ,,tra94 ,?is consi/s ( #bj load$ c>s1 mak+ an aggregate weight ( #dej tons4 ,,! ,,division4 ,! physical "* ( ! c\ntry1 :i* is roll+ prairie1 makes ! road undulatory1--up hill1 !n d[n grade1 ) occasional /ret*es ( level track4 ,"s ( ! gradi5ts rise to sixty feet to ! mile1 ext5d+ ov] two miles )\t sagg+ a foot4 ,s\nd /eel rails1 well ti$1 are support$ by a gravel$ road-b$1 mak+ an excell5t track1 & pres5t+ a good opportunity = fa/ runn+ :]e high spe$ is ne$$4 ,! tra9 is run on c>d-"t1 /opp+ ab\t e twelve miles4 ,l all o!r ,we/]n roads1 ! /ations are unprotect$ by signals2 & ! safety ( tra9s is secur$ mo/ly by vigilance on ! "p ( ! eng9e] & o!r tra9-m54 ,,pull+ ,,out4 ,:5 ! eng9e] gets ! signal to g1 he drops ! rev]se lev] into ! full =w>d not*1 gives ! eng9e /eam g5tly1 ) due c>e to avoid break+ c\pl+s1 & pulls ! s&-lev]4 ,a slight spr9kl+ ( s& only is dropp$ on ! rails1 :i* keeps ! eng9e f slipp+ :ile gett+ ! tra9 "u way4 ,a cle>1 level fire is burn+ ov] ! grates be=e ! />t is made1 & ?is suffices till ! mo/ cr[d$ swit*es are pass$3 s1 :5 ! signal to />t is giv51 ! fireman closes ! fire-door1 & op5s ! damp]2 ^! duties n prev5t+ him f keep+ a look\t = signals4 ,,hook+ ,,back ,,! ,,l9ks4 ,z ! eng9e gets ! tra9 into motion1 ! eng9e] gradually hooks up ! l9ks4 ,?is is n done by a sudd5 j]k z soon z ! eng9e w move1 ) ! /eam cutt+ (f %ort4 ,he waits = t till ! tra9 is well "u ! control ( ! eng9e1 hook+ up gradually4 ,"s m5 ?9k t x is be/ to get ! valves up to %ort travel z soon z possible1 )\t reflect+ t x is bett] = ! motion to let ! eng9e be go+ freely be=e hook+ up %ort4 ,i h (t5 se5 m5 com+ into t]m9al /ations ) a heavy fire & ! safety-valves bl[+1 & ! eng9e toil+ sl[ly along ) ! l9ks hook$ up to eight in*es cut4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 a runn] may bett] "w ! eng9e well d[n1 s t ! valve w travel freely ov] ! seat4 ,by do+ s :5 ! eng9e is work+ sl[ & heavy1 !re w be less we> to ! valves1 & less dang] ( break+ a valve yoke4 ,x is only 9 cases :]e !re is an advantage 9 sav+ /eam1 t b5efit is d]iv$ f work+ ! eng9e close hook$ back4 ,!re is a "r "t = all ?+s1 & work+ /eam expansively is no exception to ! rule4 ,,work+ ,,! ,,/eam ,,expansively4 ,at ! "r "t1 our eng9e] gets ! rev]se lev] not*$ up2 = he kn[s1 t to obta9 ! greate/ am\nt ( "w out ( ! eng9e1 ) ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( fuel1 ! l9ks mu/ be hook$ back z f> z c be done consi/5tly ) mak+ ! requir$ spe$4 ,"s eng9es w n /eam freely :5 run close back if !y are burn+ coal t ne$s a /rong draught4 ,?is is ! exception1 h[ev]1 & mo/ eng9es w /eam be/ 9 ?is position2 & _m ( ^? t fail to /eam well cutt+ (f %ort are n prop]ly fir$1 or ! draught appliances ne$ adju/+4 ,mo/ firem5 :o run ) a heavy fire fail wor/ ) eng9es t /eam indiff]5tly :5 hook$ up4 ,eng9e]s %\ld give ?is _! att5tion1 & d e ?+ possible to make ! eng9e /eam :ile work+ ) ! lev] z ne> ! c5t] not* z c be done :ile h&l+ ! tra94 ,,advantage ,,( ,,cutt+ ,,(f ,,%ort4 ,:5 ! l9ks are not*$ close t[>ds ! c5t]1 ! travel ( ! valves is s %ort t !y close ! /eam-ports %ortly aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 at six1 n9e1 or twelve in*es ( ! pi/on's travel1 z ! case may be1 p]mitt+ ! /eam to pu% ! pi/on along ! rema9d] ( ! /roke by its expansive p[]4 ,/eam at a high pressure is z full ( pot5tial en]gy z a compress$ spiral spr+1 & is equally ready to /ret* itself out :5 ! clos+ ( ! port imprisons x inside ! cyl9d]2 &1 by ?is act ( exp&+1 x ex]ts imm5se useful en]gy1 :i* w\ld escape into ! smoke-/ack unutiliz$ if ! cyl9d]s 7 left 9 communication ) ! boil] till ! release took place4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t a boil] pressure ( t5 tons is ex]t$ ^u ! pi/on f ! beg9n+ to ! middle ( ! /roke1 & is !n cut (f4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! /roke1 ! /eam w cont9ue to press ^u ! pi/on ) a regul>ly dim9i%+ =ce1 till1 at ! end ( ! /roke1 if release does n take place e>li]1 x w /ill h a pressure ( five tons4 ,! "w p]=m$ by ! /eam dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! /roke is pure ga91 due to its expansive pr9ciple4 ,if ! /eam is cut (f e>li]1 at a ?ird or f\r? ( ! pi/on travel1 ! ga9 w be correspond+ly great4 ,) ! slide-valve l9k-motion us$ on locomotives1 ! /eam c n be held to ! end ( ! /roke2 b ! pr9ciple ( expansion holds good dur+ ! p]iod ! /eam is held 9 ! cyl9d]s aft] ! cut-(f4 ,! obs]v+ eng9e] ( any exp]i5ce does n require to h ! advantages ( work+ 8 eng9e expansively impress$ ^u 8 att5tion4 ,8 fuel-record has done t m eloqu5tly ?an p5 c write4 ,,boil] ,,pressure ,,be/ ,,= ,,economical ,,work+4 ,!re is a close & con/ant relation betwe5 ! boil] pressure c>ri$1 & ! useful "w obta9$ f expansion ( /eam4 ,! high] ! pressure1 ! great] ela/icity ! /eam possesses4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n /eam eng9e]+ is1 to employ int5sely high boil] pressure1 exp&+ ! /eam by means ( excell5t valve-ge> 9 /eam-jacket$ cyl9d]s1 s t x is r$uc$ to l[ t5sion be=e escap+ into ! atmosph]e1 or into ! cond5s]1 z ! case may be4 ,wond]fully economical results h be5 obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1--results :i* c nev] be approa*$ 9 locomotive practice :ile ! ord9>y slide-valve is us$4 ,b1 :ile we c n hope to rival ! record ( high-class automatic cut-(f eng9es1 _! me?ods c tea* u useful lessons4 ,x is advisable to keep ! /eam con/antly close to ! bl[+-(f po9t4 ,dur+ a day's trip1 consid]ably less wat] w be evaporat$ :5 a t5sion ( #adj p\nds is c>ri$1 ?an w be requir$ ) a pressure ( #ajj p\nds or "u4 ,&1 :]e less wat] is evaporat$1 a small] quantity ( fuel w be consum$ 9 do+ ! "w4 ,runn+ ) a l[ head ( /eam is a wa/eful practice1 = sev]al good reasons4 ,! comp>atively light pressure ^u ! surface ( ! wat] all[s ! /eam to pass ov] damp1 or mix$ ) a light wat]y spray1 :i* dim9i%es its en]gy2 s9ce ! wet /eam conta9s less expansive m$ium ?an dry /eam4 ,x requires ne>ly ! same exp5diture ( fuel to evaporate wat] at ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e alone1 t x does to make /eam at ! high] work+ t5sions3 consequ5tly1 ! "w obta9$ by ! expansion ( ! high-press$ /eam is cle> ga9 ov] ! results to be obta9$ by work+ at a l[ pressure4 ,?is is a v important pr9ciple 9 economical /eam eng9e]+4 ,eng9e]s :o are accu/om$ to mak+ long runs betwe5 wat]-tanks1 :5 e gallon is ne$$ to c>ry !m ?r\gh1 "k t _! sure me?od ( gett+ ov] ! dry division successfully1 is to c>ry /eam close to ! popp+-po9t1 pull ! ?rottle wide op51 hug ! l9ks close to ! c5t]1 & see t no loss occurs ?r\gh ! safety-valves4 ,,runn+ ,,) ,,l[ ,,/eam4 ,!re are eng9e]s :o habitually c>ry m]ely suffici5t /eam to get !m along on "t1 "u ! mi/ak5 belief t !y are work+ economically4 ,john ,br[n runs /eadily1 & takes z good c>e ( 8 eng9e z any man on ! ,a4 ,b4 road2 b he dislikes to he> ! /eam escap+ f ! safety-valves1 & prev5ts x f do+ s by habitually us+ /eam ?irty p\nds bel[ ! bl[+-pressure4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t he always makes a bad record on ! coal-li/1 comp>$ ) ! o!r pass5g] m54 ,,! ,,?rottle-,,lev]4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( economy1 ! ?rottle-lev] %\ld be kept wide op5 :5 practicable1 & ! spe$ regulat$ by ! rev]se-lev]4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! indicator h demon/rat$ beyond a d\bt1 t runn+ ) ! ?rottle-valve p>tly clos$1 wire-draws ! /eam be=e x rea*es ! cyl9d]s1 :]eby ! initial pressure is mat]ially r$uc$1 & its p[] = expansive "w s]i\sly dim9i%$4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fire4 ,! eng9e has mov$ only a few rods f ! depot :5 ! /eam %[s indications ( bl[+ (f2 & !n ! fireman sets to "w1--n to pile a heap ( coal indiscrim9ately into ! fire-box4 ,t is ! /yle ( ! dunce ^: natural avocation is grubb+ /umps4 ,ours is a model tra91 & a model fireman furni%es ! p[] to keep x go+4 ,he ?r[s 9 f\r or five %ovelfuls at ea* fir+1 scatt]+ ! coal along ! sides ( ! fire-box1 %oot+ a %[] close to ! flue-%eet1 & dropp+ ! requir$ quantity "u ! door4 ,) ! quick intuition ( a man ?or\ghly ma/] ( 8 bus9ess1 our model fireman p]ceives at a glance1 on op5+ ! door1 :]e ! ?9ne/ spots are2 & !y are promptly b$d$ ov]4 ,! gl[+1 inc&esc5t mass ( fire1 :i* %9es ) a bl9d+ light t rivals ! sun's rays1 dazzles ! eyes ( ! novice1 :o sees 9 ! fire-box only a *aotic gleam2 b ! exp]i5c$ fireman looks into ! respl5d5t gl>e1 & reads its ne$s or its p]fections4 ,! fire is ma9ta9$ ne>ly level2 b ! coal is suppli$ s t ! sides & corn]s are well fill$1 = !re ! liability to draw+ air is mo/ imm95t4 ,) ?is sy/em closely foll[$1 !re is no difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ up a /eady head ( /eam4 ,b con/ant att5tion mu/ be be/[$ ^u 8 "w by ! fireman4 ,f ! "t he rea*es ! eng9e1 until ! ho/l] takes *>ge at ! end ( ! j\rney1 he att5ds to 8 "w1 & to t alone2 & by ?is means he has e>n$ ! reputation ( be+ "o ( ! be/ firem5 on ! road4 ,8 rule is1 to keep ! fire up equal to ! "w ! eng9e has to d1 nev] lett+ x run l[ be=e be+ repl5i%$1 nev] ?r[+ 9 m coal ?an ! keep+ up ( /eam calls =4 ,! coal is brok5 up mod]ately f9e1 a full supply be+ prep>$ be=e ! fire-door is op5$2 & e %ovelful is scatt]$ 9 a ?9 %[] ov] ! fire1--nev] pit*$ d[n on "o spot4 ,"s m5 nev] acquire ! art ( scatt]+ ! coal z x leaves ! %ovel2 &1 z a result1 !y nev] succe$ 9 mak+ an eng9e /eam regul>ly4 ,_! fire consi/s ( a s]ies ( coal-heaps4 ,"u ^! heaps1 cl9k]s are prematurely =m$2 & betwe5 !m spaces are creat$1 ?r\gh :i* cold air comes1 & ru%es /raight = ! flues1 )\t assimilat+ ) ! gases ( combu/ion1 z e brea? ( air :i* ent]s ! fire-box ought to d4 ,,conditions ,,t ,,dem& ,,good ,,fir+4 ,roads t are hilly require f> m skillful managem5t to get a tra9 along ?an is call$ = on level roads1 & ! great] "p ( ! extra dext]ity is ne$$ f ! fireman4 ,to get a heavy tra9 up a /eep hill1 x is g5]ally run at a high spe$ be=e rea*+ ! grade1 s t ! mom5tum ( ! tra9 c be utiliz$ 9 climb+ ! asc5t4 ,runn+ = a hill is a p>ticul>ly try+ "t on ! fireman2 = ! eng9e is ru%+ at a high spe$1 & (t5 work+ heavily4 ,?is ordeal mu/ be prep>$ = 9 advance1 by hav+ ! fire well made up1 & kept at its heavie/ by frequ5t fir+4 ,:5 ! eng9e gets "r on to ! grade1 toil+ up ) decreas+ spe$1 e p\nd ( /eam is ne$$ to save d\bl+1 & /eady wat*fulness is requir$ to prev5t a relapse ( /eam2 b ! dang] ( ! eng9e 8turn+0 ! fire is n ne>ly s great z x 0 :5 runn+ fa/ = ! hill4 ,,highe/ ,,type ,,( ,,fireman4 ,! highe/ type ( fireman is "o1 :o1 ) ! smalle/ quantity ( fuel1 c keep up a good head ( /eam )\t wa/+ any by ! safety-valves4 ,he endeavors to /rike ?is mean ( success by keep+ an ev5 fire2 b x sometimes happ5s1 t ! close/ c>e w n prev5t ! /eam f %[+ indications ( bl[+ (f4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 he keeps x back by clos+ ! damp]s1 or1 if t is n suffici5t1 op5s ! door a few in*es4 ,imm5se h>m is done to flues & fire-boxes by injudici\s fir+4 ,,sci5tific ,,me?ods ,,( ,,good ,,firem54 ,x is n necess>y t a man %\ld be deeply read 9 natural philosophy1 to und]/& intimately :at are actually ! sci5tific laws ( ! bus9ess ( fir+4 ,mr4 ,lo?ian ,bell1 ! em95t metallurgi/1 some:]e expresses high admiration = ! exact sci5tific me?ods atta9$ 9 _! "w by illit]ate puddl]s4 ,al?\gh !y knew no?+ ab\t *emical comb9ations or processes1 !y manipulat$ ! molt5 mass s t1 ) ! lea/ possible labor1 ! iron 0 sep>at$ f its impurities4 ,9 a simil> way1 firem5 skillful 9 _! call+ h1 by a process ( induction1 le>n$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( heat-developm5t4 ,by exp]im5ts1 c>efully made1 !y p]ceive h[ ! greate/ head ( /eam c be kept up ) ! smalle/ c>go ( coal2 & !y pu% _! p]ceptions into daily practice4 ,if an accompli%$ sci5ti/ 7 to ride on ! eng9e1 obs]v+ ! op]ations ( a fir/-class fireman1 he w\ld f9d t ne>ly all ! c>bon ( ! coal comb9$ ) its natural quantity ( oxyg5 to produce c>bon dioxide1 !reby giv+ =? its greate/ heat-p[]2 & t ! hydro-c>bons1 ! volatile gases ( ! coal1 p]=m$ _! %>e ( calorific duty by burn+ ) an int5sely hot flame4 ,he w\ld f9d t ^! hydro-c>bon gases1 al?\gh productive ( high-p[] duty :5 prop]ly consum$1 7 tickli% to manage j "r1 = !y w\ld pass ?r\gh ! flues )\t produc+ flame if !y 7 n fully suppli$ ) air2 &1 if ! supply ( air 7 too lib]al1 x w\ld r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! fire-box bel[ ! ignit+-po9t = ^! gases1 :i* is high] ?an r$-hot iron1 & !y w\ld !n escape 9 ! =m ( wor?less smoke4 ,our model fireman manages to consume ^! gases z ?or\ghly z !y c be consum$ 9 a locomotive fire-box4 ,,! ,,m$ium ,,fireman4 ,john ,b>ton is consid]$ a fir/-class fireman by "s m54 ,he works h>d to keep up /eam1 & is nev] satisfi$ unless ! safety valves are scream+4 ,he c>ries a heavy fire all ! "t2 &1 :5 ! pop-valves rise1 he pulls ! door op5 till !y subside1 gets 9 a few %ovelfuls m coal1 closes ! door till ! /eam bl[s (f aga91 & repeats ! op]ation ( ?r[+ op5 ! door4 ,?is man has le>n$ only ! half ( 8 bus9ess4 ,he has got ?r\gh 8 head h[ to keep up /eam1 b he has n acquir$ ! m delicate op]ation ( keep+ x d[n wisely & well4 ,tra9+ ) an intellig5t eng9e] anxi\s to make a good fuel-record1 w1 9 a few mon?s1 improve ,b>ton wond]fully4 ,b>ton is ! m$ium fireman4 ,,! ,,hopelessly ,,bad ,,fireman4 ,beh9d him comes ,tom ,jackson1 ! man ( indiscrim9ately heavy fir+4 ,tom's sole aim is to get ov] ! road ) ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( p]sonal ex]tion4 ,he tumbles 9 a fire z if he 7 load+ a wagon1 ! size ( ! door be+ 8 sole gauge = ! lumps4 ,:5 ! fire-box is fill$ to ! neighborhood ( ! door1 he climbs up on ! seat1 & recl9es !re till ! /eam beg9s to g back ?r\gh draw+ air3 !n he gets d[n aga91 & repeats ! fill+-up process1 int5t only on gett+ ^u ! seat-box ) z little delay z possible4 ,8 fir+ is regulat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! smoke issu+ f ! /ack4 ,s long z x cont9ues ( murky blackness1 he recl9es 9 happ9ess3 :5 ! fir/ /reaks ( transp>5cy appe> 9 ! smoke1 he becomes unhappy1 b gets up1 & suppresses smoke-consumption by smo!r+ ! flames ) gre5 coal4 ,if by any *ance ! eng9e /eams s freely t ! safety-valves bl[1 ! door is j]k$ wide op51 & kept !re till %e cools d[n4 ,s ! r\nd goes4 ,a hot1 scor*+ fire1 :i* heats ! %eets & flues to _! highe/ temp]ature1 is cont9ually be+ int]rupt$ by ! sudd5 cool+ f a heavy load ( damp coal1 or a *ill+ curr5t ( cold air4 ,no wond]1 t1 ) su* treatm5t1 leaky flues1 weep+ /ay-bolts1 & p\r+ mud-r+s1 make _! own prote/s1 (t5 reit]at$ on ! pages ( r\nd-h\se "w-books4 ,,:o ,,is ,,to ,,blame ,,= ,,bad ,,fir+8 ,! de/ruction inflict$ ^u ! heat+-surface ( locomotives by ! *anges ( temp]ature due to bad fir+1 %\ld be *>g$ to ! eng9e]4 ,! fireman commits ! havoc1 b ! eng9e] is m to blame = all[+ x to be done4 ,eng9e]s (t5 p]mit firem5 to d _! "w badly r ?an h words ab\t x4 ,b ?is is mi/ak5 policy4 ,a little firmness 9 ! />t w conv9ce ! wor/ ( firem5 t !y mu/ /rive to fire prop]ly1 or quit2 & a man :o is indispos$ to d 8 "w well1 des]ves 8 walk+-pap]s )\t delay4 ,!re is no k9dness 9 reta9+ a hopelessly bad fireman on an eng9e4 ,z a fireman1 he is a cont9ual loss to 8 employ]s2 he is no cr$it to 8 fell[-workm52 & if1 by ! mi/ak5 =be>ance ( eng9e]s1 he ev] rea*es ! "r-h& side1 he w be a reproa* to ! eng9e]+ frat]nity4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,gett+ ,,up ,,! ,,hill4 ,,special ,,skill ,,& ,,att5tion ,,requir$ ,,to ,,get ,a ,,tra9 ,,up ,a ,,/eep ,,grade4 ,9 ! la/ *apt]1 "s details 7 giv5 ( ! me?ods pursu$ 9 />t+ out ) a heavy fa/ freight tra94 ,:]e a tra9 ( t k9d has to climb heavy grades1 special skill & att5tion are ne$$ 9 mak+ ! asc5t successfully4 ,,gett+ ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,grade4 ,! track = ! fir/ two miles f ! />t+-po9t is ne>ly level1 p]mitt+ ! eng9e] & fireman to get ready = a long pull n f> di/ant4 ,at ! second mile-po/ a light desc5d+ grade is rea*$1 :i* la/s "o mile1 & is succe$$ by an asc5d+ grade two & a half miles long1 ris+ fifty-five feet to ! mile4 ,,work+ ,,up ,,! ,,hill4 ,at ! top ( ! desc5d+ grade1 ! eng9e] %uts (f ! /eam :ile ! fireman oils ! valves3 !n he puts on a little /eam1 us+ a light ?rottle :ile ! tra9 is increas+ 9 spe$1 until ! base ( ! asc5t is ne>ly rea*$1 :5 he gets ! ?rottle full op51 lett+ ! eng9e d its be/ "w 9 ! fir/ not* (f ! c5t]4 ,by ?is "t ! tra9 is sw++ along ?irty miles an h\r1 & is well on to ! hill be=e ! eng9e beg9s to feel its load4 ,decrease ( spe$ is j becom+ p]ceptible :5 ! valve-travel gets ! b5efit ( ano!r not*1 & ! eng9e pulls at its load ) r5ew$ vigor4 ,b soon ! /eepness ( ! asc5t ass]ts itself 9 ! labor+ exhau/s2 & ! rev]se-lev] is advanc$ ano!r not*1 to prev5t ! spe$ f gett+ bel[ ! velocity at :i* ! eng9e is capable ( hold+ ! tra9 on ?is grade4 ,:ile ! eng9e] is c>eful to ma9ta9 ! spe$ )9 ! p[] ( 8 locomotive1 he is also wat*ful n to increase ! valve-travel fa/] ?an 8 fire c /& x2 =1 7 he to j]k ! lev] two or ?ree not*es ahead at ! beg9n+ ( ! pull1 ! *ances w\ld be t he w\ld 8turn0 its fire1 or te> x up s badly t ! /eam w\ld g back on him be=e he got half a mile f>!r on4 ,be=e ! tra9 is safe ov] ! summit1 x w probably be necess>y to h ! eng9e work+ d[n to #ah in*es3 b ! advance to ?is long valve-travel is made by degrees2 ea* increase be+ dep5d5t ^u1 & regulat$ by1 ! spe$4 ,! quadrant is not*$ to give ! cut-(f at #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 #ah1 & #ba in*es4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts1 c>efully wat*$1 h conv9c$ ! eng9e] ( ?is locomotive1 t its maximum p[] is ex]t$ 9 ! #ah-;in* not*2 s he nev] puts ! lev] d[n 9 ! 8corn]0 on a hill4 ,a great _m eng9es act diff]5tly1 h[ev]1 %[+ increas$ p[] = e not* advanc$4 ,if ! c>s 9 ! tra9 %\ld prove easy runn+1--& !re are great diff]5ces 9 c>s 9 ?is respect1--x may n be necess>y to hook ! eng9e bel[ #ae in*es1 or ev5 #ab w suffice = "s tra9s2 b ?is c only be det]m9$ by see+ h[ x holds ! spe$ 9 ! v>i\s not*es4 ,,:eel-,,slipp+4 ,z ! eng9e gets well on to ! grade1 & is ex]t+ heavy tractive p[]1 ! :eels are liable to comm5ce slipp+2 & x is v important t !y %\ld be prev5t$ f do+ s4 ,an ounce ( prev5tion is kn[n to be wor? a p\nd ( cure2 & x pays an eng9e] to assure himself t no drips f pump-gl&s1 or fe$-pipes1 or cyl9d]-cocks1 or f any o!r f\nta91 are dropp+ ^u ! rails ahead ( ! driv+-:eels4 ,!re is no use tell+ an eng9e] ( ! decreas$ adhesion :i* ! driv]s ex]t on half-wet rails1 f :at !y d on ^? t are clean & dry4 ,kn[+ ! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 e eng9e] %\ld endeavor to prev5t ! wett+ ( ! rails by leaks f 8 eng9e2 = hundr$s ( eng9es get 8laid d[n0 on hills f slipp+ induc$ by ?is v cause4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,s&4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 ?is reg>d is to h clean1 dry s&1 & easy-work+ box-valves4 ,!n ! eng9e] %\ld "k h[ f> ! valves op5 by ! di/ance he draws ! lev]4 ,9 />t+ f a /ation1 or work+ at a po9t :]e slipp+ is likely to comm5ce1 ! valves %\ld be op5$ a little1 & a slight spr9kl+ ( s& dropp$ on ! rails4 ,?is (t5 s]ves ! purpose ( prev5t+ slipp+ j z well z a heavy coat+ ( s&4 ,& x has none ( ! objectionable features ( ?ick s&+4 ,tra9s (t5 get /all$ on grades by ! s&-valves be+ all[$ to run too freely4 ,x is n an uncommon occurr5ce = eng9e]s to op5 ! valves wide1 & let all ! s& run ^u ! rails t ! pipe w c>ry1 s t a solid cru/ cov]s ea* rail1 & e :eel on ! tra9 gets clogg$ ) ! p[d]$ silica2 &1 aft] ! tra9 has pass$ ov]1 a coat+ is left = ! next "o t comes along4 ,! :eels scatt] _! burd5 ( p[d]$ s& into ! axle-boxes1 & x gr9ds its way inside ! rod-brasses1 & "p ( x gets waft$ ^u ! guides2 & 9 all ^! positions x is matt] decid$ly 9 ! wrong place4 ,& ?is body ( s& "u ! :eels increases ! resi/ance 9 ! same way1 z a wagon is h>d] to pull among gravel ?an x is on a clean1 h>d road3 ! indiscreet eng9e] compla9s ab\t ! tra9 be+ /iff to haul2 & ! *ances are1 t he goes twice up ! hill be=e ! :ole tra9 is got ov]4 ,uncle ,toby's plan is1 :5 pull+ on a heavy grade1 to op5 ! valve en\gh to let ! driv]s leave a slight :ite impression on ! rails4 ,if !y slip1 he gives a few p>ticles m s&1 b decreases ! supply aga9 s soon z ! driv]s w hold ) ! dim9i%$ quantity4 ,uncle ,toby seldom ne$s to d\ble a hill4 ,,slipp]y ,,eng9es4 ,^! rem>ks apply to ord9>y eng9es ) ord9>y rail-conditions4 ,occasionally we f9d an eng9e invet]ately giv5 to slipp+1 & no conditions seem able to keep x d[n4 ,su* an eng9e is z ready to :irl its :eels z an ugly mule is to kick up its heels1 & ^u z little provocation4 ,) a dirty1 half-wet rail1 an eng9e ( ?is k9d loses half its p[]4 ,! causes t make an eng9e bad = slipp+ are v>i\s4 ,v h>d /eel tires1 or excess ( cyl9d] p[]1 are ! mo/ frequ5t causes ( slipp+2 b badly worn tires sometimes produce a simil> effect2 or ! blame may re/ 9 a %ort-:eel base1 defici5t 9 weight1 or 9 too flexible driv+-spr+s4 ,to get a slipp]y eng9e ov] ! road :5 ! rails are moi/ & dirty1 requires ! ex]cise ( unmeasur$ pati5ce by ! eng9e]4 ,job 0 a cantank]\s old ,arab beside ! eng9e] :o passes *e]fully ?r\gh ?is ordeal4 ,! t5d5cy ( an eng9e to slip may be *eck$ to "s ext5t by work+ ) ! lev] well ahead t[>ds full /roke1 & ?rottl+ ! /eam4 ,?is gives a m uni=m pi/on-pressure ?an is possible :ile work+ expansively4 ,( two evils1 x is be/ to *oose ! lea/4 ,! smalle/ 9 ?is case is los+ ! b5efits ( expansion1 & gett+ ov] ! road4 ,,fe$+ ,,! ,,boil]4 ,"s eng9e]s claim t ! mo/ economical results c be obta9$ f an eng9e by runn+ ) ! wat] z l[ z possible1 consi/5t ) safety4 ,!y hold1 t1 s long z ! wat] is suffici5tly high to cov] ! heat+-surfaces1 !re is en\gh to make /eam f2 & ! ample /eam-room rema9+ above ! wat]1 assures a m p]fect supply ( dry /eam = ! cyl9d]s ?an c be _h f ! m contract$ space left above a high-wat] l9e4 ,old eng9e]s1 runn+ locomotives furni%$ ) entirely reliable fe$+-app>atus1 may be able to c>ry a l[-wat] level advantage\sly1 especially ) light tra9s & level roads2 b ) ord9>y m51 av]age pumps or injectors1 & ! common run ( roads1 a high-wat] level is safe/4 ,) a high-wat] level ! temp]ature ( ! boil] c be kept ne>ly uni=m2 = ! increas$ volume ( wat] holds an accumulat$ /ore ( heat1 :i* is n readily affect$ by ! fe$4 ,& ! surplus /ore is conv5i5t to draw ^u 9 mak+ ! be/ ( a "t-ord]1 or 9 gett+ ov] a heavy grade4 ,!n1 if ! pumps or injectors fail1 a full boil] ( wat] (t5 enables a man to exam9e ! del9qu5t fe$+-app>atus1 & set x go+2 :]eas1 ) l[ wat]1 ! only res\rce w\ld be to dump ! fire4 ,,*oice ,,( ,,pump ,,& ,,injector4 ,! eng9e on ?is tra9 has "o pump & "o injector4 ,! pump is pref]r$ = ord9>y fe$+-purposes1 & is kept graduat$ to supply ! ne$s ( ! boil] :ile ! eng9e is work+1 )\t ! foot-cock be+ mov$4 ,on a heavy pull1 ! pump 9 ?is condition w\ld n keep up ! wat]-level2 s ! injector is call$ ^u to make up ! defici5cy4 ,:5 ! eng9e gets ^u ! heavy "p ( ! grade1 x makes /eam v freely2 &1 :5 ! indications ( gett+ hot appe>1 ! injector is />t$4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! asc5t1 ! wat] is suppli$ z lib]ally z x c be c>ri$2 & ! top ( ! grade f9ds ! eng9e ) a full boil]4 ,?is enables ! eng9e] to pres]ve a tol]ably ev5 boil] temp]ature2 = 9 runn+ d[n ! long desc5t :i* foll[s1 :]e ! eng9e runs two miles )\t work+ /eam1 ! pump c be %ut (f1 & sudd5 cool+ ( ! boil] avoid$4 ,! pres]vation ( flues & fire-box %eets dep5ds v mu* ^u ! mann] ( fe$+ ! wat]4 ,"s m5 are int5sely c>eless 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 climb+ a grade1 !y let ! wat] run d[n till !re is sc>cely en\gh left to cov] ! cr[n-%eet :5 !y rea* ! summit4 ,!n !y da% on ! fe$1 & plunge cold wat] into ! hot boil]1 :i* is !n peculi>ly liable to be easily cool$ d[n1 ow+ to ! limit$ quantity ( hot wat] x conta9s4 ,! fact ( hav+ ! /eam %ut (f1 greatly aggravates ! evil2 = !re is !n no int5sity ( heat pass+ ?r\gh ! flues to c\nt]act ! *ill+ effect ( ! fe$-wat]4 ,if x is necess>y to pump :ile runn+ ) ! /eam %ut (f1 ! bl[] %\ld be kept go+2 :i* w1 9 "s measure1 prev5t ! *ange ( temp]ature f be+ dang]\sly sudd54 ,!re w probably be "s loss f /eam bl[+ (f1 b t is ! small] ( two evils4 ,eng9e]s are n likely to fe$ ! boil] too lavi%ly :5 work+ h>d1 = ! injection ( cold wat] in/antly %[s its effect by r$uc+ ! /eam-pressure4 ,b ?is is n ! case :5 runn+ ) ! ?rottle clos$4 ,! circulation 9 ! boil] is !n s sluggi%1 t ! temp]ature ( ! wat] may be r$uc$ _m degrees1 :ile ! /eam cont9ues to %[ its highe/ pressure4 ,writ]s on physical sci5ce tell u t ! temp]ature ( wat] & /eam 9 a boil] is always ! same1 & v>ies accord+ to pressure2 t1 at ! atmosph]e's pressure1 wat] boils at #bab degrees1 & produces /eam ( ! same temp]ature4 ,at #aj p\nds above ! atmosph]ic pressure1 ! wat] w n evaporate into /eam until x has rea*$ a temp]ature ( #bdj degrees1 & s on3 z ! pressure increases1 ! temp]ature ( wat] & /eam rises4 ,b "u all circum/ances1 :ile ! wat] & /eam rema9 9 ! same vessel1 _! temp]ature is ! same4 ,?is is an ackn[l$g$ law ( physical sci5ce2 yet e locomotive eng9e] ( reflection1 :o has run on a hilly road1 kn[s t circum/ances daily happ5 :]e ! law does n hold good4 ,,fall ,,( ,,boil]-,,temp]ature ,,n ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,! ,,/eam-,,gauge4 ,if an eng9e1 ( ! class repres5t$ z pull+ our tra91 passes ov] ! top ( ! grade ) half an in* ( wat] 9 ! glass1 !re w be ab\t #gjj gallons 9 ! boil]4 ,n[1 suppose x runs d[n ! hill )\t us+ /eam1 & keeps pump+ till ! wat] rises six in*es 9 ! glass1 !re w be ab\t #bjj gallons m wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,x is no unusual ?+ to d ?is ) a mild fire1 & yet h no dim9i%$ t5sion ( /eam %[n by ! gauge1 al?\gh #bjj gallons ( wat] ( ab\t #fj degrees h be5 inject$ among/ #gjj gallons at #cfa degrees1 ! temp]ature due to a /eam-pressure ( #adj p\nds4 ,?is ought to r$uce ! mean temp]ature bel[ #cjj degrees1 yet ! po9t] ( ! /eam-gauge keeps indicat+ #adj4 ,t ! pressure ( /eam & ! temp]ature ( ! wat] d n accord1 is %[n directly ! ?rottle is op5$ to p]=m "w4 ,! brisk circulation due to ! ru% ( /eam ?r\gh ! dry pipe n[ br+s ! temp]ature ( wat] & /eam to equilibrium1 & backw>d ! index ( ! /eam-gauge travels4 ,! /eam-pressure goes back fa/] ?an is due to ! supply drawn = ! cyl9d]s2 because ! lat5t heat ( ! /eam passes into ! wat]1 help+ to br+ ! :ole cont5ts ( ! boil] to an ev5 temp]ature4 ,,"s ,,effects ,,( ,,injudici\s ,,boil]-,,fe$+4 ,mean:ile1 ) an eng9e op]at$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 ! tra9 w probably /& = fifte5 m9utes1 till suffici5t /eam is rais$ to proce$ )4 ,! fact t newly inject$ wat] does n imm$iately rise 9 temp]ature to ! heat indicat$ by ! pressure-gauge1 c also be te/$ by fill+ up a boil] ) an injector :ile ! eng9e is at re/ on a side-track4 ,work+ an injector causes great] circulation ?an fe$+ ) a pump1 & ! wat] goes into ! boil] at a high] temp]ature4 ,= ?is reason ! injector is sup]ior to ! pump z a fe$+-m$ium4 ,b1 if ! eng9e] pulls out directly aft] fill+ up ! boil] ) an injector1 ! /eam w g d[n a few p\nds1 no matt] h[ good a fire may be on ! grates4 ,on level roads1 ! pump or injector %\ld be set to supply ! ne$s ( ! boil]2 & a skillful eng9e] c regulate ?is s well1 t ! foot-cock has seldom to be mov$4 ,! be/ results 9 gett+ tra9s ov] ! road1 & 9 pres]v+ boil]s1 are obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,! runn] :o adopts ! int]mitt5t sy/em ( fe$+ is always 9 tr\ble1 or1 z ! boys say1 8he is always n[h]e40 ,,c>eful ,,fe$+ ,,& ,,fir+ ,,pres]ve ,,boil]s4 ,a case :]e ! cons]vative effect ( c>eful fir+ & fe$+ 0 /rik+ly illu/rat$1 came "u ! au?or's notice a ye> or two ago4 ,dur+ ! busie/ "p ( ! season1 ! fire-box ( a freight eng9e belong+ to a ,we/]n road became s leaky t ! eng9e 0 really unfit = s]vice4 ,eng9es1 l individuals1 soon lose _! reputation if !y fail to p]=m _! requir$ duties = any l5g? ( "t4 ,?is eng9e1 8#bi10 soon became ! av]sion ( tra9-m54 ,! loquaci\s brakeman1 :o c in/ruct e railroad-man h[ to conduct 8 bus9ess1 b is lame respect+ 8 own "w1 got pres5tly to mak+ big /ories out ( ! amaz+ quantity ( wat] & coal t 8#bi0 c\ld get away )1 & h[ _m tra9s %e w\ld hold 9 ! c\rse ( a trip4 ,! road 0 suff]+ f a ple?ora ( freight1 & extreme sc>city ( eng9es2 & on ?is acc\nt ! managem5t 0 reluctant to take ?is weakl+ into ! %op4 ,s ! ma/] me*anic turn$ 8#bi0 ov] to ,eng9e] ,macleay1 :o 0 runn+ on a bran* :]e delays 7 n likely to hold _m tra9s4 ,mac delib]at$ ab\t tak+ 8 8"t0 9 pref]5ce to ! eng9e1 :i* o!rs _h reject$1 b f9ally conclud$ to give ! bad "o a fair trial4 ,! fir/ trip conv9c$ ! some:at obs]vant eng9e] t ! t5d] fire-box 0 peculi>ly susceptible to ! free use ( ! pump1 & to sudd5 *anges ( ! fire's int5sity ( heat4 ,s he direct$ ! fireman to fire z ev5ly z possible1 nev] to let ! grates get b>e en\gh to let cold air pass ?r\gh1 to keep ! door clos$ except :5 fir+1 to avoid viol5t %ak+ ( ! grates1 & nev] to ?r[ m ?an ?ree or f\r %ovelfuls ( coal into ! fire-box at "o "t4 ,8 own me?od 01 to fe$ ) p]si/5t regul>ity1 to g twice ov] heavy p>ts ( ! division 9 pref]5ce to di/ress+ ! eng9e by lett+ ! wat] get l[1 & !n fill+ up rapidly4 ,?is sy/em soon began to tell on ! improv$ condition ( ! fire-box4 ,! result 01 t1 )9 a mon? aft] tak+ ! eng9e1 ,mac 0 pull+ full tra9s on "t2 & ?is he cont9u$ to d = five mon?s1 till x 0 f\nd conv5i5t to take ! eng9e 9 = rebuild+4 ,,op]at+ ,,! ,,damp]s4 ,accord+ to ! me*anical diction>y1 a damp] is a device = regulat+ ! admission ( air to a furnace1 ) :i* ! fire c be /imulat$1 or ! draught cut (f1 :5 necess>y4 ,"s runn]s reg>d locomotive damp]s 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,!y seem to ?9k ! op5+s to ! a%-pan are m]ely holes made to let air 91 & a%es out2 t doors are plac$ ^u !m1 :i* tr\blesome rules require to be clos$ at c]ta9 po9ts ( ! road to prev5t caus+ fires4 ,^? :o h made _! bus9ess a /udy1 h[ev]1 und]/& t locomotive damp]s are z useful1 :5 prop]ly manag$1 z are ! damp]s ( ! base-burn] :i* *e]s _! homes 9 w9t] wea!r4 ,to effect p]fect combu/ion 9 ! fire-box1 a c]ta9 quantity ( oxyg51 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( common air1 is requir$ to mix ) ! c>bon & c>buret$ hydrog5 ( ! coal4 ,! comb9ation takes place 9 c]ta9 fix$ quantities4 ,if ! quantity ( air admitt$ be defici5t1 a gas ( inf]ior calorific p[] w be g5]at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! air-supply is 9 excess ( t ne$$ = combu/ion1 ! surplus affects ! /eam-produc+ capabilities ( ! fire injuri\sly2 s9ce x increases ! spe$ ( ! gases1 less5+ ! "t !y are 9 contact ) ! wat]-surface1 & a viol5t ru% ( air r$uces ! temp]ature ( portions ( ! fire-box bel[ ! heat at :i* c>buret$ hydrog5 burns4 ,,loss ,,( ,,heat ,,?r\gh ,,excess ,,( ,,air4 ,9 ! fire-boxes ( ,am]ican eng9es1 :]e d\ble damp]s are ! rule1 f> m loss ( heat is occasion$ by excess ( air ?an !re is wa/e ( fuel ?r\gh ! gases n receiv+ _! natural supply ( oxyg54 ,! bla/ f ! nozzles creates an impetu\s draught ?r\gh ! grates2 & :5 to ?is is add$ ! rapid curr5ts ( air impell$ into ! op5 a%-pan by ! viol5t motion ( ! tra91 ! fire-box is f\nd to be ! c5t] ( a furi\s w9d-/orm4 ,! excess ( ?is /orm c be regulat$ by keep+ ! front damp] clos$1 & lett+ ! eng9e draw its supply ( air ?r\gh ! back damp]4 ,:5 ! fire beg9s to get dirty1 & ! air-passages betwe5 ! grates become p>tly *ok$1 ! =w>d damp] c be op5$ ) advantage4 ,s long z an eng9e /eams freely ) ! front damp] clos$1 x is an indication t !re is no necessity = keep+ x op54 ,) vici\s1 heavy fir+1 all ! air t c be inject$ into ! fire-box is ne$$ to effect indiff]5tly complete combu/ion2 & ! man :o foll[s ?is wa/eful practice c n get too mu* air ?r\gh ! fire4 ,consequ5tly1 x is only ) mod]ately light fir+ t regulation ( draught c be practic$4 ,runn+ ) ! front damp] op5 all ! "t is h>d on ! bottom "p ( ! fire-box1 & ! ev]-v>y+ attrition ( cold w9d is responsible = _m a leaky mud-r+4 ,,loss ,,( ,,heat ,,f ,,bad ,,damp]s4 ,9 ,brita91 :]e f> m att5tion has be5 devot$ to economy ( fuel ?an has be5 be/[$ ^u ! matt] ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 locomotives are provid$ ) a%-pans t are practically air-tight1 & ! damp]-doors are made to close ! op5+s4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! lev]s t op]ate ! damp]s h not*$ sectors1 s t ! quantity ( air admitt$ may equal ! necessities ( ! fire4 ,briti% locomotives1 z a rule1 %[ a bett] record 9 ! use ( _! fuel ?an is f\nd 9 ,am]ican practice2 & a high p]c5tage ( ! sav+ is due to ! sup]ior damp] arrangem5ts4 ,imag9e ! tr\ble & exp5se !re w\ld be ) a kit*5-/ove t _h no appliance = clos+ ! draught6 ,yet "s ( our locomotive build]s turn out _! eng9es ) practically no means ( regulat+ ! fl[ ( air b5ea? ! fire4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,f9i%+ ,,! ,,trip4 ,,runn+ ,,ov] ,,ord9>y ,,track4 ,! hill :i* our tra9 enc\nt]s ne>ly at ! beg9n+ ( ! j\rney is ! ,pons ,as9orum ( ! division4 ,! /yle 9 :i* x is asc5d$ %[s :at k9d ( an eng9e pulls ! tra91 & x te/s 9 a se>*+ mann] ! ability ( ! eng9e]4 ,our eng9e has got ov] ! summit successfully2 & ! succe$+ desc5t is accompli%$ ) com=t to ! eng9e1 & security to ! tra94 ,& s ! re/ ( ! trip goes on4 ,! tra9 spe$s m]rily along ?r\gh gre51 roll+ prairies1 away pa/ leafy woodl&s & fl[]y mead[s3 x cuts a wide swa? ?r\gh long cornfields1 />tles into wakefulness ! d5iz5s ( sleek f>mh\ses1 & raises a rill ( excitem5t z x b\nds ?r\gh quiet villages4 ,b e *ange ( sc5e1 e v>i$ /ate ( road-b$1--level track1 asc5d+ or desc5d+ grade1--is prep>$ = 9 advance by our eng9e-m54 ,_! eng9e is f\nd 9 prop] "t = ea* occasion1 z x requires ! ex]tion ( great p[]1 or p]mits ! cons]vation ( ! ma*9e's en]gy4 ,ov] long /ret*es ( undulatory track ! tra9 spe$s2 ea* man att5d+ to 8 "w s closely t ! index ( ! /eam-gauge is almo/ /ation>y1 & ! wat] does n v>y an in* 9 ! glass4 ,?is is accompli%$ by regul> fir+ & uni=m boil]-fe$+1 two op]ations :i* mu/ g toge!r to produce cr$itable results4 ,,/opp+-,,places4 ,!re are few /ops to be made1 & ^! are mo/ly at wat]-/ations4 ,"h ! fireman is ready to take 9 wat] ) ! lea/ possible delay2 &1 :ile he is do+ s1 ! eng9e] hurries ar\nd ! eng9e1 feel+ e box & be>+1 & dropp+ a fre% supply ( oil :]e necess>y4 ,&1 :ile go+ ?us ar\nd1 he glances se>*+ly ov] ! eng9e1 8 eye seek+ to detect abs5t nuts1 or miss+ bolts or p9s3 any ?+ wrong may n[ be obs]v$ & rem$i$4 ,at ! coal+-/ations ! fireman f9ds "t to rake out ! a%-pan1 & ! eng9e] be/[s ^u ! eng9e & t5d] a leisurely inspection besides oil+ ar\nd4 ,,k ,,( ,,tra9-,,rights4 ,next to /udy+ ! idiosyncrasies ( 8 eng9e1 our model eng9e] prides himself on 8 intimate acqua9tance ) ! details ( ! "t-table4 ,! practice becom+ s common on our be/-regulat$ railroads1 ( exam9+ c&idates = promotion to ! position ( eng9e] on _! k ( ! "t-table1 has a v salut>y effect ^u aspir+ firem51 & induces !m to acquire famili>ity ) ! rules gov]n+ tra9-s]vice1 :i* !y nev] =get4 ,our eng9e] is well po/$ on all ! rules relat+ to ! movem5t ( tra9s2 8 m9d's eye c glance ov] ! division1 & note meet+ or pass+ po9ts2 & ! relative rights ( ea* tra9 /& blazon$ =? 9 bold relief be=e 8 m5tal vision4 ,?is k regulates 8 conduct :ile ne>+ /ations2 =1 al?\gh e /opp+-po9t is approa*$ cauti\sly1 ^? places :]e tra9s may be expect$ to be f\nd1 are run into ) vigilant c>efulness1 ! tra9 be+ "u p]fect control4 ,dep5d+ bl9dly ^u conductors & brakem5 to keep safe control ( ! tra9 at dang]\s po9ts is op5+ ! gate ( tr\ble4 ,an eng9e] is jo9tly responsible ) ! conductor = ! safety ( 8 tra91 & he %\ld make c]ta9 t e precaution is tak5 to get ov] ! road )\t accid5t4 ,,precautions ,,to ,,be ,,obs]v$ ,,9 ,,approa*+ ,,& ,,pass+ ,,/ations4 ,runn+ pa/ /ations :]e tra9s are /&+ side-track$1 requires to be done ) special c>e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( pass5g] tra9s2 =1 at su* po9ts1 !re is dang] ( p]sons gett+ injur$ by /epp+ inadv]t5tly pa/ a c> or a build+1 9 front ( a mov+ tra94 ,?is p]il is gu>d$ aga9/ by r$uc+ ! spe$ z f> z practicable1 aft] :i/l+ to w>n all conc]n$1 by r++ ! eng9e-bell1 & keep+ a %>p look\t f ! cab4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,rules ,,mu/ ,,be ,,supplem5t$ ,,by ,,good ,,judgm5t4 ,rules fram$ by ! (fic]s ( our railways = ! guidance ( employes are always safe to foll[ z f> z !y g1 & neglect ( _! behe/s w soon entail disa/]4 ,b circum/ances sometimes arise 9 tra9-s]vice to :i* no rule applies1 & ! m5 9 *>ge mu/ foll[ ! dictates ( _! judgm5t4 ,?is happ5s (t51 especially on new roads2 & ! m5 :o prove !mselves capable ( wre/l+ successfully ) unusual occurr5ces1 ( ov]com+ difficulties sudd5ly enc\nt]$1 are nature's own railroad]s4 ,x is ?is practice ( act+ judici\sly & promptly1 )\t ! aid ( codifi$ directions1 :i* gives to ,am]ican railroad m5 _! /rik+ individuality1 kn[n to ! m5 ( no o!r nation foll[+ ! same call+4 ,european railway s]vants c>ry pond]\s books ( 8rules & regulations0 9 _! pockets1 & ^! rules are expect$ to furni% guidance = e cont+5cy2 s1 :5 an eng9e-driv] or gu>d gets into an unusual dilemma1 he turns ov] ! pages ( 8 rule-book = c\nsel & direction4 ,! ,am]ican eng9e] or conductor "u simil> circum/ances takes ! safe side1 & goes ahead4 ,,op]at+ ,,s+le ,,tracks ,,safely4 ,= _m ye>s to come1 ! great majority ( our railroads w be s+le tracks1 z !y n[ are4 ,! op]at+ ( s+le-track roads is only done safely by ! ex]cise ( unsleep+ vigilance on ! "p ( all conc]n$ 9 ! movem5t ( tra9s4 ,delays sometimes occur ?r\gh mi/ak5 excess ( caution1 z 9 ! case ( an eng9e] 9 ,i[a1 :o mi/ook ! lant]n ( a b5ight$ f>m] = ! headlight ( an approa*+ tra91 & back$ to ! ne>e/ telegraph /ation2 or t ( a conductor 9 ,mi*igan1 :o side-track$ 8 tra9 to let ! ev5+ /> pass4 ,su* mi/akes make pleasantry among tra9-m51 b all ackn[l$ge t x is bett] to err on ! safe side ?an to run recklessly into dang]4 ,on ?is subject ! rem>ks ( ,kirkman are /rongly applicable4 ,writ+ on ! 8intellig5t discrim9ation ex]cis$ by tra9 m510 he says1 8,x is obs]vable 9 ! practical application ( ! sy/em "u :i* tra9s are op]at$1 t ! employes connect$ ) ! tra9 s]vice d n always atta* ! significance to specific signals or rules t w\ld naturally be suppos$4 ,especially is ?is s 9 ref]5ce to use ( signals4 ,_! acqua9tance ) ! e-day work+ ( tra9s tea*es !m t all[ance mu/ always be made = ! ignorance1 /upidity1 or ?\ghtlessness ( employes2 & !y /rive con/antly to protect !mselves1 & ! pass5g]s & prop]ty intru/$ to _! c>e1 f ! fatal effects t w\ld (t5times foll[ a bl9d ob$i5ce to ! ord]s giv5 !m4444 ,! eng9e] ( an irregul> tra9 t is runn+ "u special telegraphic in/ructions at ! rate ( sixty miles an h\r1 c n dep5d implicitly ^u ! accuracy ( ! reports he receives 9 ref]5ce to ! location & int5tion ( o!r tra9s4444 ,8 ord]s are to proce$4 ,he has be5 tra9$ to obey4 ,outw>dly he is unconc]n$1 b inw>dly he is fill$ ) appreh5sion2 &1 z he proce$s on 8 c\rse1 he scrut9izes ! track ) an int5sity & a sagacity t nev] we>ies40 ,,causes ,,( ,,anxiety ,,to ,,eng9e]s4 8,! anxiety ^u ! "p ( ! eng9e] is n occasion$ by fe> = 8 p]sonal safety1 ?\gh t d\btless has its influ5ce2 b x is ! k born ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 t bl9d adh]5ce to ord]s1 no matt] :at ! circum/ances1 or f :om emanat+1 may n only co/ him 8 life1 b may involve ! lives ( _m o!rs1--! lives ( p believ+ 9 him1 & tru/+ 9 him1 & z unconsci\s ( dang] z !y are helpless to avoid x40 ,,acqua9tance ,,) ,,! ,,road4 ,next 9 importance to kn[+ well h[ to manage ! eng9e1 & intimate famili>ity ) ! "t-table & its rules1 comes acqua9tance ) ! road4 ,9 ! light ( noonday1 :5 all nature seems at peace1 :5 e object c be se5 di/9ctly1 ! "w ( runn+ ov] a division is z easy z *ild's play4 ,b :5 ?ick d>kness cov]s ! e>?1 :5 ! fitful gleam ( ! headlight %9es on a mass ( ra9 s d5se t x seems l a wat]-wall ris+ f ! pilot1 or :5 bl9d+ cl\ds ( sn[ oblit]ate e bu% & bank1 x is important t ! eng9e] %\ld "k e object ( ! wayside4 ,a p]son unaccu/om$ to ! bus9ess1 :o rides on a locomotive te>+ ?r\gh ! d>kness on a /ormy night1 sees no?+ ar\nd b a black *aos made fitfully awful by ! gl>e f ! fire-box door4 ,b ev5 9 ! wilde/ tempe/1 :5 elem5tal /rife dr[ns ! noise ( ! eng9e1 ! exp]i5c$ eng9e] att5ds to 8 duties calmly & collect$ly4 ,a cutt+ or embankm5t1 a culv]t or cross+1 a tree or bu%1 is suffici5t to m>k ! location2 & e mile gives l&m>ks trifl+ to ! un9itiat$1 b to ! tra9$ eye significant z a light$ signal4 ,"o indicates ! place to %ut (f /eam = a /ation1 ano!r tells t ! tra9 is approa*+ a /iff-pull grade2 & ! eng9e-m5 act on ! k imp>t$4 ,& s ! r\nd ( ! "w goes4 ,work+ & wat*+ keep ! tra9 spe$+ on its j\rney4 ,no?+ is left to *ance or luck3 e movem5t1 e v>iation ( spe$1 is ! effect ( an unse5 control4 ,z a /ately %ip glides on its voyage ob$i5t z a ?+ ( life to ! turn ( ! /e]sman's :eel2 s ! k+ ( inl& transportation1 ! locomotive eng9e1 ! mon>* ( spe$1 ! ideal ( p[] 9 motion1 pursues its way1 annihilat+ space1 b9d+ nations into a h>moni\s unit1 & all ! "t submissive to ! lighte/ t\* ( ! eng9e]'s h&4 ,to get a freight tra9 promptly ov] ! road day aft] day1 or night aft] night1 an eng9e] mu/ "k ! road intimately1 n only m>k+ ! places :]e /eam mu/ be %ut (f = /ations or grades1 b e sag & rise mu/ be engrav$ on 8 memory4 ,!n he w be prep>$ to take advantage ( slight desc5ts to assi/ 9 gett+ him ov] %ort pulls1 :]e1 o!rwise1 he w\ld lose spe$2 & ! same k w avail him to avoid break+ ! tra9 9 two :ile pass+ ov] ! %ort depressions 9 ! track's alignm5t1 call$ sags 9 ! ,we/4 ,,f9al ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,trip4 ,) an eng9e prop]ly fir$1 !re is b little special prep>ation ne$$ = clos+ up ! trip )\t wa/e ( fuel4 ,! fire is regulat$ s t a head ( /eam w be reta9$ suffici5t to take ! eng9e into ! r\nd-h\se aft] ! fire-box is clean$ out4 ,9 draw+ ! fire1 ! bl[] %\ld be us$ z sp>+ly z possible2 = its bla/ ru%es a volume ( cold air ?r\gh ! flues1 :i* is apt to />t leaks4 ,_m eng9e]s f9d flues1 or /ay-bolts1 :i* 7 dry at ! end ( "o trip1 leak+ :5 ! eng9e is tak5 out = ! next run4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! cause has be5 too mu* bl[]4 ,s soon z ! a%-pan is clean$ out1 ! damp]s %\ld be clos$ s t ! fire-box & flues may cool d[n gradually4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,runn+ ,a ,,fa/ ,,pass5g] ,,tra94 ,mat]ials = ! foll[+ notes 7 tak5 dur+ a trip on ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad3-- ,,av]age ,,spe$4 ,! ,new ,york & ,*icago limit$ express tra91 run on ! ,p5nsylvania sy/em ( railroads1 passes ov] ! di/ance ( #iab miles betwe5 ! two cities 9 tw5ty-five h\rs & tw5ty-n9e m9utes1 mak+ an av]age spe$ ( #ce4bi miles an h\r4 ,all ! kn[n res\rces ( me*anical sci5ce h be5 ransack$ to produce appliances = r$uc+ delays1 s t ! highe/ possible p]c5tage ( ! "t provid$ = ! j\rney %\ld be devot$ to runn+4 ,wat] = /eam-mak+ is collect$1 z ! tra9 runs along1 f tr\ghs plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! track2 a sy/em ( absolute block signals1 controll$ by vigilant tra9-dispat*]s1 provides a cle> l9e2 & /ops are made only = ! purpose ( *ang+ ! locomotives at ! end ( divisions4 ,! l9es ov] :i* ! tra9 runs trav]se a multitude ( cities & t[ns1 mo/ ( !m hav+ ! /reets cross+ ! track on ! level2 & a great _m o!r railroads are cross$ at grade4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! actual /ops betwe5 ,j]sey ,city & ,*icago are only sev51 a run exce$+ t5 miles )\t meet+ ) ! necessity ( *eck+ ! spe$ is r>e4 ,,spe$ ,,betwe5 ,,j]sey ,,city ,,& ,,philadelphia4 ,! run ( n9ety miles f ,j]sey ,city to ,philadelphia is made at an av]age spe$ ( #de miles an h\r1 leav+ an av]age ( #cd miles an h\r = ! rema9d] ( ! j\rney4 ,to keep on "t1 "s p>ts ( ! fir/ division mu/ be trav]s$ at a spe$ ov] #fj miles an h\r1 :ile #ej miles an h\r mu/ be ma9ta9$ ov] a consid]able portion ( ! o!r divisions4 ,,requisites ,,( ,a ,,high-,,spe$ ,,locomotive4 ,! fir/ ess5tial = a high-spe$ locomotive is ! means ( g5]at+ /eam freely z fa/ z x is us$ up by ! cyl9d]s4 ,! next consid]ation is prop]ly design$ /eam-di/ribution ge>1 & well-proportion$ ma*9]y1 s t ! heat en]gy produc$ by ! boil] may be conv]t$ into useful "w 9 propell+ ! eng9e ) ! lea/ possible loss ( p[]4 ,to h&le ! fa/ tra9s betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 ! me*anical tal5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 aid$ by fifty ye>s' inh]it$ exp]i5ce1 has produc$ ! =m ( eng9e kn[n z ,class ,k4 ,?is is an an?racite-coal-burn+ locomotive1 ) #a1bje squ>e feet ( heat+-surface to supply /eam to cyl9d]s #ah in*es by #bd in*es1 :i* turn two pairs ( c\pl$ driv]s #gh in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! traction =ce ( ! eng9e is ?us 7#ahb #bd7_/gh #ii4fi p\nds = ea* p\nd ( effective pressure p] squ>e in* ( ! pi/ons4 ,! valves are ! pla9 slide1 ) #a in* outside lap1 no inside lap1 #a_/af in* lead 9 full ge>1 & a full travel ( #e in*es4 ,! /eam-ports are #af in*es long & #a in*es wide2 :ile ! exhau/ port is #c in*es wide1 secur+ free emission ( /eam4 ,,mak+ ,,up ,,! ,,fire4 ,locomotives belong+ to ?is company are n p]mitt$ to cool d[n1 unless ! fire has to be drawn t "w may be done4 ,at ! end ( a trip1 ! fire is clean$ & bank$ to wait = ! next run4 ,by gett+ to ! r\nd-h\se two h\rs be=e tra9-"t1 we f9d our eng9e receiv+ ! fir/ "w ( prep>ation = ! trip4 ,! fire is spread ov] ! grates1 & a fre% supply ( coal laid ov] ! :ole fire4 ,to make an eng9e /eam freely ) an?racite coal1 x is v important t ! fire %\ld be prop]ly burn$ ?r\gh be=e />t+ out4 ,ab\t two h\rs' "t is ne$$ = ?is1 s t ! mass ( coal w get prop]ly ignit$ )\t ! aid ( ! bl[]4 ,a fire t has to be =c$ along ) ! bl[] nev] proves satisfactory4 ,,gett+ ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,trip4 ,! eng9e] & fireman rea* ! r\nd-h\se ab\t half an h\r be=e tra9-"t1 & ea* proce$s to d 8 own l9e ( "w prep>+ ! eng9e = ! run4 ,! eng9e] att5ds to oil+ r\nd1--an important matt] :]e n9ety miles h to be pass$ )\t /opp+4 ,ea* be>+ & rubb+ surface is provid$ ) an oil-cup1 ) fe$ c>efully regulat$ to supply ! requir$ lubrication4 ,me*anical +5uity has arrang$ excell5t me?ods = secur+ regul> lubrication1 b ! c>e & skill ( ! eng9e] are ne$$ to keep !m work+ prop]ly4 ,z he moves r\nd ! eng9e1 8 tra9$ eye detects ! smalle/ defect2 &1 z he exam9es e cup & res]voir1 ! t\* 9 "t t prev5ts delay is giv5 :]ev] ne$$4 ,at ! same "t ! ma*9]y gets a f9al inspection1 & ! air-pump is />t$ go+4 ,mean:ile1 ! fireman has be5 att5d+ to 8 duties1--giv+ ! fire its f9i%+ t\*es1 fill+ oil-cans1 & bru%+ ! du/ (f ! cab-fitt+s4 ,n[ we back up to ! tra94 ,! air-hose is c\pl$1 two m9utes' fa/ pump+ ( ! air-pump *>ges ! c> res]voirs ) _! full pressure ( air1 & we are ready = ! />t4 ,:ile wait+ = ! signal1 ,i look into ! fire-box1 & see a furnace #aj feet long & #db in*es wide fill$ up ) coal to a dep? ( #aj in*es4 ,x takes ab\t a ton & a half ( coal to make ?is fire ready = ! road4 ,! fire 0 level on ! surface2 b ! greate/ dep? 0 9 ! front1 :]e ! grates slope d[nw>d4 ,! fire-box alone gives a heat+-surface ( #abj squ>e feet4 ,,! ,,tra9 ,,to ,,be ,,pull$4 ,! tra9 consi/s ( five ,pullman sleep+-c>s & "o d9+-c>1 ! six c>s weigh+ #bjj tons4 ,! eng9e & t5d]1 9 work+ ord]1 weigh #gd tons1 :i* gives a total weight ( #bgd tons to be mov$ by ! =ce ex]t$ by ! pi/ons4 ,,! ,,/>t4 ,z ! signal is giv5 to />t1 ! eng9e] drops ! l9ks full =w>d by means ( ! /eam rev]se ge>1 pulls ! ?rottle lev] op51 & ! eng9e responds by mov+ =w>d4 ,a spr9kl+ ( s& is dropp$ ^u ! rails1 ! ?rottle-valve is op5$ a little wid]1 & ) res\nd+ exhau/s ! eng9e is work+ into spe$4 ,f ! />t1 ! necessity ( pu%+ =w>d1 & utiliz+ e second ( "t1 is recogniz$4 ,! tra9 has n mov$ m ?an its own l5g? :5 a spe$ ( t5 miles an h\r is rea*$4 ,! eng9e] n[ hooks back ! l9ks to cut (f at t5 in*es1 pulls ! ?rottle wide op51 & 8lets h] g40 ,:ile wait+ at ! /ation1 /eam 0 kept d[n to #acj p\nds by ! injector & heat]4 ,! injector 0 %ut (f j be=e />t+4 ,:5 we got out ab\t half a mile1 ! /eam-gauge began to po9t t[>ds #adj1 ! popp+ pressure2 & ! eng9e] />t$ ! injector1 & x 0 kept go+ cont9ually dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! trip4 ,x is a ,no4 #i ,sell]s1 & c supply ! boil] dur+ ! heavie/ "w )\t rea*+ ! limit ( its capacity4 ,!re is a ,no4 #h injector on ! fireman's side1 b x is nev] us$ to run by4 ,! injector & air-pump are two ?+s ab\t ^! eng9es t seldom ne$ to be t\*$ on ! road aft] !y are set to "w4 ,,gett+ ,,! ,,tra9 ,,ov] ,,! ,,road4 ,! fir/ two miles out ( ,j]sey ,city a grade ( ab\t #dj feet is asc5d$1 b ! summit is rea*$ 9 f\r m9utes2 !n ! l9ks are hook$ up to ! #h-;in* cut-(f1 :i* is ! ord9>y runn+-po9t ) ?is tra94 ,next mile is pass$ 9 #he seconds1 b is f9i%$ by %utt+ (f /eam to let ! eng9e roll ov] a bridge4 ,"h ! valves are oil$1 a duty :i* is repeat$ ?ree times dur+ ! trip4 ,al?\gh /eam 0 %ut (f = only ab\t #cjj y>ds1 ! spe$ 0 p]ceptibly r$uc$2 & x took a m9ute & a half to make ! next mile4 ,?ree miles succe$+ t 7 trav]s$ 9 #c m9utes1 "o ( !m be+ run 9 #ei seconds2 b aga9 a dem& = r$uc$ spe$ int]v5$ 9 ! %ape ( ! /reet-cross+s ( ,new>k1--! city be+ approa*$ by a %>p curve4 ,"h ! spe$ 0 r$uc$ to #ab miles an h\r1 & two miles 7 run at a rate "u #cj miles an h\r4 ,a spurt is aga9 made2 & ! second mile1 aft] gett+ cle> ( ! /reet-cross+s1 is pass$ 9 #fc seconds1 ! next mile 9 #fa seconds1 :5 ano!r r$uction ( spe$ = ,elizabe? /reets & a railroad cross+ takes place4 ,aft] pass+ ?is t[n1 a spe$ ( "o mile 9 #eg seconds 0 atta9$1 sev]al miles hav+ be5 trav]s$ 9 a m9ute ea*3 !n came ! wat]+-po9t1 :]e ! spe$ 0 r$uc$ "u #bj miles an h\r4 ,?us x 0 ?r\gh ! :ole trip1--a /ruggle to get up spe$3 !n comes ! necessity = dissipat+ "p ( ! p[] ga9$ 9 rais+ ! load to ! requir$ velocity4 ,! eng9e ma9ta9$ a spe$ ( sixty miles an h\r easily en\gh2 b x 0 a labori\s proce$+1 increas+ ! spe$ 9 a c\ple ( miles f a mile 9 two m9utes to a mile 9 "o m9ute4 ,sev]al heavy grades 7 asc5d$1 "o ( !m ?ree miles long1 :i* r$uc$ ! spe$ 9 ! second two miles to #cj miles an h\r1 al?\gh ! l9ks 7 dropp$ to t5 in*es cut-(f4 ,! highe/ spe$ atta9$ dur+ ! run 0 a mile 9 #ee seconds4 ,! greate/ spe$ 0 rea*$ ) ! l9ks hook$ back to cut-(f at #g in*es4 ,x is well und]/ood by eng9e]s runn+ ^! tra9s1 t high velocity c only be atta9$ ) ! lev] well not*$ back4 ,sixty miles an h\r is ne>ly ! maximum spe$ ^! eng9es w make cutt+ (f at #h in*es1 & ! tra9 is s heavy t ! am\nt ( /eam repres5t$ by t cut-(f is ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! spe$ on curves or slightly asc5d+ grades4 ,! fa/e/ runn+ is done "u ! favorable conditions ( a /raight1 level track1 or desc5d+ grade1 :]e ! eng9e c h&le ! tra9 at #f or #g in*es cut-(f4 ,:5 runn+ ov] #fj miles an h\r1 if ! lev] be advanc$ a not* ! spe$ w decrease2 = m /eam gets into ! cyl9d]s ?an c be exhau/$ at ! high pi/on velocity1 & back pressure ensues1 :i* acts z a brake ^u ! eng9e4 ,ev5 ) ! big driv+-:eels ( ?is locomotive1 ! pi/on-spe$ at #fj miles an h\r is v high4 ,9 trav]s+ a mile 9 "o m9ute1 ! :eels make #beh revolutions1 giv+ a pi/on-spe$ ( #a1jcd feet4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,eng9e] ,,did ,,8 ,,"w4 ,! eng9e] exhibit$ rem>kable skill & intellig5ce 9 h&l+ ! eng9e4 ,! wat] 0 c>ri$ /eady )\t any fluctuation1 :i* enabl$ ! fireman to ma9ta9 ! /eam at an ev5 pressure4 ,:]e ! spe$ _h to be r$uc$1 no m brak+ 0 done ?an 0 absolutely necess>y2 & ! brake 0 appli$ s gradually1 t x 0 h>d to di/+ui% t ! spe$ 0 n be+ r$uc$ m]ely ?r\gh natural loss ( in]tia4 ,e "t ! /eam 0 %ut (f1 ! l9ks 7 dropp$1 giv+ ! valves full travel4 ,_m eng9e]s d n recognize ! urg5t necessity = do+ ?is4 ,!y w %ut (f /eam1 & leave ! eng9e runn+ hook$ up1 a practice :i* proves de/ructive to valves1 _! seats1 pi/ons1 & cyl9d]s4 ,take ! case ( ?is eng9e cutt+ (f at six in*es ( ! /roke4 ,z ! pi/on moves f ! po9t ( cut-(f to ! po9t ( release1 a p>tial vacuum is =m$ 9 ! cyl9d]2 &1 z soon z ! valve op5s ! exhau/1 ! hot1 c9d]-lad5 gases f ! smoke-box ru% 9 ?r\gh ! nozzles to fill ! void 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,dur+ ! return /roke1 compression beg9s ab\t eight in*es be=e ! completion ( ! /roke2 &1 z ! compression is too great = ! valve to hold d[n1 x is j]k$ viol5tly away f its seat1 caus+ ! clatt]+ s well kn[n :]e eng9es are runn+ hook$ up aft] ! /eam is %ut (f4 ,i h kn[n sev]al cases ( valves gett+ 8cock$0 f ?is cause alone4 ,,qualifications ,,t ,,make ,a ,,successful ,,eng9e]4 ,! ability to manage 8 eng9e skillfully1 s t its be/ p[]s may be economically develop$1 is ! fir/ requisite ( a good eng9e]2 b t qualification mu/ be supplem5t$ by o!rs sc>cely less ess5tial4 ,sagacity1 s\nd judgm5t1 judici\s self-reliance1 are attributes :i* advance m5 9 all call+s2 & !y are peculi>ly valuable possessions = ! man :o presides ov] ! safety ( a railway tra94 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a bus9ess :]e capacity = sudd5ly adapt+ circum/ances to ends is likely to prove s useful z x is to an eng9e]4 ,"s m5 get along smoo?ly ) eng9e & tra9 s long z e ?+ goes on regul>ly1--tra9s on "t1 & eng9es 9 p]fect ord]4 ,b let ! lea/ difficulty arise1 & !y succumb l a h\se ( c>ds4 ,imbecile1 helpless creatures1 !y are vanqui%$ by ! fir/ cl\d ( tr\ble4 ,_! true vocation is away f railways4 ,self-confid5ce is n always popul>2 b ! eng9e] :o is p]fectly satisfi$ ) 8 own ability to grapple successfully ) e em]g5cy1 to ov]come e difficulty1 & avoid e dang]1 is ! individual :o gets tra9s promptly ov] ! road4 ,he :o possesses adaptability = railroad+ acquires a ma/]y ( ! "w quickly1 b m]e aff9ity = ! call+ w n inve/ a man ) ! aggregation ( facts respect+ ! bus9ess :i* are requisite = meet+ ! em]g5cies ( tra9 s]vice4 ,?is mu/ be acquir$ by indu/ry & obs]vation4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,fir+ ,,0 ,,done4 ,! fireman's "p ( ! "w ( gett+ ! tra9 ov] ! road 0 no less skillfully done ?an t ( ! eng9e]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ sev5 miles ( ! trip1 he did no?+ = ! fire o!r ?an crack up "s coal-lumps4 ,all ! coal burn$ 0 brok5 d[n to pieces ab\t ! size ( two bricks4 ,:5 he seem$ to ?9k ! prop] "t _h come1 he glanc$ at ! fire1 !n ?rew 9 "o %ovelful ( coal4 ,to pit* coal ^u ! "r spot 9 a fire-box t5 feet long1 requires consid]able skill :5 ! eng9e is sw++ at a mile-a-m9ute spe$2 b ?is y\? seem$ equal to ! task4 ,he did n pile 9 a load ( coal1 & !n climb up into ! cab1 to wait = x to burn1 z is ! practice ( ! poor fireman4 ,aft] he began to fire1 he kept at x4 ,ab\t e two m9utes he got 9 a %ovelful ( coal4 ,:5 ! eng9e 0 work+ h>d gett+ into spe$1 he v>i$ 8 int]vals ( fir+2 b he work$ on a sy/em1 :i* 0 to keep up ! body ( fire1 & ma9ta9 ! temp]ature z ne>ly ev5 z possible4 ,he foll[$ sci5tific me?ods1 :e!r he und]/ood any ?+ ab\t sci5ce or n4 ,he nev] hesitat$ ab\t ! spot :]e ! coal 0 go+1 b pit*$ x 91 & clos$ ! door quickly1 wait+ till ! turn = ! next in/allm5t came r\nd4 ,by ?is means ! /eam nev] felt ! *ill+ effect t results f heavy-*>ge fir+4 ,! /eam-gauge index kept po9t+ at #ace z /eadily z if x _h be5 fa/5$ !re4 ,ab\t eight miles f ,philadelphia ! fireman /opp$ putt+ 9 coal1 & 9 ! rema9d] ( ! run he sev]al times us$ ! hoe to level ! fire4 ,:5 we /opp$ at ! /ation1 ab\t f\r in*es ( gl[+ c9d]s cov]$ ! grates4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,h>d-,,/eam+ ,,eng9es4 ,,importance ,,( ,,locomotives ,,/eam+ ,,freely4 ,z ! purpose ( a locomotive eng9e atta*$ to a tra9 is to take t tra9 along on "t1 & z eng9es are g5]ally rat$ to pull c>s accord+ to _! size1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t !y %\ld make /eam freely en\gh to keep up an ev5 pressure on ! boil] :ile ! cyl9d]s are draw+ ! supply necess>y to ma9ta9 spe$4 ,a locomotive t does n g5]ate /eam z fa/ z ! cyl9d]s use x1 is l a lame horse on ! road1 a torture to itself1 & to e "o connect$ ) x4 ,,ess5tials ,,= ,,good-,,/eam+ ,,eng9es4 ,to /eam freely1 an eng9e mu/ be built accord+ to s\nd me*anical pr9ciples4 ,! locomotives con/ruct$ by our be/ manufactur]s1 ! eng9es :i* keep ! tra9s on our fir/-class roads mov+ l clock-"w1 are design$ accord+ to proportions :i* exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ to be productive ( ! mo/ satisfactory results = p[] & spe$1 comb9$ ) economy4 ,!re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics common to all good mak]s4 ,! valve-motion is plann$ to apply /eam to ! pi/ons at ne>ly boil] pressure1 ) ! means ( cutt+ (f e>ly 9 ! /roke1 & reta9+ ! /eam long en\gh 9 ! cyl9d]s to obta9 tangible b5efits f its expansive pr9ciple4 ,lib]al heat+-surface is provid$ 9 ! boil]1 its ext5t be+ regulat$ by ! size ( ! cyl9d]s to be suppli$ ) /eam4 ,) a good valve-motion1 & pl5ty ( heat+-surface s]v$ ) ! products ( good coal1 an eng9e mu/ /eam freely if x is n prev5t$ f do+ s by malcon/ruction or adju/m5t ( m9or p>ts1 or by ! wa/+ ( heat 9 ! boil] or 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,an eng9e ( t k9d w /eam if x is manag$ ) any degree ( skill4 ,b z ! be/ la! ev] con/ruct$ w turn out poor "w "u ! h&s ( a blund]+ ma*9i/1 s ! be/ ( locomotives w make a bad record :5 run )\t c>e or skill4 ,regul> fe$+--! wat] suppli$ at a rate to equal ! quantity evaporat$1 :i* w ma9ta9 a ne>ly level gauge--is an ess5tial po9t 9 successful runn+4 ,x is h>dly second 9 importance to skillful fir+4 ,,causes ,,detrim5tal ,,to ,,mak+ ,,/eam4 ,:5 an eng9e is /eam+ badly1 almo/ ! fir/ action ( an exp]i5c$ eng9e] is to exam9e ! petticoat-pipe4 ,! influ5ce :i* ?is pipe ex]cises on ! /eam+ qualities ( an eng9e has already be5 adv]t$ to1 b its importance c n be too /rongly urg$ ^u ! att5tion ( ! "y eng9e]4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ successful devices inv5t$ = regulat+ ! vacuum 9 ! smoke-box1 s t ! curr5ts ( hot gases %all fl[ ev5ly ?r\gh all ! flues4 ,any ?+ :i* int]f]es to di/urb ! fl[ ( ^! curr5ts1 cr[d+ !m away f any section ( ! flue-surface1 w h a prejudicial effect ^u ! /eam4 ,! pipe may be set too high to produce an ev5 draught1 or ! fault may be 9 ! opposite direction4 ,its diamet] may n be suitable = ! conditions ( smoke box & /ack1 or its %ape may be at fault4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! pipe is fa/5$ obliquely1 s t ! bla/ imp+es on ! side ( ! /ack1 produc+ evil results2 or ! braces :i* keep x 9 position occasionally break1 & ! draught is p]mitt$ to %oot 9 e direction b ! direct way to ! atmosph]e1 & ! effect is imm$iately app>5t on ! /eam-gauge4 ,,petticoat-,,pipe4 ,! petticoat-pipe p]=ms1 9 relation to draught1 functions ( a simil> nature to ^? p]=m$ by ! tubes ( an injector 9 induc+ ! fl[ ( wat]2 & its effici5cy is r$uc$ by ! same di/urb+ ag5cies4 ,! pipe mu/ h a size 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( /ack1 & x mu/ be set s t x %all deliv] ! exhau/-/eam to make a /raight %oot ?r\gh ! /ack4 ,:5 ^! conditions are prop]ly arrang$1 ! exhau/-/eam goes ?r\gh ! /ack l a pi/on1 leav+ a vacuum beh9d4 ,! petticoat-pipe is a device conf9$ ma9ly to ,am]ican locomotives2 & its purpose is to regulate ! draught 9 ! smoke-box s t ! curr5ts ( hot gases are drawn uni=mly ?r\gh ! flues1 ! top1 bottom1 & sides gett+ ab\t ! same heat+ int5sity z passes ?r\gh ! middle r[s4 ,! opportunity = ! exhibition ( good fir+ dep5ds greatly ^u ! petticoat-pipe be+ con/ruct$ prop]ly1 & secur$ at ! "r position4 ,x is impracticable to lay d[n a positive rule = dim5sions & be/ position ( ^! pipes1 = eng9es ( ! same proportions frequ5tly require diff]5t petticoat-pipe arrangem5ts to make !m /eam freely4 ,= our #ag #bd eng9e1 !re is a petticoat-pipe #aa in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a fl>e1 at bottom1 #ag in*es wide4 ,! pipe rea*es )9 #c in*es ( ! bottom ( ! /ack1 & is set "o in* above ! nozzle4 ,?is gives good results 9 our case4 ,:5 eng9es ) suffici5t heat+-surface d n /eam freely1 ! tr\ble ne>ly always lies 9 malproportion$ or badly set petticoat-pipes4 ,sometimes a v small *ange 9 ! position ( ?is pipe w h a wond]ful effect ^u ! /eam+ qualities ( ! eng9e4 ,if ! pipe is set too high1 mo/ ( ! draught w pass ?r\gh ! l[] flues2 & ! upp] r[s w become fill$ ) soot1 & _m ( !m are likely to get *ok$ ) f9e a%es1 :i* rema9s !re = want ( draught to =ce x out4 ,%\ld x be too l[1 ! bottom r[s ( flues w suff] f ! effect ( defective draught4 ,:5 ! petticoat-pipe is j "r1 ! flues w look uni=mly clean inside1 :i* c be asc]ta9$ by a close inspection ( ! smoke-box4 ,9 addition to mak+ ! eng9e lose ! b5efit ( its full heat+-surface1 a badly arrang$ petticoat-pipe conc5trates ! draught s mu* t x te>s ! fire to pieces at "o p>ticul> po9t2 & ! only res\rce = ! man :o wi%es to keep up /eam is to fire heavily1 !reby prev5t+ cold air f be+ drawn ?r\gh ! crevices4 ,_m eng9es w n /eam ) a light fire1 & yet d well ) a heavy body ( coal on ! grates4 ,9 ne>ly e in/ance ( ?is k9d1 ! fault lies 9 ! petticoat-pipe2 &1 if ?is is prop]ly adju/$1 ! eng9e w be f\nd capable ( c>ry+ a light fire1 & w %[ f> m economical results ?an c\ld be rea*$ ) heavy fir+4 ,"s eng9e]s assume t ! petticoat-pipe mu/ be "r :5 an eng9e /eams freely1 ev5 ?\gh a heavy fire is necess>y to produce ?is result4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,x may be badly set or badly proportion$1 only a degree small] ?an x is :]e ! eng9e w n /eam to keep ! tra9 go+4 ,by closely wat*+ ! action ( ! bla/ on ! fire ( an eng9e t calls = heavy fir+1 ! eng9e] le>ns :]e ! fault lies4 ,:5 ! eng9e is labor+ on a h>d pull1 he %\ld op5 ! door2 & if he f9ds1 t1 9 a p>ticul> section ( ! fire-box1 ! small] pieces ( coal are danc+ & gl[+ ) an inc&esc5ce m brilliant ?an ! o!r p>ts1 & if he f9ds t ?is is repeat$ly ! case1 he may conclude t ! nozzles are too small1 or ! petticoat-pipe is work+ ! mis*ief ) 8 coal-acc\nt4 ,%\ld ! nozzles be ! prop] size1 he _h bett] lose no "t 9 beg9n+ to exp]im5t ) ?is pipe4 ,he c l[] x a qu>t] ( an in* at a "t1 & m>k ! effects ( ! *ange on ! fire4 ,%\ld t produce no improvem5t1 he may try rais+ x2 or1 if !re is a movable sleeve on ! top1 t may be set 9 diff]5t positions4 ,an eng9e] c te/ a petticoat-pipe mu* bett] by manipulat+ x on ! road ?an 9 ! r\nd-h\se4 ,if no *ange ( position w improve ! work+ ( ! pipe1 "o ( diff]5t dim5sions %\ld be tri$4 ,p]sev]ance 9 ?is l9e w br+ ! "r ?+ 9 ! end4 ,i knew an eng9e] :o tri$ five diff]5t petticoat-pipes be=e ! prop] "o 0 rea*$4 ,su* a ?+ causes labor1 & ne$s pati5ce2 b x pays :5 ! fuel-acc\nt = runn+ t5 ?\s& miles comes 94 ,,! ,,smoke-,,/ack4 ,! ord9>y purpose ( ! smoke-/ack is to convey ! smoke & exhau/$ gases to ! atmosph]e4 ,if x is int5d$ to p]=m its functions 9 a /raight=w>d mann]1 x is made ab\t ! same diamet] z ! cyl9d]s1 & its highe/ altitude rises f #ad to #ae feet above ! rail4 ,! /ack is a simple-en\gh article to look at1 yet a va/ am\nt ( inv5tive g5ius has be5 exp5d$ ^u attempts to exp& its natural functions4 ,attempts h be5 made to utilize x z an app>atus = consum+ smoke1 & hundr$s ( pat5ts hang ^u x z a sp>k-arre/]4 ,pat5tees1 9 pu%+ _! hobby1 seem occasionally to =get t a locomotive requires "s draught1 z a means ( g5]at+ /eam2 & /acks are frequ5tly s hamp]$ ) pat5t sp>k-arre/]s t ! means ( mak+ /eam are s]i\sly curtail$4 ,7 x n = ! dang] ( rais+ fires by sp>k-?r[+1 x w\ld be m economical to use eng9es ) cle> smoke-/acks2 & ! ext5d$ front end1 ) op5 /ack1 is a good move 9 ?is direction4 ,,ob/ructions ,,to ,,draught4 ,e ob/ruction to free draught entails ! use ( /rong artificial means to ov]come x4 ,! usual resort is contract$ nozzles1 :i* induce a %>p bla/1 & use up m fuel ?an w\ld be requir$ ) an op5 passage to ! atmosph]e4 ,among ! ob/acles to free /eam+1 t come "u ! category ( ob/ruct$ draught1 may be plac$ a wide cone fa/5$ l[1 & nett+ ) f9e me%es4 ,:5 ! draught passage is int]rupt$ to a p]nici\s ext5t by sp>k-arre/+ appliances1 _! effects c be p]ceiv$ on ! fire :5 /eam is %ut (f2 = ! flame & smoke pref] ! fire-box door to ! /ack z a means ( exit4 ,sometimes /eam-mak+ is h9d]$ by ! nett+ gett+ gumm$ up ) sp5t lubricants & dirt f ! cyl9d]s4 ,cases occur :]e ?is gum has to be burn$ (f be=e free draught c be obta9$4 ,wa/e soak$ ) coal-oil w g5]ally burn (f ! objectionable coat+4 ,,*ok+ ,,! ,,nett+ ,,) ,,oil4 ,gumm+ ( ! nett+ is usually caus$ by c>elessness 9 oil+ ! valves4 ,"s runn]s w %ut (f = a m9ute :ile ! fireman oils ! valves1 & ! lubricant sc>cely gets "t to rea* ! /eam-*e/ :5 ! ?rottle is op5$ wide aga92 & in/ead ( soak+ ov] valves & cyl9d]s1 & into ! remote/ "p ( pi/on-pack+1 ! oil goes ?r\gh ! /ack ) ! fir/ puff ( /eam4 ,x is be/1 9 oil+ ! valves1 to leave ! cup-plugs op5 long en\gh = ! oil to be suck$ out ( ! pipes4 ,!n1 :5 /eam is appli$1 x %\ld be done by slightly op5+ ! ?rottle1 s t x w "w ! oil into ! pi/on-pack+2 &1 aft] a few turns run ?is way1 !re w be no loose oil left to defile ! nett+4 ,,silici\s ,,deposit ,,on ,,flue-,,%eet4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( coal deposit a h>d1 silici\s sub/ance ^u ! back flue-%eet1 :i* gradually accumulates till ! draught is s]i\sly imp$$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 prev5ts ! full b5efit ( ! hot gases be+ obta9$2 & consequ5tly ! /eam goes d[n4 ,flues /opp$ up ) c9d]s produce a simil> effect4 ,! flues gett+ *ok$ up ) c9d]s is n always an indication t ! petticoat-pipe is p]=m+ its duty improp]ly4 ,/opp+ up ( flues is (t5 caus$ by wild1 unskillful fir+4 ,a %ovelful ( coal pit*$ high1 deposits "p ( its load direct 9 ! flues2 & "s pieces t are a close fit d n g ?r\gh4 ,!y /ick half way2 & small c9d]s soon foll[1 t quickly close up ! entire passage4 ,,! ,,ext5d$ ,,smoke-,,box4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! sp>k-arre/+ device is transf]r$ f ! smoke-/ack to ! smoke-box1 & ! exhau/ /eam escapes direct to ! atmosph]e1 )\t meet+ ob/ruction f a cone or nett+4 ,! nett+ is g5]ally an oblong scre51 ext5d+ f above ! upp] r[ ( flues to ! top ( ! ext5d$ smoke-box1 "s di/ance ahead ( ! /ack4 ,?is pres5ts a wide area ( nett+ = ! fire-gases to pass ?r\gh4 ,! draught ?r\gh ! flues is regulat$ by an apron or diaphragm-plate1 ext5d+ d[nw>ds at an acute angle f ! upp] "p ( ! flue-%eet4 ,) ! long exhau/-pipe us$ ) ! ext5d$ smoke-box1 ! t5d5cy ( ! exhau/ is to draw ! fire-gases ?r\gh ! upp] r[ ( flues4 ,! diaphragm-plate p]=ms ! same duties "h1 ( regulat+ ! draught ?r\gh ! flues equally1 z ! petticoat-pipe does ) ! diamond-/ack4 ,x is ( great consequ5ce1 = ! successful work+ ( ! eng9e1 t ! draught %\ld be prop]ly regulat$3 o!rwise !re w be tr\ble = want ( /eam4 ,:5 an eng9e hav+ an ext5d$ smoke-box does n /eam prop]ly1 exp]im5ts %\ld be made ) ! diaphragm fa/5$ at diff]5t angles1 till ! po9t is rea*$ :]e equal draught ?r\gh ! flues is obta9$4 ,clos+ ! nozzles1 z a means ( improv+ ! /eam+ ( su* an eng9e1 is c]ta9 to make matt]s worse4 ,,/eam-,,pipes ,,leak+4 ,! bl[+ ( /eam-pipe jo9ts 9 ! smoke-box is v disa/r\s to ! /eam+ qualities ( a locomotive4 ,?is has a d\ble action aga9/ keep+ up /eam4 ,all t escapes by leak+ is s mu* wa/$1 & its pres5ce 9 ! smoke-box int]rupts ! draught4 ,if ! /eam-pipe jo9ts are leak+ badly1 !y c be he>d :5 ! fire-door is op5 & ! eng9e work+ /eam4 ,"s exp]i5c$ eng9e]s c detect ! action ( leaky /eam-pipe jo9ts on ! fire2 b ! safe/ way to locate ?is tr\ble is by op5+ ! smoke-box door1 & giv+ ! eng9e /eam4 ,,defects ,,( ,,grates4 ,grates t are fitt$ s close z to curtail ! free admission ( air bel[ ! fire prev5t an eng9e f /eam+ freely4 ,! effect ( ?is w be mo/ app>5t :5 ! fire beg9s to get dirty4 ,?is is n a common fault4 ,i once knew ( an eng9e's /eam+ be+ v s]i\sly impair$ by two or ?ree f+]s 9 "o section ( grate be+ brok5 (f4 ,! eng9e /eam$ well ) a light fire1 till1 9 dump+ ! fire at ! end ( a j\rney1 ! m5 knock$ "s ( ! f+]s (f4 ,next trip1 x seem$ a diff]5t eng9e4 ,no?+ b heavy fir+ w\ld keep up an approa* at work+-pressure4 ,i exp]im5t$ ) ! petticoat-pipe )\t satisfaction1 assur$ myself t no leaks exi/$ among ! pipes2 ! /ack1 ) its connections1 0 faultless2 & ! eng9e] 0 puzzl$4 ,! defect 0 discov]$ by wat*+ ! effect ( ! bla/ ^u ! fire4 ,signs ( air-draw+ 7 (t5 to be se5 at ! po9t :]e ! brok5 f+]s 74 ,?is 0 :]e ! mis*ief lay4 ,too mu* cold air came ?r\gh1 unless ! op5+ 7 b$d$ ov] by heavy fire4 ,a drop-grate t did n close prop]ly _h a simil> effect ^u ano!r eng9e :i* came "u ! au?or's notice2 & a *ange1 :i* %ut ! op5+1 effect$ a p]fect rem$y4 ,,lime1 ,,scale1 ,,& ,,mud4 ,9 calc>e\s regions1 :]e ! wat]-supply = locomotives is drawn f wells1 ! mo/ common cause = bad-/eam+ eng9es is leaky heat+-surfaces1 or wat]-surfaces incru/$ ) lime deposits4 ,:5 he sees wat] p\r+ f flues & /ay-bolts1 an eng9e] has no difficulty 9 div9+ ! reason :y 8 eng9e /eams poorly2 nor ne$ he be f>-see+ to p]ceive a rem$y 9 ! boil]-mak]'s calk+-tools skillfully appli$4 ,! case ( incru/ation is1 h[ev]1 m difficult to compreh5d 9 all its be>+s4 ,:5 wat] conta9+ lime-salts t\*es ! hot flues or fire-box1 evaporation takes place2 & ! solid sub/ance previ\sly 9 solution is left beh9d1 & adh]es to ! heat+-surfaces1 gradually =m+ a refractory scale :i* is an indiff]5t conductor ( heat4 ,z ?is scale becomes ?ick1 x /&s up1 l a non-conduct+ b>ri]1 betwe5 ! wat] & ! hot %eets2 & x takes a mu* great] exp5diture ( heat to evaporate ! wat] inside1 j z a kettle coat$ ) scale is mu* h>d] to boil ?an a clean "o4 ,:5 a boil] gets badly f\l$ ) scale & mud1 ^! impurities ex]cise a p]nici\s effect ^u ! /eam+ qualities ( a locomotive4 ,,prev5t+ ,,accumulation ,,( ,,mud ,,9 ,,boil]s4 ,mud-drums1 ) bl[-(f cocks atta*$1 s]ve to *eck ! gr[? ( ?is evil :5 ! eng9e] is c>eful to make frequ5t use ( ^! appliances2 & a /rong pressure ( wa%+-out wat]1 p\r$ frequ5tly ?r\gh ! boil]1 has an excell5t cleans+ effect3 b "s k9ds ( scale defy mud-drums & ! be/ me?ods ( wa%+ out1 leav+ ! only resort to be ! removal ( flues = cleans+4 ,! fill+ up ( a boil] ) scale & mud1 s z to prev5t ! eng9e f /eam+ freely1 is necess>ily a gradual process2 & an obs]vant eng9e] has "t to note ! *ange1 & recomm5d ! prop] rem$y4 ,,tempor>y ,,cures ,,= ,,leaky ,,flues4 ,leaky flues or /ay-bolts may sometimes be dri$ up tempor>ily by putt+ bran1 or any o!r sub/ance conta9+ />*1 9 ! fe$-wat]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to use ?is rem$y too lib]ally1 or x w cause foam+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a sort ( grang] resort1 & is seldom tri$ except to help an eng9e to ! ne>e/ po9t :]e calk+ c be done4 ,,good ,,managem5t ,,makes ,,eng9es ,,/eam4 ,no eng9e /eams s freely b t x w get %ort "u mismanagem5t4 ,! locomotive is design$ to g5]ate /eam f wat] kept at a ne>ly uni=m temp]ature4 ,if an eng9e is pull+ a tra9 :i* requires ! evaporation ( #a1ejj gallons ( wat] ea* h\r1 !re w be #be gallons pump$ into ! boil] e m9ute4 ,:5 ?is goes on regul>ly1 all goes well2 b if ! runn] %uts ! fe$ = five m9utes1 & !n op5s x to all[ #ej gallons a m9ute to pass ?r\gh ! pump1 ! be/ eng9e go+ w %[ signs ( di/ress4 ,:]e ?is fluctuat+ /yle ( fe$+ is indulg$ 91--& _m c>eless runn]s are habitually guilty ( su* practices1--no locomotive c reta9 ! reputation ( do+ its "w economically4 ,,int]mitt5t ,,boil]-,,fe$+4 ,! case ( ,fr$ ,bemis1 :o /ill murd]s locomotives on a road 9 ,indiana1 is in/ructive 9 ?is respect4 ,fr$ 0 orig9ally a but*]2 &1 _h he /uck to ! cleav]1 he might h pass$ ?r\gh life z a fairly intellig5t man4 ,b he 0 seiz$ ) ! ambition to g railroad+1 & /ruck a job z fireman4 ,he nev] display$ any aptitude = ! bus9ess1 & 0 a poor fireman all 8 "t ?r\gh %e] indiff]5ce4 ,b he _h no specially bad habits2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 he 0 8set up40 ,he _h ! aptitude = see+ a ?+ done a ?\s& times )\t le>n+ h[ to d x4 ,all 8 movem5ts ) an eng9e 7 spasmodic4 ,/>t+ f a /ation ) a ro>+ fire & full boil]1 ! next /opp+-po9t loom$ ahead2 & to get !re z soon z possible 0 8 only ?\ght4 ,he w\ld keep ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! neighborhood ( ! 8corn]10 & p\nd ! eng9e along4 ,! pump w\ld be %ut (f to keep ! /eam f go+ back too fa/1 till ! wat] became l[3 !n ! fe$ w\ld be op5$ wide1 & ! /eam dr[n$ d[n4 ,9 va9 a heavy fire w\ld be torn to pieces by vigor\s %ak+ ( ! grates4 ,! /eam w\ld n rally1 & he w\ld crawl into ! next /ation at a wagon pace4 ,a labor+ bl[] & %ak]-b> w\ld resuscitate ! en]gies ( ! eng9e 9 a few m9utes if ! flues & fire-box 7 n leak+ too badly1 & ! injector w\ld provide ! wat] = />t+ on2 b no exp]i5ce ( delay & tr\ble seem$ capable ( tea*+ ,bemis ! lesson h[ to "w ! eng9e prop]ly4 ,he soon became ! t]ror ( tra9 m51 & ! boil]-mak]s work$ incessantly on 8 fire-box4 ,b he is /ill !re1 al?\gh he w n make an eng9e] if he runs = a c5tury4 ,,too ,,mu* ,,pi/on ,,cle>ance4 ,on "o ( our lead+ railroads a locomotive 0 rebuilt1 & fitt$ ) ! ext5sion smoke-box1 :i* 0 an exp]im5t = t road1 & consequ5tly 0 look$ ^u ) "s degree ( di/ru/4 ,:5 ! eng9e 0 put on ! road1 x 0 f\nd t x did n /eam satisfactorily4 ,( c\rse1 x 0 at once conclud$ t ! draught arrangem5ts 7 to blame2 & exp]im5ts 7 made1 ) ! view ( adju/+ ! fl[ ( gases ?r\gh ! tubes to produce bett] results4 ,! travel+ eng9e] ( ! road _h *>ge ( ! job1 & he proce$$ indu/ri\sly to "w at locat+ ! tr\ble4 ,he tri$ e ?+ 9 ! way ( adju/+ ! smoke-box atta*m5ts t c\ld be ?\ght (1 b no?+ t 0 done improv$ ! /eam+ qualities ( ! eng9e4 ,he !n proce$$ to se>* = tr\ble 9 "s o!r direction4 ,! result ( 8 exam9ation 0 ! discov]y t ! eng9e 0 work+ ) ?ree-f\r? in* cle>ance at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,?is1 he naturally conclud$1 entail$ a s]i\s wa/e ( /eam2 s he _h ! cle>ance r$uc$ to "o-f\r? in*4 ,:5 ! eng9e got out aft] ?is *ange1 x /eam$ v satisfactorily2 & ! ext5sion smoke-box is no long] 9 disrepute on t road4 ,,badly ,,proportion$ ,,smoke-,,/acks4 ,mi/akes are frequ5tly made :5 ! op5 /ack is adopt$1 z is practicable ) ! ext5d$ smoke-box1 ( mak+ ! /ack too wide = ! exhau/4 ,?is leads to defici5cy ( draught = ! /eam t is pass+ ?r\gh ! /ack1 because ! /eam does n fill ! /ack l a pi/on creat+ a clean vacuum beh9d x4 ,:]e an eng9e fails to /eam freely aft] be+ equipp$ ) an ext5d$ smoke-box1 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! proportion ( /ack diamet] to ! size ( cyl9d]s4 ,,! ,,exhau/ ,,nozzles4 ,locomotives1 ) _! limit$ heat+-surface1 require int5se artificial draught to produce /eam rapidly4 ,_m devices h be5 tri$ to /imulate combu/ion1 & g5]ate ! necess>y heat2 b none h prov$ s effectual & reliable z contract$ exhau/ orifices4 ,z ! int]mitt5t ru% ( /eam f ! cyl9d]s to ! op5 atmosph]e escapes f ! contract$ op5+s ( ! exhau/-pipe1 x leaves a p>tial vacuum 9 ! smoke-box1 into :i* ! gases f ! fire-box fl[ ) amaz+ velocity4 ,z ! area ( ! exhau/ nozzles is increas$1 ! pressure ( /eam pass+ ?r\gh becomes less5$1 & ! height ( ! vacuum 9 ! smoke-box is decreas$4 ,consequ5tly1 ) wide nozzles1 ! velocity ( ! gases ?r\gh ! flues is sl[] ?an ) n>r[ ones2 = !re is less suction 9 ! smoke-box to draw out ! fire products3 &1 :]e ! gases pass sl[ly ?r\gh ! flues1 !re is m "t giv5 = ! wat] to ab/ract ! heat4 ,any *ange or arrangem5t :i* w reta9 ! gases ( combu/ion "o-t5? ( a second long] 9 contact ) ! heat-extract+ surfaces1 w wond]fully increase ! evaporative s]vice ( a ton ( coal4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! pyromet]1 an in/rum5t = measur+ high temp]atures1 h %[n t ! gases pass+ ?r\gh ! smoke-box v>y f #djj degrees up to #ijj degrees ,fahr5heit2 & !y %[ t increase ( smoke-box temp]ature keeps pace ) contract$ nozzles4 ,f ?is1 eng9e]s c und]/& :y lead gaskets d n keep bl[]-jo9ts 9 a smoke-box tight1 ! melt+-po9t ( lead be+ #fbg degrees4 ,inord9ately contract$ nozzles are objectionable 9 ano!r way4 ,!y cause back pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s1 & !reby decrease ! effective duty ( ! /eam4 ,d\ble nozzles are pref]able to s+le ones2 because ) ! latt] ! /eam has a t5d5cy to %oot ov] into ! o!r cyl9d]1 & cause back pressure4 ,eng9e]s anxi\s to make a good record1 try to run ) nozzles z wide z possible4 ,contract$ nozzles de/roy p[] by back pressure3 !y te> ! fire to pieces ) ! viol5t bla/1 & !y hurry ! heat ?r\gh ! flues s fa/ t its temp]ature is b slightly dim9i%$ :5 x passes into ! atmosph]e4 ,! eng9e]1 :o1 by intellig5t c>e1 r$uces 8 smoke-box temp]ature #ajj degrees1 is wor?y to rank z a ma/] 9 8 call+4 ,! o!r day an eng9e] came into ! r\nd-h\se1 & said1 8,y _h bett] put #c in* nozzles 9 my eng9e3 ,i ?9k %e w get along ) t increase ( size40 ,he _h be5 us+ #c in* nozzles4 ,! *ange 0 accord+ly made4 ,:5 he return$ f ! next trip1 he express$ a d\bt ab\t ! advantage ( ! *ange4 ,b x happ5$ t 8 own fireman 0 (f1 & a /range man 0 s5t out1 :o1 al?\gh a good fireman1 fail$ to keep up /eam satisfactorily4 ,on ! foll[+ trip1 h[ev]1 ! fireman :o belong$ to ! eng9e1 return$1 & f\nd no difficulty 9 gett+ all ! /eam requir$4 ,b ?is fireman is "o :o w\ld /& f> up among a ?\s& competitors4 ,consid]able practice & intellig5t ?\ghtfulness1 comb9$ ) unfail+ indu/ry1 h develop$ 9 ?is man an excell5ce 9 fire managem5t seldom atta9$4 ,he foll[s a unique sy/em1 :i* seems 8 own4 ,x is ! me?od ( fir+ light c>ri$ to p]fection4 ,8 coal is all brok5 d[n f9e1 & lies )9 easy rea*4 ,8 movem5ts are cool & delib]ate1 no hurry1 no fuss4 ,:5 he op5s ! door1 8 load$ %ovel is ready to deposit its c>go ov] ! spot :i* a glance %[s him to be ! ?9ne/ portion ( ! fire4 ,on ! p>ts ( ! run :]e ! mo/ /eam is ne$$1 he fires "o %ovelful at brief int]vals1 keep+ x up "r along4 ,9 ?is way ! /eam nev] feels ! cool+ effect ( fre% fire1 = ! cont5ts ( ! fire-box are kept ne>ly uni=m4 ,?is plan is a ne> approa* to ! automatic /ok] :i* me*anical vision>ies pr$ict w effect p]fect fir+ 9 ! vague future4 ,to foll[ out su* a sy/em requires p]sev]ance & self-d5ial1 b ^! are well rew>d$ to ! man ^: "w is 8 pride4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,%ortness ,,( ,,wat]4--,,pump ,,disord]s4 ,,tr\ble ,,develops ,,natural ,,en]gy4 ,tr\ble & affliction are kn[n to h a purify+ & elevat+ effect ^u human "*2 difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 ! execution ( "w1 develop ! skill ( ! true artisan2 & tr\ble on ! road1 or accid5ts to locomotives1 furni% ! eng9e] ) opportunities = develop+ natural en]gy1 +5uity1 & p]sev]ance1 if ^! attributes are 9 him1 or !y publi% to 8 employ]s 8 lack ( ^! important qualities4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s s\rces ( tr\ble t an eng9e] c meet ) on ! road1 is %ortness ( wat]4 ,,%ortness ,,( ,,wat] ,a ,,s]i\s ,,pr$icam5t4 ,defici5cy ( /eam ) a locomotive t is expect$ to get a tra9 along on "t1 is a v try+ condition = an eng9e] to endure4 ,b a m try+ & m dang]\s ordeal1 is want ( wat]4 ,:]e /eam is employ$ z a means ( apply+ p[]1 wat] mu/ be kept con/antly ov] ! heat+-surfaces :ile ! fire is inc&esc5t1 or _! de/ruction is inevitable4 ,) a boil] :i* evaporates wat] rapidly1 & 9 su* l>ge quantities z t ( ! locomotive1 ! mo/ p]fect fe$+ app>atus is necess>y4 ,ne>ly all locomotives are well suppli$ 9 ?is respect4 ,good pumps or effici5t injectors provide ! eng9e] ) excell5t appliances = fe$+ ! boil] "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,b conditions sometimes occur :]e ! be/ ( pumps1 or ! mo/ reliable ( injectors1 fail to =ce wat] into ! boil]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,deal ,,) ,,%ortness ,,( ,,wat]4 ,:5 f any cause he f9ds ! boil] gett+ %ort ( wat]1 ! eng9e] %\ld resort to all kn[n me?ods )9 8 p[] to ov]come ! difficulty1 by remov+ ! ob/acle t is prev5t+ ! fe$+ app>atus f op]at+4 ,b1 :ile do+ s1 ! safety ( 8 fire-box & flues %\ld n be ov]look$ = a mom5t4 ,! utmo/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to qu5* ! fire be=e ! wat] gets bel[ ! cr[n-%eet4 ,?is c be p]=m$ mo/ effectually by knock+ ! fire out2 b sometimes ! tempor>y increase ( heat1 occasion$ by ! act ( draw+ ! fire1 is undesirable2 &1 9 su* a case1 ! safe/ plan is to damp5 ! fire by ?r[+ wet e>?1 or f9e coal saturat$ ) wat]1 ^u x4 ,or a m urg5t case /ill may int]v5e1 :5 dr5*+ ! fire ) wat] is ! only means ( sav+ ! %eets f de/ruction4 ,?is %\ld be a la/ resort1 h[ev]2 = x is a v clumsy way ( sav+ ! fire-box1 & is liable to d no small am\nt ( mis*ief4 ,cold wat] ?r[n ^u hot /eel %eets1 causes su* sudd5 contraction1 t cracks1 or ev5 rupture1 may ensue4 ,,wat*+ ,,! ,,wat]-,,gauges4 ,z 8burn+ 8 eng9e0 is ! greate/ disgrace t c pr(essionally befall an eng9e]1 e man wor?y ( ! "n gu>ds aga9/ a possibility ( be+ caught %ort ( wat] unaw>es1 by frequ5t te/+ ( ! gauge-cocks4 ,x is n en\gh to h a good-work+ wat]-glass4 ,if an eng9e] is ambiti\s to avoid tr\ble1 he runs by ! gauge-cocks1 us+ ! glass z an auxili>y4 ,c>eful exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ ! fact1 t ! wat]-glass1 work+ prop]ly1 is a m c]ta9 indication ( ! wat]-level ?an gauge-cocks2 =1 :5 ! boil] is dirty1 ! wat] rises above its natural level1 & ru%es at ! op5 gauge-cock4 ,?is c be prov$ :5 wat] is j bel[ a gauge-cock level4 ,if ! cock is op5$ slightly1 /eam alone passes out2 b1 :5 ! full op5+ is made1 wat] comes4 ,b wat] w n come ?r\gh a gauge-cock1 unless ! wat]-level is 9 its proximity2 & an eng9e] c tell1 :5 8 gauge %[s a mixture ( /eam1 t ! wat] %[n is n to be reli$ ^u4 ,x is n 8solid40 ,on ! o!r h&1 a wat]-glass out ( ord] sometimes %[s a full head ( wat] :5 ! cr[n-%eet is r$-hot4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,:5 ,,! ,,t5d] ,,is ,,f\nd ,,empty ,,betwe5 ,,/ations4 ,! mo/ natural cause = pumps or injectors ceas+ to "w1 is abs5ce ( wat] f ! t5d]4 ,?is condition comes r\nd on ! road occasionally1 :]e eng9e]s neglect to fill up at wat]-/ations1 or :]e !re are long runs betwe5 po9ts ( wat]-supply4 ,:5 an eng9e] f9ds himself %ort ( wat]1 & ! means ( repl5i%+ 8 tank too di/ant to rea*1 ev5 ) ! empty eng9e1 he %\ld bank or smo!r ! fire1 & reta9 suffici5t wat] 9 ! boil] to raise /eam on :5 he has be5 assi/$ to ! ne>e/ wat]-tank4 ,?is w save t$i\s delay1 especially :]e an eng9e has no pumps4 ,occasionally1 f miscalculations or ?r\gh accid5ts1 ! fire has to be qu5*$1 & insuffici5t wat] is left 9 ! boil] to />t a fire on safely4 ,9 ?is ev5t1 buckets c be resort$ to1 & ! boil] fill$ at ! safety-valves1 %\ld !re be no assi/ance1 or means ( pump+ up4 ,e possible means %\ld be exhau/$ to get ! eng9e 9 /eam1 be=e a runn] reque/s to h 8 eng9e t[$ 9 cold4 ,a ,,try+ ,,position4 ,i once knew a case :]e an eng9e] inadv]t5tly pass$ a wat]-tank )\t fill+ 8 t5d]4 ,he _h a heavy tra91 & 0 pu%+ along ) a heavy fire1 on a sev]e1 fro/y night1 :5 e creek & sl\gh by ! wayside 0 lo/ 9 heavy ice4 ,pres5tly 8 pump /opp$ work+1 & he sp5t "s "t try+ to />t x be=e he discov]$ t ! t5d] 0 empty4 ,by ! "t ?is fact became kn[n1 8 boil]-wat] 0 l[1 & a heavy fire kept ! /eam scream+ at ! safety-valves4 ,he _h no dump-grate1 & ! fire 0 too heavy to draw4 ,x seem$ a cle> case ( de/roy+ ! fire-box & flues4 ,b he 0 a man ( _m res\rces4 ,fir/1 he tri$ to get wat] ?r\gh ! gauge-cock--he _h only "o gauge--to qu5* ! fire1 b f\nd ! plan w\ld n "w4 ,!n he fill$ up ! fire-box ne>ly to ! cr[n-%eet ) ! smalle/ coal on ! t5d]1 & p>tly smo!r$ ! fire4 ,he !n p>tly op5$ ! smoke-box door1 & />t$ = ! wat]-/ation4 ,aft] gett+ ! eng9e go+1 he hook$ ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! c5t]1 & kept ! ?rottle wide op51 to make ! mo/ ( ! /eam-supply4 ,he sav$ 8 eng9e4 ,,wat*+ ,,! ,,/ra9]s4 ,:5 ! top ( a tank is 9 bad ord]1 & p]mits c9d]s & small pieces ( coal to fall ?r\gh rivet-holes1 or ?r\gh seams1 ! eng9e] may look out = grief ) 8 pumps or injectors4 ,on ! fir/ signs ( ! wat] fail+1 he %\ld exam9e ! /ra9]s2 & he w probably f9d t ^! copp] p]=ations1 :i* /& l w>d5s gu>d+ ! safety ( ! pumps & injectors1 h accumulat$ a mass ( c9d]s t ob/ructs ! fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,pumps4 ,me*anical progno/ications seem to indicate t pumps1 z locomotive atta*m5ts1 h outgr[n _! usefulness1 & t _! days are numb]$4 ,!y h done good s]vice :ile no bett] me?od ( fe$+ locomotive boil]s 0 kn[n2 b1 s9ce ! adv5t ( injectors1 pumps h begun to disappe>4 ,!y /ill hold _! own1 h[ev]1 on a great _m roads2 & a description ( _! managem5t w be ( g5]al int]e/4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,pumps ,,c ,,be ,,te/$4 ,if an eng9e] is 9 ! habit ( pump+ regul>ly1 & ( wat*+ 8 eng9e closely1 he c tell imm$iately f ! /eam :5 ! pump /ops work+4 ,!n he w op5 ! pet-cock2 & its action w indicate1 to "s ext5t1 :]e ! tr\ble lies4 ,if ! pet-cock ?r[s a feeble /ream ( wat]1 ! tr\ble probably is 9 ! l[] valve4 ,if t /icks up1 or "p ( ! bottom cage breaks1 ! plung] w pu% ! wat] back into ! fe$-pipe on ! return /roke1 consequ5tly !re w be no pressure to ?r[ a /rong /ream ?r\gh ! pet-cock4 ,:5 ! upp] or pressure-valve is damag$1 or is /uck up1 ! pet-cock w ?r[ a full /ream dur+ ! inw>d /roke ( ! plung]2 b1 on ! outw>d /roke1 ! plung] w draw ! wat] out ( ! bran*-pipe1 & air w be suck$ 9 at ! op5 pet-cock4 ,:5 ! *eck-valve is damag$1 or /uck up1 /eam & wat] w bl[ back ?r\gh ! bran*-pipe :5 ! pet-cock is left op54 ,if ! /eam ?us escap+ f ! *eck-valves heats ! pump & valves to a high temp]ature1 x w be prev5t$ f work+1 f sev]al causes4 ,! heat g5]ates a l[ =m ( /eam1 :i* fills up ! space beh9d ! plung]2 !re=e1 no vacuum is =m$ to draw ! wat]4 ,n infrequ5tly ! pump-valves exp& s mu* f ! heat1 t !y /ick fa/ away f _! seats4 ,if ! pump has /opp$ ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( impurities on ei!r ( ! valves or cages1 ! eng9e] kn[s t he may remove ! ob/ruction by /eam-pressure2 s1 aft] lett+ ! fe$-pipe fill ) wat]1 he op5s ! heat]-cock1 & closes ! foot-cock1 lett+ ! /eam & wat] bl[ ?r\gh ! pump4 ,if he consid]s ! ob/ruction to be 9 ! /ra9]1 & has n "t to /op & take x d[n1 he bl[s /eam f ! heat] ?r\gh to ! t5d]1 :i* gives tempor>y relief4 ,if any ( ! pump-valves are /uck up1 & c n be got back to _! seats by bl[+ wat] & /eam ?r\gh !m1 ! eng9e] w take a s(t hamm]1 & tap ! seats lightly1 ) good prospects ( rem$y+ ! defect4 ,9 case no improvem5t c be effect$ 9 t way1 & !re is no o!r fe$+-m$ium to rely ^u1 ! eng9e] c take d[n ! top or bottom *amb] 9 a few m9utes to remove any impurities t may be keep+ ! pump f work+4 ,he w !n be likely to f9d a piece ( pack+ t has pass$ ?r\gh ! pump1 bu%+1 or "s o!r =eign sub/ance1 jamm$ betwe5 ! cage & ! valve1 keep+ ! latt] immovable4 ,or ! tr\ble may be a brok5 valve or cage1 :i* w r5d] ! pump useless till repair$4 ,,lift ,,( ,,pump-,,valves4 ,:5 a pump-valve has mu* lift1 x is v liable to p\nd itself or ! cage s heavily t breakage occurs4 ,! prop] lift requir$ = pump-valves dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! diamet] ( ! valves !mselves1 ^? ( lib]al ?ickness requir+ less lift ?an a valve ( n>r[ compass4 ,! eng9e pull+ our tra9 has pump-valves two & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]3 ! pump-plung]1 be+ work$ f ! cross-head1 has a diamet] ( two in*es4 ,! bottom valve has ?ree-?irty-seconds ( an in* ( lift1 ! middle valve has "o-eigh? ( an in* ( lift1 & ! *eck-valve rises "o-f\r? ( an in*4 ,^! dim5sions produce v satisfactory results = all spe$s4 ,! pump p]=ms its "w ) rem>kable smoo?ness1 is free f p\nd+ or fluctuat+1 & gives no tr\ble ab\t repairs4 ,eng9es employ$ on fa/ pass5g] s]vice h _! valve-lifts "o-?irty-second ( an in* less ?an ?is "o1 & sl[ freight eng9es are regulat$ to rise "o-sixte5? ( an in* m ?an ! dim5sions giv54 ,,keep ,,pipes ,,tight1 ,,& ,,pack+ ,,9 ,,ord]4 ,9 ord] to insure ! regul> & satisfactory work+ ( a pump1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t leaks ab\t ! fe$-pipes or heat]-pipes3 ! pack+ %\ld be kept 9 good ord]1 & ! *amb]-jo9ts %\ld be p]fectly air-tight4 ,dur+ ! outw>d /roke ( ! plung]1 a vacuum %\ld be produc$ inside ! pump1 into :i* ! wat] ru%es4 ,if ?is vacuum gets p>tly fill$ ) air or vapor1 ! work+ ( ! pump w be unsatisfactory4 ,no?+ is s liable to produce ?is undesirable condition z badly pack$ gl&s or leaky jo9ts4 ,a poor pump c (t5 be made to produce fair "w1 by att5tion & c>e be/[$ ^u its atta*m5t2 & lack ( c>e w soon r5d] ! be/-con/ruct$ pump unreliable4 ,,s& ,,9 ,,! ,,pump-,,*amb]s4 ,! pump has "o ar*-enemy1 :i* comes (f victor 9 e conflict4 ,t is s&4 ,! railway idiom :i* uses ! ^w 8s&0 to express c\rage1 orig9at$ 9 ! k ( h[ c]ta9ly & quickly a h&ful ( s& w\ld vanqui% ! be/ pump t me*anical skill might produce4 ,! grit works its way among ! pack+1 & te>s & cuts ! plung] out ( %ape3 x ins9uates itself up betwe5 ! cages & valves1 & holds ! latt] s fa/ t h>d hamm]+ is (t5 ne$$ to dissolve ! compact4 ,prop] wa%+ out ( ! tank1 cleans+ ( fe$-pipes1 & ! use ( wat] free f s&1 is ! only sure rem$y = ?is evil4 ,:]e an eng9e] is situat$ s t he mu/ take wat] conta9+ s& 9 susp5sion1 p>tial relief w be obta9$ by giv+ ! valves free side-room 9 ! cages2 b an injector w be f\nd mu* sup]ior to a pump z a means ( putt+ s&-contam9at$ wat] into a boil]4 ,,deliv]y ,,orifice ,,*ok$ ,,) ,,lime ,,s$im5t4 ,:5 a pump beg9s to %[ di/ress f ov]-pressure1--:i* w be indicat$ by ! break+ out ( jo9ts1 ! rejection ( /uff+ & box-pack+1 & ! bur/+ ( bran*-pipe1--! orifice betwe5 ! *eck & ! boil] %\ld be exam9$2 = t ap]ture (t5 becomes almo/ clos$ by ! accumulation ( lime-salts4 ,,m9or ,,pump ,,tr\bles4 ,:]e ! fe$-pipes & o!r connections are p]fectly air-tight1 "s pumps w p\nd badly :5 ! wat] is %ut (f4 ,?is c be prev5t$ by mak+ a m9ute hole 9 ! fe$-pipe2 or a m conv5i5t place is ! upp] "p ( ! heat]-pipe1 away above ! wat]-level4 ,%\ld ! valves ( a pump be leaky on _! seats1 ! pump w n "w satisfactorily4 ,:]e ! l[] valve is n prop]ly gr\nd on ! seat1 ! plung] sucks air f ! fe$-pipe1 or ?r\gh ! jo9ts or pack+1 &1 at ! return /roke1 compresses "p ( ! air 9 ! pump1 & =ces ! rema9d] back into ! fe$-pipe ?r\gh ! leaky valve4 ,?is process goes on aft] ! fe$ is put on2 ! accumulat$ air /&s l a cu%ion betwe5 ! plung] & ! wat]2 & ! pump w n g to "w until ! pet-cock is op5$1 :5 ! air ru%es out1 p]mitt+ ! wat] to fl[ 94 ,eng9e]s hav+ pumps t w n "w till ! pet-cock is op5$1 %\ld h ! suction-valve gr\nd 92 & !y w f9d a decid$ improvem5t f ! op]ation4 ,= sl[ tra9 s]vice1 pumps p]=m ! s]vice ( boil]-fe$+ fairly well2 b1 = fa/ pass5g] tra9s1 a pump %\ld n be tol]at$4 ,a pump c n be con/ruct$ = high-spe$ eng9es t w ?r[ wat] regul>ly at high velocity ( /roke4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,injectors4 ,injectors h made rem>kably rapid /rides into public favor dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,x is a safe pr$iction to say1 t1 be=e ! end ( ano!r decade1 !re w be no new pumps put ^u locomotives4 ,s long z injectors 7 imp]fectly und]/ood1 & 7 us$ ) no regul>ity1 !y reta9$ ! "n ( be+ unreliable2 b1 s soon z !y began to be made ! sole fe$+-m$ium = locomotive boil]s1 !y _h to be work$ regul>ly1 & kept 9 ord]1 :i* quickly made _! m]its recogniz$4 ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,injector4 ,! fe$ injector 0 inv5t$ by ,h5ri ,giff>d1 an em95t ,fr5* sci5ti/ & ronaut4 ,its successful action 0 discov]$ dur+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made ) ! view ( devis+ light ma*9]y t might be us$ to propel balloons4 ,al?\gh ,giff>d design$ ! mo/ p]fect balloon t 0 ev] con/ruct$1 ! injector 0 n us$ ^u x2 & ! inv5tion 0 laid aside1 & almo/ =gott54 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( a sea-voyage1 ,giff>d happ5$ to meet ,/ew>t ( ! eng9e]+ firm1 ,%>p1 ,/ew>t1 ,co41 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a conv]sation on ! fe$+ ( boil]s1 ,giff>d rememb]$ 8 injector1 & m5tion$ its me?od ( action4 ,/ew>t 0 /ruck ) ! simplicity ( ! device1 & und]took to br+ x out 9 ,engl&1 :i* he %ortly aft]w>ds did1 repres5t+ ! int]e/s ( ! inv5tor s long z ! orig9al pat5ts la/$4 ,by 8 advice1 ,william ,sell]s ,co4 ( ,philadelphia 7 giv5 control ( ! ,am]ican pat5ts4 ,seldom has an inv5tion caus$ s mu* a/oni%m5t & wild speculation among me*anics1 & ev5 among sci5ti/s1 z ! injector did = ! fir/ few ye>s ( its use4 ,sci5ti/s 7 n long 9 discov]+ ! philosophy ( ! injector's action1 b t k spread m sl[ly among me*anics4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z a case ( p]petual motion1--! means ( do+ "w )\t p[]1 or1 z ,am]icans express$ x1 by ! same means a man c\ld raise himself by pull+ on 8 boot-/raps4 ,,try+ ,,to ,,f9d ,,out ,,h[ ,,! ,,injector ,,work$4 ,among ! me*anics ,i associat$ )1 ! injector 0 spok5 ( z a ma*9e hav+ a secret me?od ( action4 ,!re 0 suppos$ to be "s "p inside1 :]e a vacuum 0 =m$1 :i* s5t ! wat] into ! boil]4 ,we 7 all famili> ) ! vacuum ( cond5s+ eng9es1 & x 0 a conv5i5t solution ( ! my/]y4 ,i rememb] committ+ :at we reg>d$ z a he9\s s91 9 try+ to f9d out ! secret ( ! injector4 ,on a ,sunday =5oon 9 a ,scot* t[n1 :]e x 0 consid]$ next to a crime to miss go+ to *ur*1 ?ree ( u /ole quietly into an eng9e-h\se1 & took an injector ap>t1 :5 we knew ! =eman1 l a pi\s man1 0 li/5+ to ! s]mon4 ,all our plans _h be5 laid ! previ\s day1 & ! necess>y tools laid conv5i5tly at h&4 ,! feel+ ( disappo9tm5t we exp]i5c$ at f9d+ no?+ to expla9 ! work+ ( ! ?+1 is /ill vivid 9 my memory4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,injector',s ,,action4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! injector's action is t ( induc$ curr5ts1 :i* is mu* m popul>ly und]/ood to-day ?an x 0 tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,a curr5t ( any k9d has a t5d5cy to induce a movem5t 9 ! same direction ( any body x passes ov] or t\*es4 ,?us1 we are all famili> ) ! fact t a curr5t ( air call$ w9d1 pass+ ov] ! surface ( a body ( wat]1 sets waves 9 motion1 & da%es ! wat] high up on ! %ore above its orig9al level4 ,9 ! same way1 a jet ( /eam mov+ v rapidly1 :5 inject$ into a body ( wat] "u favorable conditions1 imp>ts a portion ( its motion1 & />ts mom5tum suffici5t to ov]come ! orig9al pressure ( ! /eam4 ,t is h[ ! injector is made to =ce wat] into a boil] aga9/ ! same pressure ! /eam is />t+ f4 ,! pr9ciple is n[ utiliz$ 9 ! arts = _m useful purposes4 ,! ord9>y locomotive bla/1 bl[]s1 /eam siphons1 /eam-jets1 jet exhau/]s1 & arg& burn]s1 are common in/ances ( its application4 ,:5 ! action ( ! injector is closely exam9$1 its my/]y z a s\rce ( p[] disappe>s2 = x is f\nd t an am\nt ( heat equal to ! me*anical equival5t ( "w done1 is us$ up dur+ ! op]ation ( fe$+4 ,?us1 :5 a giv5 quantity ( heat units pass f ! ?rottle to "w ! injector1 ! :ole ( ! heat does n return to ! boil] along ) ! fe$-wat]1 z 0 fir/ suppos$ to be ! case2 b a portion ( heat repres5t+ ! foot p\nds ( "w done is dissipat$1 besides o!r losses incid5t to leakage1 radiation1 & convection4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,injector4 ,!re are a great _m diff]5t =ms ( injectors 9 use1 b all ( !m con=m to c]ta9 elem5t>y pr9ciples 9 _! mode ( action4 ,/eam passes f ! boil] ?r\gh ! /eam-pipe & receiv+-tube ,a 7,fig4 #a7 at a high velocity1 &1 comb9+ ) ! wat] at ! po9t ,b1 cond5ses1 b imp>ts consid]able mom5tum to ! wat]1 :i* ru%es along into ! deliv]y pipe1 raises ! *eck-valve1 & passes into ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! tubes ( ! injector are arrang$ s t a conc5trat$ jet ( /eam %all imp+e ^u ! wat] to =ce x ?r\gh passages t are design$ 9 ! be/ =m = ma9ta9+ ! solidity ( ! curr5t4 ,! spe$ imp>t$ to ! wat] repres5ts ! "w p]=m$ by ! /eam1 & ^u ?is velocity dep5ds ! successful action ( ! injector4 ,z ! curr5t ( wat] = />t+ ! injector c\ld n be induc$ aga9/ ! con/ant pressure on ! *eck-valve1 :i* equals ! pressure at ! ?rottle1 an ov]fl[ is provid$ :]e ! wat] c fl[ un*eck$ till ! necess>y mom5tum is obta9$1 :5 ! ov]fl[ is clos$4 ,all deviations 9 con/ruction f ! elem5t>y injector %[n 9 ,fig4 #a are made = ! purpose ( ext5d+ ! action ( ! injector "u v>i$ conditions1 = mak+ x "w automatically "u diff]5t pressures ( /eam1 & = improv+ its capacity to lift wat] above its natural level4 ,a ,,heat]-,,pipe ,,act+ ,,z ,,an ,,injector4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! injector1 cases occasionally happ5$ ( ! heat]-pipe act+ z an injector4 ,:]e ! end ( ! heat] pipe 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! fe$-pipe1 & po9t$ t[>ds ! *eck-valve1 />t+ ! heat] "u favorable conditions w\ld c>ry ! wat] into ! boil]4 ,a great _m old eng9e]s relate in/ances :]e ?is has happ5$4 ,,skill ,,& ,,reflection ,,ne$$ ,,9 ,,repair+ ,,injectors4 ,injectors c be kept 9 good ord] ) less "w ?an is ne$$ to keep a pump go+1 b ! highe/ k9d ( me*anical skill is requir$ = ! injector :5 repairs mu/ be done4 ,almo/ any k9d ( ma*9i/ c fit a new *amb] or plung] into a pump4 ,_m m5 :o w d ?is job satisfactorily w get badly left :5 !y try to put a defective injector 9 ord]4 ,to d su* "w1 ?\ghtful reflection is call$ =1 besides ! h& t c d accurate fitt+4 ,a workman :o may be good on guides or cross-heads or l9ks1 takes an injector ap>t t w n "w1 & c p]ceive no?+ wrong ) x1 because he has n got ! philosophy ( ! ?+ ?r\gh 8 head2 & he mu/ h t be=e he c h insight into ! probable cause ( d]angem5t4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,injectors4 ,:5 an eng9e] f9ds t an injector refuses to "w1 8 fir/ resort %\ld be ! /ra9]4 ,t gets *ok$ ) c9d]s or o!r impurities s frequ5tly1 t no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 exam9+ x4 ,"o day1 :5 ,i 0 runn+ a r\nd-h\se1 an eng9e] came 9 brea?less1 ) ! in=mation t 8 eng9e 0 block$ 9 ! y>d1 & he mu/ dump 8 fire1 z he c\ld n get 8 injector to "w4 ,! !rmomet] /ood at tw5ty degrees bel[ z]o1 & an ,i[a blizz>d 0 bl[+2 s ! prospect ( a dead eng9e 9 ! y>d meant "s di/ress+ly cold labor4 ,i ask$1 ! fir/ ?+1 if he _h tri$ ! /ra9]2 & 8 answ] 01 t ! /ra9] 0 all "r1 = ! injector prim$ satisfactorily1 b broke e "t he put on a head ( /eam4 ,i w5t out to ! eng9e1 & _h ! eng9e] try to "w ! injector4 ,by wat*+ ! ov]fl[ /ream1 ,i easily p]ceiv$ t ! injector 0 n gett+ en\gh wat]1 al?\gh x prim$4 ,an exam9ation %[$ t ! /ra9] 0 full ( c9d]s1 & ! injector w5t to "w all "r :5 ! ob/ruction to ! wat] 0 remov$4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,common ,,causes ,,( ,,d]angem5t4 ,s& & c9d]s are ! greate/ cause ( failures ) injectors2 z !y are1 inde$1 ) all wat]-fe$+ app>atus4 ,i knew a case :]e wat] = a locomotive1 runn+ on a %ort bran*1 0 tak5 out ( a s&y creek ) a siphon4 ,! tank _h g5]ally ab\t six in*es ( s& 9 ! bottom4 ,! eng9e _h a pump & an injector2 b all ! fe$+ _h to be done by ! latt]1 = ! pump nev] work$ a gallon ( wat]4 ,! injector work$ ! wat] ?r\gh :5 x seem$ a qu>t] s&4 ,9 a %ort "t ! s& de/roy$ ! tubes ( ! injector1 = x act$ on !m ! same way z a s&-bla/ does 9 cutt+ files or glass4 ,a v common cause ( failure ( injectors1 is leakage ( /eam ?r\gh ?rottle-valve or *eck-valve1 keep+ ! injector s hot t no vacuum c be =m$ to make x prime4 ,a great _m injector-*ecks h be5 turn$ out too light = ord9>y s]vice1 :ile o!rs are made 9 a %ape t w always leave ! valve away f ! seat :5 !y /op work+4 ,!n ! eng9e] has to run =w>d1 & p\nd ! *eck ) a hamm] to keep ! /eam f bl[+ back2 & t soon ru9s ! ca/+4 ,*eck-valves set 9 a horizontal position are wor?less ) wat] t conta9s grit4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,,an ,,injector ,,9 ,,good ,,ord]4 ,to pres]ve a good work+ injector1 ! eng9e] %\ld see t all ! pipes & jo9ts are kept p]fectly tight4 ,x is h>d to keep pipes & jo9ts tight :5 !y are subject$ to ! cont9ual j>s a locomotive mu/ /&2 b injectors c n be dep5d$ on :]e !re is a possibility ( air mix+ ) ! wat]4 ,leaky jo9ts or pipes are p>ticul>ly tr\blesome to lift+ injectors2 = air passes 91 & keeps ! /eam-jet f =m+ a vacuum4 ,at fir/ ! injector w m]ely be difficult to />t2 b1 z ! leaks get worse1 !re w be no />t+ x at all4 ,!n1 ! air mix+ ) ! wat] is detrim5tal to ! work+ ( all injectors1 z its t5d5cy is to decrease ! spe$ ( ! wat]4 ,! compact molecules ( wat] =m a cohesive body1 :i* ! /eam c /rike ^u ) tell+ =ce to keep x 9 motion4 ,:5 ! wat] is mix$ ) air1 x lacks ! elem5t ( compactness2 & ! /eam-jet /rikes a semi-ela/ic body1 :i* does n receive mom5tum readily4 ,?is mixture ( /eam & air does n act solidly on ! *eck-valve1 b makes ! wat] pass 9 ) a bubbl+ s\nd1 z if ! valve 7 mov+ up & d[n2 & ! /ream ( wat] breaks v readily :5 x is work+ 9 ?is way4 ,,curi\s ,,cases ,,( ,,tr\ble ,,) ,,an ,,injector4 ,i ran a ,sell]s improv$ injector on a locomotive ab\t a ye>1 & x 0 an excell5t fe$+ app>atus2 b ,i sev]al times _h curi\s cases ( tr\ble 9 gett+ x to "w4 ,once x began draw+ air2 & ,i c\ld n f9d out :]e ! air 0 com+ f1 = ! pipes seem$ all tight4 ,b ! air 0 go+ ?r\gh1 = ,i c\ld he> its mutt]+s2 & ! wat] kept break+1 :i* 0 an annoyance on ! road4 ,a heat]-pipe 0 atta*$ to ! injector fe$-pipe2 & ,i aft]w>d f\nd out t ! air 0 gett+ 9 at ! top jo9t ( ?is pipe1 :i* did n %[ a leak1 be+ above ! wat]4 ,ano!r "t ,i _h almo/ a failure ) ?is injector out 9 ! sn[4 ,i 0 out ) a sn[-pl[1 op5+ ! road ?r\gh enorm\sly deep sn[-drifts4 ,we _h work$ on "o bank = sev]al days2 & we made wat] by %ovel+ sn[ into ! tank1 :i* 0 melt$ by bl[+ /eam ?r\gh ! heat]s & injector4 ,c9d]s 7 pass$ into ! tank v freely ) ! sn[1 & pres5tly ,i began to h tr\ble ) my injector4 ,i took x ap>t sev]al times1 & clean$ out c9d]s1 :5 x w5t to "w all "r aga94 ,b a "t came :5 x refus$ to "w :5 !re 7 no c9d]s inside1 & x seem$ t no am\nt ( coax+ w\ld make x />t4 ,x w\ld prime all "r2 b1 s soon z ,i gave x /eam1 ! wat] w\ld break4 ,driv5 to my wits' end1 ,i made ! fireman try to "w ! injector1 :ile ,i w5t d[n & wat*$ its action4 ,ev]y?+ seem$ tight3 ,i _h exam9$ ! /ra9]1 & !re appe>$ no reason :y x %\ld n op]ate z well z x ev] did4 ,:ile wat*+ x1 ,i saw a drop ( wat] ooz+ out at ! /em ( ! ov]fl[-valve2 b ,i reason$1 8,t c n affect ! work+ ( ! injector1 because x is ahead ( :]e ! wat] />ts40 ,b1 see+ t ! ?+ w\ld p]si/ 9 n work+1 ,i put a bit ( pack+ 9 ! ov]fl[-/em1 ?9k+ x w d no h>m any way2 & !n ! injector w5t to "w all "r1 & ,i _h no m tr\ble ) x4 ,s a defect t may seem trifl+1 sometimes proves s]i\s to an injector4 ,,common ,,defects4 ,z ma9ta9+ unbrok5 spe$ on ! wat] put 9 motion is ! fir/ ess5tial 9 keep+ an injector 9 good work+-ord]1 any ?+ t has a t5d5cy to r$uce t spe$ w jeop>dize its action4 ,a v>iety ( influ5ces comb9e to r$uce ! orig9al effici5cy ( an injector4 ,^? ) fix$ nozzles are con/ruct$ ) ! orifices ( a c]ta9 size1 & 9 ! proportion to ea* o!r :i* exp]im5t has demon/rat$ to be be/ = fe$+ ) ! v>i$ /eam-pressures4 ,:5 ^! orifices get worn out ( ! prop] size1 ! injector w "w badly2 & no?+ w cure x b new tubes4 ,! tubes sometimes get loose inside ! %ell ( ! injector1 & drop d[n out ( l9e4 ,! wat] w !n /rike aga9/ ! side ( ! next tube1 or on "s po9t out ( ! true l9e1 scatt]+ x into spray1 :i* conta9s no en]gy to =ce itself into ! boil]4 ,a ma*9i/ exam9+ a defective injector1 %\ld always make sure t ! tubes are n loose4 ,injectors t suff] f ?is defect w n "w )\t a high pressure ( /eam4 ,injectors suff]+ f incru/$ wat]-passages w g5]ally "w be/ ) ! /eam l[4 ,cases ( ! latt] k9d are common 9 calc>e\s di/ricts4 ,i h kn[n in/ances :]e injectors got s incru/$ ) lime t ! passages 7 almo/ clos$4 ,jo9ts ab\t injectors t are kept tight by pack+ mu/ be closely wat*$4 ,_m an injector t fail$ to "w satisfactorily has be5 entirely cur$ by pack+ ! ram-gl&4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,injectors ,,9 ,,w9t]4 ,dur+ sev]e fro/y wea!r1 an injector c be kept 9 ord] mu* easi] ?an a pump2 b x ne$s con/ant wat*+ & intellig5t sup]vision4 ,to keep an injector cle> ( dang] f fro/1 x %\ld be fitt$ up s t all ! pipes c be ?or\ghly dra9$1 by fro/-cocks put 9 = t purpose4 ,b5ds 9 ! pipes1 :]e wat] c\ld /&1 %\ld be avoid$ z f> z possible2 &1 :]e !y c n be avoid$1 ! l[e/ po9t %\ld conta9 a fro/-cock4 ,to run an injector successfully1 ?\ghtful c>e is requisite on ! "p ( ! eng9e]2 &1 :]e ?is is giv51 ! injector w prove itself a v economical boil]-fe$]4 ,,sell]s ,,injector4 ,:5 ! ,giff>d injector 0 fir/ introduc$ into ?is c\ntry1 by ,william ,sell]s ,co41 ,philadelphia1 x 0 a v defective boil]-fe$]2 b t firm effect$ great improvem5ts1 & l$ ! way = mak+ ! injector ! popul> boil]-fe$] x is to-day4 ,!y made ! in/rum5t self-adju/+1 & improv$ its design1 s t x w\ld automatically fe$1 h[ev] mu* ! pressure ( ! boil] v>i$4 ,aft] num]\s *anges1 ! injector ( #ahgf 0 produc$1 :i* is %[n by a sectional view 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,sell]s injector ( to-day rema9s sub/antially ! same z x 0 :5 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #b1 ,a is ! receiv+-tube1 :i* w be clos$ to ! admission ( /eam by ! valve ,x4 ,a holl[ sp9dle pass+ ?r\gh ! receiv+-tube into ! comb9+-tube1 is secur$ to ! rod ,b2 & ! valve ,x is fitt$ to ?is sp9dle 9 su* a way1 t ! latt] c be mov$ a slight di/ance 7until ! /op %[n 9 ! figure engages ) valve ,x7 )\t rais+ ! valve ,x f its seat4 ,a second valve1 ,w1 secur$ to ! rod ,b1 has its seat 9 ! upp] side ( ! valve ,x1 s t x c be op5$ 7?us admitt+ /eam to ! c5t] ( ! sp9dle7 )\t rais+ ! valve ,x f its seat1 if ! rod ,b is n drawn out any f>!r1 aft] ! /op on ! holl[ sp9dle comes 9 contact ) ! valve ,x4 ,d is ! deliv]y-tube1 ,o an ov]fl[ op5+ into space ,c1 ,k ! *eck-valve 9 deliv]y-pipe1 & ,p ,r ! wa/e-valve4 ,! upp] end ( ! comb9+-tube has a pi/on ,n ,n atta*$ to x1 capable ( mov+ freely 9 a cyl9drical portion ( ! %ell ,m ,m2 & ! l[] end ( ! comb9+-tube slides 9 a cyl9drical guide =m$ 9 ! upp] end ( ! deliv]y-tube4 ,! rod ,b is connect$ to a cross-head1 :i* is fitt$ ov] ! guide-rod ,j2 & a lev] ,h is secur$ to ! cross-head4 ,a rod ,l1 atta*$ to a lev] on ! top end ( ! screw wa/e-valve1 passes ?r\gh an eye t is secur$ to ! lev] ,h2 & /ops ,t1 ,q1 control ! motion ( ?is rod1 s t ! wa/e-valve is clos$ :5 ! lev] ,h has its extreme outw>d ?r[1 & is op5$ :5 ! lev] is ?r[n 9 s z to close ! /eam-valve ,x2 :ile ! lev] c be mov$ betwe5 ! positions ( ! /ops ,p1 ,q1 )\t affect+ ! wa/e-valve4 ,a lat* ,v is ?r[n into action ) tee? cut 9 ! upp] side ( ! guide-rod ,j1 :5 ! lev] ,h is drawn out to its full ext5t1 & !n mov$ back2 & ?is click is rais$ out ( action z soon z x has be5 mov$ 9 f> en\gh to pass ! la/ too? on ! rod ,j4 ,an air-vessel is arrang$ 9 ! body ( ! in/rum5t1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 = ! purpose ( secur+ a cont9u\s jet :5 ! injector & its connections are expos$ to %ocks1 especially su* z occur 9 ! use ( ! in/rum5t on locomotives4 ,! manipulation requir$ to />t ! injector is exce$+ly simple1--mu* m s 9 practice1 inde$1 ?an x c be r5d]$ 9 description4 ,mov+ ! lev] ,h until contact takes place betwe5 valve ,x & /op on holl[ sp9dle1 :i* c be felt by ! h& ^u ! lev]1 /eam is admitt$ to ! c5t] ( ! sp9dle1 &1 exp&+ z x passes into ! deliv]y-tube ,d & wa/e-orifice ,p1 lifts ! wat] ?r\gh ! supply-pipe into ! comb9+-tube ar\nd ! holl[ sp9dle1 act+ aft] ! mann] ( an ejector or /eam-siphon4 ,z soon z solid wat] issues ?r\gh ! wa/e-orifice ,p1 ! h&le ,h may be drawn out to its full ext5t1 op5+ ! /eam-valve ,x1 & clos+ ! wa/e-valve1 :5 ! action ( ! injector w be cont9u\s z long z /eam & wat] are suppli$ to x4 ,,! ,,na?an ,,manufactur+ ,,company',s ,,monitor ,,injector4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful & endur+ injectors 9 use is ! ,monitor1 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( :i* is1 t ! injector is con/ruct$ ) fix$ nozzles1 t insure great durability1 comb9$ ) c]ta9ty ( action4 ,! ,monitor injector is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,to />t ! injector1 ! middle cock is op5$1 :i* is ! lift+-jet4 ,:5 wat] appe>s at ! ov]fl[1 ! /eam-valve is op5$1 & ! lift+-jet clos$4 ,! "w ( ! injector is regulat$ by ! lazy-cock1 :i* is ! bottom h&le4 ,a movable valve1 op]at$ by an ecc5tric on ! /em1 is n[ employ$ z a lazy-cock2 a common cock hav+ be5 f\nd tr\blesome dur+ fro/y wea!r4 ,! comb9+-tube is atta*$ to ! l9e-*eck1 & c be tak5 out ) ! *eck1 :i* provides an easy means ( effect+ exam9ation or repairs4 ,,! ,,kort+ ,,injector4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,an exam9ation ( ,fig4 #d w %[ t ?is injector is a d\ble-tube in/rum5t2 ! fir/ tube be+ proportion$ = rais+ & deliv]+ ! wat] "u pressure to ! second "o1 :i* completes ! op]ation ( =c+ ! wat] into ! boil]4 ,?is arrangem5t enables ! injector to be work$ ?r\gh a wide range ( /eam-pressures )\t any adju/m5t ( p>ts4 ,by mak+ ! fir/ tube proportionately small1 a high p[] ( suction is obta9$1 :i* enables ! injector to fe$ wat] ( su* high temp]ature t x may be deliv]$ into ! boil] above ! boil+-po9t4 ,! ,kort+ injector is op]at$ entirely by "o h&le1 & requires no in/ruction to tea* its work+4 ,! fe$ is regulat$ by ! pat5t comb9$ regulation-valve & dirt-/op1 :i* regulates ! supply ( wat]1 & prev5ts ! possibility ( dirt rea*+ ! injector4 ,,! ,,hancock ,,inspirator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #e gives a cross-section ( ! ,hancock inspirator4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a lift+-jet & lift+-nozzle1 comb9$ ) a =c+-jet & =ce-nozzle or injector2 /eam be+ admitt$ to bo? ( ^! nozzles :5ev] ! inspirator is work+1 to deliv] ! supply-wat] to ! =ce-nozzle1 & to =ce x ?r\gh ! nozzle into ! boil]4 ,al?\gh bo? ! lift+ & =c+ nozzles are fix$1 _! proportion1 "o to ! o!r1 is su* t ! inspirator requires no adju/m5t = *anges 9 /eam-pressure or wat]-supply2 ! wa/e-valve be+ kept clos$ :ile ! in/rum5t is 9 op]ation1 except at ! "t ( />t+4 ,! duplex nozzle arrangem5t ( ! ,hancock inspirator enables t in/rum5t to fe$ wat] ( high temp]ature4 ,9 ?is respect x w act z well z ! ord9>y pump1 besides hav+ all ! advantages ( an injector4 ,a =m ( inspirator is made specially = locomotive s]vice1 :i* is op]at$ by a s+le h&le4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,boil]s ,,& ,,fire-,,boxes4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,locomotive ,,boil]s4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy ( /eam eng9e]+1 9 ! ef=t to increase ! "w p]=m$ 9 return = e p\nd ( fuel consum$1 is to employ /eam ( v high pressure4 ,! great] ! initial pressure ( ! /eam1 ! great] are ! advantages to be d]iv$ f its expansive pr9ciple4 ,to resi/ successfully ! enorm\s aggregate ( pressure to :i* locomotive boil]s are subject$1 a well-con/ruct$ /rong boil] is absolutely necess>y2 & ! v>i\s railroad companies ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry meet ! requir$ conditions 9 an admirable mann]1 z is evid5c$ by ! rem>kable exemption ( su* boil]s f s]i\s accid5ts4 ,al?\gh ! locomotive is ! mo/ int5sely press$ boil] 9 common use1 t supreme disa/]1 an explosion1 is ( r>e occurr5ce1 consid]+ ! va/ numb] ( boil]s do+ s]vice all ov] ! ,/ates4 ,?is result is due to con/ant c>e 9 ! con/ruction1 9 ! ma9t5ance1 & 9 ! managem5t1 ( ! locomotive boil]4 ,l ! cons]vation ( lib]ty1 et]nal vigilance is ! price ( safety4 ,,factor ,,( ,,safety4 ,!re is p]fect safety 9 us+ a boil] s long z a good m>g9 ( resi/+ p[] is ma9ta9$ above ! t5d5cy )9 to te> ! %eets asund]4 ,?is m>g9 is v l[ = locomotive boil]s g5]ally1 h5ce ! great] necessity = c>e 9 ma9t5ance & managem5t4 ,ye>s ago ! me*anical _w e/abli%$ by practice a rule mak+ "o-fif? ( ! ultimate /r5g? ( a boil] its safe work+-pressure4 ,t is1 a boil] c>ry+ #adj p\nds work+-pressure %\ld be capable ( )/&+ a t5sion ( #gjj p\nds to ! squ>e in* be=e rupture ensues4 ,locomotive practice 9 ?is c\ntry does n provide mu* m ?an half ( t m>g9 ( safety4 ,:5 det]ioration or accid5t r$uces ?is m>g91 dang] beg9s4 ,,boil] ,,explosions4 ,c]ta9 me*anical empirics & impractical quasi-sci5ti/s h at v>i\s times attempt$ to surr\nd ! cause ( boil] explosions ) a halo ( my/]y4 ,b our mo/ accompli%$ sci5ti/s :o h made ! subject a special /udy1 & our be/ me*anical exp]ts :o h devot$ ye>s ( pati5t exp]im5t & rese>* to ! inve/igation ( boil] explosion1 attribute ! t]rible ph5om5on to intelligible causes alone4 ,! conclusions ( ! practical "p ( ! me*anical _w are well summ$ 9 "o s5t5ce 9 "o ( ! annual reports ( ! ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association4 ,x says1 8,explosions orig9ate f ov]-pressure3 x matt]s n :e!r ! :ole boil]1 or a portion ( x1 is too weak to resi/ ! pressure40 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,boil]s4 ,! pres]vation ( a boil] dep5ds v mu* ^u ! c>e & att5tion be/[$ ^u x by ! eng9e]1 & no o!r p]son is s mu* int]e/$ 9 its safety4 ,to prev5t undue /ra9s f be+ put ^u ! boil]1 ! eng9e] %\ld see t ! safety-valves & ! /eam-gauge are kept 9 prop] ord]4 ,to secure ?is1 ! /eam-gauge %\ld be te/$ at lea/ once a mon?4 ,! rule e/abli%$ on well-conduct$ roads1 prohibit+ eng9e]s f int]f]+ ) safety-valves1 is a v judici\s "o2 & no p]sons are m int]e/$ 9 its /rict obs]vance ?an ! eng9e]s !mselves4 ,,caus+ ,,injury ,,to ,,boil]s4 ,"s m5 are idiotic en\gh to habitually screw d[n safety-valves1 t ! eng9e may be able to ov]come heavy grades )\t d\bl+4 ,?is is crim9al recklessness1 & all tra9 m5 are int]e/$ 9 its suppression4 ,l[ wat] has (t5 be5 blam$ falsely z ! cause ( disa/] to boil]s2 a !ory hav+ prevail$1 t p]mitt+ ! wat] to become l[ l$ to ! g5]ation ( an explosive gas :i* no %eet c\ld )/&4 ,t !ory 0 explod$ long ago2 b1 nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t l[ wat] paves ! way = explosions by det]iorat+ ! fire-box %eets1 & de/roy+ /ay-bolts4 ,a c>eful eng9e] wat*es to prev5t 8 eng9e f gett+ 8scor*$0 ev5 slightly2 = ! smalle/ scor*+ may yield a h>ve/ ( tr\ble1 ev5 aft] _m days4 ,! dang] ( scor*+ is mo/ imm95t :5 an eng9e is foam+ badly f ! effects ( impurities 9 ! fe$-wat] or 9 ! boil]4 ,at su* a "t ! wat] rises s lavi%ly ) ! /eam1 t ! gauges are no indication ( ! true wat]-level4 ,! /eam mu/ be %ut (f to f9d ! true level ( ! wat]4 ,:]e ?is tr\ble is exp]i5c$1 ! eng9e] %\ld err on ! safe side1 ev5 ?\gh untold pati5ce is ne$$ to "w ! eng9e along ) ! boil] full ( wat]4 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,mud ,,& ,,scale4 ,mud )9 ! boil]1 & scales adh]+ to ! heat+ surface1 are dang]\s enemies to ! pres]vation ( boil]s2 & eng9e]s %\ld /rive to prev5t _! evil effects by root+ !m out s f> z practicable4 ,mu* c be bani%$ by wa%+ out frequ5tly2 & scales c1 to "s ext5t1 be prev5t$ by select+ ! s(te/ wat] on ! road4 ,if wat] 9 a tank is s h>d t x makes soap curdle in/ead ( la!r :5 a man attempts to wa% ) x1 t tank %\ld be avoid$ z f> z possible4 ,,bl[+ ,,(f ,,boil]s4 ,! sudd5 cool+ d[n ( boil]s1 by bl[+ !m (f :ile hot1 is a mo/ p]nici\s practice1 :i* is responsible = _m crack$ %eets & brok5 /ay-bolts4 ,x also t5ds to make a boil] scale ! heat+ surfaces rapidly4 ,e "t a boil] is bl[n out hot1 if ! wat] conta9s calc>e\s solution1 a coat ( mud is left on ! heat+ surfaces1 :i* dries h>d :ile ! /eel is hot4 ,if a piece ( scale tak5 f a boil] p]iodically subject$ to ?is bl[+-out process be closely exam9$1 x w be f\nd to consi/ ( ?9 lay]s1 e "o repres5t+ a p]iod ( bl[+ (f1 j z pla9ly z ! lam9 ( our rocks indicate ! me?od ( _! =mation4 ,:5 a boil] mu/ be cool$ d[n quickly = wa%+ out or o!r purposes1 ! /eam %\ld be bl[n (f1 & ! boil] gradually fill$ up ) wat]4 ,!n op5 ! bl[-(f cock1 & keep wat] runn+ 9 ab\t z fa/ z x runs out until ! temp]ature gets ev5 ) ! atmosph]e4 ,! boil] may n[ be empti$ )\t injury4 ,or ano!r good plan is to bl[ (f ab\t two gauges ( wat] "u a pressure ( =ty or fifty p\nds ( /eam1 !n cool d[n ! boil] gradually1 to prep>e = wa%+4 ,al?\gh ! dang]s ( bl[+ (f hot boil]s1 & !n ru%+ 9 cold wat] to wa% out1 are well kn[n & ackn[l$g$1 yet ! practice is /ill foll[$ on _m roads :]e m intellig5t action might be expect$4 ,,ov]-,,pressure4 ,%\ld x happ5 f any cause t ! safety-valves fail to relieve ! boil]1 & ! /eam runs up beyond a safe t5sion1 ! situation is critical2 b ! eng9e] %\ld n resort to any me?od ( giv+ sudd5 relief4 ,to j]k ! safety-valve wide op5 at su* a "t is a mo/ dang]\s proce$+4 ,a disa/r\s explosion lately occurr$ to a locomotive boil] f ?is cause4 ,! safety-valves _h be5 work+ badly2 &1 :ile ! eng9e 0 /&+ on a side track1 !y all[$ ! /eam to rise consid]ably above ! work+-pressure4 ,:5 ! eng9e] p]ceiv$ ?is1 he ?rew op5 ! safety-valve by means ( a relief lev]1 & ! boil] in/antly w5t into fragm5ts4 ,cases h occurr$ :]e ! quick op5+ ( a ?rottle-valve has produc$ a simil> result4 ,! proximate cause ( su* an accid5t 0 ! viol5t motion ( wat] & /eam )9 ! boil]1 induc$ by ! sudd5 dim9ution ( pressure at "o po9t2 b ! real cause ( ! disa/] 0 a weak boil]1--a boil] ) insuffici5t m>g9 ( resi/+ p[]4 ,! weake/ "p ( a boil] is its /ronge/ po9t4 ,?is may seem p>adoxical1 b a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ! highe/ /r5g? ( a boil] m]ely rea*es to ! po9t :]e x w give out4 ,h5ce eng9e]s %\ld see t a boil] is prop]ly exam9$ = unse5 defects s soon z signs ( di/ress appe>4 ,leaky ?roat-%eets or seams1 /ay-heads dripp+1 or incipi5t cracks1 are indications ( weakness2 & _! call %\ld be att5d$ to )\t delay4 ,,reliev+ ,,ov]-,,pressure4 ,:5 an eng9e] f9ds ! /eam ris+ beyond a safe pressure1 he %\ld r$uce x by op5+ ! heat]s1 />t+ ! injector1 damp5+ ! fire1 or ev5 by bl[+ ! :i/le4 ,! :i/le (f]s a conv5i5t means ( gett+ rid ( sup]flu\s /eam1 & its noise c be /opp$ by ty+ a rag betwe5 ! bell & ! valve op5+4 ,,bur/$ ,,flues4 ,%\ld any boil] atta*m5t1 su* z a *eck-valve or bl[-(f cock1 bl[ out or break (f1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 qu5*+ ! fire4 ,t is ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,a bur/$ flue w g5]ally save an eng9e] ! labor ( ext+ui%+ ! fire4 ,9 ?is case an eng9e]'s ef=ts %\ld be direct$ to r$uc+ ! pressure ( /eam z quickly z possible1 s t he may be able to plug ! flue be=e ! wat] gets out ( ! boil]4 ,flue-plugs & a rod = hold+ !m are v requisite articles2 b1 9 driv+ flue-plugs1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to hamm] too h>d1 or a brok5 flue-%eet may result4 ,plugs are (t5 at h& )\t a rod to hold !m4 ,9 su* an em]g5cy1 a h>d wood5 rail c be us$2 ! plug be+ fa/5$ to ! end by means ( nails & wire1 or ev5 wet cord4 ,:]e no iron plug is available1 a wood5 plug driv5 well 91 away f ! rea* ( ! fire1 may prev5t a bur/$ flue f leak+1 & enable ! eng9e to g along2 b wood5 plugs are v unreliable = su* a purpose4 ,!y may hold if ! rupture 9 ! flue %\ld be "s di/ance inside2 b1 %\ld ! cause ( leak+ be close to ! flue-%eet1 a wood5 plug w burn out 9 a few m9utes4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,! ,,valve-,,motion4 ,,runn+ ,,worn-,,out ,,eng9es4 ,"s ( our mo/ successful eng9e]s1 ! m5 :o pull our mo/ important tra9s daily on "t1 attribute _! good =tune 9 avoid+ delays1 to tra9+ !y receiv$ 9 y\?1 :ile runn+ or fir+ worn-out eng9es t c\ld only be kept go+ by con/ant att5tion & labor4 ,9 su* cases m5 mu/ resort to innum]able make%ifts to get ov] ! road2 !y h frequ5tly to dissect ! ma*9]y to rem$y defects2 !y le>n 9 ! impressive s*ool ( exp]i5ce h[ a brok5-d[n eng9e c be/ be tak5 home1 & h[ break+ d[n c be/ be prev5t$4 ,firem5 & "y eng9e]s1 g5]ally feel aggriev$ at be+ assign$ to run on worn-out eng9es1--! scrap heaps z !y are call$3 b ! man :o has n pass$ ?r\gh ?is ordeal has miss$ a ,golconda ( exp]i5ce2 8 pot5tialities are petrifi$ )\t rea*+ action4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,en]gy ,,defy ,,defeat4 ,among a c]ta9 class ( seaf>+ m51 ! capta9 ( a %ip :o fails f any cause to br+ 8 vessel safely into port1 is reg>d$ z disgrac$2 &1 !re=e1 a true sailor w use sup]human ef=ts to prev5t 8 %ip f becom+ d]elict1 (t5 pref]r+ to foll[ x to ! bottom r ?an ab&on 8 tru/4 ,9 _m in/ances ! s5tim5ts & traditions ( seam5 tea* railroad m5 valuable lessons4 ,! sacrifice ( life is n desir$ or expect$ ( eng9e]s 9 _! c>e ( ! vessel !y comm&2 b e eng9e] wor?y ( ! "n w sp>e no p]sonal ex]tion1 w %r9k f no h>d%ip1 t w be necess>y to prev5t 8 *>ge f becom+ d]elict4 ,once ,i he>d a ho>y eng9e]1 :o _h become gray on ! footbo>d1 make ! pr\d boa/1 8,my eng9e nev] 0 t[$ 940 ,8 calm words convey$ an eloqu5t s]mon on c>e & p]sev]ance4 ,he _h be5 9 _m h>d /raits1 he _h be5 9 collisions1 he _h be5 dit*$ ) eng9es1 b _h always manag$ to get !m home )\t assi/ance4 ,,wat*+ ,,! ,,exhau/4 ,:at ! beat+ pulse is z an aid to ! physician 9 diagnos+ diseases1 ! s\nd ( ! exhau/ is to ! eng9e] z a means ( enabl+ him to di/+ui% betwe5 p]fective & defective work+ ( ! locomotive4 ,! ability to detect a slight d]angem5t by ! s\nd ( ! exhau/1 c only be acquir$ by practice 9 wat*+ ^? /eam-notes day aft] day1 z !y play _! tune ( labor ?r\gh ! smoke-/ack4 ,:5 ! /eam-ports are ev51 & ! valves correctly set1 ) tight pi/on-pack+1 & valves free f leaks1 ! notes ( ! exhau/ w s\nd =? 9 regul> succession 9 %>p1 r++1 cle> tones1 e puff seem+ to cut ! /eam clean (f at ! top ( ! /ack4 ,!re is a long array ( defects repres5t$ 9 ! j\rney f ?is case ( app>5tly p]fect /eam p]=mance1 to t :]e ! exhau/ /eam escapes z an unbrok5 ro> mix$ ) unc]ta91 :eezy c\ghs4 ,,! ,,att5tive ,,e> ,,detects ,,det]ioration ,,( ,,valves4 ,! det]ioration ( pi/on-pack+1 & ! r\nd+ ( valve-seats1 :i* produce an a/hmatic exhau/1 may be foll[$ 9 _! d[nw>d c\rse if ! eng9e] gets into ! habit ( li/5+ to ! exhau/1 & m>k+ its *anges4 ,x is v important t he %\ld d s4 ,! man ^: e> f long practice has become s5sitive to a false tone ( ! exhau/1 ne$s n to make exp]im5ts1 by apply+ /eam to ! eng9e :ile x /&s 9 v>i\s positions1 9 ord] to f9d out :]e a bl[ comes f1--:e!r x is 9 ! pi/ons or 9 ! valves4 ,,locat+ ,,! ,,f\r ,,exhau/ ,,s\nds4 ,lean+ out ( ! cab-w9d[1 he wat*es ! crank z x revolves1 & comp>es ! noise made by ! bl[+ /eam ) ! crank position4 ,:5 pull+ on a heavy grade is an excell5t "t = not+ imp]fections 9 ! work+ ( valves & pi/ons2 = ! movem5ts are comp>atively sl[1 :ile ! pressure ( /eam on ! work+-p>ts is s heavy t any leak s\nds prom95tly =?4 ,! obs]v+ eng9e] p]ceives t ! f\r s\nds ( ! exhau/1 due to ea* revolution ( ! driv]s1 occur a few in*es be=e ! crank rea*es1 fir/1 ! =w>d c5t]1 second1 ! bottom qu>t]1 ?ird1 ! back c5t]1 f\r?1 ! top qu>t]4 ,! fir/ & ?ird position exhau/s emit ! /eam f ! =w>d & back /rokes ( ! "r-h& pi/on3 ! second & f\r? exhau/s are due to dis*>ges ( ! /eam t has be5 propell+ ! left-h& pi/on4 ,) ^! facts impress$ ^u 8 m9d1 he w und]/&1 t if an int]mitt5t bl[ occurs dur+ ! p]iods :5 ! crank is travel+ f ! =w>d c5t] to ! bottom qu>t]1 or f ! back c5t] to ! top qu>t]1 ! *ances w be t ! "r-h& pi/on ne$s to be exam9$4 ,= ! greate/ pressure ( /eam foll[s ! pi/on j aft] ! beg9n+ ( ea* /roke1 & t is ! "t a bl[ w ass]t itself4 ,%\ld ! bl[ occur :ile ! "r-h& crank is mov+ f ! bottom qu>t] to ! back c5t]1 or f ! top qu>t] to ! =w>d c5t]1 x w indicate t ! left-h& pi/on is at fault4 ,= at ^! p]iods ! left-h& cyl9d] is receiv+ its greate/ pressure ( /eam4 ,,id5tify+ ,,defects ,,by ,,s\nd ,,( ,,! ,,/eam4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t an int]mitt5t or recurr+ bl[ belongs to ! pi/ons1 & t a con/ant bl[ comes f ! valves4 ,b sometimes ! valves bl[ int]mitt5tly1 be+ tight at c]ta9 po9ts ( ! travel1 & leaky at o!r po9ts4 ,to di/+ui% betwe5 ! "* ( ^! bl[s is sometimes a little difficult except to ! ?or\ghly practic$ e>4 ,! s\nd ( ! bl[ c be he>d be/ :5 ! door is op51 & ! novice %\ld n fail to li/5 = x "u t condition4 ,! valve bl[ is a sort ( :eeze1 ) ! sugge/ion ( a :i/le 9 x3 ! pi/on makes a clean1 hone/ bl[1 :i* w\ld break into a di/9ct ro> if en\gh /eam c\ld get ?r\gh4 ,b a :i/l+ s\nd 9 ! exhau/ is1 by no means1 a c]ta9 indication ( ! valves bl[+ ?r\gh2 = sometimes ! nozzles get clogg$ up ) a gummy sub/ance f ! lubricat+ oils1 & a di/9ct :i/l+ exhau/ results !refrom4 ,) a wat*ful e>1 ! progress ( deg5]ation 9 ! valves c be not$ day aft] day2 = x is a decay :i* goes on by degrees1--! inevitable sl[ de/ruction t friction inflicts ^u rubb+ surfaces4 ,pi/ons are m erratic 9 _! calls = att5tion4 ,) !m x is q common = a /alw>t bl[ to />t out )\t any w>n+1 ! cause g5]ally be+ brok5 pack+-r+s4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( /eam pack+ seem m liable to h brok5 r+s ?an ! old-fa%ion$ spr+ pack+1 b !y g5]ally run long] ) less att5tion4 ,,accid5ts ,,prev5t$ ,,by ,,att5d+ ,,to ,,! ,,note ,,( ,,w>n+ ,,f ,,! ,,exhau/4 ,! habit ( closely wat*+ ! exhau/ is likely to prove s]viceable 9 m ways ?an 9 keep+ ! eng9e] po/$ on ! condition ( ! /eam-di/ribution ge>4 ,its s\nd (t5 acts z a dang] al>m1 :i* %\ld nev] g unhe$$4 ,_m an eng9e has gone home on "o side1 & n a few h be5 t[$ 9 cold1 ?r\gh accid5ts to ! valve-ge>1 :i* c\ld h be5 prev5t$ _h ! eng9e] att5d$ to ! w>n+ voice ( a false exhau/4 ,! nuts "w (f an ecc5tric-/rap bolt2 & x drops out1 lett+ ! /rap op5 f> en\gh to cause an unev5 valve-travel4 ,if ! eng9e] he>s ?is1 & /ops imm$iately to exam9e ! ma*9]y1 he is likely to detect ! defect be=e ! /rap breaks4 ,aga91 "o side ( a valve yoke may h snapp$1 leav+ ! o!r side to be> ! load2 or bolts belong+ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! l9ks or ecc5tric-/raps may be work+ out1--s t ! uni=mity ( ! valve-travel is affect$2 & ! same result may be produc$ by ! ecc5trics gett+ loose4 ,"y eng9e]s1 to :om ^! pages are address$1 %\ld make up _! m9ds t an eng9e nev] exhau/s an irregul> note )\t some?+ be+ ! matt] :i* does n admit ( runn+ to a /ation be=e be+ exam9$4 ,x may only be an ecc5tric slipp$ a little way1 a mi%ap t is n calculat$ to result disa/r\sly2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is probably some?+ ( a m dang]\s "*4 ,,neglect+ ,a ,,w>n+4 ,eng9e] ,joy ( ! ,d4 ,e4 road w5t 9 ) a brok5 ecc5tric-/rap4 ,que/ion+ him ab\t ! accid5t br\ght out ! fact1 t1 9 />t+ f a /ation1 he he>d ! eng9e make two or ?ree curi\s exhau/s2 b he 0 runn+ on a "t-ord]1 & did n wi% to cause delay by /opp+ to exam9e ! eng9e4 ,b he _h n gone half a mile :5 he f\nd x necess>y to /op & disconnect ! eng9e1 & by do+ s held an express tra9 =ty m9utes4 ,,h[ ,,an ,,ecc5tric-,,/rap ,,pun*$ ,a ,,hole ,,9 ,a ,,fire-,,box4 ,a repres5tative case ( neglect+ a pla9 w>n+ happ5$ on an ,ill9ois road "s "t ago4 ,john ,?omas 0 pull+ a freight tra9 up a grade1 :51 to use 8 own words1 8,! eng9e began to exhau/ 9 ! funnie/ way y ev] he>d4 ,%e w\ld get on to ?ree legs = an eng9e l5g? or s1 !n %e w\ld "w z squ>e & true z %e ev] did1 b only = a few turns1 :5 %e got to limp+ aga940 ,?is runn] knew t some?+ 0 wrong1 & he det]m9$ to exam9e ! eng9e at ! next /opp+-po9t4 ,b delays 9 su* a case are full ( p]il4 ,:5 he got ov] ! grade1 & %ut (f /eam1 !re 0 a tumultu\s rattl+ ( ! rev]se-lev]1 succe$$ by a fe>ful p\nd+ ab\t ! ma*9]y2 a te>+ up ( road-b$ s5t a %[] ( s& & gravel ov] ! tra92 !n a scream f escap+ /eam & wat] dr[n$ all o!r noises1 & ! eng9e 0 envelop$ 9 a cl\d ( bl9d+ vapor4 ,! =w>d bolt ( "o ( ! ecc5tric-/rap rods _h work$ out1 & all[$ ! end ( ! rod to drop on ! track4 ,!n x d\bl$ up1 & tore away ! :ole side ( ! motion2 & "p ( a brok5 ecc5tric-/rap knock$ a hole 9 ! fire-box4 ,"h 0 ! progress t[>ds de/ruction4 ,a small p9 got lo/1 :i* p]mitt$ ! nut ( an important bolt to unscrew itself2 !n ?is bolt1 ) _m a w>n+ j> & j]k1 escap$ f its place 9 ! l9k2 & ! conditions = a fir/-class break-d[n _h come r\nd4 ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,! ,,valve-,,motion ,,among ,,eng9e]s4 ,:5ev] locomotive eng9e]s congregate 9 ! r\nd-h\se1 9 ! lodge or division room1 a fruitful !me ( conv]sation & discussion is ! valve-motion4 ,curi\s op9ions are (t5 he>d express$ ^u ?is complex subject4 ,!re are comp>atively few m5 :o und]/& x prop]ly3 b x has a fasc9ation :i* attracts all alike1 ! wise & ! ignorant2 & ! man :o is altoge!r unc]ta9 ab\t ! true mean+ ( lap & lead1 expansion & compression1 is g5]ally m loquaci\s on valve-motion ?an ! eng9e] :o has made ! subject an indu/ri\s /udy4 ,,tr\ble ,,) ,,! ,,valve-,,motion4 ,h[ev] well ea* may und]/& 8 bus9ess1 9 "o respect all eng9e]s are 9 p]fect h>mony2 t is1 9 hat+ to enc\nt] tr\ble ) ! valve-ge> on ! road4 ,! valves be+ ! lungs ( ! ma*9e1 any injury or defect to _! connections /rikes at a vital organ4 ,) a good valve-motion1 & valves prop]ly set1 ! /eam is di/ribut$ s t ne>ly an equal am\nt is admitt$ ?r\gh ea* "p 9 regul> rotation2 ! release tak+ place 9 ev5 succession4 ,?is makes ! exhau/ notes uni=m 9 pit* & p]iod4 ,a sudd5 dep>ture f ?is uni=mity indicates t some?+ is wrong ) ! valve-motion4 ,x %\ld be ! signal to /op1 & in/itute a se>*+ exam9ation4 ,9 do+ s1 avoid jump+ at conclusions reg>d+ ! cause ( ! irregul>ity1 & coolly exam9e1 sep>ately1 ea* "p ^: motion influ5ces ! valve-travel4 ,a ,,wrong ,,conclusion4 ,fr$ ,bemis miss$ 8 luck by jump+ too readily at conclusions4 ,some?+ happ5$ to 8 eng9e2 & he /opp$ by compulsion1 & f\nd x w\ld n move ei!r way4 ,he felt c]ta9 t bo? ecc5trics on "o side _h slipp$2 &1 consid]+ himself equal to sett+ any numb] ( ecc5trics1 he got d[n1 & fix$ !m 9 :at he suppos$ 0 ! prop] position4 ,b1 on try+ to move ! eng9e1 he f\nd x /ill refus$ to g4 ,he kept work+ at ^? ecc5trics )\t result till 8 wat] got l[1 & he 0 compell$ to dump ! fire2 ! consequ5ce be+1 t ! eng9e w5t cold1 & 0 t[$ home4 ,:5 an exam9ation 0 made1 x 0 f\nd t a brok5 valve-yoke 0 ! cause ( tr\ble4 ,,locat+ ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,valve-,,motion4 ,:5 any ?+ goes wrong ) ! valve-motion1 ! fir/ po9t ( inve/igation is1 to f9d out :i* side is at fault4 ,?is c be asc]ta9$ by op5+ ! cyl9d]-cocks1 & giv+ ! eng9e /eam4 ,) ! rev]se-lev] 9 =w>d motion1 ! =w>d cyl9d]-cocks %\ld %[ /eam :5 ! crank-p9s are travel+ bel[ ! axle1 & ! back cocks %\ld bl[ :5 ! p9s make _! simil> revolution above ! axle4 ,any dep>ture f ?is me?od ( /eam di/ribution w make "o side "w aga9/ ! o!r4 ,:5 ! eng9e] has satisfi$ himself on :i* side ! defect lies1 he w d well to ?or\ghly exam9e ! ecc5trics ) _! /raps & rods1 ! l9ks ) _! hang]s & saddles1 ! rock] box & arms ) all ! bolts & p9s connect+ ^! articles4 ,:at might be reg>d$ z a trifl+ defect1 sometimes makes an eng9e lame4 ,i h kn[n a loose valve-/em key put an eng9e badly out ( squ>e4 ,ecc5tric-rods1 slipp+1 (t5 produce ?is effect4 ,:5 ! ecc5trics are f\nd 9 ! prop] position1 ! rock]-box secure 9 ! %aft1 & all ! bolts1 p9s1 & keys 9 good ord]1 & 9 _! prop] positions1 ! fault may be look$ = 9 ! /eam-*e/4 ,,position ,,( ,,ecc5trics4 ,) eng9es :]e keys are n us$ to secure ! ecc5trics to ! %aft1 _! slipp+ on ! road is a common occurr5ce4 ,ecc5tric-/rap oil-passages gett+ /opp$ up1 or neglect 9 n oil+ ^! /raps or ! valves1 puts an unnecess>y t5sion on ! ecc5trics1 :i* (t5 results 9 _! slipp+ on ! %aft4 ,eng9e]s ought to m>k ! prop] position = ecc5trics on ! %aft2 s t1 :5 slipp+ happ5s1 x c be adju/$ )\t ! delay t (t5 occurs 9 calculat+ ! "r position4 ,:5 ! crank-p9 is on ! =w>d c5t]1 ! body ( ! g-ahead ecc5tric is above ! axle1 & ! body ( ! back-up ecc5tric is bel[ ! axle1 ea* ( ! ecc5trics be+ advanc$ ab\t #a_/af ( ! revolution f ! "r angle position t[>ds ! crank-p92 or1 to /ate x m accurately1 ! c5t] ( ! ecc5tric is advanc$ a horizontal di/ance to equal ! lap & lead ( ! valve4 ,if ! valve _h nei!r lap nor lead1 ! ecc5trics w\ld /& exactly at "r angles to ! crank4 ,z x is1 bo? ( !m h a t5d5cy to hug ! crank2 ! ecc5tric :i* regulates ! di/ribution ( /eam foll[+ ! crank4 ,e eng9e] %\ld famili>ize himself ) ! correct position ( ecc5trics1 s t1 :5 tr\ble happ5s ) ! valve-ge> on ! road1 he w exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 grappl+ ) ! mi%ap4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,sett+ ,,slipp$ ,,ecc5trics4 ,! slipp+ ( "o ecc5tric is a trifl+ matt]1 :i* c be quickly rem$i$ if ! set screws are 9 a position :]e !y c be rea*$ conv5i5tly4 ,if x is a g-ahead ecc5tric1 set ! eng9e on ! c5t] ( ! disabl$ side1--no matt] :i* c5t]1--put ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! back not* ( ! quadrant1 & scrat* a l9e ) a knife on ! valve-/em close to ! gl&4 ,!n put ! lev] 9 ! =w>d not*1 & move ! slipp$ ecc5tric till ! l9e appe>s 9 ! po9t :]e x 0 made4 ,fa/5 ! set screws1 & ! eng9e w be f\nd true en\gh to proce$ ) ! tra94 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 mov+ ! ecc5tric to see t ! full "p is n plac$ 9 ! same position z ! o!r "o1 or !y w bo? be set = back motion4 ,a back-up ecc5tric slipp$1 :ile ! g-ahead "o rema9s intact1 c be adju/$ 9 a simil> way2 ! scrat* on ! valve-/em be+ made ) ! eng9e 9 full =w>d motion1 & ! adju/m5t ( ! ecc5tric done 9 full back motion4 ,! philosophy ( ?is me?od is1 t ! valve is 9 ne>ly ! same position at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke = ! =w>d or back motion2 & ! position ( ! ecc5tric1 :i* has n mov$1 is us$ to f9d ! prop] place = ! "o :i* slipp$4 ,%\ld ! unusual circum/ance ( bo? ecc5trics on "o side slipp+ ov]take an eng9e]1 he w h to pursue a diff]5t me?od ( adju/m5t4 ,! mo/ sy/ematic plan is to place ! eng9e on ! =w>d c5t]1 & set ! g-ahead ecc5tric above ! axle1 & ! back-up ecc5tric bel[ ! axle4 ,) ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! =w>d not*1 advance ! top ecc5tric till ! front cyl9d]-cock %[s /eam1 :i* c be asc]ta9$ by block+ ! :eels1 & slightly op5+ ! ?rottle4 ,t w put ! g-ahead ecc5tric ne> en\gh to ! prop] position = runn+4 ,= ! back-up ecc5tric1 pull ! rev]se-lev] into back motion1 & turn ! ecc5tric t[>ds ! crank-p9 till /eam appe>s at ! front cyl9d]-cock2 & t "p ( ! motion w be "r4 ,or ! back-up ecc5tric c be set by ! =w>d ecc5tric 9 ! mann] describ$ :]e "o ecc5tric has slipp$4 ,,slipp$ ,,ecc5tric-,,rods4 ,:]e slott$ rods are us$1 !y frequ5tly slip1 mak+ ! eng9e lame4 ,! cause ( tr\ble 9 su* a case c be id5tifi$ by mov+ ! eng9e sl[ly1 ) ! cyl9d]-cocks op54 ,! di/urbance to ! regul>ity ( ! valve's motion1 caus$ by a slipp$ rod1 w admit /eam prematurely on "o end ( ! cyl9d]1 :ile x delays ! admission on ! o!r end4 ,! valve is made to travel m on "o side ( ! exhau/ c5t] ?an on ! o!r4 ,l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! valve-/em has a simil> effect1 b ?is makes ! eng9e lame 9 bo? ge>s2 :ile ! slipp+ ( an ecc5tric-rod only makes ! eng9e lame 9 ! motion t ! rod belongs to4 ,?is is subject to a slight modification1 h[ev]2 = ! back-motion ecc5tric be+ badly out ( squ>e1 w affect ! correctness ( ! =w>d motion1 :5 ! eng9e is work+ close hook$ up4 ,b 9 full motion x w n be p]ceptible4 ,,detect+ ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,a ,,lame ,,exhau/4 ,if 9 mov+ ! eng9e ahead sl[ly1 ) ! cyl9d]-cocks op51 x is f\nd t /eam is admitt$ to ! cyl9d] be=e ! pi/on has ne>ly rea*$ ! c5t] or dead po9t1 or t ! back cyl9d]-cock does n %[ /eam till aft] ! pi/on has pass$ ! back c5t]1 ! ecc5tric-rod is too long4 ,! rod be+ too %ort produces precisely an opposite effect4 ,! /eam arrives late on ! back /roke1 & ahead ( "t on ! =w>d /roke4 ,?is is diff]5t f ! action ( ! /eam :]e an ecc5tric has slipp$4 ,9 t case1 !re w be pre-admission ( /eam be=e ! beg9n+ ( bo? /rokes1 or po/-admission1 t is1 late arrival ( /eam1 = bo? /rokes4 ,take a g-ahead ecc5tric = example4 ,if x slips backw>d on ! %aft1 its effect w be to delay ! admission ( /eam till aft] ! beg9n+ ( ea* /roke2 &1 if x slips =w>d1 ! result w be to accel]ate ! lead ( ! valve op5+ ! /eam-port be=e ! pi/on has rea*$ ! comm5cem5t ( ea* /roke4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,:5 ,,ecc5trics1 ,,/raps1 ,,or ,,rods ,,break4 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! accid5ts happ5s1 ! safe/ plan is to take d[n bo? /raps & rods on ! defective side4 ,"s eng9e]s leave ! back-up ecc5tric /rap & rod on1 :5 ! =w>d /rap or rod has brok52 b x is a little risky "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,aft] gett+ ! ecc5tric /raps & rods d[n1 drop ! l9k-hang] away f ! tumbl+-%aft1 disconnect ! valve-/em1 & tie ! valve-rod to ! h&-rail4 ,!n set ! valve 9 ! middle ( ! seat1 s t x w cov] bo? ! /eam-ports1 & hold x 9 t position by p9*+ ! /em ) ! gl&1 :i* is done by screw+ up ! gl& obliquely4 ,take d[n ! ma9 rod1 & block ! cross-head securely at ! back end ( ! guides4 ,good h>dwood block+ prep>$ be=eh& %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose1 & x ought to be fa/5$ ) a rope or m>l9e4 ,a neat] plan = hold+ ! cross-head 9 place is describ$ by ,frank ,c4 ,smi?1 9 ! ,tor*4 ,he says1 8,h ! blacksmi? make a hook out ( a piece ( in* & a half r\nd iron2 also a piece ab\t fifte5 in*es long by "o & a half ?ick1 & f\r in*es wide1 ) a hole ?r\gh ! c5t] = ! %ank ( ! hook to pass ?r\gh4 ,?is %ank is ?read$ = a nut4 ,n[1 :5 x is necess>y to block a pi/on1 get x to ! back end1 pass ! hook ar\nd ! wri/ ( ! cross-head1 & ! o!r end ?r\gh ! /raight piece :i* be>s aga9/ ! yoke support+ ! back end ( ! guides2 run up a nut on ! %ank ( ! hook1 h>d aga9/ ! cross-piece1 & ! pi/on is secur$40 ,! pi/on be+ prop]ly fa/5$1 x is a wise supplem5t to ! "w to tie ! cyl9d]-cocks op51 or to take !m out altoge!r4 ,! eng9e is n[ ready to proce$ on "o side4 ,"y eng9e]s c n be too /rongly impress$ ) ! necessity = hav+ ! cross-head prop]ly secur$ be=e try+ to move ! eng9e4 ,i h repeat$ly kn[n ( s]i\s damage be+ caus$ by plac+ too mu* confid5ce 9 weak block+4 ,tak+ out ! cyl9d]-cocks is a wise security aga9/ accid5ts ( ?is k9d2 =1 %\ld a little /eam be pass+ ?r\gh ! valve1 x has a port ( escape )\t putt+ heavy pressure on ! pi/on4 ,,diff]5t ,,ways ,,( ,,secur+ ,,! ,,cross-,,head4 ,9 reg>d to ! me?od ( secur+ ! pi/on :5 "o side ( an eng9e is tak5 d[n1 !re is consid]able div]sity ( op9ion among eng9e]s4 ,"s m5 ma9ta9 t ! prop] & quick plan is1 m]ely to move ! pi/on to "o end ( ! cyl9d]1 pu%+ ! valve 9 ! same direction1 s t ! /eam-port w be op5 at ! end away f ! pi/on4 ,?is w keep ! cyl9d] full ( /eam1 & hold ! pi/on f mov+4 ,b1 if by any accid5t ! valve %\ld be mov$ to ! opposite end ( ! seat1 /eam w\ld get to ! wrong end ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! pi/on w\ld c]ta9ly sma% out ! head4 ,ano!r risky plan1 practic$ by m5 economical ( "w1 is to place ! valve on ! c5t] ( ! seat1 & let ! pi/on g )\t fa/5+4 ,^! slip%od me?ods d n pay4 ,,brok5 ,,tumbl+-,,%aft4 ,?is accid5t is v s]i\s2 b x ne$ n disable ! eng9e1 al?\gh x w less5 ! eng9e]'s p[] to manage x freely4 ,to get ! eng9e go+1 calculate ! position ! l9ks mu/ /& 9 to pull ! tra91 & cut pieces ( wood to fit betwe5 ! block & ! top & bottom ( ! l9ks1 s t ! latt] may be kept 9 ! requir$ position4 ,= =w>d motion1 !re w be %ort pieces 9 ! top1 & long pieces 9 ! bottom4 ,:5 back motion is ne$$1 rev]se ! pieces ( wood4 ,a common plan is to use "o piece ( wood1 work+ ! eng9e 9 full ge>4 ,! same treatm5t w keep an eng9e go+ :5 ! tumbl+-%aft arms1 ! rea*-rod1 ! l9k-hang]1 or ! saddle-p9 breaks4 ,! failure ( a l9k-hang] or saddle-p9 w only necessitate ! block+ ( "o side4 ,,brok5 ,,valve-,,/em1 ,,or ,,valve-,,yoke4 ,= a valve-/em brok51 ! ecc5tric-/rap or l9k ne$ n be int]f]$ )4 ,if ! break is outside ! /eam-*e/1 take d[n ! valve-/em rod1 & set ! valve on ! middle ( ! seat2 take d[n ! ma9 rod1 & secure ! pi/on z previ\sly direct$4 ,) a valve-/em brok5 inside ! *e/1 or a valve-yoke brok51 a little additional "w is necess>y4 ,! /eam-*e/ cov] mu/ n[ come up1 & ! valve be secur$ 9 its prop] place by pieces ( wood1 or any o!r mat]ial t w keep x f mov+2 & ! /uff+-box mu/ be clos$1 to prev5t escape ( /eam ?r\gh ! space vacat$ by ! valve-/em4 ,,:5 ,a ,,rock]-,,%aft ,,or ,,l[] ,,rock]-,,arm ,,breaks4 ,a brok5 rock]-%aft1 or ! fracture ( ! l[] arm1 entails ! tak+ d[n ( bo? ecc5trics & ! l9k1 besides ! ma9 rod1 & ! secur+ ( ! valves & pi/on4 ,! break+ ( an upp] rock]-arm is equival5t to a brok5 valve-/em1 & requires ! same treatm5t4 ,,miscellane\s ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,valve-,,motion4 ,accid5ts to ! valve-seat1 su* z ! break+ ( a bridge1 c be fix$ = runn+ ! eng9e home on "o side1 by cov]+ ! ports1 & /ripp+ t side ( ! eng9e1 j z _h to be done = a brok5 valve-yoke4 ,if a s]i\s break 9 a bridge occurs1 x is indicat$ by a trem5d\s bl[ ?r\gh ! exhau/ port1 out by ! /ack4 ,a mi%ap ( mu* less consequ5ce ?an a brok5 bridge is a 8cock$0 valve1 & ! small mi%ap is v liable to be mi/ak5 = ! great] "o4 ,:]e ! yoke is tight fitt$1 or out ( true ) ! l9e ( ! /em1 "s eng9es h a trick ( rais+ ! valve away f ! seat1 & hold+ x !re4 ,?is g5]ally happ5s go+ into a /ation2 &1 :5 /eam is appli$ 9 />t+ out1 an empty ro> s\nds ?r\gh ! /ack4 ,mov+ ! valve ) ! rev]se-lev] by quick j]ks w g5]ally reseat a cock$ valve1 b sometimes x gets /uck s fa/ t x has to be hamm]$ out ( ! yoke4 ,:5 a locomotive %[s ! symptoms :i* indicate a brok5 valve1 a brok5 bridge1 or a cock$ valve1 ! eng9e] %\ld exhau/ e means ( te/+ ! matt] f ! outside be=e he beg9s an int]ior inspection by rais+ ! /eam-*e/ cov]4 ,if j]k+ ! valve ) ! rev]se-lev]1 or mov+ ! eng9e a little1 w n /op ! bl[1 he %\ld disconnect ! valve-/em1 & %ake ! valve by t means4 ,:5 a valve breaks1 disabl+ its side ( ! eng9e s badly t x c n be us$1 ! valve %\ld be tak5 out1 & a piece ( /rong p9e-plank secur$ ov] ! ports4 ,,brok5 ,,/eam-,,*e/ ,,cov]4 ,a v s]i\s & tr\blesome accid5t1 :i* may come "u ! head ( /eam-di/ribution ge>1 is ! break+ ( a /eam-*e/1 or ( a /eam-*e/ cov]4 ,x takes skillful managem5t to get an eng9e along :5 ?is has happ5$4 ,! mo/ effectual way to re/ra9 loss ( /eam :5 a *e/ or cov] has brok51 is to slack up ! /eam-pipe1 & slip a piece ( iron plate1 l9$ ) %eet-rubb]1 lea!r1 canvas1 or any o!r sub/ance t w help to make a /eam-tight jo9t1 into ! l[] jo9t ( ! /eam-pipe4 ,if ?is is prop]ly done1 x ends ! tr\ble1 :5 ! jo9ts are tight5$ up4 ,b ! difficulties 9 ! way ( loos5+ /eam-pipe jo9ts 9 a hot smoke-box are (t5 insurm\ntable1 especially :5 ! nuts & bolts are solid f corrosion1 :i* is g5]ally ! case :]e !y h n be5 t\*$ = mon?s4 ,9 su* a case x is bett] to resort to ! m clumsy contrivance ( fitt+ pieces ( wood into ! op5+s to ! /eam-passage1 & brac+ !m 9 place by means ( ! /eam-*e/ bolts4 ,a man ( any +5uity c g5]ally1 by ?is means1 save himself ! humiliation ( be+ t[$ home1 & yet avoid sp5d+ mu* "t ov] ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! eng9e] has succe$$ 9 secur+ means = prev5t+ ! escape ( /eam1 ! ma9 rod mu/ be tak5 d[n1 & ! valve-/em rod disconnect$ f ! rock]-arm4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! pi/on ne$s no fur!r att5tion1 aft] ! ma9 rod has be5 disconnect$2 = !re w be no +ress ( /eam to ! cyl9d] to endang] its safety4 ,,/eam-,,pipe ,,bur/$4 ,! break+ ( a /eam-pipe 9 ! smoke-box is ev5 a m h>ass+ mi%ap ?an a bur/$ /eam-*e/ or cov]4 ,! only rem$y = ?is is ! fa/5+ ( an iron plate to ! top jo9t ( ! /eam-pipe1 !reby clos+ up ! op5+4 ,a heavy plug ( h>d wood may be driv5 into ! op5+1 & brac$ !re = a %ort run2 b su* a /opp] is h>d to keep 9 place1 ow+ to ! %r9kage caus$ by ! int5se heat ( ! smoke-box4 ,,te/+ ,,! ,,valves4 ,an exp]i5c$ eng9e] w mo/ easily det]m9e ! exi/5ce ( leaks betwe5 ! valves & _! seats :5 ! eng9e is work+1 & ! indications ( t weakness h already be5 notic$4 ,b x sometimes happ5s t a man wi%es to te/ ! condition ( ! valves :5 ! eng9e is at re/4 ,?is c be mo/ readily accompli%$ by plac+ ! eng9e s t ! rock]-arm /&s 9 ! v]tical position4 ,op5 ! smoke-box door s t ! exhau/ nozzles c be se54 ,n[ block ! :eels1 & give ! eng9e /eam4 ,if ! valve bl[s1 ! /eam w be se5 issu+ f ! nozzle on ! side "u exam9ation4 ,z ! t5d5cy ( a slide-valve is to we> ! seat concave1 x sometimes happ5s t a valve is tight on ! c5t]1 yet leaky 9 o!r positions4 ,mov+ ! valve ) ! rev]se-lev] z f> z c be done )\t op5+ ! /eam-port1 w sometimes demon/rate ?is4 ,! cranks %\ld be plac$ on ! eigh?s positions :5 ! valves are be+ te/$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,cyl9d]s ,,& ,,/eam ,,connections4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,pi/on ,,9 ,,! ,,tra9 ,,( ,,me*anism4 ,! pi/on is an autocratic memb] ( ! ma*9e4 ,= ?\s&s ( miles x toils to pu% ! eng9e ahead1 e ?+ go+ smoo?ly s long z x is conf9$ to its recurr+ j\rney2 b let any atta*m5t break1 or a key fly out t w increase ! pi/on's travel1 & away ! pi/on goes1 "r ?r\gh a cyl9d]-head4 ,,causes ,,t ,,lead ,,to ,,brok5 ,,cyl9d]-,,heads4 ,! causes :i* mo/ commonly lead ! pi/on to sma% out cyl9d]-heads1 are brok5 cross-heads1 brok5 pi/on-rods1 & brok5 ma9-rods4 ,a ma9 crank-p9 or wri/-p9 break+1 is almo/ c]ta9 to leave "o end ( ! cyl9d] a wreck4 ,^! may be t]m$ ! major causes = break+ out cyl9d]-heads2 b !re are num]\s m9or causes1 :i* are sc>cely less de/ructive4 ,a pi/on-rod key beg9s to "w loose4 ,x is hamm]$ d[n occasionally1 :i* does n improve its fit2 & "s day x jumps out altoge!r1 lett+ ! pi/on g on a voyage ( discov]y4 ,a ma*9i/ ( ! c>eless sort has be5 exam9+ a pi/on's pack+1 &1 9 screw+ up ! foll[]-bolts1 "o ( !m gets a twi/ too mu*4 ,drill+ out a foll[]-bolt is a tr\blesome op]ation1 s ,mr4 ,c>eless lets x g4 ,on ! road ?is head drops out1 & a brok5 cyl9d]-head is ! consequ5ce4 ,"o ( ! wor/ causes ( breakage to a cyl9d] t ,i h ev] se51 0 caus$ by ! pack+-r+ ( ! pi/on cat*+ 9 ! /eam-passage4 ,"p ( ! r+ broke (f1 & w$g$ itself betwe5 ! advanc+ pi/on & ! cyl9d]4 ,! w$ge split ! cyl9d] op51 & ! rema9d] ( ! pi/on act$ l a pulv]iz] ^u ! fragm5t ( ! cyl9d]4 ,,brok5 ,,cyl9d]-,,heads ,,(t5 ,,prev5table4 ,! causes :i* ev5tually lead to brok5 cyl9d]-heads (t5 orig9ate f prev5table /ra9s4 ,?us1 cross-heads are frequ5tly fractur$ by ma9-rod connections p\nd+2 & weaknesses1 t ultimately br+ crank-p9s to disa/]1 orig9ate 9 a simil> way4 ,a loose pi/on-key is liable to crack ! pi/on-rod1 if x does n give tr\ble by jump+ out4 ,loose guides h a t5d5cy to spr+ pi/on-rods1 & ?r[ unnecess>y /ra9 ^u !m4 ,pi/ons l9$ out ( true1 are dang]\s = ! same reason4 ,a pump-plung] work+ out ( l9e1 or badly secur$ 9 ! lug1 ?r[s a di/ress+ load ^u ! cross-head4 ,& s ! li/ ( pot5tial accid5ts gr[s4 ,l ! /eady wat]-drop t we>s into ! adamant9e rock1 trifl+ defects1 assi/$ by "t's action1 prove /rong] ?an ! mo/ massive ma*9e4 ,:5 any ?+ happ5s to p]mit ! pi/on to break out a cyl9d]-head1 ! eng9e c be put 9 runn+ trim by tak+ (f ! valve-rod & ma9-rod1 & sett+ ! valve on ! c5t] ( ! valve-seat4 ,block+ ! cross-head is unnecess>y1 if ! break w all[ ! escap+ /eam to pass ?r\gh2 = !n no fur!r t5sion c be put ^u ! pi/on to cause fur!r damage4 ,if1 by an extraord9>y freak ( good luck1 a pi/on-rod breaks )\t caus+ o!r damage1 ! cyl9d]-head mu/ be tak5 (f1 & ! pi/on remov$4 ,!n cov] ! ports1 & take d[n ! ma9-rod on t side4 ,or1 if ! cross-head is all "r1 ! ma9-rod may be left unt\*$4 ,:5 ! cross-head breaks1 x g5]ally entails tak+ out ! pi/on1 c5t]+ ! valve1 & tak+ d[n ! ma9-rod on t side4 ,,:5 ,a ,,ma9-,,rod ,,breaks4 ,) a brok5 ma9-rod :i* does n knock out ! cyl9d]-head1 ! ma9-rod & valve-rod %\ld be tak5 d[n1 ! valve secur$ on ! c5t] ( ! seat1 & ! cross-head block$ ) ! pi/on at ! back end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,,crank-,,p9 ,,brok54 ,= a brok5 ma9 crank-p91 ! above me?od ( /ripp+ ! eng9e w d ) ! addition ( tak+ d[n bo? side-rods4 ,an accid5t :i* disables "o side-rod1 requires t ! o!r "o %all be tak5 d[n also1 or !re w be tr\ble :5 ! eng9e is attempt$ to be run ) "o side-rod4 ,! rod might g all "r s long z no slipp+ happ5$4 ,b1 if ! eng9e began to slip :ile pass+ ov] ! c5t]1 ! side-rod w\ld h no lev]age on ! back crank to slip its :eel2 & a brok5 rod or crank-p9 w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly ensue4 ,a brok5 side-rod1 t is n accompani$ by o!r damage1 requires bo? side-rods to be tak5 d[n4 ,all ! inconv5i5ce aris+ f ?is is1 t ! eng9e is m liable to slip4 ,b1 ) dry rails1 an eng9e c get along v well )\t its side-rods4 ,,?rottle ,,disconnect$4 ,any accid5t to ! ?rottle-valve or its atta*m5ts1 :i* deprives ! eng9e] ( p[] to %ut (f /eam1 is v dang]\s1 & calls = prompt action4 ,lose no "t 9 r$uc+ ! head ( /eam to fifty or sixty p\nds1 or to ! pressure :]e ! eng9e c easily be manag$ ) ! rev]se-lev]4 ,) ! aid ( a p[]-brake1 an eng9e] c get along fairly ) a light tra91 aft] an accid5t has happ5$ :i* prev5ts ! clos+ ( ! /eam f ! cyl9d]s2 b con/ant vigilance & ?\ghtful labor are ne$$4 ,,oil+ ,,! ,,valves ,,:5 ,,! ,,?rottle ,,is ,,disconnect$4 ,! greate/ difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 oil+ ! valves1 unless ! /eam-*e/s are provid$ ) ! automatic fe$]s1 :i* "w ) /eam on4 ,if he is runn+ on an undulatory road1 an eng9e] c oil ! valves f ! cab1 by lett+ ! /eam d[n at ! top ( a hill1 & runn+ d[n at a high spe$4 ,x c also g5]ally be done on a level track1 by lett+ ! fire burn l[1 gett+ up ! be/ spe$ ! eng9e w atta91 !n putt+ ! fe$ full on4 ,z ! /eam drops sudd5ly1 put ! rev]se-lev] 9 full motion2 & ! *ances are1 t ! valves c be oil$4 ,,:at ,,causes ,a ,,disconnect$ ,,?rottle4 ,! mo/ common causes ( tr\ble ) ! ?rottle are ! break+ or work+ out ( "o ( ! bolts t op]ate ! valve )9 ! dome1 ! break+ ( a valve-rod1 or work+ (f ( nuts t %\ld secure ! connection4 ,:]e ! ?rottle fails ) ! valve clos$1 & ! eng9e] f9ds x necess>y to take ! dome-cov] (f to prev5t 8 eng9e f be+ haul$ 91 he w g5]ally f9d ! tr\ble to lie ) ! connections m5tion$1 or ) ! bolts belong+ to ! bell-crank1 t is locat$ ne> ! bottom ( ! /&-pipe4 ,sometimes ! nuts on ! top ( ! ?rottle-valve /em "w (f3 b1 9 su* a case1 !re is no difficulty 9 op5+ ! valve2 x is :5 ! eng9e] wants to close x1 t ! discomfiture comes 94 ,"s /eam-pipes are provid$ ) a release-valve ne> ! ?rottle1 to relieve ! pipe f int5se back-pressure :5 ! eng9e is rev]s$4 ,! sudd5 rev]s+ ( an eng9e sometimes j]ks ?is valve out ( its seat1 leav+ an op5 passage betwe5 ! boil] & /eam-*e/4 ,?is acts l a mild case ( un%ipp$ ?rottle1 & mu/ be controll$ 9 a simil> way4 ,,bur/+ ,a ,,dry ,,pipe4 ,! bur/+ ( a dry pipe is simil> 9 effect to ! action ( a ?rottle becom+ disconnect$ :ile op52 & x may ev5 prove h>d] to control1 accord+ to ! size ( ! op5+4 ,eng9e] ,halliday _h a try+ "t ) a case ( ?is k9d4 ,:ile sw++ along ! ,e41 ,f41 ,g4 road1 ) a heavy tra9 ( freight1 a h]d ( horses ran 9 f an op5 cross+-gate1 & />t$ up ! track j 9 front ( ! eng9e4 ,z !re 0 a bridge a %ort di/ance ahead1 ,halliday rev]s$ ! eng9e 9 8 anxiety to prev5t an accid5t4 ,! tra9 /opp$ = an in/ant1 :5 ! eng9e began to pu% x back4 ,halliday tri$ to ?r[ ! lev] to ! c5t]1 b nev] be=e _h he felt su* a pressure act+ ^u x4 ,aga9 & aga9 he tri$ to ?r[ ! lev] ov]2 b e "t x prov$ too =midable a /ruggle1 & ! cat* f\nd its way into ! full-back not*4 ,mean:ile1 ! tra9 0 ga9+ spe$ 9 ! wrong direction1 & a pass5g] tra9 0 n _m miles beh9d4 ,beg9n+ to realize ! true /ate ( affairs1 ,halliday call$ = brakes1 op5$ ! fire-box door1 clos$ ! damp]s1 & />t$ ! injector4 ,!n he direct$ ! fireman to ?r[ "s bucketfuls ( wat] ^u ! fire1 :ile he ti$ d[n ! :i/le-lev]1 lett+ ! /eam bl[4 ,! prompte/ means = r$uc+ ! pressure ( /eam 7 n[ 9 op]ation1 & 8 next move 0 to try ! rev]se-lev] aga94 ,bo? m5 grasp$ ! lev]1 &1 by a comb9$ ef=t1 =c$ x pa/ ! c5t]2 & ,samson's hair 0 cut4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd t a long r5t _h op5$ 9 ! dry pipe1 lett+ ! full boil] pressure ^u ! valves1 :i* mov$ h>d ?r\gh be+ dry2 ! hot gases pump$ ?r\gh !m 9 rev]se motion hav+ lick$ (f e trace ( lubricat+ ungu5t4 ,,o!r ,,?rottle ,,accid5ts4 ,cases ( s]i\s tr\ble result+ f accid5ts to ?rottle connections w\ld be easy to multiply4 ,two incid5ts ) simil> orig9at+ conditions1 b ) v diff]5t results1 w suffice4 ,eng9e] ,phelps 0 pull+ a full tra9 ( coal ov] rails t 7 nei!r wet nor dry1 & _h j en\gh fro/ ^u !m to be wick$4 ,he 0 hav+ a bad "t slipp+1 b 0 work+ pati5tly along1 :5 ! ?rottle became disconnect$ ) ! valve op54 ,! eng9e at once />t$ on a :irl ( slipp+ t ?reat5$ disa/]1 b x 0 imm$iately controll$ by ! eng9e] pull+ ! rev]se-lev] to ! c5t] not*4 ,eng9e] ,cook ( ! ,f41 ,g41 ,h4 road1 0 n s =tunate :5 ! /em ( 8 ?rottle-valve broke on a slipp]y day4 ,z ! :eels began sp9n+ r\nd1 ,cook lo/ 8 head1 & kept work+ at ! ?rottle-lev] to try to /op4 ,see+ ?is 0 ( no avail1 he grasp$ ! s&-lev]1 & tugg$ vigor\sly at ! valves4 ,a season ( tumult succe$$2 &1 :5 ! eng9e /opp$ pres5tly1 x 0 f\nd to be a deplorable wreck4 ,x 0 h>d to tell1 f ! look ( ! ru91 :at "p ( ! locomotive broke fir/2 b ! crank-p9s on "o side 7 clean$ (f1 & ! pi/on 0 out ?r\gh ! cyl9d]-head4 ,! side-rod on ! o!r side broke close to ! /rap1 & 0 twi/$ up l a spiral spr+4 ,,p\nd+ ,,( ,,! ,,work+-,,p>ts4 ,x is good = an ambiti\s "y eng9e]1 :o desires to ?or\ghly ma/] 8 call+1 to walk occasionally into ! room :]e a well-manag$ automatic cut-(f eng9e is at "w1 & wat* its smoo?1 noise-less movem5ts4 ,!re he may f9d an ideal ( h[ an eng9e %\ld run4 ,! nature ( ! "w p]=m$ by a locomotive eng9e prev5ts x f be+ op]at$ noiselessly1 & ! smoo?ness ( its action mu/ always comp>e unfavorably ) a well-con/ruct$ /ation>y eng9e2 b ! connections :i* transmit ! p[] ( a locomotive %\ld be free f knock or j>1 if !y are prop]ly proportion$1 & skillfully put toge!r4 ,,"s ,,causes ,,( ,,p\nd+4 ,to an eng9e] ) a well-regulat$ m9d1 a p\nd ab\t ! eng9e is a s\rce ( cont9ual irritation4 ,if a p\nd arises f a cause :i* c be rem$i$ by an eng9e]1 ! c>eful man w soon p]=m ! necess>y "w to end ! noise4 ,sometimes ! orig9 ( a p\nd is h>d to discov]3 v (t5 x is beyond ! p[] ( ! eng9e] to /op x4 ,"s makes ( locomotives always p\nd :5 work+ 9 full ge>4 ,) su* an eng9e1 a n]v\s eng9e] w fuss1 pu%+ up w$ges until !y /ick fa/1 & cause no end ( grief to get !m d[n aga94 ,he w key up ! ma9-rod connections till !y run hot1 & he w prophesy t ! eng9e is go+ to pieces4 ,b ! eng9e hangs toge!r all ! same1 & is only suff]+ f want ( lead1 or want ( compression4 ,:]e an eng9e is defici5t 9 ! cu%ion+ to ! pi/on1 due to compression or lead1 ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & connect+-rod is sudd5ly *eck$ at ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,! concussion to ^! work+-p>ts is s great t p\nd+ w be produc$4 ,z ! eng9e gets hook$ t[>ds ! c5t]1 ?is p\nd+ w cease1 because ! lead op5+ increases z ! motion is not*$ back4 ,! mo/ common causes = p\nd+ ) locomotives are worn ma9-rod connections1 & driv+-boxes too loose 9 ! jaws1 or ! brasses loose 9 ! driv+-boxes4 ,if side-rods are out ( tram1 or h ! brasses badly worn1 !y sometimes p\nd :5 pass+ ! c5t]s4 ,a cross-head w p\nd :5 ! guides are worn v op54 ,?is la/ defect is liable to cause a b5t pi/on-rod4 ,a pi/on makes a trem5d\s p\nd :5 a badly connect$ rod all[s x to t\* a cyl9d]-head1 & a v om9\s p\nd is produc$ :5 ! spid] gets loose on ! pi/on-rod1 & a pi/on-rod loose 9 ! cross-head w make itself he>d all ov] ! eng9e4 ,,locat+ ,a ,,my/]i\s ,,p\nd4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a v tr\blesome & my/]i\s p\nd caus$ ! writ] a great deal ( annoyance4 ,he 0 runn+ an old eng9e1 ) cyl9d]s t _h be5 bor$ out until no c\nt]-bore 0 left4 ,! pi/on _h worn a seat leav+ a small ridge at ! end ( its back travel4 ,! ma9-rod 0 tak5 d[n "o day2 &1 9 putt+ x up aga91 ! travel ( ! pi/on 0 slightly alt]$4 ,! eng9e />t$ out ) a p\nd1 & kept x up4 ,if any ( my read]s h be5 work+ an eng9e t seem$ to hang toge!r m]ely by luck1 away on con/ruction "w on ! wild prairies1 ) no ma*9e-%ops 9 ! re> to appeal to = aid or c\nsel1 ) all 8 own repair+ to d )\t tools or skill$ assi/ance1 !y w und]/& ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 locat+ t p\nd at ! back end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,a cyl9d] loose on ! frame1 or a brok5 frame1 w j> ! :ole ma*9e2 & bo? ( ^! defects are s]i\s1 & dem& increas$ c>e 9 tak+ ! eng9e along ) ! tra94 ,loose driv+-box brasses produce a p\nd :i* is sometimes difficult to locate4 ,9 se>*+ = ! cause ( a p\nd1 x is a good plan to place ! eng9e ) "o ( ! cranks on ! qu>t]1 block ! :eels1 & h ! fireman op5 ! ?rottle a little1 & rev]se ! eng9e ) ! /eam on4 ,by closely wat*+ 9 turn ea* connection1 z ! /eam ?r\gh ! pi/on gives a pull or a ?ru/ to ! cross-head1 ! defect :i* causes ! p\nd may be locat$4 ,nev] run ) a s]i\s p\nd inside ( a cyl9d]4 ,x is an almo/ c]ta9 indication t a sma% is imm95t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,(f ,,! ,,track4--,,accid5ts ,,to ,,runn+-,,ge>4 ,,gett+ ,,dit*$4 ,!re is some?+ pa!tic 9 ! spectacle ( a noble locomotive1 ^: spe$ capabilities are s wond]ful1 ly+ ) its :eels 9 ! air1 or sunk to ! hubs 9 mud or gravel4 ,k9dr$ sights are1 a %ip ?r[n high & dry ^u ! bea*1 away f ! elem5t t gives x p[] & beauty2 or a mon/] :ale1 ! levia?an ( ! deep1 ly+ /r&$ & helpless ^u ! %ore4 ,few eng9e]s h run _m ye>s )\t gett+ _! eng9e (f ! track 9 "s way1--ov] ! ends ( swit*es1 by jump+ bad track1 or gett+ into ! dit* ?r\gh "s s]i\s accid5t1 collision or o!rwise4 ,mo/ ( !m h felt t %ock ( ! eng9e ?ump+ ov] ! ties1 & mom5t>ily wond]$ 9 :at position x 0 go+ to /op2 do+ all 9 _! p[]1 mean:ile1 to /op1 & prev5t damage4 ,,deal+ ,,) ,,sudd5 ,,em]g5cies4 ,( c\rse1 an eng9e]'s fir/ duty is to conduct 8 eng9e 9 a way t w avoid accid5t s f> z human =esight c aid 9 do+ s2 b1 :5 an accid5t is inevitable1 8 next duty is to use e ex]tion t[>ds r$uc+ its sev]ity4 ,! mo/ common =m ( s]i\s accid5t occurr+ on our railroads is a collision4 ,re>-end collisions occur mo/ frequ5tly1 al?\gh head-to-head collisions annually claim _m victims4 ,:5 an accid5t ( ?is k9d is imp5d+1 ! eng9e] g5]ally has b a few seconds ( w>n+2 b ^! brief seconds well utiliz$ (t5 save _m lives1 & impress ! pr9cipal actor ) ! /amp ( true h]oism4 ,r\nd+ a curve at a high spe$1 an eng9e] p]ceives ano!r tra9 approa*+4 ,quick z ?\ght he %uts (f /eam1 applies ! brake1 rev]ses ! eng9e1 & op5s ! s&-valves & ! ?rottle4 ,?is w take ab\t t5 seconds' "t2 &1 if ! eng9e is runn+ ?irty miles an h\r1 ! tra9 w pass ov] =ty-f\r feet ea* second4 ,assum+ t no r$uction ( spe$ has tak5 place till all ! appliances = /opp+ are 9 op]ation1 f\r hundr$ & =ty feet w be pass$ ov] z a prelim9>y to /opp+4 ,) ! automatic ,we/+h\se brake1 application & ret>d+ p[] are almo/ simultane\s4 ,until he has appli$ all means ( r$uc+ spe$1 an eng9e] r>ely or nev] consults 8 own safety1 h[ev] c]ta9 dea? may be />+ him 9 ! face4 ,b aft] ! brakes are kn[n to be do+ _! "w1 aid$ by s&$ rails1 & /eam work+ aga9/ ! pi/on1 p]sonal safety is consid]$4 ,a glance at ! position ( ! two tra9s tells if !y are com+ viol5tly toge!r2 & ! eng9e] jumps (f1 or rema9s on ! eng9e1 z he deems be/4 ,?is applies to tra9s equipp$ ) cont9u\s brakes4 ,,/opp+ ,a ,,freight ,,tra9 ,,9 ,,case ,,( ,,dang]4 ,) freight tra9s :]e ! means ( /opp+ are n imm$iately "u ! h& ( ! eng9e]1 he mu/ call = brakes on ! fir/ indication ( dang]1 & d all t a rev]s$ eng9e c a*ieve to aid 9 /opp+ ! tra94 ,:]e a driv] brake is us$1 ! eng9e] w h to wat* ! rev]s$ eng9e2 because ! :eels w soon beg9 slid+1 ev5 on ?ick s&1 & _! ret>d+ p[] w be s]i\sly dim9i%$4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! eng9e] %\ld let (f ! driv] brake1 & op5 ! cyl9d]-cocks1 till ! :eels beg9 to revolve1 :5 ! brake may be appli$ aga94 ,work+ & wat*+ 9 ?is way greatly assi/ 9 /opp+ a tra91 & prev5t+ ! flatt5+ ( :eels4 ,,sav+ ,,! ,,heat+ ,,surfaces4 ,%\ld ! eng9e get into ! dit*1 ! eng9e]'s fir/ duty is to save ! eng9e f gett+ burn$1 unless sav+ ( life1 or protect+ ! tra91 dem&s 8 att5tion4 ,if ! eng9e is 9 a position :]e ! flues or fire-box cr[n w be left )\t wat]1 ! fire %\ld be qu5*$ z quickly z possible4 ,s& or gravel ?r[n ov] ! fire1 & !n saturat$ ) wat]1 is a good & prompt way ( ext+ui%+ ! fire4 ,,gett+ ,,! ,,eng9e ,,on ,,! ,,track4 ,x c be und]/ood 9 a few m9utes aft] d]ailm5t :e!r or n ! eng9e c be put back on ! track )\t assi/ance4 ,sometimes a pull f ano!r eng9e is all t is requir$3 aga91 no?+ c be done )\t ! aid ( heavy tools to raise x up4 ,9 ?is case1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 s5d+ = ! wreck+ outfit4 ,x (t5 happ5s t an eng9e gets (f ! track :ile swit*+ among sid+s1 & s9ks d[n 9 ! road-b$ s z to be helpless4 ,9 an ev5t ( ?is k9d1 jack+ up a few in*es w (t5 enable ! eng9e to "w back to ! rails4 ,be=e beg9n+ to hoi/ ) ! screw-jacks1 "s labor c g5]ally be sav$ by putt+ pieces ( iron betwe5 ! bottom ( ! driv+-boxes & ! p$e/al-braces4 ,z ! :eels beg9 to rise out ( ! gravel1 pieces ( plank or wood5 w$ges %\ld be driv5 "u !m to hold good e in* rais$4 ,:]e ! attempt is made to "w an eng9e on ! rails by means ( wreck+-frogs1 wood5 fill+ %\ld be laid d[n crosswise to prev5t ! :eels f s9k+ betwe5 ! ties1 %\ld !y slip (f ! frogs4 ,:]e jack+ up has to be resort$ to1 !re is (t5 difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ up ! eng9e-truck2 z rais+ ! frame usually leaves ! truck beh9d 9 ! mire4 ,! be/ plan is1 to jack up ! front ( ! eng9e to ! desir$ level1 !n ) a rail well mann$ pry up ! truck1 & hold x 9 position by driv+ %ims "u ! :eels4 ,an eng9e w g5]ally g on ! rails easie/ ! way x comes (f4 ,:5 a d]ail$ eng9e is be+ pull$ on ! track by ano!r eng9e1 ! "w %\ld be done c>efully1 & ) prop] delib]ation4 ,:5 e ?+ is made ready = a pull1 "s m5 act z if ! be/ plan 0 to />t bo? eng9es (f ) full ?rottle2 & ?is (t5 leaves ! situation worse ?an x 0 at fir/4 ,:5 truck-:eels /& at an angle to ! track1 x is (t5 necess>y to j]k !m 9 l9e by atta*+ a *a9 or rope to "o side4 ,a wreck+-frog %\ld be laid 9 front ( ! :eel outside ! rail1 & block+ be=e ! inside :eel1 suffici5t to raise ! tread ( ! :eel above ! level ( ! rail4 ,!n move ahead sl[ly1 & ! *ances are t ! :eels w g on ! rails4 ,sometimes ! easie/ way is to op5 ! track at a jo9t1 move x aside to ! l9e ( ! :eels1 & spike x !re1 !n draw or run ! eng9e on4 ,hav+ an eng9e (f ! track1 is a position :]e good judgm5t is m pot5t ?an a volume ( writt5 directions4 ,,und]/&+ ,,! ,,runn+-,,ge>4 ,! driv+-:eels1 axles1 boxes1 frames1 ) ! trucks & all _! atta*m5ts1 are some:at dirty articles to h&le4 ,! exam9ation ( h[ !y are put toge!r1 & h[ !y are hang+ toge!r1 is pursu$ "u soil+ circum/ances4 ,p]haps ?is is ! reason ^! ?+s are /udi$ less ?an !y ought to be4 ,to creep "u a greasy locomotive to exam9e :eels1 axles1 & truck-boxes1 is n a dignifi$ proce$+ by any means2 b x is a v useful "o4 ,! runn+-ge> is ! fundam5tal "p ( ! ma*9e1 & its :ole make-up %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! builds ( trucks are s multif>i\s t no specifi$ directions c be giv5 respect+ accid5ts happ5+ to !m4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ! great] ne$ = an eng9e]'s famili>iz+ himself ) ! make-up ( 8 runn+-ge>1 s t1 :5 an accid5t happ5s1 he w "k exactly :at to d4 ,disraeli said3 8,!re is no?+ s likely to happ5 z ! unexpect$40 ,?is applies v aptly to railroad eng9e]+4 ,indu/ri\s accumulation ( k respect+ e "p ( ! ma*9e is ! prop] way to defy ! unexpect$4 ,,brok5 ,,driv+-,,spr+4 ,! runn+-ge> ( "s eng9es is s arrang$1 t1 9 case a driv+-spr+ breaks on ! road1 x c readily be replac$ if a sp>e spr+ is c>ri$4 ,) ! av]age run ( eng9es1 h[ev]1 & ! accumulat+ complication ( brake-ge> atta*$ to ! frames1 ! replac+ ( a driv+-spr+ is a t$i\s op]ation1 t w\ld involve too mu* delay ) an eng9e atta*$ to a tra94 ,consequ5tly eng9e]s seldom attempt to *ange a brok5 spr+4 ,!y m]ely remove ! atta*m5ts likely to %ake out ( place1 & block ! eng9e up s z to get home safely4 ,:5 a =w>d driv+-spr+ breaks1 x is g5]ally be/ to take ! spr+ out ) its saddle & hang]s4 ,!n run ! back driv]s up on w$ges to take ! weight (f ! =w>d driv]s1 & put a piece ( h>d wood or a rubb] spr+ betwe5 ! top ( ! box & ! frame4 ,n[ run ! =w>d driv]s on ! w$ges1 :i* w take ! weight (f ! back driv]s1 & ) a p9*-b> pry up ! end ( ! equaliz] till t lev] /&s level1 & block x 9 t position by jamm+ a piece ( wood betwe5 x & ! frame4 ,= a back driv+-spr+1 ?is ord] ( proc$ure %\ld be rev]s$4 ,a back driv+-spr+ is (t5 h>d to get out ( its position2 & x sometimes c be left 9 place1 z x is n v liable to cause mis*ief4 ,:]e a spr+ drops its load ?r\gh a hang] break+1 ! mi%ap c occasionally be rem$i$ by *a9+ ! spr+ to ! frame4 ,%\ld ?is prove impracticable1 ! same process mu/ be foll[$ z t :i* 0 made necess>y by a brok5 spr+4 ,,equaliz] ,,brok54 ,= a brok5 equaliz]1 all ! pieces likely to %ake (f1 or to be caught by ! revolv+ :eels1 mu/ come out2 & bo? driv+-boxes on t side mu/ be block$ on top ) wood or rubb]4 ,:]e good screw-jacks are c>ri$1 x w (t5 prove "t-sav+ to raise ! eng9e by jack+ up at ! back end ( ! frame in/ead ( runn+ x up on w$ges4 ,:]e ! w$ge plan is likely to prove easie/1 x mu/ be adopt$ only on a /raight track2 & !n too mu* c>e c n be us$ to prev5t ! :eels f leav+ ! rails4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,trucks4 ,! break+ ( an eng9e-truck spr+ :i* transmits ! weight to ! boxes by means ( an equaliz]1 requires t ! equaliz] %\ld be tak5 out1 & ! frame block$ above ! boxes4 ,?is block+ above ! boxes is necess>y to prev5t ! two unyield+ iron surfaces1 :i* w\ld o!rwise come toge!r1 f hamm]+ ea* o!r to pieces4 ,wood or rubb] has m ela/icity1 & acts z a spr+4 ,:atev] may be ! =m ( truck us$1 if ! break+ ( a spr+ all[s ! rigid frame to drop ^u ! top ( "o or m boxes1 x mu/ be rais$1 & a yield+ sub/ance ins]t$1 if ! eng9e is to be run ev5 at a mod]ate spe$1 & ! eng9e] wi%es to avoid fur!r breakage4 ,sometimes truck-spr+s1 especially ) tanks1 are s arrang$ t ! removal ( "o w take away ! support ( ! frame at t po9t4 ,9 su* a case1 a cross-tie or o!r suitable piece ( wood mu/ be fitt$ into ! place to support ! weight :i* ! spr+ held up4 ,,brok5 ,,frame4 ,a brok5 truck-frame c g5]ally be held toge!r by means ( a *a91 & a piece ( brok5 rail or wood5 beam to act z a 8splice40 ,%\ld a truck-:eel or axle break1 x c be *a9$ up to enable ! eng9e to rea* ! ne>e/ side track :]e new :eels may be procur$1 or ! brok5 p>ts fa/5$ s t ! eng9e may proce$ c>efully home4 ,! back :eel ( an eng9e-truck c be *a9$ up securely to a rail or cross-tie plac$ across ! top ( ! eng9e-frame4 ,if an accid5t happ5s to ! front :eels1 & x proves impracticable to get a s\nd pair1 ! truck %\ld be turn$ r\nd :5 a side track is rea*$4 ,an accid5t to ! :eels or axle ( a t5d]-truck c be manag$ 9 ! same way z an eng9e-truck1 b ! cross-beam to support ! *a9$ weight mu/ be plac$ across ! top ( ! t5d]4 ,a b5t axle or brok5 :eel t prev5ts a truck f foll[+ ! rail1 c be run to ! ne>e/ side track by fa/5+ ! :eels s t !y w slide on ! rails4 ,,brok5 ,,driv+ ,,axles1 ,,:eels1 ,,& ,,tires4 ,accid5ts ( ?is nature (t5 disable ! eng9e entirely2 b sometimes ! breakage occurs 9 su* a way t ! eng9e c run itself home1 or into a side track1 by good & c>eful managem5t4 ,driv+-axles g5]ally break 9 ! box1 or betwe5 ! box & ! :eel4 ,:5 ?is happ5s to a ma9 driv+-axle1 or :5 any ?+ happ5s to ! =w>d driv+-:eel or tire ( su* a s]i\s nature t ! eng9e c n be mov$ until ! :eel is rais$ away f ! rail1 ! eng9e]'s fir/ duty is to take d[n ! ma9 rod on t side1 & secure ! pi/on1 !n to take d[n bo? ( ! side rods4 ,cases c\ld be cit$ :]e eng9e]s h br\ght 9 eng9es ) brok5 axles )\t disconnect+ any ?+1 b ^! m5 did n take ! safe side by a long way4 ,! rods be+ disconnect$1 run ! disabl$ :eel up on a w$ge or block ( wood1 & secure x 9 ! rais$ position by driv+ block+ betwe5 ! axle-box & ! p$e/al-brace4 ,to get ! box high en\gh 9 ! jaws1 x is sometimes necess>y to remove ! spr+ & saddle f ! top ( ! box4 ,a :eel may break & n fall to pieces1 b /ill be dang]\s to use1 except = mov+ along sl[ly4 ,a tire may break1 & yet rema9 on ! :eel1 only requir+ ! mo/ c>eful h&l+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! break+ ( a :eel or tire may r5d] ! :eel useless1 :5 x mu/ be rais$ f ! rail ! same way z 0 recomm5d$ = a brok5 axle1 & ! same precautions 9 reg>d to /ripp+ t side ( ! eng9e mu/ all be tak54 ,9 ! ev5t ( an accid5t happ5+ :i* disables bo? =w>d driv]s1 !y mu/ bo? be rais$ f ! rails1 & ! eng9e pull$ 91 ! truck & h9d driv]s support+ ! weight4 ,bo? side rods mu/ come d[n4 ,! break+ ( back driv+-axles1 or accid5ts to :eels or tires1 is v difficult to manage2 because ! weight mu/ be support$ 9 "s way4 ,! fir/ act :5 su* a mi%ap occurs1 is to take d[n bo? side rods4 ,if ! eng9e c be mov$ to ! ne>e/ side track )\t fur!r *ange1 take x !re2 n[ jack up ! back "p ( ! eng9e1 & fa/5 two pieces ( rail by *a9+ or o!rwise to ! frames ( ! eng9e1 _! ends re/+ on ! tank-deck1 s t1 :5 ! jacks are l[]$1 ! tank w help to support ! h9d "p ( ! eng9e4 ,i h se5 a case :]e "o piece ( rail 0 pu%$ into ! draw-b> ca/+1 & x held ! eng9e up ?r\gh a j\rney ( sev5ty miles4 ,if "o ( ! back driv+-:eels c be us$1 x less5s ! weight t has to be borne by any lev] contrivance4 ,:5 "o :eel is disabl$1 x mu/ be block$ up 9 ! jaws2 &1 %\ld bo? :eels be r5d]$ useless1 !y mu/ bo? be held up1 s t z mu* z possible ( ! weight may be ?r[n ^u ! =w>d driv]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,connect+-,,rods1 ,,side ,,rods1 ,,& ,,w$ges4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,locomotive ,,rods4 ,:5 x is f\nd t an eng9e] runs 8 eng9e = mon?s on ardu\s tra9 s]vice1 & has no tr\ble ) 8 rods1 he may safely be cr$it$ ) kn[+ 8 bus9ess1 & att5d+ to x skillfully4 ,9 reg>d to ! keep+ ( ! ma*9]y 9 work+-ord]1 ! eng9e]'s duties are mo/ly ( a sup]visory nature4 ,:5 pi/on-r+s get bl[+1 :5 guides ne$ clos+1 or :5 a pump gets work+ badly1 he reports ! matt]2 & ! "w is done s t ! defect is rem$i$4 ,) ! rods x is diff]5t4 ,al?\gh he does n file ! brasses himself1 he ex]ts great influ5ce1 = good or evil1 9 ! way he manipulates ! keys1 & by ! c>e he takes ( ! rods4 ,injudici\s key+ ( rods is responsible = m accid5ts ?an ! mi/akes 9 any o!r "o direction1 )1 p]haps1 ! exception ( ! curr5t mi/ake ( ! h9d brakeman1 :o supposes !re is no use 9 go+ back to flag :5 8 tra9 has /opp$ betwe5 /ations4 ,,functions ,,( ,,connect+-,,rods4 ,! functions ( rods be+ to transmit ! motion ( ! pi/ons to ! runn+-ge>1 !y h v heavy duty to p]=m4 ,! conflict+ /ra9s & %ocks to :i* a locomotive is subject$ :ile runn+ ov] a r\gh track at high spe$1 are1 9 _m in/ances1 su/a9$ by ! rods3 h5ce x is ( special importance t ?is portion ( ! motion %\ld be kept 9 good ord]4 ,ma9 rods convey ! p[] develop$ 9 ! cyl9d]s to ! crank-p9s by a succession ( pulls & ?ru/s equal 9 vigor to ! aggregate ( /eam-pressure ex]t$ on ! pi/on4 ,to endure ?is alt]nat+ t5sion & compression )\t injury to ! work+-p>ts1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! connections %\ld be close fitt$1 yet free en\gh to prev5t unnecess>y friction4 ,9 fitt+ up ma9-rod brasses1 x does n matt] 9 :at position ! crank /&s1 s long z x is conv5i5t = do+ ! "w4 ,b1 if ! eng9e has be5 9 s]vice s9ce ! p9s 7 turn$1 !y %\ld be calip]$ ?r\gh _! horizontal diamet] :5 ! crank is on ! c5t]2 s9ce x is well kn[n t ! p9s h a t5d5cy to we> flat on ! sides at "r angles to ! crank's l5g?4 ,! back ends ( ! ma9-rod brasses %\ld be fitt$ brass to brass2 = t =m ( do+ ! "w makes ! mo/ secure job1 & gives ! connection all ! advantages ( a solid box1 prev5t+ ! /raps & brasses f be+ knock$ out ( %ape by hamm]+ ea* o!r1--a result t surely foll[s ! op5 brasses me?od ( fitt+ back ends ( ma9-rods4 ,leav+ ! =w>d end brasses a little op5 is n injuri\s to t connection1 because ! l9e ( /ra9 is n s v>i$ z t ( ! back end4 ,,effects ,,( ,,bad ,,fitt+4 ,:5 ! "w ( fitt+ a set ( back-end brasses is complet$1 !y %\ld be put 9 ! /rap1 & tri$ on ! p94 ,if1 aft] be+ key$ close toge!r1 !y revolve on ! p9 )\t p9*+1 ! fit is n too tight4 ,x is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 9 fitt+ rod-brasses1 to asc]ta91 beyond d\bt1 t ! brasses h be5 bor$ out true1 & t !y fit 9 ! /rap s t ! l9e ( /ra9 %all be 9 l9e ) ! cross-head & crank-p9s4 ,x occasionally happ5s1 ?r\gh bad workman%ip1 t :5 ! back end ( a rod is key$ up1 & ! front end n connect$1 ! rod does n po9t /raight to ! cross-head p91 b 9 a l9e "s di/ance to ! "r or left4 ,! di/ance may be v small1 yet suffici5t to cause no small am\nt ( tr\ble4 ,by "s p9*+ & jamm+1 a rod 9 ?is condition c be connect$ up2 b x is almo/ sure to run hot4 ,& a rod 9 ?is condition w nev] run satisfactorily till x is tak5 d[n & fitt$ by a compet5t ma*9i/4 ,! back end may be all "r1 & ! =w>d end suff]+ f oblique fitt+4 ,?is is ev5 m common ?an ! fir/ case1 & ! effect is ! same4 ,a rod 9 ?is condition1 besides display+ a t5d5cy to run hot1 w keep j]k+ ! cross-head f side to side on ! guides1 & w probably make ! cross-head *afe ! guides at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,rods nev] run cool1 & free f j>1 unless !y are fitt$ to transmit ! p[] 9 a direct l9e betwe5 ! p9s4 ,,/rik+ ,,po9ts ,,& ,,cle>ance4 ,be=e putt+ up ma9 rods1 ! /rik+ po9ts ( ! pi/ons %\ld be locat$ & m>k$ on ! guides4 ,!n1 :5 ! rods are put up1 ! cle>ance %\ld be divid$ equally betwe5 ! two ends4 ,! id5tification ( ^! po9ts is ( great] int]e/ to ! eng9e] :o is runn+ ! eng9e ?an to any o!r p]son2 = ^u _! correctness ! success ( 8 runn+ may1 to "s ext5t1 dep5d4 ,an eng9e may g out ) ! cle>ance badly divid$1 & run all "r = a few days1 & ! driv+ ( a key may !n cause ! pi/on to /rike ! head4 ,a =cible in/ance ( ?is k9d once came "u my obs]vation4 ,a c>eless ma*9i/1 9 work+ on ma9-rod brasses1 _h mix$ ! l9]s1 & %ort5$ ! rod1 till ! pi/on began to t\* ! back head4 ,:5 ! eng9e 0 work+ light1 !re 0 j a slight j>2 b1 :5 ! load 0 heavy1 ! j> became a di/9ct p\nd4 ,! eng9e] c\ld n locate ! knock1 & 0 dispos$ to ?9k x 0 9 ! driv+-box4 ,"o day t he slipp$ ! eng9e badly1 /eam began to issue f ! back cyl9d]-head1 :i* 0 crack$ by a bl[ f ! pi/on4 ,! cause ( ! p\nd 0 !n discov]$4 ,,wat*+ ,,rods ,,on ,,! ,,road4 ,:5 an eng9e] />ts out ) an eng9e aft] ! rod-brasses h be5 fil$1 he %\ld make !m a special object ( att5tion4 ,if he c n %ake ! connection lat]ally ) 8 h&s :5 !re is room = movem5t )9 ! coll>s1 he %\ld slack up ! key till he c d s2 = "s "o has made a mi/ake 9 fitt+4 ,s long z ! rod passes ! c5t] )\t j> :5 ! eng9e is work+ h>d 9 full ge>1 ! brasses are tight en\gh4 ,aft] runn+ a few miles ) newly fitt$ brasses1 ! rod w g5]ally ne$ key+ up2 = l9]s t 7 comp>atively loose :5 put up1 get driv5 compactly toge!r1 leav+ lo/ motion4 ,al?\gh a connection may be put toge!r brass to brass1 !re is /ill "s "w left = ! eng9e] to d 9 ! way ( key+4 ,to d key+ correctly ne$s consid]able sagacity1 especially 9 ! case ( side rods4 ,9 ! case ( back ends ( ma9 rods1 ! key %\ld be got d[n z soon z possible1 to hold ! brasses immovably 9 ! /rap2 b1 aft] ?is po9t is rea*$1 !re %\ld be no m hamm]+ on ! key4 ,"s m5 p]si/ 9 p\nd+ d[n keys t are already snug1 & ! effect ( _! bl[s is to spr+ ! brass out ( %ape4 ,a key acts z a w$ge1 :i* x is2 &1 :5 ! tap] is slight1 ! bl[ imp>t$ by a hamm] r\ghly us$1 ex]ts an imm5se =ce 9 driv+ x d[n4 ,some?+ mu/ yield2 & ! brass gets sprung t[>ds ! p91 pres5t+ a ridge = a rubb+ surface1 :i* heats1 & causes delay4 ,aft] ! key is once driv5 tight home1 its "w is f9i%$4 ,if ! p9 !n indicates lo/ motion1 ! rod %\ld be tak5 d[n1 & ! brasses r$uc$4 ,9 ! case ( ma9 rods1 ?is %\ld be done at ! fir/ signs ( p\nd+2 = lo/ motion entails heavy %ocks ^u ! mov+ p>ts4 ,! front end ( ma9 rods requires to be v c>efully wat*$1 & ! connection kept free f j>4 ,:]e ?is "p is kept regul>ly oil$1 & free f lo/ motion1 x gives sc>cely any tr\ble2 b let ! wri/-p9 ( ! common cross-head once get cut ?r\gh neglect1 & x is a difficult matt] gett+ x 9 good runn+-ord] aga94 ,! /yle ( cross-head :]e ! p9 is "p ( ! ca/+1 al?\gh greatly us$1 is a mo/ awkw>d article to fit up & keep 9 %ape4 ,! =m ( cross-head :i* works betwe5 two guide-b>s1 & has its axis 9 l9e ) ! pi/on-rod1 is becom+ des]v$ly popul>4 ,,side ,,rods4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to disp5se ) side rods1 & !y c]ta9ly are a tr\blesome "p ( ! ma*9]y to keep "r2 b no bett] means ( connect+ driv+-:eels has yet be5 devis$4 ,! fir/ me?od ( c\pl+ driv+-:eels toge!r1 s t m ?an "o pair might be available = adhesion1 0 by means ( cogs & ge>+4 ,?is 0 improv$ on by an endless *a9 work+ ov] pocket$ pulleys2 b ev5 ?is 0 an extremely crude device1--work+ ) tumultu\s j]ks1 & a noise l a /amp+-mill4 ,"o ( ! fir/ real improvem5ts1 :i* ,george ,/eph5son effect$ on ! locomotive1 0 ! inv5t+ ( side rods4 ,an ess5tial elem5t 9 locomotive con/ruction ne$$ to make side rods run ) safety1 is1 t all ! :eels connect$ %all be ( ! same circumf]5ce4 ,!re is a practice on "s roads ( putt+ new tires on :eels j z !y come f ! roll+-mill1 )\t putt+ !m 9 ! la!4 ,su* tires are seldom accurate 9 size2 & !y cause no end ( tr\ble1 especially to side rods4 ,?is is "o ( ! economical practices t does n pay4 ,,adju/m5t ,,( ,,side ,,rods4 ,to connect driv+-:eels s t !y w run toge!r 9 p]fect h>mony1 aft] asc]ta9+ t !y are ! same size1 ! next po9t is to secure ! crank-p9s at an equal di/ance f ! c5t]s ( ! :eels4 ,:5 ?is is done1 & ! :eels are tramm$ p>allel to ! l9e ( motion1 ! rods w move on a plane ) ! c5t]s ( ! crank-p9s exactly ! same di/ance ap>t z are ! c5t]s ( ! driv+-axles4 ,! rods c be adju/$ to ! greate/ advantage ) ! /eam rais$1 s t ! heat ( ! boil] w make ! frames ab\t ! same l5g? z :5 ! eng9e is at "w4 ,! expansion due to ! heat ( ! boil] is %ort :5 measur$ by a foot-rule1 b x affects ! smoo? action ( ! side rods to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,be=e tramm+ = ! side rods1 x is necess>y to h ! driv+-box w$ges set up j tight en\gh to let ! driv+-boxes move v]tically 9 ! jaws )\t /ick+4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! driv+-axles & ! c5t]s ( ! crank-p9s hav+ n[ be5 f\nd equal1 ! rods are fitt$ up2 ea* connection be+ secur$ a close fit to ! p91 ) ! brasses held brass to brass4 ,) ! brasses bor$ out exactly to ! size ( ! crank-p9s1 & ! rods accurately fitt$1 a connection c\ld be made :i* w\ld b9d ! two sets ( driv]s to move z an unbrok5 unit1 7 x n = ! di/urb+ elem5t :i* appe>s 9 ! %ape ( r\gh track4 ,) unev5 track & worn :eel-tires1 a trem5d\s t5sion is put on ! rods :]e ! connections are closely fitt$4 ,provision is made = ?is s\rce ( dang] by leav+ ! brasses ( ! back p9s loosely fitt$4 ,a yield+ space is left betwe5 ! brass & ! p91 n betwe5 ! brass & ! key or /rap4 ,! latt] connections mu/ be p]fectly snug1 or ! /rap w soon be p\nd$ out ( %ape4 ,9 ! case ( t5-:eel & consolidation eng9es1 ! brasses ( all :eels beh9d ! lead+ pair %\ld be bor$ out "o-sixty-f\r? l>g] ?an ! p9s1 :i* w g5]ally be suffici5t4 ,9 case a p9 is sprung1--:i* is no r>e circum/ance1--room en\gh mu/ be left 9 ! brass to let ! p9 pass ov] its tighte/ po9t )\t p9*+4 ,! c5t] is ! prop] position to put up side rods on4 ,"s m5 l to fit side rods ) ! cranks on ! eigh?s position2 hold+ t !re ! greate/ /ra9 comes on1 &1 consequ5tly1 t !re fitt+ up %\ld be done4 ,t is a mi/ak5 idea2 = rods may be put toge!r on ! eigh?s1 & yet b9d ! p9s badly 9 pass+ ! c5t]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y pass ! c5t]s easily1 !y w g r\nd ! rema9d] ( ! circle )\t dang]4 ,,key+ ,,side ,,rods4 ,:5 x is necess>y = an eng9e] to key up side rods1 he %\ld select a place :]e ! track is /raight1 & z ev5 z possible4 ,!n he %\ld put ! cranks on ! c5t]1 & take c>e t he c move ! connections lat]ally aft] ! job is done4 ,if he n[ moves ! eng9e s t ! cranks are on ! o!r c5t]1 & f9ds t ! rod connections c /ill be mov$1 t side is all "r4 ,if ! o!r side be treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 8 rods are n likely to give tr\ble4 ,) a worn-out eng9e & r\gh road-b$1 x is a difficult matt] to pres]ve ! true mean betwe5 loose & tight side-rod connections4 ,b1 9 a case ( d\bt1 ! loose side is ! safe side4 ,yet mo/ eng9e]s are incl9$ to err on ! side ( dang]1 = !y w g5]ally tight5 up ! rods to prev5t !m f rattl+4 ,on a ,we/]n road1 :]e solid-end$ brasses 7 adopt$1 x 0 (t5 amus+ to he> ! eng9e]s prote/+ aga9/ ! noise ! side rods made :5 ! brasses began to get worn4 ,!y w\ld rattle f "o end ( ! division to ! o!r2 b !y w\ld n break p9s1 or fracture !mselves1 & te> ! cab to pieces1 or dit* a tra91 z happ5s s (t5 f o!r rods be+ key$ to prev5t noise4 ,sprung crank-p9s & brok5 side rods are v (t5 ! result ( injudici\s key+4 ,,difficulty ,,9 ,,locat+ ,,defects4 ,a locomotive has s _m p>ts t be> a close relation to ea* o!r1 & t are s sympa!tic :5 "o ( ! p>ts becomes disord]$1 t x is sometimes a difficult matt] to imm$iately locate a compla9t4 ,"o ( ! signs ( a defect1 9 _m ( ! p>ts1 or "o ( ! consequ5ces ( x1 is a 8p\nd10--a compla9t t we he> ( 9 a locomotive ab\t z frequ5tly1 & ) ! same feel+1 z we d ( mal>ia 9 ! individual4 ,,p\nd+ ,,9 ,,driv+-,,boxes ,,& ,,w$ges4 ,b we w deal n[ ) ! p\nds 9 a locomotive1 & w take ! location 9 :i* we f9d ! mo/ & s]i\s ones1--namely1 9 ! driv+-boxes & w$ges1--& see :y !y p\nd1 & :at w prev5t !m f do+ s4 ,! cause we w f9d1 if 9 ! w$ges1 is due to a rock+ ( ! box 9 !m1 or f causes aris+ f imp]fect fitt+ :5 !y 7 put up1 or l9$ up :5 ! eng9e 0 9 ! %op4 ,?is fitt+ ( w$ges on a locomotive t has done s]vice is a matt] ( importance 9 ! imm$iate pres5t & future work+ ( ! p>ts !mselves1 & ( o!r p>ts ( ! locomotive z well4 ,on /ripp+ a locomotive t has done mu* s]vice1 x w be f\nd t ! work+ ( ! w$ges on ! face ( ! p$e/al has worn x holl[1 or p\nd$ furr[s on x1 or has done bo?4 ,?is occurs s frequ5tly on ! 8live0 w$ge side1 t x may be tak5 z ! rule1 r ?an ! exception1 to f9d ! p$e/al 9 ?is condition4 ,:ile x does n happ5 s frequ5tly on ! 8dead0 w$ge side z on ! o!r1 x w be f\nd !re also if ! w$ge has n be5 held by a fa/5+ to ! p$e/al1 or securely fitt$ betwe5 ! top ( ! frame & ! p$e/al b9d]-brace4 ,^! defects w be f\nd on ! back ( ! w$ge also1 & are produc$ by ! same cause & same motion z ^? on ! p$e/al face4 ,^! defects are ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( ! driv+-box p\nd+1 or ( ! w$ges rock+2 s9ce !reby ! w$ges get ?r[n out ( p>allel to ea* o!r1 :5 x becomes necess>y to adju/ !m dur+ ! s]vice ( ! locomotive4 ,9 refitt+ w$ges1 ^! defects %\ld be remov$1 ! p$e/al face c>efully /raight5$ its entire l5g?1 & ! w$ge-back fitt$ to x4 ,x is n only necess>y t ! p$e/al face %\ld be smoo?1 b t x %\ld be /raight its entire l5g?4 ,if n1 :5 x becomes necess>y to adju/ ! w$ge1 if ! p$e/al is high on ! top end1 ! w$ge is ?r[n out at ! top1 b9d+ ! box at t po9t1 & all[+ x to sw+ at ! bottom4 ,,importance ,,( ,,hav+ ,,w$ges ,,prop]ly ,,fitt$4 ,) ! p$e/al face 9 a prop] condition to avoid displacem5t ( ! w$ge1 :5 mov$ to diff]5t positions on x1 we %\ld consid] :at w be ! me?od ( l9+ ! w$ges1 & :at duty !y h to p]=m4 ,?is duty is m]ely to take up ! lo/ motion betwe5 ! p$e/al & boxes2 & t1 f _! %ape1 !y readily d f "t to "t4 ,:ile ?is duty is simple1 ! w$ges ought to d x )\t affect+ any ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! locomotive1--a condition ( p]fection t c be rea*$ only by hav+ all ! w$ges p]fectly p>allel ) ! p$e/als & ) ea* o!r4 ,if ! fir/ condition is n compli$ )1 ! result1 z /at$1 w be ! box sw++ 9 ! w$ges4 ,if ! latt]1 !n ) ! v>y+ position ( ! boxes 9 ! p$e/al due to ! eng9e settl+ on ! spr+s1 or to ! *ange ( position f ! motion ( ! spr+s :5 ! locomotive is runn+1 we w h a v>y+ di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! :eels & l5g? = ! side rods4 ,_m ( ! compla9ts we he> ( rods n work+ prop]ly1 are ow+ to ?is defect 9 w$ges n be+ p>allel1 by :i* ! di/ances are v>i$1 & a /ra9 ?r[n ^u ! rods t n only affects !m1 b causes !m 9 turn to b9d ! boxes aga9/ ! w$ges by try+ to compress or ext5d to a l5g? v>y+ z (t5 z ! motion ( ! spr+s4 ,:ile ! motion ( ! spr+s is n mu* 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! w$ges1 & ! v>y+ di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( :eels is 9 ratio to t proportion1 if ! w$ges are n p>allel1 we mu/ rememb] h[ (t5 ! motion is occurr+1 & t1 no matt] h[ slight ! /ra9 ^u ! rods may be1 we are putt+ x on a "p ( ! locomotive t requires ! m9ute/ adju/m5t to enable x to d its "w prop]ly & safely4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,half-,,r\nd ,,brasses4 ,driv+-boxes fitt$ ) a half-r\nd brass h a t5d5cy to close at ! bottom4 ,?is t5d5cy is cont9u\s1 & becomes mo/ m>k$ z ! brass we>s d[n1 reliev+ ! box ( ! /ra9 put ^u x by ! tight-fitt+ brass4 ,) a prop]ly fitt$ brass1 & a coll> put up 9 good %ape1 ! box c n close mu*3 /ill1 !re w be en\gh loos5ess to cause a slight p\nd+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few days' s]vice ( a locomotive aft] new driv+-brasses ( ?is %ape are put 91 ! compression on ! brass1 result+ f ! weight ( ! eng9e1 t5ds to close ! bottom ( ! box1 & p]mits ! box to rock4 ,?is evil may be1 to "s ext5t1 prev5t$ by fitt+ ! w$ges slightly clos] at ! bottom4 ,?is clos+ ( ! box at ! bottom is n only an evil & annoyance 9 itself by caus+ p\nd+1 b is a fur!r s\rce ( tr\ble by ha/5+ ! =m+ ( a %\ld] on ! top ( ! w$ge4 ,! t5d5cy at all times is = ! axle-box to we> a %\ld] at ! top & bottom ( its travel1 ev5 :5 ! box reta9s its prop] %ape2 b1 :5 x is di/ort$ by clos+ at ! bottom1 ! rubb+ surfaces are put out ( ! true plane1 & we> takes place mu* m rapidly4 ,:ile ! spr+s reta9 _! position1 & imp>t to ! axle-box a fix$ range ( motion1 no s]i\s effect is felt f ! worn w$ges4 ,b :5 ! locomotive is pass+ ov] r\gh frogs or bad rail-jo9ts1 :]e ! motion ( ! spr+ is increas$1 ! frame p\nds d[n ^u ! box1 :i* = a mom5t becomes fa/5$ 9 ! n>r[ space betwe5 ! %\ld]s ( ! w$ges2 & an ef=t is ne$$ = ! box to relieve itself1 & all[ ! spr+ to resume its motion4 ,?is causes ! eng9e to ride h>d 9 "s in/ances1 :]e ! condition ( ! track makes ! box cat* frequ5tly4 ,sometimes ! box w be unable to relieve itself )\t assi/ance1 & mu* loss ( "t & annoyance result :5 ! w$ge has to be pull$ d[n to relieve ! box4 ,! =m+ ( ! %\ld] on top & bottom ( ! w$ge may be anticipat$ & prev5t$ by plan+ ! "p :]e ! ridges =m1 leav+ a face j ! l5g? ( ! box plus ! space cov]$ by ! motion ( ! spr+s4 ,n only does ?is aid 9 prev5t+ ! box f =m+ a %\ld]1 b x also r$uces ! fir/ co/ ( fitt+ ! w$ges by r$uc+ ! surface to be squ>$ & f9i%$ true4 ,,position ,,( ,,boxes ,,:ile ,,sett+ ,,up ,,w$ges4 ,) ! w$ges 9 a prop] condition :5 ! locomotive ent]s s]vice1 we yet mu/ c>e = !m & adju/ !m f "t to "t1 :5 x is necess>y to take up ! lo/ motion betwe5 ! p$e/als & boxes4 ,:5 do+ ?is "w1 x is important t ! position & condition ( ! driv+-box %\ld be consid]$4 ,! position ( ! box %\ld be su* t ! w$ge may be set up to ! prop] degree ( tightness ) c]ta9ty & )\t mu* labor4 ,x is important t a :eel position be f\nd :]e ! box w\ld n be mov$ by ! w$ge :5 ! latt] is be+ adju/$4 ,?is position w be f\nd :]e ! box is up aga9/ ! dead w$ge1 s9ce ! lo/ motion w !n be betwe5 ! box & ! w$ge to be mov$4 ,to get all ! driv+-boxes 9 t position at "o "t is a difficult matt]1 if x is to be done by p9*+ ! :eels4 ,! position ( ! rods decides ! direction ( _! action on ! :eel by ! ?ru/ or pull ^u ! crank-p94 ,if ! rod is above ! :eel c5t]1 p9*+ beh9d ! back :eel w =ce bo? ! :eels & boxes on t side up aga9/ ! dead w$ge2 b1 %\ld ! rod be bel[ ! :eel c5t]1 simil> "w ) ! p9*-b> w draw ! =w>d box away f ! dead w$ge1 ! side rod do+ ?is by pull+ on ! crank-p91--?is is always suppos+ ! dead w$ge to be 9 ! front p$e/als4 ,! be/ position1 !re=e1 to get an eng9e into = sett+ up all ! w$ges1 is1 ) ! side rods on ! upp] eigh?s2 = !n p9*+ beh9d ! back :eels w pu% all ! boxes up to ! dead w$ges4 ,! "w c !n be done )\t putt+ unnecess>y /ra9 ^u ! w$ge-bolts1 :i* are (t5 f\nd ) ! corn]s ( ! heads r\nd$ (f1 & ! ?read injur$ to su* an ext5t t x w n screw ?r\gh ! b9d]-brace1--a condition ( matt]s ne>ly always caus$ by try+ to =ce up w$ges )\t putt+ ! eng9e 9 ! prop] position4 ,if ! w$ge-bolt1 f faulty con/ruction1 or ?r\gh injury1 is unable to move up ! w$ge1 driv+ is resort$ to1 by :i* means x is batt]$ on ! end2 & ! j>r+ ( ea* bl[ causes ! a%es & dirt on top to fall beh9d ! w$ge1 ?r[+ x out ( p>allel1 & introduc+ mat]ial t w cause ! w$ge to cut4 ,! a%es & dirt t accumulate s readily on ! top ( w$ges & boxes cause no end ( tr\ble1 al?\gh ! fact is n g5]ally recogniz$2 & x w g5]ally be fruitful labor to h ^! p>ts well clean$ (f be=e beg9n+ to set up w$ges4 ,_m compla9ts t are made1 ( w$ges n be+ prop]ly adju/$1 proce$ f ! di/urbance t foll[s grit introduc$ betwe5 ! w$ge & box4 ,,necessity ,,= ,,keep+ ,,boxes ,,& ,,w$ges ,,clean4 ,! gr[+ practice ( close & /at$ inspection ( locomotives to detect defects1 be=e wait+ = !m to develop into breakages t cause tr\ble & delay to tra9s1 w give especially good results if appli$ to boxes & w$ges4 ,if ! w$ges are tak5 d[n & exam9$ at regul> int]vals1 ! ridges t appe> s readily on ! face1 :5 oil-grooves are cut on ! sides ( ! driv+-box1 c be smoo!d (f be=e !y cause di/ortion ( ! surface4 ,?is is also a good "t = a ?or\gh clean+ ( ! p$e/als & box1 & ! oil-holes c be exam9$ & op5$ out prop]ly4 ,"w ( ?is k9d (t5 prev5ts boxes gett+ hot on ! road1 ) all ! entail$ delay & exp5se1 :i* frequ5tly include *ang+ eng9es if ! tra9 mu/ be pu%$ on4 ,"o turn ( a hot box w (t5 we> a brass m ?an ! daily runn+ = two ye>s4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,box ,,to ,,be ,,consid]$4 ,"o condition ( ! box to be consid]$1 :5 adju/+ w$ges1 is its temp]ature at ! "t ! "w is done1 & :at t w be :5 ! eng9e is 9 s]vice4 ,adju/+ w$ges is (t5 done z a prelim9>y /ep to l9+ & adju/+ side rods2 & ?is is done1 on _m roads1 on ! %op-day :5 ! locomotive is 9 = wa%+ out & p]iodical repairs4 ,at t "t1 ! eng9e be+ cold1 ! boxes w be at _! l[e/ temp]ature1 &1 consequ5tly1 at _! smalle/ dim5sions4 ,all[ance %\ld !n be made ) ! w$ges = "s expansion ( ! boxes4 ,ano!r condition t %\ld be consid]$1 is h[ ! box has be5 runn+4 ,a box t has be5 runn+ hot or w>m1 g5]ally compels ! w$ge to be l[]$ to all[ = extra expansion4 ,:5 ?is box has be5 repack$1 or o!rwise c>$ =1 ! w$ge is aga9 set up4 ,:ile do+ ?is1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t a box t has be5 runn+ hot is liable to be di/ort$1 & its j\rnal be>+ injur$1 s t x is likely to run w>m = "s "t1 till ! brass comes to a smoo? be>+4 ,if ! w$ge w n p]mit ! box to exp&1 x b9ds ! j\rnal1 & is likely to run /ill hott]1 & is liable to /ick 9 ! jaws4 ,,small ,,disord]s ,,t ,,cause ,,r\gh ,,rid+4 ,_m compla9ts are made ab\t p\nds 9 driv+-boxes & w$ges1 :5 ! tr\ble really exi/s else:]e4 ,boxes ) driv+-spr+ saddles ^: foot is b ! wid? ( ! top or spr+-b&1 w (t-times1 if ! b& is n r\nd$ :]e x rides on ! saddle1 or is n fitt$ ) a p9 or o!r c5t] be>+1 tip on ! box ) ea* motion ( ! spr+4 ,or1 if ! saddle is mov$ f its worn seat on ! top ( ! box1 x w rock & p\nd4 ,aga91 ob/ructions 9 ! be>+ ( ! spr+ equaliz] t w prev5t ! full motion ( ! spr+s1 & br+ !m to a sudd5 /op1 w produce a motion resembl+ t caus$ by a /uck box4 ,att5tion to details t are sometimes consid]$ ! crude p>ts ( a locomotive1 w (t5 prove highly b5eficial to ! work+ ( ! locomotive2 & especially is ?is ! case ) ! p>ts t transmit ! motion ( ! spr+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,valve-,,motion4 ,,! ,,locomotive ,,slide-,,valve4 ,! nature ( ! s]vice requir$ ( locomotive eng9es1 especially ^? employ$ on fa/-tra9 s]vice1 makes x necess>y t ! /eam-di/ribution ge> %all be free f complication2 &1 = conv5i5ce 9 work+ ! eng9e1 x is ess5tial t means %\ld be provid$ = rev]s+ ! motion promptly1 )\t endang]+ ! work+-p>ts4 ,! valve-ge> %\ld also be capable ( regulat+ ! admission & exhau/ ( /eam1 s t ! eng9e %all be able to ma9ta9 a high rate ( spe$1 or to ex]t a great tractive =ce4 ,^! features are admirably comb9$ 9 ! valve-ge> ( ! ord9>y locomotive4 ,design]s ( ?is =m ( eng9e h giv5 great consid]ation to ! m]it ( simplicity4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made to displace ! common ,d slide-valve1 b e move 9 t direction has end$ 9 failure4 ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,slide-,,valve4 ,! slide-valve1 9 a crude =m1 0 inv5t$ by ,mat!w ,murray ( ,le$s1 ,engl&1 t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury2 & x 0 subsequ5tly improv$ by ,watt to ! ,d =m4 ,x receiv$ b little application 9 ,engl& till ! locomotive era4 ,oliv] ,evans ( ,philadelphia appe>s to h p]ceiv$ ! advantages possess$ by ! slide-valve1 = he us$ x on eng9es he design$ ye>s be=e locomotives came into s]vice4 ,! ,d slide-valve 0 bett] adapt$ = high-spe$ eng9es ?an any ?+ tri$ dur+ our e>ly eng9e]+ days1 b x 0 on locomotives :]e x fir/ prop]ly demon/rat$ its real value4 ,! p]iod ( necessity br\ght ! slide-valve into prom95ce2 & ! galaxy ( me*anical g5ius t h]ald$ ! locomotive into successful op]ation recogniz$ its mo/ valuable features1 & x soon obta9$ exclusive possession ( t =m ( eng9e4 ,?r\gh good & evil report1 & aga9/ _m attempts to displace x1 ! slide-valve has reta9$ a monopoly ( high-spe$ rev]sible eng9es4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,slide-,,valve4 ,! slide-valve 9 common use is practically an oblong ca/-iron box1 :i* re/s & moves on ! valve-seat4 ,9 ! valve-seat1 sep>at$ by p>titions call$ bridges1 are ?ree ports1 ^? at ! ends be+ ! op5+s ( ! passages = convey+ /eam to & f ! cyl9d]s1 :ile ! middle port is 9 communication ) ! bla/-pipe1 :i* conveys ! exhau/$ /eam to ! atmosph]e4 ,on ! "u side ( ! valve is a semicircul> cavity1 :i* spans ! exhau/-port & ! bridges :5 ! valve /&s 9 its c5tral position4 ,:5 ! /eam )9 ! cyl9d] has p]=m$ its duty ( pu%+ ! pi/on t[>ds ! end ( ! /roke1 ! valve cavity moves ov] ! /eam-port1 & all[s ! /eam to pass into ! exhau/-port1 !nce into ! exhau/-pipe4 ,! cavity "u ! valve ?us acts z a door = ! escape ( ! exhau/ /eam4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t & simple me?od ( educt+ ! /eam2 & ! process helps to balance ! valve1 s9ce ! ru% ( escap+ /eam /rik+ ! "u "p ( ! valve t5ds to c\nt]act ! pressure t ! /eam 9 ! /eam-*e/ cont9ually ex]ts on ! top ( ! valve4 ,,primitive ,,slide-,,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,9 its primitive =m1 ! slide-valve 0 made m]ely long en\gh to cov] ! /eam-ports :5 plac$ 9 ! c5tral position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,) a valve ( ?is =m1 ! slighte/ movem5t _h ! effect ( op5+ "o end s t /eam w\ld be admitt$ to ! cyl9d]1 :ile ! o!r end op5$ ! exhau/4 ,by su* an arrangem5t1 /eam 0 necess>ily admitt$ to ! cyl9d] dur+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! /roke2 s9ce clos+ at "o end meant op5+ at ! o!r4 ,!re 7 sev]al s]i\s objections to ?is sy/em4 ,x 0 v difficult to give ! eng9e cu%ion en\gh to help ! cranks ov] ! c5t]s )\t p\nd+1 & a small degree ( lo/ motion 0 suffici5t to make ! /eam ob/ruct ! pi/on dur+ a portion ( ! /roke4 ,b ! mo/ s]i\s drawback to ! %ort valve 01 t x p]mitt$ no advantage to be tak5 ( ! expansive p[] ( /eam4 ,= sev]al ye>s aft] ! adv5t ( ! locomotive1 ! boil] pressure us$ seldom exce$$ fifty p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,) ?is t5sion ( /eam1 !re 0 little "w to be got f expansion ) ! conditions "u :i* locomotives 7 work$2 b1 s soon z high] pressures began to be introduc$1 ! loss ( heat entail$ by p]mitt+ ! full-pressure /eam to foll[ ! pi/on to ! end ( ! /roke became too great to cont9ue )\t an attempt$ rem$y4 ,a v simple *ange s]v$ to rem$y ?is defect1 & to r5d] ! slide-valve wor?y ( a prom95t place among me*anical appliances = sav+ p[]4 ,,outside ,,lap4 ,! *ange ref]r$ to1 :i* s greatly enhanc$ ! effici5cy ( ! slide-valve1 consi/$ 9 l5g!n+ ! valve-face1 s t1 :5 ! valve /ood 9 ! c5t] ( ! seat1 ! edges ( ! valve ext5d$ a c]ta9 di/ance ov] ! induction ports1 z 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! valve is call$ outside lap1 or simply lap4 ,! effect ( lap is to close ! /eam-port be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke1 & ! po9t at :i* ! /eam-port is clos$ is kn[n z ! po9t ( cut-(f4 ,:5 ! /eam is cut (f1 & conf9$ )9 ! cyl9d]1 x pu%es ! pi/on along by its expansive en]gy1 do+ "w ) heat t w\ld be lo/ 7 ! cyl9d] left 9 communication ) ! /eam-*e/ till ! end ( ! /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,:5 a slide-valve is actuat$ by an ecc5tric connect$ directly ) ! rock]-arm or valve-/em1 ! po9t ( cut-(f caus$ by ! ext5t ( lap1 rema9s ! same till a *ange is made on ! valve1 or on ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric1 unless an indep5d5t cut-(f valve be employ$4 ,locomotives hav+ ! old hook motion work$ "u ?is disadvantage2 because ! hook c\ld n v>y ! travel ( ! valve1 :i* is ! me?od usually resort$ to = produc+ a v>iable cut-(f4 ,! l9k & o!r simple expansion ge>s p]=m _! (fice ( v>y+ ! cut-(f 9 ?is way4 ,,"s ,,effects ,,( ,,lap4 ,9 addition to cutt+ (f admission ( /eam be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 lap requires ! valve to be set 9 su* a way t x has also ! effect ( lead+ to ! exhau/-port be+ op5$ be=e ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! po9t :]e ! exhau/ is op5$ is usually kn[n z ! po9t ( release4 ,! *ange :i* causes release to happ5 be=e ! pi/on completes its /roke1 leads to ! closure ( ! exhau/-port be=e ! end ( ! return /roke is rea*$1 :i* imprisons ! /eam rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 caus+ compression4 ,:]e a valve has no inside lap1 release & compression happ5 simultane\sly2 t is1 ! port at "o end ( ! cyl9d] is op5$ to release ! /eam1 & t at ! o!r end is clos$1 lett+ ! pi/on compress any /eam rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d] into ! space left z pi/on cle>ance4 ,,inside ,,lap4 ,9 "s cases ! inside edges ( ! valve cavity d n rea* ! edges ( ! /eam-ports :5 ! valve is on ! middle ( ! seat1 b lap ov] on ! bridge a c]ta9 di/ance1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is is call$ inside lap1 & its effect ^u ! di/ribution ( /eam is to delay ! release4 ,by ?is means x prolongs ! p]iod ( expansion1 & ha/5s compression on ! return /roke4 ,inside lap is an advantage only ) sl[-work+ eng9es4 ,:5 high spe$ is attempt$ ) eng9es hav+ mu* inside lap1 ! /eam does n h en\gh "t to escape f ! cyl9d]s1 & ! back pressure & compression become s great z to be v detrim5tal to ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,z locomotive eng9e]s h x1 ! eng9e is 8logy40 ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,lap ,,usually ,,adopt$4 ,9 locomotive practice1 ! ext5t ( lap v>ies accord+ to ! "* ( s]vice ! eng9e is int5d$ to p]=m4 ,) ,am]ican /&>d gauge eng9es1 ! lap v>ies f in* to #a in*4 ,= high-spe$ eng9es1 ! ext5t ( lap ranges f to #a4 ,freight eng9es commonly get to outside lap1 & f #a_/af to inside lap4 ,) a giv5 travel1 ! great] ! lap ! long] w ! p]iod = expansion be4 ,,fir/ ,,application ,,( ,,lap4 ,lap 0 appli$ to ! slide-valve 9 ?is c\ntry be=e its advantage z an elem5t ( economy 0 und]/ood 9 ,europe4 ,z e>ly z #ahbi1 ,james ( ,new ,york us$ lap on ! valves ( an eng9e us$ to run a /eam-c>riage2 & 9 #ahcb ,mr4 ,*>les ,w4 ,copel& put a lap-valve on a /eamboat eng9e1 & 8 fa!r und]/ood t its advantage 0 9 provid+ = expansion ( ! /eam4 ,)9 a decade aft] our fir/ /eam-op]at$ railroad 0 op5$1 ! lap-valve became a recogniz$ feature ( ! ,am]ican locomotive2 b ! cause ( ! sav+ ( fuel1 effect$ by its use1 0 n well compreh5d$4 ,_m enlight5$ eng9e]s attribut$ ! sav+ to ! e>ly op5+ ( ! exhau/1 br\ght ab\t :]e outside lap 0 us$1 :i* !y !oriz$ r$uc$ back pressure on ! pi/on2 & 9 t way !y acc\nt$ = ! enhanc$ economy result+ f ! application ( lap4 ,x 0 n till ,colburn appli$ ! indicator to ! locomotive1 t ! true cause ( economy 0 demon/rat$ to be 9 ! additional "w tak5 f ! /eam by us+ x expansively4 ,,! ,,all5 ,,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,an improvem5t on ! pla9 ,d slide-valve has be5 effect$ 9 a simple & +5i\s mann] 9 ! ,all5 valve1 :i* is receiv+ consid]able favor = high-spe$ locomotives4 ,?is valve is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! valve has a supplem5t>y /eam-passage1 ,a1 ,a1 ca/ above ! exhau/ cavity4 ,! valve & seat are s arrang$1 t1 s soon z ! outside edge ( ! valve beg9s to uncov] ! /eam-port at ,b1 ! supplem5t>y passage beg9s receiv+ /eam at ,c2 & ?is gives a d\ble op5+ = ! admission ( /eam to ! port :5 ! travel is %ort4 ,z ! travel ( ! valve is always %ort :5 an eng9e is runn+ at high spe$1 ! advantage ( ?is d\ble op5+ is v great2 = x has ! effect ( admitt+ ! /eam promptly at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 & ma9ta9+ a full pressure on ! pi/on till ! po9t ( cut-(f4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,all5 ,,valve4 ,) an ord9>y valve cutt+ (f at six in*es1 & hav+ five in*es ecc5tric ?r[1 ! port op5+ seldom exce$s in*4 ,x is a h>d matt] gett+ ! full pressure ( /eam ?r\gh su* a small op5+ 9 ! in/ant giv5 = admission4 ,if an ,all5 valve is us$ ) t motion1 ! op5+ w be d\ble1 mak+ in*1 :i* makes an important diff]5ce4 ,! practical effect ( a *ange ( ?is k9d is t an eng9e w take a tra9 along1 cutt+ (f at six in*es ) ! ,all5 valve1 :51 ) ! ord9>y valve1 ! l9ks w\ld h to be dropp$ to eight or n9e in*es4 ,! valve c be design$ to "w on any valve-seat1 b ! dim5sions giv5 9 ,fig4 #h are ^? t h be5 f\nd mo/ satisfactory ) our l>ge pass5g] eng9es4 ,9 design+ an ,all5 valve = an old seat1 x is sometimes advisable to wid5 ! /eam-ports a qu>t] ( an in* or m1 by *amf]+ (f ! outside edges t am\nt4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! valve f travel+ s f> z to put ! supplem5t>y port ov] ! exhau/-port1 = t w\ld all[ live /eam to pass ?r\gh4 ,! prop] dim5sions c be/ be s*em$ out on pap] be=e mak+ ! requir$ *ange on ! seat4 ,9 v c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts made on ! ,bo/on & ,albany ,railroad1 to comp>e ! p]=mance ( ! ,all5 valve ) an eng9e equipp$ ) a common valve1 x 0 f\nd t ! ,all5 valve effect$ a fuel sav+ ( sev5 p] c5t4 ,,case ,,:]e ,,! ,,all5 ,,valve ,,prov$ ,,its ,,value4 ,on "o ( ! lead+ railroads 9 ?is c\ntry1 an eng9e] 0 runn+ a locomotive on a fa/ tra9 :]e x 0 a h>d matt] mak+ ! c>d-"t4 ,a few m9utes c\ld be sav$ by pass+ a wat]-/ation2 b ?is 0 done at s]i\s risk1 = ! t5d] w\ld ne>ly always be empty by ! "t ! next wat]-/ation 0 rea*$4 ,! ma/] me*anic ( ! road det]m9$ to equip ?is eng9e ) ! ,all5 valve3 &1 aft] ! *ange 0 made1 !re 0 no risk 9 pass+ ! wat]-/ation2 = !re always 0 a good m>g9 ( wat] 9 ! tank :5 ! next wat]+-place 0 rea*$4 ,! eng9e seem$ to /eam bett]1 because ! "w 0 done ) less /eam2 & !re 0 a decid$ sav+ ( fuel4 ,! *ange made ! eng9e sm>t]1 & !re seems to be no limit to ! spe$ x c make4 ,?is valve c be appli$ to any locomotive ) trifl+ exp5se4 ,:5 an eng9e is design$ specially = ! ,all5 valve1 ! /eam ports & bridges are usually made a little wid] ?an = ! ord9>y valve4 ,! only real difficulty 9 adopt+ ! valve is gett+ ! ca/+ prop]ly made1 s t ! supplem5t>y port w n be too r\gh = ! passage ( /eam1 & ! ?9 %ell w be /rong en\gh to /& ! pressure4 ,,inside ,,cle>ance4 ,= high-spe$ locomotives1 :]e !re is great necessity = gett+ rid ( ! exhau/ /eam quickly1 ! valves are sometimes cut away at ! edges ( ! cavity1 s t1 :5 ! valve is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! seat1 x does n entirely cov] ! inside ( ei!r ( ! /eam-ports4 ,?is is call$ inside cle>ance4 ,9 _m in/ances inside cle>ance has be5 adopt$ 9 an ef=t to rectify mi/akes made 9 design+ ! valve-motion1 pr9cipally to ov]come defects caus$ by defici5cy ( valve-travel4 ,! fa/e/ locomotives ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry d n require inside cle>ance1 because _! valve-motion is s design$ t x is n necess>y4 ,inside cle>ance induces premature release1 & dim9i%es ! p]iod ( expansion4 ,consequ5tly inside cle>ance wa/es /eam1 & ought to be avoid$4 ,,lead4 ,!re are c]ta9 advantages ga9$ 9 ! work+ ( a locomotive1 by hav+ ! valves set s t ! /eam-port w be op5 a small di/ance = admission ( /eam1 :5 ! pi/on is at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,?is op5+ is call$ lead4 ,on ! /eam side ( ! valve ! op5+ is call$ /eam-lead3 on ! exhau/ side x is call$ exhau/-lead4 ,lead is g5]ally produc$ by advanc+ ! ecc5tric on ! %aft1 its effect be+ to accel]ate e ev5t ( ! valve's movem5t2 viz41 admission1 cut-(f1 release1 & compression4 ,9 ! mo/ p]fectly con/ruct$ eng9es1 !re soon comes to be lo/ motion 9 ! rod connections & 9 ! boxes4 ,! effect ( ?is lo/ motion is to delay ! movem5t ( ! valves2 &1 unless !y are set ) a lead op5+1 ! /roke ( ! pi/on w\ld 9 "s in/ances be comm5c$ be=e /eam got into ! cyl9d]4 ,x is also f\nd 9 practice1 t ?is lo/ motion w\ld cause a p\nd+ at ea* *ange 9 ! direction ( ! pi/on's travel1 unless !re is ! necess>y cu%ion to br+ ! cranks smoo?ly ov] ! c5t]s4 ,)\t cu%ion1 ! *ange ( direction ( ! pi/on's travel is effect$ by a s]ies ( j]ks t are h>d on ! work+-p>ts4 ,s long z ! lead op5+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke is n advanc$ en\gh to produce injuri\s c\nt] pressure ^u ! pi/on1 x improves ! work+ ( ! eng9e by caus+ a prompt op5+ = /eam admission at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,?is is ! "t t a full /eam-pressure is want$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 if economical work+ be a consid]ation4 ,a judici\sly arrang$ lead op5+ is !re=e an advantage2 s9ce x increases ! port op5+ at ! prop] "t = admitt+ /eam1 t5d+ to give ne>ly boil] pressure 9 ! cyl9d] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,) ! %ift+ l9k-motion1 ! am\nt ( lead op5+ increases z ! l9ks are hook$ back t[>ds ! c5t] not*2 ! magnitude ( ! increase1 9 mo/ cases1 be+ 9 direct proportion to ! %ortness ( ! ecc5tric-rods4 ,a common lead op5+ 9 full ge> ) ! %ift+ l9k is #a_/af in*1 :i* (t5 increases to in* 9 ! c5t] not*4 ,! t5d5cy ( we> & lo/ motion is to neutralize ! lead1 s t1 :5 a locomotive motion gets worn1 increas+ ! lead w g5]ally improve ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,9 ,,! ,,cyl9d]s4 ,z ! "w p]=m$ by a /eam-eng9e is 9 direct proportion to ! pressure ex]t$ by ! /eam on ! side ( ! pi/on :i* is pull+ or pu%+ on ! crank-p91 x is important t ! /eam %\ld press only on "o side ( ! pi/on at once4 ,h5ce1 good eng9es h ! valves op]at$ s t1 by ! "t a /roke is complet$1 ! /eam1 :i* 0 pu%+ ! pi/on1 %all escape1 & n ob/ruct ! pi/on dur+ ! return /roke1 & s neutralize ! /eam press+ ^u ! o!r side4 ,:5 an eng9e is work+ prop]ly1 ! /eam is admitt$ alt]nately to ea* side ( ! pi/on2 & its "w is done aga9/ a pressure on ! o!r side n mu* high] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,back ,,pressure ,,9 ,,! ,,cyl9d]s4 ,:51 f any cause1 ! /eam is n p]mitt$ to escape promptly & freely f ! cyl9d] at ! end ( ! pi/on /roke1 a pressure high] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e rema9s 9 ! cyl9d]1 ob/ruct+ ! pi/on dur+ ! return /roke1 & caus+ :at is kn[n z back pressure4 ,!re is seldom tr\ble = want ( suffici5t op5+ to admit /eam to ! cyl9d]s1 = ! pressure is s great t ! /eam ru%es 9 ?r\gh a v limit$ space2 b1 :5 ! /eam has exp&$ two or ?ree times1 its pressure is comp>atively weak1 & ne$s a wide op5+ to get out 9 ! %ort "t all[$4 ,?is is "o reason :y ! exhau/-port is made l>g] ?an ! admission-ports4 ,ne>ly all eng9es ) %ort ports suff] m or less f back pressure1 b ! mo/ fruitful cause ( loss ( p[] ?r\gh ?is s\rce is ! use ( extremely contract$ exhau/ nozzles4 ,7 x n = ! necessity ( mak+ a /rong artificial draught 9 ! smoke-/ack1 s t an int5se heat %all be creat$ 9 ! fire-box1 q a sav+ ( p[]1 n[ lo/ by back pressure1 w\ld be effect$ by hav+ ! exhau/ op5+ z l>ge z ! exhau/-pipe4 ,?is n be+ practicable ) locomotives1 eng9e]s %\ld endeavor to h _! nozzles z l>ge z possible consi/5t ) /eam-mak+4 ,eng9es ) v limit$ ecc5tric ?r[ w (t5 cause back pressure :5 hook$ up1 ?r\gh ! valve n op5+ ! port wide en\gh = free exhau/4 ,locomotives suff]+ f excessive back pressure are ne>ly always logy4 ,! eng9e c n be urg$ into m ?an mod]ate spe$ "u any circum/ances2 & all "w is done at ! exp5se ( lavi% wa/e ( fuel1 = a s]i\s p]c5tage ( ! /eam-pressure on ! "r side ( ! pi/on is lo/ by pressure on ! wrong side4 ,x is l ! useless labor a man has to d turn+ a gr9d/one ) "o crank1 :ile a boy is hold+ back on ! o!r side4 ,! weight ( ob/ruction done by ! boy mu/ be subtract$ f ! p[] ex]t$ by ! man to f9d ! net useful en]gy ex]t$ 9 turn+ ! gr9d/one4 ,9 ! same way1 e p\nd ( back pressure on a pi/on takes away a p\nd ( useful "w done by ! /eam on ! o!r side4 ,,effect ,,( ,,too ,,mu* ,,inside ,,lap4 ,eng9es t h mu* inside lap to ! valves are likely to suff] f back pressure :5 high spe$ is attempt$4 ,! inside lap delays ! release ( ! /eam2 &1 :]e ! pi/on's velocity is high ! /eam does n escape f ! cyl9d] 9 "t to prev5t back pressure4 ,,runn+ ,,into ,a ,,hill4 ,mo/ ( eng9e]s are famili> ) ! t5d5cy ( "s eng9es to 8run into a hill40 ,t is1 s soon z a hill is /ruck1 !y sudd5ly sl[ d[n till a c]ta9 spe$ is rea*$1 :5 !y w keep go+4 ,?is is g5]ally produc$ by back pressure1 its ob/ruct+ effect be+ r$uc$ :5 ! eng9e is mov+ sl[4 ,,compression4 ,! necessity :i* requires lap to be put on a slide-valve to produce an e>ly cut-(f1 9 its turn causes compression1 by ! valve pass+ ov] ! /eam-port1 & clos+ x entirely = a limit$ p]iod t[>ds ! end ( ! return /roke4 ,z ! cyl9d] conta9s "s /eam :i* did n pass out :ile ! exhau/-port 0 op51 ?is is n[ squeez$ into a dim9i%+ space by ! advanc+ pi/on4 ,9 cases :]e too mu* /eam 0 left 9 ! cyl9d]s ?r\gh contract$ nozzles or o!r causes1 or :]e1 ?r\gh mi/ak5 design+ ( ! valve-motion1 ! port is clos$ dur+ a protract$ p]iod1 ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] gets compress$ above boil] t5sion1 & loss ( useful effect is ! result4 ,"u prop] limits1 ! clos+ ( ! port be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 & ! consequ5t compression ( ! /eam rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 h a useful effect on ! work+ ( ! eng9e by provid+ an ela/ic cu%ion1 :i* absorbs ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & its connections1 lead+ ! crank smoo?ly ov] ! c5t]4 ,:]e x c be s arrang$1 ! am\nt ( compression desirable = any eng9e is ! degree t1 along ) ! lead1 w raise ! pressure ( ! cyl9d] up to t ( ! boil] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,:5 ?is c be regulat$1 ! compression p]=ms desirable s]vice by cu%ion+ ! work+-p>ts1 !reby prev5t+ p\nd+1 & by fill+ up ! cle>ance space & /eam passages1 by t means sav+ live /eam4 ,compression probably does "s economical s]vice by reheat+ ! cyl9d]1 :i* has a t5d5cy to get cool$ d[n dur+ ! p]iod ( release1 & by re-evaporat+ ! wat]1 :i* =ms by cond5sation ( /eam 9 ! cool cyl9d]4 ,eng9es t are runn+ fa/ require m cu%ion+ ?an ^? t run sl[1 or at mod]ate spe$s4 ,! l9k-motion1 by its peculi>ity ( ha/5+ compression :5 ! l9ks are hook$ up1 t5ds to make compression a useful s]vice 9 fa/ runn+4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,an ,,ecc5tric4 ,! reciprocat+ motion :i* causes ! valves to op5 & close ! /eam-ports at ! prop] p]iods1 is1 ) mo/ locomotives1 imp>t$ f ecc5trics fa/5$ ^u ! driv+-axle4 ,an ecc5tric is a circul> plate1 or disk1 :i* is secur$ to ! axle 9 su* a position t x w turn r\nd on an axis :i* is n 9 ! c5t] ( ! disk4 ,! di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! disk to ! po9t r\nd :i* x revolves is call$ its ecc5tricity1 & is half ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric4 ,?us1 if ! ?r[ ( an ecc5tric requires to be #e in*es1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! driv+-axle & ! c5t] ( ! ecc5tric w be #b in*es4 ,! movem5t ( an ecc5tric is ! same z t ( a crank ( ! same /roke1 & ! ecc5tric is pref]r$ m]ely because x is m conv5i5t = ! purposes to :i* x is appli$ ?an a crank w\ld be4 ,,e>ly ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,ecc5tric4 ,on ! e>ly =ms ( locomotives1 a s+le ecc5tric 0 us$ to op]ate ! valve = =w>d & back motion4 ,! ecc5tric 0 made ) a half circul> slot1 on :i* x c\ld be turn$ to ! position ne$$ = =w>d or back motion4 ,x 0 held 9 ! requir$ position by a /op-/ud fa/5$ on ! axle4 ,sev]al =ms ( movable ecc5trics 7 inv5t$1 & receiv$ consid]able application dur+ ! fir/ decade ( railroad op]at+2 b ! be/ ( !m provid$ an extremely defective rev]s+ motion4 ,! fir/ eng9e] to apply two fix$ ecc5trics z a rev]sible ge> 0 ,william ,t4 ,james ( ,new ,york1 :o made a /eam c>riage 9 #ahbi1 & work$ ! eng9e ) f\r ecc5trics1--two = ea* side4 ,! ecc5trics 7 connect$ ) a l9k1 b ! m]its ( t =m ( connection 7 n !n recogniz$ "h2 = x 0 n appli$ to locomotives till x became popul> 9 ,engl&1 & 0 re-introduc$ to ?is c\ntry by ,rog]s4 ,! advantage ( ! d\ble fix$ ecc5trics seem$1 h[ev]1 to be recogniz$ f ! "t ,james us$ !m2 = ! plan 0 adopt$ by our fir/ locomotive build]s4 ,! fir/ locomotive built by ,long1 :o />t$ 9 #ahcc :at 0 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,norris ,locomotive ,works1 ,philadelphia1 _h f\r fix$ ecc5trics4 ,,relative ,,motion ,,( ,,pi/on ,,& ,,crank1 ,,slide-,,valve1 ,,& ,,ecc5trics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,:5 a locomotive is runn+1 ! :eels turn ) some?+ ne> a uni=m spe$2 b any "p :i* receives a reciprocat+ motion f a crank or ecc5tric travels at an irregul> velocity4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! relative motion ( ! crank-p9 & pi/on dur+ a half revolution4 ,! po9ts 9 ! pa? ( ! crank-p9 m>k$ ,a1 #a1 #b1 ,b1 #c1 #d1 ,c1 are at equal di/ances ap>t4 ,! v]tical l9es run f !m to ! po9ts a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 repres5t ! position ( ! pi/on 9 relation to ! position ( ! crank-p94 ,t is1 :ile ! crank-p9 trav]ses ! half-circle1 ,a ,b ,c1 to make a half revolution1 ! pi/on1 guid$ by ! cross-head1 travels a di/ance )9 ! cyl9d] equal to ! /raight l9e ,a ,c4 ,! crank-p9 travels at ne>ly uni=m spe$ dur+ ! :ole ( its revolution1 b ! pi/on travels ) an irregul> motion4 ,?us1 :ile ! crank-p9 travels f ,a to #a1 ! pi/on travels a di/ance equal to ! space betwe5 ,a & a4 ,by ! space betwe5 ! l9es1 x w be se5 t ! pi/on travels sl[ly at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 gets fa/] z x moves along1 rea*es its highe/ velocity ab\t half /roke1 !n sl[s d[n t[>ds ! end till x /ops1 & is ready = ! return /roke4 ,,attempts ,,to ,,aboli% ,,! ,,crank4 ,c]ta9 me*anics & inv5tors h be5 t]ribly h>ass$ ov] ?is irregul> motion ( ! pi/on1 & num]\s devices h be5 produc$ = ! purpose ( secur+ a uni=m motion to ! p[] transmitt$4 ,^! inv5tions h usually tak5 ! %ape ( rot>y eng9es4 ,probably ! fault ^! p f9d ) ! reciprocat+ eng9e is "o ( its greate/ m]its1 = ! pi/on /opp+ at ! end ( ea* /roke p]mits an elem5t ( "t = ! /eam to get 9 & out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,,valve ,,movem5t4 ,! valve travels 9 a mann] simil> to ! pi/on2 al?\gh its /roke is mu* %ort]1 & its sl[ movem5t is t[>ds ! limit ( travel4 ,! small circle 9 ! figure %[s ! orbit ( ! ecc5tric's c5t]1 & ! valve-travel is equal to ! rectil9e> l9e across ! circle4 ,if ! valve op5$ ! /eam-ports at ! outside ( its travel1 ! sl[ movem5t at t po9t w\ld be an objection1 s9ce ! op]ation ( op5+ w\ld be sl[3 b ! valve op5s ! ports t[>ds ! middle ( its travel1 :5 its velocity is greate/2 &1 ! ne>] to ! mid travel ! act ( op5+ is done1 ! m promptly x w be p]=m$4 ,?is has a good deal to d ) mak+ an eng9e 8sm>t0 9 gett+ away f a /ation4 ,,effect ,,( ,,lap ,,on ,,! ,,ecc5tric',s ,,position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,) ! %ort valve )\t lap us$ on ! e>lie/ =ms ( locomotives1 ! ecc5tric 0 set at "r angles to ! crank or 8squ>e0 on ! dott$ l9e e1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! lea/ movem5t ( ! ecc5tric f its middle position _h ! effect ( op5+ ! /eam-ports4 ,"o advantage ab\t an ecc5tric set 9 ?is position1 0 t x op5$ & clos$ ! ports :5 mov+ ! valve at its greate/ velocity4 ,l5g!n+ ! valve-face by provid+ lap entails a *ange 9 ! location ( ! ecc5tric2 =1 7 x left 9 ! "r-angle position1 ! /eam-port w\ld rema9 cov]$ till ! ecc5tric _h mov$ ! valve a di/ance equal to ! ext5t ( ! lap on "o end1 & ! pi/on w\ld beg9 its /roke )\t /eam4 ,,angul> ,,advance ,,( ,,ecc5trics4 ,! *ange made on ! ecc5tric location is to advance x f e to ,f1 be+ a horizontal di/ance equal to ! ext5t ( lap & lead1 & kn[n z ! angul> advance ( ! ecc5tric4 ,! c5t]s ,f & ,b repres5t ! full "p1 or 8belly10 ( ! =w>d & back ecc5trics 9 ! position !y %\ld occupy1 :]e a rock] is employ$1 :5 ! pi/on is at ! beg9n+ ( ! backw>d /roke4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! ecc5trics bo? incl9e t[>ds ! crank-p91 & ! ecc5tric :i* is controll+ ! valve foll[s ! crank-p94 ,?us1 :5 ! eng9e is runn+ =w>d1 ,f foll[s ! crank3 :5 %e is back+1 ,b foll[s4 ,x is a good plan = an eng9e] to make himself famili> ) ! prop] position ( ! ecc5trics 9 relation to ! crank1 = ! k is likely to save "t & tr\ble :5 any ?+ goes wrong ) ! valve-motion4 ,) ?is k prop]ly dige/$1 a m9ute's inspection is always suffici5t to decide :e!r or n any ?+ is wrong ) ! ecc5trics4 ,,angul>ity ,,( ,,connect+ ,,rod4 ,9 foll[+ out ! relative motion ( ! pi/on & crank1 we discov] a di/urb+ factor 9 :at is call$ ! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rod1 :i* has a curi\sly di/ort+ effect on ! h>mony ( ! motion4 ,:5 ! pi/on /&s exactly 9 ! mid-travel po9t1 ! true l5g? ( ! ma9 rod w be measur$ f ! c5t] ( ! wri/-p9 to ! c5t] ( ! driv+-axle4 ,if a tram ( ?is l5g? be ext5d$ betwe5 ^! po9ts1 ?is w be f\nd correct1 z e ma*9i/ accu/om$ to work+ on rods kn[s4 ,n[1 if ! back end ( ! tram %\ld be rais$ or l[]$ t[>ds ! po9ts :]e ! c5t] ( ! crank-p9 mu/ be :5 ! crank /&s on ! top or bottom qu>t]1 x w be f\nd t ! tram po9t w n rea* ! crank-p9 c5t]1 b w fall %ort a di/ance 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! ma9 rod4 ,! dott$ l9es a & b 9 ,fig4 #aa %[ h[ f> a rod #g times ! l5g? ( ! crank falls %ort4 ,a %ort] rod w magnify ?is obliquity1 :ile a long] rod w r$uce x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,effect ,,on ,,! ,,valve-,,motion ,,( ,,connect+-,,rod ,,angul>ity4 ,z ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! /eam-ports by ! valves are regulat$ by ! ecc5trics1 :i* are subject to ! same motion z ! crank1 foll[+ x at an unv>y+ di/ance1 x is evid5t t _! t5d5cy w be to admit & cut (f /eam at a c]ta9 position ( ! crank's movem5t4 ,if ! motion is plann$ to cut (f at half /roke1 x w be app>5t1 t1 9 ! backw>d /roke1 ! pi/on w be pa/ its mid travel be=e ! crank-p9 rea*es ! qu>t]1 s t end ( ! cyl9d] w receive /eam dur+ m ?an half ! /roke4 ,on ! =w>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 h[ev]1 ! crank-p9 w rea* ! qu>t] be=e ! pi/on has atta9$ half travel2 ! consequ5ce be+1 t 9 ?is case /eam is cut (f too e>ly4 ,! di/urb+ effect ( ! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rod on ! /eam di/ribution ?us t5ds to make ! cut-(f lat] 9 ! backw>d /roke ?an 9 ! =w>d /roke1 result+ 9 giv+ ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d] m /eam ?an :at is admitt$ 9 ! back end4 ,! l9k-motion provides a conv5i5t means ( correct+ ! inequality ( valve op5+ due to ! connect+-rod angul>ity1 ! details ( :i* w be expla9$ f>!r on4 ,,aids ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,valve-,,motion4 ,an eng9e] or ma*9i/ :o wi%es to /udy out ?is peculi>ity ( connect+-rod angul>ity1 w f9d t ! use ( a tram or long divid]s w help him to compreh5d x bett] ?an any lett]-type description4 ,all ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! valve-motion1 !re are num]\s difficult problems enc\nt]$4 ,! use ( a good model w be f\nd an invaluable aid to ! /udy ( ! valve-motion1 & e division ( eng9e]s or firem5 %\ld make a comb9$ ef=t to furni% _! meet+-room ) a model ( a locomotive valve-motion4 ,9 no way c ! sp>e "t ( ! m5 connect$ ) locomotive runn+ be bett] employ$ ?an 9 ! wide range = /udy pres5t$ by a well-devis$ model4 ,great aid c be obta9$ 9 ! /udy ( ! valve-motion f good books devot$ to ! subject1 & !y w imp>t m in=mation ?an c be obta9$ by m]e contact ) ! locomotive4 ,! valve & its movem5ts are surr\nd$ ) s _m complicat$ influ5ces1 t an intellig5t man may "w = ye>s ab\t a locomotive do+ valve sett+ occasionally1 & o!r gang boss "w1 yet1 unless he /udies ! valve-motion by ! aid ( ! draw+-bo>d1 or by models1 :i* admit ( *ang+ sizes & dim5sions1 he may "k less ab\t ! cause ( c]ta9 movem5ts ?an ! bright lad :o has be5 a c\ple ( ye>s 9 ! draw+-(fice4 ,! man :o ?9ks he c /udy ! valve-motion1 & und]/& its philosophy1 by m]ely runn+ ! eng9e1 deceives himself4 ,! eng9e] :o nev] looks at a book or a pap] 9 se>* ( in=mation ab\t 8 eng9e1 kn[s v little ab\t any ?+ n visible to ! eye4 ,yet _m m5 ( ?is /amp1 by look+ wise1 & by ex]cis+ a judici\s use ( sil5ce1 pass among _! fell[s z rem>kably pr(\nd4 ,b let a fireman1 9 que/ ( locomotive k1 put a "q to su* a man1 & he is imm$iately sil5c$ ) a 8,y ought to "k bett]0 answ]4 ,:]e ! use ( a model c n be obta9$1 any "o beg9n+ ! /udy ( ! valve-motion c assi/ himself by mak+ a cross section ( ! valve & its seat1 simil> to ^? publi%$1 on a /rip ( ?9 wood or ?ick pap]4 ,by slipp+ ! valve on ! seat1 its position at diff]5t p>ts ( ! /roke c be compreh5d$ m cle>ly ?an by a m]e description4 ,) a pair ( divid]s to repres5t ! motion ( ! ecc5tric1 & /rips ( wood to act z ecc5tric1 & valve rod & rock]1 & "s tacks to fa/5 !m toge!r1 a helpful model c be improvis$ on a table or bo>d4 ,by ! "t a /ud5t gets a rig ( ?is k9d go+1 he w see 8 way to contrive o!r me?ods ( self-help4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,pi/on ,,/roke4 ,by ! aid ( ,fig4 #aj1 we w trace ! relative movem5ts ( ! crank & ecc5tric connections4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 ! ecc5tric is repres5t$ z connect+ directly ) ! rock]-arm4 ,! crank-p9 be+ at ! po9t ,a1 or ! =w>d c5t]1 ! pi/on mu/ be 9 ! front ( ! cyl9d]1 or at ! beg9n+ ( ! backw>d /roke4 ,ow+ to ! angul> advance already ref]r$ to1 ! ecc5tric c5t] is at ,f2 &1 be+ a c]ta9 di/ance ahead ( ! middle position1 x has pu%$ ! l[] arm ( ! rock] f a to b1 draw+ back ! top arm1 :i*1 9 its turn1 has mov$ ! valve s t x is j beg9n+ to admit /eam at ! =w>d port1 i4 ,z ! crank-p9 goes r\nd1 ! ecc5tric foll[s x1 op5+ ! /eam-port wid] till ! ecc5tric rea*es ! po9t ( its travel ne>e/ ,a1 ! limit ( ! ?r[4 ,:5 ! ecc5tric is at ?is po9t ( its ?r[1 ! valve mu/ be at ! outside ( its travel2 & !re=e ! /eam-port is wide op54 ,by ?is "t ! crank-p9 is gett+ close up t[>ds ! qu>t]4 ,aft] pass+ ?is po9t1 ! =w>d ecc5tric beg9s to draw ! bottom rock]-p9 t[>ds ! axle1 & to pu% ! valve ahead1 ?is be+ ! po9t :]e ! valve *anges its direction ( motion1 j z ! pi/on returns :5 ! crank-p9 passes ! c5t]4 ,:5 ,f rea*es ! po9t ,b1 ! valve is 9 ! same position x occupi$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke2 b1 z x is travel+ 9 ! opposite direction1 a v small movem5t m closes ! port1 cutt+ (f /eam4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! crank-p9 has rea*$ ! po9t x4 ,:5 ,f gets to g1 x is on ! c5tral po9t ( its ?r[2 s ! valve mu/ !n be on ! middle po9t ( its travel1 ) ! exhau/ cavity j cov]+ ! outside edges ( ! bridges1 ! =w>d edge be+ ready to put ! /eam-port1 i1 9 communication ) ! exhau/ cavity4 ,?is releases ! /eam f ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d]2 & at ! same mom5t ! inside edge ( ! valve cov]s ! back port1 k1 caus+ ! pi/on-head to compress any /eam left 9 ! back "p ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! beg9n+ ( ! =w>d /roke1 ! ecc5tric ,f has got to ! po9t f1 & ! valve is beg9n+ to admit /eam = ! return /roke1 ! ev5ts ( :i* are simil> to ^? describ$4 ,9 actual practice1 ! /eam di/ribution is a little diff]5t f ! mann] t has be5 foll[$2 = ! l9k-motion provides ! means ( equaliz+ ! cut-(f1 mak+ x uni=m = bo? /rokes4 ,?is *anges ! ev5ts ( ! /roke a little2 b ! /ud5t :o engraves 9 8 m9d ! movem5ts z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! diagram1 w n be f> a/ray4 ,,:at ,,happ5s ,,inside ,,! ,,cyl9d]s ,,:5 ,,an ,,eng9e ,,is ,,rev]s$4 ,_m m5 :o h a fair und]/&+ ( ! action ( /eam 9 an eng9e's cyl9d]s dur+ ord9>y work+1 h no idea ( ! op]ations p]=m$ 9 ! cyl9d]s :5 a locomotive is runn+ 9 rev]se motion4 ,all m5 :o h _h any ?+ to d ) tra9 s]vice1 "k1 t1 :5 an eng9e is rev]s$1 ! action works to /op ! tra91 ev5 if ! locomotive %\ld h no /eam on ! boil]2 b j 9 :at way ?is result comes r\nd !y c n cle>ly p]ceive4 ,9 hopes ( ?r[+ light ^u ?is subject = ^? :o h n /udi$ x out1 we w foll[ ! ev5ts ( a /roke 9 rev]s$ motion1 z we did 9 ! ord9>y work+4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,/roke ,,9 ,,rev]s$ ,,motion4 ,suppos+ an eng9e to be runn+ ahead1 & ! necessity arises = /opp+ sudd5ly1 & ! rev]se-lev] is pull$ into ! back not*4 ,:5 ! crank-p9 is on ! =w>d c5t]1 & !re=e ! pi/on at ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d]1 ab\t to beg9 its backw>d /roke1 ! valve has ! =w>d port op5 a di/ance equal to ! am\nt ( lead1 z 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,b1 z ! back-up ecc5tric has control ( ! valve1 ! latt] is be+ pu%$ =w>d2 & x closes ! =w>d port j z ! pi/on beg9s to move back4 ,?is %uts (f all communication ) ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d]2 & ! rec$+ pi/on creates a vacuum beh9d x1 j z a pump-plung] does "u simil> circum/ances4 ,at ?is "t ! back end ( ! cyl9d] is op5 to ! exhau/1 & ! pi/on pu%es out ! air freely to ! atmosph]e4 ,by ! "t ! pi/on travels ab\t two in*es1 ! valve gets to its middle position2 &1 imm$iately aft] pass+ t po9t1 x op5s ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d] to ! exhau/1 & closes ! back port4 ,:5 ?is ev5t happ5s1 ! vacuum 9 ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d] gets fill$ ) hot gases1 t ru% 9 f ! smoke-box2 & ! rec$+ pi/on keeps draw+ air into ! cyl9d] 9 ?is way dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! /roke1 & air f t qu>t] seldom gets 9 )\t br++ a spr9kl+ ( c9d]s4 ,! back /eam-port is clos$ only dur+ ab\t two in*es ( ! /roke1 :ile ! lap ( ! valve is travel+ ov] x4 ,ab\t ! "t ! pi/on rea*es f\r in*es ( its travel1 ! back /eam-port is op5 to ! /eam-*e/1 & ! pi/on =ces ! air ?r\gh ! /eam-pipes into ! boil] dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! /roke4 ,! =w>d /roke is m]ely a repetition ( ! backw>d /roke describ$4 ,:5 x is necess>y to rev]se a locomotive1 x is a bett] plan to hook ! lev] cle> back ?an to h x a not* or two pa/ ! c5t]1 z "s m5 p]si/ 9 do+1 "u ! mi/ak5 belief t !y are 9 "s way sav+ _! eng9e f h>% usage4 ,:5 ! l9k is rev]s$ full1 ! cyl9d]s are m]ely turn$ into air-pumps4 ,:5 ! l9ks are put ne> ! c5t]1 ! travel ( ! valve is r$uc$2 & ! p]iods :5 ! pi/on is creat+ a vacuum 9 "o end ( ! cyl9d]1 & compress+ ! air 9 ! o!r1 are prolong$4 ,! result is1 t1 :5 ! exhau/ is op5$ 9 ! fir/ case1 ! gases ru% 9 viol5tly f ! smoke-box1 c>ry+ a heavy load ( c9d]s3 9 ! o!r case1 ! pi/on compresses ! air 9 ! cyl9d] s high t x j]ks ! valve away f its seat 9 try+ to f9d outlet4 ,?is causes ! clatt]+ noise 9 ! /eam-*e/1 s well kn[n 9 cases :]e eng9es are run )\t /eam :ile ! rev]se-lev] is ne> ! c5t]4 ,a locomotive ) ! pi/on-pack+ 9 bad ord] w n hold well runn+ 9 rev]se-motion4 ,"s k9ds ( pi/on-pack+ d n seem to act prop]ly :5 ! eng9e is rev]s$1 especially at l[ spe$4 ,:]e a valve has mu* inside lap1 !re w be a vacuum 9 "o end ( ! cyl9d]1 & compress$ air 9 ! o!r end4 ,) pi/on pack+ t requires pressure to exp& x1 ! void at "o end ( ! cyl9d] may neutralize ! pressure at ! o!r by draw+ ! air ?r\gh ! pi/on4 ,?is w\ld be mo/ liable to happ5 :]e ! lev] 0 kept ne> ! c5t]4 ,,purpose ,,( ,,relief-,,valve ,,on ,,dry ,,pipe4 ,%\ld ! ?rottle-valve close s tight t ! compress$ air f ! cyl9d]s c n pass into ! boil]1 !re is dang] ( bur/+ ! /eam-*e/ or "s "p ( ! /eam-pipes4 ,! compress$ air w lift mo/ ( ! ?rottle-valves f> en\gh to prev5t any great dang] f ?is s\rce4 ,9 "s eng9es a relief-valve is secur$ 9 ! dry pipe1 :i* provides a passage = ?is compress$ air4 ,:5 ! cyl9d]-cocks ( an eng9e are op5$ :5 ! motion is rev]s$1 !y =m an outlet to ! compress$ air1 & also admit air to ! suck+ end )\t lett+ ! pi/on draw air s freely ?r\gh ! nozzles4 ,_m cyl9d]-cocks are n[ made s t !y w op5 automatically to p]mit ! pi/on to draw air ?r\gh !m4 ,! rev]s$ eng9e w /op ne>ly z well ) ! cyl9d]-cocks op5$ z :5 !y are clos$1 & x is mu* m easily h&l$ ) ! cocks op5$4 ,:]e ! cocks are kept clos$1 ! ru% ( hot air f ! smoke-box laps e trace ( oil f ! valve-seat1 & a heavy pressure--frequ5tly above t ( ! boil]--is pres5t 9 ! /eam-*e/4 ,:5 ! eng9e /ops "u ^! circum/ances1 its t5d5cy is to fly back2 & an eng9e] has "s difficulty 9 controll+ x ) ! rev]se-lev] till a few turns empty ! *e/ & pipes4 ,,us+ ,,rev]se-,,motion ,,z ,a ,,brake4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made to utilize ! rev]s$ eng9e z a brake = /opp+ ! tra91 & ev5 by ?is means to save "s ( ! p[] lo/ 9 /opp+4 ,*ateli]1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 exp]im5t$ = _m ye>s on ?is me*anical problem4 ,he inject$ a jet ( wat] into ! exhau/-pipe1 :i* suppli$ l[-t5sion /eam to ! cyl9d]1 in/ead ( hot gas or air com+ ?r\gh ! smoke-box4 ,?is 0 pump$ back into ! boil] on ! return /roke4 ,?us ! act ( /opp+ a tra9 0 us$ to compress a quantity ( /eam1 conv]t+ ! "w ( /opp+ into heat1 :i* 0 =c$ into ! boil] & reta9$ to aid 9 gett+ ! tra9 into spe$ aga94 ,modifications ( ?is idea produce ! c>-/>t]s t pass s frequ5tly ?r\gh our ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,z a means ( cons]v+ me*anical en]gy1 ! ,*ateli] brake 0 n a success2 b1 9 ! abs5ce ( bett] p[] brakes1 x met ) "s applications 9 ,europe4 ,"s ( our m\nta9 railroads use x1 "u ! "n ( ! wat]-brake1 z an auxili>y to ! automatic brake4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,%ift+ ,,l9k4 ,,e>ly ,,rev]s+ ,,motions4 ,9 ! eng9e]+ practice ( ! _w1 be=e ! locomotive & m>9e eng9es came into use1 !re 0 no ne$ = devices to make eng9es rotate 9 m ?an "o direction4 ,:5 ! ne$ = a rev]sible eng9e fir/ arose1 x 0 met by v crude appliances4 ,locomotives 7 kept at "w1 e>n+ money = _! own]s1 :i* 7 rev]s$ by ! man 9 *>ge /opp+ ! eng9e1 & by means ( a wr5* *ang+ ! position ( ! ecc5tric by h&4 ,a decid$ improvem5t on ! wr5* 0 ! movable ecc5tric1 :i* 0 held 9 =w>d or back ge> by /ops2 ! op]ation ( rev]s+ be+ done by a treadle or o!r atta*m5t locat$ ne> ! eng9e]'s position4 ,a s]i\s objection to ?is =m ( rev]s+ ge> 01 t ! abrasion ( "w enl>g$ ! slot ends1 & wore out ! /ops1 lead+ to inaccuracy & frequ5t breakage4 ,a some:at bett] =m ( rev]s+ motion 0 a fix$ ecc5tric1 ) ! means at ! end ( ! ecc5tric-rod = engag+ ) ! top or bottom ( a rock]-%aft1 :i* op]at$ ! valve-/em4 ,?is 0 ! =m ( rev]s+ motion us$ on ! e>ly ,baldw9 eng9es4 ,num]\s o!r appliances1 m or less defective1 7 exp]im5t$ ) be=e ! d\ble fix$ ecc5trics 7 introduc$4 ,till ! l9k 0 appli$ to valve-motion1 ! d\ble ecc5trics--an ,am]ican inv5tion--7 ! mo/ important improvem5t t _h be5 made on ! locomotive valve-motion s9ce ! incipi5cy ( ! eng9e4 ,! ,v hook1 9 connection ) ! d\ble ecc5trics1 made a fair rev]s+ motion 9 comp>ison to any ?+ t _h prec$$ x4 ,! objection to ! hook 01 t1 :5 ! necessity arose = rev]s+ ! eng9e :ile 9 motion1 mu* difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ! hook to cat* ! p94 ,z a simple1 prompt1 & c]ta9 rev]s+ motion1 ! l9k 0 readily ackn[l$g$ to be f> sup]ior to any ?+ t _h previ\sly be5 tri$4 ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,l9k4 ,!re is no d\bt b ! l9k 0 fir/ appli$ to a /eam eng9e by ,william ,t4 ,james ( ,new ,york1 a mo/ +5i\s me*anic1 :o also inv5t$ ! d\ble ecc5trics4 ,james exp]im5t$ a great deal ab\t ! p]iod f #ahcj to #ahdj1 ) /eam c>riages = common roads2 & x 0 9 ?is connection t he inv5t$ ! l9k4 ,8 "w hav+ prov$ a comm]cial failure1 ! improvem5ts on ! valve-motion 7 n recogniz$ at ! "t2 al?\gh ! probability is1 t ,long1 :o />t$ ! ,norris ,locomotive ,works ( ,philadelphia1 & br\ght out ! d\ble ecc5trics ^u ! locomotives built !re1 0 indebt$ to ,james = ! idea ( a sep>ate ecc5tric = ea* direction ( eng9e movem5t4 ,! cr$it ( inv5t+ ! ord9>y %ift+ l9k is due to ,william ,h[e ( ,newca/le1 ,engl&4 ,?is inv5tor 0 a patt]n-mak] 9 ! works ( ,rob]t ,/eph5son ,co41 & he inv5t$ ! l9k 9 #ahdb 9 practically its pres5t =m4 ,! idea ( ,h[e 0 to get out an improv$ rev]s+ motion2 & he made a p5cil-sket* ( ! l9k1 to expla9 8 views to 8 employ]s4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( ! works 0 favorably dispos$ to ! inv5tion1 & ord]$ ,h[e to make a patt]n ( ! motion1 :i* 0 done2 & ?is 0 submitt$ to ,/eph5son1 :o approv$ ( ! l9k1 & direct$ t "o %\ld be tri$ on a locomotive4 ,al?\gh ,/eph5son gave ,h[e ! means ( apply+ 8 inv5tion1 he does n seem to h p]ceiv$ its actual value1 = ! l9k 0 n pat5t$2 & ,/eph5son nev] fail$ to pat5t any device :i* he ?\ght wor? protect+4 ,! l9k-motion 0 appli$ to a locomotive con/ruct$ = ! ,midl& ,railway ,company1 & prov$ a success f ! day x 0 put on4 ,see+ h[ satisfactorily ! inv5tion work$1 ,rob]t ,/eph5son paid ,h[e tw5ty gu9eas 7"o hundr$ & five doll>s7 = ! device1 & adopt$ ! l9k z ! valve-ge> = 8 locomotives4 ,?is is h[ ! %ift+ l9k comes to be call$ ! 8,/eph5son l9k10 & ! cr$it = ?is inv5tion 0 n extravagantly paid =4 ,! capability :i* ! l9k possesses ( v>y+ ! /eam admission & release1 did n appe> to be und]/ood by ! inv5tor2 nor 0 ! me*anical _w aw>e1 = "s "t aft] ! l9k 0 br\ght into use1 t x c\ld be employ$ to adju/ ! inequality ( /eam di/ribution1 due to ! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rod4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,%ift+ ,,l9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,z usually con/ruct$ = ,am]ican locomotives1 ! l9k is a slott$ block curv$ to ! arc ( a circle1 ) a radius ab\t equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! driv+-axle & ! c5t] ( ! rock]-p94 ,! g5]al plan ( ! l9k-motion is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fitt$ to slide 9 ! l9k-slot is ! block :i* encircles ! rock]-p94 ,! ecc5tric-rods are p9n$ to ! back ( ! l9k2 ! =w>d ecc5tric-rod connect+ ) ! top1 & ! back-up ecc5tric-rod ) ! bottom1 ( ! l9k4 ,bolt$ to ! side & ne> ! middle ( ! l9k is ! saddle1 :i* holds ! /ud to :i* ! hang] is atta*$2 ?is1 9 its turn1 connect+ ) ! lift+ arm1 :i* is op]at$ by ! rev]s+ rod t enables ! eng9e] to place ! l9k 9 any desir$ position4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,l9k4 ,reg>d$ 9 its simple/ =m1 ! action ( ! l9k 9 full ge> is ! same ^u ! valve movem5t z a s+le ecc5tric4 ,:5 ! motion is work+1 z 9 ! figure1 ) ! ecc5tric-rod p9 9 l9e ) ! rock]-p91 x w be p]ceiv$ t ! movem5t c n diff] mu* f :at x w\ld be 7 ! ecc5tric-rod atta*$ to ! rock]4 ,"h ! =w>d ecc5tric appe>s z controll+ ! movem5t ( ! valve4 ,putt+ ! l9k 9 back motion br+s ! end ( ! back+ ecc5tric-rod opposite ! rock]-p91 ! effect be+ t ! back-up ecc5tric !n op]ates ! valve4 ,:5 ! l9k-block is %ift$ t[>d ! c5t] ( ! l9k1 ! horizontal travel ( ! rock]-p9 is decreas$2 consequ5tly1 ! travel ( ! valve is r$uc$2 =1 ) ord9>y eng9es1 ! travel ( ! valve 9 full ge> equals ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5trics1 ! top & bottom rock]-arm be+ ( ! same l5g?4 ,! motion transmitt$ f ! ecc5trics1 & _! means ( connection ) ! l9k1 make ! latt] sw+ z if x 7 pivot$ on a c5t] :i* _h a horizontal movem5t equal to ! lap & lead ( ! valve4 ,! extremities ( ! l9k1 or r ! po9ts opposite ! ecc5tric-rods1 sw+ a di/ance equal to ! full ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric4 ,! v>iation ( valve-travel t c be effect$ by ! l9k1 is f t ( ! ecc5tric ?r[ 9 full ge> d[n to a di/ance 9 mid ge> :i* agrees ) ! ext5t ( lap & lead4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ^! v>i\s degrees ( travel is by mov+ ! l9k s t ! block :i* encircles ! rock]-p9 %all approa* ! middle ( ! l9k4 ,:5 an eng9e is run ) ! lev] 9 ! c5t] not*1 ! supply ( /eam is admitt$ by ! lead-op5+ alone4 ,9 full ge> ! ecc5tric1 ^: rod-end is 9 l9e ) ! rock]-p91 ex]ts almo/ exclusive control ov] ! valve movem5t2 b1 z ! l9k-block gets hook$ t[>ds ! c5t]1 x comes to "s ext5t "u ! influ5ce ( bo? ecc5trics4 ,a ?\ghtful exam9ation ( ,fig4 #ab w ?r[ light on ! reason :y ! prop] position ( a slipp$ ecc5tric c be det]m9$ by ! o!r ecc5tric :5 ! eng9e is on ! c5t]4 ,9 ! cut1 ! crank-p9 is repres5t$ on ! =w>d c5t]2 & 9 t position ! ecc5tric c5t]s are bo? an equal di/ance 9 advance ( ! ma9 %aft c5t]4 ,x w be evid5t n[ t ! valve mu/ occupy practically ! same position = =w>d or back ge>1 z ea* ( ! ecc5tric-rods rea*es ! same di/ance =w>d4 ,putt+ ! motion 9 back ge> w\ld br+ ! backup ecc5tric-rod p9 to ! position n[ occupi$ by ! p9 belong+ to ! =w>d ecc5tric-rod4 ,,valve-,,motion ,,( ,a ,,fa/ ,,pass5g] ,,locomotive4 ,r$uc+ ! travel ( ! valve by draw+ ! rev]se-lev] t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! quadrant1 & consequ5tly ! l9k-block t[>ds ! middle ( ! l9k-slot1 n only ha/5s ! /eam cut-(f1 b x accel]ates 9 a l degree e o!r ev5t ( /eam di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! /roke4 ,to expla9 ?is po9t1 let u take ! motion ( a well-design$ eng9e 9 actual s]vice1 :i* has done good economical "w on fa/ tra9 runn+4 ,! valve-travel is five in*es1 lap "o in*1 no inside lap1 lead 9 full ge> #a_/af in*1 po9t ( susp5sion #i_/af in* back ( c5t] ( l9k4 ,,effect ,,( ,,*ang+ ,,valve-,,travel4 ,:5 ?is eng9e is work+ 9 full ge>1 ! /eam w be freely admitt$ beh9d ! pi/on till ab\t eighte5 in*es ( ! /roke1 :5 cut-(f takes place2 & ! release or exhau/ op5+ w beg9 at ab\t tw5ty-two in*es ( ! /roke1 giv+ f\r in*es = expansion ( /eam4 ,n[1 if ! l9ks ( ?is eng9e are hook$ up s t ! cut-(f takes place at six in*es ( ! /roke1 ! /eam w be releas$ at sixte5 in*es ( ! /roke2 & at t po9t compression w beg9 at ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,,weak ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,l9k-,,motion4 ,?is attribute :i* ! l9k-motion possesses1 ( accel]at+ ! release & compression along ) ! cut-(f1 is v detrim5tal to ! economical op]at+ ( locomotives t run sl[4 ,high-spe$ eng9es ne$ ! pre-release to give "t = ! escape ( ! /eam be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! return /roke2 & ! compression is economically utiliz$ 9 receiv+ ! heavy bl[ f ! fa/-mov+1 reciprocat+ p>ts1 ^: direction ( motion has to be sudd5ly *ang$ at ! end ( ea* /roke1 & 9 help+ to raise ! pressure promptly 9 ! cyl9d] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,a locomotive1 on ! o!r h&1 t does mo/ ( its "w ) a l[-pi/on spe$1 w\ld n suff] f back pressure if ! /eam 7 p]mitt$ to foll[ ! pi/on close to ! end ( ! /roke2 & a v %ort p]iod ( compression w\ld suffice4 ,if ! eng9e1 ^: motion we h be5 consid]+1 in/ead ( releas+ at sixte5 in*es1 c\ld all[ ! /eam to foll[ ! pi/on to tw5ty-two in*es ( ! /roke1 aft] cutt+ (f at six in*es1 a v sub/antial ga9 ( p[] w\ld ensue4 ,& ?is w\ld be well supplem5t$ by avoid+ loss ( p[]1 did compression n beg9 till )9 two in*es ( ! return /roke4 ,,:y ,,decreas+ ,,! ,,valve-,,travel ,,increases ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,expansion4 ,increase ( expansion foll[s r$uc$ valve-travel1 f a simil> cause to t :i* produces expansion :5 lap is add$ to ! edge ( a slide-valve4 ,:5 ! valve is made ) ! face m]ely long en\gh to cov] ! /eam-ports1 !re c be no expansion ( ! /eam2 =1 s soon z ! valve ceases to admit /eam1 x op5s ! /eam-port to ! exhau/4 ,:5 lap is add$1 h[ev]1 ! /eam is inclos$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 )\t egress = ! "t t x takes ! lap to travel ov] ! /eam-port4 ,an arrangem5t ( motion :i* w make ! valve travel quickly ov] ! port1 has a t5d5cy to %ort5 ! p]iod = expansion2 :ile mak+ ! valve travel sl[ly ov] ! port1 has ! opposite effect1 & protracts expansion4 ,a valve )1 say1 five in*es travel1 has a comp>atively long j\rney to make dur+ ! /roke ( ! pi/on2 & ! lap-edges w pass quickly ov] ! /eam-ports1--mu* m quickly ?an !y w :5 ! travel is r$uc$ to ?ree in*es4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d1 !re is m ?an ! m]e r$uction ( travel to be consid]$4 ,suppose ! valve has "o in* lap at ea* end4 ,:5 x /&s on ! middle ( ! seat1 x has a reciprocat+ motion ( two & "o-half in*es at ea* side ( t po9t to make4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 x has be5 drawn aside "o in* 7we w ignore ! lead71 b /ill has "o & "o-half in* to travel be=e x beg9s to return4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! travel is r$uc$ to ?ree in*es1 ! valve has only "o & "o-half in* to travel away f ! c5t]2 &1 "o in* be+ mov$ to draw ! lap ov] ! port1 !re only rema9s "o-half in* = ! valve to move be=e x mu/ beg9 return+4 ,?is entails an e>ly cut-(f2 = ! valve mu/ pass ov] ! ports ) its sl[ motion1 & be ready to op5 ! port on ! o!r end1 be=e ! return /roke4 ,?us a travel ( five in*es draws ! outside edge ( ! valve "o & "o-half in* away f ! outside ( ! /eam-ports1 ?ree in*es travel only draws x "o-half in* away1 & a great] r$uction ( travel decreases ! op5+ 9 l proportion4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ecc5tric ,,?r[ ,,on ,,! ,,valve4 ,z r$uc+ ! travel ( ! valve dim9i%es ! port op5+1 a po9t is rea*$ 9 cutt+ (f e>ly 9 ! /roke :]e ! port op5+ is h>dly any m ?an ! port op5+ due to ! lead4 ,?is is :at makes long /eam-ports ess5tial = a successful high-spe$ locomotive4 ,! be/-design$ eng9es give an exce$+ly limit$ port op5+ at %ort cut-(fs1 & badly plann$ motion sometimes s]i\sly detracts f ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e1 by curtail+ ! op5+ at ! po9t :]e a v brief "t is giv5 = ! admission ( /eam4 ,! magnitude ( ! ecc5tric ?r[ ex]ts a direct influ5ce on ! port op5+ :5 cutt+ (f e>ly4 ,a long ?r[ t5ds to increase ! op5+1 :ile a %ort ?r[ r$uces x4 ,! long-?r[ ecc5tric w draw ! valve f>!r away f ! edge ( ! /eam-port1 :5 admitt+ /eam = ! same po9t ( cut-(f1 ?an a %ort-?r[ ecc5tric w move its valve4 ,= an ord9>y #ag #bd in* locomotive1 ! ?r[ ( ecc5tric %\ld n be less ?an five in*es1 unless ! eng9e is int5d$ entirely = sl[ runn+4 ,!re are _m eng9es runn+ ) ecc5tric ?r[ less ?an five in*es1 b !y are inv>iably sl[ unless ! valve-lap is v %ort4 ,) an ord9>y lap1 an eng9e hav+ an ecc5tric ?r[ ( #d in*es ne$s s mu* angul> advance to ov]come ! lap1 & provide lead1 t ! rectil9eal motion ( ! ecc5tric is v meag] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,t is1 ! c5t] ( ! ecc5tric is travel+ d[nw>d 9 its circul> pa?1 :i* gives little motion to ! valve1 j z ! crank gives decreas$ motion to ! cross-head :5 ne> ! c5t]s4 ,,h>mony ,,( ,,work+-,,p>ts4 ,hi!rto we h reg>d$ ! l9k z m]ely p]=m+ ! functions ( transmitt+ ! motion ( ! ecc5trics to ! valves1 ) ! additional capability ( r$uc+ ! travel at ! w ( ! eng9e]4 ,o!rwise1 ! motion ( ! l9k is int5sely complex2 & its movem5ts are susceptible to a multitude ( influ5ces1 :i* improve or di/urb its action on ! valve4 ,a good valve-motion is plann$ accord+ to c]ta9 dim5sions ( all ! work+-p>ts2 & any *ange 9 _! arrangem5t w almo/ inv>iably entail irregul>ities ^u ! l9k's movem5t1 :i* w radically affect ! di/ribution ( /eam4 ,a l9k-motion s*em$ = an ecc5tric ?r[ ( #d in*es w n "w prop]ly if ! ?r[ be increas$ to five in*es3 a l9k ) a radius ( #eg in*es c n be *ang$ ) impunity = "o ( #fj in*es4 ,any *ange 9 ! position ( ! tumbl+-%aft or rock]-arms di/orts ! :ole motion1 & any alt]ation 9 ! l5g? ( ! rods or hang]s has a simil> effect4 ,t ! l9k may p]=m its functions prop]ly1 all its connections mu/ rema9 9 h>mony4 ,,adju/m5t ,,( ,,l9k4 ,a v important feature ( ! l9k is its prop]ty ( adju/ability1 :i* s]ves to neutralize ! di/ort+ effect ( ! connect+ rod's angul>ity4 ,z has already be5 expla9$1 ! angul>ity ( ! ma9 rod t5ds to delay ! cut-(f dur+ ! backw>d /roke1 :ile x is accel]at$ 9 ! =w>d /roke4 ,) ! ord9>y l5g? ( connections1 ?is irregul>ity w\ld s]i\sly affect ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,b x is almo/ entirely ov]come by ! l9k1 :i* c be susp5d$ 9 a way t w produce equality = ! p]iod ( admission & po9t ( cut-(f = bo? /rokes 9 "o ge>4 ,p]fect equalization ( admission & cut-(f = bo? ge>s has be5 f\nd impossible ) ! l9k-motion2 & design]s are g5]ally satisfi$ to adju/ ! =w>d motion1 & p]mit ! back motion to rema9 untrue4 ,! po9t ab\t ! l9k :i* ex]cises ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce on adju/+ ! cut-(f1 is ! position ( ! saddle1 or ( its /ud = connect+ ! hang]4 ,?is /ud is call$ ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,rais+ ! saddle away f ! c5t] ( ! l9k w effect adju/m5t ( /eam admission2 b 9 locomotive practice ! saddle is ne>ly always locat$ 9 ! middle ( ! l9k1 !re be+ practical objections aga9/ rais+ x4 ,equalization ( /eam di/ribution is produc$ by plac+ ! hang]-/ud or po9t ( susp5sion "s di/ance back ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! l9k-slot1 ! di/ance v>y+ f in* to in*4 ,mov+ ! hang]-/ud affects ! l9k's movem5t 9 a way t is equival5t to tempor>ily l5g!n+ ! ecc5tric-rod dur+ a portion ( ! pi/on-/roke4 ,! l5g? ( ! tumbl+-%aft arms1 ! l5g? ( hang]1 ! location ( ! rock]s & tumbl+-%aft1 ! radius ( l9k1 & l5g? ( rods1 all ex]cise influ5ce on ! accurate adju/m5t ( ! valve-motion4 ,,slip ,,( ,,! ,,l9k4 ,9 equaliz+ ! valve-motion1 & ov]com+ ! discrepancy ( /eam admission1 due to ! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rod by mov+ ! l9k-hang] /ud away f ! c5t] ( ! slot1 a new di/ortion is introduc$4 ,! l9k-block be+ securely fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! rock]-p91 moves 9 ! fix$ arc trav]s$ by t p91 :i* is ne>ly horizontal4 ,! action ( ! ecc5tric-rods on ! l9k1 on ! o!r h&1 =ces ! latt] to move ) a sort ( v]tical motion at c]ta9 p>ts ( ! /roke1 mak+ x slip on ! block4 ,mov+ ! hang]-/ud back t5ds to increase ?is slip1 :i* w become excessive en\gh to s]i\sly impair ! effici5cy ( ! motion if n kept )9 b\nds by ! design]4 ,:]e ! slip is v great1 ! motion w n be s]viceable1 a consid]ation :i* c nev] be ov]look$2 = ! block w we> rapidly1 produc+ lo/ motion1 a v undesirable defect ab\t any "p ( a l9k-ge>4 ,) ! long rods :i* prevail 9 locomotive practice1 design]s h no difficulty 9 keep+ ! slip )9 practical b\nds2 b ) m>9e eng9es x is sometimes necess>y to sacrifice equality ( /eam admission to ! r$uction ( ! slip4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( slip is 9 full ge>1 & x dim9i%es z ! l9k-block is mov$ t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,plac+ ! ecc5tric-rod p9s back ( ! l9k-arc1 z is almo/ univ]sally done 9 ?is c\ntry1 has a t5d5cy to make ! l9k slip on ! block2 & c>e has to be tak5 n to locate ^! p9s f>!r back ?an is actually necess>y = o!r requirem5ts ( ! l9k-motion's adju/m5t4 ,au*9closs1 :o is a recogniz$ au?ority = design+ ( l9k-motion1 gives f\r v>ieties ( alt]ations capable ( r$uc+ ! slip :5 x is f\nd too great = a practicable motion4 ,8 resorts are1 ei!r to increase ! angul> advance1 r$uce ! travel1 increase ! l5g? ( l9k1 or %ort5 ! ecc5tric-rods4 ,"o1 or a comb9ation1 ( ^! me?ods may be adopt$1 z ! design] f9ds mo/ conv5i5t4 ,,radius ,,( ,,l9k4 ,among ! con/ruct+ eng9e]s :o plan l9k-motion1 !re is consid]able div]sity ( op9ion ab\t :at radius ( l9k helps to produce ! be/ valve-motion4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( axle & c5t] ( l[] rock]-p9 may be accept$ z approximately correct1 al?\gh "s design]s slightly increase beyond ^! po9ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! locomotives s5t out f a lead+ build+ e/abli%m5t h ! radius ( l9k drawn in* p] foot %ort ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! axle & rock]2 & ! claim has be5 made1 t ! arrangem5t produces an excell5t motion4 ,a committee ( ! ,am]ican ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association h plac$ !mselves on record on ?is subject by ass]t+ t ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( axle & rock]-p9 is ! prop] radius = ! l9k4 ,t same committee recomm5d$ t ! l9k-motion %\ld be plann$ to give z long a l9k-radius z possible1 subject to ! fir/-m5tion$ conditions4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ! middle ( ! l9k-slot is ! radius arc4 ,i knew ( a case :]e ! l9ks = an alt]$ locomotive 7 f9i%$ out ( ! true radius ?r\gh ! edge ( ! slot be+ tak5 z ! radius-curve4 ,,increase ,,( ,,lead4 ,mo/ ( ! m5 :o are at all famili> ) ! valve-motion are aw>e ( ! fact1 t1 ) ! %ift+ l9k1 ! lead increases z ! l9k is not*$ t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,:]e ! valve has #a_/af in* lead 9 full ge>1 x is no unusual ?+ to f9d x increase to in* lead op5+ at mid ge>4 ,! ph5om5on is bett] kn[n ?an its cause is und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! relative positions ( l9k & ecc5tric c5t]s ( an eng9e1 :5 ! crank is on ! =w>d c5t]1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac2 ! l9k be+ repres5t$ ) ! block 9 ! c5t]1 :i* repres5ts mid ge>4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! c5t]s ( ! ecc5trics f & b1 f :i* ! rods receive direct influ5ce1 are bo? "s di/ance ahead ( ! c5t] ( ! axle1 ! "o above1 ! o!r bel[4 ,! ecc5tric-/raps to :i* ! rods are connect$ sweep r\nd ! ecc5tric circles1 & are controll$ !reby4 ,:5 ! l9k is mov$ up or d[n1 ea* ecc5tric-rod p91 :]e x atta*es to ! l9k1 describes ! arc ( a circle ) a radius drawn f its own ecc5tric4 ,if bo? rods 7 work$ ) a radius f ! axle-c5t]1 ! l9k c\ld be rais$ & l[]$ :5 ! eng9e /&s on ! dead c5t]1 )\t mov+ ! rock]-p9 at all2 b1 "u ! exi/+ arrangem5t1 ! l9k is influ5c$ directly by "o or o!r ( ! ecc5trics1 :atev] position 9 ! l9k ! block may /&4 ,:5 ! eng9e is /&+ on ! =w>d c5t]1 ) ! l9k 9 mid ge>1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 x w be readily p]ceiv$ t ! block /&s at its f>!/ po9t away f ! axle2 = ! rods are s plac$ to rea* _! greate/ horizontal di/ance ahead1 & consequ5tly 9 ?is position ! lead op5+ is greate/4 ,if ! l9k be n[ l[]$1 ! back+ ecc5tric-rod w imm$iately beg9 to pull ! l9k back3 &1 z ! p9 ( ! =w>d ecc5tric-rod approa*es ! c5tral l9e ( motion1 x w also keep draw+ ! l9k back2 s t1 by ! "t ! l9k is 9 full ge>1 ! lead op5+ w be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,:5 ! eng9e /&s on ! back dead c5t]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 ! ecc5tric c5t]s w be on ! o!r side ( ! axle1 & ! ecc5tric-rods w be cross$4 ,:ile 9 mid ge>1 ! l9k-block is drawn clos] to ! axle ?an x w\ld be 9 any o!r position ( ! l9k2 & consequ5tly ! lead op5+ is greate/4 ,if ! l9k be n[ l[]$1 ! =w>d ecc5tric-rod w approa* its horizontal position1 & consequ5tly rea*es f>!r on ! c5tral l9e ( motion1 s x w pu% ! l9k-block away f ! axle1 !reby decreas+ ! lead4 ,pull+ ! l9k into back ge> has a simil> effect4 ,! t5d5cy ( a l9k-motion to increase ! lead t[>ds ! c5t] is made great] by %ort5+ ! ecc5tric-rods4 ,increas+ ! ?r[ ( ecc5tric incl9es to accel]ate ! lead t[>ds ! c5t]1 s9ce x ?r[s ! ecc5tric c5t]s f>!r ap>t4 ,= sl[ runn+1 h>d-pull+ locomotives1 :]e increase ( lead is a disadvantage1 ! t5d5cy to increase ! lead is sometimes re/ra9$ 9 =w>d ge> by r$uc+ ! angul> advance ( ! back+ ecc5tric4 ,?is exp$i5t is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y :]e prop] c>e & intellig5ce h be5 be/[$ 9 ! orig9al design ( ! motion4 ,9 /udy+ ?is "p ( ! valve-motion1 a "y ma*9i/ or eng9e] w obta9 valuable assi/ance by cutt+ a l9k template out ( a piece ( pa/ebo>d1 & us+ /rips ( wood z ecc5tric-rods4 ,) ^! he c te/ on a draw+-bo>d or table ! v>i\s positions ( ! l9k1 & note1 9 a way t is easily und]/ood1 ! effect ( *ang+ ! l9k into diff]5t positions4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,valves4 ,,! ,,m5 ,,:o ,,le>n ,,valve-,,sett+4 ,mo/ ( intellig5t ma*9i/s engag$ on eng9e-"w1 make x an object ( ambition to le>n to set valves2 & ! op]ation is ma/]$ z soon z ! opportunity (f]s4 ,x has be5 a practice 9 num]\s %ops = ^? :o h ! "w ( valve-sett+ to d1 to inve/ ! op]ation ) fictiti\s my/]y1 to pati5tly dissem9ate ! belief t valve-sett+ is an exce$+ly difficult matt]4 ,cases sometimes arise :]e ! squ>+ ( an eng9e's valves is really an ardu\s task1 requir+ intimate famili>ity ) delicate me?ods ( adju/m5t2 b valve-sett+1 z x is usually practic$ 9 build+ e/abli%m5ts1 9 repair+-%ops1 & 9 r\nd-h\ses1 is m]ely a matt] ( pla9 measurem5t4 ,a man may be a fir/-class eng9e] )\t kn[+ h[ to set valves1 & famili> acqua9tance ) ! op]ation w n increase 8 ability 9 manag+ 8 eng9e :5 m]ely gett+ a tra9 ov] ! road on "t is ! consid]ation2 b ! me?od ( valve-sett+ is s closely associat$ ) an intellig5t appreciation ( ! valve-motion's philosophy1 t mo/ ( eng9e]s :o take an ext5d$ int]e/ 9 _! bus9ess1 wi% to acquire ! k ( h[ ! valves are set4 ,,be/ ,,way ,,to ,,le>n ,,valve-,,sett+4 ,! be/ way to le>n valve-sett+ is by tak+ "p 9 ! "w4 ,:atev] c be said 9 books on a subject ( ?is k9d1 provides b an indiff]5t sub/itute = go+ ?r\gh ! actual op]ations4 ,b a man's ambition to le>n may exce$ 8 opportunities2 s1 = ^? :o c n get a gang boss to direct !m into ! art ( valve-sett+1 ?is description w be made z pla9 z possible4 ,:5 an eng9e's valve-motion is design$1 ! sizes ( ! diff]5t p>ts are arrang$2 &1 if ?is bus9ess is done by a compet5t eng9e]1 !re w only be trifl+ *anges necess>y 9 valve-sett+4 ,,prelim9>y ,,op]ations4 ,let u suppose ! eng9e to be an ord9>y eight-:eel locomotive1 ) cyl9d]s #ag #bd in*es4 ,let u assume t ! top & bottom rock]-arms are /raight1 ( equal l5g?1 & t ! ecc5tric-rods are connect$ to ! l9k s z to be opposite ! block 9 full ge>4 ,?is w make ! extreme travel ( valve equal ! ecc5tric's ?r[4 ,we w n[ look r\nd to see t e ?+ connect$ ) ! motion is ready = valve-sett+4 ,fir/1 x is necess>y to see t ! w$ges are prop]ly set up to hold ! driv+-boxes 9 ab\t ! same position !y w occupy :5 ! eng9e is at "w4 ,,connect+ ,,ecc5tric-,,rods ,,to ,,l9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,9 look+ ov] ! motion1 x is well to note t ! ecc5tric-rods are prop]ly connect$1--! =w>d ecc5tric-rod ) ! top1 ! backw>d ecc5tric-rod ) ! bottom1 ( ! l9k4 ,:5 ! crank-p9 is on ! =w>d c5t]1 ! ecc5trics w occupy ! position !y appe> 91 9 ,fig4 #ae1 :]e ! rods are op51 & ne>ly horizontal4 ,! full p>ts ( bo? ecc5trics are advanc$ t[>ds ! crank-p91 s t ! c5t]s ( ! ecc5trics are advanc$ f a p]p5dicul> l9e drawn ?r\gh c5t] ( axle1 a horizontal di/ance equal to ! lap & lead4 ,:5 ! crank-p9 is on ! back c5t]1 ! ecc5tric c5t]s w be beh9d ! axle1 & ! rods w be cross$ z !y are se5 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! reason :y ! rods mu/ be cross$ :5 ! crank is 9 ?is position1 is1 t ! =w>d ecc5tric c5t] is bel[ ! axle1 & ! backw>d ecc5tric c5t] is above4 ,z ! =w>d ecc5tric-rod ma9ta9s its connection ) ! top ( ! l9k1 & ! backw>d ecc5tric-rod is at ! opposite end1 cross+ ( ! rods is inevitable4 ,?is fact is wor? impr9t+ on ! memory1 = ,i h kn[n ( sev]al cases :]e m5 got ! rods up wrong by putt+ !m op5 :5 ! eng9e /ood ) ! crank on ! back c5t]4 ,,m>k+ ,,! ,,valve-,,/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,9 ord9>y practice1 valves are set ) ! /eam-*e/ cov] d[n1 & ! position ( ! valve on ! seat is id5tifi$ by m>ks on ! valve-/em4 ,be=e ! cov] is put d[n1 ! valve is plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #ag1 j beg9n+ to op5 ! =w>d /eam-port2 a ?9 piece ( t9 be+ g5]ally us$ to gauge ! op5+4 ,:5 ! valve /&s 9 ?is position1 a tram is ext5d$ f a c5t] pun*-m>k c1 on ! /uff+-box1 /raight along ! valve-/em z f> z x w rea*2 & ! po9t1 "h locat$ at a1 is m>k$4 ,! valve is !n mov$ =w>d till x beg9s to uncov] ! back port1 :5 ano!r measurem5t is made ) ! tram1 :i* locates ! po9t b on ! valve-/em4 ,:atev] position ! valve may /& on1 x may n[ be id5tifi$ by ! tram4 ,:5 ! tram cuts ! space half way betwe5 a & b1 ! valve /&s 9 ! middle ( ! seat4 ,"s ma*9i/s d n believe 9 tramm+ f ! /uff+-box1 z ! po9t is liable to be mov$ 9 tight5+ d[n ! /eam-*e/ cov]4 ,^! g5]ally measure f a po9t on ! cyl9d] ca/+1 b t practice has its drawbacks4 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,valve-,,rod4 ,to prove ! correct l5g? ( ! valve-rod1 ! rock]-arm is set at "r angles to ! valve-seat1 :i* is its middle position4 ,! valve mu/ n[ /& on ! middle ( ! seat1 :i* w be indicat$ by ! tram po9t rea*+ ! divid+ po9t betwe5 a & b4 ,%\ld ! valve n be "r :5 ! rock] is 9 its middle position1 ! rod mu/ be alt]$ to put x "r4 ,,accuracy ,,ess5tial ,,9 ,,locat+ ,,! ,,dead ,,c5t] ,,po9ts4 ,be=e proce$+ to set ! valves1 a ma*9i/ c n be too c>eful 9 locat+ ! exact dead c5t]s4 ,"s m5 conclude1 because !re is little motion to ! cross-head close to ! end ( ! /roke1 t a slight movem5t ( ! :eel to "o side or ! o!r is ( little consequ5ce1 & makes no p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! relative positions ( pi/on & valve4 ,?is is a s]i\s mi/ake2 =1 al?\gh ! pi/on is mov+ sl[ly1 ! ecc5tric is proce$+ at its ord9>y spe$1 & ! valve is mov+ fa/4 ,! loose1 quick me?ods ( f9d+ dead c5t]s foll[$ occasionally are n conducive to exactness1 & no?+ b accuracy is p]missible 9 valve-sett+4 ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,dead ,,c5t]s4 ,! be/ way ( f9d+ ! true c5t] is by mov+ ! cross-head a measur$ di/ance r\nd its extreme travel1 record+ ! ext5t ( movem5t on ! driv+-:eel tire1 ^: motion is uni=m2 !n bisect+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! m>ks on ! tire1 :5 ! divid+ l9e w indicate ! true c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,?us3 ,turn ! :eels =w>d till ! cross-head rea*es )9 "o-half in* ( its extreme travel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,f a po9t a on ! guide-block1 ext5d a tram on ! cross-head1 & m>k ! extreme po9t rea*$ b4 ,put a c5t] pun*-m>k c on ! :eel-cov]1 or o!r conv5i5t fix$ po9t1 & f x ext5d a tram on ! edge ( ! tire1 & scrat* an arc d4 ,n[1 ) tram 9 h&1 wat* ! cross-head1 & h ! :eels mov$ =w>d sl[ly4 ,:5 ! cross-head passes ! c5t]1 & moves back till ! tram ext5d+ f a w rea* ! po9t b1 /op ! motion4 ,aga9 tram f ! :eel-cov] po9t1 & describe a second arc on ! tire1 :i* w be at e1 n[ mov$ to ! position :i* d occupi$ :5 ! previ\s measurem5t 0 tak54 ,) a pair ( divid]s bisect ! di/ance betwe5 d & e4 ,m>k ! divid+ po9t ,c ) a c5t] pun*1 & put a *alk r+ r\nd x4 ,:5 ! :eel /&s s t ! tram w ext5d f c to ,c1 ! eng9e w be on ! =w>d dead c5t]4 ,all ! o!r c5t]s mu/ be f\nd by a simil> process4 ,,turn+ ,,:eels ,,& ,,mov+ ,,ecc5trics4 ,:5 a measurem5t is go+ to be made = =e ge>1 ! :eels mu/ be turn$ =w>d2 &1 :5 x is = ! back ge>1 !y mu/ be turn$ backw>d4 ,en\gh movem5t ( ! :eel mu/ be giv5 to take up ! lo/ motion e "t ! direction ( movem5t is *ang$4 ,9 mov+ an ecc5tric1 x %\ld also be turn$ f> en\gh 9 ! opposite direction to take up ! lo/ motion4 ,,sett+ ,,by ,,! ,,lead ,,op5+4 ,put ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! full =w>d not*1 & place ! eng9e on ! =w>d c5t]4 ,if ! lead op5+ 9 full ge> is to be #a_/af in*1 advance ! =w>d ecc5tric till ! po9t a 7,fig4 #ag7 on ! valve-/em is t di/ance away f ! tram po9t4 ,?r[ ! rev]se-lev] into ! full backw>d not*1 turn ! :eels =w>d en\gh to take up ! lo/ motion1 !n turn !m back to ! =w>d c5t]4 ,move ! backw>d ecc5tric 7if x ne$s mov+7 till ! tram1 ext5d$ on ! valve-/em1 /rikes ! same po9t t x rea*$ = ! =w>d motion4 ,x w be not$ "h1 t ! valve occupies ! same position = =e & back ge> :5 ! eng9e is on ! c5t]4 ,put ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! =w>d not* aga91 & turn ! :eels ahead till ! back c5t] po9t is rea*$4 ,n[ tram ! valve-/em aga91 &1 if ! lead op5+ be ! same = bo? ge>s z x 0 on ! =w>d c5t]1 t "p ( ! sett+ is "r4 ,x is a good plan to g ov] ! po9ts a second "t to prove _! correctness4 ,b x is n likely t ! lead op5+ at ! back end w be "r on ! fir/ trial4 ,in/ead ( hav+ ! correct lead1 ! valve w probably lap ov] ! port1 be+ :at workm5 call 8bl9d10 or x w h too mu* lead4 ,let u assume t our valve is #a_/af in* bl9d4 ,?is indicates t ! ecc5tric-rod is too long4 ,we %ort5 ! rod till ! valve is at ! op5+ po9t1 &1 on turn+ ! eng9e to ! =w>d c5t] aga91 we w f9d t ! valve !re has lo/ its lead4 ,b our *ange has adju/$ ! valve movem5t1 s t on ea* c5t] ! valve is j beg9n+ to op5 ! /eam-port4 ,advanc+ ! ecc5tric to give "o end #a_/af in* lead w n[ h ! same effect ^u ! o!r end2 &1 assum+ t ! back motion has be5 subject$ to simil> treatm5t ) a l result1 ! lead op5+ on t side is "r4 ,?is process mu/ n[ be repeat$ ) ! o!r side ( ! eng9e4 ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,cut-,,(f4 ,! lead op5+s be+ prop]ly arrang$1 we w proce$ to exam9e h[ ! valves cut (f ! /eam2 = x is important t ab\t ! same supply ( /eam %\ld be furni%$ to ea* cyl9d] & to ea* end ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rod t5ds to give a great] supply ( /eam to ! =w>d ?an to ! back end ( ! cyl9d]2 b ?is inequality is1 z has already be5 expla9$1 usually rectifi$ by locat+ ! hang]-/ud a c]ta9 di/ance back ( ! l9k arc4 ,to prove ! cut-(f1 we w try ! full ge> fir/4 ,put ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! full =w>d not*1 />t+ f ! =w>d c5t]1 & turn ! :eels ahead4 ,! motion ( our eng9e has be5 design$ s t ! cut-(f 9 full ge> %all happ5 at #ah in*es ( ! /roke4 ,) tram 9 h&1 wat* ! movem5t ( ! valve z indicat$ by ! /em m>ks4 ,z ! pi/on moves away f ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! valve w keep op5+ till ne>ly half /roke is rea*$1 :5 x w beg9 to return1 sl[ly at fir/1 b ) increas+ velocity z ! po9t ( cut-(f is rea*$4 ,:5 ! po9t a1 ,fig4 #ag1 gets s t x w be rea*$ by ! tram ext5d$ f c1 ! motion mu/ be /opp$2 z t indicates ! po9t ( cut-(f4 ,n[ measure on ! guide h[ f> ! cross-head has travel$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 & m>k x d[n ) *alk4 ,!n turn ! :eels 9 ! same direction pa/ ! back c5t]1 & obta9 ! cut-(f = ! =w>d /roke 9 ! same mann]4 ,! cut-(f = ! o!r cyl9d] w be f\nd 9 precisely ! me?od describ$4 ,9 addition to try+ ! cut-(f 9 full ge>1 x is usually te/$ at half /roke & at #f in*es1 or ) ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! not*es ne>e/ to ^! po9ts4 ,"s m5 beg9 at ! fir/ not*1 & foll[ ! po9t ( cut-(f 9 e not* till ! c5t] is rea*$1 & d ! same = back ge>4 ,,adju/m5t ,,( ,,cut-,,(f4 ,f v>i\s causes1 x (t5 happ5s t ! cut-(f is unequal 9 ! two /rokes1 or "o cyl9d] may be gett+ m /eam ?an ! o!r4 ,suppose1 t1 on "o side ( ! eng9e1 ! valve is cutt+ (f at #ah in*es 9 =w>d ge>1 :ile at ! o!r side x is cutt+ (f at #ag in*es ( ! /roke4 ,! mo/ ready way to adju/ t inequality is by %ort5+ "o l9k-hang] & l5g!n+ ! o!r till a mean is /ruck4 ,:]e ! discrepancy is small]1 x is adju/$ by l5g!n+ ! hang] at ! %ort side4 ,a h>d] inequality to adju/ is :]e ! valve cuts (f e>li] = "o end ( ! cyl9d] ?an = ! o!r4 ,9 new "w ?is is readily ov]come by ! saddle-/ud1 b su* a *ange is seldom admissible 9 old "w4 ,:5 ! po9ts ( cut-(f h be5 not$ d[n1 x w frequ5tly happ51 t1 in/ead ( bo? ends cutt+ (f at #ah in*es1 "o end w %[ ! cut at #ag in*es1 :ile ! o!r goes to #ai in*es4 ,?is indicates some?+ wrong1 & dem&s a se>* = ! orig9 ( ! unequal motion4 ,fir/ asc]ta9 if ! rock]-arm is n sprung4 ,if t is all "r1 exam9e ! l9k1 :i* is probably sprung out ( its true radius4 ,to /raight5 ! rock]-arm is an easy matt]1 b n s ) case-h>d5$ l9ks2 al?\gh "s m5 are v successful 9 spr++ !m back4 ,:]e x is impracticable to rem$y an unequal cut-(f by correct+ ! orig9 ( ! defect1 sev]al plans may be resort$ to = obta9+ ! requir$ adju/m5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common resorts is to equalize ! =w>d motion by ?r[+ out ! back motion4 ,putt+ ! rock]-arm away f its v]tical position :5 ! valve is 9 ! middle ( ! seat1 by %ort5+ or l5g!n+ ! valve-rod1 provides a means ( adju/m5t4 ,sometimes ! equality ( lead op5+ is sacrific$ to obta9 equality ( cut-(f4 ,! *anges necess>y to obta9 adju/m5t ( a di/ort$ motion c only be successfully arrang$ by "o :o has exp]i5ce 9 valve-sett+ or 9 valve-motion design+4 ,9 _m %ops ! cut-(f is adju/$ = ! po9t :]e ! eng9e does mo/ ( ! "w1--say at #f in*es4 ,o!r ma/] me*anics direct ! equalization to be made = half /roke1 :ile "s take ! mean betwe5 ! half /roke & ! ord9>y work+ not*4 ,! f9al adju/m5ts 9 valve-sett+ ought to be made :5 ! eng9e is hot4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mey]4 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,l9k-,,motion4 ,fig4 #ai is an outl9e ( a l9k-motion su* z is g5]ally appli$ to ! ,am]ican locomotive4 ,x c be adju/$ to control ! movem5t ( ! slide-valve 9 su* a mann] t equal portions ( /eam w be admitt$ alt]nately at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,9 ! foll[+ article we propose to expla9 h[ ?is c be accompli%$4 ,al?\gh we w\ld n advise any p]son to be satisfi$ ) approximate rules or con/ructions1 yet cases d occur :]e ! approximate con/ructions1 be+ s v ne> correct1 on acc\nt ( _! simplicity1 are ( great] practical value ?an ! application ( ! rigid & m difficult !oretical rules4 ,by ^! rem>ks1 we d n wi% ! read] to und]/& t ! foll[+ con/ructions are all done accord+ to ! rules ( ?umb--n by any means2 = all1 ) ! exception ( a few po9ts1 are !oretically correct4 ,at ! end ( ?is article1 we w po9t out ^? po9ts :i* are1 & :i* are n1 approximately f\nd2 s t ! read] may feel satisfi$ t our con/ruction may always be reli$ ^u z be+ correct = all practical purposes4 ,9 :at foll[s1 ! cyl9d] w always be reg>d$ z ly+ on ! "r-h& side ( ! axle1 ! l9k be+ betwe5 cyl9d] & axle1 & ! axle locat$ 9 ! c5t] ( p$e/al4 ,to avoid any misund]/&+1 we w expla9 ! mean+ ( "s ( ! t]ms us$4 ,! l5g? ( crank is ! di/ance f c5t] ( axle to c5t] ( crank-p94 ,= conv5i5ce1 we %all call ! total di/ance f c5t] ( ecc5tric-/rap to ! c5t] ( ecc5tric-p9 9 ! l9k ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric-rod4 ,! ?r[ ( ecc5tric is d\ble ! di/ance f c5t] ( axle to c5t] ( ecc5tric-:eel4 ,! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod is ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( crank-p9 hole to c5t] ( cross-head p9-hole4 ,! l5g? ( l9k-hang] is ! di/ance f c5t] to c5t] ( holes4 ,,conditions4 ,s9ce ?is article treats only on ! adju/m5t ( ! l9k-motion1 ! foll[+ items are suppos$ to be kn[n & e/abli%$3 ,! lap ( valve1 :i* 9 ?is case w be ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*2 ! ?r[ ( ecc5trics1 #e in*es2 ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 #bd in*es2 ! position ( ! rock]1 z p] ,fig4 #ai2 ! l5g? ( ! rock]-arms1 :i* are 9 ?is case ( equal l5g?2 l5g? ( l9k-hang] & all dim5sions ( l9k1 complete1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai2 & also ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! l9k-motion may at fir/ sight appe> to be a difficult problem1 z we mu/ h a k ( ! relative motions ( ! pi/on & slide-valve2 b by r$uc+ ?is problem to sev]al elem5t>y problems1 s t ! laws gov]n+ ! relative motions may be discov]$ & cle>ly def9$1 a cle> conception ( our subject c be ga9$1 & ! solution ( our orig9al problem c be accompli%$ ) comp>ative ease4 ,9 ord] to f9d :at k9d ( elem5t>y problems are applicable1 let u suppose t we are look+ at a locomotive ) a l9k-motion1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 appli$ & correctly adju/$4 ,n[ let u exam9e x1 comm5c+ ) ! valve4 ,we f9d t ! valve receives its motion f ! upp] rock]-arm1 & ?is receives its motion f ! l[] rock]-arm4 ,accord+ to our conditions1 previ\sly /at$1 bo? ( ! rock]-arms are ( ! same l5g?2 &1 !re=e1 ! arc describ$ by ! upp] rock]-arm w be ! same l5g? z ! arc describ$ by ! l[] "o4 ,we also notice t ! l9k :i* moves ! l[] rock]-arm is held 9 position by ! lift+-%aft arm4 ,! "q1 !n1 w naturally arise1 ,mu/ ?is lift+-%aft arm h "s p>ticul> l5g?1 & ! c5t] ( lift+-%aft h "s p>ticul> position8 ,we answ]1 8,yes20 & ?is is "o ( our elem5t>y problems to solve4 ,aga91 we notice t ! saddle-p9 is n 9 ! c5t] ( ! l9k2 & we ask aga91 8,:y80 ,to answ] ?is w be ano!r elem5t>y problem4 ,! next we notice are our ecc5tric-rods4 ,^! we f9d1 on exam9ation1 to h "s p>ticul> l5g?2 & to f9d ?is l5g? is ano!r elem5t>y problem4 ,next we exam9e our ecc5trics3 ^!1 we f9d1 are fa/5$ to ! axle2 &1 s9ce ! crank is also fa/5$ to ! same axle1 x foll[s t !re are "s relative positions betwe5 !m2 to f9d ^! positions is ano!r elem5t>y problem4 ,n[ let u look once m at ! rock]1 & we f9d t ! two rock]-arms are n 9 ! same /raight l9e3 h5ce1 to f9d ! am\nt ( (fset is ano!r elem5t>y problem4 ,&1 la/ly1 we mu/ be able to f9d ! position ( crank-p9 to correspond ) ! position ( pi/on :5 at full /roke at ei!r end ( ! cyl9d]1 & also :5 at half /roke mov+ 9 ei!r direction4 ,"h1 !n1 we h all ! elem5t>y problems t are necess>y to be und]/ood = ! solution ( our orig9al problem4 ,we w n[ expla9 all ^! problems1 9 an ord] ! rev]se to t 9 :i* we /at$ !m2 h5ce we h ! foll[+ ord]3-- #a/1 ,to f9d position ( crank at full & half /roke4 #b;d1 ,to f9d c5t] l9e ( motion1 & am\nt ( (fset 9 rock]-arms4 #c;d1 ,to f9d relative positions ( crank-p9 & ecc5trics :5 at full & half /roke4 #d?1 ,to det]m9e ! correct l5g? ( ecc5tric-rods4 #e?1 ,to f9d position ( saddle-p94 #f?1 ,to f9d ! position ( ! c5t] ( lift+-%aft & l5g? ( arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,problem #a1 ,,figs4 #bj & #ba4--,to f9d ! position ( crank :5 ! pi/on is at full & half /roke4--,let ! c5t] ( :eel & ! axis ( ! cyl9d] be 9 ! same /raight l9e z ,,ad1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,) any po9t ,c z a c5t]1 & a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! crank1 describe a circle ,f1 ,f1 ,b1 ,b2 & let u call ?is ! crank-p9 circle4 ,! /raight l9e ,,ad int]sects ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle 9 ! po9ts ,f & ,b4 ,! po9t ,f w be ! c5t] ( crank-p9 :5 pi/on is at full /roke at ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d]1 & po9t ,b w be ! c5t] ( crank-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke at ! re> end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,) ! po9t ,f z a c5t]1 & ) a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod1 describe an arc int]sect+ ! l9e ,,ad 9 ! po9t ,f2 ) ! po9t ,b z a c5t]1 & ) ! same radius1 describe an arc int]sect+ ! /raight l9e ,,ad 9 ! po9t ,b2 & ) ! po9t ,c z a c5t]1 & ) ! same radius1 describe an arc int]sect+ ! /raight l9e ,,ad 9 ! po9t ,c4 ,po9t ,f w be ! c5t] ( cross-head p9 :5 ! c5t] ( crank-p9 is at ,f1 & ,b ! c5t] ( cross-head p9 :5 ! crank-p9 is at ,b1 & ! po9t ,c w be ! position ( c5t] ( cross-head p9 :5 pi/on is at half /roke4 ,) po9t ,c z a c5t]1 & a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod1 describe an arc pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ,c1 & int]sect+ ! crank-p9 circle 9 ! po9ts ,f & ,b3 ^! po9ts w be ! position ( crank-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at half /roke1 or :5 ! c5t] ( cross-head p9 is at ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! axis ( ! cyl9d] is above ! c5t] ( axle4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 we mu/ foll[ ! con/ruction z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,let two in*es be ! di/ance t ! c5t] ( axis ( cyl9d] is above ! c5t] ( axle4 ,draw a /raight l9e ,,ad ?r\gh ! c5t] ( axle ,c2 two in*es above ?is draw a /raight l9e ,,gh p>allel to ,,ad2 ?is l9e w !n pass ?r\gh ! axis ( cyl9d]4 ,) ! c5t] ( axle ,c on ! /raight l9e ,,ad z a c5t]1 & a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! crank1 describe a circle ,f1 ,f1 ,b1 ,b3 ?is circle w be ! crank-p9 circle4 ,) ! po9t ,c z a c5t]1 & a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod plus ! l5g? ( ! crank1 describe an arc int]sect+ ! /raight l9e ,,gh 9 ! po9t ,f3 ?is po9t w be ! position ( ! cross-head p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke =w>d4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts ,f & ,c draw a /raight l9e1 int]sect+ ! crank-p9 circle 9 ! po9t ,f3 ?is po9t w be ! position ( ! c5t] ( ! crank-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke =w>d4 ,aga91 ) ! po9t ,c z a c5t]1 & a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod m9us ! l5g? ( ! crank1 describe an arc int]sect+ ! /raight l9e ,,gh 9 ! po9t ,b3 ?is po9t w be ! position ( ! c5t] ( ! cross-head p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke 9 ! re> end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts ,b & ,c draw a /raight l9e1 int]sect+ ! crank-p9 circle 9 ! po9t ,b3 ?is po9t w be ! position ( ! c5t] ( crank-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke 9 ! re> end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,f9d a po9t ,c exactly c5tral betwe5 ! po9ts ,b & ,f on ! l9e ,,gh3 9 o!r words1 bisect ! di/ance ,b ,f by ! po9t ,c4 ,) ! po9t ,c z a c5t]1 & a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod1 describe an arc int]sect+ ! crank-p9 circle 9 ! po9ts ,b & ,f3 ^! two po9ts w be ! c5t] ( crank-p9 :5 ! pi/on /&s at half /roke4 ,9 ! l9k-motion1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 ! axis ( ! cyl9d] is suppos$ to be #b in*es high] ?an ! c5t] ( axle4 ,= ?is reason ! con/ruction %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba w h]eaft] be us$4 ,,problem #b1 ,,fig4 #bb4--,to f9d ! c5t] l9e ( motion & ! am\nt ( (fset 9 ! l[] rock]-arm4--,let ,c be ! c5t] ( axle3 ?r\gh ,c draw ! /raight l9es ,,ad & ,,kl p]p5dicul> to ,,ad4 ,! c5t] ( rock] we f9d 9 ,fig4 #ai to be #cg in*es 9 front ( ! c5t] ( axle1 & #g in*es above4 ,we !re=e cont9ue our con/ruction 9 ,fig4 #bb by draw+ a /raight l9e ,,mn #cg in*es 9 front (1 & p>allel to1 ! /raight l9e ,,kl1 & ano!r /raight l9e ,,op p>allel to ,,ad1 & #g in*es above x4 ,^! two l9es int]sect 9 ! po9t ,q1 & ?is po9t is ! c5t] ( rock]4 ,) ,q z a c5t]1 & a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! l[] rock]-arm1 describe ! arc ,,rs3 ?r\gh ! po9t ,c draw a /raight l9e ,,ct tang5t to ! arc ,,rs1 !n ,,ct w be ! c5t] l9e ( motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,to f9d ! am\nt ( (fset 9 ! l[] rock]-arm1 let u place ! c5t] l9e ( ! upp] rock]-arm p]p5dicul> to a l9e drawn p>allel to ! valve surface3 b 9 our case ?is valve surface is p>allel to ! l9e ,,ad2 h5ce our l9e drawn p>allel to ! valve surface w also be p>allel to ! l9e ,,ad1 & ! c5t] l9e ( upp] rock]-arm w be p]p5dicul> to ,,ad1 & co9cide ) ! l9e ,,mn4 ,?r\gh ! po9t ,q draw a /raight l9e p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ,,ct1 & int]sect+ ! arc ,,rs 9 ! po9t ,u3 !n ! di/ance f ! po9t ,u to ! l9e ,,mn w be ! am\nt ( ! (fset 9 ! l[] rock]-arm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,problem #c1 ,,fig4 #bc4--,to f9d ! relative positions ( crank-p9 & ecc5trics :5 ! pi/on is at full & half /roke4--,let ,c be ! c5t] ( axle4 ,?r\gh ,c draw ! horizontal l9e ,,ad1 & f9d ! positions ( c5t] ( crank-p9 at full & half /roke2 namely1 ! po9ts ,f1 ,f1 ,b1 ,b1 z expla9$ 9 ,problem #a1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,next draw ! c5t] l9e ( motion z expla9$ 9 ,problem #b & ,fig4 #bb4 ,) ! po9t ,c z a c5t]1 & a radius equal to ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric 7#b in*es71 draw a circle2 & let u call ?is circle ! 8ecc5tric-circle40 ,on ! l9e ( motion ,,ct1 lay (f a po9t t[>ds ! rock] #ac_/af ( an in* f ,c 7?is be+ ! sum ( ! lap & lead1-- ( an in* = ! lap1 & #a_/af ( an in* = ! lead73 ?r\gh ?is po9t draw a /raight l9e p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( motion ,,ct1 & int]sect+ ! ecc5tric-circle 9 ! po9ts x & y4 ,! po9t x w be ! c5t] ( ! =w>d ecc5tric2 & ! po9t y w be ! c5t] ( backw>d ecc5tric :5 ! c5t] ( crank-p9 is at ,f1 full /roke =w>d4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts ,f & ,c draw a /raight l9e1 int]sect+ ! ecc5tric-circle 9 ! po9t ,f4 ,! l9e ,,fc w repres5t ! c5t] l9e ( crank2 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ,f & x1 measur$ on ! ecc5tric-circle1 is ! am\nt t ! c5t] ( =w>d ecc5tric is set back ( ! c5t] l9e ( crank2 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ,f & y is ! am\nt t ! backw>d ecc5tric is set ahead ( ! c5t] l9e ( crank4 ,s9ce bo? ! crank & ecc5trics are fa/5$ to ! same axle1 x foll[s1 t1 :atev] position ! c5t] l9e ( crank may be 91 ! di/ances betwe5 c5t] l9e ( crank & ecc5trics--t is1 ! di/ances betwe5 ,f & x1 also ,f & y1 measur$ on ! ecc5tric-circle--rema9 con/ant4 ,!re=e1 to f9d ! position ( ecc5trics :5 ! crank /&s at ,f 7half /roke71 draw ! /raight l9e ,,fc repres5t+ ! c5t] l9e ( crank1 & int]sect+ ! ecc5tric-circle 9 ! po9t ,f4 ,f ! po9t ,f1 lay (f on ! ecc5tric-circle a po9t ) a di/ance equal to ,fx1 back ( ! c5t] l9e ( crank1 & indicate ?is po9t by x2 also f ,f measur$ on ! same circle1 lay (f a po9t 9 ! front ( ! c5t] l9e ( crank1 & ) a di/ance equal to ,fy1 & m>k ?is po9t y2 !n ! po9t x w be ! position ( =w>d ecc5tric1 & ! po9t y w be ! position ( backw>d ecc5tric :5 ! crank-p9 is at ,f4 ,9 precisely ! same mann] we f9d ! position ( ecc5trics :5 ! c5t] ( crank-p9 is at ,b 7full /roke back74 ,?r\gh ! po9ts ,c & ,b draw a /raight l9e1 int]sect+ ! ecc5tric-circle 9 ! po9t ,b4 ,f ! po9t ,b1 & ) a di/ance equal to ,fx1 lay (f a po9t on ! ecc5tric-circle back ( crank2 ?is po9t w be ! position ( =w>d ecc5tric :5 crank is at full /roke back2 &1 9 ord] to di/+ui% ?is f ! o!r position ( ecc5tric1 call ?is po9t a3 also f ,b1 lay (f 9 front ( ! crank ! position ( backw>d ecc5tric at a di/ance equal to ,fy1 & call ?is po9t b4 ,9 ! same mann] f9d po9ts a & b :5 ! crank-p9 is at ,b4 ,we h n[ f\nd ! position ( ecc5trics :5 ! crank-p9 /&s 9 ! foll[+ positions3-- ,full /roke =w>d ,f1 ! =w>d ecc5tric w be at x4 ,half /roke =w>d ,f1 ! =w>d ecc5tric w be at x4 ,full /roke back end ,b1 ! =w>d ecc5tric w be at a4 ,half /roke back end ,b1 ! =w>d ecc5tric w be at a4 ,full ,/roke =w>d ,f1 ! backw>d ecc5tric w be at y4 ,half /roke =w>d ,f1 ! backw>d ecc5tric w be at y4 ,full /roke back end ,b1 ! backw>d ecc5tric w be at b4 ,half /roke back end ,b1 ! backw>d ecc5tric w be at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,problem #d1 ,,fig4 #bd4--,to det]m9e ! correct l5g? ( ! ecc5tric-rods4--,let c be ! c5t] ( axle4 ,?r\gh ?is po9t draw ! horizontal l9e ,,ad1 also a l9e ,,kl p]p5dicul> to ,,ad4 ,! only purpose = :i* ^! two l9es are drawn 9 ?is problem1 z well z ! o!rs1 is to h "s l9es f :i* we c locate o!r l9es or po9ts4 ,locate ! c5t] ( rock]1 & c5t] l9es ( rock]-arms1 z expla9$ 9 ,problem #b1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb2 ! l[] arm /&+ p]p5dicul> to ! c5t] l9e ( motion1 & ! upp] arm v]tical4 ,:5 ! arms /& 9 ?is position1 ! rock]-p9s w move ?r\gh an equal di/ance on ea* side ( ^! c5t] l9es dur+ ! "t t ! valve is mak+ its full travel4 ,next f9d c5t]s ( ecc5trics x & y :5 ! crank is at full /roke =w>d2 also a & b :5 ! crank is at full /roke back1 z expla9$ 9 ,problem #c1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,be=e we proce$1 let u give names to "s ( ! l9es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f;a 7p4 #bfh74 ,! arc c#a;c#b drawn ?r\gh ! c5t] ( op5+ ( ! l9k1 we w call ! l9k-arc2 & ! arc d#a;d#b drawn ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ecc5tric-rod p9-holes1 we w call ! ecc5tric-rod p9-arc4 ,bo? ( ^! arcs are drawn f ! same c5t]2 t is1 ! c5t] f :i* ! l9k is drawn4 ,let u n[ cut a pap] template1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f;b 7l9k /ructure74 ,?is template is cut s t1 if x is laid on ! l9k1 ,fig4 #f;a1 ! arc ( ! template c#c;c#d w co9cide ) ! l9k-arc c#a;c#b1 & d#c;d#d ) ! ecc5tric-p9 arc d#a;d#b1 ! end ( template d#c;c#c ) ! l9e d#a;c#a1 & ! end d#d;c#d ) d#b;c#b4 ,on ?is template jo9 ! po9ts c#c;c#d by a /raight l9e1 & bisect ?is l9e by ! p]p5dicul> l9e ee3 on ?is l9e ! c5t] ( ! saddle-p9 w be locat$4 ,on "o side ( ?is l9e draw ! l9e ff#a p>allel to ee1 & on ! o!r side draw f#b;f#c also p>allel to ee2 ! di/ance f ! po9t f to ! po9t f#b be+ equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ecc5tric-rod p9s1 & fe equal to ef#b4 ,! po9ts f & f#b on ! arc d#c;d#d indicate ! position on ! template ( ! c5t]s ( ecc5tric-rod p9s4 ,on ! c5t] l9e ( motion c,t1 lay (f f v a po9t v#a t[>ds ! axle1 ) a di/ance equal to c#a;d#a1 ,fig4 #f;a2 !n ) ! po9t x z a c5t]1 & cv#a z a radius1 describe ! arc x#ax#b2 9 ?is arc ! upp] ecc5tric-rod w be locat$ z long z ! c5t] ( =w>d ecc5tric rema9s at x4 ,) ! po9t y z a c5t]1 & cv#a z a radius1 describe ! arc y#ay#b3 9 ?is arc ! c5t] ( l[] ecc5tric-rod w be locat$ z long z ! backw>d ecc5tric rema9s at y4 ,) ! po9t a z a c5t]1 & cv#a z a radius1 describe an arc a#a;a#b3 9 ?is arc ! upp] ecc5tric-rod p9 w be locat$ :ile ! =w>d ecc5tric is at a4 ,) ! po9t b z a c5t]1 & cv#a z a radius1 describe ! arc b#a;b#b2 & 9 ?is arc ! c5t] ( l[] ecc5tric-rod p9 w be locat$ :5 ! backw>d ecc5tric is at b4 ,n[ adju/ ! template on ! draw+ s t ! po9t f w be 9 ! arc x#ax#b3 po9t f#b 9 ! arc y#ay#b & ! l9e ee co9cide ) ! c5t] l9e ( motion c,t4 ,along ! arc c#c;c#d ( ! template draw an arc on ! pap]4 ,next move ! template s t ! po9t f w be 9 ! arc a#a;a#b1 ! po9t f#b 9 ! arc b#a;b#b1 & ! l9e ee co9cide ) ! c5t] l9e ( motion c,t1 & along ! arc c#c;c#d ( ! template draw ! second arc on ! pap]4 ,n[1 if ! di/ance measur$ on ! arc ,,rs f ! po9t v 7! c5t] ( ! l[] rock]-arm p97 to ! fir/ arc drawn1 is equal to ! di/ance measur$ on ! arc ,,rs f v to ! second arc1 ! radius cv#a w be ! correct l5g? ( ! ecc5tric-rods4 ,b1 if ! di/ance f v to ! fir/ arc is less ?an ! di/ance f v to ! second arc1 ! l5g? cv#a ( ! ecc5tric-rod w be too %ort4 ,9 ?is case we mu/ increase ! l5g? cv#a by add+ an am\nt equal to "o-half ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ances f v to ! fir/ arc1 & f v to ! second arc previ\sly drawn2 & ?is la/ l5g? s f\nd w be ! correct l5g? ( ecc5tric-rods4 ,x w be prop] to rem>k "h1 t ! radius cv#a 0 assum$ to be ! correct l5g? ( ecc5tric-rods2 b s9ce ! rods cross ea* o!r :5 ! ecc5trics are at a & b1 & d n cross ea* o!r :5 at x & y1 ! radius cv#a w always be a trifle %ort4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to make ! correction z expla9$4 ,9 e case1 ! l5g? ( ecc5tric-rods mu/ be s adju/$1 t1 :5 ! l9e ee co9cides ) ! c5t] l9e ( motion c,t1 ! arc vv#b 7:i* is ! am\nt t ! rock]-p9 is drawn t[>ds ! axle f ! l9e ,qv :5 ! ecc5trics are at a & b7 mu/ be equal to ! arc vv#c 7:i* is ! am\nt t ! rock]-p9 is mov$ t[>ds ! cyl9d]s f ! l9e ,qv :5 ! ecc5trics are at x & y72 ! /raight l9e ,qv be+ p]p5dicul> to ! c5t] l9e ( motion c,t4 ,,problem #e1 ,,fig4 #be4--,to f9d ! position ( ! c5t] ( saddle-p94--,= ?is problem we aga9 call to our aid ! pap] template %[n 9 ,fig4 #f;b4 ,we h already se5 9 ,problem #d t ! c5t] ( saddle-p9 w be locat$ on ! l9e ee drawn on ?is template3 x n[ only rema9s to det]m9e ! di/ance ( ?is po9t f ! l9k-arc c#c;c#d4 ,s9ce ! inequality betwe5 ! crank-angle ,w & ,w#a1 ,fig4 #bc1 becomes ! greate/ :5 ! crank /&s at half /roke1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to f9d su* a position = ! c5t] ( saddle-p9 t equal portions ( /eam w be admitt$ alt]nately :5 ! crank /&s at half /roke4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! admittance ( /eam mu/ cease at ! mom5t t ! pi/on has complet$ "o-half /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,let u comm5ce ?is problem z we began ! o!rs2 namely1 ,?r\gh ! c5t] ( axle ,c1 ,fig4 #be1 draw ! horizontal l9e ,,ad1 also ! v]tical l9e ,,lk4 ,f9d ! position ( crank at half /roke1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,next f9d ! position ( c5t] l9e ( motion ,,ct1 & position ( rock]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,f9d ! relative position ( ecc5trics & crank :5 at half /roke1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,n[1 ) a radius equal to ! correct l5g? ( ecc5tric-rods1 previ\sly det]m9$ 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #bd71 describe f ! po9t x z a c5t]1 ! arc x#a x#b2 also ) ! po9t y z a c5t]1 & ) ! same radius1 ! arc y#a y#b4 ,aga91 f ! po9t a z a c5t]1 describe ! arc a#a a#b2 also ) ! po9t b z a c5t]1 describe ! arc b#a b#b1 us+ ! l5g? ( ecc5tric-rods z a radius = all ! arcs4 ,:5 ! c5t] ( ! =w>d ecc5tric is at x1 ! =w>d ecc5tric-rod p9 w be locat$ 9 ! arc x#a x#b4 ,:5 ! c5t] ( ! =w>d ecc5tric is at a1 ! =w>d ecc5tric-rod p9 w be locat$ 9 ! arc a#a a#b4 ,:5 ! backw>d ecc5tric is at y1 its ecc5tric-rod p9 w be locat$ 9 ! arc y#a y#b4 ,:5 ! c5t] ( ! backw>d ecc5tric is at b1 ! ecc5tric-rod p9 w be locat$ 9 ! arc b#a b#b4 ,! next /ep is to f9d ! relative position ( ! l[] rock]-arm p9 :5 /eam is cut (f at half /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be;b4 ,9 ,fig4 #h 7p4 #bgd7 we h plac$ ! slide-valve c5trally ov] ! ports1 t is1 x laps ov] ea* /eam-port an equal am\nt1 namely1 ( an in*1 :i* is equal to ! lap4 ,9 ?is position ( ! valve1 ! c5t] l9e ( ! upp] rock]-arm w /& p]p5dicul> to ! l9e drawn p>allel to ! valve-face1 & ! c5t] l9e ( ! l[] rock]-arm w /& p]p5dicul> to ! c5t] l9e ( motion ,,ct3 h5ce ! c5t] l9e ( upp] rock]-arm ,,mq 9 ,fig4 #h w co9cide ) ! l9e ,,mq 9 ,fig4 #be1 & ! c5t] ( l[] arm ,,qu 9 ,fig4 #h w co9cide ) ! l9e ,,qu 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,n[ let u foll[ ! relative movem5t ( ! valve & pi/on4 ,we f9d1 t1 :5 ! pi/on comm5ces its backw>d motion1 ! valve moves 9 ! same direction1 z %[n by ! arr[-po9ts 9 ,fig4 #h;a2 &1 dur+ ! "t t ! pi/on is complet+ ! half /roke1 ! valve has f9i%$ its full travel backw>d1 & comm5c$ mov+ =w>d1 z indicat$ by ! arr[-po9ts1 ,fig4 #h;b2 &1 at ! "t t ! pi/on /&s exactly at half /roke1 ! =w>d edge ( ! valve is j clos+ ! =w>d /eam-port1 & consequ5tly cutt+ (f /eam at half /roke :5 ! pi/on is mov+ backw>d4 ,f ?is we see1 t1 :5 ! pi/on has complet$ ! half /roke :5 mov+ backw>d1 ! c5t] ( ! valve w be a little 9 ! re> ( ! c5t] ( exhau/-port2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( valve & ! c5t] ( exhau/-port be+ ( an in*1 ! am\nt ( ! lap3 ! upp] rock]-p9 w /& ( an in* beh9d ! l9e ,,mq1 & ! l[] rock]-arm p9 w be ( an in* 9 front ( ! l9e ,,qu1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h;b4 ,we !re=e draw 9 ,fig4 #be a /raight l9e p>allel to ,,qu1 & ( an in* 9 front ( x3 ?is l9e w int]sect ! arc ,,rs 9 ! po9t ,f#c2 & ?is po9t is ! position ( ! c5t] ( l[] rock]-arm p9 :5 ! crank /&s at ,f1 & /eam cut (f at half /roke4 ,let ! pi/on complete its backw>d /roke1 & !n comm5ce mov+ =w>d t[>ds half /roke1 z %[n by ! arr[-po9t1 ,fig4 #h;c4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! valve has complet$ its full travel =w>d1 & comm5c$ travel+ backw>d1 z indicat$ by ! arr[-po9t1 ,fig4 #h;c2 &1 :5 ! pi/on /&s exactly at half /roke1 ! re> edge ( ! valve is j clos+ ! re> /eam-port1 & consequ5tly cutt+ (f /eam at half /roke :5 ! pi/on is mov+ =w>d4 ,9 ?is position ! c5t] l9e ( ! valve w be ( an in* 9 front ( ! c5t] ( exhau/1 ! c5t] ( ! upp] rock]-arm p9 w be ( an in* 9 front ( ! l9e ,,mq1 & l[] rock]-p9 ( an in* 9 ! re> ( ! l9e ,,qu1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h;c4 ,we !re=e draw 9 ,fig4 #be a l9e p>allel to ,,qu1 & ( an in* beh9d x2 ?is l9e w int]sect ! arc ,,rs 9 ! po9t ,b#c2 & ?is po9t w be ! position ( ! c5t] ( l[] rock]-arm p9 :5 ! crank /&s at ,b1 & /eam cut (f at half /roke4 ,n[1 rememb]1 t :5 ! crank /&s at ,f1 ,fig4 #be1 ! =w>d ecc5tric w be x1 & ! backw>d ecc5tric at y2 &1 if ! l9k is rais$ or l[]$ :ile ! ecc5trics rema9 at x & y1 ! =w>d ecc5tric-rod p9 w move 9 ! arc x#a x#b1 & ! backw>d ecc5tric-rod p9 w move 9 ! arc y#a y#b4 ,let u n[ f9d ! position ( l9k :5 /eam is cut (f at half /roke at ei!r end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! po9ts ,f#c & ,b#c 9 ,fig4 #be be+ locat$1 place ! pap] template on ! draw+ s t ! po9t f w lie 9 ! arc x#ax#b1 & ! po9t f#b 9 ! arc y#ay#b1 & ! l9k-arc c#c;c#d j t\*+ ! po9t ,f#c4 ,:ile ! template is 9 ?is position1 draw on ! pap] along ! edge c#c;c#d a portion ( ! l9k-arc1 & m>k ! position t ! l9e ee occupi$1 s t1 :5 ! template is remov$1 ! l9e e#a;e#a c be drawn on ! pap] to repres5t ! l9e ee ( ! template4 ,next place ! template s t ! po9t f w lie 9 ! arc a#a a#b ! po9t f#b 9 ! arc b#a b#b & ! l9k-arc c#c;c#d j t\*+ ! po9t ,b#c &1 :ile 9 ?is position1 draw "p ( ! l9k-arc c#c;c#d on ! pap]1 m>k ! position t ! l9e ee occupi$1 &1 aft] ! template is remov$1 draw ! l9e e#b;e#b on ! pap] to repres5t ! l9e ee ( ! template4 ,n[ f9d by trial a po9t x#a on ! l9e c#a;c#a1 & ano!r po9t x#b on ! l9e e#b;e#b1 s t ! di/ances ( ^! po9ts f _! l9k-arcs are equal1 & t a /raight l9e drawn ?r\gh !m w be p>allel to ! c5t] l9e ( motion4 ,! di/ance f x#a to ! l9k-arc--or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! di/ance f ! po9t x#b to ! l9k-arc--w be ! correct di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( saddle-p9 & ! l9k-arc c#a;c#b1 ,fig4 #f;a4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! position ( ! po9t x#a or x#b1 ,fig4 #be1 w indicate ! prop] position ( ! po9t ( susp5sion on ! l9k4 ,= future ref]5ce1 let u m>k ?is po9t ( susp5sion on ! template1 & indicate x by ,x1 ,fig4 #f;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,problem #f1 ,,fig4 #bf4--,to f9d ! position ( ! c5t] ( lift+-%aft & ! l5g? ( its arms4--,9 ! la/ problem we f\nd ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! l9k1 s t x w cause ! valve to cut (f equal portions ( /eam :5 ! pi/on /&s at half /roke4 ,x n[ rema9s = u to f9d ! position ( ! lift+-%aft & ! l5g? ( ! lift+-%aft arms1 s t ! greate/ equal am\nts ( /eam w be admitt$ alt]nately at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,"h a little difficulty arises :i* ne$s explanation1 s t our con/ruction may n seem inconsi/5t to ! read]4 ,x w\ld be an easy matt] to place our lift+-%aft to accompli% ! object j /at$2 b1 if we d ?is1 ! lead w n be equal at ea* end ( cyl9d] :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke4 ,aga91 if we locate our lift+-%aft 9 su* a mann] t equal lead w be obta9$1 !n ! maximum cut-(f w n be equal2 b ! diff]5ce w be comp>atively s small t x w n injure ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,?is small diff]5ce ( ! maximum cut-(f is !re=e consid]$ among practical m5 ( little or no importance1 b x is always consid]$ good practice to h an equal lead at full /roke4 ,let u !re=e adju/ ! lift+-%aft to obta9 an equal lead1 & all[ u to consid] ! maximum cut-(f to be equal :5 ! lead is equal at full /roke4 ,= ?is problem we h to comb9e all ! =ego+ problems4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] ,c ( axle draw ! horizontal l9e ,,ad1 & ! l9e ,,kl p]p5dicul> to x4 ,f9d ! positions ( crank at full & half /roke1 z p] ,problem #a4 ,locate ! rock]1 draw ! c5t] l9e ( motion ,,ct1 & am\nt ( (fset 9 l[] rock]-arm1 accord+ to ,problem #b4 ,next1 locate ! relative positions ( ecc5trics :5 ! crank /&s at full & half /roke1 z expla9$ 9 ,problem #c4 ,!n ) a radius equal to ! correct l5g? ( ecc5tric-rods1 z expla9$ 9 ,problem #d1 draw ,f ! po9t x z a c5t]1 ! arc x#a x#b 0 0 y 0 0 0 y#a y#b 0 0 x 0 0 0 x#a x#b 0 0 y 0 0 0 y#a y#b 0 0 a 0 0 0 a#a a#b ,f ! po9t b z a c5t]1 ! arc b#a b#b 0 0 a 0 0 0 a#a a#b 0 0 b 0 0 0 b#a b#b ,f ! po9t b z a c5t]1 ! arc b#a b#b 0 0 a 0 0 0 a#a a#b 0 0 b 0 0 0 b#a b#b ,locate ! po9ts ,b#c & ,f#c1 indicat+ ! position ( ! c5t] ( l[] rock]-p9 :5 /eam is cut (f at half /roke2 f9d ! po9ts x#ax#b indicat+ ! positions ( ! po9t ( susp5sion :5 ! l9k is lift$ into ! position to cut (f at half /roke1 z expla9$ 9 ,problem #e1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,n[1 9 ord] to f9d ! position ( lift+-%aft & l5g? ( arms1 we mu/ f9d f\r m additional po9ts1--fir/1 ! position ( ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! l9k :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke =w>d end ( cyl9d]1 & ! crank-p9 at ,f1 ! valve hav+ #a_/af ( an in* lead1 & ! eng9e mov+ =w>d1 z indicat$ by ! arr[-po9t #a2 also ! position ( ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! l9k :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke at ! opposite end ( ! cyl9d]1 valve #a_/af in* lead1 & eng9e go+ 9 ! same direction4 ,to f9d ^! two po9ts1 we mu/ "k ! correspond+ position ( ! c5t] ( l[] rock]-p94 ,9 ,fig4 #h;a we see1 t :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke =w>d1 & valve ) #a_/af in* lead1 ! c5t] ( valve is #ac_/af ( an in* 9 ! re> ( ! c5t] l9e ( exhau/1 & consequ5tly ! l[] rock]-p9 w be #ac_/af ( an in* 9 front ( ! l9e ,,qu4 ,9 ! same mann] we c %[ t ! c5t] ( l[] rock]-p9 w be #ac_/af ( an in* 9 ! re> ( ! l9e ,,qu :5 ! pi/on is at ! opposite end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,let u n[ locate ! positions ( ! l[] rock]-p9 9 ,fig4 #bf1 by draw+ a l9e p>allel to & 9 front ( ,,qu1 ) #ac_/af ( an in* betwe5 !m3 ?is l9e w int]sect ! arc ,,rs 9 ! po9t ,f#c1 & ?is po9t w be ! c5t] ( l[] rock]-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke =w>d4 ,draw ano!r l9e #ac_/af ( an in* 9 ! re> ( ,,qu & p>allel to x3 ?is l9e w int]sect arc ,,rs 9 ! po9t ,b#c1 & ?is po9t w be ! c5t] ( rock]-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke 9 ! re> end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,n[ place ! pap] template ) ! l9e ee bel[ ! c5t] l9e ( motion ,,ct1 ! po9t f#a on ! arc x#ax#b1 ! po9t f#b on ! arc y#ay#b1 & ! l9k-arc c#c;c#d j t\*+ ! po9t ,f#c1 &1 :ile 9 ?is position1 m>k ! po9t ,x ( ! template on ! pap]1 :i* c be done ) ! aid ( a ne$le1 & indicate ! po9t on ! pap] by x#c4 ,?is po9t w be ! position ( ! c5t] ( saddle-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke 9 ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! valve hav+ #a_/af in* lead4 ,aga91 slide ! template along until ! po9t f#a is on ! arc a#a;a#b1 ! po9t f#b on ! arc b#a;b#b1 & ! l9k-arc c#c;c#d 9 contact ) ! po9t ,b#c2 m>k ! po9t ,x ( ! template on ! pap]1 & indicate ?is po9t by x#d4 ,?is po9t w be ! position ( ! c5t] ( saddle-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke 9 ! re> end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! valve hav+ #a_/af in* lead4 ,secondly1 to f9d ! position ( ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! l9k :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke 9 ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d]1 valve hav+ #a_/af ( an in* lead1 & ! eng9e mov+ backw>d1 z indicat$ by ! arr[-po9t #b2 also ! position ( ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! l9k :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke at ! opposite end ( ! cyl9d]1 valve #a_/af ( an in* lead1 eng9e go+ 9 ! same direction4 ,= ?is purpose1 slide ! template along until ! l9e ee is above ! l9e ,,ct1 & f#a 9 ! arc a#a;a#b1 ! po9t f#b 9 ! arc b#a;b#b1 & ! l9k-arc c#c;c#d 9 contact ) ! po9t ,b#c2 m>k ! po9t ,x on ! pap]1 & indicate ?is po9t by x#e4 ,?is po9t w be ! position ( ! c5t] ( saddle-p9 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke 9 ! re> end ( ! cyl9d]1 valve hav+ #a_/af ( an in* lead4 ,aga91 slide ! template along until ! po9t f#a1 w be 9 ! arc x#ax#b1 po9t f#b 9 ! arc y#ay#b1 & ! l9k-arc c#c;c#d 9 contact ) ! po9t ,f#c2 m>k ! po9t ,x on ! pap]1 & indicate ?is po9t by x#f4 ,?is po9t w be ! position ( ! c5t] ( saddle-p9 7or ! po9t ( susp5sion7 :5 ! pi/on is at full /roke 9 ! =w>d end ( ! cyl9d]1 valve #a_/af ( an in* lead1 eng9e mov+ backw>d4 ,n[1 once m1 ) ! po9t x#c z a c5t]1 & ) ! l5g? ( ! l9k-hang] z a radius1 describe an arc2 & ) ! po9t x#d z a c5t]1 & ! same radius1 describe ano!r arc4 ,^! two arcs w int]sect ea* o!r 9 ! po9t g4 ,aga91 ) ! l5g? ( ! l9k-hang] z a radius1 & ! po9ts x#ax#b z c5t]s1 describe two arcs int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ! po9t g#a1 ) ! po9ts x#ex#f z c5t]s2 &1 ) ! same radius1 describe ano!r two arcs int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ! po9t g#b4 ,la/ly1 ?r\gh ! po9ts g1 g#a;g#b1 draw an arc4 ,! c5t] h1 f :i* ! arc has be5 describ$1 w be ! c5t] ( ! lift+-%aft1 & ! radius hg or hg#b w be ! l5g? ( ! lift+-%aft arms2 t is1 ! l5g? ( ! two arms to :i* ! l9k-hang]s are atta*$3 ! l5g? ( ! o!r lift+-%aft arm1 to :i* ! rea*-rod is atta*$1 is made to suit ! o!r details ( ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! admittance ( /eam ceases at ! same "t t ! pi/on has rea*$ ! half /roke1 ! practical man w\ld say 8t ! valve is cutt+ (f equal at half /roke40 ,:5 ! greate/ equal volume ( /eam is admitt$ alt]nately 9 ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! valve is said to be cutt+ (f equal :5 ! l9k is 9 full ge>4 ,x is always conc$$ among eng9e]s1 t :5 ! l9k-motion is adju/$ to cut (f equal at half /roke1 & also to cut (f equal :5 ! l9k is 9 full ge>1 equal volumes ( /eam w be admitt$ alt]nately :5 ! l9k hangs at any int]m$iate po9t4 ,if1 n[1 we exam9e ,problem #e1 we f9d1 t1 to obta9 an equal cut-(f at half /roke1 x is necess>y to f9d ! prop] position ( saddle-p94 ,aga91 if we exam9e ,problem #f1 we f9d1 t1 9 ord] to obta9 an equal cut-(f :5 ! l9k is 9 full ge>1 also an equal cut-(f = any po9t betwe5 full ge> & half /roke1 we h to det]m9e ! prop] position ( ! c5t] ( lift+-%aft & ! correct l5g? ( its arms4 ,la/ly1 if we exam9e ! fir/ f\r problems1 we f9d !m simply to be prep>atory problems4 ,accord+ to promise1 we w draw att5tion to ^? po9ts :i* h be51 & o!rs :i* h n be51 approximately f\nd4 ,problems #a1 #b1 & #c are !oretically correct4 ,9 ,problems #d1 #e1 & #f1 ! use ( ! template w n be admitt$ = !oretical reason+2 b1 if ! con/ruction is made ) absolute accuracy1 ! result w be !oretically correct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ are a few dim5sions ( locomotives made by well-kn[n mak]s3-- ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,locomotives ,,baldw94 ------------------------------- ,/&>d ,mogul ,consolidation ,pass5g] ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,dim5sions ( cyl9d]s #ag #bd #ah #bd #bj #bd ,l5g? ( /eam-ports #af #af #af ,wid? ( /eam-ports #a #a #a ,wid? ( exhau/-port #b #b #b ,?r[ ( ecc5trics #e #e #e ,travel ( valve #e #e #e ,outside lap ( valve to ,inside lap ( valve #a_/cb to #a_/cb #a_/cb ,di/ance betwe5 c5t] ( axle & c5t] ( rock] #ef #df #ha ,l5g? ( upp] rock]-arm1 #aj #aj #aj ,l5g? ( l[] rock]-arm1 #i #i #i ,l5g? ( l9k #ee #df #ha ,l5g? ( l9k-hang] #ac #ae #ae ,l5g? ( tumbl+-%aft arm #ag #af #af ,l5g? ( connect+ rod #ge #hj #aad ,di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( ecc5tric-rod p9s #aa-i_/af #aj #aj ,susp5sion ( l9k back ( l9k-c5t] #aa_/af #a ,lead ( valve 9 full ge> #a_/af #a_/af #a_/af ,lead ( valve 9 c5t] #a ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,locomotives--,cont9u$4 ,,brooks4 ------------------------------- ,/&>d ,mogul ,consolidation ,pass5g] ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es ,dim5sions ( cyl9d]s #ah #bd #ah #bd #bj #bd ,l5g? ( /eam-ports #af #ae #af ,wid? ( /eam-ports #a #a #a ,wid? ( exhau/-port #b #b #b ,?r[ ( ecc5trics #e #d #e ,travel ( valve #e #e #e ,outside lap ( valve #ac_/af ,inside lap ( valve #a_/fd #a_/fd #a_/fd ,di/ance betwe5 c5t] ( axle & c5t] ( rock] #fe #ej #dj ,l5g? ( upp] rock]-arm1 #aj #i #aj ,l5g? ( l[] rock]-arm1 #aj #h #i ,l5g? ( l9k #fe #ej #dj ,l5g? ( l9k-hang] #ac #ac #ae ,l5g? ( tumbl+-%aft arm #ag #ah #af ,l5g? ( connect+ rod #if #hd #gg ,di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( ecc5tric-rod p9s #aa #aa-c_/af #aa ,susp5sion ( l9k back ( l9k-c5t] ,lead ( valve 9 full ge> #a_/aj #a_/aj #a_/aj ,lead ( valve 9 c5t] ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,locomotives--,cont9u$4 ,,grant4 ------------------------------- ,/&>d ,mogul ,consolidation ,pass5g] ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,dim5sions ( cyl9d]s #ag #bd #ah #bd #bj #bd ,l5g? ( /eam-ports #af #af #af ,wid? ( /eam-ports #a #a #a ,wid? ( exhau/-port #b #b #b ,?r[ ( ecc5trics #e #e #e ,travel ( valve #e #e #e ,outside lap ( valve ,inside lap ( valve ,none4 #a_/af #a_/af ,di/ance betwe5 c5t] ( axle & c5t] ( rock] #fh-aa_/af #dj #hj ,l5g? ( upp] rock]-arm1 #aj #i #i ,l5g? ( l[] rock]-arm1 #aj #h #aj ,radius ( l9k #fc #ci #hj ,l5g? ( l9k-hang] #ab #ad #ab ,l5g? ( tumbl+-%aft arm #ag #af #ad ,l5g? ( connect+ rod #he #fi #aab ,di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( ecc5tric-rod p9s #ab #ab #ab ,susp5sion ( l9k back ( l9k-c5t] #a-c_/af ,lead ( valve 9 full ge> #a_/cb #a_/cb #a_/cb ,lead ( valve 9 c5t] #e_/af ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,locomotives--,cont9u$4 ,,pittsburg4 ------------------------------- ,/&>d ,mogul ,consolidation ,pass5g] ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,dim5sions ( cyl9d]s #ag #bd #ah #bd #bj #bd ,l5g? ( /eam-ports #ae #af #ah ,wid? ( /eam-ports #a #a #a ,wid? ( exhau/-port #b #b #b ,?r[ ( ecc5trics #e #e #e ,travel ( valve #e #e #e-g_/af ,outside lap ( valve ,inside lap ( valve #a_/cb #a_/cb ,di/ance betwe5 c5t] ( axle & c5t] ( rock] #ef #dh #bh ,l5g? ( upp] rock]-arm1 #aa #aa #aa ,l5g? ( l[] rock]-arm1 #aa #aj #aj ,radius ( l9k #ef #dh #hj ,l5g? ( l9k-hang] #ad #ah #ah ,l5g? ( tumbl+-%aft arm #ah #ae #ae ,l5g? ( connect+ rod #hh #he #aad ,di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( ecc5tric-rod p9s #ab #ab #ab ,susp5sion ( l9k back ( l9k-c5t] #i_/af ,lead ( valve 9 full ge> #a_/aj #a_/aj #a_/aj ,lead ( valve 9 c5t] #e_/af #aa_/cb ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,locomotives--,cont9u$4 ,,s*5ectady4 ------------------------------- ,/&>d ,mogul ,consolidation ,pass5g] ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,dim5sions ( cyl9d]s #ag #bd #ai #bd #bj #bd ,l5g? ( /eam-ports #af #af #af ,wid? ( /eam-ports #a #a #a ,wid? ( exhau/-port #b #b #b ,?r[ ( ecc5trics #e #e #e ,travel ( valve #e #e #e ,outside lap ( valve ,inside lap ( valve #a_/cb #a_/cb #a_/cb ,di/ance betwe5 c5t] ( axle & c5t] ( rock] #fc #ed #de ,l5g? ( upp] rock]-arm1 #aa #aj #aa ,l5g? ( l[] rock]-arm1 #aj #i #aj ,radius ( l9k #fc #ed #de ,l5g? ( l9k-hang] #ac #af #af ,l5g? ( tumbl+-%aft arm #af #af #af ,l5g? ( connect+ rod #ib #ij #gi ,di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( ecc5tric-rod p9s #ab #ab #ab ,susp5sion ( l9k back ( l9k-c5t] ,lead ( valve 9 full ge> #a_/af #a_/af #a_/af ,lead ( valve 9 c5t] #e_/af #e_/af #e_/af ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,locomotives--conclud$4 ,,mason4 ------------------ ,/&>d ,mogul ,pass5g] ,eng9e4 ,eng9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,dim5sions ( cyl9d]s #ah #bd #ai #bd ,l5g? ( /eam-ports #ag #ah ,wid? ( /eam-ports #a #a ,wid? ( exhau/-port #b #b ,?r[ ( ecc5trics #e #e ,travel ( valve #e #e ,outside lap ( valve ,inside lap ( valve #a_/fd #a_/cb ,di/ance betwe5 c5t] ( axle & c5t] ( rock] #ch #di ,l5g? ( upp] rock]-arm1 #i #i ,l5g? ( l[] rock]-arm1 #i #i ,radius ( l9k #eh #di ,l5g? ( l9k-hang] #aj #aj ,l5g? ( tumbl+-%aft arm #bj #bj ,l5g? ( connect+ rod #ia-c_/af #hd ,di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( ecc5tric-rod p9s #ab #ab ,susp5sion ( l9k back ( above l9k-c5t] #c #c ,lead ( valve 9 full ge> #a_/af #a_/af ,lead ( valve 9 c5t] #e_/af #e_/af ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,/ev5s ,,valve-,,ge>4 ,,description ,,( ,,motion ,?is motion has be5 design$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,/ev5s1 ,g5]al ,ma/] ,me*anic1 ,c5tral ,pacific ,railroad1 to ov]come ! well-kn[n objections to ! l9k-motion1--viz41 lett+ ! /eam escape e>ly 9 ! /roke :5 ! eng9e is runn+ hook$ up2 also1 ! clos+ ( ! exhau/-port e>ly1 lead+ to excessive compression4 ,! motion is develop$ f ! ,wals*a]t motion1 well kn[n 9 ,europe1 & appli$ to "s ext5t to n>r[-gauge eng9es 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,motion ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,9 ! ,/ev5s motion two valves are employ$1 "o at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 z c be se5 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! valves h supplem5t>y passages = /eam & exhau/1 be+ an improvem5t on ! ,all5 valve4 ,valves )\t ! supplem5t>y exhau/-port h be5 design$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5s = 8 eng9es1 & !y are %[n 9 two positions 9 ! supplem5t>y figures #b & #c p4 #bhh4 ,^! valves closely resemble ! ,all5 valve2 b1 9 op]at+1 /eam is admitt$ to1 & exhau/$ f1 ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! same passage4 ,?is arrangem5t provides d\ble area ( admission & d\ble area = exhau/ /eam1--an important consid]ation1 especially ) high pi/on spe$4 ,,valve ,,movem5t ,! valves are actuat$ by two motions1--"o tak5 f a s+le ecc5tric1 ! o!r d]iv$ f a connection ) ! cross-head4 ,! s+le ecc5tric is us$ to give bo? =w>d & backw>d motion1 & is set 9 ! prop] angle to ! crank to produce motion 9 ei!r direction4 ,= rev]s+ ! motion ( ! valve1 a curv$ rock]-arm ,r 7,fig4 #bg7 is us$1 on :i* moves a slid+-block r4 ,atta*$ to ! slid+-block is ! l9k ,h1 :i* connects ) ! lap-&-lead lev] ,d4 ,! l[] end ( ?is lev] is atta*$ by ! l9k d to ! cross-head1 f :i* ! lev] receives an oscillat+ motion4 ,?is lev] is susp5d$ by a hang] f any conv5i5t "p ( ! eng9e4 ,project+ f "o side ( ! lap-&-lead lev] are two p9s1 to :i* are connect$ ! valve-/em rods m & n4 ,^! p9s are set ^u ! lev] at po9ts betwe5 #ij & #ahj degrees ap>t1 s z to give a diff]5tial movem5t to ! valve1 :i* c n be obta9$ :5 ! p9s are set opposite on ! lev]4 ,,valve-,,/ems ,,& ,,/uff+-,,boxes4 ,ea* valve has its own rod1 & sep>ate connection ) ! lev]4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! /em ( ! back valve is made holl[1 & ! /em ( ! =w>d valve is pass$ ?r\gh x1 s z to avoid ! use ( m ?an "o /uff+-box ^u ! /eam-*e/2 b 9 sev]al in/ances !y h be5 fitt$ up ) two /uff+-boxes1 ! sep>ate valve-/ems work+ side by side4 ,,h[ ,,movem5t ,,( ,,valve ,,is ,,gov]n$4 ,! valve be+ c\pl$ up by indep5d5t rods to ! lap-&-lead lev]1 !y w move toge!r1 & 9 ! same g5]al direction1 f ! action ( ! ecc5tric4 ,b besides ?is movem5t1 common to bo?1 ea* valve is controll$ & act$ on by ! angul> position ( ! two p9s1 :i* results f ! rot>y or oscillat+ movem5t ( ! lap-&-lead lev] ^u its c5t]2 & ea* valve1 in/ead ( hav+ a uni=m rate ( travel1 has a v>iable movem5t4 ,! degree ( ?is v>iable movem5t is gov]n$1 bo? by ! di/ance ( ! p9s f ! c5t] ^u :i* ! lev] works & ! l5g? ( ! lev]1 & c be increas$ or dim9i%$ by *ang+ ! position ( "o or ! l5g? ( ! o!r 9 con/ruction4 ,! horizontal movem5t ( ! valve receiv$ f ! lap-&-lead lev] :ile ! same is at mid travel1 is v slight1 :ile ! pi/on or ! cross-head is travel+ v rapidly4 ,by ?is sl[ movem5t ( ! valve1 /eam is reta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] until ! pi/on has ne>ly complet$ its /roke2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! exhau/ is kept op54 ,z ! cross-head approa*es ei!r end ( ! /roke1 ! action ( ! valves is v mu* accel]at$1 receiv+1 z !y d1 _! motion f ! comb9$ action ( ! lap-&-lead lev] & ! ecc5tric4 ,,h[ ,,exhau/ ,,lead ,,is ,,controll$4 ,! exhau/ lead is controll$ by ! p9 9 ! lap-&-lead lev]1 :i* is on ! c5t]1 or horizontal1 :5 ! cross-head is at ei!r end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! /eam lead is controll$ by ! p9 t is v]tical1 or above ! c5t] ( ! lap-&-lead lev]1 :5 ! cross-head is at ei!r end ( ! /roke4 ,bo? /eam & exhau/ lead are uni=m at all po9ts ( cut-(f4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ( ! valve-ge> & valves1 /eam c be cut (f at any po9t ( ! /roke 7by mov+ ! slid+-block t[>d ! c5t] ( ! rock]-arm71 & is reta9$1 if desir$1 to ! la/ in* ( ! /roke4 ,9 receiv+1 ! /eam is ev5ly di/ribut$ at all po9ts ( ! cut-(f4 ,!re are ab\t z _m pieces to ?is ge>+ z to ! ord9>y l9k-ge>2 b x is consid]ably *eap] 9 con/ruction1 & mu* m durable2 :ile x does away ) two ecc5trics1 & _! /raps & connections4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,joy ,,valve-,,ge>4 ,,description ,,( ,,motion4 ,9 ?is =m ( valve-ge>1 ecc5trics & _! equival5ts are entirely disp5s$ )4 ,! motion = ! valve is tak5 direct f ! connect+ rod2 & by utiliz+ indep5d5tly ! backw>d & =w>d action ( ! rod1 due to ! reciprocation ( ! pi/on1 & comb9+ ?is ) ! vibrat+ action ( ! rod up & d[n1 a movem5t results :i* is employ$ to actuate ! valves ( eng9es us+ any comb9ation ( lap & lead desir$1 & giv+ an almo/ ma!matically correct cut-(f = bo? sides ( ! pi/on = =w>d & backw>d motion1 & = all po9ts ( expansion int]m$iately4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! motion c be und]/ood by an exam9ation ( ,fig4 #bh1 :i* gives ?ree views ( ! ge>4 ,! sub-figures #a1 #b1 & #c %[ ! motion 9 elevation1 plan1 & transv]se section respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,apply ,,?is ,,ge> ,,to ,,am]ican ,,locomotives4 ,to apply ?is ge>1 ! valve & /eam-*e/ are plac$1 z is usually ! case 9 ,am]ican locomotives1 ov] ! cyl9d]s2 ! valve-/em c5t] be+1 h[ev]1 9 ! same v]tical plane z ! cyl9d] c5t] l9e1 imm$iately ov] x4 ,all ! valve-motion is ?us arrang$ on ?is plane1--p]fectly c5tral1--& !re are no crook$ or side /ra9s4 ,to a po9t ,a on diagram1 ab\t two-fif?s along ! connect+ rod f ! pi/on end1 a small hook-l9k is p9n$4 ,f ! l[] end ( ?is at ,d is jo9t$ a lev] ,e1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 moves ) ! connect+ rod bo? backw>d & =w>d1 & up & d[n2 ! po9t ,d1 9 fact1 mov+ 9 a v irregul> ellipse1 h]eaft] expla9$4 ,! fulcrum ,f ( ! lev] ,e is c>ri$ 9 a block :i* slides 9 a slot-l9k ,,jk1 & f ! upp] end ( ?is lev] ,e ! valve-/em rod ,g is c>ri$ to ! valve4 ,?is slot-l9k ,,jk is c5t]$ s z to be able to be incl9$ f ! v]tical ei!r way4 ,:5 /&+ 9 ! v]tical position1 ! eng9e is 9 mid-ge>1 & ! valve w only be op5$ = lead2 b ?is w be exact = ea* end1 & exact also on ei!r side ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! connect+ rod4 ,:5 ! slot-l9k is incl9$ =w>d to ! front ( ! eng9e1 ! eng9e is 9 full ge> =w>d2 &1 :5 incl9$ backw>ds1 x is 9 full ge> = go+ back4 ,plac$ 9 any int]m$iate position1 ! cut-(f is regulat$ = any requir$ degree ( expansion2 ! front & back ( ! pi/on receiv+ equal cut-(f1 or equal am\nts ( /eam4 ,,con/ruction ,,directions4 ,9 lay+ out ?is valve-motion1 x is necess>y to make ! c5t] or fulcrum ,f ( ! lev] ,e co9cide1 :5 ! crank is at ei!r extreme /roke1 ) ! c5t] on :i* ! slot-l9k ,,jk vibrates3 !n ^! two c5t]s co9cid+ :5 ! eng9e /&s at lead 7t is1 at ei!r end ( ! /roke71 ! slot-l9k ,,jk1 :i* is1 9 fact1 ! rev]s+ ag5t1 may be put =w>d or backw>d ?r\gh all degrees1 )\t mov+ ! valve1 :i* ?us has con/ant lead at all grades ( expansion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ to give increas+ or decreas+ lead 9 ! grades ( expansion1 ?is may be giv5 by v>y+ ! co9cid5ce ( ^! two c5t]s accord+ly1 or by "u-correct+ or ov]-correct+ ! action ( ! lev] ,e1 by v>y+ ! position ( ,d on ! l9k ,b4 ,,h[ ,,lap ,,& ,,lead ,,are ,,regulat$4 ,! lap & lead toge!r are dep5d5t on ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ,f ( lev] ,e1 & ! c5t] f :i* ! motion is tak5 = ! valve4 ,,advantages ,,claim$ ,,= ,,! ,,motion4 ,! fir/ advantage claim$ = ,joy's valve-ge> ov] ! l9k-motion is1 t x is consid]ably less co/ly1 & t ! work+-p>ts are light]4 ,! sav+ is n only 9 weight1 h[ev]1 b also 9 ! great] simplicity ( p>ts1 all[+ increas$ facility = tool+ & fitt+4 ,x may be ne$less to po9t out h[ readily ?is valve-motion is adaptable to ! requirem5ts ( ! typical ,am]ican locomotive1 consid]ably simplify+ ! pres5t =m ( valve-motion1 by disp5s+ ) ! ecc5trics & o!r work+-p>ts1 & br++ ! ge> ) all its /ra9s into a direct l9e1 & also leav+ ! :ole ( ! "u "p ( ! eng9e cle>1 & p]mitt+ a consid]able ext5sion ( ! fire-box1--a mo/ valuable feature4 ,all ! p>ts are su* t !y c be readily made by ma*9]y1 disp5s+ ) h& labor except 9 putt+ !m toge!r4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,motion4 ,! action transmitt$ to ! valve is altoge!r diff]5t f t transmitt$ by ! l9k-ge>1 z by ?is ge> x results f ! two di/9ct motions ( ! connect+ rod imp>t$ to ! lev] ,e2 & ^! two motions "w v>i\sly1 ) & aga9/ ea* o!r1 ?us giv+ to ! valve a resultant motion some:at p>tak+ ( ! nature ( t produc$ by cams1 x really be+ an accel]at$ & ret>d$ motion2 ^! accel]ations & ret>dations be+ s arrang$ z to come at ! "r "t on ! revolution to give ! desir$ result4 ,?us1 z ! crank is pass+ ov] ! c5t]1 ! lev] ,e is n affect+ ! valve at all z a lev]1 b ! motion imp>t$ to ! valve is due to ! c5t] ( ,e slipp+ d[n ! curve ( ! slot-l9k ,j2 & ?is gives a sm>t op5+ ( ! lead ) a cont9u$ sm>t op5+ ( ! port4 ,:5 ! valve is fully op51 z ! crank travels on1 ! lev] ,e has comm5c$ act+ on ! valve2 b its c5t] is /ill slid+ d[n ! slot-l9k ,,jk2 & ! two movem5ts are opposite & de/roy+1 or p>tially de/roy+1 ea* o!r1 produc+ a ret>dation ( ! valve-motion almo/ am\nt+ to an arre/2 & ?us is giv5 a ne>ly /raight l9e on a valve-pa? diagram :]e ! port is kept fully op51 ! crank /ill travel+ on1 & approa*+ ! "t = ! cut-(f to be effect$4 ,! lev] ,e is 9 ! be/ position to act z a lev] at ! same "t t its c5t] is complet+ its movem5t 9 ! slot ,,jk1 & is comm5c+ to return1 be+ practically /ill3 ?us ! lev] action ( ,e1 hav+ full effect1 rapidly closes ! port4 ,& s on = ! revolution1 ! "t ( release also gett+ its b5efit4 ,,rules ,,= ,,lay+ ,,d[n ,,! ,,c5t] ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,lay d[n ! c5t] l9e aa 7,fig4 #bi7 ( ! cyl9d]1 & t ( ! valve-/em bb1 at ! relative di/ances requir$ = ! eng9e to :i* ! application is to be made2 ! valve-/em c5t] l9e be+1 h[ev]1 9 ! plane ( ! vibration ( ! connect+ rod4 ,draw ! pa? ( ! crank-p91 & ! c5t] l9es ( ! connect+ rod cc#a;c#a = bo? upp] & l[] positions :5 ! pi/on is at half /roke4 ,take a po9t d on ! c5t] l9e ( ! connect+ rod1 :]e its vibration betwe5 d#a & d#b is equal to ab\t d\ble ! l5g? ( ! full /roke ( ! valve 7x is bett] to all[ r m ?an less74 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be *os5 v mu* to suit ! o!r arrangem5ts ( ! eng9e1 su* z ! position ( ! guides1 brackets1 etc41 gett+1 h[ev]1 if possible1 a vibration ( ! connect+ rod fully equal to d\ble ! /roke ( ! valve1 to avoid too great an angle ( ! slide-l9k :5 put ov] = full =w>d or backw>d ge>4 ,hav+ *os5 ! po9t d1 draw a v]tical l9e zz ?r\gh x & at "r angles to aa1 & m>k (f ! two po9ts e1 e1 on ea* side1 ^! be+ ! extreme positions ( ! po9t d on ! connect+ rod = front & back /roke2 f ^! po9ts draw l9es to a po9t f on ! v]tical1 s f> d[n t ! angle betwe5 !m %all n be m ?an #ij1--less is bett]1 if !re is room to all[ ( x 7^! w repres5t ! c5t] l9es ( ! fir/ l9k p9n$ to ! connect+ rod74 ,! po9t f1 :i* w rise & fall ) ! vibration ( ! connect+ rod1 is to be controll$ z ne>ly z may be on ! v]tical l9e by a l9k p9n$ =w>d ne> ! cyl9d] at f#a1 or1 if m conv5i5t1 x c be p9n$ backw>d4 ,next1 on ! valve-/em c5t] l9e bb1 m>k (f on ea* side ( ! v]tical zz ! am\nt requir$ = lap & lead toge!r1 at g-g#a & g-g#b2 g-g#a be+ lap & lead = ! front end ( ! cyl9d]1 & g-g#b be+ lap & lead = ! back end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,!n1 assum+ ! pi/on to be at ! front ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! c5t]s ( ! connect+ rod to be at hh#a 7h be+ ! crank-p971 ! po9t d1 :i* we h *os5 to take motion f1 w be at e#a1 & ! l9k p9n$ to ! connect+ rod1 = transmitt+ motion to ! valve1 w be at e#a f4 ,f a po9t on ?is l9k1 :i* has at fir/ to be assum$1 say at j 7:i* w be ab\t ! half vibration ( ! connect+ rod2 t is1 d#a to d71 draw ! c5t] l9e ( ! lev] actuat+ ! valve1 t is jo9+ j & g2 ! po9t :]e ?is l9e crosses ! v]tical zz1 w be ! c5t] or fulcrum ( ! lev]1 & w also be ! c5t] ( oscillation ( ! curv$ l9ks 9 :i* ! blocks c>ry+ ! c5t] ( ! lev] slide2 ?is c5t] is m>k$ m4 ,! function ( ! l9k e#a f1 & ! atta*m5t ( ! valve-lev] to x at j1 is to elim9ate ! error 9 vibration ( ! lev]1 c5t] m1 :i* w\ld o!rwise arise f ! arc pass$ ?r\gh by ! l[] end ( t lev]4 ,al?\gh ! position ( ! po9t j may be f\nd by calculation1 x is mu* m quickly f\nd by a t5tative process2 &1 to te/ x ! assum$ po9t j be ! correct "o1 we m>k (f on ea* side ( m1 v]tically1 ! correct vibration requir$1 n#a n#b1 :i* w be ! same z ! vibration ( ! connect+ rod on ! v]tical l9e zz4 ,!n apply ! di/ance e#a--;j to d#a--;j#a & d#b j#b4 ,!n1 if ! l5g? jm be appli$ to j#a n#a 7measur+ f j#a71 & to j#b n#b 7measur+ f j#b71 & ! po9t m fall bel[ n#a n#b 9 ea* case1 x w be necess>y to take a po9t on e#a f high] ?an j2 or if1 on ! o!r h&1 m falls above n#a n#b1 !n a po9t mu/ be tak5 on e#a f l[] ?an j4 ,?is po9t w g5]ally be f\nd on a second trial4 ,! po9t m1 z said1 n[ repres5ts ! c5t] ( oscillation = ! l9ks & ! c5t] or fulcrum ( ! lev]4 ,& ^! mu/ co9cide1 :5 ! pi/on is at ea* end ( ! /roke1 ! lead be+ !n fix$2 & ! l9ks c be pull$ ov] f =w>d to backw>d1 or any po9t ( expansion1 )\t alt]+ ! lead4 ,?is may be tak5 z a te/ ( ! ge> be+ set out correctly4 ,! po9t g w be ! po9t ( atta*m5t = ! valve-/em l9k1 :i* may be made any conv5i5t l5g?2 b1 f t l5g? z a radius1 ! curve ( ! l9ks mu/ be drawn f a c5t] m#a on ! p>allel l9e m-m#a2 ! angle at :i* ?is curve is set f ! v]tical 7:i* is mid-ge>71 w give =w>d or backw>d ge>1--! angle lean+ =w>d s#a1 or to ! front ( ! eng9e1 be+ =w>d ge>1 & ! rev]se s#b be+ backw>d ge>4 ,! am\nt ( ! angle1 m>k$ on ! curve ( extreme vibration at s-s#a or s-s#b1 w be equal to "o-qu>t] m ?an ! full op5+ ( ! port at t angle 7t is1 if #a op5+ ( port is requir$1 !n ! am\nt ( angle s to s#a mu/ be #a71 & ! po9t ( cut-(f w be ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ,laid out 9 ?is =m1 ! leads & cut-(fs = bo? ends ( ! cyl9d]1 & = backw>d & =w>d go+1 w be practically p]fect & equal1 & ! op5+ ( ports also z ne> z possible equal4 ,if a long] cut-(f ?an #ge p] c5t is requir$1 x is only necess>y to increase ! angle ( ! curve oo beyond s#a = =w>d ge>1 or beyond s#b = backw>d ge>4 ,x w be notic$1 t1 9 ?is ge>1 ! lap & lead are entirely dep5d5t on ! action ( ! lev] j1 m1 g1 z a lev]1 & may be v>i$ accord+ to ! l5g? ( mg4 ,& ! op5+ ( ! port 7beyond ! am\nt giv5 z lead7 is dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( angle imp>t$ to ! curv$ l9k oo1 & w be1 z above said1 ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! am\nt ( t angle f ! v]tical measur$ on ! l9e ( extreme vibration4 ,deviations f ! above positions & proportions may be made )\t mat]ially alt]+ ! correctness ( ! results4 ,?us1 if x is f\nd necess>y to raise or l[] ! c5t] m1 to cle> :eels1 frames1 or o!r ge>1 ?is may be done till ! angle ( mm#a is out ( ! p>allel ( ! cyl9d] c5t] l9e up or d[n by "o 9 ?irte5 7#a 9 #ac72 x is n well to g beyond ?is2 b ! l9es mm#a & bb w be p>allel1 & ! position ( ! curve oo = mid-ge> w be at "r angles to mm#a4 ,aga91 ! po9t e#a may be tak5 ei!r above or bel[ ! c5t] l9e ( ! connect+ rod1 if x be wi%$ to avoid pi]c+ ! rod2 ! p9 at e#a be+ c>ri$ 9 a small bu% or block atta*$ above or bel[ ! connect+ rod4 ,aga91 = locomotives1 if ! :eels are s small t ! l9k e#a;f w\ld come too l[1 x may be cut %ort at ! po9t j1 & ?is po9t connect$ by a l9k ll to a small return-crank p1 on ! crank-p92 ! movem5t ( ! c\nt]-crank be+ equal to t f to j#d4 ,! diagram is drawn = an eng9e :]e ! c5t] ( ! crank-axle is on ! c5t] l9e ( ! cyl9d]2 b if ?is be bel[1 z is usual 9 ,am]ican locomotives1 !n ! base l9e on :i* to con/ruct ! diagram ( ! valve-ge> itself w be ! av]age c5t] l9e assum$ by ! connect+ rod = su* l[]+ ( ! crank-axle c5t]1 drawn f c1 ! middle position1 to a po9t1 say r1 repres5t+ ! l[]$ c5t] ( ! axle4 ,! v]tical zz w be at "r angles to ?is new base l9e cr1 all ! o!r processes foll[+4 ,:ile ! proportions %[n on ! diagram give ! be/ av]age results1 ^! proportions may be v>i$ )9 v wide limits1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! design ( ! eng9e4 ,?us1 :5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! cyl9d] & c5t] ( valve-/em is small1 z ) a small cyl9d] & a long /roke1 ! l9k e#a;f may be consid]ably l5g!n$3 ! po9t j w ?us be dropp$1 & conv5i5t angles = all ! l9ks1 etc41 w be ma9ta9$1 ! room = ! v>i\s movem5ts be+ got bel[ ! c5t] l9e ( ! cyl9d] :5 x c n be _h above2 ! rev]se proportion+ ( ! p>ts be+ made :5 ! conditions are rev]s$1 z ) a l>ge diamet] ( cyl9d] & a %ort /roke4 ,?is sy/em ( lay+ out ! motion1 applies1 ) a few modifications1 to ! ,/rong motion1 & to all o!rs :]e ! ellipse =m$ by ! horizontal & v]tical motion ( ! ma9 rod is us$ to actuate ! valves4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,indicator4 ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,indicator4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! pages1 ref]5ce has sev]al times be5 made to ! indicator4 ,?is in/rum5t is ( great s]vice to ! /eam eng9e] 9 help+ him to det]m9e ) accuracy que/ions ( /eam di/ribution1 t1 )\t its aid1 w\ld rema9 9 ! realms ( speculation4 ,its diagram pres5ts a reliable record ( :at is go+ on inside ! cyl9d]s ( a /eam eng9e2 & ma/] me*anics :o desire to run _! eng9es economically1 c n af=d to disp5se ) ! accurate in=mation imp>t$ by ! indicator respect+ individual locomotives4 ,,description ,,( ,,in/rum5t4 ,! indicator consi/s ess5tially ( a small /eam cyl9d]1 ^: "u side is connect$ by pipes to ! ma9 cyl9d] ( ! eng9e "u inspection4 ,inside ! indicator cyl9d] is a nicely fitt+ pi/on1 ^: upw>d movem5t is resi/$ by a spr+ ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,! pi/on-rod passes up ?r\gh ! top ( ! indicator cyl9d]2 & its extremity is connect$ ) me*anism = op]at+ a p5cil1 & m>k+ on a c>d a diagram ^: l9es co9cide ) ! movem5t ( ! indicator pi/on4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,indicator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,fig4 #cj is a p]spective view ( ! ,tabor indicator1 an in/rum5t well adapt$ = application to high-spe$ eng9es1 su* z ! locomotive4 ,9 ,fig4 #ca ! indicator is %[n 9 section4 ,! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t c be well und]/ood f a c>eful exam9ation ( ^! figures4 ,9 ! sectional figure1 ! pi/on is se5 ) its rod encircl$ by ! spr+ pass+ up ?r\gh ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 & connect+ ) ! lev] :i* op]ates ! m>k+-p5cil4 ,by +5i\sly design$ me*anism1 ! lev] is made to move ! p5cil 9 a p]fectly /raight v]tical l9e4 ,! c>d to be m>k$ is fa/5$ 9 ! pap] drum atta*$ to ! indicator4 ,?is drum receives a circul> motion f a cord :i* is op]at$ by ! cross-head1 & ?is connection is s arrang$ t ! drum w beg9 to move r\nd j z ! ma9 pi/on beg9s its /roke4 ,! circul> motion ( ! drum is cont9u$ till ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke1 :5 ! drum rev]ses its movem5t1 & returns to ! exact po9t f :5ce x />t$4 ,n[ ! indicator cyl9d] be+ 9 communication ) ! ma9 cyl9d]1 :5 ! latt] beg9s to take /eam1 ! pressure w be appli$ to ! indicator pi/on1 :i* is pu%$ upw>d1 at ! same "t transmitt+ its movem5t to ! p5cil4 ,! indicator pi/on w rise & fall 9 accordance ) ! /eam-pressure 9 ! cyl9d]2 &1 ! circul> movem5t ( ! drum co9cid+ ) ! cross-head movem5t1 ! p5cil w describe a diagram :i* repres5ts ! pressure inside ! ma9 cyl9d] at ! v>i\s po9ts ( ! /roke4 ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cb repres5ts an indicator diagram1 su* z might be tak5 f a locomotive ) well-con/ruct$ valve-motion cutt+ (f /eam at ab\t "o-?ird ( ! /roke4 ,9 ! figure1 ! l9e ,,ij repres5ts ! l9e t w\ld be drawn by ! p5cil :5 no /eam is admitt$ to ! indicator pi/on2 s x is call$ ! atmosph]ic l9e4 ,?is is ! neutral l9e ( ! diagram repres5t+ ! position ( ! p5cil :5 bo? sides ( ! indicator pi/on are expos$ to ! atmosph]e3 h5ce x is ! base l9e f :i* pressures ei!r above or bel[ are measur$4 ,! l9e ,,ab is ! admission l9e1 s call$ because its beg9n+ ,a repres5ts ! po9t :]e ! valve beg9s admitt+ /eam to ! cyl9d]3 ,,bc is ! /eam-l9e1 usually consid]$ z beg9n+ at ! po9t ( positive *ange 9 direction ( ! admission l9e4 ,admission ( /eam does n cease till ! po9t ,d is rea*$1 b wire-draw+ beg9s at ,c4 ,! curve ,,de is ! expansion l9e1 & is trac$ :ile ! valve is clos$1 & previ\s to ! op5+ ( ! exhau/2 ! pressure fall+ by expansion4 ,at ,e1 release beg9s1 & ! exhau/ l9e ext5ds to ,f2 f ,f to ,g is ! l9e ( c\nt]-pressure1 drawn dur+ ! return /roke ( ! pi/on & :ile ! exhau/ is op52 & ,g to ,a is ! compression l9e1 drawn dur+ ! return /roke aft] ! exhau/-valve has clos$4 ,,data ,,necess>y ,,= ,,analyz+ ,,! ,,diagram4 ,9 proce$+ to asc]ta9 f ! diagram calculations ( ! "w done by ! eng9e1 x w be rememb]$ t v]tical measurem5ts repres5t pressures 9 ! cyl9d]1 & horizontal measurem5ts positions ( ! pi/on4 ,to und]/& ! language ( ! diagram prop]ly1 x is necess>y t sev]al ?+s hav+ ref]5ce to p]man5t or accid5tal conditions be kn[n4 ,^? absolutely necess>y are1 ! scale ( ! indicator spr+1 ! diamet] ( ! eng9e cyl9d] & /roke ( ! pi/on1 ! /rokes made p] m9ute1 & ! boil] pressure4 ,x is also desirable to "k ! dim5sions ( /eam-pipes1 /eam-ports1 & exhau/ nozzles4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,indicat+ ,,locomotives4 ,! purposes = :i* ! indicator c be advantage\sly appli$ to locomotives1 are to %[ ! condition ( ! valves & pi/ons1 & to prove :e!r or n ! /eam is us$ prop]ly )9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,by its use ! am\nt ( p[] develop$ by ! cyl9d]s c be comput$4 ,7 ! indicator us$ daily on locomotives1 mu* wa/e ( coal n[ go+ on ?r\gh /eam be+ lo/ by leaky valves & pi/ons w\ld be avoid$4 ,! graphic tale ( ! diagram w\ld =ce out ( practice ! ord9>y habit ( runn+ eng9es ) ! /eam ?rottl$1 & indubitable pro(s ( ru9\s back pressure w\ld make contract$ nozzles intol]able4 ,!re is n room 9 a "w ( ?is k9d to give ! necess>y in=mation = ^? :o wi% to le>n ! op]at+ ( ! indicator & ! analysis ( ! diagram4 ,eng9e]s :o are ambiti\s to ent] ^u ?is l9e ( /udy1 %\ld secure "o ( ! /&>d books treat+ ! subject4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,air-,,brake4 ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,atmosph]ic ,,brake4 ,9 ?is exact+ age1 ! travel+ public are mu* m dispos$ to f9d fault ) sy/ems t d n provide aga9/ fatalities result+ f human fallibility1 ?an to comm5d ! p]fection ( appliances :i* annually save m lives ?an w\ld be lo/ 9 a sangu9>y w>4 ,! ,we/+h\se brake has p]=m$ ?is life-sav+ s]vice1 yet its great cons]v+ m]it has be5 b feebly appreciat$ outside ( railroad circles4 ,dur+ ! decade betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj1 ,am]ica became a reproa* among nations = ! frequ5cy & disa/r\s nature ( its railroad accid5ts4 ,to-day few] railroad travel]s 9 ,am]ica lose _! lives by accid5ts beyond _! own control1 ?an ! travel]s 9 any c\ntry "u ! sun4 ,! cr$it ( ?is immunity f fatal accid5ts is almo/ entirely due to ! successful op]ation ( ! ,we/+h\se & o!r brakes t foll[$ ! l9e sugge/$ by ?is inv5tion4 ,,di/9ct ,,classes ,,( ,,inv5tions4 ,inv5tions may be divid$ into two di/9ct classes4 ,f> ! m num]\s class are ^? :i* effect improvem5ts on recogniz$ appliances4 ,! o!r is ! r>e & m valuable class1 to :i* belongs ! orig9al inv5tor :o devises an entirely new me?od = p]=m+ a desir$ op]ation4 ,among ?is class ( inv5tions may be not$ ,watt's sep>ate cond5s]1 :i* fir/ r5d]$ ! /eam eng9e a comm]cial success2 ! multitubul> boil] ( ,na?an ,read1 :i* made a high-spe$ locomotive practicable2 & ! air-brake ( ,we/+h\se1 :i* made fa/ travel+ safe1 by putt+ ! tra9 spe$ "u ! control ( ! eng9e]4 ,,b5efits ,,conf]r$ ,,on ,,tra9 ,,m5 ,,by ,,good ,,brakes4 ,to ! travel+ public ! air-brake has prov$ a s\rce ( satisfaction by assur+ exemption f accid5ts1 b its greate/ bless+ has be5 conf]r$ ^u tra9 m54 ,be+ ! greate/ suff]]s f railway accid5ts1 _! risks ( life & limb are greatly r$uc$2 & ! agoniz+ helplessness t us$ to be s (t5 exp]i5c$ ) tra9s t c\ld n be /opp$ 9 "t to avoid a disa/]1 is almo/ unkn[n on our well-manag$ roads4 ,m9d has become victor 9 its conflict ) matt]4 ,:5 necess>y1 an eng9e] c run a tra9 at a high velocity ov] cr[d$ l9es )\t hav+ to %ut (f /eam )9 a mile ( ea* po9t :]e !re may be ano!r tra9 ob/ruct+ ! track1 or keep up 8 spe$ at ! risk ( 8 life4 ,p unacqua9t$ ) ! inside op]at+ ( railroads h no idea ( ! difficulties tra9 m5 _h to cont5d ) 9 gett+ fa/ tra9s ov] ! road1 be=e cont9u\s brakes 7 suppli$4 ,! tra9 _h to be run on s*$ule "t1 & all po9ts :]e tra9s might be expect$ _h to be approa*$ ) c>e4 ,?is meant r$uc$ spe$2 & spe$ c\ld n be r$uc$ 9 %ort di/ances1 s ! risk _h to be tak5 ( violat+ "o rule to comply ) ano!r4 ,,fir/ ,,trials ,,( ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,atmosph]ic ,,brake4 ,! ,we/+h\se atmosph]ic brake 0 pat5t$ ,april #ac1 #ahfi2 & ! fir/ public trial took place on ! ,panh&le road ab\t ! same "t4 ,! trial 0 s satisfactory1 t ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 :i* h be5 always not$ = _! lib]al patronage ( e m]itori\s device likely to promote ! effici5cy & safety ( railroad op]at+1 _h a tra9 equipp$ ) ! brake4 ,?is 0 ! ,walls accommodation tra91 a k9d ( s]vice :]e frequ5t /ops 7 requir$1 & 0 !re=e well calculat$ to demon/rate ! true "* ( any brake4 ,a numb] ( public trials 7 made ) ! brake ?us fitt$1 among :i* 0 "o by ! ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association 9 ! middle ( ,septemb]1 #ahfi1 on ! ,horse%oe ,b5d on ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad4 ,"h a tra9 ( six c>s1 runn+ d[n a grade ( #if feet to ! mile1 at ! rate ( #cj miles an h\r1 0 /opp$ 9 a di/ance ( #dbj feet4 ,su* a feat 0 unprec$5t$ at t "t1 & attract$ wide-spread att5tion4 ,9 ! foll[+ mon?1 (ficial trials ( ! tra9 7 made by ! (fic]s ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ne> ,philadelphia4 ,! tra9 0 !n tak5 to ,*icago1 :]e num]\s te/s 7 made 9 ! pres5ce ( lead+ ,we/]n railroad (fic]s4 ,s conv9c+ 7 ^! trials ( ! decid$ effici5cy ( ! brake1 t1 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ! ,mi*igan ,c5tral ,railroad & ! ,*icago & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ea* ord]$ a tra9 to be fitt$ ) ! brake4 ,,fir/ ,,roads ,,t ,,adopt$ ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,brake4 ,! fir/ five sets ( ! ,we/+h\se brake fitt+s made 7 got out 9 ! %ops belong+ to ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company at ,altoona1 ,p5n4 ,! fir/ railroads to adopt ! brake z a regul> "p ( _! equipm5t1 7 ! ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,pittsburg1 ,c9c9nati1 & ,/4 ,l\is1 ! ,union ,pacific1 ! ,*icago & ,nor?-,we/]n1 & ! ,mi*igan ,c5tral ,railroads4 ,s9ce ! ,we/+h\se atmosph]ic brake 0 fir/ tri$1 _m *anges 9 details h be5 made1 & num]\s improvem5ts h be5 effect$2 b ! ess5tial po9ts rema9 ! same4 ,& ! be/ =ms ( brakes subsequ5tly got out by o!r inv5tors are f\nd$ on ! ,we/+h\se idea1 j z mu* z ! num]\s types ( locomotives foll[ ! design ( ,/eph5son's ,rocket4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,brake4 ,al?\gh ! automatic air-brake is n[ becom+ almo/ univ]sal 9 ,am]ican railroad practice1 mo/ tra9 m5 are famili> ) ! work+ ( ! atmosph]ic brake "u ! "n ( 8/raight air40 ,:5 fir/ inv5t$1 ! ,we/+h\se brake consi/$ ( an app>atus locat$ on ! locomotive = compress+ air1 :i* 0 /or$ 9 an iron drum fa/5$ some:]e ab\t ! eng9e4 ,und]nea? ea* c>1 & connect$ ) ! ord9>y brake atta*m5ts1 0 a cyl9d] conta9+ a pi/on1 :i* op]at$ ! brake4 ,! brake-cyl9d]s 7 kept 9 communication ) ! air-drum on ! locomotive by iron pipes4 ,connection betwe5 ! c>s :]e 8/ret*+0 & 8compression0 made ! tra9 v>y 9 l5g?1 0 made by means ( rubb] flexible hose4 ,:5 ! eng9e] wi%$ to apply ! brakes1 he admitt$ ! compress$ air into ! supply pipes1 ?r\gh a ?ree-way cock at 8 h&4 ,?is air ent]$ ! cyl9d]s "u ! c>s1 mov+ back ! pi/ons :i* pull$ ! lev]s op]at+ ! brakes4 ,to release ! brakes1 ! air 0 p]mitt$ to escape out ( ! pipes into ! atmosph]e4 ,?us1 :at is really a complicat$ op]ation 0 p]=m$ 9 a simple mann]1 & by means ( ma*9]y n liable to get out ( ord] readily4 ,! in/ant application ( e brake on a long tra9 0 put 9 ! h& ( ! eng9e]4 ,on ! fir/ indication ( dang]1 8 h& became p[]ful beyond ! magical =ces conceiv$ by ! imag9ation ( poets4 ,,h[ ,,ea/]n ,,railroads ,,kept ,,alo( ,,f ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,brake4 ,! gr[? ( ! ,we/+h\se brake into public favor furni%es a curi\s comm5t>y on ! diff]5t degrees ( ent]prise to be f\nd among railroad companies 9 ! v>i\s sections ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x 0 natural to suppose t railroads 9 ! ?ickly settl$ ,/ates1 :]e tra9s _h become too num]\s = be+ safely op]at$ ) crude brakes1 & no signals1 w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to adopt an improv$ appliance :i* gave promise ( increas$ safety4 ,yet ! railroads 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 ) a few cr$itable exceptions1 7 among ! la/ to patronize ! ,we/+h\se brake2 & !y adopt$ x only :5 ! influ5ce ( public op9ion c\ld no long] be ignor$4 ,we/]n railroads t ran ?r\gh sp>sely settl$ prairies1 :]e tra9s 7 r>e1 & /opp+ room g5]ally ample1 7 among ! fir/ to enc\rage ! inv5tor ( ! brake ) _! support4 ,,lesson ,,( ,,! ,,rev]e ,,railroad ,,accid5t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s aft] x 0 inv5t$1 ! ,we/+h\se brake made sl[ progress into practical application1 except 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 ! anci5t ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 x 0 h>dly kn[n till ! ,rev]e accid5t happ5$ ne> ,bo/on4 ,?is 0 ! case ( a cr[d$ road be+ op]at$ )\t signals or brakes1 except ^? ( ! mo/ primitive description4 ,a fa/ express tra9 ran into ! re> end ( an accommodation tra91 kill+ tw5ty-n9e p]sons1 & sev]ely injur+ fifty-sev5 o!rs4 ,! eng9e] ( ! express tra91 :ile runn+ at a spe$ ( tw5ty-five miles an h\r1 saw ! tail lights ( ! accommodation tra9 :5 he 0 eight hundr$ feet away4 ,he :i/l$ = brakes1 & rev]s$ 8 eng9e2 b ! tra9 c\ld n be /opp$4 ,! railroad sup]9t5d5ts ?r\gh\t ! cons]vative ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts !n receiv$ enlight5m5t respect+ ! exi/5ce ( an effici5t cont9u\s brake 9 a vigor\s fa%ion4 ,! ,rev]e accid5t convey$ its lessons 9 a t]rible way1 b !y 7 effectual 9 conv9c+ railroad manag]s t !y c\ld n af=d to disp5se ) a brake t prov$ itself to be reliable4 ,,weak ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,brake4 ,al?\gh ! atmosph]ic brake c\ld1 ) light tra9s1 make /ops )9 ! %orte/ di/ance x 0 desirable to /op tra9s ) safety to ! pass5g]s & roll+ /ock1 x possess$ c]ta9 weak po9ts :i* dem&$ rem$y4 ,9 case ( a tra9 break+ 9 two1--an accid5t :i* frequ5tly happ5s1 especially on r\gh track1--!re 0 dang] ( ! eng9e] apply+ ! brake )\t kn[+ t an int]val exi/$ betwe5 ! c>s1 & all[+ ! re> end ( ! tra9 to cra% into ! =w>d "p4 ,! signal giv5 by ! bell-rope break+1 _h a t5d5cy to lead to an accid5t ( ?is "*4 ,ano!r objection to /raight air 01 t %\ld d]ailm5t take place1 or any accid5t happ5 t w\ld rupture ! pipes or _! connections1 ! brake 0 r5d]$ useless4 ,^! weak features did n int]f]e ) ! work+ ( ord9>y traffic2 & z provid+ special appliances to meet cases ( accid5t :i* are r>e1 does n g5]ally receive mu* consid]ation1 ! brake might h be5 reg>d$ z p]fect en\gh = all practical purposes _h x n fail$ to meet satisfactorily a condition ( ord9>y tra9 s]vice4 ,z ! l5g? ( tra9s 0 increas$1 x 0 f\nd t ! atmosph]ic brake 0 sl[ 9 action4 ,:5 a long array ( pipes & _m cyl9d]s _h to be *>g$ ) air f ! drum on ! locomotive aft] ! necessity = apply+ ! brake became app>5t1 & be=e x w\ld act1 "s seconds 7 requir$ = ! op]ation4 ,e additional c> put ^u ! tra9 increas$ ! l5g? ( pipes & ! cyl9d]s to be fill$1 & s l5g!n$ ! "t t elaps$ betwe5 ! in/ant dang] 0 p]ceiv$ & ! "t at :i* ! brake began to p]=m its ret>d+ "w4 ,! increase ( "t might be only a few seconds1 b !y w\ld probably be priceless mom5ts :5 an accid5t 0 imp5d+4 ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,automatic ,,air-,,brake4 ,to ov]come ?is l9e ( weakness1 ! ,we/+h\se automatic air-brake 0 inv5t$4 ,:]e good /ation signals are 9 use1 x has long be5 accept$ z an axiom among railway au?orities1 t a signal mu/ be con/ruct$ s t x w indicate dang] :5 any accid5t happ5s to its me*anism4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 br\ght into practical application 9 ! ,we/+h\se automatic air-brake4 ,:5 any ?+ goes wrong ) ! brake app>atus1 its t5d5cy is to apply ! brake automatically4 ,a break 9 a pipe makes ! brake fly on4 ,ea* c> c>ries a supply ( compress$ air suffici5t to apply its own brakes sev]al times4 ,by ! new arrangem5t1 ! brakes on all ! c>s are appli$ almo/ simultane\sly1 & in/antly aft] ! eng9e] turns ! h&le ( 8 /opp+-valve4 ,! brakes are appli$ by decreas+ ! pressure 9 ! pipes2 s ! break+ 9 two ( ! tra91 or ! fracture ( an air-pipe or c\pl+1 sets ! brakes on all ! c>s on ! tra91 :atev] side ( ! break ! c>s may be on4 ,t 9 itself is an invaluable feature 9 a cont9u\s brake1 & prev5ts c>s f act+ z batt]+-rams ^u ea* o!r 9 cases ( d]ailm5t4 ,,life-,,sav+ ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,automatic ,,brake4 ,e few days1 notices get into ! public pr9ts relat+ h[ frightful accid5ts 7 prev5t$ by ! prompt action ( ! automatic air-brake4 ,& hundr$s ( n>r[ escapes1 :]e ?is brake proves ! prev5tive ( de/ruction to life & prop]ty1 receive no record1 & are kn[n only to ! employes connect$ ) ! op]at+ ( tra9s4 ,to ! m5 famili> ) tra9 s]vice1 to ^? :o are intimately acqua9t$ ) ! life-sav+ effect$ by ! automatic air-brake1 x seems surpris+ t railroads c\ld h be5 op]at$ )\t ?is or a simil> appliance4 ,!y c]ta9ly 7 n op]at$ safely )\t x4 ,,fir/ ,,railroads ,,t ,,adopt$ ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,automatic ,,air-,,brake4 ,pat5ts = ! ,we/+h\se automatic air-brake 7 grant$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahgb4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ w9t]1 trials ( ! brake 7 made by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad2 & x 0 %ortly aft]w>ds adopt$ by ! ,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railroad ,company z _! /&>d brake = pass5g] tra9s4 ,! example ( t company 0 soon foll[$ by ! ,/4 ,l\is1 ,kansas ,city & ,nor!rn1 ! ,*icago & ,alton1 ! ,tol$o1 ,waba% & ,we/]n1 & ! ,/4 ,l\is1 ,iron ,m\nta9 & ,s\!rn ,railroads1 all ( :i* companies equipp$ _! pass5g] roll+ /ock ) ! automatic air-brake )9 a few mon?s4 ,,ess5tial ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,automatic ,,air-,,brake4 ,! prom95t features ( ! ,we/+h\se automatic air-brake consi/ ( ! foll[+ lead+ p>ts3 ,an air-pump1 plac$ on ! locomotive1 is op]at$ by a /eam cyl9d]1 :i* =ces air into an iron drum or res]voir plac$ "u ! deck1 or 9 any o!r conv5i5t "p ab\t ! eng9e4 ,! air is compress$ to ! d5sity consid]$ necess>y = ! k9d ( tra9 ! locomotive usually pulls4 ,9 ! cab1 locat$ conv5i5tly to ! h& ( ! eng9e]1 is ! eng9e]'s brake-valve1 commonly call$ ! 8?ree-way cock10 :i* regulates ! fl[ ( air f ! ma9 res]voir into ! ma9 brake-pipes = supply+ ! auxili>y res]voirs ) air4 ,?is valve applies ! tra9-brakes by lett+ ! air escape f ! ma9 brake-pipes1 & releases !m by aga9 admitt+ ! pressure ( air into ! pipes4 ,f ! ma9 res]voir1 ! ma9 brake-pipe connects ) ! eng9e]'s valve1 & !nce along ! tra91 supply+ all ! brakes ) ! air requir$4 ,"u ! floor ( ea* c> is fa/5$ an auxili>y res]voir1 :i* holds a supply ( air necess>y = op]at+ ! brakes on t c>4 ,s ea* c> c>ries its own supply ( air4 ,connect$ ) ea* c>-truck is a brake-cyl9d]1 9 :i* is op]at$ a pi/on t applies ! brake4 ,! brake-lev]s connect ) ! pi/on-rod 9 su* a mann]1 t1 :5 ! pi/on is =c$ out by ! air-pressure1 ! brake is appli$4 ,atta*$ to ! auxili>y res]voir is ! triple valve1 ^: action connects ! air-cyl9d] ) ! auxili>y res]voir4 ,,! ,,air-,,pump4 ,:5 ! air-brake 0 fir/ inv5t$1 ! di/ribution ( /eam )9 ! cyl9d] 0 effect$ diff]5tly f :at x is 9 mod]n pump-cyl9d]s4 ,! /eam-valve consi/$ ( a d\ble pi/on1 ! heads hav+ ports on _! edges :i* admitt$ & releas$ ! /eam4 ,?is valve did n move up & d[n1 b receiv$ an oscillatory motion f a small auxili>y eng9e plac$ on ! top ( ! /eam cyl9d]-head4 ,! movem5ts ( ! auxili>y eng9e 7 regulat$ by a rev]s+-rod 7popul>ly kn[n z a kick]-rod71 work+ inside ! ma9 pi/on-rod4 ,?is arrangem5t ( /eam di/ribution 0 some:at complicat$1 & liable to get out ( ord]2 & x 0 sup]s$$ by ! diff]5tial /eam-valve movem5t n[ 9 use4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,air-,,pump ,,works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc;a4 ,9 ,fig4 #cc;a1 /eam ent]s f ! boil] at ! nipple #ce1 & fills ! /eam-space betwe5 ! heads ( ! ma9 pi/on-valve #ae1 #af1 ma9ta9+ a con/ant pressure ( /eam !re :ile ! pump is at "w4 ,! upp] head ( ! ma9 valve be+ ( great] area ?an ! l[] "o1 ! t5d5cy ( ! pressure is to raise ! valve4 ,a d[nw>d movem5t ( ! valve is provid$ = by a sep>ate s+le-head$ pi/on-valve #bj1 work+ 9 a cyl9d] above ! ma9 valve4 ,! rev]s+-rod #ab op]ates a slide-valve #ac1 :i* regulates ! admission & release ( /eam = ! ?ird pi/on4 ,9 ! cyl9d] %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ! ma9 valve is d[n1 s t /eam is pass+ into ! l[] end ( ! ma9 cyl9d]4 ,two small ports c be se5 close to ! pi/on-head #af1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! upp] port is op51 & is ! admission port2 ! l[] port1 :i* is clos$ by ! small pi/on1 is = exhau/+ ! /eam4 ,! ma9 pi/on #g is on its upw>d /roke1 & ! upp] exhau/ port se5 above ! pi/on-valve #ae is op51 :ile ! /eam port imm$iately bel[ x is clos$ by ! valve-pi/on 9 ! same way t ! exhau/ port is clos$ at ! o!r end4 ,:5 ! ma9 pi/on #g %all rea* ne> ! top ( its upw>d /roke1 ! plate #aj w /rike on ! projection on ! rev]s+-rod1 pu%+ up ! slide-valve #ac4 ,! upp] edge ( ?is slide-valve w cut ! /eam (f ! passage a1 & op5 ! passage b to ! exhau/4 ,?is takes ! /eam away f ! pi/on #bj1 & all[s pi/on #ae to move upw>d1 clos+ ! exhau/-port1 & op5+ ! upp] /eam-port4 ,! same movem5t makes ! pi/on #af close its /eam-port1 & op5 ! exhau/4 ,pi/on #g n[ beg9s to travel d[nw>d2 &1 :5 x rea*es ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 ! plate #aj cat*es ! knob on ! end ( ! rev]s+-rod1 & pulls d[n ! slide-valve #ac to ! position x holds 9 ! engrav+4 ,/eam !n ru%es ?r\gh ! passage a1 & makes ! pi/on #bj pu% d[n ! ma9 valve4 ,t completes ! circle ( ! op]ations 9 ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,air-,,end ,,op]ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc;b4 ,! op]ation ( ! air "p ( ! pump is v simple4 ,:ile ! ma9 pi/on 7,fig4 #cc;b71 :i* is on ! same rod z ! pi/on ( ! /eam cyl9d]1 is mov+ upw>d1 x is =c+ ! air out ( ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] up "u ! dis*>ge-valve #cb1 & away ?r\gh ! prop] passages to ! ma9 res]voir4 ,at ! same "t ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d] is be+ fill$ ) air drawn ?r\gh ! l[] receiv+-valve #cd4 ,dur+ ! d[nw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 ! air w be deliv]$ ?r\gh ! valve #cc1 & ! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d] fill$ by air receiv$ ?r\gh ! upp] valve #cd4 ,,air-,,pump ,,disord]s4 ,an eng9e] :o does n und]/& ! pr9ciples ( a locomotive's action1 is n likely to prove a valuable runn]4 ,! m5 :o are mo/ successful 9 gett+ tra9s ov] ! road ) sol> regul>ity2 ! m5 :o make ! be/ records on ! mileage %eets = economy 9 fuel & 9 lubricants2 :o are lighte/ 9 repairs1 yet keep _! eng9e go+ longe/1--are ^? :o compreh5d ! functions ( e portion ( ! eng9e1 & :at relation ! v>i\s p>ts be> to ea* o!r4 ,) ?is k cle>ly e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d ( ! runn]1 8 p[] to detect any ?+ wrong ) 8 eng9e becomes in/9ctive4 ,trifl+ defects1 :i* neglect w\ld develop into s]i\s disabilities1 are rectifi$ 9 "t1 & ! :ole eng9e is ma9ta9$ 9 smoo? work+-ord] by ! h>mony ( its individual sections4 ,! m]e /opp] & />t] is los+ 8 hold on ! locomotive s]vice4 ,:5 he drops (f entirely1 our mileage = ea* doll> exp5d$ w be decid$ly increas$4 ,! pr9ciples :i* apply to ! runn+ ( a locomotive are equally applicable to ! managem5t ( an air-brake1 ) all its p]fect$ connections4 ,?is app>atus c n be prop]ly manag$ unless ! man :o works x kn[s some?+ ab\t its action4 ,,puny ,,difficulties ,,vanqui% ,,! ,,ignorant ,,eng9e]4 ,a great _m eng9e]s :o run pass5g] tra9s1 & take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! work+ ( ! locomotive1 ^: te*nicalities !y h ?or\ghly ma/]$1 display no desire :atev] to und]/& ! air-brake1 & are p]fectly cont5t$ ) its action s long z x w /op ! tra94 ,! air-pump1 s wond]fully int]e/+ to ^? :o und]/& its movem5ts1 receives no m att5tion ?an is necess>y to keep x go+ s t ! requir$ air-pressure is ma9ta9$4 ,!y "k h[ to />t & /op ! ma*9e1 & !y oil x regul>ly2 b ^! are ! limits ( _! att5tions4 ,%\ld ! pump happ5 to /op work+1 ! cause is my/]i\s1 l _m o!r my/]ies2 & ! natural rem$y sugge/$1 is to hit ! ?+ on ! head ) a monkey-wr5*4 ,%\ld x n respond to ?is treatm5t by r5ew$ action1 ! h&-brakes are resort$ to = ! re/ ( ! j\rney2 & ! r\nd-h\se =eman or ma*9i/ is requir$ to d ! head-"w :i* locates ! tr\ble4 ,a belief prevails among m5 :o labor pr9cipally ) _! h&s1 t laz9ess is exclusively physical4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,x is a psy*ological fact1 well kn[n to metaphysicians1 t m5tal laz9ess is preval5t en\gh to dw>f ! m9ds ( half ! human race4 ,m5 :o w\ld will+ly "w ) _! h&s dur+ half _! leisure "t to keep _! eng9es 9 prop] condition = runn+1 h to be driv51 by fe> or jeal\sy1 be=e !y w =ce _! m5tal faculties to d trifl+ labor 9 a new *annel4 ,,causes ,,t ,,make ,,brakes ,,inop]ative ,,(t5 ,,easily ,,rem$i$4 ,any eng9e] ( ord9>y intellig5ce1 :o w sp5d "o h\r a day = two weeks /udy+ up ! ,we/+h\se in/ruction book1 w und]/& ! brake s well1 f ! pump to ! h9d end ( ! tra91 t any imp]fection happ5+ to its work+ w be z readily locat$ z an ord9>y defect 9 a locomotive4 ,yet x is an int5sely h>d matt] to induce m5 runn+ pass5g] eng9es to g ?r\gh ?is trifl+ m5tal ex]cise4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! brake sometimes becomes inop]ative f causes s slight t m5 %\ld be a%am$ to report !m2 & !y w\ld be s if !y only compreh5d$ h[ small a mole-heap became _! m\nta94 ,i knew a case :]e all ! tra9 m5--t is to say1 eng9e]1 fireman1 conductor1 baggageman1 & brakem5--wre/l$ = tw5ty m9utes ov] a triple valve1 try+ to f9d out h[ to cut ! air (f a c>2 &1 :5 ! cr[d 0 vanqui%$1 a color$ port] came1 & %[$ !m h[ ! ?+ 0 done4 ,?is 0 on a road :]e /raight air 0 g5]ally us$4 ,"o day "s w9t]s ago1 a pass5g] tra9 on ! road ,i work$ = 0 delay$ an h\r or m at a /ation1 wait+ = some?+4 ,:5 ! eng9e] tri$ to />t ! air-pump1 x w\ld n "w4 ,he fum$ & fuss$ ov] x = fifte5 m9utes1 gave x a lib]al dose ( copp] hamm] m$ic9e1 & saturat$ x ) oil1 b all to no purpose4 ,x w\ld n pump a p\nd ( air1 s ! old-fa%ion$ ,arm/rong 0 call$ into op]ation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its j\rney1 ?is tra9 _h to pass ! r\nd-h\se at headqu>t]s2 & ! eng9e] /opp$ to see if 8 pump c\ld be giv5 "s quick rem$y4 ,i happ5$ to be ! doctor consult$4 ,on le>n+ ! p>ticul>s ( h[ ! pump /opp$ work+1 ,i set fire to a piece ( greasy wa/e1 & held ! flame to ! *eck-valve ( ! air-drum2 & ! pump w5t "r to "w4 ,all ! tr\ble 01 t ! *eck-valve 0 froz5 9 its seat4 ,i felt sorry = t eng9e]1 he appe>$ to be s ?or\ghly a%am$ & cre/fall5 at be+ baffl$ by su* a small tr\ble4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,air-,,pump4 ,to run an air-pump successfully1 ! fir/ requisite is t x %\ld be manag$ intellig5tly1 & its wants att5d$ to regul>ly4 ,an air-pump consi/s ( num]\s mov+ p>ts1 :i* %\ld op]ate ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( friction3 consequ5tly1 x is important t ! ma*9e %\ld be prop]ly lubricat$1--n delug$ ) grease = t5 m9utes1 & !n run on ! int]e/ ( ! excess = two h\rs1 b sp>+ly furni%$ ) clean oil1 :i* w keep ! mov+ p>ts moi/ all ! "t4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! fe$+-cup mu/ be kept 9 prop] work+-ord]1 s t x w pass ! oil regul>ly4 ,i h f\nd a lead+ cause = air-pumps work+ unsatisfactorily to be 9 ! int]mitt5t fe$+ ( ! oil-cups4 ,"s dirt gets into ! cup1 ob/ruct+ its action1 & great] op5+ is giv5 to make x fe$2 !n ! oil goes ?r\gh by spasms1 & ! pump works irregul>ly2 = at "o "t ! /eam-pi/on is *urn+ ! oil1 & aga9 x is work+ dry4 ,!re is also a common abuse ( ! oil-c :5 any ?+ goes wrong ) ! pump2 = "s m5 w !n dr5* x ) oil1 expect+ t to make x "w smoo?ly4 ,p]man5t injury is (t5 done 9 ?is way1 especially :]e inf]ior oils are us$1 :i* frequ5tly conta9 m9]al sub/ances 9 susp5sion4 ,?is solid matt] is sep>at$ f ! oil by ! heat1 & settles 9 ! small passages1 fill+ !m up by degrees till ev5tually !re is no *annel left = ! /eam to pass ?r\gh to rev]se ! /eam-valve2 s ! pump /ops4 ,i once saw a runn] try+ to doctor a sick pump by p\r+ ! /ickie/ k9d ( gummy valve-oil into an air-cyl9d]4 ,he gave ! ?+ its quietus1 z o!r poor doctors sometimes d ) _! pati5ts4 ,,pump ,,pack+4 ,! /uff+-box pack+ is n g5]ally suppos$ to ex]cise an important effect on ! action ( an air-pump2 yet ,i h se5 cases :]e irregul> action ( ! pump1 & s]i\s loss ( air1 result$ f bad pack+4 ,soap/one & asbe/os1 & o!r sub/ances t become compact & rigid :5 cold1 are unsuitable = pack+ ! air end ( a pump4 ,aft] a little use1 mat]ial ( ?is k9d becomes s h>d t no am\nt ( screw+ ( ! gl& w make x tight2 & ! great] "p ( ! air at t end ( ! pump escapes ?r\gh ! /uff+-box in/ead ( pass+ into ! drum4 ,,h[ ,,/eam ,,passages ,,get ,,*ok$4 ,ar\nd ! bu%+s ( ! cyl9d]1 :]e ! small rev]s+ pi/on #bj works1 are dim9utive /eam passages1 v liable to get /opp$ up :5 =eign matt] is attempt$ to be run ?r\gh ! cyl9d]4 ,su* matt] is occasionally introduc$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,:5 rubb] gaskets are us$ 9 ! pipe connections lead+ to ! cyl9d]1 ! rubb] (t5 peels (f 9 %r$s1 or breaks (f 9 small pieces1 :i* lodge ar\nd ! bu%+ 9 ! passages1 produc+ h>ass+ annoyance4 ,s soon z ^? passages get ob/ruct$1 or r$uc$ bel[ _! correct size1 ! pump beg9s to "w badly4 ,ma*9i/s n well v]s$ 9 ! my/]i\s ways ( air-pump disord]s w n[ take t pump ap>t1 & f9d no?+ ! matt]4 ,subsequ5t proce$+s dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! man :o has ! job 9 h&4 ,if ! ma*9i/ be ( a cons]vative disposition1 he w put ! app>atus toge!r aga9 )\t mak+ any alt]ation1 & p]haps w relieve 8 m9d by express+ a belief t ! eng9e] does n "k :5 an air-pump is 9 good %ape4 ,ano!r ma*9i/1 ( a m ent]pris+ /amp1 mu/ f9d some?+ to *ange1 s he l5g!ns or %ort5s ! rev]s+ valve-rod #ab 7a favorite resort ( small-k t9k]s71 :i* gives ! pump ! c\p de grce2 & x has to be ov]haul$ by a compet5t ma*9i/ be=e x aga9 supplies ! air to /op a tra94 ,?is compet5t man goes direct to ! root ( ! tr\ble4 ,skill 9 ?is p>ticul> l9e ( "w conv9ces him1 aft] an exam9ation1 t ! mov+ p>ts require no repairs2 & k begott5 ( exp]i5ce1 supplem5t$ by s\nd s5se1 directs him :]e to look = ! cause ( defective op]ation4 ,,sagacity ,,ne$$ ,,9 ,,repair+ ,,air-,,pumps4 ,m5 :o meet ) good success 9 repair+ air-pumps1 & 9 det]m9+1 f ! action ( ! pump1 ! probable cause ( defect1 h to d a great deal ( deep & sagaci\s ?9k+4 ,sometimes a defect1 simple en\gh 9 itself1 is extremely difficult to locate1 because x belongs to ! unexpect$ ord] ( occurr5ces4 ,"h 0 an in/ance4 ,"s small jobs _h be5 done "o day to ! /eam cyl9d] ( a pump :i* _h n be5 work+ q satisfactorily4 ,:5 !y tri$ to />t x1 aft] be+ put toge!r1 ! pump w\ld n "w at all4 ,! ma*9i/ :o did ! job1 an em95tly compet5t man at su* "w1 took ! ma*9e ap>t aga91 b c\ld detect no defect or maladju/m5t ab\t x4 ,! /eam cyl9d]1 ) all its valves & rods & bu%+s1 0 critically exam9$3 ! air-pump1 ) all its connections1 got a ?or\gh inspection to no purpose4 ,:5 an ord9>y man goes ?r\gh ! pati5t1 ?\ghtful labor ne$$ = an exam9ation ( ?is k9d1 & f9ds no?+ wrong1 he is apt to get disc\rag$1 & confess himself beat54 ,?is man did n recognize ! ^w beat5 z appli$ to 8 "w4 ,he reason$1 8,?is pump w\ld "w if x 7 all "r4 ,x w n "w1 s some?+ mu/ be wrong40 ,aft] ex]cis+ m pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 he discov]$ t ! bu%+ #bc ( ! rev]s+ valve 7usually call$ ! kick+-rod valve7 _h become loose1 &1 :5 ! cap 0 screw$ d[n1 x twi/$ ! bu%+ r\nd1 & clos$ ! passages t lead /eam to ! rev]s+ pi/on4 ,!re are small grooves r\nd ! sides ( ! small /eam passages to provide = ! bu%+s be+ mov$ a little1 b ^! grooves _h become gumm$ up s t !y fail$ to s]ve _! purpose ( keep+ ! ports op54 ,,gradual ,,deg5]ation ,,( ,,! ,,air-,,pump4 ,! work+ & /ation>y p>ts )9 ! cyl9d]s ( ! air-pump are adju/$ ) nice exactness2 &1 :5 !y rema9 9 _! normal condition1 ! pump works smoo?ly1 & compresses air rapidly4 ,:5 we>1 or any o!r cause1 alt]s ! dim5sions ( ^! p>ts1 ! effect imm$iately becomes app>5t 9 unsatisfactory work+ ( ! :ole ma*9e4 ,rods are adju/$ s t valves or pi/ons %all cov] & uncov] /eam passages1 & no sup]flu\s movem5t is provid$ =4 ,! passages are s small t all ! /eam !y convey is ne$$ = ! "w ( rev]s+ ! motion2 & if f any cause ! valve or pi/on only p>tly uncov]s ! op5+1 ! necess>y volume ( /eam does n get ?r\gh4 ,a close obs]v] ( ! pump's action c1 day by day1 p]ceive ! gradual deg5]ation due to we>4 ,we> ( ! /eam-cyl9d] connections is g5]ally indicat$ by r$uc$ p[]4 ,! pump w n d its "w satisfactorily1 & has difficulty 9 keep+ up ! pressure ( air4 ,?is det]ioration cont9ues till ! pump w /op1 unless its decay gets arre/$ by repairs4 ,:5 ! valves ( ! air-pump are 9 correct ord] = do+ good "w1 ! dis*>ge-valves #cb & #cc h #a_/af1 & ! suction-valves #cd lift4 ,! cont9ual tapp+ ( ^! valves on _! seats has a t5d5cy to we> out valves & seats1 mak+ ! lift great] ?an :at is desirable4 ,any mat]ial increase ( lift = ! dis*>ge-valve has a mo/ injuri\s effect ^u ! motion ( ! pump1 especially if ! suction-valve %\ld happ5 to be leaky4 ,!n ! movem5t ( ! pi/ons w become fluctuat+1 & subject to frequ5t /oppages4 ,! up-&-d[n motion ( ! pi/on is ( a j]ky "*1 t makes ! behold] suppose ! ?+ is unc]ta9 :i* way to g4 ,det]ioration ( air-valves is n1 h[ev]1 ! only cause = t j]ky motion s (t5 obs]v$ 9 bad work+ pumps4 ,a b5t rev]s+ valve /em 7kick]-rod7 acts on ! rev]s+ valve ) oblique pull & ?ru/1 :i* t5d to move x away f ! seat1 lett+ ! /eam pass ! wrong way4 ,a brok5 ma9 /eam-valve r+ has a simil> effect2 = ! /eam passes to ! wrong end ( ! valve1 de/roy+ its equilibrium2 & !re is no?+ decisive ab\t its rev]sal1 or ab\t its motion aft] x is rev]s$4 ,its action resembles ! movem5ts ( a vacillat+ human be+4 ,x does n want to g 9 t direction1 b goes1 !n keeps try+ to *ange its m9d dur+ ! re/ ( ! j\rney4 ,ob/ruct$ /eam passages w sometimes cause indecisive action ( ! pump be=e x gets bad en\gh to /op x altoge!r4 ,,causes ,,t ,,make ,a ,,pump ,,p\nd4 ,p\nd+ on ! heads is a some:at common attribute ( deg5]at$ air-pumps4 ,brok5 or badly worn air-valves v (t5 cause ! pump to p\nd4 ,if ! tr\ble %\ld happ5 to be 9 ! upp] air-valve1 x w demon/rate its disord] by caus+ p\nd+ on ! upp] head2 & ! l[] valve's malady w cause p\nd+ on ! l[] head4 ,:5 a pump is suff]+ f indecisive motion1 or is p\nd+1 & ! ma*9i/ does n feel c]ta9 ab\t :]e ! tr\ble lies1 he may safely exam9e ! condition ( ! air-valves1--= !y c be easily rea*$1--& 9 a great _m cases ! defect w be f\nd !re4 ,we> ( ! p9 :]eon ! bottom ( ! ma9 valve-rod re/s1 or ( ! rod itself1 w induce p\nd+ on ! upp] head by ! ma9 pi/on4 ,"s runn]s ?9k1 t1 by keep+ ! dra9-cock ( ! /eam-cyl9d] op5 all ! "t1 !y secure dry /eam4 ,! practice is p]nici\s1 & injuri\s to ! pump3 = ! pi/on receives s little cu%ion :5 ! dra9-cock is %ut1 t x c n af=d ! decrease made by a p]man5tly op5 cock2 & consequ5tly ! loss ( cu%ion p]mits p\nd+ on ! l[] head4 ,i h kn[n ( a disa/r\s effect be+ produc$ on a pump by putt+ a new gasket1 :i* prov$ too ?ick1 on ! upp] head4 ,x 0 ! ?9ne/ copp] t c\ld be f\nd1 b x p]ceptibly l5g!n$ ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] s t ! bottom knob on ! rev]s+ /em /ruck ! rev]s+ plate on ! ma9 pi/on be=e t action 0 due4 ,on sev]al occasions ,i h _h air-pumps report$ to be work+ badly1 :5 all ! tr\ble lay 9 ! air-/ra9] be+ p>tly *ok$ up by float+ vegetable matt] t _h be5 suck$ 9 ) ! air1 & fail$ to pass ?r\gh ! me%es4 ,9 ano!r case we _h mu* difficulty 9 locat+ ! defect1 ) a pump t absolutely refus$ to "w4 ,! boil]-mak]s _h be5 work+ 9 ! smoke-box1 & by "s means ! end ( ! exhau/-pipe got solidly /opp$ up ) c9d]s4 ,z none ( u _h come across t p>ticul> cause ( ob/ruction be=e1 we exp5d$ a good deal ( labor se>*+ = ! tr\ble be=e we ?\ght to disconnect ! exhau/-pipe f ! pump4 ,,! ,,triple ,,valve4 ,?is is ! "p ^: op]ation gives ! brake its automatic action4 ,^? :o h oppos$ ?is =m ( brake h made great objection to ! complicat$ nature ( ! triple valve4 ,b "s famili>ity ) ! device %[s t x is f> f be+ complex1 consid]+ ! functions x p]=ms4 ,x is m]ely a pi/on-valve c>ry+ a slide-valve along ) x4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! triple valve is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,! triple valve has a pi/on #e1 work+ 9 ! *amb] ,b1 & c>ry+ ) x ! slide-valve #f4 ,air ent]s f ! ma9 pipe ?r\gh ! f\r-way cock #ac into ! dra9-cup ,a1 & passes to ! *amb] ,b1 =c+ ! pi/on up1 & uncov]+ a small fe$+-groove 9 ! upp] "p ( ! *amb]1 :i* p]mits air to fl[ pa/ ! pi/on into ! auxili>y res]voir1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !re is an op5 communication f ! brake-cyl9d] to ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! passages d1 e1 f1 & g4 ,air w cont9ue to fl[ into ! auxili>y res]voir until x conta9s ! same pressure z ! ma9 brake-pipe4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,triple ,,valve4 ,to apply ! brakes ) _! full =ce1 ! compress$ air 9 ! ma9 brake-pipe is p]mitt$ to escape1 :5 ! great] pressure 9 ! auxili>y res]voir =ces ! pi/on #e d[n bel[ ! fe$+-groove1 ?us prev5t+ ! return ( air f ! res]voir to ! brake-pipe4 ,z ! pi/on desc5ds1 x moves ) x ! slide-valve #f1 s z to p]mit air to fl[ directly f ! auxili>y res]voir into ! brake-cyl9d]1 :i* =ces ! pi/ons out1 & applies ! brakes4 ,! brakes are releas$ by aga9 admitt+ pressure into ! ma9 brake-pipe f ! ma9 res]voir2 :i* pressure1 be+ great] ?an t ( ! auxili>y res]voir1 =ces ! pi/on #e back to ! position %[n 9 ! engrav+1 re*>ges ! res]voir1 & at ! same "t p]mits ! air 9 ! brake-cyl9d]s to escape4 ,to apply ! brakes g5tly1 a slight r$uction is made 9 ! pressure 9 ! ma9 brake-pipe1 :i* moves ! pi/on d[n sl[ly until x is /opp$ by ! graduat+ spr+ #i4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! op5+ l 9 ! slide-valve is opposite ! port f1 & all[s air f ! auxili>y res]voir to fe$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! side ( ! slide-valve1 & ?r\gh ! op5+ l into ! brake-cyl9d]4 ,! passage l is op5$ & clos$ by a small valve #g1 :i* is atta*$ to1 & moves )1 ! pi/on #e1 provision be+ made = a limit$ motion ( ^! p>ts )\t mov+ ! valve #f4 ,:5 ! pressure 9 ! auxili>y res]voir has be5 r$uc$ by exp&+ into ! brake-cyl9d] until x is ! same z ! pressure 9 ! ma9 brake-pipe1 ! graduat+ spr+ pu%es ! pi/on up until ! small valve #g closes ! fe$ op5+ l4 ,?is causes :atev] pressure is 9 ! brake-cyl9d] to be reta9$1 ?us apply+ ! brake ) a =ce proportionate to ! r$uction ( pressure 9 ! brake-pipe4 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,creep+ ,,on ,,( ,,brakes4 ,to prev5t ! application ( ! brakes1 f a slight r$uction ( pressure caus$ by leakage 9 ! brake-pipe1 a semicircul> groove is cut 9 ! body ( ! c>-cyl9d]1 #i_/fd ( an in* 9 wid?1 #e_/fd ( an in* 9 dep?1 & ext5d+ s t ! pi/on mu/ travel ?ree in*es be=e ! groove is cov]$ by ! pack+ lea!r4 ,a small quantity ( air1 su* z results f a leak1 pass+ f ! triple valve into ! c>-cyl9d]1 has ! effect ( mov+ ! pi/on slightly =w>d1 b n suffici5tly to close ! groove1 :i* p]mits ! air to fl[ out pa/ ! pi/on4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! brakes are appli$ 9 ! usual mann]1 ! pi/on w be mov$ =w>d1 not)/&+ ! slight leak1 & w cov] ! groove4 ,x is v important t ! groove %all be ?ree in*es long1 & %all n exce$ 9 area ! dim5sions giv5 above4 ,h]et(ore leakage valves h be5 us$1 & also a leakage hole4 ,^! leakage holes h be5 f\nd to be too unc]ta9 9 _! op]ation2 & consequ5tly x is recomm5d$ t ^! holes %\ld be clos$1 & ! grooves 9 ! cyl9d]s sub/itut$1 z rapidly z possible4 ,:5 ! h&le ( ! f\r-way cock #ac is turn$ d[n1 !re is a direct communication f ma9 brake-pipe to ! brake-cyl9d]1 ! triple valve & auxili>y res]voir be+ cut out2 & ! app>atus c be work$ z a non-automatic brake1 by admitt+ air into ! ma9 brake-pipe & brake-cyl9d]1 to apply ! brakes4 ,:5 f any cause x is desirable to h ! brake inop]ative on any p>ticul> c>1 ! f\r-way cock is turn$ to an int]m$iate position1 :i* %uts (f ! brake-cyl9d] & res]voir1 leav+ ! ma9 brake-pipe unob/ruct$ to supply air to ! rema9+ vehicles4 ,! dra9-cup ,a collects any moi/ure t may accumulate1 & is dra9$ by unscrew+ ! bottom nut4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,apply ,,& ,,release ,,! ,,brake4 ,! brakes1 z has be5 expla9$1 are appli$ :5 ! pressure 9 ! brake-pipe is sudd5ly r$uc$1 & releas$ :5 ! pressure is re/or$4 ,x is ( v great importance t e eng9e] %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! air-pressure may sometimes r$uce sl[ly1 ow+ to ! /eam-pressure gett+ l[1 or f ! /opp+ ( ! pump1 or f a leakage 9 "s ( ! pipes :5 "o or m c>s are deta*$ = swit*+ purposes1 & t 9 consequ5ce x has be5 f\nd absolutely necess>y to provide ea* cyl9d] ) ! leakage groove already ref]r$ to1 :i* p]mits a slight pressure to escape )\t mov+ ! pi/on1 ?us prev5t+ ! application ( ! brakes1 :5 ! pressure is sl[ly r$uc$1 z w\ld result f any ( ! above causes4 ,?is provision aga9/ ! accid5tal application ( ! brakes mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 or else x w sometimes happ5 t all ( ! brakes w n be appli$ :5 su* is ! int5tion1 simply because ! air has be5 dis*>g$ s sl[ly f ! brake-pipe t x only repres5ts a consid]able leakage1 & ?us all[s ! air "u "s c>s to be wa/$4 ,x is ?us v ess5tial to dis*>ge en\gh air 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ) suffici5t rapidity1 to cause all ( ! leakage grooves to be clos$1 :i* w rema9 clos$ until ! brakes h be5 releas$4 ,9 no case %\ld ! r$uction 9 ! brake-pipe = clos+ ! leakage grooves be less ?an f\r or five p\nds1 :i* w move all pi/ons out s t ! brake-%oes w be only slightly be>+ aga9/ ! :eels4 ,aft] ?is fir/ r$uction1 ! pressure c be r$uc$ to suit ! circum/ances4 ,on a long tra91 if ! ?ree-way cock be op5$ sudd5ly1 & !n quickly clos$1 ! pressure 9 ! brake-pipe1 z indicat$ by ! gauge1 w be sudd5ly & consid]ably r$uc$ on ! eng9e1 & w !n be increas$ by ! air-pressure com+ f ! re> ( ! tra93 h5ce x is important to always close ! ?ree-way cock sl[ly1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! pressure1 z indicat$ by ! gauge1 w n be increas$2 or else ! brakes on ! eng9e & t5d]1 & sometimes on ! fir/ "o or two c>s1 w come (f :5 !y %\ld rema9 on4 ,x is likewise v important1 :ile ! brakes are on1 to keep ! ?ree-way cock 9 su* a position t ! brake-pipe pressure c n be increas$ by leakage f ! ma9 res]voir2 = any increase ( pressure 9 ! brake-pipe causes ! brakes to come (f4 ,on long d[n grades1 x is important to be able to control ! spe$ ( ! tra91 & at ! same "t to ma9ta9 a good work+ pressure4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ by runn+ ! pump at a good spe$1 s t ! ma9 res]voir w accumulate a high pressure :ile ! brakes are on4 ,:51 aft] us+ ! brake "s "t1 ! pressure has be5 r$uc$ to sixty p\nds1 ! tra9 pipes & res]voirs %\ld be re*>g$ z mu* z possible be=e ! spe$ has increas$ to ! maximum all[$4 ,a great] "t = re*>g+ is obta9$ by consid]ably r$uc+ ! spe$ ( ! tra9 j be=e re*>g+1 & by tak+ advantage ( ! v>iation 9 ! grades4 ,!re %\ld n be any safety-valve or leaks 9 ! ma9 res]voir1 o!rwise ! necess>y surplus pressure = quickly re*>g+ c n be obta9$4 ,to release ! brakes ) c]ta9ty1 x is important to h a high] pressure 9 ! ma9 res]voir ?an 9 ! ma9 pipe4 ,if an eng9e] feels t "s ( 8 brakes are n (f1 x is be/ to turn ! h&le ( ! ?ree-way cock j f> en\gh to %ut (f ! ma9 res]voir1 & !n pump up fifte5 or tw5ty p\nds extra1 :i* w insure ! release ( all ( ! brakes2 all ( :i* c be done :ile ! tra9 is 9 motion4 ,= ord9>y /ops1 great economy 9 ! use ( air is effect$ by1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 lett+ out f eight to twelve p\nds pressure :ile ! tra9 is at spe$1 tak+ c>e to beg9 a suffici5t di/ance f ! /ation4 ,,pump ,,gov]nor4 ,?is is an important atta*m5t :i* ought to be connect$ to all air-brake pumps4 ,x n only prev5ts ! c>ry+ ( an excessive air-pressure by ! eng9e]s1 :i* (t5 results 9 ! slid+ ( ! :eels1 b x also causes ! accumulation ( a surplus ( air-pressure 9 ! ma9 res]voir1 :ile ! brakes are appli$1 :i* insures ! release ( ! brakes )\t delay4 ,x also limits ! spe$ ( ! pump1 & consequ5tly ! we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd;b4 ,! pump gov]nor is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd;b1 ! object ( :i* is to automatically cut (f ! supply ( /eam to ! pump :5 ! air-pressure 9 ! tra9-pipe exce$s a c]ta9 limit1 say sev5ty p\nds4 ,! op]ation ( ?is gov]nor is z foll[s3 ! :eel #h is screw$ d[n s z to p]mit ! valve #aj to be unseat$ by ! excess ( pressure on ! upp] side ( ! valve1 p]mitt+ /eam to pass ?r\gh ! op5+s ,a & ,b to ! pump4 ,a connection is made f ! tra9-pipe to ! upp] end ( ! gov]nor1 & ! compress$ air passes ar\nd ! /em #ad to ! upp] side ( ! diaphragm plate #ah1 :i* is held to its position by ! spr+ #af1 :i* latt] is ( suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ a pressure (1 say1 sev5ty p\nds p] squ>e in* on diaphragm4 ,z soon z ! air-pressure on ! diaphragm #ah exce$s ?is am\nt1 x =ces ! diaphragm d[n1 unseat+ ! valve #ac1 & all[+ ! /eam on ! upp] side ( ! valve #aj to escape ?r\gh ! exhau/ #f1 :i* causes an excess ( /eam-pressure on ! l[] side ( ! valve #aj1 =c+ ! valve aga9/ its seat1 & cutt+ (f ! supply ( /eam to ! pump4 ,:5 ! pressure 9 ! tra9-pipe is dim9i%$ by apply+ ! brakes1 ! diaphragm is re/or$ to ! position %[n by ! action ( ! spr+ #af4 ,! valve #ac is seat$ by ! spr+ #ab2 & ! /eam-pressure1 pass+ ?r\gh ! port ,c1 accumulates on ! upp] side ( ! valve #aj1 =c+ x d[n1 & op5+ ! passage = /eam to ! pump until ! air-pressure is aga9 re/or$ to ! requir$ limit ( sev5ty p\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,eames ,,vacuum ,,brake4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,brake4 ,! ,vacuum ,brake1 z ! "n implies1 is op]at$ by means ( a vacuum :i* is =m$ 9 ! connections t act ! "p ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! air-brake4 ,) an air-brake1 compress$ air is made to d ! "w ( apply+ ! brakes by mov+ a pi/on to :i* ! brake-lev] is atta*$1 ! air be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh\t ! tra9 by means ( iron pipes & rubb] hose3 ) ! vacuum brake ! "w is done 9 a simil> way ) simil> connections2 b1 in/ead ( compress$ air be+ =c$ inside ! pipes & app>atus1 all ! air is exhau/$ out1 & ! natural pressure ( ! atmosph]e is made to d ! "w4 ,,! ,,diaphragm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,"u ea* vehicle ( a tra91 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ce1 a diaphragm is securely fa/5$ :i* p]=ms ! comb9$ duties ( cyl9d] & pi/on4 ,x consi/s ( a kettle-%ap$ ca/+ ) a loose disk ( heavy rubb]$ duck fa/5$ ov] its m\?2 ! c5t] ( ! disk be+ provid$ ) an iron plate1 ?r\gh :i* passes an eye-bolt = =m+ connection ) ! brake-lev]4 ,! inside ( ! diaphragm is connect$ to ! pipe :i* passes along ! tra91 & has its front end connect$ ) ! ejector on ! locomotive4 ,,! ,,ejector4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,! position ( ! ejector 9 ! cut c be cle>ly se5 9 ,fig4 #cf1 :]e !re is also a diaphragm to be se5 "u ! deck :]e x is locat$ :5 us$ to op]ate driv] brakes4 ,! ejector is op]at$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! wat] injector1 only x is us$ to lift air in/ead ( wat]4 ,a cross-section ( ! injector is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,:5 ! eng9e] wi%es to apply ! brake1 he pulls ! h&le #da 7brok5 (f 9 ! cut71 :i* op5s ! valve ,b#di1 & admits /eam to ! body ( ! ejector ,a#a4 ,! /eam ru%es upw>d r\nd ! end ( ! tube #e1 its velocity be+ accel]at$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! contract$ op5+ left r\nd ! top ( ! tube4 ,pass+ ?r\gh tubes #c & #f1 ! /eam %oots up 9 ! =m ( a column ) a holl[ base2 ! tube #e1 :i* is connect$ ) ! pipes & diaphragms on ! tra91 =m+ ?is base4 ,! effect ( ! /eam pass+ out "u ^! conditions is to induce a curr5t ?r\gh ! tube #e1 :i* draws up ! valve ,b#g1 & sucks ! air out ( ! pipes & diaphragms4 ,a vacuum be+ ?us =m$ 9 ! diaphragms1 ! atmosph]e presses ! flexible ends toge!r4 ,?is t5d5cy to collapse is ret>d$ by ! brake-rod connections1 & ! latt] receive a pull equal to ! comb9$ atmosph]ic pressure on ! diaphragm4 ,! brake-lev]s are arrang$ to transmit a prop] t5sion to ! brake-%oes = mak+ ! brake effective4 ,a vacuum gauge plac$ on ! front ( ! ejector enables ! eng9e] to regulate ! p[] z he wants x4 ,! brake is releas$ by pu%+ on ! lev] #bd1 :i* op5s ! valve #h1 & admits air into ! brake-pipes4 ,! release-valve atta*m5t is sidewise 9 v]tical section cut ?r\gh ! h&le1 & is put sep>ate = conv5i5ce ( illu/ration4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,brake4 ,! valve ,b#g ( ! ejector ne$s gr9d+ occasionally2 &1 if ! lift %\ld be too great1 ! valve w hamm] ! seat out ( %ape4 ,sometimes :5 wa/e or o!r fibr\s impurities are suck$ ?r\gh ! pipe1 !y /ick 9 ?is valve1 keep+ x away f ! seat4 ,! valve is v easily rea*$ by tak+ (f ! cap ,o#d4 ,! /eam-valve ,b#di ne$s ab\t ! same c>e z any o!r /eam-valve1 & its tr\bles are ( ! same nature4 ,! %\ld] at ! top ( ! tube #e1 :i* is us$ to ob/ruct ! /eam1 !reby increas+ ! velocity ( ! quantity t passes1 sometimes gets cut into *annels ) ! fa/ mov+ /eam /rik+ x4 ,?is r$uces ! promptness ( ! ejector's action1 b x is a =m ( det]ioration t proce$s v sl[ly4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! drip-valves ,a & ,b#af 9 ord]1 o!rwise !re may be tr\ble ) ! ejector ?r[+ wat]1 or freez+ up if ! eng9e /&s :]e t app>atus w get cold 9 w9t]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,locomotives ,,& ,,tra9 ,,resi/ances4 ,,calculat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,locomotives4 ,! capacity ( eng9es is g5]ally express$ 9 horse-p[]1 :i* is a measurable quantity2 b1 = sev]al reasons1 t me?od ( indicat+ p[] has n be5 usually appli$ to ! locomotive4 ,:5 practical railroad m5 he> ! size ( cyl9d]s1 ! diamet] ( driv+-:eels1 & ! boil] dim5sions ( a locomotive1 m5tion$1 !y und]/& :at k9d ( s]vice ! eng9e is adapt$ =1 & ab\t ! weight ( tra9 x c haul4 ,z x has be5 f\nd necess>y = design+ & o!r purposes1 to e/imate1 ) "s degree ( accuracy1 ! "w a locomotive is capable ( do+1 x has become usual to reckon ! p[] ( a locomotive by ! tractive =ce x c ex]t ^u ! rails4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,adhesion ,,to ,,traction4 ,tractive =ce is ! p[] :i* ! pi/ons ( ! eng9e are capable ( ex]t+ ?r\gh ! driv+-:eels1 to move ! eng9e & tra94 ,! effici5cy ( ! eng9e's traction is dep5d5t ^u ! adhesion ( ! :eels to ! rails2 =1 :]e ! adhesion is insuffici5t1 ! pi/ons w slip ! :eels1 & no useful effect w result4 ,to prev5t ! :eels ( ord9>y ,am]ican eng9es f slipp+ on dry rails1 ! weight re/+ on ! driv]s mu/ be ab\t five times ! p[] ex]t$ by ! pi/ons to slip ! :eels4 ,to prev5t slipp+ on wet1 unwa%$ rails1 m ?an d\ble ! above weight w\ld be ne$$4 ,9 practice1 locomotives are n provid$ ) weight en\gh to prev5t ! :eels f slipp+ on a greasy rail3 ! s&-boxes provide ! means ( obta9+ adhesion :]e ! rails are 9 bad ord]4 ,a common practice is to place ^u ! driv]s weight equal to ab\t six times ! p[] ex]t$ to slip ! :eels1 :i* leaves a small m>g9 = wet rails4 ,_m locomotives h p[] suffici5t to slip ! :eels on dry rails2 b su* eng9es g5]ally h boil]s too small = ! cyl9d]s1 or ! di/ribution ( weight on ! driv]s is badly effect$4 ,,e/imat+ ,,tractive ,,p[]4 ,! easie/ way ( calculat+ ! tractive p[] ( a locomotive is by use ( ! foll[+ simple =mula1 fir/ prop\nd$ by ,pamb\r3-- d#b,lp ,t ---------4 ,d d ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es4 ,l ! l5g? ( ! /roke 9 in*es4 ,d ! diamet] ( driv+-:eels 9 in*es4 p ! effective mean pressure on ! pi/on 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,t ! equival5t tractive =ce at ! rails 9 p\nds4 ,?is1 giv5 9 pla9 t]ms1 reads3 ,squ>e ! diamet] ( pi/on 9 in*es2 multiply by ! l5g? ( /roke 9 in*es2 multiply by ! mean pressure ( /eam p] squ>e in*1 & divide by ! diamet] ( ! driv]s 9 in*es4 ,we w apply ! calculations to ! case ( ! /&>d ,bu*anan pass5g] eng9e2 ! cyl9d]s be+ #ag by #bd in*es1 ! driv]s #fh in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! effective pressure on pi/ons ab\t #hj p\nds4 ,! problem is work$ ?us3-- #ag in*es diam4 ( cyl9d]s4 #ag ---- #bhi squ>e ( diamet]4 #bd in*es /roke ( pi/on4 ---- #ficf #hj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ------ ,diam4 ( driv]s1 #fh7eedhhj7hafj ,?is gives #h1afj p\nds z ! pressure ex]t$ to turn ! driv]s1 :i* may be accept$ z a close approximation to ! tru?4 ,9 us+ ?is =mula1 ! mi/ake has frequ5tly be5 made ( tak+ ! quoti5t to repres5t ! p[] develop$ by "o cyl9d]1 :51 9 fact1 x gives ! p[] ( bo?4 ,a me?od ( calculat+ ! locomotive traction t is a good deal foll[$ by our eng9e]s1 is to asc]ta9 ! foot-p\nds ( "w ! eng9e is do+ dur+ ea* revolution ( ! driv]s4 ,by divid+ ! total ?us f\nd by ! circumf]5ce ( ! driv]s 9 feet1 ! =ce ex]t$ ?r\gh ea* foot t ! eng9e moves is f\nd4 ,tak+ ! same eng9e1 ! pi/ons #ag in*es diamet]1 give #bbf4ih squ>e in*es area4 ,?is is multipli$ by ! mean effective pressure ( /eam1 giv+ #bbf4ih #hj #ahaeh4d p\nds press+ on ea* pi/on ?r\gh ! :ole /roke ( f\r feet4 #ahaeh4d #b pi/ons4 ------- #cfcaf4h #d feet ( /roke4 -------- #adebfg4b ,^! figures %[ t #adebfg4b foot-p\nds are ex]t$ dur+ ea* turn ( ! :eel1 ^: circumf]5ce is #ag4hjbd2 !re=e1 #adebfg #ag4hjbd #hafj1 ! numb] ( p\nds ex]t$ ?r\gh ea* foot mov$4 ,!re is /ill ano!r way ( figur+ out tractive p[] by calculat+ ! rotational =ce & ! lev]age ?r\gh :i* x is appli$ to ! locomotive :eels4 ,! pressure ( /eam on ! pi/on is productive ( two /ra9s on ! crank-axle4 ,:5 ! crank is on ! dead c5t]1 ! pressure ^u ! crank-p9 =ces ! axle aga9/ ! axle-box )\t caus+ any t5d5cy to rotate3 b1 :5 ! crank-p9 is on ! qu>t]1 ! full lev]age ( ! crank is available = rotation2 ! lev]age increas+ gradually z ! crank gets away f ! c5t]4 ,! mean ef=t ^u ! crank-p9 dur+ "o revolution ( ! crank is to ! ef=t ( ! pi/on z 4#fcff is to #a4 ,n[1 to f9d ! traction ( ! locomotive1 we multiply ! l5g? ( our crank1 :i* is #ab in*es1 by 4#fcff1 :i* gives #g4fd z ! l5g? ( ! crank receiv+ con/ant pressure f ! pi/ons4 ,! aggregate /eam-pressure has already be5 f\nd to be = ea* pi/on1 #ahaeh4d p\nds4 ,?is is multipli$ by #g4fd2 & ! product is divid$ by ! radius ( ! :eel1 :i* is #cd in*es1 giv+ z a quoti5t #djhj1 be+ ! p[] ex]t$ on "o side ( ! eng9e4 ,t1 multipli$ by #b1 gives #hafj p\nds1--! same z 0 f\nd by ! o!r two me?ods4 ,,horse-,,p[] ,,( ,,locomotives4 ,:5 p wi% to f9d ! horse-p[] develop$ by a locomotive1 ! indicator is g5]ally employ$1 & ! calculations made f ! diagram4 ,o!rs figure out locomotive horse-p[] z !y d t ( o!r eng9es4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! eng9e ^: traction we h be5 inve/igat+ might h ! horse-p[] calculat$ z foll[s3-- #bbf4ih squ>e in*es pi/on area4 #hj p\nds mean pressure4 ------- #ahaeh4d pi/on pressure4 #d feet pi/on travel ea* revolution4 ------- #gbfcc4f #b cyl9d]s4 -------- #adebfg4b #ade revolutions p] m9ute4 -------- #bjjfcidd #ccjjj #fjh horse-p[] :5 runn+ at a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r4 ,no all[ance has be5 made = frictional losses 9 any ( ^! calculations4 ,"o horse-p[] is equival5t to ! "w p]=m$ 9 rais+ #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot high 9 "o m9ute4 ,"o p\nd rais$ #cc1jjj feet high1 or #ccj p\nds rais$ #ajj feet high1 w\ld am\nt to ! same ?+4 ,"o horse-p[] is usually spok5 ( z #cc1jjj foot-p\nds2 & eng9e]s 9 ?is c\ntry always calculate "w by foot-p\nds1--t is1 s _m p\nds rais$ a c]ta9 numb] ( feet4 ,to indicate ! capacity ( any prime motor1 ! foot-p\nds ( "w x is capable ( rais+ 9 a giv5 "t mu/ be /at$4 ,al?\gh ! "w is (t5 done )\t any ?+ be+ rais$ v]tically1 ! p[] repres5t$ w\ld be capable ( rais+ ! equival5t weight 9 ! /at$ "t4 ,,=mulas ,,( ,,tra9 ,,resi/ances4 ,! "w :i* a locomotive p]=ms 9 pull+ a tra9 is exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ances due to :eel-friction1 gradi5ts1 curves1 & atmosph]ic or w9d pressure4 ,=mulas h be5 prop\nd$ = calculat+ all tra9 resi/ances1 b !y are utt]ly untru/wor?y = ,am]ican railroad tra9s4 ,! be/ kn[n =mula ( ?is k9d is t giv5 by ,d4 ,k4 ,cl>k 9 8 ,railway ,ma*9]y4 ,"o calculation w %[ h[ mislead+ its figures are :5 appli$ to ,am]ican railroad tra9 resi/ances4 ,figur$ by ! ,cl>k =mula1 ! total resi/ance p] ton ( a pass5g] tra9 runn+ at a spe$ ( fifty miles an h\r on a /raight level track1 is #bb4f p\nds4 ,by accurate records ) 8 dynagraph c>1 ,pr(essor ,p4 ,h4 ,dudley f\nd ! total resi/ances ( an express tra9 runn+ at a spe$ ( fifty-"o miles an h\r1 to be #aa p\nds4 ,! resi/ances are s mu* diff]5t "u diff]5t conditions1 t no?+ clos] ?an a loose approximation c be calculat$ ( ! "w done by a locomotive1 unless indicator or dynamomet] te/s are made4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,( ,,tra9 ,,resi/ances ,,on ,,! ,,erie ,,railway4 ,9 exp]im5ts made ) a freight tra9 on ! ,erie ,railway 9 #ahha1 report$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,wild] to ! ,railway ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association1 x 0 f\nd t ! total resi/ance on a level track 0 f #c4be to #d4e p\nds p] ton at spe$s "u tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,^! figures w approximately repres5t ! resi/ance due to :eel & axial friction 9 summ]2 b ?is resi/ance w be high] dur+ cold wea!r1 :5 ! oil 9 ! axle-boxes gets froz54 ,track 9 bad condition w also t5d to increase ! :eel resi/ance1 & improp]ly con/ruct$ trucks & :eels w entail ! use ( m p[] to move ! tra94 ,:]e trucks are s defective t !y d n ma9ta9 ! :eels revolv+ 9 p>allel planes1 ! flanges ( "s ( ! :eels w rub on ! rail1 increas+ ! resi/ance4 ,:eels out ( r\nd2 ^? hav+ ! axle out ( c5t]1 h[ev] slight2 :eels ( diff]5t size on ! same axle2 & num]\s o!r c>-truck disord]s1--all contribute _! %>e 9 mak+ a tra9 pull h>d4 ,,conditions ,,t ,,increase ,,tra9 ,,resi/ances4 ,9 a calm day ! atmosph]ic resi/ance is v slight "u a spe$ ( tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,to a fa/ tra91 atmosph]ic resi/ance becomes an important ob/ruction4 ,! atmosph]e acts on ! tra9 9 v>i\s ways1 t are h>d to calculate ) any degree ( accuracy1--head resi/ance to ! locomotive1 :i* is presumably equal to ! expos$ area ( ! front ( ! eng9e & cab 9 squ>e feet multipli$ by ! air-pressure due to ! spe$2 !n1 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c>s pres5t surfaces t ! air /rikes aga9/1 & increases ! resi/ance2 ! rais$ & project+ ro(s ( pass5g] coa*es (f] an ample area = ! w9d to hold ! tra9 by2 & e op5+ betwe5 ! c>s p]mits ! w9d to ob/ruct1 to "s ext5t1 ea* individual c>4 ,:]e w9d is bl[+ freely 9 a direction to /rike ! tra9 on ! side1 ! resi/ance is greatly increas$2 ! ret>dation be+ due to ! w9d pu%+ ! c> sidewise1 s t ! :eel-flanges rub aga9/ ! rail1 & also to ! w9d obta9+ a /rong hold on ! front ( ea* c>4 ,9 ! case ( a freight tra91 ! resi/ance is greatly increas$ :5 ! doors ( c>s are left op52 = e c> 9 t condition acts l a p>a*ute to r$uce spe$4 ,freight tra9s arrang$ ) box c>s & flat c>s mix$1 obta9 m ?an a fair %>e ( ob/ruction f ! atmosph]e2 = e box c> t has a space op5$ 9 front by a flat c>1 gets ne>ly ! full pressure ( ! w9d 9 its front4 ,x pays 9 coal to incur "s tr\ble & delay 9 putt+ box c>s toge!r4 ,t also enables ! brakem5 to get along ! tra9 m rapidly ?an :]e ! c>s are mix$4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts already allud$ to on ! ,erie ,railway1 x 0 f\nd1 9 ! abs5ce ( w9d1 t ! fir/ c> ( a freight-tra9 produc$ atmosph]ic resi/ance equal to a surface ( sixty-?ree feet1 multipli$ by ! air-pressure due to spe$2 & t ea* subsequ5t c> (f]$ a resi/ance ( tw5ty p] c5t ( t due to ! fir/ c>4 ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,curves4 ,curv$ track increases ! resi/ance ( tra9s 9 direct proportion to ! %ortness ( curvature4 ,9 ,european railways1 ! "* ( ! curves is ne>ly always d5om9at$ by ! l5g? ( radius3 9 ?is c\ntry1 a railroad curve is describ$ z ( s _m degrees4 ,! degree ( a curve is det]m9$ by ! angle subt5d$ at its c5t] by a *ord ( #ajj feet4 ,to ^? :o ?9k ( a curve by its radius1 x may be well to expla9 t a curve ( "o degree has a radius ( #e1cgj feet1 & ! radius ( any curve c be asc]ta9$ by divid+ ^! figures by ! numb] ( degrees4 ,,"w ,,done ,,by ,a ,,locomotive ,,pull+ ,a ,,tra94 ,to pull a tra9 up an asc5d+ gradi5t1 ! locomotive has to p]=m "w simil> to ! op]ation ( a pile-driv+ eng9e 9 rais+ its driv+-block4 ,! tra9 is ! block rais$ by ! locomotive2 & ! lift is n v]tical1 b up an incl9$ plane2 yet ! am\nt ( "w done is reckon$ 9 precisely ! same way4 ,:5 ! eng9e ( a pile-driv] raises a block weigh+ #a1jjj p\nds a di/ance ( #cj feet1 ! "w done is #a1jjj #cj #cj1jjj foot-p\nds3 :5 a locomotive pulls a tra9 weigh+ #a1jjj tons ov] "o mile ris+ #cj feet1 ! eng9e p]=ms #cj1jjj foot-tons ( "w 9 t di/ance by rais+ ! load alone4 ,! total am\nt ( "w done w also include ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ :eel-friction & o!r ord9>y tra9 resi/ances4 ,to f9d ! tractive =ce :i* ! eng9e mu/ ex]t ?r\gh ea* foot ( ! mile trav]s$ 9 pull+ ! tra9 describ$1 we mu/ divide ! foot-p\nds ( "w done1 by ! di/ance ov] :i* ! p[] 0 ex]t$4 ,?irty ?\s& foot-tons ( "w is #fj1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds4 ,to ?is we w add #e p\nds additional = e ton ( ! tra9 = e foot advanc$ to cov] :eel & w9d resi/ances1 mak+ #hf1djj1jjj foot-p\nds ( "w t ! eng9e has to p]=m 9 haul+ ! tra9 "o mile4 ,?is1 divid$ by ! numb] ( feet 9 a mile1 w give #af1cfc p\nds z ! "w ! locomotive mu/ p]=m ?r\gh ea* foot1--an ef=t :i* is entirely )9 ! capacity ( _m consolidation eng9es4 ,,record ,,( ,,fa/ ,,express ,,tra9 ,,made ,,by ,,pr(essor ,p4 ,h4 ,,dudley',s ,,dynagraph ,,c>4 ,eng9e]s int]e/$ 9 f9d+ an approximation ( ! "w done 9 tak+ a fa/ tra9 ov] a railroad1 c make a close e/imate by /udy+ out ! figures giv5 bel[ by ,pr(essor ,dudley4 ,! table %[s ! p]=mance ( an ord9>y locomotive ^u a tra9 compos$ ( ?ree eight-:eel & six twelve-:eel c>s2 weight #bej tons2 work+-weight ( eng9e & t5d]1 #abf1jjj p\nds2 cyl9d]s ( eng9e1 #ag by #bd in*es2 diamet] ( driv]s1 #gb in*es2 weight on driv]s1 #dh1jjj p\nds2 bl[+-pressure on boil]1 #ace p\nds4 ,9 />t+ ! tra91 ! locomotive w\ld record a t5sion ( #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj p\nds = "o or two hundr$ feet ( di/ance4 ,aft] hook+ up1 ! t5sion w\ld decrease to ab\t #b1hjj or #c1jjj p\nds2 &1 ) ?is pull1 ! spe$ ( #ej miles an h\r 0 atta9$ 9 ! fif? mile4 ,z ! spe$ increases1 ! resi/ance ( ! air aga9/ ! locomotive becomes great]1 & m ( its own p[] is requir$ to move itself4 ,9 />t+ a tra91 ! work+ adhesion ( ! /eel-tir$ driv]s on dry /eel rails is ab\t #cc p] c5t ( ! weight ^u !m1 & r$uces z ! spe$ increases4 ,tabulation ( ,"p ( a ,trip ( ! ,dynagraph ,c> on a ,fa/ ,express ,tra94 ,,key3 #a ,numb]s ( ,miles4 #b ,"t 9 ,m9utes & ,seconds p] ,mile4 #c ,spe$ 9 ,miles p] ,h\r4 #d ,velocity ( ! ,w9d 9 ,miles p] ,h\r4 #e ,approximate ,grades4 #f ,foot-,p\nds ( ,"w %[n by ,dynametrical ,curve p] ,mile4 #g ,foot-,p\nds ( ,"w p] ,m9ute express$ 9 ,horse-,p[]4 #h ,approximate calculat$ ,foot-,p\nds ( ,"w requir$ to move ! ,locomotive 9 ,horse-,p[]4 #i ,sum ( ,columns #g & #h4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #b #ed #bj4fh ,level #bd1aaf1bcc #beb #b #a #cd #ch4ca #f4j ,d[n #e ft #c 9 #bj1jce1bec #cfi #bba #eij #c #a #bb #dc4ij #d4j ,d[n #e ft #c 9 #ag1gfc1bad #cih #bib #fij #d #a #af #dg4cd #c4j ,level #ae1ijd1bgc #chc #dah #gia #e #a #aa #ej4gj #d4e ,level #ad1hga1ebh #chb #djf #ghh #f #a #ac #di4ca #f4j ,up #ac feet #ae1bhd1faf #chc #djf #ghi #g #a #aa #ej4gj #f4j ,d[n #ah feet #ad1deh1dcj #cfi #dbf #gie #h #a #jh #eb4hi #e4j ,d[n #ac feet #ac1bai1acf #ced #dea #hje #i #a #jg #ec4gj #e4j ,d[n #h feet #aa1eff1gdd #cai #dhc #hjb #aj #a #ji #eb4aj #e4j ,d[n #e feet #aa1ggc1bic #caj #dda #gea #aa #a #jh #eb4hi #d4b ,level #aa1ggc1bic #caf #ddg #gfc #ab #a #ji #eb4aj #e4b ,d[n #h feet #ab1hjf1jch #ccg #def #gic #ac #a #aj #ea4dc #f4j ,level #ab1cib1idj #cbd #ddc #gfg #ad #a #aj #ea4dc #d4e ,level #ab1hjf1jch #cci #dbf #gfe #ae #a #aj #ea4dc #d4j ,level #ac1dbe1fhe #cea #dbj #gga #af #a #aj #ea4dc #c4e ,level #ac1bii1acf #cde #dae #gfj #ag #a #jh #eb4hi #c4j ,level #ac1hch1ghc #cga #ddc #had #ah #a #jh #eb4hi #e4j ,d[n #f feet #ac1bai1acf #ced #dfd #hah #ai #a #jh #eb4hi #c4j ,d[n #b feet #ac1bai1acf #ced #ddc #gig #bj #a #aa #ej4gj #c4e ,up #aj feet #ad1hch1ghc #cgi #djf #ghe #ba #a #ac #di4ca #c4j ,up #aj feet #ad1deh1dcj #cfb #chd #gdf #bb #a #jh #eb4hi #c4a ,level #ab1cib1idj #ccb #ddc #gge #bc #a #jg #ec4gj #c4a ,d[n #aj feet #ab1ahf1cia #ccc #dfb #gig ,! foll[+ calculations h be5 made1 to indicate ! tra9s t v>i\s locomotives ought to pull4 ,weights ( ,tra9 :i* ,locomotives c haul at a ,spe$ ( #bj ,miles an ,h\r "u ,ord9>y ,conditions1 9 ,tons ( #b1jjj ,p\nds 7n includ+ ! ,weight ( ,eng9e & ,t5d]74 ,,type ,,( ,,locomotive4 --------------------------- ,type 8,a40,type 8,b40,type 8,c40 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,on /raight track3 ,level #a1jif #a1ffd #b1bbf ,grade #bj feet p] mile #edg #hdj #a1abh 0 #dj 0 0 #cej #ede #gcd 0 #fj 0 0 #bdi #cij #ebb 0 #hj 0 0 #ahh #cjb #daj 0 #ajj 0 0 #adh #bdb #ccj ,on #e-;degree curves3 ,level #iba #a1dja #a1hgf ,grade #bj feet p] mile #dfd #gaf #ifb 0 #dj 0 0 #caj #dhe #fed 0 #fj 0 0 #bbg #cfj #dhh 0 #hj 0 0 #agc #bgi #chj 0 #ajj 0 0 #acg #bbe #cjh ,on #aj-;degree curves3 ,level #ffb #a1jac #a1ceh ,grade #bj feet p] mile #dja #fba #hcf 0 #dj 0 0 #bgh #dgg #eij 0 #fj 0 0 #bjg #ccj #ddh 0 #hj 0 0 #afj #bfj #ced 0 #ajj 0 0 #abh #bab #bij ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 loads ab\t fifty p] c5t great] ?an ^? giv5 above may be haul$4 ,! calculations are = ?ree types ( eng9e1 designat$ 9 ! column titles z ,type 8,a10 ,type 8,b10 & ,type 8,c20 ^! be+ z foll[s3-- ,type ,a4--,am]ican locomotive1 ) f\r driv+-:eels1 & #ab1jjj p\nds weight on ea* :eel1 ! total weight ( eng9e be+ #cf tons4 ,type ,b4--,mogul or t5-:eel$ locomotive1 ) six driv+-:eels1 & #ab1jjj p\nds weight on ea* :eel1 ! total weight ( eng9e be+ ab\t #db tons4 ,type ,c4--,consolidation locomotive1 ) eight driv+-:eels1 & #ab1jjj p\nds weight on ea* :eel1 ! total weight ( eng9e be+ ab\t #ed tons4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,wat] ,,= ,,locomotive ,,boil]s4 ,,h[ ,,wat] ,,gets ,,mix$ ,,) ,,lime4 ,?r\gh\t a v wide area ( t]ritory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 lime/ones1 or v>i\s =ms ( calc>e\s rocks1 con/itute ! upp] rock /ratum imm$iately und]ly+ ! subsoil ( ! great agricultural regions4 ,dur+ ! /up5d\s op]ations ( ,nature 9 build+ up ?is cont95t1 ! rocks h be5 subject$ to va/ dis9tegrat+ ag5cies3 !y h be5 torn & erod$ by huge masses ( ice2 !y h be5 burn$ by ! rays ( ! un%ad[$ sun2 fractur$ by ! congeal+ p[] result+ f deep-se>*+ fro/2 melt$ by wat]1--t mo/ univ]sal solv5t 9 nature2 !n scatt]$ f> & wide by ice & flood4 ,?is process has be5 s complete1 t1 9 ! :ole lime/one t]ritory1 all ! e>? seems *>g$ ) lime4 ,lime/ones are v sp>+ly soluble 9 pure wat]2 b ! ra9 t falls f ! cl\ds is n pure1 b conta9s a *>ge ( c>bonic acid t acts *emically ^u ! lime1 =m+ salts1 :i* ! wat] readily dissolves4 ,ow+ to ?is circum/ance1 !re are few /reams1 & few] wells1 9 ! calc>e\s di/ricts t are n contam9at$ ) lime4 ,! wat] t passes into /reams1 g5]ally runs ov] surfaces t h be5 wa%$ p>tly free f lime2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 creeks & riv]s are n s badly ta9t$ ) lime-salts z ! wat] 9 wells t /&s saturat+ ! rocks4 ,! appe>ance or ta/e ( wat] gives no indication ( ! quantity ( lime held 9 solution2 = ! ice-cold well1 or sp>kl+ spr+1 t supplies wat] s pleasant to dr9k1 may yield s mu* lime-salts t ! wat] w\ld be ru9\s to %eets & flues :5 us$ = boil] purposes4 ,,exp5se ,,entail$ ,,by ,,us+ ,,bad ,,wat]4 ,consid]+ ! f9ancial influ5ce ( ! matt] alone1 x might be suppos$ t p>ties build+ railroads w\ld ex]cise dilig5ce 9 select+ ! be/ wat] t possibly c\ld be secur$ = boil] purposes1 s9ce ! op]at+ exp5ses are l>gely magnifi$ by us+ impure wat]2 b = _m ye>s ! subject appe>$ to receive no att5tion :atev] f ^? be/ able to regulate ! wat] supply1 & wat] /ations 7 e/abli%$ )\t any consid]ation z to ! "* ( ! wat] available4 ,x is ow+ to ! abs5ce ( c>e 9 ! orig9al locat+ ( wat] /ations1 t num]\s tanks are to-day draw+ _! supply f bad wells1 :]e surface wat] c\ld easily be obta9$4 ,railroad companies are peculi>ly cons]vative ab\t mak+ *anges t entail exp5diture ( money3 & exi/+ evils 9 ! wat] supply arrangem5ts are (t5 cont9u$1 because "s exp5se w\ld be incurr$ 9 mak+ !m2 al?\gh no k9d ( money exp5diture w\ld br+ a m ample return 9 economy4 ,,ef=ts ,,( ,,ma/] ,,me*anics ,,to ,,secure ,,good ,,wat]4 ,! p>am\nt importance ( ! quality ( wat] us$ 9 locomotive boil]s1 has be5 long recogniz$ by ne>ly all ma/] me*anics2 = ! effect ( bad wat] is br\ght to _! att5tion 9 an unmi/akable mann]4 ,! subject has be5 frequ5tly be=e ! ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association = inve/igation4 ,a report ( a committee appo9t$ at an e>ly meet+ to inve/igate ! subject1 decl>es t 8,ma/] me*anics h _h ! conviction =c$ home1 t impure wat] is ! bane ( good boil]s20 &1 ev5 !n1 a vigor\s ef=t 0 be+ made to elim9ate ! injuri\s +r$i5ts f ! wat]2 & ! "w 0 c>ri$ on 9 a hopeful & confid5t _s1 :i* 0 indicat$ by ! words ( a subsequ5t report1 :i* ass]t$ t 8,diff]5t wat]s diff] widely 9 ! compon5t p>ts ( ! impurities !y conta91 & ea* requires sep>ate /udy & treatm5t20 b ! committee 7 satisfi$ t ! eng9e]+ & me*anical skill ( railway m5 c\ld readily devise a suitable appliance = ea* p>ticul> case4 ,9 ^? days1 railroad m5 ?\ght t !y c\ld1 by me*anical & *emical means1 purify bad wat]1 & r5d] x suitable = boil] use4 ,purify+ bad wat] prov$ ab\t z difficult an und]tak+ z re=m+ ! av]age bad man is recogniz$ to be2 & few railroad m5 c n[ be f\nd :o believe a purify+ process c be successfully p]=m$ on ! l>ge quantity ( wat] ne$$ = locomotive boil] fe$+4 ,,loss ,,( ,,fai? ,,9 ,,purify+ ,,me?ods4 ,! conclusion t artificial me?ods ( purify+ bad wat] c n be c>ri$ out 9 railroad wat] supply1 0 n arriv$ at ha/ily4 ,x 0 rea*$ by sl[ degrees1 & ?r\gh ! conv9c+ ordeal ( _m disappo9tm5ts1 ) me?ods & no/rums t promis$ to effect ! desir$ results4 ,exp]i5ce demon/rat$1 t1 9 ! lime/one regions1 ! prop] & only way to avoid tr\ble f lime incru/ation 9 locomotive boil]s1 is to obta9 s(t wat] f /reams1 or by collect+ ! ra9fall 9 ponds or res]voirs4 ,,scale-,,mak+ ,,ag5cies4 ,wat]1 z has be5 m5tion$1 is ! mo/ univ]sal solv5t 9 nature2 & :at is kn[n z h>d wat] conta9s _m =eign +r$i5ts1 b ^? t ex]cise su* a p]nici\s influ5ce ^u locomotive boil]s are lime & magnesia4 ,! scale-mak+ lime appe>s 9 two =ms1--sulphate ( lime1 & c>bonate ( lime4 ,! =m] is ! m dang]\s & tr\blesome scale-mak+ ag5t2 ! latt] is mo/ frequ5tly met )4 ,ord9>y well-wat] w be f\nd to conta9 solid matt] 9 solution v>y+ f #aj to #ajj gra9s to ! gallon4 ,"u #bj gra9s to ! gallon ( impurities may be consid]$ fair wat] if ! pr9cipal +r$i5t is c>bonate ( lime1 b t am\nt ( sulphate w make highly objectionable boil] wat]4 ,:]e ! use ( well-wat] is unavoidable on a road1 q a sav+ to boil]s c be effect$ by asc]ta9+ ! quantity & "* ( ! impurities receiv$ f ea* wat]-tank1 & direct+ ! eng9e]s to avoid ^? t conta9 ! wor/ scale =m]s4 ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,wat]4 ,! prop] way to asc]ta9 ) accuracy ! "* ( wat]1 is to s5d specim5s to a compet5t analytical *emi/ = quantitative analysis4 ,b1 z few railroad companies w incur ! exp5se ( hav+ ! wat] ( ! wat] /ations sy/ematically te/$1 ma/] me*anics may1 by a little labor1 /udy1 & practice1 le>n to make te/s = !mselves t w indicate ne> en\gh = practical purposes ! "* ( ea* wat] /ation supply4 ,z ma/] me*anics are ! railroad (ficials mo/ directly int]e/$ 9 ! k9d ( wat] suppli$ = locomotive use1 !y ought to h direct control ( all ! wat] /ations on ! roads :]e !y are 9 *>ge4 ,,appliances ,,ne$$ ,,9 ,,te/+ ,,wat]4 ,! *emical app>atus ne$$ = ! exam9ation ( well-wat] are1 a balance t w weigh accurately to half a gra92 an oil /ove = evaporative purposes2 a few p9t porcela9 evaporat+ di%es2 a s&-ba?1 :i* c be made f a piece ( %eet-copp]2 a doz5 te/ tubes2 half a doz5 vials to hold solutions ( *emically pure *emicals2 "s pieces ( glass tub+2 a small mort> & pe/le2 a supply ( filt]+-pap]2 & ! vessels ne$$ = measur+ accurately4 ,= ! solution ( ! *emical re-ag5ts to be us$1 a supply ( di/ill$ wat] is necess>y2 & wat] ( ?is k9d is also necess>y to make comp>isons )4 ,a piece ( pure cry/all9e ice1 :5 melt$1 w g5]ally produce wat] pure en\gh = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,,prep>+ ,,= ,,! ,,exp]im5ts4 ,9 br++ 9 wat] = exam9ation1 x is be/ to h x drawn f ! wat]-tank into a p]fectly clean jug1 :i* %\ld be cork$ & label$4 ,weigh an evaporat+ di%1 not+ d[n ! exact weight1 & on a s&-ba? evaporate "o qu>t or half a gallon ( ! wat] to be inspect$4 ,:5 ! di% becomes dry1 rub (f all du/ t may be adh]+ to ! bottom1 & weigh ! di%4 ,! add$ weight w indicate approximately ! total am\nt ( solid matt] 9 ! wat]4 ,note t d[n1 & e o!r detail ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,,lime ,,held ,,9 ,,solution ,,by ,,free ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,sometimes a l>ge quantity ( bic>bonate ( lime is held 9 solution by free c>bonic acid1 :i* escapes z soon z ! wat] is boil$1 leav+ ! lime to subside 9 ! =m ( mud4 ,wat] ( ?is k9d may appe> v h>d1 yet n be v objectionable = boil] use2 s9ce ! deposit c be bl[n out if ! bl[-(f cock is us$ freely4 ,to te/ ?is1 boil a p9t ( wat] = two or ?ree m9utes 9 a p]fectly clean di%1 !n pass x ?r\gh a filt] pap] t has be5 previ\sly dri$ & weigh$4 ,:5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 dry & weigh ! filt] pap] aga92 & ! add$ weight w indicate ! am\nt ( solid matt] held 9 solution by free c>bonic acid gas4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,lime ,,salts4 ,sup]ficial te/s t w indicate ! condition ( ! wat] f ! color+ produc$ by ! impurities comb9+ ) *emicals t take !m out ( solution1 c be made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,five te/ tubes are half fill$ ) wat] to be te/$4 ,! fir/ "o w be exam9$ = lime 9 any =m4 ,a teaspoonful ( aqua ammonia is put 9 ! wat] = ! purpose ( /imulat+ ! *emical action1 !n tw5ty drops ( a solution ( oxalate ( ammonia are add$4 ,! degree ( turbidity w indicate ! quantity ( lime 9 ! wat]4 ,%\ld ! quantity ( lime be v small1 ! te/ tube w\ld h to be kept 9 a w>m place a few h\rs be=e ! re-action %[$ itself4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,sulphate ,,( ,,lime4 ,! wat] 9 ! second te/ tube w be exam9$ = sulphate ( lime4 ,a few drops ( hydro*loric acid are fir/ put into ! wat]1 !n tw5ty drops ( *loride ( b>ium4 ,a :ite precipitate1 :i* g5]ally makes its appe>ance at once1 indicates ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 wat] belong+ to ! calc>e\s regions1 x may safely be conclud$ t ! sulphuric acid is held 9 ! =m ( sulphate ( lime4 ,an exception has sometimes to be made = wat] drawn f ! vic9ity ( coal m9es1 & su* places1 :]e sulphate ( iron ab\nds4 ,wat] t holds sulphuric acid 9 ?is =m is readily id5tifi$ by a te/ = iron salts4 ,:5 x is f\nd t wat] gives a /rong re-action indicat+ sulphate ( lime1 ! inf]5ce may safely be drawn t ! tank x came f %\ld be avoid$4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,magnesia4 ,! ?ird te/ tube may be exam9$ = c>bonate ( magnesia1 :i* is f\nd freely mix$ ) ! wat] ( _m wells4 ,put aqua ammonia 9 ?is tube1 & add tw5ty drops ( a solution ( phosphate ( soda4 ,a cry/all9e precipitate w indicate ! pres5ce ( magnesium4 ,:]e c>bonate ( magnesia is pres5t 9 consid]able quantities 9 wat]1 x sometimes =ms along ) lime a ?ick1 por\s scale2 & 9 o!r cases x is apt to float on ! top ( ! wat]1 caus+ tr\ble by mak+ ! boil] foam4 ,if an eng9e boil] has got scale =m$ f wat] free f magnesia1 & goes on to a division :]e ?is impurity ab\nds1 ! magnesia w take (f ! old scale be=e x beg9s to =m new incru/ation4 ,a few p\nds ( common salt put into ! t5d] daily w h a good effect 9 prev5t+ tr\ble ) magnesia2 s9ce x =ms *loride ( magnesia1 :i* is a decid$ prev5tive ( lime scale4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,salts ,,( ,,iron4 ,9 ! f\r? te/ tube we w se>* = iron salts4 ,a solution ( potassa or ammonia w produce1 %\ld iron be pres5t1 a :iti% precipitate1 :i* pres5tly turns to a dirty gre51 &1 ultimately1 a r$di%-br[n color1 ow+ to its absorption ( oxyg5 f ! air4 ,a m delicate te/ = iron is f]ro-cyanide ( potassium1 or sulpho-cyanate ( potassium2 b o!r m9]al comb9ations might deceive a novice us+ ^! reag5ts into ! belief t iron 0 pres5t :5 x 0 n4 ,a light trace ( iron 9 wat] is v common2 &1 s long z x is 9 m9ute quantities1 ! salt seems q innoc5t4 ,b occasionally wat] is f\nd saturat$ ) iron 9 ! =m kn[n by *emi/s z ,fe,s,o#d4 ,!n x is v objectionable = boil]-fe$+2 s9ce x ex]cises a /rong corrosive action on ! plates1 pitt+ & furr[+ be+ a common result ( its action4 ,scale =m$ by wat] ( ?is "* is ne>ly always a h>d1 ?9 sub/ance1 t /icks ) int5se t5acity1 & g5]ally takes away "p ( ! sk9 ( ! iron :5 x is tak5 (f4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,*lor9e4 ,! fif? tube we w exam9e = common salt1 :i* is ne>ly always pres5t 9 wat]4 ,?is te/ is done by dropp+ 9 "s nitrate ( silv] solution1 :i* produces a :ite precipitate1 caus$ by ! silv] comb9+ ) ! *lor9e1 :i* is ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 common salt4 ,?is is an excessively f9e te/1 & ! nitrate ( silv] w detect an incr$ibly small trace ( common salt 9 wat]4 ,! wor/ effect t common salt has 9 wat]1 is to cause prim+4 ,:]e x is pres5t to any great ext5t1 ! bl[-(f cock %\ld be us$ frequ5tly on ! road2 & a surface-cock is q an aid 9 keep+ ! boil] 9 ord]4 ,wat] t is tak5 f wells or /reams ab\t cities1 & f\nd to give /rong *lor9e re-actions1 is ne>ly always contam9at$ ) sewage4 ,,le>n+ ,,! ,,manipulation ,,( ,,te/s4 ,practice 9 mak+ sup]ficial qualitative te/s ( wat]1 produces skill 9 read+ ! mean+ ( ! v>i\s *emical re-actions4 ,?is skill c be rapidly develop$ by practice on prep>$ specim5s4 ,wat] = exp]im5ts on c>bonate ( lime c be prep>$ by dissolv+ calcite cry/als or m>ble du/ 9 hydro*loric acid1 or by mix+ *alk ) clean ra9-wat]1 & filt]+ x till free f turbidity4 ,:ile ! *alk is mix$ ) ! wat]1 & unfilt]$1 ! specim5 w be made /rong] by bl[+ air f ! lungs ?r\gh a glass tube into ! wat]4 ,a prep>ation = te/+ sulphate ( lime may be made by dissolv+ "s gypsum 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,fluid magnesia1 dropp$ into pure wat]1 w provide c>bonate ( magnesia specim5s2 & ,epsom salts w give ! magnesia re-action1 ) ! addition t x w indicate sulphuric acid "u ! *loride ( b>ium te/4 ,a gra9 ( salt no l>g] ?an a p9-head dropp$ into a p9t ( di/ill$ wat]1 w give a di/9ct *lor9e te/ :5 nitrate ( silv] solution is add$4 ,/rong]1 or ev5 weak]1 salt solution c be us$ by ! exp]im5t] :ile he is work+ into practice4 ,a small piece ( sulphate ( iron1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 w provide a te/ = iron4 ,,mak+ ,,qualitative ,,te/s4 ,:ile pursu+ ! appr5tice practice ( te/s ) ^! solutions1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! te/ tubes p]fectly clean4 ,g ov] ! te/s 9 some?+ l ! foll[+ ord]4 ,! c>bonate ( lime te/ is to be made fir/4 ,f\r te/ tubes w be us$4 ,9 ! fir/ we put di/ill$ wat] alone2 9 ! second we put t5 drops ( ! *alk solution2 9 ! ?ird we put tw5ty drops ( ! solution2 9 ! f\r? we put ?irty drops1 !n add di/ill$ wat] till all ! te/ tubes are ab\t two-?irds fill$4 ,drop into ea* tube ab\t ! same quantity ( oxalate ( ammonia solution1 & ! degree ( turbidity w help to indicate ! h>dness ( ea* specim54 ,! fir/ tube1 conta9+ pure wat]1 w give no re-action if ! *emicals are pure4 ,?is process %\ld be ext5d$ to all ! o!r solutions1 & w be f\nd v helpful4 ,9 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 mu* assi/ance w be obta9$ f hav+ a "w l ,/uckh>dt's ,*emi/ry at h& = ref]5ce4 ,,! ,,soap-,,te/ ,,= ,,h>dness4 ,mo/ p are aw>e t h>d wat] has a peculi> effect ^u soap1 mak+ x curdle in/ead ( la!r :5 us$ = wa%+ purposes4 ,?is peculi>ity 0 made use ( "s ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,cl>k ( ,ab]de51 ,scotl&1 9 devis+ a te/ = ! h>dness ( wat]1 9 :i* ! quantity ( a /&>d soap solution ne$$ to produce a p]man5t la!r on wat]1 indicat$ ! degree ( h>dness ( ! wat]4 ,a modification ( ! ,cl>k process c be us$ v conv5i5tly by ma/] me*anics 9 mak+ sup]ficial te/s ( ! h>dness ( wat]1 & ! plan has ! advantage ( be+ easily appli$4 ,) a te/ tube & a small bottle ( soap-solution1 ! inve/igator is ready at any "t or place to make te/s2 & a few m9utes sp5t ov] ea* specim5 w give him an idea ( ! value ( ! wat] = boil] purposes4 ,! orig9al ,cl>k soap-te/ 0 made ) a soap-solution ( kn[n /r5g?1 ( :i* a c]ta9 measur$ quantity 0 requir$ to produce a p]man5t la!r on a gallon ( wat] conta9+ a giv5 quantity ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! degrees ( h>dness ( o!r specim5s 7 comput$ accord+ to ! quantity ( ! soap-solution requir$ to produce a p]man5t la!r4 ,prep>+ soap-solution ( a c]ta9 /r5g?1 & wat] ( a c]ta9 h>dness1 = ! purpose ( indicat+ a po9t = beg9n+ ! computations1 is a t$i\s op]ation2 & ! soap-te/ c be us$ 9 a mu* simpl] way4 ,:ile mak+ num]\s te/s ( wat] on ! ,burl+l+ton1 ,c$> ,rapids1 & ,nor!rn ,railway "s ye>s ago1 to asc]ta9 ! condition ( wat] tanks at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & 9 exam9+ ! supply ( propos$ wat] /ations on ext5sions ( ! road1 ,i us$ ! foll[+ modification ( ! ,cl>k process3-- ,,modification ,,( ,,! ,,cl>k ,,soap-,,te/4 ,! ,c$> ,riv]1 dur+ its normal fl[ 9 summ]1 conta9s ab\t t5 gra9s ( solid matt]1 mo/ly calcium c>bonate1 to ! ,am]ican gallon ( #eh1cgc gra9s4 ,?is ,i consid]$ good boil]-wat]1 & made x ! /&>d ( comp>ison = my te/s4 ,beside ! %op1 !re is a well1 :i* ! p :o built ! road dug = supply+ boil]-wat]2 al?\gh ! ,c$> ran a few rods di/ant4 ,?is well-wat] conta9$ ab\t =ty gra9s ( solid matt] to ! gallon1 "o-f\r? ( ! impurity be+ sulphate ( lime4 ,?is wat] ,i made my 8awful example0 /&>d ( comp>ison1 s t wat] approa*+ ?is 9 h>dness 0 condemn$4 ,! soap-solution ,i made by dissolv+ sev5ty gra9s ( ca/ile soap1 or :ite soap-p[d]1 9 a p9t ( alcohol4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t all ! soap is dissolv$1 & !n x is be/ to keep ! mixture 9 an ev5 temp]ature n bel[ #fj ,fahr4 ,! te/s c be made m accurately by hav+ ! wat] "u exam9ation br\ght to ! same temp]ature z ! soap-solution4 ,,apply+ ,,! ,,soap-,,te/4 ,9 mak+ ! te/s1 a measur$ quantity ( ! ,c$> wat] 0 put into a /opp]$ bottle4 ,"o ounce ( wat] put into a two-ounce bottle is a conv5i5t quantity4 ,! soap-solution 0 !n measur$ out ) a pipette made to hold ?irty drops1 & ! bottle 0 well %ak5 aft] ea* measure till x 0 f\nd t a la!r 0 =m$ :i* held on = five m9utes4 ,! op]ation 0 !n repeat$2 & ! la/ *>ge f ! pipette 0 put 91 drop by drop1 till ! po9t :]e a p]man5t la!r =m$ 0 not$4 ,a simil> p]=mance 0 gone ?r\gh ) ! bad well-wat]1 & v little practice enabl$ ! op]ator to asc]ta9 :]e a specim5 ( wat] /ood betwe5 ! range ( ! good & bad wat]4 ,! soap-solution mu/ be kept 9 a prop]ly /opp]$ bottle2 &1 e "t a new solution is made1 its /r5g? mu/ be te/$ 9 ! above fa%ion4 ,! solution det]iorates :5 kept long] ?an a mon? or six weeks4 ,! degree ( turbidity caus$ by ! fir/ *>ge ( soap-solution1 is an indication to ! practic$ exp]im5t] ( ! degree ( h>dness ( ! wat]4 ,mo/ m5 int]e/$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! condition ( boil]-wat]1 c devise means = obta9+ wat] ( kn[n h>dness :]e) to make comp>ative te/s4 ,if wat] "u exam9ation prove v h>d1 ! te/ w be m accurately done by dilut+ x ) its own volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! soap-te/ is good = lime 9 all its =ms1 & magnesia2 b ! latt] impurity uses up m soap ?an lime does4 ,s1 :]e magnesia ab\nds 9 wat]1 ! specim5 "u trial w seem h>d] ?an x actually is4 ,magnesia is also sl[] ?an lime 9 act+ ^u ! soap4 ,wat] t conta9s magnesia w produce a la!r :5 en\gh solution is put 9 to ov]come ! lime pres5t2 b if x be all[$ to /& a few m9utes1 till ! magnesia acts1 ! la!r w n !n =m4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 alkal9e salts 9 wat]1 su* z ! c>bonates & sulphates ( soda & pota%1 injuri\sly affects ! soap-te/ by mak+ ! wat] appe> s(t] ?an x is2 s9ce !y accel]ate ! =m+ ( a p]man5t la!r4 ,keep+ ^! facts 9 m9d w (t5 prove ( valuable s]vice 9 mak+ te/s ( wat]4 ,:5 ! soap-te/ indicates t wat] conta9s h>d5+ +r$i5ts1 repres5t+ m ?an fifte5 gra9s to ! gallon1 o!r te/s %\ld be at once made to asc]ta9 :at ! lead+ +r$i5ts are4 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,purify+ ,,wat] ,,= ,,locomotives4 ,! no/rums (f]$ to railroad manag]s = purify+ fe$-wat] are legion1 b x is d\btful if a s+le rem$y has prov$ entirely successful4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 ! mat]ial or means us$ h be5 wor?less or impracticable2 b1 9 o!r cases1 ! appliances h n receiv$ ju/ice f ^? att5d+ _! application4 ,mo/ p und]rate ! magnitude ( ! task involv$ 9 und]tak+ to r5d] ! impurities ( fe$-wat] innoc5t 9 locomotive boil]s4 ,! case ( a le>n$ pr(essor :o und]took to doctor ! fe$-wat] = locomotives on a prom95t road1 :]e he made 8 arrangem5ts = ea* eng9e us+ "o ?\s& gallons ( wat] a day1 is repres5tative4 ,:5 provision has to be made = "s eng9es us+ d\ble t quantity ea* h\r1 ! difficulty ( ! transaction becomes app>5t4 ,z has already be5 said1 ,i believe t obta9+ s(t surface-wat] is ! prop] way to avoid tr\ble ) locomotive boil]s2 b1 :]e ?is is impracticable1 consid]able sav+ c be effect$ by 8doctor+0 ! wat] if ! op]ations are intellig5tly conduct$4 ,,mud4 ,mud is ! mo/ univ]sal impurity ( fe$-wat]2 &1 9 _m cases1 x causes ! de/ruction or injury ( %eets1 p>ticul>ly ! cr[n-%eets ( fire-boxes4 ,:]e ! wat] ( a road is habitually muddy1 x w\ld pay to filt] ! wat]1 or to h two tanks at ea* wat] /ation1 s t a sy/em c\ld be foll[$ ( lett+ ! wat] settle 9 "o tank :ile ! o!r 0 9 use4 ,! settl$ mud1 by ?is means1 c\ld be wa%$ out regul>ly be=e a tank 7 refill$4 ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,lime4 ,dr4 ,cl>k1 inv5tor ( ! soap-te/1 recomm5d$ a me?od ( purify+ wat] conta9+ c>bonate ( lime1 :i* has be5 successfully foll[$ 9 _m places1 especially 9 ,engl&4 ,x consi/s ( add+ cau/ic lime to wat] conta9+ c>bonate ( lime4 ,by ?is process1 #bh gra9s ( cau/ic lime result 9 ! precipitation ( #ajj gra9s ( lime c>bonate4 ,or1 to put x 9 a practical %ape1 :]e a tank conta9s #cj1jjj gallons ( wat]1 ea* gallon be+ impregnat$ ) #cj gra9s ( lime c>bonate1 #cf p\nds ( cau/ic lime w be suffici5t to precipitate ! :ole ( ! impurity1 mak+ a total deposit ( #afd p\nds4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,lime4 ,:]e ! wat] impurity is pr9cipally sulphate ( lime1 ! cau/ic lime rem$y w n "w2 b a precipitate ( ! objectionable comp\nd c be made by treat+ ! wat] ) cau/ic b>yta or cau/ic soda4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! b>yta takes possession ( ! sulphuric acid hold+ ! lime 9 solution1 all[+ ! latt] to fall d[n z mud3 :5 ! soda cure is appli$1 ! sulphuric acid des]ts ! lime1 & comb9es ) ! soda1 = :i* x has great] aff9ity1 leav+ ! lime to precipitate1 unless x be pres]v$ 9 solution by ! c>bonic acid t accompani$ ! soda4 ,:]e ! wat] conta9s a mixture ( lime sulphate & c>bonate1 ! soda treatm5t may be advantage\sly us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! cau/ic lime sy/em4 ,attempts h frequ5tly be5 made to purify wat] by putt+ *emicals into ! locomotive t5d]s1 ! impurity be+ precipitat$ 9 ! boil]4 ,! lead+ objection to ?is sy/em is1 t x leads to enorm\s quantities ( s$im5t be+ deposit$ inside ! boil]2 s9ce1 9 "s in/ances1 ! purify+ sub/ance is z bulky z ! orig9al impurity4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! *emical introduc$ into ! boil] causes foam+4 ,let u take ! case ( wat] t conta9s fifte5 gra9s ( sulphate ( lime to ! gallon1 & is treat$ ) sulphate ( b>yta4 ,to d s prop]ly1 "o gra9 ( ! *emical w be requir$ = ea* gra9 ( lime4 ,a freight eng9e uses sev5ty-five gallons ( wat] to ! mile1 & runs "o hundr$ miles a day4 ,?is is light s]vice1 bo? = wat] & mileage2 yet1 )9 t5 days1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( solid matt] is inject$ into ! boil]4 ,to purify wat] by inject+ *emicals into locomotive boil]s1 & prev5t ! boil] fill+ up rapidly ) mud1 or giv+ tr\ble f foam+1 ! bl[-(f cock & surface cock mu/ be us$ s frequ5tly z to be felt on ! consumption ( coal4 ,:]e purify+ ( fe$-wat] mu/ be done1 ! "r place to c>ry on ! process is 9 ! /ation tanks1 or 9 special appliances beside !m4 ,by c>efully wat*+ ! "* ( ! impurities 9 ! wat]1 & treat+ !m ) _! prop] precipitants1 labor & exp5se devot$ to ! purification ( fe$-wat] may br+ 9 good returns3 :]e attempts are made to improve ! wat] ov] a :ole road by "o me?od ( treatm5t1 failure is c]ta94 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,exam9ation ,,= ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]s4 ,! foll[+ is ! =m ( que/ions put to firem5 on "o ( ! mo/ prom95t railroads 9 ?is c\ntry be=e !y are admitt$ z compet5t = promotion1 & ! k9d ( answ]s expect$ f ^? :o are consid]$ eligible = ! high] position4 ,! =m que/ions are n adh]$ to /rictly1 & c>e is tak5 t a c&idate = promotion does n commit ! answ]s to memory )\t prop]ly und]/&+ ! subject4 ,no fireman is promot$ :o does n satisfy ! exam9] t he und]/&s ! practical que/ions ask$4 ,q4--,:at are ! pr9cipal duties ( an eng9e] be=e atta*+ 8 eng9e to tra98 ,a4--,to exam9e ! eng9e c>efully1 to see t all set-screws are 9 place1 & rod-keys secure2 t ! eng9e is equipp$ ) all necess>y signals1 fir+1 & h&-tools2 ! necess>y supply ( wat]1 fuel1 & /ores4 ,also1 to take a look at ! flues & cr[n-%eet4 ,q4--,:at is important1 9 c>ry+ wat] 9 ! boil]1 z to height & regul>ity8 ,a4--,to c>ry wat] & /eam 9 ! top gauge-cocks :5 work+ /eam1 & z uni=mly z possible4 ,q4--,:at is important 9 c>ry+ wat] on grades1 & approa*+ a summit8 ,a4--,to c>ry ! wat] suffici5tly high to be sure t ! front ends ( ! tubes are n expos$1 &1 9 pit*+ ov] a summit1 to h suffici5t wat] to cov] & protect ! cr[n-%eet1 aft] f9d+ its level f ! front or l[ end ( ! boil]4 ,q4--,%\ld x be necess>y1 aft] pit*+ ov] a summit1 to pump up a gauge or m ( wat]1 :at %\ld be ! condition ( ! fire8 ,a4--,! fire %\ld be kept bright1 & burn+ freely4 ,q4--,:y is ?is important8 ,a4--,to prev5t *ill+ ! flues1 caus+ !m to leak4 ,q4--,%\ld y h ample wat] aft] pit*+ ov]1 :at %\ld be ! condition ( ! fire8 ,a4--,x %\ld be level$ & settl$ d[n1 & cov]$ ov] suffici5tly to prev5t unnecess>y wa/e ( /eam or fuel4 ,q4--,%\ld ! pump or injectors fail on ! road1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4--,fir/1 smo!r d[n ! fire1 /op promptly1 take (f ! hose1 & raise ! tank-valves to asc]ta9 t !y are connect$2 also see t ! /ra9]s are cle>4 ,if all is f\nd cle>1 !n try ! injectors aga92 &1 if ! eng9e has a pump1 take x d[n1 & see t ! valves are free1 & w\ld also run wat] ?r\gh ! fe$-pipes4 ,:5 all is op5 & free1 put !m up1 & try !m aga94 ,q4--,%\ld ! wat] 9 ! boil] get too l[ to all[ y "t = ! exam9ation1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4--,draw ! fire1 & s5d a mess5g] to ! ne>e/ telegraph (fice = assi/ance4 ,q4--,%\ld ! wat] 9 ! boil] become di/urb$1 & foam1 :at w\ld y d8 ,& h[ w\ld y asc]ta9 :e!r x 0 foam+1 or be+ ov] pump$8 ,a4--,z soon z ! wat] is discov]$ dis*>g+ f ! /ack1 w\ld at once %ut (f1 & asc]ta9 ! height ( ! wat] solid4 ,%\ld ! wat] drop bel[ ! second or ?ird gauge1 w\ld conclude !re 0 foam+1 & w\ld aga9 g5tly op5 ! ?rottle4 ,%\ld ! wat] aga9 rise1 & dis*>ge f ! /ack1 w\ld put on bo? injectors1 op5 ! surface bl[1 & run c>efully2 all[+ ! bad wat] to be work$ (f ?r\gh ! surface bl[1 be+ v c>eful n to "w ! wat] 9 suffici5t quantities ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s z to endang] knock+ out ! heads2 & w\ld occasionally %ut (f1 to see t ! wat] 0 n be+ ?r[n (f fa/] ?an ! pumps or injectors 7 supply+ x4 ,by ?is means1 ! bad wat] w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 be work$ out1 &1 ) g5tle usage1 w\ld aga9 settle4 ,q4--,%\ld ! bl[-(f cock be bl[n out1 or be brok5 (f1 or a hole be brok5 9 ! boil] 9 any way1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4--,draw ! fire promptly1 & s5d a mess5g] to ! ne>e/ telegraph (fice = assi/ance4 ,w\ld !n disconnect1 & get ! eng9e ready to be t[$ 9 :5 assi/ance arriv$4 ,q4--,:at portions ( ! eng9e w\ld y disconnect 9 su* a case8 ,a4--,take (f ma9 rods & valve-rods4 ,q4--,:at is important to obs]ve 9 sett+ up or adju/+ w$ges8 ,a4--,to h !m s neatly adju/$ t !re w be no ?ump ( ! boxes1 &1 at ! same "t1 n s tight z to cramp1 & n all[ !m full & free play 9 ! p$e/als4 ,q4--,h[ w\ld y g ab\t sett+ !m up8 ,a4--,w\ld place ! eng9e at half /roke on ! "r side1 block ! left :eels1 admit a little /eam1 & ?ump ! boxes h>d away f ! w$ges4 ,w\ld !n get "u1 & put ! w$ges up solid ) a %ort wr5*1 & make a side m>k on ! p$e/als at top ( w$ge1 !n draw !m d[n equally a scant "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,g ov] ! left side 9 ! same mann]4 ,q4--,h[ w\ld y key up1 or adju/1 ! side rods ( a t5-:eel eng9e8 ,a4--,w\ld place ! eng9e on a level & /raight track1 & on a dead c5t]2 !n slack (f all keys on t l9e ( rods2 w\ld !n key ! knuckle on c5t] brass fir/1 leav+ x suffici5tly free on ! p9 to be mov$ lat]ally by h&4 ,!n adju/ ! front & back ends 9 ! same mann]4 ,q4--,:y %\ld y place ! eng9e on exact dead c5t]1 & beg9 by key+ ! c5t] brass fir/8 ,a4--,9 ord] to insure key+ ! rods ( prop] l5g?1 to all[ !m to pass ! dead1 or rigid1 po9ts )\t /ra94 ,q4--,c ! side rods be key$ too long or too %ort :5 n /&+ on dead c5t]8 ,a4--,!y c4 ,q4--,if too long or too %ort1 at :at po9t ( ! /roke w ! /ra9 be8 ,a4--,:ile pass+ ! dead1 or rigid1 po9ts4 ,q4--,%\ld y slip ! "r back motion ecc5tric on ! road1 h[ w\ld y reset x8 ,a4--,w\ld place ! eng9e on exact dead c5t] on "r side1 place ! rev]se-lev] 9 full =w>d ge>1 & make a m>k on ! valve-rod at ! /uff+-box gl&2 !n place ! rev]se-lev] 9 full back ge>1 & turn ! slipp$ ecc5tric until ! m>k on valve-rod came to its orig9al position1 be+ c>eful to see t ! full or ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric 0 9 position ne>ly opposite ! =w>d ecc5tric2 !n secure x !re4 ,q4--,9 :at way does ! m>k y made on ! valve-rod1 :ile 9 =w>d ge>1 aid y 9 sett+ ! slipp$ ecc5tric8 ,a4--,! =w>d motion ecc5tric be+ 9 prop] position by plac+ ! rev]se-lev] 9 full =w>d ge>1 ! valve is br\ght into prop] position on ! ports2 & ! m>k gives ! position ( ! valve :5 ! back motion ecc5tric is 9 its prop] position1 ?us sett+ ! slipp$ ecc5tric by ! good "o4 ,q4--,%\ld a valve-yoke break1 h[ w\ld y te/ 9 ord] to det]m9e :i* side 0 disabl$8 ,a4--,w\ld fir/ place ! eng9e at half /roke on "r side1 & admit a little /eam to ! cyl9d]s2 !n move ! rev]se-lev] f back to =w>d motion1 &1 if ! /eam c\ld be %ift$ f ! back to ! =w>d cyl9d]-cock1 w\ld conclude t ! "r yoke 0 good1 & w\ld te/ ! left side 9 ! same way4 ,q4--,:y w\ld y place y\r eng9e at half /roke on ! side y wi%$ to te/8 ,a4--,9 ord] to get ! full movem5t ( ! valve ov] ! ports on t side4 ,q4--,aft] locat+ ! brok5 yoke1 h[ w\ld y disconnect8 ,a4--,w\ld take (f ! /eam-*e/ lid1 place ! valve ov] ! ports1 & block x !re securely2 replace ! lid1 take (f ! valve-rod1 take (f ! ma9 rod1 block ! cross-head1 & proce$ ) half tra91 if freight2 if pass5g]1 w\ld take ! full tra9 to ! next telegraph (fice1 report1 & give judgm5t z to :e!r ! eng9e w\ld take entire tra9 to its de/9ation4 ,q4--,%\ld y bl[ or break out a cyl9d]-head1 h[ w\ld y disconnect8 ,a4--,fir/1 take (f ! valve-rod1 & close ! ports ) ! valve1 & secure x by cramp+ ) ! /uff+-box gl&2 take (f ma9 rod1 & block ! cross-head4 ,q4--,%\ld ! cyl9d] pack+ drop & bl[ badly on ! road1 h[ w\ld y det]m9e :i* side 0 d[n8 ,a4--,9 />t+ f a /ation1 w\ld notice ! "r cross-head1 &1 if ! bl[ occurr$ :5 x 0 leav+ ea* extreme end ( ! /roke1 w\ld locate ! bl[ 9 ! "r cyl9d]4 ,q4--,%\ld x bl[ s badly z to make x necess>y to set x out on ! road1 :at w\ld be important = y to obs]ve 9 sett+ x out8 ,a4--,w\ld be c>eful to set ! pi/on c5tral 9 ! cyl9d]1 us+ calip]s if at h&1 &1 if n1 w\ld use a /ick ( prop] l5g?1 & be c>eful only to set ! pack+ to fill ! cyl9d] neatly1 us+ z little p[] on ! bolts z practicable2 lock ! nuts securely1 & replace ! foll[]1 be+ c>eful to screw ! foll[] bolts home solid4 ,q4--,%\ld y be runn+ an eng9e :i* _h b "o pump1 x be+ on ! "r side1 & t side became disabl$1 s t x w\ld be necess>y to disconnect x1 ! injector be too small or fail to supply ! boil]1 :at w\ld y d to avoid draw+ ! fire1 & be+ haul$ home8 ,a4--,w\ld disconnect ! pi/on f ! cross-head on ! disabl$ side1 & take x out1 put up ! ma9 rod1 & "w ! cross-head1 :i* w\ld give ! use ( ! pump4 ,q4--,%\ld y break ! top rock]-arm1 h[ w\ld y disconnect8 ,a4--,take (f ! valve-rod & brok5 arm1 close ! ports1 & secure ! valve ) ! /uff+-box gl&1 & disconnect1 z 9 case ( brok5 cyl9d]-head4 ,q4--,%\ld ! bottom rock]-arm break1 h[ w\ld y disconnect8 ,a4--,z a rule1 w\ld n take (f ecc5tric-/raps2 b ) an eng9e badly worn1 & loose 9 l9k-hang]1 s t ! l9k c\ld play ab\t freely :5 runn+1 w\ld take (f ! ecc5tric-/raps1 & disconnect1 z 9 case ( brok5 cyl9d]-head4 ,q4--,%\ld y break a l9k-hang]1 h[ w\ld y disconnect8 ,a4--,if b a %ort di/ance to run1 & no /opp+ or %ift+ to d1 w\ld run 9 )\t disconnect+1 aft] caution+ ! crew to keep ! tra9 "u good control1 & /op promptly :5 signal$ to d s4 ,b1 if a long di/ance to run1 w\ld disconnect1 z 9 case ( brok5 cyl9d]-head4 ,q4--,9 :at way w\ld y h lo/ control ( y\r eng9e ) brok5 l9k-hang]8 ,a4--,w\ld only be able to rev]se "o side ( ! eng9e4 ,q4--,%\ld y break an ecc5tric-/rap1 h[ w\ld y disconnect8 ,a4--,take (f bo? ecc5tric-/raps on t side1 & disconnect z 9 case ( brok5 cyl9d]-head4 ,q4--,%\ld y break ! back section ( a side rod on a six-:eel connect$ eng9e1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4--,w\ld take (f bo? back sections1 & run 9 ) ma9 & =w>d :eels connect$1 ) ab\t two-?irds ( tra94 ,q4--,%\ld y break a =w>d section1 h[ w\ld y disconnect8 ,a4--,w\ld take (f all side rods1 & run 9 )\t tra94 ,q4--,%\ld y break a ma9 crank-p9 close up to ! :eel1 h[ w\ld y disconnect8 ,a4--,w\ld take (f all side rods & ! ma9 rod on disabl$ side1 & run 9 )\t tra94 ,q4--,%\ld y be runn+ an eng9e :i* _h a slide ?rottle-valve1 & x w\ld /rip or disconnect inside ! boil] p>tly op51 h[ w\ld y manage8 ,a4--,w\ld r$uce ! /eam-pressure )9 easy control1 & /ate ! tr\ble to ! crew1 & caution !m to act promptly :5 call$ ^u to d s4 ,w\ld "w ! tra91 if freight1 to ! ne>e/ sid+1 & back x (f2 if pass5g]1 w\ld keep ! pressure )9 easy h&l+1 & "w ! tra9 to ! ne>e/ telegraph (fice1 report1 & ask = ord]s4 ,q4--,%\ld "o ( ! =w>d tires on a t5-:eel eng9e break1 h[ w\ld y manage8 ,a4--,w\ld jack ! :eel up ! ?ickness ( ! tire1 take out ! oil-cell>1 & cut a block to fit ! bottom ( ! box & j\rnal suffici5tly ?ick to hold ! axle up 9 its place :5 re/+ on ! p$e/al-brace2 w\ld !n run 9 )\t disconnect+1 provid$ ! rod _h n be5 b5t or damag$ by ! brok5 tire4 ,w\ld take 9 full tra94 ,q4--,%\ld y break a ma9 tire1 h[ w\ld y manage8 ,a4--,w\ld fir/ s5d mess5g] to ne>e/ telegraph (fice1 & ask = assi/ance4 ,w\ld !n block up ! axle & :eel ! ?ickness ( ! tire1 slack (f ! side-rod keys1 & run 9 c>efully )\t tra94 ,q4--,%\ld ! back tire break1 h[ w\ld y manage8 ,a4--,w\ld take (f ! back section ( rods1 block up ! axle1 run v c>efully1 especially ar\nd curves1 to ne>e/ telegraph (fice1 report1 & ask = ord]s4 ,,index4 ,accid5ts to cyl9d]s & /eam connections1 #afb-aga4 ---- ---- ecc5tric-/rap1 #chc4 ---- ---- l9k-hang]1 #chc4 ---- ---- runn+-ge>1 #agb-aha4 ---- ---- valve-motion1 #adc-afa4 ,adhesion ( locomotives1 #cdf4 ,air-pump disord]s1 #cbb4 ,angul>ity ( connect+-rod1 #bai4 ,angul>ity ( connect+-rod1 effect (1 9 valve-motion1 #bbj4 ,appliances = te/+ wat]1 #cfc4 ,a%-pan1 neglect+1 #db4 ,axles1 brok51 #agi4 ,baldw9 locomotives1 #bhd4 ,boil]1 bl[+ (f1 #aci4 ---- c>eful fe$+ pres]ves1 #gj4 ---- c>e (1 #acf-ach4 ---- explosions1 #acg4 ---- fe$+1 #fe1 #hf1 #ajc4 ---- incru/ation1 #aja1 #cfb4 ---- injudici\s fe$+ (1 #fi4 ---- inspection (1 #cf4 ---- ov]-pressure on1 #adj4 ---- precautions aga9/ scor*+1 #dj4 ---- pres]vation (1 #ach4 ---- temp]ature (1 #fg4 ---- wat] = locomotive1 #cei-cge4 ,boil]s & fire-boxes1 #acf-adb4 ,books1 prejudice aga9/1 #h4 ---- me*anical1 recomm5d$1 #i4 ,brakes1 advantage ( good1 #caj4 ---- atmosph]ic1 #cab4 ---- ,eames vacuum1 #cdj-cde4 ---- to apply & release1 #ccf4 ---- to prev5t creep+ on (1 #cce4 ---- ,we/+h\se air1 #cji-cci4 ,brooks locomotives1 #bhd4 ,*emicals = te/+ wat]1 #cfc4 ---- ---- purify+ boil] wat]1 #cgd4 ,collisions1 #agc4 ,connect+-rods1 side rods1 & w$ges1 #ahb-aih4 ---- ---- angul>ity (1 #bai4 ---- ---- functions (1 #ahb4 ,crank1 attempts to aboli%1 #bag4 ,cross-head1 me?ods ( secur+1 #aeg4 ---- p9 brok51 #afd1 #chc4 ,curves1 resi/ance (1 #cec4 ,cut-(f1 asc]ta9+ po9t (1 #bec4 ---- adju/m5t (1 #bee4 ,cyl9d]s1 accid5ts to1 #afb1 #cha4 ---- action ( /eam1 9 rev]se-motion1 #bbd4 ---- back pressure 91 #baa4 ---- compression 91 #bac4 ---- op]ation ( /eam 91 #baj4 ,damp]s1 op]at+1 #ga4 ---- loss ( heat f1 #gc4 ,dead c5t]1 #bea4 ,diagram1 indicator1 #cjf4 ,diaphragm-plate1 #ii4 ---- vacuum brake1 #cda4 ,disconnect+ eng9e1 #cgi4 ,draught appliances1 #ih4 ---- ob/ructions to1 #ig1 #ih4 ,driv+-axles1 brok51 #agi4 ,driv+-box1 #agi1 #aij1 #aif4 ,driv+-trusses1 #aic4 ,driv+-spr+s1 brok51 #agg4 ,dry pipe1 brok51 #aff4 ,dynagraph c>1 #cee4 ,eames vacuum brake1 #cdj-cde4 ,ecc5tric1 angul> advance (1 #bah4 ---- slipp$1 #bcd1 #chj4 ---- description (1 #bad4 ---- e>ly application (1 #bae4 ---- ?r[1 influ5ce (1 #bch4 ---- position (1 #aeb1 #bah4 ---- rods1 position (1 #bdc4 ---- rods slipp$1 #aed4 ---- /rap brok51 #aee1 #chc4 ,educat+ eng9e]s1 #be4 ,ejector1 ,eames brake1 #cdb4 ,em]g5cies1 deal+ ) sudd51 #agb4 ,eng9e]s1 attributes t make good1 #a1 #hi4 ---- causes ( anxiety to1 #gh4 ---- education =1 #be4 ---- exam9ation =1 #cgf-chd4 ---- fir/ duties (1 #dc1 #cgf4 ---- duties1 gr[+ importance (1 #c4 ---- h[ made1 #aa1 #bi4 ---- illit]ate m5 n want$ =1 #c4 ,eng9e]s1 individuality (1 #c4 ---- int]e/ 9 valve-motion among1 #adi4 ---- le>n+ duties (1 #bj4 ---- public int]e/ 91 #b4 ---- _! duties1 #a-aj4 ,eng9es1 h>d-/eam+1 #ib-ajh4 ---- high-spe$1 #hc4 ---- ess5tials ( good-/eam+1 #ib4 ---- slipp]y1 #fb4 ---- p[] ( diff]5t k9ds (1 #ceg4 ---- r\gh-rid+1 #aig4 ,equaliz] lev] brok51 #agh4 ,exam9ation = eng9e]s1 #cgf-chd4 ---- ---- firem51 #bd4 ,exhau/1 detect+ cause ( lame1 #aee4 ---- locat+ ! f\r s\nds (1 #add4 ---- note1 neglect+ w>n+ ( false1 #adh4 ---- wat*+ s\nd (1 #add4 ,f9i%+ ! trip1 #gd-ha4 ,fire1 att5d+ to1 #gi4 ---- effect ( excessive air on1 #gb4 ---- managem5t (1 #ed4 ---- mak+ up1 #hd4 ---- />t+ !1 #dj4 ,fire-boxes & boil]s1 #acf-adb4 ,firem51 bad1 #ei4 ---- fir/ duties (1 #da4 ---- fir/ trips z1 #ah4 ---- highe/ types (1 #eg4 ---- le>n+ duties (1 #ai4 ---- make be/ eng9e]s1 #ad4 ---- m$ium1 #eh4 ---- m5 *os5 =1 #af4 ---- me?od ( promot+1 #bc4 ---- me?od ( select+1 #ag4 ,firem51 misconception ( duties (1 #ai4 ---- qualifications =1 #bg4 ,fir+1 conditions t dem& good1 #ef4 ---- good1 #ee4 ---- effect ( heavy1 #gb4 ---- eng9e ( fa/ tra91 #ij4 ---- sci5tific me?ods (1 #eg1 #ajg4 ---- :om to blame = bad1 #ei4 ,flues1 bur/$1 #ada4 ---- leaky1 #ajb4 ,frames1 brok51 #agi4 ,freight tra91 runn+ a1 #dh-fj4 ,gauge1 wat]-glass1 #dc4 ,gett+ ready = ! road1 #ci-dg4 ,gett+ up ! hill1 #fa-gc4 ,grade1 gett+ tra9 up a1 #fa4 ,grant locomotives1 #bhe4 ,grates1 sav+ !1 #db4 ---- defects (1 #ajj4 ,giff>d injector1 #aai4 ,hancock inspirator1 #acd1 #ace4 ,h>d-/eam+ eng9es1 #ib-ajh4 ,h[ eng9e]s are made1 #aa-bi4 ,ignorance1 :]e disa/] came (1 #g4 ,indicator1 #cjc-cjh4 ---- advantage ( us+1 #cjh4 ---- description (1 #cjc4 ---- diagram1 #cjf4 ---- op]ation (1 #cjd4 ---- ,tabor1 #cjd4 ,injectors1 *apt] on1 #aai-ace4 ---- c>e (1 #abd-abh4 ---- *oice (1 = fe$+1 #ff1 #aji4 ---- disord]s (1 #abe-abg4 ---- =ms (1 #abc4 ---- ,hancock1 #ace4 ,injectors1 inv5tion (1 #aji4 ---- ,kort+1 #acc4 ---- ,monitor1 #acb4 ---- pr9ciple ( action (1 #aba4 ---- repair+1 #abc4 ---- ,sell]s1 #abi4 ---- try+ to le>n philosophy (1 #abj4 ,inspection ( locomotives1 #cj-ch4 ,inspection ( locomotives1 neglect+1 #ca4 ,inspirator1 ,hancock1 #ace4 ,joy valve-ge>1 #bib-cjb4 ---- valve1 action (1 #bif4 ---- ---- advantage claim$ =1 #bie4 ---- ---- con/ruction directions1 #bid4 ---- ---- h[ appli$1 #bib4 ---- ---- rules = lay+ out1 #bih4 ,k & skill 9 eng9e]+1 #a4 ---- v]sus ignorance1 #b4 ---- practical1 ne$$1 #ae4 ---- ( tra9-rights1 #ge4 ,kort+ injector1 #acc4 ,lay+ out l9k-motion1 #beg-bhf4 ,lime1 effects ( its pres5ce 9 wat]1 #aja1 #cei4 ---- te/s = salts (1 #cfd4 ,l9k-hang]1 brok51 #chc4 ,l9k-motion1 adju/m5t (1 #bci4 ---- conditions ( lay+ out1 #bei4 ---- hang]-/ud1 #bda4 ---- increase ( lead1 #bdc4 ---- inv5tion (1 #bcj4 ---- lay+ out1 #beg-bhf4 ---- position ( rock]1 #bfd4 ,l9k-motion1 position ( crank-p9 & ecc5trics1 #bfe4 ---- problems ( lay+ out1 #bfj4 ---- radius1 #bdb4 ---- slip1 #bdj4 ---- weak po9ts (1 #bce-beh4 ,l9ks1 hook+ up1 #ej4 ,locomotives1 adhesion (1 #cdf4 ---- difficulty ( runn+ at night1 #ad-ba4 ---- dim5sions (1 #bhd-bhf4 ---- h>d-/eam+1 #ib4 ---- high-spe$1 #hc4 ---- horse-p[] (1 #cej4 ---- importance (1 /eam+ freely1 #ib4 ---- inspection (1 #cj-ch4 ---- le>n+ to keep1 9 ord]1 #bb4 ---- p[] ( diff]5t k9ds1 #ceg4 ---- runn+ worn-out1 #adc4 ---- slipp]y1 #fd4 ---- traction (1 #cdg4 ,mason locomotives1 #bhf4 ,monitor injector1 #acb4 ,mud-drums1 #ajb4 ,mud 9 boil]s1 #aja1 #aci1 #cgc4 ,na?an injector1 #acb4 ,nett+ *ok$ ) oil1 #ih4 ,night1 difficulty ( runn+ at1 #ad4 ,nozzles1 exhau/1 #aje4 ,(f ! track1 #agb-aha4 ,oil-cups1 inspection (1 #cd1 #hd4 ,oil1 quality (1 ne$$ = ma*9]y1 #de4 ,pass5g] tra91 runn+ fa/1 #hb-ia4 ,petticoat-pipe1 influ5ce on /eam-mak+ (1 #ic4 ---- ---- size & position (1 #id4 ,pi/on1 cle>ance1 #ajd1 #ahd4 ---- ev5ts ( /roke1 #bbb4 ---- irregul> spe$ (1 #bae4 ---- sett+ out pack+1 #chb4 ,pittsburg locomotives1 #bhe4 ,po9t ( susp5sion ( l9k1 #bda4 ,p\nd+ ( work+-p>ts1 #afh-agj4 ---- 9 driv+-boxes & w$ges1 #aij4 ,p[] ( locomotives1 #ceg4 ,pumps1 c>e ( air1 #cbf4 ---- ---- ---- wat]1 #aac4 ---- causes t induce p\nd+ 9 air1 #cca4 ---- *oice (1 = fe$+ wat]1 #ff4 ---- disord]s ( air1 #cbb4 ---- disord]s ( wat]1 #aji-aah4 ---- gradual deg5]ation ( air1 #cbi4 ---- lift ( valves = wat]1 #aae4 ---- s& 9 *amb]s1 #aaf4 ---- te/+ wat]1 #aac4 ---- ,we/+h\se air1 #cah4 ,rais+ /eam1 #ci4 ,radius ( l9k1 #bdb4 ,relief-valve on dry pipe1 #bbg4 ,rev]s+ motions1 e>ly1 #bbi4 ,road1 acqua9tance ) !1 #gi4 ---- gett+ ready = !1 #ci-dg4 ,rock]-arm1 brok51 #aeh4 ---- position (1 #bfd4 ,rock]-%aft1 brok51 #aeh4 ,rods1 ecc5tric1 #aed1 #bdc1 #bdh1 #bfh4 ---- key+ up1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #cgi1 #chj4 ---- ma91 #afd1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,rods1 side1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ---- wat*+1 on road1 #ahe4 ---- valve1 #bej4 ,r\gh-rid+1 cause (1 #aig4 ,runn+-ge>1 inspection (1 #ce1 #aig4 ---- und]/&+ !1 #agf4 ,runn+ fa/ freight tra91 #dh-fj4 ---- ---- pass5g] tra91 #hb-ia4 ,saddle-p91 c5t] (1 #bga4 ,s&1 use (1 #fc4 ---- 9 pump-*amb]1 #aaf4 ,scale ag5cies t make lime1 #cfb4 ---- effects on /eam-mak+1 #aja4 ,s*5ectady locomotives1 #bhf4 ,self-improvem5t1 me?ods (1 #e4 ,sell]s injector1 #abi-aca4 ,sett+ ! valves1 #bdf-bef4 ,%op1 obs]v+ "w 91 #f4 ,soap-te/ = h>d wat]1 #cfi-cgb4 ,%ort ( wat]1 #aji-aah4 ,smoke-box1 ext5d$1 #ii4 ---- temp]ature (1 #ajf4 ,%ift+-l9k1 #bbi-bde4 ---- action (1 #bcc4 ---- con/ruction (1 #bcb4 ---- slip1 #bdj4 ,side-rods1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ---- adju/m5t (1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #cgi1 #chj4 ,slide-valves1 cle>ance1 #bjh4 ---- describ$1 #bjj4 ---- detect+ leakage (1 #ade4 ---- effect ( *ang+ travel1 #bcf4 ---- increase ( lead1 #bdc4 ---- inv5tion (1 #aii4 ---- lap1 #bjb-bje1 #bab4 ---- lead1 #bji4 ---- primitive =m (1 #bja4 ,slide-valves1 movem5t (1 #bag4 ---- sett+ (1 #bdf-bef4 ---- te/+ = leaks1 #afa4 ,spe$1 av]age ( fa/ tra91 #hb1 #hf-hh4 ---- requisites ( high1 #hc4 ,spr+s1 brok5 driv+1 #agg4 ,smoke-/ack1 badly proportion$1 #aje4 ---- functions (1 #ig4 ,/eam-eng9e indicator1 #cjc-cjh4 ,/eam1 action (1 9 rev]se-motion1 #bdd4 ---- back pressure1 #baa4 ---- causes detrim5tal to mak+1 #ic4 ---- *e/-cov] brok51 #aei4 ---- compression (1 #bac4 ---- op]ation 9 cyl9d]s1 #baj4 ---- pipes brok51 #afj4 ---- pipes leak+1 #ajj4 ---- pressure be/ = economy1 #eb4 ---- rais+1 #ci4 ---- runn+ ) l[ pressure (1 #ed4 ---- work+ expansively1 #ea4 ,/eph5son l9k1 #bca4 ,/ev5s valve-ge>1 #bhg-bia4 ,/ev5s valve-ge>1 control ( exhau/-lead1 #bij4 ,/ev5s valve-ge>1 description (1 #bhg4 ---- ---- valve-movem5t1 #bhi4 ,/ra9]s1 #aac4 ,supplies1 #db4 ,te/s ( fe$-wat]1 #cfc-cgb4 ---- ---- valves1 #afa4 ,?rottle1 accid5ts to1 #afg4 ---- disconnect$1 #afe1 #aff1 #chc4 ,?rottle1 position ( lev]1 #ed4 ,tires1 brok51 #agi-chd4 ,track1 eng9e (f !1 #agb4 ---- op]at+ s+le1 #gg4 ---- replac+ eng9e on1 #agd4 ,traction ( locomotives1 #cdf4 ,tra91 conditions t increase resi/ance (1 #ceb4 ,tra91 fa/ pass5g]1 #hb4 ---- k ( rights (1 #ge4 ---- resi/ance =mula1 #cea4 ---- resi/ances1 #cdf-ceh4 ---- runn+ freight1 #dh4 ,travel ( slide-valve1 #bcf4 ,triple valve1 #ccb4 ,trucks1 accid5ts to1 #agh4 ,tumbl+-%aft1 brok51 #aeg4 ---- l5g? ( arms1 #bgg4 ,valve1 ,all51 #bjf4 ,valve-motion1 accid5ts to1 #adc1 #aej1 #aeh4 ---- aids to /udy (1 #bba4 ---- *apt] on1 #aii-bbh4 ---- compression1 #bac4 ---- effect ( excessive inside lap1 #bab4 ---- effect ( ma9-rod angul>ity on1 #bbj4 ---- int]e/ 91 #adi4 ---- ,joy's1 #bib-cjc4 ---- locat+ defects (1 #aea4 ---- ( fa/ pass5g] eng9e1 #bce4 ---- ,/ev5s1 #bhg-bia4 ,valve-sett+1 #bdf-bhf4 ---- be/ way to le>n1 #bdg4 ---- cut-(f1 #bec4 ,valve-sett+1 lead-op5+1 #beb4 ---- m5 :o le>n1 #bdf4 ---- prelim9>y op]ations1 #bdg4 ,valve-/em1 brok51 #aeh4 ---- m>k+1 #bdi4 ,valve-travel1 effect ( *ang+1 #bce4 ,valve-yoke1 brok51 #aeh1 #chj4 ,wat]1 exp5se ( us+ bad1 #cfj4 ---- = locomotive boil]s1 #cei-cge4 ---- h[ c>ri$1 #hi1 #cgf4 ---- h[ to avoid gett+ %ort (1 #aaa4 ---- loss ( fai? 9 purify+ me?ods1 #cfa4 ---- ma/]-me*anics' attempts to purify1 #cfa4 ---- soap-te/ = h>dness1 #cfi-cgb4 ---- %ort (1 #aaj1 #aab1 #cgg1 #cgh4 ---- te/s ( quality1 #cfc-cgb4 ,wat*+ ! exhau/1 #add4 ,w$ges1 #ahb1 #aij1 #aib1 #aid-aif4 ,:eels1 brok51 #agi4 ---- slipp+1 #fc4 ,we/+h\se brake1 #cji-cci4 ---- air-pump1 #cah4 ---- air-pump disord]s1 #cbb4 ---- air-brake1 ess5tial p>ts1 #cag4 ---- air-brake1 fir/ trials (1 #caa4 ---- air-brake1 inv5tion (1 #cji4 ,work+-p>ts1 h>mony (1 #bci4 ---- p\nd+ (1 #afh4 ,,wm4 ,,sell]s ,,co4 7,,incorporat$71 ,illu/ration ,,sole ,,pat5tees ,,& ,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,self-,,act+ ,,injector ,,( #ahhg4 ,range ( capacity ov] #fj p] c5t41 & c !re=e be regulat$ to "w cont9u\sly = ! lighte/ or heavie/ tra9s4 ,nev] fails to lift promptly hot or cold wat]4 ,no s]vice on a locomotive is suffici5tly sev]e to p]man5tly /op its work+4 ,%\ld ! jet break f any int]ruption ( ! /eam or wat] supply1 ! ,injector w ,,re/>t ,,itself z soon z ! supply is resum$4 ,,adju/s ,,itself to v>y+ /eam pressures )\t wa/e ( wat]4 ,increases quantity ( wat] ) increase ( /eam1 & vice v]sa4 ,v simple to op]ate4 ,/>t$ by pull+ out ! lev]4 ,/opp$ by pu%+ 9 ! lev]4 ,descriptive ,circul> ,price ,li/ s5t on application to (fice & works1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,e/abli%$1 #ahca4 ,annual ,capacity1 #fjj4 ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works ,,burnham1 ,,p>ry1 ,,williams ,,co41 ,,proprietors1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,illu/ration ,broad & ,n>r[ ,gauge ,locomotives4 ,m9e ,locomotives4 ,plantation ,locomotives4 ,compress$ ,air ,locomotives4 ,logg+ ,locomotives4 ,noiseless ,motors & ,/eam ,/reet ,c>s4 ,all important p>ts made to ,/&>d ,gauges & ,templates4 ,l p>ts ( diff]5t eng9es ( same class p]fectly int]*angeable4 ,,geo4 ,,we/+h\se1 ,,jr41 ,presid5t4 ,,john ,,caldwell1 ,treasur]4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,wel%1 ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,c>d1 ,secret>y4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,we/+h\se1 ,g5]al ,ag5t4 ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,air ,,brake ,,company1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,u4,s4,a41 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,automatic ,,brake1 ,,we/+h\se ,,locomotive ,,driv] ,,brake1 ,,vacuum ,,brakes 7,we/+h\se ,smi? ,pat5ts71 ,,we/+h\se ,,air ,,brake4 ,! ,automatic ,freight ,brake is ess5tially ! same app>atus z ! ,automatic ,brake = pass5g] c>s1 except t ! v>i\s p>ts are "o piece ( me*anism1 & is sold at a v l[ price4 ,! sav+ 9 accid5ts1 flat :eels1 brakem5's wages1 & ! increas$ spe$ possible ) p]fect safety1 w repay ! co/ ( its application )9 a v %ort "t4 ,! 8,,automatic0 has prov$ itself to be ! mo/ effici5t tra9 & safety brake kn[n4 ,its application is in/antane\s2 x c be op]at$ f any c> 9 ! tra91 if desir$1 & %\ld ! tra9 sep>ate1 or a hose or pipe fail1 x applies automatically4 ,a ,,gu>antee is giv5 cu/om]s aga9/ ,,loss f ,,pat5t ,,suits on ! app>atus sold !m4 ,,full ,,in=mation ,,furni%$ ,,on ,,application4 ,,pittsburgh ,,locomotive ,,& ,,c> ,,works1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,locomotive ,,eng9es ,,= ,,broad ,,or ,,n>r[ ,,gauge ,,roads ,f /&>d designs1 or accord+ to specifications1 to suit pur*as]s4 ,,tanks1 ,,locomotive ,,or ,,/ation>y ,,boil]s ,furni%$ at ,%ort ,notice4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,/ew>t1 ,pres't4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,wightman1 ,sup't4 ,,wilson ,,mill]1 ,sec4 & ,treas4 ,illu/ration ,,brooks ,,locomotive ,,works ,,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,brooks1 ,presid5t & ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,h9man1 ,secret>y & ,treasur]4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,gross1 ,travel+ ,ag5t4 ,build]s ( all classes ( ,,locomotive ,,eng9es4 ,all "w con/ruct$ accurately to ,/&>d ,gauges & ,/eel-,bu%$ ,templates4 ,we gu>antee ! int]*angeability ( l p>ts ( diff]5t ,eng9es ( ! same class4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,/eel ,,works4 ,,tires ,,/&>d ,,tires ,,philadelphia ,,/eel ,,ca/+s ,f #a-d to #ae1jjj lbs4 weight1 ,true to patt]n1 s\nd & solid1 ( unequall$ /r5g?1 t\ghness1 & durability4 ,an invaluable sub/itute = =g+s1 or = ca/- iron requir+ ?ree-fold /r5g?4 ,ge>+ ( all k9ds1 ,%oes1 ,dies1 ,hamm]-,heads1 ,cross-,heads = ,locomotives1 etc4 #dj1jjj ,crank ,%afts1 & #cj1jjj ,ge> ,:eels ( ?is ,/eel n[ runn+1 prove its sup]iority ov] o!r ,/eel ,ca/+s4 ,,specialties3 ,,crank ,,%afts1 ,,cross-,,heads1 ,,& ,,ge>+s1 ,/eel ,ca/+s ( ,e ,description4 ,please s5d = ,circul>s4 ,address ,,*e/] ,,/eel ,,ca/+s ,,co41 ,works1 ,,*e/]1 ,,p5n4 ,(fice1 ,no4 #djg ,,libr>y ,,/reet1 ,,philadelphia4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 0 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs1 outside quotations1 & usually close to _! fir/ ref]5ce 9 ! text4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,text uses bo? 8employs0 & 8employes04 ,"s tables h be5 re>rang$ to make !m n>r[]4