,transcriber ,notes ,text emphasis is denoted as ,bold and ,italics4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,farmers' ,,bulletin ,no4 #afch ,,rat ,,proofing ,,buildings and ,,premises ,illustration ,,food ,,and ,,shelter are as essential to rats as to other animals1 and the removal of these offers a practical means of permanent rat control4 ,the number of rats on premises and the extent of their destructiveness are usually in direct proportion to the available food supply and to the shelter afforded4 ,rat proofing in the broadest sense embraces not only the exclusion of rats from buildings of all types but also the elimination of their hiding and nesting places and cutting off their food supply4 ,through open doors and in other ways1 rats may frequently gain access to structures that are otherwise rat proof1 but they can not persist there unless they find safe retreats and food4 ,when rat proofing becomes the regular practice the rat problem will have been largely solved4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issued ,december1 #aicj ,,rat ,,proofing ,,buildings ,,and ,,premises ,by ,james ,silver1 ,associate ,biologist1 and ,w4 ,e4 ,crouch1 ,senior ,biologist1 ,division of ,predatory-,animal and ,rodent ,control1 ,bureau of ,biological ,survey1 and ,m4 ,c4 ,betts1 ,senior ,architect1 ,division of ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,bureau of ,public ,roads4 ,,contents ,page ,introduction #a ,general principles of rat proofing #b ,rat-proofing farm buildings #b ,barns #e ,corncribs #g ,granaries #i ,poultry houses #i ,other farm structures #aa ,rat proofing city buildings #ac ,markets #ah ,warehouses #ai ,rat proofing the city #bj ,model rat-proofing ordinances #ba ,,introduction ,,the ,,principles of modern construction of buildings are opposed to everything conducive to the best interests of the rat4 ,they call for the liberal use of indestructible and noncombustible materials1 as well-made concrete and steel1 and these are too much for even the sharpest of rodent incisors4 ,they include1 also1 fire stopping in double walls and floors and the elimination of all dead spaces and dark corners1 and the rat is left no place in which to hide4 ,they embody sanitary features that provide for hygienic storage of food1 and the rat can not live without something to eat4 ,many men have devoted their lives to a study of methods of rat control1 and as a result countless preparations1 devices1 and contrivances are constantly being made available4 ,trapping1 snaring1 trailing1 flooding1 digging1 hunting1 ferreting1 poisoning1 and fumigating are employed1 and rat limes1 rat lures1 rat repellents1 and bacterial viruses are resorted to1 and even antirat laws1 local4 ,state1 and national1 are constantly being passed in a world-wide effort to conquer this rodent4 ,these have been important factors in keeping down the surplus1 but all destructive agencies that have been used have utterly failed to reduce materially the total number of rats in the world4 ,rat proofing1 however1 is at last making definite headway against the age-old enemy of mankind1 and it is upon this that the ultimate solution of the rat problem will depend4 ,the destruction of rats for temporary relief and for keeping them under control in places where rat proofing is not possible or practicable will always be necessary1 and knowledge of the best means of destroying rats is essential to any rat-control program4 ,information on poisoning1 trapping1 and other means of destroying rats is given in ,farmers' ,bulletin #aecc1 ,rat ,control4 ,permanent freedom from rats1 however1 should be the goal of everyone troubled with the pests and rat proofing offers the best means to this end4 ,,general ,,principles ,,of ,,rat ,,proofing ,every separate structure presents its individual problem1 but there are two general principles that apply in all cases and that should be kept in mind when the rat proofing of any building is being considered4 ,first1 the exterior of those parts of the structure accessible to rats1 including porches or other appurtenances1 must be constructed of materials resistant to the gnawing of rats1 and all openings must be either permanently closed or protected with doors1 gratings1 or screens2 second1 the interior of the building must provide no dead spaces1 such as double walls1 spaces between ceilings and floors1 staircases1 and boxed-in piping1 or any other places where a rat might find safe harborage1 unless they are permanently sealed with impervious materials4 ,all new buildings should be made rat proof4 ,when plans are being drawn for a building1 the rat problem is frequently overlooked1 usually because rats are not often present near sites selected for new structures4 ,they are certain to come later1 however1 and should therefore be taken into account4 ,modern structures are so nearly rat proof that to make them completely so requires only slight and inexpensive changes4 ,furthermore1 rat proofing is closely associated with fire stopping and with sanitary measures that are now required by law in many places4 ,cities in growing numbers have added rat proofing clauses to their building ordinances with such good effect that others are sure to follow their lead4 ,builders should therefore compare the cost of rat proofing during construction with the probable later cost1 in case local laws should require that all buildings be made rat proof4 ,,rat ,,proofing ,,farm ,,buildings ,the cost of rat proofing the entire premises of many ,american farms would amount to less than the loss occasioned by rats on the same farms during a single year4 ,in no other place is rat proofing more badly needed or less often accomplished than on the farm4 ,there are1 however1 numerous examples of rat-proof farms in nearly every county in the ,united ,states1 and almost invariably they are the more prosperous farms1 for the rat proofing of a farm is an indication that the farmer has learned the necessity of stopping all small leaks1 which mean reduced profits4 ,a rat-proof farm is not necessarily one in which the entire farmstead is absolutely proofed1 but rather one where conditions are so unfavorable for any invading rats that they either will desert the premises of their own accord or may be easily routed by man or dogs4 ,the source of the trouble on almost any heavily rat-infested farm can be traced directly to conditions that furnish rats safe refuges near abundant food4 ,the commoner of these rat-breeding places are beneath wooden floors set a few inches off the ground in poultry houses1 barns1 stables1 granaries1 corncribs1 and even residences2 in piles of fuel wood1 lumber1 and refuse2 in straw1 hay1 and manure piles that remain undisturbed for long periods beneath concrete floors without curtain walls2 and inside double walls of buildings4 ,in rat proofing the farmstead as a whole1 attention should first be paid to the premises outside the buildings and later to each building separately4 ,illustration3 ,b#cabaf ,figure #a4--;,an automatic garbage can1 always closed ,neatness is of prime importance in keeping a place free from1 rats1 and providing facilities for keeping it neat should be considered part of the rat-proofing program4 ,an incinerator1 which can be made from a discarded metal drum or rolled-up poultry netting1 is convenient for burning all trash and combustible waste2 and a deep1 covered pit with a trapdoor will take care of tin cans and other noncombustibles1 if it is not practicable to haul them away at regular intervals4 ,a covered garbage can is also indispensable on farms where table scraps are not fed directly to poultry or hogs4 7,fig4 #a47 ,raised platforms1 #ah or more inches high1 should be provided upon which to pile lumber or other materials that if placed on the ground would afford shelter for rats4 7,fig4 #b47 ,large piles of cut stove wood on many northern farms become rat infested4 ,the same is true of manure piles adjoining barns and1 to a lesser extent1 of hay and straw stacks near farm buildings4 ,these do not provide food and are attractive to rats for harbors only if near a source of food supply2 moving them to a place at some distance from where foodstuffs are handled will usually solve the problem4 ,stone walls at times furnish excellent harborage for rats but1 like the woodpile1 only if there is ample food near by4 ,stone walls supporting embankments and driveways on sloping farmsteads are most frequently infested1 and when this occurs the inviting openings can usually be readily closed with small stones and cement4 ,ditch banks often are a source of rat infestation1 but in most climates during the warmer months only4 ,the rodents concentrate in such places because they are less likely to be disturbed there4 ,rat proofing the ditch bank consists merely of burning or otherwise destroying the protective vegetation4 ,this1 of course1 affords only temporary relief and should not be considered strictly rat proofing4 ,the use of concrete in the construction of most farm buildings is usually the best means of permanently excluding the rat4 ,fortunately1 many of the fundamentals of rat proofing are also principles of good construction4 ,as am example1 in order to support a building properly1 the foundation should extend well into the ground below the frost line2 rat proofing likewise requires that the foundation wall extend at least #b feet below the surface4 ,rats seldom burrow deeper than #b feet unless natural passageways assist4 ,foundation walls should project a foot or more above the ground in order to protect the wooden parts of the building1 and this also lessens the opportunity for rats to gnaw through the wall4 ,a rat is not likely to cling to the exposed exterior of a building a foot above the ground while it gnaws a hole through wooden sheathing or siding4 ,it would do so very quickly1 however1 if such siding extended to the ground1 where its work could be under cover of vegetation or behind some object1 particularly when the siding becomes somewhat rotted1 as would soon happen were it close to the ground4 ,illustration3 ,b#caci,m ,figure #b4--,lumber and other stored materials piled well off the ground to prevent rat harborage ,it is important that concrete be hard1 as weak concrete is but a slight obstacle to the sharp rodent incisors4 ,the mixture approved for ordinary building construction1 however1 is sufficiently hard to be entirely rat proof1 and it is essential that approved practices of mixing and placing concrete be followed4 ,directions for using concrete and for building concrete floors are given in ,farmers' ,bulletin #abgi1 ,plain ,concrete for ,farm ,use1 and in ,farmers' ,bulletin #adhj1 ,small ,concrete ,construction on the ,farm4 ,other approved building practices1 such as fire stopping double walls1 eliminating waste dead spaces1 making doors1 windows1 and ventilators fit tightly1 and screening or permanently stopping all openings1 are also necessary in rat proofing4 ,for simple farm buildings the foundation illustrated in ,figure #c meets all the requirements of good construction and will keep the rats out if the walls are tight4 ,,barns ,it is seldom possible to shut out rats completely from barns or entirely to cut off their food supply where livestock is fed4 ,little trouble will be experienced with them1 however1 if their harbors are eliminated4 ,in barns rat harbors are most frequently found around stalls1 under wooden mangers1 and stall partitions1 and beneath wooden or dirt floors4 ,in modern barns with concrete floors1 concrete or metal mangers1 and metal stanchions1 such places of retreat are entirely eliminated4 ,in older barns it is desirable at least to replace wooden and dirt floors with concrete and reconstruct the mangers so that they are a foot or more off the ground4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4--;,foundation and floor suitable for most types of farm buildings ,another common source of rat trouble1 particularly in the northern half of the ,united ,states1 is the hollow wall1 within which rats find safe retreat and convenient runways leading to the haymow4 ,in recent years fibrous insulating materials have been used to line the interiors of many farm buildings1 and in most cases these have resulted in greatly increased rat infestation4 ,rats cut through these composition boards very easily and seem to be attracted by the facilities for breeding thus provided4 ,hollow walls of any kind accessible to rats should either be eliminated or adequately rat proofed4 ,such rat proofing may be accomplished by filling the hollow spaces to a height of #h or #aj inches above the sill with cement1 bricks1 or other material resistant to the gnawing of rats1 or a strip of galvanized metal #b or more feet wide may be carried around the inside wall just above the sill4 ,old barns with wooden floors supported a few inches above the ground on girders and posts are particularly objectionable from the standpoint of rat infestation and should be rat proofed with concrete4 7,fig4 #d47 ,a concrete foundation wall extending at least #b feet below grade is placed under the girder between the posts4 ,the wooden posts may be removed after the wall has hardened1 and the spaces left should then be filled in with concrete4 ,a concrete floor is laid1 and cement stucco on metal lath is extended up the walls for at least #b feet1 preferably to the level of window sills4 ,rock foundations in many old barns offer excellent harborage for rats unless pointed carefully with cement mortar4 ,if possible1 the floor should be raised to the level of the sill and the walls plastered to the window-sill level 7fig4 #e7 in such manner as to prevent access by rats to spaces between the studs4 ,the grain bin and other similar fixtures must always be considered in rat proofing a barn4 ,it is most important that they be so situated or constructed that there shall be no hiding places for rats behind or under them4 ,the grain bin should be completely lined or covered with metal and should have metal-clad lids4 ,any open spaces behind or under the bins should be tightly closed with metal4 7,fig4 #f47 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4--;,a1 ,detail of old barn with floor supported a few inches above ground on girders and posts2 ,b1 same barn made rat proof with concrete foundation and floors and cement-plastered walls ,illustration3 ,figure #e4--,method of rat proofing old stable1 ,a4 ,concreting and plastering as shown in ,b makes for better sanitary conditions behind stock ,other accessories of various kinds of barns should be examined carefully and remodeled or moved if necessary to exclude rats or eliminate harbors4 ,the haymow frequently presents a difficult problem in a heavily infested barn1 but the haymow alone is seldom responsible for the rats1 for if all other rat harbors in the barn are effectively eliminated or shut off1 the rats will not long remain with the hay as their only shelter4 ,if the lower walls are of rough surface or composed of open studs covered on the outside1 rats can climb at the corners4 ,they may be prevented from doing so by the application of a strip of metal #h inches wide placed just below the joists of the upper floor4 ,recommended construction of walls and floors in new frame barns is shown in ,figure #g4 ,illustration3 ,figure #f4--;,a convenient upper-story rat-proof grain bin ,illustration3 ,figure #g4--,recommended construction of walls and floors of new frame barns4 ,cement plaster on metal lath or ,insulating board is applied to the inside of the studs at least to the level of the window sills as a better protection against rats and as being more easily kept clean than wooden lining ,,corncribs ,of all the buildings on the average farm the corncrib is usually in greatest need of rat proofing4 ,losses sometimes amounting to a fourth or a third of the total quantity of corn held over winter have been known4 ,a survey in a southern ,state showed an average loss of #e per cent of corn in storage2 in one case #ejj bushels were destroyed in one crib during one winter4 ,the amount of this loss would have been sufficient to pay for rat proofing the crib several times over4 ,in building or remodeling a corncrib2 therefore1 it is most important that it be made permanently rat proof4 ,probably the most satisfactory method of accomplishing this with the common slat-sided corncrib is entirely to cover the walls and ceiling on the inside and the wooden floors on the under side with woven-wire mesh or hardware cloth1 two or three meshes to the inch4 ,a heavy grade of woven wire should be used1 #ab or #ae gage1 and galvanized after weaving4 ,painting with a tar or asphaltic paint increases its durability4 ,illustration3 ,figure #h4--,suggested construction for corncrib3 ,a1 ,section through wall2 ,b1 section through door1 which is made of cribbing on vertical battens2 the metal band on the wall extends across the door1 but is cut and bent ,inward at the edges of the door2 ,c1 plan of door2 ,d1 enlarged detail of ,jamb at closing side of door ,another method1 and one that is less expensive and quite effective as long as kept in good repair1 is shown in ,figure #h4 ,wire netting should be carried around the entire crib to a height of #b feet or more from the top of the foundation4 ,a strip of galvanized iron #h inches wide should be fastened above the wire netting4 ,the joints between the foundation and netting and between the netting and metal strip must be tight4 ,as rats are unable to gain a footing on the smooth metal and can not climb over it1 it is unnecessary to use wire netting above the strip4 ,care should be taken to join the lengths of metal tightly and to carry the wire netting and strips of metal across and around both sides of doors and door jambs4 ,it is also advisable to provide doors with springs or weights to insure their remaining closed4 ,illustration3 ,b#cacfe ,figure #i4--;,an inexpensive method of rat proofing a corncrib4 ,it is supported by glazed tiles capped with galvanized washtubs1 which1 though not attractive in appearance1 have successfully kept out rats ,if possible the corncrib should have a concrete foundation and floor1 as illustrated4 ,otherwise it should be elevated on posts or piers so that it will have a clearance underneath of feet or more4 ,if the supporting posts or piers are covered with sheet metal1 or are protected at the top with metal collars or disks extending at least #i inches out from the posts1 rats will be kept out of the crib4 ,old cribs can often be rat proofed in this manner at little expense4 ,dish pans and washtubs make convenient rat guards4 7,fig4 #i47 ,it is important that the area beneath the corncrib be kept clear and that nothing that the rats can climb be leaned against it4#a #a ,plans for a #b1jjj-;bushel corncrib 7design ,no4 #eba7 are available upon request addressed to the ,bureau of ,public ,roads1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,granaries ,the rat proofing of granaries is of great importance1 because of the abundance of food stored there and the corresponding opportunity for serious loss4 ,the granary with concrete foundation and floors1 tight-fitting doors1 and screened ventilators presents no unusual problem1 except possibly in connection with the elevator pit1 which should be carefully checked against possible means of ingress for rats4 ,small wooden and portable granaries should be protected with wire netting4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,concrete feeding floors1 troughs 7fig4 #aa71 water tanks1 hog wallows1 and similar structures should be constructed with a curtain wall1 or apron1 around the outer edge extending #b feet or more into the ground 7fig4 #ab7 to keep the rats from burrowing underneath the slab4 ,this also tends to prevent the heaving caused by frost and the uneven settling of the structure in soft ground4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aj4--,recommended method of rat proofing a portable granary ,,poultry ,,houses ,it is not practicable to attempt to exclude rats from poultry houses1 but such buildings can easily be made proof against serious trouble by the elimination of all places where the rodents can obtain safe harborage4 ,most rat infestation around poultry plants is due to the presence of numerous shelters and suitable breeding places4 ,three things are particularly to be avoided3 ,wooden floors on or within a few inches of the ground2 double walls2 and nest boxes1 feed hoppers1 and other fixtures placed so as to provide shelter for rats under or behind them4 ,from a rat-proofing standpoint the floors as well as the foundation should be made of concrete4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,if this is not considered practicable1 wooden floors should be elevated so as to insure a clear space of #b or more feet between the floor and the ground4 ,warmth can be provided1 if necessary1 by two thicknesses of flooring with tar paper between4 ,hollow walls almost invariably furnish harborage for rats4 ,the inner stud covering therefore1 should be torn out1 but if warmth is a factor to be considered1 siding should be put over sheathing on the outside of the studs with building paper between4#b #b ,the construction of poultry houses and fixtures is described in ,farmers' ,bulletin #aeed1 ,poultry ,houses and ,fixtures4 ,illustration3 ,b#dcij,m ,figure #aa4--,rat proof pigpens and feeding troughs are easy to keep clean and sanitary1 and rats have little opportunity to steal the feed ,illustration3 ,figure #ab4--;,a concrete curtain wall or apron under a feeding floor prevents raveling of earth and consequent breaking of the slab1 as well as the harboring of rats ,portable laying and brooder houses frequently become heavily infested because they are usually built with wooden floors removed from the ground only by the height of the runners on which they are constructed and are seldom moved as frequently as originally intended4 ,feed1 sifting through the floors1 attracts rats1 which after finding desirable shelter soon establish themselves in burrows beneath the houses and multiply rapidly4 ,portable houses1 therefore1 should be raised off the ground #b or more feet4 ,nests should be raised #b or more feet above the floor1 and feed and grit hoppers at least #a foot4 ,drinking vessels for water and skim milk should supported on a platform #a to #a feet above the floor1 so as to eliminate the possibility of rat shelters and keep the liquids in a more sanitary condition4 ,other equipment should be given the same consideration4 ,the premises around the poultry house should be cleared of all rat harbors by elevating all objects under which a rat can find shelter4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,near-by buildings particularly should be considered1 for it is frequently found that rats living exclusively on poultry feed occupy harbors #ej or more feet away from the food source4 ,for this1 reason it is desirable to build poultry plants at least #ajj feet from any possible rat harborage4 ,the vast number of young chicks killed annually by rats would be greatly reduced if these simple precautions were taken4 ,illustration3 #acgdj;,c ,figure #ac4--,rat proofing a poultry house by laying a concrete floor ,,other ,,farm ,,structures ,there are many farm buildings of various kinds that should be made proof against rats4 ,in most cases1 however1 the application of the general principles of rat proofing1 as previously explained1 will suffice4 ,not only should all buildings in which food is kept be made inaccessible to rats1 but adjoining and near-by buildings and premises as well4 ,the procedure to be followed in the case of farm dwellings is omitted here1 as sufficient is included under the next heading1 ,rat ,proofing ,city ,buildings1 the conditions with respect to dwellings on farms and in towns being quite similar4 ,outside cellars frequently become infested with rats1 and great havoc to stored produce almost invariably results4 ,considerable expense1 if necessary1 is justified in making the storage cellar rat proof4 ,a cellarway with wooden steps and sills and earth floor is usually the source of the trouble4 ,the sill soon rots or the rats burrow under it to gain entrance4 ,the remedy is to construct a concrete floor and cellarway4 ,this not only will exclude rats but will prove more economical in the long run4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,illustration3 #gfea-;,c ,figure #ad4--;,coop built up off the ground1 rather than with the floor resting on the ground and thereby affording rats a desirable hiding place4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ae4--;,a1 ,cellarway before rat proofing2 ,b1 cellarway rat proofed ,,rat ,,proofing ,,city ,,buildings ,in rat proofing a city building it is well first to look to the exterior4 ,if the locality is heavily infested with rats1 some are almost certain sooner or later to find their way into the building however well protected against them it may be4 ,garbage and trash usually comprise the bulk of the rats' food supply4 ,a metal1 water-tight garbage can1 large enough to contain all garbage accumulations between collections and having a close-fitting lid 7fig #a71 is of prime importance and should be required in all cases by city law4 ,illustration3 ,b#bjjh,m ,figure #af4--;,an accumulation of trash such as this ,is almost certain to attract rats and should be prohibited by law ,large accumulations of trash usually1 contain much waste food 7fig4 #af7 and are certain to attract rats and furnish an ideal breeding place for them4 ,furthermore1 they are a menace to health and should not be tolerated under any circumstances4 ,all other rat harbors1 such as wooden floors and sidewalks very near the ground1 should be removed or replaced with concrete1 and piles of lumber and various materials stored out of doors should be removed or elevated #ah or more inches4 ,particular care should be taken to see that sheds and other outbuildings1 porches1 steps1 loading platforms1 and similar structures on the premises are made rat proof1 either by the use of concrete1 by elevation1 or by keeping them open to the light and easily accessible4 ,a thorough inspection should next be made of the building itself and careful note taken of alterations and repairs necessary for a thorough job of rat proofing4 ,inspection should begin in the basement4 ,doors and windows should fit snugly1 particularly doors leading to outside stairs or elevators1 and these should also be provided with automatic closing devices4 ,windows and ventilators should be screened or covered with gratings1 the openings not more than half an inch square4 ,defects in basement floors should be repaired with concrete1 and floor drains should be fitted with tight covers1 7,fig4 #ag47 ,illustration3 ,b#ccda,m3,b#ccca,m ,figure #ag4--;,a1 ,broken floor drains provide a ready means for invasion by rats2 ,b1 rat tracks in freshly laid concrete around newly repaired drain show that before repairs were made the drain was a rat highway ,side walls should be carefully inspected1 and all openings made for plumbing 7fig4 #ah71 electric-wire conduits1 areas around windows and doors1 and unpointed joints in masonry walls 7frequently left when the exterior of the wall is hidden from public view by porches or platforms7 should be carefully closed with cement mortar4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,illustration3 ,b#bhcia3;,b#dcia,m ,figure #ah4--;,a1 ,openings around pipes are a common source of rat infestation2 ,b1 situations like this give rats access to otherwise rat-proof buildings ,basement ceilings1 when accessible to rats1 cause much trouble1 and frequently the best remedy is to remove them entirely4 ,in frame construction spaces between studs in walls opening into basements also are a common cause of rat infestation of the whole building4 ,the permanent closing of these spaces with noncombustible material not only shuts out the rats but also reduces the fire hazard by stopping the drafts and the rising of heated gases should a fire start in the basement4 ,this process of blocking spaces between studs and furring is commonly known as fire stopping and is of such importance that the building regulations of many cities now require it4 ,figure #bj illustrates practical methods of rat proofing stud spaces in old buildings4 ,illustration3 ,b#dchh,m ,figure #ai4--;,defects in foundations1 such as the opening to the right of the step1 are often the cause of rat infestation in old buildings ,all openings between floors and in partitions made for the passage of pipes and wires and any defects in the wall should be closed with metal flashing4 ,all dead spaces throughout the building1 such as boxed-in plumbing1 spaces behind or beneath built-in cabinets1 counters1 shelving1 bins1 show windows1 and many similar places1 should be removed1 opened up1 or effectively and permanently proofed against rats4 ,in the ,southern ,states1 where the roof rat occurs1 similar care must be taken to make the upper floors and roofs of buildings rat proof1 as this rat is an expert climber and frequently enters buildings by way of the roof4 ,doors at the top of stairs and elevators should fit snugly1 and all ventilators1 exhaust fans1 unused chimney flues1 and other openings should be screened4 ,broken skylights and openings under eaves and places where electric wires enter the building should be repaired or closed4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bj4--,methods of rat proofing stud spaces in old buildings3 ,a1 ,construction at outer wall4 ,open stud spaces are filled with weak concrete1 which is placed by removing the skirting above4 ,if the work is done a little at a time1 the wooden forms can be removed when the concrete has set1 and used again4 ,b1 ,another method employing sheet metal secured to sill1 joist1 and flooring4 ,c1 ,post and girder in basement supporting partition with open stud spaces4 ,sheet metal nailed to joists and floor and fitted about the stud prevents access to upper floors ,illustration3 ,figure #ba4--;,a1 ,typical construction of frame building on wooden girders and posts with ,joists more than #b feet above ground2 ,b1 sheet metal placed as shown serves to prevent the rats from climbing to a point where they can gnaw through the wood ,buildings that have neither basements nor continuous masonry foundations present more difficult rat-proofing problems4 ,the most effective procedure is to construct a concrete foundation wall between the existing supports and1 after the wall has hardened1 remove the supports1 if of wood1 and replace them with concrete to make the wall continuous4 ,where the cost prohibits following this plan and where the supporting sill and joists are at least #b feet above the ground level1 satisfactory rat proofing may be attained by stopping the spaces between the studs with weak concrete or other material resistant to rats for a distance of #h inches above the floor level1 or with galvanized-metal flashing nailed to the joists1 plate1 and floor4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,the space beneath the building must be free from all rubbish and other material that would afford shelter for rats4 ,a continuous masonry foundation1 with screened openings to provide ventilation1 presents a more pleasing appearance4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bb4--;,a1 ,concrete curtain1 or area wall1 designed for rat-proofing purposes2 it does not support the building4 ,b1 ,plan of wall where supports are of wood2 the concrete is bound to the posts with wire mesh4 ,c1 ,plan of masonry support2 concrete will adhere to the masonry if the surface is roughened ,if the clearance between the ground level and the bottom of girders and joists is less than #b feet1 it may provide a hazardous rat harbor4 ,one of three things should be done3 ,the building should be elevated on piers #b feet above the ground2 a concrete foundation should be built as described above2 or a continuous concrete curtain wall should be constructed under the entire outer wall of the building4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,most new city buildings are now built practically rat proof1 or could be made so with only minor changes in the plans and at small cost4 ,yet if certain essential details are not included at the start1 endless rat troubles are likely to ensue4 ,it is therefore highly desirable that plans for every new building include specifications for rat proofing4 ,all new buildings in which foodstuffs are to be handled should have ground floors of concrete or other rat-proof material and concrete or masonry walls extending at least #b feet below and #a foot above the ground surface4 ,all unnecessary openings in the foundation1 walls1 and floors should be permanently closed1 and windows and ventilators should be screened4 ,stud spaces in frame construction should be stopped with noncombustible material resistant to rats4 ,new buildings in which foodstuffs are not to be handled may1 if desired1 be elevated on piers or posts to provide a clearance of #b feet between the ground level and the bottom of the supporting girders1 although the concrete or masonry wall is more satisfactory4 ,,markets ,public1 farmers'1 and wholesale markets1 commission houses1 and similar places where vast quantities of foodstuffs are assembled and redistributed are nearly always infested with large numbers of rats4 ,such structures are usually concentrated in districts1 and these often become rat-breeding centers1 from which the rats constantly overflow to adjoining sections of the city4 ,rat proofing a district of this kind would seem to be almost hopeless1 yet it has often been demonstrated that the task is not only feasible but entirely practicable4 4 ,here1 more than anywhere else1 the great need is the elimination of rat shelters1 which in turn means the free use of concrete or other masonry4 ,scrupulous cleanliness is essential in markets1 but even where this is practiced it is not possible completely to eliminate rat food1 so the main reliance must be placed on the removal of all rat harbors4 ,not only must the building in which the market is housed be rat proofed1 but also all the fixtures4 ,in old public markets the stalls were frequently constructed as if designed for the protection of rats4 ,dark1 out-of-the-way holes under counters1 stands1 and shelves afford convenient places for the accumulation of trash1 which it would be well to destroy2 and in such locations1 with abundance of food at hand1 rats are in the best possible position to thrive and multiply4 ,the use of smooth concrete or tile counters 7fig4 #bc7 erected on concrete floors deprive rats of the essential shelter1 provided that the space underneath the counter is kept clean and that stored material is moved frequently4 ,the smooth surface also prevents the rats from climbing and makes it possible to leave edible products on the counter overnight without fear of their being damaged or contaminated by the rodents4 ,if wooden floors are used1 the boards should be laid flat on the concrete or on sleepers not more than half an inch high4 ,illustration3 ,b#cacg;,,bm ,figure #bc4--,rat proof market stalls4 ,rats are unable to climb the smooth tiles to get at foodstuffs left on the counter ,,warehouses ,warehouses require rat proofing because of the great quantities of foodstuffs handled there and even stored for long periods4 ,it is essential that the building itself be rat proofed with concrete or masonry foundation1 concrete floors1 and tight-fitting doors lined with metal at the base4 ,doors of warehouses frequently become jammed as a result of heavy trucking and should be carefully watched for defects that would admit rats4 ,concrete floors1 in addition to being rat proof and fire proof1 save labor because of the comparative ease with which loaded trucks can be rolled over them4 ,when warehouses are found to be seriously infested with rats1 the trouble can usually be traced to such faulty construction as allows the rats access to spaces beneath floors or within walls1 or even provides exits to near-by shelter outside4 ,eats also gain entrance to rat-proofed warehouses through being shipped in with produce or when doors are left open1 and once inside they may persist and do much damage from shelter afforded by piles of stored goods4 ,such damage1 however1 is usually small in comparison with that resulting from permanent rat harbors beneath floors1 and the rats can be destroyed much more easily4 ,a report from one flour warehouse indicated that it cost more than #c1jjj a year to repair bags gnawed by rats and mice4 ,such a loss would go far toward rat proofing any premises4 ,a common cause of rat depredations in warehouses is the construction of platforms a few inches off the floor upon which to pile flour and other produce4 ,such platforms provide permanent shelter for rats and should be eliminated4 ,boards may be laid flat on the concrete floor with no spaces between them to afford rat harbors2 or1 if this is not sufficient proof against dampness1 the platforms should be raised a foot or more off the floor to admit light4 ,in such a place a rat does not feel safe and will not stay4 ,bags of flour1 grain1 and other produce furnish harborage that can not well be avoided1 but such goods are usually moved so frequently that rats do not have opportunity to ,,rat ,,proofing ,,the ,,city ,rat proofing the city is a responsibility of the city government4 ,the greatest force that can be exerted to-day toward the permanent suppression of the rat pest is through the passage of practical building ordinances that require the rat proofing of buildings and the adoption of sanitary regulations that will insure clean premises and adequate collection and disposed of garbage4 ,it has been demonstrated that such requirements not only are effective in reducing the numbers of rats to the minimum1 but also that they greatly improve health conditions1 reduce the fire hazard1 and from a purely economic standpoint are profitable4 ,in one city in which rat proofing has been vigorously prosecuted for a number of years and in which more than #hj per cent of the old buildings have been made proof against rats1 the sharp decline in the number of fires resulted in a #e per cent reduction in the fire-insurance rates4 ,more than #a1jjj1jjj was spent in the same city in rat proofing #aj miles of docks1 but even this large expenditure was found to be a profitable investment4 ,probably nothing so nearly reflects the sanitary conditions of a city as the number of rats that it harbors1 for the rat population is usually in inverse ratio to the degree of sanitation maintained4 ,in #aicj at least #ac cities in this country had rat-proofing laws1 and more than #cj others had fire-stopping requirements that are important in rat proofing4 ,an effective rat-proofing program must be practicable and not too drastic2 otherwise it will fail from lack of popular support4 ,attempts to enforce rat proofing of existing structures would probably not be feasible unless under stress of an outbreak of bubonic plague or other rat-borne disease epidemic4 ,there seems to be no good reason1 however1 why buildings constructed in the future or remodeled should not be made rat proof under the requirements of building ordinances4 ,had such ordinances been enacted #ej years ago and rigidly enforced since that time the large majority of buildings to-day would be rat proof1 and rats1 with their accompanying filth and destructiveness1 would have been largely eliminated4 ,there would also be fewer of the unsightly and insanitary shacks now existing in most cities1 and the average structure would be of a more desirable type4 ,as modern construction conforms so closely in principle to the requirements of rat proofing1 there should be little1 if any1 opposition among builders to a rat-proofing clause in building ordinances4 ,in considering the suppression of rats1 at the outset city authorities should discard all methods other than those that strike at the source of the trouble4 ,the actual destruction of rats is necessary as a temporary means of stopping their depredations1 but modern construction and sanitation are the weapons that must be relied upon to gain permanent relief4 ,in addition to a rat-proofing ordinance1 every city should have a law requiring that all garbage wherever accumulated be kept in rat-proof containers or garbage cans until collected or until destroyed by incineration or otherwise disposed of in a manner that would avoid the possibility of its providing food for rats4 ,containers should have covers not easily removed by dogs and other animals4 ,the city should also enact regulations prohibiting the accumulation of trash1 refuse1 or waste matter of any kind on either public or private premises1 and should provide adequate means for collecting and disposing of all waste4 ,consideration should also be given to the sewer system4 ,although most modern sewers do not offer opportunity for the unrestricted breeding of rats1 there are many still in use that furnish harbors for large numbers of these pests in sections of some cities4 ,of most importance is the corner catch basin1 storm sewer1 or street-drainage opening1 which should be effectively remodeled1 if necessary1 to provide smooth interior vertical walls with a drop of at least #c feet2 rats are unable to jump #c feet vertically or to climb smooth surfaces4 ,another place that should receive attention is the city dumping ground1 which frequently serves as an incubator for rats1 and these soon overflow into near-by sections of the city4 ,a study should be made of methods of disposing of waste materials and a system put into effect that will meet the requirements of the city and insure the destruction1 removal1 or adequate covering of all such food for rats4 ,any other conditions that may be found favorable for the breeding of rats1 whether on public or on private property1 should be declared a public nuisance and ordered corrected4 ,,model ,,rat-,,proofing ,,ordinances ,the samples or models of rat-proofing and garbage-removal ordinances here given were prepared by the ,united ,states ,public ,health ,service as a result of its experience in combating bubonic plague in several coastal cities4 ,they have1 in substance1 been adopted and put into practice by a number of cities and have been found practicable4 ,they should be applicable to any city after necessary allowance and possible changes have been made to conform to local conditions and constitutional considerations4 ,,an ,,ordinance ,,defining ,,rat ,,proofing ,,of ,,all ,,buildings#c #c ,u4 ,s4 ,pub4 ,health ,serv4 ,bul4 #aba1 ,preliminary ,report on ,proposed ,antiplague ,measures in ,massachusetts4 ,section #a4 ,be it ordained1 etc41 ,that it shall be unlawful for any person1 firm1 or corporation hereafter to construct any building1 outhouse1 or other superstructure1 stable1 lot1 open area1 or other premise1 sidewalk1 street1 or alley1 or to repair or remodel the same to an extent of -------- per cent of cost of construction within the city of --------1 unless the same shall be rat proofed in the manner hereinafter provided for4 ,sec4 #b4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that for the purpose of rat proofing all buildings1 outhouses1 and other superstructures in the city of --------1 except stables1 shall be divided into two classes1 to wit1 class ,a and class ,b1 and the same shall be rat proofed in the manner following1 to wit3 ,class ,a4--,all buildings1 outhouses1 and other superstructures of class ,a shall have floors made of rat-proof material or of concrete1 which concrete shall be not less than #c inches thick1 and overlaid with a top dressing of cement1 mosaic1 tiling1 or other impermeable material laid in cement mortar1 and such floor shall rest without any intervening space between upon the ground or upon filling of clean earth1 sand1 cinders1 broken stone or brick1 gravel1 or similar material1 which filling shall be free from animal or vegetable substances2 said floor shall extend and be hermetically sealed to walls surrounding said floor1 which walls shall be made of rat-proof material or of concrete1 stone1 or brick laid in cement or mortar1 and each wall shall be not less than #f inches thick and shall extend into and below the surface of the surrounding ground at least #b feet and shall extend not less than #a foot above the surface of said floor2 provided that wooden removable gratings may be laid on such concrete floors in such parts of such buildings1 superstructures1 and outhouses as are used exclusively as sales departments1 provided that wooden flooring may be laid over the concrete wherever the intervening space between such flooring and the concrete shall not exceed one-half inch2 provided further that any sleepers that are sunk into the concrete shall be creosoted4 ,class ,b4--,all accidental and unnecessary spaces and holes1 ventilators1 and other openings other than doors and windows in every building1 outhouse or other superstructure in the city of --------1 shall be closed with cement1 mortar1 or other material impervious to rats or screened with wire having not more than one-half inch mesh1 as the case may require1 and all wall spaces shall be closed with cement1 mortar1 or other material impervious to rats1 which closure shall extend the full thickness of the wall and shall extend upward at least twelve inches above the floor level1 and the whole in such manner as to prevent the ingress or egress of rats2 or the ingress or egress of rats from such double wall or space may be prevented by protecting the junction of said wall with the floor or other wall with metal flashing of galvanized iron of #bh or #cj gauge1 provided that where such double wall is open beneath or is in communication with foundations of the house that said opening shall be effectively closed or said junction with foundations flashed with metal as provided above3 ,provided1 ,that in all buildings1 outhouses1 and other superstructures of class ,a and in all stables where there are any spaces in walls between the wall proper and the covering on same1 or in ceilings between the ceiling and floor1 or other ceiling covering above1 said spaces shall be eliminated by the removal of said covering1 or so closed with cement1 mortar or other material impervious to rats as to prevent the ingress or egress of rats3 ,provided1 ,that all such wall spaces shall be closed with cement1 mortar1 or other material impervious to rats1 which closure shall extend the full thickness of the wall and shall extend upward at least twelve inches above the floor level4 ,the cellar of every building hereafter erected within the building limits shall be made rat proof by the use of masonry or metal4 ,all openings in foundations1 cellars and basements ,in such buildings1 except for doors and hatchways1 and except also for such windows wholly above ground as may be exempted by the -------- in his discretion1 shall be completely covered with screens of metal having meshes of not more than one-half of an inch in least dimension and constructed of rods or wire of not less than twelve gauge4 ,all buildings1 outhouses1 and other superstructures of class ,b separated from any other building on three sides by at least ten feet and lacking any basement or cellar may be rat proofed in the following manner1 to wit3 ,said building1 outhouse1 or other superstructure shall be set upon pillars or underpinning of concrete1 stone1 or brick laid in cement mortar1 or may be set upon underpinning of substantial timber1 such pillars or underpinning to be not less than eighteen inches high1 the height to be measured from the ground level to the top of said pillars or underpinning2 and the intervening space between said building and the ground level to be open on three sides and to be free from all rubbish and other rat harboring material1 or may be made rat proof by constructing at the margin of the ground area of said building a wall of concrete or brick or stone laid in cement2 such wall to extend into and below the surface of the ground at least two feet and to meet the floor of the building above closely and without any intervening space1 to be at least four inches thick and extend entirely around said building ,provided1 ,that said walls may be built with openings therein for ventilation only3 ,and provided further1 ,that such openings for ventilation may be all of such size as the owner may elect and shall be securely screened with metallic gratings having openings between the bars of said gratings of not more than one-half inch or with wire mesh of not less than twelve gauge1 having openings between the wires of said mesh of not more than one-half inch and the whole so constructed and closed as to prevent the entrance of rats beneath such building4 ,sec4 #c4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that every restaurant kitchen1 hotel kitchen1 cabaret kitchen1 dairy1 dairy depot1 dock1 wharf1 pier1 elevator1 store1 manufactory1 and every other building1 outhouse1 or superstructure wherein or whereon foodstuffs are stored1 kept1 handled1 sold1 held1 or offered for sale1 manufactured1 prepared for market or for sale1 except stables1 shall be rat proofed in the manner provided for hereinabove as class ,a3 ,provided1 ,that such part of any structure hereinabove defined as of class ,a that shall be entirely over a body of water may be rat proofed as of class ,b1 as hereinafter provided for4 ,foodstuffs1 as used in this ordinance1 is hereby defined to be flour and flour products1 animals and animal products1 produce1 groceries1 cereals1 grain1 and the products of cereals and grain1 poultry and its products1 game1 birds1 fish1 vegetables1 fruit1 milk1 cream1 and products from milk or cream1 ice cream1 hides1 and tallow1 or any combination of any one or more of the foregoing4 ,all other buildings1 outhouses1 and superstructures1 except stables1 not hereinbefore specified as class ,a1 and all buildings used exclusively for residential purposes1 shall be rat proofed in the manner provided for hereinabove as class ,b3 ,provided1 ,that the owner of any building1 residence1 outhouse1 or other superstructure in class ,b may1 if he so elects1 rat proof same in the manner provided for in class ,a4 ,provided1 ,that in any case where1 under the foregoing provisions1 any building1 outhouse1 or superstructure is required to be rat proofed as of class ,a and the said building or outhouse or superstructure is used in part for residential purposes1 and the part used as a residence is effectively separated from the part falling within class ,a1 by permanently and effectively closing all openings above and below the ground floor1 or by constructing a new wall1 and in either case the whole in such manner as to make such wall whole and continuous in its entirety1 without doorways1 windows1 or other openings between the part used as a residence and that used for such purposes as makes it fall within class ,a1 then in such case and for rat-proofing purposes only1 the said building will1 after such separation and closure of the openings1 or by the construction of such new wall1 be deemed to be two buildings2 and that part used exclusively for residential purposes may be rat proofed in the manner provided for as a class ,b building1 and the remaining part of said building shall be rat proofed in the manner provided for a class ,a building4 ,stables4--,stables and all buildings hereafter to be constructed and used for stabling horses1 mules1 cows1 and other animals shall be constructed as follows3 ,walls3 ,the walls of such buildings shall be constructed of concrete1 brick1 or stone1 laid in cement mortar1 and shall be not less than four inches thick1 and shall extend into and below the surface of the surrounding ground not less than two feet1 and shall extend above the ground sufficient height as to be not less than one foot above the floor level4 ,all openings in such foundation walls shall be covered with metal grating having openings not greater than one-half inch between the gratings4 ,floors3 ,the floors of stables and stalls shall be of concrete not less than three inches thick1 upon which shall be laid a dressing not less than one-half inch thick of cement or stone1 laid in cement mortar1 or shall be constructed of floated concrete not less than four inches thick1 in such way as to prevent ingress or egress of rats1 and such floors to have a slope of one-eighth inch per foot to the gutter drain hereinafter provided for4 ,stalls3 ,the floors of stalls may be of planking1 fitting either tightly to the concrete floor or elevated not more than one-half inch from the stall floor1 and so constructed as to be easily removable4 ,such removable planking shall be raised at least once a week1 and the said planking and the concrete floor beneath thoroughly cleansed4 ,gutters3 ,semicircular or ,v-shaped gutters shall be constructed in such manner that a gutter shall be placed so as to receive all liquid matter from each stall1 and each of these gutters to connect with the public sewer or with a main gutter of the same construction1 which in turn shall be connected with the public sewer or public drain4 ,all openings from drains into sewers shall be protected by a metal grating having openings not more than one-half inch between the gratings4 ,mangers3 ,each manger shall be constructed so as to have a slope of two inches toward the bottom1 shall be covered with tin or zinc1 and shall be at least eighteen inches deep1 to avoid spilling of food4 ,feed bins3 ,all feed bins shall be constructed of cement1 stone1 metal1 or wood1 and with close-fitting doors4 ,if constructed of wood1 the bins shall be lined or covered with metal1 and the whole so constructed as to prevent the ingress or egress of rats4 ,all grain1 malt1 and other animal food1 except hay1 stored or kept in any stable1 must be kept in such feed bins4 ,said feed bins must be kept closed at all times1 except when momentarily opened1 to take food therefrom or when same are being filled4 ,no feed shall be scattered about such bin or stable1 and all such feed found on the floor or in the stalls of said stables shall be removed daily and placed in the manure pits4 ,no foodstuffs intended for or susceptible of human consumption shall be kept or stored in any stable or any other place where animals are kept4 ,sec4 #d4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that the construction and materials used in rat proofing shall conform to the building ordinances of the city of --------1 except and only in so far as the same may be modified herein4 ,sec4 #e4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that all premises1 improved and unimproved1 and all open lots1 areas1 streets1 sidewalks1 and alleys in the city of -------- shall be kept clean and free from all rubbish and similar loose material that might serve as a harborage for rats2 and all lumber1 boxes1 barrels1 loose iron1 and similar material that may be permitted to remain thereon and that may be used as a harborage by rats shall be placed on supports and elevated not less than two feet from the ground1 with a clear intervening space beneath1 to prevent the harboring of rats4 ,sec4 #f4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that all planking and plank walks on and in yards1 alleys1 alleyways1 streets1 sidewalks1 or ether open areas shall be removed and replaced with concrete1 brick1 or stone1 laid in cement1 gravel1 or cinders1 or the ground left bare4 ,sec4 #g4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that it shall be the duty of every owner1 agent1 and occupant of each building1 outhouse1 and other superstructure1 stable1 lot1 open area1 and other premises1 sidewalk1 street1 and alley in the city of -------- to comply with all the provisions of this ordinance4 ,sec4 #h4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that it is hereby made the duty of --------1 and particularly through its health department1 to enforce the provisions of this ordinance4 ,sec4 #i4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that any law or ordinance in conflict with the provisions of this ordinance be1 and the same is hereby1 repealed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,ordinance ,,regulating ,,the ,,removal ,,of ,,garbage ,section #a4 ,be it ordained -------- of the city of --------1 ,that from and after the promulgation of this ordinance1 the owner1 agent1 and occupant of every premise1 improved or unimproved1 in the city of --------1 whereon or wherein garbage shall be created1 shall provide a metal1 water-tight container or containers1 each with a tight-fitting cover1 such container or containers to be of such size as to be easily manhandled1 and of such number as to receive the garbage accumulation of five days from each such premise1 and shall place or cause to be placed such container or containers1 for the purpose of having their contents removed1 on the sidewalks or open alleys in front or rear of said premises1 at the times hereinafter set forth4 ,sec4 #b4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that for the purposes of this ordinance1 the city of -------- is hereby divided into -------- garbage districts4 ,sec4 #c4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that for the purpose of this ordinance1 the word garbage as used in this ordinance shall be construed to mean house and kitchen offal1 and all refuse matter not excrementitious liquid1 and composed of animal or vegetable substances1 including dead animals 7except cows1 horses1 mules1 and goats7 coming from public and private premises of the city1 and not destined for consumption as food4 ,sec4 #d4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that it shall be unlawful for such owner1 agent1 or occupant of any such premise to have1 maintain1 or keep any garbage on any premise except in such garbage containers as are provided for in section #a of this ordinance4 ,sec4 #e4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that such garbage containers shall be kept tightly covered at all times1 except when momentarily open to receive the garbage or to have the contents therefrom removed1 as provided for hereinafter4 ,sec4 #f4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that when such garbage container is placed on the outside of any premise it shall be unlawful for any person engaged in the removal of garbage1 or for any person to remove the cover from such garbage container1 except for the purpose of emptying its contents ,into a duly authorized garbage wagon or to throw such garbage container on the street or sidewalk1 or to injure it in any way1 so as to make it leak or to bend it or its cover1 as to prevent said garbage container from being tightly covered2 and all persons engaged in the removal of garbage shall1 after emptying said container1 replace the cover tightly on said container4 ,sec4 #g4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that the owner1 agent1 or occupant of every premise in the city of -------- shall keep separate from their garbage and ashes1 tin cans1 broken crockery1 hardware1 old planks1 wooden matter1 paper1 sweepings and other trash1 and place same in a sound1 substantial vessel or container kept for that purpose1 which vessel or container shall be placed on the sidewalk or alley in front or rear of each premise of the city of --------1 as provided in section #a of this ordinance1 for garbage containers1 for removal on --------1 provided that such rubbish1 other than garbage1 may be so placed -------- on --------4 ,sec4 #h4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that the provisions of this ordinance shall apply to all public and private markets1 as well as all places of business1 hotels1 restaurants1 and all other premises1 whether used for business1 boarding1 or residential purposes4 ,sec4 #i4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that for the purpose of enforcing this ordinance any person living on any premise shall be deemed an occupant1 and any person receiving the rent1 in whole or in part1 of any premise1 shall be deemed an agent2 that on any premise where construction of any kind is in progress1 and where employees or workmen eat their dinners1 or lunches1 ,in or about said premises1 or scatter lunch or food in or about such premises1 the contractor or foreman or other person in charge of such workmen shall be deemed an occupant2 and that the person in charge of any market1 or stall in any market1 shall be deemed an occupant4 ,sec4 #aj4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that it shall be unlawful for any person to pick from or disturb the contents of any garbage containers or vessels1 or other containers provided for in this ordinance4 ,sec4 #aa4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that each day's violation of any of the provisions of this ordinance shall constitute a separate and distinct offense4 ,sec4 #ab4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that any person violating any provision of this ordinance shall1 on conviction1 be punished by a fine of not less than ten 7#aj4jj7 dollars nor more than twenty-five 7#be4jj7 dollars1 or in default of the payment of said fine by imprisonment -------- for not less than ten 7#aj7 days nor more than thirty 7#cj7 days1 or both1 at the discretion of -------- having jurisdiction of the same4 ,sec4 #ac4 ,be it further ordained1 etc41 ,that any law or ordinance in conflict with the provisions of this ordinance1 ,in whole or in part1 be and the same is hereby repealed4 ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,when ,,this ,,publication ,,was ,,last ,,printed ,secretary of ,agriculture ,arthur ,m4 ,hyde4 ,assistant ,secretary ,r4 ,w4 ,dunlap4 ,director of ,scientific ,work ,a4 ,f4 ,woods4 ,director of ,regulatory ,work ,walter ,g4 ,campbell4 ,director of ,extension ,work ,c4 ,w4 ,warburton4 ,director of ,personnel and ,business ,w4 ,w4 ,stockbebger4 ,administration ,director of ,information ,m4 ,s4 ,eisenhower4 ,solicitor ,e4 ,l4 ,marshall4 ,weather ,bureau ,charles ,f4 ,marvin1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry ,john ,r4 ,mohler1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,dairy ,industry ,o4 ,b4 ,reed1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry ,william ,a4 ,taylor1 ,chief4 ,forest ,service ,r4 ,y4 ,stuart1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,chemistry and ,soils ,h4 ,g4 ,knight1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,entomology ,c4 ,l4 ,marlatt1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,biological ,survey ,paul ,g4 ,redington1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,public ,roads ,thomas ,h4 ,mac,donald1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,agricultural ,economics ,nils ,a4 ,olsen1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,home ,economics ,louise ,stanley1 ,chief4 ,plant ,quarantine and ,control ,lee ,a4 ,strong1 ,chief4 ,administration ,grain ,futures ,administration ,j4 ,w4 ,t4 ,duvel1 ,chief4 ,food and ,drug ,administration ,walter ,g4 ,campbell1 ,director of ,regulatory ,work1 in ,charge4 ,office of ,experiment ,stations --------1 ,chief4 ,office of ,cooperative ,c4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,chief4 ,extension ,work ,library ,claribel ,r4 ,barnett1 ,librarian4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aicj ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #e cents 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,notes ,illustrations were repositioned so as to not split paragraphs4