,transcrib] ,note3 ,text emphasis is d5ot$ z ,bold & ,italics4 ,fractions are repres5t$ z #a-b_/c4 ,,sewage & ,,g>bage ,,disposal on ! ,,f>m ,illu/ration ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,no4 #aiej ,u4,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,?is ,bullet9 is a guide to up to-date me?ods = ! sanit>y disposal ( sewage & o!r h\sehold & f>m wa/es4 ,x tells h[ to con/ruct satisfactory sanit>y facilities & h[ to ma9ta9 !m & gives special att5tion to ! que/ions on sanitation ask$ mo/ frequ5tly by f>m p4 ,solutions to all problems _c be giv5 "h1 & (t5 advice mu/ be s\ght f local sanit>y (ficials4 ,_m c\nty & ,/ate heal? dep>tm5ts furni% advice & copies ( local regulations & sometimes provide inspection s]vice4 ,:]e !re are no specific local requirem5ts1 ?is bullet9 may be accept$ z a guide to safe practice4 ,issu$ ,m>* #aidd ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,revis$ ,june #aidf ,,sewage ,,& ,,g>bage ,,disposal ,,on ,,! ,,f>m ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,rockey1 assi/ant agricultural eng9e]1#a & ,j4 ,w4 ,simons1 associate agricultural eng9e]1 ,division ( ,f>m ,build+s & ,rural ,h\s+1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,agricultural ,rese>* ,adm9i/ration #a ,! s5ior au?or prep>$ ! prelim9>y draft1 & ! junior au?or complet$ ! bullet94 ,cont5ts ,page ,*>act]i/ics ( sewage #a ,protection ( wat] s\rces f h\sehold wa/es #b ,septic-tank sy/ems #b ,op]ation ( a septic tank sy/em #b ,select+ ! site #d ,! h\se sew] #d ,! septic tank #h ,build+ a concrete tank #aa ,! efflu5t sew] #ac ,! disposal field #ac ,disposal me?ods 9 tight or wet soils #ad ,c>e & ma9t5ance ( septic tanks #ag ,effect ( dra9 solv5ts & o!r mat]ials #ag ,protection aga9/ freez+ #ag ,septic-tank tr\bles #ah ,grease traps #ah ,disposal ( dra9age f fixtures o!r ?an toilets #ai ,cesspools #bj ,privies #ba ,c>e1 & ma9t5ance #bb ,*emical closets #bd ,disposal ( g>bage & tra% #be ,,to ,,insure heal?ful liv+1 dome/ic wa/es mu/ be dispos$ (4 ,primitive w&]]s & too (t5 pres5t-day t\ri/s deposit _! wa/es promiscu\sly & move on :5 ! surr\nd+s become f\l4 ,?is is impractical 9 built-up communities4 ,!re=e1 9 mo/ cities & 9 "s rural areas sanit>y codes regulate ! disposal ( wa/es4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,sewage ,h\sehold sewage ord9>ily consi/s pr9cipally ( human excrem5t1 toilet pap]1 g>bage1 di% wat]1 & o!r wa% wat] f ! v>i\s plumb+ fixtures & floor dra9s4 ,_m k9ds ( bact]ia1 at times disease-produc+ ones1 are conta9$ 9 ! dis*>ges f ! human body4 ,epidemics ( typhoid fev]1 dys5t]y1 di>rhea1 *ol]a1 & o!r wat]-borne diseases may result f ! pollution ( ! wat] supply ) sewage4 ,pollution is c>ri$ by wat] mov+ und]gr\nd1 z well z by wat] fl[+ on ! surface4 ,?is is especially true 9 lime/one regions1 :]e und]gr\nd *annels & rock crevices p]mit wat] to fl[ = consid]able di/ances ) little filt]+ action4 ,sewage us$ = f]tiliz+ or irrigat+ crops#b may contam9ate vegetables or ! udd]s ( c[s & ?us spread disease4 ,an?rax1 *ol]a1 & p>asitic worms may be pres5t 9 ! surface dra9age f fields & b>n lots4 ,x is wise to reg>d all sewage z dang]\s & to dispose ( x promptly 9 a sanit>y mann]1 s t disease g]ms w n pollute ! wat] supplies or be spread by flies1 animals1 or man4 #b ,?is subject is discuss$ at l5g? 9 ,te*nical ,bullet9 #fge1 ,sewage ,irrigation z ,practic$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,,protection ,,( ,,wat] ,,s\rces ,,f ,,h\sehold ,,wa/es ,"u mo/ f>m conditions a safe place = ! disposal ( wa/es is 9 ! upp] #c-;foot lay] ( soil1 :]e ! action ( bact]ia t5ds to r5d] x h>mless4 ,tile disposal fields1 su* z are us$ ) septic tanks1 & e>?-pit privies accompli% ?is if ! wat] table rema9s sev]al feet bel[ ! surface & if ! location is remote f wat] supplies4 ,cesspools & o!r types ( pits d n ord9>ily conf9e contam9ation to _! imm$iate vic9ity & are n recomm5d$ except = special conditions4 ,sewage or o!r wa/es dis*>g$ into ab&on$ wells or o!r pits t rea* to ! wat] table or bel[ x are almo/ c]ta9 to contam9ate ! gr\nd wat]4 ,x is g5]ally poor practice1 & (t5 illegal1 to dis*>ge wa/es into surface /reams4 ,/reams d n necess>ily purify !mselves 9 #ej feet1 #ajj feet1 or "s o!r /at$ di/ance1 z is commonly believ$4 ,!y d t5d to purify !mselves ov] long di/ances ?r\gh ! action ( sunlight1 a]ation1 & o!r factors b may n be safe = dome/ic use = _m miles bel[ ! s\rce ( pollution4 ,cle>1 sp>kl+ wat] is n always safe dr9k+ wat]4 ,/reams 9 agricultural communities are subject to _m s\rces ( pollution & !y are likely to become m contam9at$ z !y m]ge into l>g] /reams4 ,,septic-,,tank ,,sy/ems ,septic-tank sy/ems1 if in/all$ & ma9ta9$ prop]ly1 provide ! mo/ sanit>y me?od ( sewage disposal = f>mh\ses equipp$ ) runn+ wat]4 ,gr\nd wat] or rock close to ! surface1 lack ( suffici5t fall = ! sewage to fl[ by gravity1 & too small an absorption area = ! efflu5t limit ! satisfactory op]ation ( a septic tank4 ,:5 ^! conditions exi/1 special advice %\ld be s\ght f a compet5t local sanit>y au?ority4 ,adv]se soil conditions c be ov]come if suffici5t fall & space are available4 ,! five ess5tial p>ts 7fig4 #a7 ( a septic-tank sy/em are 7#a7 ! h\se sew]2 7#b7 ! septic tank2 7#c7 ! efflu5t sew]2 7#d7 ! di/ribution box2 & 7#e7 ! disposal field4 ,9 special cases a grease trap 7see fig4 #aa1 p4 #ai7 is add$4 ,to facilitate inspection & repairs x is good practice to keep 9 ! h\se a *>t %[+ ! location ( ! tank & o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,a septic tank does n necess>ily purify ! sewage1 elim9ate odor1 or de/roy all solid matt]4 ,its purpose is to condition ! sewage or dome/ic wa/e by bact]ial action1 s t x c be dispos$ ( 9 a m satisfactory mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,a septic-tank sy/em4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,a ,,septic-,,tank ,,sy/em ,9 a septic-tank sy/em ! sewage fl[s by gravity f ! f>mh\se ?r\gh ! sew] into ! tank1 :]e x %\ld rema9 at lea/ #bd h\rs4 ,:ile pass+ ?r\gh ! tank ! solids are act$ ^u by ana]obic bact]ia1 :i* "w only 9 ! d>k & :]e !re is little air4 ,! heavy p>ticles settle to ! bottom z sludge1 ! light] p>ticles float z scum1 & ! rema9d] passes out ( ! tank ?r\gh ! efflu5t sew] to ! disposal field4 ,! gas releas$ 9 ! process escapes ?r\gh a v5t provid$ ei!r 9 ! ,t to ! h\se sew] or ! efflu5t sew]4 ,a tank t is too small may fill up ) solids 9 a %ort :ile1 because suffici5t "t is n all[$ = break+ !m d[n by f]m5tation1 or ! sewage may be pu%$ "r ?r\gh into ! disposal field & clog x4 ,! efflu5t may conta9 ev5 m disease g]ms ?an ! orig9al sewage1 & ?\gh x may be z cle> z spr+ wat] x is f> f pure & may cause f\l odors if dis*>g$ or all[$ to pool on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! f9al disposition ( ! efflu5t into ! upp] lay] ( ! soil exposes x to ! action ( a]obic bact]ia4 ,^! bact]ia1 unlike ^? 9 ! tank1 ne$ air & _c "w 9 saturat$ soil or live mu* m ?an #c feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! liv+ e>?1 or upp] /ratum1 teems ) ^! bact]ia1 :i* conv]t ! dang]\s sewage & disease g]ms into h>mless matt] & ?us t5d to purify ! efflu5t if x rema9s long en\gh 9 ! top lay]s ( soil be=e seep+ into ! subsoil & !nce to ! gr\nd wat]4 ,efflu5t dis*>g$ deep 9 ! soil does n receive ! b5efit ( ?is purify+ action4 ,sev]al types ( septic tanks are 9 common use4 ,! "o describ$ 9 ?is bullet9 is ! s+le-*amb] type1 :i* c be built ) or )\t siphon4 ,?is %\ld meet all av]age f>m ne$s :]e !re are n m ?an #af memb]s 9 ! h\sehold4 ,x w\ld be advisable to consult ! au?orities ( ! ,/ate agricultural college or local heal? dep>tm5t z to _! recomm5dations because frequ5tly local conditions & l>g] e/abli%m5ts require special in/allations4 ,,select+ ,,! ,,site ,fir/ in/all ! tile disposal field :]e !re w be lea/ dang] ( pollut+ wat] supplies1 at lea/ #ajj feet f wat] s\rces if possible & always at a l[] surface elevation4 ,?is is ( greate/ importance4 ,ev5 ?\gh select+ a m di/ant location w\ld result 9 great] initial co/1 x w\ld be a good inve/m5t z protection aga9/ diseases t might result f pollution ( wat] s\rces4 ,! site %\ld slope away f ! h\se & away f ! s\rce ( wat]4 ,g5tle un%ad$ slopes free ( trees or %rubb]y are be/4 ,root-free locations are important because ! op5-jo9t$ tile _c be rootpro($4 ,por\s1 well-dra9$1 gravelly1 or s&y soil all[s great] purification4 ,d n h ! disposal field 9 vegetable g>d5s1 "u roadways1 9 swampy l&1 9 muck soils1 or 9 areas hav+ rock sub/rata slop+ t[>d ! wat] supply4 ,all[ suffici5t area1 :]e available1 to enl>ge ! field lat] if ne$$4 ,! septic tank may be close to ! h\se1 b a m di/ant site w\ld r$uce ! likelihood ( odors if leakage occurs4 ,! tank %\ld also be kept #ej feet or m f any s\rce ( wat] supply & at a l[] elevation4 ,x %\ld n be plac$ "u driveways1 pavem5ts1 or fl[] b$s1 z ^! w\ld make x n readily accessible = p]iodic inspection4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to insure t surface dra9age f ! area ar\nd ! tank w n rea* ! vic9ity ( ! wat] supply4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,sew] ,mat]ial ,vitrifi$ salt-glaz$ clay or well-made concrete sew] pipe & ca/-iron soil pipe are ! /&>d mat]ials = h\se sew]s on f>ms4 ,asphalt-impregnat$ fib] pipe1 ( a type design$ especially = h\se sew]s1 appe>s to be satisfactory = ?is purpose4 ,ca/-iron soil pipe ) lead$ jo9ts %\ld be us$ :5 ! sew] is )9 #ej feet ( a well or suction l9e f a well1 )9 #aj feet ( any dr9k+-wat] supply l9e "u pressure1 )9 #e feet ( basem5t f\ndations1 or :5 laid b5ea? driveways ) less ?an #c feet ( e>? cov]+ ! pipes4 ,:5 )9 #ae feet ( l>ge trees or %rubs1 ! sew]s %\ld h root-tight jo9ts4 ,size ,= h\se sew]s1 #d- & #f-;in* pipes are g5]ally us$4 ,:]e a #d-;in* pipe is us$1 ca/-iron is commonly recomm5d$4 ,grades ) little fall require l>g] pipes4 ,! l>ge sizes are also less liable to become clogg$4 ,clay pipe is made 9 pieces #b or #b-a_/b feet long1 :]eas fib]-pipe sections are #d feet long & ca/-iron pipe #e feet long1 s t !re are few] jo9ts4 ,! m9imum numb] ( jo9ts is desirable1 z !re is less dang] ( /oppage4 ,al9em5t ,run ! h\se sew] 9 a /raight l9e & avoid b5ds :5ev] possible4 ,slight *anges 9 direction may be made ) "o-sixte5? or "o-eigh? b5d fitt+s4 ,= %>p] *anges ( direction a manhole or di/ribution box may be us$4 ,*anges 9 direction ( m ?an #de are n recomm5d$ unless a manhole is provid$4 ,clean-outs are desirable )9 #e feet ( ! septic tank :]e tanks are plac$ m ?an #bj feet f ! build+ & ! sew] l9e is n buri$ deep] ?an #d feet4 ,e/abli%+ ,l9e & ,grade ,! tr5* = lay+ ! sew] is usually dug aft] ! septic-tank excavation has be5 complet$ & ! elevation ( ! tank inlet det]m9$4 ,a simple me?od ( sett+ guides = ! excavation is illu/rat$ 9 figure #b4 ,digg+ ! ,tr5* ,/>t digg+ ! tr5* at ! tank end1 s t ra9 or seepage w h an outlet4 ,r\nd+ ! bottom ( ! tr5* to ! %ape ( ! pipe & holl[+ out bas9s = ! bell ends all[s ! pipe to re/ firmly ?r\gh\t its full l5g?1 p]mits full calk+ ( jo9ts1 & relieves ! /ra9 on !m4 ,lay+ ! ,pipe ,beg9 lay+ ! pipe at ! tank ) ! bell end uphill4 ,jo9ts 9 clay-tile pipe are commonly made ) portl& cem5t mort> or gr\t4 ,:]e root-pro( jo9ts are ess5tial1 sulfur-s& comp\nds may be us$ or copp] r+s provid$ & us$ ) cem5t-mort> jo9ts4 ,asphalt-ma/ic comp\nds1 h[ev]1 are m satisfactory4 ,= ca/-iron soil pipe1 lead is ! /&>d jo9t mat]ial4 ,aft] ! hub is pu%$ into ! bell1 oakum 7or old hemp rope7 is pack$ ) a calk+ iron or a piece ( wood 7fig4 #c1 ,a47 solidly & ev5ly 9 ! jo9t to a dep? ( ab\t half an in* to c5t] ! hub end 9 ! bell & to keep ! jo9t fill] f gett+ inside ! pipe4 ,oil1 grease1 or dirt on ! jo9t surfaces %\ld be remov$1 z x w prev5t jo9t mat]ial f /ick+4 ,figure #c %[s ! diff]5t jo9t+ me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,e/abli%+ grade = sew]4 ,a1 #b- by #d-;in* /akes are set ea* side ( ! tr5* at conv5i5t di/ances a1 b1 c1 & d4 ,!n a bo>d is nail$ horizontally on ! /akes at d at a conv5i5t height above ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 t is1 ! bottom ( ! sew] leav+ ! h\se4 ,a bo>d is nail$ likewise to ! /akes at a ! same height above ! inlet to ! tank t d is above ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,simil>ly1 bo>ds are set at b & c by sight+ f a to d s ! tops ( ! int]m$iate bo>ds w be 9 l9e4 ,b1 ,! exact grade ( ! sew] is obta9$ by measur+ f ! grade cord ) ! #a- by #a-;in* /ick1 %[n 9 detail4 ,! l5g? ( ! /ick mu/ equal ! height ( ! bo>d above sew] at d4 ,bitum9\s1 sulfur-s&1 lead1 & o!r comm]cial jo9t comp\nds are p\r$ :ile hot into ! jo9t f a ladle 7fig4 #c1 ,f71 & :5 ! "w is well done !y =m a jo9t t is practically root-pro(4 ,!y are m exp5sive ?an cem5t mort>4 ,= mold+ hot comp\nds1 a clay dike1 or funnel1 built ab\t #c in*es high ar\nd ! triangul> op5+ at ! top ( ! jo9t] greatly aids 9 ! rapid & complete fill+ ( ! jo9t space4 ,a hot jo9t mu/ be p\r$ cont9u\sly1 o!rwise a seam may develop betwe5 successive p\r+s4 ,bitum9\s comp\nds make a slightly ela/ic jo9t4 ,a jo9t 9 #d-;in* pipe requires ab\t #c_/h to #a_/b p\nd ( comp\nd & 9 #f-;in* pipe ab\t #a to #a-a_/b p\nds4 ,sulfur-s& jo9ts are h>d & inela/ic4 ,! comp\nd is made by mix+ toge!r equal volumes ( ord9>y p[d]$ sulfur & v f9e clean s&1 pref]ably ! f9e/ quicks&1 & !n heat+ ! mixture until ! sulfur melts4 ,a #d-;in* jo9t takes ab\t #c_/d p\nd & a #f-;in* jo9t ab\t #a-g_/h p\nds ( ! mixture4 ,comm]cial sulfur-jo9t comp\nds also are available4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,jo9t+ sew] pipe4 ,a1 ,us+ calk+ iron to =ce pack+ into jo9t4 ,b1 ,mak+ jo9t ) #a3b portl& cem5t mort>4 ,use only en\gh wat] to damp5 ! mix4 ,recalk aft] half an h\r1 to close %r9kage cracks4 ,c1 ,! complet$ jo9t4 ,wrap f9i%$ jo9t ) clo? & keep damp5$1 to aid cur+4 ,d1 ,jo9t made by p\r+ #a3a ,portl& cem5t gr\t ( creamy consi/5cy into a =m4 ,?is type ( jo9t is n feasible unless ! metal =ms %[n are available4 ,e1 ,use ( asbe/os runn] clamp$ ar\nd pipe1 = p\r+ hot jo9t4 ,f1 ,clay roll us$ 9 place ( asbe/os runn]4 ,g1 ,a complet$ bitum9\s jo9t4 ,h1 ,use ( swab1 to remove any jo9t mat]ial =c$ ?r\gh to inside ( pipe4 ,s(t pig lead or old scrap lead is suitable = lead jo9ts on ca/-iron pipe4 ,ab\t #c_/d p\nd p] in* ( pipe diamet] is g5]ally requir$ = ea* jo9t4 ,! lead is hot en\gh to p\r :5 x beg9s to *> ! paddle us$ to skim (f ! impurities4 ,:5 x cools x mu/ be calk$ tightly to take up %r9kage4 ,! calk+ %\ld be uni=m ar\nd ! entire jo9t & %\ld /op :5 ! lead is tight4 ,heavy p\nd+ or cont9u$ calk+ may crack ! bell ( ! pipe4 ,x is easi] to get good1 jo9ts :5 ! pipe is 9 a v]tical position4 ,!re=e1 two l5g?s ( pipe are frequ5tly jo9$ & are !n laid z a s+le unit 9 ! tr5*4 ,9 us+ t]ra cotta pipe1 ?is proc$ure may be foll[$ only :5 ! jo9t is made ) a ma/ic comp\nd4 ,cem5t-mort> jo9ts _c be us$ 9 su* cases4 ,be=e fill+ ! tr5*1 ! sew] %\ld be te/$ to detect possible leaks4 ,e>? free f rubbi% & l>ge /ones %\ld !n be tamp$ ar\nd & ab\t #a foot above ! pipe4 ,,! ,,septic ,,tank ,fl[ ,?r\gh ! ,tank ,sl[1 undi/urb$ fl[ ?r\gh ! tank is necess>y = ! sep>ation ( solids & liquids & = bact]ial action4 ,subm]g$ inlets & outlets or baffle bo>ds r$uce di/urbance4 ,a subm]g$ outlet prev5ts scum f pass+ out ) ! efflu5t4 ,! s+le-*amb] tank )\t a siphon1 %[n 9 figure #d1 is easy to build1 inexp5sive1 & entirely satisfactory 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,9 v tight soils or = l>ge in/allations a siphon & sometimes two *amb]s are advisable4 ,size ,! tank %\ld be l>ge en\gh to reta9 ! sewage at lea/ #bd h\rs4 ,! size %\ld be det]m9$ by ! l>ge/ numb] ( p]sons t may live 9 ! h\se1 r ?an by ! numb] actually liv+ !re at ! "t ! tank is built4 ,! additional co/ ( a l>ge tank ov] a small "o is relatively little4 ,if !re is any "q z to :i* ( two sizes %\ld be built1 x is wise to *oose ! l>g]4 ,! dim5sions recomm5d$ 9 ! table 9 figure #d are bas$ on an av]age production ( #ej gallons ( sewage p] p]son p] day4 ,unusually l>ge quantities ( sewage call = a tank ( l>ge capacity4 ,9 village & suburban homes :]e !re is less food prep>ation ?an on f>ms & :]e ! numb] ( p]sons is m or less fix$1 slightly small] sizes w s]ve4 ,9 no case %\ld ! capacity ( ! tank bel[ ! fl[ l9e be less ?an #ejj gallons4 ,a tank l5g? ( two to ?ree times ! wid? %\ld be ma9ta9$1 & x is advisable to provide a dep? ( at lea/ #d feet bel[ ! fl[ l9e4 ,all[ ab\t #a foot ( freebo>d1 or air space1 above ! fl[ l9e = ! accumulation ( gases4 ,?is space is g5]ally v5t$ ?r\gh ! soil /ack ( ! h\se4 ,a siphon 7fig4 #e7 ) a dos+ *amb] is n consid]$ necess>y = a f>m septic tank except = l>ge in/allations 7#a1jjj gallons or m71 = ^? 9 tight soils1 & :]e ! disposal field is limit$4 ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,capacities1 ,,dim5sions1 ,,& ,,concrete ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,septic ,,tanks ,,s]v+ ,,individual ,,dwell+s ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,maximum ,liquid ,recomm5d$ inside dim5sions ,mat]ials = concrete numb] (capacity----------------------------- #a3b-a_/b3d mix p]sons ( tank ,wid?,l5g?,liquid,total --------------------- s]v$ 9 dep? dep?,cem5t,s& ,gravel gallons sacks cubic cubic y>ds y>ds ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #d or less #ejj #c'-j #f'-j #d'-j #e'-j #af #a-a_/b #b-a_/b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #f #fjj #c'-j #g'-j #d'-j #e'-j #ag #a-c_/d #b-c_/d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #h #gej #c'-f #g'-f #d'-j #e'-j #ai #b #c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aj #ijj #c'-f #h'-f #d'-j #e'-j #ba #b-a_/d #c-a_/d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ab #aajj #d'-j #e'-f #d'-f #e'-f #bd #b-a_/d #c-a_/b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ad #abjj #d'-j #e'-j #d'-f #e'-f #be #b-a_/b #c-c_/d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #af #aejj #d'-f #aj'-j #d'-f #e'-f #bh #b-c_/d #d-a_/d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,figure #d4--,s+le-*amb] septic tank4 ,note alt]nate use ( baffle bo>ds :]e sanit>y tees are omitt$ at inlet & outlet4 ,! siphon provides int]mitt5t dis*>ge ( efflu5t1 :i* all[s "t = ! disposal area to re/ & a]ate betwe5 dis*>ges4 ,?is is m important :]e ! dis*>ge is ne>ly cont9u\s ?an 9 small in/allations4 ,! frequ5cy & volume ( ! dis*>ge into ! tile field are controll$ by ! sizes ( ! siphon & ! dosage *amb]4 ,! deal] %\ld be in=m$ ( ! size ( ! tank & ! numb] ( p]sons 9 ! h\sehold1 9 ord] t he may furni% ! prop] unit4 ,a #c- or #d-;in* siphon w be adequate = almo/ any f>mh\se in/allation4 ,con/ruction ,mo/ septic tanks are built ( concrete ca/ 9 place1 s9ce 9 ?is way !re is a m9imum possibility ( cracks develop+4 ,concrete blocks1 h[ev] 7n c9d] blocks71 /one1 brick1 or /ructural tile are sometimes us$4 ,prefabricat$ comm]cial tanks ( concrete & v>i\s o!r mat]ials also are available4 ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,siphon ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,diamet] ( siphon ,cle>ance "u bell ,a - #c or #d ,e - #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,diamet] ( bell ,di/ance across ,u-trap ,b - #ajor #ab ,f - #aj or #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,bottom ( outlet ,bottom ( outlet to dis*>ge l9e to bottom ( ,u-trap ,c - #bj-a_/b to #be-c_/d ,g - #ab or #ac ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,draw+ dep? ,height above floor ,d - #ac to #ag ,h - #g-a_/dto #aa-c_/d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,dos+ ,,*amb] ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,numb] ( ,dep? bel[ p]sons s]v$ dis*>ge l9e#c ,wid?#d ,l5g? ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #d or less #af-a_/d to #bj-a_/d #c'-j #f'-j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #f #c'-j #g'-j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #h #c'-f #g'-f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aj #c'-f #h'-f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ab #d'-j #h'-f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ad #d'-j #i'-j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #af #d'-f #aj'-j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c ,dep5d+ ^u dep? ,c ( siphon4 #d ,same z s+le *amb] tank fig4 #d4 ,figure #e4--,typical design = a concrete septic tank ) a dos+ *amb] & a siphon4 ,masonry units %\ld be laid 9 full b$s ( #a3c cem5t mort> & ! walls & floor pla/]$ ) at lea/ a #a_/b-;in* coat ( #a3b mort>4 ,cells ( concrete blocks & tile mu/ be fill$ ) concrete4 ,masonry walls are g5]ally #h in*es ?ick1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to foll[ inside dim5sions giv5 = concrete tanks4 ,directions = lay+ /ructural tile1 brick1 & concrete blocks c be obta9$ f deal]s or trade associations4 ,comm]cial tanks are suitable if !y embody ! ess5tial features giv5 9 ?is bullet94 ,capacities %\ld be z recomm5d$ 9 figure #d = concrete tanks4 ,prop] in/allation & p]iodic s]vic+ also are ess5tial4 ,tanks badly damag$ 9 h&l+ %\ld n be us$4 ,rapid corrosion ( /eel tanks w result if ! asphalt coat+ is impair$4 ,m9or defects 9 preca/ masonry tanks may (t5 be ov]come by pla/]+ ! int]ior ) cem5t mort>4 ,,build+ ,a ,,concrete ,,tank#e #e ,= in=mation on mak+ & plac+ concrete1 see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #aggb1 ,use ( ,concrete on ! ,f>m4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( assur+ correct location ( ! tank is to build a frame z %[n 9 figure #f4 ,c>e is necess>y to al9e x ) ! c5t] l9e ( ! inlet & outlet & to level x s t ! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! #b by #d's on ! =m to ! l[] edge ( ! inlet hole 9 ! =m w p]mit x to be set at ! grade ( ! h\se sew]4 ,?is frame is us$ to support ! =m = ! tank4 ,to avoid cav+ ! edges1 drive ! /akes support+ ! frame be=e beg9n+ ! excavation4 ,! lumb] 9 ! frame c be us$ lat] to make "p ( ! tank baffles4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,me?od ( outl9+ a septic-tank excavation on ! gr\nd surface4 ,figure #g %[s h[ an inside =m c be built & hung 9 place4 ,! inlet & outlet tees %\ld be c>efully set & ti$ 9 place be=e ! concrete is p\r$4 ,a s+le l5g? ( pipe %\ld be jo9$ to ! tee1 s t ! two c be set 9 ! =m z "o unit4 ,9 mo/ cases ! e>? walls ( ! excavations w s]ve z ! outside =ms unless ! soil is s&y or gravelly & ! excavation is deep] ?an #e feet4 ,if outside =ms are us$1 space mu/ also be provid$ = !m4 ,=ms %\ld be con/ruct$ be=e ! excavation is made & ! tank built z soon z practical1 to avoid w>p+ ( =ms & cav+ ( e>? walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,inside =m hung 9 place = s+le-*amb] septic tank1 also a =m = ca/+ concrete-slab cov] 9 sections4 ,c\nty agricultural ag5ts1 local heal? dep>tm5ts1 build+-mat]ial deal]s1 & o!r ag5cies (t5 h =ms t may be borr[$ or r5t$4 ,,! ,,efflu5t ,,sew] ,! efflu5t sew] %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 simil> mann] & ( ! same mat]ials z ! h\se sew] & on a slope ( #a_/h in* to #a foot4 ,?is l9e1 h[ev]1 may be laid ( t]ra-cotta pipe1 z ca/-iron is n consid]$ necess>y except 9 unusual cases4 ,?is l9e %\ld always t]m9ate 9 a di/ribution box f :i* ! tile l9es ( ! disposal field lead away4 ,= /eep slopes ! arrangem5t %[n 9 figure #i 7p4 #ae7 is practical4 ,jo9ts mu/ be ( root-tight con/ruction if ! sew] is 9 ! vic9ity ( trees or %rubs4 ,! l5g? ( ! sew] dep5ds ^u ! di/ance f ! tank to a safe site = ! disposal field4 ,,! ,,disposal ,,field ,correct in/allation ( ! disposal field is ( great importance = prop] function+ ( ! septic tank4 ,!re=e1 ! wid?1 dep?1 & spac+ ( ! tile tr5*es mu/ be c>efully select$4 ,l9e ( #d-;in*1 op5- jo9t$1 agricultural dra9 tile laid 9 %all[ tr5*es are ord9>ily us$4 ,p]=at$ fib] dra9 pipes also may be us$ & are obta9able 9 #d-;foot l5g?s4 ,a di/ribution box ) an inlet = ! efflu5t sew] & an outlet = ea* individual run ( disposal tile is ! be/ means ( divid+ ! fl[4 ,! outlet s]v+ a l>ge or d\ble disposal field may be alt]nately op5$ & clos$ by means ( a sewage swit* t p]mits half ! disposal field to "w & re/ alt]nately sev]al weeks4 ,a swit* is especially helpful 9 tight soils b %\ld n be provid$ unless prop] ma9t5ance is assur$1 s t a portion ( ! disposal field w n be left to h&le ! entire load ( ! sy/em = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,!re are _m v>iations ( boxes1 b figure #h %[s a practical type4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--,typical di/ribution box4 ,%all[ ,tile ,l9es ,! disposal tile %\ld n be m ?an #ah to #bd in*es bel[ ! surface1 & :]e ! gr\nd-wat] level rises to ! bottom ( ! tr5* special und]dra9s1 describ$ on page #af1 are necess>y4 ,special provisions mu/ also be made :]e tight soils are enc\nt]$4 ,^! me?ods are describ$ 9 ! section entitl$ ,disposal me?ods 9 tight or wet soils4 ,! table 9 figure #i1 toge!r ) ! in=mation giv5 9 table #a1 bel[1 may be us$ = e/imat+ ! numb] ( tiles ne$$ 9 any p>ticul> soil type4 ,if !re is any d\bt ab\t ?is requirem5t1 a p]colation te/ %\ld be made 9 ! disposal field1 z foll[s3 ,dig a hole #a-;foot squ>e & to ! dep? at :i* ! tile is to be laid4 ,?is dep? 9 mo/ in/ances w be ab\t #bd in*es & %\ld n exce$ #cf in*es4 ,fill ! hole ) wat] to a dep? ( #f in*es & obs]ve ! "t requir$ = ! wat] to seep away2 divide by #f to get ! av]age "t = ! wat] to fall #a in*4 ,! te/ %\ld be repeat$ at ?ree or f\r diff]5t po9ts 9 ! disposal field & ! av]age "t not$ = all te/s us$4 ,! data 9 table #a c !n be us$ to det]m9e ! numb] ( tiles ne$$4 ,:]e #a h\r is requir$ = ! wat] to fall #a in* ! soil is totally unsuitable1 & ano!r site %\ld be select$4 ,soil conditions at ! "t ( ! te/ may v>y f ye>-r\nd av]age conditions1 & ?is factor mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,if ! soil appe>s exceptionally dry1 great] dep?s ( wat] may be us$ or ! te/ repeat$ 9 ! same hole4 ,9 no case %\ld te/s be made 9 fill$ or froz5 gr\nd4 ,:]e fissur$ rock =mations are enc\nt]$1 advice %\ld be s\ght f sanitation speciali/s4 ,table #a4--;,det]m9+ tile-disposal field requirem5ts f p]colation te/s#f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,m9utes ,effective absorption ,m9utes ,effective absorption requir$ area requir$1 p] requir$ area requir$1 p] = wat] to p]son1 9 bottom = wat] to p]son1 9 bottom fall #a in* ( disposal tr5*es fall #a in* ( disposal tr5*es ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,squ>e feet ,squ>e feet #b or less #bf #aj #eb #cj #ae #fc #cf #cj #ij #dj #fjg #abj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #f ,a m9imum ( #aej squ>e feet %\ld be provid$1 equal to #ajj feet ( #ah-;in* tr5*4 #g ,if m ?an #fj m9utes1 use special design ) seepage pits or s&-filt] tr5*es4 ,figure #i sugge/s me?ods ( arrang+ ! tiles 9 disposal fields "u v>y+ conditions & ! l5g? ( tiles ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,arrangem5ts = tile-disposal fields1 me?od ( lay+ tile1 & l5g? ( tiles ne$$4 ,,size ,,& ,,m9imum ,,spac+ ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,disposal ,,tr5*es ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,tr5* ,,tr5* ,,effective ,,absorption ,,tile ,,l9es ,,wid?-,w ,,dep?-,d ,,area ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,feet ,,spac+-,s ,,9 ,,in*es ,,9 ,,in*es ,,p] ,,l9eal ,,foot ,,9 ,,feet ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ah #ah to #cj #a4e #f4j #bd #ah to #cj #b4j #f4j #cj #ah to #cf #b4e #g4e #cf #bd to #cf #c4j #i4j ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,wid] spac+ ( ! l9es desirable :]e available area p]mits ,,disposal-,,tile ,,tr5* ,disposal-tile l9es--,maximum l5g? = ea* l9e #ajj feet4 ,all l9es to be equal 9 l5g?4 ,disposal-tile l9es to slope #b to #d p] #ajj feet1 n ov] #f4 ,sew]-tile l9es to slope #a_/h to #a_/d p] foot4 ,,disposal ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,tight ,,or ,,wet ,,soils ,if ! soil is heavy clay or has tight =mation1 yet %[s "s porosity f p]colation te/s1 ! effici5cy ( ! field may be increas$ by plac+ bel[ ! tile l9es #ab to #ae in*es ( additional filt] mat]ial 7wa%$ gravel1 cru%$ /one1 slag1 clean c9d]s1 or clean bank-run gravel #c_/d to #b-a_/b in*es 9 size74 ,:5 ! surface soil is tight & is und]la9 by por\s soil1 suffici5t dra9age is sometimes obta9$ = ! small] in/allations by omitt+ ! tile field & provid+ a dry well at ! end ( ! efflu5t sew]1 provid$ ! wat] table w n be contam9at$4 ,l>g] sy/ems "u su* soil conditions %\ld h a tile field1 & absorption c be increas$ by bor+ #f- or #h-;in* holes d[n to ! por\s /ratum & fill+ !m ) gravel or s&2 ! holes %\ld be #d to #f feet ap>t4 ,ano!r & p]haps ! be/ practice is to excavate ! tile tr5*es #d to #f feet & in/all a l[] tile l9e1 z %[n 9 figure #aj4 ,?is latt] me?od is especially desirable if ! upp] tight /ratum is especially ?ick1 or if !re is no por\s l[] /ratum1 or if 9 irrigat$ regions & :]e ! disposal field is limit$ 9 area4 ,:]e ! und]dra9 tile is n us$1 ! absorption capacity ( ! field c be increas$ by provid+ a rock-fill$ tr5* across ! l[] end ( ! tiles = ! full wid? ( ! field4 ,! dep? %\ld be n less ?an #e feet & ! wid? n less ?an #c feet4 ,on acc\nt ( ! b5eficial action ( bact]ia 9 ! upp] soil lay]s x is highly desirable to conf9e ! efflu5t ne> ! surface r ?an to use und]dra9s4 ,purification becomes sl[] & less effective1 ! deep] ! dra9s4 ,9 situations :]e ! soil conta9s consid]able moi/ure or is ev5 saturat$1 ! field may be improv$ by p>tially encircl+ x ) a tile l9e laid to s]ve z a dra94 ,su* a l9e %\ld be on ! high side & h surface outlets = remov+ ! wat] f ! soil4 ,x %\ld n be laid s close to a disposal tile l9e t x w dra9 ! sewage efflu5t f ! disposal field onto ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,slope ( disposal tile #b to #d in*es p] #ajj feet4 ,slope ( und]dra9 tile n less ?an above4 ,plug upp] end ( und]dra9 tile l9es1 l[] end to dis*>ge into rock-fill$ seepage pit or into o!r approv$ outlet4 ,figure #aj4--;,filt] tr5* ) und]dra9s4 ,:5 ! tile field is und]la9 by /ratifi$ rock or :]e "u-dra9age is necess>y1 advice %\ld be s\ght f ! public heal? au?orities1 z regulations 9 "s ,/ates may n p]mit ! use ( c]ta9 me?ods4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,septic ,,tanks ,a septic tank :5 fir/ us$ does n ne$ />t]s1 su* z yea/1 to promote bact]ial action4 ,a good septic tank normally requires no ma9t5ance o!r ?an a ye>ly inspection & an occasional clean+4 ,frequ5cy ( clean+ dep5ds on ! capacity ( ! tank & ! quantity & composition ( ! sewage4 ,tanks ( ! size recomm5d$ 9 ?is bullet9 may require clean+ at int]vals ( #c to #e ye>s4 ,! tank %\ld be clean$ :5 #ah to #bj in*es ( sludge & scum has accumulat$4 ,if a dra9 has n be5 provid$1 sludge may be remov$ by bail+ or by pump+ ) a sludge or bilge pump4 ,x is n necess>y to remove ! entire liquid cont5ts4 ,burial 9 a %all[ pit or tr5* ) at lea/ #ah to #bd in*es ( e>? cov] at a po9t remote f wat] s\rces is ! mo/ practical me?od = dispos+ ( ^! wa/es4 ,a septic tank is int5d$ to h&le sewage only4 ,c(fee gr\nds & gr\nd g>bage may be includ$ if !re is an ample supply ( wat] = flu%+ & ! tank is clean$ m frequ5tly ?an w\ld o!rwise be done4 ,! size ( ! tank %\ld be increas$ at lea/ #be p]c5t if ^! mat]ials are includ$ 9 ! sewage4 ,d n use mat*es or an op5 flame to inspect a septic tank1 z ! gasses produc$ by decompos+ sewage may explode & cause s]i\s injury4 ,,effect ,,( ,,dra9 ,,solv5ts ,,& ,,o!r ,,mat]ials ,soap1 dra9 solv5ts1 & o!r mild clean+ or dis9fect+ solutions us$ = normal h\sehold purposes cause no tr\ble 9 ! tank4 ,con/ant use 9 l>ge quantities1 h[ev]1 & dis9fect$ wa/es f ! sickroom may prove h>mful4 ,wa/es f milk rooms1 /rong *emicals us$ 9 /]iliz+ equipm5t or 9 photographic "w1 & ! wa/es f filt]s or wat] s(t5]s n only r$uce bact]ial action b also cause abnormally rapid accumulations ( sludge & clogg+ ( ! tile l9es4 ,,protection ,,aga9/ ,,freez+ ,septic-tank sy/ems seldom freeze :5 9 con/ant use4 ,w>m wat] & ! decomposition ( ! sewage usually ma9ta9 above-freez+ temp]atures4 ,9 cold regions !re is tr\ble f freez+ if v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em are n cov]$ adequately4 ,if ! sy/em is to be out ( s]vice = a p]iod ( "t or if exposure is sev]e1 x may be advisable to m\nd ov] ! poorly protect$ p>ts ( ! sy/em ) e>?1 hay1 /raw1 bru%1 leaves1 manure1 sn[1 or ! l4 ,9 cold regions x is n advisable to in/all ! entire sy/em bel[ fro/ dep?1 z ?is w remove ! efflu5t f ! action ( ! a]obic bact]ia 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil & make ! sy/em g5]ally less accessible4 ,new sy/ems put into op]ation dur+ v cold wea!r may freeze unless l>ge quantities ( hot wat] are dis*>g$ dur+ ! fir/ few weeks4 ,,septic-,,tank ,,tr\bles ,9 sewage disposal1 clogg+ ( ! disposal field is ! mo/ common tr\ble4 ,?is may be caus$ 7#a7 by a tank too small = ! volume ( sewage1 7#b7 by failure to clean ! tank regul>ly1 7#c7 by int]ior arrangem5t t does n provide sl[ fl[ ?r\gh ! tank or t all[s scum or sludge to pass out ) ! efflu5t1 or 7#d7 by a disposal field t is too small or is incorrectly built4 ,! rem$y = a clogg$ disposal field is to dig up & clean ! tiles & re-lay !m #c or #d feet to "o side or ! o!r ( _! =m] position4 ,sometimes a tile l9e c be clean$ by op5+ up ! l9e at ea* end & flu%+ x ?or\ghly ) a hose4 ,) ?is me?od provision mu/ be made to dra9 (f & safely dispose ( ! wat] us$ = flu%+4 ,tile l9es laid ) improp] slope all[ ! efflu5t to collect 9 a limit$ area & saturate ! soil1 caus+ odors4 ,bact]ia _c "w 9 su* areas1 :]e ! soil becomes s\r1 or sewage-sick4 ,^! l9es mu/ be relaid on ! correct slope4 ,odors or a wat]-logg$ soil may also indicate t ! disposal field is too small4 ,h\se sew]s frequ5tly clog4 ,?is is due1 9 mo/ cases1 to roots & less frequ5tly to tra%1 g>bage1 or o!r =eign mat]ials dis*>g$ ) ! sewage4 ,greases 9 ! sew] may cause tr\ble1 especially :5 ! slope is insuffici5t to give ! sewage a cleans+ velocity4 ,dra9 solv5ts w sometimes remove ! ob/ruction1 b m (t5 x is necess>y to clean ! sew] by rodd+4 ,9 "s cases x may be necess>y to dig up ! l9e to rea* ! ob/ruction or1 at lea/1 to op5 ! l9e s t x c be rodd$ f two directions4 ,:5 x has be5 clean$1 a manhole c\ld be built = use 9 case ( future tr\ble4 ,if /oppage is due to roots x may be necess>y to re-lay ! sew] ) root-tight jo9ts1 or to move ei!r ! sew] or ! vegetation s t roots _c rea* ! l9e4 ,,grease ,,traps ,grease traps 7fig4 #aa7 are n recomm5d$ = ! av]age f>m1 because !y clog easily & require frequ5t clean+1 b !y are desirable = bo>d+ h\ses & t\ri/ camps :]e l>ge quantities ( grease are produc$4 ,! septic tank if ( prop] design & size w take c>e ( ! normal grease f mo/ f>m kit*5s4 ,! traps mu/ be sev]al times l>g] ?an ! quantity ( greasy wat] dis*>g$ into !m at any "o "t1 9 ord] to all[ ! greases to rise1 b !y %\ld n be ( less ?an #cj gallons' capacity4 ,! trap is be/ locat$ 9 an accessible place 9 ! basem5t or "u ! h\se close to ! s\rce ( grease & safe f fro/4 ,outdoor locations at %all[ dep?s require a cov]+ = insulation aga9/ freez+4 ,grease traps %\ld be connect$ to ! kit*5 s9k only & n to laundry1 %[]1 or wat]-closet wa/es4 ,!y mu/ be clean$ p]iodically = satisfactory op]ation1 & ! outlet %\ld be prop]ly trapp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--,typical grease trap4 ,,disposal ,,( ,,dra9age ,,f ,,fixtures ,,o!r ,,?an ,,toilets ,:5 ! f>mh\se does n h an indoor toilet b does h a kit*5 s9k or o!r simil> fixtures1 ! dra9age c be dispos$ ( z %[n 9 figure #ab4 ,ev5 :]e septic tanks h be5 in/all$1 x is sometimes advisable to h a second disposal field = o!r fixtures ?an ! toilet1 to avoid ov]load+ ! tank1 especially :]e l>ge quantities ( laundry wat] are dis*>g$ at "o "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--;,disposal ( dra9age f kit*5 fixtures1 us+ a l9e ( t]ra cotta or fib] dra9 tile surr\nd$ ) gravel4 ,"o or two rock-fill$ pits at ! end ( ! l9e increase ! absorption area & are desirable :]e !re are sev]al fixtures or ! soil is nonpor\s4 ,! pits may be l9$ ) bo>ds or masonry laid )\t mort> & provid$ ) a tight cov]4 ,^! wa/es are n likely to create s]i\s heal? haz>ds1 b !y become nuisances if dis*>g$ promiscu\sly on ! gr\nd surface4 ,su* dra9age %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ on ! wat]%$ ( a spr+4 ,co>se s& & gravel1 #ab to #ah in*es deep1 may be plac$ on ! bottom ( ! pit1 to /ra9 out small p>ticles ( solids1 :i* might clog ! pores ( ! soil4 ,if1 aft] a few ye>s1 ! s& or gravel becomes clogg$ ) solids1 x %\ld be replac$ ) clean mat]ials4 ,if excessive quantities ( grease are p]mitt$ to ent] ! s9k dra91 a grease trap may be advisable4 ,,cesspools ,cesspools are *eap 9 fir/ co/ b high 9 ma9t5ance co/s & (t5 become nuisances4 ,!y %\ld be locat$ at lea/ #aej feet f wells1 #ae feet f seepage pits & prop]ty l9es1 & #bj feet f dwell+ f\ndations4 ,!y %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! vic9ity ( %all[ wells &1 9 any case1 only :]e p]mitt$ by ,/ate regulations4 ,! cesspool dep5ds = its action ^u seepage into ! surr\nd+ soil & consequ5tly is p>ticul>ly unsatisfactory 9 tight clay soils4 ,9 m op5 s& & gravel soils ! seepage is r$uc$ z ! pores ( ! soil become clogg$ ) p>ticles ( solids1 until x /ops entirely1 & ov]fl[+ occurs4 ,empty+ & !n clean+ ! walls & floor ( a cesspool d n fully op5 up ! clogg$ soil pores1 & ov]fl[+ c be expect$ to occur soon aga94 ,solids 9 cesspools mu/ be remov$ f "t to "t by bail+ or pump+ & %\ld !n be buri$ #ah to #bd in*es deep 9 a tr5* :]e ! wat] supply w n be endang]$4 ,cau/ic pota% 7lye7 w to "s ext5t liquefy solids 9 a cesspool4 ,?is treatm5t does n elim9ate ! necessity ( remov+ ! cont5ts :5 p]iodic inspection %[s t ! cesspool is ne>ly full4 ,cau/ic pota% conv]ts ! greases into s(t soap1 :]eas cau/ic soda =ms a h>d soap t does n readily dissolve4 ,! *emical treatm5t is n effective 9 liquefy+ solids 9 ! pores ( ! soil surr\nd+ ! cesspool4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,a neat1 :itewa%$ lattice along ! pav$ walkway provides protection f cold w9d & ra9 & gives add$ privacy4 ,:5 clogg+ cont9ues & _c be correct$1 9 mo/ cases ! be/ solution to ! problem w\ld be to ab&on ! cesspool & in/all a septic-tank sy/em ) tile disposal field4 ,! cesspool %\ld be completely fill$ ) /ones1 e>?1 or o!r solid mat]ials to avoid possible cave-ins4#h #h ,see ,! ,septic ,tank1 p4 #h4 ,,privies ,a privy :5 safely locat$ & prop]ly built & ma9ta9$ is satisfactory = its purpose on ! f>m4 ,privies %\ld be built #ej to #aej feet f ! f>mh\se1 pref]ably on ! opposite side ( ! h\se f prevail+ w9ds1 & at lea/ #ej feet f ! well4 ,a site d[nhill f ! well is g5]ally safe/4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 ! gr\nd wat] may fl[ 9 a direction opposite to ! slope ( ! surface1 9 :i* case ! privy %\ld be built on ! o!r side ( ! well4 ,direction ( fl[ may sometimes be le>n$ f soil surveys1 well-drill]'s data1 or o!r simil> s\rces4 ,a di/ance ( at lea/ #f feet f f5ces or o!r build+s all[s = prop] m\nd+ ( ! privy & keeps x away f ro( dra9age f adjac5t build+s4 ,good1 tight con/ruction ) scre5$ v5tilators keeps insects & birds f ent]+1 prev5ts rapid det]ioration ( ! build+1 & provides great] com=t = ! us]4 ,c]ta9 features1 :ile n ess5tial to sanitation & satisfactory s]vice1 add to p]sonal conv5i5ce4 ,a pav$ walkway1 well protect$ f cold w9ds & ra91 is desirable4 ,a neat1 :itewa%$ lattice1 z %[n 9 figure #ac1 an arbor cov]$ ) v9es1 or a h$ge scre5 adds to privacy4 ,! e>?-pit privy is ! simple/ to build & ! "o mo/ widely us$4 ,x is n g5]ally recomm5d$ 9 localities :]e und]gr\nd rock has crevices4 ,= a sanit>y type ( privy ) re9=c$ concrete#i floor1 ris]1 & support+ sills see figure #ad4 ,because privy units are commonly us$ z ur9als1 ! use ( imp]vi\s mat]ials = ris]s & floors facilitates cleanl9ess4 ,9 ! cold] climates1 wood treat$ ) a pres]vative is durable & r$uces ! problem ( moi/ure cond5sation4 ,!re=e1 wood c\ld be us$ if approv$ by ! ,/ate dep>tm5t ( heal?4 #i ,= in=mation on mak+ concrete see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #aggb1 ,use ( ,concrete on ! ,f>m4 ,:5 x is consid]$ impracticable to build ! slab & ris] ( concrete1 ^! p>ts may be ( wood1 z %[n 9 figure #af4 ,! build+ itself may be z %[n 9 ei!r illu/ration4 ,a wood /ructure is easy to move to a new location4 ,a pit ) a m9imum capacity ( #ej cubic feet#aj w usually s]ve five p ov] a p]iod ( #e to #aj ye>s4 ,! privy %\ld be mov$ :5 ! pit is fill$ to )9 #ah or #bj in*es ( ! top & a /rong dis9fectant spread 9 ! old pit be=e cov]+ x ) e>?4 #aj ,recomm5d$ by ! ,committee on ,promotion ( ,rural ,sanitation1 ,public ,heal? ,eng9e]+ ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 #aicb4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--,sanit>y type ( privy4 ,detail$ plans & a bill ( mat]ials = ?is design c be _h f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4 ,x is important to h ! e>?-pit privy m ?an #ej feet f ! well ev5 :]e ! wat] table is n ne> ! surface4 ,! gr\nd wat] %\ld fl[ f ! well t[>d ! privy1 & x is important t ?is direction ( fl[ be det]m9$ 9 advance4 ,wood is mo/ commonly employ$ = ! ma9 "p ( ! build+4 ,! gr\nd outside %\ld be slop$ z %[n1 to %$ wat] away f ! build+1 & ! ro( %\ld ext5d beyond ! walls to %$ wat] away f ! pit4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,ma9t5ance ,all privies require p]iodic att5tion4 ,seats & cov]s %\ld be wa%$ weekly ) soap & wat] or ) dis9fectants1 su* z cresol1 p9e oil1 & hypo*lorite or *loride ( lime4 ,^! h deodorant prop]ties & are available at mo/ groc]y or drug /ores4 ,druggi/s g5]ally c>ry a m ref9$ product & consequ5tly ! price is high]4 ,dur+ ! fly season fly & mosquito eggs w be de/roy$ by p\r+ half a p9t ( crude oil1 crankcase oil1 fuel oil1 k]os5e1 or borax solution 7#a p\nd p[d]$ borax dissolv$ 9 ab\t #aj gallons ( wat]7 ov] ! cont5ts ( ! pit ab\t once a week4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--,pit privy ( all-wood con/ruction4 ,! sills & ris] ( ?is type %\ld ei!r be treat$ or made ( cypress1 r$wood1 c$>1 locu/1 fir1 or o!r decay-resi/ant wood4 ,odors f privy pits & vaults c be r$uc$ by cov]+ ! cont5ts ) dry e>?1 a%es1 manure1 or sawdu/4 ,^! mat]ials fill up ! pit r quickly1 b c be us$ :]e o!r deodorants are n available4 ,sometimes two cakes ( yea/ dissolv$ 9 #b gallons ( wat] are effective 9 r$uc+ odors4 ,comm]cial deodorants are available f suppli]s ( dis9fectants4 ,if a p]son 9 ! family has typhoid fev] or is a c>ri] ( t disease or has dys5t]y1 x is advisable to dis9fect ! excreta4 ,fire1 live /eam1 boil+ wat]1 & su* *emicals z cau/ic soda 7sodium hydroxide71 cau/ic pota% 7potassium hydroxide71 or hypo*lorite or *loride ( lime may be us$4 ,! heat g5]at$ by ! slack+ ( quicklime is also effective4 ,be/ results are obta9$ if ! infect$ mat]ial is treat$ prior to deposit+ x 9 ! privy4 ,fur!r advice may be obta9$ f physicians1 local heal? (fic]s1 or ,/ate heal? dep>tm5ts4 ,,*emical ,,closets ,9 g5]al1 *emical closets %\ld be us$ only :]e !re are eld]ly or infirm p unable to get outdoors1 p>ticul>ly 9 w9t]-"t4 ,9 "s localities _! use is =bidd5 by law because ( improp] ma9t5ance4 ,/rict adh]5ce to ! manufactur]'s directions = mak+ ! in/allation is necess>y to obta9 satisfactory s]vice4 ,! *ief advantage ( *emical closets is t !y may be )9 or adjo9+ ! h\se & us$ )\t reg>d to soil or gr\nd-wat] conditions4 ,! cau/ic *emicals requir$1 if us$ prop]ly1 r$uce ! quantity ( solid matt] by liquefy+ action1 dis9fect & deodorize ! cont5ts1 & less5 dang] f flies4 ,disadvantages are ! co/ ( ! *emicals & necessity = c>eful & con/ant ma9t5ance4 ,! *emical-tank closet is g5]ally recomm5d$ r ?an ! dry-type *emical closet4 ,?ree v>iations ( tanks are available comm]cially4 ,"o type conta9s a clean-out op5+ 9 ! top ( ! tank1 ?r\gh :i* ! cont5ts are remov$ by pump+ or bail+4 ,! second type has1 9 addition to a clean-out op5+1 a dra9 valve at ! bottom1 :i* is op]at$ by a h&le ext5d+ to a clean-out op5+1 s t gravity dra9age ( ! tank is possible4 ,! ?ird type is self-dra9+2 z ! excreta are add$ an equal volume ( liquid is spill$ out ! ov]fl[4 ,! solid matt] mu/ be remov$ manually or ?r\gh ! sludge dra94 ,! la/-m5tion$ type requires frequ5t addition ( *emicals1 & ! o!rs are re*>g$ aft] ea* empty+4 ,! pres5ce ( odor is an indication ( insuffici5t *emical or ( ! ne$ = empty+ & re*>g+4 ,! same precautions apply to select+ an area = dispos+ ( ! tank wa/es z to dispos+ ( ! mat]ials remov$ f cesspools4#aa ,s9ce ! cont5ts ( *emical closets are cau/ic1 !y may kill vegetation ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 #aa ,= disposal me?ods 9 tight soils1 see p4 #af4 ,! dry-type *emical closet is *eap1 simple1 & easy to in/all b requires frequ5t empty+4 ,p9e t> & coal t> w accompli% only p>tial dis9fection & deodorization1 b cau/ic dis9fectants produce liquefication 9 addition if us$ 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,! cau/ic *emicals may cause burns if ! receptacle is too full or if spill$ :]e !y come 9 contact ) ! body4 ,?is =m ( closet is m ( an exp$i5t ?an a p]man5t in/allation1 & daily c>e is necess>y to prev5t ! developm5t ( insanit>y conditions4 ,,disposal ,,( ,,g>bage ,,& ,,tra% ,dome/ic g>bage & tra% on f>ms c be divid$ into f\r classes--7#a7 wa/e ( plant or animal orig9 suitable = animal fe$1 7#b7 unpalatable plant or animal wa/e1 7#c7 combu/ible tra%1 & 7#d7 noncombu/ible mat]ial4 ,! disposal ( ^! wa/es is simplifi$ if ! f\r classes are kept sep>ate4 ,tra% to be burn$ %\ld be kept dry4 ,c(fee gr\nds1 tea leaves1 citrus r9ds1 fi% heads1 entrails1 egg%ells1 & simil> mat]ial are mo/ readily h&l$ if dra9$ & put 9 pap] sacks4 ,cans %\ld be plac$ :]e !y w n collect wat] & become bre$+ places = mosquitoes4 ,cans w corrode fa/] if heat$ suffici5tly to burn (f all grease4 ,:5 ! tra% accumulates x %\ld be haul$ to "s out-(-!-way place1 su* z a gully1 or buri$4 ,neat-appe>+ g>bage conta9]s are desirable = kit*5 use & %\ld be small en\gh to require daily empty+4 ,l>ge conta9]s may be plac$ )9 easy rea* outside ! h\se & scre5$ ) a lattice f5ce or %rubb]y4 ,sub/antial conta9]s ( ru/-resi/ant metal w n quickly become an eyesore & a nuisance4 ,tight cov]s %\ld be us$ to keep out pr[l+ animals & to elim9ate ! habit ( toss+ wa/es f ! back door4 ,op5 or wood5 conta9]s are n recomm5d$4 ,a good way to protect ! g>bage pail is to place x 9 a small pit t has a manhole frame & a lid t c be rais$ by foot p$al4 ,a gravel bottom 9 ! pit w assi/ 9 dra9+ wat] away4 ,outdoor receptacles1 if empti$ & clean$ once a week1 g5]ally d n become f\l4 ,grease1 c(fee gr\nds1 & o!r simil> mat]ials t adh]e to ! sides ( conta9]s c be remov$ by scrap+ ) a little s& prior to scald+4 ,electrically op]at$ units gr9d g>bage & bones & dis*>ge ! mat]ial ?r\gh ! kit*5-s9k dra94 ,!y w n h&le t9 cans1 glass1 & ! l4 ,!y may be us$ on f>ms if ! septic tank is l>g] ?an normal & if suffici5t wat] is available = flu%+ ! dra9 to prev5t clogg+4 ,g>bage to be f$ to animals %\ld be pres]v$ z c>efully z is human food4 ,to prev5t ! spread ( tri*9osis & o!r diseases1 x %\ld be cook$ be=e x is f$ to hogs4 ,g>bage left uneat5 by ! animals %\ld be dispos$ ( by "o ( ! me?ods describ$ above4 ,inc9]ation is ! mo/ sanit>y me?od ( dispos+ ( f>m wa/es4 ,g>bage1 h[ev]1 is n easily burn$4 ,figure #af %[s a type ( inc9]ator#ab suitable = f>m homes4 ,details ( con/ruction = a brick inc9]ator are giv5 9 figure #ag4 ,brick1 /one1 concrete1 or o!r fire-resi/ant mat]ial may be us$4 ,comm]cial inc9]ators1 "s ( :i* are design$ to be built into ! h\se1 also are available1 al?\gh ^! co/ consid]ably m ?an ! home-made type %[n4 #ab ,bluepr9ts ( ?is design may be obta9$ f ! ext5sion agricultural eng9e]s at mo/ ( ! ,/ate colleges4 ,a limit$ quantity ( refuse may be burn$ 9 a kit*5 range or a furnace1 b x may cause accumulations ( grease 9 ! flue & require frequ5t clean+ to prev5t fire4 ,next to burn+1 burial is ! mo/ desirable me?od ( wa/e disposal4 ,wa/e mat]ial may be deposit$ 9 a tr5* #c or #d feet wide1 #g or #h feet long1 & #d or #e feet deep & cov]$ ) e>? :5 fill$ to )9 #ah in*es ( ! top4 ,if !re is no fire haz>d1 ! cont5ts ( ! tr5* may be burn$4 ,g>bage may be includ$ 9 a compo/ heap ) leaves1 peat1 manure1 & simil> mat]ials4 ,! compo/ pile %\ld be 9 an inconspicu\s place1 built up to ! desir$ height ) mat]ials t w rot1 & !n cov]$ ) #b or #c in*es ( e>?4 ,! top %\ld be level & ! sides /eep slop+4 ,x is necess>y t ! mat]ial be+ compo/$ be kept moi/2 o!rwise x w n rot4 ,frequ5tly comm]cial f]tiliz] is add$ to increase ! f]tiliz+ value ( ! compo/4 ,a%es & cl9k]s remov$ f furnaces %\ld be plac$ 9 metal conta9]s to elim9ate fire haz>d4 ,wood a%es may be spread on ! lawn or g>d51 z !y h "s f]tiliz+ value4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--;,a satisfactory inc9]ator = h\sehold use4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--;,details ( con/ruction ( ! h\sehold inc9]ator pictur$ 9 figure #af4 ,tra% burn]s ( v>i\s designs suitable = burn+ small quantities ( pap] & rags are available or may be improvis$4 ,! ma9 requirem5ts are provision = adequate draft & = prev5t+ ! escape ( burn+ pap] or live emb]s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aidh ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton #be4 ,d4 ,c4 -- ,price #aj c5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,illu/rations 7 reposition$ s z to n split p>agraphs4