,,h[ ,,to ,,enamel ,,be+ ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,practical ,,enamel+ ,,( ,,jewelry ,,) ,,h>d ,,enamels ,,by ,,h[>d ,m4 ,,*ap9 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,life ,,( ,,dea4 ,,samuel ,,*ap910 ,,etc4 ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,fir/ ,,?\s& ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$ #aiaa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,copyright1 #aiaa ,,by ,,h[>d ,m4 ,,*ap9 ,/anhope ,press ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations v ,,preface vii ,,introduction ix ,,*apt] ,i ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,enamel #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,metals #h ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*>g+ #ad ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fir+ #bc ,,*apt] ,v ,,/on+ #bi ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,poli%+ #cg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,foils--,,paillons--,,glitt] ,,enamel--,,dull #db ,,f9i%--,,plique--,,j\r ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,enamel ,,pa9t+ #ej ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,photographs ,,on ,,enamel #eg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a ,,agate ,,mort> ,,& ,,pe/le x #b ,,gr9d+ ,,) ,,weight$ ,,pe/le #b #c ,,enamel]',s ,,spatula ,,) ,,wood5 #aj ,,h&le #d ,,*>g+ #ad #e ,,metal ,,tray ,,& ,,tile #bd #f ,,fir+ #cj #g ,,c>borundum ,,or ,,em]y ,,/one #cg #h ,,/on+ #dd #i ,,pickle ,,pan #ea #aj ,,poli%+ #eh #aa ,,pickle ,,pot #fe ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,! aim ( ?is book is to expla9 practical enamel+ 9 su* a way t "o entirely unacqua9t$ ) ! subject w1 aft] a little /udy1 n only und]/& ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! art1 b ) a little practice be able actually to a*ieve cr$itable results 9 ?is mo/ fasc9at+ bran* ( ! jewel]'s craft4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,introduction ,enamel is really a glaze appli$ to metals j z o!r glazes are appli$ to porcela91 glass1 & e>!nw>e4 ,we w conf9e our att5tion to :at is kn[n z h>d enamel 9 contradi/9ction to japans1 lacqu]s1 & enamel pa9ts1 :i* are (t5 call$ s(t enamels4 ,h>d enamels are comp\nds ( glass ) diff]5t metallic oxides :i* produce ! diff]5t colors4 ,^! comp\nds are fus$ toge!r at a v high temp]ature & on cool+ become extremely h>d4 ,!y fill ! gap betwe5 glass & *9a1 ! transp>5t fondants be+ to ! layman indi/+ui%able f glass1 :ile ! opaque :ites may be easily mi/ak5 = *9a1 & ! c\ntless o!r v>ieties =m a *a9 ( sc>cely p]ceptible gradations f "o extreme to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,agate ,,mort> ,,& ,,pe/le4 ,! use ( enamels is bo? v anci5t & v widespread1 = we f9d ! process kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians & to ! ,*9ese1 al?\gh ! highe/ developm5t 9 ! art 0 rea*$ 9 ,france 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we w\ld ref] ! hi/orical /ud5t to ,cunynghame's 8,european ,enamels0 9 ,engli% & ,lu?m]'s 8,enamel0 9 ,g]man4 ,jewelry enamel+ is usually divid$ into five diff]5t classes1 viz3 *amplev1 cloisonn1 incru/$1 plique--j\r1 & enamel pa9t+4 ,*amplev enamel is t 9 :i* a "p ( ! metal is cut away1 leav+ a depression :i* is fill$ ) enamel to ! level ( ! surface ( ! metal1 ?us giv+ a sort ( inlaid effect4 ,if ! enamel surface is n fil$ (f flat b all[$ to h a concave or convex surface ! piece is said to be 8flu%$40 ,te*nically enamel is 8flu%$0 if x is n 8/on$40 ,:5 transp>5t enamels are us$ & ! backgr\nd "u ! enamel is cut 9 relief1 x is call$ 8,baisse-taille enamel40 ,cloisonn enamel is h>dly di/+ui%able f *amplev :5 f9i%$1 b is made diff]5tly4 ,in/ead ( cutt+ depressions 9 ! metal to hold ! enamel1 metal wires are sold]$ on ! smoo? surface ( ! metal1 ?us =m+ p>titions or f5ces betwe5 :i* ! enamel is plac$4 ,incru/$ enamel is t 9 :i* ! enamel is *>g$ directly on ! metal surface )\t any rais$ metal edges to hold x4 ,x is g5]ally us$ 9 small daubs or beads to reproduce ! effect ( preci\s /ones4 ,plique--j\r enamel is simil> to cloisonn except t ! wires are sold]$ to ea* o!r )\t any backgr\nd1 ?us =m+ a sort ( filigree1 ! spaces )9 :i*1 :5 fill$ ) enamel1 some:at resemble a /a9$-glass w9d[4 ,9 enamel pa9t+ a picture is pa9t$ on ! enamel4 ,usually :ite opaque enamel is us$ = ! backgr\nd1 & ! pa9t+ is execut$ ) f9ely gr\nd enamel or *9a pa9ts1 aft] :i* x is cov]$ ) a lay] ( transp>5t enamel :i* s]ves z a protection = ! pa9t+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,i ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,enamels ,,enamel is g5]ally b\ght 9 ! =m ( h>d *unks m or less flat & v>y+ f ! size ( an acorn to t ( a l>ge d9n] plate4 ,:5 x is made x is p\r$ into a mold :]e x h>d5s 9 ! =m ( a disk or slab g5]ally a foot or m 9 diamet]1 & lat] gets brok5 into small] pieces dur+ transportation4 ,^! *unks ( enamel may be readily brok5 up by a hamm]1 & if !y are fir/ wrapp$ 9 a piece ( clo? ! small p>ticles w n fly ab\t & get into "o's eye1 & no enamel w be lo/4 ,:5 ! enamel has be5 brok5 up s t none ( ! pieces are l>g] ?an a pea1 x %\ld be wa%$ 9 clean wat] to free x f any dirt t x naturally conta9$ or t x receiv$ f ! clo? 9 :i* x 0 wrapp$ dur+ ! hamm]+ process4 ,cleanl9ess _c be too mu* emphasiz$1 = ! slighte/ p>ticle ( dirt mix$ 9 ) ! enamel may (t5 completely spoil a piece ( "w4 ,enamel if heat$ q hot & !n plung$ into cold wat] w become s brittle t x c be brok5 up by ! h&s1 b :5 treat$ 9 ?is mann] is said to be h>d] to gr9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,gr9d+ ,,) ,,weight$ ,,pe/le4 ,aft] ! enamel has be5 brok5 up into small pieces x %\ld be put 9 an agate or porcela9 mort> & gr\nd to a f9e p[d]4 ,?is w take f tw5ty to tw5ty-five m9utes ( /eady gr9d+1 ! l5g? ( "t dep5d+ on ! quality & quantity ( ! enamel1 ! /r5g? us$1 etc4 ,wat] may or may n be mix$ ) ! enamel dur+ ! gr9d+ process1 z ! gr9d] pref]s4 ,if wat] is add$ ! process may take a little long] b a v disagreeable noise is elim9at$ & ! "w may p]haps be slightly easi]4 ,agate mort>s are clean] & s bett] ?an porcela9 ones b are s mu* m exp5sive t !y _c be us$ = gr9d+ l>ge am\nts4 ,= ?is gr9d+ ma*9es or weight$ pe/les1 su* z ,cunynghame describes 9 8 8,art ,enamel+ ^u ,metals10 %\ld be us$4 ,! enamel %\ld be gr\nd until x is ab\t ! size ( f9e s&1 & s(t1 n gritty1 :5 rubb$ g5tly betwe5 "o's ?umb & =ef+]4 ,x %\ld n[ be r9s$ 9 clean 7! pur] ! bett]7 runn+ wat]1 ! enamel be+ ?or\ghly /irr$ up & wa%$1 ! f9e p>ticles1 8dregs0 or 8slimes0 z !y are call$1 be+ all[$ to fl[ away4 ,(t5 f t5 to ?irty p] c5t ( ! enamel is lo/ 9 ?is process4 ,! rema9+ wet enamel p[d] is ready to be us$4 ,x may be kept = weeks "u wat] 9 a glass j> or druggi/'s salve box1 b 9 "t is said to det]iorate4 ,if ! enamel is to be us$ imm$iately x may be plac$ ^u a clean copp] or *9a palette :i* w be f\nd v s]viceable4 ,x %\ld be kept con/antly wet & if possible "u wat]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x becomes dry1 x may be wa%$ z describ$ above & w probably be f\nd 9 good condition2 if n a slight gr9d+ may assi/ matt]s4 ,if enamel is n gr\nd f9e en\gh x is apt to h pit-holes 9 x :5 fir$1 & if x is n absolutely clean x is likely to h bo? pit-holes & black spots 9 x4 ,sometimes enamel is wa%$ 9 nitric acid z well z wat] b ?is is g5]ally n necess>y4 ,x is v important1 h[ev]1 to use wat] t conta9s v little iron1 = iron w cause black spots 9 ! enamel4 ,if enamel is to be kept = any l5g? ( "t x %\ld be kept ei!r z *unks pref]ably or z co>sely gr\nd p[d]4 ,:5 co>sely gr\nd x may be kept dry 9 a dirt-pro( j> or bottle4 ,! 8dregs0 & 8slimes0 if wa%$ clean may be kept & us$ = pa9ts 9 pa9t+ on enamel4 ,:5 enamel is b\ght 9 ! =m ( a p[d] x is g5]ally necess>y to gr9d x f9] & wa% x ?or\ghly4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,metals ,,_m metals c be enamel$1 b ! mo/ practical ones1 ^? mo/ us$ 9 jewelry1 are gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & _! alloys4 ,h5ce we w conf9e our descriptions to ^! metals4 ,:atev] metal is us$1 h[ev]1 mu/ fir/ be made *emically clean be=e x is 8*>g$0 or cov]$ ) enamel4 ,?is may be done 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is consid]$ ! mo/ practical4 ,! metal1 :e!r gold1 silv]1 or copp]1 mu/ be anneal$ by be+ heat$ to a r$ heat & all[$ to cool sl[ly 9 ! air4 ,:5 cool x w be f\nd to be cov]$ ) a black oxide4 ,! metal mu/ n[ be plung$ = half a m9ute or m into a solution call$ a 8dip10 consi/+ ( two p>ts sulphuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d71 two p>ts nitric acid 7,,hno#c71 & a slight t\* ( hydro*loric acid 7,h,cl72 a few drops ( ! latt] to ! gallon w suffice4 ,?is dip w clean ! surface ( ! metal & make x bright4 ,z ! solution gets old x w become weak & a long] dip w be requir$4 ,! ord9>y comm]cial acids are suitable = mak+ ^! dips4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to inhale ! fumes ( ! acids1 z !y are q poison\s4 ,?is dip may be us$ cold1 b bett] results are obta9$ :5 x is heat$ to #agj;,f4 ,a conv5i5t way to heat x is to set ! j> conta9+ ! dip 9 a l>g] j> conta9+ wat] & !n to heat ! wat] 9 ! l>g] j>4 ,_m pref] to use fir/ a hot & !n a cold dip1 r9s+ ! metal 9 clean wat] betwe5 ! dips4 ,exp]i5ce w soon tea* "o to tell :5 ! metal is clean by look+ at x1 & ?is 9 fact is ! only satisfactory way1 z ! l5g? ( "t requir$ w v>y ) ! condition ( ! metals & ! /r5g? ( ! dip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,enamel]',s ,,spatula ,,) ,,wood5 ,,h&le4 ,aft] ! dip ! metal mu/ be ?or\ghly r9s$ 9 clean wat] & !n dri$ 9 clean sawdu/ or hot air4 ,if r9s$ 9 v hot wat] ! metal w dry itself almo/ imm$iately4 ,"s pref] to r9se ! metal 9 ammonia z well z 9 wat] 9 ord] to rid x ( all trace ( ! acid1 b ?is is n g5]ally necess>y4 ,if ! metal is copp] or gold x is n[ ready to be *>g$1 b if x is silv] x mu/ be 8fire-/a9$40 ,!re are _m o!r possible ways ( clean+ metals1 b ! above means are g5]ally us$ & w d\btless be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,if small quantities only are be+ 8clean$10 a copp] pickle pan & a ,buns5 gas burn] w suffice1 :ile = l>ge quantities e>!n pickle pots & l>ge j>s w be f\nd advantage\s4 ,metals if 8wriggl$10 t is1 scrap$ or engrav$ all ov] ) a grav]1 are g5]ally clean en\gh to be *>g$4 ,if silv] is us$ x mu/ be 8fire-/a9$10 or h ! 8fire0 tak5 out ( x4 ,?is is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! silv] is subm]g$ = a m9ute or m 9 a solution ( f\r p>ts nitric acid & "o "p wat]1 heat$ to #agj;,f4 ,! acid w react on ! silv]1 :i* w become cov]$ ) a br[ni% scum4 ,! silv] %\ld n[ be r9s$ 9 clean wat] & bru%$ ) a metal bru% 9 a solution ( soap-tree b>k & wat]4 ,?is w clean ! scum (f ! silv] & make ! latt] bright4 ,aft] be+ r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 ! silv] is ready to be *>g$ ) enamel4 ,s\r be]1 or a solution ( licorice root & wat] may be us$ in/ead ( soap-tree b>k4 ,x w be v conv5i5t to h ! metal wire bru% a circul> "o revolv+ on a la!4 ,if r$ enamel is to be us$1 ! metal %\ld always be ei!r wriggl$ or eng9e turn$ or else h "s design cut %>ply 9 x1 9 ord] to br+ out ! brilliancy ( ! color4 ,eng9e turn+ & %>p engrav+ or relief 9 ! metal backgr\nd w always enhance ! brilliancy & give an additional %e5 to any transp>5t colors4 ,z ! dep? ( ! enamel lay] has a great deal to d ) ! %ade ( ! enamel1 diff]5t effects c be obta9$1 ev5 :5 only "o enamel is us$1 if ! metal backgr\nd has be5 cut l[] 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,if ! silv] is n 8fire-/a9$10 r$ enamel w (t5 become m>oon :5 fir$1 & fondant & o!r delicate colors w become /reak$ or spott$4 ,if ! fire-/a9+ & dipp+ h n be5 c>efully done1 ! enamel is likely to *ip out1 h pit-holes 9 x1 or conta9 black blot*es4 ,z ! acid fumes eat ! fle% q rapidly1 x is advisable to we> rubb] gloves :5 dipp+ ! metals4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*>g+ ,,enamel is 8*>g$10 or put on ! metal1 9 ! =m ( a wat]y mud1 by means ( a small spatula4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t spatula is "o made f a piece ( /eel wire ab\t ! size ( a cro*et ne$le & flatt5$ at "o end4 ,9 fact a cro*et ne$le itself1 flatt5$ at "o end1 or ev5 ! small blade ( a p5knife1 w be f\nd q s]viceable4 ,if ?is spatula is m\nt$ 9 a wood5 h&le made f a p5hold] x w be f\nd v easy to h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,*>g+4 ,a small daub ( v wat]y enamel %\ld be tak5 on ! end ( ! spatula & laid ^u ! metal :]e x is to be enamel$4 ,if ! surface to be enamel$ is v l>ge1 a l>g] spatula c be us$ to advantage4 ,if ! enamel is too wat]y x w n /ick to ! spatula :ile be+ tak5 f ! palette1 & if x is too dry x _c be readily transf]r$ f ! spatula to ! metal4 ,:5 ! piece has be5 entirely cov]$ ) enamel1 x %\ld be held 9 ! h& & tapp$ g5tly ) ! spatula4 ,if ! enamel is wet en\gh ?is proc$ure w spread x ev5ly ov] ! metal4 ,! wat] %\ld n[ be drawn (f f ! enamel by means ( a clean piece ( clo? or blott+ pap]4 ,! rema9+ moi/ure w soon evaporate1 leav+ ! enamel p]fectly dry4 ,only :5 p]fectly dry is x 9 a condition to be fir$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to get ! enamel on too ?ick1 z 9 t case x w *ip (f :5 fir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 enamel %r9ks consid]ably on be+ fir$1 s if x is put on too ?9 x is apt to %r9k1 leav+ b>e spaces ( metal4 ,! prop] ?ickness ) :i* to *>ge a piece ( "w c only be le>n$ by exp]im5t1 & 9 mo/ cases x is desirable to *>ge a piece ) sev]al ?9 coats r ?an ) "o ?ick "o4 ,9 cloisonn & *amplev "w x is g5]ally necess>y to use at lea/ two coats 9 ord] to br+ ! enamel up to ! level ( ! metal p>ts4 ,orig9ally 9 ^! k9ds ( enamel+ ! idea 0 to h ea* color or %ade ( enamel sep>at$ by a metal wall f e o!r %ade1 :i* made ! *>g+ comp>atively simple4 ,n[ ! vulg> mod]n ta/e p]mits sev]al diff]5t %ades side by side )\t p>titions1 or ev5 bl5d$4 ,if ! enamel is n too wet two di/9ct colors c be *>g$ side by side )\t hav+ !m run into ea* o!r to any appreciable ext5t4 ,!y may !n be fir$1 & !y w be no m mix$ 9 t process ?an !y 7 be=e x4 ,a bl5d betwe5 two colors may be obta9$ by mix+ two enamels toge!r & !n *>g+ ! piece ) ! mixture4 ,su* a mixture :5 fir$ is (t5 f\nd to be speckl$ in/ead ( a cle> %ade4 ,if1 aft] mix+1 ! enamel is gr\nd f9]1 ?is speckl$ effect c sometimes be elim9at$4 ,?is process is by no means always satisfactory4 ,ano!r way t two colors c be bl5d$ is z foll[s3 ,divide a piece to be enamel$ into ?ree p>ts by two imag9>y l9es & call ! p>ts ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,n[ *>ge ,a & ,b ) a ?9 coat (1 = in/ance1 blue1 & ,c ) a ?9 coat ( r$1 & fire ! piece4 ,!n on ! second *>g+ *>ge ,a ) blue & ,b & ,c ) r$4 ,:5 fir$1 "p ,b w be f\nd int]m$iate betwe5 ,a & ,c1 9 ?is case a sort ( purple4 ,?is purple may be made blui% or r$di%1 z desir$1 by us+ a prepond]ance ( blue or ( r$ enamel4 ,?is prepond]ance c be l>gely regulat$ by ! ?ickness ( ! lay]s or coats ( ea* color1 al?\gh ! la/ coat1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w1 on acc\nt ( its position1 ex]t by f> ! /rong] influ5ce4 ,) mo/ transp>5t colors x is desirable1 ?\gh n necess>y except 9 ! case ( s-call$ 8opals10 to use an "u lay] ( fondant1 t is1 on ! fir/ *>g+1 to cov] ! entire surface ) a ?9 lay] ( transp>5t :ite or colorless enamel1 commonly call$ flux or fondant4 ,?is "u lay] ( fondant is us$ m on gold ?an on silv] or copp]1 b 9 any case x w greatly enhance ! brilliancy ( ! enamels4 ,x is ( great assi/ance 9 br++ out delicate colors & especially 8opals10 = if opals are *>g$ directly ^u ! /ock !y h a /rong t5d5cy to become opaque :5 fir$4 ,"s delicate roses & p9ks if put directly ^u ! metal w 8fire0 black1 :ile ov] a lay] ( fondant !y became beautiful & delicate %ades4 ,:]e sev]al colors are us$ on ! same piece x is g5]ally advantage\s to use fondant = ! la/ lay]4 ,! advantage ( ?is is t ! h>mony & qualities ( ! diff]5t colors are !n n affect$ by ! /on+ & poli%+1 :i* no matt] h[ c>efully done are b\nd to cut d[n ! enamel1 & 9 ! case ( transp>5t colors ! ?9n] a lay] becomes ! light] x becomes4 ,any transp>5t color c be made light] ei!r by be+ /on$ d[n or by be+ put on ov] a lay] ( fondant4 ,transp>5t :ite c easily be obta9$ on silv] by ! use ( blui% & :ite fondants1 b x is impossible to obta9 transp>5t :ite on gold or copp] unless ^! metals are fir/ plat$ ) silv]4 ,mo/ enamels appe> to be/ advantage on silv] ov] fondant1 & :5 ! same enamel is put on ano!r metal x *anges its hue4 ,?is *ange ( hue v>ies ) ea* individual enamel & c only be le>n$ by exp]im5t4 ,9 g5]al1 :ite 7fondant7 on silv] becomes p9k on gold or copp]1 orange becomes r$1 yell[ becomes orange or br[n1 blue has a t5d5cy to gre5 & gre5 to yell[4 ,opaque colors ( c\rse d n actually *ange color1 b ow+ to ! diff]5t color ( _! sett+ !y (t5 give diff]5t effects4 ,"s %ades t _c be obta9$ by me*anically mix+ opaque colors or by lay]s ( diff]5t transp>5t colors1 c be obta9$ by putt+ a lay] ( transp>5t enamel ov] a lay] ( opaque4 ,opaque :ite z an "u lay] w (t5 give a desirable %ade to a transp>5t enamel :i* is n j ! color requir$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fir+ ,,aft] enamel has be5 *>g$ on a piece ( metal1 x is 8fir$10 t is1 heat$ until ! enamel is fus$1 aft] :i*1 on cool+1 x becomes h>d4 ,x is be/ fir$ 9 a muffle furnace1 al?\gh ) c>e a nice job may be done ) a bl[pipe1 a ,buns5 burn]1 or ev5 an alcohol lamp4 ,9 case a ,buns5 burn] or lamp is us$1 x is well to h a metal tripod support+ a %eet ( metal or wire me% on :i* to set ! "w1 z hold+ x by a pair ( tongs becomes v t$i\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,metal ,,tray ,,or ,,tile4 ,a muffle may be heat$ by electricity1 gas 7) or )\t an air bla/71 oil1 coal1 or wood4 ,electricity or gas1 h[ev]1 is pref]able1 z !y are n accompani$ by dirt4 ,! muffle itself1 :i* is simply a small ov51 is g5]ally made ( fire clay1 al?\gh bo? fus$ qu>tz & nickel are sometimes us$4 ,a door to ! muffle is n necess>y1 al?\gh x is an aid to cleanl9ess4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a door is us$ x %\ld h a hole 9 x l>ge en\gh to all[ ! enamel] to wat* 8 "w con/antly4 ,x is v important to keep ! enamel "w away f ! oxidiz+ effect ( ! fire2 s t any cracks t appe> 9 a muffle mu/ be imm$iately repair$4 ,x w be f\nd v advantage\s1 too1 to h ! doors ( ! furnace on ! side ( x opposite to t conta9+ ! m\? ( ! muffle4 ,! pieces to be fir$ %\ld be laid ^u a tray ( a size conv5i5t to pass easily ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! muffle4 ,^! trays are made pref]ably ( %eet nickel = ?is metal w n scale or flake (f :5 heat$ & s contam9ate ! enamel4 ,z ^! trays become q hot x is advisable to h&le !m by means ( a pair ( long-h&l$ tongs4 ,be=e plac+ a tray ( pieces 9 ! muffle to be fir$1 x is well to leave x ne> ! m\? ( ! muffle = a m9ute or two s t ! enamel may become entirely dry be=e x is plac$ 9 ! muffle1 = if damp ! enamel w be bl[n (f ( ! metal by ! rapid evaporation ( ! wat] :i* x conta9s4 ,:5 ! pieces are fully dry1 ! tray may be plac$ 9 ! muffle1 :i* %\ld be heat$ to a bright r$ heat ( ab\t #adjj ,f4 ,) su* a heat x %\ld take f half a m9ute to two m9utes to 8fire0 or melt ! enamel4 ,! "t requir$ w v>y ) diff]5t enamels & c only be le>n$ by exp]im5t4 ,! enamel %\ld be kept 9 ! muffle until x beg9s to melt & its surface becomes fus$ & comp>atively smoo? & glossy1 :5 x %\ld be remov$ f ! furnace & all[$ to cool 9 ! air4 ,x is n necess>y or ev5 desirable to fire ! enamel p]fectly smoo? 9 ! fir/ fir+4 ,x g5]ally takes at lea/ two coats1 t is two *>g+s & two fir+s1 be=e a piece is ready to be /on$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 only "o coat is to be us$1 x %\ld be fir$ z smoo? z possible4 ,:5 ! pieces cool1 ! metal 7unless x is f9e1 i4e41 pure1 unalloy$7 w be f\nd cov]$ ) a black scale caus$ by oxidation4 ,?is may be remov$ by simply bru%+ x1 :i* op]ation 9 mo/ cases w clean ! piece suffici5tly = ! second *>g+4 ,o!rwise ! piece may be 8pickl$10 or clean$ ) acid4 ,subsequ5t fir+s d n diff] f ! fir/ "o except t 9 ! la/ fir+ ! enamel] %\ld try to obta9 z smoo? a surface z possible4 ,aft] ! la/ fir+ ! pieces %\ld be subm]g$ = a m9ute or two 9 a mild pickle consi/+ ( "o "p sulphuric acid & "o "p wat]4 ,?is w clean (f ! oxide & make ! metal bright4 ,if r$ enamel is us$ x is be/ to ?r[ ! piece into a cup ( ?ick heavy ma*9e oil to cool in/ead ( lett+ x cool 9 ! air4 ,?is w give ! r$ a great] brilliancy4 ,r$ enamel1 too1 (t5 requires a great] heat ?an o!r colors1 al?\gh too l[ a heat t5ds to de/roy ! gloss on any enamel4 ,_m delicate colors :i* are opaque :5 fir$ at a l[ heat1 w become opalesc5t & 9 "s cases transp>5t if fir$ at a high] temp]ature4 ,r$ enamel loses its color if fir$ too _m times1 & a l>ge numb] ( fir+s h a weak5+ effect on high-k>at gold4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,v ,,/on+ ,,aft] a piece ( enamel has be5 fir$1 x is (t5 f\nd t too mu* enamel has be5 us$1 t is1 t ! enamel may h run ov] ! edge ( ! "p to be enamel$1 or x may n pres5t a smoo? surface b in/ead consi/ ( a s]ies ( humps1 or1 especially 9 ! case ( transp>5t enamels1 x may be on 9 su* lay]s t ! color is deep5$ or ev5 lo/ entirely4 ,?is c be rem$i$ by :at is kn[n z 8/on+10 or fil+ ! enamel d[n to a smoo? surface4 ,9 ! case ( "w t is to be poli%$ x is always consid]$ be/ to ov]*>ge ! piece & !n file x smoo? r ?an to try to 8flu%0 x ev5ly4 ,/on+ is usually done by means ( em]y 8/ones0 or 8/icks10 :i* are made by mix+ p[d]$ em]y ) %ellac & heat+ ! same until ! mixture coh]es1 :5 x may be press$ into any %ape desir$ by means ( a flat piece ( /eel4 ,on cool+ ! /ones become v h>d4 ,!y are g5]ally f six to twelve in*es long & f ?ree-eigh?s to "o in* squ>e1 tap]+ at bo? ends to a r blunt po9t4 ,:5 a /one we>s out or loses its %ape x c be remelt$ & remodel$4 ,! em]y us$ 9 ^! /icks runs f ,no4 #gj to ,no4 #ahj grit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,fir+4 ,c>borundum /ones are (t5 us$ 9 place ( em]y /ones4 ,!y are r m exp5sive ?an em]y /ones & we> out quick]1 b !y cut ! "w d[n mu* fa/]4 ,no4 #abj & ,no4 #ahj grits are ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,^! /ones sometimes get fill$ up ) metal1 b 9 ?is case ! metal c be eat5 out ) acid4 ,x is conv5i5t :5 /on+ to hold ! piece to be /on$ on a small block ( wood1 on :i* a mold ( %ellac has be5 made into :i* mold ! piece ( "w w snugly fit4 ,if ! block is !n set on a pivot ei!r on a b5* or b5*-p91 s t x w turn easily1 x w !n be f\nd t ! /on+ process has be5 made consid]ably easi]4 ,a piece ( h>d felt or lea!r or j a pla9 piece ( wood w1 h[ev]1 answ] ! purpose4 ,! idea is simply to hold ! piece firmly & conv5i5tly4 ,! /one %\ld n[ be rubb$ back & =? across ! enamel z a file is us$4 ,x is necess>y :5 /on+ to keep bo? ! /one & ! piece to be /on$ q wet4 ,a b[l full ( wat] kept ne> by w be f\nd v conv5i5t = ! purpose4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to make any deep scrat*es on ! metallic p>ts ( ! piece1 z ^! scrat*es _c easily be oblit]at$4 ,! /on+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! surface is smoo? or level ) ! edges1 or until 9 *amplev & cloisonn enamel ! metal p>ts all %[ ev5ly1 or until ! desir$ dep?s ( color are obta9$ 9 ! case ( transp>5t enamels4 ,?is ( c\rse c only be judg$ by exp]i5ce1 z ! colors w look mu* bright] :5 fir$ aga94 ,:5 ! /on+ is f9i%$ x w be f\nd t ! surface ( ! enamel pres5ts a r dull or dead appe>ance1 :i* w be remov$ by aga9 fir+ ! piece4 ,be=e ?is fir+1 h[ev]1 ! piece %\ld be subm]g$ = ab\t a m9ute or less 9 hydr(luoric acid & !n bru%$ 9 clean wat]4 ,?is may be done ) any small /iff-bri/l$ h& bru%4 ,! piece w dry readily 9 ! air1 b m quickly if fir/ dipp$ 9 scald+ hot wat] or br\ght 9 contact ) /eam4 ,x may also be dri$ 9 hot air or sawdu/4 ,:5 dry x is ready to be fir$4 ,sometimes aft] /on+1 l[ places or pit-holes are f\nd 9 ! enamel surface1 :i* may be rem$i$ by re-*>g+ ^! places ) enamel & !n fir+ ! piece4 ,:5 only a v small am\nt ( enamel is to be /on$ (f1 or :5 "o does n want to fire ! piece aft] ! /on+1 a s(t soap/one call$ a 8,scot* /one0 may be us$ to advantage4 ,if ! piece to be /on$ is small x is desirable to h a small wood5 /ick ! size ( a p5cil ) :i* to hold ! piece /eady & keep x f slipp+ out ( its mold4 ,( c\rse a mold is n always necess>y1 b w (t5 be f\nd v conv5i5t4 ,a %>p /eel tool1 su* z a ?ree-corn]$ scrap] or a slightly dull awl1 is v useful to clean out pit-holes or to *ip enamel (f f places :]e x is n desir$4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] ( pieces are to be /on$1 x is advantage\s to use an em]y or c>borundum :eel ( ,no4 #ij to ,no4 #abj grit1 f two & "o-half to six in*es 9 diamet] & f ?ree-eigh?s to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ?ick1 revolv+ on a la! at a l[ rate ( spe$4 ,a /ream ( wat] %\ld be kept con/antly dropp+ on ! :eel 9 ord] to keep bo? ! :eel & ! "w wet4 ,rubb] cots are a great protection to ! f+]s1 :i* are gradually worn away by ! /ones4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,poli%+ ,,aft] an enamel$ piece has be5 /on$ & fir$ = ! la/ "t1 x is (t5 desirable to give ! enamel a gloss or poli% additional to t :i* x naturally receives f ! fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,c>borundum ,,or ,,em]y ,,/one4 ,if ! metal us$ is o!r ?an f9e gold or f9e silv] x w be black or oxidiz$ :5 tak5 f ! furnace1 9 :i* case x %\ld be 8pickl$10 t is1 subm]g$ = a m9ute or two1 until ! oxidization is remov$ & ! metal becomes bright1 9 a mild 8pickle0 consi/+ ( a w>m solution ( "o "p sulphuric acid & "o "p wat]4 ,! piece %\ld n[ be r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 aft] :i* x w be ready to be poli%$4 ,poli%+ is be/ done on a la! ) a swiftly revolv+ :eel1 say ab\t #bbjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,a :eel ( f ?ree to six in*es 9 diamet]1 made ( h>d felt or wood1 is v satisfactory4 ,if ! felt is ?9 x is (t5 necess>y to make a wood5 back = x 9 ord] to keep x flat4 ,! piece to be poli%$ %\ld be held on a small piece ( lea!r or felt s t ! h&s may n come 9 contact ) ! :eel1 9 :i* case ! sk9 & nails w\ld soon be worn away4 ,rubb] f+] cots w s]ve z an additional protection4 ,! enamel surface to be poli%$ %\ld fir/ be cov]$ ) wet pumice ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( mud4 ,!n ! pumice-cov]$ surface %\ld be press$ aga9/ ! face ( ! felt or wood :eel1 & z soon z ! pumice is remov$ by ! action ( ! :eel m wet pumice-mud %\ld be add$ s t ! enamel surface may con/antly be kept cov]$ ) wet pumice4 ,x is be/ to use ! f9e/ gr\nd pumice obta9able1 al?\gh on r\gh jobs a co>se grade may be us$4 ,tutty p[d] 7oxide ( z9c7 is said to give ev5 a bett] poli% ?an f9e pumice1 & is (t5 us$ aft] a prelim9>y poli% has be5 giv5 by pumice4 ,a diff]5t :eel %\ld be us$ = ea* poli%+ comp\nd4 ,! poli%+ %\ld be kept up until ! enamel surface takes on ! desir$ gloss4 ,?is poli%+ process w cut away ! metal quick] ?an x does ! enamel1 s t any slight l9es & scrat*es :i* ! metal receiv$ 9 ! /on+ w be remov$ by ! poli%+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to poli% away too mu* ( ! metal1 or to cut d[n & de/roy any metal ornam5ts :i* may be ne> ! enamel$ "p ( ! piece4 ,felt :eels be+ m pliable ?an wood :eels h a t5d5cy to cut d[n ! metal fa/] ?an !y cut d[n ! enamel 7! enamel be+ h>d] ?an ! metal71 :ile wood :eels t5d to cut d[n bo? p>ts equally4 ,felt :eels1 h[ev]1 are consid]$ to give a bett] & quick] poli%4 ,:5 ! piece is poli%$ suffici5tly1 x %\ld be r9s$ & bru%$ (f 9 clean wat]1 :i* w remove all trace ( ! pumice4 ,! piece is n[ f9i%$ z f> z ! enamel+ process is conc]n$1 b may1 h[ev]1 be plat$1 set ) /ones1 engrav$1 etc41 z may be desir$4 ,if aft] ! piece is poli%$ x is f\nd t !re are a numb] ( small pit-holes 9 x1 9 :i* ! pumice /icks ev5 aft] ! bru%+1 ?is may be rem$i$ by digg+ ! pumice out ) a scrap] or any %>p in/rum5t4 ,if ! hole is small & ! enamel transp>5t x w sc>cely %[ :5 clean ow+ to ! refractive p[] ( ! enamel4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! hole is s l>ge & noticeable z to be objectionable x w h to be re-*>g$ & re-fir$4 ,9 su* a case x is (t5 possible aft] ! fir/ fir+ to /one x smoo? ) a ,scot* /one or by poli%+ & ?us avoid ano!r fir+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,foils--,,paillons--,,glitt] ,,enamel--,,dull ,,f9i%--,,plique--,,j\r ,,foils & paillons are g5]ally made ( f9e gold or f9e silv] leaf4 ,silv] foils are us$ on copp] & gold "w 9 ord] to obta9 bett] enamel effects1 = mo/ transp>5t colors are %[n to be/ advantage ov] silv]4 ,gold foils are sometimes us$ on copp] = simil> reasons4 ,! metal is fir/ *>g$ & fir$ ) a coat ( any enamel1 pref]ably a 8h>d runn+0 :ite1 t is1 "o t x takes a comp>atively high temp]ature to melt4 ,! foil is !n /uck to ! enamel by means ( gum arabic1 tragacan? or1 9 fact1 "s k9ds ( common mucilage w answ] ! purpose4 ,z ,cunynghame says1 8,:at is want$ is a good t5aci\s gum1 :i* disappe>s z completely z possible :5 heat$ & leaves no c>bonace\s residue to spoil ! enamel40 ,! foil %\ld be cut s t x w exactly fit ! enamel surface1 & cov] x entirely s t none ( ! :ite enamel w %[ on ! f9i%$ piece4 ,if ! foil is /amp$ ) "s design x w add greatly to ! brilliancy ( ! enamel aft]w>ds appli$1 & if x is pi]c$ ) a numb] ( small holes ?r\gh :i* ! fumes ( ! gum c escape1 x w /ick smoo?ly to ! enamel4 ,aft] ! foil has be5 put ^u ! enamel1 ! piece %\ld be fir$ until ! foil adh]es /rongly & smoo?ly to ! enamel1 :5 x is ready = ! next *>g+4 ,f ?is po9t on ! process does n diff] f t employ$ :5 *>g+ directly ^u ! metal4 7,see *apt] on *>g+47 ,paillons are simply small bits ( foil cut into da9ty & arti/ic %apes su* z />s1 fleurs-de-lis1 etc4 ,!y are appli$ by means ( gum1 z 9 ! case ( foils1 on ! surface ( ! la/ or upp] lay] ( color$ enamel1 aft] x has be5 fir$1 & ! piece is aga9 fir$1 mak+ ! paillons adh]e to ! enamel4 ,! piece is !n *>g$ all ov] ) a coat ( fondant & fir$1 aft] :i* x is ready to be /on$ & poli%$1 if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,/on+4 ,glitt] enamel1 call$ by ! ,g]mans 8flimm]10 is simply gr\nd up gold/one 7,av5tur97 mix$ ) an ord9>y enamel 9 equal proportions or two p>ts ( gold/one to "o ( enamel4 ,"s v /rik+ effects c be produc$ ) ?is mixture1 :i* %\ld be /on$ to br+ out ! brilliancy ( ! gold/one4 ,! be/ effects are obta9$ :5 "s d>k opaque enamel is us$4 ,to obta9 ! s-call$ dead or dull f9i% on enamel$ goods1 x is only necess>y to subm]ge ! piece = two or ?ree m9utes 9 a solution ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,?is w 8et*0 ! enamel leav+ ! surface dull l gr\nd glass4 ,:5 ! piece is et*$ ev5ly all ov]1 x %\ld be remov$ f ! acid & wa%$ & dri$4 ,! et*+ w only take a few m9utes if ! acid is /rong1 & w be done mu* m ev5ly if a mixture ( hydr(luoric acid & ammonium c>bonate1 kn[n z :ite acid1 is us$4 ,if only "p ( ! surface is to be dull$ or et*$1 ! "p t is n to be et*$ %\ld be cov]$ ) %ellac1 or a mixture ( ?ree p>ts beeswax & "o "p ,burgundy pit*1 & all[$ to dry be=e ! piece is put 9 ! acid4 ,! acid mu/ be kept ei!r 9 lead or wax bottles1 z x eats glass v rapidly4 ,its fumes are v dang]\s & de/roy human tissues4 ,if = "s reason a piece has be5 enamel$ wrong1 s t x is desirable to take ! enamel (f ! metal1 ?is c be/ be done by leav+ ! piece = a few h\rs 9 a solution ( hydr(luoric acid :i* w eat ! enamel1 s t x c easily be bru%$ (f ! metal1 leav+ x bright4 ,plique--j\r enamel may be done 9 sev]al ways4 ,! simple/ is to lay ! filigree "w ^u a piece ( mica or fire clay & *>ge ) enamel1 z if ! mica or fire clay 7 ! backgr\nd & ! filigree "w ! sides ( ! piece4 ,! process cont9ues ! same z 9 ord9>y enamel+1 except t j be=e ! la/ fir+ ! mica or fire clay %\ld be remov$4 ,copp] or silv] foil may be us$ in/ead ( mica1 b 9 ?is case ! filigree "w mu/ be ei!r ( gold or plat9um1 = ! copp] or silv] foil c only be remov$ by be+ dissolv$ 9 nitric acid4 ,! mo/ difficult way is to mix a little gum arabic or gum tragacan? ) v f9ely gr\nd enamel & *>ge a lay] on ! inn] sides ( ! wires :i* make up ! filigree "w4 ,! gums w hold ! enamel 9 place aft] x is dri$4 ,:5 ! piece has be5 fir$1 ano!r lay] ( enamel %\ld be *>g$ & s on1 until by degrees ! entire space betwe5 ! wires has be5 fill$ up4 ,?is process is t$i\s & requires mu* skill & c>e1 b gives v satisfactory results4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,enamel ,,pa9t+ ,,enamel pa9t+ is usually done on a backgr\nd ( opaque :ite enamel1 al?\gh o!r opaque colors are sometimes us$4 ,! metal mu/ be prep>$ 9 ! regul> mann]1 & "o or two coats ( enamel *>g$ & fir$1 ! la/ coat be+ fir$ to z p]fect smoo?ness z possible4 ,in/ead ( flu%+ ! enamel smoo? x is (t5 advisable to /one & fire x1 by :i* processes a smoo!r surface is obta9$4 ,aft] ?is la/ fir+1 ! black flakes ( metallic oxide :i* w be f\nd on ! metal %\ld be bru%$ away1 leav+ ! piece clean & ready to be pa9t$4 ,x is desirable n to h too ?ick a lay] ( enamel1 z 9 t case x is apt to *ip (f 9 "s ( ! lat] fir+s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! enamel lay] is ?91 x is q difficult to get x smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,copp] ,,pickle ,,pan4 ,any picture desir$ may n[ be pa9t$ on ! enamel surface1 ei!r ) ord9>y *9a pa9ts or f9ely gr\nd enamel 8slimes0 mix$ ) oil ( cloves or oil ( lav5d]4 ,?is pa9t+ may be done ) a small camel's-hair bru% & :5 f9i%$ %\ld be fir$ until ! enamel fuses4 ,! piece %\ld be all[$ to cool sl[ly & :5 cool %\ld be *>g$ ) a coat or two ( cle> fondant :i*1 aft] be+ fir$1 may or may n be /on$ & poli%$1 z ! arti/ sees fit4 ,if ! pa9t+ requires x1 x may be t\*$ up & fir$ sev]al times be=e be+ *>g$ ) ! fondant1 b ! few] times a piece is fir$ ! less *ance !re is = accid5ts :i* may prove fatal to ! "w ( art4 ,if ! metal us$ is v ?91 x w be necess>y to enamel x on ! back z well z on ! front1 = a ?9 piece ( metal :i* is enamel$ on "o side only w w>p out ( %ape1 b if enamel$ on bo? sides w keep its %ape p]fectly4 ,( c\rse ! enamel on ! back may be ( any color & ne$ n be f9i%$ c>efully1 z x is !re = use n ornam5t4 ,an enamel pa9t+ mu/ be fir$ ) great c>e4 ,fir/ x mu/ be w>m$ by degrees be=e put into ! muffle1 s t ! oil may h a *ance to evaporate4 ,x %\ld !n be plac$ p>tly 9 ! muffle & n put way 9 & %\ld n be heat$ to a r$ heat until ! residues ( ! oils %all h burnt away4 ,if too hot a muffle is us$1 or if ! piece is fir$ too long1 ! pa9t+ w appe> blurr$ & fa9t4 ,if ! pa9t+ appe>s bli/]$ aft] fir+1 x is due to ! fact t ! oils us$ conta9$ too mu* c>bonace\s residue4 ,! fondant us$ on an enamel pa9t+ %\ld be v f9ely gr\nd1 mu* m s ?an = ord9>y "w1 & ! fir/ lay] ( fondant %\ld n be fir$ to smoo?ness b only until x j beg9s to fl[1 z 0 ! case ) ! pa9t+ itself4 ,! la/ lay] ( fondant %\ld ( c\rse be fir$ z smoo? z possible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a l>ge numb] ( pieces are to be pa9t$ ) ! same design1 !re are a numb] ( me*anical means t c be us$ to take ! place ( free-h& pa9t+4 ,we w outl9e "o ( ^! processes1 :i* is z foll[s4 ,et* a copp] plate ) ! outl9e ( ! design t is to be pa9t$ on ! enamel4 ,! et*+ on ! copp] plate mu/ be a positive1 n a negative2 t is1 ! design mu/ appe> on ! plate z x is to appe> on ! enamel & n rev]s$ z 9 ord9>y et*+4 ,! design mu/ also be exactly ! same size z ! "o to appe> on ! enamel4 ,! l9es 9 ! et*+ %\ld n[ be fill$ ) f9ely gr\nd enamel pa9ts mix$ ) oil ( cloves or "s su* m$ium4 ,x is be/ to use pa9t ( ! color t is to pr$om9ate 9 ! picture1 al?\gh 9 "s cases x w be f\nd t black w give ! be/ work+ outl9e4 ,:5 ! l9es ( ! et*+ are fill$ ) ! pa9t1 ! plate %\ld be scrap$ smoo? s t no pa9t rema9s on x except 9 ! et*$ l9es4 ,! plate %\ld n[ be press$ aga9/ a piece ( ?91 smoo?1 %eet rubb]1 to :i* ! pa9t w /ick 9 pref]5ce to ! copp] plate1 ?us transf]r+ ! design to ! %eet ( rubb]1 :]e x appe>s rev]s$4 ,! rubb] ) ! design side d[n is n[ press$ ^u ! smoo? surface ( ! :ite enamel1 :i* %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! same way z x w\ld be prep>$ = regul> pa9t+4 ,! design is ?us transf]r$ f ! rubb] to ! enamel surface1 :]e x appe>s aga9 positive4 ,! enamel surface n[ has on x ! outl9e ( ! design ei!r 9 black or 9 color z ! case may be4 ,f ?is po9t on1 ! process is ! same z 9 regul> h& pa9t+ on enamel1 b z ! outl9e has be5 block$ 91 ! "w is consid]ably easi]4 ,a spe$ & uni=mity are obta9$ by ?is process :i* x is difficult to equal ) free-h& "w4 ,ano!r process :]eby a numb] ( simil> designs c be easily execut$ is by decalcomania4 ,decalcomania pictures are made 9 ,g]many & c be obta9$ ?r\gh any arti/s' supply h\se4 ,9 ?is case ! :ite enamel backgr\nd is obta9$ 9 ! usual mann]1 aft] :i* a decalcomania picture is transf]r$ to ! enamel surface4 ,! enamel is fir/ cov]$ ) a v ?9 lay] ( size or gum z 9 ! case ( foils4 ,:5 ! size becomes /icky1 ! decalcomania picture %\ld be plac$ face d[nw>ds on ! enamel4 ,! pap] on ! back ( ! picture %\ld n[ be wet ) a sponge until x becomes loose1 :5 x %\ld be remov$ & ! rema9+ scum wa%$ (f ) pl5ty ( clean wat]4 ,! piece aft] be+ dri$ ?or\ghly is ready to be fir$4 ,! re/ ( ! process is ! same z 9 regul> pa9t$ enamel "w4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 fir+ ! decalcomania "w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,photographs ,,on ,,enamel ,,!re are sev]al me?ods by :i* photographs may be reproduc$ ^u enamel4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce !y are r difficult1 we w expla9 only "o me?od1 & = ! o!r processes w ref] ! /ud5t to ,dr4 ,paul ,liesegang's treatise on photograph+ on enamel1 porcela91 & glass1 :i* is pr9t$ 9 ,g]man4 ,9 ! fir/ place only ! be/ quality ( mirror glass %\ld be us$ = ! plates1 z x is ess5tial t !y %\ld be p]fectly smoo? & )\t blemi%es4 ,! glass %\ld !n be cut ! same size z ! negative plate :i* is to be us$ lat]4 ,! glass plate mu/ be made p]fectly clean1 :i* is be/ done by plac+ x 9 a mild sulphuric acid ba? = ab\t t5 m9utes & !n wa%+ x well ) clean wat]4 ,x %\ld be dri$ ) a clean clo? or tissue pap]1 aft] :i* x may be wrapp$ 9 clean dry tissue pap] & kept 9 a dry place until ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,poli%+4 ,out ( ! _m receipts = prep>+ ! s5sitive solution1 we w give only ! two mo/ g5]ally f\nd satisfactory4 ,^! are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,dissolve "o-half ounce ( ammonium bi*romate 9 five ounces ( clean wat]4 ,9 ano!r glass dissolve "o ounce ( grape sug> & "o ounce ( gum arabic 9 five ounces ( clean wat]4 ,:5 ! solutions are completely dissolv$1 !y %\ld be mix$ toge!r1 /irr$ consid]ably1 & filt]$ sev]al times4 7#b7 ,dissolve "o-half ounce ( ,le ,page's be/ fi% glue & two ounces ( grape sug> 9 five ounces ( clean wat]4 ,9 ano!r glass dissolve "o-half ounce ( ammonium bi*romate 9 five ounces ( clean wat]4 ,:5 bo? are p]fectly dissolv$1 p\r ! two solutions toge!r1 & /ir !m well1 aft] :i* ! mixture %\ld be filt]$ sev]al times4 ,^! solutions %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! d>k room & %\ld n be kept m ?an a day or two1 z bo? light & "t w de/roy _! p[]4 ,!y %\ld be kept 9 ! d>k room 9 a glass-/opp]$ bottle4 ,! s5sitive solution1 h[ev] x may h be5 made1 %\ld be p\r$ ov] ! clean1 dry glass plate already describ$1 z soon z possible aft] x is made4 ,?is is done 9 exactly ! same mann] t photograph]s prep>e wet plates4 ,! wa/e solution runn+ (f ! glass plate %\ld be filt]$ & sav$ z x may be us$ aga94 ,?is p\r+ mu/ be done 9 ! d>k room & du/ mu/ be c>efully avoid$4 ,! wet plates %\ld n[ be dri$ on an iron frame cov]$ ) pap] & heat$ f und]nea? by a small gas or alcohol lamp4 ,!y %\ld n be heat$ hott] ?an ! h& c com=tably be>4 ,:5 !y are p]fectly dry1 !y %\ld be left 9 ! d>k room 9 a dry1 w>m place1 free f du/ & %\ld be us$ ! same day4 ,! next /ep is to place ! negative t is to be reproduc$ 9 a copy+ frame ) ! glass side out4 ,x %\ld be p]fectly clean & free f du/4 ,! s5sitive plate is !n put 9 ! frame ) ! s5sitive side t[>ds ! negative4 ,any friction betwe5 ! plates mu/ be avoid$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is done 9 ! d>k room4 ,! plates are n[ expos$ 9 ! sunlight f half a m9ute to a m9ute4 ,if expos$ 9 ! %ade x w take f five to t5 m9utes4 ,if ! wea!r is v damp x is advisable to use a previ\sly w>m$ s5sitive plate & negative = exposure to ! light1 s9ce damp wea!r injures ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! plate4 ,also x is well to avoid any sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature dur+ ! exposure4 ,9 ! w9t] x is be/ to make ! exposure 9 a w>m room hav+ ab\t ! same temp]ature z ! d>k room4 ,aft] ! exposure is f9i%$1 ! copy+ frame %\ld be c>ri$ to ! d>k room1 :]e ! next op]ation mu/ take place4 ,fir/1 ! expos$ s5sitive plate %\ld be tak5 c>efully out ( ! copy+ frame & plac$ on a piece ( pap] ) ! s5sitive side upw>d4 ,! picture w n z yet be disc]nible ^u x4 ,n[ place a quantity ( black or br[n dry enamel pa9t on ! plate & g5tly scatt] ?is p[d] ov] x by means ( a s(t1 clean1 dry bru%1 :i* %\ld be kept = ?is purpose only4 ,!n bru% ! enamel p[d] back into its bottle4 ,x is v ess5tial t no du/ %all get into x4 ,aft] five or t5 m9utes repeat ! p[d]+ & s on two or ?ree times until ! picture is cle>ly develop$4 ,if ! s5sitive plate has be5 und]expos$1 ! picture w develop r quickly at ! fir/ p[d]+4 ,?is w g5]ally give blurr$ reproductions1 & x is sc>cely wor? :ile to bo!r long] ) t plate4 ,! only ?+ to d is to make ano!r exposure4 ,) a well expos$ plate1 ! picture %\ld develop sl[ly1 t is1 n be=e ! second or ?ird p[d]+4 ,if ! wea!r has be5 exce$+ly dry1 x is advisable to brea! g5tly on ! expos$ s5sitive plate be=e beg9n+ ! p[d]+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! wea!r has be5 damp1 ! plate %\ld be w>m$ slightly be=e p[d]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,pickle ,,pot ,,or ,,dip ,,basket4 ,:5 ! picture %[s cle>ly1 bru% all ! surplus p[d] c>efully f ! plate1 :i* is n[ ready to be treat$ ) collodion4 ,add ab\t tw5ty drops ( ca/or oil to a p9t ( #b p] c5t collodion solution & mix x ?or\ghly4 ,?is mixture1 :i* mu/ be free f air bubbles1 %\ld n[ be p\r$ ov] ! p[d]$ plate4 ,! wa/e collodion :i* runs (f ! plate is contam9at$ by traces ( ! enamel pa9t & _c be us$ aga94 ,aft] ! collodion has h>d5$1 cut ar\nd ! edges ( ! plate ) a knife & !n place ! plate ) ! collodion side upw>d 9 a di% conta9+ a weak solution ( cau/ic pota% 7half an ounce ( cau/ic pota% dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat]74 ,?is solution w remove all ! *romium :i* has s]v$ its purpose4 ,leave ! plate 9 ?is solution until ! fir/ appe>+ yell[ color+ has disappe>$1 & !n place x ) ! collodion side upw>ds 9 a bas9 ) sl[ly runn+ wat]1 :i* w 9 ab\t an h\r wa% away all ! *romium & potassium salts4 ,! plate %\ld !n be plac$ 9 a di% ( clean wat] to :i* a few drops ( nitric acid h be5 add$1 n m ?an en\gh1 h[ev]1 to give ! wat] a slight s\r ta/e4 ,! plate may rema9 ov] night 9 ?is solution )\t h>m to ! picture1 al?\gh a c\ple ( m9utes w be f\nd entirely suffici5t if "o is 9 a hurry4 ,next1 ! plate %\ld be plac$ 9 a l>ge bas9 ( clean wat] ) ! collodion side d[nw>ds4 ,if ! collodion film has previ\sly be5 cut prop]ly ar\nd ! edges1 x w soon sep>ate f ! plate1 :i* may be remov$1 leav+ ! collodion film float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,mean:ile1 ! enamel$ metal plate1 :i* has be5 prep>$ exactly ! same z is done = enamel pa9t+1 %\ld be clean$ ) a soda solution to free x f all grease4 ,x %\ld n[ be plac$ ^u a wire support & c>efully br\ght "u ! float+ film :i* c be deposit$ g5tly on ! enamel$ surface by means ( a s(t bru%4 ,! plate %\ld !n be tak5 sl[ly out ( ! wat] & ! ov]lapp+ p>ts ( ! film %\ld be turn$ "u ! edges ( ! plate1 aft] :i* x %\ld be put on a piece ( :ite blott+ pap] to dry4 ,if any air bubbles appe> "u ! film1 !y %\ld be bru%$ v g5tly ) a s(t1 wet bru% t[>ds ! edge ( ! plate1 :]e !y w d no h>m4 ,if ?is does n prove successful1 ! bubbles may be op5$ ) a ne$le1 aft] :i* ! air may be press$ out ) a wad ( s(t pap]4 ,:5 ! plate ) ! collodion film on x is p]fectly dry1 ! collodion %\ld be remov$ by plac+ ! plate 9 a di% ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,)9 a few m9utes ! collodion w entirely dissolve4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place1 a br[ni% r+ w appe> ar\nd ! plate1 :]eupon ! plate %\ld be remov$ at once & put 9 a l>ge bas9 ( clean wat]4 ,f9ally1 x %\ld be subm]g$ 9 a weak solution ( ammonia 7"o ounce ( ammonia to a qu>t ( wat]71 :i* w neutralize ! la/ traces ( ! acid1 aft] :i* x %\ld be left on a piece ( blott+ pap] to dry4 ,! picture may n[ be ret\*$ j z photograph]s ret\* ord9>y photographs1 only ! same enamel pa9t %\ld be us$ t 0 us$ 9 ! p[d]+ process4 ,aft] ! ret\*+1 ! plate may be fir$ 9 a muffle1 j z is an ord9>y enamel pa9t+1 & !n cov]$ ) a lay] ( fondant4 ,! f9i%$ photograph may1 h[ev]1 be pa9t$ ) enamel pa9ts if ! enamel] desires to make a color$ photograph4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,:]e ,,enamel]s' ,,supplies ,,c ,,be ,,obta9$ ,,enamels1 ,,h[>d ,m4 ,,*ap91 #hd ,ke5e ,/41 ,provid5ce4 ,,enamel ,,pa9ts1 ,,wadswor?1 ,,h[l& ,,co41 ,bo/on4 ,,furnaces1 ,,simplex ,,tool ,,& ,,supply ,,co41 ,bo/on4 ,,muffles1 ,,simplex ,,tool ,,& ,,supply ,,co41 ,bo/on4 ,,gr9d+ ,,ma*9es1 ,,abbe ,,eng9e]+ ,,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,c>borundum1 ,,c>borundum ,,co41 ,niag>a ,falls4 ,,wax ,,bottles1 ,,bak] ,,adamson ,,co41 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,,acids1 ,,pumice1 ,,etc41 ,,geo4 ,l4 ,,clafl9 ,,co41 ,provid5ce4 ,,tiles1 ,,beckley ,,p]=at+ ,,co41 ,g>wood1 ,n4,j4 ,,felt1 ,,br[n ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,provid5ce4 ,,paillons1 ,,h[>d ,m4 ,,*ap91 #hd ,ke5e ,/41 ,provid5ce4 ,,decalcomania ,,films1 ,,mald5 ,,*9a ,,co41 ,mald51 ,mass4 ,,mort>s ,,& ,,*emical ,,glassw>e1 ,,geo4 ,l4 ,,clafl9 ,,co41 ,provid5ce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,! use ( a c>et 77 be=e a lett]1 or lett]s1 %[s t ! foll[+ lett] 0 int5d$ to be a sup]script1 z 9 ,st ,b>?olomew or #aj? ,c5tury4 4x ,! use ( an und]score 77 be=e a lett]1 or lett]s1 %[ t ! foll[+ lett] 0 int5d$ to be a subscript1 z 9 ,,hno#c 7nitric acid74 ,if !re is m ?an "o lett] 9 a sup]script or subscript !y are enclos$ 9 brackets--4 s