,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis is d5ot$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s z #ab-c_/d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,no4 #adfj ,,simple ,,plumb+ ,,repairs ,,9 ,,! ,,home ,,plumb+ (t5 gets out ( ord]1 & ^u prompt att5tion to ! little repair jobs dep5ds its smoo?1 satisfactory op]ation4 ,?is bullet9 describes simple ways ( do+ little ?+s1 ) ! aid ( a few simple tools1 to keep home plumb+ 9 good work+ ord]4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ ,septemb] #aibe ,revis$ ,octob] #aicf ,,simple ,,plumb+ ,,repairs ,,9 ,,! ,,home ,by ,george ,m4 ,w>r51 associate hydraulic eng9e]1 ,division ( ,/ructures1 ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,eng9e]+ ,,cont5ts ,page ,faucets #a ,/op & wa/e cocks #e ,ball cocks #f ,flu% valves = l[ tanks #g ,clogg$ pipes #g ,?aw+ pipes #i ,remov+ scale f wat] hacks & coils #aj ,leaks 9 pipes & tanks #aa ,crack$ laundry tubs #ac ,hose m5d]s or splic]s #ac ,,h[ ,,be/ to make small plumb+ repairs is a problem t comes to mo/ h\sehold]s1 z x is sometimes difficult to secure ! s]vices ( a plumb]4 ,9 su* situations a little k on ! "p ( ! h\sehold] (t5 saves mu* delay1 tr\ble1 & exp5se4 ,:]e local or ,/ate plumb+ regulations are 9 =ce1 & ext5sive repairs or alt]ations are contemplat$1 ! h\sehold] %\ld make sure t ! "w is duly au?oriz$ & is done by a prop]ly qualifi$ plumb]4 ,few p]sons realize ! pot5tial dang] lurk+ 9 leaky wa/e pipes1 dra9s1 & sew]s1 or 9 pip+ betwe5 sy/ems1 :]eby sewage or an impure wat] supply may ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree ga9 access to a potable wat] supply4 ,9 mak+ repairs x is (t5 necess>y to tight5 or to loos5 a screw or nut1 & ! h\sehold] is sometimes unc]ta9 9 :i* direction x %\ld be turn$4 ,to screw or tight5 an ord9>y "r-h& screw1 nut1 or bolt1 fir/ ?9k ( ! head ( ! "p to be turn$ z be+ ! face ( a clock & ! screw driv] or wr5* z be+ ! %aft :i* turns ! clock h&s1 & !n rotate ! tool f left to "r1 9 ! same direction t ! clock h&s move4 ,conv]sely1 to unscrew or loos51 rotate ! tool f "r to left1 9 ! direction opposite to clockwise4 ,small brass screws & /ems are easily twi/$ (f & r5d]$ useless1 especially if a l>ge tool is us$ to turn !m4 ,undue /ra9 %\ld be avoid$1 z x may result 9 ! "p or p>ts be+ brok5 at an un=tunate "t4 ,,faucets ,,seat ,,wa%]s ,badly worn wa%]s make faucets noisy1 h>d to op]ate1 & wa/eful ( wat]4 ,mod]ate =ce on ! h&le ( a faucet 9 good repair %\ld /op all fl[ & drip4 ,figure #a %[s an ord9>y half-in* ,t-h&le compression faucet :i* closes aga9/ ! pressure ( ! wat]4 ,to replace ! seat wa%]1 %ut (f ! wat] to ! faucet4 ,unscrew ! cap nut ) a monkey wr5*4 7,plac+ clo? or ?ick pap] betwe5 ! jaws ( ! wr5* saves m>r+ ! cap nut47 ,take hold ( ! faucet h&le & unscrew ! /em f ! body ( ! faucet4 ,) a screw driv] remove ! wa%] screw at ! bottom ( ! /em4 ,?is screw is (t5 h>d to />t4 ,apply+ "o or two drops ( k]os5e & lightly tapp+ ! head ( ! screw may help to loos5 x 9 ! /em4 ,use /rong1 ev5 =ce on ! screw driv]1 ! blade ( :i* %\ld h a good squ>e edge to fit ! slot4 ,! head ( ! screw (t5 splits be=e ! %ank ( ! screw turns 9 ! /em1 because x is already corrod$ & weak5$4 ,if x splits1 deep5 ! slot 9 ! head ) a hacksaw1 cutt+ a little into ! %ank ( ! screw4 ,no h>m is done if ! saw cuts slightly into ! /em ( ! faucet4 ,! wa%] screw may n[ be turn$ ) a small screw driv]4 ,replace ! old wa%] ) a new "o1 replace ! wa%] screw1 screw ! /em into ! faucet1 & screw d[n ! cap nut4 ,rubb] & fib] composition wa%]s = hot- or cold-wat] faucets co/ #aj to #ae c5ts a doz54 ,a float+ wa%]1 co/+ #ae c5ts1 is v s]viceable4 ,a few wa%]s ( ! ne$$ sizes %\ld be kept 9 ! home4 ,if none are at h&1 a tempor>y wa%] may be cut f a piece ( lea!r1 rubb]1 or %eet pack+4 ,lea!r is pref]able on cold-wat] faucets & rubb] on hot-wat] faucets4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,compression faucet4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,compression faucet = a wa%/&4 ,figure #b %[s an ord9>y #c_/h-;in*1 #d-;ball-h&le compression faucet = a wa%/&4 ,to replace ! seat wa%]1 %ut (f ! wat] to ! faucet & op5 ! faucet "o or two turns ( ! h&le4 ,) a monkey wr5* on ! hexagonal "p ( ! /uff+ box unscrew ! /uff+ box f ! body ( ! faucet4 ,lift out ! /em1 replace ! old wa%] ) a new "o1 z previ\sly describ$1 & screw ! /uff+ box into ! body4 ,a worn wa%] ) con/ant leakage ov] ! seat ( a compression faucet1 toge!r ) grit lodg+ !re1 (t5 causes ! seat to become cut1 nick$1 & groov$4 ,! tr\ble occurs m (t5 9 hot-wat] ?an 9 cold-wat] faucets4 ,su* seats c easily be regr\nd or squ>$ ) a simple seat dress+ tool1 two types ( :i* are %[n 9 figure #c1 ,a & ,b4 ,a seat dress] ) f\r cutt]s = diff]5t-siz$ faucets co/s ab\t #b1 & its use saves buy+ new faucets4 ,to dress ! seat ( a faucet1 unscrew ! /em f ! body to ! faucet1 z above describ$4 ,screw ! adju/able1 ?read$ cone ( ! tool 7see fig4 #c1 ,a7 d[n into ! body ( ! faucet1 z %[n 9 figure #c1 ,c1 ?us c5t]+ x ov] ! seat4 ,) ! h&1 z %[n 9 figure #c1 ,d1 g5tly rotate ! :eel h&le at ! top ( ! tool sev]al times1 & ! cutt] on ! bottom ( ! /em squ>es ! seat4 ,turn ! faucet bottom side up & %ake out ! cutt+s4 ,reassemble ! faucet & turn on ! wat] to wa% out any rema9+ cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,faucet seat dress]s3 ,a1 dress] ) inside adju/able cone2 ,b1 dress] ) outside adju/able cone2 ,c1 dress] ,a screw$ into a compression faucet2 ,d1 rotat+ ! :eel h&le & cutt]4 ,seat wa%]s are subject to damage f metal fil+s left 9 newly in/all$ wat] pipes4 ,a good plumb]1 be=e screw+ up a piece ( pipe1 always /&s ! pipe on end & raps x ) a hamm] to cle> ! bore4 ,figure #d1 ,a1 %[s an ord9>y half-in* lev]-h&le ,full] faucet :i* closes ) ! pressure4 ,z %[n 9 figure #d1 ,b1 ! bottom ( ! sp9dle is ecc5tric1 s t slight turn+ ( ! h&le moves ! rubb] ball to & f ! bevel$ seat4 ,to replace ! ball %ut (f ! wat] to ! faucet4 ,unscrew ! body f ! tailpiece ) ! h&s or ) a monkey wr5* on ! hexagonal "p ( ! body ( ! faucet4 ,x may be necess>y to apply a wr5* to ! hexagonal nut on ! tailpiece & press ! wr5* d[nw>d to prev5t unscrew+ ! tailpiece4 ,unscrew ! /em nut1 :i* holds ! brass cap & rubb] ball on ! /em4 ,put on a new ball & replace cap & nut4 ,r$ rubb] balls are consid]$ to be bett] ?an black balls = hot-wat] faucets4 ,avoid us+ too l>ge a ball1 z swell+ ( ! rubb] may h9d] ! fl[4 ,screw ! faucet into ! tailpiece4 ,j be=e ! jo9t closes or makes up1 wrap a little /r+ pack+ or c&le wick+ ar\nd ! ?read on ! faucet to make ! jo9t wat]-tight4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,full] faucet3 ,a1 body unscrew$ f tailpiece2 ,b1 sp9dle & /em remov$ f body4 ,,top ,,wa%]s ,,& ,,pack+s ,a top wa%] or pack+2 snugly fitt+ ! /em is necess>y to prev5t leakage upw>d ?r\gh ! cap nut :5 a faucet is op5$4 ,if ! space is too tightly pack$1 ! /em b9ds1 nudg+ x h>d to op]ate ! faucet2 if too loosely pack$1 wat] spurts f ! top ( ! cap nut4 ,figure #e1 ,a1 %[s a s(t rubb]-&-fabric top wa%] suitable = ! compression faucet %[n 9 figure #a4 ,?is wa%] is "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick & re/s on ! top ( ! body ( ! faucet1 mak+ a wat]-tight jo9t :5 ! cap nut is screw$ d[n4 ,j bel[ ! s(t wa%] & inside ! top ( ! body a ?9 brass wa%] is plac$ to take ! we> :5 ! faucet is fully op5$4 ,^! wa%]s are sep>at$ 9 ! illu/ration b are toge!r :5 plac$ 9 a faucet4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,top wa%]s & pack+s3 ,a1 top wa%]s commonly us$ 9 ord9>y compression faucets 7fig4 #a72 ,b1 top wa%]s :i* fill ! space b5ea? ! cap nut 7fig4 #a7 ,c1 c&le wick pack+ & brass wa%] = wa%/& faucet 7fig4 #b72 ,d1 sp9dle pack+ = ,full] faucet 7fig4 #d74 ,new faucets ( ! k9d %[n 9 figure #a usually h ! top wa%]s %[n 9 figure #e1 ,b4 ,! rubb] wa%] fills ! space b5ea? ! cap nut1 & ! ?9 fib] & brass wa%]s are = ! purposes describ$ above4 ,if no top wa%] is available1 ! space may be pack$ ) c&le wick+ or s(t tw9e1 to :i* a little mutton or beef tall[ %\ld be appli$ to lubricate ! /em1 to pres]ve ! pack+1 & to make x m imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,:5 plac+ ! top wa%] or wa%]s on a compression faucet ( ! k9d %[n 9 figure #a1 x is unnecess>y to %ut (f ! wat] provid$ ! faucet is clos$4 ,) ! "r h& keep ! faucet clos$ & ) a monkey wr5* 9 ! left h& unscrew ! cap nut4 ,unscrew ! h&le screw & remove h&le & cap nut4 ,put on new wa%]s z %[n 9 figure #e1 ,a1 or #e1 ,b1 & reassemble ! p>ts4 ,figure #e1 ,c1 %[s ! /em pack+ = ! wa%/& faucet %[n 9 figure #b4 ,! pack+ space is v small & is fill$ ) c&le wick+ lubricat$ ) tall[4 ,!re is a ?9 brass friction wa%] 9 ! bottom ( ! /uff+ box1 & a hexagonal pack+ nut screws into ! top ( ! box4 ,to r5ew ! c&le wick+1 keep ! faucet clos$4 ,unscrew ! pack+ nut ) a monkey wr5*1 wrap a little wick+ ar\nd ! /em1 & screw ! pack+ nut d[n aga9/ ! wick+ & into ! /uff+ box4 ,sp9dle pack+ = a ,full] faucet 7see fig4 #d7 is %[n 9 figure #e1 ,d1 & consi/s ( ?ree coll>s or r+s obta9able f plumb+ deal]s = a few c5ts4 ,a lead r+ or pack+ ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long goes fir/ 7l[e/7 on ! sp9dle2 !n a rubb]-&-fabric composition pack+ ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* long2 !n a brass pack+ ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* long4 ,screw+ d[n ! cap nut compresses ! composition pack+1 & ! metal pack+s take up friction & we>4 ,to put 9 new pack+s1 %ut (f ! wat] f ! faucet & remove ! h&le & cap nut1 z describ$ 9 connection ) compression faucets4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,/op & wa/e cock2 ,a1 p>ts assembl$2 ,b1 p>ts unassembl$4 ,,/op ,,& ,,wa/e ,,cocks ,figure #f1 ,a1 %[s an adju/able socket-lev] h&le1 gr\nd key1 flat way1 /op & wa/e cock to %ut (f wat] to "p or all ( a pip+ sy/em & to dra9 ! high] situat$ pipes f :i* ! fl[ is cut (f4 ,a /op & wa/e %\ld always be plac$ on ! h\se supply pipe j inside ! h\se or ! cell> wall4 ,!y are v useful on bran* pipes f a cell> or kit*5 to up/airs or back rooms subject to freez+ temp]atures or o!r tempor>y discont9uance ( ! supply4 ,figure #f1 ,b1 %[s ! disassembl$ p>ts1 all ( :i* except ! h&le are brass4 ,! key or plug is gr\nd to a wat]-tight fit 9 ! body ( ! cock1 & wat] is turn$ on or (f by giv+ ! h&le a qu>t] turn4 ,turn+ ! h&le crosswise ( ! pipe %uts (f ! supply1 & ! dead wat] dra9s back ?r\gh ! small r\nd hole 9 ! side ( ! plug & out ! wa/e tube4 ,_m /op & wa/e cocks h brok5 or b5t h&les or are o!rwise r5d]$ useless1 because p d n und]/& !m4 ,z receiv$ f deal]s1 ! nut on ! bottom ( ! plug is g5]ally screw$ up tight1 mak+ x difficult or impossible to turn ! h&le & plug4 ,long p]iods ( disuse frequ5tly cause ! plug to /ick fa/ 9 ! body4 ,! plug is easily loos5$ by slightly unscrew+ ! bottom nut & /rik+ ! l[] end ( ! plug a few light bl[s ) a hamm]4 ,slight leakage caus$ by we> ( ! plug or dirt ar\nd x may be prev5t$ by clean+ ! plug & tight5+ ! bottom nut4 ,a plug badly worn f long or cont9ual use c be regr\nd1 b x is usually bett] & *eap] to get a new plug or a complete new cock4 ,,ball ,,cocks ,figure #g1 ,a1 %[s an ord9>y comp\nd-lev] ball cock to control ! wat] supply 9 a flu% tank4 ,! float ball & ! seat wa%] on ! bottom ( ! plung] are ! only p>ts likely to ne$ repairs4 ,! buoyancy ( ! float is ! =ce :i* l[]s ! plung]1 %utt+ (f ! wat] z ! tank fills4 ,a leaky1 wat]-logg$ float holds ! plung] up1 p]mitt+ con/ant fl[ & wa/e ( wat]4 ,a small leak 9 a copp] float c be sold]$2 b if 9 bad condition1 ! float %\ld be replac$ by a new "o4 ,a good copp]1 bakelite1 or h>d-rubb] float #d by #e in*es co/s #be to #ej c5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,ball cock2 ,a1 p>ts assembl$2 ,b1 plung]1 wa%]1 & cap4 ,figure #g1 ,b1 %[s ! plung] & wa%]-hold] cap :i* screws on ! bottom ( ! plung]4 ,! wa%] %\ld be ( s(t rubb] or lea!r1 because ! =ce :i* holds x to its seat is n heavy4 ,! cap is ?9 brass4 ,to replace ! wa%]1 %ut (f ! wat] & dra9 ! tank4 ,unscrew ! two ?umbscrews :i* pivot ! float-rod lev] & plung] lev]4 ,pu% ! two lev]s to ! left1 draw+ ! plung] lev] ?r\gh ! head ( ! plung]4 ,lift out ! plung]1 unscrew ! cap on ! bottom ( ! plung]1 ins]t a s(t1 new wa%]1 & reassemble ! p>ts4 ,! cap may be s corrod$ & weak5$ t x breaks dur+ removal f ! plung]4 ,a new cap is !n necess>y1 & x is well to h "o or two on h&4 ,:5 putt+ a wa%] on a ball cock1 exam9e ! seat to see t x is free ( nicks & grit4 ,! seat may ne$ regr9d+1 z expla9$ "u compression faucets4 ,,flu% ,,valves ,,= ,,l[ ,,tanks ,figure #h %[s a common type ( flu% valve = a l[ tank4 ,probably no o!r plumb+ 9 ! home ne$s att5tion s (t54 ,x is "u wat] & subject to f\l+ & neglect4 ,! holl[ rubb] ball gets out ( %ape & fails to drop squ>ely into ! holl[$ seat4 ,! h&le & lev] fail to "w smoo?ly or ! lift wires get out ( plumb1 caus+ ! ball to rema9 up :5 x %\ld drop to its seat4 ,to remove ^! difficulties1 /op infl[ to ! tank by hold+ up ! float ( ! ball cock or support+ x ) a /ick4 ,dra9 ! tank by rais+ ! rubb] ball4 ,if ! ball is worn1 out ( %ape1 or has lo/ its ela/icity1 unscrew ! l[] lift wire f ! ball & replace x ) a new "o4 ,a #b-a_/b-;in* rubb] ball co/s ab\t #be c5ts1 & a new "o %\ld always be kept 9 ! h\se4 ,! lift wires %\ld be /raight & plumb4 ,! l[] lift wire is readily c5t]$ ov] ! c5t] ( ! valve by means ( ! adju/able guide hold]4 ,by loos5+ ! ?umbscrew1 ! hold] is rais$1 l[]$1 or rotat$ ab\t ! ov]fl[ tube6 ,by loos5+ ! lock nut & turn+ ! guide screw1 ! horizontal position ( ! guide is fix$ exactly ov] ! c5t] ( ! valve1 ^! adju/m5ts are v important4 ,! upp] lift wire %\ld loop into ! lev] armhole ne>e/ to a v]tical f ! c5t] ( ! valve4 ,a tank %\ld empty )9 #aj seconds4 ,ow+ to l5g!n+ ( ! rubb] ball & insuffici5t rise f its seat1 ! "t may be long] ?an #aj seconds & ! flu% correspond+ly weak4 ,?is tr\ble may be ov]come by %ort5+ ! loop 9 ! upp] lift wire4 ,a drop or two ( lubricat+ oil on ! lev] me*anism makes x "w m smoo?ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,flu% valve = l[ tank4 ,,clogg$ ,,pipes ,ru/ & dirt 9 wat] pipes are m or less successfully remov$ z foll[s3 ,tie a piece ( small1 /\t cord to ea* end ( a #b-;foot l5g? ( small *a94 ,ea* piece ( cord %\ld be a little long] ?an ! l5g? ( pipe to be clean$4 ,atta* ! free end ( "o ( ! cords to a /iff /eel wire & pu% ! wire & cord ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,by means ( ! cords pull ! *a9 back & =? ?r\gh ! pipe1 & !n ?or\ghly flu% ! pipe ) clean wat] "u /rong pressure4 ,long l9es may be op5$ at int]vals & clean$ section by section4 ,o!r me?ods are3 ,us+ a swab or wire bru% atta*$ to a small /eel or brass rod2 flu%+ ) a p[]ful h& pump2 or fill+ ! pipe ) dilut$ muriatic acid & all[+ x to /& 9 ! pipe long en\gh = ! acid to act4 ,if ! treatm5t is unsuccessful x %\ld be repeat$4 ,a mixture ( #a "p ( acid & #g p>ts ( wat] all[$ to /& ov]night 9 #a1jjj feet ( badly ru/$ #a-;in* pipe has giv5 good results4 ,aft] ! acid treatm5t ! pipe %\ld be flu%$ long & ?or\ghly ) clean wat] to remove z fully z possible all dirt1 ru/1 & traces ( acid4 ,:5 new pip+ is put 91 abrupt turns are sometimes made ) ,t bran*es in/ead ( elb[s4 ,! unus$ leg ( ! bran* c be clos$ ) a screw plug1 ?us p]mitt+ easy access to ! int]ior ( ! pipe4 ,caution3 ,:5 a /op & wa/e 7or valve7 on a wat] s]vice is clos$ to p]mit clean+ or repairs1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! =mation ( a vacuum 9 ! high p>ts ( ! wat] pip+ & ! connections to plumb+ fixtures2 o!rwise siphon action may draw pollution f wat] closets hav+ wat]-controll$ or seat-op]at$ flu% valves & f ba?tubs1 wa%bas9s1 laundry tubs1 or o!r fixtures 9 :i* ! sp\t 7dis*>ge end ( ! wat] l9e7 is l[] ?an ! fixture rim1 or worse1 bel[ ! fixture ov]fl[4 ,vacuum & siphon action may be de/roy$ by op5+ ! highe/ connect$ faucet or an air cock 9 ! top ( ! wat] l9e or by equipp+ ! sy/em ) suitable automatic vacuum break]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,clean+ out a s9k trap4 ,all wa/e pipes & traps are subject to f\l+4 ,dirt collects 9 ! bottom & grease adh]es to ! sides4 ,! usual way ( cle>+ ord9>y fixtures traps is to unscrew ! clean-out p+1 z %[n 9 figure #i1 & wa% out ! ob/ruct+ matt] or pull x out ) a wire b5t to =m a hook4 ,small ob/ructions are (t5 =c$ d[n or drawn up by ! use ( a simple rubb] =ce cup 7sometimes call$ ! plumb]'s fri5d7 co/+ #cj to #fj c5ts4 ,?is device is %[n 9 figure #aj4 ,! cup is plac$ ov] ! fixture outlet & ! fixture is p>tially fill$ ) wat]4 ,! wood h&le ( ! cup is !n work$ rapidly d[n & up1 caus+ alt]nate expulsion ( ! wat] f b5ea? ! cup & suction upw>d ?r\gh ! wa/e pipe & trap4 ,if a trap & ! wa/e pipe f x are clogg$ ) grease1 hair1 or l9t1 x is be/ to op5 or disconnect ! trap & dig out ! greasy matt] ) a /ick4 ,! use ( *emical solv5ts 9 wa/e pipes is expla9$ 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #adbf1 ,f>m ,plumb+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--,rubb] =ce cup4 ,a v>iety ( inexp5sive flexible coil wire aug]s & sew] rods are available = remov+ ob/ructions--ma9ly newspap]s1 rags1 toilet articles1 grease1 g>bage1 or o!r solids--f traps1 wa/e pipes1 sew]s1 & dra9s4 ,! gr[? ( roots 9 sew]s & dra9s causes mu* tr\ble :i* bett] workman%ip 9 mak+ ! jo9ts w\ld h avoid$4 ,aug]s & rods come 9 v>i\s sizes & l5g?s4 ,/ock l5g?s = clean-out aug]s = closet b[ls are #c1 #f1 & #i feet & co/ f #a upw>d4 ,figure #aa %[s two k9ds ( flexible aug]s = g5]al purposes4 ,! upp] is #d feet long & has a small /eel cable f ! h&le to ! wire hooks4 ,! hooks c be drawn into ! coil1 ?us facilitat+ entry into a trap4 ,! l[] aug] is #h feet long1 has a crank h&le & corkscrew po9t g5]ally pref]r$ = closet-b[l "w4 ,plac+ a few %eets ( toilet pap] 9 ! b[l & !n flu%+ usually indicates :e!r ! ob/ruction has be5 dislodg$4 ,flexible coil /eel wa/e-pipe clean]s commonly come 9 diamet]s ( #c_/af1 #a_/d1 #c_/h1 #a_/b1 & #e_/h in* & 9 l5g?s ( #f1 #i1 #ae1 #be1 #ej1 & #ajj feet4 ,! #c_/af-;in* size 9 #i-;foot l5g? )\t h&le or corkscrew po9t co/s ab\t #a4 ,! #a_/d-;in* size 9 #i-;foot l5g? ) automatic grip h&le co/s slightly m4 ,! small sizes are v useful 9 s9k1 lavatory1 & ba?tub traps & wa/e pipes4 ,flat /eel sew] rods1 equipp$ ) ei!r an oval or a revolv+ spe> po9t & an automatic grip h&le1 come 9 /ock l5g?s ( #be1 #ej1 #ge1 & #ajj feet1 9 wid?s ( #a_/d to #a-a_/b in*es1 & 9 ?icknesses ( #a_/af & #a_/h in*4 ,a rod #a_/af by #c_/d in* & #ej feet long co/s #d to #e2 a rod #a_/h-;in* ?ick1 co/+ #e to #h1 is desirable = ord9>y sew]-clean+ purposes4 ,r\nd sew] rods ( #g_/h-;in* hickory or a% 9 #c- or #d-;foot l5g?s ) hook c\pl+s & simple sew] bru%es & root cutt]s are describ$ 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #abbg1 ,sewage & ,sew]age ( ,f>m ,homes4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--;,coil spr+ aug]s4 ,,?aw+ ,,pipes ,! middle ( a froz5 pipe %\ld nev] be ?aw$ fir/1 because expansion ( ! wat] conf9$ by ice on bo? sides may bur/ ! pipe4 ,:5 ?aw+ a wat] pipe1 "w t[>d ! supply1 op5+ a faucet to %[ :5 ! fl[ />ts4 ,:5 ?aw+ a wa/e or sew] pipe1 "w upw>d f ! l[] end to p]mit ! wat] to dra9 away4 ,apply+ boil+ wat] or hot clo?s to a froz5 pipe is simple & effective4 ,:]e !re is no dang] ( fire a tor* or burn+ news-pap] run back & =? along ! froz5 pipe gives quick results4 ,und]gr\nd or o!rwise inaccessible pipes may be ?aw$ z foll[s3 ,op5 ! froz5 wat] pipe on ! h\se end4 ,ins]t "o end ( a small pipe or tube4 ,) ! aid ( a funnel at ! o!r end ( ! small pipe p\r boil+ wat] into x & pu% x =w>d z ! ice melts4 ,a piece ( rubb] tub+ may be us$ to connect ! funnel to ! ?aw pipe4 ,hold ! funnel high] ?an ! froz5 pipe1 s t ! hot wat] has head & =ces ! cool$ wat] back to ! op5+1 :]e x may be caught 9 a pail4 ,! head may be increas$ & ! funnel may be m conv5i5tly us$ if an elb[ & a piece ( v]tical pipe are add$ to ! out] end ( ! ?aw pipe1 z %[n 9 figure #ab4 ,add m ?aw pipe at ! out] end until a passage is made ?r\gh ! ice4 ,)draw ! ?aw pipe quickly aft] ! fl[ />ts4 ,d n /op ! fl[ until ! ?aw pipe is fully remov$ & ! froz5 pipe is cle>$ ( ice4 ,a small =ce pump is (t5 us$ in/ead ( a funnel & is mu* to be pref]r$ = op5+ a long piece ( pipe4 ,if available1 a jet ( /eam may be us$ in/ead ( hot wat]2 be+ hott]1 x is m rapid4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--,?aw+ a froz5 pipe4 ,froz5 traps & wa/e pipes are sometimes ?aw$ by p\r+ 9 cau/ic soda or lye1 obta9able at groc]y /ores = ab\t #be c5ts p] p\nd4 ,*emicals ( ?is "* %\ld be label$ ,poison & %\ld be kept :]e *ildr5 _c get !m4 ,to prev5t freez+1 ! wat] 9 ! traps ( a vacant h\se %\ld be remov$ dur+ cold wea!r1 & ! traps %\ld be fill$ ) k]os5e1 crude glyc]91 or a v /rong br9e made ( common salt & wat]1 or o!r sub/ance m5tion$ 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #adbf1 ,f>m ,plumb+4 ,,remov+ ,,scale ,,f ,,wat] ,,backs ,,& ,,coils ,h>d wat] causes a limy deposit or scale on ! inside ( wat] backs & heat+ coils4 ,if all[$ to accumulate ! scale ret>ds ! circulation & heat+ ( ! wat] &1 by closure ( ! bore1 may prove dang]\s4 ,moreov]1 cont9u$ neglect makes x increas+ly difficult to remove ! scale4 ,! wat] back or coil %\ld be remov$ f ! fire box4 ,at ! union or o!r jo9ts ne>e/ ! fire box disconnect all pipes & unscrew !m f ! wat] back4 ,if !re is a clamp :i* holds ! fire-brick l9+ aga9/ ! ov51 loos5 x & remove side & end l9+s4 ,lift out ! wat] back & take x out on ! gr\nd4 ,s(t scale or sludge may be remov$ by p\nd+ ! wat] back ) a mallet or hamm] & !n flu%+ ) a /rong jet ( wat]4 ,a long g\ge or *isel is us$ on ^? surfaces t c be rea*$4 ,sometimes ! wat] back is heat$ 9 a blacksmi?'s =ge & !n p\nd$1 b unless c>efully done ?is treatm5t may break x4 ,"s h\sehold]s keep a sp>e wat] back = use :ile ! o!r is be+ clean$4 ,wat]s ( v>y+ *emical composition cause scale diff]+ 9 composition & h>dness4 ,ord9>y lime/one 7calcium c>bonate7 scale1 if n ( excessive ?ickness1 may readily be remov$ ) muriatic acid4 ,gypsum 7calcium sulphate7 scale is h>d & resi/ant & ) o!r con/itu5ts 9 _! m compact =ms is little affect$ by muriatic acid4 ,! wat] back %\ld be laid on ! gr\nd & fill$ ) a /rong solution ( ! acid 9 wat]4 ,! /r5g? ( ! solution %\ld v>y ) ! am\nt ( deposit1 ! ord9>y mixture be+ #a "p ( acid & #e to #g p>ts ( wat]4 ,if ! deposit is v ?ick1 ! acid ne$s little dilution4 ,comm]cial muriatic acid 9 bottles conta9+ #f p\nds 7ab\t #b-a_/b qu>ts7 co/s #bj to #be c5ts a p\nd4 ,! bottle %\ld be label$ ,muriatic acid--poison2 &1 l ! *emicals previ\sly m5tion$1 x %\ld be kept :]e *ildr5 _c get x4 ,heat+ ! wat] back ha/5s ! action ( ! acid4 ,at ! end ( an h\r or two1 or soon] if ! deposit is dissolv$1 p\r ! solution f ! wat] back & flu% x ?or\ghly ) hot wat] to remove ! acid4 ,if all ! deposit has n be5 remov$1 repeat ! op]ation1 mak+ sure t ! acid is completely wa%$ out be=e replac+ ! wat] back4 ,9 replac+ ! wat] back x is important to h x level1 us+ a _s level = ?is purpose4 ,simil> me?ods may be us$ ) copp] coils4 ,place ! coil 7or heat]7 on two /icks ov] a l>ge b[l4 ,) ! aid ( a lead funnel p\r ! acid solution d[n ?r\gh ! coil4 ,dip f ! b[l & cont9ue to circulate ! solution ?r\gh ! coil until ! deposit is dissolv$4 ,! coil %\ld !n be ?or\ghly wa%$ out ) hot wat]4 ,! hot-wat] fl[ pipe close to a wat] back or coil frequ5tly becomes ?ickly cov]$ ) scale4 ,if ! pipe is brass1 x may be disconnect$ & treat$ ) acid & !n wa%$ out ) hot wat]4 ,if ! pipe is galvaniz$ iron & 9 bad condition1 x w probably be m satisfactory to replace x ) new pipe4 ,,leaks ,,9 ,,pipes ,,& ,,tanks ,a small leak 9 a wat] pipe c be /opp$ 9 an em]g5cy z foll[s3 ,place a flat rubb] or lea!r gasket ov] ! leak & hamm] a piece ( %eet metal to fit ov] ! gasket2 secure bo? to ! pipe ) a clamp obta9able at h>dw>e or #e-;&-#aj-;c5t /ores4 ,a small leak "u l[ pressure is sometimes /opp$ by %utt+ (f ! wat] & !n emb$d+ ! pipe 9 ri*ly mix$ portl&-cem5t mort> or concrete4 ,brok5 sew] pipe c be repair$ 9 l mann]1 & a wrapp+ ( wire nett+ emb$d$ 9 ! mort> or concrete increases its /r5g?4 ,h[ev]1 x is bett] to relay ! sew] & make all jo9ts wat]-tight & root-pro( z describ$ 9 ,f>m]s ,bullet9 #abbg1 ,sewage & ,sew]age ( ,f>m ,homes4 ,a small hole 9 ca/-iron pipe may be tapp$ = a screw plug4 ,:]e a leaky screw jo9t _c be tight5$ ) a pipe wr5*1 ! leak is sometimes /opp$ ) a blunt1 *isel or calk+ tool & hamm]4 ,sometimes a crack or hole is clean$ out & !n plugg$ & calk$ ) lead1 or a comm]cial iron cem5t mix$ to ! consi/5cy ( /iff putty4 ,sometimes a pipe b&1 a clamp ) two bolts 7simil> to b /rong] ?an ! "o %[n 9 fig4 #ad71 or a split sleeve is employ$ to hold a ?9 coat+ ( iron cem5t or a gasket ov] a leak4 ,if ! leak is at a screw jo9t1 ! b& is usually coat$ inside ) "o-eigh? ( an in* ( iron cem5t & !n slipp$ ov] ! pipe4 ,keep+ ! bolt f>!/ f ! c\pl+ or fitt+ a little tight] ?an ! o!r1 bo? bolts1 are tight5$4 ,dur+ ! tight5+1 ! b& %\ld be driv5 ) a hamm] snugly aga9/ ! c\pl+ or fitt+4 ,9 addition to ^! me?ods & devices1 !re are sev]al k9ds ( good1 inexp5sive1 ready-made pipe & jo9t repair]s obta9able ( manufactur]s & deal]s4 ,a corrod$ & leaky spot 9 a /eel tank or range boil] c be clos$ ) an inexp5sive repair bolt or plug obta9able f deal]s4 ,figure #ac %[s a home-made repair] consi/+ ( a ?ree-sixte5?s by #c-;in* toggle bolt co/+ #aj c5ts & a flat rubb] gasket1 brass wa%]1 & nut4 ,! l9k ( ! bolt1 aft] be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! hole1 takes an upright position1 & screw+ up ! nut =ces ! gasket tightly aga9/ ! outside ( ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,home-made repair]2 ,a1 pass+ ! l9k ( ! toggle bolt ?r\gh ! hole 7enl>g$7 9 ! tank2 ,b1 side view ( edge ( tank ) bolt1 wa%]s1 & nut aft] be+ tight5$2 ,c1 outside view ( complet$ job4 ,a small hole mu/ be ream$ or enl>g$ ) a r\nd file to a diamet] ( ab\t five-eigh?s in*4 ,! metal b5ea? ! gasket %\ld be firm & clean4 ,a little c&lewick pack+ may be wrapp$ ar\nd ! bolt to prev5t leakage along ! bolt4 ,sometimes a hole is clos$ by driv+ 9 a tap]$ /eel p9 to turn ! metal inw>d1 =m+ a surface :i* c be tapp$ = an ord9>y screw plug4 ,a hole 9 ! wall ( a tank or pipe hav+ consid]able ?ickness c be easily & quickly clos$ by screw+ 9 a tap]$ /eel tap plug :i* cuts & ?reads its way ?r\gh ! wall4 ,^! plugs 9 diff]5t sizes are obta9able ( deal]s & a monkey wr5* is ! only tool requir$ to ins]t !m2 x is unnecess>y to %ut (f or dra9 ! wat] f ! tank or pipe4 ,a small leak at a seam or rivet c (t5 be clos$ by m]ely rubb+ a cold *isel along ! bevel$ edge ( ! jo9t4 ,d n attempt to calk a seam unless ! plates h consid]able ?ickness & ! rivets are closely spac$ & are close to ! calk+ edge1 & !n use extreme caution4 ,run a regul> calk+ tool or blunt *isel along ! bevel$ edge1 tapp+ ! tool v lightly ) a light hamm] to =ce ! edge ( ! upp] plate aga9/ & into ! l[] plate4 ,,crack$ ,,laundry ,,tubs ,cracks 9 slate1 soap/one1 or cem5t laundry tubs are made wat]-tight ) a mixture ( li?>ge & glyc]9 or a specially prep>$ comm]cial cem5t4 ,! li?>ge & glyc]9 are mix$ & /irr$ to =m a smoo? heavy pa/e free f lumps4 ,! crack %\ld be clean$ out to remove all grease & dirt & ! pa/e %\ld be work$ into ! crack ) a case knife4 ,a pa/e ( portl& cem5t & wat]1 or ( ! :ite ( an egg & fre% lump lime1 has be5 us$ successfully = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--;,hose m5d]s3 ,above1 hose m5d] & hose c\pl+2 bel[1 two pieces ( hose jo9$ ) a m5d]4 ,! left-h& piece is fa/5$ ) wire twi/$ ) a pair ( pli]s1 & ! "r-h& piece is clamp$4 ,,hose ,,m5d]s ,,or ,,splic]s ,a break 9 g>d5 hose c be quickly repair$ or two pieces ( hose c be jo9$ ) a #aj- or #ae-;c5t iron or brass hose m5d] or splic] %[n 9 figure #ad 7upp] left74 ,cut (f ! defective piece ( hose1 ins]t ! m5d] 9 ! good ends ( ! hose1 & wire or clamp ! hose z %[n 9 figure #ad 7bel[74 ,m5d]s come to slip inside ( #a_/b-1 #c_/d-1 or #a-;in* hose4 ,! regul> brass hose c\pl+ %[n 9 figure #ad 7upp] "r71 :i* co/s #be to #dj c5ts1 c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aidf ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton #be ,d4 ,c4 -- ,price #e c5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,illu/rations 7 reposition$ s z to n split p>agraphs4