,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,argum5tation ,,& ,,debate ,illu/ration ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,argum5tation ,,& ,,debate ,,by ,,victor ,,alv9 ,,ket*am1 ,b4,a41 ,,ll4,b4 ,,assi/ant ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,! ,,ohio ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiag ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,may1 #aiad4 ,repr9t$ ,janu>y1 #aiae2 ,july1 #aiaf2 ,m>*1 #aiag4 ,norwood ,press3 ,b]wick ,smi? ,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,! object ( ?is book is to furni% practical directions = ! prep>ation & pres5tation ( oral & writt5 argum5ts4 ,tea*]s ( ,argum5tation & ,debate h come to realize t int]e/ c be/ be /imulat$ & practical results be/ secur$ by omitt+ ! !oretical =ms ( reason+ at fir/1 & lead+ ! /ud5t directly to ! actual "w ( build+ up an argum5t4 ,! te*nical "n ( a logical process has little to d ) its practical application4 ,?is fact is well illu/rat$ by ! con/ant use ( argum5ts 9 our conv]sation3 moreov]1 ! /ud5t :o ent]s ^u ?is "w is suffici5tly advanc$ to appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & error4 ,= ^! reasons ! book is divid$ into two p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* deals ) ! ,practice ( ,argum5tation & ,debate4 ,aft] ! /ud5t has _h "s exp]i5ce 9 con/ruct+ & pres5t+ argum5ts he is bett] fitt$ to make practical application ( ! !oretical pr9ciples ( argum5tation :i* are pres5t$ 9 ! second "p ( ?is book "u ! head ( ! ,!ory ( ,argum5tation & ,debate4 ,^? tea*]s :o pref] to foll[ ! old ord] ( pres5tation c d s by tak+ up ! ,!ory ( ,argum5tation & ,debate aft] complet+ ! *apt] on ,collect+ ,evid5ce & be=e tak+ up ! *apt] on ,con/ruct+ ! ,brief4 ,s9ce ,argum5tation & ,debate has come to be a regul> c\rse ( /udy 9 almo/ e college & univ]sity & 9 _m ( our l>g] prep>atory & high s*ools1 !re has be5 a t5d5cy among text-book writ]s to multiply rules reg>d+ e phase ( ! subject4 ,by consult+ v>i\s works x w be f\nd t no less ?an sixte5 diff]5t rules h be5 =mulat$ = ! con/ruction ( ! brief alone4 ,"o book conta9s z _m z ?irte5 ( ^!4 ,to ! av]age /ud5t ! result is confusion r ?an enlight5m5t4 ,"o ( ! objects ( ! au?or has be5 to rem$y ?is condition ( affairs by attempt+ to /ate cle>-cut rules1 :i*1 ?\gh cov]+ all cont+5cies1 are limit$ to :at is ess5tial & practical4 ,9 reg>d to illu/rations & examples ! same idea has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! subjects are discuss$ is t dictat$ by actual practice4 ,! object has be5 to lead ! /ud5t /ep by /ep1 to po9t out all ! difficulties along ! way1 & to %[ by precept & example h[ !y may be ov]come4 ,aft] ! ess5tial def9itions are giv5 & ! importance ( ! subject ^u :i* he is ent]+ is set =?1 ! /ud5t is %[n :]e to f9d1 & h[ to *oose & express1 a proposition = argum5t4 ,he is !n direct$ h[ to analyze t proposition = ! purpose ( f9d+ out :at he mu/ d 9 ord] to e/abli% its tru? or falsity4 ,next1 he is in=m$ ( ! s\rces ( evid5ce be>+ ^u ! proposition1 & h[ su* evid5ce is to be collect$ & us$4 ,directions = con/ruct+ a brief out ( ?is evid5ce are !n pres5t$ & ! way 9 :i* ! f9i%$ argum5t is to be develop$ is set =?4 ,! psy*ological developm5t ( an argum5t is "h = ! fir/ "t giv5 full consid]ation4 ,foll[+ ?is ! /ud5t is %[n h[ to def5d 8 own argum5t & ov]?r[ t ( 8 oppon5t4 ,f9ally1 in/ructions are giv5 = deliv]+ ! argum5t 9 ! mo/ effective mann]4 ,ev5 )\t ! aid ( an in/ructor ! /ud5t c\ld foll[ ! argum5tative process ?r\gh to ! end4 ,! ex]cises giv5 are int5d$ to be practical & to assure a ?or\gh work+ k ( ! discussion4 ,! mat]ial 9 ! app5dix may be us$ at ! discretion ( ! in/ructor4 ,! preval5ce ( ref]5ces to ! ,l9coln-,d\glas ,debates is int5tional & arises f ! fact t ! circum/ances "u :i* ^! debates occurr$1 ! p]sonalities ( ! p>ticipants1 & ! argum5tative excell5ce ( ! discussions make !m especially useful to ! /ud5t4 ,! writ] wi%es to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to all ^? :o h h]et(ore writt5 ^u ?is subject z well z to ! /ud5ts :om x has be5 8 pleasure to in/ruct4 ,he wi%es especially to ackn[l$ge ! assi/ance ( ,pr(essor ,raymond ,m4 ,ald51 :o gave a c>eful read+ to ! great] "p ( ! manuscript & made _m helpful sugge/ions4 ,,victor ,,alv9 ,,ket*am4 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio1 ,febru>y #a1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,argum5tation ,,& ,,debate ,,*apt] ,i ,,def9ition ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,argum5tation ,section ,page ,i4 ,def9itions #c ,,ii4 ,! ,object ( ,argum5tation #e ,,iii4 ,educational ,importance ( ,argum5tation #f ,,iv4 ,practical ,importance ( ,argum5tation #g ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,proposition ,i4 ,! ,subject-,matt] ( ! ,proposition #i #a4 ,! subject mu/ be int]e/+ #i #b4 ,subjects = fir/ practice %\ld be ^? ( :i* ! debat] has a g5]al k #aa #c4 ,! subject mu/ be debatable #ab ,,ii4 ,! ,word+ ( ! ,proposition #ac #a4 ,! proposition %\ld be s n>r[$ z to embody only "o c5tral idea #ad #b4 ,! proposition %\ld be /at$ 9 ! affirmative #ae #c4 ,! proposition %\ld conta9 no ambigu\s words #af #d4 ,! proposition %\ld be word$ z simply & z briefly z is consi/5t ) ! =ego+ requirem5ts #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,analyz+ ,,! ,,proposition ,i4 ,! ,importance ( ,analysis #ba ,,ii4 ,ess5tial ,/eps 9 ,analysis #bb #a4 ,a broad view ( ! subject #bb #b4 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q #bc #c4 ,def9ition ( t]ms #bd #d4 ,n>r[+ ! "q #bg 7#a7 ,exclud+ irrelevant matt] #bg 7#b7 ,admitt+ matt]s n vital to ! argum5t #bh #e4 ,contra/+ ! affirmative argum5ts ) ^? ( ! negative #bi ,,iii4 ,! ,ma9 ,issues #cf ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,evid5ce ,i4 ,s\rces ( ,evid5ce #ci #a4 ,p]sonal k #ci #b4 ,p]sonal int]views #dj #c4 ,p]sonal lett]s #da #d4 ,curr5t lit]ature #db #e4 ,/&>d lit]ature #de #f4 ,special docum5ts #df 7#a7 ,reports & pamphlets issu$ by organizations #df 7#b7 ,reports & docum5ts issu$ by ! gov]nm5t #dh ,,ii4 ,record+ ,evid5ce #ea #a4 ,use small c>ds or %eets ( pap] ( uni=m size #ec #b4 ,place only "o fact or po9t on ea* c>d #ec #c4 ,write only on "o side ( ! c>d #ec #d4 ,express ! idea to be put on ! c>d 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct t]ms #ed #e4 ,make ea* c>d complete 9 itself #ed #f4 ,9 record+ mat]ial = refutation put an exact /atem5t ( ! argum5t to be refut$ at ! top ( ! c>d #ee #g4 ,/ate ! ma9 issue or subject to :i* ! evid5ce relates at ! top ( ! c>d #ee #h4 ,/ate ! s\rce f :i* ! evid5ce is tak5 at ! bottom ( ! c>d #ef ,,iii4 ,select+ ,evid5ce #eh #a4 ,! evid5ce mu/ come f ! mo/ reliable s\rce to :i* x c be trac$ #eh #b4 ,a p]son quot$ z au?ority mu/ be unprejudic$1 9 full possession ( ! facts1 & capable ( giv+ exp]t te/imony on ! po9t at issue #fj #c4 ,evid5ce %\ld be exam9$ to det]m9e :e!r !re are att5dant circum/ances :i* w add to its weight #fb #d4 ,! selection ( evid5ce mu/ be fair & reasonable #fd #e4 ,! position & argum5ts ( ! opposition %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation #fe #f4 ,t evid5ce :i* w appeal mo/ /rongly to ^? to :om ! argum5t is to be address$ %\ld be select$ #ff ,,iv4 ,! ,am\nt ( ,evid5ce ,requir$ #fh ,,*apt] ,v ,,con/ruct+ ,,! ,,brief ,i4 ,! ,purpose ( ! ,brief #gb ,,ii4 ,me?od ( ,con/ruct+ ! ,brief #gc ,,iii4 ,rules = ,con/ruct+ ! ,brief #gf #a4 ,a brief %\ld be compos$ ( ?ree p>ts3 ,introduction1 ,pro(1 & ,conclusion #gf #b4 ,ea* /atem5t 9 a brief %\ld be a s+le complete s5t5ce #gg #c4 ,! relation :i* ! diff]5t /atem5ts 9 a brief be> to ea* o!r %\ld be indicat$ by symbols & ind5tations #gg #d4 ,! introduction %\ld conta9 ! ma9 issues toge!r ) a brief /atem5t ( ! process ( analysis by :i* !y 7 f\nd #gi #e4 ,! ma9 /atem5ts 9 ! pro( %\ld correspond to ! ma9 issues set =? 9 ! introduction1 & %\ld read z reasons = ! tru? ( ! proposition #hd #f4 ,e /atem5t 9 ! pro( mu/ read z a reason = ! /atem5t to :i* x is subord9ate #he #g4 ,/atem5ts introduc+ refutation mu/ /ate cle>ly ! argum5t to be refut$ #hg #h4 ,! conclusion %\ld be a summ>y ( ! ma9 argum5ts j z !y /& 9 ! pro( ( ! brief & %\ld close ) an affirmation or d5ial ( ! proposition 9 ! exact words 9 :i* x is phras$ #hi ,specim5 /ud5t brief #ia ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,con/ruct+ ,,! ,,argum5t ,i4 ,att5tion--,ar\s$ by ! ,introduction #ie #a4 ,k9ds ( att5tion #if ,a4 ,natural att5tion #if ,b4 ,assum$ att5tion #ig #b4 ,me?ods ( secur+ prop] att5tion #ih ,a4 ,imm$iate /atem5t ( purpose #ih ,b4 ,illu/rative /ory #ajj ,c4 ,quotations #aja ,,ii4 ,int]e/--,ma9ta9$ by ! ,pro( #ajb #a4 ,necessity #ajc #b4 ,me?ods ( ma9ta9+ int]e/ #ajc ,a4 ,appropriate treatm5t #ajc a4 ,adaptation to speak] or writ] #ajc b4 ,adaptation to audi5ce or read] #ajc c4 ,adaptation to "t or occasion #ajf ,b4 ,logical /ructure #ajf ,c4 ,/yle #ajg a4 ,elem5ts ( /yle #ajh 7#a7 ,vocabul>y #ajh 7#b7 ,s5t5ces #aji 7#c7 ,p>agraphs #aaj b4 ,qualities ( /yle #aaj 7#a7 ,cle>ness #aaj 7#b7 ,=ce #aag 7#c7 ,elegance #abj ,,iii4 ,desire--,creat$ by ! ,conclusion #aba #a4 ,necessity #aba #b4 ,int]e/ #abb ,a4 ,conv5i5ce #abb ,b4 ,pleasure #abc ,c4 ,pr(it #abc #c4 ,jeal\sy1 vanity1 & hatr$ #abd #d4 ,ambition #abd #e4 ,g5]osity #abe #f4 ,love ( "r & ju/ice #abe #g4 ,love ( c\ntry1 home1 & k9dr$ #abe ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,rebuttal ,i4 ,prep>ation = ,rebuttal #abi #a4 ,s\rces ( mat]ial = rebuttal #abi ,a4 ,mat]ial acquir$ 9 con/ruct+ ! argum5t #abi ,b4 ,books1 pap]s1 & docum5ts #aca ,c4 ,que/ions #acc #b4 ,arrangem5t ( rebuttal mat]ial #aci ,a4 ,classification ( c>ds #adj ,b4 ,arrang+ books1 pap]s1 & docum5ts #adb ,c4 ,! summ>y & clos+ plea #adc ,,ii4 ,pres5tation ( ,rebuttal #adf #a4 ,att5tion to argum5t ( oppon5t #adf #b4 ,select+ argum5ts to be refut$ #adg #c4 ,read+ quotations #adi #d4 ,teamwork #adi #e4 ,treatm5t ( oppon5ts #aej #f4 ,! summ>y & clos+ plea #aeb ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,deliv]+ ,,! ,,argum5t ,i4 ,me?ods ( deliv]+ ! argum5t #aec #a4 ,read+ #aec #b4 ,memoriz+ ! argum5t v]batim #aed #c4 ,memoriz+ ! argum5t by ideas #aee ,,ii4 ,physical prep>ation = deliv]y #aeh #a4 ,position #aei #b4 ,voice #afj #c4 ,emphasis #afb #d4 ,key1 rate1 & inflection #afb #e4 ,ge/ure #afd #f4 ,transitions #afe #g4 ,pres5t+ *>ts #aff ,,iii4 ,m5tal prep>ation = deliv]y #afg #a4 ,directness #afg #b4 ,e>ne/ness #afi #c4 ,confid5ce #agj ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,argum5tation ,,& ,,debate ,,*apt] ,i ,,inductive ,,argum5t ,i4 ,! ,application ( ,processes ( ,reason+ to ,argum5tation #age ,,ii4 ,inductive ,reason+ #agf ,,iii4 ,! ,application ( ,inductive ,reason+ to ,inductive ,argum5t #agi ,,iv4 ,requirem5ts = an ,effective ,inductive ,argum5t #ahb #a4 ,p]fect inductions #ahb #b4 ,imp]fect inductions #ahc ,a4 ,! numb] ( specific in/ances support+ ! conclusion mu/ be suffici5tly l>ge to (fset ! probability ( co9cid5ce #ahc ,b4 ,! class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s ab\t :i* ! induction is made mu/ be reasonably homog5e\s #ahe ,c4 ,! specific in/ances cit$ 9 support ( ! conclusion mu/ be fair examples #ahf ,d4 ,c>eful inve/igation mu/ disclose no exceptions #ahg ,e4 ,! conclusion mu/ be reasonable #ahh ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,d$uctive ,,argum5t ,i4 ,d$uctive ,reason+ #aij ,,ii4 ,! ,application ( ,d$uctive ,reason+ to ,d$uctive ,argum5t #aif ,,iii4 ,! ,en?ymeme #bja ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,argum5t ,,f ,,causal ,,relation ,i4 ,argum5t f ,effect to ,cause #bjh #a4 ,! alleg$ cause mu/ be suffici5t to produce ! effect #baj #b4 ,no o!r cause mu/ h int]v5$ betwe5 ! alleg$ cause & ! effect #baa #c4 ,! alleg$ cause mu/ n h be5 prev5t$ f op]at+ #bab ,,ii4 ,argum5t f ,cause to ,effect #bac #a4 ,! obs]v$ cause mu/ be suffici5t to produce ! alleg$ effect #bae #b4 ,:5 pa/ exp]i5ce is invok$ x mu/ %[ t ! alleg$ effect has always foll[$ ! obs]v$ cause #bae #c4 ,no =ce mu/ int]v5e to prev5t ! obs]v$ cause f op]at+ to produce ! alleg$ effect #baf #d4 ,! conclusion e/abli%$ %\ld be v]ifi$ by positive evid5ce :5ev] possible #bag ,,iii4 ,argum5t f ,effect to ,effect #bah ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,argum5t ,,f ,,analogy ,i4 ,! two factors 9 ! analogy mu/ be alike 9 all p>ticul>s :i* affect ! conclusion #bbh ,,ii4 ,! alleg$ facts ^u :i* ! analogy is bas$ mu/ be true #bca ,,iii4 ,! conclusion e/abli%$ by ! analogy %\ld be v]ifi$ by positive evid5ce :5ev] possible #bcb ,,*apt] ,v ,,fallacies ,i4 ,fallacies ( ,induction #bce #a4 ,! numb] ( specific in/ances reli$ ^u to support ! conclusion %\ld be det]m9$ #bce #b4 ,! class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s ab\t :i* ! induction is made %\ld be scrut9iz$ ) a view to det]m9+ :e!r x is homog5e\s #bcf #c4 ,:e!r or n ! specific in/ances cit$ 9 support ( ! conclusion are fair examples %\ld be det]m9$ #bcf #d4 ,a se>* %\ld be made = exceptions to ! rule /at$ by ! induction #bcg #e4 ,! induction %\ld be exam9$ ) a view to det]m9+ its reasonabl5ess #bcg ,,ii4 ,fallacies ( ,d$uction #bch #a4 ,mat]ial fallacies #bch #b4 ,logical fallacies #bci 7#a7 ,! undi/ribut$ middle #bci 7#b7 ,! illicit process #bdd 7#c7 ,irrelevancy ( ! premises1 or ignor+ ! "q #bde ,a4 ,! appeal to passion1 prejudice1 or humor #bdf ,b4 ,! p]sonal attack ^u an oppon5t #bdf ,c4 ,! p]sonal attack ^u ! p]son or p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! controv]sy #bdf ,d4 ,! appeal to cu/om & tradition #bdg ,e4 ,%ift+ gr\nd #bdh ,f4 ,refut+ an argum5t :i* has n be5 advanc$ #bdh ,g4 ,argu+ on a relat$ proposition #bdh 7#d7 ,begg+ ! "q #bdi ,a4 ,argu+ 9 a circle #bdi ,b4 ,directly assum+ ! po9t at issue #bej ,c4 ,indirectly assum+ ! po9t at issue #bea ,,iii4 ,fallacies ( ,causal ,relation #beb #a4 ,fallacies ( ! argum5t f effect to cause #beb 7#a7 ,mi/ak+ co9cid5ce = cause #bec 7#b7 ,mi/ak+ an effect = a cause #bed 7#c7 ,mi/ak+ a subsequ5t cause = a real cause #bed 7#d7 ,mi/ak+ an insuffici5t cause = a suffici5t cause #bee #b4 ,fallacies ( ! argum5t f cause to effect #bee #c4 ,fallacies ( ! argum5t f effect to effect #bef ,,iv4 ,fallacies ( ! ,argum5t f ,analogy #bef ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,refutation ,i4 ,reveal+ a ,fallacy #bfa ,,ii4 ,r$uctio ad ,absurdum #bfb ,,iii4 ,! ,dilemma #bfc ,,iv4 ,residues #bfe ,v4 ,inconsi/5cies #bfg ,,vi4 ,adopt+ an ,oppon5t's ,evid5ce #bfh ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,argum5tation ,,& ,,debate ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,argum5tation ,,& ,,debate ,,*apt] ,i ,,def9ition ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,argum5tation ,i4 ,def9itions4 ,argum5tation is ! art ( p]suad+ o!rs to ?9k or act 9 a def9ite way4 ,x includes all writ+ & speak+ :i* is p]suasive 9 =m4 ,! salesman p]suad+ a prospective cu/om] to buy goods1 ! /ud5t induc+ 8 fell[-/ud5t to contribute to ! funds ( ! a?letic association1 ! bus9ess or pr(essional man seek+ to enl>ge 8 bus9ess & usefulness1 & ! great orator or writ] ^: aim is to control ! de/9y ( nations1 all make use ( ! art ( argum5tation to atta9 _! v>i\s objects4 ,^! illu/rations s]ve b to indicate ! wide field ( ?\ght & action :i* ?is subject includes4 ,ea* in/ance 9 ?is broad field1 :i* dem&s ! use ( ! art ( argum5tation1 is subject to ! same g5]al laws t gov]n ! con/ruction & pres5tation ( =mal argum5ts4 ,=mal argum5ts may be ei!r writt5 or oral1 b by f> ! great] b5efit to ! /ud5t ( argum5tation results f ! deliv]y ( oral argum5ts1 = x is 9 ?is =m t he w be mo/ frequ5tly rail$ ^u to use 8 skill4 ,debat+ is ! oral pres5tation ( argum5ts "u su* conditions t ea* speak] may reply directly to ! argum5ts ( ! oppos+ speak]4 ,! debate is op5$ by ! fir/ speak] = ! affirmative4 ,he is !n foll[$ by ! fir/ speak] = ! negative1 ea* side speak+ alt]nately until ea* man has pres5t$ 8 ma9 spee*4 ,aft] all ! ma9 spee*es h be5 deliv]$ ! negative op5s ! rebuttal4 ,! speak]s 9 rebuttal alt]nate negative & affirmative4 ,?is ord] gives ! clos+ spee* to ! affirmative4 ,practice 9 ?is k9d ( =mal debate %\ld g h& 9 h& ) ! /udy ( ! text aft] ! fir/ five *apt]s h be5 ma/]$4 ,! fir/ argum5ts1 h[ev]1 %\ld be individual argum5ts writt5 out = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! /ud5t to apply ! rules reg>d+ _! =m & developm5t4 ,a proposition 9 argum5tation is ! =mal /atem5t ( a subject = debate4 ,x beg9s ) ! ^w 8,resolv$10--foll[$ by ! /atem5t ( ! subject matt] ( ! controv]sy1 & word$ 9 accordance ) ! rules laid d[n 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 =mal debate x is always express$2 z = example1 8,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive income tax40 ,9 o!r =ms ( argum5tation x may be only impli$1 z 9 ! case ( ! salesman sell+ goods1 ! /ud5t solicit+ subscriptions1 ! bus9ess man argu+ = consolidation1 or ! politician plead+ = re=m4 ,nev]!less1 x is always advisable = ! speak] or writ] to h cle>ly 9 m9d a def9ite proposition z a basis ^u :i* to build 8 argum5t4 ,! proposition = ! salesman might be1 8,resolv$1 t ,james ,fox ought to buy a piano20 = ! /ud5t solicitor1 8,resolv$1 t ,george ,cl>k ought to give t5 doll>s to ! a?letic fund20 = ! bus9ess man1 8,resolv$1 t all firms engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es %\ld consolidate20 & = ! politician1 8,resolv$1 t ! t>iff s*$ule on necess>ies %\ld be l[]$40 ,?is fram+ ( a def9ite1 cle>-cut proposition w prev5t w&]+ f ! subject & give to ! argum5t ! qualities ( cle>ness1 unity1 & relevancy4 ,ref]r+ to ! def9ition ) :i* ?is *apt] op5$ ! /ud5t %\ld note t x def9es argum5tation z an art4 ,:ile x is true t argum5tation mu/ be direct$ 9 accordance ) sci5tific pr9ciples1 & :ile x is also true t x has an intimate relation ) ! sci5ce ( logic1 yet x is prim>ily an art 9 :i* skill1 tact1 diplomacy1 & ! f9] s5sibilities mu/ be utiliz$ to _! fulle/ ext5t4 ,9 ?is respect argum5tation is an art z truly z music1 sculpture1 poetry1 or pa9t+4 ,! successful debat] mu/ be a ma/] ( ?is art if he hopes to conv9ce & p]suade real m5 to 8 way ( ?9k+ & ?us to direct _! action4 ,,ii4 ,! object ( argum5tation4 ,! object ( argum5tation is n only to induce o!rs to accept our op9ions & beliefs 9 reg>d to any disput$ matt]1 b to induce !m to act 9 accordance ) our op9ions & beliefs4 ,! end ( argum5tation is action4 ,! =m :i* ?is action is to take dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! disput$ matt]4 ,x may be only an action ( ! m9d result+ 9 a def9ite belief :i* w ex]t an influ5ce 9 ! _w = good or evil4 ,x may be ! desire ( ! "o :o argues to p]suade 8 he>]s to advocate 8 op9ions & beliefs & ?us spread 8 doctr9es to _m o!r individuals4 ,x may be t "s m decid$ physical action is desir$1 su* z ! ca/+ ( a vote1 or ! pur*ase ( a c]ta9 article or commodity4 ,x may be ! tak+ up ( arms aga9/ a /ate1 race1 or nation1 or ! pursuit ( a def9ite l9e ( conduct ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! life ( ! individual address$4 ,^! & _m o!r phases ( action may be ! objects ( ! debat]4 ,,iii4 ,educational importance ( argum5tation4 ,f ! /&po9t ( m5tal discipl9e no /udy (f]s m practical tra9+ ?an does argum5tation4 ,x cultivates t comm& ( feel+ & conc5tration ( ?\ght :i* keeps ! m9d heal?ily active4 ,! value ( ?is k9d ( m5tal ex]cise _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,especially is x valuable :5 ! argum5ts are pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a debate1 9 :i* ! speak] is assign$ to def5d a def9ite position & mu/ reply to attacks made on t position4 ,su* "w br+s =? ! be/ p[]s ( m9d possess$ by ! /ud5t4 ,x cultivates quickness ( ?\ght1 & ! ability to meet m5 on _! own gr\nd & conduct a successful enc\nt] on ! battlefield ( ideas4 ,ano!r faculty ( m9d :i* debat+ develops is tact 9 ! selection & pres5tation ( mat]ial4 ,s9ce ! object ( debate is action1 x is n en\gh t ! speak] %[ 8 position to be ! correct "o4 ,he mu/ d m ?an ?is2 he mu/ make ! he>] desire to act 9 accordance ) t position4 ,o!rwise ! speak] w be 9 ! same position z ! savage :o induces 8 fell[s to con=m to 8 ideas by ! use ( a club1--! mom5t ! influ5ce ( ! club is remov$ ! subject imm$iately rev]ts to 8 =m] habits ( ?\ght & action4 ,if y conv9ce a man t he is wrong by ! m]e =ce ( argum5t1 he may be unable to answ] y\r argum5t b he w feel l a man :o has be5 :ipp$ 9 a physical enc\nt]--?\gh te*nically defeat$ he /ill holds to 8 =m] op9ions4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ! old say+ t1 8,he :o is conv9c$ aga9/ 8 w is ( ! same op9ion /ill40 ,!re=e1 ! debat] mu/ d m ?an m]ely conv9ce 8 he>]2 he mu/ p]suade him4 ,he mu/ appeal to ! reason1 x is true1 b he mu/ also appeal to ! emotions 9 su* a way z to p]suade 8 he>] to take "s def9ite action 9 reg>d to ! subject ( dispute4 ,?us !re are two ?+s :i* ! debat] mu/ attempt--conviction & p]suasion4 ,if he conv9ces 8 he>] )\t p]suad+ him1 no action is likely to foll[4 ,if he p]suades 8 he>] by appeal+ to 8 emotions1 ! effect ( 8 ef=ts w be %ort liv$4 ,!re=e1 ! debat] mu/ tra9 himself to p]suade 8 he>] to act 9 accordance ) 8 wi%es z well z to f9d reasons = su* action & give !m4 ,f9ally1 debat+ cultivates ! ability to use cle> & =cible language4 ,practice ( ?is k9d gives ! /ud5t a weal? ( expression & a comm& ( language :i* is n o!rwise possible4 ,! obligation to reply directly to "o's oppon5ts makes x necess>y = ! /ud5t to h su* comm& ( 8 mat]ial t he c make x apply directly to ! argum5ts he has j he>d4 ,! educational value ( debat+ is great] ?an t ( any o!r =m ( oral or writt5 composition because x cultivates3 7#a7 ,! comm& ( feel+ & conc5tration ( ?\ght :i* keep ! m9d heal?ily active1 7#b7 ,! ability to /ate a cle>-cut proposition1 & to analyze x ke5ly by sift+ ! ess5tial f ! trivial1 ?us reveal+ ! real po9t at issue1 7#c7 ,! ability to f9d reasons & give !m1 7#d7 ,! p[] to /ate facts & conditions ) t tact & diplomacy :i* success dem&s1 7#e7 ,! p[] to p]suade z well z conv9ce1 7#f7 ,! p[] ( cle> & =cible expression4 ,c]ta9ly any subject :i* t5ds to develop ^! qualities ought to receive ! mo/ c>eful att5tion ( ! /ud5t4 ,,iv4 ,practical importance ( argum5tation4 ,f ! practical /&po9t no /udy (f]s bett] prep>ation = ! ev]yday affairs ( life ?an does argum5tation & debate4 ,success 9 life is l>gely a matt] ( r$uc+ e situation to a def9ite1 cle>-cut proposition1 analyz+ t proposition or pick+ out ! ma9 po9ts at issue1 & !n direct+ "o's ef=ts to ! solution ( ! problem ?us reveal$4 ,to be m concrete3 ,"o "y man accepts ! fir/ situation :i* is br\ght to 8 notice :5 he graduates1 & /ays 9 a m$iocre position = ye>s2 ano!r "y man ?9ks c>efully ov] ! matt]1 picks out a place :]e he is mo/ likely to succe$1 & secures rapid promotion4 ,in/ances might be multipli$ indef9itely to %[ ! practical value ( argum5tative tra9+4 ,! man :o is an exp]t 9 ! use ( argum5t holds ! ma/] key to success 9 all l9es4 ,x is an invaluable asset to e "o :o has to deal ) practical affairs4 ,x matt]s n :e!r y are to address "o individual or a ?\s&--:e!r y wi% to p]suade to a c]ta9 c\rse ( action1 y\r employ]1 a committee1 a bo>d ( directors1 a t[n c\ncil1 ! s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or an auditorium full ( p1 k ( ! use & application ( ! rules ( argum5tation1 & good tra9+ 9 ! art ( debate is a mo/ valuable asset4 ,! bus9ess _w1 ! pr(essional _w1 & ! political _w eag]ly welcome ! man :o c ?9k & :o c effectively pres5t 8 ?\ghts4 ,9 e bus9ess1 9 e pr(ession1 & 9 e dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t ! skill$ debat] becomes ! lead] ( m54 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,proposition ,i4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! proposition4 ,argum5tation dem&s a def9ite concrete subject4 ,?is subject mu/ be "o ab\t :i* !re is a dispute2 z = example1 ! liquor "q4 ,!re is a great controv]sy z to :at ought to be done 9 ?is matt]4 ,_m p cont5d t ,prohibition1 or ! absolute =bidd+ ( ! mak+ or sell+ ( all intoxicat+ liquors1 is ! be/ me?od ( proc$ure4 ,on ! o!r h& _m p cont5d t ,high ,lic5se1 or ! regulat+ ( ! sale ( su* liquor1 is ! be/ me?od ( proc$ure4 ,?is is a prop] subject = a writt5 argum5t or an oral debate1 because ! writ] or speak] may take ei!r ,prohibition or ,high ,lic5se & %[ :y1 & 9 :at way1 x w\ld b5efit ! community4 ,if he def5ds ,prohibition he mu/ prove t x w b5efit ! community m ?an ,high ,lic5se4 ,if he def5ds ,high ,lic5se he mu/ prove t x w b5efit ! community m ?an ,prohibition4 ,?is example illu/rates :at is meant by a def9ite1 concrete subject ab\t :i* !re is a dispute4 ,9 select+ a subject = debate ! foll[+ requirem5ts %\ld be c>efully obs]v$3 #a4 ,! subject mu/ be int]e/+4 ,! subject mu/ be "o 9 :i* bo? speak] & audi5ce h a real int]e/4 ,if ! argum5t is writt5 ! subject mu/ be "o 9 :i* ! read]s are int]e/$4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 ! "q select$ %\ld be practical r ?an !oretical4 ,t is1 x %\ld be a "q ! f9al det]m9ation ( :i* w affect ! welf>e ( ! individual1 ! community1 or ! nation4 ,no long] c int]e/ be ar\s$ 9 a discussion ( :e!r ! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword1 or :e!r fire is m de/ructive ?an wat]4 ,objectionable 9 l mann] are ! foll[+ que/ions tak5 f a book on debat+ publi%$ 9 #ahfi3 8,:o is ! mo/ useful to society3 ! f>m] or ! me*anic801 8,f :i* d we d]ive ! greate/ am\nt ( pleasure3 hope or memory801 8,are lawy]s a b5efit or a curse to society801 8,is !re m pleasure 9 ! pursuit ?an 9 ! possession ( a desir$ object801 8,:o mo/ des]ves ! e/eem ( mank9d3 ! poet1 ! /atesman1 or ! w>rior801 & 8,:e!r !re is m pleasure d]iv$ f ! eye or ! e>80 ,^! & all simil> subjects %\ld be avoid$ *iefly because !y lack int]e/1 s9ce no practical result c foll[ _! det]m9ation4 ,z well might "o try to int]e/ a mod]n audi5ce 9 ! discussions ( ! anci5t s*oolm51 :o grew eloqu5t ov] a dispute z to h[ _m angels c\ld dance on ! po9t ( a ne$le1 :e!r !re c\ld be two hills )\t an int]v5+ valley1 & :e!r ,god c\ld make a y>d/ick ) only "o end4 ,if m5 are to be int]e/$ ! speak] or writ] mu/ get close to ! que/ions :i* affect _! ev]yday life at home & at "w4 ,if he does ?is & 8 ideas are wor? def5d+ he w always f9d will+ he>]s & read]s4 ,among int]e/+ subjects = debate1 que/ions ( a local "* hold an important place4 ,! advisability ( build+ a t[n hall1 an a?letic field1 or a new bridge is v (t5 m productive ( g5u9e int]e/ ?an "s weighty problem ( national politics4 ,su* que/ions come close to ! tax-pay]s & resid5ts ( any community1 & at ! same "t appeal to _! pride1 prejudice1 & ambition4 ,if ! /ud5t w b look ab\t him he w f9d an abundance ( controv]t$ local matt] :i* w furni% excell5t subjects = oral or writt5 argum5ts4 ,aft] ! /ud5t has exhau/$ local subjects he may turn 8 att5tion to ! broad] controv]sies ( /ate & nation4 ,"h ! que/ions ( taxation1 t>iff1 comm]ce1 & int]national affairs af=d ample scope = ! full developm5t ( ! debat]'s p[]s4 ,! li/ ( subjects 9 ! app5dix may be f\nd helpful 9 mak+ a prop] selection1 b pref]5ce %\ld always be giv5 to que/ions 9 :i* ! p at l>ge are %[+ an active int]e/ at ! "t ( ! debate4 ,:at ?is int]e/ is may be det]m9$ by consult+ ! curr5t numb]s ( ! mo/ widely circulat+ magaz9es & newspap]s1 su* z ! 8,indep5d5t10 8,nation10 8,h>p]'s ,weekly10 & ! v>i\s city newspap]s4 #b4 ,subjects = fir/ practice %\ld be ^? ( :i* ! debat] has a g5]al k3 ,s9ce ! object ( ! fir/ few debates is to make ! /ud5t famili> ) rules & =ms1 ! subjects *os5 %\ld be )9 ! range ( 8 in=mation & exp]i5ce4 ,= ?is purpose subjects ( a local "* are be/ adapt$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld h _h "s actual practice 9 debat+ be=e he attempts to take up que/ions :i* require ext5d$ inve/igation4 ,su* propositions z ^? relat+ to ! t>iff1 taxation1 municipal problems1 & ,f$]al control ( indu/rial & comm]cial activities %\ld be res]v$ = m mature ef=ts4 ,! foll[+ subjects are fair examples ( desirable que/ions = fir/ practice3 7#a7 ,%\ld /ud5ts :o atta9 a rank ( n9ety p] c5t1 or high]1 9 _! daily "w be excus$ f exam9ations81 7#b7 ,%\ld gymnasium "w be made compulsory81 7#c7 ,%\ld fir/ ye> /ud5ts at ---- be all[$ to engage 9 int]collegiate a?letics81 7#d7 ,%\ld ! class ru%es at ! beg9n+ ( ! college ye> be discont9u$81 7#e7 ,%\ld ! game ( football be aboli%$8 #c4 ,! subject mu/ be debatable4 ,if ! fir/ two requirem5ts 9 reg>d to ! *oos+ ( a subject are obs]v$ x is n probable t ! "q w be undebatable4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce x is always advisable to keep z f> z may be f "o-sid$ que/ions1 x is well to give ?is requirem5t "s consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! "q mu/ n be obvi\sly true or obvi\sly false4 ,! cle>e/ examples ( subjects objectionable because obvi\sly true are f\nd 9 geometry4 ,x is pla9 t an intellig5t debate _c be held on ! proposition1 8,resolv$1 t ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle is always equal to two "r angles40 ,equally useless f ! /&po9t ( argum5tation is x to dispute t 8,all m5 are mortal10 t 8,huxley 0 a great sci5ti/10 or t 8,heal? is m desirable ?an sickness40 ,nev]!less que/ions j z obvi\s z ^! are sometimes debat$ because _! real "* is conceal$ "u cov] ( confus$ language4 ,! foll[+ "q is a good example ( ?is1 8,resolv$1 t brea* ( tru/ 9 high (fice is repreh5sible40 ,a mom5t's ?\ght w conv9ce ! read] t su* a proposition is n debatable because obvi\sly true4 ,on ! o!r h& propositions :i* are obvi\sly false are sometimes word$ s z to h an appe>ance ( validity4 ,su* is ! foll[+1 8,resolv$1 t ! only way to b5efit humanity is to de/roy ! tru/s40 ,to prove ?is proposition x is necess>y to %[ t education1 religion1 & comm]ce _c be made to b5efit humanity4 ,! proposition is n debatable because x is obvi\sly false4 ,9 ! second place1 ! "q mu/ be "o :i* is capable ( approximate pro(4 ,x is n debatable if x _c be prov$ approximately true or false4 ,! debat] mu/ be able1 by means ( reason+ bas$ ^u ! facts ( ! case1 to arrive at a conclusion ei!r = or aga9/ ! proposition4 ,to make ?is possible1 !re mu/ be a common /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,?is common /&>d does n exi/ 9 ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t ! lawy] is ( m use to society ?an ! doctor10 because _! "w is entirely unlike & bo? are necess>y to ! well-be+ ( mod]n society4 ,on ! o!r h& x does exi/ 9 ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t ,f$]al control ( life insurance companies is pref]able to ,/ate control40 ,?is "q h+es on ! comp>ative effici5cy ( ! two means ( control1 namely1--,f$]al & ,/ate1 bo? ( :i* are gov]nm5tal 9 "*4 ,!re=e a common /&>d ( comp>ison exi/s :i* enables ! debat] to %[ :y "o or ! o!r me?od %\ld be adopt$4 ,?us f> we h dealt ) ! subject-matt] ( ! proposition & h se5 t x mu/ meet ! ?ree =ego+ requirem5ts4 ,we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to ! phras+ ( ?is subject 9 su* a way t x w =m a suitable proposition = debate4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,subject-,,matt] ,,( ,a ,,proposition #a4 ,! subject mu/ be int]e/+4 #b4 ,subjects = fir/ practice %\ld be ^? ( :i* ! debat] has a g5]al k4 #c4 ,! subject mu/ be debatable4 ,,ii4 ,! word+ ( ! proposition4 ,to ^? unfamili> ) ! art ( debate x (t5 seems t :5 ! subject is *os5 b a mom5t's "t is requir$ to :ip x into ! =m ( an acceptable proposition = a debate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case2 ! "w is only half done4 ,aft] an int]e/+1 suitable1 & debatable subject has be5 *os5 !re /ill rema9s ! important task ( express+ t subject 9 prop] =m4 ,! subject = debate %\ld be /at$ 9 ! =m ( a resolution4 ,"o =m ( su* resolution w\ld be1 8,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive income tax40 ,a m]e /atem5t ( ! subject is n en\gh4 ,"o may write a description ( 8,! ,panama ,canal10 or a n>rative on 8,! ,adv5tures ( a ,civil ,eng9e] 9 ,panama10 or an exposition on 8,! ,co/ ( ,build+ ! ,panama ,canal10 b = an argum5t "o mu/ take "o side or ! o!r ( a resolution1 z = example1 8,resolv$1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld =tify ! ,panama ,canal40 ,?is resolution is usually t]m$ ! ,proposition1 & corresponds to ! motion1 resolution1 or bill pres5t$ 9 delib]ative assemblies su* z /ate legislatures or ! bran*es ( ,congress4 ,! proposition mu/ conta9 "o def9ite issue4 ,9 x !re mu/ be no ambigu\s words or phrases4 ,o!rwise ! debate is liable to deg5]ate into a m]e quibble ov] words or a dispute z to ! mean+ ( ! proposition4 ,h5ce no issues w be squ>ely jo9$ & aft] ! debate is ov]1 nei!r ! debat]s1 ! judges1 nor ! audi5ce w feel satisfi$ or h reason to believe t any progress has be5 made t[>d a "r solution ( ! "q4 ,! proposition = debate %\ld be word$ 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ rules3 #a4 ,! proposition %\ld be s n>r[$ z to embody only "o c5tral idea4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re is always a t5d5cy to make ! proposition cov] too broad a field4 ,?is is r a defect ( word+ ?an ( subject-matt]4 ,let u take a proposition :i* is too broad1 & n>r[ x s t x w conta9 b a s+le idea4 ,= ?is purpose we may select ! proposition1 8,resolv$1 t fre%m5 %\ld n be p]mitt$ to take "p 9 a?letics40 ,z x /&s1 ?is proposition includes all fre%m5 ev]y:]e & prohibits !m f tak+ "p 9 a?letics ( e k9d4 ,9 o!r words ! field :i* x cov]s is too broad4 ,! proposition treats ( two ?+s1 fre%m5 & a?letics4 ,let u fir/ make ! provision 9 reg>d to fre%m5 def9ite1 t is1 n>r[ x d[n to a field ) def9ite limits4 ,we c d ?is by mak+ x apply only to ! fre%m5 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity or ( any o!r specifi$ in/itution4 ,?us ! collect+ ( mat]ial z well z ! det]m9ation ( ! issues involv$ becomes a mu* simpl] matt]4 ,9 ! second place let u make ! provision 9 reg>d to a?letics m def9ite4 ,z ! proposition /&s x excludes fre%m5 f all a?letics :atsoev]1 includ+ int]-class & int]-society z well z int]collegiate4 ,"h aga9 ! field is too wide & "s re/riction mu/ be plac$ ^u ! subject-matt]4 ,!re=e we ins]t ! ^w 8int]collegiate0 be=e ! ^w 8a?letics0 9 ord] t ! field = discussion may be n>r[$ d[n to a s+le1 def9ite issue4 ,) ^! modifications ! proposition n[ /&s1 8,resolv$1 t fre%m5 at ,columbia ,univ]sity %\ld n be p]mitt$ to take "p 9 int]collegiate a?letics10 :i* is an entirely satisfactory proposition because x n>r[s ! field ( discussion to "o def9ite1 c5tral idea4 ,?\gh ?is difficulty w d\btless pres5t itself 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 ! pr9ciples /at$ above z well z ! illu/ration1 if kept 9 m9d by ! /ud5t1 w enable him to keep cle> ( ?is fault4 #b4 ,! proposition %\ld be /at$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,! fir/ argum5t is always pres5t$ by ! affirmative4 ,^u ! affirmative re/s ! burd5 ( pro( & if ! affirmative proves no?+ ! decision goes to ! negative4 8,he :o affirms mu/ prove40 ,! affirmative has ! burd5 ( prov+ ! proposition to be true1 ! negative t ( prov+ x false4 ,!re=e ! proposition mu/ be word$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,?is insures t "s progress w h be5 made at ! end ( ! fir/ spee*4 ,! burd5 ( pro( re/s ^u ! p>ty :o has ! risk ( non-p]suasion4 ,! risk ( non-p]suasion re/s ^u ! p>ty :o w\ld fail if no evid5ce 7 introduc$4 ,we h se5 t ! affirmative w\ld fail if no evid5ce 7 introduc$1 because he :o alleges mu/ prove4 ,!re=e ! risk ( non-p]suasion re/s on ! affirmative4 ,to be m concrete1 if y are attempt+ to prove to a fri5d t he ought to d 7or ought n to d7 a c]ta9 ?+1 y take ! risk ( n p]suad+ him to d ! ?+ t y ask1 i4 e4 ! risk ( non-p]suasion is on y4 ,likewise ! salesman :o approa*es a cu/om] ) ! purpose ( sell+ him a bill ( goods incurs ?is same risk ( non-p]suasion1 because he may n be able to induce ! cu/om] to buy4 ,s9ce1 z 9 ! above cases1 ! affirmative mu/ be giv5 a *ance to prove some?+ be=e ! negative c reply1 ! proposition %\ld always be word$ 9 ! affirmative4 #c4 ,! proposition %\ld conta9 no ambigu\s words4 ,aft] ! proposition has be5 n>r[$ d[n to a s+le idea & has !n be5 /at$ 9 ! affirmative1 x %\ld be c>efully scrut9iz$ 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r x conta9s any ambigu\s words4 ,ambigu\s words h a mean+ s broad t !y may be tak5 9 m ?an "o s5se4 ,su* a ^w is 8,an>*i/40 ,?is ^w may ref] to a lawless individual b5t on assass9ation1 or to a peaceable individual :o has m]ely ! beliefs ( an an>*i/ ) no int5tion ( putt+ !m into practice4 ,almo/ all g5]al t]ms su* z 8,an>*i/10 8,monroe ,doctr9e10 8,civilization10 8,policy10 & 8,tru/s10 %\ld be avoid$ because !y t5d to make ! proposition ambigu\s4 ,:5 su* t]ms are us$ !y %\ld be almo/ inv>iably accompani$ by explanatory words4 ,! words select$ = use 9 ! proposition %\ld h b "o mean+ & %\ld be s pla9 t !re c be no reasonable dispute z to _! significance4 ,if ?is rule is n compli$ ) ! discussion w become a fooli% quibble ov] ! mean+ ( ! proposition r ?an an intellig5t debate ^u ! m]its ( ! "q4 ,9 ! "q1 8,resolv$1 t tru/s %\ld be suppress$ by law10 !re are ?ree ambigu\s words1 7#a7 tru/s1 7#b7 suppress$1 & 7#c7 law4 ,:ile ^! words may n be ambigu\s 9 ord9>y speak+ or writ+1 !y are n suffici5tly def9ite to be us$ 9 a proposition4 ,! ^w 8,tru/0 has sev]al mean+s & sev]al %ades ( mean+4 ,among ^! is ! mean+ :i* has rec5tly be5 giv5 to x1 indicat+ a comb9ation ( firms engag$ 9 "s special l9e ( bus9ess1 z = example1 8,! ,sug> ,tru/01 8,! ,oil ,tru/01 8,! ,/eel ,tru/01 etc4 ,ev5 ?is "o mean+ has diff]5t v>iations4 ,! t]m 8tru/0 z us$ 9 ?is s5se may ref] to a m]e comb9ation ( manufactur]s1 to a monopoly1 or to a monopoly 9 re/ra9t ( trade4 ,9 ord] to make ! mean+ ( ! proposition cle> we may /rike out ! ambigu\s t]m 8tru/s0 & ins]t 8monopolies 9 re/ra9t ( trade40 ,! ^w 8suppress$0 9 ?is connection may h two well def9$ mean+s4 ,x may mean ei!r de/ruction or regulation4 ,if ! int5t is t ! "q %all h+e on :e!r or n monopolies 9 re/ra9t ( trade %\ld be de/roy$ or wip$ out altoge!r1 ! ^w 8dissolv$0 or 8de/roy$0 %\ld be us$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is int5d$ t ! issue %all be :e!r su* organizations be all[$ to exi/ 9 _! pres5t =m1 b subject to gov]nm5tal regulation :i* w suppress _! evil effects on trade1 ! ^w 8regulat$0 %\ld be us$4 ,= ! purpose 9 h& let u *oose ! latt] mean+4 ,! t]m 8law0 is also some:at ambigu\s1 because !re is m ?an "o legal ag5cy :i* c\ld deal ) su* organizations4 ,!re=e we w make pla9 :i* ag5cy is int5d$ by modify+ ! ^w 8law0 by ! ^w 8,f$]al40 ,?is makes ! proposition1 z correct$1 read1 8,resolv$1 t monopolies 9 re/ra9t ( trade %\ld be regulat$ by ,f$]al law40 ,! proposition z ?us word$ is fairly free f ambiguity & leaves little opportunity = quibbl+ ov] ! mean+ ( ! words 9 :i* x is /at$4 ,! proposition mu/ be s word$ z to h ! same mean+ = bo? ! affirmative & ! negative1 & ?is mean+ mu/ be absolutely cle> & unambigu\s4 #d4 ,! proposition %\ld be word$ z briefly & simply z is consi/5t ) ! =ego+ requirem5ts4 ,aft] ! proposition has be5 word$ 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ rules x %\ld be c>efully scrut9iz$ to det]m9e :e!r or n !re is a simpl] =m 9 :i* x may be ca/ )\t sacrific+ any ( its excell5cies4 ,! simpl] ! word+ ( ! proposition ! easi] w be ! "w ( det]m9+ ! ma9 issues & ! subsequ5t "w ( prep>+ ! argum5t4 ,9 deal+ ) broad g5]al problems su* z que/ions ( f9ance1 comm]ce1 & taxation1 x sometimes happ5s t "s issue is br\ght 9 :i* is aside f ! real m]its ( ! controv]sy & yet s vitally connect$ ) x z to be logically insep>able4 ,ei!r side may pres5t su* mat]ial1 ) disa/r\s results if _! oppon5ts h dealt solely ) ! real m]its ( ! controv]sy4 ,an in/ance ( ?is difficulty appe>$ 9 ! debates ( "o ( ! ,int]-,/ate leagues4 ,= ?ree or f\r successive ye>s ! que/ions *os5 = ! annual debates 7 ( ! "* indicat$ above4 ,9 _m ( ! debates "o or ! o!r side ( ! controv]sy w\ld br+ up ! con/itutionality ( ! propos$ measures4 ,! *>ge w\ld be made t ! proposition c\ld n be decid$ 9 ! affirmative because ! propos$ measure 0 contr>y to ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 almo/ e case ?is "q vitally affect$ ! f9al adoption ( ! resolution1 al?\gh x c\ld well be exclud$ f a discussion on ! m]its ( ! problem4 ,! "q 0 especially exasp]at+1 inasmu* z ! judges = ! debates 7 almo/ always select$ f ! b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! /ates compos+ ! league & f ! ,f$]al ,c\rts4 ,x 0 f9ally det]m9$ by ! (ficial bo>d ( ! league to app5d ! phrase 8,con/itutionality conc$$10 to all propositions 9 :i* !re 0 any likelihood t ! "q ( con/itutionality c\ld be made an issue4 ,?us 9 "o in/ance ! proposition adopt$ 01 8,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive inh]itance tax4 ,con/itutionality conc$$40 ,?is did n 9 any way int]f]e ) ! simple word+ ( ! proposition1 & x did effectually prev5t ! debate f h++ on an issue :i* w\ld h prev5t$ a full discussion ( ! m]its ( ! "q4 ,?is me?od ( exclud+ undesirable matt] is pref]able to an attempt to include any re/riction 9 ! body ( ! proposition4 ,! latt] me?od is q likely to lead to difficulties1 9 ! =m ( ambiguities & _! att5dant evils1 almo/ impossible to =esee :5 ! proposition is fram$4 ,9 conclusion1 ! debat] mu/ n =get t "t sp5t 9 select+ a prop] subject & word+ x 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ rules is "t well sp5t4 ,x w make ! great task :i* lies be=e him mu* easi]1 & x w enable him to arrive at def9ite conclusions4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,word+ ,,! ,,proposition #a4 ,! proposition %\ld be s n>r[$ z to embody only "o c5tral idea4 #b4 ,! proposition %\ld be /at$ 9 ! affirmative4 #c4 ,! proposition %\ld conta9 no ambigu\s words4 #d4 ,! proposition %\ld be word$ z briefly & simply z is consi/5t ) ! =ego+ rules4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,select+ ,,& ,,phras+ ,,! ,,proposition #a4 ,write out ?ree propositions 9 accordance ) ! rules /at$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! subject-matt] ( ^! propositions %\ld be purely local 9 "* z sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ & second sections4 #b4 ,phrase1 9 prop] =m1 "o proposition on ea* ( ! foll[+ subjects4 ,a4 ,sunday baseball4 ,b4 ,int]/ate comm]ce4 ,c4 ,labor unions4 ,d4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ators4 ,e4 ,prohibition4 ,f4 ,reciprocity4 #c4 ,apply ! appropriate rules to ea* ( ! foll[+ propositions & po9t out :]e ea* is defective4 ,resolv$1 t-- ,a4 ,we d]ive m pleasure f hope ?an f memory4 ,b4 ,wit & humor are ! same4 ,c4 ,education ought to be compulsory4 ,d4 ,! law is a bett] pr(ession ?an m$ic9e4 ,e4 ,! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy a tax on l>ge incomes & limit ! am\nt ( weal? :i* "o man may possess4 ,f4 ,x is exp$i5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to build a l>g] navy4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,analyz+ ,,! ,,proposition ,i4 ,! importance ( analysis4 ,! subject = argum5t has be5 det]m9$ & x has be5 r$uc$ to a satisfactory proposition4 ,! next /ep is to analyze ?is proposition4 ,x is well to consid] fir/ ! importance ( ?is analysis 9 ord] t its true value may be appreciat$1 & ?is prelim9>y /ep be n pass$ ov] hurri$ly4 ,^u ! success ( ! analysis dep5ds 9 l>ge measure ! success ( ! argum5t4 ,?is is true because ! analysis %[s j :at mu/ be prov$ 9 ord] to su/a9 or ov]?r[ ! proposition4 ,if ! "w has be5 done c>efully ! /ud5t w h confid5ce 9 ! solidity ( 8 argum5t4 ,he _c feel secure if he suspects t 8 analysis is defective4 ,! "q ( analysis is n only ( supreme importance 9 relation to a p>ticul> proposition = discussion1 b x is also ( ! greate/ importance 9 all ! practical affairs ( life4 ,no m5tal quality is s necess>y z ! analytical habit ( m9d4 ,practically all ! m5 :om hi/ory calls great h possess$ 9 a l>ge degree ! habit ( analyz+ ev]y?+4 ,l9coln 0 9 ! habit ( apply+ ?is analytical process n only to great affairs ( /ate b to any?+ & ev]y?+ :i* came b5ea? 8 notice4 ,he analyz$ ! actions ( 8 fell[ m51 ! work+s ( a ma*9e1 ! nature ( moral pr9ciples1 & ! significance ( political movem5ts4 ,he 0 cont9ually p5etrat+ to ! po9t ( ?+s1 visible & invisible1 & lay+ x b>e4 ,ev]y?+ :i* comes up = p]sonal action %\ld be analyz$ & ! vital po9t at issue det]m9$4 ,no?+ %\ld be done bl9dly or 9 a _s ( tru/+ to luck or *ance4 ,in/ead ( vot+ z ! majority seem to be vot+ 9 a class meet+1 analyze ! issue & vote accord+ to ! light reveal$ by t analysis4 ,in/ead ( ent]+ "s bus9ess or pr(ession bl9dly & 9 ! hope t some?+ w turn up1 analyze ! situation & det]m9e rationally :at ought to be done4 ,= ! "r det]m9ation ( ^! practical affairs no bett] prep>ation c be made ?an ! c>eful analysis ( propositions = debate4 ,,ii4 ,ess5tial /eps 9 analysis4 #a4 ,a broad view ( ! subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! /ud5t mu/ "k some?+ ab\t ! subject-matt] ( ! proposition4 ,if ! "q is ( a local "* & "o ) :i* he is famili>1 ! "w ( analysis may be begun at once4 ,! proposition c be scrut9iz$1 its exact mean+ det]m9$1 & ! pro( = its e/abli%m5t or ov]?r[ decid$ ^u4 ,if ! "q be "o ) :i* ! /ud5t is n famili>1 8 fir/ duty is to become acqua9t$ 9 a g5]al way ) ! subject-matt]4 ,he %\ld c>efully exam9e ! proposition to see j :at subject-matt] is includ$ & !n consult someone famili> ) its sub/ance1 or read "s mat]ial :i* appe>s to treat ! subject 9 a g5]al way4 ,"h confusion is likely to result if an attempt is made to sub/itute read+ = ?9k+4 ,! m9d ( ! inve/igator %\ld be kept op51 free1 & indep5d5t4 ,he %\ld n all[ ! op9ions ( m51 ei!r oral or writt51 to cause him to dep>t f ! precise word+ ( ! proposition4 ,8 pres5t object is to det]m9e its limits1 mean+ & significance4 ,:5 a g5]al k ( ! subject has be5 acquir$1 suffici5t to enable ! /ud5t to reason ab\t ! "q1 he %\ld next consid] ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q4 #b4 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q4 ,! mean+ ( a "q mu/ be det]m9$ 9 ! light ( ! conditions :i* gave rise to its discussion4 ,= ?is reason x is well to f9d out j h[ ?is "q came to be a subject ( debate4 ,= example1 ! p ( ?is c\ntry a few ye>s ago 7 debat+ ! proposition1 8,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld control all life insurance companies op]at+ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,to "o unacqua9t$ ) ! facts ( ! case at t "t ! proposition appe>s at fir/ glance to lack po9t4 ,:y %\ld anyone want ,f$]al control ( insurance companies8 ,:at diff]5ce does x make z to :o controls !m or :e!r !y are controll$ at all8 ,^! que/ions are answ]$ directly :5 we come to /udy ! orig9 ( ! proposition4 ,until )9 a few mon?s ( ! discussions no "o _h ?\ght ( debat+ ?is proposition4 ,! insurance companies _h always be5 "u ! control ( ! /ates 9 :i* !y op]at$4 ,!n sudd5ly x came to light t ^! companies 7 grossly mismanag$4 ,di%one/y _h *>act]iz$ ! adm9i/ration ( _! affairs4 ,?is s]v$ to ca/ grave d\bt on ! effici5cy ( /ate control4 ,!re=e ! /rong] arm ( ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t 0 sugge/$ z a rem$y = ! evils :i* ! /ates _h be5 unable to prev5t4 ,! real he>t ( ! controv]sy1 :i* a /udy ( ! orig9 ( ! "q reveal$ 0 8,w ! control ( insurance companies by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t be m effici5t ?an t ex]cis$ by ! /ate gov]nm5ts80 ,?us ! real po9t at issue 0 made cle> ?r\gh ! orig9 ( ! "q4 ,9 ! se>* = ! ma9 issues1 ! hi/ory ( ! "q is (t5 important4 ,h[ev]1 ! t5d5cy ( ! inexp]i5c$ debat] is to dwell too long ^u ?is "p ( ! argum5t4 ,actual practice (t5 reveals ! fact t su* a hi/ory causes ! audi5ce or read] to lose int]e/4 ,?is is especially true if its be>+ on ! argum5t is n imm$iately %[n4 ,! hi/ory ( ! "q %\ld1 h[ev]1 receive s]i\s consid]ation1 & any facts :i* be> directly ^u its solution %\ld be /at$ 9 brief & concise =m4 ,:5 ! "q has und]gone a *ange because ( %ift+ conditions1 its hi/ory becomes especially important4 ,v (t5 ! orig9al significance ( a controv]sy becomes entirely *ang$ by subsequ5t happ5+s4 ,9 su* a case ! hi/ory ( ! "q %\ld be resort$ to = ! purpose ( f9d+ out ! *anges ?r\gh :i* ! orig9al dispute has pass$ & det]m9+ ! exact issues involv$ at ! pres5t "t4 #c4 ,def9ition ( t]ms4 ,be=e proce$+ f>!r x is well to exam9e ea* ^w 9 ! proposition4 ,n[ t a g5]al idea ( ! significance ( ! proposition has be5 obta9$1 & ! ma9 po9t ( ! controv]sy rea*$ ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q1 ! task ( def9+ t]ms may be und]tak5 9 an intellig5t mann]4 ,let x be und]/ood at ! outset t a diction>y def9ition is n satisfactory4 ,a diction>y gives e mean+ :i* c be atta*$ to a giv5 ^w & ?us cov]s a broad1 g5]al field4 ,b :5 a ^w is us$ 9 a proposition = debate x is us$ 9 a special & re/rict$ s5se4 ,! mean+ dep5ds l>gely on ! context ( ! proposition4 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q1 ! mean+ :i* exp]t writ]s on ?is p>ticul> subject h atta*$ to ! words1 & ! pres5t conditions mu/ be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ ! precise mean+ ( ! t]ms4 ,! words ( a proposition :i* ne$ def9ition are v (t5 s gr\p$ t ! mean+ ( a phrase or comb9ation ( words tak5 z a :ole mu/ be det]m9$4 ,"h x is pla9 t diction>y def9itions1 ev5 if satisfactory 9 o!r respects1 w\ld be entirely inadequate4 ,9 ! "q 9 ! la/ *apt]1 8,resolv$1 t monopolies 9 re/ra9t ( trade %\ld be regulat$ by ,f$]al law10 we f9d a necessity = ! def9ition ( bo? a t]m & a phrase4 ,! t]m 8regulate0 may n 9 ?is in/ance be giv5 ! broad mean+ :i* a diction>y def9ition atta*es to x4 ,we mu/ fir/ look at ! context ( ! proposition 9 ord] to f9d out to :at field ( au?ority we %\ld g = a prop] def9ition4 ,! proposition specifi$ regulation by ,f$]al law2 !re=e we mu/ g to ! law = our def9ition ( ! t]m :i* indicates ! action ! law is to take4 ,b ev5 "h we ne$ n be satisfi$ ) ! broad legal def9ition ( ! t]m 8regulate40 ,! field includ$ by ! "q is obvi\sly a comm]cial field4 ,! ag5cies :i* w\ld come "u ?is regulation are = ! mo/ "p engag$ 9 int]/ate comm]ce4 ,!re=e ! p[] to regulate w\ld be plac$ "u t clause ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution :i* expressly gives ,congress ! p[] to regulate comm]ce4 ,we may !n rely ^u ! def9ition :i* ! c\rts h plac$ ^u ! t]m 8regulate0 :5 us$ 9 ?is connection4 ,by consult+ ,black's ,con/itutional ,law1#a an em95t au?ority on ?is subject1 we f9d t ! p[] to 8regulate0 has nev] be5 held to include ! p[] to de/roy4 ,?is elim9ates a possible mean+4 ,by consult+ "s ( ! decisions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts 9 :i* ?is t]m has be5 def9$1 we are giv5 to und]/& t to 8regulate0 comm]ce implies t 8an int5tion to promote & facilitate x1 & n to hamp] or de/roy x1 is naturally to be attribut$ to ,congress40 7,texas ,p4 ,r4 ,co4 v4 ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 #afb ,u4 ,s41 #aig2 ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission v4 ,alabama ,midl& ,ry4 ,co41 #gd ,f$41 #gae74 ,!re=e we are w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t to 8regulate0 9 ?is proposition means su* control by ! ,f$]al law z w promote ! be/ comm]cial int]e/s ( ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,footnote #a3 ,p4 #aid4 ,x is ?us se5 t bo? ! def9ition ( ! t]m & ! s\rce f :i* x is tak5 are det]m9$ by ! context ( ! proposition4 ,if ! context ( ! proposition %[s t legal def9itions are requir$1 legal au?orities mu/ be consult$4 ,if ! context ( ! proposition %[s t an economic def9ition is requir$1 economic au?orities %\ld be consult$4 ,9 :atev] field ( k ! context ( ! proposition lies1 ! au?oritative def9itions g5]ally accept$ 9 ^! bran*es ( le>n+ %\ld be consult$4 ,9 def9+ ! phrase 8monopolies 9 re/ra9t ( trade0 ! /ud5t %\ld consult ! same class ( au?orities utiliz$ 9 def9+ ! t]m 8regulate40 ,! g5]ally accept$ def9itions us$ by prom95t writ]s may be reli$ ^u ) safety1 s9ce !y are usually tak5 directly f au?oritative reports & decisions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important requisites ( a def9ition is t x be reasonable4 ,x mu/ appe>1 9 ! light ( all ! circum/ances ( ! case1 to be ! mo/ obvi\s & natural def9ition :i* c possibly be produc$4 ,9 no case mu/ x appe> t ! speak] or writ] has labori\sly se>*$ = a def9ition :i* w con=m to 8 view ( ! proposition4 ,equally fatal is a highly te*nical def9ition :i* ignores its evid5t mean+4 ,no trick]y bas$ ^u a te*nicality %\ld be tol]at$4 ,! def9ition pres5t$ mu/ be s reasonable t ev]yone conc]n$ 7) ! possible exception ( "o's oppon5ts7 w will+ly admit its validity4 #d4 ,n>r[+ ! "q4 ,! next /ep 9 ! analysis ( ! "q is to n>r[ x d[n to ! po9ts :i* mu/ be prov$4 ,n[ t ! mean+ ( ! "q is well und]/ood ?is task ought n to be difficult4 ,nev]!less x dem&s ! mo/ e>ne/ ef=ts ( ! /ud5t4 ,!re are two /eps 9 ?is process1 7a7 ,exclud+ irrelevant matt]1 7b7 ,admitt+ matt]s n vital to ! argum5t4 7a7 ,exclud+ irrelevant matt]4 ,! fir/ task is to cut away all surplusage4 ,! proposition z x n[ /&s1 %\ld be closely exam9$ 9 ord] to det]m9e j :at mu/ be prov$4 ,nei!r ! affirmative nor ! negative %\ld und]take ! burd5 ( prov+ m ?an is necess>y4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t ,prohibition is pref]able to ,high ,lic5se10 x is n necess>y = ! affirmative to prove t temp]ance is a virtue4 ,! task be=e ^! debat]s is to %[ only t prohibition is pref]able to high lic5se z a me?od ( deal+ ) ! liquor traffic4 ,x is n necess>y = ! negative to attempt to prove t temp]ance is n a virtue2 _! task is to %[ only t high lic5se is pref]able to prohibition4 ,x is true t temp]ance z an ab/ract virtue is v closely relat$ to ! subject-matt] ( ! proposition1 b x is n "o ( ! real po9ts at issue4 ,:5 ! "q has be5 n>r[$ d[n to ! me?od ( deal+ ) ! liquor traffic1 ea* side may prove ?is po9t 9 ! way :i* appe>s mo/ effective4 ,ea* may ass]t t its me?od ( control is pref]able because !ory & practice %[ x to be bett] = 7a7 social1 7b7 political1 & 7c7 economic reasons4 ,any o!r division ( ! subject :i* seems effective may be adopt$4 ,x is evid5t f ! above illu/ration t c]ta9 matt]s :i* are relevant to ! g5]al subject %\ld be elim9at$ 9 ord] t ! audi5ce may und]/& j :at mu/ be prov$4 ,ev]y?+ t is n relevant to ! proposition z /at$ %\ld be exclud$4 7b7 ,admitt+ matt]s n vital to ! argum5t4 ,s9ce ! debat] %\ld n attempt to prove m ?an is necess>y he %\ld admit1 9 ! beg9n+1 su* matt]s z may be admitt$ )\t detrim5t4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ at ?is po9t2 no?+ %\ld be admitt$ ! full be>+ & significance ( :i* ! debat] does n und]/&4 ,only matt]s :i* may be admitt$ ) safety %\ld be includ$4 ,o!rwise an oppon5t may seize ^u ! admitt$ matt] & turn x to 8 own advantage4 ,fur!rmore1 ! language us$ 9 mak+ an admission %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ le/ an oppon5t +5i\sly atta* to x a mean+ :i* 0 n int5d$4 ,) ^! cautions 9 m9d x is well to cont9ue ! process ( n>r[+ ! "q by admitt+ matt]s n vital to ! argum5t4 ,^! admissions %\ld be made 9 ! beg9n+ 9 ord] t !y may appe> 9 _! true light z free admissions4 ,= example1 9 ! la/ "q discuss$ bo? sides may safely admit t nei!r plan w :olly elim9ate intemp]ance4 ,! object is to adopt ! plan :i* w m9imize ! effect ( ?is evil4 ,9 ! "q1 8,resolv$1 t physical valuation ( ! prop]ty ( a corporation is ! be/ basis = fix+ taxation values10 ! affirmative may safely admit t no basis = fix+ taxation values w "w absolute ju/ice to all tax-pay]s4 ,?is places ! affirmative speak]s 9 position to make pla9 to _! he>]s t ! me?od advocat$ w come ne>] to ! goal ( absolute ju/ice ?an any o!r plan4 ,9 advocat+ any re=m x is usually be/ to admit t x is n a cure-all = exi/5t evils1 b t x w rem$y su* evils to a great] ext5t ?an any o!r measure4 ,9 conclusion1 x is well to rememb] t ^! admissions & exclusions %\ld be made pla9 r ?an elaborate4 ,!y %\ld be /at$ 9 ! introduction ( ! argum5t ) su* brevity & cle>ness t ! audi5ce w realize t x is be+ l$ directly to ! vital issues4 #e4 ,contra/+ ! affirmative argum5ts ) ^? ( ! negative4 ,?us f> we h be5 conc]n$ ) f9d+ out ! vital po9t at issue4 ,x is "h t ! t]m "q is mo/ aptly appli$ to ! proposition = debate1 because :5 ?is vital po9t is reveal$ x is always f\nd to appe> 9 ! =m ( a "q4 ,to be m specific1 we f\nd t 9 analyz+ ! proposition1 8,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld control all life insurance companies op]at+ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ! vital po9t at issue z reveal$ by a /udy ( ! orig9 ( ! "q 0 8,w ! control ( insurance companies by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t be m effici5t ?an t ex]cis$ by ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts80 ,?is treatm5t reveals ! ma9 po9t at issue 9 ! =m ( a "q4 ,x %[s t ! issue is betwe5 ,/ate control on "o side z comp>$ ) ,f$]al control on ! o!r4 ,! affirmative mu/ advocate ,f$]al control & ! negative mu/ def5d ,/ate control4 ,! burd5 ( pro( is on ! affirmative1 = x mu/ %[ t a *ange %\ld be made 9 exi/+ conditions4 ,! risk ( non-p]suasion is ^u ! affirmative1 because1 if ! position advocat$ _c be ma9ta9$1 exi/+ conditions w cont9ue4 ,x is well to rememb] t ! burd5 ( pro( rema9s ) ! affirmative ?r\gh\t ! debate4 ,x is frequ5tly said t ! burd5 ( pro( 8%ifts10 t is1 t :5 ! affirmative has produc$ en\gh evid5ce to make out a prima facie case1 & has %[n reason :y ! plan ought to be adopt$1 !n ! burd5 ( pro( %ifts to ! negative & x becomes ! duty ( ! negative to %[ :y ! plan %\ld n be adopt$4 ,?is is n ! correct view ( ! situation1 = ! affirmative is b\nd to prove ! proposition 9 ! face ( all opposition4 ,!re=e ! burd5 ( pro( nev] 8%ifts20 x is ! duty ( produc+ evid5ce :i* 8%ifts40 ,:5 ! affirmative %[s reason :y ! proposition %\ld be ma9ta9$1 x puts ^u ! negative ! duty ( produc+ evid5ce to %[ t ! affirmative reason+ is uns\nd or t !re are m weighty argum5ts 9 favor ( ! negative4 ,?us x is t ! duty ( produc+ evid5ce %ifts f "o side to ! o!r1 b ! burd5 ( pro( rema9s on ! same p>ty ?r\gh\t ! discussion4 ,! "q ^u :i* ! debate h+es mu/ be answ]$ 9 "o way by "o side & 9 j ! opposite way by ! oppon5ts ( t side4 ,9 ! "q above ref]r$ to1 8,w ! control ( insurance companies by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t be m effici5t ?an t ex]cis$ by ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts801 ! affirmative mu/ answ] 8,yes0 & ! negative mu/ answ] 8,no40 ,at ?is po9t ! next task ( ! analy/ beg9s4 ,he mu/ det]m9e ! ma9 reasons :y ! affirmative %\ld answ] 8,yes0 & ! negative %\ld answ] 8,no40 ,^! ma9 reasons :5 discov]$ & contra/$1 ^? on ! affirmative ) ^? on ! negative1 w reveal ! ma9 issues ( ! proposition4 ,:5 ^! are f\nd ! process ( analysis is complet$4 ,9 und]tak+ ! task ( contra/+ ! affirmative cont5tions ) ^? ( ! negative1 ! /ud5t mu/ assume an absolutely unbias$ attitude t[>d ! proposition4 ,! importance ( ?is imp>tial viewpo9t _c be too /rongly emphasiz$4 ,to be able to view any subject ) a m9d free f prejudice is a mo/ valuable asset4 ,) ?is prop] m5tal attitude t[>d ! proposition ! analy/ mu/ take up bo? sides ( ! "q & f9d ! ma9 argum5ts 9 support ( ea*4 ,he %\ld n be delud$ into ?9k+ t x is only necess>y to /udy "o side ( ! "q4 ,a lawy] 9 prep>+ 8 case always takes into consid]ation ! position ( 8 oppon5t4 ,9 fact1 s important is ?is task t _m lawy]s develop _! antagoni/'s case be=e beg9n+ "w on _! own1 & x frequ5tly happ5s t m "t is devot$ to ! argum5ts ( ! opposition ?an to ! case ^u :i* ! lawy] is engag$4 ,?is c>eful /udy ( an oppon5t's argum5ts mu/ always be includ$ 9 ! "w ( ! debat]1 n only 9 ! analysis ( ! "q b ?r\gh\t ! entire argum5tative process4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is "p ( ! analytical process %\ld be c>ri$ out is be/ made pla9 by a concrete example4 ,we w take ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t immigration into ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be fur!r re/rict$ by law40 ,! orig9 ( ! "q is f\nd 9 ! al>m %[n by "s p ov] ! l>ge numb] ( undesirable =eign]s com+ to our %ores4 ,! "q is 8,%\ld any ( ! immigrants n[ com+ to our %ores be prohibit$ f com+80 ,! affirmative say 8,yes10 & ! negative1 8,no40 ,n[ to take ! imp>tial viewpo9t1 :y %\ld !re be any fur!r re/riction ( immigration2 :y %\ld ! affirmative say 8,yes0 & ! negative 8,no08 ,"o ( ! *ief affirmative argum5ts is t "s ( ^! immigrants are hav+ a bad effect ^u our c\ntry4 ,"s ( !m are an>*i/s2 "s are memb]s ( crim9al societies su* z ! ,black ,h&2 "s gr\p by !mselves 9 c]ta9 portions ( l>ge cities & =m :at are kn[n z 8,little ,g]manys01 8,little ,spa9s01 8,little ,italys01 etc42 "s h contagi\s diseases2 "s h a v l[ /&>d ( liv+ & ?us t5d to drag d[n ! /&>d ( liv+ ( ! ,am]ican workman2 "s are illit]ate & d n make good citiz5s2 "s are easily made ! dupes ( city bosses & w>d 8heel]s0 & ?us ex]t a h>mful influ5ce 9 our political affairs4 ,^! & v>i\s o!r reasons may be br\ght to support ! affirmative argum5t t immigration is hav+ a bad effect ^u our c\ntry4 ,9 consid]+ ! matt] c>efully we come to ! conclusion t ^! are ! *ief reasons :y immigration %\ld be fur!r re/rict$4 ,n[1 ! unskill$ debat] w\ld probably be cont5t ) fram+ ^! reasons into an argum5t & w\ld proce$ ) a feel+ t 8 position 0 impregnable4 ,! skill$ debat]1 h[ev]1 does n feel cont5t until he has view$ ! :ole subject imp>tially4 ,:y d we n h m /r+5t immigration laws8 ,x mu/ be t ! pres5t laws are ?\ght to be satisfactory4 ,:y are !y satisfactory8 ,x mu/ be because !y n[ exclude ! wor/ class ( immigrants4 ,^u inve/igation we f9d ?is to be true4 ,let u look at ! problem f a slightly diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,:y d we all[ all ( ^! immigrants to come 98 ,!y mu/ be necess>y to our welf>e4 ,!y are necess>y to develop ! natural res\rces ( our c\ntry2 !y add to ! national p[] ( production1 !y possess a money value z labor]s2 !y ultimately become ,am]ican citiz5s1 & _! *ildr51 educat$ 9 our public s*ools1 become ! mo/ ard5t ( "y ,am]icans4 ,! above reflections f ! /&po9t ( ! negative lead u to ask a few que/ions :i* mu/ be answ]$ be=e we c answ] ! ma9 "q ^u :i* ! proposition h+es1 namely3 8,%\ld any ( ! immigrants n[ com+ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates be prohibit$ f com+80 ,^! que/ions are1 s f> z we h be5 able to det]m9e3 8,are ! pres5t immigration laws satisfactory801 8,d we ne$ all ! immigrants n[ com+ to u801 8,d ! immigrants n[ com+ to u h a bad effect ^u our c\ntry80 ,^! que/ions if answ]$ 8,yes0 w e/abli% ! affirmative1 & likewise if answ]$ 8,no0 w e/abli% ! negative4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ^! ?ree que/ions conta9 ! ma9 issues ( ! proposition4 ,! issues may be /at$ 9 diff]5t =ms1 b1 if resolv$ to _! ess5tial elem5ts1 !y w ultimately be f\nd 9 ^! ?ree que/ions4 ,! next /ep 9 contra/+ ! argum5ts is to write !m d[n 9 su* =m t correspond+ argum5ts c be set ov] aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,= conv5i5ce we adopt ! foll[+ =m3 ,proposition3--,immigration %\ld be fur!r re/rict$ by law4 ,affirmative argum5t ,negative argum5t ,immigration %\ld be fur!r ,immigration %\ld n be fur!r re/rict$1 because re/rict$1 because ,i4 ,x is a detrim5t to ! ,i4 ,x is a b5efit to ! c\ntry1 = c\ntry1 = #a4 ,we n[ admit extreme #a4 ,! wor/ elem5ts are n[ sociali/s & exclud$4 an>*i/s4 #b4 ,!y =m undesirable #b4 ,!y are soon assimilat$4 gr\ps ( =eign]s 9 ! conge/$ p>ts ( cities4 #c4 ,!y l[] ! /&>d ( #c4 ,!y furni% examples ( liv+ ( ! ,am]ican ?rift to ,am]ican workman4 workm54 #d4 ,_m ( ! immigrants n[ #d4 ,!y ultimately become good admitt$ d n make good citiz5s4 citiz5s4 ,,ii4 ,! pres5t laws are n ,,ii4 ,! pres5t laws are satisfactory1 = satisfactory1 = #a4 ,black ,h& societies %[ #a4 ,no law w\ld exclude all t undesirable p]sons undesirable immigrants4 are admitt$4 #b4 ,diseas$ p]sons are #b4 ,all p]sons hav+ admitt$4 contagi\s diseases are exclud$4 #c4 ,/eam%ip l9es help to #c4 ,cu/om h\se (ficials are evade ! immigrant laws4 dilig5t 9 en=c+ ! laws4 #d4 ,paup]s are admitt$4 #d4 ,paup]s are n admitt$4 ,,iii4 ,we d n ne$ all ! ,,iii4 ,we ne$ all ! immigrants n[ immigrants n[ com+ to u1 com+ to u1 = = #a4 ,! great necessity = #a4 ,we ne$ !m to develop our labor]s to develop our natural res\rces4 natural res\rces has pass$4 ,by contra/+ ! argum5ts ?us tabulat$ we d]ive ! foll[+ ma9 issues4 ,i4 ,is immigration "u exi/+ conditions a detrim5t or a b5efit to ! c\ntry8 7,! answ] dep5ds ^u ! answ]s to ^! subord9ate que/ions47 #a4 ,is ! undesirable elem5t exclud$8 #b4 ,h ! immigrants assimilat$ readily8 #c4 ,d !y ex]t a detrim5tal influ5ce ^u ! /&>d ( liv+ ( ! ,am]ican workman8 #d4 ,d !y make good citiz5s8 ,,ii4 ,are ! pres5t laws satisfactory8 #a4 ,are !y ! mo/ effective 9 exclud+ undesirable immigrants t x is possible to enact8 #b4 ,d !y exclude diseas$ p]sons8 #c4 ,d ! pres5t laws exclude paup]s8 #d4 ,are ! pres5t laws en=c$8 ,,iii4 ,d we ne$ all ! immigrants n[ com+ to u8 #a4 ,d we /ill ne$ all ! immigrants we c get to develop our natural res\rces8 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! affirmative & negative argum5ts places ! :ole matt]1 s f> z x has be5 work$ out1 be=e ! /ud5t 9 tangible =m4 ,x also af=ds a basis = ! =mal /atem5t ( ! ma9 issues4 ,! plan ( analysis ?us set =? %\ld n[ be exam9$ ) a critical eye4 ,"h arise "s ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( argum5tation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 is ! analysis pres5t$ an exhau/ive "o8 ,does x include ! entire field ( argum5t8 ,x includes ! propos$ immigration laws & _! probable effects4 ,x includes ! pres5t laws & _! effects4 ,f ^! two facts x is evid5t t ! analysis cov]s ! entire field ( ! propos$ *ange 9 ! immigration laws4 ,be=e pass+ f9al judgm5t ^u ! ?or\ghness ( ! analysis1 !re are at lea/ two o!r plans :i* may be appli$ to ! "q to see :e!r ei!r ( !m w af=d a bett] me?od ( treatm5t ?an ! =ego+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! plans includes ! division ( ! "q into ?ree p>ts2 viz4 7#a7 political1 7#b7 social1 & 7#c7 economic4 ,an exam9ation ( ! "q j discuss$ w %[ t all ! mat]ial sugge/$ 9 ! =mal analysis c\ld be gr\p$ "u "o or ! o!r ( ^! heads4 ,= example1 ! an>*i/s1 ,black ,h& societies1 etc4 w\ld come "u 8political20 ! "q ( assimilation w\ld come "u 8social20 :ile ! effect ^u ! ,am]ican workman & ! "q ( ! developm5t ( our natural res\rces w\ld come "u 8economic40 ,?is division may be appli$ to _m que/ions1 b x is well suit$ to only a limit$ numb]4 ,9 fact1 "s em95t au?orities are ( ! op9ion t x is almo/ nev] to be recomm5d$4 ,x is n z well adapt$ to ! immigration "q z ! division already made1 = ! reason t x w\ld be necess>y to include "s ( ! subject-matt] "u two sep>ate heads4 ,= example1 ! ,little ,spa9s1 ,little ,italys1 etc41 m5tion$ above1 might require treatm5t "u ! social & political divisions & ev5 "u ! head+ ( economics4 ,?is is objectionable1 because x requires a duplication ( ! /atem5t ( facts "u ea* head1 & also because x is n conducive to ! clean1 cle>-cut ?9k+ :i* is ! result ( a %>p division ( ! subject into p>ts :i* d n ov]lap4 ,! second plan ( analysis1 :i* =ms a good work+ basis = _m propositions1 is t ( divid+ ! subject into ?ree p>ts1 namely1 7#a7 ,necessity1 7#b7 ,practicability1 & 7#c7 ,ju/ice4 ,?is division ( ! subject is (t5 applicable to propositions :i* advocate ! adoption ( "s new plan ( action1 z1 8,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive inh]itance tax10 or 8,resolv$1 t cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ a population ( ov] #e1jjj1 %\ld adopt ! commission =m ( gov]nm5t40 ,^! & simil> que/ions may be analyz$ by "o ( ! two plans /at$ above1 b x is well to bew>e adopt+ "o or ! o!r ( ^! me?ods m]ely because x af=ds an easy way out ( ! task ( analyz+ ! proposition4 ,t analysis ( a "q %\ld be adopt$ :i* reveals ! ma9 issues ( ! proposition 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ direct mann]4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,ess5tial ,,/eps ,,9 ,,analysis #a4 ,a broad view ( ! subject4 #b4 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q4 #c4 ,def9ition ( t]ms4 #d4 ,n>r[+ ! "q4 7#a7 ,exclud+ irrelevant matt]4 7#b7 ,admitt+ matt]s n vital to ! argum5t4 #e4 ,contra/+ ! affirmative argum5ts ) ^? ( ! negative4 ,,iii4 ,! ma9 issues4 ,! process ( analysis ) :i* we are deal+ has reveal$ ! ma9 issues ( ! proposition4 ,x n[ becomes ! duty ( ! debat] to arrange ! issues 9 logical & climactic ord]4 ,! mo/ =cible array ( argum5t %\ld come at ! end4 ,= example1 9 ! "q j analyz$ ! logical z well z ! climactic ord] ( arrangem5t = ! ma9 issues on ! affirmative w\ld be z foll[s3 ,i4 ,! pres5t laws are n satisfactory4 ,,ii4 ,we d n ne$ all ! immigrants n[ com+ to u4 ,,iii4 ,immigration 7"u ! pres5t sy/em7 is a detrim5t to ! c\ntry4 ,?is analysis %\ld be ! result ( a ?or\gh /udy ( bo? sides ( ! :ole proposition4 ,if ! task has be5 well done no *ange 9 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! analysis w become necess>y4 ,h[ev]1 z ! inve/igation ( ! subject progresses1 & ! "w ( collect+ evid5ce leads ! /ud5t into a m intimate acqua9tance ) ! proposition1 x may be f\nd advisable to make "s alt]ations 9 ! analysis fir/ writt5 out4 ,su* alt]ations %\ld be made only aft] c>eful delib]ation1 = x (t5 happ5s t1 9 inve/igat+ a subject at close range1 "o loses ! broad g5]al view :i* is necess>y to an intellig5t analysis4 ,x may ev5 become necess>y = a beg9n] to *ange 8 entire plan aft] he has made a m ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! subject4 ,9 su* an ev5t ! "w orig9ally sp5t 9 analysis %\ld n be reg>d$ z lo/1 because x is absolutely necess>y t ! /ud5t h "s def9ite plan z a basis = 8 inve/igation4 ,if x does no m ?an %[ him t he is wrong1 ! "t sp5t on x _c be said to be wa/$4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! /ud5t %\ld keep 8 m9d op5 = ! reception ( ideas :i* w make 8 analysis cle>]1 brief]1 & m =cible4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,analysis #a4 ,write out a complete analysis ( "o ( ! local que/ions phras$ = ,ex]cise #a1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #b4 ,%[ ! importance ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q 9 ! analysis ( ea* ( ! foll[+ propositions3 7#a7 ,?ree-f\r?s ( a jury %\ld be compet5t to r5d] a v]dict 9 all crim9al cases4 7#b7 ,public libr>ies %\ld be op5 on ,sundays4 7#c7 ,! gr[? ( l>ge =tunes %\ld be *eck$ by a graduat$ income tax4 7#d7 ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators %\ld be elect$ by direct vote ( ! p4 7#e7 ,national p>ty l9es %\ld be disc>d$ 9 municipal elections4 7#f7 ,! memb]%ip ( ! national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %\ld be consid]ably r$uc$4 #c4 ,def9e ! t]ms :i* ne$ def9+ 9 ! above propositions4 ,f :at s\rce or s\rces %\ld ^! def9itions be tak58 #d4 ,write out a complete analysis ( "o ( ! que/ions giv5 "u ,ex]cise #b4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,evid5ce ,! analysis ( ! "q has reveal$ ! ma9 issues4 ,! next /ep 9 ! argum5tative process is to prove ! tru? ( ^! ma9 issues by produc+ evid5ce4 ,evid5ce consi/s ( ! mat]ial by :i* ! tru? or falsity ( a proposition is prov$4 ,x is an error to use ! t]ms 8pro(0 & 8evid5ce0 z synonym\s4 ,pro( is ! result or effect ( evid5ce2 evid5ce is ! mat]ial ( pro(4 ,a ?+ is n prov$ until suffici5t evid5ce has be5 produc$ to e/abli% x4 ,! mo/ accurate logicians make ?is di/9ction & x is well to obs]ve x 9 ! /udy ( argum5tation4 ,a giv5 fact is n pro( ( ! tru? ( a /atem5t unless x alone is suffici5t to e/abli% su* tru?2 o!rwise x is m]ely evid5ce t5d+ to %[ t ! /atem5t is true4 ,?is di/9ction %\ld be kept cle>ly 9 m9d1 & no fact %\ld be (f]$ z complete pro( :5 x is only evid5ce t5d+ to support a giv5 proposition4 ,! /ud5t is n[ confront$ ) ! necessity ( e/abli%+ 8 proposition by pres5t+ evid5ce 9 support ( ! ma9 issues4 ,! fir/ problem :i* naturally comes to him is3 8,:]e %all ,i g to f9d ?is evid5ce80 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q ! /ud5t %\ld consult c>efully1 "o by "o1 ea* ( ! foll[+3 ,i4 ,s\rces ( evid5ce3 #a4 ,p]sonal k4 ,be=e turn+ to outside s\rces ! /ud5t %\ld c>efully exam9e ! cont5ts ( 8 own m9d to det]m9e j h[ mu* he really kn[s ab\t ! subject4 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% betwe5 exact k & m]e conjecture4 ,8 exact k1 ga9$ f :atev] s\rce1 is p]fectly valid f ! /&po9t ( evid5ce provid+ x c be prov$4 ,! l9e betwe5 exact k & m]e conjecture is det]m9$ by ! ability ( ! /ud5t to lay 8 h&s ^u suffici5t evid5ce to prove ! ?+ t he believes to be true4 #b4 ,p]sonal int]views4 ,if ! "q is a local "o p]sonal int]views are bo? practicable & valuable4 ,int]views ) p]sons :o are connect$ 9 "s way ) ! subject ( dispute1 or :o are 9 a position to h exact k ( ! subject-matt]1 or :o are tak+ an active "p 9 ! local discussion ( ! subject1 are a mo/ important s\rce ( evid5ce4 ,int]views ) su* p]sons n only give ! /ud5t facts1 reasons1 & op9ions1 b !y usually reveal o!r s\rces to :i* he c g directly4 ,= example1 9 a local debate on ! "q ( :e!r ! city1 or ! /reet railway company %\ld be> ! exp5ses ( build+ a bridge :i* !y us$ 9 common1 ! debat]s obta9$ p]sonal int]views ) all ! city (ficials hav+ any?+ to d ) ! bridge1 & ) ! (ficials ( ! /reet railway company4 ,prom95t citiz5s & bus9ess m5 ( ! city 7 also int]view$4 ,^! int]views 7 productive ( a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial 9 ! =m ( facts1 reasons1 illu/rations1 op9ions1 & ref]5ces to o!r s\rces ( mat]ial4 ,9 ! discussion ( any local "q ! debat] w usually f9d ! p>ties conc]n$ will+1 & ev5 eag] to give him 8ammunition0 = ! debate4 ,9 collect+ evid5ce on que/ions :i* deal ) ! problems ( comm]ce1 taxation1 economics1 politics1 & education1 ! /ud5t w usually f9d "s m5 ^: op9ions are entitl$ to c>eful consid]ation & ) :om int]views may be arrang$4 ,:e!r ^! m5 are quot$ z au?ority w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u _! kn[n reputation 9 ! bran* ( k ^u :i* _! op9ion is ask$4 ,ev5 if ! debat] does n ?9k x be/ to quote ! p]son int]view$1 he may ga9 f him mu* valuable help4 ,argum5ts reason$ out f ! facts ( a case dep5d = _! wor? ^u ! validity ( ! reason+ process & n ^u _! s\rce4 ,!re=e ! argum5ts ( any well-in=m$1 intellig5t p]son1 if bas$ ^u facts & logically s\nd1 c be utiliz$4 ,moreov]1 su* p]sons are (t5 able to give in=mation reg>d+ s\rces ( evid5ce :i* may h escap$ notice4 ,! college /ud5t w\ld d well to consult ! memb]s ( ! faculty ^: "w w\ld make !m famili> ) ! subject-matt] ( ! argum5t4 ,! /ud5t %\ld by no means pass lightly ov] ?is s\rce ( mat]ial4 ,9 fact1 su* s\rces %\ld be exhau/$ be=e a m ext5d$ se>* = evid5ce is ent]$ ^u4 ,fur!rmore1 a discussion ( ! subject ) ^! well-in=m$ p w beget new ideas & give a bread? ( view reg>d+ ! subject :i* w be helpful 9 subsequ5t inve/igation4 #c4 ,p]sonal lett]s4 ,aft] ! /ud5t has ga9$ "s k reg>d+ ! mo/ em95t au?orities on ! subject "u discussion1 he may feel at lib]ty to address "s ( !m ) a p]sonal lett]4 ,?is lett] %\ld be brief & to ! po9t1 /at+ j :at is want$4 ,if que/ions are ask$ !y %\ld be brief & pla94 ,! use to :i* ! reply is to be put %\ld be /at$4 ,if ! "q is "o ) :i* national1 /ate1 or municipal (ficials are conc]n$ p]sonal lett]s may be writt5 to !m4 ,if ?is is c>efully done 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ sugge/ions1 a prompt reply is almo/ always assur$4 ,an op9ion express$ 9 a p]sonal lett] f a national or /ate (ficial1 or any in=mation giv5 by him1 is usually look$ ^u ) consid]able respect4 ,/ill ano!r class ( m5 to :om p]sonal lett]s may be writt5 ) pr(it consi/s ( ! well kn[n (ficials ( l>ge sectional & national associations su* z ! ,am]ican ,b> ,association1 ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor1 & ! ,national ,manufactur]s ,association4 ,! (ficials ( ^! & o!r simil> associations are usually well pleas$ to be consult$ ^u ! que/ions 9 :i* _! op9ions are reg>d$ ) respect4 ,al?\gh ! debat] %\ld n c>ry on a correspond5ce campaign = mat]ial1 yet he %\ld n hesitate to write = facts & op9ions :i* are ( vital importance4 #d4 ,curr5t lit]ature4 ,curr5t lit]ature (f]s ! mo/ prolific field ( in=mation on subjects ( g5]al int]e/4 ,?is s\rce ( mat]ial is always available to ! debat]4 ,8 fir/ ef=ts %\ld be direct$ to f9d+ out :at ?is field conta9s t be>s directly on ! subject4 ,) ?is object 9 view he %\ld consult ,! ,read]'s ,guide1 ,poole's ,index & ! ,annual ,libr>y ,index4 ,"h he w f9d all ! important magaz9e articles t h be5 writt5 on any subject4 ,! title ( ! article1 ! "n ( ! writ]1 ! magaz9e 9 :i* x is f\nd1 toge!r ) ! date1 volume1 & page1 are giv5 exactly4 ,?is op5s a great /oreh\se ( in=mation4 ,9 consult+ ^! guides to p]iodic lit]ature ! inve/igator %\ld ex]cise 8 +5uity z well z 8 imag9ation 9 det]m9+ "u :at topics he w f9d 8 mat]ial li/$4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t ,congress %\ld imm$iately provide = an increase 9 ! navy10 ! /ud5t mu/ n be cont5t ) m]ely look+ up ! articles f\nd li/$ 9 ! guide "u ! topic 8,navy40 ,he %\ld also look "u 8,battle%ips01 8,w>%ips01 8,dreadn\ghts01 8,int]national ,peace01 8,=eign ,affairs01 etc4 ,at ! end ( ^! li/s cross-ref]5ces to relat$ subjects w be f\nd & ^! %\ld also be consult$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld g ov] ! li/ ( articles c>efully & make out a bibliography#b ( magaz9e ref]5ces4 ,titles ( all articles :i* appe> to h a be>+ on ! subject %\ld be tak5 d[n 9 full4 ,?is process ( go+ ov] ! li/s 9 se>* ( p]t95t articles %\ld be repeat$ f "t to "t ?r\gh\t ! inve/igation1 because z ! /ud5t's k ( ! subject broad5s he w get m cle>ly 9 m9d ! exact nature ( ! in=mation :i* he requires4 ,! bibliography w save mu* "t 9 gett+ at ! mo/ valuable mat]ial 9 curr5t lit]ature4 ,footnote #b3 ,a bibliography 7z ! t]m is "h us$7 is a li/ ( books & p]iodicals on any "o subject ) exact ref]5ces to volumes1 page1 etc4 ,! /ud5t c n[ select f ! great numb] ( articles be=e him ^? :i* appe> to be mo/ valuable4 ,! mo/ valuable articles are ^? :i* 7a7 be> directly ^u "s ma9 issue ( ! "q & 7b7 are writt5 by recogniz$ au?orities on ! subject4 ,if ! writ] ( any p>ticul> article is unkn[n to ! /ud5t he %\ld consult 8,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica40 ,"h are arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord] ! names ( all ! m5 9 ,am]ica :o h atta9$ di/9ction 9 any l9e ( endeavor4 ,9 connection ) ea* "n !re is giv5 a brief biography :i* sets =? ! positions t individual has held1 honors :i* h be5 be/[$ ^u him1 important "w 9 :i* he has be5 engag$1 & any o!r facts :i* might t5d to give weight to 8 utt]ances4 ,=eign au?orities %\ld be inve/igat$ by consult+ ! encyclop$ias1 ! ,:o's ,:o volume 7if available7 ( ! p>ticul> c\ntry to :i* ! writ] belongs1 or by ref]r+ to o!r prom95t writ]s4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire inve/igation 8,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica0 %\ld be consult$ z an au?ority on ! /&+ ( m5 to ^: "w ! debat] wi%es to ref]4 ,?is me?od ( us+ 8,:o's ,:o0 & ! bibliography br+s ! /ud5t directly to ! be/ s\rces ( mat]ial :i* c be f\nd 9 curr5t lit]ature4 ,z indicat$ above1 ! real crit]ion ( ! value ( an article 9 a magaz9e is ! /&+ ( ! man :o wrote x4 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 p]iodicals h come to be look$ ^u ) su* respect by /ud5ts & s*ol>s t all articles appe>+ 9 !m are giv5 consid]able weight4 ,?is reputation :i* is su/a9$ by c]ta9 publications results f ! c>e ) :i* ! editors h select$ ! mat]ial put into ! magaz9e4 ,!y h be5 c>eful to all[ only capable writ]s to contribute to _! p]iodicals 9 ! pa/1 &1 we may assume 7al?\gh ?is is sometimes a viol5t assumption7 t ?is c>eful sup]vision w cont9ue 9 ! future4 ,moreov]1 ! editorials ( ^! magaz9es are look$ ^u z good au?ority4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( ! /ud5t ! foll[+ li/ ( magaz9es is sugge/$ z reliable s\rces ( evid5ce4 7#a7 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 7#b7 ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/4 7#c7 ,! ,indep5d5t4 7#d7 ,_w's ,"w4 7#e7 ,review ( ,reviews4 7#f7 ,! ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce4 7#g7 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory1 ,economics1 & ,public ,law4 ,! la/ two publications are some:at diff]5t f ! o!rs m5tion$ 9 ! li/1 b !y are includ$ because !y are important & are usually available 9 libr>ies hav+ ! o!r publications enum]at$4 ,?is li/ is n int5d$ z a complete & exhau/ive li/ b m]ely z a sugge/ion to ! /ud5t 9 se>* ( mat]ial4 ,x is n int5d$ to depreciate ! value ( any publication n includ$ 9 ! li/4 ,h[ev]1 ! /ud5t %\ld bew>e ( rely+ ^u mat]ial f\nd 9 any magaz9e m]ely because ! publication poses z a magaz9e in/ead ( z a newspap] or /ory book4 ,"s ( ! popul> magaz9es :i* appe> to be manufactur$ = ! sole purpose ( be+ sold1 make an attempt at s5sationalism r ?an tru?4 ,su* p]iodicals %\ld nev] be reli$ ^u z au?ority4 ,ano!r s\rce ( evid5ce f\nd 9 curr5t lit]ature is ! te*nical & pr(essional magaz9e4 ,almo/ e trade & pr(ession has "o or m reliable magaz9es4 ,9 ! fields ( m$ic9e1 law1 bank+1 contract+1 eng9e]+1 etc41 are _m p]iodicals4 ,ea* (f]s articles by reliable writ]s on almo/ all phases ( ! p>ticul> bran* ( le>n+ to :i* ! magaz9e is devot$4 ,prom95t among ! te*nical magaz9es t may be quot$ z au?ority is ! ,eng9e]+ ,news4 ,?is p]iodical (f]s mu* valuable mat]ial on all ! important eng9e]+ problems ( ! day4 ,magaz9e articles1 outside ( ! te*nical & pr(essional magaz9e1 are usually writt5 = ! layman2 h5ce ! subjects are usually pres5t$ 9 a mann] easy to und]/&4 ,?is is especially important to ! /ud5t at ! beg9n+ ( 8 inve/igation :5 8 k ( ! subject is limit$4 ,simplicity ( treatm5t & accuracy ( /atem5t comb9$ ) an almo/ b\ndless range ( subject-matt] make curr5t lit]ature a mo/ valuable s\rce ( evid5ce4 #e4 ,/&>d lit]ature4 ,"u ?is head are includ$ all ! reliable encyclop$ias1 ref]5ce works1 text-books1 & books on special subjects writt5 by exp]ts & au?orities4 ,= brief1 accurate1 & au?oritative articles ( a g5]al "*1 ! encyclop$ias are mo/ valuable4 ,! be/ works ( ?is class are ,britannica1 ,*amb]s'1 ,nelson's1 ,johnson's1 ,appleton's1 ,appleton's ,annual ,cyclop$ia1 & ,bliss' ,encyclop$ia ( ,social ,re=m4 ,text-books & special works by au?orities on all subjects are v num]\s4 ,= ?is s\rce ( mat]ial x is be/ to consult ! catalogue ( a libr>y4 ,"h w be f\nd "u ! au?or's "n all ( 8 works t are 9 ! libr>y4 ,aft] ! /ud5t has f\nd out by p]sonal int]views1 read+ curr5t lit]ature1 etc41 :o are ! mo/ reliable writ]s on ! subject 9 h&1 he %\ld always consult ?is index ( au?ors to det]m9e :e!r any ( _! books are available4 ,! catalogue ( ! libr>y usually classifies ! books also accord+ to subject-matt]4 ,!re=e by consult+ ?is catalogue all ! books on ?is p>ticul> subject conta9$ 9 ! libr>y may be made accessible4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ! case ( ! index to p]iodic lit]ature1 ! inve/igator mu/ use 8 +5uity 9 det]m9+ "u :at heads he may f9d 8 mo/ valuable mat]ial4 #f4 ,special docum5ts4 7#a7 ,reports & pamphlets issu$ by organizations4 ,9 ord] to ga9 access to ?is sort ( mat]ial x is usually necess>y to write to ! headqu>t]s ( ! organizations4 ,9 mo/ cases _! reports & o!r pr9t$ matt] may be _h = ! ask+1 al?\gh 9 "s cases a *>ge is made4 ,! /ud5t1 h[ev]1 c usually obta9 suffici5t mat]ial ( ?is "* )\t any co/ to himself o!r ?an ! small outlay necess>y = po/age4 ,9 ! l>g] s*ools & colleges x is n[ becom+ cu/om>y = ! debat+ teams to h lett] heads pr9t$4 ,^! /ate ! "n ( ! in/itution or ( ! debat+ league to :i* ! in/itution belongs1 ! names ( ! memb]s ( ! team1 & ! "q = debate4 ,:ile ?is proc$ure is unnecess>y = class debates or writt5 argum5ts1 or ev5 = society or college debates1 x is at lea/ desirable 9 ! prep>ation = an int]collegiate debate su* z is held betwe5 memb]s ( l>ge debat+ leagues4 ,by ?is use ( lett] heads 9 writ+ to ! (ficials ( organizations1 z well z to private individuals1 a full & m c>eful response is almo/ always secur$4 ,h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases a reque/ = reports or o!r mat]ial1 ) a /atem5t ( ! use to :i* !y are to be put1 is all t is necess>y to br+ a prompt reply4 ,almo/ all ! important trades & pr(essions h national organizations :i* are ready to aid 9 ! di/ribution ( k 9 _! sev]al sph]es4 ,among organizations ( a pr(essional "* may be m5tion$ ! ,am]ican ,b> ,association1 ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 & ! ,national ,education ,association4 ,among indu/rial organizations1 ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor1 & ! ,national ,manufactur]s ,association are probably ! mo/ important4 ,organizations hav+ = _! object ! br++ ab\t ( c]ta9 re=ms 9 our social or political life are always will+ to s5d mat]ial = use 9 ! discussion ( que/ions 9 :i* !y are int]e/$4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ,int]national ,re=m ,bureau1 ! ,anti-,saloon ,league1 ! ,lake ,mohonk ,conf]5ce on ,int]national ,arbitration1 ! ,am]ican ,peace ,society1 & ! ,new ,york ,re=m ,club4 ,x is well wor? :ile = ! /ud5t :o is inve/igat+ any ( ! que/ions 9 :i* ^! associations are int]e/$ to write !m = mat]ial4 ,9 special bran*es ( le>n+ !re are v>i\s organizations :i* publi% bo? reports ( _! meet+s & special reports on subjects connect$ ) _! "w4 ,! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association1 & ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association belong to ?is class4 ,o!r organizations ( ?is "* w be br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t be=e he has advanc$ f> 9 ! /udy ( any proposition4 7#b7 ,reports & docum5ts issu$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t docum5ts & reports1 especially ^? issu$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t1 are among ! mo/ valuable s\rces ( evid5ce4 ,! au?ors or compil]s ( ^! reports are m5 ^: (ficial positions enable !m to obta9 accurate in=mation4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! m5 h usually pass$ a civil s]vice1 or o!r exam9ation1 & ?us demon/rat$ _! ability to p]=m ! tasks assign$2 or on acc\nt ( favorable reputation h be5 elect$ or appo9t$ to fill ! positions = :i* !y are well qualifi$4 ,_! action is tak5 purely z gov]nm5tal ag5ts &1 f ! nature ( _! (fice & ! requirem5ts ( public op9ion1 t action & all in=mation ga!r$ con=m approximately to ! facts4 ,= ^! reasons gov]nm5tal reports & docum5ts are look$ ^u z ! highe/ au?ority on ! subjects ) :i* !y deal1 & anyone :o argues c (f] no bett] evid5ce ?an a basis ( fact back$ up by def9ite ref]5ces to (ficial gov]nm5t docum5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful docum5ts ( ?is class is ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,report4 ,?is report conta9s n only ! population /ati/ics b also o!r funds ( in=mation ev5 m valuable to ! /ud5t4 ,9 x !re are vital /ati/ics1 /ati/ics on labor1 manufactur+1 comm]ce1 & a multitude ( o!r subjects :i* ! /ud5t deal+ ) any economic or comm]cial proposition _c ov]look4 ,if accurate in=mation is requir$ reg>d+ any phase ( our national gr[? or pres5t activity ! c5sus report %\ld be consult$ be=e any o!r s\rce ( evid5ce4 ,ano!r mo/ important s\rce ( evid5ce is ! ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,indu/rial ,commission4 ,?is report comprises n9ete5 volumes1 ! la/ ( :i* 7,vol4 #ai7 conta9s valuable mat]ial1 toge!r ) ! recomm5dations ( ! commission1 9 reg>d to almo/ all ! lead+ indu/rial & economic que/ions :i* are n[ be+ discuss$4 ,! report z a :ole cov]s ! entire indu/rial field 9 ?is c\ntry & (f]s a reliable & exhau/ive fund ( in=mation4 ,9 ! ,congressional ,record c be f\nd discussions1 bo? affirmative & negative1 ( all ! public que/ions :i* h come be=e ei!r bran* ( ,congress4 ,?is s\rce ( mat]ial is v sugge/ive b x is n always tru/wor?y4 ,x %\ld n be quot$ 9 itself z an au?ority4 ,! m]e fact t "o may ref] to a c]ta9 volume & page ( ! ,congressional ,record on :i* a c]ta9 /atem5t appe>s is no pro( ( ! tru? ( t /atem5t4 ,! mat]ial :i* x conta9s is ma9ly ! reports ( spee*es4 ,! record is (ficial & au?oritative s f> z conc]ns :at 0 said 9 ^? spee*es4 ,h[ev]1 ! value ( ! ?+ said dep5ds ^u ! man :o said x4 ,!re=e1 ! debat] %\ld quote ,repres5tative ,d\glas1 or ,s5ator ,burton z say+ s-&-s :i* is f\nd 9 su* a volume & on su* a page ( ! ,congressional ,record4 ,) ?is caution 9 m9d1 viz41 t x is ! man :o is quot$ & n ! m]e fact ( its appe>ance 9 ! ,congressional ,record t gives weight to a /atem5t1 ! /ud5t %\ld utilize ?is s\rce ( evid5ce4 ,! index ( ^! records is decid$ly awkw>d = a beg9n]1 b ! mat]ial conta9$ !re9 is s important t "s little "t may well be sp5t 9 mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ! index+ sy/em4 ,! ,congressional ,record is index$ "u ?ree heads1 7#a7 names1 7#b7 subjects1 & 7#c7 bills by _! (ficial numb]s4 ,a great mass ( mat]ial w be f\nd "u subjects1 b aft] ! /ud5t has accu/om$ himself to us+ ! index he c readily f9d ! mat]ial :i* he desires to read4 ,! ,congressional ,docum5ts :i* conta9 reports f ! executive dep>tm5ts & ! legislative committees are divid$ = ea* session ( ,congress into six gr\ps3 7#a7 ,s5ate ,executive ,docum5ts1 7#b7 ,s5ate ,miscellane\s1 7#c7 ,s5ate ,reports 7( committees71 7#d7 ,h\se ,executive ,docum5ts1 7#e7 ,h\se ,miscellane\s1 7#f7 ,h\se ,reports 7( committees74 ,a ,docum5t ,index = ea* session ( ,congress w be f\nd 9 connection ) ^! volumes4 ,any s*ool or libr>y1 or 9 fact any individual1 may obta9 valuable li/s ( gov]nm5t publications by writ+ to ! ,libr>y ( ,congress or to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts4 ,f "t to "t ! ,libr>y ( ,congress publi%es special books & articles on su* subjects z ,taxation ( ,inh]itance1 ,t>iffs ( ,=eign ,nations1 ,capital & ,labor1 & _m o!r que/ions ( national importance4 ,9 addition to ! publications ( ! national gov]nm5t1 reports issu$ by ! v>i\s /ates & municipalities %\ld be inve/igat$4 ,= example1 9 discuss+ a "q ( taxation ! am\nt ( tax d]iv$ by ea* /ate f a c]ta9 s\rce may become important4 ,if ?is in=mation _c be f\nd already compil$1 x may be obta9$ by writ+ to ! secret>y1 treasur]1 or auditor ( ea* /ate & ask+ = ! report 9 :i* su* in=mation is publi%$4 ,if x be a s\rce ( taxation us$ only 9 a "p ( ! /ates1 ! /ud5t %\ld compile a li/ ( ! /ates 9 :i* x is us$ & write to ! (ficials 9 ^? /ates only4 ,9 ! discussion ( municipal problems1 su* z municipal own]%ip ( public utilities1 ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t1 etc41 x is well to write to ! cities 9 :i* ^! plans h be5 tri$ & get su* reports z w %[ ! results4 ,a c>eful inve/igation ( all ! s\rces "h set =? w yield in=mation suffici5tly broad & v>i$ = ! argum5tative discussion ( any subject4 ,h[ev]1 ! /ud5t may well consult o!r text-books on ,argum5tation & ,debate = ! purpose ( gett+ sugge/ions reg>d+ ! s\rces ( mat]ial :i* w be useful to him4 ,books ( briefs = debates & reports ( debates are publi%$1 :i* give helpful sugge/ions reg>d+ mat]ial or evid5ce on _m ( ! mo/ important que/ions4 ,z advancem5t is made 9 ! practical "w ( inve/igat+ subjects = argum5tative treatm5t1 facility 9 utiliz+ ! s\rces ( evid5ce w be acquir$4 ,at fir/ ! "t sp5t 9 ! inve/igation ( "s s\rces1 especially /&>d lit]ature & gov]nm5t docum5ts1 may n appe> to yield ! practical results :i* "t well exp5d$ ought to yield4 ,"h a ^w ( caution is necess>y1 = "t sp5t 9 ?is mann] %\ld nev] be reg>d$ z wa/$4 ,x is n wa/$1 because ! /ud5t is acquir+ ! p[] to inve/igate subjects on 8 own responsibility1 & ! ability to skim rapidly ov] l>ge masses ( mat]ial & select only ! ?+s t are really useful4 ,x is only aft] long p]iods ( su* dilig5t "w t ! /ud5t c feel himself ma/] ( ! res\rces ( great libr>ies1 & an exp]t 9 ! use ( ! s\rces ( evid5ce4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,evid5ce #a4 ,p]sonal k4 #b4 ,p]sonal int]views4 #c4 ,p]sonal lett]s4 #d4 ,curr5t lit]ature4 #e4 ,/&>d lit]ature4 #f4 ,special docum5ts4 7#a7 ,reports & pamphlets issu$ by organizations4 7#b7 ,reports & docum5ts issu$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,,ii4 ,record+ evid5ce4 ,aft] an acqua9tance ) ! s\rces ( evid5ce is ga9$ ! necessity = "s ord]ly me?od or sy/em ( tak+ notes becomes app>5t4 ,?is is ! next important /ep 9 argum5tation4 ,! inve/igator %\ld n rely ^u 8 memory4 ,notes %\ld be tak5 on e s\rce ( evid5ce discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,an idea r>ely becomes our own until x has be5 express$ 9 our own words4 ,z ideas on ! subject = discussion occur to ! debat]'s m9d !y %\ld be record$ 9 ord] t !y may be at h& :5 requir$4 ,op9ions express$ & in=mation acquir$ 9 p]sonal int]views %\ld be record$ ei!r dur+ ! int]view or imm$iately aft]4 ,x is pref]able to devote "o's att5tion exclusively to an int]view1 & !n record ! results z soon z possible aft] its t]m9ation4 ,ev5 ! ideas express$ 9 p]sonal lett]s & extracts f !m %\ld be writt5 d[n by ! /ud5t 9 ord] t he may h !m 9 conv5i5t =m = ref]5ce4 ,! futility ( read+ )\t tak+ notes is app>5t at fir/ ?\ght4 ,notes %\ld be tak5 at ! "t ! read+ is done4 ,all important matt]s ( fact & all quotable matt]s %\ld be record$ dur+ ! read+4 ,ev5 if a p>ticul> fact does n appe> to be> directly on ! phase ( ! subject "u discussion1 x %\ld1 nev]!less1 be record$4 ,x may lat] prove to be valuable evid5ce4 ,! notes tak5 %\ld be full & complete4 ,?is requirem5t applies to ! sub/ance ( ! mat]ial & n to its =m4 ,9 mo/ cases ! read] %\ld be able to cond5se ! cont5ts ( a page into a few words4 ,! po9t or po9ts :i* ! writ] reg>d$ z vital %\ld be grasp$ by ! read] & put d[n 9 a brief note4 ,/ati/ics f\nd 9 diff]5t places %\ld be assembl$ & r$uc$ to tabul> =m4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n only read1 b he mu/ ?9k z well4 ,new ideas1 new comb9ations ( circum/ances1 new relations made evid5t by gr\p+ facts %\ld all be c>efully inve/igat$ & not$4 ,read+ %\ld be an intellig5t process1 n m]e drudg]y4 ,! read] %\ld assimilate1 n m]ely /ore up1 ! k ga9$ f books4 ,9 ! record+ ( evid5ce ! foll[+ rules %\ld be /rictly obs]v$3 #a4 ,use small c>ds or %eets ( pap] ( uni=m size4 ,a note-book or l>ge %eets ( pap] %\ld nev] be us$4 ,to d s is to invite confusion4 ,) sev]al po9ts on "o %eet ( pap] or 9 a note-book & record$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd 9 ! read+1 ! /ud5t is n left free to gr\p ! ideas or po9ts to =m 8 argum5t2 no classification is possible1 & ! notes tak5 become m]e masses ( mat]ial4 ,! be/ =m 9 :i* to record mat]ial is by ! use ( ! ord9>y fil+ c>ds :i* may be obta9$ at almo/ any book /ore4 ,^! c>ds %\ld be ab\t ?ree by five in*es 9 size & ( fairly heavy /ock4 ,rul$ c>ds ) a r$ l9e at ! top are ! k9d mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,if ^! c>ds _c be obta9$1 small pieces ( pap] ( ?is same conv5i5t size %\ld be us$4 #b4 ,place only "o fact or po9t on ea* c>d4 ,nev] put m ?an "o fact or po9t on ! same c>d4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! facts to be record$ are intimately relat$ 9 _! pres5t position1 ! read] %\ld use a sep>ate c>d = ea*4 ,:5 ! inve/igator is ready to use ^! facts ! relation may be unimportant or may be entirely *ang$ by ! mann] 9 :i* he wi%es to use !m4 ,"o /atem5t may be us$ to support "o argum5t1 :ile ano!r may be us$ to support an entirely sep>ate argum5t4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 ?is mat]ial is utiliz$ 9 con/ruct+ ! brief1 ! /ud5t mu/ be left free to arrange 8 mat]ial 9 ! mo/ logical mann]4 ,to put m ?an "o po9t on a c>d greatly hamp]s ?is "w4 #c4 ,write on only "o side ( ! c>d4 ,! h&l+ ( ^! c>ds becomes a v awkw>d process if writ+ is plac$ on bo? sides4 ,o!rwise ! process is simplicity itself4 ,to dep>t f ?is rule 9 a s+le in/ance may involve ! loss ( an important po9t ( evid5ce4 ,?is po9t may rema9 =gott5 on ! back ( a c>d us$ frequ5tly4 #d4 ,express ! idea to be put on ! c>d 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct t]ms4 ,9 ! read+1 an idea %\ld be consid]$ only 9 its relation to ! read]'s pres5t purpose4 ,:5 ?is view is tak5 ! cond5sation ( l5g?y articles into a few t]se expressions becomes an easy matt]4 ,moreov]1 x tra9s ! read] to grasp ! po9t1 & to express t po9t 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct mann]4 ,?is tra9+ enables ! read] to cov] a mu* wid] field ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible4 #e4 ,ea* c>d %\ld be complete 9 itself4 ,by a /rict application ( ,rule #d ! /ud5t ought soon to acquire su* facility 9 cond5sation t ea* c>d w be complete 9 itself4 ,x is v awkw>d to h "o idea or po9t writt5 on sev]al c>ds4 ,:5 su* an arrangem5t _c be avoid$ ! c>ds %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be lett]$ or numb]$ to indicate _! prop] ord]4 ,^! c>ds %\ld be plac$ by !mselves 9 company ) o!r l s]ies & kept sep>ate f ! s+le c>ds4 ,"s mann] ( di/+ui%+ su* s]ies ( c>ds %\ld be devis$4 ,! fir/ s]ies :i* x is necess>y to make 9 ord] to record a complete po9t1 or idea1 or argum5t may be m>k$ ,a#a1 ,a#b1 ,a#c1 etc4 ,! second s]ies may be m>k$ ,b#a1 ,b#b1 ,b#c1 etc4 ,:ile ?is me?od may be adopt$ 9 unusual cases1 ! g5]al rule %\ld seldom be dep>t$ f4 ,by dilig5t ef=ts at intellig5t cond5sation1 almo/ e po9t1 idea1 fact1 or argum5t may be put ^u a s+le c>d4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is rule w insure a good comm& ( ! mat]ial on ! "p ( ! inve/igator & w r$uce ! evid5ce to conv5i5t =m4 ,! same rule %\ld apply to ! use ( quotations4 ,seldom if ev] %\ld a l5g?y quotation be us$4 ,if "s passages are especially cle> & =cible !y %\ld be quot$ exactly & put 9 quotation m>ks4 ,omissions %\ld be indicat$ by ! use ( dots1 ?us3 444 ,cond5sations by ! /ud5t1 includ$ 9 ! quotation1 or any comm5ts or explanations1 %\ld be enclos$ 9 brackets1 ?us4 #f4 ,mat]ial = refutation %\ld be prec$$ 7at ! top ( ! c>d7 by an exact /atem5t ( ! argum5t to be refut$4 ,9 "s cases a s+le ^w or phrase may be suffici5t to indicate ! argum5t to :i* ! refutation is int5d$ to apply1 b 9 mo/ cases ?is argum5t %\ld be indicat$ fully by means ( a complete /atem5t4 ,?is cond5s+ ( ! argum5ts ( ! opposition into brief1 intelligible /atem5ts w also be ( great use :5 ! mat]ial is put into ei!r ! ma9 argum5t or ! rebuttal4 #g4 ,! ma9 issue or subject to :i* ! evid5ce relates %\ld be /at$ at ! top ( ! c>d4 ,! subject /at$ at ! top ( ! c>d %\ld repres5t exactly ! subject-matt] on ! c>d4 ,if ?is subject-matt] comes cle>ly "u "o ( ! ma9 issues :i* ! analysis has reveal$ ?is ma9 issue may be /at$ at ! top ( ! c>d z its subject4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t is unable to det]m9e exactly "u :at ma9 issue ! fact record$ on ! c>d w come1 he %\ld /ate a subject at ! top ( ! c>d :i* w indicate precisely ! mat]ial f\nd ^u x4 ,! classification ( ! c>d c !n be left to a lat] "p ( ! process4 ,9 inve/igat+ a subject 9 :i* ! ma9 issues h be5 det]m9$ to be 7#a7 ,necessity1 7#b7 ,practicability1 & 7#c7 ,ju/ice1 a c>d :i* /ates "o ( ! evils :i* ! propos$ plan is design$ to rem$y %\ld n be m>k$ 8,ju/ice20 x %\ld be m>k$ 8,necessity10 because x is ?is p>ticul> evil & l evils :i* make ! adoption ( ! propos$ measure necess>y4 ,if ! c>d relates to "s special topic t ! ma9 issue is too broad to id5tify1 !n t special topic & n ! broad ma9 issue %\ld be /at$ at ! top ( ! c>d4 ,= example1 a c>d com+ "u ,necessity may /ill m appropriately be class$ "u ,political ,influ5ce1 because t title m ne>ly indicates ! evid5ce /at$ on ! c>d4 ,!re=e ! subject %\ld be ,political ,influ5ce4 ,lat]1 :5 ! c>ds are be+ us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! brief1 ?is c>d may be plac$ ) o!rs "u ! title ,political ,influ5ce & !n all ! c>ds "u ?is topic plac$ ) ^? cov]+ o!r topics "u ! head ( ,necessity4 #h4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! evid5ce is tak5 %\ld be def9itely /at$ at ! bottom ( ! c>d4 ,?is %\ld be done at ! "t ! c>ds are writt5 out4 ,o!rwise ! ref]5ce :5 want$1 ei!r _c be f\nd or c be f\nd only ) great loss ( "t4 ,! exact ref]5ce is important n only to %[ def9itely ! s\rce ( au?ority f :i* ! evid5ce is tak51 b also to enable ! /ud5t to return to ! same s\rce = fur!r details 9 case !y become necess>y4 ,9 ! case ( a lett] or a p]sonal int]view ! "n ( ! au?ority consult$ %\ld be giv5 toge!r ) ! date ( ! lett] or ! "t & place ( ! int]view4 ,a magaz9e article %\ld be ref]r$ to by ! "n ( ! magaz9e1 ) ! volume & page4 ,! "n ( ! writ] %\ld also be giv5 unless ! article is an editorial1 9 :i* case t fact %\ld be /at$4 ,a report or docum5t 9 sev]al volumes %\ld be quot$ by volume & page4 ,books %\ld be ref]r$ to by _! au?or1 title1 & page4 ,! foll[+ diagram %[s ! =m 9 :i* evid5ce %\ld be record$3 ,subject ,au?ority ,evid5ce ,s\rce ( ,evid5ce4 ,= example1 a /ud5t 9 prep>+ = a class debate on ! t>iff "q h&$ 9 a numb] ( c>ds on ! necessity = protection1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a sample3 ,subject3 ,au?ority3 ,protection n ne$$4 ,ri*>d ,t4 ,ely4 8,our quondam infant indu/ries h = ! mo/ "p1 atta9$ a v vigor\s maturity1 & 9 "s in/ances h become bellig]5t & prone to monopoli/ic bully+40 ,s\rce3 ,outl9es ( ,economics1 p4 #cab4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,record+ ,,evid5ce #a4 ,use small c>ds or %eets ( pap] ( a uni=m size4 #b4 ,place only "o fact or po9t on ea* c>d4 #c4 ,write only on "o side ( ! c>d4 #d4 ,express ! idea to be put on ! c>d 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct t]ms4 #e4 ,ea* c>d %\ld be complete 9 itself4 #f4 ,mat]ial = refutation %\ld be prec$$ at ! top ( ! c>d by an exact /atem5t ( ! argum5t to be refut$4 #g4 ,! ma9 issues or subjects to :i* ! evid5ce relates %\ld be /at$ at ! top ( ! c>d4 #h4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! evid5ce is tak5 %\ld be def9itely /at$ at ! bottom ( ! c>d4 ,,iii4 ,select+ evid5ce4 ,all ! reliable evid5ce obta9able %\ld be collect$ be=e ! selection ( ! exact evid5ce :i* is to g into ! argum5t is begun4 ,if ! /ud5t has conf9$ 8 collect+ to ! s\rces ( evid5ce sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is *apt]1 ! presumption w be 9 favor ( its reliability4 ,?is presumption may be /r5g!n$ & 9 "s in/ances turn$ into c]ta9ty by a selection made 9 accordance ) ! rules :i* x is ! object ( ?is section to pres5t4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t a l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce f :i* to con/ruct ! brief & argum5t be available4 ,x is only 9 ?is way t ! /ronge/ evid5ce obta9able c be br\ght to ! support ( ! argum5t4 ,all ! evid5ce us$ mu/ be relevant b n all ! evid5ce t is relevant ne$ be us$4 ,! foll[+ rules %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! selection ( evid5ce3 #a4 ,! evid5ce mu/ come f ! mo/ reliable s\rce to :i* x c be trac$4 ,all ! evid5ce collect$ mu/ h back ( x "s reliable s\rce1 z indicat$ 9 ! discussion ( ,s\rces ( ,au?ority4 ,! m tru/wor?y ?is s\rce ! m valuable is ! evid5ce & ! great] ! weight giv5 to x4 ,!re=e 8! evid5ce mu/ come f ! mo/ reliable s\rce to :i* x c be trac$40 ,e fact (f]$ 9 evid5ce comes f "s def9ite s\rce4 ,if ?is s\rce _c be f\nd ! fact %\ld be disc>d$ z wor?less4 ,to illu/rate1 9 ! inve/igation ( a subject1 a fell[-/ud5t may "k "s fact :i* is a mo/ important piece ( evid5ce 9 y\r favor4 ,he may tell y ab\t ?is fact1 b y w\ld n ?9k ( go+ into ! debate & quot+ "o ( y\r fell[-/ud5ts z au?ority4 ,!re=e y w at once ask ! /ud5t f :at s\rce he obta9$ k ( ! fact4 ,he may reply t he has se5 x 9 a newspap] article4 ,b s9ce a newspap] is usually ( little value z an au?ority1 y _c rely ^u its /atem5t4 ,!re=e y inquire f :at s\rce ! newspap] obta9$ x4 ,by consult+ ! newspap] x is f\nd t ! /atem5t is made 9 an editorial :i* comm5ts ^u an article f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 ,y mu/ !n consult ! numb] ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,?is is fairly reliable1 & anyone w\ld feel ju/ifi$ 9 quot+ x z ! s\rce ( 8 evid5ce1 al?\gh he w\ld n feel ju/ifi$ 9 quot+ ! /atem5t ( a fell[-/ud5t or ! /atem5t ( a newspap]4 ,if ! /atem5t is "o :i* is an op9ion ( ! editor ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 or if = any o!r reason x _c be trac$ back ( ?is s\rce1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 volume & page1 %\ld be quot$ z ! s\rce ( ! evid5ce4 ,b suppose t ! /atem5t c be trac$ to its orig9al s\rce4 ,to be m concrete1 let u assume t ! /atem5t is to ! effect t !re is a surplus ( ov] "o million doll>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates treasury4 ,= su* a /atem5t ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review is n ! mo/ reliable s\rce4 ,9 ?is case ! mo/ reliable s\rce is ! ,report ( ! ,treasur] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* c be f\nd 9 almo/ any libr>y4 ,:5 ?is fact is locat$ ! /ud5t %\ld make an exact /atem5t ( ! am\nt ( ! surplus & ref] to ! ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasur]4 ,?us ! fact to be us$ is trac$ ?r\gh ! /atem5t ( a fell[-/ud5t1 ?r\gh ! editorial 9 ! newspap]1 ?r\gh ! article 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 back to its orig9al & tru/wor?y s\rce--! ,report ( ! ,treasur] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ?is mann] e fact pres5t$ mu/ be trac$ to its mo/ tru/wor?y s\rce4 ,9 quot+ ! op9ions ( individuals ! same pr9ciple %\ld be appli$4 ,! great] ! le>n+1 ability1 & reputation ( ! p]son quot$1 ! great] is ! weight atta*$ to 8 op9ions4 ,9 almo/ e bran* ( human endeavor & 9 e field ( k !re are a few m5 :o possess especial ability4 ,by common cons5sus ( op9ion ^! m5 are reg>d$ z au?orities & _! /atem5ts ( fact or judgm5t are accept$ z ! mo/ tru/wor?y4 ,= example1 ! /atem5ts ( ,ely1 ,seligman1 & ,seag] 9 ! field ( economics1 & ! /atem5ts ( ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 & ,&rew ,c>negie 9 ! field ( indu/ry & f9ance1 are reg>d$ z good au?ority4 ,9 *emi/ry ! /atem5ts ( ,dr4 ,ira ,rems5 w\ld be consid]$ good1 :ile 9 reg>d to psy*ology "o c\ld d no bett] ?an to quote ! op9ions ( ,hugo ,mn/]b]g4 ,reg>d+ ! wireless telegraph1 ,m>coni w\ld be ! mo/ reliable s\rce1 :ile 9 ! field ( arial navigation ! op9ion ( ! ,wright bro!rs c\ld be quot$ z ! mo/ reliable4 ,in/ances ( reputable s\rces ( evid5ce c\ld be cit$ suffici5t 9 numb] to cov] _m pages1 b ! few "h sugge/$ w s]ve to illu/rate ! class ( au?ority to :i* all po9ts ( evid5ce %\ld be trac$4 #b4 ,a p]son quot$ z au?ority mu/ be unprejudic$1 9 full possession ( ! facts1 & capable ( giv+ exp]t te/imony on ! po9t at issue4 ,9 ! prec$+ section reliable s\rces ( evid5ce h be5 indicat$ 9 a g5]al way4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means possible 9 ! treatm5t ( all subjects to cite au?orities s univ]sally accept$4 ,! op9ions ( p]sons :o are n kn[n to ! g5]al public may be giv5 weight by means ( _! (ficial position1 _! special "w or inve/igation 9 any l9e1 or by ! favorable /atem5ts ( recogniz$ au?orities reg>d+ !m or _! "w4 ,z previ\sly sugge/$1 ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica1 is a /oreh\se ( in=mation reg>d+ su* p4 ,an op9ion or ev5 a /atem5t ( fact is n likely to be look$ ^u ) favor unless x comes f an unprejudic$ s\rce4 ,x is n s mu* ! "q ( actual prejudice exi/+ 9 ! m9d ( ! p]son quot$ z x is ! surr\nd+ circum/ances :i* w\ld naturally t5d to cause prejudice4 ,= example1 ! /atem5t ( ,john ,d4 ,rockefell]1 9 reg>d to ! b5efic5t effect ( monopolies on trade & comm]ce1 might be p]fectly s9c]e1 b s9ce ,john ,d4 ,rockefell] has a f9ancial int]e/ 9 ! ma9ta9+ ( a monopoly1 x w\ld n be advisable to quote 8 /atem5ts 9 _! favor4 ,su* /atem5ts are n only easily refut$ b !y lack weight because !y d n appe> to come f an unprejudic$ s\rce4 ,9 l mann] ! ,presid5t ( ! ,brew]s' ,association w\ld n be accept$ z au?ority on any matt] connect$ ) ! prohibition ( ! liquor traffic4 ,f ! v circum/ance ( 8 position he is presum$ to be prejudic$ aga9/ su* prohibition4 ,! p]son cit$ z au?ority %\ld h no f9ancial int]e/ 9 ! subject on :i* he is quot$4 ,he %\ld be 9 a position to be unprejudic$4 ,! p]son quot$ z au?ority mu/ be 9 full possession ( all ! necess>y facts4 ,v (t5 ?is k ( facts may be presum$ f ! position :i* ! au?ority occupies4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy is presum$ to be 9 full possession ( all ! g5]al facts conc]n+ 8 dep>tm5t4 ,! capta9 ( a battle%ip w\ld be presum$ to "k all ! ess5tial facts 9 reg>d to 8 %ip4 ,an eng9e] on ! ,panama ,canal w\ld be presum$ to be 9 a position to "k1 & actually to "k1 facts connect$ ) ! duties ( 8 position4 ,! au?ority quot$ mu/ be 9 full possession ( ! facts :i* he is quot$ to prove1 or ^u :i* 8 op9ion is bas$4 ,reg>d+ ! capability ( an au?ority to give exp]t evid5ce mu* has be5 said4 ,x is well to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! op9ion ( fact or judgm5t mu/ be 9 ! field ( ! au?ority's pr(essional k4 ,! mo/ em95t *emi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld n be consid]$ prop] au?ority on an economic "q2 mu* less w\ld ! mo/ em95t economi/ be consid]$ good au?ority on "s problem 9 *emi/ry4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates might be quot$ z ! highe/ au?ority on ! political situation1 :ile 8 op9ion on "s te*nical problem ( eng9e]+ w\ld fall be=e a c\nt] op9ion by an em95t eng9e]4 ,9 quot+ an au?ority to e/abli% an important po9t 9 evid5ce x is (t5 advisable to %[ directly t he is unprejudic$1 9 full possession ( ! facts1 & capable ( giv+ exp]t te/imony4 #c4 ,evid5ce %\ld be exam9$ to det]m9e :e!r !re are att5dant circum/ances :i* w add to its weight4 ,x (t5 happ5s t evid5ce :i* is good 9 itself is giv5 /ill great] weight by "s special circum/ances4 ,! law recognizes & gives mu* weight to 8,decl>ations aga9/ ,int]e/10 & su* decl>ations are z valuable 9 argum5tation z 9 law4 ,a decl>ation aga9/ int]e/ is a /atem5t ( fact or op9ion made by a p>ty be=e ! subject became a matt] ( controv]sy1 :i* /atem5t is n[ aga9/ ! int]e/ ( ! p]son mak+ x4 ,to illu/rate1 let u suppose t ,john ,d4 ,rockefell] _h made a /atem5t oppos+ ! =mation ( monopolies4 ,at pres5t he wi%es to argue 9 favor ( monopolies4 ,! /atem5t :i* he previ\sly made & :i* 0 an expression aga9/ monopolies n[ becomes a 8decl>ation aga9/ int]e/40 ,likewise any /atem5t made 9 reg>d to a subject be=e ! p>ty mak+ x becomes int]e/$ !re9 f9ancially may be us$ aga9/ him :5 ! matt] becomes "o ( controv]sy & he wi%es to take a diff]5t position4 ,( equal value is ! op9ion frankly express$1 by "o ^: p]sonal int]e/s are oppos$ to ! /atem5t made4 ,su* /atem5ts are sometimes made by public spirit$ m5 9 ! int]e/s ( "r & ju/ice4 ,an illu/ration 9 po9t is t ( ! bank] :o admitt$ t ! po/al sav+s bank w\ld be a b5efit to ! p at l>ge1 al?\gh he recogniz$ ! fact t x w\ld injure ! bus9ess ( ! private bank]1 a class to :i* he himself belong$4 ,su* /atem5ts are ( ! utmo/ importance :5 !y come f lead+ memb]s ( ! class aga9/ :i* !y con/itute admissions4 ,/atem5ts made by p]sons :o express _! views 9 accordance ) :at appe>s to !m to be "r & )\t ! k t !y are talk+ aga9/ _! own int]e/s may likewise be us$ z admissions4 ,su* 7 ! /atem5ts ( a citiz5 :o favor$ ! build+ ( an elevat$ railroad 9 8 city4 ,he believ$ t su* a highway w\ld relieve ! conge/$ condition ( ! /reets & ?us b5efit ! public4 ,:5 ! r\te = ! propos$ road 0 def9itely locat$ he f\nd t x w\ld result 9 irrep>able damage to 8 private bus9ess4 ,al?\gh he at once *ang$ 8 view on ! subject1 8 previ\s admissions 7 us$ aga9/ him ) su* effect t 8 new argum5ts _h no weight 9 ! f9al det]m9ation ( ! matt]4 ,x v (t5 happ5s t a well kn[n au?ority frequ5tly us$ by ! oppon5ts ( a proposition has *ang$ 8 op9ions or express$ himself m def9itely 9 su* a way z to favor ! speak]'s cont5tions4 ,advantage %\ld always be tak5 ( su* a /ate ( affairs4 ,x is a mo/ /rategic move to be able to quote an oppon5t's au?ority aga9/ him4 ,"o %\ld be sure1 h[ev]1 t ! au?ority quot$ is su* z w be accept$4 ,o!rwise x is bett] to attack ! validity ( ?is au?ority4 ,! above sugge/ions & illu/rations are (f]$ purely by way ( induc+ ! /ud5t to keep a %>p look\t = po9ts 9 8 favor4 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* ! att5dant circum/ances may be us$ to give great] weight to ! evid5ce (f]$4 #d4 ,! selection ( evid5ce mu/ be fair & reasonable4 ,an advocate ( any cause1 public or private1 mu/ h z a basis = 8 argum5t a g5u9e reg>d = "r & ju/ice4 ,!re=e he is b\nd to ex]cise due c>e 9 mak+ sure t ! selection ( evid5ce is fair & reasonable4 ,no "o :o argues c ga9 any p]man5t advantage f ! use ( unfair me?ods4 ,9 us+ quotations f au?ority be sure t ! words us$ indicate exactly ! position ( t au?ority4 ,by skillful omissions a reputable au?ority may be made to def5d almo/ any position4 ,9 ! use ( /ati/ics ! temptation to juggle is sometimes /rong4 ,/ati/ics1 by skillful comb9ations & omissions1 c be made to prove an absolute lie4 ,9 discuss+ ! income f a k9d ( /ate tax :i* is utiliz$ 9 all ! mo/ important /ates 9 ! ,union1 ! /ud5t :o select$ ! /ates ( ,nevada1 ,s\? ,dakota1 & ,rhode ,isl& to %[ t ! income d]iv$ f ! tax 0 a sub/antial s\rce ( rev5ue1 mu/ h succe$$ only 9 prov+ to 8 audi5ce t he _h _h great difficulty 9 f9d+ /ates 9 :i* ! tax _h prov$ to be a success4 ,_h he be5 able to produce /ati/ics to %[ t ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois & o!r l>ge & popul\s /ates 7 us+ 8 =m ( taxation ) success1 8 *ance ( p]suad+ 8 he>]s w\ld h be5 incalculably increas$4 ,n only mu/ evid5ce be fairly select$ b x mu/ be reasonable z well4 ,no /atem5t :i* is contr>y to ! usual exp]i5ce ( ! individuals address$ %\ld be made unless x is bas$ ^u indisputable au?ority4 ,facts outside ! pale ( usual human exp]i5ce are always reg>d$ ) di/ru/4 ,abnormal conditions1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( unusual mis]y or vice among c]ta9 classes1 oppression1 gl>+ social1 indu/rial1 or political evils1 mu/ always be kept )9 ! b\nds ( possibility & bas$ ^u reliable au?ority4 ,! temptation is (t5 /rong to cite in/ances on acc\nt ( _! s5sational "* & ! probable /rik+ effect ^u ! audi5ce or read]s4 ,su* mat]ial is sometimes v important1 b if x ev5 approa*es ! bord] ( impossibility x %\ld be =tifi$ by ! /ronge/ evid5ce4 ,! value ( c]ta9 evid5ce may be greatly increas$ if x c be %[n to be reasonable4 ,if surr\nd+ circum/ances c be introduc$ to %[ t ! evid5ce is ei!r cause or effect & !re=e some?+ naturally to be expect$ "u ! conditions /at$1 x w be accept$ almo/ )\t "q4 ,all evid5ce %\ld be c>efully consid]$ f ! two /&po9ts ( fairness & reasonabl5ess4 ,to (f] unfair evid5ce is di%onorable4 ,x is ! me?od ( ! sw9dl] & ! trick/]4 ,x is especially repreh5sible 9 ! /ud5t ( argum5tation1 ^: fir/ duty is to uphold ! tru?4 #e4 ,! position & argum5ts ( ! opposition %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,argum5t implies opposition4 ,x may n be active opposition1 x may be only passive4 ,argum5ts advanc$ = ! purpose ( induc+ a *ange meet cons]vatism1 prejudice1 & ! natural feel+ ( di/ru/ ) :i* any *ange is contemplat$4 ,^! ob/acles to success mu/ be met squ>ely4 ,x is by ?is means alone t !y c be ov]come4 ,9 ! analysis ( ! "q ! necessity ( f9d+ ! ma9 cont5tions on bo? sides 0 made pla94 ,we h n[ rea*$ a po9t at :i* ^! cont5tions become ( great importance4 ,! argum5ts ( ! opposition mu/ nev] be disreg>d$4 ,_m important advantages besides ! economy ( "t & mat]ial1 come f ! selection ( su* evid5ce z w uphold ! con/ructive argum5t & at ! same "t ov]?r[ ! opposition4 ,! selection & rejection ( evid5ce mu/ be det]m9$ f ?is /&po9t4 #f4 ,t evid5ce %\ld be select$ :i* w appeal mo/ /rongly to ^? to :om ! argum5t is to be address$4 ,9 pres5t+ an argum5t ! writ] or speak] mu/ n always rely ^u 8 own judgm5t z ! crit]ion ( ! value ( evid5ce4 ,he mu/ take ! /&po9t ( ^? :o are to he> or read4 ,?is attitude presupposes t ! evid5ce (f]$ is reliable4 ,if a speak] or writ] kn[s t evid5ce pres5t$ is unreliable b w nev]!less be accept$ by 8 auditors or read]s1 he is p]petrat+ a fraud if he (f]s x4 ,t reliable evid5ce :i* is mo/ likely to appeal to ^? be=e :om x is to be plac$ %\ld be select$4 ,! argu] %\ld put himself 9 ! position ( ! p]sons to be p]suad$1 & ask himself ! "q1 8,:at evid5ce w\ld mo/ /rongly appeal to me & induce me to believe & act 9 ! mann] desir$ if ,i 7 ! p]son to be p]suad$80 ,! accuracy ) :i* ! advocate c p]=m ?is feat (t5 measures 8 success4 ,x requires ! highe/ ord] ( con/ructive imag9ation4 ,he mu/ view 8 position ) all ! prejudices & preconceiv$ ideas1 z well z ! p]sonal int]e/s1 ( ! p]sons to be p]suad$4 ,he mu/1 = ! "t be+1 lose 8 "* z an advocate & assume t ( ! read] or he>]4 ,9 quot+ op9ions ( au?ority ?is attitude ( m9d becomes mo/ important4 ,if ! argum5t is to be address$ to an individual1 ! op9ion or action %\ld be cit$ ( "s p]son 9 :om t individual reposes confid5ce4 ,if y wi% to p]suade ,john ,jones to foll[ a c]ta9 c\rse ( action1 & y are aw>e t 8 mo/ intimate fri5d & ! "o to :om he looks z a model ( discretion & good judgm5t is ,smi?1 y c d no bett] ?an to quote ! op9ion ( ,smi?1 if ,smi? has express$ himself z favor+ y\r cont5tions or if he has foll[$ ! c\rse ( action :i* y desire ,jones to foll[4 ,9 address+ an organization ( workm5 x is effective to quote ! op9ions ( _! high (ficials 9 :om !y repose tru/ & confid5ce4 ,likewise 9 address+ ! memb]s ( any trade1 pr(ession1 bus9ess1 religi\s fai?1 or political p>ty1 ! op9ions ( p]sons high 9 _! p>ticul> field ( endeavor may always be quot$4 ,s\rces ( au?ority ) :i* ! audi5ce is likely to be 9 sympa?y %\ld be especially emphasiz$4 ,9 select+ evid5ce ) :i* to prove ! tru? or falsity ( a proposition too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$4 ,! =ego+ rules %\ld be adh]$ to /rictly4 ,!y %\ld ass]t !mselves automatically4 ,x is n en\gh = ! /ud5t to h ^! rules ( argum5tation s well 9 m9d t he c recite !m 9 class & give !m :5 ask$ = 9 an exam9ation2 he %\ld h !m s well 9 m9d t !y become a "p ( ! argum5tative process4 ,if ^! rules c be rememb]$ only ) difficulty !y w n be us$1 because x w\ld involve too mu* tr\ble to /op & apply ea* rule to e fact & op9ion (f]$ 9 evid5ce4 ,aft] ! rules are ?or\ghly ma/]$1 a half-h\r's practice 9 _! application w s]ve to fix ! habit ( judici\s selection ( evid5ce s well 9 m9d t ! process w become automatic4 ,^! sugge/ions 9 reg>d to ! rules = select+ evid5ce apply ) equal aptness to all o!r rules 9 ?is book4 ,! p]son :o wi%es to become a ma/] ( argum5tation mu/ be able to comm& ! rules ( ! art4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rules ,,= ,,select+ ,,evid5ce #a4 ,! evid5ce mu/ come f ! mo/ reliable s\rce to :i* x c be trac$4 #b4 ,a p]son quot$ z au?ority mu/ be unprejudic$1 9 full possession ( ! facts1 & capable ( giv+ exp]t te/imony on ! po9t at issue4 #c4 ,! evid5ce %\ld be exam9$ to det]m9e :e!r !re are any att5dant circum/ances :i* w add to its weight4 #d4 ,! selection ( evid5ce mu/ be fair & reasonable4 #e4 ,! position & argum5ts ( ! opposition %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation4 #f4 ,t evid5ce :i* w appeal mo/ /rongly to ^? to :om ! argum5t is to be address$ %\ld be select$4 ,,iv4 ,! am\nt ( evid5ce requir$4 ,! inve/igator mu/ n /op collect+ evid5ce until he has amass$ a suffici5t am\nt to prove 8 proposition4 ,naturally ! "q is at once ask$1 8,:at is ! am\nt ( evid5ce requir$ to prove a proposition80 ,to answ] ?is "q 9 a satisfactory mann] "s c>eful ?\ght is requir$4 ,s9ce we are reg>d+ argum5tation z a practical art1 & s9ce :5 we consid] x 9 ?is way we mu/ conclude t its end is action1 we are =c$ to admit t ! am\nt ( evid5ce is n suffici5t unless x actually produces ! result aim$ at1--namely1 ! action ( ! p]son or p]sons address$ 9 a mann] :i* con=ms to ! wi%es ( ! argu]4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t ! am\nt ( evid5ce requir$ v>ies ) individual cases4 ,! argu] mu/ consid] ! importance ( ! "q to ^? to :om ! argum5t is address$1 z well z _! prejudices & p]sonal int]e/s4 ,he mu/ consid] ^! ?+s 9 _! relation to ! pres5t situation & !n det]m9e ! am\nt ( evid5ce 9 accordance ) :at 8 judgm5t tells him is requir$4 ,if ! argum5t is to be pass$ ^u by judges ^: duty x is to rea* a conclusion b :o are n p]sonally int]e/$ 9 ! result1 ! foll[+ rule may be appli$3 ,suffici5t evid5ce mu/ be produc$ to satisfy an unprejudic$ m9d beyond a reasonable d\bt4 ,9 rely+ ^u ! above rule we mu/ elim9ate prejudice1 p]sonal int]e/1 & results t]m9at+ 9 active or prolong$ action4 ,!re=e if prejudice or p]sonal int]e/ exi/s 9 any p>ticul> case1 ! fir/ duty is to remove ?is prejudice or nullify ! p]sonal int]e/4 ,if active or prolong$ action is desir$ evid5ce suffici5t 9 am\nt to induce ?is action mu/ be produc$4 ,) ^! two limitations ! rule /at$ above may be accept$ z ! measure ( ! am\nt ( evid5ce requir$4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 "s facts :i* may be pres5t$ )\t rely+ ^u any special evid5ce or au?ority = _! tru?4 ,all facts :i* are matt]s ( common k come )9 ?is class4 ,geographical facts1 su* z ! fact t ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & ,savannah are seaports2 hi/orical facts1 su* z ! fact t ,alaska 0 pur*as$ f ,russia2 political facts1 su* z ! fact t ! ,s\!rn ,/ates are l>gely adh]5ts ( ! ,democratic ,p>ty2 & ?+s :i* mu/ h happ5$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 su* z ! presum$ dea? ( a p]son born two hundr$ ye>s ago1 all may be /at$ )\t evid5ce to support !m4 ,9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( evid5ce to be (f]$ x is sometimes necess>y to consid] ! diff]5t s\rces f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to place too great reliance ^u "o s\rce4 ,= example1 9 a debate on ! prohibition "q "o speak] quot$ /ati/ics f a bullet9 issu$ by ! ,anti-,saloon ,league1 he reli$ = pro( ( 8 facts ^u a committee report ( ! ,anti-,saloon ,league1 he (f]$ ! op9ion ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,anti-,saloon ,league1 & f9ally quot$ f ! argum5t ( a lawy] :o is employ$ by ! ,anti-,saloon ,league4 ,aside f ! *>ge ( prejudice :i* might be made aga9/ ?is evid5ce1 x is readily se5 t too mu* reliance is plac$ 9 "o au?ority4 ,x might well be t]m$ 8an ,anti-,saloon ,league argum5t40 ,no p]son is will+ to accept "s o!r p]son's op9ion or evid5ce 9 pref]5ce to 8 own1 b if a numb] ( au?orities h arriv$ at sub/antially ! same conclusion1 or c (f] evid5ce :i* po9ts to ! same conclusion1 & !re has be5 no collusion betwe5 !m1 any reasonable p]son w give su* conclusions 8 mo/ s]i\s consid]ation4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! speak] or writ] indicates t 8 evid5ce comes f v>i\s s\rces1 x inspires confid5ce 9 8 words1 s9ce ! v>iety ( ! evid5ce (f]$ indicates t ! inve/igation has be5 broad & ?or\gh4 ,! process ( collect+ evid5ce set =? 9 ?is *apt] may be us$ 9 o!r fields besides t ( argum5tation4 ,e individual has frequ5t occasion to collect evid5ce reg>d+ c]ta9 subjects connect$ ) 8 bus9ess or occupation4 ,:atev] ! occasion = inve/igation ! me?od ( collect+ evid5ce h]e9 pres5t$ c be us$ to great advantage4 ,! /ud5t ( argum5tation is caution$ to foll[ explicitly ! directions conta9$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,all ! available s\rces ( evid5ce %\ld be consult$4 ,! rules reg>d+ ! record+ ( evid5ce %\ld be adh]$ to /rictly4 ,! record$ evid5ce %\ld be c>efully /udi$1 ) ! view ( det]m9+ its relative importance1 accord+ to ! rules laid d[n = ! selection ( evid5ce4 ,! /ud5t %\ld feel satisfi$ 9 8 own m9d t he has secur$ an am\nt ( evid5ce suffici5t to e/abli% ea* ma9 issue4 ,!n aft] ^! tasks are complet$ he c turn 8 att5tion to ! next great /ep 9 argum5tation1--! ,con/ruction ( ! ,brief4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,collect+ ,,evid5ce #a4 ,make out a li/ ( topics "u :i* y w\ld look = mat]ial on ! foll[+ propositions3 a4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld impose a t>iff = rev5ue only4 b4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld provide = an imm$iate increase 9 ! navy4 c4 ,int]collegiate football %\ld be aboli%$4 d4 ,*ildr5 "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age %\ld be prohibit$ by law f work+ 9 factories4 e4 ,m>riage & divorce %\ld be controll$ by ,f$]al law4 #b4 ,:at s\rces ( evid5ce w\ld y consult 9 reg>d to ea* ( ! above propositions8 ,/ate "o or m items 7books1 magaz9e articles1 p]sons1 or docum5ts7 "u ea* s\rce4 #c4 ,write out & h& 9 = inspection t5 c>ds on "o ( ! above propositions4 ,^! c>ds %\ld %[ ! application ( all ! rules giv5 = record+ evid5ce4 #d4 ,apply to ^! c>ds ! rules to be obs]v$ 9 select+ evid5ce4 ,does any "o ( ^! c>ds or any comb9ation ( ! c>ds %[ evid5ce suffici5t 9 am\nt to prove any "o cont5tion8 ,,*apt] ,v ,,con/ruct+ ,,! ,,brief ,! con/ruction ( a brief is a mo/ int]e/+ task1 = ! br++ ( ord] out ( *aos always gives a ?rill ( satisfaction to ! active ?9k]4 ,x indicates ! ma/]y ( ! human m9d ov] mat]ial facts & conditions4 ,9 ?is z 9 all o!r sph]es ( endeavor ! joy ( victory possesses him :o ov]comes4 ,! "w ( con/ruct+ a brief is usually look$ ^u by ! un9itiat$ ) consid]able appreh5sion4 ,x is reg>d$ z a mo/ difficult task1 & s x is4 ,b ! difficulty ( ! task is greatly ov]%ad[$ by ! pleasure :i* may be d]iv$ f x1 provid+ ! prelim9>y "w has be5 done ?or\ghly4 ,e /ep 9 ! argum5tative process up to ?is po9t mu/ h be5 tak5 ) dilig5ce4 ,if ?is "w has be5 well done ! /ud5t f9ds himself 9 ! possession ( a l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce4 ,! analysis ( ! proposition & ! collect+ ( ! evid5ce h giv5 ! /ud5t a broad outlook ov] ! field to be cov]$ by ! brief4 ,n[1 to get ! mo/ compreh5sive view ( ?is field1 he mu/ look at x f ! /&po9t ( ! ,purpose ( ! ,brief4 ,i4 ,! purpose ( ! brief4 ,! purpose ( ! brief is to furni% a solid framework = ! argum5t4 ,x indicates def9itely ! pa? :i* ! argum5t is to foll[4 ,x maps out a cont9u\s c\rse ( proc$ure end+ at ! conclusion :i* x is ! purpose ( ! argum5t to e/abli%4 ,to develop "o ( ! above figures ( spee* /ill fur!r1 we may reg>d ! brief z ! framework ( ! vehicle :i* c>ries ! argum5t along ! /raight road :i* leads to p]suasion4 ,! brief enables ! writ] or speak] to pres5t 8 argum5ts 9 logical ord]1 to indicate ! relation :i* ! evid5ce be>s to ! argum5ts1 & to give unity & coh]5ce to ! f9i%$ product4 ,)\t a well con/ruct$ brief an argum5t w inevitably be m or less rambl+ & incoh]5t2 ) a well con/ruct$ brief ea* piece ( evid5ce c be utiliz$ 9 ! place :]e x w d ! mo/ good4 ,! facts ( evid5ce c be arrang$ 9 climactic ord] & ! prop] proportion giv5 to ! complet$ /ructure4 ,by keep+ ^! objects 9 m9d ! "w ( build+ a brief out ( ! evid5ce collect$ may be intellig5tly begun4 ,,ii4 ,me?od ( con/ruct+ ! brief4 ,! "w ( con/ruct+ ! brief %\ld be begun ) all ! evid5ce1 :i* has be5 collect$ & record$ on c>ds or slips ( pap]1 ready at h&4 ,by ?is "t ! inve/igator has probably det]m9$ :e!r he wi%es to make any alt]ation 9 8 orig9al analysis4 ,if any alt]ations seem advisable !y %\ld be made be=e proce$+4 ,! analysis ( ! "q reveals ! ma9 issues4 ,9 ord] to make ! "w ( con/ruction z simple z possible let u suppose t ! evid5ce has be5 collect$ on ! affirmative ( ! foll[+ proposition3 8,resolv$1 t all cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+ a population ( ov] #ejjj %\ld adopt ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t40 ,! analysis ( ! "q has %[n t 9 ord] to e/abli% ! tru? ( ?is proposition x is necess>y to prove ^! ?ree ma9 issues3 7#a7 ,t ! propos$ plan is necess>y1 7#b7 ,t ! propos$ plan is good 9 !ory1 & 7#c7 ,t ! propos$ plan works well 9 practice4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree ma9 issues %\ld be writt5 on a sep>ate piece ( pap]1 an extra slip ( pap] %\ld be m>k$ 8,introduction10 & /ill ano!r 8,refutation40 ,^! five slips ( pap] %\ld be spread out on a table & ! "w ( classify+ ! c>ds begun4 ,all c>ds conta9+ facts or op9ions :i* %[ ! necessity = ! plan %\ld be plac$ on ! pap] m>k$ 8,! propos$ plan is necess>y10 ^? deal+ ) !ory %\ld be plac$ on ! pap] m>k$ 8,! propos$ plan is good 9 !ory10 & ^? deal+ ) ! practical side ( ! "q %\ld be plac$ on ! pap] m>k$ 8,! propos$ plan works well 9 practice40 ,to be m concrete1 suppose we h "o c>d :i* conta9s a /atem5t f ! mayor ( ,galve/on1 ,texas1 9 :i* he says t ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t has work$ successfully 9 t city2 ano!r c>d on :i* are /ati/ics %[+ t ! practical op]ation ( ! commission plan 9 ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a1 has result$ 9 r$uc+ ! gov]nm5tal exp5ses ( t city2 & /ill ano!r c>d :i* %[s t ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan1 has successfully us$ ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t = t5 ye>s4 ,all ( ^! c>ds w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be plac$ "u ! head+ 8,! propos$ plan works well 9 practice40 ,c>ds treat+ ! orig91 hi/ory1 & o!r matt]s discuss$ 9 ! analysis ( ! "q %\ld be plac$ "u 8,introduction10 :ile c>ds conta9+ mat]ial = refutation %\ld be plac$ "u 8,refutation40 ,sometimes !re w arise a "q z to :i* ( two heads mo/ prop]ly includes ! mat]ial on a p>ticul> c>d4 ,9 su* a case ! /ud5t mu/ use 8 be/ judgm5t4 ,if ! po9t is v important & ! d\bt great1 a duplicate c>d may be made out & "o c>d plac$ "u ea* head+4 ,!n :5 ! brief is be+ writt5 out a m intellig5t decision c be made4 ,su* difficulties z ?is1 h[ev]1 are infrequ5t1 provid+ prop] c>e has be5 tak5 9 mak+ ! analysis ( ! "q4 ,! ma9 issues %\ld be di/9ct f ea* o!r & ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m %\ld be cle> cut4 ,if ?is requirem5t is compli$ )1 ! classification ( ! c>ds 9 ! mann] above describ$ is a comp>atively simple matt]4 ,n[ t ! c>ds h be5 divid$1 ea* pile c be m easily /udi$ ?an c\ld ! l>ge orig9al pile4 ,a half-h\r sp5t 9 arrang+ & re>rang+ ! c>ds & 9 read+ !m ov] 9 v>i\s connections w yield m in=mation reg>d+ ! way 9 :i* ! argum5t %\ld be put toge!r ?an a :ole day sp5t 9 unaid$ pond]+4 ,! c>ds %\ld be exam9$ ) ! object 9 view ( mak+ a subdivision ( ! mat]ial "u ea* ma9 issue4 ,to illu/rate1 an exam9ation ( ! c>ds "u ! fir/ ma9 issue above discuss$1 viz4 8,t ! propos$ plan ( city gov]nm5t is necess>y10 reveals ! fact t ?is ma9 issue 8necessity0 may be discuss$ "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 ,political necessity1 7#b7 ,social necessity1 7#c7 ,f9ancial necessity4 ,n[ we proce$ to divide ! pack ( c>ds on necessity into ?ree p>ts1 correspond+ to ! above division4 ,?is is done 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ! orig9al pack 0 divid$ into five packs4 ,ea* ( ^! small] packs %\ld !n be c>efully exam9$ 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r a fur!r subdivision is advisable4 ,! process %\ld be cont9u$ until all ! record$ evid5ce is classifi$4 ,!n ea* pack ( c>ds %\ld be c>efully labell$ ) ! "n ( ! subdivision to :i* x belongs1 & kept1 ) its fell[s ( ! same subdivision1 "u ! division to :i* !y belong1 & all ! memb]s ( ea* division %\ld be kept "u ! ma9 issue to :i* !y belong4 ,! /ud5t mu/ 9 ! same way make himself famili> )1 & classify1 ! c>ds "u ! head+s ( 8,introduction0 & 8,refutation40 ,next comes ! task ( arrang+ ^! gr\ps ( c>ds 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,9 mak+ ?is arrangem5t two pr9ciples %\ld be kept con/antly 9 m9d4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ord] ( arrangem5t mu/ be logical2 9 ! second place ! divisions %\ld be arrang$ 9 climactic ord] :]ev] possible4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t %\ld be put la/ unless !re is an important logical objection to putt+ x 9 t position4 ,9 arrang+ ! ord] ( ! ma9 issues above discuss$1 8necessity0 %\ld be plac$ fir/1 because ! necessity = a ?+ paves ! way = its adoption4 ,x is ! logical beg9n+4 ,!ory %\ld be plac$ second1 & la/ ( all ! argum5t 8practice10 because no?+ c con/itute a /rong] argum5t 9 favor ( ! adoption ( a plan ?an to %[ t x has already work$ well 9 _m in/ances4 ,?is arrangem5t is n only ! climactic ord]1 b f ! psy*ological /&po9t x makes ! /ronge/ impression4 ,! process ( arrang+ gr\ps 9 _! logical ord] %\ld be c>ri$ on until ! c>ds compris+ ! smalle/ gr\p are plac$ 9 :at appe>s to be ! ord] dictat$ by logical sequ5ce & climactic effect4 ,aft] ! evid5ce has be5 duly arrang$ 9 accordance ) ! me?od j expla9$1 ! task ( writ+ out ! brief =mally may be comm5c$4 ,,iii4 ,rules = con/ruct+ a brief4 #a4 ,a brief %\ld be compos$ ( ?ree p>ts3 ,introduction1 ,pro(1 & ,conclusion4 ,! ?ree p>ts ( ! brief1 ,introduction1 ,pro(1 & ,conclusion1 %\ld be> a well regulat$ proportion to ea* o!r4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! beg9n] is to make ! introduction too long3 a two page introduction to a ?ree page brief is absurd4 ,! pro( %\ld occupy by f> ! great] "p ( ! brief1 ! introduction %\ld be z compact z is consi/5t ) its purpose1 & ! conclusion %\ld be %ort] ?an ! introduction4 #b4 ,ea* /atem5t 9 a brief %\ld be a s+le complete s5t5ce4 ,! s5t5ces ( ! brief mu/ be grammatically correct4 ,ea* idea %\ld be c>efully ?\ght out & pres5t$ 9 a %ort1 simple1 direct1 & compreh5sive s5t5ce1 = long & complicat$ s5t5ces lead to ambiguity4 ,moreov]1 ! s5t5ce mu/ conta9 b "o c5tral idea1 :i* mu/ be /at$ completely4 ,m]e topics are n suffici5t4 ,! ^w 8,practicable0 %\ld n be made to repres5t ! entire /atem5t t 8,! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t is practicable10 b ! complete /atem5t %\ld be writt5 out4 #c4 ,! relation :i* ! diff]5t /atem5ts 9 a brief be> to ea* o!r %\ld be indicat$ by symbols & ind5tations4 ,e /atem5t 9 ! brief mu/ /& ei!r directly or indirectly z a reason = ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,if a /atem5t /&s z direct pro( ( ! proposition1 ?is fact mu/ be indicat$2 if z indirect1 ?is fact mu/ also be indicat$4 ,! /atem5ts :i* /& z direct pro( %\ld be m>k$ ) ! same k9d ( symbols & ind5t$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is enables ! read] to glance ov] ! brief & see ! ma9 issues /&+ out di/9ctly f ! subord9ate /atem5ts4 ,! sy/em ( symbols us$ is immat]ial1 provid+ !y s]ve ! purpose above indicat$4 ,= ! sake ( uni=mity1 h[ev]1 x is sugge/$ t ! /ud5t adh]e to ! foll[+ plan3 ,?is proposition is true1 = ,i444444444444444444444444444444441 = ,a4444444444444444444444444444441 = #a44444444444444444444444444441 = a444444444444444444444444441 = 7#a744444444444444444444441 = 7a7444444444444444444441 = 7x74444444444444444441 = 7y74444444444444444441 = ,b4444444444444444444444444444441 = #a44 etc4 ,,ii44444444444444444444444444444441 = ,a44444444444 etc4 ,b4444444444 etc4 ,! above symbols ) _! appropriate ind5tations are suffici5t 9 v>iety = almo/ any brief4 ,to make ?is plan m concrete let u suppose t ! proposition is held to be true = two reasons4 ,^! reasons !n are ! ma9 issues1 & are cord9ate s f> z subject-matt] is conc]n$2 !re=e !y are plac$ ) ! symbols ,i & ,,ii1 :i* are next to ! left h& m>g9 ( ! pap]4 ,!re are two ma9 reasons = ,i1 & ^! are m>k$ ,a & ,b1 ) a great] ind5tation f ! left h& m>g9 ?an ,i4 ,!re is "o reason = ,a & x is m>k$ #a ) a slightly great] ind5tation f ! m>g9 ?an ,a4 ,if !re 7 two reasons ! second "o w\ld be m>k$ #b ) ! same ind5tation z #a4 ,t is1 ! same arrangem5t applies ?r\gh\t ! entire sy/em t applies to ,i & ,,ii1 & ,a & ,b4 ,!re is "o reason = #a & x is m>k$ a ) a slightly great] ind5tation2 ! reason = a is m>k$ 7#a71 & ! reason = 7#a7 is m>k$ 7a74 ,!re are two facts :i* prove ! tru? ( 7a7 & !y are m>k$ 7x7 & 7y74 ,9 ?is way ! entire brief1 :e!r long or %ort1 is work$ out & ! relation exi/+ betwe5 all its p>ts cle>ly %[n4 #d4 ,! introduction %\ld conta9 ! ma9 issues1 toge!r ) a brief /atem5t ( ! process ( analysis by :i* !y 7 f\nd4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 9 mak+ ! analysis ( a proposition an unprejudic$ /&po9t mu/ be tak54 ,?is is true because ! object is to f9d ! /atem5ts :i* if prov$ w e/abli% ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,s9ce x is ! object ( ! introduction to set =? ! ma9 issues x mu/ conta9 no?+ b ! process ( analysis by :i* ^! issues 7 d]iv$4 ,!re mu/ be no /atem5ts :i* require pro( & none :i* indicate a prejudice 9 favor ( "o side or ! o!r4 ,a long introduction mu/ be avoid$1 because x is almo/ sure to conta9 irrelevant matt]4 ,fur!rmore1 a read] or he>] is n go+ to keep 9 m9d all ! hi/ory1 conditions1 def9itions1 & limitations :i* a long introduction may prop]ly include1 unless !y are briefly express$ & lead /raight to ! he>t ( ! controv]sy4 ,aga91 a long introduction is tiresome4 ,! writ] once he>d a prom95t ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator say1 aft] act+ z judge ( a college debate3 8,boil d[n y\r introduction4 ,! m5 :o pass on :at y h to say1 :e!r 9 bus9ess1 politics1 or education1 want to "k :at y believe & :y y believe x4 ,get at ! #8because' "p ( y\r spee* )\t delay40 ,! process ( analysis may h be5 long & labori\s1 b once ! ma9 issues h be5 f\nd x is easy to po9t out ! way to !m4 ,9 ! ,l9coln-,d\glas ,debates1 :i* are ma/]pieces ( ?is k9d ( "w1 ! introductions are exce$+ly %ort z comp>$ ) ! l5g? ( ! spee*es4 ,no "t is wa/$ 9 gett+ to ! po9ts at issue4 ,a c>efully work$ out analysis may be pres5t$ briefly = x is seldom necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! "q to discuss its orig91 its hi/ory1 ! admitt$ matt] & ! cont5tions ( bo? sides4 ,seldom is x important to discuss m ?an two ( ^! topics4 ,^? phases ( analysis :i* af=d ! %orte/ r\te to ! ma9 issues %\ld be *os54 ,:ile "s brief writ]s pref] to give ! :ole process ( analysis1 ?is makes ! brief unnecess>ily long4 ,suppose t y w5t into ! =e/ = ! purpose ( f9d+ a c]ta9 tree4 ,y began a sy/ematic se>* 9 :i* y travel$ back & =? ?r\gh ! =e/ = ?ree days4 ,at la/ y f\nd ! tree4 ,x is b a half-h\r's walk f ! edge ( ! =e/4 ,w\ld y take ^? to :om y wi% to %[ ! tree ov] ! pa? :i* y travel$ 9 ! ?ree days' se>*1 or w\ld y lead !m directly to x8 ,! answ] is obvi\s4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we we>y ! read] or he>] ) a long introduction 9 :i* all ! /eps tak5 9 se>* ( ! ma9 issues are set =?1 :5 we c /ate "o or two ( ^! /eps & arrive at ! ma9 issues )\t delay8 ,l9coln1 9 8 fir/ inaugural address1 %[s ! virtue ( a brief introduction4 ,he might h dwelt long ^u ! orig9 ( ! "q :i* he fe>$ w\ld sev] ! ,union2 he might h giv5 ext5sively ! hi/ory ( slav]y & ! controv]sies result+ f x2 he might h comp\nd$ def9itions bas$ ^u ! highe/ au?orities2 & all ( ?is w\ld h be5 relevant matt] = ! introduction ( 8 spee*4 ,moreov]1 !re is no d\bt t all ( ^! matt]s _h be5 consid]$ by him 9 8 analysis ( ! "q4 ,b :5 he wi%$ to lead 8 he>]s to ! ma9 issues :i* 8 analysis reveal$1 he *ose ! simple/ & mo/ direct r\te4 ,aft] a brief introductory s5t5ce he employ$ ! process ( elim9ation to cut away all extrane\s matt] by say+3 8,i d n consid] x necess>y at pres5t = me to discuss ^? matt]s ( adm9i/ration ab\t :i* !re is no special anxiety or excitem5t40 ,!n he at once took up ! subjects ( slav]y & secession1 to :i* 8 elim9ation ( extrane\s mat]ial _h n>r[$ ! "q4 ,! same brevity & directness *>act]izes ,l9coln's introduction to 8 ,coop] ,in/itute spee*4 ,"h a /atem5t ( admitt$ matt] =ms ! means by :i* ! po9t at issue is rea*$4 ,?is (f]s an introduction :i* is imp>tial1 s9ce bo? sides indors$ x1 & ! ma9 issues arose out ( ! diff]5t int]pretation :i* ! ,l9coln-,republicans & ! ,d\glas-,democrats plac$ ^u x4 ,! crucial "p ( ! introduction is z foll[s3 8,9 8 spee* la/ autumn at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 z report$ 9 ! ,new ,york #8,times' ,s5ator ,d\glas said3 #8,our fa!rs1 :5 !y fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live1 und]/ood ?is "q j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[4' ,i fully indorse ?is1 & ,i adopt x z a text = ?is disc\rse4 ,i s adopt x because x furni%es a precise & an agre$ />t+-po9t = a discussion betwe5 ,republicans & t w+ ( ! ,democracy head$ by ,s5ator ,d\glas4 ,x simply leaves ! inquiry3 ,:at 0 ! und]/&+ ^? fa!rs _h ( ! "q m5tion$80 ,x is se5 t ^! /atem5ts br+ u directly to ! po9t at issue ?r\gh ! /atem5t ( admitt$ matt]4 ,! adoption ( ?is admitt$ matt] makes necess>y "s def9itions4 ,l9coln gives ^! ) cle>ness & exactness4 8,! frame ( gov]nm5t "u :i* we live10 is ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 8,! fa!rs0 t fram$ ?is con/itution 7 ! ?irty-n9e m5 :o sign$ ! orig9al in/rum5t4 ,! 8"q0 :i* ^! fa!rs und]/ood1 8j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[10 03 8,does ! prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any?+ 9 ! con/itution1 =bid our ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 our ,f$]al ,t]ritories80 ,!n ,l9coln cont9ues3 8,^u ?is1 ,s5ator ,d\glas holds ! affirmative1 & ! ,republicans ! negative4 ,?is affirmation & d5ial =m an issue2 & ?is issue--?is "q--is precisely :at ! text decl>es our fa!rs und]/ood 8bett] ?an we40 ,let u n[ inquire :e!r ! 8?irty-n9e10 or any ( !m1 ev] act$ ^u ?is "q2 & if !y did1 h[ !y act$ ^u x--h[ !y express$ t bett] und]/&+40 ,?us ,l9coln br+s 8 he>]s to ! pro( ( 8 argum5t--to ! po9t :]e x introduces evid5ce to %[ t ! great majority ( ^! m5 answ]$ ! "q by vot+ = ! prohibition ( slav]y4 ,n[ let u write out a =mal brief ( ?is introduction & ?us det]m9e j :at matt]s x really includes4 ,,negative ,,brief ,,proposition3 ,resolv$1 t ! prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority or ! ,con/itution1 =bids our ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 our ,f$]al t]ritories4 ,,introduction ,i4 ,/atem5t ( admitt$ matt]4 ,a4 ,! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution und]/ood ?is "q bett] ?an we d4 ,,ii4 ,def9ition ( t]ms4 ,a4 8,! frame ( gov]nm5t "u :i* we live0 is ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #a4 ,! orig9al ,con/itution4 #b4 ,! am5dm5ts4 ,b4 8,! fa!rs0 7 ! ?irty-n9e m5 :o sign$ ! orig9al docum5t4 ,c4 ,! 8"q0 :i* ^! fa!rs und]/ood 8j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[10 is3 8,does ! prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution1 =bid our ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 our ,f$]al ,t]ritories8 ,,iii4 ,! "q is1 !re=e1 8,did ! fram]s ( ! con/itution und]/& t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t is prohibit$ f controll+ slav]y 9 ! t]ritories80 ,! affirmative answ]s ,! negative answ]s ,no1 ,yes1 =3 =3 #a4 _! words & actions #a4 _! words & actions prove t ! ,f$]al prove t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t is prohibit$ ,gov]nm5t is giv5 f controll+ slav]y p[] to control slav]y 9 ! t]ritories4 9 ! t]ritories4 #b4 ,! fir/ ,congress fram$ #b4 ,! fir/ ,congress :i* annulm5ts :i* d5y conta9$ sixte5 ( ! ?is p[]4 8?irty-n9e0 ex]cis$ ?is p[]4 ,,iv4 ,! special issues result+ f ?is cla% ( op9ion are3 #a4 ,did ! words & actions ( ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution %[ t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t is prohibit$ f controll+ slav]y 9 ! t]ritories8 #b4 ,did ! ,fir/ ,congress1 :i* conta9$ a "p ( ^! fram]s & :i* und]/ood _! int5tions1 %[ t x believ$ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to be prohibit$ f controll+ slav]y 9 ! t]ritories8 ,! =ego+ introduction %[s well ! brevity & directness :i* %\ld *>act]ize ! fir/ division ( a brief4 ,! subject-matt] indicates ! imp>tial mann] 9 :i* ! subject is discuss$ ?r\gh\t ! introduction4 ,no?+ is /at$ :i* requires pro(4 ,! speak] selects common gr\nd ^u :i* bo? p>ties to ! controv]sy h agre$ to /&4 ,f ?is position he leads 8 oppon5ts by logical /eps to ! argum5ts :i* he advances4 ,:5 ! /ud5t has once f\nd ! ma9 issues he %\ld elim9ate all useless /eps 9 ! analysis & pres5t ) cle>ness & =ce ! necess>y p>ts ( ! process :i* lead directly to ! pro(4 #e4 ,! ma9 /atem5ts 9 ! pro( %\ld correspond to ! ma9 issues set =? 9 ! introduction1 & %\ld read z reasons = ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,! object ( ! introduction to ! brief is to set =? ! ma9 issues4 ,9 l mann] ! object ( ! pro( is to set =? ! evid5ce :i* supports ^! ma9 issues4 ,!re=e ! ma9 issues con/itute ! ma9 head+s ( ! second division ( ! brief4 ,moreov]1 ^! ma9 issues mu/ all read directly z reasons = ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,to illu/rate ?is rule1 let u consid] ! foll[+ example4 ,,brief ,,proposition3 ,resolv$1 t ! policy ( protection %\ld be ab&on$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,introduction ,i4 7,fir/ "p ( introduction omitt$7 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,! cla% ( op9ion reveals ! foll[+ issues3 ,a4 ,is protection s\nd 9 !ory8 ,b4 ,is protection s\nd 9 practice8 ,,pro( ,i4 ,protection is uns\nd 9 !ory1 = ,a4 444 ,b4 4441 etc4 ,,ii4 ,protection is uns\nd 9 practice1 = ,a4 444 ,b4 4441 etc4 ,! above example sets =? ! =m 9 :i* ^! ma9 issues appe> 9 ! pro( ( ! brief4 ,! validity ( ! reason+ :i* connects ! ma9 issues ) ! proposition may be te/$ by putt+ ! ^w 8because0 or 8=0 aft] ! proposition & read+ x 9 connection ) ea* ma9 issue2 ?us3 ,a4 ,! policy ( protection %\ld be ab&on$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates because 7or =7 protection is uns\nd 9 !ory4 ,b4 ,! policy ( protection %\ld be ab&on$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates because 7or =7 protection is uns\nd 9 practice4 ,ea* ma9 issue %\ld be te/$ 9 ! mann] sugge/$ above4 ,?is w %[ :e!r ! prop] logical relation exi/s betwe5 ! ma9 issues & ! proposition4 ,a fur!r te/ may be appli$ by inv]t+ ! ord] ( ! ma9 issues & ! proposition & jo9+ ! two by ! ^w 8!re=e10 z foll[s3 ,a4 ,protection is uns\nd 9 !ory2 !re=e ! policy ( protection %\ld be ab&on$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b4 ,protection is uns\nd 9 practice2 !re=e ! policy ( protection %\ld be ab&on$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ! words 8h5ce0 or 8!re=e10 %\ld nev] be us$ 9 a brief1 because !y rev]se ! natural ord] & make ! ma9 /atem5ts subord9ate4 ,aft] mak+ sure t ea* ma9 issue is /at$ s t x reads z a reason = ! tru? ( ! proposition1 ! argu] mu/ next amass ! evid5ce1 :i* has be5 classifi$1 9 support ( ea* ( ! ma9 issues4 #f4 ,e /atem5t 9 ! pro( mu/ read z a reason = ! /atem5t to :i* x is subord9ate4 ,9 ! same way 9 :i* ! ma9 issues mu/ read z reasons = ! tru? ( ! proposition1 e /atem5t 9 ! pro(1 d[n to ! smalle/ subdivision1 mu/ read z a reason = ! /atem5t ( ! next high] ord]4 ,!re mu/ be no break 9 ?is firm logical /ructure4 ,a *a9 is only z /rong z its weake/ l9k4 ,if any break or weakness %[s 9 ! *a9 ( argum5t1 rea*+ f ! detail$ facts up to ! proposition itself1 ! :ole argum5t mu/ be disc>d$ & a new "o built 9 its place4 ,to illu/rate ?is rule cle>ly1 let u take a section f ! pro( ( ! foll[+ proposition3 ,resolv$1 t all comb9ations ( capital int5d$ to monopolize indu/ries %\ld be prohibit$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,,introduction 7,omitt$7 ,,pro( ,i4 ,comb9ations ( capital are unnecess>y1 = ,a4 ,! conc5tration ( capital is possible )\t !m1 = #a4 ,_m individuals & p>tn]%ips h en\gh capital to produce commodities 9 ! mo/ economical units4 #b4 ,trades are suffici5tly l>ge to admit _m great competitors4 ,b4 ,comb9ations ( capital are n necess>y to resi/ labor organizations1 = #a4 ,labor unions d n h a complete monopoly ( labor1 = a4 ,/rikes are (t5 a failure1 = 7#a7 7,"h cite specific in/ances f y\r p]sonal k 9 :i* /rikes h fail$47 #b4 ,associations = ! purpose ( resi/+ labor unions are possible )\t comb9ations ( capital4 ,,ii4 ,comb9ations ( capital are a social evil1 = ,a4 ,!y enc\rage gambl+ & speculation1 = #a4 ,!y practice 8wat]+ /ock10 = a4 7,cite a numb] ( specific in/ances47 #b4 ,!y inflate or depress ! value ( /ocks at w4 ,b4 ,!y conc5trate weal? 9 ! h&s ( a few m51 = #a4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefell] ga9$ 8 imm5se weal? f ! ,/&>d ,oil monopoly4 #b4 7,cite sev]al o!r specific examples l ! above47 ,c4 ,!y disc\rage individual ent]prise1 = #a4 ,indep5d5t produc]s are driv5 out ( bus9ess4 #b4 ,an individual _c build up a bus9ess = himself4 ,,iii4 ,comb9ations ( capital are an economic evil1 = ,a4 ,!y limit natural production4 ,b4 ,!y de/roy competition1 = #a4 ,!y absorb l>ge produc]s4 #b4 ,!y cru% small produc]s4 ,c4 ,!y raise prices1 = #a4 ,!y ga9 control ( ! m>ket = ?is purpose4 ,,iv4 ,! prohibition ( comb9ations ( capital by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t is practicable1 = ,a4 ,! p[] is giv5 to ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t by ! ,con/itution1 = #a4 ,congress is giv5 p[] to regulate int]/ate comm]ce1 = a4 ,art4 #a1 ,sec4 #h grants ?is p[]4 #b4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts h jurisdiction ov] ^! matt]s1 = a4 ,art4 #a1 ,sec4 #h conf]s ?is p[] ^u !m4 ,9 ! above section tak5 f a complet$ brief en\gh evid5ce is introduc$ to %[ cle>ly ! relation :i* mu/ exi/ betwe5 ea* /atem5t4 ,numb]s ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv indicate ! ma9 issues4 ,"u ,i1 ,a & ,b read z reasons = ! tru? ( ,i4 ,"u ,a1 #a & #b read z reasons = ! tru? ( ,a & s on ?r\gh\t ! brief4 ,ea* /atem5t is connect$ ) ! prec$+ /atem5t1 to :i* x is subord9ate1 by means ( ! conjunction 8=40 ,^! /atem5ts mu/ make complete s5se & %[ _! logical relation :5 connect$ by ?is conjunction3 z 9 ,,ii4 ,comb9ations ( capital are a social evil1 = ,a4 ,!y enc\rage gambl+ & speculation4 ,! rule /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section is "o ( ! mo/ important guides to correct brief mak+ & e "p ( ! pro( %\ld be ?or\ghly te/$ by ref]5ce to x4 #g4 ,/atem5ts introduc+ refutation mu/ %[ cle>ly ! argum5t to he refut$4 ,refutation may be introduc$ at any po9t 9 ! brief :]e objections arise 9 connection ) ! con/ructive argum5t4 ,x %\ld always be plac$ 9 its logical position1 :i* is "u ! argum5t to :i* ! objection is made4 ,only ! /rong objections :i* appe> to be obvi\s h9drances to logical progress %\ld be consid]$4 ,any /ubborn objections :i* ne$ to be cle>$ away be=e ! argum5t c proce$ ) safety %\ld be introduc$4 ,! argum5t to be refut$ %\ld be cle>ly /at$1 & ! refutation %\ld be set =? 9 ! same way & subject to ! same rules z ! o!r p>ts ( ! brief4 ,an example ( ! prop] introduction ( refutation 9 a con/ructive argum5t is %[n 9 ! spee* ( ,roscoe ,conkl+ deliv]$ at ! ,republican ,conv5tion 9 ,*icago 9 #ahhj1 9 :i* he nom9at$ ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant = ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! *ief objection to ,grant's c&idacy 0 t he _h already s]v$ two t]ms z ,presid5t4 ,! prec$5t1 set by ,wa%+ton1 t no man %\ld s]ve m ?an two t]ms z ,presid5t1 _h always be5 foll[$ & _h become "o ( ! well e/abli%$ political cu/oms ( ! c\ntry4 ,"h 0 c]ta9ly a /rong objection to ! con/ructive argum5t ( ! speak]4 ,!re=e ! refutation is introduc$ :]e ! speak] attempts to %[ t ,grant's "* z a man & 8 great s]vices to 8 c\ntry entitle him to ! presid5cy4 ,9 brief =m a /atem5t ( ! refutation w\ld be z foll[s3 ,a4 ,refutation4 ,! argum5t t ,grant %\ld n be nom9at$ because he has already s]v$ two t]ms z ,presid5t is uns\nd1 = #a4 ,x is absurd to say t because we h tri$ ,grant twice & f\nd him fai?ful we ought n to tru/ him aga94 ,refutation %\ld always be introduc$ 9 ! mann] :i* ! above illu/ration indicates4 ,fir/ ! s]ies ( symbols "u :i* x %\ld come %\ld be det]m9$2 !n ! ^w ,refutation %\ld be plac$ opposite t symbol1 foll[$ by ! =mal /atem5t t 8,! argum5t t 444 is uns\nd1 =40 ,= a fur!r illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* refutation ought to appe> ! /ud5t %\ld consult ! complet$ brief at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #h4 ,! conclusion %\ld be a summ>y ( ! ma9 argum5ts j z !y /& 9 ! pro( ( ! brief1 & %\ld close ) an affirmation or d5ial ( ! proposition 9 ! exact words 9 :i* x is phras$4 ,a conclusion mu/ be =cible & to ! po9t4 ,x %\ld review ! ma9 issues & %[ at a glance _! relation to ! proposition4 ,! conclusion to ! brief giv5 at ! end ( ?is *apt] is a good example ( ! =m 9 :i* a conclusion %\ld be /at$4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,rules ,,= ,,con/ruct+ ,,! ,,brief #a4 ,a brief %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 ?ree p>ts3 ,introduction1 ,pro(1 & ,conclusion4 #b4 ,ea* /atem5t 9 a brief %\ld be a s+le complete s5t5ce4 #c4 ,! relation :i* ! diff]5t /atem5ts 9 a brief be> to ea* o!r %\ld be indicat$ by symbols & ind5tations4 #d4 ,! introduction %\ld conta9 ! ma9 issues toge!r ) a brief /atem5t ( ! process ( analysis by :i* !y 7 f\nd4 #e4 ,! ma9 /atem5ts ( ! pro( %\ld correspond to ! ma9 issues set =? 9 ! introduction & %\ld read z reasons = ! tru? ( ! proposition4 #f4 ,e /atem5t 9 ! pro( mu/ read z a reason = ! /atem5t to :i* x is subord9ate4 #g4 ,/atem5ts introduc+ refutation mu/ %[ cle>ly ! argum5t to be refut$4 #h4 ,! conclusion %\ld be a summ>y ( ! ma9 argum5ts j z !y /& 9 ! pro( ( ! brief1 & %\ld close ) an affirmation or d5ial ( ! proposition 9 ! exact words 9 :i* x is phras$4 ,! foll[+ brief writt5 by a /ud5t tak+ 8 fir/ c\rse 9 argum5tation %[s cle>ly ! application ( all ! above rules4 ,x is n giv5 z an example ( a p]fect brief on ! proposition /at$ b x furni%es prop] sugge/ions to ! p]son ^: exp]i5ce 9 draw+ briefs is n ext5sive4 ,9 /udy+ ?is brief ! /ud5t %\ld obs]ve ! relation betwe5 ! /atem5ts "u ea* ma9 topic1 ! me?od ( build+ up ! /ructure ( ! brief s t ! relation ( ! v>i\s p>ts to ! proposition is cle>1 & ! fact t 9 ea* case e /atem5t re/s ^u a s\nd f\ndation4 ,! citation ( good au?ority & ! reliable s\rce f :i* x 0 obta9$ are giv5 :]ev] an au?ority is requir$4 ,! brief may be criticis$ on ! gr\nd t too mu* reliance is plac$ ^u "o s\rce ( evid5ce4 ,z sugge/$ 9 ! *apt] on ,evid5ce ! exact ref]5ce to au?ority %\ld always be giv5 9 ord] t its value may l5d weight to ! argum5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /ud5t is ?us enabl$ to ref] aga9 to 8 s\rce ( evid5ce = fur!r in=mation 9 case x becomes necess>y4 ,9 conclusion1 ! /ud5t mu/ n =get t ^! rules %\ld be ?or\ghly ma/]$ & t a consci\s application ( !m mu/ be made 9 ! actual practice ( brief-draw+4 ,x is only by ?is means t !y c be made a "p ( ! argum5tative equipm5t4 ,aft] ! brief is drawn x %\ld be c>efully exam9$ & te/$ by ! above rules4 ,if c]ta9 p>ts ev9ce weakness1 ^! %\ld be /r5g!n$ by re>rangem5t1 or by supply+ m & /rong] evid5ce4 ,! /ud5t may be compell$ to return aga9 & aga9 to 8 s\rce ( evid5ce 9 ord] to f9d mat]ial ( :i* he has ne$4 ,if ! /eps prec$+ ! con/ruction ( ! brief h be5 c>efully att5d$ to1 he w f9d himself s famili> ) ! subject-matt] ( ! proposition t su* "w w be und]tak5 ) ! delight & int]e/ :i* ! ke5 inve/igator feels :5 he is close on ! trail ( matt] :i* w prove 8 conclusions4 ,,affirmative ,,brief ,,proposition3 ,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive income tax4 ,,introduction ,i4 ,rec5tly ! "q ( an income tax has ar\s$ great int]e/4 ,a4 ,an am5dm5t to ! con/itution has be5 propos$ rec5tly :i* w provide = ?is tax4 ,b4 ,! propos$ am5dm5t has caus$ ! matt] to be consid]$ c>efully by ! public4 ,c4 ,_m em95t m5 h giv5 op9ions reg>d+ ! advisability ( adopt+ ! propos$ tax4 ,,ii4 ,! foll[+ def9ition is adopt$1 ,! progressive income tax is simply a tax levi$ ^u ! income ( an individual1 ! rate ( tax increas+ z ! am\nt ( ! income ( ! individual increases4 ,,iii4 ,! cont5tions ( ! affirmative & ! negative are z foll[s3 ,^? :o advocate ! adoption ( ,^? :o oppose ! adoption ( ?is income tax support ! ?is income tax support ! foll[+ cont5tions3 foll[+ cont5tions3 ,a4 ,! income tax is ,a4 ,! income tax is n necess>y4 necess>y4 ,b4 ,! income tax is ,b4 ,! income tax is practicable4 impracticable4 ,c4 ,! income tax is j4 ,c4 ,! income tax is unju/4 ,,iv4 ,?r\gh ?is cla% ( op9ions we rea* ! foll[+ issues3 ,a4 ,is ! income tax necess>y8 ,b4 ,is ! income tax practicable8 ,c4 ,is ! income tax j8 ,,pro( ,i4 ,! progressive income tax is necess>y1 = ,a4 ,x is necess>y 9 meet+ national exig5cies1 = #a4 ,9 case ( w> ! cu/oms duties w\ld cease or be impair$ & ! gov]nm5t w\ld be )\t ano!r s\rce f :i* to draw rev5ue 7 n ! income tax available4 7,norris ,br[n1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ator f ,neb4 9 ,outlook1 #id3 #bag47 #b4 ,gov]nor ,hughes ( ,new ,york believes ?is p[] 7t ( levy+ ! income tax7 %\ld be held by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t s z to equip x ) ! means ( meet+ national exig5cies4 7,outlook1 #id3 #aaj47 #c4 ,refutation4 ,! argum5t t ! income tax is n necess>y on ! gr\nds t o!r taxes c be made to cov] all necessities is uns\nd1 = a4 ,9 case ( w> ) a great comm]cial nation :5 ! c\ntry w\ld be 9 ! greate/ ne$ ( rev5ues1 ! collection ( impo/s w\ld cease or be mat]ially dim9i%$4 7,ju/ice ,h>lan ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,supreme ,c\rt 9 8 diss5t+ op9ion 9 ! ,pollock ,case4 ,outlook1 #id3bag47 ,,ii4 ,! progressive income tax is practicable1 = ,a4 ,exp]i5ce %[s x to be practicable1 = #a4 ,dur+ ! great ,civil ,w> millions ( doll>s 7 collect$ f ?is s\rce :5 ! gov]nm5t 0 9 ne$4 7,norris ,br[n 9 ,outlook1 #id3baf47 #b4 ,x has prov$ practicable 9 ,engl& & ,italy4 8,income taxation ga9s 9 economy & productiv5ess & w9s increas+ approbation z ! ye>s g by40 7,pr(essor ,ely1 ,pr(essor ( ,economics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 9 ,outl9es ( ,economics1 p4 #fce47 ,,iii4 ,! progressive income tax is j1 = ,a4 ,! tax be>s ^u ! individual accord+ to 8 ability to pay1 = #a4 ,x t5ds to relieve ! poor f taxation & place x ^u ! ri* :o are able to be> x4 7,philip ,s4 ,po/ 9 ,outlook1 #he3ejd47 ,b4 ,x makes ea* individual be> 8 %>e ( taxation1 = #a4 ,income is z good1 & p]haps bett] ?an any o!r s+le measure ( ability to pay & ! tax is 9 accordance ) ?is idea4 7,pr(essor ,ely 9 ,outl9es ( ,economics1 p4 #fce47 #b4 ,! income tax rea*es c]ta9 memb]s ( ! pr(essional class :o "u exi/+ laws l>gely escape taxation ?r\gh lack ( tangible prop]ty4 7,philip ,s4 ,po/ 9 ,outlook1 #he3eid47 ,,conclusion ,i4 ,s9ce ! income tax is necess>y 9 meet+ national exig5cies :]e o!r rev5ues fail2 ,,ii4 ,s9ce exp]i5ce %[s t ! income tax is practicable2 ,,iii4 ,s9ce ! progressive income tax is j because x be>s ^u ! individual accord+ to 8 ability to pay2 ,!re=e1 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive income tax4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,con/ruct+ ,,! ,,brief #a4 ,let ea* /ud5t select "s subject 9 :i* he is int]e/$ & foll[ ! argum5tative process up to & includ+1 ! con/ruction ( ! brief4 #b4 ,write out a full & complete brief ( "o ( ! argum5ts giv5 9 ! app5dix4 #c4 ,aft] ! briefs h be5 writt5 out ! in/ructor %\ld h ! /ud5ts ex*ange1 & give !m an opportunity 9 class to po9t out ! defects 9 ea* o!r's "w4 #d4 ,)\t reg>d to ord] or =m1 let ! in/ructor dictate all ! /atem5ts 9 a %ort brief1 & let ! /ud5t recon/ruct a correct brief out ( ^! /atem5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,con/ruct+ ,,! ,,argum5t ,! la/ /ep has left u ) ! complet$ brief1--s\nd1 logical1 & compreh5sive4 ,9 "s cases ! task ends "h1 ! brief be+ con/ruct$ = its own sake & left to /& z a cold1 =mal1 logical framework uphold+ ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,9 ?is =m x may be laid by = ^? :o are to pass ^u its validity1 or ! advisability ( adopt+ or reject+ ! proposition :i* x supports2 or ! au?or may expla9 its /ructure 9 an extemporane\s spee*4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ! brief is b ! framework ( ! argum5t :i* is to be built ^u x1 giv+ ! :ole /ructure grace & /r5g?4 ,9 ?is f9al process great c>e mu/ be tak5 to make sure t ! nak$ framework is entirely cov]$4 ,no r\gh edges or angul> corn]s %\ld be left protrud+ f ! f9i%$ product4 ,! :ole /ructure mu/ be made attractive1 & impressive1 j z ! /eel framework ( a great build+ is envelop$ 9 solid walls ( /one & m>ble made elegant by ! sculptor's art4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 conviction & p]suasion1 :i* 0 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]1 aga9 ent]s into ! argum5tative process4 ,= purposes ( discussion we may assume t ! brief itself produces conviction because x %[s cle>ly t ! proposition is "r4 ,b ! nak$ brief is z cold & =mal z a proposition 9 geometry4 ,h5ce x is ! task ( ! writt5 or spok5 argum5t1 bas$ ^u t brief1 to ar\se ! emotions s t x may move ! w & ?us end 9 p]suasion4 ,n[1 if e individual 7 a p]fectly rational be+ ! brief w\ld be all t w\ld be necess>y to ar\se to action1 because by itself x %[s :at is "r & :at ought to be done4 ,b real m5 9 ev]yday life are n p]fectly rational be+s4 ,_! reason+ processes are influ5c$ by environm5t1 education1 prejudices1 & acquir$ habits ( ?\ght4 ,! emotions ( m51 too1 play a l>ge "p 9 %ap+ _! conduct4 ,!re=e1 a process mu/ be in/itut$ 9 _! m9ds :i* rea*es p]suasion ?r\gh _! comb9$ ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,f ! psy*ological /&po9t we may divide ?is process into ?ree /ages1 ,i41 ,att5tion2 ,,ii41 ,int]e/2 & ,,iii41 ,desire4 ,f ! argum5tative /&po9t we may divide ! process into ?ree p>ts correspond+ to ! ?ree p>ts ( ! brief1 viz41 ,i41 ,introduction2 ,,ii41 ,pro(2 & ,,iii41 ,conclusion4 ,n[ x w be se5 t ! psy*ological process be>s a logical relation to ! argum5tative process1 & t ?is relation is "o ( cause & effect4 ,! end ( all argum5t is action4 ,if ! argum5t is successful x creates 9 _! ord] ! m5tal & emotional conditions ( att5tion1 int]e/1 & desire4 ,t is1 ! introduction1 pro(1 & conclusion ( ! argum5t result 9 ! att5tion1 int]e/1 & desire ( ! individual m9d4 ,^! processes beg9 at ! same po9t1 s9ce ! introduction secures ! att5tion ( ! read] or he>]2 !y proce$ along ! argum5tative road toge!r1 s9ce ! pro( mu/ ma9ta9 ! active int]e/ ( ! read] or he>]2 & !y end at ! same po9t1 because ! conclusion1 if successful1 leaves ! m9d ) a desire = action4 ,briefly /at$1 ! introduction ar\ses ! att5tion2 ! pro( ma9ta9s ! int]e/2 & ! conclusion creates ! desire4 ,i4 ,att5tion--ar\s$ by ! introduction4 ,! fir/ duty ( a writt5 argum5t is to get itself read2 ! fir/ duty ( an oral argum5t is to get itself he>d2 !re=e ! argum5t mu/ attract ! att5tion ( ! read] or li/5] 9 ! beg9n+ or introduction & mu/ hold 8 att5tion ?r\gh\t ! pro(4 ,if att5tion is n secur$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! argum5t x is seldom secur$ at all1 = ! read] w ?r[ ! un9t]e/+ argum5t aside 9 disgu/1 :ile ! li/5] w all[ 8 ?\ghts to w&] to o!r subjects4 ,?us x is evid5t t ! necessity = ar\s+ ! att5tion by means ( ! introduction is v great4 ,9 ord] t we may cle>ly appreh5d ! relation :i* %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! introduction & att5tion let u consid]1 #a4 ,! k9ds ( att5tion1 & #b4 ,! me?ods ( secur+ prop] att5tion by means ( ! introduction4 #a4 ,k9ds ( att5tion4 ,a4 ,natural att5tion4 ,natural att5tion requires no ef=t ( ! w to br+ ! m9d to be> ^u ! subject 9 h&4 ,! human m9d1 :5 n engag$ on "s def9ite object1 att5ds 9 an ef=tless way to practically e m>k$ *ange 9 ! circum/ances ) :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,to ?+s t meet our approval we give our att5tion will+ly1 b if we are displeas$ or bor$ by any happ5+ we give our att5tion unwill+ly4 ,!re=e ! object ( ! introduction is to please 9 ord] t att5tion may be giv5 will+ly4 ,:5 a speak] walks out on a plat=m & faces ! audi5ce he at once attracts ! spontane\s att5tion ( practically ev]ybody 9 t audi5ce4 ,?is mu* is easy4 ,! problem t n[ confronts ! speak] is to beg9 8 spee* by say+ some?+ :i* w turn ?is spontane\s att5tion into fix$ att5tion4 ,by fix$ att5tion is meant su* att5tion z will+ly foll[s ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* ! speak] has to pres5t4 ,if ! introduction is prop]ly prep>$ ?is fix$ att5tion w be ! result1 b if ! introduction is n prop]ly prep>$ ! natural att5tion ( ! audi5ce quickly deg5]ates into :at we may t]m ,assum$ ,att5tion4 ,b4 ,assum$ att5tion4 ,?is k9d ( att5tion is n giv5 will+ly1 b is assum$ by ! audi5ce m]ely because x happ5s t ! speak] has plac$ himself on ! plat=m & !re is no?+ left = ! audi5ce to d b to li/5 to him4 ,n[ ?is assum$ att5tion on ! "p ( ! li/5]s may pass ?r\gh sev]al degrees ( int5sity1 dep5d+ ^u ! k9d ( audi5ce & ! degree ( ! lack ( skill ) :i* ! speak] proce$s4 ,at fir/ ! speak] is treat$ to ! ord9>y mann] ( any audi5ce n especially int]e/$ 9 :at is be+ said4 ,?is attitude quickly deg5]ates into indiff]5ce1 a po9t at :i* ! audi5ce does n c>e :at ! speak] says or :e!r he says any?+4 ,su* a condition z ?is (t5 cont9ues ?r\gh\t an entire spee*1 & ! soon] ! speak] realizes t fact & br+s 8 argum5t to an end ! bett]4 ,! next /age ( assum$ att5tion is t ( ab/raction4 ,at ?is /age ! speak] does n ev5 receive ! indiff]5t att5tion ( ! li/5]s4 ,! m9d ( ea* individual be=e him w&]s (f to "s subject 9 :i* he is int]e/$ p]sonally & ! speak] might j z well be talk+ to empty seats4 ,usually ?is is ! lea/ desirable /age ( assum$ att5tion4 ,"u "s conditions1 h[ev]1 x is possible to rea* a /ill less desirable /age1 :i* we may call1 = ! purpose ( mak+ an exhau/ive division ( ?is subject1 incivility4 ,at ?is /age ! individuals ( ! audi5ce manife/ _! displeasure by talk+ among !mselves1 & mak+ uncomplim5t>y rem>ks ab\t ! speak]4 ,! above discussion w s]ve to make cle> ! k9d ( att5tion ! speak] mu/ attempt to create by means ( 8 introduction4 ,we %all n[ consid] "s ( ! me?ods by :i* ! prop] k9d ( att5tion may be secur$4 #b4 ,me?ods ( secur+ prop] att5tion4 ,a4 ,imm$iate /atem5t ( purpose4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective me?ods ( secur+ ! natural att5tion ( ! audi5ce is by an imm$iate /atem5t ( ! purpose ( ! disc\rse4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! brief ! /ud5t 0 caution$ aga9/ ! evils ( a long introduction4 ,he w also recall t ! introduction 0 to conta9 only ! ma9 issues & ! ess5tial /eps 9 ! analysis by :i* !y 7 rea*$4 ,?is same brevity %\ld *>act]ize ! introduction to ! argum5t4 ,! audi5ce is naturally int]e/$ 9 :at ! speak] believes & ! reasons = 8 argu+ 9 favor ( or aga9/ ! proposition4 ,!re=e he may ga9 ! fix$ att5tion by /at+ at once j :at he purposes to d4 ,an extreme =m ( ?is k9d ( introduction w\ld be z foll[s3 8,!re are two reasons :y we ma9ta9 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive inh]itance tax2 fir/1 because ! national gov]nm5t ne$s x z a s\rce ( rev5ue2 & second1 because x w rem$y ! evils result+ f #8swoll5' =tunes4 8,! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ne$s ?is tax z a s\rce ( rev5ue because1 etc40 ,?is introduction is an imm$iate /atem5t ( ! purpose ( ! argum5t & w secure ! att5tion ( ei!r read] or he>]4 ,9 address+ an audi5ce !re are "s cases 9 :i* j su* an introduction %\ld be us$2 = example1 :5 previ\s speak]s h dwelt ^u ! analysis ( ! "q1 or h giv5 full diss]tations on ! orig9 or hi/ory ( ! subject1 or l5g?y def9itions ( t]ms & explanations ( processes ( reason+4 ,aga91 su* an introduction may be us$ :5 ! "t limit is v %ort or :]e ! audi5ce is presum$ to be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! subject "u discussion4 ,l9coln uses ?is me?od 9 introduc+ 8 discussion on ! necessity ( a settlem5t ( ! slav]y /ruggle1 z ! foll[+ introduction to 8 ,spr+field spee* w %[3 8,if we c\ld fir/ "k :]e we are1 & :i!r we are t5d+1 we c\ld bett] judge :at to d & h[ to d x4 ,we are n[ f> 9 ! fif? ye> s9ce a policy 0 initiat$ ) ! av[$ object & confid5t promise ( putt+ an end to ! slav]y agitation4 ,"u ! op]ation ( t policy1 t agitation has n only n ceas$1 b has con/antly be5 augm5t$4 ,9 my op9ion x w n cease until a crisis %all h be5 rea*$ & pass$4 #8,a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&4' ,i believe ?is gov]nm5t _c endure p]man5tly half slave & half free4 ,i d n expect ! ,union to be dissolv$2 ,i d n expect ! h\se to fall2 b ,i d expect x w cease to be divid$4 ,x w become all "o ?+ or all ! o!r4 ,ei!r ! oppon5ts ( slav]y w arre/ ! fur!r spread ( x1 & place x :]e ! public m9d %all re/ 9 ! belief t x is 9 ! c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction1 or its advocates w pu% x =w>d till x %all become alike lawful 9 all ! /ates1 old z well z new1 ,nor? z well z ,s\?40 ,9 ?is introduction x is se5 t ,l9coln comes at once to ! po9t3 8,i believe ?is gov]nm5t _c endure p]man5tly half slave & half free40 ,he makes 8 introduction complete by repeat+ ?is idea s t no "o c fail to und]/& ! po9t he is mak+4 ,! two s5t5ces :i* prec$e 8 /atem5t & ! ?ree s5t5ces :i* foll[ x /ate ! same idea 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,9 an introduction ! speak] mu/ n only make 8 position s pla9 t x c be und]/ood1 b he mu/ make x s pla9 t x _c be misund]/ood4 ,?is is :at ,l9coln does 9 ! introduction to 8 ,spr+field spee* & x is :at mu/ be done 9 e effective spee* ( ?is "*4 ,! introduction quot$ above t\*es lightly ^u ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q ) ! simple /atem5t3 8,we are n[ f> into ! fif? ye> s9ce a policy 0 initiat$ ) ! av[$ object & confid5t promise ( putt+ an end to slav]y agitation4 ,"u ! op]ation ( t policy1 t agitation has n only n ceas$1 b has be5 con/antly augm5t$40 ,m ext5d$ /atem5ts ( ! hi/ory "h allud$ to are giv5 fur!r on 9 ! argum5t at su* places z !y are ne$$4 ,"h 9 ! ,introduction m]ely ! significant results ( orig9 & hi/ory are /at$ 9 ! briefe/ possible =m4 ,?is me?od ( /at+ ! introduction well illu/rates ! application ( ! g5]al pr9ciple t ext5sive treatm5t ( facts ( orig9 & hi/ory %\ld n be all[$ to int]f]e ) ! imm$iate /atem5t ( ! purpose ( ! argum5t4 ,b4 ,illu/rative /ory4 ,sometimes ! fix$ att5tion ( ! audi5ce or read] may be ga9$ by ! use ( an illu/rative /ory4 ,no speak] or writ] %\ld attempt to use ?is me?od ( introduction unless he is absolutely confid5t ( 8 ability to c>ry x ?r\gh successfully4 ,a /ory mu/ con=m to ! foll[+ rules be=e x c1 ) safety1 be adopt$ = ! purpose ( an introduction3 7#a7 ,! /ory mu/ be int]e/+4 7#b7 ,! /ory mu/ be well told4 7#c7 ,! /ory mu/ be obvi\sly connect$ ) ! po9t :i* ! argu] wi%es to br+ out4 ,if ! /ory be ( ! comic v>iety1 & is to be told orally1 ! speak] mu/ make sure t ! audi5ce w laugh ) him & n at him4 ,no?+ is m fatal to natural att5tion ?an a /ory :i* 8falls flat40 ,reg>d+ ! aptness ( ! /ory z illu/rat+ ! po9t :i* ! speak] wi%es to make1 x ne$ only be sugge/$ t ! connection mu/ be obvi\s4 ,if any explanation is requir$ aft] ! /ory is told x usually s]ves to kill att5tion r ?an to create x4 ,! connection mu/ be s obvi\s t ! speak] is able to lead 8 auditors skillfully f ! /ory directly to ! po9t at issue4 ,c4 ,quotations4 ,a ?ird me?od ( introduc+ an argum5t is by ! giv+ ( a famili> quotation1 or a quotation ( ! oppos+ speak] or someone conc]n$ 9 ! controv]sy4 ,su* a quotation mu/ be v pla9ly connect$ ) ! subject1 & its be>+ on ! po9t :i* ! speak] wi%es to make mu/ be evid5t4 ,9 ?is respect ! requirem5ts ( an introductory /ory & an introductory quotation are id5tical4 ,an example ( an introduction 9 :i* a quotation is us$ is t ( ! spee* ( ,roscoe ,conkl+ 9 :i* he urges ! nom9ation ( ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant = ,presid5t4 ,?is introduction beg9s z foll[s3 8,:5 ask$ :at /ate he hails f ,our sole reply %all be ,he comes f ,appomattox1 ,& its fam\s apple-tree40 ,likewise a spee* advocat+ ! adoption ( free silv] 9 our monet>y sy/em began ) 8,!re is a tide 9 ! affairs ( m51 ,:i* tak5 at ! flood leads on to =tune40 ,9 "s cases ! quotation may be us$ m]ely to secure ! imm$iate att5tion ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 su* a case x mu/ be> directly on ! circum/ances ( ! occasion1 z :5 ! ?ird speak] 9 a college conte/ took advantage ( ! two prec$+ speak]s1 :o _h bo? =gott5 _! spee*es & _h be5 compell$ to retire f ! plat=m1 by beg9n+ 8 spee* ) ! quotation1 8,"l ,god ( ,ho/s1 be ) u yet ,le/ we =get1 le/ we =get40 ,! ef=t 0 a decid$ success1 if success 7 to be judg$ by ! amusem5t ( ! audi5ce1 b x only prolong$ ! "t requir$ to get ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce fix$ on ! s]i\s subject :i* ! speak] wi%$ to pres5t4 ,su* a quotation may attract att5tion1 & if t is all t is requir$1 well & good2 b ! usual requirem5t is to attract att5tion 9 su* a way t x w be fix$ on ! subject 9 h&4 ,!re=e ! temptation to attempt com$y %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/1 & quotations %\ld be us$ :i* w procure m sub/antial results4 ,( ! ?ree me?ods = secur+ prop] att5tion h]e9 giv5 ! fir/ is by f> ! mo/ important & ! mo/ useful4 ,! second & ?ird me?ods %\ld be attempt$ only :5 ! circum/ances are mo/ favorable z measur$ by ! pr9ciples /at$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,! /ud5t mu/ keep con/antly 9 m9d ! object to be ga9$ by ! introduction1 namely1--! natural fix$ att5tion ( ! audi5ce4 ,,ii4 ,int]e/--ma9ta9$ by ! pro(4 #a4 ,necessity4 ,! necessity ( ma9ta9+ ! att5tion ( ! read] or he>] ?r\gh\t ! pro( is obvi\s4 ,no p]man5t results c foll[ an argum5t :i* is n fully compreh5d$4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! clos+ p>agraphs ar\se ! emotions1 & a /rong p]suasive appeal is made 9 ! conclusion1 !y only result 9 p]suasion1 & we h le>n$ t 9 an effective argum5t conviction & p]suasion mu/ exi/ toge!r4 #b4 ,me?ods ( ma9ta9+ int]e/4 ,a4 ,appropriate treatm5t4 ,! task ( ma9ta9+ ! int]e/ ( auditors or read]s is made mu* easi] if ! writ] w pause 9 8 prep>ation & consid] ! appropriat5ess ( 8 treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,9 ord] to make ?is treatm5t appropriate ?ree factors mu/ be consid]$3 7#a7 ,! speak] or writ]1 7#b7 ,! audi5ce or read]1 7#c7 ,! "t or occasion4 ,! argum5t 9 ord] to be effective mu/ be especially adapt$ to all ( ^! factors4 a4 ,adaptation to speak] or writ]4 ,! writ] ( an argum5t1 :e!r ! argum5t is to be writt5 out = ! purpose ( be+ read or :e!r x is to be deliv]$ 9 ! =m ( a spee*1 mu/ take into consid]ation 8 own p[] & ability4 ,) ^! cle>ly 9 m9d he mu/ pres5t 8 subject 9 a way :i* seems natural & spontane\s4 ,nev] %\ld an attempt be made to imitate ! mann] ( any p>ticul> speak] or writ]4 ,su* attempts always appe> unnatural1 /ra9$1 & artificial1 z 9 tru? !y are4 ,! keynote ( adapt+ a spee* to ! speak] is s9c]ity4 ,s9c]ity begets naturalness4 ,to be s9c]e & "k t he is 9 ! "r leads ! speak] to treat 8 subject 9 a mann] :i* w %[ =? ! be/ qualities ( 8 "*4 ,! argum5t %\ld manife/ ! utmo/ fairness4 ,x %\ld be cle> t ! speak] or writ] desires tru? & ju/ice to prevail4 ,:5 /at+ an oppon5t's position = purposes ( refutation ! speak] or writ] %\ld be sure t 8 /atem5ts are fair & reasonable & w be> ! inspection ( unprejudic$ judges4 ,if g5u9e s9c]ity & absolute fairness are put into an argum5t !y w g f> t[>d adapt+ x to ! p]sonality ( ! au?or4 b4 ,adaptation to audi5ce or read]4 ,z a basis = ?is sort ( adaptation a real sympa?y ) ^? to :om ! argum5t is to be address$ is ess5tial4 ,9 fact ! argu] mu/ be able to take _! view ( ! subject4 ,he mu/ realize t an argum5t :i* is to be pres5t$ to a work+-man mu/ be1 9 a way1 diff]5t f "o :i* is to be pres5t$ to a bank]4 ,to be sure1 ! ess5ce ( ! argum5t may be ! same1 b :5 ! task ( develop+ ! brief into a f9i%$ product is und]tak51 ^! diff]5t /&po9ts mu/ be consid]$4 ,n only mu/ ?is adaptation be consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( ^? engag$ 9 diff]5t occupations 9 life1 b ! pr$om9at+ political1 social1 religi\s1 & s*ola/ic temp]am5t mu/ also be consid]$4 ,especially is ?is true if ! beliefs ( ! audi5ce or read]s diff] f ^? ( ! speak] or writ]4 ,usually ! speak] realizes ! importance ( ! latt] situation b v (t5 does n "k j h[ to meet x4 ,"h aga9 sympa?y is ! keynote4 ,no?+ %\ld be said :i* w give (f5se4 ,! speak] mu/ prep>e c>efully ea* /ep 9 8 argum5t s z to lead ! audi5ce ) him4 ,9 ! beg9n+ a common basis mu/ be f\nd1 !n ! true attitude ( ! argu] may be made app>5t z he proce$s4 ,an in/ance ( ?is gradual lead+ on ( ! audi5ce is f\nd 9 8,julius ,caes>10 :]e ,m>k ,antony addresses ! citiz5s aft] ! murd] ( ,caes>4 ,! /atem5ts ( 8a pla9 blunt man0 atta* a mu* diff]5t significance to ! 8honorable m50 at ! close ( ! argum5t f t :i* 0 giv5 9 its beg9n+4 ,_h ,antony rev]s$ ! ord] ( 8 spee* he w\ld h be5 delib]ately kill$ in/ead ( be+ hail$ z a lead]4 ,he adapt$ 8 argum5t to 8 audi5ce4 ,he l$ !m along /ep by /ep until 9 ! end !y arriv$ at ! inf]5ce :i* he wi%$ to e/abli% & !n ) a fi]y conclusion he ar\s$ 9 !m ! desire = action4 ,n once did he lose _! int]e/1 because 8 treatm5t ( ! subject-matt] took into acc\nt _! p]sonal1 f9ancial1 social1 & political welf>e4 ,?is classical example illu/rates well ! ma9ta9+ ( int]e/ by t me?od ( appropriate treatm5t :i* adapts ! argum5t to ! audi5ce4 ,an example ( a speak] address+ an audi5ce ( an entirely diff]5t class f t to :i* he himself belongs is t ( ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton on ! occasion ( ! op5+ ( ! ,atlanta ,exposition4 ,mr4 ,wa%+ton _h great difficulty 9 det]m9+ h[ he %\ld take up 8 subject4 ,b he 0 wise en\gh to apply ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y ) 8 audi5ce1 & ! result 0 an address :i* /&s z a monum5t to 8 wisdom4 ,he1 himself1 says t3 8,no two audi5ces are exactly alike4 ,x is my aim to rea* & talk to ! he>t ( ea* individual audi5ce1 tak+ x into my confid5ce mu* z ,i w\ld a p]son4 ,:5 ,i am speak+ to an audi5ce ,i c>e little = h[ :at ,i am say+ is go+ to s\nd 9 ! newspap]s1 or to ano!r audi5ce1 or to an individual4 ,at ! "t1 ! audi5ce be=e me absorbs all my sympa?y1 ?\ght1 & en]gy40 ,aga9 he says1 ref]r+ to ! occasion above m5tion$1 8,i 0 det]m9$ to say no?+ t ,i did n feel f ! bottom ( my he>t to be true & "r40 ,l9coln _h "s v /rong misgiv+s ab\t ! reception ( 8 ,coop] ,in/itute spee*4 ,x is said t he felt 8mis]ies ( emb>rassm5t f 8 s5se ( ! unaccu/om$ conditions1 ! critical & ref9$ audi5ce1 8 own unga9l9ess1 & 8 ill-fitt+ & wr9kl$ clo!s40 ,b aft] he began to speak 8 emb>rassm5t disappe>$4 ,x 0 m]g$ into sympa?y ) 8 audi5ce1 ! p ( ,new ,york ,city1 = :om he _h especially prep>$ ! address4 ,h[ well he succe$$ 9 8 adaptation we all "k1 & ,nicolay & ,hay say 9 _! acc\nt3 8,yet1 su* 0 ! apt *oice ( words1 ! easy precision ( s5t5ces1 ! simple /r5g? ( propositions1 ! fairness ( e po9t he assum$1 & ! =ce ( e conclusion he drew t 8 li/5]s foll[$ him ) ! int]e/ & delight a *ild feels 9 its easy ma/]y ( a pla9 sum 9 ari?metic40 ,e spee* mu/ be s adapt$ to ! audi5ce t x w ma9ta9 j ?is k9d ( int]e/ f ! beg9n+ to ! close4 c4 ,adaptation to "t or occasion4 ,! f9al requirem5t ( appropriate treatm5t is t ! argum5t be suit$ to ! "t or occasion4 ,e k9d ( occasion has an individuality born ( its environm5t4 ,! political argum5t ( a c&idate = (fice w h a some:at diff]5t sett+ f ! same argum5t deliv]$ 9 ! halls ( congress4 ,a brief = an argum5t might well s]ve = bo? occasions1 b :5 t argum5t is writt5 out ! "t or occasion ( its pres5tation mu/ be consid]$4 ,! argu] c almo/ always =esee ! circum/ances ( ! p>ticul> occasion or "t ( pres5tation & ?us adapt 8 argum5t to !m4 ,=mal college or int]collegiate debates be=e compet5t judges & ) a def9ite limit z to ! l5g? ( ! spee* w\ld dem& t ! brief be develop$ 9 ! mo/ t]se & direct mann] possible2 :]eas ! same argum5t to be deliv]$ be=e a ,political ,sci5ce ,club1 ) no judges & no "t limit1 might be develop$ mu* m fully & adapt$ to ! occasion 9 a widely diff]5t mann]4 ,9 conclusion1 we mu/ n =get t an argum5t int5d$ to be read mu/ be adapt$ to ! writ]1 ! read] & ! "t2 :]eas1 an argum5t writt5 = oral deliv]y mu/ be adapt$ to ! speak]1 ! audi5ce1 & ! occasion4 ,b4 ,logical /ructure4 ,! v fact t a disc\rse is to take ! =m ( an argum5t causes ^? to :om x is address$ to look = logical /ructure & cle> reason+4 ,?is expectation mu/ n be ignor$4 ,! argum5t mu/ n only be logical1 b x mu/ appe> logical4 ,?is logical /ructure c be cle>ly set =? :5 ! argum5t is writt5 out1 by means ( frequ5t /atem5ts ( ! divisions ( ! argum5t & _! relation to ea* o!r1 summ>ies1 & transition s5t5ces & p>agraphs4 ,! argu] %\ld fir/ tell :at he has to prove1 !n %[ all along t he is prov+ x1 & f9ally call att5tion to ! fact t he has prov$ x4 ,if ?is is well done ! logical /ructure ( ! argum5t is made obvi\s4 ,! argum5t mu/ also %[ logical progress4 ,we h already se5 ! necessity ( mak+ ! introduction z brief z is consi/5t ) ! o!r requirem5ts4 ,?is requirem5t reg>d+ brevity mu/ be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! developm5t ( ! brief4 ,e /atem5t mu/ be develop$ to su* an ext5t z to br+ out cle>ly ! c5tral ?\ght1 b :5 ?is has be5 done ! writ] mu/ pass at once to ! next po9t1 ?us %[+ t "s real progress is be+ made4 ,an argum5t :i* moves sl[ly tires ! read] or he>]4 ,!re=e ! temptation to elaborate a po9t 9 ! brief ^u :i* ! writ] has a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,ea* argum5t mu/ be /at$ cle>ly1 ) support+ evid5ce to ! po9t1 & ! pro( furni%$ by ! evid5ce pla9ly %[n4 ,?is logical progress w aid greatly 9 ma9ta9+ int]e/ 9 ! pro( ( ! argum5t4 ,c4 ,/yle4 ,/yle is ! mann] ( select+ & arrang+ words1 s5t5ces1 & p>agraphs 9 su* a way t !y w produce an int5d$ effect ^u ! read] or he>]4 ,f ?is def9ition x w be se5 at once t /yle is a v important factor 9 argum5tation4 ,! argum5t is con/ruct$ ) ! express purpose ( produc+ an int5d$ effect ^u ! read] or he>]1 & /yle is a necess>y aid4 ,! outw>d appe>ance ( ?+s enhances _! usefulness4 ,manufactur]s are on ! con/ant look\t = designs :i* are really arti/ic & pleas+ to ! eye4 ,x is ev5 claim$ t ! appe>ance ( food affects its dige/ion4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re=e1 an argum5t ought to possess su* /yle t x w appe> 9 ! mo/ favorable light4 ,/yle1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be consid]$ an ext]nal ?+4 ,x is n a trick by :i* an argum5t may be decorat$ = p>ade4 ,/yle is ! ?\ght & ! man beh9d t ?\ght4 ,x is ! ?\ght pres5t$ 9 all its native =ce & complet5ess2 x is ! man ) all 8 e>ne/ness & s9c]ity put into 8 words4 ,no writ] or speak] c obta9 good /yle by imitat+ t ( ano!r p]son4 ,x mu/ be ! natural expression ( 8 own p]sonality4 a4 ,elem5ts ( /yle4 7#a74 ,vocabul>y4 ,! selection ( ! words 9 :i* ! argum5t is express$ is highly important4 ,! manuscript %\ld be repeat$ly revis$ ) ! object ( secur+ a cle> & =cible diction4 ,a g5]al t]m %\ld n be us$ :]e a concrete t]m c be employ$4 ,all unusual words %\ld be elim9at$ & replac$ ) words :i* are famili>4 ,connotation may ent] into ! diction ( an argum5t z well z into o!r =ms ( prose4 ,!re is a fitness possess$ by c]ta9 words to express c]ta9 %ades ( mean+ :i* mu/ be utiliz$ by ! argu]4 ,?is reg>d = ! connotative significance ( words %\ld guide 9 _! selection ?r\gh\t ! argum5t4 ,significant expressions & comb9ations ( words %\ld also be br\ght 9 = ! purpose ( height5+ ! effect ( ! argum5t4 ,^! comb9ations may be su* z are us$ = political campaign wat*words4 ,great] =ce may be giv5 to !m by repetition1 z 9 ! case ( ! /urdy ,roman orator :o always clos$ 8 spee* ) ! words 8,c>?age mu/ be de/roy$40 ,allit]ation may also be employ$ ) good effect1 z 9 ! case ( ! college debat] :o1 :5 oppos+ a fur!r increase 9 our navy1 designat$ a battle%ip z 8,a devili% device design$ to murd] m540 ,su* sugge/ions br+ ideas to ! m9d ) s mu* vividness t ! impression :i* !y make is n easily effac$4 7#b74 ,s5t5ces4 ,9 fram+ ! s5t5ces ( an argum5t ! writ] mu/ consid] :e!r x is design$ = oral deliv]y or m]ely = ! purpose ( be+ read4 ,if ! latt]1 ! rules ( ord9>y composition furni% a suffici5t guide1 b1 if ! =m] purpose is to be consid]$ special att5tion mu/ be giv5 to s5t5ce-/ructure4 ,! writ] %\ld te/ ea* s5t5ce z x is writt5 by actually read+ x al\d or by build+ a m5tal concept ( ! way 9 :i* x w s\nd :5 /at$ orally4 ,! mean+ mu/ be pla91 s9ce if ! he>] does n grasp x z ! s5t5ce is spok5 he _c grasp x at all4 ,to aid 9 ?is cle>ness1 long & involv$ s5t5ce-/ructure %\ld be avoid$4 ,%ort1 t]se s5t5ces %\ld pr$om9ate4 ,bo? balanc$ & p]iodic s5t5ces may be made to contribute to ! oratorical quality :i* an argum5t %\ld possess1 b !y mu/ n int]f]e ) t brevity :i* makes = cle>ness4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! argum5t ( ,daniel ,web/] 9 ! ,:ite murd] trial well illu/rates ! cle>ness :i* results f ! use ( t]se s5t5ces4 8,! crim9al law is n f\nd$ 9 a pr9ciple ( v5geance4 ,x does n puni% t x may inflict suff]+4 ,! humanity ( ! law feels & regrets e pa9 x causes1 e h\r ( re/ra9t x imposes1 & m deeply /ill e life x =feits4 ,b x uses evil z a means ( prev5t+ great] evil4 ,x seeks to det] f crime by ! example ( puni%m5t4 ,?is is its true1 & only true ma9 object4 ,x re/ra9s ! lib]ty ( ! few (f5d]s1 t ! _m :o d n (f5d may enjoy _! lib]ty4 ,x takes ! life ( a murd]] t o!r murd]s may n be committ$40 7#c74 ,p>agraphs4 ,a p>agraph %\ld be devot$ to ea* subdivision ( ! argum5t4 ,ea* p>agraph mu/ be a complete unit4 ,its l5g? %\ld v>y ) ! importance ( ! subdivision to :i* x is conf9$4 ,! s5t5ce 9 ! brief :i* x is design$ to elaborate %\ld /& z ! key s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph4 b4 ,qualities ( /yle4 7#a74 ,cle>ness4 ,! mo/ important quality ( /yle is cle>ness4 ,cle>ness is a valuable aid to int]e/1 = ! human m9d delights 9 lucidity4 ,! audi5ce or read] w seldom take ! tr\ble to figure out exactly :at idea is int5d$ to be convey$4 ,mo/ audi5ces are lazy & mu/ be assi/$ to ?9k4 ,! way 9 :i* a conclusion is to be rea*$ mu/ be po9t$ out to !m4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( mak+ pla9 an argum5t :i* is to be deliv]$ orally is especially great4 ,error c easily be smuggl$ into an argum5t "u cov] ( confus$ language1 b cle>ness %[s =? ! argum5t 9 su* a light t any mi/ake mu/ be app>5t4 ,?is satisfies ! m9ds ( ^? address$1 because !y c see & judge = !mselves4 ,moreov]1 !re is a quality ( elegance com+ f p]fect cle>ness :i* c>ries conviction ) x4 ,if cle>ness is lack+1 grave errors may be lurk+ 9 ! obscure phras+ ( ! disc\rse & ! read] or he>] _c feel satisfi$ 9 8 own m9d4 ,!re=e1 = ! sake ( ! writ] & = ! sake ( ^? to :om ! argum5t is address$1 cle>ness %\ld be ! pr$om9at+ quality ( /yle4 ,x is n amiss at ?is po9t to quote 9 full ! fam\s description ( eloqu5ce f ,web/]'s oration on ,adams & ,jeff]son4 ,x is n only a description b x is a great example ( ! ?+ describ$4 ,! /ud5t w d well to pond] ov] x & try to realize ! full significance ( e /atem5t4 8,cle>ness1 =ce1 & e>ne/ness are ! qualities :i* produce conviction4 ,true eloqu5ce1 inde$1 does n consi/ 9 spee*4 ,x _c be br\ght f f>4 ,labor & le>n+ may toil = x1 b !y w toil 9 va94 ,words & phrases may be m>%all$ 9 e way1 b !y _c compass x4 ,x mu/ exi/ 9 ! man1 9 ! subject1 & 9 ! occasion4 ,affect$ passion1 int5se expression1 & pomp ( declamation1 all may aspire to x2 !y _c rea* x4 ,x comes1 if x comes at all1 l ! outbreak+ ( a f\nta9 f ! e>?1 or ! bur/+ =? ( volcanic fires1 ) spontane\s1 orig9al1 native =ce4 ,! graces taught 9 ! s*ools1 ! co/ly ornam5ts & /udi$ contrivances ( spee*1 %ock & disgu/ m51 :5 _! own lives1 & ! fate ( _! wives1 _! *ildr51 & _! c\ntry1 hang on ! decision ( ! h\r4 ,!n words h lo/ _! p[]1 rhetoric is va91 & all elaborate oratory contemptible4 ,ev5 g5ius itself !n feels rebuk$ & subdu$1 z 9 ! pres5ce ( high] qualities4 ,!n patriotism is eloqu5t2 !n self-devotion is eloqu5t4 ,! cle> conception outrunn+ ! d$uctions ( logic1 ! high purpose1 ! firm resolve1 ! dauntless _s1 speak+ on ! tongue1 beam+ f ! eye1 in=m+ e feature1 & urg+ ! :ole man onw>d1 "r onw>d to 8 object1--?is1 ?is is eloqu5ce2 or r x is some?+ great] & high] ?an all eloqu5ce1--x is action1 noble1 sublime1 godlike action40 ,simplicity ( expression is an important aid to cle>ness4 ,no speak] %\ld /rive = effect alone4 ,! simple/ words & ! simple/ s5t5ces %\ld be *os54 ,f9e writ+ or high s\nd+ language %\ld be avoid$4 ,! writ] %\ld make use ( t directness :i* *>act]izes 8 conv]sation :5 he is 9 e>ne/4 ,concret5ess is a mo/ important aid to cle>ness1 = g5]al /atem5ts make little impression ^u ! av]age m9d4 ,to secure ! be/ effect concrete p>ticul>s mu/ be us$ to amplify & illu/rate all g5]al /atem5ts4 ,?is n only makes ! mean+ ( ! speak] m cle> b x also gives a =ce & vigor to ! idea pres5t$4 ,9 fact1 "s writ]s h nam$ concret5ess z ! mo/ important aid to =ce4 ,9 ,ald5's ,art ( ,debate a speak] dur+ ! "t ( ! ,*icago /rike is quot$ z hav+ mov$ 8 he>]s to en?usiasm by decl>+3 8,if necess>y1 e regim5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army mu/ be call$ out1 t ! lett] dropp$ by ! girl ,j5nie1 at "s c\ntry po/-(fice back 9 ,ma9e1 may g on its way to h] lov] 9 ,san ,francisco1 )\t a f+] be+ rais$ to /op its passage40 ,?is is concret5ess z di/+ui%$ f g5]ality4 ,h[ mu* less cle> & less =cible w\ld be ! g5]al ab/ract /atem5t t 8,if necess>y1 ! :ole =ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates army w be call$ into action = ! purpose ( prev5t+ int]f]5ce ) ! mails40 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! g5]al /atem5t 8,!re has be5 a con/ant improvem5t 9 ! me?ods devis$ by man = kill+ 8 fell[ m5 9 w>10 ! idea w\ld be m concrete if express$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,ev] s9ce ,%amg> slew ! oppos+ army ( ! ,phili/9es ) an oxgoad man has be5 improv+ ! in/rum5ts ( w> until to-day we h ! mod]n dreadn\ght weigh+ ?\s&s ( tons & co/+ millions ( doll>s40 ,or1 ! idea c be pres5t$ 9 a /ill m concrete mann] by /at+ ! foll[+ facts3 8,ev] s9ce ,david1 ! %eph]d boy1 pick$ a pebble f ! brook2 plac$ x 9 8 sl+2 ?rew x & kill$ ,golia?1 man has be5 improv+ ! me?od ( ?r[+ ?+s at 8 fell[ m51 9 ord] to kill !m1 until to-day we h ! ?irte5 in* gun1 :i* ?r[s a projectile weigh+ "o ?\s& p\nds a di/ance ( ?irte5 miles40 ,^! concrete in/ances :5 elaborat$ become illu/rations or illu/rative in/ances4 ,9 fact1 ! la/ /atem5t giv5 above might be dignifi$ ) ! "n illu/ration4 ,l9coln 9 8 ,coop] ,in/itute spee* aptly illu/rat$ ! attitude ( ! ,s\? t[>d secession :5 he said3 8,b y w n abide ! election ( a ,republican ,presid5t6 ,9 t suppos$ ev5t y say y w de/roy ! ,union6 & !n1 y say1 ! crime ( hav+ de/roy$ x w be ^u u6 ,t is cool4 ,a highwayman holds a pi/ol to my e> & mutt]s ?r\gh 8 tee? #8,/& & deliv] or ,i %all kill y1 & !n y w be a murd]]4'0 ,aga9 ,l9coln uses a mo/ cle> & =cible illu/ration 9 8 ,spr+field spee* :5 he pres5ts ! foll[+ argum5t f analogy3 8,we _c absolutely "k t all ^! adaptations are ! result ( preconc]t4 ,b :5 we see a lot ( fram$ timb]s1 diff]5t portions ( :i* we "k h be5 gott5 out at diff]5t times & places & by diff]5t workm51--,/eph51 ,frankl91 ,rog]1 & ,james1 = in/ance1--& :5 we see ^! timb]s jo9$ toge!r1 & see !y exactly make ! frame ( a h\se or a mill1 all ! t5ons & mortices exactly fitt+1 & all ! l5g?s & proportions ( ! diff]5t pieces exactly adapt$ to _! respective places1 & n a piece too _m or too few1--n omitt+ ev5 scaffold+1--or1 if a s+le piece be lack+1 we see ! place 9 ! frame exactly fitt$ & prep>$ yet to br+ ! piece 9--9 su* a case1 we f9d x impossible n to believe t ,/eph5 & ,frankl9 & ,rog] & ,james all und]/ood "o ano!r f ! beg9n+1 & all work$ ^u a common plan or draft drawn up be=e ! fir/ bl[ 0 /ruck40 ,su* concrete illu/rations z are conta9$ 9 ! above quotation %\ld ab\nd 9 e argum5t4 ,! homeli] ! illu/ration1 ! m pron\nc$ ! effect4 ,x requires no especial insight into human nature to see t su* incid5ts z ^? quot$ above w hold ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce or read] mu* m effectively ?an cold1 =mal1 g5]aliz$ /atem5ts4 ,!re=e1 ! /ud5t %\ld make use ( concret5ess1 &1 9 fact ( all rhetorical devices1 = ! purpose ( mak+ 8 argum5t cle> & int]e/+4 ,ev5 n>ratives ( "s ext5d$ l5g? may be introduc$ :5 !y are especially p]t95t to ! po9t at issue4 ,cle>ness is aid$ by mak+ pla9 9 ! argum5t t unity :i* exi/s 9 ! brief4 ,all matt] :i* does n t5d to expla9 or prove ! ma9 proposition %\ld be exclud$4 ,x is dang]\s = ! argu] to ent] into l5g?y explanations1 = !y may be b digressions f ! ma9 argum5t4 ,x is ( c\rse assum$ t ! brief possesses unity4 ,! temptation to include matt] m]ely because ( its int]e/ is always /rong1 b ! /ud5t mu/ apply ! te/ ( imm$iate relevancy & be guid$ by x4 ,! f9al acceptance ( ! argum5t by ! read] or he>] is aid$ or h9d]$ by 8 impression ( ! unity or solidity ( its con/ruction4 ,! brief %\ld be /rictly foll[$ 9 ord] t unity may be app>5t4 ,coh]5ce is also an important aid to cle>ness4 ,! coh]5ce :i* exi/s 9 ! brief mu/ be express$ 9 ! argum5t4 ,! connective 8=10 :i* is us$ 9 ! brief to %[ ! relation subord9ate /atem5ts be> to ! ma9 /atem5ts1 mu/ be exp&$ 9 rhetorical /yle s z to br+ out pla9ly ! =ce ( ! relation :i* x expresses4 ,9 ! ef=t to secure coh]5ce ! argu] %\ld n hesitate to repeat ! ma9 issues or ev5 to %[ h[ !y /& z pro( ( ! proposition4 ,e fact ( evid5ce mu/ be made to /& out di/9ctly z pro( = "s /atem5t 9 ! argum5t4 ,o!rwise ! evid5ce w be m]e dead weight1 load+ d[n in/ead ( support+ ! cont5tions ( ! argu]4 ,connective words1 su* z 8=10 8because10 8h5ce10 8!re=e0 %\ld ab\nd ?r\gh\t ! pro( = ! purpose ( %[+ precisely :at relation exi/s betwe5 a fact & a /atem5t1 or a /atem5t & a ma9 issue1 or a ma9 issue & ! proposition4 ,e fact ( evid5ce mu/ be cle>ly connect$ ) ! /atem5t :i* x proves2 e /atem5t support$ by evid5ce mu/ be connect$ directly ) ! ma9 issue :i* x proves2 & e ma9 issue mu/ be connect$ directly ) ! proposition :i* x proves4 ,?is mu/ be done n by inf]5ce1 b by an express$ connection4 ,! connection may appe> s obvi\s t x seems fooli% to put x 9 words1 b exp]i5ce %[s t ! connective mu/ be express$ or x w n be compreh5d$4 ,if ! connections are n express$ ! argum5t w appe> incoh]5t4 ,!re=e1 transitional s5t5ces mu/ be us$ frequ5tly4 ,:5 two or m facts ( evid5ce are (f]$ 9 support ( "o /atem5t ! words 8,fir/01 8,second01 & 8,?ird01 or 8,moreov]01 8,aga901 8,fur!rmore0 %\ld be us$4 ,at ! end ( ! enum]ation :at all ^! facts t5d to %[ reg>d+ ! proposition %\ld be /at$4 ,coh]5ce is n obta9$ by *ance4 ,to obta9 x requires ! greate/ c>e 9 ! orig9al writ+ out ( ! argum5t4 ,a c>eful process ( revision mu/ !n be in/itut$ to make sure t no fact ( evid5ce is left /&+ )\t its appropriate relation to ! proposition be+ cle>ly /at$4 ,any break 9 coh]5ce may mean ! loss ( "p or all ( ! evid5ce (f]$ 9 support ( a ma9 issue4 ,"o ( ! classical examples ( argum5t notewor?y = its coh]5ce1 & ! "o mo/ (t5 recomm5d$ = /udy 9 connection ) ! subject ( coh]5ce1 is ,burke's ,spee* on ,conciliation4 ,9 t "p ( ! argum5t :i* treats ( ! ,am]ican love ( fre$om1 ! skill display$ 9 mak+ transition f "p to "p1 & ! g5]al effect ( coh]5ce :i* results f ?is treatm5t are mo/ conspicu\s4 ,! foll[+ extracts tak5 f a portion ( ! argum5t w illu/rate ,burke's me?od ( mak+ 8 disc\rse coh]5t4 ,! dots indicate omissions4#c ,footnote #c3 ,aft] read+ ! selections "h giv5 ! /ud5t w d well to make a /udy ( ! spee* itself & scrut9ize closely ! sub/ance ( ! p>ts :i* ^! /atem5ts s]ve to connect z well z ! mann] ( connection4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce may be tak5 z ! ma9 issue :i* ,burke int5ds to (f] evid5ce to prove2 !n come ! s5t5ces :i* m>k ! connection ( ! mo/ important facts ( evid5ce (f]$ 9 support ( ! issue2 & f9ally ! summ>y :i* aga9 calls att5tion to ! connection exi/+ betwe5 ^! pieces ( evid5ce & ! proposition conta9$ 9 ! fir/ /atem5t4 8,9 ! "* ( ! ,am]icans1 a love ( fre$om is ! pr$om9at+ feature :i* m>ks & di/+ui%es ! :ole 444 ?is 7results7 f a great v>iety ( p[]ful causes4444 ,fir/1 ! p ( ! colonies are desc5dants ( ,engli%m54444 ,_! gov]nm5ts are popul> 9 a high degree4444 ,if any?+ 7 want+ to ?is necess>y op]ation ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 religion w\ld h giv5 x complete effect4444 ,! p are ,prote/ants2 & ( ! k9d :i* is mo/ adv]se to all implicit submission ( m9d & op9ion4444 7,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& t5ds to (fset ?is influ5ce 9 ! ,s\!rn colonies74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a circum/ance att5d+ ^! colonies1 :i* 9 my op9ion1 fully c\nt]balances ?is diff]5ce4444 ,x is1 t 9 ,virg9ia !y h a va/ multitude ( slaves4 ,:]e ?is is ! case 9 any "p ( ! _w1 ^? :o are free are by f> ! m pr\d & jeal\s ( _! fre$om4444 ,p]mit me1 ,sir1 to add ano!r circum/ance 9 our colonies1 :i* contributes no mean "p t[>ds ! gr[? & effect ( ?is untractable _s4 ,i mean _! education4 ,9 no c\ntry p]haps 9 ! _w is ! law s g5]al a /udy4444 ,! la/ cause ( ?is disob$i5t _s 9 ! colonies is h>dly less p[]ful ?an ! re/1 z x is n m]ely moral1 b laid deep 9 ! natural con/itution ( ?+s4 ,?ree ?\s& miles ( ocean lie betwe5 y & !m4444 ,!n1 ,sir1 f ^! six capital s\rces3 ( desc5t2 ( =m ( gov]nm5t2 ( religion 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces2 ( mann]s 9 ! s\!rn2 ( education2 ( ! remot5ess ( ! situation f ! fir/ mov] ( gov]nm5t2 f all ^! causes a fi]ce _s ( lib]ty has gr[n up44440 ,^! transition s5t5ces seem to imply a /rong coh]5t argum5t1 &1 :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! context1 !y =m an almo/ p]fect example ( argum5tative coh]5ce4 ,usually ! fir/ s5t5ce ( a p>agraph develop+ a new argum5t is ! transition s5t5ce4 ,sometimes a m ext5d$ transition becomes necess>y1 9 :i* case m ?an "o s5t5ce1 or ev5 an entire p>agraph1 may be devot$ to ! transition f "o "p to ano!r4 ,all ( ! me?ods sugge/$ above may be prop]ly employ$ 9 giv+ ! argum5t coh]5ce4 ,9 ?is discussion ( cle>ness _m ?+s h be5 consid]$ :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt :5 read+ ! discussions ( ,=ce & ,elegance4 ,no division ( /yle c be absolute nor c a complete exposition ( its qualities be attempt$ )\t mu* repetition4 ,! /ud5t mu/ !re=e treat ?is division ( subject-matt] z helpful only 9 emphasiz+ ! qualities :i* 8 argum5tative writ+ & speak+ %\ld possess4 7#b74 ,=ce4 ,we speak ( a 8=cible argum5t0 ) respect because x indicates some?+ sub/antial4 ,=ce mu/ p]vade any writ+ or speak+ :i* aims to ar\se to action4 ,! mat]ial mu/ be pres5t$ 9 an impressive mann]4 ,by s do+ we create a ke5] int]e/ & br+ to ! m9ds ( our read]s or he>]s a m vivid realization ( ! significance ( our argum5t4 ,!re=e aft] all ! devices h]et(ore consid]$ h be5 employ$ to make ! argum5t int]e/+1 ! f9i%$ product %\ld be consid]$ ) a view to det]m9+ :e!r x is ! mo/ =cible piece ( "w t c be produc$4 ,p]haps "s slight *ange 9 ! way 9 :i* ^! devices h be5 employ$ w give a bett] effect4 ,if s1 ! modification %\ld be c>efully att5d$ to 9 ord] t ! argum5t may possess 9 its highe/ degree ! quality ( =ce4 ,! =ce ( an argum5t dep5ds 9 l>ge measure ^u ! prop] use ( emphasis4 ,emphasis is ! means by :i* att5tion is call$ to ! importance or special significance ( any portion ( ! argum5t4 ,"o ( ! ways 9 :i* any "p ( ! subject-matt] may be emphasiz$ is by exp&+ or dwell+ ^u t "p4 ,?is mu/ always be done ) due consid]ation = ! o!r p>ts ( ! argum5t4 ,h5ce x happ5s t proportion is us$ z a means to secure emphasis4 ,! writ] mu/ det]m9e ! really vital p>ts ( 8 argum5t & aim to give emphasis to !m alone1 because e po9t _c be emphasiz$4 ,an attempt to emphasize ev]y?+ results 9 no emphasis :atev]4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ n be on ! same dead level1 because if x is ! audi5ce or read] w soon lose int]e/4 ,we sometimes speak ( ! important po9ts z ! 8high places0 9 ! argum5t4 ,^! 8high places0 mu/ exi/1 because x is impossible = ! read] or he>] to rememb] all ! details ( a l5g?y argum5t4 ,he w1 h[ev]1 rememb] ! important po9ts1 provid+ !y h be5 prop]ly emphasiz$4 ,we n[ turn to ! me?ods by :i* ! be/ use c be made ( ! space devot$ to ! emphasiz+ ( any p>ticul> po9t4 ,! use ( metaphors1 similes1 & epigrams is an effective mode ( emphasis4 ,an apt metaphor or simile w rema9 9 ! m9ds ( read]s or he>]s long aft] ! tr5d ( ! argum5t is =gott54 ,ano!r me?od frequ5tly employ$ = ! purpose ( secur+ emphasis is t ( ! rhetorical "q4 ,s9ce su* a "q implies an answ] favorable to ! p>ty ask+ x1 x mu/ appe> pla9ly t ! answ] is b\nd to be z he desires4 ,9 ! ,l9coln-,d\glas debates bo? speak]s made frequ5t use ( ?is me?od1 & ,web/]1 9 emphasiz+ ! necessity ( f9d+ ! murd]] ( ,capta9 ,john ,:ite asks1 8,%\ld n all ! peaceable & well dispos$ naturally feel conc]n$1 & naturally ex]t !mselves to br+ to puni%m5t ! au?ors ( ! secret assass9ation8 ,0 x a ?+ to be slept ^u or =gott58 ,did y1 g5tlem51 sleep q z quietly 9 y\r b$s aft] ?is murd] z y did be=e8 ,0 x n a case = rew>ds1 = meet+s1 = committees1 = ! unit$ ef=ts ( all ! good1 to f9d out a b& ( murd]\s conspirators1 ( midnight ruffians1 & to br+ !m to ! b> ( ju/ice & law80 ,! use ( repetition = ! purpose ( emphasis is mo/ important4 ,9 employ+ ?is me?od c>e %\ld be tak5 n to ov]do x1 z su* a process is always fatal to int]e/4 ,! c5tral idea %\ld be repeat$1 b ! phras+ %\ld be skillfully v>i$ s z to prev5t ! repetition f becom+ monoton\s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! po9t ( view %\ld be *ang$4 ,?is n only s]ves to *ange ! mann] 9 :i* ! idea is pres5t$ b w help to hold ! int]e/4 ,p]haps "o po9t ( view w appeal m /rongly to "s p ?an to o!rs4 ,h5ce by *ang+ ! po9t ( view ! greate/ numb] ( p are influ5c$4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t x is n ! po9t ( view ( ! writ] :i* *anges b m]ely ! po9t ( view f :i* he pres5ts ! "p ( ! argum5t to be emphasiz$4 7#c74 ,elegance4 ,z has already be5 sugge/$1 ! appe>ance ( an argum5t has a great deal to d ) ! mann] 9 :i* x is receiv$4 ,by appe>ance is meant ! way 9 :i* x appe>s to ! m9d ( ! p]son address$4 ,if x appe>s to be a /iff1 =mal1 arrogant piece ( "w x may only excite intellectual curiosity in/ead ( ar\s+ int]e/ & creat+ desire4 ,! argum5t mu/ appeal ) fre%ness & vivacity to ! p]son address$4 ,x is no small task to =m an elegant =5sic f a solid1 rigid brief4 ,f ! /ud5t's /udy ( ease1 grace1 elegance1 & rhy?m z f\nd 9 books ( rhetoric1 he w h obta9$ a fair idea ( ! quality ( elegance & c make an intellig5t ef=t to secure x 9 8 own "w4 ,b ! mo/ effective way 9 :i* to acquire a s5se ( elegance is by ! /udy ( ^? ma/]pieces ( argum5t :i* possess ?is quality to a high degree4 ,rules _c be =mulat$ nor practicable pr9ciples laid d[n = obta9+ ?is quality4 ,j z ! musician acquires a s5se ( :at is prop] & :at is n prop] 9 8 art1 s1 mu/ ! writ] ( an argum5t acquire a s5se ( :at is prop] & :at is n prop] by a /udy ( ! works ( ^? :o h be5 ma/]s 9 ! art ( argum5tation4 ,! simple elegance ( ,l9coln's /yle1 ! impressive elegance ( ! /yle ( ,web/]1 & ! fi]y elegance ( :i* ,patrick ,h5ry 0 ma/]1 mu/ be /udi$ e>ne/ly by ! /ud5t4 ,! orations ( ,web/]1 ! spee*es ( ,burke1 & ! argum5ts ( ,l9coln %\ld be read ov] & ov] aga94 ,favorite passages %\ld be committ$ to memory & all ! spee*es %\ld be read = ! purpose ( be+ enjoy$4 ,?is w imp>t a weal? ( expression & an elegance ( /yle :i* c be obta9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject ( 8,int]e/--,ma9ta9$ by ! ,pro(0 let ! /ud5t rememb] t all ! me?ods h]e9 sugge/$ /& ready to aid him 9 8 supreme desire to be he>d if he w b ma/] !m & make !m 8 s]vants4 ,,iii4 ,desire--creat$ by ! conclusion4 ,att5tion has be5 previ\sly call$ to ! fact t ! practical application ( introduction1 pro(1 & conclusion to ! creat+ ( att5tion1 int]e/1 & desire is approximate r ?an absolute4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! argum5t :i* is conta9$ 9 ! pro( c>ries =w>d ! "w ( p]suasion4 ,x creates a desire to und]/& ! :ole tru? ab\t ! proposition discuss$4 ,:5 we say t ! desire is creat$ by ! conclusion we mean t all ! good effect produc$ by ! pro( is summ$ up & pres5t$ 9 su* a =cible mann] t x awak5s ! desire = action4 ,! pro( has ma9ta9$ ! int]e/ ( ^? to :om ! argum5t is address$4 ,x has e/abli%$ a firm basis 9 rational desire4 ,! object ( ! conclusion is to ar\se emotions suffici5t to move ! w4 ,9 ord] t x may d ?is x %\ld be 9 ! =m ( an appeal = ! adoption or defeat ( ! resolution4 ,to und]/& ! way 9 :i* ?is plea or appeal %\ld be made x is necess>y to und]/& ! =ces :i* influ5ce ! individual to act4 ,^! =ces are kn[n z ! qualities ( want4 ,! desire to act results f "o or m ( ! foll[+ sev5 causes4 #a4 ,necessity4 ,if ! pro( :i* has be5 pres5t$ = or aga9/ ! proposition %[s t ! propos$ measure is necess>y ! conclusion %\ld make necessity ! basis ( ! plea4 ,necessity is a /rong basis = an argum5t4 ,if a ?+ is a necessity1 all reasonable p]sons w agree t x %\ld be adopt$1 provid+ !re is no pr$om9at+ circum/ance :i* makes its adoption inadvisable4 ,l9coln urg$ ^u 8 he>]s ! necessity ( settl+ ! slav]y "q1 ,patrick ,h5ry urg$ ! necessity ( resi/ance to ! tyranny ( ,engl&1 & ,daniel ,web/] urg$ ! necessity ( hold+ ! ,union inviolate4 ,by %[+ t a ?+ is necess>y1 t disa/] w foll[ inaction1 orators h ar\s$ ! en]gies ( m5 9 ord] t great re=ms might prevail4 ,! speak] :o c %[ t ! cause ( action :i* he advocates is necess>y to ! /ate1 to ! community1 or to ! individual has made a /rong plea = its adoption4 #b4 ,int]e/4 ,by an appeal to int]e/ we d n mean any?+ unwor?y ( ei!r speak] or he>]4 ,legitimate self-int]e/ is p]haps ! /ronge/ motive :i* incites m5 to action4 ,?is trait ( ! human "* %\ld n be lo/ sight ( by ! /ud5t ( argum5tation4 ,9 "o way or ano!r almo/ e proposition may be made to appeal to ! self-int]e/ ( ! individual4 ,= ! purpose ( be+ sy/ematic we may consid] ?is self-int]e/ "u ! ?ree heads1 ,conv5i5ce1 ,pleasure1 & ,pr(it4 ,a4 ,conv5i5ce4 ,if x c be %[n t ! adoption ( a def9ite c\rse ( action w be = ! conv5i5ce ( ! individual a /rong po9t 9 its favor has be5 e/abli%$4 ,if emphasis c be plac$ ^u ! fact t x w be = ! conv5i5ce ( ! community z a :ole ! argum5t w be /ill /rong]1 = "s p love to flatt] !mselves t !y are consid]+ ! int]e/s ( _! fell[ m5 z well z ( !mselves1 & _m p are hone/ 9 ?is impulse4 ,moreov]1 ?is public _s is an actual factor 9 det]m9+ ! actions ( m54 ,su* an argum5t is especially valuable 9 discuss+ local que/ions4 ,9 advocat+ ! build+ ( a new bridge1 ! grant+ ( concessions to a propos$ railroad or /reet c> l9e ! appeal to ! conv5i5ce ( ! p ( ! community is v /rong4 ,by ! application ( a little +5uity 9 connect+ ! po9ts ( ! argum5t ) ! ev]yday life ( ! p to :om x is address$1 ! effectiv5ess ( ! conclusion may be greatly increas$4 ,b4 ,pleasure4 ,! av]age p]son is incl9$ to accept t :i* is pleas+ to him & reject t :i* is displeas+4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! pro( we h be5 try+ to keep int]e/ alive by pres5t+ our subject 9 an int]e/+ mann]4 ,9 ! conclusion we mu/ sum up ?is matt] 9 su* a way z to con=m to ! pleasure ( ^? address$4 ,! build+ ( a new !atre1 a t[n hall1 or a p>k may be made to appeal to _m int]e/s ( ! community1 b aft] all is said ! fact rema9s t ! ma9 ju/ification = su* build+s re/s ^u ! pleasure :i* !y give to individual memb]s ( ! community4 ,z 9 ! case ( conv5i5ce1 ?is elem5t ( pleasure may be utiliz$ ) practical results 9 ! clos+ plea4 ,c4 ,pr(it4 ,! /ronge/ appeal to self-int]e/ c be made by %[+ t ! action advocat$ w result 9 pr(it to ! individual4 ,by %[+ t a propos$ plan ( taxation w result 9 l[]+ ! ye>ly am\nt ( tax :i* ,john ,jones w h to pay1 y w probably secure ! vote ( ,john ,jones 9 favor ( y\r proposition4 ,by %[+ t ! pur*ase ( a potato digg] w increase ! am\nt ( money :i* a f>m] c make rais+ potatoes1 y h gone f> t[>d conv9c+ t f>m] t he %\ld buy a potato digg]4 ,by %[+ t consolidation w yield great] pr(it to ! bus9ess man y h done mu* to p]suade him to jo9 ! comb9ation4 ,by %[+ t ! l[]+ ( ! t>iff s*$ule w r$uce ! co/ ( liv+ y may induce _m p]sons to advocate a l[] t>iff4 ,9 e argum5t self-int]e/ plays an important "p4 ,! conclusion %\ld !re=e leave firmly fix$ 9 ! m9d ( ! read] or he>] ! fact t ! action advocat$ w be = 8 be/ int]e/s4 #c4 ,jeal\sy1 vanity1 & hatr$4 ,an appeal to ! bas] passions ( mank9d is n to be comm5d$4 ,nev]!less1 we are "h treat+ ( real argum5ts 9 a real _w4 ,s9ce ! end ( argum5tation is action1 & s9ce jeal\sy1 vanity1 & hatr$ are motives :i* /ir m5 to action1 we mu/ consid] !m4 ,p]sonal motives may furni% subsidi>y inducem5ts to action4 ,! jeal\sy :i* "o bus9ess man feels t[>d 8 competitor may induce him to adopt new me?ods ( do+ bus9ess 9 ord] t he may outdo 8 rival4 ,! vanity :i* a manufactur] feels 9 ! sup]iority ( 8 goods may be ! det]m9+ factor 9 ! adoption ( improv$ ma*9]y4 ,! hatr$ :i* ! hone/ citiz5 ent]ta9s = boss rule may be ! det]m9+ factor 9 decid+ ! way he w vote4 ,! +5uity ( ! /ud5t mu/ be employ$ 9 try+ to fa?om ! unse5 causes :i* guide ! activities ( 8 fell[s4 #d4 ,ambition4 ,! ambition ( an individual to excel 9 8 bus9ess1 trade1 or pr(ession2 ! ambition ( a community to h ! be/ social & educational advantages2 & ! ambition ( a nation to outrea* ! _w 9 trade & comm]ce1 may all =m ! sub/antial basis = action4 ,by appeal+ to ?is praisewor?y ambition ! emotional elem5t is add$ to ! elem5t ( intellectual conviction4 #e4 ,g5]osity4 ,e human be+ is mov$ at times by g5]\s impulses :i* may arise f a v>iety ( causes4 ,! argu] %\ld /udy ^! causes & attempt to /imulate ! impulses4 ,dignify ! position ( ^? to :om ! appeal is made by %[+ !m t !y c well af=d to be g5]\s4 #f4 ,love ( "r & ju/ice4 ,! argu] %\ld nev] fail to leave 8 he>]s ) ! conviction t he *ampions a j cause4 ,?is appeal c always be made1 because "u no circum/ances %\ld anyone *ampion a cause :i* is unju/4 ,9 ?is age p z a :ole are will+ to d ! "r ?+1 despite ! actions ( p>ticul> individuals or gr\ps ( individuals to ! contr>y4 ,ab/ract ju/ice 9 its application to ! p>ticul> proposition %\ld =m ! basis ( ! f9al plea4 #g4 ,love ( c\ntry1 home1 & k9dr$4 ,! he>ts ( m5 h always be5 /irr$ by ! appeal to patriotism4 ,action 9 its mo/ int5se =m w foll[ ! "r appeal to love ( c\ntry4 ,! protection ( home & k9dr$ has f ! dawn ( hi/ory be5 ! prime motive 9 all great _w movem5ts4 ,o!r causes may appe> on ! surface1 b und]ly+ ^!1 9 "o =m or ano!r is ?is primal cause4 ,w>s are wag$ & nations built up or ov]?r[n because ( ! use or abuse ( ?is p[]4 ,!re=e ! speak] mu/ make a broad application ( 8 p>ticul> argum5t 9 ! clos+ p>agraph4 ,) ^! fundam5tal sugge/ions 9 m9d reg>d+ ! attitude :i* ! conclusion %\ld take1 we w n[ turn to ! =m 9 :i* x is to be pres5t$4 ,! conclusion mu/ con=m to ! brief by summ+ up ! ma9 argum5ts & putt+ !m cle>ly be=e ! audi5ce4 ,?is summ>y is necess>y 9 ord] to make ! pro( cle> & =cible4 ,x %\ld conta9 ! ma9 issues1 &1 :5ev] practicable1 ! subord9ate reasons support+ !m1 9 ord] t ! *ief po9ts 9 ! pro( ( ! proposition may be recall$ by ! audi5ce4 ,an example ( ! simple summ>y :i* is (t5 quot$ z a model1 is ! conclusion ( ! argum5t made by ,daniel ,web/] 9 ! case ( ,ogd5 v4 ,saund]s3-- 8,to recapitulate :at has be5 said1 we ma9ta91 fir/1 t ! ,con/itution1 by its grants to ,congress & its prohibitions to ! /ates1 has s\ght to e/abli% "o uni=m /&>d ( value1 or m$ium ( paym5t4 ,second1 t1 by l means1 x has endeavor$ to provide = "o uni=m mode ( dis*>g+ debts1 :5 !y are to be dis*>g$ )\t paym5t4 ,?ird1 t ^! objects are connect$1 & t ! fir/ loses mu* ( its importance1 if ! la/1 also1 be n accompli%$4 ,f\r?1 t1 read+ ! grant to ,congress & ! prohibition on ! /ates toge!r1 ! inf]5ce is /rong t ! ,con/itution int5d$ to conf] an exclusive p[] to pass bankrupt laws on ,congress4 ,fif?1 t ! prohibition 9 ! t5? section rea*es to all contracts1 exi/+ or 9 ! future1 9 ! same way t ! o!r prohibition1 9 ! same section1 ext5ds to all debts1 exi/+ or 9 ! future4 ,six?ly1 t1 ^u any o!r con/ruction1 "o great political object ( ! ,con/itution w fail ( its accompli%m5t40 ,aga9 9 ! argum5t on ! ,presid5tial ,prote/ he summ>izes ) effect & concludes3-- 8--,we h n s\ght ?is controv]sy2 x has met u & be5 =c$ ^u u4 ,9 my judgm5t1 ! law has be5 disreg>d$1 & ! ,con/itution transgress$2 ! =tress ( lib]ty has be5 assault$1 & circum/ances h plac$ ! ,s5ate 9 ! brea*2 &1 al?\gh we may p]i% 9 x1 ,i "k we %all n fly f x4 ,b ,i am fe>less ( consequ5ces4 ,we %all hold on1 ,sir1 & hold out1 till ! p !mselves come to its def5se4 ,we %all raise ! al>m1 & ma9ta9 ! po/1 till !y ^: "r x is %all decide :e!r ! ,s5ate be a faction1 wantonly resi/+ lawful p[]1 or :e!r x be oppos+1 ) firmness & patriotism1 violations ( lib]ty1 & inroads ^u ! ,con/itution40 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt] on con/ruct+ ! argum5t1 let u aga9 rev]t to ! fact t ! conclusion mu/ be pres5t$ 9 su* a way z to create a desire = action4 ,! conclusion mu/ 8cl9*0 ! argum5t4 ,! "t has come = ! read] or he>] to act1 or det]m9e ^u action4 ,all ! labor sp5t ^u ! introduction 9 ar\s+ & fix+ ! att5tion1 & all ! labor sp5t ^u ! pro( 9 ma9ta9+ ! int]e/ & build+ a firm basis = p]suasion 9 rational conviction1 is n[ lo/ unless ! conclusion rises supreme above ^! & pres5ts a culm9ation =cible & comm&+4 ,! conclusion %\ld reap ! h>ve/ ( p]suasion s[n ?r\gh\t ! argum5t4 ,! emotions mu/ be ar\s$ z !y h n be5 ar\s$ 9 ! pres5tation ( ! pro(2 !y mu/ be /imulat$ to ! highe/ pit*4 ,! conclusion mu/ comm& ! be/ p[]s ( ! speak] or writ]4 ,x mu/ unite ! audi5ce1 ! subject1 & ! p]sonality ( him :o pres5ts ! argum5t into "o mighty curr5t ( ?\ght & emotion :i* leads onw>d to action4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,rebuttal ,rebuttal consi/s ( def5d+ ! con/ructive argum5t & weak5+ or de/roy+ oppos+ argum5ts4 ,rebuttal is bo? def5se & attack4 ,refutation is attack alone4 ,9 =mal debate rebuttal ref]s to ! f9al spee* made by ea* debat] aft] he has pres5t$ 8 con/ructive argum5t & 8 oppon5ts h _h a *ance to reply4 ,! ma9 spee* 9 a =mal debate is usually ( t5 m9utes' duration :ile ! rebuttal spee* is ( five m9utes' duration4 ,fur!rmore1 aft] ! fir/ affirmative speak] has op5$ ! debate x is cu/om>y = ea* succe$+ speak] to introduce 8 ma9 argum5t ) a %ort rebuttal spee* ( "o or two m9utes1 or he may introduce rebuttal at any po9t 9 8 ma9 spee*4 ,! rebuttal spee* mu/ introduce no new argum5t1 b is limit$ to a discussion ( ! validity ( ! argum5ts already pres5t$4 ,aft] ! salesman has pres5t$ 8 goods & ! reasons :y ! prospective cu/om] %\ld buy1 he mu/ answ] ! que/ions reg>d+ ^? reasons & ! objections :i* are made to !m4 ,fur!rmore1 he mu/ ov]?r[ any reasons = n buy+ :i* may be advanc$ by ! cu/om]4 ,9 argu+ ) a s+le individual reg>d+ ! advisability ( any c\rse ( action ! argu] mu/ def5d 8 own position z well z ov]?r[ t ( 8 oppon5t4 ,9 organizations & delib]ative bodies ! speak] :o proposes any plan or measure mu/ be prep>$ to answ] any objections :i* may be made to x2 & mu/ also be prep>$ to weak5 or de/roy ! argum5ts :i* may be advanc$ 9 support ( o!r plans or measures :i* conflict ) 8 own4 ,x is ?us se5 t a k ( ! prep>ation & pres5tation ( rebuttal is almo/ indisp5sable to ! /ud5t :o w\ld make practical application ( ! !ory & practice ( argum5tation4 ,s9ce our "w is to take ! =m ( debat+1 we %all consid] ! subject l>gely f ?is /&po9t4 ,nev]!less1 ! /ud5t %\ld con/antly keep 9 m9d ! broad] application ( ! pr9ciples :i* are us$ 9 =mal debat+4 ,i4 ,prep>ation = rebuttal4 ,rebuttal %\ld nev] be consid]$ lightly f ! /&po9t ( prep>ation4 ,! speak] :o relies on ! 8spur0 ( ! mom5t is q sure to f9d t :5 ! mom5t arrives x has no 8spur40 ,! rebuttal %\ld be prep>$ z c>efully z ! con/ructive argum5t4 ,x dem&s exact & f>-rea*+ k4 ,fur!rmore1 x dem&s absolute comm& ( t k 9 ord] t x may be us$ effectively4 ,9 ?is prep>ation ! /ud5t %\ld consid] ! s\rces f :i* he may d]ive ! appropriate mat]ial1 & ! prop] arrangem5t ( t mat]ial aft] x has be5 collect$4 #a4 ,s\rces ( mat]ial = rebuttal4 ,a4 ,mat]ial acquir$ 9 con/ruct+ ! argum5t4 ,! inve/igation :i* prec$$ & accompani$ ! con/ruction ( ! brief & argum5t %\ld h yield$ a wide k ( ! subject4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial ga!r$ c\ld n be us$ because ( limitations ( "t or space1 because ( its n be+ adapt$ to use 9 ! argum5t z x 0 to be pres5t$1 or because ( ! abundance ( bett] mat]ial4 ,! /ud5t w !re=e h 9 8 possession a l>ge numb] ( facts :i* 7 n us$4 ,^! %\ld be c>efully review$ 9 ord] t ! 8/ock 9 trade0 ( rebuttal mat]ial may be invoic$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld !n rev]t to 8 orig9al analysis & exam9e 8 oppon5ts' position ) a critical eye4 ,he %\ld measure c>efully ! /r5g? ( t position & comp>e x ) 8 own4 ,all ! s\rces :i* 7 consult$ 9 ! beg9n+ %\ld aga9 be made to yield in=mation4 ,?is c n[ be done ) ease1 because ! prep>ation ( ! con/ructive argum5t has giv5 ! /ud5t a firm grasp ^u ! subject-matt]4 ,e possible po9t ( attack :i* ! con/ructive argum5t pres5ts mu/ be =tifi$ by full & complete rebuttal mat]ial4 ,! debat] %\ld beg9 at 8 argum5t z a />t+ po9t & "w back along ! l9e ( evid5ce support+ ea* g5]al ass]tion4 ,s9ce x 0 impracticable to put into ! argum5t all ! evid5ce support+ any "o cont5tion1 ! /ud5t mu/ n[ h ?is evid5ce at h& 9 ord] to support 8 argum5t at ! po9t :]e ! attack c be made4 ,x is almo/ impossible to con/ruct an argum5t :i* _c be attack$ 9 a plausible mann]1 b x is entirely possible to con/ruct an argum5t :i* c be def5d$ successfully4 ,aft] ! con/ructive argum5t has be5 =tifi$1 ! ma9 cont5tions ( ! opposition1 :i* ! analysis ( ! "q has reveal$1 mu/ receive c>eful att5tion4 ,e possible l9e ( attack :i* ! opposition may advance %\ld be consid]$4 ,! /ud5t _c hope to det]m9e be=eh& ! =m 9 :i* ^! argum5ts w be pres5t$4 ,nev]!less1 if 8 analysis ( ! proposition has be5 made 9 a ?or\gh mann]1 & if 8 prep>ation has be5 ?or\gh1 he _c fail to h grasp$ ! und]ly+ argum5ts ( 8 oppon5ts' position4 ,^! %\ld n[ be refut$ ) ! be/ mat]ial :i* ! debat] c f9d4 ,he mu/ be z dilig5t 9 f]ret+ out evid5ce :i* w ov]?r[ 8 oppon5ts' position z he 0 9 se>*+ = evid5ce ) :i* to support 8 own4 ,no available s\rce ( evid5ce %\ld be neglect$4 ,e weak po9t 9 ! oppos+ argum5t %\ld be expos$ & 8ammunition0 ) :i* to attack ^! weak places %\ld be collect$4 ,?is mat]ial %\ld be tabulat$ on c>ds 9 ! same =m t 0 us$ 9 tabulat+ mat]ial = ! con/ructive argum5t4 ,! foll[+ specim5s ( rebuttal c>ds1 prep>$ by /ud5ts = an int]-class debate1 may prove sugge/ive4 ,inju/ice4 ,d4 ,a4 ,wells4 8,taxation 9 aid ( private ent]prises is to load ! tables ( ! few ) b\nty1 t ! _m may p>take ( ! crumbs t fall !refrom40 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,taxation1 p4 #bib4 ,te/ ( ,ability4 ,philip ,s4 ,po/4 8,by successive /ages m equitable /&>ds ( taxation h be5 rea*$1 until n[ !re is a g5]al acceptance ( ! maxim t income is ! be/ te/ by :i* to measure a man's ability40 ,outlook1 ,vol4 #he1 p4 #ejc 7#aijg74 ,equality ( ,sacrifice4 ,r4 ,t4 ,ely4 8,an income tax hone/ly assess$ & hone/ly collect$ answ]s ! canon ( ,equality ( ,sacrifice40 ,taxation 9 ,am]ican ,/ates1 p4 #hi4 ,b4 ,books1 pap]s1 & docum5ts4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! "q has be5 debat$ previ\sly4 ,9 su* cases books1 pap]s1 & docum5ts may be f\nd :i* conta9 8ready-made0 rebuttal argum5ts4 ,! debat] %\ld nev] rely on ^! alone4 ,! prep>ation sugge/$ 9 ! la/ section is an absolute pr]equisite to successful "w 9 rebuttal4 ,h[ev]1 ^! ready-made argum5ts %\ld be se>*$ out c>efully & made to =m a "p ( ! mat]ial = rebuttal4 ,su* evid5ce is ( c\rse subject to ! same requirem5t reg>d+ its wor? & validity z ! s\rces ( mat]ial consult$ 9 con/ruct+ ! ma9 argum5t4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n[ g ov] 8 c>ds c>efully & consid] ! v>i\s books1 pap]s1 or docum5ts f :i* 8 in=mation 0 d]iv$4 ,any ( ^! books1 pap]s1 or docum5ts :i* /& z au?ority = vital facts1 or = facts ab\t :i* !re is likely to be a dispute1 %\ld be tak5 out & plac$ ) ! o!r mat]ial :i* is to be us$ 9 rebuttal4 ,especially %\ld ?is be done 9 cases :]e ! debat] feels t he has au?ority :i* is probably bett] ?an t :i* 8 oppon5ts w be able to quote4 ,= example1 a gov]nm5t docum5t makes a v effective %[+ :5 x is quot$ z contradict+ ! /atem5t ( "s unkn[n magaz9e writ]4 ,9 l mann] /ati/ics f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,reports w prevail ov] /ati/ics f\nd 9 an address deliv]$ by "s p>tisan lead]4 ,s9ce su* conflicts ( au?ority are likely to arise x is important t ! debat] h at h& ! orig9al s\rces ( ! in=mation :i* =ms ! basis ( 8 argum5t or rebuttal4 ,moreov]1 a recogniz$ au?ority sometimes *anges 8 op9ion4 ,9 ?is case ! debat] %\ld be c>eful to provide himself ) ! book1 pap]1 or docum5t :i* conta9s 8 late/ views on ! subject discuss$4 ,^! become especially valuable :5 ! opposition relies ^u ! old views ( ! au?ority quot$4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r cases ( au?ority1 ! usual te/s ( suffici5cy apply4 ,c4 ,que/ions4 ,! skillful ask+ ( que/ions is a mo/ important matt] 9 debat+4 ,^! are (t5 ask$ 9 ! ma9 argum5t1 b x is 9 ! rebuttal t ! answ]s are usually ?re%$ out4 ,if ! que/ions are n ask$ orig9ally 9 ! rebuttal !y %\ld at lea/ be rev]t$ to dur+ ?is "p ( ! debate4 ,no debat] c consid] himself ?or\ghly prep>$ :o has n fram$ "s effective que/ions & :o is n ready to answ] que/ions :i* may be ask$ by 8 oppon5ts4 ,! int]rogatories :i* are int5d$ to be discuss$ 9 ! rebuttal are n rhetorical que/ions1 b que/ions call+ = def9ite answ]s4 ,!re are two well def9$ uses to :i* ^! que/ions may be put4 ,fir/1 !y may be us$ to compel an oppon5t to take a def9ite position on "s issue :i* he appe>s to be attempt+ to evade4 ,second1 !y may be us$ to =ce an oppon5t into a dilemma1 9 :i* position he w be at a disadvantage )\t reg>d to ! answ] :i* he gives4 ,v (t5 an oppon5t is m skillful 9 evad+ ! real po9t at issue ?an he is 9 debat+ x4 ,9 su* cases a "q or s]ies ( que/ions may be necess>y 9 ord] to compel him to discuss ! subject ( dispute4 ,sometimes an oppon5t int5tionally evades ! real po9t at issue because he kn[s 8 position is weak & seeks to cov] up ! real defect "u a plausible %[ ( language4 ,9 bo? ( ^! situations ! use ( direct que/ions is effective4 ,! word+ ( ^! que/ions %\ld receive ! same c>eful consid]ation :i* is be/[$ ^u ! word+ ( a proposition4 ,! que/ions mu/ be cle> & unambigu\s & mu/ call = def9ite & direct answ]s4 ,no opportunity = evasion %\ld be all[$4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! que/ions mu/ be word$ =cibly & emphasiz$ 9 su* a way t an oppon5t w n d>e to leave !m unansw]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if an oppon5t prop\nds c]ta9 que/ions to :i* answ]s are dem&$1 ! debat] mu/ ei!r answ] ^! que/ions satisfactorily or %[ good reason :y !y %\ld rema9 unansw]$4 ,9 ! fam\s ,l9coln-,d\glas debates1 :i* began ,augu/1 #aheh1 que/ions 7 frequ5tly ask$ by bo? p>ties4 ,9 ! fir/ debate1 :i* 0 held at ,ottawa1 ,ill9ois1 ,d\glas ask$ ,l9coln sev5 di/9ct que/ions4 ,9 ! second debate :i* 0 held at ,freeport1 ,l9coln re/at$ ^! que/ions & answ]$ !m briefly & to ! po9t 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,9 ! c\rse ( t op5+ argum5t ,judge ,d\glas propos$ to me sev5 di/9ct int]rogatories4 ,9 my spee* ( an h\r & a half1 ,i att5d$ to "s o!r p>ts ( 8 spee*1 & incid5tally1 z ,i ?\ght1 answ]$ "o ( ! int]rogatories !n4 ,i !n di/9ctly intimat$ to him t ,i w\ld answ] ! re/ ( 8 int]rogatories on condition only t he w\ld agree to answ] z _m = me4 ,he made no intimation at ! "t ( ! proposition1 nor did he 9 8 reply allude at all to t sugge/ion ( m9e4 ,i d him no inju/ice 9 say+ t he occupi$ at lea/ half ( 8 reply 9 deal+ ) me z ?\gh ,i _h refus$ to answ] 8 int]rogatories4 ,i n[ propose t ,i w answ] any ( ! int]rogatories1 ^u condition t he w answ] que/ions f me n exce$+ ! same numb]4 ,i give him an opportunity to respond4 ,! ,judge rema9s sil5t4 ,i n[ say t ,i w answ] 8 int]rogatories1 :e!r he answ]s m9e or n2 & t aft] ,i h done s ,i %all prop\nd m9e to him4 8,i h suppos$ myself1 s9ce ! organization ( ! ,republican p>ty at ,bloom+ton1 9 ,may1 #ahef1 b\nd z a p>ty man by ! plat=ms ( ! p>ty1 !n & s9ce4 ,if 9 any int]rogatories :i* ,i %all answ] ,i g beyond ! scope ( :at is )9 ^! plat=ms1 x w be p]ceiv$ t no "o is responsible b myself4 8,hav+ said ?is mu*1 ,i w take up ! ,judge's int]rogatories z ,i f9d !m pr9t$ 9 ! ,*icago ,times1 & answ] !m s]iatim4 ,9 ord] t !re may be no mi/ake ab\t x1 ,i h copi$ ! int]rogatories 9 writ+1 & also my answ]s to !m4 ,! fir/ "o ( ^! int]rogatories is 9 ^! words3 ,"q #a--#8;,i desire to "k :e!r ,l9coln to-day /&s1 z he did 9 #ahed1 9 favor ( ! unconditional repeal ( ! ,fugitive ,slave law8' ,answ]--,i d n n[1 nor ev] did1 /& 9 favor ( ! unconditional repeal ( ! ,fugitive ,slave law4 ,"q #b--#8;,i desire him to answ] :e!r he /&s pl$g$ to-day1 z he did 9 #ahed1 aga9/ ! admission ( any m ,slave ,/ates into ! ,union ev5 if ! p want !m8' ,answ]--,i d n n[1 nor ev] did1 /& pl$g$ aga9/ ! admission ( any m ,slave ,/ates into ! ,union4 ,"q #c--#8;,i want to "k :e!r he /&s pl$g$ aga9/ ! admission ( a new ,/ate into ! ,union ) su* a ,con/itution z ! p ( t /ate may see fit to make8' ,answ]--,i d n /& pl$g$ aga9/ ! admission ( a new ,/ate into ! ,union1 ) su* a ,con/itution z ! p ( t ,/ate may see fit to make4 ,"q #d--#8;,i want to "k :e!r he /&s to-day pl$g$ to ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia8' ,answ]--,i d n /& to-day pl$g$ to ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,"q #e--#8;,i desire him to answ] :e!r he /&s pl$g$ to ! prohibition ( ! slave trade betwe5 ! diff]5t /ates8' ,answ]--,i d n /& pl$g$ to ! prohibition ( ! slave trade betwe5 ! diff]5t /ates4 ,"q #f--#8;,i desire to "k :e!r he /&s pl$g$ to prohibit slav]y 9 all ! ,t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor? z well z s\? ( ! ,miss\ri ,compromise l9e8' ,answ]--,i am impli$ly1 if n expressly1 pl$g$ to a belief 9 ! "r & duty ( ,congress to prohibit slav]y 9 all ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,t]ritories4 ,"q #g--#8;,i desire him to answ] :e!r he is oppos$ to ! acquisition ( any new t]ritory unless slav]y is fir/ prohibit$ !re98' ,answ]-,i am n g5]ally oppos$ to hone/ acquisition ( t]ritory2 &1 9 any giv5 case1 ,i w\ld or w\ld n oppose su* acquisition1 accord+ z ,i might ?9k su* acquisition w\ld or w\ld n aggravate ! slav]y "q among ourselves4 8,n[1 my fri5ds1 x w be p]ceiv$ ^u an exam9ation ( ^! que/ions & answ]s1 t s f> ,i h only answ]$ t ,i 0 n pl$g$ to ?is1 t1 or ! o!r4 ,! ,judge has n fram$ 8 int]rogatories to ask me any?+ m ?an ?is1 & ,i h answ]$ 9 /rict accordance ) ! int]rogatories1 & h answ]$ truly1 t ,i am n pl$g$ at all ^u any ( ! po9ts to :i* ,i h answ]$4 ,b ,i am n dispos$ to hang ^u ! exact =m ( 8 int]rogatory4 ,i am r dispos$ to take up at lea/ "s ( ^! que/ions1 & /ate :at ,i really ?9k ( !m40 ,9 ! above example ( ! use ( que/ions & answ]s x w be not$ t ,l9coln emphasizes 8 fairness by (f]+ to answ] 8 oppon5t's que/ions provid$ t oppon5t w d ! same ) que/ions :i* he prop\nds4 ,:5 ,judge ,d\glas does n accept ?is proposition1 ,l9coln foll[s up 8 j c\rse ( conduct by decl>+ t he w answ] 8 oppon5t's que/ions :e!r t oppon5t w answ] 8 or n4 ,he !n makes an introductory /atem5t 9 :i* he limits ! responsibility ( 8 answ]s /rictly to himself4 ,he next takes up ea* "q & answ]s x briefly & directly4 ,he concludes ^! answ]s ) a p>agraph 9 :i* he %[s t he has answ]$ ! que/ions /rictly 9 accordance ) ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 ask$4 ,!n he aga9 %[s 8 fairness & ev5 lib]ality t[>d 8 oppon5t by tak+ up ! m important que/ions & giv+ a full & complete discussion ( ea* "o4 ,aft] ?is fair & compreh5sive treatm5t ,l9coln proce$s to prop\nd 8 que/ions to ,judge ,d\glas 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 8,i n[ proce$ to prop\nd to ! ,judge ! int]rogatories s f> z ,i h fram$ !m4 ,i w br+ =w>d a new in/allm5t :5 ,i get !m ready4 ,i w br+ !m =w>d n[ only rea*+ to numb] f\r4 ,! fir/ "o is3-- ,"q #a--;,if ! p ( ,kansas %all1 by means entirely unobjectionable 9 all o!r respects1 adopt a ,/ate con/itution1 & ask admission into ! ,union "u x1 be=e !y h ! requisite numb] ( inhabitants accord+ to ! ,engli% bill1--"s n9ety-?ree ?\s&1--w y vote to admit !m8 ,"q #b--;,c ! p ( a ,unit$ ,/ates ,t]ritory1 9 any lawful way1 aga9/ ! wi% ( any citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclude slav]y f its limits prior to ! =mation ( a ,/ate con/itution8 ,"q #c--;,if ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all decide t ,/ates _c exclude slav]y f _! limits1 are y 9 favor ( acquiesc+ 91 adopt+1 & foll[+ su* a decision z a rule ( political action8 ,"q #d--;,are y 9 favor ( acquir+ additional t]ritory1 9 disreg>d ( h[ su* acquisition may affect ! nation on ! slav]y "q80 ,! =ego+ examples ( que/ions & answ]s w give an idea ( ! way 9 :i* !y may be us$ 9 a =mal debate4 ,! ?ird int]rogatory prop\nd$ by ,l9coln illu/rates well ! type ( "q :i* is design$ to =ce an oppon5t into a dilemma4 ,?is inquiry is an example ( ! great analytical ability ( ,l9coln1 z ! foll[+ circum/ances w %[4 ,! ,dr$ ,scott decision by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt _h held t ,congress did n h ! p[] to exclude slav]y f any ( ! t]ritories4 ,l9coln reg>d$ ?is decision z wrong & said s4 ,d\glas d5\nc$ ,l9coln = 8 attitude 9 ! matt] & decl>$ t x 0 unpatriotic1 disloyal1 & revolution>y = any man to criticize a decision ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,on ! o!r h& ,l9coln d5\nc$ ,d\glas on ! gr\nd t he1 act+ 9 conjunction ) o!r ,democrats1 0 engag$ 9 a conspiracy to nationalize slav]y4 ,9 support ( ?is *>ge he (f]$ reasonable evid5ce1 & %[$ t ! conspirators' ef=ts w\ld be complete provid+ !y c\ld get a decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt :i* w\ld decl>e t a /ate c\ld n exclude slav]y f its bord]s4 ,l9coln *>g$ ,d\glas ) active attempts to secure ?is decision4 ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances t ,l9coln ask$ ! ?ird "q1 viz43--8,if ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all decide t ! ,/ates _c exclude slav]y f _! limits1 are y 9 favor ( acquiesc+ 91 adopt+1 & foll[+ su* decision z a rule ( political action80 ,if ,d\glas answ]$ ?is "q 9 ! affirmative x w\ld put him 9 ! position ( sub/antiat+ ,l9coln's *>ge ( conspiracy4 ,?is w\ld be v emb>rass+ = ,d\glas & give ,l9coln a decid$ advantage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,d\glas's position w\ld be j z emb>rass+ & 8 oppon5t w\ld reap z great an advantage1 if he answ]$ 9 ! negative1 = !n he w\ld be oppos+ a decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1--! v ?+ = :i* he _h s bitt]ly d5\nc$ ,l9coln4 ,! "q 0 s word$ t an affirmative or a negative answ] w\ld be equally disa/r\s4 ,by a judici\s use ( su* que/ions ! debat] may direct ! discussion along ! n>r[ *annel :i* x %\ld take1 & br+ out 9 a =cible way any defects 9 8 oppon5ts' position4 ,no debat] %\ld consid] himself ?or\ghly prep>$ = rebuttal until he has work$ out c>efully a li/ ( que/ions fram$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples "h sugge/$4 ,ano!r =m ( attack :i* prop]ly belongs "u ?is head+ is t ( dem&+ a def9ite plan4 ,if ! speak] is uphold+ ! negative 9 a debate on ! "q ( ! inh]itance tax1 he %\ld dem& t ! next affirmative speak] %[ a def9ite plan ( taxation4 ,if ! oppon5t refuses to pres5t a def9ite plan he may be *>g$ ) impracticability1 vagu5ess1 & a fe> t no plan :i* he might pres5t c\ld be def5d$ safely4 ,on ! o!r h& if he pres5ts a def9ite plan x may be easy to po9t out gl>+ defects 9 its con/ruction4 ,9 ei!r case ! dem&+ ( a def9ite plan may be made to "w to ! advantage ( ! debat]4 ,if a def9ite plan is dem&$ x is usually be/ to reply t ! discussion is on pr9ciples n plans4 ,9 ?is way att5tion may be call$ to ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( ! controv]sy & x c be %[n t1 aft] ! difficulties :i* !y pres5t h be5 solv$1 a discussion ( a def9ite plan w be 9 ord] & its con/ruction w !n be a simple matt]4 ,?is me?od ( proc$ure1 bo? z reg>ds ! dem&+ ( a def9ite plan & ! answ]+ ( t dem&1 af=ds ample scope = ! argum5tative m9d to display its bread? ( p]ception & its ke5ness 9 analysis4 #b4 ,arrangem5t ( rebuttal mat]ial4 ,aft] a satisfactory am\nt ( rebuttal mat]ial has be5 collect$ ! debat] mu/ arrange ?is mat]ial 9 su* a way t any p>ticul> "p ( x w be readily accessible4 ,s9ce ! am\nt ( evid5ce mu/ necess>ily be s l>ge1 t all ( x _c be kept 9 m9d at "o "t1 "s easy me?od ( classification is necess>y :i* w include ev]y?+ t may be ( use :5 ! rebuttal is to be pres5t$4 ,! importance ( ?is sy/ematic classification becomes app>5t :5 ! debat] /ops to reflect t he has en\gh rebuttal mat]ial = a "o or two h\r spee*1 :ile ! actual "t :i* is all[$ = its pres5tation 9 a =mal debate is usually five or six m9utes4 ,ev5 if !re is no "t limit ! debat] mu/ n we>y ! audi5ce by long delays :ile he se>*es = mat]ial4 ,! debat] mu/ "k exactly :]e ea* piece ( evid5ce may be f\nd4 ,x is n suffici5t t he h a vague recollection t some:]e 9 8 notes is an au?oritative fact :i* w refute ! argum5t 8 oppon5t has j advanc$4 ,he mu/ "k j :]e to f9d t fact4 ,if 8 oppon5t has misquot$ /ati/ics f ! ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,indu/rial ,commission x is n suffici5t = him to "k t some:]e )9 ! n9ete5 volumes ( t report is a small table ( /ati/ics :i* w prove 8 oppon5t to be wrong4 ,he mu/ be able to turn to ! exact volume & page4 ,he may be confid5t t an au?ority1 :i* he has quot$ z favor+ 8 position1 is really on 8 side ( ! case2 b if he _c give an exact ref]5ce to ! place :]e su* au?ority is to be f\nd1 8 oppon5t may dispute ! ass]tion ) impunity4 ,^! & _m simil> situations :i* are b\nd to arise 9 actual debat+ make x pla9 t ! task ( arrang+ mat]ial is a v important "p ( ! prep>ation = rebuttal4 ,a4 ,classification ( c>ds4 ,! rebuttal c>ds %\ld all be classifi$ "u a suffici5t numb] ( head+s to cov] ! entire field ( ! evid5ce collect$4 ,! exact numb] ( head+s w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) diff]5t que/ions4 ,!re mu/ be1 h[ev]1 a suffici5t numb] ( divisions to sep>ate ! c>ds into gr\ps small en\gh to be h&l$ easily4 ,on ! o!r h& ! numb] ( divisions mu/ n be s great z to become confus+ 9 !mselves4 ,9 actual practice f f\r to eight divisions are suffici5t = practical purposes4 ,9 a debate on ! proposition1 8,resolv$1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld make no discrim9ation betwe5 ! immigrants f ,*9a & ^? f o!r c\ntries10 ! rebuttal c>ds 7 divid$ into ! foll[+ gr\ps2 7#a7 ,economic influ5ce1 7#b7 ,social influ5ce1 7#c7 ,political influ5ce4 ,if ! numb] ( c>ds 9 any "o gr\p is too l>ge to be h&l$ easily1 t gr\p may be divid$ "u two or m sub-heads4 ,= example1 9 ! division above made ! topic 8,social influ5ces0 0 f\nd to include a mu* l>g] numb] ( c>ds ?an ei!r ( ! o!r subdivisions2 h5ce x 0 divid$ into two sub-heads1 7a7 assimilation1 7b7 morality & crime4 ,?is c>eful division ( ! mat]ial w make ! debat] s famili> ) all 8 rebuttal evid5ce t he c )\t hesitation lay 8 h&s ^u j :at is want$4 ,! "w ( locat+ p>ticul> po9ts ( evid5ce mu/ be done ) dispat*4 ,"t is valuable1 = ! debat] w soon be call$ ^u to answ] ! argum5t t is be+ pres5t$4 ,moreov]1 if he sp5ds too mu* "t look+ ov] 8 c>ds & if ! process requires all 8 att5tion1 he may lose "s v important /atem5t :i* is be+ made by 8 oppon5t4 ,9 a =mal debat+ conte/ x is sometimes advisable to h ! alt]nate take *>ge ( ! entire mass ( rebuttal mat]ial4 ,9 ?is case ! c>ds %\ld be typewritt5 s t ea* memb] ( ! team c read any c>d z well z any o!r memb] ( ! team c read x4 ,! alt]nate sits at ! table ) ! team & has all ! rebuttal c>ds 9 a fil+ box be=e him4 ,!n z ea* argum5t is br\ght up he quickly f9ds ! mo/ effective rebuttal mat]ial on t po9t & h&s x ov] to ! speak] :o is to answ] t argum5t4 ,?is sy/em ( work+ all[s ! regul> memb]s ( ! team to give all _! att5tion to :at _! oppon5ts are say+4 ,! alt]nate p]=ms ! me*anical "w ( f9d+ ! p>ticul> evid5ce requir$4 ,) a team ^: memb]s h work$ out ! "q toge!r 9 a ?or\gh mann]1 ?is me?od is v effective4 ,b4 ,arrang+ books1 pap]s1 & docum5ts4 ,foll[+ ! sugge/ions reg>d+ s\rces ( mat]ial1 ! debat] w h be=e him a numb] ( books1 pap]s1 & docum5ts4 ,:5 ! "t comes to use ^! s\rces ( mat]ial ! debat] _c delay ! discussion by hunt+ ?r\gh !m 9 an aimless fa%ion 9 se>* ( ! precise in=mation :i* he ne$s4 ,he mu/ be able to pick out ! volume & turn to ! exact page )\t hesitation & at a mom5t's notice4 ,?is requisite dem&s ! same sy/ematiz$ classification t 0 employ$ 9 ! arrang+ ( rebuttal c>ds4 ,"o me?od ( mak+ ?is classification is to h a c>d index ( ! mat]ial4 ,! g5]al topic to be refut$ %\ld be plac$ at ! top ( ! c>d4 ,bel[ ?is %\ld be an exact ref]5ce to ! book1 pap]1 or docum5t 9 :i* ! mat]ial = refutation is f\nd4 ,!n :5 an oppon5t puts =? 8 argum5t x is only necess>y to look x up 9 ! c>d index & turn to ! ref]5ce4 ,! places 9 ! books1 pap]s1 & docum5ts1 to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ! c>d index1 %\ld be m>k$ ) long slips ( pap] ext5d+ beyond ! tops ( ! books & hav+ on ! protrud+ p>ts ! numb]s ( ! pages :i* !y m>k4 ,fur!rmore1 ! p>ticul> portions ( ! page :i* are applicable %\ld be m>k$ ) m>g9al l9es4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to m>k only ^? passages :i* are exactly to ! po9t2 o!rwise too mu* "t w be wa/$ 9 ref]r+ to matt]s :i* may be relevant b are ( no value z pro(4 ,?is sy/em ( index+ mat]ial conta9$ 9 books1 pap]s1 & docum5ts w be f\nd to be almo/ indisp5sable :5 ! "t = use arrives4 ,! debat] mu/ practice ?is sy/em until he c manipulate x ) ease & rapidity4 ,9 ! case ( team "w1 ! alt]nate may h *>ge ( ?is index1 :i* c be made a "p ( ! l>ge c>d classification4 ,he c !n provide ea* rebuttal speak] ) ! prop] mat]ial z ! occasion = its use arrives4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! case ( a s+le speak]1 :]e only a v few volumes are to be us$ 9 ! rebuttal ! sy/em ( c>d index+ c be disp5s$ )1 b ! sy/em ( m>k+ ! exact ref]5ces by means ( slips ( pap] & m>g9al l9es %\ld always be employ$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! work+ ( ?is sy/em1 z t ( any sy/em1 w seem awkw>d & unwieldy2 b ! debat] mu/ practice us+ x "u all argum5tative conditions4 ,9 ?is way he w ga9 9 ! ease & rapidity ) :i* he c manipulate its p>ts4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ he w h a mo/ effective aid to ! k9d ( rebuttal "w :i* secures results4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n fail to make 8 prep>ation 9 ?is respect ?or\gh4 ,e detail mu/ be ma/]$2 e rebuttal c>d mu/ be s well 9 m9d t a m]e glance w be suffici5t to reveal its cont5ts4 ,! read+ ( rebuttal c>ds takes all ! life out ( a rebuttal argum5t4 ,?is "p ( ! argum5t m ?an any o!r mu/ be deliv]$ ) native =ce & en?usiasm4 ,effective pres5tation 9 rebuttal foll[s only f ! mo/ ?or\gh prep>ation4 ,c4 ,! summ>y & clos+ plea4 ,aft] ! prep>ation above outl9$ has be5 complet$ "o task yet rema9s4 ,! debat] mu/ h an effective conclusion = 8 rebuttal spee*4 ,he mu/ n rely ^u a *ance inspiration ( ! mom5t4 ,exp]i5ce proves t = all b pr(essional speak]s1 & (t5times ev5 = !m1 x is be/ to h a committ$ summ>y or clos+ plea4 ,9 ! case ( a debat+ team ! "w ( clos+ ! argum5t %\ld be left to ! la/ speak] 9 rebuttal4 ,?is summ>y %\ld be ! /ronge/ /atem5t t x is possible to produce4 ,all ! ma9 argum5ts t h be5 pres5t$ %\ld be summ>iz$4 ,! position ( bo? sides ( ! controv]sy %\ld be set =? 9 cle> & vigor\s language4 ,if que/ions h be5 ask$1 or dem&s h be5 made ( ! opposition1 a direct & =cible ref]5ce to ! effect ( ^! que/ions or dem&s %\ld be made4 ,!n1 summon+ all ! p[]s ( eloqu5t utt]ance ( :i* he has comm&1 ! speak] %\ld make a clos+ plea = ! adoption or defeat ( ! proposition4 ,examples ( effective clos+ pleas are too num]\s to ne$ ext5d$ discussion4 ,9 debat+ ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive inh]itance tax4 ,grant$1 t su* a tax w\ld be held con/itutional10 ! la/ speak] = ! affirmative deliv]$ ! foll[+ summ>y3 8,we h ask$ our oppon5ts1 h[ w ! en=cem5t ( pres5t laws rea* ! evils ( conge/$ weal?8 ,:at are ! b5efits d]iv$ f ! p]petuation ( su* =tunes8 ,:]e w y place ! p[] ( control1 at ,wall ,/reet or at ,wa%+ton8 ,h ! g5tlem5 answ]$ ^! que/ions to y\r satisfaction8 8,we h accept$ ! burd5 t devolv$ ^u ! affirmative & we h met t burd5 by %[+ t ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t ne$s ?is rev5ue because ( its rapidly increas+ functions2 t x is practicable because x has twice be5 9 actual op]ation2 & t z a ,f$]al tax x possesses ! qualities ( c]ta9ty1 ela/icity1 & regul>ity4 8,we h cle>ly %[n t z a regulative measure x is necess>y = ! reasons1 t ! p]petuation ( swoll5 =tunes is productive ( indu/rial inequalities :i* are un-,am]ican & ( evils :i* x is beyond ! p[] ( ord9>y legislation to control4 ,we h demon/rat$ its practicability by propos+ a def9ite plan :i* w rem$y ! evil1 fir/1 by actually tak+ a "p ( ^! enorm\s accumulations1 & second1 by compell+ _! great] di/ribution4 ,f9ally we set =? ! b5eficial effects ( su* a measure ^u public op9ion--result+ 9 ! great] responsibility ( weal? & 9 remov+ ! inc5tive to corruption4 8,9 %ort1 :ile ! g5tlem5 ( ! opposition are /&+ z ! *ampions ( swoll5 =tunes1 magnates1 & a gov]n+ ari/ocracy f\nd$ ^u weal? & corruption ) ! c5t] ( p[] at ,wall ,/reet1 we /& = ! suppression ( corruption1 ! resurrection ( individual opportunity1 & gov]nm5t by ! great mass ( ! common p ) ! c5t] ( p[] at ,wa%+ton4 ,! negative w\ld fo/] an ari/ocracy2 we w\ld p]petuate democracy4 8,we plead1 !re=e1 t 9 pass+ ^u ?is resolution1 y consid] ! welf>e ( ! :ole nation1 t y consid] ?is measure z legislation complem5t>y to ! regulative laws already enact$2 t y consid] ! op9ions ( em95t /atesm51 & ! cons]vative w ( ! p--9 %ort1 t y adopt ?is resolution40 ,! conclusion = ! f9al rebuttal spee* %\ld be prep>$ ) ! same c>e t is ex]cis$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! conclusion = ! ma9 argum5t4 ,x diff]s f ! latt] 9 t x takes m into acc\nt ! argum5ts ( ! opposition4 ,x is ! la/ *ance ! debat] has to plead = 8 cause1 & he mu/ make ! mo/ ( 8 opportunity4 ,,ii4 ,pres5tation ( rebuttal4 ,9 ! pres5tation ( rebuttal all ! pr9ciples :i* are laid d[n 9 ! next *apt] %\ld be obs]v$4 ,!y are ( equal importance & apply ) equal =ce to bo? ! ma9 argum5t & ! rebuttal spee*es4 ,h[ev]1 ! conditions "u :i* ! two spee*es are deliv]$ are v diff]5t & x is !re=e necess>y t we give special att5tion to ! pres5tation ( rebuttal4 ,! difficulty ( ! task :i* n[ confronts u is ev5 great] ?an t :i* we mu/ consid] 9 connection ) ! deliv]y ( ! ma9 argum5t4 ,! qualities ( m9d :i* success dem&s are ( a high] ord]1 & ! m5tal ex]cise involv$ is ( great] value4 ,! ability to grasp ! ess5tial features ( a situation z x pres5ts itself1 ! ability to analyze ke5ly & det]m9e def9itely & )\t hesitation ^u a pla9 c\rse ( action1 & f9ally ! p[] ( pres5t+ cle>ly & =cibly ! conclusions :i* h be5 rea*$1 are all compris$ 9 ! art ( debate4 #a4 ,att5tion to argum5t ( oppon5t4 ,! fir/ ess5tial ( rebuttal "w is a ke5 int]e/ 91 & att5tion to1 ! oppos+ argum5t4 ,x is impossible to rebut an argum5t :i* has n be5 he>d or "o :i* 0 n und]/ood4 ,if ! prep>ation = rebuttal has be5 ?or\gh & has con=m$ to ! plan laid d[n 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]1 ! /ud5t w be s famili> ) ! possible l9es ( discussion t he w h no difficulty 9 grasp+ 8 oppon5ts' argum5ts4 ,! debat] %\ld exp]i5ce a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! way 9 :i* ! oppos+ speak]s w pres5t _! argum5ts4 ,he mu/ n let 8 m9d w&] f ! subject = a s+le in/ant4 ,all 8 m5tal p[] mu/ be conc5trat$ on ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,he mu/ n be confus$ by any unusual me?od ( pres5tation4 ,if 8 prep>ation has be5 ?or\gh no ess5tially new argum5t w be br\ght =?1 al?\gh argum5ts ) :i* he is famili> are q likely to be pres5t$ 9 a =m ) :i* he is unfamili>4 ,he mu/ grasp quickly ! significance ( su* argum5ts & r$uce !m to t]ms 9 :i* !y are cle> to 8 own m9d4 ,!n he mu/ correlate 8 own rebuttal mat]ial ) :at he has he>d4 ,he mu/ see ! relation :i* ea* "p be>s to ! :ole & be able to weigh ! relative values ( ! cont5tions4 ,! keynote ( effective rebuttal is ke5 att5tion to ! oppos+ argum5t4 #b4 ,select+ ! argum5ts to be refut$4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to refute ev]y?+ :i* ! oppos+ speak] pres5ts4 ,9 break+ a *a9 x is j z effective to break "o l9k z x is to break e l9k4 ,! successful debat] mu/ analyze ke5ly & sift ! ess5tial f ! trivial4 ,if 8 oppon5t is a skill$ debat] he w h c]ta9 def9ite ma9 issues & def9ite evid5ce & reason+4 ,! task ( refutation is ?us made easy4 ,! ma9 issues are refut$ directly by %[+ t he has n analyz$ ! "q rightly1 or by %[+ mi/akes 9 evid5ce or 9 processes ( reason+4 ,if 8 oppon5t is n skill$ 9 debate 8 argum5t mu/ be r$uc$ to c]ta9 def9ite p>ts & !n refut$ 9 l mann]4 ,v (t5 ! rebuttal c>ds w conta9 ! exact argum5ts pres5t$ by an oppon5t1 b m (t5 x becomes necess>y = ! speak] to select ! vital p>ts ( ! oppos+ cont5tions & write !m d[n briefly4 ,he %\ld be sure t he /ates ! exact position ( 8 oppon5t4 ,o!rwise he is ?r[n op5 to ! *>ge ( willful misrepres5tation1 or c>elessness1 or lack ( ability 9 grasp+ :at has be5 said4 ,only t :i* is vital %\ld be select$ & x %\ld be writt5 d[n ei!r 9 cle>-cut phrases1 or 9 ! exact words ( ! oppon5t4 ,! latt] plan is (t5 mo/ effective because x (f]s ! lea/ *ance = a dispute z to :at ! argum5t really is4 ,on ! o!r h& :]e ! position ( an oppon5t is unmi/akable1 al?\gh some:at ambigu\sly express$1 a decid$ advantage is ga9$ by /at+ 8 position 9 a bett] way ?an x has previ\sly be5 /at$4 ,9 any ev5t an argum5t is n select$ = refutation until x has be5 set (f f all subsidi>y mat]ial by brief1 cle> phras+4 ,:]e sev]al means ( prov+ a proposition h be5 pres5t$1 b only "o ( !m c\ld 9 reality /& z pro(1 t is ! "o to discuss 9 rebuttal4 ,! debat] %\ld be con/antly on ! look\t = argum5ts or evid5ce :i* may be comb9$ "u "o head+4 ,by a judici\s comb9ation ( relat$ argum5ts ! de/ructive "w ( rebuttal may be made to cov] a wid] field4 ,fur!rmore1 mu* c be done to wid5 ! field by means ( +5i\sly arrang+ ! ord] ( rebuttal argum5ts 9 su* a way t c]ta9 argum5ts may be met by ref]r+ !m to cont5tions :i* h already be5 answ]$4 ,9 any ev5t ! debat] %\ld arrange 8 argum5ts 9 _! mo/ effective ord]4 ,:5 rebuttal is giv5 9 introduc+ ! ma9 argum5t1 x is well to beg9 by answ]+ ! la/ argum5t pres5t$ by ! la/ speak] = ! opposition4 ,?is action on ! "p ( ! debat] %[s quickness & ability & is sure to make a favorable impression on ! he>]s4 ,?is may be foll[$ by a refutation ( "o or two po9ts :i* h be5 especially emphasiz$ by ! prec$+ speak]1 aft] :i* ! debat] %\ld sw+ naturally & easily into 8 ma9 con/ructive argum5t4 ,fur!rmore1 z w be sugge/$ 9 connection ) ! *apt] on deliv]y1 ! ma9 spee* %\ld be s adapt$ to ! cont5tions ( ! opposition t ! :ole con/ructive argum5t is us$ to te> d[n ! case ( ! opposition z well z to be con/ructive ( "o's own case4 #c4 ,read+ quotations4 ,! read+ ( exact quotations f au?ority usually plays a v important "p 9 a debate4 ,especially is ?is true 9 cases :]e a dispute arises z to :at a p>ticul> au?ority says on ! po9t at issue4 ,= example1 if ! controv]sy h+es on ! exact word+ ( a decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ! speak] :o produces t decision & reads f x 9 ! prop] mann] has ga9$ a decid$ advantage4 ,! production ( ! l>ge lea!r b\nd book1 9 itself1 aids ! effect :i* x is ! speak]'s int5tion to produce4 ,x is some?+ tangible1 some?+ :i* ! audi5ce c see2 x is ! visual symbol ( sup]ior au?ority4 ,foll[+ out ! prep>ation = ?is read+ :i* has already be5 sugge/$1 ! /ud5t %\ld turn )\t hesitation to ! passage to be read4 ,he mu/ be s famili> ) ! word+ t he c foll[ x ) b an occasional glance at ! pr9t$ page4 ,he mu/ /ill look directly at ! audi5ce & ref] to ! book only = ! purpose ( guid+ 8 read+4 ,he %\ld read sl[ly & delib]ately1 emphasiz+ ^? p>ts :i* be> directly on ! po9t at issue4 ,if a /atem5t contradicts flatly ! cont5tions ( ! opposition x is well to read x ov] aga9 9 ord] to emphasize x m =cibly4 #d4 ,team "w4 ,9 a =mal conte/ ! individual debat] mu/ "w ) 8 team4 ,x is j z important t ! memb]s ( a debat+ team "w toge!r z x is t ! memb]s ( a football team "w toge!r4 ,9 =mal debat+ conte/s "o team is pitt$ aga9/ ano!r team4 ,x is n a /ruggle betwe5 ! individuals compos+ ! teams b a /ruggle betwe5 ! teams !mselves4 ,!re=e ea* mu/ sacrifice 8 own incl9ations = ! good ( ! team4 ,:5 !re is a necessity = rebutt+ an argum5t :i* has be5 advanc$ by ! opposition1 ! next speak] mu/ rebut su* argum5t4 ,?is mu/ be done not)/&+ ! fact t ! rebuttal = t argum5t is a pet piece ( prop]ty belong+ to ano!r memb] ( ! team :o w speak lat] 9 ! program4 ,?is po9t _c be emphasiz$ too /rongly4 #e4 ,treatm5t ( oppon5ts4 ,! object ( debate is to reveal ! tru?4 ,"o :o speaks 9 public on any "q is "u obligation to inculcate "r pr9ciples into ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s4 ,vanity1 subt]fuge1 res5tm5t1 & malice h no place 9 debate4 ,only ! tru? %\ld prevail2 & no?+ b ! tru? w prevail 9 ! end4 ,!re=e ! attitude ( ! debat] t[>d 8 "w mu/ be "o ( s9c]ity & respect4 ,8 :ole p]sonality %\ld indicate ?is /ate ( m9d4 ,! use ( invective1 ridicule1 or satire t[>ds "o's oppon5ts is cle>ly out ( keep+ ) ?is _s1 & no?+ ( su* a nature %\ld be all[$ to intrude itself into ! discussion4 ,! day has pass$ :5 8bullyragg+0 ! opposition pass$ = argum5t & won ! respect ( an audi5ce4 ,! simple fact rema9s t an oppon5t's argum5t1 n 8 p]sonality1 is to be refut$4 ,! mom5t invective1 ridicule1 or satire ent]1 !y drive out t _s ( calm inquiry aft] tru? :i* %\ld be ! controll+ _s ( e controv]sy4 ,al?\gh ! he>]s z a :ole seem to acquiesce 9 a v9dictive _s1 laugh at s>ca/ic comm5ts1 & appe> int]e/$ 9 a bellig]5t attitude1 ! mom5t ! excitem5t has subsid$ a reaction sets 9 & _! respect = ! speak] :o has amus$ & ent]ta9$ !m 9 ?is way is dead4 ,if an oppon5t has us$ ^! unk9d weapons aga9/ y1 ! mo/ effective reply t y c make is to ignore !m & beg9 at once a cont9uation ( ! discussion 9 a pla91 ord]ly mann]4 ,x is bo? disc\rte\s & unnecess>y to accuse an oppon5t ( di%one/y1 or misrepres5tation4 ,if he has really indulg$ 9 ^! unfair means ! evid5ce advanc$ 9 rebuttal w reveal t fact4 ,:5 any diff]5ce arises x is be/ to assume t ! oppon5t is hone/ly mi/ak54 ,a favorite me?od ( ,l9coln's 0 to %[ t 8 oppon5t's conclusion appe>$ to be "r on ! fir/ consid]ation1 b t a m ext5d$ inve/igation reveal$ ! fact t x 0 uns\nd4 ,sometimes he ev5 took great c>e to expla9 t he _h himself =m]ly held ! op9ions :i* 8 oppon5ts 7 attempt+ to def5d1 & !n by skillful use ( evid5ce he w\ld %[ :y he _h *ang$ 8 own op9ion4 ,9 ?is way1 )\t giv+ (f5se to 8 oppon5ts or to 8 audi5ce1 he 0 able 9 _m cases to w9 !m to 8 cause )\t _! look+ ^u him z an active ag5cy 9 produc+ ! *ange4 ,a debat] mu/ deal hone/ly ) 8 oppon5ts4 ,x is di%one/ & immoral to pres5t evid5ce 9 su* a way t x w appe> to %[ z true t :i* ! debat] kn[s to be untrue4 ,no concealm5t or suppression ( fact design$ to mislead ! opposition %\ld be tol]at$4 ,sometimes vital issues are ignor$ or an attempt is made to conceal !m "u a display ( confus+ language4 ,su* me?ods are repreh5sible4 ,no?+ b absolute fairness 9 ! treatm5t ( oppon5ts w ga9 any p]man5t advantage1 = ev5 f ! selfi% /&po9t hone/y & fairness are be/4 ,a speak] _c impress 8 audi5ce ) 8 fair-m9d$ness unless he is treat+ 8 oppon5ts 9 a fair mann]4 ,an appe>ance ( fairness always ga9s a respectful he>+ = a cause4 ,a man mu/ be a man be=e he c be any?+ else4 ,t f9e s5se ( p]sonal c\rtesy :i* *>act]izes ! g5tleman1 & ! e>ne/ desire = tru? :i* d5otes ! s*ol>1 are fundam5tal requisites = him :o w\ld p]suade4 #f4 ,! summ>y & clos+ plea4 ,aft] ! debat] has answ]$ :at he conceives to be ! ess5tial argum5ts ( ! opposition1 he %\ld pres5t 8 f9al summ>y4 ,:]e a "t limit is fix$ beyond :i* he may n speak1 he mu/ all[ himself ample "t to deliv] ?is clos+ plea entire4 ,! necessity ( /opp+ be=e ! end is rea*$ de/roys ! s5se ( complet5ess :i* ?is conclusion is design$ to give ! argum5t4 ,! =m ( ?is summ>y has be5 discuss$ 9 a previ\s section4 ,all aids to a p]suasive deliv]y discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on deliv]+ ! argum5t mu/ be employ$ to give =ce & conviction to ?is la/ appeal4 ,! end ( ! discussion has be5 rea*$1 & ! debat]1 if 8 prep>ation has be5 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples :i* we h consid]$1 has put =? 8 be/ ef=ts4 ,all ! weeks or mon?s ( prep>ation mu/ n[ be cry/aliz$ into "o f9al ef=t1 & ! speak] mu/ realize 8 own responsibility4 ,he %\ld feel sure t 8 cause w triumph1 & ! fire & vigor ( 8 deliv]y mu/ manife/ ?is fact to ! audi5ce4 ,he %\ld rememb] t he is fight+ = pr9ciples ( "r :i* are et]nal4 ,ev5 ! defeat ( ! mom5t1 if x come to him1 %\ld 9 no wise make him afraid4 ,victory %\ld n elate1 nor defeat depress1 ! _s ( tru? :i* ev] %\ld be ! sure f\ndation ( ^? ^: high call+ x is to p]suade m5 to act 9 accordance ) t :i* is "r4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,deliv]+ ,,! ,,argum5t ,! /atem5t is frequ5tly made by ^? well v]s$ 9 ! art ( public speak+ t a poor spee* well deliv]$ is mu* bett] ?an a good spee* poorly deliv]$4 ,aga9 ! /atem5t is sometimes made t 9 judg+ ! effici5cy ( an oral argum5t1 tw5ty-five p] c5t is c\nt$ on ! sub/ance :ile sev5ty-five p] c5t is c\nt$ on ! deliv]y4 ,be t z x may1 ! deliv]y ( an argum5t is c]ta9ly a mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ its effect ^u ! he>]4 ,"u ! head ( deliv]y we might include ! :ole field ( public speak+ & oratory1 b s9ce we are treat+ only ( argum5t we mu/ conf9e our att5tion to ^? phases ( public speak+ :i* may be appli$ 9 a practical way to ! oral deliv]y ( argum5tative disc\rse4 ,i4 ,me?ods ( deliv]+ ! argum5t4 #a4 ,read+4 ,to read an argum5t is c]ta9ly ! mo/ ineffective way to pres5t x4 ,aft] all ! "w ( con/ruct+ ! argum5t is accompli%$1 x is c]ta9ly poor policy to intru/ its deliv]y to ! lazy me?od ( read+ x f ! manuscript4 ,su* a me?od pres5ts all ! disadvantages ( speak+ ) none ( ! advantages ( read+4 ,if ! argum5t is read1 ! read] c in=m himself fully ( its cont5ts1 because he c read x sl[ly or rapidly z he *ooses4 ,passages :i* he does n ?or\ghly und]/& may be re-read4 ,moreov]1 he may g back ov] ! argum5t & review its ma9 po9ts z well z scrut9ize all ! evid5ce (f]$ to support !m4 ,b if ! argum5t is read f a manuscript1 ! li/5] mu/ receive x at ! rate ( deliv]y :i* is *os5 by ! read]4 ,he _c1 z a g5]al rule1 ask t ! passages :i* are n cle> to him1 be re-read1 & at ! end he is n p]mitt$ to g back & pond] ov] p>ts :i* appe> to him to be ( d\btful validity1 nor c he v well "q ! evid5ce pres5t$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! read]1 be+ ti$ d[n to 8 manuscript1 _c give ! =ce or expression to ! argum5t :i* w\ld be possible 7 he speak+ directly to ! p]sons address$4 ,he _c see by ! look ( und]/&+ or p]plexity on _! faces1 j :at p>ts ( 8 argum5t are cle> & :at p>ts are n cle> to !m4 ,aga91 ! sympa?y :i* %\ld exi/ betwe5 speak] & audi5ce is almo/ entirely %ut out4 ,a manuscript /&s l ! ,*9ese wall betwe5 ! speak] & 8 audi5ce4 ,! defects ( ?is me?od ( deliv]+ an argum5t are po9t$ out because !re is a decid$ t5d5cy on ! "p ( college m51 & a few m5 ( "s reputation1 to adopt ?is mann] ( pres5tation1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! easie/ way b :i* is g5]ally z ineffective z x is easy4 ,:5ev] x is important t real results be obta9$1 :e!r 9 ! class room1 9 a =mal debate1 or 9 real life1 ?is me?od %\ld be avoid$4 #b4 ,memoriz+ ! argum5t v]batim4 ,! deliv]y ( a spee* memoriz$ v]batim is c]ta9ly to be pref]r$ to read+1 because x at lea/ af=ds ! speak] ! opportunity ( /at+ 8 case directly to 8 audi5ce1 & p]mits ! use ( all ! arts ( declamation2 b s9ce ! spee* is set 9 def9ite =m x precludes ! modification necess>y to adapt ! argum5t to ! cont5tions advanc$ by ! opposition4 ,9 college debat+ ?is =m ( deliv]y is especially objectionable because f x ! /ud5t d]ives little practical b5efit4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! great value ( debat+ lies 9 its tra9+ = ! practical affairs ( life by tea*+ ! /ud5t to frame 8 argum5t on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 adapt x to ! conditions ( ! p>ticul> situation :i* he is fac+1 & pres5t x 9 an effective mann]4 ,all ( ^! advantages are lo/ if ! argum5t is committ$ to memory v]batim4 #c4 ,memoriz+ ! argum5t by ideas4 ,by ?is me?od ! writt5 argum5t :i* has be5 prep>$ is made ! basis ( ! deliv]y4 ,x furni%es a sub/antial f\ndation = ! spee*4 ,! argum5t has gone ?r\gh ! process ( con/ruction accord+ to ! directions h]et(ore giv54 ,x is1 !re=e1 an effici5t in/rum5t ( p]suasion & ! greate/ results may be mo/ surely obta9$ by ! me?od ( memoriz+ ! argum5t by ideas4 ,! ?ree /eps 9 ?is process ( memoriz+ are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! argum5t %\ld be read ov] sl[ly sev]al times 9 ord] t ! speak] may get an accurate view ( ! production z a :ole4 ,9 mo/ cases ! /ud5t w h ?is mu* accompli%$ by ! "t he has writt5 out ! argum5t 9 f9al =m4 ,second1 ! c5tral idea ( ea* p>agraph %\ld be memoriz$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! p>agraphs w con=m to ! topics ( ! brief4 ,t is1 ea* topic 9 ! brief1 ) ! possible exception ( ! l[e/ sub-topic1 w be develop$ by means ( a sep>ate p>agraph4 ,! c5tral idea w1 ( c\rse1 be ! ?\ght express$ by ! /atem5t 9 ! brief :i* ! p>agraph is design$ to develop4 ,h[ev]1 ?is idea %\ld be committ$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ! f9i%$ argum5t1 & n 9 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ! brief4 ,9 ?is way ea* idea w be grasp$ 9 its relation to ! re/ ( ! argum5t z well z 9 its relation to ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 elaborat$ 9 ! p>agraph4 ,ea* idea pres5t$ %\ld !n be committ$ 9 its prop] ord] s t ! speak] c g ?r\gh ! entire argum5t & /ate ! idea express$ 9 ea* p>agraph4 ,?ird1 ! idea conta9$ 9 ea* s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph %\ld be committ$ to memory4 ,if ! /ud5t has hone/ly con/ruct$ 8 argum5t ea* /atem5t 9 x means all & m ?an he express$ :5 he wrote x out1 !re=e ! committ+ ( ! idea conta9$ 9 ea* s5t5ce %\ld n be difficult4 ,fur!rmore1 ! idea %\ld be grasp$ 9 its complet5ess )\t ref]5ce to ! words 9 :i* x is express$ 9 ! manuscript4 ,9 mo/ cases x is well to rememb] ! key-^w ( ea* s5t5ce1 :i* expresses ! c5tral ?\ght4 ,sometimes m ?an "o ^w is necess>y = ?is purpose1 b 9 any ev5t1 only ^? words :i* embody ! he>t ( ! ?\ght1 %\ld be committ$4 ,all subsidi>y words1 or words expla9+1 exp&+1 limit+1 or %[+ transitions or relations %\ld n be committ$1 b %\ld be left = spontane\s utt]ance at ! mom5t ( deliv]y4 ,?is me?od ( memoriz+ gives naturalness1 directness1 & spontaneity to ! deliv]y4 ,x tra9s ! speak] to keep 8 m9d firmly fix$ on ! subject 9 h& & x elim9ates ! dang] ( t monotony :i* is ! result ( v]batim memoriz+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important advantage ( ?is me?od ( deliv]y is ! fact t x all[s ! speak] to adapt 8 argum5t to ! cont5tions ( 8 oppon5t4 ,s9ce he has made himself ?or\ghly famili> ) ! mat]ial ( 8 argum5t b has n ti$ himself to any set =m ( words1 8 expression is flexible4 ,if ! argum5t is to be deliv]$ 9 a debate1 ! speak] %\ld practice deliv]+ x s z to meet ! v>i\s cont5tions :i* may be advanc$ by ! opposition4 ,!n :5 ! "t comes = ! f9al pres5tation1 he w be prep>$ to s ^w 8 spee* z to make x directly applicable to :at has j be5 said on ! o!r side4 ,practice ( ?is k9d is ne$$ 9 ev]yday life )\t reg>d to ! occupation 9 :i* ! /ud5t may *ance to engage4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( deliv]y1 b we ne$ n give !m ext5d$ consid]ation4 ,! argum5t might be deliv]$ extempore f ! brief4 ,?is me?od h[ev]1 is likely to be ineffective1 s9ce ! speak] does n express himself ) def9it5ess & precision4 ,fur!rmore1 he is likely to occupy a great deal ( "t 9 pres5t+ po9ts :i*1 if c>efully fram$ 9 =cible s5t5ces1 c\ld be /at$ directly & briefly4 ,aga91 ! t5d5cy to ramble is great :5 ! purely extempore me?od is us$4 ,! speak] %\ld fir/ write out 8 argum5t ev5 ?\gh he expects to foll[ :at he has writt5 only 9 a g5]al way4 ,! v fact ( 8 hav+ writt5 out ! argum5t w t5d to make m def9ite 8 own ideas ( :at he wi%es to say4 ,x blazes ! trail or we>s a sort ( pa? ?r\gh ! m9d ( ! writ] f :i* he is n likely to deviate f> :5 ! f9al deliv]y is made4 ,! me?od ( extemporane\s deliv]y1 h[ev]1 is n well adapt$ to ! pres5tation ( a =mal con/ructive argum5t1 because x is too loose & lacks ! concis5ess *>act]iz+ ! me?od ( committ+ by ideas4 ,aft] long p]iods ( practice ! /ud5t may be able to use ! purely extemporane\s me?od ) good effect1 b :ile he is a /ud5t he %\ld keep to ! well-beat5 pa?4 ,/ill ano!r me?od ( deliv]y is to write out an introduction1 a conclusion1 & c]ta9 important passages1 & leave ! re/ to extemporane\s deliv]y4 ,?is me?od may be us$ ) consid]able success provid+ ! "t limit is n a consid]ation1 & provid+1 fur!rmore1 t ! speak] is an exp]t 9 mak+ ! transitions f ! committ$ to ! uncommitt$ p>ts ( 8 spee*4 ,) ! inexp]i5c$ speak]1 ?is me?od usually results 9 a rapid1 fi]y deliv]y ( ! committ$ p>ts & a hesitat+1 /amm]+1 & woefully ineffective deliv]y ( ! uncommitt$ portions4 ,?is attracts ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce to ! way 9 :i* ! spee* has be5 prep>$ & takes ! att5tion away f ! subject ( ! debate4 ,f e /&po9t ! me?od ( committ+ by ideas is by f> ! be/ = bo? ! exp]i5c$ & ! inexp]i5c$ speak]4 ,x gives him a comm& ( 8 argum5t :i* inspires confid5ce4 ,!re is n ! haunt+ fe> t ! spee* may be =gott51 a fe> :i* t]rorizes ! he>t ( all speak]s :o commit ^w = ^w4 ,if ! debat] *ooses he may h a full outl9e ( 8 argum5t writt5 out on c>ds & take ^! ) him :5 he goes to face ! audi5ce4 ,no attempt ne$ be made to hide ^! notes1 = !y are a legitimate safegu>d aga9/ em]g5cies4 ,!y %\ld be c>ri$ boldly & laid on a table ne> ! speak] s t he c ref] to !m readily if occasion dem&s4 ,he %\ld nev] take c>ds or notes f 8 pocket4 ,su* an action always gives ! audi5ce ! impression t ! speak] is try+ to d some?+ :i* is beyond 8 p[]s4 ,! notes %\ld be ref]r$ to delib]ately & only :5 x is absolutely necess>y4 ,to ref] too (t5 to notes indicates a lack ( ?or\gh prep>ation & makes an unfavorable impression4 ,! notes %\ld be ready = use1 b !y %\ld seldom be us$4 ,9 fact1 ! be/ speak]s usually leave _! notes unt\*$4 ,,ii4 ,physical prep>ation = deliv]y4 ,mu* h>m results f ! advice s frequ5tly giv5 to ! debat] :i* c\nsels him to be natural4 ,if accept$ 9 its prop] significance ?is advice is s\nd & accords well ) common s5se4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 x is tak5 z a lic5se to disreg>d all rules ( physical tra9+ = public speak+1 & to give no ?\ght to physical appe>ance & action :ile on ! plat=m4 ,on ! contr>y ^! ?+s are highly important4 ,9 a s5se1 physical prep>ation is compos$ ( trifles2 su* z1 matt]s ( position1 ge/ure1 & s =?4 ,b x is ^! ?+s t make = p]fection1 & we are told ) tru? t p]fection is no trifle4 ,! p]son :o tells ! inexp]i5c$ debat] to be natural has fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 natural & habitual4 ,james ,fox may h acquir$ a bad habit ( /&+1 :5 be=e an audi5ce1 ) all 8 weight on "o foot4 ,we are !n errone\sly told t t is 8 natural way ( /&+ because he always /&s t way4 ,on ! contr>y1 t is 8 habitual way ( /&+1 = no normal individual naturally /&s ) all 8 weight ?r[n ^u "o foot4 ,su* bad habits mu/ be ov]come & good habits =m$ & /r5g!n$4 ,!n1 & !n only1 may we safely in/ruct ! debat] to be natural4 #a4 ,position4 ,! position ( ! debat] on ! plat=m %\ld indicate ease & dignity ( be>+4 ,x %\ld give him an appe>ance ( /ability & %\ld make easy & natural ! use ( ge/ures4 ,! speak] %\ld n /& rigidly ?r\gh\t 8 deliv]y 9 ! same position :i* he fir/ took4 ,he %\ld move easily ab\t ! plat=m1 & all movem5ts %\ld be made delib]ately1 n abruptly4 ,! position %\ld n be *ang$ too (t5 b :5 a *ange is desir$ ! speak] %\ld n turn away f 8 audi5ce or move sideways along ! plat=m2 he %\ld move back & up aga9 9 a ,v-%ap$ c\rse4 ,! object ( ^! sugge/ions is to enable ! speak] to acquire ease & naturalness ( be>+1 = no?+ %\ld be done 9 a /iff1 =mal mann]4 ,e position & movem5t %\ld be s natural & spontane\s t ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce w n be div]t$ to ! p]sonal ecc5tricities ( ! speak] b w foll[ un9t]rupt$ly ! progress ( 8 argum5t4 #b4 ,voice4 ,!re is no set way ( address+ ! audi5ce4 ,good =m & mann]s v>y ) ! locality4 ,nei!r is !re a set me?od ( deliv]+ an argum5t4 ,individual peculi>ities v>y s widely & ! /yle ( deliv]y adapt$ to ! p]sonality ( ! debat] is s difficult to atta9 t we c only po9t out ! mo/ common faults & expla9 g5]al rules reg>d+ deliv]y4 ,! be/ tra9+ 9 actual practice is debat+ "u ! direction ( a compet5t in/ructor4 ,! voice ( ! speak] %\ld be cle> & /rong4 ,we _c give "h any complete treatm5t ( ! me?ods ( vocal tra9+ :i* make ! voice cle> & /rong1 b1 :]e opportunity af=ds1 ! /ud5t ( debate %\ld h a ?or\gh tra9+ 9 ! art ( public speak+4 ,s++1 "u prop] in/ruction1 w also improve ! volume & quality ( ! voice z well z give ! speak] great] voice control4 ,a few practical sugge/ions reg>d+ ! use ( ! voice may be giv5 "s att5tion at ?is po9t4 ,x has be5 said t brea? is ! /uff ( :i* ! voice is made4 ,att5tion mu/ !re=e be giv5 to prop] brea?+4 ,! entire lung capacity %\ld be us$4 ,! brea? %\ld be direct$ ?r\gh ! vocal *ords s z to produce a pure tone4 ,! speak] %\ld rememb] to keep ! ?roat muscles relax$ & ! tongue1 jaws1 & lips out ( ! way4 ,^! organs ( spee* are to be us$ to m\ld into cle>-cut words ! /ream ( s\nd issu+ f ! vocal *ords4 ,_! function is n to suppress s\nd b to modify x4 ,words %\ld be =m$ z ne> ! lips z x is possible to make !m4 ,! speak] mu/ n fe> to op5 8 m\? & articulate di/9ctly4 ,mo/ words %\ld be =m$ j back ( ! front tee?4 ,s =m$1 ! s\nd is ?r[n out ) =ce & resonance1 = ! h>d palate or ro( ( ! m\? is a natural s\nd+ bo>d4 ,if ! speak] =ms 8 words f> back 9 8 m\? !y issue only 9 incoh]5t mutt]+s4 ,s9ce an argum5t mu/ be he>d to be believ$1 ! mo/ ?or\gh prep>ation up to ?is po9t may be entirely (fset by a poor deliv]y4 ,! enunciation ( ! speak] %\ld be s cle> & di/9ct t ! att5tion ( ^? address$ w be fix$ ^u :at he is say+1 n ^u ! way 9 :i* he is say+ x4 ,e ^w %\ld be pron\nc$ di/9ctly4 ,vagu5ess 9 deliv]y is j z h>mful z vagu5ess 9 language or sub/ance4 ,if "o ^w 9 a s5t5ce is pron\nc$ s ineffectively t x is n und]/ood1 x may be impossible = ! p]son he>+ t s5t5ce to grasp its mean+4 ,9 any ev5t x requires ! li/5] to make ! m5tal ef=t ( figur+ out :at ! s5t5ce means1 & ?is m5tal ef=t tires ! he>]1 prev5ts him f giv+ 8 undivid$ att5tion to ! sub/ance ( ! argum5t1 & ultimately results 9 8 los+ all int]e/ 9 ! discussion4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t cle> enunciation is a matt] ( fundam5tal importance4 ,a cle>1 resonant voice is 9 itself a valuable asset = ! debat]4 ,x inspires respect & d5otes self-reliance4 ,h[ev]1 l\dness %\ld n be confus$ ) di/9ctness1 = m]e l\dness (t5 acc5tuates1 r ?an rem$ies poor articulation4 ,! _w at l>ge is m ready to believe a p]son :o has a cle>-cut1 di/9ct way ( speak+ ?an x is to believe "o :o utt]s 8 words 9 a slov5ly mann]4 ,x is (t5 true t slov5ly habits ( spee* indicate slov5ly habits ( ?9k+ & ev5 slov5ly morals4 ,! habit ( us+ ! voice effectively1 h[ev]1 is n "o :i* c be put on & tak5 (f at w4 ,! voice mu/ be us$ correctly 9 ev]yday conv]sation z well z 9 =mal debat+4 #c4 ,emphasis4 ,! debat] mu/ make pla9 ! important p>ts ( 8 argum5t by means ( emphasis4 ,9 speak+1 z 9 writ+1 x is useless to try to emphasize ev]y?+4 ,only ^? p>ts :i* h be5 emphasiz$ 9 writ+ out ! argum5t %\ld be emphasiz$ 9 deliv]+ x4 ,an attempt to emphasize ev]y?+ results 9 no emphasis at all4 ,! speak] %\ld !re=e /udy 8 argum5t c>efully & pick out ! p>ts :i* are indisp5sable to 8 position4 ,! audi5ce w n p]=m ?is task ( pick+ out ! mo/ important passages2 ! speak] mu/ d x himself4 ,9 ! deliv]y ^! p>ts %\ld be emphasiz$ by means ( ge/ures1 by speak+ !m m sl[ly & delib]ately1 or by any o!r legitimate me?od4 #d4 ,key1 rate1 & inflection4 ,! debat] %\ld speak 9 8 av]age key4 ,by key we mean ! pit* ( ! voice 9 speak+4 ,by av]age key is meant t key to :i* ! voice ( ! p>ticul> individual is especially adapt$4 ,av]age key %\ld n be confus$ ) habitual key4 ,"o may easily acquire ! habit ( speak+ ei!r above or bel[ ! av]age key4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! inexp]i5c$ orator is usually to speak 9 a key :i* is too high4 ,?is defect is tiresome to bo? audi5ce & speak] & %\ld be ov]come at any co/1 = ! debat] %\ld speak 9 a key :i* is easy & natural4 ,?is enables him to d]ive ! b5efit ( full inflection bo? upw>d & d[nw>d1 & be/[s confid5ce & ease4 ,a common fault ( ! inexp]i5c$ speak] is a too rapid rate ( deliv]y4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! spee* x is especially important t e ^w be spok5 sl[ly & di/9ctly4 ,at no "p ( ! spee* %\ld ! rate be s rapid z to prev5t ! audi5ce f grasp+ ! full significance ( :at is be+ said4 ,! av]age rate ( deliv]y has be5 comput$ to be "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five words p] m9ute1 all[+ = pauses & transitions2 b ! rate %\ld v>y accord+ to ! speak]1 ! subject1 & ! audi5ce4 ,fir/ ( all ! rate %\ld be adapt$ to ! ?\ght & to ! emotion4 ,simple ideas c be pres5t$ rapidly1 :ile complex ideas mu/ be pres5t$ sl[ly4 ,9 all cases ! audi5ce %\ld be giv5 ample "t to grasp ! ideas pres5t$4 ,) ?is caution 9 m9d ! speak] may dwell ^u ! important ?\ghts & emotions & pass lightly & quickly ov] ! unimportant4 ,?\ght & emotion mu/ be fully appreciat$ by ! speak] at ! "t ( deliv]y1 & ?is appreciation %\ld be indicat$ 9 "p by ! rate ( speak+4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! emotions ( awe1 gr&eur1 rev]5ce1 sorr[1 etc41 %\ld be voic$ ) a sl[ movem5t1 :ile emotions ( joy1 ang]1 indignation1 en?usiasm1 etc41 %\ld be voic$ ) a rapid movem5t4 ,h[ev] ! /ud5t %\ld be c>eful to avoid ei!r a j]ky or a drawl+ deliv]y4 ,^! faults are due usually to a failure to dwell ^u ! v[el s\nds4 ,no set rule c be e/abli%$1 b all ( ^! ?+s %\ld be consid]$ by ! speak] :5 he is prep>+ to deliv] 8 argum5t4 ,inflection %\ld be us$ to give v>iety to ! argum5t1 to br+ out ! special significance ( important passages1 & to %[ ! be>+ :i* ! evid5ce has ^u ! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! amateur speak] usually v>ies 8 inflection accord+ to ! punctuation4 ,?is is n a safe rule to foll[4 ,! fall+ inflection indicates t ! ?\ght is complete1 b n t ! end ( ! s5t5ce has be5 rea*$4 ,9 argum5tative speak+ ! fall+ inflection is mo/ frequ5tly us$ because x indicates positive ass]tion4 ,x d5otes confid5ce 9 :at is be+ said4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ris+ inflection d5otes d\bt1 indecision1 negation1 or appeal4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to express all ( ^! attitudes 9 deliv]+ an argum5t2 b ! fall+ inflection1 :i* d5otes a positive /atem5t1 %\ld pr$om9ate4 #e4 ,ge/ure4 ,! memoriz+ ( ge/ures is z ineffective z is ! memoriz+ ( words4 ,bo? t5d to make ! deliv]y me*anical & h5ce %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld nev] pick out c]ta9 emphatic p>ts 9 8 disc\rse & seek to emphasize !m by means ( ge/ures :i* he has /udi$ out & practic$4 ,9 fact ge/ur+ is n a necessity 9 ! deliv]+ ( an argum5t4 ,x is c]ta9 t poor ge/ur+ is worse ?an none at all4 ,ge/ures add to ! effectiv5ess ( an argum5t only :5 !y are simple & natural4 ,z a g5]al rule !y are natural only :5 !y are made spontane\sly4 ,"h1 aga91 practice be=e a compet5t in/ructor1 or at lea/ be=e a s5sible critic1 is indisp5sable4 ,e ge/ure t is made mu/ appe> z a natural ef=t to be und]/ood & believ$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld le>n to use ge/ures1 n 9 connection ) any p>ticul> argum5t b 9 connection ) ! expression ( 8 own ?\ght & feel+4 ,"h1 aga91 ! in/ruction to be natural may prove mislead+4 ,! speak] may be naturally awkw>d1 or at lea/ 8 ge/ur+ may be awkw>d1 & ?us produce only a desire to laugh on ! "p ( ! audi5ce4 ,?is natural awkw>dness mu/ be ov]come & replac$ by a natural gracefulness4 ,! ge/ures us$ 9 argum5tation ne$ n be elaborate1 9 fact simple ge/ures are m effective4 ,! ge/ure %\ld seem to be a "p ( ! ?\ght or emotion1 & tra9+ %\ld be resort$ to only = ! purpose ( secur+ naturalness1 gracefulness1 & ease4 ,9 ge/ur+1 only t :i* is natural 9 ! "r way1 t :i* en=ces ! ?\ght in/ead ( div]t+ att5tion f x1 is effective4 #f4 ,transitions4 ,! transition f "o "p ( ! spee* to ano!r %\ld be cle>ly indicat$4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! argum5t ^! transition po9ts 7 made pla9 by means ( transition s5t5ces %[+ ! division betwe5 ! introduction & ! pro(1 ! ma9 issues ( ! pro( & ea* subord9ate issue1 & ! pro( & conclusion4 ,:5 ! argum5t is to be deliv]$1 h[ev]1 ! deliv]y %\ld make ^! transition po9ts /& out l :ite mile po/s4 ,9 ?is way two advantages are ga9$4 ,fir/1 ! /ructure ( ! argum5t is vividly impress$ ^u ! m9d ( ! he>]4 ,second1 ^! transitions break ! monotony ( ! spee* & keep alive ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 beg9n+ ea* new ma9 issue1 & (t5 9 beg9n+ ! pres5tation ( an important piece ( evid5ce1 ! speak] %\ld drop to ! conv]sational tone4 ,he %\ld talk directly to 8 audi5ce z ?\gh x 7 an individual4 ,!n he %\ld gradually increase ! =ce ( 8 deliv]y until he is speak+ 9 8 /ronge/ p]suasive mann]4 ,?is me?od gives v>iety to ! argum5t1 & ?us prev5ts x f gr[+ monoton\s4 ,fur!rmore1 x insures a bett] appreciation ( ! argum5t z a :ole4 ,o!r devices :i* may be us$ 9 connection ) ! above me?od = m>k+ transitions are1 7#a7 v>y+ ! inflections1 7#b7 *ang+ ! rate ( deliv]y1 7#c7 us+ appropriate ge/ures1 7#d7 *ang+ ! mode ( emphasis1 7#e7 mak+ use ( pauses1 & 7#f7 *ang+ position on ! plat=m4 ,all ( ^! devices mu/ be us$ ) skill & ease4 ,no?+ %\ld appe> abrupt & fanta/ic1 b ea* "p ( ! spee* %\ld be made to bl5d gracefully ) ! :ole argum5t4 #g4 ,pres5t+ *>ts4 ,9 pres5t+ a s]ies ( /ati/ics ! necessity = l>ge *>ts1 :i* may be hung up at ! back ( ! plat=m & expla9$ by ! speak]1 is almo/ absolute4 ,no audi5ce c keep 9 m9d a mass ( /ati/ics4 ,! oral pres5tation ( figures makes little real impression ^u ! m9ds ( ! he>]s & s]ves to confuse r ?an to enlight54 ,!re=e ^! figures mu/ be pres5t$ s t ! audi5ce c see !m4 ,/ati/ics %\ld be c>efully tabulat$ 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ =m3 ,real ,e/ate ,p]sonal ,prop]ty ,unit$ ,/ates #gg3ac #bb3hg ,new ,engl& ,/ates #ga3ej #bh3ej ,middle ,/ates #hf3fj #ac3dj ,s\!rn ,/ates #gj3gg #bi3bc ,we/]n ,/ates #gd3ji #be3ia ,t]ritories #df3ha #ec3ai ,s\rce3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,report--#ahhj--,vol4 ,,vii--pp4 #ag4 ,! *>t & ! lett]s & figures ^u x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to be se5 cle>ly by all auditors4 ,to set =? tables ( /ati/ics is n ! only use to :i* ^! *>ts may be put4 ,!y may be us$ to illu/rate t]ritorial conditions by means ( maps1 to %[ comp>isons by means ( l9es1 squ>es1 or circles1 & = z _m o!r purposes z ! +5uity ( ! speak] c inv5t4 ,9 =mal debat+ conte/s a set ( c>efully prep>$ *>ts usually gives a di/9ct advantage to _! possessors4 ,!y /& = some?+ def9ite1 some?+ :i* ! judges & audi5ce may see ) _! own eyes4 ,^! *>ts may be hung up & left op51 b x is (t5 bett] to h a ?9 %eet ( pap] p9n$ ov] !m4 ,:5 a *>t is to be us$ ei!r ! speak] or "o ( 8 colleagues may remove ! %eet ( pap]4 ,x %\ld !n be left op5 to ! gaze ( ! audi5ce ?r\gh\t ! entire discussion4 ,if sev]al *>ts are us$ & all ( !m _c be left expos$ to view1 ! mo/ important "o %\ld be plac$ 9 ! favor$ position4 ,9 expla9+ a *>t ! speak] %\ld make use ( 8 mo/ conv]sational deliv]y4 ,he %\ld take a light po9t] 9 ! h& ne>e/ ! *>t & direct ! att5tion ( 8 he>]s to ! figures z he /ates !m4 ,9 do+ ?is ! speak] %\ld always face ! audi5ce & talk to !m in/ead ( to ! *>t4 ,he %\ld be s famili> ) ! mat]ial on ! *>t t he ne$s only to glance at x = ! purpose ( direct+ att5tion to ea* new figure z he />ts to expla9 its significance4 ,a c>efully prep>$ *>t1 cle>ly expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ directions1 is a valuable aid to int]e/ & cle>ness 9 ! deliv]y ( any argum5t4 ,,iii4 ,m5tal prep>ation = deliv]y4 ,9 ! la/ section we conc]n$ ourselves ) matt]s relat+ to ! =m ( deliv]y2 ) ?+s prim>ily physical4 ,we n[ turn to ! sub/ance ( deliv]y & consid] ?+s prim>ily m5tal4 ,! attitude ( m9d :i* ! speak] ma9ta9s t[>d 8 subject & 8 auditors is a p[]ful factor 9 p]suasion4 #a4 ,directness4 ,cle>1 int5se ?9k+ %\ld always accompany ! deliv]y ( an argum5t4 ,! m5tal attitude ( ! speak] mu/ be "o ( al]t1 bus9ess-l att5tion4 ,) ! att5tion ( ! speak] rivet$ ^u ! object ( 8 argum5t1 ! audi5ce w be compell$ to foll[ him /raight to ! conclusion4 ,! simple directness ( ! speak] :o keeps 8 m9d firmly fix$ on 8 subject is irresi/ible4 ,no o/5tation or /riv+ aft] effect %\ld be all[$ to hold a place 9 ! speak]'s ?\ghts1 = ! day ( bomba/ic oratory is pass$4 ,?is is a practical age2 ! _w dem&s results1 & results dem& directness4 ,simplicity ( ?\ght begets simplicity ( expression1 & ! orator ) b a s+le idea und]ly+ 8 argum5t has ?is irresi/ible p[]4 ,9 deliv]+ ! argum5t ! debat] mu/ =get himself1 s f> z 8 prep>ation & p]sonality are conc]n$1 & ?9k only ( :at he is say+4 ,! simple conv]sational /yle 9 :i* two p]sons discuss a subject ( vital int]e/ to !m is usually direct4 ,?is directness comes f ! vital int]e/ ( ! speak]s & _! desire to make _! ideas pla94 ,! same conv]sational directness %\ld exi/ 9 debat+4 ,v (t5 ! speak] c obta9 great] directness by pick+ out two or ?ree p 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! audi5ce & talk+ to !m4 ,9 a =mal debat+ conte/ ! debat] sometimes picks out ! judges & talks to !m4 ,! use ( ?is me?od does n ignore ! re/ ( ! audi5ce1 because ! debat] is speak+ to ! audi5ce z a :ole1 & x does give =ce & directness to ! deliv]y4 ,! greate/ orators ( mod]n times h be5 not$ = _! simplicity & natural directness4 ,9 fact1 ?is 0 cle>ly ! pr$om9at+ *>act]i/ic ( ! /yle ( ,abraham ,l9coln & ,w5dell ,phillips2 & ev5 ,web/]1 highly end[$ z he 0 ) natural attributes :i* made 8 /yle gr& r ?an simple1 0 above all else not$ = 8 directness4 #b4 ,e>ne/ness4 ,e>ne/ness is ! basis ( p]suasion4 ,! man :o is 9 e>ne/ ab\t any?+ is b\nd to accompli% some?+4 ,by ?is e>ne/ness we d n mean t :i* is assum$ = ! occasion1 b t e>ne/ness :i* comes f deep convictions4 ,)\t ! quality ( e>ne/ness ! debat] becomes a m]e speak] ( words4 ,= any p>ticul> occasion1 ! speak] %\ld prep>e himself by =m+ 9 8 own m9d /rong convictions reg>d+ 8 subject4 ,9 =mal debat+ a speak] is sometimes compell$ to argue aga9/ 8 convictions4 ,9 su* a case ! be/ he c d is to pres5t 8 position4 ,z a g5]al rule ! que/ions discuss$ 9 class & debat+ conte/s are s ev5ly balanc$ & s broad 9 _! application t to arrive at a j conclusion requires m inve/igation ?an ! ord9>y debat] c well und]take4 ,! debat] %\ld1 !re=e1 be cont5t to fulfil 8 function z a def5d] ( ! tru?4 ,he %\ld make 8 inve/igation ?or\gh be=e *ampion+ any cause 9 real life4 ,hav+ f\nd ! prop] cause = ! ex]cise ( 8 skill he mu/ fir/ conv9ce himself ( its wor?2 !n only c he pres5t 8 case ) ! e>ne/ness ( conviction4 ,9 g5]al ! m5tal prep>ation ( ! speak] :o /rives = e>ne/ness mu/ beg9 f> back 9 8 c>e]4 ,s9c]ity is n some?+ :i* c be br\ght out = p>ade on special occasions4 ,! orator :o wi%es to impress 8 fell[ m5 ) 8 s9c]ity mu/ 9 all 8 ?\ghts & actions be s9c]e himself4 ,if ?is fundam5tal prep>ation 9 common integrity does n exi/ )9 ! speak]1 t fact w be recogniz$ by 8 audi5ce4 ,8 words w c>ry nei!r weight nor conviction because ! he>] mu/ inevitably decl>e ) ,em]son 8,:at y are speaks s l\d1 ,i _c he> :at y say40 ,! e>ne/ness ( ! speak] mu/ be ! result ( high pr9ciples1 l(ty "*1 & a firm & s9c]e conviction ( ! wor? ( 8 cause4 ,he mu/ h a deep sympa?y ) 8 cause & ) 8 auditors4 ,he mu/ possess a wide k ( human nature :i* w enable him to appeal to ! emotions ( 8 he>]s 9 a sympa!tic mann]4 ,he mu/ take _! po9t ( view & feel z he w\ld h !m feel 9 reg>d to 8 subject4 ,!n all ! =ce ( 8 be+ w awake to =tify & r5d] inv9cible 8 argum5t4 ,9 ?is way x w become a conqu]+ in/rum5t ( p]suasion4 ,! arts ( ! orator mu/ be employ$ to lead m51 n to drive !m4 ,! speak] mu/ take ! attitude t he is m]ely "o ( 8 audi5ce :o has f\nd out some?+ wor? :ile & :o e>ne/ly desires to %>e 8 discov]y ) 8 neighbors4 ,any?+ approa*+ a patroniz+ air1 or an 8,i am holi] 7or wis]7 ?an ?\ attitude10 is fatal to sympa?y & e>ne/ness4 ,he %\ld foll[ ! simple direct me?od ( tak+ 8 he>]s into 8 confid5ce & talk+ to !m z ?\gh he feels t !y are z wise & good z himself4 ,he %\ld wat* ! expressions ( sympa?y or ho/ility on _! faces & lead !m quietly along ! road ( e>ne/ness1 ! end ( :i* is p]suasion4 #c4 ,confid5ce4 ,! speak]'s confid5ce 9 himself & 9 8 cause %\ld be absolute4 ,! "t = hesitation & self-que/ion+ has pass$ :5 ! speak] /&s be=e 8 audi5ce4 ,!n he %\ld feel himself ma/] ( ! situation4 ,he mu/ take ! attitude ( m9d :i* befits an exp]t or a pr(essional4 ,by ?is we d n mean an o/5tati\s %[ ( k or insol5t sup]iority4 ,! directions conta9$ 9 ! la/ section %\ld be a suffici5t gu>antee aga9/ su* an attitude4 ,b ! speak] mu/ hone/ly ?9k t he is engag$ 9 an important & comm5dable und]tak+ & t he has ! ability to c>ry x ?r\gh successfully4 ,9 ord] to d ?is he mu/ assume an attitude ( unbias$ fairness & hone/y4 ,8 mann] %\ld indicate t he feels himself responsible = ! tru?4 ,he mu/ nev] appe> to be conceal+ any?+ f 8 he>]s1 nor %\ld he appe> to be tak+ advantage ( 8 oppon5ts or depriv+ !m ( any cr$it to :i* !y are ju/ly entitl$4 ,nev] %\ld he misquote an oppon5t or put an unfavorable int]pretation ^u :at t oppon5t has said4 ,an audi5ce loves fair play & ! k t he is mak+ a fair fight1 ) ev]y?+ above bo>d1 gives confid5ce to ! speak]4 ,a speak] %\ld always ex]cise self-control4 ,at no "t %\ld he put all 8 =ce into ! language :i* he uses4 ,he %\ld always ma9ta9 a res]ve =ce :i* w give a backgr\nd ( p[] to 8 deliv]y4 ,nev] %\ld he all[ 8 temp] to be ruffl$ by any?+ t may happ5 dur+ ! discussion2 to indulge 9 an outbur/ ( temp] is positively belittl+4 ,wa%+ton's advice to "y m5 0 8,conqu] ! t]ritory "u y\r own hat40 ,?is is an apt expression = ! debat] to keep con/antly 9 m9d4 ,! complete self-reliance :i* puts ! speak] at 8 ease is acquir$ only by practice4 ,9 fact1 _m great speak]s h gone ?r\gh life fac+ a p]iod ( n]v\sness j be=e appe>+ be=e _! audi5ces4 ,?is trait1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily an evil4 ,! speak] %\ld always appreciate ! importance ( ! occasion & 8 own responsibility4 ,if he does ?is to ! ext5t ( hav+ 8 emotions ar\s$ x (t5 makes 8 deliv]y m direct1 e>ne/1 & confid5t4 ,! po9t to be rememb]$ is t he mu/ h t confid5ce :i* conv9ces 8 he>]s t 8 argum5t is ! result ( clean1 cle>-cut ?9k+1 & p]suades !m to act 9 accordance ) ! tru? :i* t argum5t reveals4 ,! p[] ( a speak] does n exi/ 9 ! developm5t ( any "o trait4 ,he mu/ /udy me?ods ( deliv]y1 & mu/ n we>y ( pa9/ak+ physical & m5tal prep>ation4 ,back ( all ( ?is mu/ be ! man himself1 entr5*$ 9 m5tal & moral /r5g?4 ,no defect is too trifl+ to be ov]come by con/ant vigilance1 no improvem5t s unimportant z n to m]it ! mo/ ardu\s /riv+4 ,! /ud5t :o is ambiti\s to acquire ! art ( p]suasion %\ld practice con/antly & neglect no opportunity to appe> be=e an audi5ce4 ,= e pr9ciple glean$ f ^! pages ! debat] mu/ provide himself ) n9ety-n9e opportunities = practice4 ,x is only by actual practice t anyone c hope to travel f> along ! road :i* leads to ! goal ( p]fection4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,argum5tation ,,& ,,debate ,,*apt] ,i ,,inductive ,,argum5t ,all p]sons ( av]age intellig5ce & education are able to di/+ui% an obvi\sly s\nd argum5t f an obvi\sly false argum5t4 ,no k ( argum5tation or logic is necess>y to enable su* p]sons to p]ceive ! tru? ( "o or ! falsity ( ! o!r4 ,h[ev]1 ! l9e :i* sep>ates ! true f ! false1 or ! s\nd f ! uns\nd1 is n always cle>ly m>k$4 ,9 fact mo/ argum5ts involve a consid]ation ( s _m factors t _! tru? or falsity is v difficult to det]m9e4 ,x is = ?is reason t we mu/ /udy ! v>i\s !oretical =ms 9 :i* an argum5t may be pres5t$4 ,i4 ,! application ( processes ( reason+ to argum5tation4 ,logic deals ) ! =mal process ( reason+4 ,x te/s ! validity ( a reason+ process by apply+ c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* w reveal its /r5g? or weakness4 ,x is n ess5tial to "k ! sci5ce ( logic 9 ord] to reason or to argue well4 ,_m ( our mo/ pr(\nd ?9k]s h possess$ only a sup]ficial k ( t subject4 ,a k ( ! =ms ( reason+ :i* logic consid]s1 or ( ! names appli$ to !m1 is by no means indisp5sable to an intellig5t argum5t or debate4 ,nev]!less1 an exact k ( logical processes ( reason+ z appli$ to ! con/ruction ( argum5ts is absolutely indisp5sable to him :o w\ld become ma/] ( ! ,art ( ,argum5tation & ,debate4 ,!re are two uses to :i* ! debat] mu/ put ^! correct processes ( reason+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he mu/ use !m to te/ ! validity ( 8 own argum5ts4 ,9 ! second place1 he mu/ use !m to te/ ! validity ( 8 oppon5ts' argum5ts4 ,bo? ( ^! uses w sugge/ to ! m9d ( ! /ud5t ! importance ( ! application ( processes ( reason+ to argum5tation4 ,an argum5t is seldom pres5t$ 9 su* a =m t x is possible to apply logical reason+ processes to x z x /&s4 ,usually "s p>ts are omitt$ & o!rs are exp&$ or modifi$ = ! purpose ( great] effect 9 p]suasion4 ,! /ud5t mu/ !re=e grasp ! ess5tial p>ts ( 8 argum5t be=e he c arrange !m 9 ! =mal mann] :i* logic dem&s4 ,?is v ex]cise ( cutt+ up a discussion into p>ts = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r x is rightly con/ruct$ is a m5tal ex]cise ( unusual value4 ,fur!rmore1 x reveals any weak places 9 ! argum5t & %[s :]e x mu/ be made /rong if x is to be effective4 ,9 l mann] ! debat] is able to apply ! same processes to ! argum5ts ( 8 oppon5ts to %[ _! weaknesses & enable him to direct 8 ef=ts t[>d ^! vuln]able po9ts4 ,,ii4 ,inductive reason+4 ,inductive reason+ is ! process by :i* we arrive at a g5]al conclusion ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( concrete p>ticul>s4 ,i h read ,treasure ,isl& & ,i f\nd x int]e/+4 ,moreov]1 ,i h read ,kidnapp$1 ,david ,balf\r1 ,pr9ce ,otto1 & ,/4 ,ives1 all ( :i* 7 int]e/+ to me4 ,all ( ^! books 7 writt5 by ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 & aft] ,i _h read !m ,i arriv$ at ! g5]al conclusion t all books writt5 by ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son 7 int]e/+4 ,i made use ( ?is conclusion by se>*+ 9 ! libr>y = o!r books by ?is same au?or1 = ,i felt sure t if ,i c\ld f9d ano!r ( 8 books x w\ld be int]e/+4 ,h[ev]1 we are n n[ conc]n$ ) ! uses to be made ( ?is process ( reason+1 b r ) its exact =m4 ,! process by :i* ,i arriv$ at ! conclusion t all ( ,/ev5son's works are int]e/+ is a fair example ( inductive reason+4 ,i _h five specific in/ances all po9t+ to ! same conclusion4 ,i _h obs]v$ five ( ,/ev5son's books & ,i rea*$ a conclusion reg>d+ all ( !m4 ,! conclusion includ$ ^? :i* ,i _h n read z well z ^? :i* ,i _h read4 ,?is process con=ms to our def9ition t inductive reason+ is ! process by :i* we arrive at a g5]al conclusion ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( concrete p>ticul>s4 ,9 ?is way we arrive at _m conclusions ^u :i* we rely 9 our daily life4 ,we g to a c]ta9 place at t5 m9utes pa/ ! h\r = ! purpose ( bo>d+ a /reet c> :i* w take u to ! city4 ,we d ?is because = _m mon?s we h be5 accu/om$ to g to ?is same place at ?is p>ticul> "t & !re we h always f\nd a /reet c> :i* took u to ! city4 ,ea* "o ( ! in/ances 9 :i* we h done ?is is a concrete p>ticul> t5d+ to support ! g5]al conclusion t if we g to a c]ta9 place at a c]ta9 "t we %all f9d a c> :i* w take u to ! city4 ,a fur!r inve/igation ( ?is process ( inductive reason+ reveals ! fact t x may be divid$ into two %>ply def9$ classes1 7#a7 p]fect inductions1 & 7#b7 imp]fect inductions4 ,a p]fect induction is "o 9 :i* all ! p>ticul> in/ances ^u :i* a conclusion is bas$ c be exam9$ directly4 ,= example1 if ,i am aw>e t ea* "o ( ! tw5ty m5 :o are tak+ ?is c\rse 9 ,argum5tation expect to be civil eng9e]s ,i may safely /ate ! g5]al conclusion t 8,all ! m5 :o are tak+ ?is c\rse 9 ,argum5tation expect to be civil eng9e]s40 ,?is is a p]fect induction1 because ,i h includ$ 9 ! conclusion only ^? m5 :o are tak+ ?is c\rse2 !re are only tw5ty m5 & inve/igation has %[n t ea* ( !m expects to be a civil eng9e]4 ,!re=e1 x is pla9 t !re c be no opportunity = error4 ,e p>ticul> in/ance reli$ ^u c be acc\nt$ = & no in/ance outside ( ^! is br\ght )9 ! conclusion4 ,! induction is !re=e p]fect4 ,an imp]fect induction is "o 9 :i* ! conclusion ext5ds beyond ! concrete specific in/ances ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,! examples already giv5 reg>d+ ,/ev5son's novels & ! /reet c> are imp]fect inductions4 ,i h n read all ( ,/ev5son's novels & ,i may yet f9d "o t is n int]e/+ to me4 ,reg>d+ ! induction ab\t ! /reet c>1 x is suffici5t to note t if ! c> 7 late or fail$ to appe> at all1 ! conclusion w\ld be ( no value 9 t specific in/ance4 ,likewise ,i may /ate ! g5]al inductive conclusion t all roses are fragrant4 ,i base ?is conclusion ^u a great numb] ( specific in/ances4 ,! rose t ,i pluck$ ye/]day 0 fragrant2 ^? :i* ,i obs]v$ 9 ! cons]vatory la/ mon? 7 fragrant2 ! roses :i* bloom 9 my door-y>d ea* summ] are fragrant2 all ! roses t ,i h kn[n s9ce ,i 0 old en\gh to notice su* matt]s h be5 fragrant4 ,^u ?is great numb] ( specific in/ances ,i base my inductive conclusion4 ,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t my conclusion is n conf9$ to ! roses :i* ,i h se5 b t x ext5ds beyond & includes all roses ( e k9d ev]y:]e4 ,x is !re=e an imp]fect induction4 ,z x /&s x w\ld be impossible to make ?is induction a p]fect "o1 because x w\ld be an impossible task to exam9e e rose 9 ! _w4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! induction c be made p]fect is to re/rict ! conclusion to cov] only ! specific in/ances ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,! conclusion w\ld !n be1 8,all ! roses to :i* ,i h ev] giv5 att5tion 7 fragrant40 ,b x may n suit our purpose ?us to re/rict ! conclusion4 ,we may wi% to make use ( x 9 its broad g5]al significance4 ,e day we are compell$ to act ^u imp]fect inductions1 z 9 ! case ( ! /reet c>4 ,9 su* cases we mu/ resort to c]ta9 rules or te/s :]eby we c det]m9e ! probability ( ! tru? ( ! imp]fect induction4 ,we %all consid] ^! rules or te/s aft] we h discuss$ ! application ( inductive reason+ to inductive argum5t4 ,,iii4 ,! application ( inductive reason+ to inductive argum5t4 ,we h se5 ! nature ( ! process ( induction & h obs]v$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! p]fect & ! imp]fect4 ,let u n[ consid] ! application ( ! inductive process to argum5ts4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?is process 9 all argum5tative disc\rse is frequ5t4 ,a simple illu/ration ( its application is furni%$ 9 connection ) ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld levy an income tax40 ,! affirmative 9 ! c\rse ( its inve/igation f9ds t ?is tax has prov$ practicable 9 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,fur!r inve/igation discloses ! fact t ^! are ! only c\ntries 9 :i* ?is p>ticul> =m ( taxation has be5 adopt$4 ,f ^! p>ticul> in/ances1 namely1--,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 ! g5]al inductive conclusion may be drawn t 8,! income tax has prov$ practicable 9 all ! c\ntries 9 :i* x has be5 adopt$40 ,?is is a p]fect inductive conclusion4 ,9 pres5t+ ?is induction 9 an argum5t1 ! conclusion %\ld be /at$ fir/4 ,!n ea* ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! income tax has be5 adopt$ %\ld be discuss$ & evid5ce introduc$ to %[ t x has prov$ practicable 9 e case4 ,f9ally1 evid5ce %\ld be br\ght =? to %[ t ! c\ntries nam$ are ! only ones 9 :i* ! tax has be5 adopt$4 ,! conclusion %\ld be /at$ 9 ! =m ( a summ>y1 :i* leaves ! argum5t complete4 ,x is a p]fect inductive argum5t4 ,:ile ! reason+ process _c be assail$1 ! facts ^u :i* ! induction is bas$ may be disprov$4 ,^? advanc+ ! argum5t mu/ !re=e be sure t ! facts alleg$ are support$ by suffici5t evid5ce1 :ile ^? seek+ to ov]?r[ ! argum5t %\ld be dilig5t 9 _! se>* = evid5ce %[+ ! weakness or impracticability ( ! tax 9 "o or all ( ! c\ntries cit$4 ,f ! above illu/ration x is pla9 t ! validity ( ! reason+ ( a p]fect induction is easily det]m9$4 ,! m9d at once det]m9es :e!r or n ! specific in/ances pres5t$ w>rant ! conclusion rea*$4 ,! "q ( ! validity ( a p]fect inductive argum5t is l>gely a "q ( fact4 ,) ! imp]fect induction1 h[ev]1 ! situation is some:at diff]5t1 = we h se5 t ! conclusion ext5ds beyond ! actual facts ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,f an exam9ation ( sev]al obs]v$ specific in/ances a conclusion is drawn :i* cov]s in/ances unobs]v$4 ,by x we pass f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,?is process is sometimes call$ ! inductive haz>d4 ,! application ( ?is =m ( reason+ to argum5t is illu/rat$ by ! imp]fect induction :i* is made by ,l9coln 9 8 ,coop] ,in/itute ,address4 ,"h he draws a conclusion z to :at all ! fram]s ( ! orig9al ,con/itution ?\ght ab\t ! slav]y problem1 by produc+ evid5ce to %[ :at a "p ( !m ?\ght ab\t x4 ,aft] introduc+ specific evid5ce to %[ :at ea* ( tw5ty-?ree ( ^! m5 ?\ght1 he says3 8,"h !n we h tw5ty-?ree ( our ?irty-n9e fa!rs #8:o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live'1 :o h1 ^u _! (ficial responsibility & _! corporeal oa?s1 act$ ^u ! v "q :i* ! text affirms #8!y und]/ood j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n['2 & tw5ty-"o ( !m--a cle> majority ( ! :ole ?irty-n9e--s act+ ^u x z to make !m guilty ( gross political impropriety & willful p]jury1 if1 9 _! und]/&+1 any prop] division betwe5 local & ,f$]al au?ority1 or any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution !y _h made !mselves1 & sworn to support1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories4 ,?us ! tw5ty-"o act$2 & z actions speak l\d] ?an words1 s actions "u su* responsibility speak /ill l\d]4444 8,! rema9+ sixte5 ( ! #8?irty-n9e'1 s f> z ,i h discov]$1 h left no trace ( _! und]/&+ ^u ! direct "q ( ,f$]al control 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories4 ,b !re is mu* reason to believe t _! und]/&+ ^u t "q w\ld n h appe>$ diff]5t f t ( _! tw5ty-?ree compe]s1 _h x be5 manife/$ at all4444 8,! sum ( ! :ole is t ( our ?irty-n9e fa!rs :o fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution1 tw5ty-"o--a cle> majority ( ! :ole--c]ta9ly und]/ood t no prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 nor any "p ( ! ,con/itution1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories2 :ile all ! re/ _h probably ! same und]/&+4 ,su*1 unque/ionably1 0 ! und]/&+ ( our fa!rs :o fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution2 & ! text affirms t !y und]/ood ! "q #8bett] ?an we4'0 ,! true te/ ( an imp]fect induction is n its suffici5cy = ! p]son :o uses x1 b its suffici5cy = ^? to :om x is address$4 ,! argum5t is design$ to produce a def9ite effect & 9 ord] to d ?is x mu/ fulfil c]ta9 conditions4 ,ev5 :5 ^! conditions are fulfill$ ! effect ( ! argum5t is problematical4 ,nev]!less1 9 ord] to approa* its maximum effici5cy an inductive argum5t mu/ meet ! requirem5ts expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,,iv4 ,requirem5ts = an effective inductive argum5t4 #a4 ,p]fect inductions4 ,9 a p]fect induction 9 :i* we h se5 t ! conclusion includes only ! specific in/ances t h actually be5 exam9$1 ! only requirem5t is t ! facts ^u :i* x is bas$ be true4 ,! /ud5t mu/ obs]ve ! rules reg>d+ ! suffici5cy ( evid5ce4 ,he mu/ be sure t he has introduc$ evid5ce :i* %[s conclusively t ea* specific in/ance cit$ 9 support ( ! conclusion is true z a matt] ( fact4 ,if he all[s conjecture to ent] into any "o ( !m he _c claim = 8 argum5t ! solidity :i* *>act]izes ! p]fect induction4 ,if 9 argu+ = ! necessity ( additional s\rces ( rev5ue = ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 he has /at$ ! p]fect inductive conclusion t 8,! exp5ditures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t = ! la/ ?ree ye>s h greatly exce$$ its receipts10 he mu/ sub/antiate 8 induction by exact ref]5ce to ! reports ( ! ,treasur] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,an inve/igation ( ^! ref]5ces mu/ reveal ! fact t ea* ( ^! ye>s has %[n a l>ge deficit4 ,! greate/ temptation aga9/ :i* ! /ud5t w h to gu>d is t ( c>eless g5]alization4 ,he may "k t a conclusion includes f\r specific in/ances4 ,he may be c]ta9 t ?ree ( !m support ! conclusion1 b he is n q sure ab\t ! f\r?4 ,nev]!less he conjectures reg>d+ its validity & he$lessly proce$s to 8 conclusion4 ,?is is a bad habit to cultivate1 because x results 9 loose1 inaccurate ?9k+4 ,a p]fect induction %\ld nev] be /at$ 9 an argum5t until ea* specific in/ance ^u :i* x is bas$1 & :i* x includes1 has be5 det]m9$ to be an unque/ion$ fact4 #b4 ,imp]fect inductions4 ,! requirem5ts = an imp]fect induction are some:at involv$ & dem& ! ex]cise ( s\nd judgm5t 9 _! application4 ,an imp]fect induction c nev] be reli$ ^u ) ! same confid5ce t may be repos$ 9 a p]fect induction4 ,?is tru? is app>5t f ! nature ( ! imp]fect induction4 ,9 ord] to measure up to a high /&>d ( effectiv5ess an imp]fect induction mu/ comply ) ! foll[+ requirem5ts4 ,a4 ,! numb] ( specific in/ances support+ ! conclusion mu/ be suffici5tly l>ge to (fset ! probability ( co9cid5ce4 ,! problem ( det]m9+ ! numb] ( specific in/ances :i* w ju/ify u 9 rely+ ^u an imp]fect induction is mo/ difficult4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 ?is numb] v>ies greatly ) diff]5t classes ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 & ?+s ab\t :i* we wi% to rea* conclusions4 ,b be=e we consid] ?is difficulty we mu/ be sure t we h en\gh in/ances at h& to elim9ate ! elem5t ( *ance4 ,at lea/ f ! argum5tative /&po9t ?is is ! mo/ practical me?od ( proc$ure4 ,suppose ! /ud5t 9 8 prep>ation = an argum5t f9ds t dur+ ! la/ ye> !re has be5 a decrease 9 ! value ( manufactur$ articles produc$ 9 ! /ate ( ,texas1 t a simil> decrease is %[n 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 & t /ati/ics relat+ to ! /ate ( ,delaw>e %[ ! same result4 ,^! facts c\ld n be us$ to support ! conclusion t ! value ( manufactur$ products ( all ! /ates ( ! ,union has decreas$ dur+ ! la/ ye>1 because x may be only a co9cid5ce t _! value has decreas$ 9 ! /ates nam$4 ,9 all ! o!r /ates ( ! ,union !re may h be5 an increase4 ,! conclusion /at$ %\ld belong to a p]fect induction & c\ld only /& ^u pro( ( ! fact t ! value ( ! products manufactur$ 9 ea* & e "o ( ! /ates %[$ a decrease4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld n be safe to /ate ! conclusion t ! value ( manufactur$ products 9 g5]al %[s a fall+ (f 9 value dur+ ! pa/ ye> & to cite ! ?ree in/ances nam$ 9 support ( t cont5tion4 ,9 fact1 ! probability ( co9cid5ce is too great to enable u to arrive at any inductive conclusion o!r ?an t ! manufactur$ products ( ,texas1 ,new ,york1 & ,delaw>e = ! pa/ ye> %[ a decrease 9 value4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be con/antly on gu>d aga9/ ?is loose me?od ( inductive reason+4 ,x is mo/ prolific 9 indef9ite & loosely /at$ conclusions seek+ to masqu]ade "u an appe>ance ( validity4 ,he %\ld always exam9e 8 own conclusions z well z ^? ( 8 oppon5t = ! purpose ( f9d+ out :e!r ! in/ances us$ to support !m are m]ely ! result ( *ance or co9cid5ce4 ,let u suppose t ! decrease obs]v$ 9 ! ?ree /ates nam$ above has sugge/$ ! probability ( ! tru? ( "o ( ! conclusions4 ,! inve/igator %\ld at once pick out a few ( ! mo/ prom95t manufactur+ /ates & f9d /ati/ics %[+ manufactur+ values 9 !m4 ,= example1 he might consult ,massa*usetts1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,ill9ois1 & ,wiscons94 ,if ! same decrease is f\nd to h exi/$ 9 ^! /ates ! tru? ( ! inductive conclusion becomes mu* m probable & at ! same "t ! probability ( co9cid5ce becomes correspond+ly less4 ,! /ud5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld cont9ue 8 inve/igations & exam9e ! /ati/ics reg>d+ all ! manufactur+ /ates ( ! ,union4 ,he %\ld !n frame 8 conclusion 9 su* a way t x w /& support$ by ! evid5ce ( all ! specific in/ances4 ,b4 ,! class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s ab\t :i* ! induction is made mu/ be reasonably homog5e\s4 ,aft] we h se5 ?ree or f\r elephants we feel pretty safe 9 say+ t all elephants h trunks4 ,aft] we h se5 ?ree or f\r r$ s*oolh\ses we d n feel safe 9 say+ t all s*oolh\ses are r$4 ,! fir/ class ( objects is homog5e\s1 ! second is n4 ,!re=e we may safely g5]alize reg>d+ ! appe>ance & *>act]i/ics ( all elephants f ! ?ree or f\r specim5s :i* h come b5ea? our notice4 ,z a class !y possess 9 a m>k$ degree common traits ( "* & appe>ance4 ,no "o memb] ( ! species is radically diff]5t f any o!r memb]4 ,) s*oolh\ses1 h[ev]1 ! situation is q diff]5t4 ,all s*oolh\ses 9 a giv5 community may be built alike & ! fir/ ?ree or f\r se5 by an individual might be pa9t$ r$2 b s9ce ! class ( s*oolh\ses is n homog5e\s1 he _c !re=e correctly arrive at ! imp]fect inductive conclusion t all s*oolh\ses are r$4 ,?is illu/ration %\ld indicate to ! /ud5t :o w\ld employ imp]fect induction t x is necess>y to be c>eful 9 draw+ a broad conclusion cov]+ a class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s ^: memb]s he does n "k to be reasonably homog5e\s ) respect to ! po9t ab\t :i* he wi%es to argue4 ,to advance a /ep fur!r 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is requirem5t1 we mu/ rememb] t x applies only to ! homog5eity ( ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ic ( ! class reg>d+ :i* a conclusion is desir$4 ,= example1 if x is desir$ to arrive at "s conclusion reg>d+ ! color ( all s*oolh\ses1 ! inductive process c\ld n well be appli$ because ! class is by no means homog5e\s 9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> *>act]i/ic4 ,h[ev]1 if x is desir$ to arrive at a conclusion reg>d+ ! use to :i* all s*oolh\ses are put ! imp]fect induction may safely be us$ because ! class is reasonably homog5e\s 9 ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,c4 ,! specific in/ances cit$ 9 support ( ! conclusion mu/ be fair examples4 ,9 an imp]fect inductive argum5t ! in/ances ^u :i* ! conclusion is bas$ mu/ be fairly repres5tative ( ! class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s :i* x includes4 ,a debat] 9 an int]s*ola/ic conte/ took ?ree examples ( cities hav+ ! commission plan ( city gov]nm5t z a basis = 8 argum5t 9 support ( ! proposition t all ,am]ican cities %\ld adopt ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t4 ,he began by %[+ t ! ?ree cities1--,galve/on1 ,des ,mo9es1 & ,gr& ,rapids1 7 fair examples ( ,am]ican cities4 ,he %[$ t !y did n repres5t ! exce$+ly l>ge cities nor ! exce$+ly small cities b t !y possess$ ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( bo?4 ,he produc$ evid5ce to prove t !y 7 directly repres5tative ( n9e-t5?s ( ! cities 9 ,am]ica & t ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t :i* w\ld "w well 9 ^! ?ree cities1 tak5 z examples1 w\ld "w equally well 9 any ,am]ican city4 ,he !n %[$ t ! commission plan ( city gov]nm5t _h work$ well 9 ! ?ree examples :i* he _h prov$ to be fairly repres5tative ( all ,am]ican cities4 ,! greate/ temptation to error is t ( select+ examples or incid5ts :i* are mo/ favorable to ! debat]'s cont5tions4 ,su* action is a flagrant violation ( ! great pr9ciple :i* %\ld gov]n all argum5tative disc\rse--! pr9ciple t tru? %\ld /& supreme ov] all cont5tions4 ,x is n only di%one/ to select unfair examples1 b x is disloyal to ^? :o uphold ! debat] 9 8 ef=ts to p]suade4 ,nev] %\ld an example be pres5t$ :i* possesses *>act]i/ics unusual to ! class :i* x purports to repres5t4 ,an e>ne/ ef=t %\ld always be made to obta9 ! faire/ examples possible4 ,d4 ,c>eful inve/igation mu/ disclose no exceptions4 ,a p]son %\ld seldom rely ^u 8 own uncontradict$ exp]i5ce to support an inductive conclusion4 ,! small *ild concludes t all *ildr5 h fa!rs & mo!rs because x has a fa!r & "m4 ,! tropical savage concludes t all p>ts ( ! e>? are w>m because ! "p 9 :i* he lives is w>m4 ,simil>ly we f9d reasonable p]sons adopt+ l g5]alizations bas$ ^u _! own uncontradict$ exp]i5ce4 ,! bus9ess man d5\nces all public (ficials z di%one/ because he has f\nd t two or ?ree are di%one/4 ,! f>m] d5\nces all lawy]s z di%one/ because "o lawy] has treat$ him di%one/ly4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases x is evid5t t a little c>eful inve/igation w\ld disclose en\gh exceptions to ov]?r[ ! conclusion4 ,! debat] %\ld exam9e 8 own inductions z well z ^? ( 8 oppon5t = ! purpose ( discov]+ possible exceptions4 ,! man :o decl>$ t all trades-union m5 are an>*i/s w\ld h f\nd ! exceptions to 8 rule s ov]:elm+ z to make 8 conclusion appe> ridicul\s4 ,! difficulty is t ! abnormal & exceptional in/ances :i* we "k loom s l>ge 9 our m9ds t !y become prejudices & cr[d out calm reason4 ,! few union m5 :o h de/roy$ life & prop]ty %\ld n be made ! specific in/ances support+ an induction reg>d+ ! :ole class ( trades-union m54 ,! few college m5 :o dr9k1 swe>1 & c>\se %\ld n be made ! specific in/ances support+ an induction reg>d+ ! :ole class ( college m54 ,e induction %\ld be exam9$ c>efully = ! purpose ( discov]+ exceptions4 ,e4 ,! conclusion mu/ be reasonable4 ,aft] all ! =ego+ requirem5ts h be5 met !re /ill rema9s "o ess5tial4 ,! conclusion mu/ be reasonable4 ,?is is ! ultimate te/ ( validity4 ,we h become s famili> ) ! usual c\rse ( nature t we in/9ctively "q t :i* appe>s to run contr>y !reto4 ,no?+ occurs )\t an adequate cause4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple we base our judgm5t reg>d+ all matt]s :i* transc5d our own exp]i5ce4 ,mo/ ( u h pass$ ! sup]/iti\s days :5 ! break+ ( a look+ glass 0 reg>d$ z a sure sign t someone 9 ! family w\ld die be=e ! end ( ! ye>4 ,ev5 ! "t-honor$ ,friday & numb] ?irte5 ) _! att5dant sup]/iti\s disa/]s no long] h a l>ge foll[+4 ,sci5tific inve/igation & ! pres5t age ( comm]cialism h cr[d$ out sup]/ition & put common s5se 9 its place4 ,! av]age m9d is highly reasonable & requires "s causal connection betwe5 ! break+ ( a look+ glass & ! dea? ( a p]son4 ,x w\ld refuse to believe t "o caus$ ! o!r1 or t "o 0 ! sign ( ! o!r1 ev5 ?\gh !re might be a hundr$ in/ances to w>rant ! induction & n "o to contradict x4 ,! f9al requirem5t = an imp]fect inductive argum5t is t x be reasonable4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,an ,,imp]fect ,,inductive ,,argum5t #a4 ,! numb] ( specific in/ances support+ ! conclusion mu/ be suffici5tly l>ge to (fset ! probability ( co9cid5ce4 #b4 ,! class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s ab\t :i* ! induction is made mu/ be reasonably homog5e\s4 #c4 ,! specific in/ances cit$ 9 support ( ! conclusion mu/ be fair examples4 #d4 ,c>eful inve/igation mu/ disclose no exceptions4 #e4 ,! conclusion mu/ be reasonable4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,are ! foll[+ inductions p]fect or imp]fect8 7#a7 ,all m5 are mortal4 7#b7 ,all ,irv+'s books are int]e/+ 7or un9t]e/+74 7#c7 ,all ! presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o h be5 assass9at$ 7 ,republicans4 7#d7 8,py?agoras 0 misund]/ood1 & ,socrates1 & ,jesus1 & ,lu!r1 & ,cop]nicus1 & ,galileo1 & ,newton1 & e pure & wise _s t ev] took fle%4 ,to be great is to be misund]/ood40 ,em]son1 ,self-,reliance 7#e7 ,money is ! root ( all evil4 #b4 ,give 9 full ! specific in/ances ^u :i* ea* ( ! =ego+ inductions is bas$4 #c4 ,apply ! requirem5ts = validity to ea* ( ! inductions 9 ex]cise "o1 & /ate ! result4 #d4 ,write an inductive argum5t ( f\r hundr$ words4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,d$uctive ,,argum5t ,d$uctive argum5t consi/s ( ! application ( d$uctive processes ( reason+ to argum5tative disc\rse4 ,?is process ( apply+ logical pr9ciples is some:at m complicat$ ?an t involv$ 9 induction4 ,9 "s respects x is m important t ! /ud5t ?or\ghly ma/] d$uction ?an x is t he ma/] induction4 ,fallacies are m easily conceal$ 9 ! d$uctive process ?an 9 ! inductive process4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! fallacy is once detect$ x c be set =? cle>ly by anyone :o und]/&s ?is =m ( reason+4 ,nei!r ! inductive nor ! d$uctive =m ( reason+ is (t5 f\nd alone4 ,mo/ argum5ts conta9 bo? ( ^! processes & 9 "s cases !y are v closely int]wov54 ,?is fact necessitates a ?or\gh /udy ( bo? processes4 ,f ?is /&po9t a k ( "o =m is z important z a k ( ! o!r4 ,9 ord] t we may ?or\ghly und]/& ! application ( ! d$uctive process to argum5t we mu/ fir/ consid] sep>ately t process ( reason+4 ,i4 ,d$uctive reason+4 ,by d$uctive reason+ we arrive at a conclusion reg>d+ a p>ticul> p]son1 ev5t1 or ?+ by reason ( our k reg>d+ ! :ole class to :i* ! p>ticul> p]son1 ev5t1 or ?+ belongs4 ,9 ?is s5se x is ! opposite ( induction4 ,we conclude t a p>ticul> book is int]e/+ because we "k t all ! books writt5 by ! au?or ( ?is book are int]e/+4 ,we may say t d$uctive reason+ beg9s :]e inductive reason+ leaves (f4 ,= example1 we f\nd t we c\ld arrive at ! imp]fect inductive conclusion t all ( ,/ev5son's books are int]e/+ because ea* "o ( a numb] ( 8 books :i* we _h read 0 int]e/+4 ,s9ce 7#a7 ! numb] ( specific in/ances cit$ 7 suffici5t to (fset ! probability ( co9cid5ce1 7#b7 ! class 0 fairly homog5e\s1 7#c7 ! examples 7 fair1 7#d7 we f\nd ^u inve/igation t !re 7 no exceptions1 & 7#e7 f ! "* ( ! au?or & o!r circum/ances ! conclusion seem$ reasonable1 we conclud$ t our induction 0 s\nd4 ,n[1 tak+ ?is conclusion z true we may apply x to any "o ( ,/ev5son's works n yet exam9$ & ?us det]m9e t t "w is int]e/+4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t a d$uction bas$ ^u an imp]fect induction is no /rong] ?an t imp]fect induction4 ,! imp]fect induction ga9s no /r5g? by reason ( its hav+ a valid d$uction bas$ ^u x4 ,nev]!less1 uns\nd argum5ts are (t5 giv5 a sup]ficial appe>ance ( validity by ?is means4 ,we may m cle>ly indicate ! relation ( ! inductive & ! d$uctive process by arrang+ ! mat]ial ( ! =ego+ illu/ration 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a4 ,inductive process4 #a4 ,specific in/ances4 7#a7 ,treasure ,isl&1 writt5 by ,/ev5son is int]e/+4 7#b7 ,kidnapp$1 writt5 by ,/ev5son is int]e/+4 7#c7 ,david ,balf\r1 writt5 by ,/ev5son is int]e/+4 7#d7 ,pr9ce ,otto1 writt5 by ,/ev5son is int]e/+4 7#e7 ,/4 ,ives1 writt5 by ,/ev5son is int]e/+4 #b4 ,conclusion3 ,all books writt5 by ,/ev5son are int]e/+4 ,b4 ,d$uctive process4 #a4 ,major ,premise3 ,all books writt5 by ,/ev5son are int]e/+4 #b4 ,m9or ,premise3 ,! ,silv]ado ,squatt]s 0 writt5 by ,/ev5son4 #c4 ,conclusion3 ,!re=e ,! ,silv]ado ,squatt]s is int]e/+4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! inductive conclusion =ms ! fir/ /atem5t1 ! basis1 or :at is call$ 9 logic1 ! major premise ( ! d$uctive process4 ,by induction we build sev]al specific in/ances into a conclusion1 & f t conclusion we reason d[n aga9 to "o p>ticul> in/ance4 ,?is illu/ration %\ld s]ve to make pla9 to ! /ud5t ! relation betwe5 induction & d$uction & ! reason :y ! two processes are s (t5 comb9$ 9 an argum5t4 ,9 logic ! d$uctive =m pres5t$ above is call$ a syllogism4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree /atem5ts call$ ,major ,premise1 ,m9or ,premise1 & ,conclusion4 ,?is syllogism occurs 9 diff]5t =ms1 b we are conc]n$ ) only ! typical =m above pres5t$1 because x is to ?is =m t we int5d to r$uce our own argum5ts & ! argum5ts ( our oppon5ts 9 ord] t we may te/ _! validity4 ,ea* /atem5t 9 a syllogism is compos$ ( two p>ts1 call$ t]ms4 ,! names ( ^! t]ms z well z _! prop] location 9 ! syllogism are indicat$ by ! foll[+ =m3 ,middle t]m4 ,major t]m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a4 ,major ,premise3 ,all college m5 %\ld /udy argum5tation4 ,m9or t]m4 ,middle t]m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #b4 ,m9or ,premise3 ,paul ,morton is a college man4 ,m9or t]m4 ,major t]m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #c4 ,conclusion3 ,!re=e ,paul ,morton%\ld /udy argum5tation4 ,! /ud5t w obs]ve t ea* /atem5t 9 ! syllogism is compos$ ( two t]ms & t ea* t]m appe>s twice 9 ! entire syllogism1 b only once 9 any "o /atem5t4 ,! major t]m repres5ts ! l>ge/ elem5t 9 ! syllogism namely1--! class ( p]sons :o %\ld /udy argum5tation4 ,! m9or t]m repres5ts ! smalle/ elem5t 9 ! syllogism namely1--,paul ,morton1 ! p>ticul> p]son ab\t :om a conclusion is rea*$4 ,! middle t]m s]ves z an int]m$i>y or connect+ l9k :i* b9ds ! m9or t]m to ! major t]m4 ,x does n appe> 9 ! conclusion b is ca/ away aft] x has s]v$ its purpose 9 assign+ ! m9or t]m1--,paul ,morton1 to ! major t]m1--^? :o %\ld /udy argum5tation4 ,9 ! typical =m ( ! syllogism ) :i* we are conc]n$ ! major premise %\ld always be 9 ! univ]sal affirmative-=m4 ,by univ]sal affirmative is meant t ! ass]tion is made ) reg>d to ! class z a :ole z3 8,all m5 are mortal10 8,all laws %\ld be obey$10 8,all /ud5ts %\ld pay _! bills10 etc4 ,no "p ( ! class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s ab\t :i* an ass]tion is made %\ld be left outside ! /atem5t z w\ld be ! case if ! /atem5ts read--8,"s laws %\ld be obey$10 8,"s /ud5ts %\ld pay _! bills40 ,f ! =ego+ discussion x is evid5t t ! d$uctive syllogism1 9 ord] to be valid1 mu/ be con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) c]ta9 well def9$ rules4 ,9 books ( logic ! /ud5t w f9d ^! rules discuss$ at "s l5g? & _! application set =? 9 detail4 ,= our purpose x is only necess>y to ref] to !m & keep !m cle>ly 9 m9d 9 connection ) ! discussion "h giv54 ,! rules ( ! syllogism ) :i* we are conc]n$ are z foll[s3 #a4 ,a syllogism mu/ conta9 ?ree t]ms1 ,major t]m1 ,m9or t]m1 & ,middle t]m4 #b4 ,a syllogism mu/ consi/ ( ?ree complete /atem5ts1 ,major ,premise1 ,m9or ,premise1 & ,conclusion4 #c4 ,! middle t]m mu/ be di/ribut$ at lea/ once 9 ! premises4 ,a t]m is di/ribut$ :5 x is univ]sal 9 its application or tak5 9 its :ole l5g? ( mean+4 #d4 ,a t]m _c be di/ribut$ 9 ! conclusion unless x is di/ribut$ 9 ! premises4 #e4 ,no conclusion c be drawn f two negative premises4 #f4 ,a negative conclusion always foll[s "o negative premise & a negative conclusion _c be obta9$ unless "o ( ! premises is negative4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ m pla9 ! relation betwe5 ! t]ms & ! /atem5ts 9 a syllogism let u consid] ! old me?od ( graphical repres5tation by means ( circles4 ,i4 ,all college m5 %\ld /udy argum5tation4 ,,ii4 ,paul ,morton is a college man4 ,,iii4 ,paul ,morton %\ld /udy argum5tation4 ,f ! diagrams on ! foll[+ page x is se5 t 9 ! major premise ! middle t]m mu/ be :olly includ$ )9 ! major t]m4 ,! entire class ( college m5 mu/ be includ$ )9 ! class ( ^? :o %\ld /udy argum5tation4 ,n "o s+le college man mu/ be left outside ! class4 ,9 ! m9or premise ! m9or t]m mu/ be cle>ly & unmi/akably includ$ )9 ! middle t]m4 ,paul ,morton mu/ be a college man4 ,he mu/ n be a bank] or a janitor4 ,9 ! conclusion ! m9or t]m mu/ be includ$ )9 ! major t]m4 ,?is position inevitably results f ! two prec$+ situations4 ,if ! middle t]m1 college m51 is :olly includ$ )9 ! major t]m1 ^? :o %\ld /udy argum5tation1 & if ! m9or t]m1 ,paul ,morton1 is :olly includ$ )9 ! middle t]m1 college m51 !n x _c be o!rwise ?an t ! m9or t]m is includ$ )9 ! major t]m4 ,9 o!r words1 ,paul ,morton is def9itely assign$ to ! class ( ^? :o %\ld /udy argum5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,,major ,,premise 7,major ,t]m7 ,m5 :o %\ld /udy argum5tation 7,middle ,t]m7 ,college m5 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,,m9or ,,premise 7,middle ,t]m7 ,college m5 7,m9or ,t]m7 ,paul ,morton ,illu/ration3 ,,iii ,,conclusion 7,major ,t]m7 ,m5 :o %\ld /udy argum5tation 7,m9or ,t]m7 ,paul ,morton ,we may repres5t ! :ole syllogism 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,illu/ration3 7,major ,t]m7 ,m5 :o %\ld /udy argum5tation 7,middle ,t]m7 ,college m5 7,m9or ,t]m7 ,paul ,morton ,! /ud5t %\ld be sure t he has ma/]$ ea* /ep 9 ! con/ruction ( a valid syllogism ( ! typical =m be=e he passes on to ! foll[+ section ( ?is *apt]4 ,,ii4 ,! application ( d$uctive reason+ to d$uctive argum5t4 ,f our exam9ation ( ! d$uctive process ( reason+ we _c b realize its importance :5 appli$ to ! con/ruction ( an argum5t4 ,"o _c advance f> into any argum5tative disc\rse )\t enc\nt]+ d$uction 9 "s =m4 ,a /ud5t 9 a class debate def5d$ ! foll[+ proposition ) ! inductive argum5ts giv5 bel[3 8,resolv$ t t>iff %\ld be impos$ = rev5ue only40 ,9 8 introduction ! /ud5t decl>$ t ! protective t>iff %\ld be remov$4 ,9 support ( 8 cont5tion he (f]$ five sub/antial reasons :i* he claim$ includ$ ! vital po9ts at issue4 ,^! reasons 7 z foll[s3 ,a4 ,high duties enc\rage ! =mation ( tru/s4 ,b4 ,! high co/ ( liv+ results f protection4 ,c4 ,protection is unju/ to ! ,am]ican p4 ,d4 ,protection bre$s corruption4 ,e4 ,! usefulness ( ! protective t>iff has long ceas$4 ,ea* ( ! above reasons = ! removal ( ! protective t>iff is a d$uctive argum5t4 ,! complete d$uctive process is se5 :5 we /ate ea* argum5t 9 syllogi/ic =m4 ,a #a4 ,all ?+s :i* enc\rage ! =mation ( tru/s %\ld be aboli%$4 #b4 ,! protective t>iff enc\rages ! =mation ( tru/s4 #c4 ,!re=e ! protective t>iff %\ld be aboli%$4 ,b #a4 ,all ?+s :i* are ! cause ( ! high co/ ( liv+ %\ld be aboli%$4 #b4 ,! protective t>iff is a cause ( ! high co/ ( liv+4 #c4 ,!re=e ! protective t>iff %\ld be aboli%$4 ,c #a4 ,all ?+s :i* are unju/ to ! ,am]ican p %\ld be aboli%$4 #b4 ,! protective t>iff is unju/ to ! ,am]ican p4 #c4 ,!re=e ! protective t>iff %\ld be aboli%$4 ,d #a4 ,all ?+s :i* bre$ corruption %\ld be aboli%$4 #b4 ,! protective t>iff bre$s corruption4 #c4 ,!re=e ! protective t>iff %\ld be aboli%$4 ,e #a4 ,all gov]nm5tal policies ! usefulness ( :i* has long s9ce ceas$ %\ld be aboli%$4 #b4 ,! protective t>iff is a gov]nm5tal policy ! usefulness ( :i* has long s9ce ceas$4 #c4 ,!re=e ! protective t>iff %\ld be aboli%$4 ,ea* ( ! above syllogisms /&s z an argum5t = ! abolition ( ! protective t>iff2 or1 to take ! /&po9t ( ! proposition ea* supports ! cont5tion t ! t>iff %\ld be impos$ = rev5ue only4 ,all ( ! five reasons lead to a s+le conclusion4 ,we may repres5t ?is relation by ! foll[+ diagram3 ,illu/ration ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,,conclusion3 ,! protective t>iff %\ld be aboli%$4 ,?is use ( d$uctions is v simple1 b 9 deal+ ) a comb9ation ( induction & d$uction ! process may become v complicat$4 ,= example1 ! major premise ( ! fir/ syllogism above /at$ has back ( x ano!r logical process ( reason+4 ,:y %\ld all ?+s :i* enc\rage ! =mation ( tru/s be aboli%$8 ,:at pro( c we %[ to e/abli% ! conclusion 79 ,a1 ! major premise7 t ! =mation ( tru/s %\ld be disc\rag$ r ?an enc\rag$8 ,x mu/ be e/abli%$ 9 a logical mann]4 ,we may e/abli% x by induction by %[+ t ea* "o ( a l>ge numb] ( tru/s has _h injuri\s effects4 ,aft] we h introduc$ positive evid5ce e/abli%+ a p]fect or an imp]fect induction we h laid a suffici5tly /rong f\ndation = ! d$uctive syllogism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may e/abli% ! major premise ( ! above syllogism by means ( d$uction4 ,to d ?is we might f9d evid5ce :i* w\ld prove t tru/s increase ! co/ ( produc+ commodities & decrease _! quality4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be necess>y to introduce evid5ce only along ! l9e :i* w\ld %[ t ?is evil 0 *>act]i/ic ( all tru/s4 ,?is w\ld be an induction1 because ! g5]al pr9ciple us$ z a major premise w\ld be bas$ ^u specific in/ances4 ,beg9n+ ) ?is induction we w\ld build up ! foll[+ syllogism1 ! conclusion ( :i* supports ! major premise ( ! =ego+ syllogism4 #a4 ,all =ms ( bus9ess organization :i* increase ! co/ ( produc+ commodities & decrease _! quality are an indu/rial evil4 #b4 ,! tru/ is a =m ( bus9ess organization :i* increases ! co/ ( production & decreases ! quality ( commodities4 #c4 ,!re=e ! tru/ is an indu/rial evil4 ,!n to cont9ue our d$uctive reason+ we w\ld con/ruct ! foll[+ syllogism bas$ ^u ! =ego+3 #a4 ,all indu/rial evils %\ld be disc\rag$4 #b4 ,! =mation ( tru/s is an indu/rial evil4 #c4 ,!re=e ! =mation ( tru/s %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,! exact phraseology has n be5 kept ?r\gh\t ! above l9e ( reason+1 because seldom 9 any practical "w d we f9d ! exact words repeat$ except = emphasis4 ,h[ev]1 x requires ! ex]cise ( only ord9>y +5uity to foll[ precisely ! entire reason+ processes involv$ 9 ! =ego+ argum5t4 ,an excell5t example ( ! use ( ! d$uctive syllogism = ! purpose ( %[+ t an oppon5t's d$uctive argum5t is uns\nd is ! foll[+ extract f ,l9coln's reply to ,d\glas 9 ! ,fif? ,jo9t ,debate at ,galesburg3 8,9 ! second clause ( ! six? article1 ,i believe x is1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates we f9d ! foll[+ language1 #8,?is ,con/itution & ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all be made 9 pursuance !re(1 & all ! treaties made1 or :i* %all be made "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&2 & ! judges 9 e /ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution or laws ( any /ate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 8,! ess5ce ( ! ,dr$ ,scott case is compress$ into ! s5t5ce :i* ,i w n[ read1 #8,n[ z we h already said 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is op9ion1 ^u a diff]5t po9t1 ! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave is di/9ctly & expressly affirm$ 9 ! ,con/itution4' ,i repeat x1 #8,! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave is di/9ctly express$ & affirm$ 9 ! ,con/itution4' ,:at is x to be #8affirm$ 9 ! ,con/itution8 ,made firm 9 ! ,con/itution1--s made t x _c be sep>at$ f ! ,con/itution )\t break+ ! ,con/itution2 durable z ! ,con/itution1 & "p ( ! ,con/itution4 ,n[ rememb]+ ! provision ( ! ,con/itution :i* ,i h read2 affirm+ t t in/rum5t is ! supreme law ( ! l&2 t ! ,judges ( e /ate %all be b\nd by x1 any law or con/itution ( any /ate to ! contr>y1 not)/&+2 t ! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave is affirm$ 9 t ,con/itution1 is made1 =m$ into1 & _c be sep>at$ f x )\t break+ x2 durable z ! in/rum5t2 "p ( ! in/rum5t2 :at foll[s z a %ort & ev5 syllogi/ic argum5t f x8 ,i ?9k x foll[s1 & ,i submit to ! consid]ation ( m5 capable ( argu+ :e!r z ,i /ate x1 9 syllogi/ic =m1 ! argum5t has any faults 9 x8 7#a7 ,no?+ 9 ! con/itution or laws ( any /ate c de/roy a "r di/9ctly & expressly affirm$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#b7 ,! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave is di/9ctly & expressly affirm$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#c7 ,!re=e no?+ 9 ! ,con/itution or laws ( any /ate c de/roy ! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave4 8,i believe t no fault c be po9t$ out 9 t argum5t2 assum+ ! tru? ( ! premises1 ! conclusion1 s f> z ,i h capacity at all to und]/& x1 foll[s inevitably4 ,!re is a fault 9 x z ,i ?9k1 b ! fault is n 9 ! reason+2 b ! fault 9 fact is a fault ( ! premises4 ,i believe t ! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave is n expressly & di/9ctly affirm$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & ,judge ,d\glas ?9ks x is4 ,i believe t ! ,supreme ,c\rt & ! advocates ( t decision may se>* 9 va9 = ! place 9 ! ,con/itution :]e ! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave is di/9ctly & expressly affirm$4 ,i say1 !re=e1 t ,i ?9k "o ( ! premises is n true 9 fact40 ,to give examples ( all ! =ms 9 :i* d$uction may be appli$ to argum5t is impossible4 ,! =ego+ examples are m]ely sugge/ive4 ,!y s]ve to make pla9 ! practical use :i* c be made ( ?is logical process4 ,! /ud5t mu/ ma/] ! und]ly+ pr9ciples h]e9 sugge/$ & apply !m to 8 own "w4 ,,iii4 ,! en?ymeme4 ,an en?ymeme is an incomplete syllogism4 ,x is a syllogism 9 :i* only "o or two ( ! /atem5ts are express$4 ,an example ( an en?ymeme is ! foll[+ proposition1 8,! protective t>iff %\ld be aboli%$ because x enc\rages ! =mation ( tru/s40 ,?is is ! =m 9 :i* we mo/ commonly enc\nt] d$uctive reason+4 ,seldom is ! complete syllogism express$4 ,x !re=e becomes our task to con/ruct f ?is en?ymeme a complete syllogism4 ,our fir/ duty1 !n1 is to f9d out :at p>ts ( ! syllogism are conta9$ 9 ! en?ymeme & !n /rive to supply ! miss+ p>ts4 ,usually ! major premise is omitt$4 ,?is requires t x be suppli$ f a consid]ation ( ! m9or premise & ! conclusion4 ,9 almo/ all cases ! conclusion is express$4 ,if x is n express$ x is cle>ly impli$4 ,?is supplies ! m9or t]m 7! ?+ ab\t :i* some?+ is said7 & ! major t]m 7! ?+ t is said ab\t x74 ,f ^! two t]ms x is usually easy to f9d a middle t]m :i* w s]ve z a connect+ l9k4 ,! process ( build+ syllogisms ^u en?ymemes is comp>atively simple if ! /ud5t w always f9d ! conclusion & !n divide x into ! two t]ms ( :i* x is compos$4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! application ( ! pr9ciples above express$1 let u r$uce an en?ymeme to ! syllogi/ic =m4 ,we %all take = our example ! en?ymeme1 8,! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be "u ,f$]al control because !y are a natural monopoly40 ,! p>ts ( a syllogism :i* are express$ 9 ?is /atem5t mu/ be f\nd & ( ^! ! conclusion %\ld be fir/ det]m9$4 ,9 ?is case ! conclusion is 8,! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be "u ,f$]al control40 8,railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 is ! m9or t]m1 & 8%\ld be "u ,f$]al control0 is ! major t]m4 ,n[1 to repres5t :at we h ?us f> discov]$ we apply ! ord] ( /atem5ts & t]ms :i* 7 employ$ 9 ! discussion ( ,d$uctive ,reason+4 ,! result is z foll[s3 ,i4 ,major ,premise3 ,major t]m %\ld be "u ,f$]al control4 ,,ii4 ,m9or ,premise3 ,m9or t]m ,! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,,iii4 ,conclusion3 ,m9or t]m ,major t]m ,! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates%\ld be "u ,f$]al control4 ,we ?us h ! entire syllogism complet$ ) ! exception ( ! middle t]m4 ,our next task is to f9d ?is middle t]m4 ,x mu/ include ! m9or t]m & x mu/ be includ$ 9 ! major t]m4 ,a ref]5ce to ! diagrams giv5 9 connection ) ! discussion ( ,d$uctive ,reason+ w make ?is pla94 ,) ?is requirem5t 9 m9d we consid] ! en?ymeme & f9d t ! reason assign$ = plac+ railroads "u ,f$]al control is t !y are a natural monopoly4 ,?is gives u ! middle t]m z x appe>s 9 ! m9or premise4 ,we !n take ?is middle t]m & ca/ x into ! univ]sal affirmative =m1 8,all natural monopolies40 ,we n[ h ! en?ymeme ) :i* we />t$ out1 r$uc$ to ! foll[+ syllogi/ic =m3 ,major ,premise3 ,all natural monopolies %\ld be "u ,f$]al control4 ,m9or ,premise3 ,! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are a natural monopoly4 ,conclusion3 ,!re=e ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be "u ,f$]al control4 ,?is places cle>ly be=e u ! d$uctive argum5t conta9$ 9 ! en?ymeme4 ,! syllogism is complete4 ,! /atem5ts & t]ms are 9 _! prop] ord] & =m1 & ! conclusion foll[s logically & inevitably f ! premises4 ,! =m ( ! syllogism z x /&s is !re=e s\nd4 ,if ! two premises are true z a matt] ( fact1 ! conclusion mu/ be true4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ^! matt]s we n[ scrut9ize ea* ( ! premises to see :e!r !re is suffici5t evid5ce to e/abli% its tru?4 ,9 ! fir/ place is x true t all natural monopolies %\ld be "u ,f$]al control8 ,:at is a natural monopoly & :y %\ld x be "u ,f$]al control8 ,all ! s\rces ( evid5ce mu/ be se>*$ = facts & /atem5ts ( au?ority to sub/antiate ?is ass]tion4 ,on ?is po9t op9ions diff] & ! /ud5t mu/ /rive to f9d out ! tru? = himself4 ,! o!r "q :i* he mu/ answ] is1 8,are ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a natural monopoly80 ,"h aga9 ! /ud5t mu/ resort to ! s\rces ( evid5ce & by _! aid answ] ! "q 9 ! affirmative or 9 ! negative4 ,if he c introduce en\gh evid5ce to prove t all natural monopolies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be "u ,f$]al control1 & t ! railroads are a natural monopoly1 !n he has complet$ a s\nd d$uctive argum5t 9 favor ( ! ,f$]al control ( railroads4 ,?is example ought to make cle> ! me?od ( r$uc+ an en?ymeme to ! syllogi/ic =m & ! use to :i* ?is =m may !n be put4 ,be=e leav+ ?is subject a ^w ( caution is necess>y4 ,d n be confus$ by ! =m 9 :i* ! en?ymeme appe>s4 ,be sure t y h ! real conclusion be=e y beg9 ! con/ruction ( ! re/ ( ! syllogism4 ,if y h fail$ to grasp :at ! en?ymeme really says y are liable to get a wrong conclusion1 & if y get a wrong conclusion ! :ole syllogism w be wrong4 ,high s\nd+ oratorical phrases & s5t5ces are (t5 confus+4 ,pla9ness is sometimes avoid$ by ! speak] = ! express purpose ( conceal+ a fault 9 8 argum5t4 ,ev5 tru? express$ 9 an unusual =m is (t5 mislead+ :5 we seek to r$uce x to logical t]ms4 ,"s difficulty is usually exp]i5c$ 9 r$uc+ ! beatitudes to ! typical syllogi/ic =m4 ,= example1 9 r$uc+ ! en?ymeme 8,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1 = !y %all see ,god10 ! inexp]i5c$ /ud5t usually says t ! conclusion is1 8,! bless$ %all see ,god40 ,a syllogism built ^u ?is conclusion w\ld appe> z foll[s3 #a4 ,all ^? :o are pure 9 he>t %all see ,god4 #b4 ,! bless$ are pure 9 he>t4 #c4 ,!re=e ! bless$ %all see ,god4 ,?is is a valid syllogism s f> z ! =m is conc]n$2 b x is ( no use 9 ?r[+ light ^u ! tru? or falsity ( ! en?ymeme1 because ! conclusion ) :i* we />t$ 0 n ! true conclusion4 ,?is fault is fatal to ! success ( ! argum5t1 because aft] ! syllogism is complet$ ! /ud5t usually devotes 8 entire att5tion to prov+ ! tru? or falsity ( ! two premises & seldom gives any fur!r att5tion to ! conclusion4 ,ano!r errone\s /atem5t ( ! conclusion express$ 9 ! above en?ymeme is (t5 giv54 ,x is 8,all ^? :o are bless$ %all see ,god40 ,) ?is conclusion z a />t+ po9t we may con/ruct ! foll[+ syllogism3 #a4 ,all ^? :o are bless$ %all see ,god4 #b4 ,! pure 9 he>t are bless$4 #c4 ,!re=e ! pure 9 he>t %all see ,god4 ,aga9 we h an invalid syllogism1 because ! conclusion f :i* we built x is n ! true conclusion express$ 9 ! en?ymeme4 ,likewise !re are _m pitfalls = him :o seeks to f9d ! true mean+ ( any /atem5t word$ 9 a mann] diff]5t f t 9 :i* we are accu/om$ to speak4 ,! v difficulty1 h[ev]1 sugge/s ! rem$y4 ,! /ud5t %\ld always r$uce ! complicat$ /atem5t to pla91 ord9>y1 ev]yday ,engli% be=e attempt+ to f9d ! conclusion4 ,r$uc+ ! en?ymeme "u consid]ation 9 ?is mann] we h ?is simple /atem5t1 8,! pure 9 he>t are bless$ because !y %all see ,god40 ,:5 we h put ! /atem5t 9 ?is =m ! real conclusion is readily se54 ,x is 8,! pure 9 he>t are bless$40 ,! rema9d] ( ! en?ymeme is a /atem5t ( ! reason :y ! pure 9 he>t are bless$4 ,) ?is z a basis we easily con/ruct a valid syllogism4 #a4 ,all ^? :o %all see ,god are bless$4 #b4 ,! pure 9 he>t %all see ,god4 #c4 ,!re=e ! pure 9 he>t are bless$4 ,9 clos+ ?is discussion x may be rem>k$ t actual practice 9 ! use ( ! d$uctive process z well z its application to argum5t is ! only way 9 :i* real practical b5efit may be d]iv$ f ! k "h ga9$4 ,?is k %\ld n be res]v$ = use 9 ! class room b %\ld be us$ all ! "t & ev]y:]e4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,d$uctive ,,argum5t ,i4 ,con/ruct valid syllogisms %[+ ! reason+ involv$ 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ en?ymemes3 #a4 ,s9ce l>ge corporations are ga9+ control ( all indu/ries a ,f$]al incorporation law %\ld be enact$4 #b4 ,z swoll5 =tunes are an evil1 a progressive inh]itance tax %\ld be enact$4 #c4 ,comm]cial reciprocity betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada w\ld be = ! be/ int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates because x w\ld r$uce ! high co/ ( liv+4 #d4 ,because compulsory insurance has be5 successful 9 ,g]many1 x %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( ! divorce evil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re %\ld be a ,f$]al law regulat+ m>riage & divorce4 #f4 ,!re %\ld be a /ate c5sor%ip ( ! /age because _m immoral productions are be+ br\ght be=e ! public4 #g4 8,bless$ are ! meek = !y %all inh]it ! e>?40 ,,ii4 ,diagram1 by means ( circles1 ! syllogisms con/ruct$ "u ex]cise ,i4 ,,iii4 ,/ate ?ree in/ances 9 :i* y h rec5tly employ$ d$uctive argum5t4 ,,iv4 ,write a d$uctive argum5t ( n less ?an ?ree hundr$ words4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,argum5t ,,f ,,causal ,,relation ,argum5ts f causal relation are divid$ into ?ree classes1 ,i4 ,argum5ts f ,effect to ,cause1 ,,ii4 ,argum5ts f ,cause to ,effect1 & ,,iii4 ,argum5ts f ,effect to ,effect4 ,all argum5ts f causal relation may be class$ "u "o or ! o!r ( ^! divisions4 ,^! argum5ts are bas$ ^u a fact :i* human exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ to be true--! fact t ev]y?+ t occurs has back ( x "s adequate cause4 ,9 anci5t times ?is belief 9 ! laws ( univ]sal causation did n exi/4 ,h5ce e occurr5ce ( any importance 0 attribut$ to ! comm&s ( "o ( ! num]\s hea!n gods4 ,in/ead ( attribut+ ! defeat ( a g5]al to poor managem5t x 0 cu/om>y to say1 8,! gods decre$ t ?is g5]al %\ld be defeat$ 9 w>40 ,we /ill h remnants ( ?is belief4 ,^! remnants consi/ ( popul> sup]/itions1 su* z ! supposition t ,friday is an unlucky day1 t ! numb] ?irte5 is unlucky1 t ! break+ ( a look+ glass port5ds bad luck1 or t ! sight ( a black cat 9 ! pa? is sure to be foll[$ by "s disa/]4 ,mod]n sci5ce has aboli%$ mo/ ( ^! sup]/itions by po9t+ out ! fact ^u :i* all causal relation argum5ts are bas$1 viz4--t ev]y?+ t happ5s has back ( x a reasonable cause--or 9 o!r words1 if a ?+ is true !re mu/ be "s suffici5t reason = x4 ,s well has ?is fact be5 e/abli%$ t1 ) ! exception ( ! less enlight5$ memb]s ( society1 ! belief 9 ! laws ( causation is univ]sal4 ,^u ?is s\nd basis mu/ e argum5t f9d its ultimate ju/ification4 ,ev5 inductions & d$uctions may be trac$ to _! s\rce :]e ! law ( cause & effect w f9ally det]m9e _! validity4 ,x is !re=e ( ! utmo/ importance t we give c>eful consid]ation to ?is class ( argum5ts4 ,z 9 ! case ( imp]fect induction1 we are reason+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 f ?+s ( :i* we are consci\s to ?+s t are beyond ! realm ( our p]ception4 ,we %all consid] ! =m ( ^! argum5ts & ! conditions ) :i* !y mu/ comply 9 ord] to be valid4 ,i4 ,argum5t f effect to cause4 ,! argum5t f effect to cause is "o :i* relies ^u an obs]v$ effect to prove ! op]ation ( an unobs]v$ cause4 ,^u aris+ 9 ! morn+ ,i obs]ve t ! gr\nd :i* 0 b>e ! ev5+ be=e is n[ :ite ) sn[4 ,!re=e ,i reason t sn[ mu/ h fall5 dur+ ! night1 al?\gh no sn[ is n[ fall+ & ,i h n se5 any sn[ 9 ! actual process ( fall+4 ,! sn[-cov]$ gr\nd is ! effect :i* ,i obs]ve & ! unobs]v$ fall ( sn[ dur+ ! night is ! only possible cause = ?is effect4 ,if a fri5d :o has n yet se5 ! sn[ disputes my ass]tion t !re 0 a sn[fall dur+ ! night by say+ t x is too w>m to sn[1 ,i may effectively e/abli% my argum5t & refute 8 own by call+ him to ! w9d[ & po9t+ to ! sn[4 ,i %\ld po9t to ! effect z e/abli%+ ! exi/5ce ( ! cause4 ,?is w\ld be conclusive evid5ce ( ! tru? ( my /atem5t4 ,! argum5t f effect to cause is bas$ ^u ?+s obs]v$ aft] ! disput$ fact4 ,?is process is call$ a po/]iori reason+ :i* means reason+ f t :i* comes aft]4 ,?is is ! process ( reason+ employ$ by ! detective 9 trac+ a crim9al4 ,! detective by means ( skillful obs]vations tak5 aft] a crime is committ$ reasons back to ! p]son :o is guilty4 ,! fact t ! crim9al has usually made an attempt to avoid leav+ any traces t may be us$ z a basis ( a po/]iori reason+ makes ?is process a mo/ int]e/+ "o & acc\nts = mu* ( ! popul>ity ( detective /ories4 ,?is use ( reason+ f effect to cause 0 fir/ popul>iz$ by ! detective /ories ( ,edg> ,allan ,poe & appe>s to h rea*$ its climax 9 ! ,adv5tures ( ,%]lock ,holmes1 ! creation ( ,sir ,a4 ,conan ,doyle4 ,%]lock ,holmes possesses rem>kable p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,he notices t a "y lady :o calls to see him has f+] tips t are slightly spatulate4 ,f ?is effect he reasons back to ! cause & det]m9es t x is ! result ( mu* use ( ! piano4 ,f ?is & o!r obs]vations he reasons t ! "y lady is a musician4 ,he obs]ves t a f>m] has a c]ta9 k9d ( mud on 8 boots & reasons t ! man has j come f a p>ticul> t[n ne> ,london :]e su* mud is to be f\nd4 ,! c]ta9 k9d ( mud on ! f>m]'s boots is ! effect2 ! rec5t pres5ce ( ! f>m] 9 t p>ticul> t[n ne> ,london is ! cause4 ,obs]v+ ! effect ,holmes reasons back to ! cause1 or 9 o!r words1 he con/ructs an argum5t f effect to cause4 ,! application ( ?is process ( reason+ to ! practice ( argum5tation & debate is easily se54 ,! politician :o says t ! high co/ ( liv+ is due to ! gr[? ( monopolies employs an argum5t f effect 7i4 e41 ! high co/ ( liv+7 to cause 7i4 e41 ! gr[? ( monopolies74 ,! m9i/] :o decl>es t ! preval5ce ( drunk5ness is due to ! lic5s$ saloon exp\nds an argum5t f effect 7i4 e41 ! preval5ce ( drunk5ness7 to cause 7i4 e41 ! lic5s$ saloon74 ,! /ud5t :o ass]ts t 8 class dues are excessive because ! bus9ess ( ! class is poorly manag$ uses an argum5t f effect 7i4 e41 excessive class dues7 to cause 7i4 e41 poor managem5t74 ,9 ord] to be s\nd an argum5t f effect to cause mu/ con=m to ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 #a4 ,! alleg$ cause mu/ be suffici5t to produce ! effect4 ,:5 ! exi/5ce ( a def9ite cause is alleg$ to h produc$ an obs]v$ effect1 ! burd5 ( prov+ ! suffici5cy ( t cause re/s ^u him :o ass]ts its op]ation4 ,no fault ( reason+ is m common ?an t ( reg>d+ an insuffici5t cause z suffici5t4 ,if a man is successful we attribute 8 success to "o quality1 su* z p]sev]ance2 :]eas 8 success may be due to a comb9ation ( qualities4 ,!re may be a hundr$ o!r m5 :o possess m p]sev]ance & yet fail4 ,:5 a f9ancial panic occurs we attribute x to ! rule ( a c]ta9 political p>ty2 :]eas ! action ( t p>ty may h be5 ! smalle/ ( ! factors caus+ ! panic4 ,p]sev]ance may be a quality contribut+ to success1 b p]sev]ance alone is n suffici5t to secure success4 ,! action ( a political p>ty may aid 9 produc+ a panic1 b seldom are conditions su* t its action alone is suffici5t to produce a panic4 ,! "q ( :at is suffici5t cause dem&s ! ex]cise ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,a fall ( ?ree feet w\ld h>dly be reg>d$ z a suffici5t cause = ! dea? ( a man2 a fall ( "o hundr$ feet w\ld be reg>d$ z suffici5t cause = 8 dea?4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ! individual judgm5t consid]+ o!r circum/ances connect$ ) su* an ev5t1 mu/ det]m9e ! adequacy ( ! cause to produce ! result 9 any giv5 case4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t ! debat] :o po9ts to a result z produc$ by a def9ite cause mu/ %[ ! adequacy ( t cause4 #b4 ,no o!r cause mu/ h int]v5$ betwe5 ! alleg$ cause & ! effect4 ,a cle> field mu/ be %[n = ! op]ation ( ! alleg$ cause4 ,?is c be done by prov+ t no o!r cause c\ld h produc$ ! obs]v$ effect4 ,o!r causes :i* might possibly h produc$ ! effect mu/ be %[n to h be5 inop]ative or inadequate4 ,= example1 a /ud5t fails 9 8 /udies4 ,he is call$ be=e ! del9qu5t bo>d ( ! faculty & expla9s 8 failure by argu+ t he has _h poor heal?4 ,he alleges poor heal? z ! cause ( ! obs]v$ effect--! failure 9 8 /udies4 ,a memb] ( ! bo>d1 h[ev]1 is skeptical reg>d+ ! validity ( ! argum5t & asks him if x is n true t ea* week he att5ds ! !atre at lea/ once & sometimes z (t5 z f\r times4 ,! /ud5t is =c$ to admit t su* is ! case4 ,fur!r inquiry reveals ! fact t he has be5 att5d+ a danc+ s*ool "o night ea* week2 t he belongs to a club :i* meets e ,tuesday & ,friday night2 & t he is kn[n to sp5d mu* ( 8 "t 9 a public billi>d room4 ,^! facts %[ an indep5d5t cause 7i4 e41 g5]al dissipation7 :i* has int]v5$ betwe5 ! alleg$ cause 7i4 e41 poor heal?7 & ! effect 7i4 e41 failure 9 8 /udies74 ,! /ud5t has !re=e fail$ to prove 8 argum5t t poor heal?1 :i* is a legitimate cause1 is responsible = 8 failure4 ,! evid5ce %[s t g5]al dissipation1 :i* is n a legitimate cause1 has int]v5$ betwe5 ! alleg$ cause & ! effect4 ,if ! /ud5t _h be5 able to %[ t he _h be5 dilig5t 9 8 ef=ts1 _h att5d$ to bus9ess 9 a reasonable mann]1 & t 8 previ\s record _h be5 satisfactory he w\ld h e/abli%$ 8 argum5t t ill heal? 0 ! cause ( 8 failure4 ,9 e argum5t f effect to cause ! adequacy ( ! alleg$ cause mu/ fir/ be %[n & !n evid5ce mu/ be produc$ e/abli%+ ! fact t no cause1 o!r ?an ! "o alleg$1 produc$ ! effect4 #c4 ,! alleg$ cause mu/ n h be5 prev5t$ f op]at+4 ,z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ section ! alleg$ cause mu/ h a cle> field = action4 ,n only mu/ no o!r cause h int]v5$ to produce ! effect attribut$ to ! alleg$ cause1 b no =ces mu/ h int]v5$ to prev5t ! alleg$ cause f op]at+4 ,any circum/ance :i* appe>s to h prev5t$ ! op]ation ( ! alleg$ cause %\ld be exam9$ c>efully4 ,"o morn+ a man 0 f\nd dead ne> ! railroad4 ,z !re 7 "s bruises on 8 body1 ! cause ( 8 dea? 0 attribut$ to 8 be+ /ruck by a local freight :i* pass$ t po9t at midnight4 ,no o!r tra9 pass$ ov] ?is road at night & ! man _h be5 kill$ sometime )9 six or eight h\rs ( ! "t :5 he 0 f\nd4 ,! case seem$ cle>4 ,! result 7dea?7 0 app>5tly due to ! alleg$ cause 7a freight tra974 ,inve/igation1 h[ev]1 reveal$ ! fact t ! freight tra9 _h n run t night on acc\nt ( a wreck on a bran* l9e4 ,!re=e an outside =ce1--viz41 ! wreck1 _h prev5t$ ! alleg$ cause f op]at+4 ,h5ce x c\ld n be ! true cause4 ,! inquiry into ! alleg$ cause ultimately result$ 9 ! reveal+ ( ! true cause--willful murd]4 ,9 argu+ f effect to cause ! adequacy ( ! alleg$ cause mu/ be prov$1 ! fact t no o!r cause int]v5$ betwe5 ! alleg$ cause & ! obs]v$ effect mu/ be cle>ly demon/rat$1 & ! circum/ances ( ! case mu/ %[ t ! alleg$ cause 0 n prev5t$ f op]at+4 ,) ^! requirem5ts fulfill$ su* an argum5t may be reg>d$ z s\nd4 ,x w be se5 t ! application ( ^! rules requires s\nd judgm5t & practical common s5se4 ,! argum5t w be effective 9 p]suad+ o!rs only :5 e requirem5t is met 9 a pla91 /raight=w>d mann]4 ,,ii4 ,argum5t f cause to effect4 ,! argum5t f cause to effect is "o :i* relies ^u an obs]v$ cause to prove or =etell ! exi/5ce ( an unobs]v$ effect4 ,= example1 ,i obs]ve t ! temp]ature is v l[2 ! !rmomet] regi/]s bel[ z]o & ! expos$ p>ts ( my body t+le ) cold :5 ,i am out ( doors4 ,?is is a cause ( sev]al effects4 ,"o ( !m is t ! pond ne> my home w be froz5 ov]4 ,i obs]ve ! cause 7i4 e41 ! l[ temp]ature7 & at once /ate ! effect 7i4 e41 ! ice on ! pond74 ,! process by :i* ,i rea*$ ?is conclusion is call$ a priori reason+4 ,! conclusion is bas$ ^u circum/ances obs]v$ be=e ! disput$ fact4 ,likewise1 ,i obs]ve t x is n[ beg9n+ to ra9 & t appe>ances indicate a heavy d[np\r4 ,i at once come to ! conclusion t ! pa? across ! mead[ w be muddy :5 ,i pass ov] x 9 half an h\r f n[4 ,?is case diff]s f ! prec$+ "o only 9 ! fact t 9 ! fir/ case ! effect exi/$ :5 ! cause 0 obs]v$1 :]eas 9 ! latt] case ! effect did n exi/ :5 ! cause 0 obs]v$4 ,9 bo? cases ! obs]v$ cause is ! basis = det]m9+ ! unobs]v$ effect4 ,9 ?is way we may reason f ! pa/ to ! pres5t1 f ! remote pa/ to ! less remote pa/1 f ! pres5t to ! future1 f ! ne> future to ! m remote future1 or f ! pa/ to ! future4 ,! /ud5t w d\btless h obs]v$ t ! argum5t f cause to effect z well z t f effect to cause is a special =m ( d$uction4 ,! syllogi/ic =m may be appli$ to ei!r ( ^! processes ( reason+ = ! purpose ( te/+ _! /r5g?4 ,apply+ ! syllogi/ic =m to ! a priori reason+ involv$ 9 "o ( ! prec$+ illu/rations we h3 ,a4 ,l[ temp]ature is always foll[$ by ! =m+ ( ice4 ,b4 ,?is is l[ temp]ature4 ,c4 ,!re=e x is foll[$ by ! =m+ ( ice4 ,apply+ ! syllogi/ic =m to ! a po/]iori reason+ involv$ 9 "o ( ! examples giv5 "u ! discussion ( t process we h3 ,a4 ,all times :5 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[ are times :5 !re has be5 a sn[fall4 ,b4 ,?is is a "t :5 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[4 ,c4 ,!re=e ?is is a "t :5 !re has be5 a sn[fall4 ,= ! purpose ( extreme simplicity we may repres5t ^! two processes by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,i4 ,a po/]iori reason+4 #a4 ,a is prec$$ by ,b #b4 ,?is is ,a #c4 ,!re=e x is prec$$ by ,b4 ,,ii4 ,a priori reason+4 #a4 ,a is foll[$ by ,b #b4 ,?is is ,a #c4 ,!re=e x is foll[$ by ,b4 ,! advocates ( a high protective t>iff argue t if ! t>iff is remov$ f9ancial disa/] w ov]:elm ! c\ntry4 ,!y support ?is cont5tion by %[+ t ! l>ge manufactur+ indu/ries are n[ able to sell _! products at a reasonable price2 import duties prev5t =eign manufactur]s f %ipp+ _! goods into ?is c\ntry & sell+ !m mu* *eap] ?an our manufactur]s c make !m4 ,b if ! t>iff is remov$ =eign made goods w drive out ,am]ican made goods1 z ! =eign goods c be sold mu* *eap]4 ,!re=e factories & mills mu/ cease op]ations because !re w be no dem& = _! products4 ,workm5 w be ?r[n out ( employm5t & capital w be idle4 ,/>vation w ov]take ! work+ man & f9ancial ru9 w ov]take ! bus9ess man4 ,?is is a typical example ( an argum5t f cause to effect4 ,! op]ation ( ! cause 7! removal ( ! protective t>iff7 w produce ! alleg$ effect 7indu/rial disa/]74 ,?is argum5t appe>s to be valid1 b an equally plausible argum5t may be con/ruct$ aga9/ protection4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 look at ! f\ndations ( ea* argum5t = ! purpose ( det]m9+ its validity4 ,z 9 ! case ( argum5t f effect to cause we mu/ ex]cise s\nd judgm5t 9 apply+ c]ta9 requirem5ts to ea* p>ticul> argum5t4 ,an argum5t f cause to effect mu/ con=m to ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 #a4 ,! obs]v$ cause mu/ be suffici5t to produce ! alleg$ effect4 ,?is requirem5t implies absolute suffici5cy ( cause1 n probable suffici5cy4 ,habitual inatt5tion to bus9ess or pr(essional duties is a sure cause = failure4 ,habitual drunk5ness is a sure cause = ill heal?4 ,be+ run ov] by a locomotive is a sure cause ( dea?4 ,!re may be "s exceptions to ! above g5]al rules1 b ! c]ta9ty ( ! effect foll[+ ! cause is s great t = all practical purposes we may rely absolutely ^u ! sequ5ce4 #b4 ,:5 pa/ exp]i5ce is invok$ x mu/ %[ t ! alleg$ effect has always foll[$ ! obs]v$ cause4 ,an obs]v$ cause may possibly h an alleg$ effect ev5 ?\gh !re is n "o *ance 9 a ?\s& t x w h ?is effect4 ,no valid argum5t c be con/ruct$ ^u su* a *ance4 ,9 pure sci5ce ?is rule is absolute4 ,a comb9ation ( ! same *emicals "u ! same conditions always produces ! same effect4 ,! br++ ( a magnet ne> a piece ( /eel always results 9 ! same effect s f> z ! =ce :i* "o ex]ts ^u ! o!r is conc]n$4 ,:5 we dep>t f ! realm ( exact sci5ce ! work+ out ( ! rule becomes less c]ta94 ,nev]!less1 if human exp]i5ce has sanction$ ! adoption ( ! rule we may rely ^u x ev5 ?\gh !re are exceptions4 ,a rise 9 ! tax rate is always foll[$ by m rev5ue to ! gov]nm5t4 ,a sc>city 9 ! supply ( iron is always foll[$ by a rise 9 ! price4 ,a dr\? 9 ! :eat belt is always foll[$ by an increase 9 ! price ( fl\r4 ,!re may be exceptions to ^! examples1 b ! exceptions are s few & ! numb] ( in/ances support+ ! rule is s great t we feel safe 9 rely+ ^u x4 ,x is ?is k9d ( c]ta9ty1 r ?an ! absolute c]ta9ty ( sci5ce1 :i* argum5tation dem&s4 #c4 ,no =ce mu/ int]v5e to prev5t ! obs]v$ cause f op]at+ to produce ! alleg$ effect4 ,a dr\? 9 ! :eat belt naturally causes an advance 9 ! price ( fl\r4 ,pa/ exp]i5ce has prov$ ?is to be ! case1 &1 fur!rmore1 ! cause is adequate to produce ! alleg$ effect4 ,nev]!less1 a l[]+ ( ! duty on :eat might p]mit :eat f =eign c\ntries to be import$ 9 su* quantities t !re w\ld be no rise 9 ! price ( fl\r4 ,! l[]+ ( ! duty on :eat w\ld be ano!r =ce int]v5+ to prev5t ! obs]v$ cause 7! dr\? 9 ! :eat belt7 f produc+ ! alleg$ effect 7! rise 9 ! price ( fl\r74 ,!re=e we mu/ always exam9e ! circum/ances ( ea* case to det]m9e :e!r !re are any =ces at "w :i* w prev5t ! obs]v$ cause f produc+ ! alleg$ effect4 #d4 ,! conclusion e/abli%$ %\ld be v]ifi$ by positive evid5ce :]ev] possible4 ,aft] all ! o!r te/s h be5 satisfi$ ! argum5t f cause to effect may be e/abli%$ or ov]?r[n by ! production ( positive evid5ce4 ,a disappe>s & ,b is accus$ ( 8 murd]4 ,a p]fect case is made out & ,b is convict$ & s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,!n ,a sudd5ly appe>s4 ,! innoc5ce ( ,b is effectively e/abli%$4 ,cases ( ?is k9d are n unkn[n to ! crim9al law1 ?\gh un=tunately ! miss+ man is usually discov]$ aft] 8 suppos$ murd]] has be5 put to dea?4 ,?is illu/ration sugge/s t too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 sub/antiat+ an argum5t f cause to effect4 ,! argum5t f cause to effect is mo/ frequ5tly employ$ 9 crim9al trials4 ,9 su* cases ! motive = committ+ ! crime is reg>d$ z ! cause & ! crime z ! effect4 ,! argum5t is usually begun by prov+ ! exi/5ce ( /rong motives su* z an abnormal desire to acquire m money or prop]ty1 to "w rev5ge on bitt] enemies1 or to av]t f9ancial or dome/ic disa/]4 ,) ^! /rong motives %[n x is easy to connect !m ) ! crime4 ,?is is ! me?od ( argum5t f cause to effect :i* is us$ by ,daniel ,web/] 9 ! ,:ite murd] trial4 ,he %[$ cle>ly t ! ,knapps believ$ t !y c\ld obta9 ! =tune ( ,:ite by de/roy+ 8 la/ w & murd]+ him4 ,he argu$ t ?is 0 ! cause :i* produc$ ! effect ( murd]4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,web/]'s spee* be=e ! jury w %[ ! application made ( ! argum5t f cause to effect4 8,:5 we look back1 !n1 to ! /ate ( ?+s imm$iately on ! discov]y ( ! murd]1 we see t suspicion w\ld naturally turn at once1 n to ! heirs at law1 b to ^? pr9cipally b5efit$ by ! w4 ,!y1 & !y alone1 w\ld be suppos$ to h a direct object = wi%+ ,mr4 ,:ite's life t]m9at$4 ,&1 /range z x may seem1 we f9d c\nsel n[ insi/+1 t1 if no apology1 x is yet mitigation ( ! atrocity ( ! ,knapps' conduct 9 attempt+ to *>ge ?is f\l murd] on ,mr4 ,:ite1 ! nephew & pr9cipal devisee1 t public suspicion 0 already s direct$4 ,z if assass9ation ( "* 7 excusable 9 proportion z circum/ances may r5d] x easy4 ,_! endeavors1 :5 !y knew !y 7 suspect$ !mselves1 to fix ! *>ge on o!rs1 by f\l means & by falsehood1 are fair & /rong pro( ( _! own guilt4 8,! c\nsel say t !y might safely admit t ,ri*>d ,cr[n9%ield1 ,jr41 0 ! p]petrator ( ?is murd]4 8,b h[ c\ld !y safely admit t8 ,if t 7 admitt$ ev]y?+ else w\ld foll[4 ,= :y %\ld ,ri*>d ,cr[n9%ield1 ,jr41 kill ,mr4 ,:ite8 ,he 0 n 8 heir2 nor 0 he 8 devisee2 nor 8 enemy4 ,:at c\ld be 8 motive8 ,if ,ri*>d ,cr[n9%ield1 ,jr41 kill$ ,mr4 ,:ite he did x at "s "o's procurem5t :o himself _h a motive4 ,& :o hav+ any motive1 is %[n to h _h any int]c\rse ) ,ri*>d ,cr[n9%ield1 ,jr41 b ,joseph ,knapp & ?is pr9cipally ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! prison] at ! b>8 ,x is ! infirmity1 ! di/ress+ difficulty ( ! prison]'s case1 t 8 c\nsel _c & d>e n admit :at !y yet _c disprove1 & :at all mu/ believe4 ,he :o believes1 on ?is evid5ce1 t ,ri*>d ,cr[n9%ield1 ,jr41 0 ! imm$iate murd]] _c d\bt t bo? ! ,knapps 7 conspirators 9 t murd]40 ,,iii4 ,argum5t f effect to effect4 ,an argum5t f effect to effect is "o 9 :i* an argum5t f effect to cause is comb9$ ) an argum5t f cause to effect4 ,to illu/rate ?is k9d ( argum5t we may expla9 a simple example frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is connection4 ,a boy ann\nces t !re is skat+ ?is morn+ because ! !rmomet] regi/]s bel[ z]o4 ,n[ ! !rmomet] regi/]+ bel[ z]o is n ! cause ( ! skat+4 ,bo? ! regi/]+ ( ! !rmomet] & ! skat+ are ! effects ( a common cause1 viz4--l[ temp]ature4 ,! boy has obs]v$ "o ( ! effects & at once concludes t ! o!r effect mu/ exi/4 ,8 is an argum5t f effect to effect1 or to be m exact1 an argum5t f "o effect ( a cause to ano!r effect ( ! same cause4 ,! :ole process ( reason+ involv$ z well z ! relation betwe5 ! two p>ts ( an argum5t f effect to effect may be repres5t$ by ! foll[+ tabulation3 ,a4 ,argum5t f effect to cause4 #a4 ,all times :5 ! !rmomet] regi/]s bel[ z]o are times :5 ! temp]ature is f> bel[ freez+4 #b4 ,?is is a "t :5 ! !rmomet] regi/]s bel[ z]o4 #c4 ,!re=e ?is is a "t :5 ! temp]ature is f> bel[ freez+4 ,b4 ,argum5t f cause to effect4 #a4 ,all times :5 ! temp]ature is f> bel[ freez+ are times :5 skat+ ice is =m$4 #b4 ,?is is a "t :5 ! temp]ature is f> bel[ freez+4 #c4 ,!re=e ?is is a "t :5 skat+ ice is =m$4 ,! above analysis ( ! reason+ involv$ 9 an argum5t f effect to effect w sugge/ ! me?od ( proc$ure to be employ$ 9 te/+ its validity4 ,! fir/ /ep consi/s ( divid+ ! argum5t into ! two ess5tial processes employ$1 viz4--argum5t f effect to cause1 & argum5t f cause to effect4 ,! second /ep consi/s ( apply+ ! rules already consid]$ 9 connection ) ea* ( ^! processes to ! p>ts reveal$ by ! fir/ /ep4 ,9 ?is way ! validity ( any argum5t f effect to effect may be det]m9$4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,argum5ts ,,f ,,causal ,,relation ,i4 ,argum5ts f ,effect to ,cause4 #a4 ,! alleg$ cause mu/ be suffici5t to produce ! effect4 #b4 ,no o!r cause mu/ h int]v5$ betwe5 ! alleg$ cause & ! effect4 #c4 ,! alleg$ cause mu/ n h be5 prev5t$ f op]at+4 ,,ii4 ,argum5t f ,cause to ,effect4 #a4 ,! obs]v$ cause mu/ be suffici5t to produce ! alleg$ effect4 #b4 ,:5 pa/ exp]i5ce is invok$ x mu/ %[ t ! alleg$ effect has always foll[$ ! obs]v$ cause4 #c4 ,no o!r =ce mu/ int]v5e to prev5t ! obs]v$ cause f op]at+ to produce ! alleg$ effect4 #d4 ,! conclusion e/abli%$ %\ld be v]ifi$ by positive evid5ce :]ev] possible4 ,,iii4 ,argum5t f ,effect to ,effect4 #a4 ,! argum5t mu/ be resolv$ into its two p>ts1 ! argum5t f effect to cause1 & ! argum5t f cause to effect1 & ! rules "u ,i & ,,ii appli$4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,causal ,,relation ,i4 ,/ate ! k9d ( argum5t involv$ 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ passages4 #a4 ,if a ,sociali/ presid5t is elect$1 f9ancial disa/] is sure to ov]take our c\ntry4 #b4 ,?is has be5 ! colde/ w9t] ev] kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! rapid de/ruction ( our =e/s is directly responsible = ?is undesirable *ange ( climate & we are to reap /ill fur!r evils f ?is same cause4 #c4 ,s9ce we h conclusive pro( t ! savages ( ! isl& h murd]$ ?is mission>y1 we c no long] be 9 d\bt z to :at became ( 8 companions4 #d4 8,e ^w utt]$ by a speak] co/s him "s physical loss2 & 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 he burns t o!rs may h light--s mu* eloqu5ce1 s mu* ( 8 body resolv$ into c>bonic acid1 wat] & urea40--,huxley4 #e4 8,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s concise & s g5]al 9 its t]ms1 t ev5 _h ,am]ica be5 z sl[ly mov+ a c\ntry z ,*9a1 _m que/ions mu/ h aris5 on ! int]pretation ( ! fundam5tal law :i* w\ld h modifi$ its aspect4 ,b ,am]ica has be5 ! mo/ swiftly exp&+ ( all c\ntries4 ,h5ce ! que/ions t h pres5t$ !mselves h (t5 relat$ to matt]s :i* ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution c\ld n h contemplat$4 ,wis] ?an ,ju/9ian be=e !m or ,napoleon aft] !m1 !y =esaw t _! "w w\ld ne$ to be elucidat$ by a judicial comm5t>y4 ,b !y 7 f> f conjectur+ ! enorm\s /ra9 to :i* "s ( _! expressions w\ld be subject$ 9 ! ef=t to apply !m to new facts40--,bryce4 #f4 8,! la/ cause ( ?is disob$i5t _s 9 ! colonies is h>dly less p[]ful ?an ! re/1 z x is n m]ely moral b laid deep 9 ! natural con/itution ( ?+s4 ,?ree ?\s& miles ( ocean lie betwe5 y & !m4 ,no contrivance c prev5t ! effect ( ?is di/ance 9 weak5+ gov]nm5t4 ,seas roll & mon?s pass1 betwe5 ! ord] & ! execution2 & ! want ( a spe$y explanation ( a s+le po9t is en\gh to defeat a :ole sy/em40--,burke4 #g4 8,p]mit me1 ,sir1 to add ano!r circum/ance 9 our colonies1 :i* contributes no mean "p t[>ds ! gr[? & effect ( ?is untractable _s4 ,i mean _! education4 ,9 no c\ntry p]haps 9 ! _w is ! law s g5]al a /udy4 ,! pr(ession itself is num]\s & p[]ful2 & 9 mo/ prov9ces x takes ! lead4 ,! great] numb] ( ! deputies s5t to ! ,congress 7 lawy]s4 ,b all :o read 7& mo/ d read71 endeavor to obta9 "s smatt]+ 9 t sci5ce4 ,i h be5 told by an em95t booksell]1 t 9 no bran* ( 8 bus9ess1 aft] tracts ( popul> devotion1 7 s _m books z ^? on ! law export$ to ! plantations4 ,! coloni/s h n[ fall5 into ! way ( pr9t+ !m = _! own use4 ,i he> t !y h sold ne>ly z _m ( ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,engl&4 ,g5]al ,gage m>ks out ?is disposition v p>ticul>ly 9 a lett] on y\r table4 ,he /ates t all ! p 9 8 gov]nm5t are lawy]s1 or smatt]]s 9 ! law2 & t 9 ,bo/on !y h be5 enabl$1 by successful *icane1 :olly to evade _m p>ts ( "o ( y\r capital p5al con/itutions4 ,! sm>tness ( debate w say t ?is k ought to tea* !m m cle>ly ! rights ( legislature1 _! obligation to ob$i5ce1 & ! p5alties ( rebellion4 ,all ?is is mighty well4 ,b my honorable & le>n$ fri5d on ! floor1 :o condesc5ds to m>k :at ,i say = animadv]sion1 w disda9 t gr\nd4 ,he has he>d1 z well z ,i1 t :5 great honors & great emolum5ts d n w9 ov] ?is k to ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 x is a =midable adv]s>y to ,gov]nm5t4 ,if ! _s be n tam$ & brok5 by ^! happy me?ods1 x is /ubborn & litigi\s4 ,abeunt /udia 9 mores4 ,?is /udy r5d]s m5 acute1 inquisitive1 dext]\s1 prompt 9 attack1 ready 9 def5ce1 full ( res\rces4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 ! p1 m simple1 & ( a less m]curial ca/1 judge ( an ill pr9ciple 9 gov]nm5t only by an actual grievance2 "h !y anticipate ! evil1 & judge ( ! pressure ( ! grievance by ! badness ( ! pr9ciple4 ,!y augur misgov]nm5t at a di/ance2 & snuff ! approa* ( tyranny 9 e ta9t$ breeze40--,burke4 ,,ii4 ,atta* def9ite circum/ances to ea* ( ! =ego+ argum5ts & !n apply ! requirem5ts = validity to ea* "o4 ,/ate ! results4 ,,iii4 ,po9t out ! k9d ( reason+ :i* may be employ$ 9 rea*+ ea* ( ! foll[+ conclusions4 #a4 ,! record ( our debat+ teams z comp>$ ) t ( our oppon5ts %[s t we %all w9 ?is debate4 #b4 ,h>old ,small has be5 put on probation4 #c4 ,"u ^! conditions an inh]itance tax %\ld be levi$4 #d4 ,int]national arbitration w ultimately take ! place ( w> z a me?od ( settl+ disputes betwe5 nations4 ,,iv4 ,analyze completely ! reason+ processes employ$ 9 ,ex]cise ,,iii4 ,:]e !y may be r$uc$ to syllogi/ic =m1 det]m9e ! validity ( ! result+ syllogisms4 ,v4 ,write an argum5t f causal relation 9 support ( any proposition :i* y wi% to discuss4 ,employ ea* ( ! ?ree classes ( argum5t f causal relation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,argum5t ,,f ,,analogy ,analogy is su* a resemblance betwe5 "s ( ! kn[n *>act]i/ics ( two diff]5t ?+s z w lead to ! conclusion t !y are alike 9 o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,= example1 an egg & a se$ are two diff]5t ?+s b !y h _m *>act]i/ics 9 common4 ,f ! *>act]i/ics 9 :i* we "k t an egg is l a se$ we reason t !y mu/ be alike 9 o!r *>act]i/ics :i* we "k "o to possess b :i* we d n "k ! o!r to possess4 ,we "k t heat is requir$ to develop an egg & by analogy we may conclude t heat is requir$ to develop a se$4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r =ms ( reason+1 we proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,! basis ( inf]5ce is ! g5]al resemblance :i* "o ?+ be>s to ano!r ?+4 ,exp]i5ce has l$ u to expect t :5 we f9d two diff]5t ?+s alike 9 _m po9ts we %all f9d !m alike 9 _m o!r po9ts reg>d+ :i* no actual inve/igation has be5 made4 ,! argum5t applies ! pr9ciple above sugge/$ to ! subject-matt] ( ! discussion4 ,! /&>d illu/ration ( ?is =m ( argum5t usually quot$ 9 books ( logic & argum5tation is f\nd 9 ,reid's ,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,x is z foll[s3-- 8,we may obs]ve a v great similitude betwe5 ?is e>? :i* we inhabit1 & ! o!r planets1 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury4 ,!y all revolve ar\nd ! sun1 z ! e>? does1 al?\gh at diff]5t di/ances & at diff]5t p]iods4 ,!y borr[ all _! light f ! sun1 z ! e>? does4 ,sev]al ( !m are kn[n to revolve on _! axis l ! e>?1 & by t means h l succession ( day & night4 ,"s ( !m h moons t s]ve to give !m light 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sun1 z our moon does to u4 ,!y are all 9 _! motions subject to ! same law ( gravitation z ! e>? is4 ,f all ?is similitude x is n unreasonable to ?9k t ^! planets may1 l our e>?1 be ! habitation ( v>i\s ord]s ( liv+ creatures4 ,!re is "s probability 9 ?is conclusion f analogy40 ,ano!r frequ5tly quot$ illu/ration ( ! argum5t f analogy is ! reply ( ,abraham ,l9coln to ^? :o urg$ him to c>ry on ! w> m vigor\sly4 8,g5tlem51 ,i want y to suppose a case = a mom5t4 ,suppose t all ! prop]ty y 7 wor? 0 9 gold1 & y _h put x 9 ! h&s ( ,blond91 ! fam\s rope-walk]1 to c>ry across ! ,niag>a ,falls on a tight rope4 ,w\ld y %ake ! rope :ile he 0 pass+ ov] x1 or keep %\t+ to him1 #8,blond91 /oop a little m6 ,g a little fa/]6' ,no1 ,i am sure y w\ld n4 ,y w\ld hold y\r brea? z well z y\r tongue1 & keep y\r h&s (f until he 0 safely ov]4 ,n[ ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! same situation4 ,x is c>ry+ an imm5se weight across a /ormy ocean4 ,untold treasures are 9 its h&s4 ,x is do+ ! be/ x c4 ,don't badg] x6 ,j keep /ill & x w get y safely ov]40 ,! argum5t f analogy is mo/ effective :5 a comp>ison is made to some?+ t is pla91 ord9>y1 & commonplace4 ,9 ?is way ab/ract argum5ts may be made simple & concrete4 ,no debat] ( mod]n times has %[n m discrim9ation 9 ! use ( mat]ial :i* w\ld make an analogy /rong & conv9c+ ?an has ,l9coln4 ,! /r5g? ( ! argum5t is greatly increas$ if x is app>5t t ! analogy is p]fect s f> z ! po9t at issue is conc]n$4 ,9 ! foll[+ quotation no ex]cise ( ! imag9ation is necess>y to br+ ! two factors ( ! analogy toge!r4 ,! argum5t is pres5t$ by ,david ,dudley ,field 9 favor ( ! tra9+ ( homeless *ildr5 by ! /ate4 8,! "q ( safety is m vital /ill4 ,e "o ( ^! boys may be a vot] 9 t5 or tw5ty ye>s h5ce4 ,8 vote w !n be z pot5t z y\rs or m9e4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! sov]eign is a pr9ce x has ev] be5 ?\ght prud5t to be/[ especial c>e ^u ! tra9+ ( an heir to ! ?rone4--,"h ! p are sov]eign1 & ! little boy1 n[ w&]+ ab\t ! /reets1 neglect$ or l$ a/ray1 is 9 "o s5se jo9t heir to ! ?rone4 ,e dictate ( prud5ce po9ts to 8 be+ fitt$ to fulfill ! duties ( 8 /ation40 ,! =ego+ examples ) ! accompany+ explanations w s]ve to make pla9 ! mean+ ( argum5t f analogy & to sugge/ ! innum]able circum/ances "u :i* x may be us$4 ,seldom is a situation enc\nt]$ 9 :i* an apt analogy _c be employ$4 ,! homeli] ! comp>ison1 ! m vivid & la/+ w be ! impression convey$1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! analogy is apt & appropriate4 ,! se>* = an appropriate analogy is be/ begun by ga9+ a cle> conception ( ! univ]sal pr9ciple ^u :i* ! proposition is bas$4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be able to see ! broade/ application ( ! reason :i* he (f]s 9 support ( any p>ticul> cont5tion4 ,hav+ grasp$ ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple x is easy to see its application 9 o!r ?+s ( a m tangible =m & :i* are m famili> to ! av]age m9d4 ,= example1 ,l9coln saw t x w\ld n d to pursue ! ,civil ,w> too vigor\sly4 ,he realiz$ t ! gov]nm5t 0 9 a v p]il\s position1 t e /ep mu/ be tak5 ) c>e & delib]ation & t ! lea/ di/urbance f ^? ^: int]e/s 7 at /ake might mean failure & ! loss ( ev]y?+4 ,?is 0 ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! situation :i* he 0 fac+4 ,n[1 he mu/ make ?is situation pla9 & its gravity cle> to ^? :o 7 dem&+ t he ha/5 ! progress ( ! w>4 ,!re=e he began look+ = ! application ( ?is pr9ciple 9 some?+ :i* 0 m famili> & m real & tangible4 ,! newspap]s _h be5 full ( ! wond]ful feats ( ,blond91 ! rope-walk]4 ,9 ?is circum/ance ,l9coln saw an opportunity to give a tangible exhibition ( ! application ( ! pr9ciple "u :i* he 0 act+4 ,! argum5t f analogy :i* he con/ruct$ is a model ( complet5ess4 ,he comp>$ ab/ract ?+s :i* c\ld n be se5 & appreciat$ ) tangible ?+s :i* c\ld be se5 & appreciat$4 ,he comp>$ ! ,gov]nm5t to ,blond94 ,blond91 walk+ on a rope across ,niag>a ,falls1 0 9 a v dang]\s position :]e x 0 necess>y t he move sl[ly & cauti\sly because ! lea/ mis/ep w\ld da% him to de/ruction4 ,! situation ( ! gov]nm5t 0 analog\s4 ,x 0 engag$ 9 a v dang]\s und]tak+1 a great civil w>4 ,x _h to move sl[ly & cauti\sly because ! lea/ mis/ep w\ld mean de/ruction4 ,9 ord] to make ! analogy m complete ,l9coln suppos$ ! case ( ,blond9 p]=m+ ?is feat c>ry+ ) him all ! worldly possessions ( ! m5 :o 7 urg+ t ! w> be pu%$ m vigor\sly4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 c>ry+ out ! de>e/ desire ( ! p1 ! patriotic desire to save ! gr&e/ ( all nations4 ,if ! gov]nm5t fail$ x w\ld mean ! blight+ ( _! de>e/ hopes & to _m x w\ld mean f9ancial ru94 ,!re=e ! analogy 0 complete 9 t p>ticul>4 ,n[ ^! m5 7 "h 9 ,wa%+ton do+ ! same ?+ to ! gov]nm5t t !y w\ld be do+ if1 "u ! above circum/ances1 !y %ook ! rope or scold$ ,blond9 :ile he 0 walk+ across ,niag>a ,falls4 ,! =cibl5ess ( ! analogy & ! vividness ( ! impression :i* x convey$ 0 an argum5t p[]ful en\gh to sil5ce ^? :o 7 dem&+ m aggressive action on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,an argum5t f analogy is nev] conclusive pro( ( ! tru? or falsity ( a proposition4 ,at be/ x creates only a high degree ( probability4 ,its greate/ use is to give =ce & vividness to an argum5t already e/abli%$ by o!r means4 ,nev]!less1 its probative value is great provid$ x is prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,! *ance = error1 h[ev]1 is a con/ant s\rce ( dang] to him :o relies ^u analogy1 = ! v facts ^u :i* x is bas$ may con/itute ! reason = its falsity4 ,a l>ge oil ref9+ company 0 rec5tly organiz$4 ,p 7 induc$ to buy /ock 9 ! new ent]prise by means ( argum5t f analogy4 ,x 0 argu$ t ?is company 0 simil> to ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company pays l>ge divid5ds4 ,! argum5t 0 advanc$ by ! promot]s ( ! new organization t s9ce x 0 simil> to ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company & s9ce ! latt] corporation pays l>ge divid5ds1 !re=e ! new corporation w\ld pay l>ge divid5ds4 ,! analogy1 ( c\rse1 prov$ untru/wor?y4 ,! companies1 ?\gh simil> 9 _m ways1 7 entirely diff]5t 9 "o ess5tial p>ticul> effect+ ! conclusion3 ! old company _h entirely monopoliz$ ! field ( activity1 :ile ! new company _h no t]ritory 9 :i* to "w4 ,?us a false analogy l$ to ! loss ( _m ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,in/ances ( uns\nd argum5ts f analogy might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t c]ta9 requirem5ts exi/ :i* mu/ be /rictly compli$ ) if ! argum5t f analogy is to prove effective4 ,! requirem5ts necess>y = a valid argum5t f analogy are z foll[s3 ,i4 ,! two factors 9 ! analogy mu/ be alike 9 all p>ticul>s :i* affect ! conclusion4 ,! two factors 9 ! analogy are ! ?+ ab\t :i* ! analogy is made & ! ?+ to :i* x is comp>$4 ,= example1 9 ! argum5t f analogy :i* we h quot$ f ,l9coln1 ! fir/ factor is ! position ( ! gov]nm5t dur+ ! ,civil ,w> & ! second factor is ! rope-walk]4 ,! =m] is ! ?+ ab\t :i* ! argum5t is made2 ! latt] is ! ?+ to :i* ! fir/ factor is comp>$4 ,^! two p>ts exi/ 9 e argum5t f analogy & ! fir/ requirem5t is t !y agree 9 ev]y?+ :i* affects ! conclusion4 ,! conclusion ,l9coln wi%$ to e/abli% 0 t ! gov]nm5t mu/ n be di/urb$ 9 its action because x 0 9 a dang]\s position4 ,a rope-walk] cross+ ,niag>a ,falls mu/ n be di/urb$ because he is 9 a dang]\s position4 ,^! are ! facts :i* affect ! conclusion 9 ea* case4 ,! two factors are alike 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,f ! above example x w be se5 t ! two factors mu/ agree 9 ! ess5tial p>ticul>s4 ,:at is ess5tial dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! conclusion to be rea*$4 ,9 p>ticul>s affect+ ?+s o!r ?an ! conclusion to be e/abli%$1 x matt]s n :e!r !y agree or disagree4 ,9 comp>+ an illegal private monopoly to a highwayman ! p>ticul> me?od ( robb+ ! victim is immat]ial4 ,! fact t ! two me?ods are n exactly alike does n weak5 ! =ce ( ! analogy4 ,burke made use ( ! argum5t f analogy 9 def5d+ ! policy ( conciliation :i* he favor$4 ,aft] urg+ t ! colonies be grant$ repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t1 he decl>$ t s f> z gov]nm5t 0 conc]n$ !re 7 f\r simil> cases1--,irel&1 ,wales1 ,*e/]1 & ,durham4 ,he urg$ t ! acts ( ,p>liam5t ) reg>d to ^! t]ritories be appli$ to ,am]ica4 ,he !n proce$$ to %[ t ! analogy 0 s\nd by po9t+ out t ! two factors agre$ 9 all p>ticul>s :i* affect$ ! conclusion4 ,he said1 8,are n ! p ( ,am]ica z mu* ,engli%m5 z ! ,wel%8 ,! preamble ( ! ,act ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh? says ! ,wel% speak a language no way resembl+ t ( 8 ,maje/y's ,engli% subjects4 ,are ! ,am]icans n z num]\s8 ,if we may tru/ ! le>n$ & accurate ,judge ,b>r+ton's acc\nt ( ,nor? ,wales1 & take t z a /&>d to measure ! re/ !re is no comp>ison4 ,! p _c am\nt to above #bjj1jjj1 n a t5? "p ( ! numb] 9 ! colonies4 ,is ,am]ica 9 rebellion8 ,wales 0 h>dly ev] free f x4 ,h y attempt$ to gov]n ,am]ica by p5al /atutes8 ,y made fifte5 = ,wales4 ,b y\r legislative au?ority is p]fect ) reg>d to ,am]ica4 ,0 x less p]fect 9 ,wales1 ,*e/]1 & ,durham8 ,b ,am]ica is virtually repres5t$4 ,:at6 does ! electric =ce ( virtual repres5tation m easily pass ov] ! ,atlantic ?an p]vade ,wales1 :i* lies 9 y\r neighborhood--or ?an ,*e/] & ,durham1 surr\nd$ by an abundance ( repres5tation t is actual & palpable8 ,b1 ,sir1 y\r ance/ors ?\ght ?is sort ( virtual repres5tation1 h[ev] complete1 to be totally insuffici5t = ! fre$om ( inhabitants ( t]ritories t are s ne> & comp>atively s inconsid]able4 ,h[ !n c ,i ?9k x suffici5t = ^? :i* are inf9itely great] & inf9itely m remote80 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! analogy "h employ$ & ! "o ( :i* ,l9coln made use4 ,9 ! latt] ! factors are entirely unlike1 9 ! =m] !y are simil>4 ,9 all analogies simil> to t employ$ by ,burke ! po9ts ( simil>ity 9 ! two factors mu/ be cle>ly %[n to be> directly ^u ! conclusion1 :]eas if any po9ts ( diff]5ce exi/ !y mu/ be %[n to h no vital be>+ on ! "q at issue4 ,a failure to obs]ve ?is application ( ! rule 0 made by a /ud5t :o argu$ t because an income tax _h work$ well 9 o!r c\ntries x w\ld "w well 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 oppon5t po9t$ out ! uns\ndness ( ! analogy by %[+ t ! income tax propos$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 a progressive tax1 :]eas ! income tax 9 ! =eign c\ntries cit$ 0 n a progressive tax4 ,he fur!r reveal$ ! falsity ( ! analogy by %[+ t ! propos$ income tax = ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 to be levi$ by ! national or ,f$]al gov]nm5t1 :]eas ! income tax 9 ! =eign c\ntries cit$ 0 levi$ by ! /ates or small] gov]nm5tal units ( ^? c\ntries4 ,! analogy 0 %[n to be false 9 t ! two factors did n agree 9 all p>ticul>s affect+ ! conclusion because 7#a7 9 "o factor ! tax 0 progressive :ile 9 ! o!r x 0 n1 & 7#b7 9 "o factor ! tax 0 levi$ by ! national gov]nm5t & 9 ! o!r x 0 n4 ,! argum5t f analogy c be made /rong] if x is %[n t :at is true ( ! analog\s case is mu* m likely to be true & to be true 9 a great] degree1 ( ! case 9 dispute4 ,! example ( analogy quot$ f ,burke %[s ?is phase ( ! process4 ,"s writ]s call ?is process an int5sification ( ! argum5t f analogy4 ,9 logic x is a =tiori reason+4 ,! ,scriptures ab\nd 9 ?is k9d ( argum5t1 su* z 8,are n two sp>r[s sold = a f>?+8 & "o ( !m %all n fall on ! gr\nd )\t y\r ,fa!r4 ,fe> ye n !re=e2 ye are ( m value ?an _m sp>r[s40 ,ano!r passage illu/rat+ ! int5sification ( ! argum5t f analogy is1 8,consid] ! rav5s2 = !y nei!r s[ nor reap2 :i* nei!r h /oreh\se nor b>n2 & ,god fe$e? !m2 h[ mu* m are ye bett] ?an ! f[ls80 ,9 a debate on ! proposition1 8,resolv$1 t c\rses ( in/ruction 9 ! c>e & tra9+ ( *ildr5 %\ld =m a "p ( ! curriculum ( e college & univ]sity10 a speak] = ! affirmative develop$ an analogy bas$ ^u ! simil>ity betwe5 su* a c\rse & ! practical c\rses 9 ! ,college ( ,agriculture on ! rais+ ( live /ock4 ,he !n gave =ce to 8 analogy by sugge/+ t if x 7 wor? :ile to give college c\rses deal+ ) ! rais+ ( colts1 calves1 & pigs1 x c]ta9ly w\ld be mu* m wor? :ile to give c\rses deal+ ) ! rais+ ( *ildr54 ,,ii4 ,! alleg$ facts ^u :i* ! analogy is bas$ mu/ be true4 ,! facts alleg$ to be true 9 reg>d to ea* ( ! factors 9 ! analogy mu/ be true z a matt] ( fact4 ,a deviation f ! tru? 9 ei!r factor w invalidate ! conclusion4 ,9 argu+ 9 favor ( ! municipal own]%ip & op]ation ( ! /reet railway sy/em 9 an ea/]n city a debat] decl>$ t ! propos$ plan w\ld be successful because x _h be5 tri$ 9 ,*icago ) great success4 ,he !n sp5t mu* "t 9 %[+ t s f> z /reet railway own]%ip 0 conc]n$ conditions 9 ! two cities 7 exactly alike4 ,?is argum5t f analogy1 h[ev]1 0 promptly ov]?r[n by ! next speak]1 :o introduc$ evid5ce :i* prov$ t ! city ( ,*icago did n own its /reet railway sy/em4 ,! analogy 0 uns\nd because "o ( ! alleg$ facts ^u :i* x 0 bas$ 0 n true4 ,! above example illu/rates "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( error 9 ! use ( ?is class ( argum5t4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be con/antly on 8 gu>d :5 inspect+ 8 own "w & t ( 8 oppon5t4 ,! argum5t f analogy dem&s ext5sive & accurate k ( bo? ! factors involv$ & ! result is almo/ always 9 favor ( him ^: k ( ! subject-matt] is ! mo/ compreh5sive4 ,! temptation to color ! facts 9 ord] to fit ! analogy is sometimes great & to refra9 f deceiv+ "o's self z well z "o's he>]s requires a high degree ( intellectual hone/y4 ,9 no o!r =m ( argum5t is ! dem& = absolute imp>tiality m imp]ative4 ,an analogy :i* ext5ds beyond ! s\nd f\ndation ( real facts is a con/ant s\rce ( dang] bo? = him :o proposes x & = him :o receives x4 ,all ! alleg$ facts ^u :i* ?is k9d ( argum5t is bas$ mu/ be true4 ,,iii4 ,! conclusion e/abli%$ by analogy %\ld be v]ifi$ by positive evid5ce :5ev] possible4 ,! sugge/ion has already be5 made t no matt] h[ p]fect an analogy may be1 x c nev] am\nt to absolute pro(4 ,at its be/ analogy creates only a high degree ( probability4 ,9 ord] to /r5g!n ! conclusion a dilig5t se>* %\ld be made = o!r l9es ( reason+ :i* w =tify x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important uses to :i* analogy may be put is to sugge/ possible conclusions :i* may be sub/antiat$ by o!r processes ( reason+1 z induction1 d$uction1 or causal relation4 ,if two or m l9es ( reason+ c be made to support ! same conclusion ! probability ( its tru? is greatly /r5g!n$2 h5ce its argum5tative value is increas$4 ,:]e all available processes ( reason+ may be made to e/abli% "o conclusion ! probability ( its tru? is s /r5g!n$ t x am\nts to moral c]ta9ty1 b no cumulation ( probabilities c ev] am\nt to absolute c]ta9ty4 ,! fact t analogy mu/ be sub/antiat$ by o!r processes ( reason+ %\ld n lead ! /ud5t to und]e/imate its importance4 ,! examples & explanations :i* h be5 giv5 %\ld lead him to appreciate fully ! fact t analogy has two well def9$ uses aside f its value z pro( ( ! tru? or falsity ( a conclusion4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is a mo/ important ag5cy 9 sugge/+ conclusions :i* may be v]ifi$ or discr$it$ by o!r processes ( reason+4 ,9 ! second place x af=ds a mo/ valuable me?od ( /at+ a case s pla9ly t ev5 ! mo/ ignorant may und]/&4 ,a /rik+ analogy makes a mo/ vivid impression on ! m9d & is reta9$ long aft] m =mal processes ( reason+ are =gott54 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,an ,,argum5t ,,f ,,analogy ,i4 ,! two factors 9 ! analogy mu/ be alike 9 all p>ticul>s :i* affect ! conclusion4 ,,ii4 ,! alleg$ facts ^u :i* ! analogy is bas$ mu/ be true4 ,,iii4 ,! conclusion e/abli%$ by analogy %\ld :5ev] possible be v]ifi$ by positive evid5ce4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,analogy ,i4 ,apply ! requirem5ts = validity to ea* ( ! argum5ts f analogy quot$ 9 ?is la/ *apt]4 ,,ii4 ,sugge/ argum5ts f analogy 9 support ( ea* ( ! foll[+ conclusions3 #a4 ,college /ud5ts %\ld be all[$ to select _! own c\rses ( /udy4 #b4 ,a c\rse 9 public speak+ is a necessity = ^? :o expect to tea*4 #c4 ,! greate/ moral /r5g? is fo/]$ among _m temptations4 #d4 ,an inh]itance tax is an exce$+ly j me?od ( taxation4 #e4 ,all colleges %\ld be coducational4 #f4 ,milit>y drill %\ld be compulsory = all college fre%m54 #g4 ,! use ( cle> & correct ,engli% is a pr]equisite to success 9 any pr(ession4 ,,iii4 ,write an argum5t f analogy 9 support ( "o ( ! propositions giv5 9 ! app5dix4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,fallacies ,a fallacy is an error 9 ! argum5tative process4 ,x may arise f a mi/ake 9 ! process ( reason+ or f a mi/ake reg>d+ ! facts ^u :i* ! reason+ is bas$4 ,! task ( detect+ & elim9at+ fallacies 9 8 own argum5t & ( detect+ & expos+ fallacies 9 ! argum5t ( 8 oppon5t is "o ( ! mo/ important phases ( a debat]'s "w4 ,self-evid5t fallacies are few4 ,a fallacy is almo/ always conceal$ "u cov] ( language :i* makes x appe> 9 ! guise ( valid reason+4 ,x is usually emb$d$ 9 an o!rwise s\nd argum5tative /ructure4 ,to detect & to sep>ate x f t :i* is entirely tru/wor?y is "o ( ! sev]e/ te/s ( argum5tative skill4 ,j z 9 a ma!matical computation "o wrong figure w invalidate ! accuracy ( ! result ?\gh all ! o!r figures be correct1 s w "o false /atem5t 9 an argum5t produce ! same disa/r\s effect4 ,a fallacy may occupy b a v small "p ( ! argum5t & yet be fatal to ! solidity ( ! entire /ructure4 ,x may consi/ ( only "o s5t5ce 9 sev]al pages ( pr9t$ matt]4 ,x may be b a s+le /atem5t :i* makes an unw>rant$ transition or assumption4 ,nev]!less x is z fatal to ! argum5t z ?\gh x compris$ a great] "p ( ! entire discussion4 ,:ile an oppon5t may cov] up a fallacy ) ! delib]ate int5tion to deceive1 yet ! exi/5ce ( mo/ fallacies is n suspect$ by ^? :o use !m4 ,!re=e ! use ( fallaci\s argum5ts is seldom evid5ce ( di%one/y b is almo/ always ! result ( c>eless reason+ or inability to detect & rem$y su* errors4 ,to classify fallacies into gr\ps = ! purpose ( discussion is a mo/ difficult und]tak+4 ,any division t c be made w n prove all inclusive & all exclusive 9 practical application4 ,h>d & fa/ divisions are sure to ov]lap1 & a p>ticul> fallacy may be treat$ "u "o division or ano!r accord+ to ! /&po9t ( ! /ud5t & ! comb9ation ( circum/ances "u :i* x exi/s4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is discussion we %all divide fallacies accord+ to ! k9d ( argum5t 9 :i* !y occur & accord+ to ! =m 9 :i* !y are usually f\nd4 ,?is me?od ( division w be/ s]ve our practical object1 :i* is ! detect+ & elim9at+ ( fallacies4 ,i4 ,fallacies ( ,induction4 ,9 a p]fect induction a fallacy may be detect$ by scrut9iz+ ! conclusion to make sure t x includes only ! specific in/ances ^u :i* x is bas$1 & !n exam9+ ea* ( ^! specific in/ances to see t x is true z a matt] ( fact4 ,if ! conclusion includes m ?an ! facts w>rant or if ! alleg$ facts are false ! p]fect induction is fallaci\s4 ,9 se>*+ = fallacies 9 an imp]fect induction ! rules :i* h already be5 po9t$ out z gov]n+ ! con/ruction ( su* an inductive argum5t %\ld be appli$4 ,9 ord] to make a sy/ematic se>* = fallacies 9 argum5ts involv+ ?is k9d ( reason+1 ! foll[+ /eps %\ld be tak54 #a4 ,! numb] ( specific in/ances reli$ ^u to support ! inductive conclusion %\ld be det]m9$4 ,x is comp>atively easy to det]m9e ! numb] ( incid5ts claim$ to support ! conclusion1 provid$ !y are all /at$ 9 ! argum5t4 ,9 su* a case ! se>*] = fallacies m]ely c\nts ^! incid5ts & passes on to ! next /ep 9 8 inve/igation4 ,seldom1 h[ev]1 is ! task s easy4 ,9 mo/ argum5ts ! writ] or speak] ext5ds 8 conclusion f> beyond ! actual facts (f]$ 9 its support4 ,(t5 ! speak] /ates t 8hundr$s ( o!r cases10 or 8incid5ts too num]\s to m5tion10 or 8?\s&s ( simil> cases10 etc41 c be produc$ to %[ ! validity ( ! induction4 ,! debat] %\ld nev] be ov]aw$ by su* sweep+ /atem5ts or all[ !m to cause him to cease 8 se>* = fallacies4 ,he mu/ be insi/5t 9 8 dem& t ! numb] ( incid5ts ^u :i* ! conclusion is bas$ be exactly /at$ or at lea/ t ! numb] be %[n z l>ge en\gh to (fset ! probability ( co9cid5ce4 ,! fallacy ( ! induction c !n be %[n to exi/ by po9t+ out t ! numb] ( incid5ts 9 support ( ! induction is n suffici5tly great to w>rant its acceptance4 #b4 ,! class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s ab\t :i* ! induction is made %\ld be scrut9iz$ ) a view to det]m9+ :e!r x is homog5e\s4 ,! discussion ( ?is requirem5t = a valid imp]fect induction :i* has be5 previ\sly giv5 w make pla9 ! nature ( ! inve/igation "u x4 ,a fallacy may be expos$ 9 su* an argum5t by %[+ t ! class ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or ?+s ab\t :i* ! induction is made is n homog5e\s 9 respect to ! p>ticul> ab\t :i* ! conclusion is /at$4 #c4 ,:e!r or n ! specific in/ances cit$ 9 support ( ! conclusion are fair examples %\ld be det]m9$4 ,x is usually easi] to detect unfair examples 9 an oppon5t's argum5t ?an 9 "o ( ! debat]'s own con/ruction4 ,! p]son :o uses an induction is almo/ always prejudic$ 9 favor ( ! in/ances :i* support x1 b to ! unprejudic$ m9d ! fairness ( a giv5 example is n h>d to det]m9e4 ,x is !re=e important t ! inve/igator assume an unprejudic$ attitude t[>ds ! examples (f]$ z repres5tative ( ! class ab\t :i* ! induction is made4 ,! exi/5ce ( a fallacy 9 an argum5t bas$ ^u an imp]fect induction may be repeal$ by %[+ t ! specific in/ances cit$ 9 support ( ! conclusion are n fair examples4 #d4 ,a se>* %\ld be made = exceptions to ! rule /at$ by ! induction4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective ways to ov]?r[ a g5]alization is to pres5t exceptions4 ,ev5 ! exi/5ce ( "o exception w greatly weak5 ! effect ( a conclusion1 :ile sev]al exceptions1 cle>ly e/abli%$1 w entirely de/roy x4 ,to prove ! exi/5ce ( m exceptions to ! rule ?an !re are in/ances support+ x is to prove x entirely fallaci\s4 ,! se>* = exceptions %\ld be made by ! same means employ$ 9 f9d+ in/ances to support ! induction4 ,! fallacy ( an induction may be %[n by prov+ ! exi/5ce ( exceptions to ! rule :i* x /ates4 #e4 ,! induction %\ld be exam9$ ) a view to det]m9+ its reasonabl5ess4 ,an induction :i* appe>s on its face to be contr>y to usual exp]i5ce is n an effective in/rum5t ( p]suasion4 ,by %[+ t x is contr>y to natural law or t no process ( reason+ o!r ?an induction c be made to uphold x1 ! /ud5t may weak5 its =ce4 ,if cle> pro( ( its validity c be e/abli%$ 9 ?is way x is n necess>y t o!r me?ods ( %[+ a fallacy be introduc$4 ,! fallacy ( an induction may be e/abli%$ by cle> pro( ( its unreasonabl5ess4 ,,ii4 ,fallacies ( d$uction4 ,a ?or\gh /udy ( ! *apt] on ,d$uctive ,argum5t has reveal$ ! fact t su* an argum5t 9 ord] to be valid mu/ be con/ruct$ accord+ to c]ta9 def9ite pr9ciples4 ,! k ( ^! pr9ciples ?us acquir$ %\ld enable ! /ud5t to detect fallacies 9 ?is =m ( argum5t4 ,nev]!less1 "s ( ! fallacies to :i* d$uction is liable are s important & s easily conceal$ t a sep>ate treatm5t ( !m is necess>y4 ,fallacies ( d$uction may be divid$ into two classes1 #a4 ,mat]ial fallacies1 & #b4 ,logical fallacies4 #a4 ,mat]ial ,fallacies4 ,we h already le>n$ t ! d$uctive argum5t is seldom f\nd 9 ! =m ( a syllogism b is mo/ly enc\nt]$ 9 ! =m ( an en?ymeme1 :i* mu/ be r$uc$ to ! syllogi/ic =m4 ,! me?od ( r$uction has be5 expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,d$uctive ,argum5t & ex]cises 9 ! use ( t me?od h be5 giv54 ,x is !re=e assum$ t ! /ud5t is s famili> ) ?is process t he c readily r$uce any argum5t to ! syllogi/ic =m4 ,9 ! se>* = fallacies we may beg9 at ?is po9t4 ,aft] ! argum5t has be5 r$uc$ to syllogi/ic =m our fir/ task is to exam9e ! major & m9or premises = ! purpose ( discov]+ any mat]ial error1 or error ( fact4 ,9 con/ruct+ our own argum5t we h be5 caution$ to see to x t bo? ( ^! /atem5ts 9 ! syllogism are true4 ,n[ we are exam9+ our own argum5ts or our oppon5ts' argum5ts = ! v purpose ( f9d+ out :e!r !y conta9 any error4 ,a sophomore urges ,john ,pitt to come out = ! class football team by say+ t all sophomores ought to be c&idates = places on ! team4 ,r$uc$ to ! syllogi/ic =m ! argum5t w\ld /& z foll[s3 #a4 ,all sophomores ought to be c&idates = ! class football team4 #b4 ,john ,pitt is a sophomore4 #c4 ,!re=e ,john ,pitt ought to be a c&idate = ! class football team4 ,^u exam9+ ! major premise we f9d t x is n true z a matt] ( fact1 because x is obvi\s t "o :o is n physically capable ( tak+ "p 9 su* a game ought n to d s ev5 ?\gh he is a sophomore4 ,! d$uction is !re=e fallaci\s4 ,b suppose ! major premise to be s\nd1 ! next /ep 9 ! se>* = fallacies w\ld be to exam9e ! m9or premise & f9d out :e!r x is true z a matt] ( fact4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is premise may disclose ! fact t ,john ,pitt is a junior4 ,! d$uction is !re=e fallaci\s1 because ! m9or premise is n true z a matt] ( fact4 ,a fallacy 9 a d$uctive argum5t may be expos$ by %[+ t ei!r ! major premise or ! m9or premise is n true z a matt] ( fact4 #b4 ,logical fallacies4 ,we n[ come to ! class ( fallacies :i* inh]e 9 d$uctive reason+ indep5d5t ( ! tru? or falsity ( ! alleg$ facts conta9$ 9 ! premises4 ,^! are call$ logical fallacies4 ,!y consi/ ( _m =ms ( error 9 reason+1 b we %all conc]n ourselves only ) ^? mo/ likely to be enc\nt]$4 ,^! are f\r 9 numb]1 7#a7 ,! undi/ribut$ middle1 7#b7 ,! illicit process1 7#c7 ,irrelevancy ( premises1 or ignor+ ! "q1 & 7#d7 ,begg+ ! "q4 7#a74 ,! undi/ribut$ middle4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common errors ( d$uctive argum5t is call$ ! fallacy ( ! undi/ribut$ middle4 ,x consi/s ( a defect 9 ! major premise4 ,?is defect is ! failure ( ! major t]m to include ! middle t]m4 ,! foll[+ syllogism is a typical illu/ration ( ?is error3 #a4 ,"s college m5 are successful 9 bus9ess4 #b4 ,h5ry ,w9sl[ is a college man4 #c4 ,!re=e ,h5ry ,w9sl[ is successful 9 bus9ess4 ,! /ud5t w obs]ve t ! major t]m1 8m5 :o are successful 9 bus9ess10 does n include ! middle t]m1 8college m510 b only includes a "p ( t class ( m54 ,?is is true because ! middle t]m reads 8,"s college m540 ,!re=e x is evid5t t !re are "s college m5 :o are n successful 9 bus9ess z well z "s :o are4 ,to repres5t ?is defect graphically ! device ( circles employ$ 9 discuss+ ! con/ruction ( valid d$uctions may aga9 be us$4 ,! result is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,x is ?us made pla9 t "s college m5 are )9 ! class ( ^? :o are successful 9 bus9ess1 :ile "s college m5 are n )9 t class4 ,n[1 all t we "k ab\t ,h5ry ,w9sl[ is t he is a college man4 ,!re=e we _c tell :e!r he belongs to t "p ( ! class ( college m5 :o are successful 9 bus9ess1 or to t "p ( ! class ( college m5 :i* is n includ$ 9 ! class ( m5 :o are successful 9 bus9ess4 ,we may repres5t ! complete fallacy z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,9 ord] to elim9ate ! logical fallacy conta9$ 9 ! =ego+ syllogism x w\ld be necess>y to include ! middle t]m 9 ! major t]m ( ! major premise4 ,! relation ( ! t]ms ( ! major premise w\ld !n be repres5t$ by ! diagram above4 ,! complet$ syllogism w\ld !n read z foll[s3 #a4 ,all college m5 are successful 9 bus9ess4 #b4 ,h5ry ,w9sl[ is a college man4 #c4 ,!re=e ,h5ry ,w9sl[ is successful 9 bus9ess4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n delude himself ) ! false impression t he has rem$i$ ! defect & t ! syllogism may !re=e be us$ z ! basis ( a s\nd argum5t4 ,on ! contr>y he mu/ n[ treat ! result ( 8 ef=ts z a new syllogism & beg9 ! se>* = fallacies all ov] aga94 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is process1 z we h already se51 is to inquire into ! tru? ( ! facts conta9$ 9 ! premises4 ,let u fir/ exam9e ! major premise4 ,is x true t all college m5 are successful 9 bus9ess8 ,a little inve/igation & reflection w prove t x is n4 ,!re=e ! argum5t is /ill z fallaci\s z x 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,we h m]ely *ang$ ! logical fallacy into a mat]ial fallacy4 ,! result ( our inve/igation has be5 to disclose ! fallacy ( an en?ymeme :i* reads1 8,h5ry ,w9sl[ is successful 9 bus9ess because he is a college man40 ,ano!r =m 9 :i* ! fallacy ( ! undi/ribut$ middle appe>s 9 a mann] less easy to detect is %[n by ! foll[+ syllogism3 #a4 ,all orators are m5 ( great ability4 #b4 ,h]b]t ,lang is a man ( great ability4 #c4 ,!re=e ,h]b]t ,lang is an orator4 ,ea* ( ! premises 9 ! above syllogism may be p]fectly true z a matt] ( fact1 b x is obvi\s t !re is some?+ wrong ) ! syllogism z a :ole4 ,! nature ( ! defect is n app>5t until we beg9 to apply ! rules = con/ruct+ a valid syllogism4 ,?is reveals ! fact t in/ead ( ! major t]m includ+ ! middle t]m1 ! middle includes ! major4 ,if we diagram ! major premise by ! sy/em ( circles previ\sly employ$ ! foll[+ result is obta9$3 ,illu/ration ,if ! conclusion to be e/abli%$ _h be5 t ,h]b]t ,lang is a man ( great ability & ! m9or premise _h /at$ t ,h]b]t ,lang 0 an orator !n ! major premise z outl9$ above w\ld h be5 p]fectly valid4 ,b ! conclusion t ,h]b]t ,lang is an orator does n foll[ f ! fact t he is a man ( great ability & t all orators are m5 ( great ability4 ,! only fact t we c draw f ^! /atem5ts is t "s m5 ( great ability are orators4 ,because we say t all orators are m5 ( great ability we _c be sure ( ! conv]se1 t is1 t all m5 ( great ability are orators4 ,only "s ( !m are orators1 o!rs may be m9i/]s1 doctors1 lawy]s1 or bus9ess m54 ,!re=e all t we c conclude is t1 8,"s m5 ( great ability are orators40 ,x is n[ pla9 t :5 we con/ruct ! complet$ syllogism f ?is major premise1 ! same defect w exi/ :i* 0 reveal$ 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration4 #a4 ,"s m5 ( great ability are orators4 #b4 ,h]b]t ,lang is a man ( great ability4 #c4 ,!re=e ,h]b]t ,lang is an orator4 ,by exam9+ ! facts express$ 9 ! invalid syllogism we h f\nd t ! fallacy consi/s ( an undi/ribut$ middle t]m4 ,?is fallacy becomes obvi\s 9 "s propositions 9 :i* ! conclusion %[s ! absurdity ( ! reason+ process4 ,if we c\ld ma9ta9 t ,h]b]t ,lang is an orator because he is a man ( great ability & all orators are m5 ( great ability1 we c\ld argue ) equal reason t he is a gr\nd hog because he is an animal & all gr\nd hogs are animals4 7#b74 ,! illicit process4 ,! illicit process ( ei!r ! major or m9or t]m 9 ! syllogism consi/s ( "o ( ^! t]ms appe>+ 9 ! conclusion 9 a =m ess5tially diff]5t f t 9 :i* x appe>$ 9 ! major or m9or premises4 ,9 ?is fallacy ! major t]m :i* is 9 ! affirmative =m 9 ! major premise becomes negative 9 ! conclusion4 ,! foll[+ fallaci\s syllogism illu/rates ?is error3 #a4 ,all football m5 are /rong4 #b4 ,amos ,buck is n a football man4 #c4 ,!re=e ,amos ,buck is n /rong4 ,! fallacy is evid5t2 ! class ( football m5 does n include all ! /rong m54 ,!re are "s m5 :o are n football m5 t are /rong4 ,! fact t ,amos ,buck is n includ$ 9 ! class ( football m5 does n prove t he is n includ$ 9 ! l>g] class ( /rong m54 ,to be m concrete let u aga9 make use ( ! diagrams4 ,f ! diagram on page #bde x is se5 t ! fact t all football m5 are /rong & t ,amos ,buck is n a football man1 does n prove any?+ reg>d+ 8 /r5g?4 ,he may be )9 ! class ( /rong m5 or he may be outside4 ,h5ce ! syllogism is fallaci\s4 ,usually ! fallacy is n s app>5t z 9 ! above illu/ration b by r$uc+ ! /atem5ts to syllogi/ic =m 9 ! mann] indicat$ above ! error becomes app>5t4 ,! m9or t]m 9 a syllogism sometimes appe>s 9 ! m9or premise z undi/ribut$ or p>ticul> & !n appe>s 9 ! conclusion z di/ribut$ or univ]sal4 ,?is is ano!r =m ( ! illicit process4 ,! same result foll[s :5 ! m9or t]m becomes ei!r l>g] or small] or 9 any way diff]5t 9 ! conclusion f :at x 0 9 ! m9or premise4 ,= example1 a bus9ess man says1 8,i w n s5d my son to college because "s college m5 are #8sports' & ,i dete/ #8sports'40 ,?is error 9 reason+ results f ! failure to phrase ea* t]m 9 ! same =m ?r\gh\t ! syllogism4 ,a scrut9y ( ! t]ms ( ! syllogism w !re=e reveal ! pres5ce ( ?is fallacy4 ,illu/ration 7#c74 ,irrelevancy ( ! premises1 or ignor+ ! "q4 ,?is fallacy consi/s 9 ignor+ ! conclusion to be e/abli%$ & argu+ t[>d "s o!r conclusion4 ,9 logic x is call$ ignoratio el5*i4 ,x is a v important fallacy1 because no error is m common ?an t ( w&]+ f ! real po9t at issue & discuss+ "s relat$ b irrelevant matt]4 ,! error may arise f a delib]ate attempt on ! "p ( ! speak] to deceive 8 he>]s by tak+ _! att5tion f ! real po9t at issue1 f a failure to analyze ! "q prop]ly1 or f inability to reason correctly4 ,9 discuss+ ?is fallacy ! fir/ /ep is to analyze ! argum5t 9 its relation to ! po9t to be prov$4 ,x %\ld be r$uc$ to ! syllogi/ic =m1 & ! irrelevancy betwe5 ! premises & ! conclusion %\ld be made pla94 ,aft] ! premises are f\nd x becomes an easy task to det]m9e :e!r !y e/abli% ! "r conclusion or "s o!r conclusion4 ,!re are c]ta9 ways 9 :i* ! "q may be ignor$ t are s common t !y dem& special att5tion4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important are ! foll[+3 ,a4 ,! appeal to passion1 prejudice1 or humor4 ,v (t5 ! speak]1 in/ead ( refut+ ! argum5ts ( 8 oppon5t1 w attempt to ca/ ridicule ^u !m & ?us by humor\s treatm5t div]t att5tion f ! real po9t at issue4 ,v (t5 ! appeal is made to ! passion or prejudice ( ! p]sons address$ in/ead ( to _! reason4 ,b4 ,! p]sonal attack ^u an oppon5t4 ,a favorite me?od ( ! old "t lawy] 0 to 8bullyrag0 8 oppon5t 9 a law suit & ?us m]ge ! case at issue into a p]sonal conflict ) ! oppos+ c\nsel4 ,:ile ?is practice has long ago disappe>$ f ! c\rt room x is v (t5 enc\nt]$ 9 o!r places4 ,a speak] :o has a weak case w sometimes attack ! p]sonal "* ( 8 oppon5t & ?us seek to *ange ! issue f a debate on ! proposition to a wrangle ov] ! p]sonal virtues ( ! p>ticipants4 ,c4 ,! p]sonal attack ^u ! p]son or p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! controv]sy4 ,we argue beside ! po9t :5 we inf] f ! moral "*1 position1 or conduct ( an individual1 ! tru? or falsity ( a p>ticul> proposition4 ,if ! "q is :e!r or n ,john ,jones kill$ ,john ,smi?1 we make no progress by %[+ t ,john ,jones *eat$ ,john ,doe out ( 8 f>m4 ,if we are told t a c]ta9 p]son advocates prohibition x is no refutation ( 8 argum5ts to call att5tion to ! fact t he is a drunk>d4 ,! validity ( a drunk>d's argum5ts 9 favor ( prohibition are n affect$ by 8 conduct1 al?\gh _! influ5ce ^u o!r p]sons w\ld d\btless be greatly affect$ by x4 ,we always argue beside ! po9t :5 we attempt to def5d or condemn a pr9ciple by prais+ or condemn+ ! p]son :o advocates x4 ,nei!r c we e/abli% ! guilt or innoc5ce ( an accus$ p]son by prais+ or condemn+ traits ( 8 "* :i* h no?+ to d ) ! *>ges aga9/ him4 ,d4 ,! appeal to cu/oms & tradition4 ,! popul> appeal to 8let well en\gh alone10 8:at has be5 %\ld be10 & o!r cons]vative argum5ts ( ?is class entirely ignore ! "q at issue4 ,if ! _w _h foll[$ ^! precepts we %\ld be no f>!r advanc$ to-day ?an at ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,to foll[ !m n[ w\ld mean t all progress mu/ cease4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago no argum5t c\ld h conv9c$ ! av]age individual t man w\ld be able to travel a mile a m9ute or t "o man c\ld he> ano!r talk at a di/ance ( "o ?\s& miles1 or t a ma*9e c\ld be made :i* w\ld talk4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago few p c\ld h be5 conv9c$ t "o c\ld see ?r\gh solid matt] or t a man c\ld fly1 or t a wireless telegraph 0 a possibility4 ,nev]!less all ( ^! seem+ly impossible ?+s h come to pass4 ,simil> ?+s are con/antly happ5+ 9 ! less mat]ial _w ( education1 politics1 & religion4 ,!re=e small weight atta*es to ! argum5t :i* relies solely ^u an appeal to cu/om & tradition4 ,e4 ,%ift+ gr\nd4 ,?is fallacy usually arises f us+ a ^w 9 a d\ble capacity4 ,= in/ance1 8,e ,am]ican citiz5 %\ld be democratic 9 8 conduct2 !re=e he %\ld vote ! ,democratic ticket10 is an example ( ?is fallacy4 ,"h ! t]m democratic is us$ 9 m ?an "o s5se4 ,x is fir/ us$ to indicate an attitude ( k9dly sympa?y t[>ds "o's fell[ m52 !n x is us$ to designate a political p>ty4 ,likewise we might argue 9 an equally fallaci\s mann] t because ?is c\ntry is a republic1 e man %\ld vote ! ,republican ticket4 ,! cause ( ?is fallacy is usually a failure on ! "p ( ! argu] to def9e exactly 8 own position & to /ate ! mean+ ( vital words us$ 9 ! proposition4 ,an unscrupul\s debat] w take advantage ( ?is fallacy z soon z he is corn]$ by %ift+ to a diff]5t mean+ ( ! words employ$4 ,:5ev] a debat] beg9s to prove "o proposition & ends by uphold+ ano!r proposition he has %ift$ gr\nd4 ,?is fallacy is usually s conceal$ 9 a maze ( words t its detection is difficult4 ,f4 ,refut+ an argum5t :i* has n be5 advanc$4 ,?is =m ( ignor+ ! "q may arise f a delib]ate attempt to misrepres5t ! opposition or f an hone/ mi/ake z to j :at argum5t has be5 advanc$4 ,9 ei!r case x ignores ! "q at issue & is a useless exp5diture ( "t & ef=t4 ,sometimes a debat] _c refute ! argum5ts advanc$ by 8 oppon5ts & he !re=e seeks to occupy 8 "t by argu+ aga9/ cont5tions :i* he ?\ght w\ld be advanc$ b :i* 9 reality h n be5 m5tion$4 ,x is f> bett] n to argue at all ?an to ignore ! real po9ts at issue 9 ?is mann]4 ,g4 ,argu+ on a relat$ proposition4 ,?is is a v common way ( ignor+ ! "q4 ,= example1 9 support ( prohibition1 a debat] (t5 proves t temp]ance is a b5efit to ! community4 ,! real "q is :e!r prohibition is advisable z a means ( deal+ ) ! liquor traffic4 ,! "q z to :e!r temp]ance b5efits ! community is only relat$4 ,!re=e to argue 9 support ( ! relat$ "q is to ignore ! real "o4 ,9 a debate on ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t ! compulsory arbitration ( /rikes is practicable 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates0 ! affirmative devot$ its ef=ts to prov+ t ! sy/em w\ld be ( great advantage to ! c\ntry & t x _h work$ well 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,! "q1 :e!r compulsory arbitration is practicable 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 entirely ignor$ by its advocates argu+ 9 support ( two relat$ propositions :i* might be /at$ z foll[s3 8,resolv$1 t ! compulsory arbitration ( /rikes w\ld be ( great advantage to ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 & 8,resolv$1 t compulsory arbitration ( /rikes has work$ well 9 ,new ,zeal&40 ,! real "q at issue 0 entirely ignor$4 7#d74 ,begg+ ! "q4 ,to beg ! "q is to assume its tru? or falsity )\t pro(4 ,?is does n mean a direct assumption ( tru? or falsity b an indirect assumption rea*$ 9 a circuit\s mann] by an appe>ance ( logical reason+4 ,9 logic ?is error is call$ petitio pr9cipi4 ,x may appe> 9 _m diff]5t =ms b ! foll[+ are ! mo/ frequ5tly enc\nt]$3 ,a4 ,argu+ 9 a circle4 ,?is error involves m ?an "o syllogism4 ,x beg9s by assum+ ! tru? ( a premise1 next ^u ?is premise a conclusion is built & !n f9ally ?is v conclusion is us$ 9 an attempt to prove ! premise ) :i* ! syllogism 0 begun4 ,= example1 a /ud5t is urg$ to take ! c\rse 9 corporation law 9 ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool because x is ! be/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! /ud5t inquires :y x is ! be/ 9 ! c\ntry he is told t x is ! be/ because x is giv5 9 ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool4 ,9 o!r words no reason is giv5 b ! /atem5t /ripp$ ( its semblance ( reason+ is m]ely t ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool is ! be/ because x is ! be/4 ,an excell5t example %[+ ! refutation ( a circul> argum5t is f\nd 9 ,p]cival & ,jelliffe's ,specim5s ( ,exposition & ,argum5t4 ,x is tak5 f ! argum5t ( ,felix ,adl] aga9/ ! evils ( *ild labor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 8,!re is "o o!r argum5t s un-,am]ican & s inhuman t ,i am almo/ a%am$ to quote x1 & yet x has be5 us$1 & ,i fe> is secretly 9 ! m9ds ( "s :o w\ld n op5ly /& = x4 ,a manufactur] /&+ ne> ! furnace ( a glas%\se & po9t+ to a procession ( "y ,slav boys :o 7 c>ry+ ! glass on trays1 rem>k$ #8,look at _! faces1 & y w see t x is idle to take !m f ! glas%\se 9 ord] to give !m an education2 !y are :at !y are1 & w always rema9 :at !y are4' ,he meant t !re are "s human be+s--& ^! ,slavs ( ! numb]--:o are m5tally irr$eemable1 s fa/ asleep intellectually t !y _c be awak5$2 design$ by nature1 !re=e1 to be hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat]4 ,?is cruel & wick$ ?+ 0 said ( ,slavs2 x is ! same ?+ :i* has be5 said f "t immemorial by ! slave own]s ( _! slaves4 ,fir/ !y degrade human be+s by d5y+ !m opportunity to develop _! bett] nature2 no s*ools1 no tea*+1 no fre$om1 no outlook2 & !n1 z if 9 mock]y1 !y po9t to ! degrad$ condition ( _! victims z a reason :y !y %\ld nev] be all[$ to escape f x40 ,b4 ,directly assum+ ! po9t at issue4 ,9 directly assum+ ! tru? ( ! po9t at issue mu* language is employ$ :i* t5ds to conceal ! lack ( real pro(4 ,/ripp$ ( _! weal? ( expression su* s-call$ argum5ts appe> z b>e unsupport$ ass]tions4 ,! foll[+ is a good example ( ?is fallacy3 8,up to ! "t :5 ! crime 0 committ$1 ! "* ( ! prison] 0 above reproa*1 = 8 conduct 0 always *>act]iz$ by hone/ respect = law & ord]40 ,(t5 a s+le ^w may directly assume ! tru? or falsity ( ! proposition "u discussion4 ,9 oppos+ ! proposition 8,resolv$1 t ! boycott is a prop] policy = organiz$ labor10 ! fir/ speak] began by say+1 8,x is our purpose to prove t ! wick$ & p]nici\s sy/em ( boycott+ is n a prop] policy = organiz$ labor40 ,?is /atem5t begg$ ! :ole proposition by assum+ at ! outset t boycott+ is wick$ & p]nici\s4 ,a subsequ5t speak] committ$ ! same fallacy by say+1 8,we cont5d t !re are ways by :i* organiz$ labor c accompli% its purpose t are--unlike ! boycott--legitimate & prop]40 ,9 "s cases su* "q-begg+ words z ^? employ$ above are us$ 9 def9+ ! t]ms ( ! proposition4 ,?is mann] ( def9+ t]ms begs ! "q z effectively & directly z any ( ! o!r fallaci\s practices discuss$ "u ?is head+4 ,c4 ,indirectly assum+ ! po9t at issue4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ways ( begg+ ! "q is to assume ! tru? ( a broad g5]al proposition :i* includes ! "o "u discussion4 ,?is does n directly assume ! tru? ( ! proposition1 b does x indirectly4 ,= in/ance1 a /ud5t decl>$ t 8,our football team w w9 ! *ampion%ip1 because ! capta9 ( ! team says we _c lose x40 ,?is begs ! po9t at issue1 namely--:e!r our team w w9 ! *ampion%ip1 by assum+ ! tru? ( a broad] proposition1 namely--t :atev] ! capta9 ( ! team says is true4 ,! same result foll[s ! assumption ( p>ticul> tru?s :i* ! proposition involves4 ,9 support+ ! proposition1 8,resolv$1 t ! /ate %\ld prescribe uni=m text-books = ! public s*ools0 a /ud5t attempt$ to prove t public in/ruction %\ld be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,he ?us assum$ t uni=m text-books w\ld secure uni=m public in/ruction ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,?is 0 a p>ticul> proposition involv$ 9 ! ma9 proposition1 & x 0 ! duty ( ! debat] to %[ t uni=m text-books w\ld br+ ab\t uni=m public in/ruction4 ,,iii4 ,fallacies ( causal relation4 ,we h already consid]$ ! importance ( causal relation 9 argum5tation4 ,a relation cle>ly e/abli%$ betwe5 a cause & an effect af=ds a sub/antial basis = valid reason+4 ,! failure to e/abli% su* relation results 9 error4 ,( c\rse ! causal relation may exi/ al?\gh undiscov]$4 ,nev]!less1 ! failure to %[ su* relation %\ld always be consid]$ z a w>n+ to look out = fallacies4 #a4 ,fallacies ( ! argum5t f effect to cause4 ,! argum5t f effect to cause may be %[n to conta9 a fallacy by prov+ any "o ( ! foll[+ cont5tions3 #a4 ,t ! alleg$ cause 0 n suffici5t to produce ! effect4 #b4 ,t an indep5d5t cause int]v5$ betwe5 ! alleg$ cause & ! effect4 #c4 ,t ! alleg$ cause 0 prev5t$ f op]at+4 ,9 argu+ f a kn[n effect to an unkn[n cause c]ta9 fallacies occur ) su* frequ5cy t we mu/ give !m special att5tion4 ,( ^! common errors ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 7#a74 ,mi/ak+ co9cid5ce = cause4 ,mo/ sup]/itions are due to ?is fallacy ( mi/ak+ co9cid5ce = cause4 ,a black cat crosses our pa? z we are />t+ out on a j\rney4 ,if "s mis=tune ov]takes u be=e our return our m9ds imm$iately rev]t to ! old sup]/ition t if a black cat crosses our pa? we mu/ turn back & make a fre% />t if we wi% to w>d (f disa/]4 ,! black cat is reg>d$ by ! sup]/iti\s z ! cause ( ! disa/]4 ,obvi\sly !re is no causal relation betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! black cat & ! occurr5ce ( ! disa/]4 ,x is m]ely a co9cid5ce4 ,if we reg>d x 9 any o!r light we are mi/ak+ co9cid5ce = cause4 ,political campaign oratory ab\nds 9 ?is k9d ( fallacy4 ,"o political p>ty comes into p[] & a p]iod ( indu/rial prosp]ity foll[s4 ,! p>ty lead]s po9t to _! adm9i/ration z ! cause ( ! prosp]ity4 ,on ! o!r h& if a p]iod ( depression foll[s ! election1 ! oppon5ts ( ! successful p>ty po9t to x z ! cause ( ! disa/]4 ,seldom 9 su* cases is any real causal relation e/abli%$4 ,x is m (t5 m]ely co9cid5ce4 ,no fallacy is m inexcusable ?an t :i* ass]ts a m]e prior occurr5ce z a cause4 ,because x ra9$ la/ ,sunday & to-day ,i lose my pocketbook is no reason :y ,i %\ld ma9ta9 t la/ ,sunday's ra9 0 ! cause ( my loss4 ,yet _m argum5ts are advanc$ bas$ ^u a lack ( causal relation z evid5t z t ( ! above co9cid5ce4 ,9 an int]-class debate "o ( ! speak]s ma9ta9$ t ! l>ge numb] ( ,*9ese 9 a c]ta9 city 0 ! cause ( ! great] am\nt ( crime :i* exi/$ 9 t city z comp>$ ) o!r cities ( ! same size4 ,no causal relation 0 e/abli%$1 b ! m]e fact ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,*9ese 0 set =? z pro( t ! ,*9ese 7 responsible = ! crime4 ,"o ( ! critics ( ! debate po9t$ out t x 0 j z reasonable to suppose t ! unusually cold wea!r ( ! w9t] j pass$ 0 caus$ by ! l>ge numb] ( ,congregationali/s 9 ! /ate4 ,ev5 :5 two ev5ts are repeat$ly associat$ s f> z "t is conc]n$ we %\ld n reg>d ! repetition z pro( ( ! causal relation b only z an indication t a causal relation probably exi/s4 ,we %\ld n arrive at any def9ite conclusion until ! exi/5ce ( ! causal relation has be5 f9ally e/abli%$4 7#b74 ,mi/ak+ an effect = a cause4 ,! fallacy ( mi/ak+ an effect = a cause consi/s 9 po9t+ to "o effect z ! cause ( ano!r effect :5 9 reality bo? effects are ! result ( "o cause4 ,= example1 a rec5t writ] attributes ! an>*i/ic t5d5cy ( ! masses ( ,russia to ! arrogance ( ! soldi]y 9 t c\ntry4 ,?is reason+ is criticis$ on ! gr\nd t bo? ! an>*i/ic t5d5cies ( ! masses & ! arrogance ( ! soldi]y are effects ( ! same cause1 viz4--! despotic gov]nm5t ( ,russia4 7#c74 ,mi/ak+ a subsequ5t cause = a real cause4 ,?is fallacy arises :5 an effect is obs]v$ & 9 ! se>* = ! cause we accept some?+ :i* 9 reality happ5$ aft] ! effect 0 obs]v$4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is fallacy occurr$ 9 a rec5t municipal election4 ,! increas$ co/ ( city gov]nm5t 0 *>g$ to ! pres5t mayor4 ,8 oppon5ts po9t$ to him z ! cause ( ?is increase 9 ! city's exp5ses4 ,! mayor's fri5ds reveal$ ! fallacy by %[+ t ! exp5se _h really be5 incurr$ "u ! =m] mayor4 ,! acts ( ! pres5t mayor c\ld n h be5 ! cause ( ! increas$ exp5se because t exp5se _h be5 incurr$ be=e he w5t into (fice4 ,!re=e ^? :o made ! unju/ *>ge _h committ$ ! fallacy ( mi/ak+ a subsequ5t cause = ! real cause4 7#d74 ,mi/ak+ an insuffici5t cause = a suffici5t cause4 ,?is fallacy diff]s f ^? previ\sly discuss$ 9 t !re exi/s "s causal relation betwe5 ! effect & ! alleg$ cause4 ,! error consi/s ( a failure to recognize ! insuffici5cy ( ! cause to produce ! effect )\t ! help ( "s o!r cause4 ,9 a discussion ( ! proposition1 8,resolv$1 t dep>tm5t /ores h prov$ a b5efit to municipal communities10 "o speak] argu$ t su* /ores 7 ! cause ( ! l[ price at :i* small necessities su* z h>dw>e & dry-goods novelties c\ld be pur*as$ by ! consum]4 ,! next speak] expos$ ! fallacy ( ?is argum5t by admitt+ t dep>tm5t /ores _h be5 a factor 9 l[]+ ! co/ ( su* commodities1 b t ?is c\ld n h be5 done except = ! assi/ance ( ano!r & m p[]ful cause1 viz41--! inv5tion ( ma*9]y by :i* su* articles c\ld be manufactur$ 9 enorm\s quantities4 #b4 ,fallacies ( ! argum5t f cause to effect4 ,fallacies ( ! argum5t f cause to effect may be expos$ by %[+ #a4 ,t ! obs]v$ cause is insuffici5t to produce ! alleg$ effect4 #b4 ,t pa/ exp]i5ce %[s t ! alleg$ effect does n always foll[ ! obs]v$ cause4 #c4 ,t an indep5d5t =ce has int]v5$ to prev5t ! obs]v$ cause f op]at+4 #d4 ,t ! conclusion e/abli%$ by ! argum5t is ov]?r[n by positive evid5ce4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t ! argum5t f cause to effect is subject to errors simil> to ^? discuss$ 9 connection ) fallacies ( ! argum5t f effect to cause4 ,9 8 desire to pr$ict ! c\rse ( future ev5ts man is l$ to ignore ! complex nature ( human affairs4 ,a c]ta9 individual believes t if he puts all 8 money into a bus9ess & !n gives all 8 att5tion to its managem5t t t is a suffici5t cause = success4 ,nev]!less1 s mu* dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! man & ( ! bus9ess t x is extremely difficult to =etell ! effect4 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ ?is situation is common to practically e argum5t f cause to effect4 ,unless ! fallacy is obvi\s x requires a broad & p5etrat+ intellect to fa?om x4 #c4 ,fallacies ( ! argum5t f effect to effect4 ,! fallacies ( ! argum5t f effect to effect are discov]$ by resolv+ x into ! argum5t f effect to cause & f cause to effect1 ( :i* x is compos$1 & exam9+ ! validity ( ea* ( ^! processes4 ,,iv4 ,fallacies ( ! argum5t f analogy4 ,! *apt] on ,argum5t f ,analogy treat$ ( ! requirem5ts = validity to :i* su* an argum5t mu/ con=m4 ,we may expose ! fallacy ( an argum5t f analogy by %[+-- #a4 ,t ! two factors 9 ! analogy are n alike 9 all ! p>ticul>s affect+ ! conclusion4 #b4 ,t ! alleg$ facts ^u :i* ! analogy is bas$ are n true4 #c4 ,t ! conclusion e/abli%$ by analogy is disprov$ by positive evid5ce4 ,no te/ ( an analogy is absolute4 ,its v nature makes x m susceptible to fallacy ?an are ! o!r =ms ( argum5t4 ,at its be/ x creates only a high degree ( probability4 ,z already /at$1 its *ief use is to give cle>ness & =ce to p]suasive writ+ & speak+4 ,9 ! se>* = fallacies1 "h z well z else:]e1 ! be/ gu>antee ( success is an unprejudic$ m9d equipp$ ) a ?or\gh work+ k ( all ! argum5tative processes ( reason+ & ( ! num]\s fallacies to :i* !y are subject4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,fallacy ,i4 ,po9t out cle>ly ! k9d ( fallacies1 if any1 involv$ 9 ! foll[+ argum5ts4 #a4 ,! only p exclud$ f ! privilege ( vot+ are *ildr51 idiots1 =eign]s1 convicts1 & wom54 ,h[ mu* long] w ! civiliz$ nations ( ! e>? p]mit _! wom5 to be class$ ) ! incompet5t & ! crim9al classes ( society8 #b4 ,political p>ties are a necessity to free in/itutions4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! olde/ democracy on e>? & 9 x political p>ties h always rul$4 #c4 ,! election ( a ,republican presid5t 9 #ahif 0 foll[$ by a p]iod ( prosp]ity unrivall$ 9 our hi/ory4 ,:o c d\bt t _h a ,democratic presid5t be5 elect$ x w\ld h work$ ! beg9n+ ( a sure decl9e ( our indu/rial supremacy8 #d4 ,! rapid increase 9 wages = ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s %[s ! sup]ior advantage ga9$ by ! organization ( ! work+ m54 #e4 ,is n ! ,spani%-,am]ican w> pro( ( ! fact t ! gov]nm5t c meet its exp5ditures 9 "t ( great national em]g5cies )\t resort+ to ! income tax8 #f4 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many are ! great p[]s ( ,europe4 ,bo? ,engl& & ,g]many h signifi$ _! will+ness to sign ?is treaty4 ,we are !re=e c]ta9 t ! great p[]s ( ,europe w become p>ties to ?is treaty provid$ we give !m ! opportunity4 #g4 ,soon aft] ! great flood ! city ( ,galve/on 0 grappl+ ) s]i\s municipal problems4 ,by adopt+ ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t all ^! difficulties 7 solv$4 ,!re=e all ,am]ican cities1 oppress$ by gov]nm5tal difficulties1 may secure prompt relief by adopt+ ?is plan ( municipal adm9i/ration4 #h4 7#a7 ,"s ,italians are good musicians4 7#b7 ,?is man is an ,italian4 7#c7 ,!re=e ?is man is a good musician4 #i4 7#a7 ,all college /ud5ts are int]e/$ 9 a?letics4 7#b7 ,ira ,simpson is n a college /ud5t4 7#c7 ,!re=e ,ira ,simpson is n int]e/$ 9 a?letics4 #aj4 ,my oppon5t mu/ rememb] t ! f+] ( suspicion has po9t$ to him z ! "o :o willfully misrepres5t$ t great m9e disa/]4 ,does he d>e to ass]t t he is n[ tell+ ! tru?8 #aa4 ,! capitali/ic class has always oppress$ ! work+ man4 ,x has gr\nd into ! du/ ! man :o toils = 8 liv+4 ,x has enjoy$ its ill-gott5 weal? by liv+ 9 luxury :ile ! labor+ man has e>n$ 8 bread by ! sweat ( 8 br[4 ,n[1 my fell[ workm51 %all we ca/ our vote = "o ( ! mo/ vici\s memb]s ( ?is class8 #ab4 ,nev] 9 its hi/ory has ! t[n ( ,grogan /oop$ to borr[ money = public improvem5ts4 ,no "o w d>e ma9ta9 t ?is "t honor$ cu/om1 f\nd$ ^u reason & common s5se1 %\ld n[ be brok54 #ac4 ,br[n ,c\nty is ov]:elm+ly ,republican 9 politics2 x is !re=e q probable t y\r c\s9 :o lives 9 t c\nty is a ,republican4 #ad4 ,! v f\ndation ( ?is great republic is ! idea ( democracy4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld n e "r m9d$ citiz5 recognize 8 duty to support ! ,democratic p>ty 9 ! com+ election8 #ae4 ,?is climate is v heal?ful1 = if x 7 n heal?ful ! p :o live "h w\ld n be free f disease4 #af4 ,!re mu/ be a sub/antial reason back ( ! op9ion t ! t>iff %\ld be l[]$1 = ! preval5ce ( ?is op9ion ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry %[s t x has a s\nd f\ndation4 #ag4 ,! inhuman me?od ( kill+ murd]]s by electrocution %\ld be aboli%$4 #ah4 ,x is evid5t t ! recomm5dations ( ! ,simplifi$ ,spell+ ,bo>d %\ld be adopt$ because "o ( ! memb]s ( t bo>d is ! mo/ em95t au?ority on ! ,engli% ,language 9 ?is c\ntry4 #ai4 ,! price ( :eat is b\nd to increase rapidly )9 ! next few mon?s because ! rec5t flood ( ! ,arkansas ,riv] has de/roy$ _m hundr$ acres ( ?is crop4 #bj4 ,james 0 q sure t some?+ disagreeable w\ld occur because only la/ night he saw ! new moon ov] 8 left %\ld]4 #ba4 ,s9ce ?is tax has work$ well 9 ,engl& !re c be no d\bt ( its practicability if x is adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,ii4 ,ea* /ud5t %\ld write out & br+ to ! class at lea/ "o fallacy :i* he has f\nd 9 ! conv]sation ( 8 fell[-/ud5ts4 ,,iii4 ,:5ev] possible use diagrams to %[ ! fallacies 9 ! specim5s "u ,i4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,refutation ,9 discuss+ ! ,practice ( ,argum5tation & ,debate we h consid]$ ! importance ( refutation 9 bo? ! ma9 argum5t & 9 rebuttal4 ,we h se5 t refutation mu/ be introduc$ into ! ma9 argum5ts :5ev] ! prom95ce ( oppos+ argum5ts makes x necess>y4 ,we h se5 t rebuttal consi/s l>gely ( refutation4 ,9 fact1 rebuttal & refutation are us$ by "s writ]s z synonym\s t]ms4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! *apt] on rebuttal a di/9ction 0 made by :i* t t]m 0 us$ to indicate ! practical "w ( def5d+ an argum5t & attack+ an oppon5t4 ,9 ?is *apt] on ,refutation we %all consid] ! !ory ( ! v>i\s me?ods employ$ 9 attack+ an oppon5t's argum5t4 ,refutation is entirely de/ructive z di/+ui%$ f con/ructive argum5t4 ,:ile ! "w ( rebuttal includes bo? a def5se ( "o's own argum5t & an attack ^u t ( an oppon5t1 refutation consi/s ( weak5+ or de/roy+ ! argum5ts ( ! opposition4 ,f ! de/ructive nature ( refutation x is pla9 t x mu/ be adapt$ to ! argum5t aga9/ :i* x is direct$4 ,?is involves ke5 p[]s ( analysis & adaptation1 an exact k ( ! !ory & practice ( argum5tation1 & a ?or\gh insight into bo? sides ( ! proposition "u discussion4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 refutation is t ! writ] or speak] make p]fectly pla9 ! exact argum5t t he is refut+4 ,he mu/ !n %[ j h[ ! refutation :i* he is mak+ be>s ^u t argum5t4 ,f9ally he mu/ %[ pla9ly t 8 refutation has weak5$ or de/roy$ ! argum5t aga9/ :i* x 0 direct$4 ,^! ?ree /eps 9 refutation mu/ be indicat$ pla9ly4 ,9 refutation x is prop] to e/abli% a contr>y proposition or to ref] to ! fact t su* a contr>y proposition has be5 e/abli%$4 ,! actual de/ructive "w may be accompli%$ 9 any legitimate mann]4 ,( ! me?ods employ$ 9 refutation ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important4 ,i4 ,reveal+ a fallacy4 ,! *apt] on fallacies has po9t$ out ! argum5tative defects ( reason+ mo/ frequ5tly enc\nt]$4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n assume t ^! errors w always occur 9 ! exact =m 9 :i* !y h be5 treat$ 9 any text-book4 ,!y are sure to appe> 9 _m & v>i$ guises4 ,to id5tify & expose !m requires ! ke5e/ qualities ( m9d4 ,ea* /ud5t %\ld pride himself on 8 ability to detect a fallacy quickly & %\ld look back ) humiliation ^u any occurr5ce :5 he has all[$ a fallaci\s argum5t to pass by un*all5g$4 ,famili>ity ) ! valid =ms ( logical reason+ & ) ! errors to :i* !y are subject are pr]equisites to success4 ,x is n suffici5t t ! /ud5t h a vague feel+ t !re is some?+ wrong ) an argum5t2 he mu/ be able to locate ! defect exactly & to po9t x out to o!rs 9 su* a way t !y w see x4 ,vagu5ess & ambiguity are ! v sub/ance ( fallacies4 ,sometimes ! /ud5t mu/ use 8 k ( con/ructive logic to build up a p>allel argum5t 9 ! way x ought to /& & %[ m pla9ly by means ( contra/ ! defects ( ! uns\nd argum5t4 ,9 su* cases x (t5 happ5s t ! evid5ce po9ts 9 an opposite direction f t :i* is ne$$ to support a valid argum5t4 ,all ( ^! devices %\ld be utiliz$ 9 mak+ pla9 ! exi/5ce ( fallacies4 ,,ii4 ,r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,?is me?od ( refutation adopts = ! "t be+ ! argum5t ( an oppon5t & !n by c>ry+ out t argum5t to its logical conclusion %[s t x is absurd4 ,= example1 ,bee*] answ]$ ^? :o favor$ ! ,s\?1 dur+ ! late ,civil ,w>1 because !y 7 8! weak] p>ty10 by r$uc+ _! argum5t to an absurdity4 ,he said1 8,no?+ c\ld be m g5]\s ?an y\r doctr9e t y /& = ! #8weak]' p>ty 9 a controv]sy1 :5 t weak p>ty /&s = its own legitimate rights aga9/ imp]i\s pride & p[]4 ,b :o ev] sympa?iz$ ) a weak ?ief1 because ?ree con/ables _h got hold ( him8 ,& yet ! "o ?ief 9 ?ree policem5's h&s is ! weak] p>ty4 ,i suppose y w\ld sympa?ize ) him40 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,laycock & ,scales' ,argum5tation & ,debate /ill fur!r illu/rates ?is me?od ( refutation4 8,?is me?od is effective because ( its simplicity & directness4 ,x also has 9 x an elem5t ( ridicule t is p]suasive aga9/ an oppon5t4 ,william ,ell]y ,*ann+1 9 a reply to ,h5ry ,clay on ! slav]y "q1 us$ ?is me?od z foll[s3-- 8#8,b ?is prop]ty1 we are told1 is n to be que/ion$ on acc\nt ( its long duration4 8,two hundr$ ye>s h sanction$ & sanctifi$ negro slaves z prop]ty40 ,no?+ b respect = ! speak] c\ld repress criticism on ?is unhappy phraseology4 ,we w tru/ x escap$ him )\t ?\ght4 ,b to conf9e ourselves to ! argum5t f duration2 h[ obvi\s ! reply6 ,is inju/ice *ang$ into ju/ice by ! practice ( ages8 ,is my victim made a righte\s prey because ,i h b[$ him to ! e>? till he _c rise8 ,= m ?an two hundr$ ye>s h]etics 7 burn$1 & n by mobs1 n by lyn* law1 b by ! decrees ( c\ncils1 at ! in/igation ( !ologians1 & ) ! sanction ( ! laws & religions ( nations2 & 0 ?is a reason = keep+ up ! fires1 t !y _h burn$ two hundr$ ye>s8 ,9 ! ea/]n _w1 successive despots1 n = two hundr$ ye>s1 b = twice two ?\s&1 h claim$ ! "r ( life & dea? ov] millions1 & ) no law b _! own w1 h behead$1 b[/rung1 />v$1 tortur$ unhappy m5 )\t numb] :o h incurr$ _! wra?2 & does ! lapse ( s _m c5turies sanctify murd] & f]oci\s p[]8' 8,aga93--#8,b ! great argum5t rema9s4 ,x is said t ?is prop]ty mu/ n be que/ion$1 because x is e/abli%$ by law4 8,t is prop]ty :i* ! law decl>es to be prop]ty40 ,?us human law is made supreme1 decisive1 9 a "q ( morals4 ,?us ! idea ( an et]nal1 immutable ju/ice is set at naught4 ,?us ! great rule ( human life is made to be ! ord9ance ( int]e/$ m54 ,b !re is a high] tribunal1 a ?rone ( equal ju/ice1 immovable by ! conspiracy ( all human legislatures4 8,t is prop]ty :i* ! law decl>es to be prop]ty40 ,!n ! laws h only to decl>e y1 or me1 or ,mr4 ,clay1 to be prop]ty1 & we become *attels & are b\nd to be> ! yoke6 ,does n ev5 man's moral nature repel ?is doctr9e too intuitively to leave "t or ne$ = argum5t8'0 ,,iii4 ,! dilemma4 ,! dilemma is "o ( ! mo/ conclusive =ms ( refutation4 ,x consi/s 9 =c+ ^u an oppon5t a *oice betwe5 two possible solutions to ! "q "u discussion1 & !n %[+ t bo? conclusions are uns\nd4 ,^! two conclusions are call$ ! 8horns ( ! dilemma40 ,x matt]s n :i* ( ! 8horns0 an oppon5t selects2 ! result is disa/r\s4 ,= example1 ,l9coln us$ ! dilemma aga9/ ^? :o *>g$ t ! ,republicans /irr$ up insurrection among ! slaves & po9t$ to ,john ,br[n & 8 m5 z a specific example %[+ ! tru? ( t *>ge4 ,l9coln said1 8,john ,br[n 0 no ,republican2 & y h fail$ to implicate a s+le ,republican 9 8 ,h>p]'s ,f]ry ent]prise4 ,if any memb] ( our p>ty is guilty 9 t matt]1 y "k x or y d n "k x4 ,if y d "k x1 y are inexcusable = n designat+ ! man & prov+ ! fact4 ,if y d n "k x1 y are inexcusable = ass]t+ x1 & especially = p]si/+ 9 ! ass]tion aft] y h tri$ & fail$ to make ! pro(4 ,y ne$ n be told t p]si/+ 9 a *>ge :i* "o does n "k to be true1 is simply malici\s sl&]40 ,9 effect ,l9coln said1 8,y "k x or y d n "k x4 ,if y "k x y are inexcusable4 ,if y d n "k x y are inexcusable4 ,:i*ev] horn ( ! dilemma y accept1 y\r conduct is inexcusable40 ,9 ord] to be conclusive a dilemma mu/ meet two requirem5ts4 ,fir/1 !re mu/ be only two possibilities 9 ! case2 ! alt]native mu/ include ^! exactly4 ,second1 bo? memb]s ( ! alt]native1 or 8horns0 ( ! dilemma mu/ be unt5able4 ,to ignore or fail to comply ) ei!r ( ^! requirem5ts is fatal to ?is me?od ( refutation4 ,l9coln1 9 ! foll[+ quotation1 %[s t ,d\glas has violat$ ! fir/ ( ^! requirem5ts4 ,he refuses to accept ei!r ( ! horns ( ! dilemma :i* ,d\glas has s\ght to =ce ^u him1 by po9t+ out a ?ird possibility4 ,on ?is ?ird possibility1 ov]look$ by ,d\glas1 he c /& ) safety4 ,he says3-- 8,judge ,d\glas f9ds ! ,republicans insi/+ t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce includes all m51 black z well z :ite1 & =?) he boldly d5ies t x includes negroes at all1 & proce$s to argue gravely t all :o cont5d x does1 d s only because !y w5t to vote1 to eat & sleep1 & m>ry ) negroes4 ,he w h x t !y _c be consi/5t else4 ,n[ ,i prote/ aga9/ ?is c\nt]feit logic :i* concludes t because ,i d n want a black woman = a slave ,i mu/ necess>ily want h] = a wife4 ,i ne$ n h h] = ei!r4 ,i c j leave h] alone40 ,,iv4 ,residues4 ,! me?od ( residues consi/s 9 /at+ all ! possible conclusions reg>d+ ! controv]t$ subject & !n de/roy+ all ( ^! except "o :i* is !n reg>d$ z ! true conclusion4 ,= example1 !re are ?ree possibilities1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,a & ,b are false4 ,!re=e ! presumption is t ,c is true4 ,x w be se5 t ?is process is de/ructive & h5ce belongs ) refutation4 ,?is me?od ( refutation mu/ be us$ ) great c>e4 ,x is absolutely ess5tial t e possibility be includ$ 9 ! process4 ,if "o possibility is ov]look$ ! refutation is wor?less4 ,?is is true because no "o c tell :e!r ! kn[n possibility is ! true "o or :e!r ! possibility :i* has be5 omitt$ is ! true "o4 ,9 su* a case no conclusion is rea*$4 ,ev5 :5 x is app>5t t ! entire field has be5 cov]$1 & t e possibility has be5 /at$ ! residu>y "p %\ld be support$ by direct positive pro(4 ,?is w (fset ! suspicion1 :i* is o!rwise ev] pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o are li/5+ to or read+ ! argum5t1 t p]haps "o possibility has be5 ov]look$4 ,fo/] 9 8 ,argum5tation & ,debate quotes two excell5t examples ( ?is me?od ( refutation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is tak5 f ,burke's ,spee* on ,conciliation4 ,aft] %[+ t a fi]ce _s ( lib]ty has develop$ 9 ! ,am]ican colonies ,burke asks :at is to be done ) t _s4 ,answ]+ 8 own "q he says3-- 8#8,z f> z ,i am capable ( disc]n+ !re are b ?ree ways ( proce$+ relative to ?is /ubborn _s :i* prevails 9 y\r colonies1 & di/urbs y\r gov]nm5t4 ,^! are--to *ange t _s1 z inconv5i5t1 by remov+ ! cause2 to prosecute x z crim9al2 or to cope ) x z necess>y4 ,i w\ld n be guilty ( an imp]fect enum]ation2 ,i c ?9k ( b ^! ?ree4 ,ano!r has inde$ be5 />t$1--t ( giv+ up ! colonies2 b x met s slight a reception t ,i d n ?9k myself oblig$ to dwell a great :ile ^u x4 ,x is no?+ b a little sally ( ang]1 l ! fr[>dness ( peevi% *ildr51 :o :5 !y _c get all !y w\ld h1 are resolv$ to take no?+4' 8,burke !n proce$s to %[ t ! fir/ & second ( ^! plans are impracticable1 & concludes ) ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic1 logical summ>y3-- 8#8,if1 !n1 ! removal ( ! causes ( ?is _s ( ,am]ican lib]ty be = ! great] "p1 or r entirely1 impracticable2 if ! ideas ( crim9al process be inapplicable--or if applicable1 are 9 ! highe/ degree inexp$i5t--:at way yet rema9s8 ,no way is op5 b ! ?ird & la/--to comply ) ! ,am]ican _s z necess>y2 or1 if y please1 to submit to x z a necess>y evil4' 8,huxley1 9 8 fir/ lecture on ,evolution1 pres5t$ ?ree hypo!ses reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se3-- 8#8,s f> z ,i "k1 !re are only ?ree hypo!ses :i* ev] h be5 ent]ta9$1 or :i* well c be ent]ta9$1 respect+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,nature4 ,i w1 9 ! fir/ place1 /ate ! hypo!ses1 & !n ,i w consid] :at evid5ce be>+ ^u !m is 9 our possession1 & by :at light ( criticism t evid5ce is to be int]pret$4 8#8,^u ! fir/ hypo!sis1 ! assumption is t ph5om5a ( ,nature simil> to ^? exhibit$ by ! pres5t _w h always exi/$2 9 o!r words1 t ! univ]se has exi/$ f all et]nity 9 :at may be broadly t]m$ its pres5t condition4 8#8,! second hypo!sis is1 t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s has _h only a limit$ duration2 & t at "s p]iod 9 ! pa/1 a condition ( ! _w1 ess5tially simil> to t :i* we n[ "k1 came into exi/5ce1 )\t any prec$5t condition f :i* x c\ld h naturally proce$$4 ,! assumption t successive /ates ( ,nature h aris51 ea* )\t any relation ( natural causation to an antec$5t /ate1 is a m]e modification ( ?is second hypo!sis4 8#8,! ?ird hypo!sis also assumes t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s has _h b a limit$ duration2 b x supposes t ?is /ate has be5 evolv$ by a natural process f an antec$5t /ate1 & t f ano!r1 & s on2 & on ?is hypo!sis1 ! attempt to assign any limit to ! s]ies ( pa/ *anges is usually giv5 up4' 8,huxley ?us de/roy$ ! fir/ two hypo!ses & left ! ?ird--s9ce call$ ! ,!ory ( ,evolution--/&+ alone4 ,foll[+ ?is indirect1 de/ructive me?od ( pro(1 ,huxley (f]$ direct1 con/ructive pro( ( ! probable s\ndness ( ! ,!ory ( ,evolution4 ,su* positive pro( %\ld always be (f]$ 9 corroboration ( negative pro(1 = ! me?od ( residues is1 at be/1 only an indirect argum5t4 ,! *ances ( ov]look+ a possibility1 or ( fail+ completely to de/roy ^? dealt )1 are s great t ! result ( ! indirect me?od %\ld be re9=c$ by direct argum5t40 ,v4 ,inconsi/5cies4 ,:5 a witness te/ifies 9 a c\rt ( law he injures 8 own cr$ibility z soon z "o "p ( 8 /ory contradicts ano!r "p4 ,8 entire acc\nt ( ! ev5ts ab\t :i* he has be5 call$ to give te/imony mu/ be consi/5t4 ,any inconsi/5cy may prove fatal to ! acceptance ( 8 te/imony4 ,9 l mann] any inconsi/5cy 9 an argum5t may prove fatal to its acceptance4 ,! exposure ( su* inconsi/5cies 9 an oppon5t's argum5t is "o ( ! mo/ important me?ods ( refutation4 ,9 mo/ cases ! difficulty ( ! task is greatly increas$ by ! =m 9 :i* su* inconsi/5cies usually occur4 ,seldom are !y app>5t4 ,9 mo/ cases ! error is reveal$ only aft] ! argum5t has be5 c>efully analyz$ & ! inconsi/5t p>ts /ripp$ ( _! cov]+ ( confus+ language4 ,! foll[+ quotation tak5 f ! argum5t ( ,l9coln 9 "o ( ! ,l9coln-,d\glas debates %[s ! application ( ?is me?od4 ,d\glas _h ma9ta9$ t slav]y c\ld be lawfully exclud$ f a t]ritory 9 spite ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision4 ,9 refut+ ?is argum5t by expos+ ! inconsi/5cy :i* x conta9$1 ,l9coln said3-- 8,! ,dr$ ,scott ,decision expressly gives e citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a "r to c>ry 8 slaves into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,t]ritories4 ,n[1 !re 0 "s inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t ! decision 0 "r1 & say+1 too1 t ! p ( ! ,t]ritory c\ld lawfully drive slav]y out aga94 ,:5 all ! tra%1 ! words1 ! collat]al matt]1 0 cle>$ away f x1--all ! *aff 0 fann$ out ( x1--x 0 a b>e absurdity3 no less ?an t a ?+ may be lawfully driv5 away f a place :]e x has a lawful "r to be4 ,cle> x ( all ! v]biage1 & t is ! nak$ tru? = 8 proposition--t a ?+ may be lawfully driv5 f ! place :]e x has a lawful "r to /ay40 ,,vi4 ,adopt+ an oppon5t's evid5ce4 ,?is me?od ( refutation consi/s 9 tak+ evid5ce :i* an oppon5t has introduc$ 9 favor ( 8 own argum5t & %[+ t 9 reality x supports ! opposite cont5tion4 ,?is me?od ( refutation is s effective t x %\ld nev] be neglect$ :5 an opportunity to use x is pres5t$4 ,! opportunity may arise f ! failure ( an oppon5t to grasp ! full be>+ ( ! evid5ce :i* he (f]s1 or x may arise f an unexpect$ turn 9 ! discussion4 ,evid5ce may be introduc$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( a discussion to support a p>ticul> cont5tion by :i* x favors ! writ] or speak] :o introduces x4 ,lat] ?is same evid5ce may be int]pret$ z support+ a cont5tion entirely adv]se to ! writ] or speak] :o introduc$ x4 ,an excell5t example ( ?is me?od ( refutation is f\nd 9 ,b\ton's ,l9coln & ,d\glas ,debates 9 ,l9coln's ,coop] ,in/itute ,spee*1 :]e he turns ! w>n+ ( ,wa%+ton aga9/ ^? :o _h be5 quot+ x aga9/ him4 8,"s ( y delight to flaunt 9 our faces ! w>n+ aga9/ sectional p>ties giv5 by ,wa%+ton 9 8 ,f>ewell ,address4 ,less ?an eight ye>s be=e ,wa%+ton gave t w>n+1 he _h1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 approv$ & sign$ an act ( ,congress en=c+ ! prohibition ( slav]y 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 :i* act embodi$ ! policy ( ! ,gov]nm5t ^u t subject up to & at ! v mom5t he p5n$ t w>n+2 & ab\t "o ye> aft] he p5n$ x1 he wrote ,lafayette t he consid]$ t prohibition a wise measure1 express+ 9 ! same connection 8 hope t we %\ld at "s "t h a conf$]acy ( free /ates4 8,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 & see+ t sectionalism has s9ce ris5 ^u ?is same subject1 is t w>n+ a weapon 9 y\r h&s aga9/ u1 or 9 our h&s aga9/ y8 ,c\ld ,wa%+ton himself speak1 w\ld he ca/ ! blame ( t sectionalism ^u u :o su/a9 8 policy1 or ^u y :o repudiate x8 ,we respect ! w>n+ ( ,wa%+ton1 & we comm5d x to y1 toge!r ) 8 example po9t+ to ! "r application ( x40 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! important me?ods ( refutation4 ,_! successful use dep5ds ^u ! consci5ti\s ef=t ( ! /ud5t4 ,j z a boy _c hope to le>n to swim by sitt+ on ! bank ( a /ream & read+ a book conta9+ directions on h[ to swim1 s c no /ud5t hope to become successful 9 refutation by a /udy ( ! me?ods expla9$ & illu/rat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,he mu/ ma/] ! !ory ( refutation1 b x does n become an effective in/rum5t 9 8 h&s until he has appli$ x 9 actual practice4 ,moreov]1 j z ! boy c bett] pr(it by ! in/ructions reg>d+ swimm+ aft] he has actually tri$ to swim1 s c ! debat] bett] pr(it by ! !ory ( refutation aft] he has engag$ 9 "s real debates4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,refutation ,i4 ,po9t out ! diff]5t me?ods ( refutation employ$ 9 ! argum5ts 9 ,app5dix ,a2 ,app5dix ,b2 ,app5dix ,c4 ,,ii4 ,refute ! foll[+ /atem5ts & "n ! me?od ( refutation employ$ 9 ea* case4 #a4 ,high s*ool c\rses %\ld be :olly prescrib$4 ,no electives %\ld be (f]$4 #b4 ,s f> z political rights are conc]n$ all citiz5s %\ld h equal privileges4 ,!re=e wom5 %\ld h ! "r to vote4 #c4 ,! t]m ( (fice ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be ext5d$ to eight ye>s because we %\ld n run ! risk ( los+ ! s]vices ( an effici5t presid5t at ! end ( f\r ye>s4 #d4 ,our gov]nm5t %\ld annex ,cuba because we mu/ ga9 possession ( all t]ritory adjac5t to1 or n sep>at$ by =eign possessions f1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e4 ,!re is no gr\nd = anticipat+ an imm$iate w> ) ,japan s9ce %e has be5 compell$ to come to our t]ms 9 ! rec5t disputes4 ,,iii4 ,:at me?ods ( refutation are employ$ by ,burke 9 8 ,spee* on ,conciliation8 ,by ,web/] 9 8 ,reply to ,hayne8 ,,iv4 ,9 ! next class debate po9t out & "n all ! me?ods ( refutation employ$ by y\r oppon5ts & y\rself4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a3 ,,! ,,l9coln-,,d\glas ,,debate ,,at ,,alton #bgc ,,app5dix ,b3 ,,brief ,,( ,,! ,,l9coln-,,d\glas ,,debate ,,at ,,alton #cag ,,app5dix ,c3 ,,l9coln',s ,,coop] ,,in/itute ,,spee* #cbd ,,app5dix ,d3 ,,memor&um ,,( ,,agreem5t ,,= ,,high ,,s*ool ,,debat+ ,,league ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,a ,,college ,,or ,,univ]sity #cdb ,,app5dix ,e3 ,,debat+ ,,agreem5t ,,= ,a ,,league ,,compos$ ,,( ,,five ,,in/itutions #cdf ,,app5dix ,f3 ,,memor&um ,,( ,,agreem5t ,,= ,a ,,triangul> ,,debat+ ,,league #ceb ,,app5dix ,g3 ,,propositions #cee ,,app5dix ,a ,,! ,,l9coln-,,d\glas ,,debate ,,at ,,alton ,,octob] #ae1 #aheh ,,s5ator ,,d\glas',s ,,spee* ,ladies & ,g5tlem53 ,x is n[ ne>ly f\r mon?s s9ce ! canvass betwe5 ,mr4 ,l9coln & myself comm5c$4 ,on ! #af? ( ,june ! ,republican ,conv5tion assembl$ at ,spr+field & nom9at$ ,mr4 ,l9coln z _! c&idate = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 & he1 on t occasion1 deliv]$ a spee* 9 :i* he laid d[n :at he und]/ood to be ! ,republican cre$ & ! plat=m on :i* he propos$ to /& dur+ ! conte/4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts 9 t spee* ( ,mr4 ,l9coln's 73 ,fir/1 t ?is gov]nm5t c\ld n endure p]man5tly divid$ into ,free & ,slave ,/ates1 z our fa!rs made x2 t !y mu/ all become free or all become slave2 all become "o ?+1 or all become ! o!r1--o!rwise ?is ,union c\ld n cont9ue to exi/4 ,i give y 8 op9ions almo/ 9 ! id5tical language he us$4 ,8 second proposition 0 a crusade aga9/ ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates because ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision1 urg+ z an especial reason = 8 opposition to t decision t x depriv$ ! negroes ( ! rights & b5efits ( t clause 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* gu>antees to ! citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate all ! rights1 privileges1 & immunities ( ! citiz5s ( ! sev]al ,/ates4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,july ,i return$ home1 & deliv]$ a spee* to ! p ( ,*icago1 9 :i* ,i ann\nc$ x to be my purpose to appeal to ! p ( ,ill9ois to su/a9 ! c\rse ,i _h pursu$ 9 ,congress4 ,9 t spee* ,i jo9$ issue ) ,mr4 ,l9coln on ! po9ts :i* he _h pres5t$4 ,?us !re 0 an issue cle> & di/9ct made up betwe5 u on ^! two propositions laid d[n 9 ! spee* ( ,mr4 ,l9coln at ,spr+field1 & controv]t$ by me 9 my reply to him at ,*icago4 ,on ! next day1 ! #aa? ( ,july1 ,mr4 ,l9coln repli$ to me at ,*icago1 expla9+ at "s l5g? & reaffirm+ ! positions :i* he _h tak5 9 8 ,spr+field spee*4 ,9 t ,*icago spee* he ev5 w5t fur!r ?an he _h be=e1 & utt]$ s5tim5ts 9 reg>d to ! negro be+ on an equality ) ! :ite man4 ,he adopt$ 9 support ( ?is position ! argum5t :i* ,lovejoy & ,codd+ & o!r ,abolition lectur]s _h made famili> 9 ! nor!rn & c5tral portions ( ! ,/ate2 to wit1 t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce hav+ decl>$ all m5 free & equal1 by div9e law1 also t negro equality 0 an inali5able "r1 ( :i* !y c\ld n be depriv$4 ,he insi/$1 9 t spee*1 t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce includ$ ! negro 9 ! clause ass]t+ t all m5 7 creat$ equal1 & w5t s f> z to say t if "o man 0 all[$ to take ! position t x did n include ! negro1 o!rs might take ! position t x did n include o!r m54 ,he said t all ^! di/9ctions betwe5 ?is man & t man1 ?is race & ! o!r race1 mu/ be disc>d$1 & we mu/ all /& by ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 decl>+ t all m5 7 creat$ equal4 ,! issue ?us be+ made up betwe5 ,mr4 ,l9coln & myself on ?ree po9ts1 we w5t be=e ! p ( ! ,/ate4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ sev5 weeks1 betwe5 ! ,*icago spee*es & our fir/ meet+ at ,ottawa1 he & ,i address$ l>ge assemblages ( ! p 9 _m ( ! c5tral c\nties4 ,9 my spee*es ,i conf9$ myself closely to ^? ?ree positions :i* he _h tak51 controv]t+ 8 proposition t ?is ,union c\ld n exi/ z our fa!rs made x1 divid$ into ,free & ,slave ,/ates1 controv]t+ 8 proposition ( a crusade aga9/ ! ,supreme ,c\rt because ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision1 & controv]t+ 8 proposition t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce includ$ & meant ! negroes z well z ! :ite m51 :5 x decl>$ all m5 to be creat$ equal4 ,i suppos$ at t "t t ^! propositions con/itut$ a di/9ct issue betwe5 u1 & t ! opposite positions we _h tak5 ^u !m we w\ld be will+ to be held to 9 e "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,i nev] int5d$ to wav] "o hair's bread? f t issue ei!r 9 ! nor? or ! s\? or :]ev] ,i %\ld address ! p ( ,ill9ois4 ,i hold t :5 ! "t arrives t ,i _c proclaim my political cre$ 9 ! same t]ms1 n only 9 ! nor!rn1 b 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,ill9ois1 n only 9 ! ,nor!rn1 b ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & :]ev] ! ,am]ican flag waves ov] ,am]ican soil1 t !n !re mu/ be some?+ wrong 9 t cre$2 s long z we live "u a common ,con/itution1 s long z we live 9 a conf$]acy ( sov]eign & equal ,/ates1 jo9$ toge!r z "o = c]ta9 purposes1 t any political cre$ is radically wrong :i* _c be proclaim$ 9 e ,/ate & e section ( t ,union1 alike4 ,i took up ,mr4 ,l9coln's ?ree propositions 9 my sev]al spee*es1 analyz$ !m1 & po9t$ out :at ,i believ$ to be ! radical errors conta9$ 9 !m4 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to 8 doctr9e t ?is gov]nm5t 0 9 violation ( ! law ( ,god1 :i* says t a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&1 ,i repudiat$ x z a sl&] ^u ! immortal fram]s ( our ,con/itution4 ,i !n said1 ,i h (t5 repeat$1 & n[ aga9 ass]t1 t 9 my op9ion our gov]nm5t c endure =ev]1 divid$ into ,free & ,slave ,/ates z our fa!rs made x1--ea* ,/ate hav+ ! "r to prohibit1 aboli%1 or su/a9 slav]y1 j z x pleases4 ,?is gov]nm5t 0 made ^u ! great basis ( ! sov]eignty ( ! ,/ates1 ! "r ( ea* ,/ate to regulate its own dome/ic in/itutions to suit itself2 & t "r 0 conf]r$ ) ! und]/&+ & expectation t inasmu* z ea* locality _h sep>ate int]e/s1 ea* locality mu/ h diff]5t & di/9ct local & dome/ic in/itutions1 correspond+ to its wants & int]e/s4 ,our fa!rs knew :5 !y made ! gov]nm5t t ! laws & in/itutions :i* 7 well adapt$ to ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s ( ,v]mont 7 unsuit$ to ! rice plantations ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,!y knew !n1 z well z we "k n[1 t ! laws & in/itutions :i* w\ld be well adapt$ to ! beautiful prairies ( ,ill9ois w\ld n be suit$ to ! m9+ regions ( ,cali=nia4 ,!y knew t 9 a ,republic z broad z ?is1 hav+ su* a v>iety ( soil1 climate1 & int]e/1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a correspond+ v>iety ( local laws1--! policy & in/itutions ( ea* ,/ate adapt$ to its condition & wants4 ,= ?is reason ?is ,union 0 e/abli%$ on ! "r ( ea* ,/ate to d z x pleas$ on ! "q ( slav]y1 & e o!r "q2 & ! v>i\s ,/ates 7 n all[$ to compla9 (1 mu* less int]f]e )1 ! policy ( _! neighbors4 ,suppose ! doctr9e advocat$ by ,mr4 ,l9coln & ! ,abolitioni/s ( ?is day _h prevail$ :5 ! ,con/itution 0 made1 :at w\ld h be5 ! result8 ,imag9e = a mom5t t ,mr4 ,l9coln _h be5 a memb] ( ! ,conv5tion t fram$ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t :5 its memb]s 7 ab\t to sign t wond]ful docum5t1 he _h aris5 9 t ,conv5tion z he did at ,spr+field ?is summ]1 &1 address+ himself to ! ,presid5t1 _h said1 8,a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&2 ?is gov]nm5t1 divid$ into ,free & ,slave ,/ates _c endure1 !y mu/ all be free or all be slave2 !y mu/ all be "o ?+1 or all ! o!r1--o!rwise1 x is a violation ( ! law ( ,god1 & _c cont9ue to exi/20--suppose ,mr4 ,l9coln _h conv9c$ t body ( sages t t doctr9e 0 s\nd1 :at w\ld h be5 ! result8 ,rememb] t ! ,union 0 !n compos$ ( ?irte5 ,/ates1 twelve ( :i* 7 slavehold+1 & "o free4 ,d y ?9k t ! "o ,free ,/ate w\ld h outvot$ ! twelve slavehold+ ,/ates1 & ?us h secur$ ! abolition ( slav]y8 ,on ! o!r h&1 w\ld n ! twelve slavehold+ ,/ates h outvot$ ! "o free ,/ate1 & ?us h fa/5$ slav]y1 by a con/itutional provision1 on e foot ( ! ,am]ican ,republic =ev]8 ,y see t if ?is ,abolition doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,l9coln _h prevail$ :5 ! gov]nm5t 0 made1 x w\ld h e/abli%$ slav]y z a p]man5t in/itution 9 all ! ,/ates1 :e!r !y want$ x or n2 & ! "q = u to det]m9e 9 ,ill9ois n[1 z "o ( ! ,free ,/ates1 is :e!r or n we are will+1 hav+ become ! majority section1 to en=ce a doctr9e on ! m9ority :i* we w\ld h resi/$ ) our he>t's blood _h x be5 attempt$ on u :5 we 7 9 a m9ority4 ,h[ has ! ,s\? lo/ h] p[] z ! majority section 9 ?is ,union1 & h[ h ! ,free ,/ates ga9$ x1 except "u ! op]ation ( t pr9ciple :i* decl>es ! "r ( ! p ( ea* ,/ate & ea* ,t]ritory to =m & regulate _! dome/ic in/itutions 9 _! own way8 ,x 0 "u t pr9ciple t slav]y 0 aboli%$ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,p5nsylvania2 x 0 "u t pr9ciple t "o-half ( ! slavehold+ ,/ates became free2 x 0 "u t pr9ciple t ! numb] ( ,free ,/ates increas$ until1 f be+ "o out ( twelve ,/ates1 we h gr[n to be ! majority ( ,/ates ( ! :ole ,union1 ) ! p[] to control ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ,s5ate1 & ! p[]1 consequ5tly1 to elect a ,presid5t by ,nor!rn votes1 )\t ! aid ( a ,s\!rn ,/ate4 ,hav+ obta9$ ?is p[] "u ! op]ation ( t great pr9ciple1 are y n[ prep>$ to ab&on ! pr9ciple & decl>e t m]ely because we h ! p[] y w wage a w> aga9/ ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & _! in/itutions until y =ce !m to aboli% slav]y ev]y:]e8 ,aft] hav+ press$ ^! argum5ts home on ,mr4 ,l9coln = sev5 weeks1 publi%+ a numb] ( my spee*es1 we met at ,ottawa 9 jo9t discussion1 & he !n began to crawfi% a little1 & let himself d[n4 ,i !re prop\nd$ c]ta9 que/ions to him4 ,among/ o!rs1 ,i ask$ him :e!r he w\ld vote = ! admission ( any m ,slave ,/ates1 9 ! ev5t ! p want$ !m4 ,he w\ld n answ]4 ,i !n told him t if he did n answ] ! "q !re1 ,i w\ld r5ew x at ,freeport1 & w\ld !n trot him d[n into ,egypt1 & aga9 put x to him4 ,well1 at ,freeport1 kn[+ t ! next jo9t discussion took place 9 ,egypt1 & be+ 9 dread ( x1 he did answ] my "q 9 reg>d to no m ,slave ,/ates 9 a mode :i* he hop$ w\ld be satisfactory to me1 & accompli% ! object he _h 9 view4 ,i w %[ y :at 8 answ] 04 ,aft] say+ t he 0 n pl$g$ to ! ,republican doctr9e ( 8no m ,slave ,/ates10 he decl>$3 8,i /ate to y freely1 frankly1 t ,i %\ld be exce$+ly sorry to ev] be put 9 ! position ( hav+ to pass ^u t "q4 ,i %\ld be exce$+ly glad to "k t !re nev] w\ld be ano!r ,slave ,/ate admitt$ into ?is ,union40 ,"h p]mit me to rem>k1 t ,i d n ?9k ! p w ev] =ce him into a position aga9/ 8 w4 ,he w5t on to say3 8,b ,i mu/ add1 9 reg>d to ?is1 t if slav]y %all be kept out ( ! ,t]ritory dur+ ! ,t]ritorial exi/5ce ( any "o giv5 ,t]ritory1 & !n ! p %\ld1 hav+ a fair *ance & a cle> field1 :5 !y come to adopt a con/itution1 if !y %\ld d ! extraord9>y ?+ ( adopt+ a slave con/itution un9flu5c$ by ! actual pres5ce ( ! in/itution among !m1 ,i see no alt]native1 if we own ! c\ntry1 b we mu/ admit x into ! ,union40 ,t answ] ,mr4 ,l9coln suppos$ w\ld satisfy ! old l9e ,:igs1 compos$ ( ,k5tuckians & ,virg9ians1 d[n 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,n[1 :at does x am\nt to8 ,i desir$ to "k :e!r he w\ld vote to all[ ,kansas to come into ! ,union ) slav]y or n1 z h] p desir$4 ,he w\ld n answ]1 b 9 a r\ndab\t way said t if slav]y %\ld be kept out ( a ,t]ritory dur+ ! :ole ( its ,t]ritorial exi/5ce1 & !n ! p1 :5 !y adopt$ a ,/ate ,con/itution1 ask$ admission z a ,slave ,/ate1 he suppos$ he w\ld h to let ! ,/ate come 94 ,! case ,i put to him 0 an entirely diff]5t "o4 ,i desir$ to "k :e!r he w\ld vote to admit a ,/ate if ,congress _h n prohibit$ slav]y 9 x dur+ its ,t]ritorial exi/5ce1 z ,congress nev] pret5d$ to d "u ,clay's ,compromise measures ( #ahej4 ,he w\ld n answ]1 & ,i h n yet be5 able to get an answ] f him4 ,i h ask$ him :e!r he w\ld vote to admit ,nebraska1 if h] p ask$ to come 9 z a ,/ate ) a con/itution recogniz+ slav]y1 & he refus$ to answ]4 ,i h put ! "q to him ) ref]5ce to ,new ,mexico1 & he has n utt]$ a ^w 9 answ]4 ,i h enum]at$ ! ,t]ritories1 "o aft] ano!r1 putt+ ! same "q to him ) ref]5ce to ea*1 & he has n said1 & w n say1 :e!r1 if elect$ to ,congress1 he w vote to admit any ,t]ritory n[ 9 exi/5ce ) su* a con/itution z h] p may adopt4 ,he inv5ts a case :i* does n exi/1 & _c exi/ "u ?is gov]nm5t1 & answ]s x2 b he w n answ] ! "q ,i put to him 9 connection ) any ( ! ,t]ritories n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,! contract we ent]$ into ) ,texas :5 %e ent]$ ! ,union obliges u to all[ f\r ,/ates to be =m$ out ( ! old ,/ate1 & admitt$ ) or )\t slav]y1 z ! respective inhabitants ( ea* may det]m9e4 ,i h ask$ ,mr4 ,l9coln ?ree times 9 our jo9t discussions :e!r he w\ld vote to r$eem t pl$ge1 & he has nev] yet answ]$4 ,he is z sil5t z ! grave on ! subject4 ,he w\ld r answ] z to a /ate ( ! case :i* w nev] arise ?an commit himself by tell+ :at he w\ld d 9 a case :i* w\ld come up = 8 action soon aft] 8 election to ,congress4 ,:y c he n say :e!r he is will+ to all[ ! p ( ea* ,/ate to h slav]y or n z !y please1 & to come into ! ,union1 :5 !y h ! requisite population1 z a ,slave or a ,free ,/ate z !y decide8 ,i h no tr\ble 9 answ]+ ! "q4 ,i h said ev]y:]e1 & n[ repeat x to y1 t if ! p ( ,kansas want a ,slave ,/ate !y h a "r1 "u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to =m su* a ,/ate1 & ,i w let !m come into ! ,union ) slav]y or )\t1 z !y det]m9e4 ,if ! p ( any o!r ,t]ritory desire slav]y1 let !m h x4 ,if !y d n want x1 let !m prohibit x4 ,x is _! bus9ess1 n m9e4 ,x is none ( our bus9ess 9 ,ill9ois :e!r ,kansas is a ,free ,/ate or a ,slave ,/ate4 ,x is none ( y\r bus9ess 9 ,miss\ri :e!r ,kansas %all adopt slav]y or reject x4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( h] p1 & none ( y\rs4 ,! p ( ,kansas h z mu* "r to decide t "q = !mselves z y h 9 ,miss\ri to decide x = y\rselves1 or we 9 ,ill9ois to decide x = ourselves4 ,& "h ,i may repeat :at ,i h said 9 e spee* ,i h made 9 ,ill9ois1 t ,i f\ght ! ,lecompton ,con/itution to its dea?1 n because ( ! slav]y clause 9 x1 b because x 0 n ! act & de$ ( ! p ( ,kansas4 ,i said !n 9 ,congress1 & ,i say n[1 t if ! p ( ,kansas want a ,slave ,/ate1 !y h a "r to h x4 ,if !y want$ ! ,lecompton ,con/itution1 !y _h a "r to h x4 ,i 0 oppos$ to t con/itution because ,i did n believe t x 0 ! act & de$ ( ! p1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! act ( a small1 pitiful m9ority act+ 9 ! "n ( ! majority4 ,:5 at la/ x 0 det]m9$ to s5d t con/itution back to ! p1 &1 accord+ly1 9 ,augu/ la/1 ! "q ( admission "u x 0 submitt$ to a popul> vote1 ! citiz5s reject$ x by ne>ly t5 to "o1 ?us %[+ conclusively t ,i 0 "r :5 ,i said t ! ,lecompton ,con/itution 0 n ! act & de$ ( ! p ( ,kansas1 & did n embody _! w4 ,i hold t !re is no p[] on e>?1 "u our sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 :i* has ! "r to =ce a con/itution ^u an unwill+ p4 ,suppose t !re _h be5 a majority ( t5 to "o 9 favor ( slav]y 9 ,kansas1 & suppose !re _h be5 an ,abolition ,presid5t & an ,abolition ,adm9i/ration1 & by "s means ! ,abolitioni/s succe$$ 9 =c+ an ,abolition ,con/itution ^u ^? slavehold+ p1 w\ld ! p ( ! ,s\? h submitt$ to t act = an in/ant8 ,well1 if y ( ! ,s\? w\ld n h submitt$ to x a day1 h[ c y1 z fair1 honorable1 & hone/ m51 insi/ on putt+ a slave con/itution on a p :o desire a ,free ,/ate8 ,y\r safety & ours dep5d ^u bo? ( u act+ 9 good fai?1 & liv+ up to t great pr9ciple :i* ass]ts ! "r ( e p to =m & regulate _! dome/ic in/itutions to suit !mselves1 subject only to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mo/ ( ! m5 :o d5\nc$ my c\rse on ! ,lecompton "q object$ to x1 n because ,i 0 n "r1 b because !y ?\ght x exp$i5t at t "t1 = ! sake ( keep+ ! p>ty toge!r1 to d wrong4 ,i nev] knew ! ,democratic p>ty to violate any "o ( its pr9ciples1 out ( policy or exp$i5cy1 t x did n pay ! debt ) sorr[4 ,!re is no safety or success = our p>ty unless we always d "r1 & tru/ ! consequ5ces to ,god & ! p4 ,i *ose n to dep>t f pr9ciple = ! sake ( exp$i5cy on ! ,lecompton "q1 & ,i nev] int5d to d x on t or any o!r "q4 ,b ,i am told t ,i w\ld h be5 all "r if ,i _h only vot$ = ! ,engli% bill aft] ! ,lecompton 0 kill$4 ,y "k a g5]al p>don 0 grant$ to all political (f5d]s on ! ,lecompton "q1 provid$ !y w\ld only vote = ! ,engli% bill4 ,i did n accept ! b5efits ( t p>don = ! reason t ,i _h be5 "r 9 ! c\rse ,i _h pursu$1 & h5ce did n require any =giv5ess4 ,let u see h[ ! result has be5 work$ out4 ,engli% br\ght 9 8 bill ref]r+ ! ,lecompton ,con/itution back to ! p1 ) ! provision t if x 0 reject$1 ,kansas %\ld be kept out ( ! ,union until %e _h ! full ratio ( population requir$ = memb] ( ,congress1--?us 9 effect decl>+ t if ! p ( ,kansas w\ld only cons5t to come into ! ,union "u ! ,lecompton ,con/itution1 & h a ,slave ,/ate :5 !y did n want x1 !y %\ld be admitt$ ) a population ( #ce1jjj2 b t if !y 7 s ob/9ate z to insi/ ^u hav+ j su* a con/itution z !y ?\ght be/1 & to desire admission z a free ,/ate1 !n !y %\ld be kept out until !y _h #ic1dbj inhabitants4 ,i !n said1 & ,i n[ repeat to y1 t :5ev] ,kansas has p en\gh = a ,slave ,/ate %e has p en\gh = a ,free ,/ate4 ,i 01 & am will+ to adopt ! rule t no ,/ate %all ev] come into ! ,union until %e has ! full ratio ( population = a memb] ( ,congress1 provid$ t rule is made uni=m4 ,i made t proposition 9 ! ,s5ate la/ w9t]1 b a majority ( ! ,s5ators w\ld n agree to x2 & ,i !n said to !m1 ,if y w n adopt ! g5]al rule1 ,i w n cons5t to make an exception ( ,kansas4 ,i hold t x is a violation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ?is gov]nm5t to ?r[ ! weight ( ,f$]al p[] into ! scale1 ei!r 9 favor ( ! ,free or ! ,slave ,/ates4 ,equality among all ! ,/ates ( ?is ,union is a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 our political sy/em4 ,we h no m "r to ?r[ ! weight ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t into ! scale 9 favor ( ! slavehold+ ?an ! ,free ,/ates1 & la/ ( all %\ld our fri5ds 9 ! ,s\? cons5t = a mom5t t ,congress %\ld )hold its p[]s ei!r way :5 !y "k t !re is a majority aga9/ !m 9 bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress4 ,fell[-citiz5s1 h[ h ! support]s ( ! ,engli% bill /ood up to _! pl$ges n to admit ,kansas until %e obta9$ a population ( #ic1dbj 9 ! ev5t %e reject$ ! ,lecompton ,con/itution8 ,h[8 ,! newspap]s in=m u t ,engli% himself1 :il/ conduct+ 8 canvass = re-election1 & 9 ord] to secure x1 pl$g$ himself to 8 con/itu5ts t if return$ he w\ld disreg>d 8 own bill & vote to admit ,kansas into ! ,union ) su* population z %e might h :5 %e made application4 ,we are in=m$ t e ,democratic c&idate = ,congress 9 all ! ,/ates :]e elections h rec5tly be5 held 0 pl$g$ aga9/ ! ,engli% bill1 ) p]haps "o or two exceptions4 ,n[1 if ,i _h only done z ^! anti-,lecompton m5 :o vot$ = ! ,engli% bill 9 ,congress1 pl$g+ !mselves to refuse to admit ,kansas if %e refus$ to become a ,slave ,/ate until %e _h a population ( #ic1dbj & !n return$ to _! p1 =feit$ _! pl$ge1 & made a new pl$ge to admit ,kansas at any "t %e appli$1 )\t reg>d to population1 ,i w\ld h _h no tr\ble4 ,y saw ! :ole p[] & patronage ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t wield$ 9 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 & ,p5nsylvania to re-elect anti-,lecompton m5 to ,congress :o vot$ aga9/ ,lecompton1 !n vot$ = ! ,engli% bill1 & !n d5\nc$ ! ,engli% bill1 & pl$g$ !mselves to _! p to disreg>d x4 ,my s9 consi/s 9 n hav+ giv5 a pl$ge1 & !n 9 n hav+ aft]w>d =feit$ x4 ,= t reason1 9 ?is ,/ate1 e po/ma/]1 e r\te ag5t1 e collector ( ! ports1 & e ,f$]al (ficehold] =feits 8 head ! mom5t he expresses a pref]5ce = ! ,democratic c&idates aga9/ ,l9coln & 8 ,abolition associates4 ,a ,democratic ,adm9i/ration :i* we help$ to br+ into p[] deems x consi/5t ) its fidelity to pr9ciple & its reg>d to duty to wield its p[] 9 ?is ,/ate 9 behalf ( ! ,republican ,abolition c&idates 9 e c\nty & e ,congressional ,di/rict aga9/ ! ,democratic p>ty4 ,all ,i h to say 9 ref]5ce to ! matt] is1 t if t ,adm9i/ration h n reg>d en\gh = pr9ciple1 if !y are n suffici5tly atta*$ to ! cre$ ( ! ,democratic p>ty1 to bury =ev] _! p]sonal ho/ilities 9 ord] to succe$ 9 c>ry+ out our glori\s pr9ciples1 ,i h4 ,i h no p]sonal difficulty ) ,mr4 ,bu*anan or 8 ,cab9et4 ,he *ose to make c]ta9 recomm5dations to ,congress1 z he _h a "r to d1 on ! ,lecompton "q4 ,i c\ld n vote 9 favor ( !m4 ,i _h z mu* "r to judge = myself h[ ,i %\ld vote z he _h h[ he %\ld recomm5d4 ,he und]took to say to me1 8,if y d n vote z ,i tell y1 ,i w take (f ! heads ( y\r fri5ds40 ,i repli$ to him1 8,y did n elect me4 ,i repres5t ,ill9ois1 & ,i am acc\ntable to ,ill9ois1 z my con/itu5cy1 & to ,god2 b n to ! ,presid5t or to any o!r p[] on e>?40 ,& n[ ?is w>f>e is made on me because ,i w\ld n surr5d] my convictions ( duty1 because ,i w\ld n ab&on my con/itu5cy1 & receive ! ord]s ( ! executive au?orities z to h[ ,i %\ld vote 9 ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i hold t an attempt to control ! ,s5ate on ! "p ( ! ,executive is subv]sive ( ! pr9ciples ( our ,con/itution4 ,! ,executive dep>tm5t is indep5d5t ( ! ,s5ate1 & ! ,s5ate is indep5d5t ( ! ,presid5t4 ,9 matt]s ( legislation ! ,presid5t has a veto on ! action ( ! ,s5ate1 & 9 appo9tm5ts & treaties ! ,s5ate has a veto on ! ,presid5t4 ,he has no m "r to tell me h[ ,i %all vote on 8 appo9tm5ts ?an ,i h to tell him :e!r he %all veto or approve a bill t ! ,s5ate has pass$4 ,:5ev] y recognize ! "r ( ! ,executive to say to a ,s5ator1 8,d ?is1 or ,i w take (f ! heads ( y\r fri5ds10 y conv]t ?is gov]nm5t f a republic into a despotism4 ,:5ev] y recognize ! "r ( a ,presid5t to say to a memb] ( ,congress1 8,vote z ,i tell y1 or ,i w br+ a p[] to be> aga9/ y at home :i* w cru% y10 y de/roy ! indep5d5ce ( ! repres5tative & conv]t him into a tool ( ,executive p[]4 ,i resi/$ ?is invasion ( ! con/itutional rights ( a ,s5ator1 & ,i int5d to resi/ x z long z ,i h a voice to speak or a vote to give4 ,yet ,mr4 ,bu*anan _c provoke me to ab&on "o iota ( ,democratic pr9ciples out ( rev5ge or ho/ility to 8 c\rse4 ,i /& by ! plat=m ( ! ,democratic p>ty1 & by its organization1 & support its nom9ees4 ,if !re are any :o *oose to bolt1 ! fact only %[s t !y are n z good ,democrats z ,i am4 ,my fri5ds1 !re nev] 0 a "t :5 x 0 z important = ! ,democratic p>ty1 = all national m51 to rally & /& toge!r1 z x is to-day4 ,we f9d all sectional m5 giv+ up pa/ diff]5ces & cont9u+ ! "o "q ( slav]y2 & :5 we f9d sectional m5 ?us unit+ we %\ld unite to resi/ !m & _! treasonable designs4 ,su* 0 ! case 9 #ahej1 :5 ,clay left ! quiet & peace ( 8 home1 & aga9 ent]$ ^u public life to quell agitation & re/ore peace to a di/ract$ ,union4 ,!n we ,democrats1 ) ,cass at our head1 welcom$ ,h5ry ,clay1 :om ! :ole nation reg>d$ z hav+ be5 pres]v$ by ,god = ! times4 ,he became our lead] 9 t great fight1 & we ralli$ ar\nd him ! same z ! ,:igs ralli$ ar\nd old ,hickory 9 #ahcb to put d[n nullification4 ,?us y see t :il/ ,:igs & ,democrats f\ght fe>lessly 9 old times ab\t banks1 ! t>iff1 di/ribution1 ! specie circul>1 & ! sub-treasury1 all unit$ z a b& ( bro!rs :5 ! peace1 h>mony1 or integrity ( ! ,union 0 imp]il$4 ,x 0 s 9 #ahej1 :5 ,abolitionism _h ev5 s f> divid$ ?is c\ntry1 ,nor? & ,s\?1 z to endang] ! peace ( ! ,union2 ,:igs & ,democrats unit$ 9 e/abli%+ ! ,compromise ,measures ( t ye>1 & re/or+ tranquillity & good feel+4 ,^! measures pass$ on ! jo9t action ( ! two p>ties4 ,!y re/$ on ! great pr9ciple t ! p ( ea* ,/ate & ea* ,t]ritory %\ld be left p]fectly free to =m & regulate _! dome/ic in/itutions to suit !mselves4 ,y ,:igs & we ,democrats ju/ifi$ !m 9 t pr9ciple4 ,9 #ahed1 :5 x became necess>y to organize ! ,t]ritories ( ,kansas & ,nebraska1 ,i br\ght =w>d ! bill on ! same pr9ciple4 ,9 ! ,kansas-,nebraska bill y f9d x decl>$ to be ! true int5t & mean+ ( ! ,act n to legislate slav]y into any ,/ate or ,t]ritory1 nor to exclude x !refrom1 b to leave ! p !re( p]fectly free to =m & regulate _! dome/ic in/itutions 9 _! own way4 ,i /& on t same plat=m 9 #aheh t ,i did 9 #ahej1 #ahed1 & #ahef4 ,! ,wa%+ton 8,union10 pret5d+ to be ! organ ( ! ,adm9i/ration1 9 ! numb] ( ! #e? ( ?is mon?1 devotes ?ree columns & a half to e/abli% ^! propositions2 fir/1 t ,d\glas1 9 8 ,freeport spee*1 held ! same doctr9e t he did 9 8 ,nebraska bill 9 #ahed2 second1 t 9 #ahed ,d\glas ju/ifi$ ! ,nebraska bill ^u ! gr\nd t x 0 bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciple z ,clay's ,compromise ,measures ( #ahej4 ,! 8,union0 ?us prov$ t ,d\glas 0 ! same 9 #aheh t he 0 9 #ahef1 #ahed1 & #ahej1 & consequ5tly argu$ t he 0 nev] a ,democrat4 ,is x n funny t ,i 0 nev] a ,democrat8 ,!re is no pret5ce t ,i h *ang$ a hair's bread?4 ,! 8,union0 proves by my spee*es t ,i expla9$ ! ,compromise ,measures ( #ahej j z ,i d n[1 & t ,i expla9$ ! ,kansas & ,nebraska bill 9 #ahed j z ,i did 9 my ,freeport spee*1 & yet says t ,i am n a ,democrat1 & _c be tru/$1 because ,i h n *ang$ dur+ ! :ole ( t "t4 ,x has occurr$ to me t 9 #ahed ! au?or ( ! ,kansas & ,nebraska bill 0 consid]$ a pretty good ,democrat4 ,x has occurr$ to me t 9 #ahef1 :5 ,i 0 ex]t+ e n]ve & e en]gy = ,james ,bu*anan1 /&+ on ! same plat=m !n t ,i d n[1 t ,i 0 a pretty good ,democrat4 ,!y n[ tell me t ,i am n a ,democrat1 because ,i ass]t t ! p ( a ,t]ritory1 z well z ^? ( a ,/ate1 h ! "r to decide = !mselves :e!r slav]y c or _c exi/ 9 su* ,t]ritory4 ,let me read :at ,james ,bu*anan said on t po9t :5 he accept$ ! ,democratic nom9ation = ! ,presid5cy 9 #ahef4 ,9 8 lett] ( acceptance1 he us$ ! foll[+ language3 8,! rec5t legislation ( ,congress respect+ dome/ic slav]y1 d]iv$ z x has be5 f ! orig9al & pure f\nta9 ( legitimate political p[]1 ! w ( ! majority1 promises ere long to allay ! dang]\s excitem5t4 ,?is legislation is f\nd$ ^u pr9ciples z anci5t z free gov]nm5t itself1 &1 9 accordance ) !m1 has simply decl>$ t ! p ( a ,t]ritory1 l ^? ( a ,/ate1 %all decide = !mselves :e!r slav]y %all or %all n exi/ )9 _! limits40 ,dr4 ,hope w !re f9d my answ] to ! "q he prop\nd$ to me be=e ,i comm5c$ speak+4 ,( c\rse1 no man w consid] x an answ] :o is outside ( ! ,democratic organization1 bolts ,democratic nom9ations1 & indirectly aids to put ,abolitioni/s into p[] ov] ,democrats4 ,b :e!r ,dr4 ,hope consid]s x an answ] or n1 e fair-m9d$ man w see t ,james ,bu*anan has answ]$ ! "q1 & has ass]t$ t ! p ( a ,t]ritory1 l ^? ( a ,/ate1 %all decide = !mselves :e!r slav]y %all or %all n exi/ )9 _! limits4 ,i answ] specifically if y want a fur!r answ]1 & say t :ile "u ! decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 z record$ 9 ! op9ion ( ,*ief ,ju/ice ,taney1 slaves are prop]ty l all o!r prop]ty1 & c be c>ri$ into any ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! same z any o!r description ( prop]ty1 yet :5 y get !m !re !y are subject to ! local law ( ! ,t]ritory j l all o!r prop]ty4 ,y w f9d 9 a rec5t spee* deliv]$ by t able & eloqu5t /atesman1 ,hon4 ,jeff]son ,davis1 at ,bangor1 ,ma9e1 t he took ! same view ( ?is subject t ,i did 9 my ,freeport spee*4 ,he !re said3 8,if ! inhabitants ( any ,t]ritory %\ld refuse to enact su* laws & police regulations z w\ld give security to _! prop]ty or to 81 x w\ld be r5d]$ m or less valueless 9 proportion to ! difficulties ( hold+ x )\t su* protection4 ,9 ! case ( prop]ty 9 ! labor ( man1 or :at is usually call$ slave prop]ty1 ! insecurity w\ld be s great t ! own] c\ld n ord9>ily reta9 x4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh ! "r w\ld rema91 ! rem$y be+ )held1 x w\ld foll[ t ! own] w\ld be practically deb>r$1 by ! circum/ances ( ! case1 f tak+ slave prop]ty into a ,t]ritory :]e ! s5se ( ! inhabitants 0 oppos$ to its introduction4 ,s mu* = ! (t-repeat$ fallacy ( =c+ slav]y ^u any community40 ,y w also f9d t ! di/+ui%$ ,speak] ( ! pres5t ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,hon4 ,jas4 ,l4 ,orr1 con/ru$ ! ,kansas & ,nebraska bill 9 ?is same way 9 #ahef1 & also t great intellect ( ! ,s\?1 ,alex4 ,h4 ,/eph5s1 put ! same con/ruction ^u x 9 ,congress t ,i did 9 my ,freeport spee*4 ,! :ole ,s\? are rally+ to ! support ( ! doctr9e t if ! p ( a ,t]ritory want slav]y1 !y h a "r to h x1 & if !y d n want x1 t no p[] on e>? c =ce x ^u !m4 ,i hold t !re is no pr9ciple on e>? m sacr$ to all ! fri5ds ( fre$om ?an t :i* says t no in/itution1 no law1 no con/itution1 %\ld be =c$ on an unwill+ p contr>y to _! wi%es2 & ,i ass]t t ! ,kansas & ,nebraska bill conta9s t pr9ciple4 ,x is ! great pr9ciple conta9$ 9 t bill4 ,x is ! pr9ciple on :i* ,james ,bu*anan 0 made ,presid5t4 ,)\t t pr9ciple1 he nev] w\ld h be5 made ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i w nev] violate or ab&on t doctr9e1 if ,i h to /& alone4 ,i h resi/$ ! bl&i%m5ts & ?reats ( p[] on ! "o side1 & s$uction on ! o!r1 & h /ood immovably = t pr9ciple1 fight+ = x :5 assail$ by ,nor!rn mobs1 or ?reat5$ by ,s\!rn ho/ility4 ,i h def5d$ x aga9/ ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 & ,i w def5d x aga9/ :oev] assails x1 & ,i w foll[ x :]ev] its logical conclusions lead me4 ,i say to y t !re is b "o hope1 "o safety = ?is c\ntry1 & t is to /& immovably by t pr9ciple :i* decl>es ! "r ( ea* ,/ate & ea* ,t]ritory to decide ^! que/ions = !mselves4 ,?is gov]nm5t 0 f\nd$ on t pr9ciple1 & mu/ be adm9i/]$ 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* x 0 f\nd$4 ,b ! ,abolition p>ty really ?9ks t "u ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ! negro is equal to ! :ite man1 & t negro equality is an inali5able "r conf]r$ by ! ,almighty1 & h5ce t all human laws 9 violation ( x are null & void4 ,) su* m5 x is no use = me to argue4 ,i hold t ! sign]s ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce _h no ref]5ce to negroes at all :5 !y decl>$ all m5 to be creat$ equal4 ,!y did n mean negro1 nor ! savage ,indians1 nor ! ,feejee ,isl&]s1 nor any o!r b>b>\s race4 ,!y 7 speak+ ( :ite m54 ,!y allud$ to m5 ( ,european bir? & ,european desc5t1--to :ite m51 & to none o!rs1--:5 !y decl>$ t doctr9e4 ,i hold t ?is gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$ on ! :ite basis4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ by :ite m5 = ! b5efit ( :ite m5 & _! po/]ity =ev]1 & %\ld be adm9i/]$ by :ite m51 & none o!rs4 ,b x does n foll[ by any means1 t m]ely because ! negro is n a citiz51 & m]ely because he is n our equal1 t1 !re=e1 he %\ld be a slave4 ,on ! contr>y1 x does foll[ t we ought to ext5d to ! negro race1 & to all o!r dep5d5t races1 all ! rights1 all ! privileges1 & all ! immunities :i* !y c ex]cise consi/5tly ) ! safety ( society4 ,humanity requires t we %\ld give !m all ^! privileges2 ,*ri/ianity comm&s t we %\ld ext5d ^? privileges to !m4 ,! "q !n arises1 ,:at are ^? privileges1 & :at is ! nature & ext5t ( !m8 ,my answ] is1 t t is a "q :i* ea* ,/ate mu/ answ] = itself4 ,we 9 ,ill9ois h decid$ x = ourselves4 ,we tri$ slav]y1 kept x up = twelve ye>s1 & f9d+ t x 0 n pr(itable1 we aboli%$ x = t reason1 & became a ,free ,/ate4 ,we adopt$ 9 its /ead ! policy t a negro 9 ?is ,/ate %all n be a slave & %all n be a citiz54 ,we h a "r to adopt t policy4 ,= my "p1 ,i ?9k x is a wise & s\nd policy = u4 ,y 9 ,miss\ri mu/ judge = y\rselves :e!r x is a wise policy = y4 ,if y *oose to foll[ our example1 v good2 if y reject x1 /ill well1--x is y\r bus9ess1 n ours4 ,s ) ,k5tucky4 ,let ,k5tucky adopt a policy to suit h]self4 ,if we d n l x1 we w keep away f x2 & if %e does n l ours1 let h] /ay at home1 m9d h] own bus9ess1 & let u alone4 ,if ! p ( all ! ,/ates w act on t great pr9ciple1 & ea* ,/ate m9d its own bus9ess1 att5d to its own affairs1 take c>e ( its own negroes1 & n m$dle ) its neighbors1 !n !re w be peace betwe5 ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,union4 ,:y c we n ?us h peace8 ,:y %\ld we ?us all[ a sectional p>ty to agitate ?is c\ntry1 to array ! ,nor? aga9/ ! ,s\?1 & conv]t u into enemies in/ead ( fri5ds1 m]ely t a few ambiti\s m5 may ride into p[] on a sectional hobby8 ,h[ long is x s9ce ^! ambiti\s ,nor!rn m5 wi%$ = a sectional organization8 ,did any "o ( !m dream ( a sectional p>ty z long z ! ,nor? 0 ! weak] section & ! ,s\? ! /rong]8 ,!n all 7 oppos$ to sectional p>ties2 b ! mom5t ! ,nor? obta9$ ! majority 9 ! ,h\se & ,s5ate by ! admission ( ,cali=nia1 & c\ld elect a ,presid5t )\t ! aid ( ,s\!rn votes1 t mom5t ambiti\s ,nor!rn m5 =m$ a s*eme to excite ! ,nor? aga9/ ! ,s\?1 & make ! p be gov]n$ 9 _! votes by geographical l9es1 ?9k+ t ! ,nor?1 be+ ! /rong] section1 w\ld outvote ! ,s\?1 & consequ5tly !y1 ! lead]s1 w\ld ride into (fice on a sectional hobby4 ,i am told t my h\r is out4 ,x 0 v %ort4 ,,mr4 ,,l9coln',s ,,reply ,ladies & ,g5tlem53 ,i h be5 some:at1 9 my own m9d1 complim5t$ by a l>ge portion ( ,judge ,d\glas's spee*1--,i mean t portion :i* he devotes to ! controv]sy betwe5 himself & ! pres5t ,adm9i/ration4 ,?is is ! sev5? "t ,judge ,d\glas & myself h met 9 ^! jo9t discussions1 & he has be5 gradually improv+ 9 reg>d to 8 w> ) ! ,adm9i/ration4 ,at ,qu9cy1 day be=e ye/]day1 he 0 a little m sev]e ^u ! ,adm9i/ration ?an ,i _h he>d him ^u any occasion1 & ,i took pa9s to complim5t him = x4 ,i !n told him to 8,give x to !m ) all ! p[] he _h02 & z "s ( !m 7 pres5t1 ,i told !m ,i w\ld be v mu* oblig$ if !y w\ld give x to him 9 ab\t ! same way4 ,i take x he has n[ va/ly improv$ ^u ! attack he made !n ^u ! ,adm9i/ration4 ,i flatt] myself he has really tak5 my advice on ?is subject4 ,all ,i c say n[ is to recomm5d to him & to !m :at ,i !n comm5d$1--to prosecute ! w> aga9/ "o ano!r 9 ! mo/ vigor\s mann]4 ,i say to !m aga93 8,g x1 husb&6--,g x1 be>60 ,!re is "o o!r ?+ ,i w m5tion be=e ,i leave ?is bran* ( ! discussion1--al?\gh ,i d n consid] x mu* ( my bus9ess1 anyway4 ,i ref] to t "p ( ! ,judge's rem>ks :]e he und]takes to involve ,mr4 ,bu*anan 9 an inconsi/5cy4 ,he reads some?+ f ,mr4 ,bu*anan1 f :i* he und]takes to involve him 9 an inconsi/5cy2 & he gets some?+ ( a *e] = hav+ done s4 ,i w\ld only rem9d ! ,judge t :ile he is v valiantly fight+ = ! ,nebraska bill & ! repeal ( ! ,miss\ri ,compromise1 x has be5 b a little :ile s9ce he 0 ! valiant advocate ( ! ,miss\ri ,compromise4 ,i want to "k if ,bu*anan has n z mu* "r to be inconsi/5t z ,d\glas has8 ,has ,d\glas ! exclusive "r1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ( be+ on all sides ( all que/ions8 ,is nobody all[$ t high privilege b himself8 ,is he to h an entire monopoly on t subject8 ,s f> z ,judge ,d\glas address$ 8 spee* to me1 or s f> z x 0 ab\t me1 x is my bus9ess to pay "s att5tion to x4 ,i h he>d ! ,judge /ate two or ?ree times :at he has /at$ to-day1--t 9 a spee* :i* ,i made at ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois1 ,i _h 9 a v especial mann] compla9$ t ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case _h decid$ t a negro c\ld nev] be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i h omitt$ by "s accid5t h]et(ore to analyze ?is /atem5t1 & x is requir$ ( me to notice x n[4 ,9 po9t ( fact x is untrue4 ,i nev] h compla9$ especially ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision because x held t a negro c\ld n be a citiz51 & ! ,judge is always wrong :5 he says ,i ev] did s compla9 ( x4 ,i h ! spee* "h1 & ,i w ?ank him or any ( 8 fri5ds to %[ :]e ,i said t a negro %\ld be a citiz51 & compla9$ especially ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision because x decl>$ he c\ld n be "o4 ,i h done no su* ?+2 & ,judge ,d\glas1 s p]si/5tly insi/+ t ,i h done s1 has /rongly impress$ me ) ! belief ( a pr$et]m9ation on 8 "p to misrepres5t me4 ,he c\ld n get 8 f\ndation = insi/+ t ,i 0 9 favor ( ?is negro equality any:]e else z well z he c\ld by assum+ t untrue proposition4 ,let me tell ?is audi5ce :at is true 9 reg>d to t matt]2 & ! means by :i* !y may correct me if ,i d n tell !m truly is by a recurr5ce to ! spee* itself4 ,i spoke ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision 9 my ,spr+field spee*1 & ,i 0 !n endeavor+ to prove t ! ,dr$ ,scott decision 0 a portion ( a sy/em or s*eme to make slav]y national 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i po9t$ out :at ?+s _h be5 decid$ by ! c\rt4 ,i m5tion$ z a fact t !y _h decid$ t a negro c\ld n be a citiz52 t !y _h done s1 z ,i suppos$1 to deprive ! negro1 "u all circum/ances1 ( ! remote/ possibility ( ev] becom+ a citiz5 & claim+ ! rights ( a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u a c]ta9 clause ( ! ,con/itution4 ,i /at$ t1 )\t mak+ any compla9t ( x at all4 ,i !n w5t on & /at$ ! o!r po9ts decid$ 9 ! case2 namely1 t ! br++ ( a negro into ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois & hold+ him 9 slav]y = two ye>s "h 0 a matt] 9 reg>d to :i* !y w\ld n decide :e!r x w\ld make him free or n2 t !y decid$ ! fur!r po9t t tak+ him into a ,unit$ ,/ates ,t]ritory :]e slav]y 0 prohibit$ by ,act ( ,congress did n make him free1 because t ,act ( ,congress1 z !y held1 0 uncon/itutional4 ,i m5tion$ ^! ?ree ?+s z mak+ up ! po9ts decid$ 9 t case4 ,i m5tion$ !m 9 a lump1 tak5 9 connection ) ! introduction ( ! ,nebraska bill1 & ! am5dm5t ( ,*ase1 (f]$ at ! "t1 decl>atory ( ! "r ( ! p ( ! ,t]ritories to exclude slav]y1 :i* 0 vot$ d[n by ! fri5ds ( ! bill4 ,i m5tion$ all ^! ?+s toge!r1 z evid5ce t5d+ to prove a comb9ation & conspiracy to make ! in/itution ( slav]y national4 ,9 t connection & 9 t way ,i m5tion$ ! decision on ! po9t t a negro c\ld n be a citiz51 & 9 no o!r connection4 ,out ( ?is ,judge ,d\glas builds up 8 beautiful fabrication ( my purpose to introduce a p]fect social & political equality betwe5 ! :ite & black races4 ,8 ass]tion t ,i made an 8especial objection0 7t is 8 exact language7 to ! decision on ?is acc\nt1 is untrue 9 po9t ( fact4 ,n[1 :ile ,i am ^u ?is subject1 & z ,h5ry ,clay has be5 allud$ to1 ,i desire to place myself1 9 connection ) ,mr4 ,clay1 z ne>ly "r be=e ?is p z may be4 ,i am q aw>e :at ! ,judge's object is "h by all ^! allusions4 ,he kn[s t we are be=e an audi5ce hav+ /rong sympa?ies s\?w>d1 by relation%ip1 place ( bir?1 & s on4 ,he desires to place me 9 an extremely ,abolition attitude4 ,he read ^u a =m] occasion1 & alludes1 )\t read+1 to-day to a portion ( a spee* :i* ,i deliv]$ 9 ,*icago4 ,9 8 quotations f t spee*1 z he has made !m ^u =m] occasions1 ! extracts 7 tak5 9 su* a way z1 ,i suppose1 br+s !m )9 ! def9ition ( :at is call$ g>bl+1--tak+ portions ( a spee* :i*1 :5 tak5 by !mselves1 d n pres5t ! entire s5se ( ! speak] z express$ at ! "t4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 out ( t same spee*1 to %[ h[ "o portion ( x :i* he skipp$ ov] 7tak+ an extract be=e & an extract aft]7 w give a diff]5t idea1 & ! true idea ,i int5d$ to convey4 ,x w take me "s little "t to read x1 b ,i believe ,i w occupy ! "t t way4 ,y h he>d him frequ5tly allude to my controv]sy ) him 9 reg>d to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,i confess t ,i h _h a /ruggle ) ,judge ,d\glas on t matt]1 & ,i w try briefly to place myself "r 9 reg>d to x on ?is occasion4 ,i said--& x is betwe5 ! extracts ,judge ,d\glas has tak5 f ?is spee*1 & put 9 8 publi%$ spee*es3 8,x may be argu$ t !re are c]ta9 conditions t make necessities & impose !m ^u u1 & to ! ext5t t a necessity is impos$ ^u a man he mu/ submit to x4 ,i ?9k t 0 ! condition 9 :i* we f\nd ourselves :5 we e/abli%$ ?is gov]nm5t4 ,we _h slaves among u1 we c\ld n get our ,con/itution unless we p]mitt$ !m to rema9 9 slav]y1 we c\ld n secure ! good we did secure if we grasp$ = m2 & hav+ by necessity submitt$ to t mu*1 x does n de/roy ! pr9ciple t is ! *>t] ( our lib]ties4 ,let ! *>t] rema9 z our /&>d40 ,n[1 ,i h ^u all occasions decl>$ z /rongly z ,judge ,d\glas aga9/ ! disposition to int]f]e ) ! exi/+ in/itution ( slav]y4 ,y he> me read x f ! same spee* f :i* he takes g>bl$ extracts = ! purpose ( prov+ ^u me a disposition to int]f]e ) ! in/itution ( slav]y1 & e/abli% a p]fect social & political equality betwe5 negroes & :ite p4 ,all[ me :ile ^u ?is subject briefly to pres5t "o o!r extract f a spee* ( m9e1 m ?an a ye> ago1 at ,spr+field1 9 discuss+ ?is v same "q1 soon aft] ,judge ,d\glas took 8 gr\nd t negroes 7 n includ$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce3 8,i ?9k ! au?ors ( t notable in/rum5t int5d$ to include all m51 b !y did n int5d to decl>e all m5 equal 9 all respects4 ,!y did n mean to say all m5 7 equal 9 color1 size1 intellect1 moral developm5t1 or social capacity4 ,!y def9$ ) tol]able di/9ctness 9 :at !y did consid] all m5 creat$ equal1--equal 9 c]ta9 inali5able rights1 among :i* are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,?is !y said1 & ?is !y meant4 ,!y did n mean to ass]t ! obvi\s untru? t all 7 !n actually enjoy+ t equality1 or yet t !y 7 ab\t to conf] x imm$iately ^u !m4 ,9 fact1 !y _h no p[] to conf] su* a boon4 ,!y meant simply to decl>e ! "r1 s t ! en=cem5t ( x might foll[ z fa/ z circum/ances %\ld p]mit4 8,!y meant to set up a /&>d maxim = free society :i* %\ld be famili> to all1--con/antly look$ to1 con/antly labor$ =1 & ev51 ?\gh nev] p]fectly atta9$1 con/antly approximat$1 & !reby con/antly spread+ & deep5+ its influ5ce1 & augm5t+ ! happ9ess & value ( life to all p1 ( all colors1 ev]y:]e40 ,!re aga9 are ! s5tim5ts ,i h express$ 9 reg>d to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ^u a =m] occasion1--s5tim5ts :i* h be5 put 9 pr9t & read :]ev] anybody c>$ to "k :at s humble an individual z myself *ose to say 9 reg>d to x4 ,at ,galesburgh1 ! o!r day1 ,i said1 9 answ] to ,judge ,d\glas1 t ?ree ye>s ago !re nev] _h be5 a man1 s f> z ,i knew or believ$1 9 ! :ole _w1 :o _h said t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce did n include negroes 9 ! t]m 8all m540 ,i reass]t x to-day4 ,i ass]t t ,judge ,d\glas & all 8 fri5ds may se>* ! :ole records ( ! c\ntry1 & x w be a matt] ( great a/oni%m5t to me if !y %all be able to f9d t "o human be+ ?ree ye>s ago _h ev] utt]$ ! a/\nd+ s5tim5t t ! t]m 8all m50 9 ! ,decl>ation did n include ! negro4 ,d n let me be misund]/ood4 ,i "k t m ?an ?ree ye>s ago !re 7 m5 :o1 f9d+ ?is ass]tion con/antly 9 ! way ( _! s*emes to br+ ab\t ! asc5d5cy & p]petuation ( slav]y1 d5i$ ! tru? ( x4 ,i "k t ,mr4 ,calh\n & all ! politicians ( 8 s*ool d5i$ ! tru? ( ! ,decl>ation4 ,i "k t x ran along 9 ! m\? ( "s ,s\!rn m5 = a p]iod ( ye>s1 end+ at la/ 9 t %ameful1 ?\gh r =cible1 decl>ation ( ,pettit ( ,indiana1 ^u ! floor ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 9 t respect 8a self-evid5t lie10 r ?an a self-evid5t tru?4 ,b ,i say1 ) a p]fect k ( all ?is hawk+ at ! ,decl>ation )\t directly attack+ x1 t ?ree ye>s ago !re nev] _h liv$ a man :o _h v5tur$ to assail x 9 ! sneak+ way ( pret5d+ to believe x1 & !n ass]t+ x did n include ! negro4 ,i believe ! fir/ man :o ev] said x 0 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,taney 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case1 & ! next to him 0 our fri5d ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas4 ,& n[ x has become ! cat*word ( ! entire p>ty4 ,i w\ld l to call ^u 8 fri5ds ev]y:]e to consid] h[ !y h come 9 s %ort a "t to view ?is matt] 9 a way s entirely diff]5t f _! =m] belief2 to ask :e!r !y are n be+ borne along by an irresi/ible curr5t1--:i!r1 !y "k n4 ,9 answ] to my proposition at ,galesburgh la/ week1 ,i see t "s man 9 ,*icago1 has got up a lett]1 address$ to ! ,*icago 8,times10 to %[1 z he pr(esses1 t somebody _h said s be=e2 & he signs himself 8,an ,old ,l9e ,:ig10 if ,i rememb] correctly4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w\ld say he 0 n an old l9e ,:ig4 ,i am some:at acqua9t$ ) old l9e ,:igs f ! orig9 to ! end ( t p>ty2 ,i became pretty well acqua9t$ ) !m1 & ,i "k !y always _h "s s5se1 :atev] else y c\ld ascribe to !m4 ,i "k !re nev] 0 "o :o _h n m s5se ?an to try to %[ by ! evid5ce he produces t "s man _h1 prior to ! "t ,i nam$1 said t negroes 7 n includ$ 9 ! t]m 8all m50 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,:at is ! evid5ce he produces8 ,i w br+ =w>d 8 evid5ce1 & let y see :at he (f]s by way ( %[+ t somebody m ?an ?ree ye>s ago _h said negroes 7 n includ$ 9 ! ,decl>ation4 ,he br+s =w>d "p ( a spee* f ,h5ry ,clay1--! "p ( ! spee* ( ,h5ry ,clay :i* ,i us$ to br+ =w>d to prove precisely ! contr>y4 ,i guess we are surr\nd$ to "s ext5t to-day by ! old fri5ds ( ,mr4 ,clay1 & !y w be glad to he> any?+ f t au?ority4 ,:ile he 0 9 ,indiana a man pres5t$ a petition to lib]ate 8 negroes1 & he 7,mr4 ,clay7 made a spee* 9 answ] to x1 :i* ,i suppose he c>efully wrote out himself & caus$ to be publi%$4 ,i h be=e me an extract f t spee* :i* con/itutes ! evid5ce ?is pret5d$ 8,old ,l9e ,:ig0 at ,*icago br\ght =w>d to %[ t ,mr4 ,clay didn't suppose ! negro 0 includ$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,he> :at ,mr4 ,clay said3 8,& :at is ! f\ndation ( ?is appeal to me 9 ,indiana to lib]ate ! slaves "u my c>e 9 ,k5tucky8 ,x is a g5]al decl>ation 9 ! act ann\nc+ to ! _w ! indep5d5ce ( ! ?irte5 ,am]ican colonies1 t all m5 are creat$ equal4 ,n[1 z an ab/ract pr9ciple1 !re is no d\bt ( ! tru? ( t decl>ation2 & x is desirable1 9 ! orig9al con/ruction ( society & 9 organiz$ societies1 to keep x 9 view z a great fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,b1 !n1 ,i appreh5d t 9 no society t ev] did exi/1 or ev] %all be =m$1 0 or c ! equality ass]t$ among ! memb]s ( ! human race be practically en=c$ & c>ri$ out4 ,!re are portions1 l>ge portions1--wom51 m9ors1 insane1 culprits1 transi5t soj\rn]s1--t w always probably rema9 subject to ! gov]nm5t ( ano!r portion ( ! community4 8,t decl>ation1 :atev] may be ! ext5t ( its import1 0 made by ! delegations ( ! ?irte5 ,/ates4 ,9 mo/ ( !m slav]y exi/$1 & _h long exi/$1 & 0 e/abli%$ by law4 ,x 0 introduc$ & =c$ ^u ! colonies by ! p>am\nt law ( ,engl&4 ,d y believe t 9 mak+ t decl>ation ! ,/ates t concurr$ 9 x int5d$ t x %\ld be tortur$ into a virtual emancipation ( all ! slaves )9 _! respective limits8 ,w\ld ,virg9ia & o!r ,s\!rn ,/ates h ev] unit$ 9 a decl>ation :i* 0 to be int]pret$ into an abolition ( slav]y among !m8 ,did any "o ( ! ?irte5 colonies ent]ta9 su* a design or expectation8 ,to impute su* a secret & unav[$ purpose1 w\ld be to *>ge a political fraud ^u ! noble/ b& ( patriots t ev] assembl$ 9 c\ncil1--a fraud ^u ! ,conf$]acy ( ! ,revolution2 a fraud ^u ! union ( ^? ,/ates ^: ,con/itution n only recogniz$ ! lawfulness ( slav]y1 b p]mitt$ ! importation ( slaves f ,africa until ! ye> #ahjh40 ,?is is ! entire quotation br\ght =w>d to prove t somebody previ\s to ?ree ye>s ago _h said ! negro 0 n includ$ 9 ! t]m 8all m50 9 ! ,decl>ation4 ,h[ does x d s8 ,9 :at way has x a t5d5cy to prove t8 ,mr4 ,clay says x is true z an ab/ract pr9ciple t all m5 are creat$ equal1 b t we _c practically apply x 9 all cases4 ,he illu/rates ?is by br++ =w>d ! cases ( females1 m9ors1 & insane p]sons1 ) :om x _c be en=c$2 b he says x is true z an ab/ract pr9ciple 9 ! organization ( society z well z 9 organiz$ society & x %\ld be kept 9 view z a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,let me read a few words m be=e ,i add "s comm5ts ( my own4 ,mr4 ,clay says1 a little fur!r on3 8,i desire no concealm5t ( my op9ions 9 reg>d to ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,i look ^u x z a great evil1 & deeply lam5t t we h d]iv$ x f ! p>5tal gov]nm5t & f our ance/ors4 ,b "h !y are1 & ! "q is1 ,h[ c !y be be/ dealt )8 ,if a /ate ( nature exi/$1 & we 7 ab\t to lay ! f\ndations ( society1 no man w\ld be m /rongly oppos$ ?an ,i %\ld be to incorporate ! in/itution ( slav]y among its elem5ts40 ,n[1 "h 9 ?is same book1 9 ?is same spee*1 9 ?is same extract1 br\ght =w>d to prove t ,mr4 ,clay held t ! negro 0 n includ$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 is no su* /atem5t on 8 "p1 b ! decl>ation t x is a great fundam5tal tru? :i* %\ld be con/antly kept 9 view 9 ! organization ( society & 9 societies already organiz$4 ,b if ,i say a ^w ab\t x2 if ,i attempt1 z ,mr4 ,clay said all good m5 ought to d1 to keep x 9 view2 if1 9 ?is 8organiz$ society10 ,i ask to h ! public eye turn$ ^u x2 if ,i ask1 9 relation to ! organization ( new ,t]ritories1 t ! public eye %\ld be turn$ ^u x1--=?) ,i am vilifi$ z y he> me to-day4 ,:at h ,i done t ,i h n ! lic5se ( ,h5ry ,clay's illu/ri\s example "h 9 do+8 ,h ,i done aught t ,i h n 8 au?ority =1 :ile ma9ta9+ t 9 organiz+ new ,t]ritories & societies1 ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple %\ld be reg>d$1 & 9 organiz$ society hold+ x up to ! public view & recogniz+ :at he recogniz$ z ! great pr9ciple ( free gov]nm5t8 ,& :5 ?is new pr9ciple--?is new proposition t no human be+ ev] ?\ght ( ?ree ye>s ago--is br\ght =w>d1 ,i combat x z hav+ an evil t5d5cy1 if n an evil design4 ,i combat x z hav+ a t5d5cy to dehumanize ! negro1 to take away f him ! "r ( ev] /riv+ to be a man4 ,i combat x z be+ "o ( ! ?\s& ?+s con/antly done 9 ^! days to prep>e ! public m9d to make prop]ty1 & no?+ b prop]ty1 ( ! negro 9 all ! ,/ates ( ?is ,union4 ,b !re is a po9t t ,i wi%1 be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! discussion1 to ask att5tion to4 ,i h read & ,i repeat ! words ( ,h5ry ,clay3 8,i desire no concealm5t ( my op9ions 9 reg>d to ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,i look ^u x z a great evil1 & deeply lam5t t we h d]iv$ x f ! p>5tal gov]nm5t & f our ance/ors4 ,i wi% e slave 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 9 ! c\ntry ( 8 ance/ors4 ,b !re !y are2 ! "q is1 ,h[ c !y be/ be dealt )8 ,if a /ate ( nature exi/$1 & we 7 ab\t to lay ! f\ndations ( society1 no man w\ld be m /rongly oppos$ ?an ,i %\ld be to incorporate ! in/itution ( slav]y among its elem5ts40 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ,i h insi/$ 9 ?is canvass is 9 relation to lay+ ! f\ndations ( new societies4 ,i h nev] s\ght to apply ^! pr9ciples to ! old ,/ates = ! purpose ( aboli%+ slav]y 9 ^? ,/ates4 ,x is no?+ b a mis]able p]v]sion ( :at ,i h said1 to assume t ,i h decl>$ ,miss\ri1 or any o!r ,slave ,/ate1 %all emancipate h] slaves2 ,i h propos$ no su* ?+4 ,b :5 ,mr4 ,clay says t 9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( societies 9 our ,t]ritories :]e x does n exi/1 he w\ld be oppos$ to ! introduction ( slav]y z an elem5t1 ,i insi/ t we h 8 w>rant--8 lic5se--= insi/+ ^u ! exclusion ( t elem5t :i* he decl>$ 9 su* /rong & emphatic language 0 mo/ hateful to him4 ,judge ,d\glas has aga9 ref]r$ to a ,spr+field spee* 9 :i* ,i said 8a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&40 ,! ,judge has s (t5 made ! entire quotation f t spee* t ,i c make x f memory4 ,i us$ ?is language3 8,we are n[ f> into ! fif? ye> s9ce a policy 0 initiat$ ) ! av[$ object & confid5t promise ( putt+ an end to ! slav]y agitation4 ,"u ! op]ation ( ?is policy1 t agitation has n only n ceas$1 b has con/antly augm5t$4 ,9 my op9ion x w n cease until a crisis %all h be5 rea*$ & pass$4 #8,a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&4' ,i believe ?is gov]nm5t _c endure p]man5tly1 half slave & half free4 ,i d n expect ! h\se to fall1 b ,i d expect x w cease to be divid$4 ,x w become all "o ?+ or all ! o!r4 ,ei!r ! oppon5ts ( slav]y w arre/ ! fur!r spread ( x1 & place x :]e ! public m9d %all re/ 9 ! belief t x is 9 ! c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction1 or its advocates w pu% x =w>d till x %all become alike lawful 9 all ! ,/ates1--old z well z new1 ,nor? z well z ,s\?40 ,t extract & ! s5tim5ts express$ 9 x h be5 extremely (f5sive to ,judge ,d\glas4 ,he has w>r$ ^u !m z ,satan w>s ^u ! ,bible4 ,8 p]v]sions ^u x are endless4 ,"h n[ are my views ^u x 9 brief4 ,i said we 7 n[ f> into ! fif? ye> s9ce a policy 0 initiat$ ) ! av[$ object & confid5t promise ( putt+ an end to ! slav]y agitation4 ,is x n s8 ,:5 t ,nebraska bill 0 br\ght =w>d f\r ye>s ago la/ ,janu>y1 0 x n = ! 8av[$ object0 ( putt+ an end to ! slav]y agitation8 ,we 7 to h no m agitation 9 ,congress2 x 0 all to be bani%$ to ! ,t]ritories4 ,by ! way1 ,i w rem>k "h t1 z ,judge ,d\glas is v fond ( complim5t+ ,mr4 ,critt5d5 9 ^! days1 ,mr4 ,critt5d5 has said !re 0 a falsehood 9 t :ole bus9ess1 = !re 0 no slav]y agitation at t "t to allay4 ,we 7 = a little :ile quiet on ! tr\blesome ?+1 & t v allay+ pla/] ( ,judge ,d\glas /irr$ x up aga94 ,b 0 x n und]/ood or intimat$ ) ! 8confid5t promise0 ( putt+ an end to ! slav]y agitation8 ,surely x 04 ,9 e spee* y he>d ,judge ,d\glas make1 until he got into ?is 8imbroglio10 z !y call x1 ) ! ,adm9i/ration ab\t ! ,lecompton ,con/itution1 e spee* on t ,nebraska bill 0 full ( 8 felicitations t we 7 j at ! end ( ! slav]y agitation4 ,! la/ tip ( ! la/ jo9t ( ! old s]p5t's tail 0 j draw+ out ( view4 ,b has x prov$ s8 ,i h ass]t$ t "u t policy t agitation 8has n only n ceas$1 b has con/antly augm5t$40 ,:5 0 !re ev] a great] agitation 9 ,congress ?an la/ w9t]8 ,:5 0 x z great 9 ! c\ntry z to-day8 ,!re 0 a collat]al object 9 ! introduction ( t ,nebraska policy1 :i* 0 to clo! ! p ( ! ,t]ritories ) a sup]ior degree ( self-gov]nm5t1 beyond :at !y _h ev] _h be=e4 ,! fir/ object & ! ma9 "o ( conf]r+ ^u ! p a high] degree ( 8self-gov]nm5t0 is a "q ( fact to be det]m9$ by y 9 answ] to a s+le "q4 ,h y ev] he>d or kn[n ( a p any:]e on e>? :o _h z little to d z1 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( its use1 ! p ( ,kansas _h ) ?is same "r ( 8self-gov]nm5t08 ,9 its ma9 policy & 9 its collat]al object1 x has be5 no?+ b a liv+1 creep+ lie f ! "t ( its introduction till to-day4 ,i h intimat$ t ,i ?\ght ! agitation w\ld n cease until a crisis %\ld h be5 rea*$ & pass$4 ,i h /at$ 9 :at way ,i ?\ght x w\ld be rea*$ & pass$4 ,i h said t x might g "o way or ! o!r4 ,we might1 by arre/+ ! fur!r spread ( x1 & plac+ x :]e ! fa!rs orig9ally plac$ x1 put x :]e ! public m9d %\ld re/ 9 ! belief t x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction4 ,?us ! agitation may cease4 ,x may be pu%$ =w>d until x %all become alike lawful 9 all ! ,/ates1 old z well z new1 ,nor? z well z ,s\?4 ,i h said1 & ,i repeat1 my wi% is t ! fur!r spread ( x may be arre/$1 & t x may be plac$ :]e ! public m9d %all re/ 9 ! belief t x is 9 ! c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction4 ,i h express$ t z my wi%4 ,i ent]ta9 ! op9ion1 ^u evid5ce suffici5t to my m9d1 t ! fa!rs ( ?is gov]nm5t plac$ t in/itution :]e ! public m9d did re/ 9 ! belief t x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction4 ,let me ask :y !y made provision t ! s\rce ( slav]y--! ,african slave-trade--%\ld be cut (f at ! end ( tw5ty ye>s8 ,:y did !y make provision t 9 all ! new t]ritory we own$ at t "t slav]y %\ld be =ev] inhibit$8 ,:y /op its spread 9 "o direction1 & cut (f its s\rce 9 ano!r1 if !y did n look to its be+ plac$ 9 ! c\rse ( its ultimate ext9ction8 ,aga93 ! in/itution ( slav]y is only m5tion$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates two or ?ree times1 & 9 nei!r ( ^! cases does ! ^w 8slav]y0 or 8negro race0 occur2 b cov]t language is us$ ea* "t1 & = a purpose full ( significance4 ,:at is ! language 9 reg>d to ! prohibition ( ! ,african slave-trade8 ,x runs 9 ab\t ?is way3 8,! migration or importation ( su* p]sons z any ( ! ,/ates n[ exi/+ %all ?9k prop] to admit1 %all n be prohibit$ by ! ,congress prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight40 ,! next allusion 9 ! ,con/itution to ! "q ( slav]y & ! black race is on ! subject ( ! basis ( repres5tation1 & !re ! language us$ is3 8,repres5tatives & direct taxes %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates :i* may be includ$ )9 ?is ,union1 accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 :i* %all be det]m9$ by add+ to ! :ole numb] ( free p]sons1 includ+ ^? b\nd to s]vice = a t]m ( ye>s1 & exclud+ ,indians n tax$1--?ree-fif?s ( all o!r p]sons40 ,x says 8p]sons10 n slaves1 n negroes2 b ?is 8?ree-fif?s0 c be appli$ to no o!r class among u ?an ! negroes4 ,la/ly1 9 ! provision = ! reclamation ( fugitive slaves1 x is said3 8,no p]son held to s]vice or labor 9 "o ,/ate1 "u ! laws !re(1 escap+ into ano!r1 %all 9 consequ5ce ( any law or regulation !re9 be dis*>g$ f su* s]vice or labor1 b %all be deliv]$ up1 on claim ( ! p>ty to :om su* s]vice or labor may be due40 ,!re aga9 !re is no m5tion ( ! ^w 8negro0 or ( slav]y4 ,9 all ?ree ( ^! places1 be+ ! only allusions to slav]y 9 ! in/rum5t1 cov]t language is us$4 ,language is us$ n sugge/+ t slav]y exi/$ or t ! black race 7 among u4 ,& ,i und]/& ! contemporane\s hi/ory ( ^? times to be t cov]t language 0 us$ ) a purpose1 & t purpose 0 t 9 our ,con/itution1 :i* x 0 hop$ & is /ill hop$ w endure =ev]1--:5 x %\ld be read by intellig5t & patriotic m51 aft] ! in/itution ( slav]y _h pass$ f among/ u1--!re %\ld be no?+ on ! face ( ! great *>t] ( lib]ty sugge/+ t su* a ?+ z negro slav]y _h ev] exi/$ among u4 ,?is is "p ( ! evid5ce t ! fa!rs ( ! gov]nm5t expect$ & int5d$ ! in/itution ( slav]y to come to an end4 ,!y expect$ & int5d$ t x %\ld be 9 ! c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction4 ,& :5 ,i say t ,i desire to see ! fur!r spread ( x arre/$1 ,i only say ,i desire to see t done :i* ! fa!rs h fir/ done4 ,:5 ,i say ,i desire to see x plac$ :]e ! public m9d w re/ 9 ! belief t x is 9 ! c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction1 ,i only say ,i desire to see x plac$ :]e !y plac$ x4 ,x is n true t our fa!rs1 z ,judge ,d\glas assumes1 made ?is gov]nm5t "p slave & "p free4 ,und]/& ! s5se 9 :i* he puts x4 ,he assumes t slav]y is a rightful ?+ )9 itself1--0 introduc$ by ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! exact tru? is1 t !y f\nd ! in/itution exi/+ among u1 & !y left x z !y f\nd x4 ,b 9 mak+ ! gov]nm5t !y left ?is in/itution ) _m cle> m>ks ( disapprobation ^u x4 ,!y f\nd slav]y among !m1 & !y left x among !m because ( ! difficulty--! absolute impossibility--( its imm$iate removal4 ,& :5 ,judge ,d\glas asks me :y we _c let x rema9 "p slave & "p free1 z ! fa!rs ( ! gov]nm5t made x1 he asks a "q bas$ ^u an assumption :i* is itself a falsehood2 & ,i turn ^u him & ask him ! "q1 :5 ! policy t ! fa!rs ( ! gov]nm5t _h adopt$ 9 relation to ?is elem5t among u 0 ! be/ policy 9 ! _w1 ! only wise policy1 ! only policy t we c ev] safely cont9ue ^u1 t w ev] give u peace1 unless ?is dang]\s elem5t ma/]s u all & becomes a national in/itution1--,i turn ^u him & ask him :y he c\ld n leave x alone4 ,i turn & ask him :y he 0 driv5 to ! necessity ( introduc+ a new policy 9 reg>d to x4 ,he has himself said he introduc$ a new policy4 ,he said s 9 8 spee* on ! #bb;d ( ,m>* ( ! pres5t ye>1 #aheh4 ,i ask him :y he c\ld n let x rema9 :]e our fa!rs plac$ x4 ,i ask1 too1 ( ,judge ,d\glas & 8 fri5ds :y we %all n aga9 place ?is in/itution ^u ! basis on :i* ! fa!rs left x4 ,i ask y1 :5 he inf]s t ,i am 9 favor ( sett+ ! ,free & ,slave ,/ates at w>1 :5 ! in/itution 0 plac$ 9 t attitude by ^? :o made ! ,con/itution1 did !y make any w>8 ,if we _h no w> out ( x :5 ?us plac$1 :]e9 is ! gr\nd ( belief t we %all h w> out ( x if we return to t policy8 ,h we _h any peace ^u ?is matt] spr++ f any o!r basis8 ,i ma9ta9 t we h n4 ,i h propos$ no?+ m ?an a return to ! policy ( ! fa!rs4 ,i confess1 :5 ,i propose a c]ta9 measure ( policy1 x is n en\gh = me t ,i d n int5d any?+ evil 9 ! result1 b x is incumb5t on me to %[ t x has n a t5d5cy to t result4 ,i h met ,judge ,d\glas 9 t po9t ( view4 ,i h n only made ! decl>ation t ,i d n mean to produce a conflict betwe5 ! ,/ates1 b ,i h tri$ to %[ by fair reason+1 & ,i ?9k ,i h %[n to ! m9ds ( fair m51 t ,i propose no?+ b :at has a mo/ peaceful t5d5cy4 ,! quotation t ,i happ5$ to make 9 t ,spr+field spee*1 t 8a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&10 & :i* has prov$ s (f5sive to ! ,judge1 0 "p & p>cel ( ! same ?+4 ,he tries to %[ t v>iety 9 ! dome/ic in/itutions ( ! diff]5t ,/ates is necess>y & indisp5sable4 ,i d n dispute x4 ,i h no controv]sy ) ,judge ,d\glas ab\t t4 ,i %all v readily agree ) him t x w\ld be fooli% = u to insi/ ^u hav+ a cranb]ry law "h 9 ,ill9ois1 :]e we h no cranb]ries1 because !y h a cranb]ry law 9 ,indiana1 :]e !y h cranb]ries4 ,i %\ld insi/ t x w\ld be exce$+ly wrong 9 u to d5y to ,virg9ia ! "r to enact oy/] laws1 :]e !y h oy/]s1 because we want no su* laws "h4 ,i und]/&1 ,i hope1 q z well z ,judge ,d\glas or anybody else1 t ! v>iety 9 ! soil & climate & face ( ! c\ntry1 & consequ5t v>iety 9 ! indu/rial pursuits & productions ( a c\ntry1 require sy/ems ( law con=m+ to ?is v>iety 9 ! natural features ( ! c\ntry4 ,i und]/& q z well z ,judge ,d\glas t if we "h raise a b>rel ( fl\r m ?an we want1 & ! ,l\isianians raise a b>rel ( sug> m ?an !y want1 x is ( mutual advantage to ex*ange4 ,t produces comm]ce1 br+s u toge!r1 & makes u bett] fri5ds4 ,we l "o ano!r ! m = x4 ,& ,i und]/& z well z ,judge ,d\glas1 or anybody else1 t ^! mutual accommodations are ! cem5ts :i* b9d toge!r ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is ,union2 t in/ead ( be+ a ?+ to 8divide ! h\se10--figuratively express+ ! ,union1--!y t5d to su/a9 x2 !y are ! props ( ! h\se1 t5d+ always to hold x up4 ,b :5 ,i h admitt$ all ?is1 ,i ask if !re is any p>allel betwe5 ^! ?+s & ?is in/itution ( slav]y8 ,i d n see t !re is any p>allel at all betwe5 !m4 ,consid] x4 ,:5 h we _h any difficulty or qu>rel among/ ourselves ab\t ! cranb]ry laws ( ,indiana1 or ! oy/] laws ( ,virg9ia1 or ! p9e-lumb] laws ( ,ma9e1 or ! fact t ,l\isiana produces sug>1 & ,ill9ois fl\r8 ,:5 h we _h any qu>rels ov] ^! ?+s8 ,:5 h we _h p]fect peace 9 reg>d to ?is ?+ :i* ,i say is an elem5t ( discord 9 ?is ,union8 ,we h sometimes _h peace1 b :5 0 x8 ,x 0 :5 ! in/itution ( slav]y rema9$ quiet :]e x 04 ,we h _h difficulty & turmoil :5ev] x has made a /ruggle to spread itself :]e x 0 n4 ,i ask1 !n1 if exp]i5ce does n speak 9 ?und]-tones1 tell+ u t ! policy :i* has giv5 peace to ! c\ntry h]et(ore1 be+ return$ to1 gives ! greate/ promise ( peace aga94 ,y may say1 & ,judge ,d\glas has intimat$ ! same ?+1 t all ?is difficulty 9 reg>d to ! in/itution ( slav]y is ! m]e agitation ( (fice-seek]s & ambiti\s ,nor!rn politicians4 ,he ?9ks we want to get 88 place10 ,i suppose4 ,i agree t !re are (fice-seek]s among/ u4 ,! ,bible says some:]e t we are desp]ately selfi%4 ,i ?9k we w\ld h discov]$ t fact )\t ! ,bible4 ,i d n claim t ,i am any less s ?an ! av]age ( m51 b ,i d claim t ,i am n m selfi% ?an ,judge ,d\glas4 ,b is x true t all ! difficulty & agitation we h 9 reg>d to ?is in/itution ( slav]y spr+s f (fice-seek+1 f ! m]e ambition ( politicians8 ,is t ! tru?8 ,h[ _m times h we _h dang] f ?is "q8 ,g back to ! day ( ! ,miss\ri ,compromise4 ,g back to ! ,nullification "q1 at ! bottom ( :i* lay ?is same slav]y "q4 ,g back to ! "t ( ! ,annexation ( ,texas4 ,g back to ! tr\bles t l$ to ! ,compromise ( #ahej4 ,y w f9d t e "t1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! ,nullification "q1 !y sprung f an endeavor to spread ?is in/itution4 ,!re nev] 0 a p>ty 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry1 & !re probably nev] w be1 ( suffici5t /r5g? to di/urb ! g5]al peace ( ! c\ntry4 ,p>ties !mselves may be divid$ & qu>rel on m9or que/ions1 yet x ext5ds n beyond ! p>ties !mselves4 ,b does n ?is "q make a di/urbance outside ( political circles8 ,does x n ent] into ! *ur*es & r5d !m asund]8 ,:at divid$ ! great ,me?odi/ ,*ur* into two p>ts1 ,nor? & ,s\?8 ,:at has rais$ ?is con/ant di/urbance 9 e ,presbyt]ian ,g5]al ,assembly t meets8 ,:at di/urb$ ! ,unit>ian ,*ur* 9 ?is v city two ye>s ago8 ,:at has j>r$ & %ak5 ! great ,am]ican ,tract ,society rec5tly1 n yet splitt+ x1 b sure to divide x 9 ! end8 ,is x n ?is same mighty1 deep-seat$ p[] t someh[ op]ates on ! m9ds ( m51 excit+ & /irr+ !m up 9 e av5ue ( society1--9 politics1 9 religion1 9 lit]ature1 9 morals1 9 all ! manifold relations ( life8 ,is ?is ! "w ( politicians8 ,is t irresi/ible p[]1 :i* = fifty ye>s has %ak5 ! gov]nm5t & agitat$ ! p1 to be /ill$ & subdu$ by pret5d+ t x is an exce$+ly simple ?+1 & we ought n to talk ab\t x8 ,if y w get ev]ybody else to /op talk+ ab\t x1 ,i assure y ,i w quit be=e !y h half done s4 ,b :]e is ! philosophy or /atesman%ip :i* assumes t y c quiet t di/urb+ elem5t 9 our society :i* has di/urb$ u = m ?an half a c5tury1 :i* has be5 ! only s]i\s dang] t has ?reat5$ our in/itutions1--,i say1 :]e is ! philosophy or ! /atesman%ip bas$ on ! assumption t we are to quit talk+ ab\t x1 & t ! public m9d is all at once to cease be+ agitat$ by x8 ,yet ?is is ! policy "h 9 ! ,nor? t ,d\glas is advocat+1--t we are to c>e no?+ ab\t x6 ,i ask y if x is n a false philosophy4 ,is x n a false /atesman%ip t und]takes to build up a sy/em ( policy ^u ! basis ( c>+ no?+ ab\t ! v ?+ t ev]ybody does c>e ! mo/ ab\t8--a ?+ :i* all exp]i5ce has %[n we c>e a v great deal ab\t8 ,! ,judge alludes v (t5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rem>ks to ! exclusive "r :i* ! ,/ates h to decide ! :ole ?+ = !mselves4 ,i agree ) him v readily t ! diff]5t ,/ates h t "r4 ,he is b fight+ a man ( /raw :5 he assumes t ,i am cont5d+ aga9/ ! "r ( ! ,/ates to d z !y please ab\t x4 ,our controv]sy ) him is 9 reg>d to ! new ,t]ritories4 ,we agree t :5 ! ,/ates come 9 z ,/ates !y h ! "r & ! p[] to d z !y please4 ,we h no p[] z citiz5s ( ! ,free ,/ates1 or 9 our ,f$]al capacity z memb]s ( ! ,f$]al ,union ?r\gh ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 to di/urb slav]y 9 ! ,/ates :]e x exi/s4 ,we pr(ess con/antly t we h no m incl9ation ?an belief 9 ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t to di/urb x2 yet we are driv5 con/antly to def5d ourselves f ! assumption t we are w>r+ ^u ! rights ( ! ,/ates4 ,:at ,i insi/ ^u is1 t ! new ,t]ritories %all be kept free f x :ile 9 ! ,t]ritorial condition4 ,judge ,d\glas assumes t we h no int]e/ 9 !m1--t we h no "r :atev] to int]f]e4 ,i ?9k we h "s int]e/4 ,i ?9k t z :ite m5 we h4 ,d we n wi% = an outlet = our surplus population1 if ,i may s express myself8 ,d we n feel an int]e/ 9 gett+ to t outlet ) su* in/itutions z we w\ld l to h prevail !re8 ,if y g to ! ,t]ritory oppos$ to slav]y1 & ano!r man comes ^u ! same gr\nd ) 8 slave1 ^u ! assumption t ! ?+s are equal1 x turns out t he has ! equal "r all 8 way1 & y h no "p ( x y\r way4 ,if he goes 9 & makes x a ,slave ,t]ritory1 & by consequ5ce a ,slave ,/ate1 is x n "t t ^? :o desire to h x a ,free ,/ate 7 on equal gr\nd8 ,let me sugge/ x 9 a diff]5t way4 ,h[ _m ,democrats are !re ab\t "h 8,a ?\s&0 :o h left ,slave ,/ates & come into ! ,free ,/ate ( ,ill9ois to get rid ( ! in/itution ( slav]y8 ,ano!r voice3 8,a ?\s& & "o40 ,i reckon !re are a ?\s& & "o4 ,i w ask y1 if ! policy y are n[ advocat+ _h prevail$ :5 ?is c\ntry 0 9 a ,t]ritorial condition1 :]e w\ld y h gone to get rid ( x8 ,:]e w\ld y h f\nd y\r ,free ,/ate or ,t]ritory to g to8 ,& :5 h]eaft]1 = any cause1 ! p 9 ?is place %all desire to f9d new homes1 if !y wi% to be rid ( ! in/itution1 :]e w !y f9d ! place to g to8 ,n[1 irrespective ( ! moral aspect ( ?is "q z to :e!r !re is a "r or wrong 9 enslav+ a negro1 ,i am /ill 9 favor ( our new ,t]ritories be+ 9 su* a condition t :ite m5 may f9d a home1--may f9d "s spot :]e !y c bett] _! condition2 :]e !y c settle ^u new soil & bett] _! condition 9 life4 ,i am 9 favor ( ?is1 n m]ely 7,i mu/ say x "h z ,i h else:]e7 = our own p :o are born among/ u1 b z an outlet = free :ite p ev]y:]e1 ! _w ov]1--9 :i* ,hans1 & ,bapti/e1 & ,patrick1 & all o!r m5 f all ! _w1 may f9d new homes & bett] _! conditions 9 life4 ,i h /at$ ^u =m] occasions1 & ,i may z well /ate aga91 :at ,i und]/& to be ! real issue 9 ?is controv]sy betwe5 ,judge ,d\glas & myself4 ,on ! po9t ( my want+ to make w> betwe5 ! ,free & ! ,slave ,/ates1 !re has be5 no issue betwe5 u4 ,s1 too1 :5 he assumes t ,i am 9 favor ( introduc+ a p]fect social & political equality betwe5 ! :ite & black races4 ,^! are false issues1 ^u :i* ,judge ,d\glas has tri$ to =ce ! controv]sy4 ,!re is no f\ndation 9 tru? = ! *>ge t ,i ma9ta9 ei!r ( ^! propositions4 ,! real issue 9 ?is controv]sy--! "o press+ ^u e m9d--is ! s5tim5t on ! "p ( "o class t looks ^u ! in/itution ( slav]y z a wrong1 & ( ano!r class t does n look ^u x z a wrong4 ,! s5tim5t t contemplates ! in/itution ( slav]y 9 ?is c\ntry z a wrong is ! s5tim5t ( ! ,republican p>ty4 ,x is ! s5tim5t ar\nd :i* all _! actions1 all _! argum5ts1 circle1 f :i* all _! propositions radiate4 ,!y look ^u x z a be+ a moral1 social1 & political wrong2 & :ile !y contemplate x z su*1 !y nev]!less h due reg>d = its actual exi/5ce among u1 & ! difficulties ( gett+ rid ( x 9 any satisfactory way & to all ! con/itutional obligations ?r[n ab\t x4 ,yet1 hav+ a due reg>d = ^!1 !y desire a policy 9 reg>d to x t looks to its n creat+ any m dang]4 ,!y insi/ t x %\ld1 z f> z may be1 be treat$ z a wrong2 & "o ( ! me?ods ( treat+ x z a wrong is to make provision t x %all gr[ no l>g]4 ,!y also desire a policy t looks to a peaceful end ( slav]y at "s "t1 z be+ wrong4 ,^! are ! views !y ent]ta9 9 reg>d to x z ,i und]/& !m2 & all _! s5tim5ts1 all _! argum5ts & propositions1 are br\ght )9 ?is range4 ,i h said1 & ,i repeat x "h1 t if !re be a man among/ u :o does n ?9k t ! in/itution ( slav]y is wrong 9 any "o ( ! aspects ( :i* ,i h spok51 he is misplac$1 & ought n to be ) u4 ,& if !re be a man among/ u :o is s impati5t ( x z a wrong z to disreg>d its actual pres5ce among/ u & ! difficulty ( gett+ rid ( x sudd5ly 9 a satisfactory way1 & to disreg>d ! con/itutional obligations ?r[n ab\t x1 t man is misplac$ if he is on our plat=m4 ,we disclaim sympa?y ) him 9 practical action4 ,he is n plac$ prop]ly ) u4 ,on ?is subject ( treat+ x z a wrong1 & limit+ its spread1 let me say a ^w4 ,has any?+ ev] ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( ?is ,union save & except ?is v in/itution ( slav]y8 ,:at is x t we hold mo/ de> among/ u8 ,our own lib]ty & prosp]ity4 ,:at has ev] ?reat5$ our lib]ty & prosp]ity1 save & except ?is in/itution ( slav]y8 ,if ?is is true1 h[ d y propose to improve ! condition ( ?+s by enl>g+ slav]y1--by spread+ x out & mak+ x bigg]8 ,y may h a w5 or canc] ^u y\r p]son1 & n be able to cut x out1 le/ y ble$ to dea?2 b surely x is no way to cure x1 to engraft x & spread x ov] y\r :ole body4 ,t is no prop] way ( treat+ :at y reg>d a wrong4 ,y see ?is peaceful way ( deal+ ) x z a wrong1--re/rict+ ! spread ( x1 & n all[+ x to g into new c\ntries :]e x has n already exi/$4 ,t is ! peaceful way1 ! old-fa%ion$ way1 ! way 9 :i* ! fa!rs !mselves set u ! example4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h said !re is a s5tim5t :i* treats x z n be+ wrong4 ,t is ! ,democratic s5tim5t ( ?is day4 ,i d n mean to say t e man :o /&s )9 t range positively ass]ts t x is "r4 ,t class w include all :o positively ass]t t x is "r1 & all :o1 l ,judge ,d\glas1 treat x z indiff]5t1 & d n say x is ei!r "r or wrong4 ,^! two classes ( m5 fall )9 ! g5]al class ( ^? :o d n look ^u x z a wrong4 ,& if !re be among y anybody :o supposes t he1 z a ,democrat1 c consid] himself 8z mu* oppos$ to slav]y z anybody10 ,i w\ld l to reason ) him4 ,y nev] treat x z a wrong4 ,:at o!r ?+ t y consid] z a wrong d y deal ) z y deal ) t8 ,p]haps y say x is wrong1 b y\r lead] nev] does1 & y qu>rel ) anybody :o says x is wrong4 ,al?\gh y pret5d to say s y\rself1 y c f9d no fit place to deal ) x z a wrong4 ,y mu/ n say any?+ ab\t x 9 ! ,free ,/ates1 because x is n "h4 ,y mu/ n say any?+ ab\t x 9 ! ,slave ,/ates1 because x is !re4 ,y mu/ n say any?+ ab\t x 9 ! pulpit1 because t is religion1 & has no?+ to d ) x4 ,y mu/ n say any?+ ab\t x 9 politics1 because t w di/urb ! security ( 8my place40 ,!re is no place to talk ab\t x z be+ a wrong1 al?\gh y say y\rself x is a wrong4 ,b1 f9ally1 y w screw y\rself up to ! belief t if ! p ( ! ,slave ,/ates %\ld adopt a sy/em ( gradual emancipation on ! slav]y "q1 y w\ld be 9 favor ( x4 ,y w\ld be 9 favor ( x4 ,y say t is gett+ x 9 ! "r place1 & y w\ld be glad to see x succe$4 ,b y are deceiv+ y\rself4 ,y all "k t ,frank ,blair & ,gratz ,br[n1 d[n !re 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 und]took to introduce t sy/em 9 ,miss\ri4 ,!y f\ght z valiantly z !y c\ld = ! sy/em ( gradual emancipation :i* y pret5d y w\ld be glad to see succe$4 ,n[1 ,i w br+ y to ! te/4 ,aft] a h>d fight !y 7 beat51 & :5 ! news came ov] "h1 y ?rew up y\r hats & hurrah$ = ,democracy4 ,m ?an t1 take all ! argum5t made 9 favor ( ! sy/em y h propos$1 & x c>efully excludes ! idea t !re is any?+ wrong 9 ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,! argum5ts to su/a9 t policy c>efully exclud$ x4 ,ev5 "h to-day y he>d ,judge ,d\glas qu>rel ) me because ,i utt]$ a wi% t x might "s "t come to an end4 ,al?\gh ,h5ry ,clay c\ld say he wi%$ e slave 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 9 ! c\ntry ( 8 ance/ors1 ,i am d5\nc$ by ^? pret5d+ to respect ,h5ry ,clay = utt]+ a wi% t x might "s "t1 9 "s peaceful way1 come to an end4 ,! ,democratic policy 9 reg>d to t in/itution w n tol]ate ! m]e/ brea?1 ! slighte/ h9t1 ( ! lea/ degree ( wrong ab\t x4 ,try x by "s ( ,judge ,d\glas's argum5ts4 ,he says he 8don't c>e :e!r x is vot$ up or vot$ d[n0 9 ! ,t]ritories4 ,i d n c>e myself1 9 deal+ ) t expression1 :e!r x is int5d$ to be expressive ( 8 individual s5tim5ts on ! subject1 or only ( ! national policy he desires to h e/abli%$4 ,x is alike valuable = my purpose4 ,any man c say t :o does n see any?+ wrong 9 slav]y2 b no man c logically say x :o does see a wrong 9 x1 because no man c logically say he don't c>e :e!r a wrong is vot$ up or vot$ d[n4 ,he may say he don't c>e :e!r an indiff]5t ?+ is vot$ up or d[n1 b he mu/ logically h a *oice betwe5 a "r ?+ & a wrong ?+4 ,he cont5ds t :atev] community wants slaves has a "r to h !m4 ,s !y h1 if x is n a wrong4 ,b if x is a wrong1 he _c say p h a "r to d wrong4 ,he says t ^u ! score ( equality1 slaves %\ld be all[$ to g 9 a new ,t]ritory1 l o!r prop]ty4 ,?is is /rictly logical if !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 x & o!r prop]ty4 ,if x & o!r prop]ty are equal1 8 argum5t is entirely logical4 ,b if y insi/ t "o is wrong & ! o!r "r1 !re is no use to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,y may turn ov] ev]y?+ 9 ! ,democratic policy f beg9n+ to end1 :e!r 9 ! %ape x takes on ! /atute book1 9 ! %ape x takes 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott decision1 9 ! %ape x takes 9 conv]sation1 or ! %ape x takes 9 %ort maxim-l argum5ts1--x ev]y:]e c>efully excludes ! idea t !re is any?+ wrong 9 x4 ,t is ! real issue4 ,t is ! issue t w cont9ue 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 ^! poor tongues ( ,judge ,d\glas & myself %all be sil5t4 ,x is ! et]nal /ruggle betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples--"r & wrong--?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!y are ! two pr9ciples t h /ood face to face f ! beg9n+ ( "t1 & w ev] cont9ue to /ruggle4 ,! "o is ! common "r ( humanity1 & ! o!r ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,x is ! same pr9ciple 9 :atev] %ape x develops itself4 ,x is ! same _s t says3 8,y "w & toil & e>n bread1 & ,i'll eat x40 ,no matt] 9 :at %ape x comes1 :e!r f ! m\? ( a k+ :o seeks to be/ride ! p ( 8 own nation & live by ! fruit ( _! labor1 or f "o race ( m5 z an apology = enslav+ ano!r race1 x is ! same tyrannical pr9ciple4 ,i 0 glad to express my gratitude at ,qu9cy1 & ,i re-express x "h1 to ,judge ,d\glas1--t he looks to no end ( ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,t w help ! p to see :]e ! /ruggle really is4 ,x w h]eaft] place ) u all m5 :o really d wi% ! wrong may h an end4 ,& :5ev] we c get rid ( ! fog :i* obscures ! real "q1 :5 we c get ,judge ,d\glas & 8 fri5ds to av[ a policy look+ to its p]petuation1--we c get out f among t class ( m5 & br+ !m to ! side ( ^? :o treat x z a wrong4 ,!n !re w soon be an end ( x1 & t end w be its 8ultimate ext9ction40 ,:5ev] ! issue c be di/9ctly made1 & all extrane\s matt] ?r[n out s t m5 c fairly see ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>ties1 ?is controv]sy w soon be settl$1 & x w be done peaceably1 too4 ,!re w be no w>1 no viol5ce4 ,x w be plac$ aga9 :]e ! wise/ & be/ m5 ( ! _w plac$ x4 ,brooks1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 once decl>$ t :5 ?is ,con/itution 0 fram$ its fram]s did n look to ! in/itution exi/+ until 8 day4 ,:5 he said ?is1 ,i ?9k he /at$ a fact t is fully borne out by ! hi/ory ( ! times4 ,b he also said !y 7 bett] & wis] m5 ?an ! m5 ( ^! days2 yet ! m5 ( ^! days _h exp]i5ce :i* !y _h n1 & by ! inv5tion ( ! cotton-g9 x became a necessity 9 ?is c\ntry t slav]y %\ld be p]petual4 ,i n[ say t1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 purposely or )\t purpose1 ,judge ,d\glas has be5 ! mo/ prom95t in/rum5t 9 *ang+ ! position ( ! in/itution ( slav]y :i* ! fa!rs ( ! gov]nm5t expect$ to come to an end ere ?is1--& putt+ x ^u ,brooks's cotton-g9 basis2 plac+ x :]e he op5ly confesses he has no desire !re %all ev] be an end ( x4 ,i und]/& ,i h t5 m9utes yet4 ,i w employ x 9 say+ some?+ ab\t ?is argum5t ,judge ,d\glas uses1 :ile he su/a9s ! ,dr$ ,scott decision1 t ! p ( ! ,t]ritories c /ill someh[ exclude slav]y4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i ask att5tion to is ! fact t ,judge ,d\glas con/antly said1 be=e ! decision1 t :e!r !y c\ld or n1 0 a "q = ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,b aft] ! c\rt _h made ! decision he virtually says x is n a "q = ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 b = ! p4 ,& h[ is x he tells u !y c exclude x8 ,he says x ne$s 8police regulation10 & t admits ( 8unfri5dly legislation40 ,al?\gh x is a "r e/abli%$ by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to take a slave into a ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & hold him z prop]ty1 yet unless ! ,t]ritorial ,legislature w give fri5dly legislation1 &1 m especially1 if !y adopt unfri5dly legislation1 !y c practically exclude him4 ,n[1 )\t meet+ ?is proposition z a matt] ( fact1 ,i pass to consid] ! real con/itutional obligation4 ,let me take ! g5tleman :o looks me 9 ! face be=e me1 & let u suppose t he is a memb] ( ! ,t]ritorial ,legislature4 ,! fir/ ?+ he w d w be to swe> t he w support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 neighbor by 8 side 9 ! ,t]ritory has slaves & ne$s ,t]ritorial legislation to enable him to enjoy t con/itutional "r4 ,c he )hold ! legislation :i* 8 neighbor ne$s = ! enjoym5t ( a "r :i* is fix$ 9 8 favor 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* he has sworn to support8 ,c he )hold x )\t violat+ 8 oa?8 ,&1 m especially1 c he pass unfri5dly legislation to violate 8 oa?8 ,:y1 ?is is a mon/r\s sort ( talk ab\t ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates6 ,!re has nev] be5 z outl&i% or lawless a doctr9e f ! m\? ( any respectable man on e>?4 ,i d n believe x is a con/itutional "r to hold slaves 9 a ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i believe ! decision 0 improp]ly made & ,i g = rev]s+ x4 ,judge ,d\glas is furi\s aga9/ ^? :o g = rev]s+ a decision4 ,b he is = legislat+ x out ( all =ce :ile ! law itself /&s4 ,i repeat t !re has nev] be5 s mon/r\s a doctr9e utt]$ f ! m\? ( a respectable man4 ,i suppose mo/ ( u 7,i "k x ( myself7 believe t p ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates are entitl$ to a ,congressional ,fugitive ,slave law1--t is a "r fix$ 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,b x _c be made available to !m )\t ,congressional legislation4 ,9 ! ,judge's language1 x is a 8b>r5 "r10 :i* ne$s legislation be=e x c become effici5t & valuable to ! p]sons to :om x is gu>ante$4 ,& z ! "r is con/itutional1 ,i agree t ! legislation %all be grant$ to x1--& t n t we l ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,we pr(ess to h no ta/e = runn+ & cat*+ nigg]s1--at lea/1 ,i pr(ess no ta/e = t job at all4 ,:y !n d ,i yield support to a ,fugitive ,slave law8 ,because ,i d n und]/& t ! ,con/itution1 :i* gu>antees t "r1 c be support$ )\t x4 ,& if ,i believ$ t ! "r to hold a slave 9 a ,t]ritory 0 equally fix$ 9 ! ,con/itution ) ! "r to reclaim fugitives1 ,i %\ld be b\nd to give x ! legislation necess>y to support x4 ,i say t no man c d5y 8 obligation to give ! necess>y legislation to support slav]y 9 a ,t]ritory1 :o believes x is a con/itutional "r to h x !re4 ,no man c1 :o does n give ! ,abolitioni/s an argum5t to d5y ! obligation enjo9$ by ! ,con/itution to enact a ,fugitive ,/ate law4 ,try x n[4 ,x is ! /ronge/ ,abolition argum5t ev] made4 ,i say if t ,dr$ ,scott decision is correct1 !n ! "r to hold slaves 9 a ,t]ritory is equally a con/itutional "r ) ! "r ( a slavehold] to h 8 runaway return$4 ,no "o c %[ ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,! "o is express1 s t we _c d5y x4 ,! o!r is con/ru$ to be 9 ! ,con/itution1 s t he :o believes ! decision to be correct believes 9 ! "r4 ,& ! man :o argues t by unfri5dly legislation1 9 spite ( t con/itutional "r1 slav]y may be driv5 f ! ,t]ritories1 _c avoid furni%+ an argum5t by :i* ,abolitioni/s may d5y ! obligation to return fugitives1 & claim ! p[] to pass laws unfri5dly to ! "r ( ! slavehold] to reclaim 8 fugitive4 ,i d n "k h[ su* an argum5t may /rike a popul> assembly l ?is1 b ,i defy anybody to g be=e a body ( m5 ^: m9ds are educat$ to e/imat+ evid5ce & reason+1 & %[ t !re is an iota ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! con/itutional "r to reclaim a fugitive1 & ! con/itutional "r to hold a slave1 9 a ,t]ritory1 provid$ ?is ,dr$ ,scott decision is correct4 ,i defy any man to make an argum5t t w ju/ify unfri5dly legislation to deprive a slavehold] ( 8 "r to hold a slave 9 a ,t]ritory1 t w n equally1 9 all its l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 furni% an argum5t = nullify+ ! ,fugitive ,slave law4 ,:y1 !re is n su* an ,abolitioni/ 9 ! nation z ,d\glas1 aft] all4 ,,mr4 ,,d\glas',s ,,rejo9d] ,mr4 ,l9coln has conclud$ 8 rem>ks by say+ t !re is n su* an ,abolitioni/ z ,i am 9 all ,am]ica4 ,if he c\ld make ! ,abolitioni/s ( ,ill9ois believe t1 he w\ld n h mu* %[ = ! ,s5ate4 ,let him make ! ,abolitioni/s believe ! tru? ( t /atem5t1 & 8 political back is brok54 ,8 fir/ criticism ^u me is ! expression ( 8 hope t ! w> ( ! ,adm9i/ration w be prosecut$ aga9/ me & ! ,democratic p>ty ( ?is ,/ate ) vigor4 ,he wants t w> prosecut$ ) vigor2 ,i h no d\bt ( x4 ,8 hopes ( success & ! hopes ( 8 p>ty dep5d solely ^u x4 ,!y h no *ance ( de/roy+ ! ,democracy ( ?is ,/ate except by ! aid ( ,f$]al patronage4 ,he has all ! ,f$]al (ficehold]s "h z 8 allies1 runn+ sep>ate tickets aga9/ ! ,democracy to divide ! p>ty1 al?\gh ! lead]s all int5d to vote directly ! ,abolition ticket1 & only leave ! gre5horns to vote ?is sep>ate ticket :o refuse to g into ! ,abolition camp4 ,!re is some?+ really refre%+ 9 ! ?\ght t ,mr4 ,l9coln is 9 favor ( prosecut+ "o w> vigor\sly4 ,x is ! fir/ w> t ,i ev] knew him to be 9 favor ( prosecut+4 ,x is ! fir/ w> t ,i ev] knew him to believe to be j or con/itutional4 ,:5 ! ,mexican w> 0 be+ wag$1 & ! ,am]ican army 0 surr\nd$ by ! enemy 9 ,mexico1 he ?\ght t w> 0 uncon/itutional1 unnecess>y1 & unju/4 ,he ?\ght x 0 n comm5c$ on ! "r spot4 ,:5 ,i made an incid5tal allusion ( t k9d 9 ! jo9t discussion ov] at ,*>le/on "s weeks ago1 ,l9coln1 9 reply+1 said t ,i1 ,d\glas1 _h *>g$ him ) vot+ aga9/ supplies = ! ,mexican w>1 & !n he re>$ up1 full l5g?1 & swore t he nev] vot$ aga9/ ! supplies2 t x 0 a sl&]2 & caught hold ( ,fickl91 :o sat on ! /&1 & said1 8,"h1 ,fickl91 tell ! p t x is a lie40 ,well1 ,fickl91 :o _h s]v$ 9 ,congress ) him1 /ood up & told !m all t he recollect$ ab\t x4 ,x 0 t :5 ,george ,a%mun1 ( ,massa*usetts1 br\ght =w>d a resolution decl>+ ! w> uncon/itutional1 unnecess>y1 & unju/1 t ,l9coln _h vot$ = x4 8,yes10 said ,l9coln1 8,i did40 ,?us he confess$ t he vot$ t ! w> 0 wrong1 t our c\ntry 0 9 ! wrong1 & consequ5tly t ! ,mexicans 7 9 ! "r2 b *>g$ t ,i _h sl&]$ him by say+ t he vot$ aga9/ ! supplies4 ,i nev] *>g$ him ) vot+ aga9/ ! supplies 9 my life1 because ,i knew t he 0 n 9 ,congress :5 !y 7 vot$4 ,! w> 0 comm5c$ on ! #ac? day ( ,may1 #ahdf1 & on t day we appropriat$ 9 ,congress t5 millions ( doll>s & fifty ?\s& m5 to prosecute x4 ,dur+ ! same session we vot$ m m5 & m money1 & at ! next session we vot$ m m5 & m money1 s t by ! "t ,mr4 ,l9coln ent]$ ,congress we _h en\gh m5 & en\gh money to c>ry on ! w>1 & _h no occasion to vote = any m4 ,:5 he got into ! ,h\se1 be+ oppos$ to ! w>1 & n be+ able to /op ! supplies1 because !y _h all gone =w>d1 all he c\ld d 0 to foll[ ! lead ( ,corw9 ( ,ohio1 & prove t ! w> 0 n begun on ! "r spot1 & t x 0 uncon/itutional1 unnecess>y1 & wrong4 ,rememb]1 too1 t ?is he did aft] ! w> _h be5 begun4 ,x is "o ?+ to be oppos$ to ! decl>ation ( a w>1 ano!r & v diff]5t ?+ to take sides ) ! enemy aga9/ y\r own c\ntry aft] ! w> has be5 comm5c$4 ,our army 0 9 ,mexico at ! "t1 _m battles _h be5 f\ght2 our citiz5s1 :o 7 def5d+ ! honor ( _! c\ntry's flag1 7 surr\nd$ by ! dagg]s1 ! guns1 & ! poison ( ! enemy4 ,!n x 0 t ,corw9 made 8 spee* 9 :i* he decl>$ t ! ,am]ican soldi]s ought to be welcom$ by ! ,mexicans ) bloody h&s & hospitable graves2 !n x 0 t ,a%mun & ,l9coln vot$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives t ! w> 0 uncon/itutional & unju/2 & ,a%mun's resolution1 ,corw9's spee*1 & ,l9coln's vote 7 s5t to ,mexico & read at ! head ( ! ,mexican army1 to prove to !m t !re 0 a ,mexican p>ty 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o 7 do+ all 9 _! p[] to aid !m4 ,t a man :o takes sides ) ! common enemy aga9/ 8 own c\ntry 9 "t ( w> %\ld rejoice 9 a w> be+ made on me n[1 is v natural4 ,&1 9 my op9ion1 no o!r k9d ( a man w\ld rejoice 9 x4 ,mr4 ,l9coln has told y a great deal to-day ab\t 8 be+ an old l9e ,clay ,:ig4 ,be> 9 m9d t !re are a great _m old ,clay ,:igs d[n 9 ?is region4 ,x is m agreeable1 !re=e1 = him to talk ab\t ! old ,clay ,:ig p>ty ?an x is = him to talk ,abolitionism4 ,we did n he> mu* ab\t ! old ,clay ,:ig p>ty up 9 ! ,abolition di/ricts4 ,h[ mu* ( an old l9e ,h5ry ,clay ,:ig 0 he8 ,h y read ,g5]al ,s+leton's spee* at ,jacksonville8 ,y "k t ,g5]al ,s+leton 0 = tw5ty-five ye>s ! confid5tial fri5d ( ,h5ry ,clay 9 ,ill9ois1 & he te/ifi$ t 9 #ahdg1 :5 ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( ?is ,/ate 0 9 session1 ! ,:ig memb]s 7 invit$ to a ,:ig caucus at ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,l9coln's bro!r-9-law1 :]e ,mr4 ,l9coln propos$ to ?r[ ,h5ry ,clay ov]bo>d & take up ,g5]al ,taylor 9 8 place1 giv+ z 8 reason t1 if ! ,:igs did n take up ,g5]al ,taylor1 ! ,democrats w\ld4 ,s+leton te/ifies t ,l9coln 9 t spee* urg$ z ano!r reason = ?r[+ ,h5ry ,clay ov]bo>d1 t ! ,:igs _h f\ght long en\gh = pr9ciple1 & ought to beg9 to fight = success4 ,s+leton also te/ifi$ t ,l9coln's spee* did n h ! effect ( cutt+ ,clay's ?roat1 & t he 7,s+leton7 & o!rs )drew f ! caucus 9 indignation4 ,he fur!r /ates t :5 !y got to ,philadelphia to att5d ! ,national ,conv5tion ( ! ,:ig p>ty1 t ,l9coln 0 !re1 ! bitt] & deadly enemy ( ,clay1 & t he tri$ to keep him 7,s+leton7 out ( ! ,conv5tion because he insi/$ on vot+ = ,clay1 & ,l9coln 0 det]m9$ to h ,taylor4 ,s+leton says t ,l9coln rejoic$ ) v great joy :5 he f\nd ! mangl$ rema9s ( ! murd]$ ,:ig /atesman ly+ cold be=e him4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,l9coln tells y t he is an old l9e ,clay ,:ig6 ,g5]al ,s+leton te/ifies to ! facts ,i h n>rat$1 9 a public spee* :i* has be5 pr9t$ & circulat$ broadca/ ov] ! ,/ate = weeks1 yet n a lisp h we he>d f ,mr4 ,l9coln on ! subject1 except t he is an old ,clay ,:ig4 ,:at "p ( ,h5ry ,clay's policy did ,l9coln ev] advocate4 ,he 0 9 ,congress 9 #ahdh-i1 :5 ! ,wilmot ,proviso w>f>e di/urb$ ! peace & h>mony ( ! c\ntry1 until x %ook ! f\ndation ( ! ,republic f its c5tre to its circumf]5ce4 ,x 0 t agitation t br\ght ,clay =? f 8 retirem5t at ,a%l& aga9 to occupy 8 seat 9 ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to see if he c\ld n1 by 8 great wisdom & exp]i5ce1 & ! r5[n ( 8 "n1 d some?+ to re/ore peace & quiet to a di/urb$ c\ntry4 ,:o got up t sectional /rife t ,clay _h to be call$ ^u to quell8 ,i h he>d ,l9coln boa/ t he vot$ =ty-two times = ! ,wilmot ,proviso1 & t he w\ld h vot$ z _m times m if he c\ld4 ,l9coln is ! man1 9 connection ) ,sew>d1 ,*ase1 ,gidd+s1 & o!r ,abolitioni/s1 :o got up t /rife t ,i help$ ,clay to put d[n4 ,h5ry ,clay came back to ! ,s5ate 9 #ahdi1 & saw t he mu/ d some?+ to re/ore peace to ! c\ntry4 ,! ,union ,:igs & ! ,union ,democrats welcom$ him1 ! mom5t he arriv$1 z ! man = ! occasion4 ,we believ$ t he1 ( all m5 on e>?1 _h be5 pres]v$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce to guide u out ( our difficulties1 & we ,democrats ralli$ "u ,clay !n1 z y ,:igs 9 ,nullification "t ralli$ "u ! bann] ( old ,jackson1 =gett+ p>ty :5 ! c\ntry 0 9 dang]1 9 ord] t we might h a c\ntry fir/1 & p>ties aft]w>d4 ,& ?is rem9ds me t ,mr4 ,l9coln told y t ! slav]y "q 0 ! only ?+ t ev] di/urb$ ! peace & h>mony ( ! ,union4 ,did n ,nullification once raise its head & di/urb ! peace ( ?is ,union 9 #ahcb8 ,0 t ! slav]y "q1 ,mr4 ,l9coln8 ,did n disunion raise its mon/] head dur+ ! la/ w> ) ,great ,brita98 ,0 t ! slav]y "q1 ,mr4 ,l9coln8 ,! peace ( ?is c\ntry has be5 di/urb$ ?ree times1 once dur+ ! w> ) ,great ,brita91 once on ! t>iff "q1 & once on ! slav]y "q4 ,8 argum5t !re=e t slav]y is ! only "q t has ev] creat$ diss5sion 9 ! ,union falls to ! gr\nd4 ,x is true t agitators are enabl$ n[ to use ?is slav]y "q = ! purpose ( sectional /rife4 ,he admits t 9 reg>d to all ?+s else1 ! pr9ciple t ,i advocate1 mak+ ea* ,/ate & ,t]ritory free to decide = itself1 ought to prevail4 ,he in/ances ! cranb]ry laws & ! oy/] laws1 & he might h gone ?r\gh ! :ole li/ ) ! same effect4 ,i say t all ^! laws are local & dome/ic1 & t local & dome/ic conc]ns %\ld be left to ea* ,/ate & ea* ,t]ritory to manage = itself4 ,if agitators w\ld acquiesce 9 t pr9ciple1 !re nev] w\ld be any dang] to ! peace & h>mony ( ! ,union4 ,mr4 ,l9coln tries to avoid ! ma9 issue by attack+ ! tru? ( my proposition1 t our fa!rs made ?is gov]nm5t divid$ into ,free & ,slave ,/ates1 recogniz+ ! "r ( ea* to decide all its local que/ions = itself4 ,did !y n ?us make x8 ,x is true t !y did n e/abli% slav]y 9 any ( ! ,/ates1 or aboli% x 9 any ( !m2 b f9d+ ?irte5 ,/ates1 twelve ( :i* 7 slave & "o free1 !y agre$ to =m a gov]nm5t unit+ !m toge!r z !y /ood1 divid$ into ,free & ,slave ,/ates1 & to gu>antee =ev] to ea* ,/ate ! "r to d z x pleas$ on ! slav]y "q4 ,hav+ ?us made ! gov]nm5t1 & conf]r$ ?is "r ^u ea* ,/ate =ev]1 ,i ass]t t ?is gov]nm5t c exi/ z !y made x1 divid$ into ,free & ,slave ,/ates1 if any "o ,/ate *ooses to reta9 slav]y4 ,he says t he looks =w>d to a "t :5 slav]y %all be aboli%$ ev]y:]e4 ,i look =w>d to a "t :5 ea* ,/ate %all be all[$ to d z x pleases4 ,if x *ooses to keep slav]y =ev]1 x is n my bus9ess1 b its own2 if x *ooses to aboli% slav]y1 x is its own bus9ess1--n m9e4 ,i c>e m = ! great pr9ciple ( self-gov]nm5t1 ! "r ( ! p to rule1 ?an ,i d = all ! negroes 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,i w\ld n endang] ! p]petuity ( ?is ,union1 ,i w\ld n blot out ! great inali5able rights ( ! :ite m51 = all ! negroes t ev] exi/$4 ,h5ce1 ,i say1 let u ma9ta9 ?is gov]nm5t on ! pr9ciples t our fa!rs made x on1 recogniz+ ! "r ( ea* ,/ate to keep slav]y z long z its p det]m9e1 or to aboli% x :5 !y please4 ,b ,mr4 ,l9coln says t :5 our fa!rs made ?is gov]nm5t !y did n look =w>d to ! /ate ( ?+s n[ exi/+1 & !re=e he ?9ks ! doctr9e 0 wrong2 & he quotes ,brooks1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 to prove t our fa!rs !n ?\ght t probably slav]y w\ld be aboli%$ by ea* ,/ate act+ = itself be=e ?is "t4 ,suppose !y did2 suppose !y did n =esee :at has occurr$1--does t *ange ! pr9ciples ( our gov]nm5t8 ,!y did n probably =esee ! telegraph t transmits intellig5ce by lightn+1 nor did !y =esee ! railroads t n[ =m ! bonds ( union betwe5 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 or ! ?\s& me*anical inv5tions t h elevat$ mank9d4 ,b d ^! ?+s *ange ! pr9ciples ( ! gov]nm5t8 ,our fa!rs1 ,i say1 made ?is gov]nm5t on ! pr9ciple ( ! "r ( ea* ,/ate to d z x pleases 9 its own dome/ic affairs1 subject to ! ,con/itution1 & all[$ ! p ( ea* to apply to e new *ange ( circum/ances su* rem$y z !y may see fit to improve _! condition4 ,?is "r !y h = all "t to come4 ,mr4 ,l9coln w5t on to tell y t he does n at all desire to int]f]e ) slav]y 9 ! ,/ates :]e x exi/s1 nor does 8 p>ty4 ,i expect$ him to say t d[n "h4 ,let me ask him1 !n1 h[ he expects to put slav]y 9 ! c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction ev]y:]e1 if he does n int5d to int]f]e ) x 9 ! ,/ates :]e x exi/s8 ,he says t he w prohibit x 9 all ,t]ritories1 & ! inf]5ce is1 !n1 t unless !y make ,free ,/ates out ( !m he w keep !m out ( ! ,union2 =1 m>k y1 he did n say :e!r or n he w\ld vote to admit ,kansas ) slav]y or n1 z h] p might apply 7he =got t1 z usual1 etc472 he did n say :e!r or n he 0 9 favor ( br++ ! ,t]ritories n[ 9 exi/5ce into ! ,union on ! pr9ciple ( ,clay's ,compromise ,measures on ! slav]y "q4 ,i told y t he w\ld n4 ,8 idea is t he w prohibit slav]y 9 all ! ,t]ritories1 & ?us =ce !m all to become ,free ,/ates1 surr\nd+ ! ,slave ,/ates ) a cordon ( ,free ,/ates1 & hemm+ !m 91 keep+ ! slaves conf9$ to _! pres5t limits :il/ !y g on multiply+1 until ! soil on :i* !y live w no long] fe$ !m1 & he w ?us be able to put slav]y 9 a c\rse ( ultimate ext9ction by />vation4 ,he w ext+ui% slav]y 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates z ! ,fr5* g5]al ext]m9at$ ! ,alg]9es :5 he smok$ !m out4 ,he is go+ to ext+ui% slav]y by surr\nd+ ! ,slave ,/ates1 hemm+ 9 ! slaves1 & />v+ !m out ( exi/5ce1 z y smoke a fox out ( 8 hole4 ,he int5ds to d t 9 ! "n ( humanity & ,*ri/ianity1 9 ord] t we may get rid ( ! t]rible crime & s9 entail$ ^u our fa!rs ( hold+ slaves4 ,mr4 ,l9coln makes out t l9e ( policy1 & appeals to ! moral s5se ( ju/ice & to ! ,*ri/ian feel+ ( ! community to su/a9 him4 ,he says t any man :o holds to ! contr>y doctr9e is 9 ! position ( ! k+ :o claim$ to gov]n by div9e "r4 ,let u exam9e = a mom5t & see :at pr9ciple x 0 t ov]?rew ! div9e "r ( ,george ! ,?ird to gov]n u4 ,did n ^! ,colonies rebel because ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t _h no "r to pass laws conc]n+ our prop]ty & dome/ic & private in/itutions )\t our cons5t8 ,we dem&$ t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t %\ld n pass su* laws unless !y gave u repres5tation 9 ! body pass+ !m2 & ?is ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t insi/+ on do+1 we w5t to w>1 on ! pr9ciple t ! ,home ,gov]nm5t %\ld n control & gov]n di/ant colonies )\t giv+ !m a repres5tation4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,l9coln proposes to gov]n ! ,t]ritories )\t giv+ !m a repres5tation1 & calls on ,congress to pass laws controll+ _! prop]ty & dome/ic conc]ns )\t _! cons5t & aga9/ _! w4 ,?us1 he ass]ts = 8 p>ty ! id5tical pr9ciple ass]t$ by ,george ,,iii4 & ! ,tories ( ! ,revolution4 ,i ask y to look into ^! ?+s & !n tell me :e!r ! ,democracy or ! ,abolitioni/s are "r4 ,i hold t ! p ( a ,t]ritory1 l ^? ( a ,/ate 7,i use ! language ( ,mr4 ,bu*anan 9 8 ,lett] ( ,acceptance71 h ! "r to decide = !mselves :e!r slav]y %all or %all n exi/ )9 _! limits4 ,! po9t ^u :i* ,*ief ,ju/ice ,taney expresses 8 op9ion is simply ?is1 t slaves1 be+ prop]ty1 /& on an equal foot+ ) o!r prop]ty1 & consequ5tly t ! own] has ! same "r to c>ry t prop]ty into a ,t]ritory t he has any o!r1 subject to ! same conditions4 ,suppose t "o ( y\r m]*ants 0 to take fifty or "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s' wor? ( liquors to ,kansas4 ,he has a "r to g !re1 "u t decision2 b :5 he gets !re he f9ds ! ,ma9e liquor law 9 =ce1 & :at c he d ) 8 prop]ty aft] he gets x !re8 ,he _c sell x1 he _c use x2 x is subject to ! local law1 & t law is aga9/ him1 & ! be/ ?+ he c d ) x is to br+ x back into ,miss\ri or ,ill9ois & sell x4 ,if y take negroes to ,kansas1 z ,colonel ,jeff]son ,davis said 9 8 ,bangor spee*1 f :i* ,i h quot$ to-day1 y mu/ take !m !re subject to ! local law4 ,if ! p want ! in/itution ( slav]y1 !y w protect & enc\rage x2 b if !y d n want x !y w )hold t protection1 & ! abs5ce ( local legislation protect+ slav]y excludes x z completely z a positive prohibition4 ,y slavehold]s ( ,miss\ri might z well und]/& :at y "k practically1 t y _c c>ry slav]y :]e ! p d n want x4 ,all y h a "r to ask is t ! p %all d z !y please3 if !y want slav]y1 let !m h x2 if !y d n want x1 all[ !m to refuse to enc\rage x4 ,my fri5ds1 if1 z ,i h said be=e1 we w only live up to ?is great fundam5tal pr9ciple1 !re w be peace betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,mr4 ,l9coln admits t1 "u ! ,con/itution1 on all dome/ic que/ions1 except slav]y1 we ought n to int]f]e ) ! p ( ea* ,/ate4 ,:at "r h we to int]f]e ) ! p ( ea* ,/ate8 ,:at "r h we to int]f]e ) slav]y any m ?an we h to int]f]e ) any o!r "q8 ,he says t ?is slav]y "q is n[ ! bone ( cont5tion4 ,:y8 ,simply because agitators h comb9$ 9 all ! ,free ,/ates to make w> ^u x4 ,suppose ! agitators 9 ! ,/ates %\ld comb9e 9 "o half ( ! ,union to make w> ^u ! railroad sy/em ( ! o!r half8 ,!y w\ld ?us be driv5 to ! same sectional /rife4 ,suppose "o section makes w> ^u any o!r p>ticul> in/itution ( ! opposite section1 & ! same /rife is produc$4 ,! only rem$y & safety is t we %all /& by ! ,con/itution z our fa!rs made x1 obey ! laws z !y are pass$1 :ile !y /& ! prop] te/1 & su/a9 ! decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt & ! con/itut$ au?orities4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,! ,,l9coln-,,d\glas ,,debate ,,at ,,alton 7,prep>$ z an ex]cise 9 brief+ by a class 9 writt5 argum5tation7 ,s5ator ,d\glas's ,spee* ,proposition3 ,vote = ,d\glas & ! ,democratic ,p>ty ,introduction ,d\glas /ates t !re are ?ree po9ts at issue betwe5 ,l9coln & himself3 #a4 ,:e!r ! ,union c exi/ half slave & half free4 #b4 ,:e!r ! ,supreme ,c\rt 0 9 error 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott ,decision4 #c4 ,:e!r ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce includ$ ! negroes4 ,pro( ,proposition3 7,repeat$7 ,vote = ,d\glas & ! ,democratic ,p>ty1 because ,a4 ,! ,republican cre$ is wrong = ! reason t x _c be advocat$ ev]y:]e1 = ,i4 ,any cre$ is radically wrong t _c be proclaim$ alike 9 e /ate 9 ! ,union4 ,b4 ,refutation3 ,! argum5t t ?is gov]nm5t _c exi/ half slave & half free is uns\nd1 = ,i4 ,ea* /ate decides ^u its own in/itutions1 = a4 ,ea* /ate is sov]eign4 ,,ii4 ,if ! mak]s ( ! ,con/itution _h believ$ ,l9coln's doctr9e1 !y w\ld h made a provision e/abli%+ slav]y1 = a4 ,at t "t twelve out ( ?irte5 /ates 7 slave hold+ /ates4 ,,iii4 ,x w\ld be unju/ = ! ,nor!rn /ates to attack slav]y 9 ! slave /ates1 = a4 ,:5 ! free /ates 7 9 ! m9ority ! slave /ates did n int]f]e ) !m4 b4 ,x w\ld violate ! sov]eignty ( ! /ates :i* is gu>ante$ !m 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,c4 ,l9coln is undecid$ ab\t ! admission ( m slave /ates1 = ,i4 ,he w\ld n answ] at ,ottawa4 ,,ii4 ,at ,freeport he said he w\ld be v sorry to be put 9 a position to decide t "q4 ,,iii4 ,he has n answ]$ my "q directly1 = a4 ,8 answ] dep5d$ ^u :e!r slav]y _h be5 kept out dur+ ! /ate's :ole t]ritorial exi/5ce1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,he has n said1 & w n say1 :e!r1 if elect$ to ,congress1 he w vote to admit any t]ritory n[ 9 exi/5ce ) su* a ,con/itution z h] p may provide4 ,v4 ,he w n say :e!r he w r$eem our pl$ge ) ,texas4 ,d4 ,d\glas takes a cle> & j /& on ^! que/ions1 = ,i4 ,he pla9ly /ates t he w let ! p ( any t]ritory come into ! ,union slave or free z !y decide4 ,e4 ,d\glas has /ood by ! pr9ciples he advocat$1 = ,i4 ,he oppos$ ! ,lecompton ,con/itution because x did n repres5t ! w ( ! p1 = a4 ,:5 x 0 submitt$ to ! p ( ,kansas la/ ,augu/ x 0 reject$ by a vote ( t5 to "o4 ,,ii4 ,he refus$ to support ! ,engli% bill1 = a4 ,he 0 "r & hone/ 9 8 opposition to ! ,lecompton ,con/itution4 b4 ,he believ$ t :5ev] ,kansas _h en\gh p = a slave /ate %e _h en\gh p = a free /ate b ! ,engli% bill 0 directly oppos$ to ?is pr9ciple1 = #a4 ,! bill provid$ t if ,kansas came 9 z a slave /ate x w\ld be admitt$ ) a population ( #ce1jjj1 b if x desir$ admission z a free /ate x mu/ h #ic1dbj inhabitants4 ,,iii4 ,he opposes ! attempt on ! "p ( ! ,executive to control ! ,s5ate1 = a4 ,x w lead to despotism4 ,,iv4 ,he /&s on ! same plat=m n[ t he /ood on 9 #ahej1 #ahed1 & #ahef1 = a4 ,ev5 ! ,wa%+ton ,union admits ?is4 ,f4 ,! pr9ciple ( lett+ ! p ( ea* /ate decide = !mselves ab\t slav]y is ! "r pr9ciple1 = ,i4 ,x is ! pr9ciple advocat$ by our lead+ /atesm5 & patriots1 = a4 ,james ,bu*anan advocates x1 = #a4 ,he said s 9 8 lett] ( acceptance aft] he receiv$ ! ,democratic nom9ation = ! ,presid5cy 9 #ahef4 b4 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,taney does n d5y ?is pr9ciple4 c4 ,! ,honorable ,jeff]son ,davis took ! same view 9 8 spee* at ,bangor1 ,ma9e4 d4 ,! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se1 ,mr4 ,orr1 holds ! same view4 e4 ,alex4 ,h4 ,/eph5s puts ! same con/ruction ^u x t ,d\glas does4 ,,ii4 ,! p believe x is "r1 = a4 ,! p made ,james ,bu*anan presid5t on ?is same pr9ciple4 ,,iii4 ,x is ! pr9ciple t c br+ peace to ! ,union1 = a4 ,if ! p ( all ! /ates w act on ?is great pr9ciple1 & ea* /ate m9d its own bus9ess1 take c>e ( its own negroes1 & n m$dle ) its neighbors1 !re w be no cause = diss5sion4 ,conclusion ,a4 ,a plea = peace by adopt+ ! pr9ciples pres5t$ 9 ! pro(4 ,b4 ,a d5unciation ( ^? :o seek to turn ?is public controv]sy to _! own p]sonal advantage4 ,,mr4 ,,l9coln',s ,,reply ,proposition3 ,vote = ,l9coln & ! ,republican p>ty4 ,introduction ,a4 ,l9coln advises ,judge ,d\glas to cont9ue ! w> ^u ! o!r w+ ( 8 p>ty4 ,b4 ,d\glas %\ld n make too mu* ( ,bu*anan's inconsi/5cy because he is inconsi/5t himself1 = he once *ampion$ ! ,miss\ri ,compromise b n[ he opposes x4 ,pro( ,proposition3 7,repeat$7 ,vote = ,l9coln & ! ,republican p>ty1 because ,a4 ,refutation3 ,! /atem5t t ,i h compla9$ t ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case _h decid$ t a negro c\ld nev] be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is untrue1 = ,i4 ,no su* idea c be f\nd 9 my spee*4 ,,ii4 ,! tru? is t ,i m5tion$ ! ,dr$ ,scott ,decision only z "p ( a conspiracy to make slav]y national4 ,b4 ,d\glas misrepres5ts my position on ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 = ,i4 ,he has g>bl$ my ,*icago spee*1 = a4 ,he omitt$ betwe5 two quotations f\r s5t5ces necess>y to my mean+4 ,,ii4 ,d\glas has tak5 no notice ( an extract f my ,spr+field spee* 9 :i* my views are cle>ly express$4 ,,iii4 ,my position is ! same z t ( ,h5ry ,clay1 = a4 ,clay decl>$ ! ,decl>ation z an ab/ract pr9ciple is true & ! new proposition ( ! ,dr$ ,scott ,decision is int5d$ to make ! negro no?+ b prop]ty 9 all ! /ates4 b4 ,refutation3 ,! /atem5t t ,h5ry ,clay held t ! negro 0 n includ$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce is untrue1 = #a4 ,he nev] express$ ?is belief4 #b4 ,! spee* ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*icago ,times z %[+ t ?is 0 ,mr4 ,clay's view %[s precisely ! opposite view1 = 7a7 ,he says t x is true z an ab/ract pr9ciple t all m5 are creat$ equal1 b t we _c practically apply x 9 all cases4 ,c4 ,l9coln /ill says t ! proposition t 8,a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&0 is true1 = ,i4 ,! agitation ov] slav]y w n cease1 = a4 ,d\glas' ,kansas-,nebraska bill has /irr$ up ! :ole discussion aga91 = #a4 ,al?\gh ! ,kansas-,nebraska bill 0 decl>$ to be ! end x has /irr$ up /rife 9 ! la/ ,congress & ?r\gh\t ! entire c\ntry4 b4 ,9 its pret5se to conf] local self-gov]nm5t ! ,kansas-,nebraska bill prov$ to be a lie4 ,,ii4 ,! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution hop$ to put slav]y 9 a c\rse ( ext9ction1 = a4 ,!y provid$ t ! slave trade %\ld cease aft] tw5ty ye>s4 b4 ,! ,con/itution does n conta9 ! words 8slav]y0 or 8negro race10 = #a4 ,its fram]s ?\ght slav]y a tempor>y ?+4 #b4 ,fugitive slaves are n m5tion$4 #c4 ,! repres5tation clause avoids us+ ^! words4 ,,iii4 ,refutation3 ,! /atem5t t ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution introduc$ slav]y is n true1 = a4 ,!y f\nd x b m>k$ x ) _! disapproval4 ,,iv4 ,l9coln wi%es to return to ! policy ( ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution1 = a4 ,refutation3 ,! *>ge t ! ,con/itution has /irr$ up ?is agitation ov] slav]y is false1 = #a4 ,! agitation has be5 /irr$ up by ,judge ,d\glas & 8 fri5ds4 b4 ,o!r local laws h n caus$ /rife1 = #a4 ,! cranb]ry laws ( ,indiana caus$ no /rife4 #b4 ,! oy/] laws ( ,virg9ia h n caus$ /rife4 c4 ,! slave traffic has caus$ tr\ble :5ev] x has attempt$ to ext5d itself1 = #a4 ,! ,miss\ri ,compromise & ! ,annexation ( ,texas prove ?is4 #b4 ,slav]y has divid$ political p>ties & *ur*es4 ,d4 ,! real issue betwe5 ,l9coln & ,d\glas is n z to /ates1 x is :e!r ,congress %all exclude slav]y f ! t]ritories :ile 9 a t]ritorial condition1 = ,i4 ,i agree ) ,d\glas t ! /ates h a "r to det]m9e = !mselves ab\t slav]y4 ,,ii4 ,i diff] f ,d\glas z to ! "r ( ! p to take slaves into ! t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = a4 ,we mu/ pres]ve ! t]ritories = free :ite p ! _w ov]4 ,e4 ,fundam5tally ?is controv]sy means t ! ,republicans believe slav]y to be wrong & ! ,democrats believe x to be "r1 = ,i4 ,! ,republicans insi/ t slav]y %all gr[ no l>g]4 ,,ii4 ,! ,democrats nev] treat slav]y z wrong1 = a4 ,:5 ! proposition to aboli% slav]y 9 ,miss\ri fail$ ! ,democrats rejoic$4 b4 ,d\glas1 unlike ,clay1 does n c>e :e!r slav]y is vot$ up or d[n4 c4 ,d\glas looks to no end ( ! in/itution ( slav]y4 d4 ,d\glas has be5 ! mo/ prom95t in/rum5t 9 plac+ slav]y ^u 8,brooks' cotton-g9 basis0 :]e he op5ly confesses he has no desire to see x end$4 ,f4 ,judge ,d\glas' position on ! ,dr$ ,scott ,decision is a doctr9e ( lawlessness1 = ,i4 ,be=e ! ,dr$ ,scott decision ,d\glas said con/antly1 t :e!r or n ! p ( ! t]ritories c\ld exclude slav]y 0 a "q = ! ,supreme ,c\rt to decide4 ,n[ he says x is n a "q = ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 b = ! p4 ,,ii4 ,d\glas's doctr9e ( local police regulation is contr>y to ! ,con/itution1 = a4 ,! t]ritories _c )hold ! legislation :i* a man ne$s = ! enjoym5t ( a "r fix$ 9 8 favor by ! ,con/itution4 ,,iii4 ,if su* a "r z ,judge ,d\glas holds to be a "r really exi/s !n ! fugitive slave law c be made ( no effect by ! same k9d ( action4 ,,mr4 ,,d\glas',s ,,rejo9d] ,proposition3 ,vote = ,d\glas & ! ,democratic p>ty1 because ,a4 ,mr4 ,l9coln's t5d5cy is t[>d abolitionism4 ,b4 ,l9coln's c\rse 9 ,congress ) ref]5ce to ! ,mexican ,w> 0 unpatriotic1 = ,i4 ,he vot$ t x 0 unnecess>y1 uncon/itutional1 & unju/1 aft] x _h be5 begun4 ,c4 ,refutation3 ,l9coln's claim to be an old l9e ,clay ,:ig is false1 = ,i4 ,9 a caucus 9 #ahdg ,l9coln want$ to ?r[ ,h5ry ,clay ov]bo>d & take up ,g5]al ,taylor 9 8 place4 ,,ii4 ,l9coln 0 ! bitt] enemy ( ,clay 9 ! ,national ,conv5tion at ,philadelphia4 ,,iii4 ,s+leton says t ,l9coln rejoic$ greatly at ,clay's defeat4 ,,iv4 ,l9coln nev] support$ any ( ,clay's policies1 = a4 ,l9coln vot$ =ty-two times = ! ,wilmot ,proviso1 :]eas ,clay oppos$ x4 ,d4 ,refutation3 ,l9coln's /atem5t t ! slav]y "q is ! only ?+ t ev] ?reat5$ ! ,union is false1 = ,i4 ,nullification ?reat5$ ! ,union 9 #ahcb4 ,,ii4 ,9 #ahac ! ,h>t=d ,conv5tion ?reat5$ ! ,union4 ,e4 ,! fa!rs made ?is gov]nm5t divid$ into free & slave /ates1 recogniz+ ! "r ( ea* to decide all its local que/ions = itself1 = ,i4 ,!y did n aboli% or e/abli% slav]y 9 any ( ! /ates4 ,,ii4 ,refutation3 ,! /atem5t t conditions h *ang$ does n affect ! "q1 = a4 ,*ang$ conditions d n *ange ! pr9ciples ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,f4 ,l9coln advocates ! id5tical pr9ciple ass]t$ by ,george ,,iii & ! ,tories ( ! ,revolution1 = ,i4 ,he wants ,congress to pass laws controll+ ! prop]ty & dome/ic conc]ns ( ! p 9 ! t]ritories1 )\t _! cons5t & aga9/ _! w4 ,g4 ,d\glas's pr9ciple ( local option on ! slav]y "q is suffici5t to pres]ve peace1 = ,i4 ,x pres]ves peace on all o!r local que/ions4 ,conclusion ,! only rem$y & safety is t we /& by ! ,con/itution z our fa!rs made x1 obey ! laws z !y are pass$1 :ile !y /& ! prop] te/1 & su/a9 ! decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt & ! con/itut$ au?orities4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,l9coln',s ,,address ,,at ,,coop] ,,in/itute ,,febru>y #bg1 #ahfj ,,mr4 ,,presid5t ,,& ,,fell[-,,citiz5s ,,( ,,new ,,york3 ,! facts ) :i* ,i %all deal ?is ev5+ are ma9ly old & famili>2 nor is !re any?+ new 9 ! g5]al use ,i %all make ( !m4 ,if !re %all be any novelty1 x w be 9 ! mode ( pres5t+ ! facts1 & ! inf]5ces & obs]vations foll[+ t pres5tation4 ,9 8 spee* la/ ,autumn at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 z report$ 9 ! ,new ,york 8,times10 ,s5ator ,d\glas said3 8,our fa!rs1 :5 !y fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live1 und]/ood ?is "q j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[40 ,i fully indorse ?is1 & ,i adopt x z a text = ?is disc\rse4 ,i s adopt x because x furni%es a precise & an agre$ />t+-po9t = a discussion betwe5 ,republicans & t w+ ( ! ,democracy head$ by ,s5ator ,d\glas4 ,x simply leaves ! inquiry3 ,:at 0 ! und]/&+ ^? fa!rs _h ( ! "q m5tion$8 ,:at is ! frame ( gov]nm5t "u :i* we live8 ,! answ] mu/ be1 8,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,t ,con/itution consi/s ( ! orig9al1 fram$ 9 #aghg1 & "u :i* ! pres5t gov]nm5t fir/ w5t into op]ation1 & twelve subsequ5tly fram$ am5dm5ts1 ! fir/ t5 ( :i* 7 fram$ 9 #aghi4 ,:o 7 our fa!rs t fram$ ! ,con/itution8 ,i suppose ! 8?irty-n9e0 :o sign$ ! orig9al in/rum5t may be fairly call$ our fa!rs :o fram$ t "p ( ! pres5t gov]nm5t4 ,x is almo/ exactly true to say !y fram$ x1 & x is altoge!r true to say !y fairly repres5t$ ! op9ion & s5tim5t ( ! :ole nation at t "t4 ,_! names1 be+ famili> to ne>ly all1 & accessible to q all1 ne$ n n[ be repeat$4 ,i take ^! 8?irty-n9e10 = ! pres5t1 z be+ 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live40 ,:at is ! "q :i*1 accord+ to ! text1 ^? fa!rs und]/ood 8j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[08 ,x is ?is3 ,does ! prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution1 =bid our ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 our ,f$]al ,t]ritories8 ,^u ?is1 ,s5ator ,d\glas holds ! affirmative1 & ,republicans ! negative4 ,?is affirmation & d5ial =m an issue2 & ?is issue--?is "q--is precisely :at ! text decl>es our fa!rs und]/ood 8bett] ?an we04 ,let u n[ inquire :e!r ! 8?irty-n9e10 or any ( !m1 ev] act$ ^u ?is "q2 & if !y did1 h[ !y act$ ^u x--h[ !y express$ t bett] und]/&+4 ,9 #aghd1 ?ree ye>s be=e ! ,con/itution1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !n own+ ! ,nor?we/]n ,t]ritory1 & no o!r1 ! ,congress ( ! ,conf$]ation _h be=e !m ! "q ( prohibit+ slav]y 9 t ,t]ritory1 & f\r ( ! 8?irty-n9e0 :o aft]w>d fram$ ! ,con/itution 7 9 t ,congress1 & vot$ on t "q4 ,( ^!1 ,rog] ,%]man1 ,?omas ,miffl91 & ,hugh ,williamson vot$ = ! prohibition1 ?us %[+ t1 9 _! und]/&+1 no l9e divid+ local f ,f$]al au?ority1 nor any?+ else1 prop]ly =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ,f$]al t]ritory4 ,! o!r ( ! f\r1 ,james ,mc,henry1 vot$ aga9/ ! prohibition1 %[+ t = "s cause he ?\ght x improp] to vote = x4 ,9 #aghg1 /ill be=e ! ,con/itution1 b :ile ! conv5tion 0 9 session fram+ x1 & :ile ! ,nor?we/]n ,t]ritory /ill 0 ! only ,t]ritory own$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! same "q ( prohibit+ slav]y 9 ! ,t]ritory aga9 came be=e ! ,congress ( ! ,conf$]ation2 & two m ( ! 8?irty-n9e0 :o aft]w>d sign$ ! ,con/itution 7 9 t ,congress1 & vot$ on ! "q4 ,!y 7 ,william ,bl\nt & ,william ,few2 & !y bo? vot$ = ! prohibition--?us %[+ t 9 _! und]/&+ no l9e divid+ local f ,f$]al au?ority1 nor any?+ else1 prop]ly =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ,f$]al t]ritory4 ,?is "t ! prohibition became a law1 be+ "p ( :at is n[ well kn[n z ! ,ord9ance ( '#hg4 ,! "q ( ,f$]al control ( slav]y 9 ! ,t]ritories seems n to h be5 directly be=e ! conv5tion :i* fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution2 & h5ce x is n record$ t ! 8?irty-n9e10 or any ( !m1 :ile engag$ on t in/rum5t1 express$ any op9ion on t precise "q4 ,9 #aghi1 by ! fir/ ,congress :i* sat "u ! ,con/itution1 an act 0 pass$ to en=ce ! ord9ance ( '#hg1 includ+ ! prohibition ( slav]y 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,t]ritory4 ,! bill = ?is act 0 report$ by "o ( ! 8?irty-n9e0--,?omas ,fitzsimmons1 !n a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives f ,p5nsylvania4 ,x w5t ?r\gh all its /ages )\t a ^w ( opposition1 & f9ally pass$ bo? bran*es )\t ayes & nays1 :i* is equival5t to a unanim\s passage4 ,9 ?is ,congress !re 7 sixte5 ( ! ?irty-n9e fa!rs :o fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution4 ,!y 7 ,john ,langdon1 ,ni*olas ,gilman1 ,wm4 ,s4 ,johnson1 ,rog] ,%]man1 ,rob]t ,morris1 ,?os4 ,fitzsimmons1 ,william ,few1 ,abraham ,baldw91 ,rufus ,k+1 ,william ,patt]son1 ,george ,clym]1 ,ri*>d ,bassett1 ,george ,read1 ,pi]ce ,butl]1 ,daniel ,c>roll1 & ,james ,madison4 ,?is %[s t1 9 _! und]/&+1 no l9e divid+ local f ,f$]al au?ority1 nor any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution1 prop]ly =bade ,congress to prohibit slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al t]ritory2 else bo? _! fidelity to correct pr9ciple1 & _! oa? to support ! ,con/itution1 w\ld h con/ra9$ !m to oppose ! prohibition4 ,aga91 ,george ,wa%+ton1 ano!r ( ! 8?irty-n9e10 0 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & z su* approv$ & sign$ ! bill1 ?us complet+ its validity z a law1 & ?us %[+ t1 9 8 und]/&+1 no l9e divid+ local f ,f$]al au?ority1 nor any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ,f$]al t]ritory4 ,no great :ile aft] ! adoption ( ! orig9al ,con/itution1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a c$$ to ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ! c\ntry n[ con/itut+ ! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee2 & a few ye>s lat] ,georgia c$$ t :i* n[ con/itutes ! ,/ates ( ,mississippi & ,alabama4 ,9 bo? de$s ( cession x 0 made a condition by ! c$+ ,/ates t ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld n prohibit slav]y 9 ! c$$ c\ntry4 ,besides ?is1 slav]y 0 !n actually 9 ! c$$ c\ntry4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,congress1 on tak+ *>ge ( ^! c\ntries1 did n absolutely prohibit slav]y )9 !m4 ,b !y did int]f]e ) x--take control ( x--ev5 !re1 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,9 #agih ,congress organiz$ ! ,t]ritory ( ,mississippi4 ,9 ! act ( organization !y prohibit$ ! br++ ( slaves into ! ,t]ritory f any place )\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by f9e1 & giv+ fre$om to slaves s br\ght4 ,?is act pass$ bo? bran*es ( ,congress )\t yeas & nays4 ,9 t ,congress 7 ?ree ( ! 8?irty-n9e0 :o fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution4 ,!y 7 ,john ,langdon1 ,george ,read1 & ,abraham ,baldw94 ,!y all probably vot$ = x4 ,c]ta9ly !y w\ld h plac$ _! opposition to x ^u record if1 9 _! und]/&+1 any l9e divid+ local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution1 prop]ly =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ,f$]al ,t]ritory4 ,9 #ahjc ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t pur*as$ ! ,l\isiana c\ntry4 ,our =m] t]ritorial acquisitions came f c]ta9 ( our own ,/ates2 b ?is ,l\isiana c\ntry 0 acquir$ f a =eign nation4 ,9 #ahjd ,congress gave a t]ritorial organization to t "p ( x :i* n[ con/itutes ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana4 ,new ,orleans1 ly+ )9 t "p1 0 an old & comp>atively l>ge city4 ,!re 7 o!r consid]able t[ns & settlem5ts & slav]y 0 ext5sively & ?or\ghly int]m+l$ ) ! p4 ,congress did n1 9 ! ,t]ritorial ,act1 prohibit slav]y2 b !y did int]f]e ) x--take control ( x--9 a m m>k$ & ext5sive way ?an !y did 9 ! case ( ,mississippi4 ,! sub/ance ( ! provision !re9 made 9 relation to slaves 03 #a/4 ,t no slave %\ld be import$ into ! ,t]ritory f =eign p>ts4 #b;d4 ,t no slave %\ld be c>ri$ into x :o _h be5 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce ! fir/ day ( ,may1 #agih4 #c;d4 ,t no slave %\ld be c>ri$ into x1 except by ! own]1 & = 8 own use z a settl]2 ! p5alty 9 all cases be+ a f9e ^u ! violator ( ! law1 & fre$om to ! slave4 ,?is act also 0 pass$ )\t ayes or nays4 ,9 ! ,congress :i* pass$ x !re 7 two ( ! 8?irty-n9e40 ,!y 7 ,abraham ,baldw9 & ,jona?an ,dayton4 ,z /at$ 9 ! case ( ,mississippi1 x is probable !y bo? vot$ = x4 ,!y w\ld n h all[$ x to pass )\t record+ _! opposition to x if1 9 _! und]/&+1 x violat$ ei!r ! l9e prop]ly divid+ local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any provision ( ! ,con/itution4 ,9 #ahai-bj came & pass$ ! ,miss\ri "q4 ,_m votes 7 tak51 by yeas & nays1 9 bo? bran*es ( ,congress1 ^u ! v>i\s phases ( ! g5]al "q4 ,two ( ! 8?irty-n9e0--,rufus ,k+ & ,*>les ,p9ckney--7 memb]s ( t ,congress4 ,mr4 ,k+ /eadily vot$ = slav]y prohibition & aga9/ all compromises1 :ile ,mr4 ,p9ckney z /eadily vot$ aga9/ slav]y prohibition & aga9/ all compromises4 ,by ?is1 ,mr4 ,k+ %[$ t1 9 8 und]/&+1 no l9e divid+ local f ,f$]al au?ority1 nor any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution1 0 violat$ by ,congress prohibit+ slav]y 9 ,f$]al t]ritory2 :ile ,mr4 ,p9ckney1 by 8 votes1 %[$ t1 9 8 und]/&+1 !re 0 "s suffici5t reason = oppos+ su* prohibition 9 t case4 ,! cases ,i h m5tion$ are ! only acts ( ! 8?irty-n9e10 or ( any ( !m ^u ! direct issue1 :i* ,i h be5 able to discov]4 ,to enum]ate ! p]sons :o ?us act$ z be+ f\r 9 #aghd1 two 9 #aghg1 sev5te5 9 #aghi1 ?ree 9 #agih1 two 9 #ahjd1 & two 9 #ahai-bj1 !re w\ld be ?irty ( !m4 ,b ?is w\ld be c\nt+ ,john ,langdon1 ,rog] ,%]man1 ,william ,few1 ,rufus ,k+1 & ,george ,read ea* twice1 & ,abraham ,baldw9 ?ree times4 ,! true numb] ( ^? ( ! 8?irty-n9e0 :om ,i h %[n to h act$ ^u ! "q :i*1 by ! text1 !y und]/ood bett] ?an we1 is tw5ty-?ree1 leav+ sixte5 n %[n to h act$ ^u x 9 any way4 ,"h1 !n1 we h tw5ty-?ree out ( our ?irty-n9e fa!rs 8:o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live10 :o h1 ^u _! (ficial responsibility & _! corporal oa?s1 act$ ^u ! v "q :i* ! text affirms !y 8und]/ood j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[02 & tw5ty-"o ( !m--a cle> majority ( ! :ole 8?irty-n9e0--s act+ ^u x z to make !m guilty ( gross political impropriety & wilful p]jury if1 9 _! und]/&+1 any prop] division betwe5 local & ,f$]al au?ority1 or any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution !y _h made !mselves1 & sworn to support1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories4 ,?us ! tw5ty-"o act$2 &1 z actions speak l\d] ?an words1 s actions "u su* responsibility speak /ill l\d]4 ,two ( ! tw5ty-?ree vot$ aga9/ ,congressional prohibition ( slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories1 9 ! in/ances 9 :i* !y act$ ^u ! "q4 ,b = :at reasons !y s vot$ is n kn[n4 ,!y may h done s because !y ?\ght a prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or "s provision or pr9ciple ( ! ,con/itution1 /ood 9 ! way2 or !y may1 )\t any su* "q1 h vot$ aga9/ ! prohibition on :at appe>$ to !m to be suffici5t gr\nds ( exp$i5cy4 ,no "o :o has sworn to support ! ,con/itution c consci5ti\sly vote = :at he und]/&s to be an uncon/itutional measure1 h[ev] exp$i5t he may ?9k x2 b "o may & ought to vote aga9/ a measure :i* he deems con/itutional if1 at ! same "t1 he deems x inexp$i5t4 ,x1 !re=e1 w\ld be unsafe to set d[n ev5 ! two :o vot$ aga9/ ! prohibition z hav+ done s because1 9 _! und]/&+1 any prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ,f$]al t]ritory4 ,! rema9+ sixte5 ( ! 8?irty-n9e10 s f> z ,i h discov]$1 h left no record ( _! und]/&+ ^u ! direct "q ( ,f$]al control ( slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories4 ,b !re is mu* reason to believe t _! und]/&+ ^u t "q w\ld n h appe>$ diff]5t f t ( _! tw5ty-?ree compe]s1 _h x be5 manife/$ at all4 ,= ! purpose ( adh]+ rigidly to ! text1 ,i h purposely omitt$ :atev] und]/&+ may h be5 manife/$ by any p]son1 h[ev] di/+ui%$1 o!r ?an ! ?irty-n9e fa!rs :o fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution2 &1 = ! same reason1 ,i h also omitt$ :atev] und]/&+ may h be5 manife/$ by any ( ! 8?irty-n9e0 ev5 on any o!r phase ( ! g5]al "q ( slav]y4 ,if we %\ld look into _! acts & decl>ations on ^? o!r phases1 z ! =eign slave-trade1 & ! morality & policy ( slav]y g5]ally1 x w\ld appe> to u t on ! direct "q ( ,f$]al control ( slav]y 9 ,f$]al ,t]ritories1 ! sixte51 if !y _h act$ at all1 w\ld probably h act$ j z ! tw5ty-?ree did4 ,among t sixte5 7 sev]al ( ! mo/ not$ anti-slav]y m5 ( ^? times--z ,dr4 ,frankl91 ,alex&] ,hamilton1 & ,g\v]neur ,morris--:ile !re 0 n "o n[ kn[n to h be5 o!rwise1 unless x may be ,john ,rutl$ge1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! sum ( ! :ole is t ( our ?irty-n9e fa!rs :o fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution1 tw5ty-"o--a cle> majority ( ! :ole--c]ta9ly und]/ood t no prop] division ( local f ,f$]al ,au?ority1 nor any "p ( ! ,con/itution1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories2 :ile all ! re/ _h probably ! same und]/&+4 ,su*1 unque/ionably1 0 ! und]/&+ ( our fa!rs :o fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution2 & ! text affirms t !y und]/ood ! "q 8bett] ?an we40 ,b1 s f>1 ,i h be5 consid]+ ! und]/&+ ( ! "q manife/$ by ! fram]s ( ! orig9al ,con/itution4 ,9 & by ! orig9al in/rum5t1 a mode 0 provid$ = am5d+ x2 &1 z ,i h already /at$1 ! pres5t frame ( 8! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live0 consi/s ( t orig9al1 & twelve am5datory articles fram$ & adopt$ s9ce4 ,^? :o n[ insi/ t ,f$]al control ( slav]y 9 ,f$]al ,t]ritories violates ! ,con/itution1 po9t u to ! provisions :i* !y suppose x ?us violates2 &1 z ,i und]/&1 !y all fix ^u provisions 9 ^! am5datory articles1 & n 9 ! orig9al in/rum5t4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case1 plant !mselves ^u ! fif? am5dm5t1 :i* provides t no p]son %all be depriv$ ( 8life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty )\t due process ( law02 :ile ,s5ator ,d\glas & 8 peculi> adh]5ts plant !mselves ^u ! t5? am5dm5t1 provid+ t 8! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution0 8are res]v$ to ! ,/ates respectively1 or to ! p40 ,n[ x s happ5s t ^! am5dm5ts 7 fram$ by ! fir/ ,congress :i* sat "u ! ,con/itution--! id5tical ,congress :i* pass$ ! act1 already m5tion$1 en=c+ ! prohibition ( slav]y 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,t]ritory4 ,n only 0 x ! same ,congress1 b !y 7 ! id5tical1 same individual m5 :o1 at ! same session1 & at ! same "t )9 ! session1 _h "u consid]ation1 & 9 progress t[>d maturity1 ^! con/itutional am5dm5ts1 & ?is act prohibit+ slav]y 9 all ! t]ritory ! nation !n own$4 ,! con/itutional am5dm5ts 7 introduc$ be=e1 & pass$ aft] ! act en=c+ ! ord9ance ( '#hg2 s t1 dur+ ! :ole p5d5cy ( ! act to en=ce ! ord9ance1 ! con/itutional am5dm5ts 7 also p5d+4 ,! sev5ty-six memb]s ( t ,congress1 includ+ sixte5 ( ! fram]s ( ! orig9al ,con/itution1 z be=e /at$1 7 pre-em95tly our fa!rs :o fram$ t "p ( 8! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live0 :i* is n[ claim$ z =bidd+ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories4 ,is x n a little presumptu\s 9 anyone at ?is day to affirm t ! two ?+s :i* t ,congress delib]ately fram$1 & c>ri$ to maturity at ! same "t1 are absolutely inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r8 ,& does n su* affirmation become impud5tly absurd :5 c\pl$ ) ! o!r affirmation1 f ! same m\?1 t ^? :o did ! two ?+s alleg$ to be inconsi/5t1 und]/ood :e!r !y really 7 inconsi/5t bett] ?an we--bett] ?an he :o affirms t !y are inconsi/5t8 ,x is surely safe to assume t ! ?irty-n9e fram]s ( ! orig9al ,con/itution1 & ! sev5ty-six memb]s ( ! ,congress :i* fram$ ! am5dm5ts !reto1 tak5 toge!r1 d c]ta9ly include ^? :o may be fairly call$ 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live40 ,& s assum+1 ,i defy any man to %[ t any "o ( !m ev]1 9 8 :ole life1 decl>$ t1 9 8 und]/&+1 any prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any "p ( ! ,con/itution1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories4 ,i g a /ep fur!r4 ,i defy anyone to %[ t any liv+ man 9 ! _w ev] did1 prior to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury 7& ,i might almo/ say prior to ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury71 decl>e t1 9 8 und]/&+1 any prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any "p ( ! ,con/itution1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories4 ,to ^? :o n[ s decl>e ,i give n only 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live10 b ) !m all o!r liv+ m5 )9 ! c5tury 9 :i* x 0 fram$1 among :om to se>*1 & !y %all n be able to f9d ! evid5ce ( a s+le man agree+ ) !m4 ,n[1 & "h1 let me gu>d a little aga9/ be+ misund]/ood4 ,i d n mean to say we are b\nd to foll[ implicitly 9 :atev] our fa!rs did4 ,to d s w\ld be to disc>d all ! lights ( curr5t exp]i5ce--to reject all progress1 all improvem5t4 ,:at ,i d say is t if we w\ld supplant ! op9ions & policy ( our fa!rs 9 any case1 we %\ld d s ^u evid5ce s conclusive1 & argum5t s cle>1 t ev5 _! great au?ority1 fairly consid]$ & weigh$1 _c /&2 & mo/ surely n 9 a case :]e( we ourselves decl>e !y und]/ood ! "q bett] ?an we4 ,if any man at ?is day s9c]ely believes t a prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or any "p ( ! ,con/itution1 =bids ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories1 he is "r to say s1 & to en=ce 8 position by all tru?ful evid5ce & fair argum5t :i* he c4 ,b he has no "r to mislead o!rs1 :o h less access to hi/ory1 & less leisure to /udy x1 into ! false belief t 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live0 7 ( ! same op9ion--?us sub/itut+ falsehood & deception = tru?ful evid5ce & fair argum5t4 ,if any man at ?is day s9c]ely believes 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live0 us$ & appli$ pr9ciples1 9 o!r cases1 :i* ought to h l$ !m to und]/& t a prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 or "s "p ( ! ,con/itution1 =bids ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control z to slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories1 he is "r to say s4 ,b he %\ld1 at ! same "t1 brave ! responsibility ( decl>+ t1 9 8 op9ion1 he und]/&s _! pr9ciples bett] ?an !y did !mselves2 & especially %\ld he n %irk t responsibility by ass]t+ t !y 8und]/ood ! "q j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[40 ,b en\gh6 ,let all :o believe t 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live und]/ood ?is "q j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[10 speak z !y spoke1 & act z !y act$ ^u x4 ,?is is all ,republicans ask--all ,republicans desire--9 relation to slav]y4 ,z ^? fa!rs m>k$ x1 s let x be aga9 m>k$1 z an evil n to be ext5d$1 b to be tol]at$ & protect$ only because ( & s f> z its actual pres5ce among/ u makes t tol]ation & protection a necessity4 ,let all ! gu>anties ^? fa!rs gave x be n grudg+ly1 b fully & fairly ma9ta9$4 ,= ?is ,republicans cont5d1 & ) ?is1 s f> z ,i "k or believe1 !y w be cont5t4 ,& n[1 if !y w\ld li/5--z ,i suppose !y w n--,i w\ld address a few words to ! ,s\!rn p4 ,i w\ld say to !m3 ,y consid] y\rselves a reasonable & a j p2 & ,i consid] t 9 ! g5]al qualities ( reason & ju/ice y are n inf]ior to any o!r p4 ,/ill1 :5 y speak ( u ,republicans1 y d s only to d5\nce u z reptiles1 or1 at ! be/1 z no bett] ?an outlaws4 ,y w grant a he>+ to pirates or murd]]s1 b no?+ l x to 8,black ,republicans40 ,9 all y\r cont5tions ) "o ano!r1 ea* ( y deems an unconditional condemnation ( 8,black ,republicanism10 z ! fir/ ?+ to be att5d$ to4 ,inde$1 su* condemnation ( u seems to be an indisp5sable pr]equisite--lic5se1 s to speak--among y to be admitt$ or p]mitt$ to speak at all4 ,n[ c y or n be prevail$ ^u to pause & to consid] :e!r ?is is q j to u1 or ev5 to y\rselves8 ,br+ =w>d y\r *>ges & specifications1 & !n be pati5t long en\gh to he> u d5y or ju/ify4 ,y say we are sectional4 ,we d5y x4 ,t makes an issue2 & ! burd5 ( pro( is ^u y4 ,y produce y\r pro(2 & :at is x8 ,:y1 t our p>ty has no exi/5ce 9 y\r section--gets no votes 9 y\r section4 ,! fact is sub/antially true2 b does x prove ! issue8 ,if x does1 !n 9 case we %\ld1 )\t *ange ( pr9ciple1 beg9 to get votes 9 y\r section1 we %\ld !reby cease to be sectional4 ,y _c escape ?is conclusion2 & yet1 are y will+ to abide by x8 ,if y are1 y w probably soon f9d t we h ceas$ to be sectional1 = we %all get votes 9 y\r section ?is v ye>4 ,y w !n beg9 to discov]1 z ! tru? pla9ly is1 t y\r pro( does n t\* ! issue4 ,! fact t we get no votes 9 y\r section is a fact ( y\r mak+1 & n ( ours4 ,& if !re be fault 9 t fact1 t fault is prim>ily y\rs1 & rema9s s until y %[ t we repel y by "s wrong pr9ciple or practice4 ,if we d repel y by any wrong pr9ciple or practice1 ! fault is ours2 b ?is br+s y to :]e y ought to h />t$--to a discussion ( ! "r or wrong ( our pr9ciple4 ,if our pr9ciple1 put 9 practice1 w\ld wrong y\r section = ! b5efit ( ours1 or = any o!r object1 !n our pr9ciple1 & we ) x1 are sectional1 & are ju/ly oppos$ & d5\nc$ z su*4 ,meet u1 !n1 on ! "q ( :e!r our pr9ciple1 put 9 practice1 w\ld wrong y\r section2 & s meet u z if x 7 possible t some?+ may be said on y\r side4 ,d y accept ! *all5ge8 ,no6 ,!n y really believe t ! pr9ciple :i* 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live0 ?\ght s cle>ly "r z to adopt x1 & indorse x aga9 & aga91 ^u _! (ficial oa?s1 is 9 fact s cle>ly wrong z to dem& y\r condemnation )\t a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,"s ( y delight to flaunt 9 our faces ! w>n+ aga9/ sectional p>ties giv5 by ,wa%+ton 9 8 ,f>ewell ,address4 ,less ?an eight ye>s be=e ,wa%+ton gave t w>n+1 he _h1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 approv$ & sign$ an act ( ,congress en=c+ ! prohibition ( slav]y 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,t]ritory1 :i* act embodi$ ! policy ( ! gov]nm5t ^u t subject up to & at ! v mom5t he p5n$ t w>n+2 & ab\t "o ye> aft] he p5n$ x1 he wrote ,lafayette t he consid]$ t prohibition a wise measure1 express+ 9 ! same connection 8 hope t we %\ld at "s "t h a conf$]acy ( free ,/ates4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 & see+ t sectionalism has s9ce aris5 ^u ?is same subject1 is t w>n+ a weapon 9 y\r h&s aga9/ u1 or 9 our h&s aga9/ y8 ,c\ld ,wa%+ton himself speak1 w\ld he ca/ ! blame ( t sectionalism ^u u1 :o su/a9 8 policy1 or ^u y1 :o repudiate x8 ,we respect t w>n+ ( ,wa%+ton1 & we comm5d x to y1 toge!r ) 8 example po9t+ to ! "r application ( x4 ,b y say y are cons]vative--em95tly cons]vative--:ile we are revolution>y1 de/ructive1 or some?+ ( ! sort4 ,:at is cons]vatism8 ,is x n adh]5ce to ! old & tri$1 aga9/ ! new & untri$8 ,we /ick to1 cont5d =1 ! id5tical old policy on ! po9t 9 controv]sy :i* 0 adopt$ by 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live02 :ile y ) "o accord reject1 & sc\t1 & spit ^u t old policy1 & insi/ ^u sub/itut+ some?+ new4 ,true1 y disagree among y\rselves z to :at t sub/itute %all be4 ,y are divid$ on new propositions & plans1 b y are unanim\s 9 reject+ & d5\nc+ ! old policy ( ! fa!rs4 ,"s ( y are = reviv+ ! =eign slave-trade2 "s = a ,congressional slave code = ! ,t]ritories2 "s = ,congress =bidd+ ! ,t]ritories to prohibit slav]y )9 _! limits2 "s = ma9ta9+ slav]y 9 ! ,t]ritories ?r\gh ! judici>y2 "s = ! 8gur-reat pur-r9ciple0 t 8if "o man w\ld enslave ano!r1 no ?ird man %\ld object10 fanta/ically call$ 8popul> sov]eignty10 b nev] a man among y is 9 favor ( ,f$]al prohibition ( slav]y 9 ,f$]al ,t]ritories1 accord+ to ! practice ( 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live40 ,n "o ( all y\r v>i\s plans c %[ a prec$5t or an advocate 9 ! c5tury )9 :i* our gov]nm5t orig9at$4 ,consid]1 !n1 :e!r y\r claim ( cons]vatism = y\rselves1 & y\r *>ge ( de/ructiv5ess aga9/ u1 are bas$ on ! mo/ cle> & /able f\ndations4 ,aga91 y say we h made ! slav]y "q m prom95t ?an x =m]ly 04 ,we d5y x4 ,we admit t x is m prom95t1 b we d5y t we made x s4 ,x 0 n we1 b y1 :o disc>d$ ! old policy ( ! fa!rs4 ,we resi/$1 & /ill resi/1 y\r innovation2 & !nce comes ! great] prom95ce ( ! "q4 ,w\ld y h t "q r$uc$ to its =m] proportions8 ,g back to t old policy4 ,:at has be5 w be aga91 "u ! same conditions4 ,if y w\ld h ! peace ( ! old times1 re-adopt ! precepts & policy ( ! old times4 ,y *>ge t we /ir up insurrections among y\r slaves4 ,we d5y x2 & :at is y\r pro(8 ,h>p]'s ,f]ry6 ,john ,br[n66 ,john ,br[n 0 no ,republican2 & y h fail$ to implicate a s+le ,republican 9 8 ,h>p]'s ,f]ry ent]prise4 ,if any memb] ( our p>ty is guilty 9 t matt]1 y "k x or y d n "k x4 ,if y d "k x1 y are inexcusable = n designat+ ! man & prov+ ! fact4 ,if y d n "k x1 y are inexcusable = ass]t+ x1 & especially = p]si/+ 9 ! ass]tion aft] y h tri$ & fail$ to make ! pro(4 ,y ne$ n be told t p]si/+ 9 a *>ge :i* "o does n "k to be true1 is simply malici\s sl&]4 ,"s ( y admit t no ,republican design$ly aid$ or enc\rag$ ! ,h>p]'s ,f]ry affair1 b /ill insi/ t our doctr9es & decl>ations necess>ily lead to su* results4 ,we d n believe x4 ,we "k we hold no doctr9e1 & make no decl>ation1 :i* 7 n held to & made by 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live40 ,y nev] dealt fairly by u 9 relation to ?is affair4 ,:5 x occurr$1 "s important ,/ate elections 7 ne> at h&1 & y 7 9 evid5t glee ) ! belief t1 by *>g+ ! blame ^u u1 y c\ld get an advantage ( u 9 ^? elections4 ,! elections came1 & y\r expectations 7 n q fulfill$4 ,e ,republican man knew t1 z to himself at lea/1 y\r *>ge 0 a sl&]1 & he 0 n mu* incl9$ by x to ca/ 8 vote 9 y\r favor4 ,republican doctr9es & decl>ations are accompani$ ) a cont9ual prote/ aga9/ any int]f]5ce :atev] ) y\r slaves1 or ) y ab\t y\r slaves4 ,surely1 ?is does n enc\rage !m to revolt4 ,true1 we d1 9 common ) 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live10 decl>e our belief t slav]y is wrong2 b ! slaves d n he> u decl>e ev5 ?is4 ,= any?+ we say or d1 ! slaves w\ld sc>cely "k !re is a ,republican p>ty4 ,i believe !y w\ld n1 9 fact1 g5]ally "k x b = y\r misrepres5tations ( u 9 _! he>+4 ,9 y\r political conte/s among y\rselves ea* faction *>ges ! o!r ) sympa?y ) ,black ,republicanism2 & !n1 to give po9t to ! *>ge1 def9es ,black ,republicanism to simply be insurrection1 blood1 & ?und] among ! slaves4 ,slave insurrections are no m common n[ ?an !y 7 be=e ! ,republican p>ty 0 organiz$4 ,:at induc$ ! ,s\?ampton insurrection1 tw5ty-eight ye>s ago1 9 :i* at lea/ ?ree times z _m lives 7 lo/ z at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry8 ,y c sc>cely /ret* y\r v ela/ic fancy to ! conclusion t ,s\?ampton 0 8got up by ,black ,republicanism40 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i d n ?9k a g5]al1 or ev5 a v ext5sive1 slave insurrection is possible4 ,! indisp5sable conc]t ( action _c be atta9$4 ,! slaves h no means ( rapid communication2 nor c inc5di>y freem51 black or :ite1 supply x4 ,! explosive mat]ials are ev]y:]e 9 p>cels2 b !re nei!r are1 nor c be suppli$1 ! indisp5sable connect+ tra9s4 ,mu* is said by ,s\!rn p ab\t ! affection ( slaves = _! ma/]s & mi/resses2 & a "p ( x1 at lea/1 is true4 ,a plot = an upris+ c\ld sc>cely be devis$ & communicat$ to tw5ty individuals be=e "s "o ( !m1 to save ! life ( a favorite ma/] or mi/ress1 w\ld divulge x4 ,?is is ! rule2 & ! slave revolution 9 ,hayti 0 n an exception to x1 b a case occurr+ "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,! gunp[d] plot ( ,briti% hi/ory1 ?\gh n connect$ ) slaves1 0 m 9 po9t4 ,9 t case1 only ab\t tw5ty 7 admitt$ to ! secret2 & yet "o ( !m1 9 8 anxiety to save a fri5d betray$ ! plot to t fri5d1 &1 by consequ5ce1 av]t$ ! calamity4 ,occasional poison+s f ! kit*51 & op5 or /eal?y assass9ations 9 ! field1 & local revolts ext5d+ to a score or s1 w cont9ue to occur z ! natural results ( slav]y2 b no g5]al insurrection ( slaves1 z ,i ?9k1 c happ5 9 ?is c\ntry = a long "t4 ,:oev] mu* fe>s1 or mu* hopes1 = su* an ev5t1 w be alike disappo9t$4 ,9 ! language ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 utt]$ _m ye>s ago1 8,x is /ill 9 our p[] to direct ! process ( emancipation & deportation peaceably1 & 9 su* sl[ degrees1 z t ! evil w we> (f ins5sibly2 & _! places be1 p>i passu1 fill$ up by free :ite labor]s4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is left to =ce itself on1 human nature mu/ %udd] at ! prospect held up40 ,mr4 ,jeff]son did n mean to say1 nor d ,i1 t ! p[] ( emancipation is 9 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,he spoke ( ,virg9ia2 &1 z to ! p[] ( emancipation1 ,i speak ( ! slavehold+ ,/ates only4 ,! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 z we insi/1 has ! p[] ( re/ra9+ ! ext5sion ( ! in/itution--! p[] to insure t a slave insurrection %all nev] occur on any ,am]ican soil :i* is n[ free f slav]y4 ,john ,br[n's ef=t 0 peculi>4 ,x 0 n a slave insurrection4 ,x 0 an attempt by :ite m5 to get up a revolt among slaves1 9 :i* ! slaves refus$ to p>ticipate4 ,9 fact1 x 0 s absurd t ! slaves1 ) all _! ignorance1 saw pla9ly en\gh x c\ld n succe$4 ,t affair1 9 its philosophy1 corresponds ) ! _m attempts1 relat$ 9 hi/ory1 at ! assass9ation ( k+s & emp]ors4 ,an en?usia/ broods ov] ! oppression ( a p till he fancies himself commission$ by ,heav5 to lib]ate !m4 ,he v5tures ! attempt :i* ends 9 little else ?an 8 own execution4 ,ors9i's attempt on ,l\is ,napoleon1 & ,john ,br[n's attempt at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1 71 9 _! philosophy1 precisely ! same4 ,! eag]ness to ca/ blame on old ,engl& 9 ! "o case1 & on ,new ,engl& 9 ! o!r1 does n disprove ! sam5ess ( ! two ?+s4 ,& h[ mu* w\ld x avail y1 if y c\ld by ! use ( ,john ,br[n1 ,help]'s book1 & ! l1 break up ! ,republican organization8 ,human action c be modifi$ to "s ext5t1 b human nature _c be *ang$4 ,!re is a judgm5t & a feel+ aga9/ slav]y 9 ?is nation1 :i* ca/ at lea/ a million & a half ( votes4 ,y _c de/roy t judgm5t & feel+--t s5tim5t--by break+ up ! political organization :i* rallies ar\nd x4 ,y c sc>cely scatt] & disp]se an army :i* has be5 =m$ into ord] 9 ! face ( y\r heavie/ fire2 b if y c\ld1 h[ mu* w\ld y ga9 by =c+ ! s5tim5t :i* creat$ x out ( ! peaceful *annel ( ! ballot-box into "s o!r *annel8 ,:at w\ld t o!r *annel probably be8 ,w\ld ! numb] ( ,john ,br[ns be less5$ or enl>g$ by ! op]ation8 ,b y w break up ! ,union r ?an submit to a d5ial ( y\r con/itutional rights4 ,t has a some:at reckless s\nd2 b x w\ld be palliat$1 if n fully ju/ifi$1 7 we propos+1 by ! m]e =ce ( numb]s1 to deprive y ( "s "r pla9ly writt5 d[n 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,b we are propos+ no su* ?+4 ,:5 y make ^! decl>ations y h a specific & well-und]/ood allusion to an assum$ con/itutional "r ( y\rs to take slaves into ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories1 & to hold !m !re z prop]ty4 ,b no su* "r is specially writt5 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,t in/rum5t is lit]ally sil5t ab\t any su* "r4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 d5y t su* a "r has any exi/5ce 9 ! ,con/itution1 ev5 by implication4 ,y\r purpose1 !n1 pla9ly /at$1 is t y w de/roy ! gov]nm5t1 unless y be all[$ to con/rue & =ce ! ,con/itution z y please1 on all po9ts 9 dispute betwe5 y & u4 ,y w rule or ru9 9 all ev5ts4 ,?is1 pla9ly /at$1 is y\r language4 ,p]haps y w say ! ,supreme ,c\rt has decid$ ! disput$ con/itutional "q 9 y\r favor4 ,n q s4 ,b waiv+ ! lawy]'s di/9ction betwe5 dictum & decision ! c\rt has decid$ ! "q = y 9 a sort ( way4 ,! c\rt has sub/antially said1 x is y\r con/itutional "r to take slaves into ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories1 & to hold !m !re z prop]ty4 ,:5 ,i say ! decision 0 made 9 a sort ( way1 ,i mean x 0 made 9 a divid$ c\rt1 by a b>e majority ( ! judges1 & !y n q agree+ ) "o ano!r 9 ! reasons = mak+ x2 t x is s made z t its av[$ support]s disagree ) "o ano!r ab\t its mean+1 & t x 0 ma9ly bas$ ^u a mi/ak5 /atem5t ( fact--! /atem5t 9 ! op9ion t 8! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave is di/9ctly & expressly affirm$ 9 ! ,con/itution40 ,an inspection ( ! ,con/itution w %[ t ! "r ( prop]ty 9 a slave is n 8di/9ctly & expressly affirm$0 9 x4 ,be> 9 m9d1 ! judges d n pl$ge _! judicial op9ion t su* "r is impli$ly affirm$ 9 ! ,con/itution2 b !y pl$ge _! v]acity t x is 8di/9ctly & expressly0 affirm$ !re--8di/9ctly10 t is1 n m+l$ ) any?+ else--8expressly10 t is 9 words mean+ j t1 )\t ! aid ( any inf]5ce1 & susceptible ( no o!r mean+4 ,if !y _h only pl$g$ _! judicial op9ion t su* "r is affirm$ 9 ! in/rum5t by implication1 x w\ld be op5 to o!rs to %[ t nei!r ! ^w 8slave0 nor 8slav]y0 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,con/itution1 nor ! ^w 8prop]ty0 ev51 9 any connection ) language allud+ to ! ?+ slave1 or slav]y2 & t :]ev] 9 t in/rum5t ! slave is allud$ to1 he is call$ a 8p]son02 & :]ev] 8 ma/]'s legal "r 9 relation to him is allud$ to1 x is spok5 ( z 8s]vice or labor :i* may be due0--z a debt payable 9 s]vice or labor4 ,also x w\ld be op5 to %[1 by contemporane\s hi/ory1 t ?is mode ( allud+ to slaves & slav]y1 in/ead ( speak+ ( !m1 0 employ$ on purpose to exclude f ! ,con/itution ! idea t !re c\ld be prop]ty 9 man4 ,to %[ all ?is is easy & c]ta94 ,:5 ?is obvi\s mi/ake ( ! judges %all be br\ght to _! notice1 is x n reasonable to expect t !y w )draw ! mi/ak5 /atem5t1 & reconsid] ! conclusion bas$ ^u x8 ,& !n x is to be rememb]$ t 8our fa!rs :o fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live0--! m5 :o made ! ,con/itution--decid$ ?is same con/itutional "q 9 our favor long ago2 decid$ x )\t division among !mselves :5 mak+ ! decision2 )\t division among !mselves ab\t ! mean+ ( x aft] x 0 made1 &1 s f> z any evid5ce is left1 )\t bas+ x ^u any mi/ak5 /atem5t ( facts4 ,"u all ^! circum/ances1 d y really feel y\rselves ju/ifi$ to break up ?is gov]nm5t unless su* a c\rt decision z y\rs is %all be at once submitt$ to z a conclusive & f9al rule ( political action8 ,b y w n abide ! election ( a ,republican presid5t6 ,9 t suppos$ ev5t1 y say1 y w de/roy ! ,union2 & !n1 y say1 ! great crime ( hav+ de/roy$ x w be ^u u6 ,t is cool4 ,a highwayman holds a pi/ol to my e>1 & mutt]s ?r\gh 8 tee?1 8,/& & deliv]1 or ,i %all kill y1 & !n y w be a murd]]60 ,to be sure1 :at ! robb] dem&$ ( me--my money--0 my own2 & ,i _h a cle> "r to keep x2 b x 0 no m my own ?an my vote is my own2 & ! ?reat ( dea? to me1 to extort my money1 & ! ?reat ( de/ruction to ! ,union1 to extort my vote1 c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ 9 pr9ciple4 ,a few words n[ to ,republicans4 ,x is exce$+ly desirable t all p>ts ( ?is great ,conf$]acy %all be at peace1 & 9 h>mony "o ) ano!r4 ,let u ,republicans d our "p to h x s4 ,ev5 ?\gh mu* provok$1 let u d no?+ ?r\gh passion & ill temp]4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ,s\!rn p w n s mu* z li/5 to u1 let u calmly consid] _! dem&s1 & yield to !m if1 9 our delib]ate view ( our duty1 we possibly c4 ,judg+ by all !y say & d1 & by ! subject & nature ( _! controv]sy ) u1 let u det]m9e1 if we c1 :at w satisfy !m4 ,w !y be satisfi$ if ! ,t]ritories be unconditionally surr5d]$ to !m8 ,we "k !y w n4 ,9 all _! pres5t compla9ts aga9/ u1 ! ,t]ritories are sc>cely m5tion$4 ,invasions & insurrections are ! rage n[4 ,w x satisfy !m if1 9 ! future1 we h no?+ to d ) invasions & insurrections8 ,we "k x w n4 ,we s "k1 because we "k we nev] _h any?+ to d ) invasions & insurrections2 & yet ?is total ab/a9+ does n exempt u f ! *>ge & ! d5unciation4 ,! "q recurs1 ,:at w satisfy !m8 ,simply ?is3 we mu/ n only let !m alone1 b we mu/ someh[ conv9ce !m t we d let !m alone4 ,?is1 we "k by exp]i5ce1 is no easy task4 ,we h be5 s try+ to conv9ce !m f ! v beg9n+ ( our organization1 b ) no success4 ,9 all our plat=ms & spee*es we h con/antly prote/$ our purpose to let !m alone2 b ?is has _h no t5d5cy to conv9ce !m4 ,alike unavail+ to conv9ce !m is ! fact t !y h nev] detect$ a man ( u 9 any attempt to di/urb !m4 ,^! natural & app>5tly adequate means all fail+1 :at w conv9ce !m8 ,?is1 & ?is only3 cease to call slav]y wrong1 & jo9 !m 9 call+ x "r4 ,& ?is mu/ be done ?or\ghly--done 9 acts z well z 9 words4 ,sil5ce w n be tol]at$--we mu/ place ourselves av[$ly ) !m4 ,s5ator ,d\glas's new s$ition law mu/ be enact$ & en=c$1 suppress+ all decl>ations t slav]y is wrong1 :e!r made 9 politics1 9 presses1 9 pulpits1 or 9 private4 ,we mu/ arre/ & return _! fugitive slaves ) gre$y pleasure4 ,we mu/ pull d[n our free ,/ate con/itutions4 ,! :ole atmosph]e mu/ be dis9fect$ f all ta9t ( opposition to slav]y1 be=e !y w cease to believe t all _! tr\bles proce$ f u4 ,i am q aw>e !y d n /ate _! case precisely 9 ?is way4 ,mo/ ( !m w\ld probably say to u1 8,let u alone2 d no?+ to u1 & say :at y please ab\t slav]y40 ,b we d let !m alone--h nev] di/urb$ !m--s t1 aft] all1 x is :at we say :i* dissatisfies !m4 ,!y w cont9ue to accuse u ( do+1 until we cease say+4 ,i am also aw>e !y h n z yet 9 t]ms dem&$ ! ov]?r[ ( our free-,/ate con/itutions4 ,yet ^? con/itutions decl>e ! wrong ( slav]y1 ) m solemn emphasis ?an d all o!r say+s aga9/ x2 & :5 all ^! o!r say+s %all h be5 sil5c$1 ! ov]?r[ ( ^! con/itutions w be dem&$1 & no?+ be left to resi/ ! dem&4 ,x is no?+ to ! contr>y t !y d n dem& ! :ole ( ?is j n[4 ,dem&+ :at !y d1 & = ! reason !y d1 !y c volunt>ily /op n[h]e %ort ( ?is consummation4 ,hold+1 z !y d1 t slav]y is morally "r & socially elevat+1 !y _c cease to dem& a full national recognition ( x z a legal "r & a social bless+4 ,nor c we ju/ifiably )hold ?is on any gr\nd save our conviction t slav]y is wrong4 ,if slav]y is "r1 all words1 acts1 laws1 & con/itutions aga9/ x are !mselves wrong1 & %\ld be sil5c$ & swept away4 ,if x is "r1 we _c ju/ly object to its nationality--its univ]sality2 if x is wrong1 !y _c ju/ly insi/ ^u its ext5sion--its enl>gem5t4 ,all !y ask we c\ld readily grant1 if we ?\ght slav]y "r2 all we ask !y c\ld z readily grant1 if !y ?\ght x wrong4 ,_! ?9k+ x "r & our ?9k+ x wrong is ! precise fact ^u :i* dep5ds ! :ole controv]sy4 ,?9k+ x "r1 z !y d1 !y are n to blame = desir+ its full recognition z be+ "r2 b ?9k+ x wrong1 z we d1 c we yield to !m8 ,c we ca/ our votes ) _! view1 & aga9/ our own8 ,9 view ( our moral1 social1 & political responsibilities1 c we d ?is8 ,wrong z we ?9k slav]y is1 we c yet af=d to let x alone :]e x is1 because t mu* is due to ! necessity aris+ f its actual pres5ce 9 ! nation2 b c we1 :ile our votes w prev5t x1 all[ x to spread into ! national ,t]ritories1 & to ov]run u "h 9 ^! free ,/ates8 ,if our s5se ( duty =bids ?is1 !n let u /& by our duty fe>lessly & effectively4 ,let u be div]t$ by none ( ^? sophi/ical contrivances :]e) we are s indu/ri\sly pli$ & belabor$--contrivances su* z grop+ = "s middle gr\nd betwe5 ! "r & ! wrong3 va9 z ! se>* = a man :o %\ld be nei!r a liv+ man nor a dead man2 su* z a policy ( 8don't c>e0 on a "q ab\t :i* all true m5 d c>e3 su* z ,union appeals besee*+ true ,union m5 to yield to ,disunioni/s1 rev]s+ ! div9e rule1 & call+1 n ! s9n]s1 b ! righte\s to rep5tance2 su* z invocations to ,wa%+ton1 implor+ m5 to unsay :at ,wa%+ton said & undo :at ,wa%+ton did4 ,nei!r let u be sl&]$ f our duty by false accusations aga9/ u1 nor fright5$ f x by m5aces ( de/ruction to ! gov]nm5t1 nor ( dungeons to ourselves4 ,let u h fai? t "r makes might1 & 9 t fai? let u to ! end d>e to d our duty z we und]/& x4 ,,app5dix ,d ,,memor&um ,,( ,,agreem5t ,,= ,,high ,,s*ool ,,debat+ ,,league ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,a ,,college ,,or ,,univ]sity ,! ,bangor ,high ,s*ool1 ! ,b> ,h>bor ,high ,s*ool1 ! ,bucksport ,ea/ ,ma9e ,conf]5ce ,sem9>y1 & ! ,foxcr(t ,academy1 d h]eby agree to =m an ,int]s*ola/ic ,debat+ ,league4 ,! purpose ( ?is ,league is to hold debates subject to ! foll[+ conditions3 ,i ,! executive committee ( ! ,league %all consi/ ( ! pr9cipal ( ea* ( ! above-nam$ in/itutions & ( ! ,debate ,coa* at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e4 ,?is committee %all meet once a ye> at su* "t & place z agre$ ^u by ! s*ools & ! ,univ]sity4 ,x %all h *>ge ( all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! ,league1 subject to ! provisions h]e9 conta9$4 ,,ii ,! ,league %all hold two prelim9>y debates & "o f9al debate ea* ye>1 accord+ to ! foll[+ plan3 ,! high s*ools & academies compos+ ?is ,league %all be divid$ into two equal gr\ps4 ,ea* gr\p %all hold a prelim9>y debate z h]e9 provid$4 ,! two w9n+ s*ools %all !n meet 9 a f9al debate to be held at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e4 ,! executive committee %all det]m9e at its fir/ meet+ ! "t1 place1 & me?od ( rotation to be obs]v$ 9 hold+ conte/s = succe$+ ye>s4 ,,iii ,! que/ions = debate %all be select$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 7#a7 ,= ! prelim9>y conte/s4 ,on or be=e ,octob] fir/1 ea* s*ool at :i* a debate is to be held %all submit to ! visit+ s*ool a li/ ( ?ree propositions4 ,! visit+ s*ool %all !reupon select "o ( ^! propositions & *oose ! side :i* x wi%es to def5d4 ,on or be=e ,octob] fifte5?1 notice ( ?is selection mu/ be communicat$ to ! s*ool at :i* ! debate is to be held4 7#b7 ,= ! f9al conte/4 ,imm$iately ^u ! ann\ncem5t ( a decision 9 a prelim9>y conte/1 ! pr9cipal ( ! w9n+ s*ool %all mail notice ( ! result to ! ,debate ,coa* ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e4 ,! ,debate ,coa* %all det]m9e by lot ! s*ool :i* is to propose ! li/ ( propositions to its oppon5t4 ,notice ( ?is fact %all imm$iately be s5t to ! s*ool ?us designat$4 ,?is s*ool %all prep>e imm$iately a li/ ( ?ree propositions & submit !m to its oppon5t4 ,)9 ?ree days ! oppos+ s*ool %all mail to ! o!r s*ool an ann\ncem5t ( ! proposition :i* x has select$ f ! li/ propos$ & %all /ate ! side ( ! proposition :i* x wi%es to def5d4 ,,iv ,! judges = bo? ! prelim9>y & f9al conte/s %all be select$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,f\r weeks be=e ! conte/1 ! s*ool :i* has propos$ ! li/ ( propositions %all submit to its oppon5t1 a li/ ( twelve judges4 ,! oppos+ s*ool %all select ?ree p]sons f ?is li/ & return _! names to ! o!r s*ool4 ,?is s*ool %all imm$iately attempt to secure ! p]sons s nam$ to act z judges4 ,if any or all ( ! p]sons select$ refuse ! invitation to s]ve1 ! propos+ s*ool %all ask ! visit+ s*ool to select sub/itute judges f ! li/4 ,! s*ool mak+ ! f9al selection ( judges may require at any "t1 a new li/ ( names f ! oppos+ s*ool4 ,no s*ool %all propose z judge any p]son :o is f9ancially or (ficially int]e/$ 91 or a graduate or =m] /ud5t (1 su* s*ool4 ,v ,9 ! prelim9>y conte/s ! visit+ s*ool %all be> all exp5ses ( its own team4 ,! s*ool at :i* ! conte/ is held %all be> ! exp5ses ( procur+ judges & %all h *>ge ( all local arrangem5ts4 ,9 ! f9al conte/ ea* p>ticipat+ s*ool %all be> ! exp5se ( its own team & "o-half ! exp5se ( ! judges4 ,,vi ,ea* s*ool %all select = its team ?ree repres5tatives & an alt]nate1 b no "o %all be *os5 :o is n a bona fide /ud5t ( ! in/itution :i* he repres5ts4 ,,vii ,ea* debat] %all be all[$ two spee*es1 "o ( t5 7#aj7 m9utes duration1 ! o!r ( five 7#e7 m9utes4 ,! fir/ s]ies ( spee*es %all be op5$ by ! affirmative1 & %all alt]nate betwe5 affirmative & negative spee*es4 ,! second s]ies %all be op5$ by ! negative1 & %all alt]nate betwe5 negative & affirmative spee*es4 ,,viii ,9 prep>+ = any conte/1 ea* s*ool is entitl$ to ?ree visits f a /ud5t ( ,argum5tation & ,debate 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e4 ,?is /ud5t ,coa* w give su* assi/ance z is ask$ = 9 ! tra9+ ( ! debat]s repres5t+ ea* s*ool4 ,no *>ge w be made = ?is s]vice1 b ea* s*ool mu/ be> ! exp5se ( ! /ud5t s5t to coa* its team4 ,,ix ,9 ea* conte/ ! judges %all be in/ruct$ to aw>d ! decision on ! m]its ( ! argum5t z pres5t$ 9 ! debate1 & n ^u ! m]its ( ! "q4 ,x is und]/ood t effectiv5ess ( /yle & mann] ( deliv]y are to be consid]$4 ,x ,?is agreem5t may be am5d$ at any "t by ! unanim\s vote ( ! executive committee4 ,,xi ,at ! close ( ! f9al conte/1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e1 or "s "o on 8 behalf1 w pres5t to ! w9n+ team ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e ,int]s*ola/ic ,debat+ ,cup4 ,! "n ( ! w9n+ s*ool & ! ye> ( ! conte/ w be engrav$ ^u ! cup4 ,?is cup w be kept 9 ! possession ( ! w9n+ s*ool until )9 "o week ( ! next annual conte/4 ,at ?is "t x %all be return$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e to be aw>d$ to ! s*ool w9n+ ! f9al conte/ = t ye>4 ,,xii ,at ! close ( ! f9al conte/1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e1 or "s "o on 8 behalf1 w pres5t to ! debat] ^: "w is reg>d$ by ! judges z ! mo/ effective1 a s*ol>%ip to ! value ( #cj4jj good = "o ye> 9 ! above-nam$ in/itution4 ,,xiii ,?is agreem5t %all be 9 full =ce & op]ation :5 "o ( ! two copies h]e) submitt$ to ea* ( ! f\r in/itutions compos+ ! ,league is sign$ by ! pr9cipal ( ! in/itution & mail$ to ! ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,engli% at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ma9e4 ,,app5dix ,e ,,debat+ ,,agreem5t ,,= ,a ,,league ,,compos$ ,,( ,,five ,,in/itutions ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,debat+ ,,circuit ,,( ,,am]ica ,,article ,i ,,object4--,! object ( ?is organization %all be to fo/] int]e/ 9 debate by hold+ an annual conte/ 9 ,decemb] on ! ,friday ev5+ "o week be=e ! op5+ ( ! holiday recess4 ,,article ,,ii ,,debat+ ,,bo>ds4--,ea* univ]sity %all create a debat+ bo>d a majority ( ^: memb]s %all be ( ! faculty4 ,! memb]s ( ?is bo>d %all be *os5 annually z ea* univ]sity may deem wise4 ,! debat+ bo>d %all h g5]al sup]vision ( all debat+ matt]s ( ! league affect+ its univ]sity4 ,,article ,,iii ,,que/ions4--,on ,april fir/ ea* univ]sity %all submit to ea* ( ! o!rs a "q prop]ly /at$ = debate4 ,on ,april fifte5? ea* univ]sity %all s5d ! five que/ions to ea* ( ! o!rs arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( its *oice4 ,! "q rank$ highe/ by all ! univ]sities %all be debat$ by all ! teams4 ,9 ! case ( a tie ! selection f ! ty+ que/ions %all be made by ! ,presid5t ( ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,article ,,iv ,,"t ,,& ,,ord] ,,( ,,speak+4--,ea* speak] %all h sev5te5 m9utes2 twelve m9utes = op5+ & five = rebuttal1 b ! ord] ( rebuttal spee*es on ei!r side may be *ang$ at ! wi% ( ! speak]s on t side4 ,! negative %all lead 9 ! rebuttal4 ,! visit+ team %all support ! negative4 ,,article ,v ,,judges4 7,conte/s = #aijf-aijg & #aiaj-aiaa7 ,conte/+ /ates4 ,place ( conte/4 ,resid5ce ( ,judge4 ,m9nesota ,i[a ,city ,ill9ois ,i[a ,nebraska ,nebraska ,urbana ,i[a ,ill9ois ,wiscons9 ,i[a ,madison ,ill9ois ,wiscons9 ,m9nesota ,ill9ois ,m9neapolis ,i[a ,m9nesota ,wiscons9 ,wiscons9 ,l9coln ,i[a ,nebraska 7,conte/s = #aijg-aijh & #aiaa-aiab7 ,ill9ois ,i[a ,city ,m9nesota ,i[a ,nebraska ,wiscons9 ,urbana ,i[a ,ill9ois ,m9nesota ,madison ,ill9ois ,wiscons9 ,i[a ,nebraska ,m9neapolis ,wiscons9 ,m9nesota ,i[a ,l9coln ,m9nesota ,nebraska 7,conte/s = #aijh-aiji & #aiab-aiac7 ,wiscons9 ,i[a ,city ,ill9ois ,i[a ,nebraska ,m9nesota ,urbana ,wiscons9 ,ill9ois ,i[a ,nebraska ,madison ,ill9ois ,wiscons9 ,m9nesota ,i[a ,m9neapolis ,wiscons9 ,m9nesota ,nebraska ,ill9ois ,l9coln ,i[a ,nebraska 7,conte/s = #aiji-aiaj & #aiac-aiad7 ,nebraska ,i[a ,city ,m9nesota ,i[a ,ill9ois ,i[a ,urbana ,wiscons9 ,ill9ois ,ill9ois ,madison ,m9nesota ,wiscons9 ,wiscons9 ,m9neapolis ,nebraska ,m9nesota ,i[a ,m9nesota ,l9coln ,i[a ,nebraska ,on ,april fir/ ea* univ]sity %all submit judges accord+ to ! above s*$ule4 ,:5 a s+le /ate furni%es ! judges = any conte/ x %all submit a li/ ( #bd names to ea* ( ! two compet+ univ]sities4 ,^! li/s %all be duplicates4 ,:5 two /ates furni% ! judges !y %all ea* submit a li/ ( #ab names4 ,:5 a /ate furni%es judges = two or m conte/s x %all make up its sev]al li/s z imp>tially z possible ) ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( able m54 ,conv5i5ce & economy = ! att5d+ judges %all be a factor 9 _! nom9ation 9 s f> z may be consi/5t ) ! *oice ( able m54 ,n lat] ?an ! fir/ ( ,octob] prec$+ ! conte/ ! visit+ univ]sity %all s5d to ! ent]ta9+ univ]sity a li/ ( six c&idates = judges *os5 f ! prop] rolls4 ,n lat] ?an ! same date ! ent]ta9+ univ]sity %all s5d to its oppon5t a li/ ( twelve judges *os5 f ! prop] rolls4 ,ea* univ]sity %all arrange ! oppon5t's li/ ( c&idates 9 ! ord] ( its *oice4 ,ea* univ]sity %all h ! "r to *all5ge any or all ( ! numb] ( ! c&idates submitt$ by its oppon5t on pres5tation ( good & suffici5t reason4 ,! *all5ge li/1 toge!r ) objections1 %all be return$ at once to ! s5d]4 ,! li/ %all be complet$ & re-submitt$ n lat] ?an ,octob] tw5tie?4 ,x is fur!r und]/ood t any p]son recomm5d$ = judge :o is a relative1 actual or prospective1 ( any conte/ant1 or :o is an alumnus ( ei!r univ]sity1 or :o holds or has held1 any (ficial relation ) ei!r univ]sity may be reject$4 ,! secret>y ( ! ent]ta9+ univ]sity %all notify ! judges by a jo9t note1 ! =m ( :i* %all be z foll[s2 ,! /ate univ]sities ( 7"n7 & 7"n7 w hold a jo9t debate at 7place7 on 7date74 ,! specific word+ ( ! proposition = debate is1 8,resolv$1 t c-- ,we %all consid] ourselves especially favor$ if y c be ) u at 7place7 to he> & judge ?is conte/4 7,ins]t a s5t5ce "h /at+ ! names ( ! o!r judges :o h be5 invit$ or :o cons5t$ to s]ve47 ,we %all ( c\rse meet y\r entire exp5se4 ,tru/+ t we may h an e>ly & favorable reply1 we rema91 ,respectfully y\rs1 ,a4 ,b41 ,univ]sity ( -------- ,c4 ,d41 ,univ]sity ( -------- ,! ent]ta9+ univ]sity %all sign ! names ( bo? secret>ies to ! lett] & %all enclose a /amp$ envelop address$ to ea* = ! reply4 ,be=e ! conte/ ! judges %all be ent]ta9$ at a hotel & e semblance ( an ef=t to influ5ce !m w be reg>d$ z di%onorable conduct4 ,! secret>y w secure two judges f ! li/ ( ! ent]ta9+ univ]sity & "o f ! li/ ( ! oppon5t adh]+ /rictly to ! ord] recomm5d$ by ! respective univ]sities4 ,b if any "n or names %\ld be f\nd on bo? li/s !y %all be fir/ invit$ to s]ve4 ,! univ]sity submitt+ a li/ ( names %all always report on ! qualifications ( ! judges 9 ! foll[+ respects2 ,i4 ,occupation4 ,,ii4 ,:]e educat$4 ,,iii4 ,politics4 ,,iv4 ,religion4 ,v4 ,(ficial relations ) any univ]sity ( ! league at any "t4 ,,article ,,vi ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,judges4--,ea* judge %all be in/ruct$ to decide = himself :at con/itutes effective debate1 except t he %all consid] bo? ?\ght & deliv]y4 ,)\t consultation he %all vote affirmative or negative on ! m]its ( ! debate1 n on ! m]its ( ! "q4 ,he %all sign1 seal & deliv] 8 vote to ! presid+ (fic] :o %all op5 ! votes & ann\nce ! decision4 ,,article ,,vii ,,exp5ses4--,ea* univ]sity %all pay all ! exp5ses ( its own debat]s4 ,all o!r exp5ses ( ! conte/ %all be paid by ! ent]ta9+ univ]sity4 ,,article ,,viii ,,conduct ,,( ,,! ,,debates4--,9 ! conte/s ( ?is league all communication ) ! debat]s1 by prompt+ or o!rwise1 is =bidd52 also ! introduction ( bo? private correspond5ce & *>ts is deb>r$4 ,,article ,,ix ,,am5dm5ts4--,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by ! au?oriz$ repres5tatives ( ! univ]sities at any special meet+ or by correspond5ce provid+ tw5ty days notice be giv5 ( ! *anges desir$4 ,,article ,x ,,s*$ule4--,! s*$ule = debates %all be z foll[s3 ,fir/ ,ye> ,m9nesota %all s5d a team to ,i[a ,city ,nebraska 8 8 8 8 8 ,urbana ,i[a 8 8 8 8 8 ,madison ,ill9ois 8 8 8 8 8 ,m9neapolis ,wiscons9 8 8 8 8 8 ,l9coln ,second ,ye> ,m9nesota 8 8 8 8 8 ,madison ,nebraska 8 8 8 8 8 ,m9neapolis ,i[a 8 8 8 8 8 ,l9coln ,ill9ois 8 8 8 8 8 ,i[a ,city ,wiscons9 8 8 8 8 8 ,urbana ,?ird ,ye> ,m9nesota 8 8 8 8 8 ,urbana ,nebraska 8 8 8 8 8 ,madison ,i[a 8 8 8 8 8 ,m9neapolis ,ill9ois 8 8 8 8 8 ,l9coln ,wiscons9 8 8 8 8 8 ,i[a ,city ,f\r? ,ye> ,m9nesota 8 8 8 8 8 ,l9coln ,nebraska 8 8 8 8 8 ,i[a ,city ,i[a 8 8 8 8 8 ,urbana ,ill9ois 8 8 8 8 8 ,madison ,wiscons9 8 8 8 8 8 ,m9neapolis ,,app5dix ,f ,,memor&um ,,( ,,agreem5t ,,= ,a ,,triangul> ,,debat+ ,,league ,debat+ ,agreem5t betwe5 ,indiana ,univ]sity1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois 7,adopt$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! ?ree in/itutions at ,columbus1 ,june #ag1 #aije7 ,,article #a4--,?is organization %all consi/ ( ! ,indiana ,univ]sity1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 & %all be kn[n z ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ,debat+ ,league4 ,,article #b4--;,its affairs %all be conduct$ by an executive committee consi/+ ( "o memb] ( ! ,faculty ( ea* in/itution1 to be select$ by t in/itution4 7a7 ,"o ( ^! %all act z ,presid5t1 "o z ,vice ,presid5t1 & "o z ,secret>y & ,treasur]1 ea* hold+ (fice = "o ye>4 7b7 ,! ?ree (fices %all be fill$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! ?ree in/itutions 9 rotation 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #aije-aijf ,presid5cy1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,vice ,presid5cy1 ,indiana ,univ]sity1 ,secret>y & ,treasur]%ip1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois2 #aijf-aijg ,presid5cy1 ,indiana ,univ]sity1 ,vice ,presid5cy1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,secret>y & ,treasur]%ip1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity2 #aijg-aijh ,presid5cy1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,vice ,presid5cy1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,secret>y & ,treasur]%ip1 ,indiana ,univ]sity2 & !reaft] 9 ! same rotation4 ,,article #c4--,! debates %all be held on ! second ,friday 9 ,m>*--"o at ,bloom+ton1 ,indiana1 "o at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 & "o at ,urbana1 ,ill9ois4 ,9 ! ye> #aije-aijf ! teams %all come toge!r z foll[s3 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois & ,indiana ,univ]sity at ,bloom+ton2 ,indiana ,univ]sity & ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,columbus2 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity & ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois at ,urbana4 ,9 ! ye> #aijf-aijg ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity & ,indiana ,univ]sity at ,bloom+ton2 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois & ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,columbus2 ,indiana ,univ]sity & ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois at ,urbana2 & !reaft] 9 ! same bi5nial rotation4 ,,article #d4--7;a7 ,a "q %all be propos$ by ea* in/itution n lat] ?an ! #e? ( ,octob] prec$+ ! debates4 7b7 ,! ,secret>y %all at once s5d ! ?ree que/ions to ! ?ree in/itutions1 & !y %all reply n lat] ?an ! #be? ( ,octob]1 ea* in/itution indicat+ its rank+ ( ! ?ree que/ions z fir/ *oice1 second *oice1 ?ird *oice4 7c7 ,! ,secret>y %all report ! result ( ?is vote n lat] ?an ! #cj? ( ,octob]1 & ! "q rank$ highe/ 9 ! vote %all be debat$ by all teams4 ,9 case ( a tie 9 ! rank+ ! selection f ! ?ree que/ions %all be made by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 7d7 ,aft] ! "q has be5 *os5 no modification %all be made 9 its word+ & no def9ition p]mitt$4 ,,article #e4--,! home team %all support ! affirmative ( ! "q & ! visit+ team ! negative4 ,,article #f4--;,ea* speak] %all be all[$ twelve m9utes = a pr9cipal spee* & five m9utes = a rebuttal spee*4 ,no "t may be transf]r$ f "o speak] to ano!r1 b ! ord] ( rebuttal spee*es on ei!r side may be *ang$ at ! wi% ( ! speak]s on t side4 8,! negative %all lead 9 rebuttal40 ,,article #g4--7;a7 ,! visit+ in/itution %all n lat] ?an ! #ae? ( ,janu>y nom9ate a li/ ( tw5ty names ( p]sons liv+ )9 two hundr$ & fifty miles ( ! place ( ! debate1 no "o ( :om %all be or %all h be5 connect$ ) any ( ! ?ree in/itutions conc]n$ ei!r z (fic]1 tea*] or /ud5t4 ,! home in/itution %all h ! "r ( veto = cause to be explicitly /at$ to ! o!r in/itution )9 two weeks !reaft]1 & ! visit+ in/itution %all submit o!r names equal 9 numb] to ^? veto$4 ,! home in/itution %all *oose ?ree p]sons f ?is li/ to act z judges4 7b7 ,ea* judge %all be provid$ ) writt5 in/ructions 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,date444444444444444444 ,9 r5d]+ y\r decision1 y are ask$ to consid] ! m]its ( ! debate & n ! m]its ( ! "q4 ,y are ! sole judges ( :at con/itutes effective debat+1 rememb]+ t bo? ?\ght & deliv]y are to be consid]$4 ,9 my op9ion ! 444444444 team has done ! mo/ effective debat+4 4444444444444444444444 ,judge 7c7 ,at ! close ( ! debate ea* judge %all be p]mitt$ to )draw1 & )9 #ae m9utes %all pres5t to ! *airman 9 a seal$ envelope 8 individual decision1 rea*$ )\t conf]5ce ) 8 colleagues4 ,,article #h4--;,ea* in/itution %all pay ! exp5ses ( its debat]s4 ,all o!r exp5ses ( ea* debate %all be paid by ! ent]ta9+ in/itution4 ,,app5dix ,g ,,propositions ,,political ,a4 ,legislative4 #a4 ,any fur!r c5tralization ( p[] 9 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be condemn$4 #b4 ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators %\ld be elect$ by popul> vote4 #c4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %\ld elect its /&+ committees4 #d4 ,! /ate ( %\ld adopt ! legislative ref]5dum4 #e4 ,an am5dm5t ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution %\ld be adopt$ conv5+ ! fir/ session ( ,congress )9 a few mon?s aft] ! election & compell+ ! second session to adj\rn sev]al days be=e ! foll[+ election4 #f4 ,! numb] ( repres5tatives to ,congress %\ld be r$uc$4 #g4 ,all memb]s ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %\ld be requir$ to be pres5t dur+ ! discussion ( all propos$ legislation1 unless prev5t$ by illness4 #h4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld adopt ! ,swiss ref]5dum4 #i4 ,! ,con/itution %\ld be s am5d$ z to make ! pass+ ( am5dm5ts easi]4 #aj4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate %\ld adopt a closure rule4 #aa4 ,lobby+ 9 ,congress & 9 ! /ate legislatures %\ld be prohibit$ by law4 #ab4 ,direct legislation by means ( ! initiative & ref]5dum is desirable = our /ates & _! subdivisions4 #ac4 ,! initiative & ref]5dum (f] a desirable relief f ! evils aris+ f ! dom9ance ( special int]e/s 9 our /ates & _! municipalities4 ,b4 ,executive4 #ad4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be elect$ = "o t]m ( sev5 ye>s1 & be ineligible = relection4 #ae4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be elect$ by direct vote ( ! p4 #af4 ,! ,presid5t %\ld be all[$ to veto items 9 appropriation bills4 #ag4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ju/ifi$ 9 call+ out ! militia to subdue local di/urbances1 )\t cons5t or reque/ ( /ate au?orities4 #ah4 ,c\nties 9 :i* a lyn*+ occurs %\ld be plac$ "u m>tial law until !y give evid5ce ( capacity to ex]cise effective local gov]nm5t1 n exce$+ a t]m ( "o ye>4 #ai4 ,= ! bett] protection ( life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty 9 rural di/ricts a /ate con/abul>y is necess>y4 ,c4 ,judicial4 #bj4 ,! recall ( /ate & local judges by popul> vote is desirable4 #ba4 ,a two-?irds vote ( ! jury %\ld con/itute a v]dict 9 crim9al cases4 #bb4 ,a two-?irds vote ( ! jury %\ld con/itute a v]dict 9 civil cases4 #bc4 ,f$]al judges %\ld be elect$ by popul> vote4 #bd4 ,! jury sy/em %\ld be aboli%$4 #be4 ,! c\rts %\ld be =bidd5 by law to issue 8blanket0 injunctions 9 labor disputes4 #bf4 ,! det5tion ( innoc5t witnesses1 p5d+ ! trial ( cases 9 c\rt1 )\t adequate comp5sation & )\t pro( ( its necessity %\ld be prohibit$ by law4 #bg4 ,/ate judges %\ld be appo9t$ by ! gov]nor to hold (fice dur+ life or good behavior4 #bh4 ,! law gov]n+ judicial process %\ld be s am5d$ z to provide = ! m spe$y conduct ( crim9al cases1 & few] opportunities = delay 9 ! execution ( ! s5t5ces impos$4 #bi4 ,x w\ld be desirable to elect ju/ices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt by popul> vote4 ,d4 ,fran*ise4 #cj4 ,! "r ( suffrage %\ld be limit$ to p]sons :o c read & write4 #ca4 ,!re %\ld be an educational te/ z a qualification = vot+4 #cb4 ,! :ite citiz5s ( ! ,s\? are ju/ifi$ 9 us+ all peaceable means to secure political supremacy4 #cc4 ,m5 & wom5 %\ld h equal suffrage4 #cd4 ,! admission to citiz5%ip into ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be grant$ "u /rict] requirem5ts z to a work+ k ( rights & duties ( ! privileges conf]r$4 #ce4 ,admission ( ali5s to ! privileges ( citiz5%ip %\ld be grant$ on m re/rictive conditions4 #cf4 ,! admission ( native-born & =eign-born citiz5s to ! privilege ( vot+ %\ld be grant$ only ^u evid5ce ( due qualifications bo? z to k ( ! rights & obligations & also ( respect = ! in/itutions & ideals ( our national life4 ,e4 ,immigration4 #cg4 ,! immigration re/rictions :i* n[ apply to ! ,*9ese %\ld be ext5d$ s z to apply to ! ,japanese4 #ch4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld make no discrim9ation betwe5 ! immigrants f ,*9a & ^? f o!r c\ntries4 #ci4 ,admission ( fur!r immigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s long z ! conge/ion ( ali5 gr\ps p]si/ 9 our l>ge cities1 %\ld be subject to ,f$]al control ( su* arrivals = a def9ite p]iod ( ye>s = purposes ( bett] di/ribution ) reg>d to ! requirem5ts ( ! diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry4 #dj4 ,! immigration ( all ,japanese & ,*9ese labor]s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be prohibit$ by law4 ,f4 ,miscellane\s4 #da4 ,p>ty l9es %\ld be disreg>d$ 9 all elections4 #db4 ,public advocacy ( viol5t means = ! subv]sion ( gov]nm5t %\ld be suppress$ by law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #dc4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld h exclusive jurisdiction ov] ,behr+ ,sea4 #dd4 ,! %>+ ( public funds = purposes :i* ignore ! con/itutional sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate is a m5ace to our ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 & ,municipal in/itutions & %\ld be ab&on$ :]ev] inaugurat$ & prev5t$ :]ev] exi/+ or propos$4 #de4 ,! %ort ballot %\ld be adopt$ 9 ,/ate & ,municipal gov]nm5ts4 #df4 ,! t5d5cy ( political plat=m mak+ is to ov]burd5 ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t ) proposals ^: nature & accompli%m5t are bett] adapt$ to ,/ate1 ,municipal1 & o!r local gov]nm5tal ag5cies4 #dg4 ,congress %\ld provide = uni=m ,f$]al m>riage & divorce laws4 ,con/itutionality conc$$4 #dh4 ,all cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ov] #e1jjj inhabitants %\ld adopt ! commission =m ( gov]nm5t4 #di4 ,! 8,galve/on ,plan0 ( city gov]nm5t by a bo>d ( directors insures increase ( effici5cy comb9$ ) a decrease ( corruption 9 city affairs4 #ej4 ,!re %\ld be a l>ge & imm$iate increase 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 #ea4 ,a political re=mation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates look+ to ! =mation ( two new political p>ties is desirable4 #eb4 ,! /ates %\ld adopt ! recall = all /ate & local (fic]s except memb]s ( ! judici>y4 #ec4 ,a commission =m ( gov]nm5t is pref]able to a mayor & c\ncil plan4 ,,economic ,a4 ,t>iff4 #ed4 ,comm]cial reciprocity ) ,canada w\ld be = ! be/ int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ee4 ,! t>iff on goods import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be fix$ by a bi-p>tisan commission4 #ef4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld impose a t>iff on imports f ! ,philipp9es4 ,con/itutionality conc$$4 #eg4 ,! protective t>iff %\ld be remov$ f tru/-made products4 #eh4 ,raw mat]ials %\ld be admitt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates free ( duty4 #ei4 ,! t>iff on raw mat]ials is ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( ! protection ( ,am]ican indu/ry aga9/ =eign competition4 #fj4 ,sug> %\ld be admitt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates free ( duty4 #fa4 ,comm]cial reciprocity betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,s\? ,am]ica w\ld be = ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #fb4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld adopt ! policy ( t>iff = rev5ue only4 #fc4 ,/eel %\ld be admitt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates free ( duty4 #fd4 ,all goods1 ! price ( :i* is controll$ by a s+le capitali/ or comb9ation ( capitali/s1 %\ld be admitt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates free ( duty4 ,b4 ,taxation4 #fe4 ,! gr[? ( l>ge =tunes %\ld be *eck$ by means ( national progressive income & inh]itance taxes4 #ff4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive inh]itance tax4 ,grant$1 t su* tax w\ld be held con/itutional4 #fg4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld levy a progressive income tax4 ,con/itutionality conc$$4 #fh4 ,! s+le tax z advocat$ by ,h5ry ,george1 w\ld be an improvem5t ov] our pres5t sy/em ( taxation4 #fi4 ,! tax on ! issue ( /ate banks %\ld be repeal$4 #gj4 ,t a graduat$ income tax w\ld be a desirable addition to ! ,f$]al sy/em ( taxation4 #ga4 ,a ,f$]al graduat$ income tax ) an exemption ( all incomes bel[ #ejjj p] annum w\ld be a desirable modification ( ! sy/em ( ,f$]al taxation4 ,c4 ,corporations4 #gb4 ,congress %\ld pass laws prohibit+ corporate contributions to political campaign funds4 #gc4 ,! regulat+ p[] ( ,congress %\ld be ext5d$ ov] all corporations do+ an int]/ate bus9ess4 ,con/itutionality conc$$4 #gd4 ,all corporations engag$ 9 int]/ate comm]ce %\ld be requir$ to take out a ,f$]al lic5se4 #ge4 ,physical valuation ( ! prop]ty ( a corporation is ! be/ basis = fix+ ! rate ( taxation4 #gf4 ,railroad pool+ is economically advantage\s to ! public4 #gg4 ,! price ( 8tru/-made0 products %\ld be regulat$ by law4 #gh4 ,! ,national ,bureau ( ,corporations %\ld h control ( indu/rial & comm]cial corporations do+ int]/ate bus9ess1 simil> to ! control :i* ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission has ov] railroads4 #gi4 ,all corporations engag$ 9 int]/ate comm]ce %\ld be requir$ to take out ,f$]al *>t]s2 x be+ conc$$ t su* a requirem5t w\ld be con/itutional & t ,f$]al lic5se %all n be available z an alt]native plan4 #hj4 ,! policy ( regulat+ indu/rial corporations is pref]able to ! policy ( dissolv+ !m4 ,d4 ,labor4 #ha4 ,! ,new ,zeal& sy/em ( compulsory arbitration %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #hb4 ,a sy/em ( compulsory arbitration %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #hc4 ,employ]s & employees ( all public s]vice corporations su* z railroads1 /reet railways1 etc41 %\ld be compell$ to arbitrate labor disputes4 #hd4 ,memb]s ( trades-unions are ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to "w ) non-union m54 #he4 ,/ate bo>ds ( arbitration1 ) compulsory p[]s1 %\ld be e/abli%$ to settle all disputes betwe5 employ]s & employees4 #hf4 ,employ]s are ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ recognition to labor unions4 #hg4 ,! hi/ory ( trades-unions = ! pa/ t5 ye>s %[s a t5d5cy detrim5tal to ! indu/rial developm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #hh4 ,! boycott is a legitimate means ( en=c+ ! dem&s ( organiz$ labor4 #hi4 ,! gr[? ( labor unions is a m5ace to lib]ties ( ! work+ man4 #ij4 ,! clos$ 8%op0 is ju/ifiable4 #ia4 ,employ]s %\ld be prohibit$ f sett+ up contributory neglig5ce or neglig5ce ( a fell[ s]vant z a b> to recov]y ( adequate comp5sation by an injur$ employee4 #ib4 ,! "r to /rike on ! "p ( public employees %\ld always be subject to ref]5dum on ! "p ( ! community imm$iately conc]n$4 #ic4 ,x w\ld be advisable to legalize ! /rike & ! boycott4 #id4 ,! movem5t ( organiz$ labor = ! clos$ %op %\ld receive ! support ( public op9ion4 #ie4 ,! be/ int]e/s ( ! labor+ classes w\ld be advanc$ by ! developm5t ( a sep>ate labor p>ty4 ,e4 ,public ,own]%ip4 #if4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld buy & op]ate ! telegraph sy/ems4 #ig4 ,municipalities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ov] #aj1jjj inhabitants %\ld own & op]ate _! sy/ems = light+ & local transportation4 #ih4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld own & op]ate ! coal m9es )9 its bord]s4 #ii4 ,! =e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be own$ & op]at$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,f4 ,miscellane\s4 #ajj4 ,! p[]s ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission %\ld be enl>g$4 #aja4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld subsidize our m]*ant m>9e4 #ajb4 ,x is economically advantage\s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to own t]ritory 9 ! tropics4 #ajc4 ,! am\nt ( prop]ty transf]able by inh]itance %\ld be limit$ by /atute4 #ajd4 ,! exi/+ sy/ems ( comm]cial di/ribution betwe5 produc]s & consum]s is *iefly responsible = ! high co/ ( liv+4 #aje4 ,! national debt %\ld be paid z rapidly z possible4 #ajf4 ,mail ord] /ores are a b5efit to ! public4 #ajg4 ,prison-made products %\ld be exclud$ f ! op5 m>ket4 #ajh4 ,! labor ( prison]s 9 ! /ate p5it5ti>y %\ld be utiliz$ 9 improv+ ! highways ( ! /ate4 #aji4 ,! ,am]ican coa/wise traffic %\ld pass ?r\gh ! ,panama ,canal toll free4 #aaj4 ,congress %\ld be giv5 ! p[] by con/itutional am5dm5t to regulate manufactures & indu/ry4 #aaa4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld e/abli% a bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aab4 ,! ,aldri* plan ( a ,national ,res]ve ,association %\ld be adopt$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 #aac4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld regulate & sup]vise all fire & life insurance companies do+ an int]/ate bus9ess4 #aad4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld grant f9ancial aid to %ips engag$ 9 our =eign trade & own$ by citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aae4 ,!re %\ld be "s legislation provid+ = ! gu>antee ( bank deposits4 #aaf4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld develop ! wat]way f ! ,great ,lakes to ! ,gulf4 #aag4 ,a sy/em ( compulsory indu/rial insurance cov]+ accid5t1 sickness1 & old age %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,con/itutionality conc$$4 #aah4 ,! inl& wat]ways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be ext5sively improv$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 #aai4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld adopt a d\ble monet>y /&>d4 ,,social ,a4 ,! ,liquor ,problem4 #abj4 ,! elim9ation ( private pr(its (f]s ! be/ solution ( ! liquor problem4 #aba4 ,prohibition ( ! liquor traffic is pref]able to any sy/em ( lic5se1 :]ev] public op9ion w sanction ! passage & en=cem5t ( su* a law4 #abb4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates army %\ld re/abli% ! use ( ! cante54 #abc4 ,! ,c>ol9a ,disp5s>y ,sy/em = controll+ ! use & sale ( intoxicat+ liquors %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! /ate ( 4 #abd4 ,/ate prohibition has fail$ :]ev] x has be5 adopt$4 #abe4 ,prohibition is m conducive to temp]ance ?an high lic5se4 ,b4 ,int]national ,peace4 #abf4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld at once ann\nce & c>ry out a policy ( total dis>mam5t4 #abg4 ,! pres5t gr[? ( armam5ts %\ld be *eck$ by mutual agreem5t betwe5 ! nations4 #abh4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld imm$iately provide = an increase 9 its navy4 #abi4 ,int]national peace is be/ promot$ by ext5sive w>like prep>ations4 ,c4 ,insurance & ,p5sions4 #acj4 ,! ,g]man sy/em ( compulsory insurance %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aca4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld control all life insurance companies4 #acb4 ,a sy/em ( compulsory indu/rial insurance %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #acc4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t %\ld grant uni=m p5sions to all citiz5s ov] sixty ye>s ( age4 #acd4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld grant old-age p5sions4 ,d4 ,! ,*ur*4 #ace4 ,all *ur* prop]ty %\ld be tax$4 #acf4 ,! mod]n *ur* %\ld ma9ta9 m rigid rules reg>d+ ! p]sonal conduct ( its memb]s4 #acg4 ,a union ( all ,*ri/ian *ur*es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld fur!r ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,e4 ,miscellane\s4 #ach4 ,sunday baseball %\ld be prohibit$4 #aci4 ,public libr>ies1 museums1 & art gall]ies %\ld be op5 on ,sunday4 #adj4 ,lavi% social ent]ta9m5ts %\ld be condemn$4 #ada4 ,9 times ( bus9ess depression ! /ates & municipalities %\ld furni% employm5t to ! unemploy$4 #adb4 ,capital puni%m5t %\ld be aboli%$4 #adc4 ,all cities ( ov] #be1jjj population %\ld e/abli% free public employm5t bureaus4 #add4 ,/ate in/itutions %\ld be e/abli%$ provid+ = ! c>e & tra9+ ( homeless *ildr54 #ade4 ,! gr[? ( monopolies %[s a t5d5cy t[>d ,socialism4 #adf4 ,congress %\ld enact laws provid+ = ! c5sor%ip ( ! /age4 #adg4 ,mov+ picture %[s %\ld be compell$ to exhibit only su* pictures z c be %[n to h an educational or cultural value4 #adh4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is mov+ t[>d ,socialism4 #adi4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to conc5trate 9 ! cities is detrim5tal to ! be/ int]e/ ( ! p4 #aej4 ,*ildr5 "u sixte5 ye>s ( age %\ld be prohibit$ by ,f$]al law f work+ 9 factories4 #aea4 ,a maximum eight h\r work+ day = all occupations %\ld be e/abli%$ by /ate law4 #aeb4 ,vivisection %\ld be prohibit$ by law4 #aec4 ,arctic & ,ant>ctic exp$itions %\ld be look$ ^u ) disfavor by ! public4 #aed4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t %\ld grant p]man5t copyright4 #aee4 ,automobiles %\ld be prohibit$ f runn+ m ?an fifte5 miles an h\r4 #aef4 ,railroads %\ld be requir$ by ,f$]al & /ate law to adopt all devices su* z block signals1 /eel pass5g] coa*es1 etc41 :i* m9imize ! dang] f wreck4 #aeg4 ,great] security %\ld be giv5 by law to wills & beque/s4 #aeh4 ,! negro is n fitt$ to ex]cise ! "r ( suffrage4 #aei4 ,!re %\ld be a /ate c5sor%ip ( ! /age4 #afj4 ,lett] po/age %\ld be r$uc$ to "o c5t4 #afa4 ,male citiz5s %\ld be compell$ to s]ve two ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army4 #afb4 ,popul> lit]ature %[s a decl9e 9 public morals4 #afc4 ,social settlem5t organizations (f] ! be/ means ( conduct+ *>itable "w4 #afd4 ,! plea ( insanity %all n be available z a b> to puni%m5t = crime4 #afe4 ,newspap]s %\ld be prohibit$ f publi%+ matt] :i* has a t5d5cy to corrupt ! public morals4 ,,educational ,a4 ,common ,s*ool4 #aff4 ,! ,bible %\ld be taught 9 ! public s*ools4 #afg4 ,free text-books %\ld be furni%$ to all pupils bel[ ! high s*ool grade4 #afh4 ,! /ate %\ld prescribe uni=m text-books = ! public s*ools4 #afi4 ,public funds %\ld n be appropriat$ to aid private or sect>ian s*ools4 #agj4 ,no prizes %\ld be (f]$ 9 public s*ools4 ,b4 ,high ,s*ool4 #aga4 ,e high s*ool %\ld be compell$ to ma9ta9 c\rses 9 manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce4 #agb4 ,secret societies %\ld be prohibit$ 9 public high s*ools4 #agc4 ,high s*ool c\rses %\ld be revis$ s z to furni% m practical educational tra9+4 #agd4 ,! high s*ool c\rse z at pres5t giv5 by almo/ all high s*ools is ( no practical value to ! pupil :o does n g to college4 #age4 ,milit>y drill %\ld be compulsory 9 all public high s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c4 ,college4 #agf4 ,! honor sy/em ( exam9ations %\ld be adopt$ by all ,am]ican colleges4 #agg4 ,fre%m5 at %\ld n be p]mitt$ to engage 9 int]collegiate a?letics4 #agh4 ,all college c\rses %\ld be completely elective4 #agi4 ,a?letics1 z n[ conduct$1 are a detrim5t to ,am]ican colleges4 #ahj4 ,no college %\ld be locat$ ne> a l>ge city4 #aha4 ,d5om9ational colleges %\ld n receive f9ancial aid f ! /ate4 #ahb4 ,= ! av]age /ud5t ! small college is pref]able to ! l>ge college4 #ahc4 ,admission to ,am]ican colleges %\ld be by exam9ation only4 #ahd4 ,int]collegiate football %\ld be aboli%$4 #ahe4 ,segregation ( sexes 9 ,am]ican colleges & univ]sities is pref]able to coducation4 #ahf4 ,/ud5ts 9 college c\rses :o atta9 ! rank ( n9ety p] c5t or high] 9 daily "w %\ld be excus$ f exam9ations4 #ahg4 ,two ye>s ( college "w %\ld be requir$ = admission to any c\rse 9 law or m$ic9e4 #ahh4 ,writt5 t]m exam9ations %\ld be aboli%$4 #ahi4 ,! class ru%es at ! beg9n+ ( ! college ye> %\ld be prohibit$4 #aij4 ,*apel att5dance at ! ,univ]sity ( %\ld be compulsory4 #aia4 ,/ud5t gov]nm5t %\ld be e/abli%$ at ! ,univ]sity ( 4 #aib4 ,! ,ox=d type ( univ]sity %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aic4 ,= ! av]age man a college education is an aid to bus9ess success4 #aid4 ,! colleges ( ! /ate ( %\ld be comb9$ into "o c5trally locat$ univ]sity4 ,d4 ,miscellane\s4 #aie4 ,a ,national ,univ]sity %\ld be e/abli%$ at ,wa%+ton4 #aif4 ,novels %\ld n be plac$ 9 circulation by public libr>ies until two ye>s aft] publication4 #aig4 ,! numb] ( subjects taught 9 high s*ools & colleges %\ld be greatly r$uc$4 #aih4 ,! recomm5dations ( ! simplifi$ spell+ bo>d %\ld be adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aii4 ,night trade s*ools %\ld be e/abli%$ z a "p ( our sy/em ( public in/ruction4 #bjj4 ,indu/rial education w solve ! negro race problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( a few ( ! ,macmillan books on k9dr$ subjects ,public ,speak+ ,pr9ciples & ,practice ,,by ,,irvah ,,le/] ,,w9t] ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,public ,speak+ 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,clo?1 #hvo1 ,new ,edition1 #b4jj ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,preface ,?is book is design$ to set =? ! ma9 pr9ciples ( effective plat=m deliv]y1 & to provide a l>ge body ( mat]ial = /ud5t practice4 ,! "w laid out may be us$ to =m a sep>ate c\rse ( /udy1 or a c\rse ( tra9+ runn+ p>allel ) a c\rse 9 debat+ or o!r orig9al speak+4 ,x has be5 prep>$ ) a view also to t l>ge numb] :o want to speak1 or h to speak1 b _c h ! advantage ( a tea*]4 ,mu* is !re=e said 9 ! way ( caution1 & unte*nical language is us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! discussion ( pr9ciples 9 ,"p ,"o is int5d$ z a help t[>ds ! /ud5t's und]/&+ ( 8 task1 & also z a common basis ( criticism 9 ! relation betwe5 tea*] & pupil4 ,! prelim9>y fundam5tal "w ( ,"p ,two1 ,te*nical ,tra9+1 deals fir/ ) ! "r =mation ( tone1 ! developm5t ( voice z su*1 ! secur+ ( a fix$ "r vocal habit4 ,foll[+ comes ! adapt+ ( ?is improv$ voice to ! v>ieties ( use1 or expressional effect1 dem&$ ( ! public speak]4 ,aft] ?is critical detail$ drill1 ! /ud5t is to take ! plat=m1 & apply 8 acquir$ te*nique to cont9u$ disc\rse1 receiv+ criticism aft] ea* entire piece ( "w4 ,! "q z to :at %\ld be ! plan & ! cont5t ( ,"p ,?ree1 ,plat=m ,practice1 has be5 det]m9$ simply by ask+ :at are ! di/9ctly v>i$ conditions "u :i* m5 mo/ frequ5tly speak4 ,x is reg>d$ z pr(itable = ! /ud5t to practice1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 9 all ! sev]al k9ds ( spee* "h *os54 ,9 ?us cultivat+ v]satility1 he w greatly enl>ge 8 p[] ( expression1 & w at l5g? discov] :]e9 lies 8 own special capability4 ,! pr9cipal aim 9 *oos+ ! selections has be5 to h !m suffici5tly alive to be attractive to y\ng] speak]s1 & n s heavy z to be unsuit$ to _! p[]s4 ,"s ( !m h prov$ effective by use2 _m o!rs are new4 ,9 all cases !y are ( good quality4 ,,by ,,crav5 ,,laycock ,,& ,,rob]t ,l4 ,,scales ,argum5tation & ,debate ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4aj ,9 ?is "w ! peculi> difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( mak+ a text-book at once tea*able1 practical1 & easily und]/ood1 = use 9 tea*+ argum5tation & debate1 h be5 ov]come4 ,! treatm5t ( ! topics pres5t$--! proposition1 ! issues1 prelim9>y read+1 evid5ce1 k9ds ( argum5ts1 fallacies1 brief-draw+1 ! pr9ciples ( pres5tation1 refutation1 & debate--is lucid & int]e/+ z well z highly pr(itable4 ,,by ,,edw9 ,,dubois ,,%urt] ,! ,rhetoric ( ,oratory ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4aj 8,an unusually s5sible & sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject1 z helpful to ! graduate :o is already 9 ! game ( life z to tea*] & /ud5t 9 second>y s*ool & college4 ,x deals ) ! rhetoric ( oratory1 r ?an ! elocution ( oratory40--,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,,by ,,samuel ,b4 ,,h>d+ ,select ,orations ,illu/rat+ ,am]ican ,political ,hi/ory ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be ,e oration 9 ?is volume has ex]t$ "s great influ5ce on political action or political op9ion & reveals bett] ?an any?+ else ! real _s ( ! c\ntry at ! "t :5 x 0 deliv]$4 ,! essays 7 select$ by ,samuel ,b4 ,h>d+1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,indiana ,univ]sity1 :ile ,john ,m4 ,clapp1 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% 9 ,lake ,=e/ ,univ]sity1 suppli$ ! introduction on oratorical /yle & /ructure4 ,,by ,,milton ,,p]cival ,,& ,r4 ,a4 ,,jelliffe ,( ,ob]l9 ,college ,specim5s ( ,exposition & ,argum5t ,clo?1 #abmo1 #j4ij ,! selections 9 ?is volume1 *os5 f a wide range ( lit]ature1 illu/rate ! diff]5t phases ( argum5t su* z p]suasion1 refutation1 & controv]sy1 & ! diff]5t types ( exposition su* z descriptions1 explanations1 def9itions1 & int]pretations4 8,x is n (t5 t ! /ud5t is giv5 ! opportunity to use a text-book at once s fasc9at+ & s ess5tially practical40--,philadelphia ,public ,l$g]4 ,edit$ by ,,edw9 ,,dubois ,,%urt]1 ,associate ,pr(essor ( ,public ,speak+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,new ,york4 ,repres5tative ,college ,orations ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be ,int5d$ prim>ily to furni% selective mat]ial = critical analysis by /ud5ts 9 ! colleges1 ! book w be ( int]e/ to ! g5]al read] z indicative ( :at college /ud5ts ( to-day are ?9k+ & talk+ ab\t4 ,z ! only collection ( college orations :i* attempts to cov] ! :ole field1 ! sixty-?ree orations "h pres5t$ w furni% a bett] opportunity = comp>ison & a f> great] v>iety ( illu/rative matt] ?an has hi!rto be5 available4 ,,by ,g4 ,r4 ,,c>p5t] ,,& ,w4 ,t4 ,,brew/] ,mod]n ,engli% ,prose ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4aj 8,?is book w prove ( great s]vice to ,engli% tea*]s4 ,! selections1 complete & unabridg$ z !y are1 & made ) nice discrim9ation1 w be welcom$ by in/ructors :o desire to place be=e _! pupils "s ( ! be/ examples ( mod]n prose writ+40--,,wilmot ,b4 ,,mit*ell1 ,b[do9 ,college1 ,ma9e4 ,,by ,w4 ,t4 ,,brew/] ,specim5s ( ,mod]n ,engli% ,lit]>y ,criticism ,clo?1 #abmo #a4jj ,?is book belongs to ! realm ( rhetoric r ?an ( lit]ature or lit]>y hi/ory4 ,x aims to use critical writ+ m completely ?an is done 9 any text-book ( selections z an ag5t 9 rhetorical /udy & intellectual discipl9e4 ,! selections cov] ,leslie ,/eph51 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,macaulay1 ,h5ry ,james1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,%elley1 ,col]idge1 & o!rs1 ) _m notes & an excell5t & compreh5sive introduction4 ,/udies 9 ,/ructure & ,/yle ,) an ,introduction by ,,george ,,rice ,,c>p5t]1 ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric & ,engli% ,composition 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4aj ,! au?or has us$ r>e discrim9ation 9 select+ ! essays :i* he discusses1 insi/+ t !y %\ld be ( ! highe/ class ( mod]n lit]ature & t !y %\ld s]ve z models to ! /ud5t4 ,! analysis ( /ructure & /yle 9 ^! volumes is mo/ able1 & ! book w be f\nd a mo/ valuable "o z a text 9 ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,,by ,,wilbur ,l4 ,,cross ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,engli% ,novel ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ej 8,?is ?or\gh & compreh5sive "w on ,engli% fiction is bas$ ^u s\nd s*ol>%ip4 ,pr(essor ,cross has ma/]$ 8 mat]ial1 & 8 pres5tation is n only logical 9 its g5]al classifications b entirely adequate 9 its p>ticul>s4 ,= ^! reasons x is an admirable text-book1 & ! /ud5t w f9d1 besides ! organic treatm5t ( ! :ole1 a basis = an exhau/ive /udy ( indep5d5t p]iods40--,! ,wa%+ton ,/>4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,seidel ,,canby1 ,ph4,d41 ,,fr$]ick ,,era/us ,,pi]ce1 ,ph4,d41 ,,h5ry ,,noble ,,mccrack51 ,ph4,d41 ,,alfr$ ,,arundel ,,may1 ,m4,a41 ,,?omas ,,godd>d ,,wright1 ,m4,a41 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,engli% ,composition 9 ! ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york4 ,engli% ,composition 9 ,!ory & ,practice ,new & revis$ edition4 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be ,! au?ors ( ?is volume h comb9$ 9 "o book a set ( directions = good writ+1 bas$ ^u s\nd pr9ciples & writt51 prim>ily1 = ! /ud5t1 ) a v>i$ & ext5sive collection ( examples drawn f all ! =ms ( disc\rse1 & inclusive ( bo? brief exc]pts & complete essays1 argum5ts1 & /ories4 ,additional supplem5t>y mat]ial has be5 add$ 9 ! sev]al app5dices4 ,! au?ors h endeavor$ to give to ea* ( ! f\r =ms ( disc\rse ! proportionate space & ! k9d ( treatm5t :i* ! av]age /ud5t requires4 ,! :ole composition1 ! p>agraph1 ! s5t5ce1 & ! ^w h be5 discuss$ 9 _! relation to ,exposition1 because1 = ! av]age /ud5t1 x is ! p[] to expla9 cle>ly :i* is ( prim>y importance4 ,?us ,exposition has be5 giv5 a pr$om9ant space4 ,! *apt] on ! ,s5t5ce goes into m9ute detail because ! av]age /ud5t1 at pres5t1 does n und]/& ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce2 ! *apt] on ,n>rative deals ) con/ructive problems ma9ly1 because x is 9 le>n+ to con/ruct a /ory t ! ,fre%man c be/ make ,n>rative increase 8 p[]s ( expression2 ! *apt] on ,description includes lit]>y & e/hetic problems1 because "o v>iety ( ,description c only ?us be taught4 ,an ord] ( succession = ^! v>i\s topics has be5 *os5 aft] exp]im5t ) _m classes4 ,nev]!less1 except t ,exposition mu/ come fir/1 ! in/ructor w f9d t ! plan ( ?is book p]mits any arrangem5t ( subjects4 ,guid$ by ! results ( two ye>s' rem>kably ext5sive use ( ! fir/ edition1 ! au?ors revis$ & rewrote ! entire book4 ,9 ! new edition1 !re=e1 ! defects ( ! e>li] "w d n appe>1 :ile ! g5]al plan1 :i* prov$ s successful1 is1 ( c\rse1 reta9$4 ,h5ce ! book is n[ unique 9 its effectiv5ess z a tea*+ text--"o 9 :i* ! actual difficulties ( ! /ud5t are cle>ly realiz$1 only to be met ) practical1 def9ite & concrete means ( ov]com+ !m4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #c4 ,footnotes h be5 re-index$ us+ numb]s4 #d4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #e4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4