,?is file 0 produc$ f page images at ,google ,books4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is book 0 transcrib$ f a scan ( ! orig9al f\nd at ,google ,books4 ,i h rotat$ "s images & h correct$ ! misspell+ ( ail]on t appe>$ _m times 9 ! orig9al text4 ,illu/ration3 ,a model a]oplane ris+ f ! wat]4 ,,! ,,second ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,,by ,,francis ,a4 ,,coll9s ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,_m ,,photographs ,,& ,,diagrams ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 #aiaa ,copyright #aiaa1 by ,! ,c5tury ,co4 ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aiaa ,,! ,,second ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,,=eword ,x is assum$ t ! read] is famili> ) ,! ,boys' ,book ( ,model ,a]oplanes4 ,"s k ( ! hi/ory ( aviation & ! e>ly models1 big & little1 w be f\nd helpful1 b n ess5tial1 z a prep>ation = ! pres5t volume4 ,)9 ! ye> s mu* has be5 le>n$ ( ! sci5ce ( model a]oplane con/ruction t an entirely new & m detail$ treatm5t ( ! subject seems to be ju/ifi$4 ,s9ce ! l5g? ( model a]oplane flights has be5 increas$ t5 times1 _! improvem5t is comp>able to t ( ! l>ge man-c>ry+ ma*9es4 ,! sci5ce has become m exact1 & ! *ance ( failure r$uc$1 until to-day successful flights are )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is volume ?anks are due to ! ,new ,york ,model ,a]o ,club1 to ,mr4 ,edw>d ,durrant1 ,p]cy ,pi]ce1 ,cecil ,peoli1 ,w4 ,s4 ,h[ells1 ,jr41 & to ! "y g5tlem5 ^: models are illu/rat$ h]e)1 :o1 s+ly & collectively1 are do+ mu* = ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce 9 ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,second ,,boys' ,,book ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplanes 4444444444444444444444444 ,,=eword 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,,*apt] ,i ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,,( #aiaa 444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,t\rnam5ts 44444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p>lor ,,aviation 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,tools ,,& ,,mat]ials 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,v ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,plane ,,con/ruction 4444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,sci5tific ,,propell] ,,build+ 444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,assembl+ ,,! ,,motors 4444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,directional ,,control 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,designs 444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,x ,,design+ ,,! ,,skids 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,ge>$ ,,motors 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,lessons ,,( ,,! ,,man-,,c>ry+ ,,a]oplanes 44444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,select$ ,,que/ions ,,= ,,beg9n]s 4444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,among ,,! ,,model ,,build]s 4444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,curiosities ,,( ,,! ,,air 4444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,rules ,,= ,,conduct+ ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,conte/s 4444444 ,,con/itution ,,& ,,by-,,laws ,,( ,a ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,club 44444444444444 ,,diction>y ,,( ,,a]onautical ,,t]ms 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,! ,full ,project ,gut5b]g ,lic5se 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,section #a4 ,g5]al ,t]ms ( ,use ,r$i/ribut+ ,project ,gut5b]g electronic works 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,section #b4 ,in=mation ab\t ! ,mission ( ,project ,gut5b]g 44 ,section #c4 ,in=mation ab\t ! ,project ,gut5b]g ,lit]>y ,ar*ive ,f\ndation 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,section #d4 ,in=mation ab\t ,donations to ! ,project ,gut5b]g ,lit]>y ,ar*ive ,f\ndation 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,section #e4 ,g5]al ,in=mation ,ab\t ,project ,gut5b]g electronic works4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,a model a]oplane ris+ f ! wat]4 44444444444444444444444444 ,a good specim5 ( plane build+4 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,f9i% "o end ( ! blade be=e cutt+ away ! opposite end4 ,model a]oplane4 ,design$ by ,cecil ,peoli4 4444444444444444444444444 ,a v>iation on a famili> =m4 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,an excell5t model design$ & built by ,h4 ,wakk9s4 44444444444444 ,an orig9al design by ,h>ry ,mc,allister 4444444444444444444444444444 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 /ability 4444444444444444444444444444 ,an e>ly model built by ,e4,g4 ,halp9e 444444444444444444444444444444 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 /ability 4444444444444444444444444444 ,an e>ly model built by ,monroe ,jacobs4 ,note ! ,ail]ons4 444444444 ,a ,simple ,model ,glid] 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,an effective glid] built by ,r4,s4 ,b>naby 4444444444444444444444444 ,an effici5t sl+-%ot glid] built by ,john ,ro*e 4444444444444444 ,designs = ,sl+-,%ot ,glid]s4 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,pap] ,glid]s4 ,anto9ette ,monoplane & ,wright ,biplane 444444444444 ,an excell5t glid] ) wood5 planes 4444444444444444444444444444 ,a cov]$-frame sl+-%ot glid] 444444444444444444444444444444444 ,p]cy ,pi]ce laun*+ a model 444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,a ,fr5* model built ( alum9ium 444444444444444444444444444444444 ,diagram = mak+ ! planes 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,work+ draw+ ( ! ,flemm+ ,williams model 44444444444444444444 ,an import$ ,flemm+ ,williams model4 ,engli% record #bfjj feet4 4444 ,/or+ en]gy = a long di/ance flight 4444444444444444444444444 ,a ge>$ model built by ,leslie ,v4 ,rob9son 444444444444444444444444 ,an +5i\s biplane 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,a well-proportion$ model built by ,reg9ald ,ov]ton 444444444444444 ,a good model int5d$ = long di/ance "w built by ,a4 ,c4 ,odom 44 ,a beautiful monoplane built by ,r4 ,mungokee 444444444444444444444444 ,detail ( a model built by ,r4 ,mungokee 4444444444444444444444444444 ,an +5i\s application ( ! dih$ral angle 44444444444444444444 ,diagram ,%[+ ,h[ ,to ,make ,a ,propell] ,f ,a ,wood5 ,blank 4444444 ,design ( ,metal ,propell] 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,a te/ ( high aspect ratio planes 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,a modifi$ ,bl]iot built by ,cecil ,peoli 444444444444444444444444444 ,langley ,propell] ,blade 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,a comb9ation ( sev]al int]e/+ features 444444444444444444444 ,a skilful adju/m5t ( ! front plane & skid built by ,p]cy ,pi]ce 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444 ,wright ,propell] ,blade 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,an effici5t model1 %[+ excell5t con/ruction1 design$ by ,john ,c>esi 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444 ,"o ( ! be/ m9imum plane models ( #aiaa 4444444444444444444444 ,a ,metal ,motor ,an*orage 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,a ,metal ,motor ,an*orage 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,a notable model possess+ unusual /ability4 ,built by ,w4,s4 ,h[ell1 ,jr4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444 ,front view ( model built by ,w4,s4 ,h[ell1 ,jr4 444444444444444444444 ,a ,metal ,skid 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 ,an +5i\s adju/m5t ( ail]ons 4444444444444444444444444444444 ,tun+ up ! model = a flight4 444444444444444444444444444444444 ,%[+ ,con/ruction ,& ,m\nt+ ,( ,propell] ,& ,axle4 4444444444 ,an excell5t monoplane capable ( long flights4 4444444444444444444 ,long-di/ance model built by ,p]cy ,pi]ce4 444444444444444444444444 ,%[+ ,an ,excell5t ,way ,( ,fa/5+ ,! ,propell]s ,to ,! ,framework4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,model built by ,rutl$ge ,b>ry1 w9n] ( spectacul> flight conte/4 ,a model by ,p]cy ,pi]ce1 w9n] ( ! indoor long-di/ance record4 ,a ,motor ,an*orage 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 ,a s]viceable model %[+ excell5t workman%ip built by ,cecil ,peoli 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444 ,a s]viceable model %[+ excell5t workman%ip built by ,cecil ,peoli 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444 ,v>i\s ,/e]+ ,devices4 a & b1 simple ail]on =ms4 ,a novel f9 on ,v9et plane4 ,b ,l-%ap$ ail]on4 ,c v]tical rudd] 7,bl]iot type74 ,d ,bl9k]s1 an effective rudd]4 ,e /ability planes n unlike ! runn]s ( a sleigh4 444444444444444444444444 ,an excell5t piece ( workman%ip4 ,model by ,r4 ,mungokee 44444444444 ,model ) m9imum plane surface4 ,built by ,a4 ,c4 ,odom 4444444444444 ,a -- ,! ,fam\s "o ,ounc]4 ,b -- ,a ,small ,exp]im5tal ,model4 ,c -- ,a ,modifi$ ,burgess ,webb ,model4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,model ,) ,m9imum ,plane ,surface4 444444444444444444444444444444444 ,an ,am]ican ,flem+ ,williams built by ,c4 ,mc,queen 444444444444444444 ,"o ( ! e>li] models built by ,cecil ,peoli 44444444444444444444 ,a ,model ,) ,adju/able ,/abiliz]4 4444444444444444444444444444444 ,an ,effici5t ,?ree-ounce ,model4 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,an ,all-metal ,model ,frame4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,"o ( ! be/ models ( ! ye>1 built by ,john ,c>esi 4444444444 ,an excell5t model1 %[+ c>eful att5tion to details4 ,built by ,l4 ,v4 ,brooks 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 ,a model ) limit$ plane area built by ,r4 ,b>ry 44444444444444444 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 metal frame build+ by ,r4 ,fi%] 4444 ,an a]oplane ( simple con/ruction t flies rem>kably well1 built by ,r4 ,s4 ,b>naby 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,p]cy ,pi]ce1 w9n] ( ! di/ance record 44444444444444444444444 ,a well-proportion$ model1 capable ( long flights 4444444444444444 ,a well design$ a]oplane built by ,james ,mac,pherson 444444444444444 ,a beautiful model built by ,/ew>t ,ea/] 4444444444444444444444444 ,a successful model ( #aiaj built by ,e4 ,g4 ,halp9e4 ,note contra/ 9 plane area 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,p]cy ,pi]ce laun*+ a prize-w9n+ model 4444444444444444444444 ,laun*+ ! sl+-%ot glid]s 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,a tractor ) l>ge plane =w>d built by ,f4 ,w4 ,curtis 4444444444 ,model built by ,william ,rob9son 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,front view ( ! ,de ,lion model 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,two ( ! e>li] ,peoli models 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,i ,,model ,,a]oplanes ,,( #aiaa ,= ! av]age boy !re is no m /irr+ music ?an ! brisk1 :irr+ note ( 8 model a]oplane4 ,let ! propell]s sp9 /eadily = t5 glori\s seconds1 & ! j\rney spans a c\ple hundr$ feet or m4 ,d\ble ! "t & ! flight becomes a triumph4 ,out ( ! +5uity ( ?\s&s ( boy aviators1 ! _w ov]1 has come a surpris+ developm5t ( ! model a]oplane4 ,! exp]im5tal /age is pass$4 ,any bright boy may n[ build a model a]oplane :i* is c]ta9 to give results4 ,! di/ance qualities ( y\r model may ev5 rival y\r endurance z a runn] 9 keep+ pace ) x4 ,work+ along diff]5t l9es1 ! build]s ( model a]oplanes1 widely scatt]$1 seem to be gradually develop+ mu* ! same type ( air craft4 ,! t5d5cy is t[>d ! con/ruction ( mu* light] & m logical models ?an la/ ye>4 ,9 place ( ! complicat$ models support$ by sev]al broad planes1 we f9d ! mo/ successful amateur aviators exp5d+ all _! +5uity ^u simple monoplane =ms4 ,! biplane =ms are be+ ab&on$ by model build]s1 z well z ! biplane =m ( elevat+ planes4 ,9 place ( ! models made f fifty or m memb]s1 we n[ f9d excell5t models1 capable ( mu* long] flights1 =m$ ( b a doz5 pieces4 ,! build]s ( model a]oplanes are keep+ pace ) ! developm5t ( ! man-c>ry+ ma*9es1 if !y are n pass+ !m1 9 develop+ ! fly+ ma*9e ( ! future4 ,improvem5t 9 ! di/ance qualities ( ! model a]oplanes1 9 ! pa/ few mon?s1 has be5 rem>kable4 ,at "o ( ! fir/ model a]oplane t\rnam5ts1 held 9 ,new ,york1 less ?an two ye>s s9ce1 ! longe/ flight 0 "u sixty feet4 ,9 less ?an "o ye>1 flights ( m ?an #bjj feet _h become common4 ,to-day ! improv$ rac+ model a]oplanes h fl[n m ?an #b1ejj feet4 ,z a result ( ! labors ( ! boy aviators1 x is mu* easi] to build a successful model fly+ ma*9e to-day ?an x 0 a ye> ago4 ,:at may be call$ ! #aiaa type ( model a]oplane looks e in* a rac]4 ,e unnecess>y /ick & /r+ has be5 cut away4 ,:5 skids are us$ !y are ( ! lighte/ possible mat]ial & ! simple/ con/ruction4 ,! m9iature rubb]-tir$ :eels1 ) ball be>+s1 :i* made _m ( la/ ye>'s models s attractive1 are r>ely us$4 ,! plane surface has be5 r$uc$ fully "o half4 ,"o great secret ( success is 9 ! cutt+ d[n ( weight4 ,:5 y\r propell] has b half ! "w to d1 ! l5g? ( ! flight is1 ( c\rse1 greatly increas$4 ,our amateur aviators are attack+ "o great problem ( aviation :i* ! pilots ( man-c>ry+ crafts are p]haps neglect+4 ,model a]oplanes are built to ma9ta9 _! equilibrium 9 ! air automatically4 ,!y mu/ n only rise f ! gr\nd1 prep>$ = a long flight1 b mu/ be contriv$ to resi/ all mann] ( baffl+ air curr5ts al(t4 ,wat* ! successful model z x ga9s its altitude1 settles d[n to a horizontal flight1 is p]haps knock$ (f its c\rse by a cross curr5t1 & /eadies itself ) a graceful curve & proce$s on its way4 ,all ^! problems mu/ be anticipat$4 ,! "y aviator mu/ +5i\sly arrange 8 planes & balla/ 9 advance4 ,! regul> sky pilot1 on ! o!r h&1 meets ! problems ( ! air z he enc\nt]s !m1 by flex+ 8 w+s aga9/ di/urb+ curr5ts or by bank+ to ma9ta9 an ev5 keel at a turn4 ,if ! man-c>ry+ air%ip _h to be prep>$ to meet all ^! problems be=e x left ! gr\nd1 ! problem w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 mu* m complicat$4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! motor ( a l>ge ma*9e 7 />t$ & ! a]oplane laun*$ )\t a pilot1 w\ld its *ances ( flight be z good1 9 proportion to its size1 z ^? ( our be/ model a]oplanes8 ,a model a]oplane :i* flies #cjj feet p]=ms z rem>kable a feat z w\ld a l>ge ma*9e fly+1 unguid$1 a mile or m4 ,! progress 9 ! con/ruction ( model a]oplanes1 9 brief1 already des]ves s]i\s sci5tific consid]ation4 ,! la/ twelve mon?s h br\ght out a surpris+ numb] ( new a]oplanes1 :ile notable progress has be5 made 9 ! /&>d types4 ,to realize ! imm5se /rides or flights =w>d 9 ! con/ruction ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 "o ne$ only set ! #aiaa models beside ! a]oplanes ( a ye> or two ye>s s9ce4 ,ev5 to ! eye ( ! layman 9 su* matt]s1 ! old] ma*9es are beg9n+ to appe> obsolete4 ,9 a previ\s volume1 x 0 sugge/$ t )9 a few ye>s ! a]oplane ( to-day w\ld appe> l cumb]some /age coa*es to "o famili> ) rac+ automobiles1 & c]ta9ly ! prophecy is be+ quickly realiz$4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy is 9 ! direction ( great] simplicity 9 design 9 pass5g]-c>ry+ craft1 z 9 model a]oplanes4 ,bo? ! monoplane & biplane types are be+ develop$ side by side1 & ea* cont9ues to h its en?usia/ic advocates4 ,! increase 9 ! pass5g]-c>ry+ qualities is realiz+ ! mo/ sangu9e hopes4 ,a]oplanes h c>ri$ fifte5 pass5g]s = sev]al miles4 ,! spe$ qualities ( ma*9es h develop$ correspond+ly4 ,if ! developm5t ( model a]oplanes leads ! way 9 p]fect+ heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 z _m believe1 ! monoplane =m seems de/9$ to replace all multiplane types4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> practically all ( ! biplane =ms h be5 ab&on$ by model build]s4 ,z a result ( wide exp]im5ts1 x has be5 f\nd t ! monoplane ex]ts m su/5sion p] unit ( surface ?an any two or ?ree-plane ma*9es4 ,9 !ory1 x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to increase ! su/a9$ =ce by sett+ "o plane above ano!r1 b 9 practice x has be5 f\nd t ! planes mu/ be set s f> ap>t t ! arrangem5t is impracticable4 ,:5 planes are sep>at$1 !y mu/1 ( c\rse1 be /ay$ & truss$ to keep !m rigid1 & all ?is adds to ! weight & complexity ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a good specim5 ( plane build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9i% "o end ( ! blade be=e cutt+ away ! opposite end4 ,illu/ration3 ,model a]oplane4 ,design$ by ,cecil ,peoli4 ,! build] ( model a]oplanes has a great advantage ov] ! design] ( man-c>ry+ crafts4 ,! spread ( ! w+s ( 8 model is comp>atively small1 & ! problem ( /ay+ & truss+ is greatly simplifi$4 ,! monoplane1 especially 9 a model1 requires practically no /ay+ at all4 ,!n aga9 ! sk9 friction is greatly r$uc$ 9 ! monoplane =m4 ,simple z x is1 !re are great possibilities 9 ! arrangem5t ( ^! surfaces4 ,! effect ( outl9e ^u resi/ance aga9 may be m closely obs]v$ 9 ! monoplane ?an 9 ! multiplane =ms4 ,9 o!r words1 if y\r model goes wrong1 x is f> easi] to locate ! fault & rectify x ?an 9 ! m complicat$ arrangem5t ( planes4 ,! flights ( ! ,engli% models ?is ye> are long] ?an ^? made 9 ,am]ica1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we are solv+ _m practical problems ( aviation1 9 our model build+1 :i* ! ,engli% h n attempt$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( our s+le-/ick frames built 9 ,am]ica1 ! t5d5cy is t[>d m /able con/ruction ?an abroad4 ,! be/ ,engli% models w\ld n qualify = an ,am]ican model t\rnam5t1 s9ce !y c\ld n rise f ! gr\nd4 ,! be/ ,am]ican models1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld be outdi/anc$ 9 an ,engli% meet1 b _! flights w\ld %[ !m to h f> great] automatic /ability ?an _! ,engli% rivals4 ,x is extremely int]e/+ to speculate :e!r ! ,am]ican or ,engli% types ( model a]oplanes w survive1 & :i* is contribut+ m to ! solv+ ( ! great my/]ies ( aviation1 b1 aft] all1 x is a "q :i* only "t c answ]4 ,comp>e typical flights ( ! ,am]ican & ,engli% models1 & ! contra/ becomes obvi\s4 ,! ,engli% model is usually held & ?r[n =w>d4 ,! />t] ?us gives x its altitude & direction4 ,be+ extremely light1 !y ga9 a great deal f ! w9d4 ,_! flights are usually 9 /raight l9es1 or 9 slightly undulat+ curves4 ,"u favorable conditions1 _! di/ance qualities are rem>kable4 ,flights ( six or eight hundr$ feet are common1 :ile ! pres5t record is ov] #b1ejj feet or ne>ly half a mile4 ,9 an ,am]ican model t\rnam5t1 ! models are set ^u ! gr\nd & left to !mselves4 ,z a rule1 x is n ev5 p]mitt$ to give !m a slight pu%4 ,! motor mu/ be p[]ful en\gh to c>ry !m onw>d & upw>d unassi/$4 ,9 _m cases !y mu/ be cle> ( ! gr\nd )9 tw5ty feet or ! flight is disqualifi$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t ! motors mu/ be f> /rong] ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% models1 & t _! frames mu/ !re=e be correspond+ly heavi] to support ! weight4 ,! plane surface1 9 turn1 mu/ be increas$ to support ?is weight4 ,! av]age ,engli% models1 ev5 ) ,am]ican skids1 w\ld n leave ! gr\nd at all4 ,once 9 ! air1 ! behavior ( ! ,am]ican model1 aga91 is entirely diff]5t f its ,engli% rival4 ,our a]oplanes are (f ) a ru%4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! flight is at a m or less %>ply drawn angle ( elevation4 ,x usually rises to an altitude ( f t5 to tw5ty feet 9 a /raight l9e4 ,to secure a good rise requires a mu* m sci5tific adju/m5t ( ! planes & weight+ ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% models4 ,z x rea*es its altitude1 x adju/s itself1 & "h ! problem ( /ability comes 94 ,! m>vel\s little craft balances itself ) ! lea/ possible loss ( "t & p[]1 comes to a horizontal position1 & is (f on its flight4 ,if its adju/m5t is n all x %\ld be1 x w1 ( c\rse1 fail to "r itself & fall backw>d1 or1 z ! phrase goes sit on its tail4 ,x is e/imat$ t "o-?ird ( ! p[] ( ! motors is us$ up 9 leav+ ! gr\nd & ris+ to its maximum altitude4 ,our ,am]ican model build]s believe t _! flights are f> m sci5tific ?an 9 ! case ( a h&-laun*$ model1 & t !y are do+ m = ! actual developm5t ( ! art ( aviation ?an _! ,engli% c\s9s4 ,:e!r "o pref]s to wat* an ,am]ican or ,engli% t\rnam5t is1 ( c\rse1 l>gely a matt] ( ta/e2 c]ta9ly bo? are fasc9at+4 ,mu* has be5 le>n$ ab\t motors4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! rubb] motor is capable ( great developm5t4 ,s9ce a flight ( "o-half a mile may be made by twi/$ b&s ( rubb]1 ! av]age model build] may be cont5t to let clock "w & m9iature gasol9e eng9es take c>e ( !mselves4 ,by build+ & fly+ ?\s&s ( models1 we h f\nd :at =m ( rubb] /r& is be/1 j h[ heavy ! /r&s %\ld be1 & ! mo/ effici5t po9t ( w9d+4 ,in/ead ( %ort heavy b&s1 we n[ use mu* long] & m sl5d] motors4 ,! effici5cy ( rubb] motors has be5 greatly increas$ by arrang+ !m 9 s]ies & connect+ !m up by ge> :eels4 ,x is ev5 possible to buy m9iature gasol9e motors suitable = model a]oplanes4 ,flights ( m ?an "o mile h be5 made 9 ?is way4 ,all ! be/ models ?is ye> are equipp$ ) tw9 propell]s4 ,x is v little m tr\ble to build two motors ?an "o1 & ! model ?us equipp$ w n only travel mu* fur!r1 b w insure mu* m /able flights4 ,a common tr\ble 9 model build+ has be5 ! lack ( /ability4 ,y\r model has be5 likely to capsize1 ev5 "u favorable conditions1 spoil+ ! flight1 :ile a *ance gu/ ( w9d w\ld knock x out ( its c\rse 9 spite ( ev]y?+ y c\ld d4 ,to ov]come ?is t5d5cy1 ! surface ( ! planes might be increas$1 b ?is add$ to ! weight ( ! model1 ?us cutt+ d[n ! l5g? ( ! flights4 ,! tw9 propell]s cut at ! root ( ! problem4 ,!y balance ! ?ru/1 ?us mak+ ! flight ev5 & /able4 ,! planes may also be made mu* small] ) a ga9 9 weight :i*1 9 turn1 l5g!ns ! flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,a v>iation on a famili> =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,an excell5t model design$ & built by ,h4 ,wakk9s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,t\rnam5ts ,)9 ! ye>1 exhibitions & conte/s ( model a]oplane flights h become an e/abli%$ =m ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,! attractions ( ! flights ( man-c>ry+ ma*9es are borr[$ 9 a l>ge measure by ! model a]oplanes4 ,! build+ ( models has progress$ s rapidly1 br++ ! little air-craft "u su* control1 t a def9ite program ( flights may n[ be c>ri$ out4 ,! programs may be consid]ably v>i$ to include di/ance flights1 weight-lift+ conte/s1 & spectacul> flights 9 :i* ! models loop ! loop & p]=m o!r amaz+ feats4 ,! fir/ =mal exhibition or pr(essional appe>ance ( ! model a]oplane 9 public z an ent]ta9m5t 0 made 9 connection ) ! fir/ aviation meet held at ,asbury ,p>k1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,two ( ! mo/ successful model build]s1 ,p]cy ,pi]ce & ,frank ,s*oeb]1 ( ! ,new ,york ,model ,a]o ,club1 7 engag$ to give exhibition flights = "o h\r a day 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! flights ( ,ar* ,hoxey1 ,john/on & o!r aviators ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs /aff4 ,illu/ration3 ,an orig9al design by ,h>ry ,mc,allister ,illu/ration3 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 /ability ,illu/ration3 ,an e>ly model built by ,e4,g4 ,halp9e ,! models 7 fl[n = m ?an #bjj feet & 7 en?usia/ically applaud$4 ,! a]oplanes 9 m9iature imitat$ ! flights ( ! man-c>ry+ craft ) wond]ful fidelity1 ris+ f ! gr\nd & so>+ al(t 9 long1 graceful curves4 ,!y came z a v welcome v>iety1 & c\ld be wat*$ )\t break+ "o's neck gaz+ al(t1 or ! unpleasant possibility ( a s]i\s accid5t4 ,! applause ( ! ?\s&s ga!r$ = ! meet may be said to h def9itely e/abli%$ ! model a]oplane z a feature ( ^! t\rnam5ts4 ,! model a]oplane has "o great advantage ov] ! man-c>ry+ ma*9es4 ,x makes possible indoor aviation1 & may be enjoy$ ! ye> r\nd1 & is especially effective = ev5+ ent]ta9m5t4 ,! =tnightly meets 9 "o ( ! great ,new ,york armories1 "s "t s9ce1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ! (fic]s1 & ! boys 7 invit$ to give exhibition flights 9 connection ) a?letic games4 ,! fir/ ( ^! meets 0 held "u ! auspices ( ! ,new ,york ,model ,a]o ,club1 9 connection ) ! ,greek a?letic games1 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! games & ! ball :i* foll[$4 ,an audi5ce ( fully #c1jjj p1 cr[d+ ! armory1 witness$ ! flights4 ,"s tw5ty memb]s ( ! club ent]$ ! conte/4 ,9 a public conte/ ( ?is k9d1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! sy/em ( fly+4 ,! floor mu/ be kept cle> & ! flights foll[ "o ano!r s quickly t ! int]e/ w n lag = a mom5t1 & ! audi5ce h no opportunity to tire4 ,! flights on ?is occasion w5t ) a ru% & prov$ 9 e way s successful t ! rules :i* made ?is program are giv5 9 full on ano!r page4 ,few 9 ! audi5ce _h ev] se5 a model flight1 & ! conte/ held ! great cr[d's att5tion m closely ?an _h any ( ! ev5+'s a?letic ev5ts1 :i* _h come be=e4 ,!re 0 a brea?less mom5t ( susp5se :5 ! :i/le _h s\nd$ = ! fir/ flight4 ,a beautiful :ite monoplane l$ (f1 b 9 ! excitem5t ( ! mom5t1 x _h n be5 prop]ly adju/$1 & fail+ to get its altitude1 spun da9tily across ! floor4 ,! second model yaw$ %>ply & flew into ! cr[d at ! side4 ,! ?ird model f\nd itself1 h[ev]1 rose p]haps tw5ty feet &1 settl+ d[n to a /eady horizontal1 d>t$ across ! ar5a4 ,e eye foll[$ x4 ,a bur/ ( h&clapp+ greet$ its graceful rise1 :i* increas$ 9 volume1 & z x rea*$ ! f>!/ corn] ( ! great armory1 m ?an #bjj feet di/ant1 !re 0 a p]fectly spontane\s *e]4 ,! program 0 s well organiz$ & c>ri$ on t ! flights foll[$ rapidly )\t a break4 ,!re 0 sc>cely a mom5t :5 an a]oplane 0 n al(t1 & ! int]e/ nev] falt]$4 ,!re 7 ,scores ( excell5t /raight-away flights ( #bjj feet or m1 at v>i\s altitudes4 ,occasionally a model w\ld fly wild1 ev5 refuse to rise1 b ! flights foll[$ "o ano!r s cont9u\sly t a failure 0 quickly =gott5 9 ! delight ( wat*+ ! next flight4 ,! rapid developm5t ( ! model a]oplane 0 %[n p>ticul>ly 9 ! spectacul> flights4 ,! ?rill+ volplanes & d>+ a]ial feats ( ! fam\s air pilots 7 imitat$ by ! model a]oplanes4 ,! models 7 made to d>t ab\t at unexpect$ angles1 &1 :ile keep+ cle> ( ! gr\nd1 p]=m _m a/oni%+ feats4 ,! prize = ^! spectacul> flights 0 won by ,h5ry ,ragot ^: a]oplane actually loop$ ! loop repeat$ly1 9 ob$i5ce to skilful adju/m5t ( ! planes & weights4 ,9 laun*+ ! model = ?is flight1 ! model 0 held well above ! gr\nd & laun*$ at a %>p upw>d angle4 ,x rose ) a/oni%+ spe$1 9 a v]tical l9e1 fully tw5ty feet1 :5 x turn$ & desc5d$ ) accel]at$ spe$4 ,! cr[d naturally expect$ a bad sma%1 b ) a good cle>ance ( ! gr\nd ! model sudd5ly swept ar\nd 9 a n>r[ semicircle1 rose & repeat$ ! p]=mance4 ,x seem$ to _m spectators t ! model 0 enjoy+ a miracle ( good luck1 b !y 7 mi/ak54 ,! flight 0 repeat$ sev]al times4 ,indoor aviation 0 an in/antane\s success4 ,unless well-?\ght-out rules are c>efully obs]v$1 a public exhibition may fall into confusion1 & be s]i\sly m>r$4 ,a l>ge audi5ce gr[s quickly impati5t ( delays betwe5 flights4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ! dang] t ! models w foll[ ea* o!r too quickly1 p]haps collide 9 ! air4 ,! di/ance & spectacul> flights aga9 mu/ be kept sep>ate4 ,! rules foll[$ by ! ,new ,york ,model ,a]o ,club 9 ^! exhibitions work$ well 9 practice4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! floor 0 kept absolutely cle> except = ! director ( ! flights1 :o took up a position at ! c5t]4 ,! di/ance flights />t$ f "o corn] only1 & ! spectacul> nights f ! c5t] ( "o side1 ! weight-lift+ conte/ f ano!r corn]4 ,an (ficial />t]1 a measur]1 & an entry cl]k are /ation$ at ea* po9t f :i* ! flights are />t$4 ,:5 a model 0 w\nd up ready = a flight1 a />t] wav$ a small flag to attract ! att5tion ( ! director out on ! floor4 ,f 8 vantage po9t1 ! director c\ld see if ! floor 0 cle> & signal$ to ! />t] to g ahead4 ,he blew a :i/le by way ( signal1 "o bla/ = ! />t ( a weight-lift+ conte/1 two = a di/ance flight1 & ?ree = a spectacul> flight4 ,in/antly ! :i/le s\nd$1 ! model signal$ 0 releas$ )\t a mom5t's delay4 ,9 ?is way no two models 7 ev] />t$ at ! same "t1 & all confusion 0 avoid$4 ,! :i/le 0 cle>ly he>d 9 all p>ts ( ! hall1 & ! audi5ce quickly le>n$ to recognize ! signals & look to ! po9t f :i* ! />t took place4 ,9 ! di/ance flights ! "o fly+ ! model & ! measur] alone 7 all[$ to g aft] ! ma*9e4 ,?is 0 done on ! run4 ,x is important t any delay be avoid$ 9 measur+1 s9ce ?is does n int]e/ ! public 9 ! lea/1 & may make ! exhibition drag4 ,illu/ration3 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 /ability ,illu/ration3 ,an e>ly model built by ,monroe ,jacobs4 ,note ! ,ail]ons4 ,! only o!r p]son all[$ on ! floor :ile ! flights 7 9 progress 0 ! own] ( ! model1 :o mu/ foll[ x & br+ x back4 ,he 0 all[$ to cross ! floor1 b once he _h secur$ 8 model1 he mu/ c>ry x quickly to ! ne>e/ po9t at ! side1 & f9d 8 way back to ! />t+ po9t along ! out] l9es4 ,x is confus+ bo? to ! fly] & ! spectators to h a s+le unnecess>y figure on ! floor dur+ ! flights4 ,! cr[d is kept back by memb]s ( ! club1 we>+ ! club colors4 ,! regul> =tnightly model a]oplane meets held 9 ,new ,york are d\btless ! mo/ l>gely-att5d$ & be/-organiz$ meets ( ! k9d 9 ! _w4 ,! #bbnd ,regim5t armory1 a spaci\s /ructure admirably suit$ = indoor aviation1 has v c\rte\sly be5 ?r[n op5 = ! purpose on e o!r ,saturday aft]noon4 ,?r\gh\t ! season1 ea* ( ^! meets br+s toge!r sev]al hundr$ boys & spectators1 & on ! av]age ab\t #ajj model a]oplanes4 ,! meet is conduct$ ) intellig5ce & sympa?y by ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 & is op5 to all4 ,( late ^! exhibitions h become s popul> t ! cr[ds actually ?reat5 ! conv5i5ce ( ! fly]s1 & ! boys h be5 requir$ to pres5t cr$5tials on ent]+1 consi/+ simply ( a model a]oplane4 ,!re are few m animat$ spectacles ?an ! model a]oplane t\rnam5t4 ,!re is a great sunlit floor1 measur+ #bej by #aej feet1 ro($ ) glass4 ,! aviation fields are reproduc$ "h 9 m9iature1 )\t loss ( animation4 ,along ! sides are cont9u\s l9es ( camps1 correspond+ to ! hang>s :]e scores ( boys are busy tun+ up _! ma*9es4 ,!y h br\ght tools & a v>iety ( extra mat]ials1 planes1 propell]s1 motors1 & /rips1 :i* are spread ab\t !m4 ,9 ea* camp ! ma*9es1--& !re are no two alike1--are be+ assembl$ or repair$4 ,gr\ps ( ! boys' fri5ds & admir]s are ga!r$ ab\t ea* camp1 e>ne/ly discuss+ ! m]its ( a p>ticul> model & its *ances 9 ! approa*+ conte/4 ,to /roll d[n ! l9e ( camps is 9 itself a lib]al education 9 a]onautics4 ,! records ( all flights are c>efully pres]v$1 to be c\nt$ aga9/ ! sev]al important trophies :i* w be aw>d$ at ! end ( ! season4 ,any "o ( ! scores ( conte/ants c tell y at any mom5t h[ ! score /&s4 ,dur+ ?is tun+ up process1 ! gall]ies h fill$ & an en?usia/ic audi5ce is assur$4 ,"o ( ! great beauties ( indoor aviation is t x is entirely indep5d5t ( ! wea!r4 ,! air ( ! great armory is practically at re/1 & ! a]oplanes escape ! baffl+ side curr5ts & air gu/s4 ,9 ,engl&1 = in/ance1 indoor aviation is practically unkn[n4 ,a :i/le s\nds above ! hum ( _m voices1 & at ! signal ev]yone scurries to ! sides1 leav+ ! broad floor cle>4 ,! judge1 />t]1 & measur] take _! positions1 & ! aviators1 ) _! models tun$ up to conc]t pit*1 /& ready at ! />t+ l9e4 ,! />t] ann\nces :e!r ! flight is (ficial & if x is to be c\nt$ 9 ! competition = ! trophies1 or is m]ely a practice or exhibition flight4 ,! />t is made f ! extreme corn] diagonally across ! armory4 ,only la/ ye> ! />t 0 made f a po9t well out 9 ! middle ( ! floor1 b t 0 :5 ! flights 7 mu* %ort]4 ,to-day ! boys h actually outgr[n ! armory1 & ev5 by fly+ f corn] to corn] !re is n en\gh room4 ,! a]oplanes are no long] laun*$ f ! h& or ev5 pu%$ along ! gr\nd4 ,!y are requir$ to />t )\t assi/ance & rise 9 ! air )\t be+ t\*$4 ,(ficial flight4 ,ev]yone's att5tion is attract$ by ! ann\ncem5t4 ,hundr$s ( boys cr[d to ! l9es4 ,! />t] is d\btless kn[n to all1 z well z 8 record & /&+ 9 ! v>i\s competitions4 ,hundr$s ( critical eyes are ^u ! model4 ,x is a ?rill+ mom5t4 ,! propell]s are releas$1 & ! a]oplane />ts =w>d "u its own p[]4 ,"s leap into ! air1 o!rs take ! full tw5ty feet p]mitt$ !m 9 gett+ (f ! gr\nd4 ,!re are surpris+ly few failures4 ,! l5g? ( ! take-(f1 ! angle at :i* x rises1 ! altitude 9 ! fir/ rise1 are critically obs]v$ by ! "y exp]ts4 ,to ! :ir ( ! propell]s1 :i* =m two blurr$ circles 9 ! air1 ! model quickly climbs upw>d1 rights itself & spe$s away on its long flight4 ,! "y aviator's skill is reveal$ to e eye by ! angle ( ! asc5t1 ! altitude & ! ability to ga9 equilibrium al(t4 ,! m y "k ab\t aviation1 ! m absorb+ is y\r int]e/ 9 a flight4 ,a good rise is usually obs]v$ 9 sil5ce4 ,by ! "t ! model has rea*$ ! middle ( ! armory1 m ?an "o hundr$ feet f ! />t+ l9e1 en?usiasm is ar\s$4 ,:5 two-?irds ! di/ance has be5 cov]$1 ! applause beg9s4 ,let ! model cont9ue )\t sw]v+ to ! f>!/ corn]1 & a p]fectly spontane\s *e] sweeps ! cr[d4 ,x is a well-des]v$ rew>d ( h\rs ( pati5t ef=t4 ,! (ficial measur]s take ! floor on ! run1 dragg+ _! tape aft] !m4 ,! cr[d ov]runs ! floor to ga9 a clos] view ( ! model1 & ! "y aviator receives congratulations4 ,! di/ance is ann\nc$ at once1 & !re are m *e]s4 ,!re is nev] a dull mom5t at ! meets4 ,"o or m ma*9es are almo/ always al(t4 ,x is z ?rill+ z a ?ree-r+$ circus4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p>lor ,,aviation ,a model glid]1 or a]oplane )\t a motor1 w be f\nd p]haps z ent]ta9+ a toy z ! p[]-driv5 ma*9e4 ,x is mu* simpl]1 ( c\rse1 to build & adju/ a successful glid] ev5 ?an ! mo/ elem5t>y model a]oplane4 ,) ! problem ( ! motor & propell] remov$1 ! co/ ( con/ruction besides is r$uc$ to practically no?+4 ,"h is excell5t ent]ta9m5t = ^? :o h n ! "t or pati5ce = model build+4 ,a graceful glide ( successive wav+ l9es makes a beautiful spectacle4 ,incid5tally x is a good plan to "w out ! designs ( l>ge models 9 ?is way4 ,fasc9at+ little pap] models1 reproduc+ ! fam\s man-c>ry+ ma*9es1 ! ,wright1 ,bl]iot1 & o!rs1 may be put toge!r 9 a few m9utes4 ,) a little adju/m5t1 !y may be made to fly f fifty to "o hundr$ times _! l5g?4 ,a pap] ,bl]iot biplane six in*es 9 l5g?1 = in/ance1 may be made to sail = f tw5ty-five to fifty feet1 & s on4 ,?is w be ! actual horizontal di/ance trav]s$2 ! actual di/ance measur$ 9 long1 undulat+ curves may be consid]ably m4 ,su* flights d n consi/ m]ely ( a long diagonal to e>?1 b ( sev]al surpris+ upw>d sweeps1 well wor? ! tr\ble ( con/ruction4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! rem>kable /ability ( _! glid]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,simple ,model ,glid] ,an h\r's ent]ta9m5t1 no less int]e/+ ?an in/ructive1 may be enjoy$ ) a s]ies ( ^! pap] glid]s4 ,a diff]5t model might be prep>$ = ea* gue/1 & a prize or favor (f]$ = ! longe/ or be/ spectacul> flight4 ,! little glid]s w cross a l>ge room be=e com+ d[n4 ,! v>i\s a]oplanes n[adays are s famili> t 9 any ga!r+ w be f\nd sev]al :o favor1 = in/ance1 a ,wright ov] a ,curtiss take a lively int]e/ 9 ! rivalry ( ! v>i\s models4 ,illu/ration3 ,an effective glid] built by ,r4,s4 ,b>naby ,illu/ration3 ,an effici5t sl+-%ot glid] built by ,john ,ro*e ,beg9 ) a v simple model4 ,y w soon le>n ! trick ( judg+ ! size ( ! support+ surfaces & ! spac+4 ,! ,anto9ette a]oplane is probably ! easie/ "o to imitate4 ,f a %eet ( ord9>y writ+ pap]1 c>dbo>d or f9e wood1 cut ! =m indicat$4 ,if ! pap] be r heavy1 x may be made six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,by fold+ ! pap] & mak+ "o cutt+1 x w be f\nd mu* easi] to make ! w+s ev5 & symmetrical4 ,! two sides %\ld be fix$ at a broad dih$ral angle4 ,to keep ! little glid] on an ev5 keel y w ne$ to add a weight to ! front4 ,a l>ge p9 or pap] clip w answ]4 ,laun* ! glid] by hold+ x horizontally & ?r[+ slightly =w>d4 ,if x d>ts d[nw>d1 light5 ! balla/4 ,if x falls backw>d1 sitt+ on its tail1 add m weight at ! front or b5d ! tail up4 ,y\r glid] w1 ( c\rse1 travel to ! gr\nd along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & ! trick is to adju/ ! c5t] ( gravity & c5t] ( pressure t ?is desc5t may be z gradual z possible4 ,! c5t] ( gravity %\ld come a little 9 front ( ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,! glid+ angle1 z x is call$1 or ! angle betwe5 ! c\rse ( ! model 9 flight ) ! gr\nd %\ld be ab\t "o 9 twelve4 ,9 o!r words1 ! glid] desc5ds "o foot = e twelve feet x travels =w>d4 ,practically all ! fam\s monoplanes may be reproduc$ 9 ?is way4 ,a v>iety ( glid]s may be made 9 a g5]al arr[ =m4 ,^! arr[s1 or d>ts1 z !y are call$1 may be made ab\t a foot 9 l5g? & ?ree or f\r in*es 9 wid?4 ,! horizontal surface1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 is ! support+ surface1 :ile ! v]tical surface gives ! flight direction4 ,^! glid]s w also require weight+ at ! =w>d end4 ,!y %\ld be ?r[n =w>d ) r m =ce ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,anto9ette4 ,! biplanes su* z ! ,wright & ,curtiss a]oplanes may be reproduc$ v easily 9 pap]4 ,!y fly be/ :5 made ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,cut ! two %eets ( pap] = ! ma9 planes "o in* by six in*es & r\nd (f ! corn]s on "o side4 ,two simil> %eets1 "o by ?ree in*es1 w be requir$ = ! small] plane 9 ! re>4 ,! planes are held 9 position by a s]ies ( pap] /ruts1 or too?picks1 & %\ld be sep>at$ by a di/ance equal to _! wid?1 9 ?is case "o in*4 ,cut ! slips ( pap] to =m ! /ruts "o & "o-half in*es 9 l5g? & b5d ov] ! corn]s at "r angles1 "o-qu>t] ( an in* f ei!r end4 ,^! %\ld be pa/$ 9 position1 always keep+ ! edge ( ! /ruts l5g?wise s t !y w (f] ! lea/ resi/ance 9 flight4 ,connect ! two biplanes by /rips ( pap] six in*es 9 l5g? pa/$ on ! l[] planes or ma9 deck ( ! little a]oplane4 ,! =w>d planes %\ld be fix$ at a slightly elevat$ angle by runn+ /ruts f ! connect+ /rips to ! upp] plane4 ,! accompany+ picture w %[ h[ simple ?is all is4 ,! biplanes z a rule require no weigh+4 ,to laun* !m1 hold !m high 9 ! air & m]ely let g4 ,!y fly be/ ) _! small] planes =w>d4 ,by v>y+ ! angle ( ! front plane1 y c soon br+ x to an ev5 keel4 ,a v]tical rudd] plac$ ?ree in*es beh9d ! ma9 plane w increase ! model's directional /ability4 ,an amaz+ly clev] little glid] may be made ( a piece ( re$ or cane1 say five in*es 9 l5g?1 & a %eet ( writ+ pap]4 ,) a pair ( scissors cut two planes1 "o ?ree by "o in* & ! second two by half an in*4 ,y w also ne$ a v]tical rudd] "o in* squ>e4 ,r\nd (f ! corn]s slightly & glue ! planes at ei!r end ( ! /ick & exactly on a level4 ,n[ fa/5 ! rudd] at "r angles to ! planes b5ea? ! l>g] plane4 ,if x dips1 ! front plane is too f> back1 :ile if x rises too quickly & settles back1 ! front plane mu/ be br\ght back4 ,! pap] glid]s =m an excell5t k9d]g>t5 prep>ation to ! /udy ( aviation1 lead+ up to ! con/ruction ( l>ge model glid]s4 ,y w ?us ga9 a skill 9 adju/+ ! planes & fix+ ! c5t]s ( gravity & ( pressure1 :i* w prove valuable lat] on4 ,! possibilities ( glid] build+ come z a surprise to ! laym5 9 su* matt]s4 ,,! ,,sl+-,,%ot ,,glid]4 ,a fasc9at+ field ( exp]im5t is op5$ by comb9+ ! sl+-%ot pr9ciple ) ! ord9>y glid]4 ,! spe$ ) :i* "o c laun* a glid] f ! h& is1 ( c\rse1 limit$4 ,n[ use a small /r& ( rubb] to laun* ! planes1 & ! increas$ spe$ w n only l5g!n ! flight surpris+ly b make possible a really rem>kable spectacul> flight4 ,a small glid] may be made to return to ! />t+ po9t or ev5 loop ! loop two or ?ree times be=e t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,by a simple adju/m5t ( ! planes1 ^! curves may be v>i$ indef9itely4 ,illu/ration3 ,designs = ,sl+-,%ot ,glid]s4 ,:5 y h adju/$ y\r glid] to fly well1 try ! same arrangem5t ( planes on a piece ( re$1 say eight in*es 9 l5g?1 & b5d ! end ov] 9 ! =m ( a hook4 ,by heat+ ! cane ov] a flame1 y c make x turn )\t break+ & hold its position4 ,n[ loop a s+le rubb] b& ov] y\r ?umb & =ef+]1 & pass+ ! hook ov] ! rubb]1 pull back exactly z y w\ld use a sl+ %ot4 ,z y release ! glid]1 pull y\r o!r h& quickly out ( range4 ,by us+ a heavi] pap]1 "o :i* w hold its %ape1 & turn+ ! =w>d edges up slightly1 ! glid] may be made to travel upw>d 9 a v>iety ( graceful curves4 ,illu/ration3 ,pap] ,glid]s4 ,anto9ette ,monoplane & ,wright ,biplane ,illu/ration3 ,an excell5t glid] ) wood5 planes ,illu/ration3 ,a cov]$-frame sl+-%ot glid] ,! be/ glid] = laun*+ on ! sl+-%ot pr9ciple is made f planes cut f ?9 metal %eets4 ,alum9um is ! be/ mat]ial1 b a v ?9 wood w answ]4 ,a "o-foot model glid] w be f\nd ! easie/ size to manage4 ,cut "o plane eight in*es 9 l5g? by ?ree 9 wid?1 & ! second five in*es by two in*es4 ,r\nd (f ! corn]s on "o side ( ea* plane1 leav+ a /raight l9e = ! front or ent]+ edge4 ,m\nt ! planes on a /rip ( re$1 cane or bamboo ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,9 all ^! glid]s ! =w>d plane is made ! small]1 !reby r$uc+ ! head resi/ance z f> z possible4 ,! metal planes %\ld be slightly flex$ by b5d+ !m to a slight concave above ! horizontal & j back ( ! front edge4 ,! =w>d end ( ! /ick %\ld be b5t into a l>ge hook by heat+ or fir/ soak+ 9 wat]4 ,if y\r glid] falls quickly to ! gr\nd b5d ! frame a trifle upw>d4 ,s9ce y\r glid] is int5d$ to travel at a comp>atively high spe$1 ! planes may be m\nt$ mu* fur!r ap>t ?an 9 ! case ( a glid] laun*$ f ! h&4 ,try !m fir/ t5 in*es ap>t & aft]w>ds adju/ !m to suit4 ,! rubb] us$ = laun*+ ! glid] %\ld be fairly heavy1 say ?ree /r&s ( "o-eigh? in* rubb] or its equival5t4 ,! end ( ! hook may ne$ adju/+ s t x w escape f ! rubb] on be+ releas$4 ,x w be f\nd an easy matt] to obta9 long1 graceful glides f ?is model f ! fir/4 ,by laun*+ x upw>d1 x may rise to a consid]able height4 ,:5 y h caught ! trick ( laun*+ y\r glid] ) suffici5t =ce1 try a spectacul> flight4 ,set y\r =w>d plane at an angle by ins]t+ a block ( wood betwe5 ! /ick4 ,9 ! case ( metal planes1 b5d up ! front edge4 ,a v slight upw>d elevation w answ]4 ,gradually increase ?is angle until ! model sweeps upw>d & turns on itself4 ,y w soon be able to make ! glid] describe a complete circle or loop ! loop twice be=e l&+4 ,:5 travel+ at su* a high rate ( spe$1 y\r glid] is likely to be dang]\s & might inflict a bad cut1 & ! flight %\ld only be attempt$ :]e "o has pl5ty ( room4 ,^! flights may be /ill fur!r v>i$ by adju/+ ! re> edge ( ! v]tical plane or rudd]4 ,by turn+ ! rudd] to ! "r1 = in/ance1 ! glid] may be made to travel to ! "r or ! direction may be rev]s$4 ,9 ?is way ! glid] may be made to describe a complete horizontal circle or sev]al circles4 ,by laun*+ ! glid] upw>d ) ?is adju/m5t1 x may be made to fly 9 a graceful spiral4 ,! success ( a glid] dep5ds m ^u its model+ & f9i% ( its planes ?an 9 ! case ( ! model a]oplane4 ,x mu/ ga9 z mu* support z possible f ! air1 s9ce x has no motive p[] to keep x al(t4 ,its head resi/ance mu/ also be cut d[n4 ,! ord9>y clo?-cov]$ planes1 :i* s]ve well en\gh = an ord9>y model a]oplane1 w n c>ry a glid] f>4 ,! planes mu/1 !re=e1 be ( metal or wood1 or :5 built-up planes are us$ !y mu/ be ( ! mo/ c>eful workman%ip4 ,! simple/ =m ( glid]1 except+1 ( c\rse1 ! pap] model1 is made entirely ( wood4 ,a glid] two feet 9 l5g? w be f\nd a good size to exp]im5t )4 ,! model %\ld be mu* heavi] ?an an a]oplane s t "o ne$ n take ! c>e 9 its con/ruction to r$uce weight :i* may make ! con/ruction ( a model t$i\s4 ,a glid] ( ?is size may weigh upw>d ( "o p\nd4 ,"u favorable conditions1 x w glide = two hundr$ feet1 :5 laun*$ f ! h&1 :ile if x is ?r[n f an elevation1 an upp] w9d[ or a hill top1 x may travel consid]ably fur!r4 ,select a /\t /ick = y\r base1 "o in* squ>e & two feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ma9 plane %\ld measure fifte5 in*es 9 wid? by six 9 dep?1 & ! small] plane t5 in*es by f\r in*es4 ,a ?9 bo>d ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick may be us$ = ! planes4 ,! front corn]s %\ld be slightly r\nd$1 & ! re> edges cut %>ply away4 ,^! planes may be flex$ by /eam+4 ,hold ! section to be b5t ov] ! sp\t ( a tea kettle until ! wood is s(t & pliable en\gh to b5d4 ,if x does n s(t5 suffici5tly1 imm]se ! wood 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! plane %\ld be flex$ slightly upw>d j back ( ! =w>d edge4 ,a good curve may be obta9$ by heat+ ! "u surface ov] a flame4 ,to hold x 9 position until x has dri$ & assum$ %ape1 b5d x ov] a /ick laid on a bo>d & fa/5 ! plane d[n by driv+ brads ar\nd ! edges & b5d+ !m ov] to keep x d[n4 ,leave x 9 ?is position until x is dry & h>d4 ,y\r glid] w fly bett] ) a v]tical rudd]1 z 9 ! case ( ! pap] models4 ,! rudd] %\ld be cut f a ?9 bo>d ( ! same mat]ial ab\t six in*es squ>e4 ,r\nd (f "o corn] & plane or s&pap] ?is front edge1 :i* w be ! ent]+ edge4 ,! ent]+ edges ( ! front plane %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! same way to r$uce ! head resi/ance z mu* z possible4 ,nail ?is rudd] to ! side ( ! /ick directly b5ea? ! re> or l>g] plane4 ,x w be /ill bett] if y mortise x neatly into ! c5t] ( ! /ick4 ,! glid] is ?r[n ) ! small] end =w>d4 ,= ! trial flight1 m\nt ! small] plane at ! extreme =w>d end & !n move x backw>d z y te/ x out1 until ! glid] moves on an ev5 keel4 ,to laun* ! glid]1 grasp ! c5tral /ick f b5ea? at ! po9t :]e x balances1 & ?r[ x =w>d ) all y\r might4 ,s9ce x travels at a mu* high] spe$ ?an a p[]-driv5 model a]oplane1 x requires mu* less support+ surface1 :ile ! planes may be spac$ mu* fur!r ap>t4 ,:5 y h adju/$ ! planes1 try ?r[+ y\r glid] at an upw>d angle ( say =ty-five degrees4 ,x %\ld rise swiftly to a height ( upw>ds ( fifty feet1 turn backw>d on itself1 & ev5 describe a graceful upw>d curve be=e com+ d[n4 ,n[ try ?r[+ x into ! w9d or aga9/ a mod]ately /rong breeze4 ,its c\rse is likely to be v irregul>4 ,x w dip & rise at _m unexpect$ angles1 & probably travel sev]al hundr$ feet 9 all be=e l&+4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 a model glid] has be5 built by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h[ell1 ,jr41 to glide a horizontal di/ance ( #fej feet1 :ile ! actual l5g? ( ! flights has be5 upw>ds ( #b1jjj feet4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,tools ,,& ,,mat]ials ,a well-/ock$ tool *e/ w be ( great assi/ance to ! build] ( model a]oplanes1 b x is by no means ess5tial4 ,a few simple tools1 easily obta9$1 w be f\nd to answ]4 ,fir/ ( ^! comes a s]viceable pair ( nipp]s4 ,y w ne$ !m to b5d ! axles ( y\r propell]s1 9 adju/+ ! motors1 & = a score ( uses4 ,a pair ( nipp]s ) a cutt+ edge is be/4 ,always be sure to slip ^! 9 y\r pocket be=e fly+ y\r model1 = y are sure to ne$ !m4 ,a f9e gimlet1 or a ne$le drill1 w be f\nd useful 9 a score ( ways4 ,!y co/ b a few c5ts4 ,a h&le :i* may be adju/$ to drills ( diff]5t size is be/4 ,a drill "o ?irty-second ( an in* 9 diamet] w be f\nd especially useful4 ,! p>ts ( y\r model are likely to be delicate & easily split1 ev5 :ile driv+ a small brad4 ,y c avoid ! dang] ( splitt+ by fir/ us+ ! ne$le drill1 ev5 = small brads1 & !n enl>g+ ! hole1 if necess>y1 ) a l>g] drill or a gimlet4 ,illu/ration3 ,p]cy ,pi]ce laun*+ a model ,illu/ration3 ,a ,fr5* model built ( alum9ium ,a f9e saw w be f\nd v useful1--! f9] ! bett]4 ,! timb] us$ = ! frame is s light & s(t t x is likely to split4 ,a gig saw w be f\nd j ! ?+ = cutt+ out propell] blanks & o!r p>ts1 b x is n ess5tial4 ,if y\r model be made ( metal1 a small sold]+ iron w1 ( c\rse1 be f\nd indisp5sable1--! small] ! bett]4 ,! metal p>ts are v delicate1 & ! iron %\ld h z f9e a po9t z possible4 ,su* an iron c be obta9$ at a h>dw>e /ore = a few c5ts4 ,if y d n "k h[ to sold] neatly consult "s t9smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram = mak+ ! planes ,9 addition to good cutt+ tools1 a good half-in* *isel is mo/ important4 ,a concave *isel w be f\nd h&y 9 c>v+ propell]s4 ,"s ( ! be/ propell]s h be5 :ittl$ out ) an ord9>y p5knife1 & sometimes a dull "o at t1 s t aft] all a good p5knife is ! mo/ ess5tial tool ( all4 ,) ?is little h&ful ( tools1 y w f9d y c build up ! mo/ delicate models4 ,! _w has be5 ransack$ = mat]ial :i* w give ! greate/ possible /r5g? = its weight4 ,! use ( alum9um is1 ( c\rse1 famili>4 ,! se>* has also br\ght out ! comp>atively unkn[n metal1 magnalium1 :i*1 al?\gh a trifle heavi]1 is believ$ to be mu* m desirable on acc\nt ( its great] /r5g?4 ,9 a se>* = /rong1 light wood ! build]s ( a]oplanes h se>*$ ! tropics4 ,"o ( _! discov]ies has be5 balsic wood1 :i* is ( a fea!r weight4 ,x is exce$+ly s(t & easily work$1 b has ! drawback ( be+ r pi?y & easily split4 ,a sev]e j> is likely to discov] "s weak po9t4 ,x w be f\nd valuable1 h[ev]1 = ! %ort] memb]s ( ! model4 ,"s model build]s use balsic wood z a fill+ = holl[ /icks4 ,! wood may be /r5g!n$ by cov]+ ) clo? glu$ firmly ab\t x4 ,x is also us$ z a fill+ = ?9 alum9um tub+4 ,9 all ! se>* = mat]ials no?+ has be5 f\nd to comp>e ) bamboo = lightness & /r5g?4 ,a numb] ( successful model a]oplanes h be5 built ?is ye> 9 :i* ! c5tral /icks & frames are built entirely ( bamboo4 ,bamboo is especially valuable 9 con/ruct+ ! small] memb]s4 ,x c be b5t ei!r by ! dry-heat process1 describ$ else:]e1 or by /eam+4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! /ronge/ "p ( ! /ick lies j b5ea? ! h>d glaz$ out] surface4 ,! only drawback ( bamboo is a t5d5cy to split at ! ends4 ,! extreme lightness ( ! mat]ial on ! o!r h& makes x possible to make rigid jo9ts by glue+ & w9d+ ) f9e ?read t\*$ ) glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,work+ draw+ ( ! ,flemm+ ,williams model ,illu/ration3 ,an import$ ,flemm+ ,williams model4 ,engli% record #bfjj feet4 ,! light] woods1 :itewood & popl>1 are mu* us$ by model build]s4 ,!y are easy to "w1 especially :itewood1 because ( its fre$om f knots & cross gra9s4 ,"s build]s pref] a% on acc\nt ( its /r5g?4 ,bee* has r less /r5g?1 "s fifte5 p] c5t1 :ile spruce is little m ?an half z /rong z a%4 ,! quality ( ! wood v>ies consid]ably accord+ to its ne>ness to ! b>k ( ! tree4 ,! wood us$ = model a]oplanes %\ld be well season$2 a ye> is n too long4 ,motor bases are ( two g5]al divisions4 ,! s+le /ick]s1 or bases consi/+ ( "o memb]1 are commonly call$ sp>s1 :ile ! m complicat$ frameworks are designat$ z built-up frames4 ,! sp> type is1 ( c\rse1 ! simple/ to con/ruct1 &1 z _m believe1 ! mo/ effici5t ( all =ms4 ,! simpl] ! design1 z a rule1 ! less *ance w !re be ( breakage4 ,= ! beg9n] ! use ( pla91 hone/ /icks is1 ( c\rse1 to be recomm5d$4 ,! built-up motor bases1 on ! o!r h&1 make a m attractive model to ! eye4 ,!re is besides an opportunity to r$uce ! weight ( ! frame :ile reta9+ ! same /r5g?4 ,an exam9ation ( ! models illu/rat$ else:]e w %[ to :at an art su* con/ruction has be5 br\ght4 ,by +5i\s brac+ x is possible to con/ruct motor bases ( /rips "o-sixte5? ( an in*1 or ev5 less1 9 wid?1 & yet r5d] ! :ole suffici5tly rigid to )/& ! pull ( p[]ful tw9 motors4 ,y\r frame may be consid]ably light5$ by us+ holl[ /icks or %afts 9 place ( solid memb]s4 ,a /ick ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide =m$ ( light la? "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick w weigh no m ?an a solid piece "o qu>t] ( an in* squ>e4 ,su* a memb] is /rong] ?an ! small1 solid /ick2 x b5ds less readily "u ! pull ( y\r motors1 & r5d]s ! entire frame f> m rigid4 ,x w also be f\nd mu* m satisfactory to m\nt ! planes ^u su* a frame4 ,a little practice w enable y to make a v satisfactory /ick ( ?is patt]n4 ,secure a light /rip "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick & ( a wid? "o-eigh? ( an in* less ?an t ( ! /ick y int5d to build4 ,a "o-in* /ick is probably l>g] ?an y w ne$4 ,! foll[+ directions are int5d$ = a /ick ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* squ>e4 ,fir/ cut ?ree squ>e plugs "o-half an in* squ>e & "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick1 & plac+ "o at ei!r end & "o 9 ! middle to =m a core1 build y\r frame ab\t !m4 ,! edges %\ld ov]lap & be glu$ cont9u\sly toge!r1 & ! plugs fa/5$ 9 position ) brads driv5 f ! middle ( ! f\r sides4 ,:5 dry1 cut away ! glue1 s&pap] & v>ni%4 ,"s model build]s pref] a ,t-section-%ap$ sp>1 :i* is almo/ z light z ! holl[ /ick1 besides be+ easi] to con/ruct4 ,we assume t y are work+ ) eight-in* /rips1 :i* w prove heavy en\gh = ord9>y purposes4 ,prep>e "o /rip "o-half an in* wide1 ! desir$ l5g? ( y\r base1 & ! second /rip ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* wide1 ! ?ickness & l5g? be+ ! same4 ,n[ fa/5 ! small] /rip at ! c5t] ( ! long /rip1 glue+ x fir/ 9 position4 ,:5 dry1 drive a s]ies ( f9e brads along ! c5t] ( ! back ( ! l>g] /rip4 ,cut away ! glue & s&pap]4 ,! ,t-%ap$ /ick w be f\nd /rong en\gh = all ord9>y dem&s4 ,! rubb] /r&s ( y\r motor may be c>ri$ ei!r above or bel[ x4 ,! ,h-%ap$-section /ick is r m difficult to build1 b x w be f\nd some:at /rong]1 weight = weight4 ,if y are us+ "o-eigh? /rips1 cut two l5g?s "o-half an in* wide1 & a ?ird l5g? ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* wide4 ,fa/5 ! small] pieces to ! middle ( "o ( ^! /rips1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,t /ick1 ) glue & brads4 ,:5 dry1 atta* ! rema9+ /rip opposite1 glue+ & nail+ z be=e4 ,"s build]s prep>e ^! /rips by cutt+ out ! grooves ) a *isel1 ?us mak+ a "o-piece /rip4 ,?is requires v c>eful workman%ip1 h[ev]1 & is sc>cely wor? ! tr\ble4 ,! motor frame may be /ill fur!r light5$ by us+ a truss$ frame4 ,! weight ( ?is memb] may be cut 9 two 9 ?is way )\t sacrific+ its /r5g?4 ,to build su* a "p secure two /rips ( wood "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 "o in* 9 wid?1 & cut to ! desir$ l5g?4 ,n[ f ! same mat]ial cut six blocks1 "o-half an in* 9 l5g?1 & set ^! at regul> int]vals along "o side ( ! /rip4 ,!y may be glu$ or nail$ 9 position1 or bo?4 ,a small brad w hold !m 9 place4 ,9 work+ ) su* delicate mat]ial x w be well to fir/ drill ! holes ) a f9e drill4 ,next fa/5 ! second /rip above !m1 nail+ & glue+ z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,/or+ en]gy = a long di/ance flight ,,*apt] ,v ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,plane ,,con/ruction ,,! planes ( y\r model a]oplane ne$ no long] be a bl9d exp]im5t ^: m]its or defects may only be le>n$ by actual te/4 ,! sci5ce ( w+-build+ is mu* bett] und]/ood to-day ?an a ye> ago4 ,)\t go+ into ! complicat$ equations deal+ ) aspect ratio1 pressure1 & gravity1 x is important t "o be> 9 m9d a few def9ite rules 9 design+ ev5 ! simple/ planes4 ,a great _m useless exp]im5ts may be avoid$4 ,9 a previ\s volume1 x 0 po9t$ out t a n>r[ plane1 or "o ) a high aspect ratio1 driv5 ) its broad] side =w>d1 w\ld yield great] support ?an a squ>e surface ( ! same area4 7,! aspect ratio1 x may be well to repeat1 is ! relation betwe5 ! wid? & dep? ( ! plane4 ,a w+1 = in/ance1 ^: wid? is five times its dep?1 is said to h an aspect ratio ( five47 ,x has be5 f\nd t on small planes ! c5t] ( pressure is situat$ ab\t "o-?ird ! di/ance back f its front or ent]+ edge4 ,! c5t] ( pressure 9 flex$ planes occupies ab\t ! same position4 ,z long z a plane rema9s horizontal1 or ne>ly s1 a v n>r[ surface1--"o1 t is1 ) a high aspect ratio1--w ex]t great] lift+ p[] ?an a deep] plane ( ! same area4 ,an exam9ation ( ! successful model a]oplanes ( #aiaa w %[ t ! dep? ( ! planes has be5 cut away4 ,planes are us$ ) an aspect ratio z high z t54 ,! spe$ at :i* su* a plane travels is a v important factor4 ,z ! spe$ increases1 ! effici5cy ( ! plane surface increases1 s t a model a]oplane driv5 rapidly may be su/a9$ by less w+ area ?an 9 ! case ( "o :i* flies sl[ly4 ,z ! front edge ( a plane is rais$1 ! c5t] ( pressure travels backw>d4 ,by ! "t ! plane has rea*$ an angle ( ab\t fifte5 degrees1 its lift+ p[] has dim9i%$ ab\t "o-half4 ,a v n>r[ plane1 or "o ) a high aspect ratio1 %\ld1 !re=e1 be set ne> ! horizontal4 ,! model %\ld1 moreov]1 re/ ^u skids at z l[ an angle z possible4 ,9 />t+ (f1 ! planes w ?us ex]t _! maximum lift1 or ne>ly s4 ,if ! n>r[ planes be elevat$ too mu*1 ! c5t] ( pressure w come ne>] ! re> ?an ! front edge1 & t5d to =ce ! a]oplane d[nw>d1 or1 z ! phrase is1 make x sit on its tail4 ,z long z a plane is travel+ horizontally1 or at l[ angles1 its re> portion ex]ts v little su/a9+ p[] & may be cut away4 ,a plane ) a high aspect ratio is mu* m /able 9 flight ?an a surface ( great] dep?4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( a flat plane w\ld1 ( c\rse1 co9cide ) ! c5t] ( ! surface :5 ! plane is 9 motion4 ,:5 ! plane tilts1 ! c5t] ( pressure1 z we h se51 moves backw>d or =w>d4 ,if ! plane has little dep? or a high aspect ratio1 ?is c5t] ( pressure _c move f>4 ,x mu/ oscillate back & =? )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,a v little tilt up or d[n w re/ore x to its normal position1 s t a plane ) high aspect ratio is m /able ?an "o ) a deep] surface4 ,! effici5cy ( a curv$ surface ov] a flat plane 0 analyz$ 9 a =m] volume4 ,su* a curve1 :5 well drawn1 adds to ! lift+ p[] z well z ! /ability4 ,s9ce a curv$ plane does m "w ?an a flat surface1 its size may be r$uc$ & its aspect ratio increas$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! curv$ plane may be n>r[] ?an a flat surface1 & may be made ?9n] 9 proportion to its wid?4 ,! height ( ! curve1 or camb] z x is call$1 has be5 work$ out by elaborate ma!matical equations1 b we may take ! g5]al results )\t foll[+ ! calculations4 ,= a plane six in*es 9 dep?1 ! camb] %\ld be ab\t "o-half an in*1 or "o 9 twelve1 or 9 ?is proportion4 ,! curve %\ld be a p>abolic ) ! highe/ po9t well =w>d1 "o-?ird ! way f ! front edge4 ,! front1 or ent]+ edge1 ( ! plane %\ld be ! ?icke/ po9t4 ,x %\ld be tap]$ (f to a ?9 edge 9 ! re>4 ,9 !ory1 x is possible to model a plane s delicately t x w fly aga9/ ! w9d by ! pressure ( ! w9d itself4 ,x is extremely important t bo? sides ( ! plane be br\ght to ?is curve z accurately z possible4 ,an effici5t plane mu/1 !re=e1 be cov]$ smoo?ly on bo? sides4 ,su* a plane aga9 (f]s v little sk9 friction to ! w9d4 ,x is difficult to lay d[n any h>d & fa/ rules = ! relation ( weight to w+ surface1 s9ce ! types ( a]oplanes diff] s widely4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 9 l>ge models "o squ>e foot ( surface w support ab\t "o-half a p\nd ( weight1 :5 travel+ at a high rate ( spe$4 ,y w f9d t y\r model1 if its w+s h a spread ( ?irty in*es os !reab\ts1 w approa* "o p\nd 9 weight4 ,! figur+ w %[ y t two w+s1 ^: comb9$ area is less ?an #aej squ>e in*es1 w be comp>atively small & c]ta9ly well "u ^? g5]ally employ$ a ye> ago4 ,! planes us$ on ?is season's models are m>vels ( lightness & /r5g?4 ,mu* has be5 le>n$ by /udy+ ! me?ods employ$ by ! build]s ( man-c>ry+ a]oplanes4 ,x is a simple matt] to build a ?ree-foot plane :i* weighs complete less ?an "o ounce1 & is /rong en\gh to )/& _m a viol5t %ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ge>$ model built by ,leslie ,v4 ,rob9son ,illu/ration3 ,an +5i\s biplane ,x w be f\nd a good plan fir/ to lay out ! exact =m ( y\r plane on a smoo? bo>d4 ,make ! dep? ( ! plane "o-fif? ( its l5g?4 ,x w be notic$ t ?is plane is mu* m sl5d] ?an ^? us$ la/ ye>4 ,next draw a l9e at ! c5t] ! entire l5g? ( ! bo>d1 & m>k (f "o-t5? ( ! l5g? ( ! plane f ei!r end4 ,f ?is c5t] describe a qu>t] circle at ei!r end1 on ! same side ( ! l9e4 ,?is w =m y\r ma9 or ent]+ w$ge4 ,! re> corn]s %\ld be cut %>ply away & only slightly r\nd$4 ,!re is no bett] mat]ial = ! ma9 frame ?an a ?9 re$1 cane or bamboo4 ,! long] ribs may be made ( any light la? & ! cross ribs ( a ?9 flat /rip ( ! same mat]ial4 ,soak ! re$ ov]night to make x z pliable z possible1 or heat x ov] a flame4 ,n[ lay ! re$ ov] ! outl9e ( ! plane1 & hold x 9 ?is position by driv+ ?9 brads on bo? sides & b5d+ !m ov] ! cane4 ,:5 ! out] edge is complete1 mortise ! ends slightly & tie & glue firmly toge!r4 ,) ! out] frame held rigidly 9 position1 x w be f\nd a mu* easi] matt] to introduce ! ribs4 ,if y are build+ a flex$ plane fir/1 ins]t a /ick ( wood f end to end be=e plac+ y\r cross ribs 9 position4 ,! ?ickness ( ?is tempor>y /ick w1 ( c\rse1 det]m9e ! curve ( y\r plane4 ,= a ?ree-foot plane1 a height ( "o-half an in* w answ]4 ,! ribs may n[ be b5t ov] ?is ob/acle & fa/5$ securely to ! out] rim by glue+1 ty+1 or nail+4 ,! cross ribs may also be rais$ by ins]t+ small w$ges betwe5 !m & ! longitud9al ribs4 ,:5 y\r frame is complete1 loos5 x f ! bo>d & y w f9d x regul> & rigid4 ,cov] x ) a v ?9 clo? pull$ tightly ov] ! frame1 & glue or sew x 9 position4 ,a small plane may be cov]$ only on ! "u side4 ,excell5t results are be+ obta9$ 9 ,engl& ) planes built up entirely ( wire4 ,if alum9um wire is us$1 ! weight ( ! w+s is consid]ably cut d[n1 b ev5 ord9>y wire w be f\nd light] ?an wood4 ,= a plane ?irty in*es 9 wid?1 or !reab\ts1 ! wire us$ %\ld be at lea/ "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & %\ld be s(t en\gh to b5d easily & hold its position4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to plot out ! exact %ape ( y\r plane on a %eet ( pap]1 & !n b5d ! wire ov] ?is outl9e4 ,! ends may be fa/5$ toge!r readily by b9d+ tightly ) f9e wire1 su* z flori/s use1 & t\*+ ! jo9t ) sold]4 ,be c>eful1 ( c\rse1 to keep ! jo9t smoo?4 ,! cross ribs ( ^! metal frames may also be made ( wire4 ,b5d ! ends at "r angles & atta* to ! inn] sides ( ! plane ) f9e wire1 & t\* all ! jo9ts ) sold]4 ,!re are sev]al advantages 9 ! metal planes4 ,x is a v simple matt] to flex ! plane by b5d+ ! cross ribs & ! ends upw>d to ! desir$ curve1 mu* easi] ?an :5 work+ ) wood4 ,su* a frame w /& almo/ any am\nt ( knock+ ab\t )\t injury4 ,a swift volplane to e>?1 :i* w\ld sma% any ord9>y wood5 frame to smi!re5s1 w\ld h little effect on a model plane4 ,su* frames aga9 are v easy to cov]4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to sew ! clo? to "o edge1 draw tightly across & sew fa/ to ! opposite side1 :ile a few /it*es ar\nd ! metal cross ribs w give x any curve y desire4 ,a metal frame makes x possible to exp]im5t ) v>i\s curves4 ,x is an easy matt] to b5d ! ribs up or d[n & alt] ! l9e ( ! plane at w4 ,small /ability or guid+ planes may be made ( a %eet ( metal1 al?\gh su* con/ruction is n advisable = ! ma9 plane4 ,:5 y\r front or ent]+ plane is ! small] "o1 x is possible to turn x into a v effici5t motor an*orage4 ,! plane %\ld be cut f a %eet ( alum9um1 pref]ably4 ,fa/5 ?is securely to ! front ( y\r motor base ) nails1 or ty+ 9 position4 ,! wires ( ! hooks hold+ ! ends ( ! motors may be pass$ ?r\gh ! holes cut to ! back ( ! re> edge ( ! plane & b5t ov]4 ,( c\rse x is v simple to an*or d\ble motors1 or ev5 multiple motors1 9 ?is way4 ,"o ( ! novelties 9 plane con/ruction is a n>r[ w+ ) ends br\ght well back4 ,x may be built ei!r flat or flex$1 & promises to af=d unusual /ability4 ,! =m is v popul> among model build]s 9 ,engl&1 :]e x is made v n>r[1 its dep? (t5 equal+ its wid?4 ,9 _m ( ! ,engli% models1 ^! planes are plac$ f> =w>d & rais$ well above ! ma9 /ability plane4 ,!y are built ) ! ent]+ edge ei!r /raight or slightly curv$4 ,su* front planes behave especially well 9 ! op5 air & ev5 aga9/ a consid]able w9d pressure4 ,!re is /ill consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! be/ mat]ial = cov]+ planes4 ,sev]al specially prep>$ a]oplane clo?s h be5 plac$ ^u ! m>ket :i* are gu>ante$ to be practically airpro(4 ,! clo? is r heavy1 h[ev]1 & bett] suit$ = l>ge ma*9es4 ,a ?9 silk answ]s ! purpose p]haps z well z any?+4 ,"s model build]s select ! ?9ne/ possible silk & !n r5d] x airpro( by v>ni%+ or cov]+ ) a ?9 solution ( wax or p>aff94 ,:5 ?is is neatly done1 ! planes are v taut & %ip%ape4 ,sev]al prep>ations are (f]$ = sale = coat+ planes1 :i* are excell5t4 ,9 ! se>* = ! lighte/ possible cov]+1 "s build]s h gone a little fur!r & use a v ?9 pap] kn[n z bamboo pap]4 ,ev5 ! ?9ne/ pap] w be f\nd z imp]vi\s to air z a r heavy clo?4 ,its weight is practically no?+1 ev5 = a l>ge plane4 ,x requires no v>ni%+ or prep>ation1 al?\gh x is sometimes pa9t$ to r5d] x m rigid4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a v obvi\s objection to pap] t x is easily punctur$1 b on ! o!r h&1 su* accid5ts are v easily repair$4 ,a bad rip may be pat*$ up ) a t\* ( pa/e1 or1 ! plane may be re-cov]$ v quickly4 ,) ?is pap] c>e mu/ be tak5 to fa/5 x to ! frame ( ! plane z securely z possible1 z a loose %eet w flutt] & increase ! head resi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,a well-proportion$ model built by ,reg9ald ,ov]ton ,illu/ration3 ,a good model int5d$ = long di/ance "w built by ,a4 ,c4 ,odom ,9 ord] to light5 ! plane1 ! out] frames at ! ends & re> may be cut entirely away4 ,an appreciable sav+ ( weight is ?us obta9$ )\t weak5+ its /ructure4 ,?is plan is especially to be advis$ 9 comp>atively small planes4 ,design y\r plane & lay out its exact =m on a bo>d4 ,a ?9 /rip ( wood %\ld be cut ! wid? ( ! front or ent]+ edge1 & simil> /raight l5g?s = ! long] ribs4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to use a heavi] piece back ( ! front edge or at ! top ( ! curve4 ,9 build+ y\r plane1 foll[ ! =m] directions ( lay+ a /ick on ! bo>d to give y ! height ( ! curve4 ,! %ort] cross ribs may !n be fa/5$ by glue+ to ! long] ribs4 ,by us+ a light la? or /rip = ! cross ribs1 x w be possible to make !m suffici5tly rigid m]ely by glue+ )\t ! tr\ble ( nail+4 ,a skeleton frame ( ?is k9d has ! advantage ( be+ v ela/ic4 ,9 cov]+ ! frame1 draw ! clo? tightly across ! upp] side ( ! frame & t\* ) glue at regul> int]vals along ! ribs4 ,:5 dry1 trim away ! clo? betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! ribs & ! op5 ends4 ,! re> edge may be held 9 position m]ely by ! %ort] cross ribs4 ,trim ! clo? along ! edge4 ,9 su* a plane x is well to /iff5 ! clo? cov]+ by pa9t+ ) %ellac or v>ni%4 ,?is also l5ds a semi-transp>5t effect :i* improves ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! plane4 ,by cutt+ away ! side & end pieces ( ! frame su* a plane ?ree feet 9 wid? may be made to weigh less ?an "o ounce4 ,s9ce x is v important t ! cov]+ ( ! planes may be p]fectly smoo?1 x w be well to exp]im5t ) sev]al diff]5t me?ods ( atta*+ ! clo? or silk or pap]4 ,by cov]+ ) pap]1 a taut surface l a drumhead may be _h4 ,use a rice or fib] pap] & moi/5 ! %eets by lay+ !m betwe5 damp clo?s1 z 0 expla9$ 9 detail 9 a previ\s volume4 ,9 dry+1 ! pap] contracts & tight5s4 ,9 cov]+ a frame ) clo?1 ! angle ( ! two sides may be alt]$ by /ret*+ ! cov]+ ov] ! rais$ ribs on "o side & draw+ x tightly f edge to edge on ! rev]se side4 ,if y h difficulty 9 mak+ y\r surface smoo?1 try lac+ x to ! sides4 ,y w ne$ a /rong hem at ! edge4 ,by us+ a ?read1 y w be able to pull ! clo? taut mu* ! same z t5t flaps are tight5$4 ,! prop] curve = a flex$ plane is /ill a matt] ( dispute4 ,! highe/ "p ( ! curve %\ld come well =w>d1 :ile ! re> surface is drawn /raight4 ,a good camb] may be plott$ v simply4 ,draw a rectangle ) a l5g? sixte5 times its height4 ,n[ m>k (f a po9t on ! upp] side "o-f\r? ( ! way f ! left-h& corn] & draw diagonal l9es f ?is po9t to ! two l[] corn]s4 ,next r\nd (f ! broad angle =m$ by ! two l9es & y w h a good curve to imitate 9 flex+ y\r planes4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,sci5tific ,,propell] ,,build+ ,ev] s9ce w9dmills 7 fir/ set up1 m5 h be5 /udy+ ! m]its ( diff]5t propell]s4 ,by ! "t /eam%ips came to be driv5 ?r\gh ! wat] by rot>y blades or screws1 _! model+ _h become a sci5ce4 ,! build]s ( rot>y fans 9 turn contribut$ /ill fur!r to our k on ! subject4 ,draw+ l>gely ^u all ?is exp]i5ce1 ! aviator has le>n$ to build fairly effici5t propell]s1 al?\gh !re is probably no dep>tm5t ( a]onautics to-day s little und]/ood4 ,9 a w9dmill a curr5t or cyl9d] ( air fl[s1 ( c\rse1 aga9/ ! propell]4 ,! blades mu/ be %ap$ & spac$ ) ?is 9 view4 ,rev]se ! action ( ! w9dmill1 & ! propell] proves ineffici5t4 ,! broad blades w /ir up a curr5t ( air1 to be sure1 b a v weak "o4 ,a revolv+ fan solves a v diff]5t problem 9 deta*+ a cyl9d] ( air f ! atmosph]e & propell+ x ) ! greate/ possible mom5tum4 ,"h1 aga91 ! propell]s mu/ be diff]5tly model$ & spac$4 ,nei!r ! rev]s$ w9dmill propell] nor ! electric fan1 h[ev]1 w\ld s]ve to drive an a]oplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,a beautiful monoplane built by ,r4 ,mungokee ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( a model built by ,r4 ,mungokee ,illu/ration3 ,an +5i\s application ( ! dih$ral angle ,! propell] ( an a]oplane mu/ cut its way smoo?ly1 press+ ! air backw>d )\t spla%+4 ,x is only :5 an a]oplane is held fa/ t its propell]s kick up su* a fuss & bl[ y\r hat (f4 ,! a]oplane propell]'s "w is mu* ! same z t ( a /eam%ip1 al?\gh ! air ?r\gh :i* x travels has _m tricks n yet und]/ood4 ,! d5sity ( ! air comp>es to t ( wat] z "o to eight hundr$1 b ! friction enc\nt]$ by ! air propell]s is mu* great] ?an #a-hjj? t ( wat]4 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 t ! driv+ =ce ( an a]oplane propell] v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,!re is at pres5t no /&>d =m ( propell] = ! man-c>ry+ or model a]oplane4 ,"o s*ool ( design]s favors a small blade revolv$ at high spe$1 :ile o!rs claim t a l>g] propell] driv5 m sl[ly is m effici5t4 ,z a g5]al rule x may be laid d[n t a model ) a span ( ?irty in*es %\ld be driv5 by tw9 propell]s eight in*es 9 l5g? or diamet]4 ,!y %\ld h a spe$ ( ab\t #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 or at ! rate ( "s #bjj turns e t5 seconds4 ,to te/ ! /r5g? ( y\r motor1 give ! propell] #bjj or #djj turns1 & wat* 9 h&1 f9d h[ long x takes to run d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,%[+ ,h[ ,to ,make ,a ,propell] ,f ,a ,wood5 ,blank ,!re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! prop] model+ ( ! propell]4 ,x has be5 work$ out by elaborate equations t ! blade %\ld be concave & yet 9 actual te/s x has be5 f\nd t "s ma*9es are driv5 fa/] by a flat blade propell]4 ,by a flat screw we mean a /raight pit* propell]1 or "o 9 :i* ! angle does n v>y f ! hub to ! tip4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss made 8 fam\s record flight at ,rheims1 he us$ a /raight pit* propell]1 & :51 lat]1 8 ma*9e 0 equipp$ ) propell]s sci5tifically curv$1 8 a]oplane lo/ spe$4 ,evid5tly ! exact relation ( propell] =ms to ! ma*9e /ill rema9s mu* ( a my/]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,design ( ,metal ,propell] ,a v simple te/ ( ! effici5cy ( propell]s ( v>i\s model+ may be made by runn+ !m 9 heavy smoke4 ,by burn+ a piece ( oily cotton wa/e1 y may wat* ! action ( ! propell]s on ! smoke1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ?is greasy smoke w leave its m>k on ! section ( ! propell] blade :i* does ! mo/ "w4 ,! spe$ ( ! blades ne> ! hub ( ! propell] is1 ( c\rse1 mu* less ?an at ! tips1 & consequ5tly ! "w !y p]=m 9 s5d+ ! a]oplane =w>d is small4 ,at ! extreme end ( ! propell]s1 ! air1 ( c\rse1 t5ds to slip (f4 ,! mo/ effici5t "p ( ! blade1 accord+ to ^! te/s1 is ab\t "o-?ird ( ! radius di/ant f ! c5t]4 ,less ?an two-?irds ( ! propell] seems to d effective driv+ "w4 ,on ! propell]s driv5 aga9/ greasy smoke1 ! blades ne> ! hub rema9 comp>atively clean :ile ! portion mo/ soil$ ext5ds outw>d f ?is po9t4 ,! te/ w\ld seem to indicate t a broad blade n>r[+ to ! hub w\ld develop ! maximum ?ru/4 ,x w\ld also seem t x is unnecess>y to c>ry ! l9es ( ! blade close to ! axle1 !reby possibly weak5+ ! propell]4 ,to und]/& ! !ory ( ! propell]1 be> 9 m9d ! pr9ciple ( ! action ( ! w+s1 = ! analogy betwe5 ! two is v close4 ,! =w>d1 or ent]+1 edge ( ! propell] is curv$ s t x w cut its way smoo?ly & (f] less resi/ance ?an a /raight ent]+ edge4 ,! blade ( ! propell] is made slightly concave = exactly ! same reason t ! plane is curv$4 ,l ! plane1 su* a surface takes advantage ( ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,! curve ( ! propell] blade ne> ! hub is made mu* high] ?an fur!r on because ?is "p travels m sl[ly1 & x is important t ! cyl9d] ( air set 9 motion by ! blade %\ld h ! same velocity ?r\gh\t its diamet]4 ,! blade is made wide/ at its out] end1 s9ce ?is is ! mo/ effective surface & is expect$ to d ! greate/ am\nt ( "w4 ,! o!r end ( ! propell] blade is r\nd$ (f 9 ord] t ! air may slip away1 ?us avoid+ sk9 friction1 :i* at ?is po9t is naturally high4 ,illu/ration3 ,a te/ ( high aspect ratio planes ,illu/ration3 ,a modifi$ ,bl]iot built by ,cecil ,peoli ,! wid? ( ! propell] blade has be5 ! subject ( an imm5se am\nt ( inve/igation & discussion4 ,! fri5ds ( bo? ! wide & n>r[ blade back up _! argum5ts ) complicat$ equations1 :i* x w\ld only be confus+ to repeat4 ,x is argu$ by "s au?orities t s9ce ! n>r[ blade does n /ir up ! air z long a "t z ! wide blade1 !re=e "o blade does n /ir up ! air en\gh to int]f]e ) ! action ( ! second blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,langley ,propell] ,blade ,a small blade may be driv5 by a mu* light] motor1 & is1 ( c\rse1 capable ( mu* high] spe$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wide blade drives ! model mu* fur!r ahead p] turn ?an ! n>r[ blade1 :ile mak+ a mu* great] dem& ^u ! motor4 ,briefly a n>r[ propell] is be/ = spe$ & ! wide blade propell] = p[]4 ,!re is an imm5se am\nt ( diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! =m & position ( ! propell] s t x is impossible to lay d[n any h>d & fa/ rules4 ,x is argu$ by sev]al well-kn[n aviators t a propell] is m effective :5 driv5 ) its /raight edge =w>d & !re is sc>cely a po9t n 9 dispute4 ,"o ( ! mo/ novel propell] designs1 ! ,c[ley1 is a blade b5t 9 ! =m ( an arc ( a circle1 ! radius ( ! curve be+ equal to ! diamet] ( ! propell]4 ,! propell] is m\nt$ ) ! convex surface =w>d4 ,! !ory ( ?is propell] is t x focuses ! air1 z x 71 :i* x ?r[s back =m+ a cyl9d] ( air :i* travels at a high] spe$ ?an "o set 9 motion by ! horizontal blades4 ,! t5d5cy = ! air to slip (f ! ends ( ! propell] blades is probably r$uc$4 ,?is =m ( propell] may be made by /eam+ ! blades & b5d+ !m into position4 ,a m\ld may be prep>$ & ! /eam$ blades =c$ to take _! %ape & held 9 position until !y h dri$4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ,engl& ) boom]angs to discov] ! effect ( curv$ surfaces on flight4 ,! ,langeley propell]1 :i* embodies ! in=mation ga9$ 9 ?is way1 has a flat back :ile ! face is concave1 foll[+ ! g5]al /ream l9e =m4 ,! ends ( ! propell] blades are practically squ>e4 ,"s ( ! new propell]s are cov]$ ) a ?9 canvass glu$ smoo?ly ov] ! great] "p ( ! blade4 ,! cov]+ gu>ds some:at aga9/ splitt+ & spl9t]+4 ,9 ! late/ ,p]cy ,pi]ce models1 = in/ance1 ! blade is c>ri$ out 9 a semicircle at ! end ( ! propell]1 ?us practically d\bl+ its surface4 ,! driv+ p[] ( ?is blade is v high4 ,x is argu$ = ?is design t ! blade be+ v ?9 is =c$ slightly backw>d at ! beg9n+ ( ! flight1 :ile ! model is ga!r+ motion1 b lat]1 :5 ! t5sion is remov$1 spr+s back ?us increas+ its effective surface & ! ?ru/4 ,! propell] ?us automatically adju/s itself = ! "w x has to p]=m4 ,s9ce x is s difficult to fix ^u ! "r pit* ( a propell]1 ! build] ( model a]oplanes _h be/ "w out ?is problem = himself4 ,! propell] blank describ$ lat] on1 ) a dep? ( ?ree-f\r?s ( "o in* to an eight in* diamet]1 w give y a comp>atively l[-pit* propell]4 ,an eight-in* propell] cut f a block "o in* 9 dep? w give y z high a pit* z y are likely to ne$4 ,z y increase ! pit*1 y1 ( c\rse1 increase ! p[] ( y\r a]oplane1 :ile at ! same "t y make a great] dem& ^u y\r motor4 ,try ! propell]s ( diff]5t pit* until y f9d ! "o :i* gives y ! greate/ /ability & ! highe/ spe$4 ,x is well to rememb] t 9 increas+ ! wid? ( y\r propell] blade y add to ! sk9 friction4 ,"s design]s c>ry ! curve ( ! propell] blade to ! c5t] ( ! axle1 :ile o!rs leave ! c5t] blank4 ,x is argu$ by ! =m] t ! long] ! blade ! great] is ! ?ru/4 ,o!rs believe t ! blade ex]ts little or no ?ru/ ne> ! c5t] & is weak5$ by be+ cut away too mu*4 ,! build] ( model a]oplanes has "o great advantage ov] ! design] ( pass5g]-c>ry+ craft4 ,! model does n h to c>ry fuel4 ,aft] all1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! p[] requir$ = ! v>i\s models is s slight t an extra /r& or two on ! motor w probably solve ! problem4 ,_m successful build]s ( model a]oplanes n[ c>ve _! propell]s f solid blocks ( wood4 ,?is me?od1 to be sure1 all[s ! design] to %ape ! propell] blades ) m fre$om ?an ) ! ord9>y or built-up propell]1 & ( c\rse does away ) mu* ( ! prelim9>y "w4 ,s great is ! dem& = ! "o piece propell]s t ! manufactur]s ( accessories n[ prep>e propell] blanks or pieces ( wood 9 a v>iety ( sizes ready to be c>v$4 ,! "o-piece propell] is likely to split1 b !y are easy to make1 & ?is "w is a v fasc9at+ k9d ( :ittl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a comb9ation ( sev]al int]e/+ features ,illu/ration3 ,a skilful adju/m5t ( ! front plane & skid built by ,p]cy ,pi]ce ,propell] blanks are easily prep>$ 9 case y f9d x inconv5i5t to buy !m4 ,! foll[+ directions ref] to a propell] eight in*es 9 l5g?1 b ! same proportions hold good = any size4 ,select a piece ( "s /raight-gra9$ wood1 :ite p9e is be/1 :i* w n split readily1 & is easy to "w4 ,! orig9al block = an eight-in* propell] %\ld be eight in*es 9 l5g?1 two in*es 9 wid?1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( "o in* ?ick4 ,n[ draw a l9e l5g?wise1 exactly bisect+ ! block1 & m>k (f ! middle ( ! l9e1 & two po9ts "o in* f ei!r end4 ,) "o ( ^! out] po9ts z a c5t]1 describe a quadrant ( a circle above ! l9e1 & f ! correspond+ po9t1 draw a simil> circle bel[ ! l9e4 ,f ! c5t] ( ! blocks draw a complete circle "o-half ( "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,draw /raight l9es f ! ends ( ! arcs to ! v]tical diamet]s ( ! circle1 & saw away ! wood to ^! l9es4 ,9 c>v+ y\r propell]1 fir/ cut away ! wood f ! long] /raight l9es ( ! block on opposite sides4 ,! blades %\ld be slightly concave4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to f9i% "o side ( ! blade be=e cutt+ away ! opposite side4 ,cut away ! wood until ! blade is less ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 & s&pap] away all m>ks ( ! knife or *isel4 ,! wood %\ld !n be oil$ or cov]$ ) a light coat ( v>ni%4 ,x is v important t ! two ends ( ! propell]s %\ld be uni=m bo? z to _! model+ & weight4 ,to m\nt ! axle1 drill a hole at ! c5t] j l>ge en\gh to admit ! wire4 ,! out] end may be b5t ov] & ins]t$ into ! hole to keep x rigid4 ,if ! axle does n fit tightly1 drive 9 small w$ges ( wood1 su* z a too?pick1 at bo? sides4 ,! propell] us$ by ! ,wright ,bro!rs on _! ma*9es is v simple to con/ruct4 ,prep>e a propell] blank eight in*es 9 l5g?1 two 9 wid? & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,draw two l9es p>allel ) ! long] sides1 ! fir/ sev5-eigh?s ( an in* & ! second "o & "o-eigh? in*es back4 ,n[ at ! upp] "r-h& corn] m>k (f a po9t "o & "o-half in*es f ! end1 & f ! opposite corn] on ! l[] base ! same dim5sion4 ,connect ^! two po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,wright ,propell] ,blade ,! blank is complet$ by cutt+ away to ^! l9es1 leav+ ! blades ea* "o & "o-eigh? in*es 9 wid?4 ,! axle %\ld be left a little full1 say ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* across4 ,r\nd (f ! out] corn]s4 ,9 model+ y\r propell] cut away or bevel ! sides =m$ by ! two int]sect+ l9es1 :i* w =m ! ent]+ edge ( ! propell]4 ,! blade %\ld be cut to a v slight concave1 al?\gh "s pref] a flat blade4 ,! propell] is m\nt$ by drill+ a hole at ! c5t] & m\nt+ 9 ! usual way4 ,! propell]s ( a model a]oplane are subject to m we> & te> ?an ^? ( a regul> pass5g]-c>ry+ ma*9e4 ,at ! end ( e flight1 !y face a possible cata/rophe4 ,9 ! se>* = "s durable =m ( screw1 a numb] ( int]e/+ discov]ies h be5 made4 ,"o build] has succe$$ 9 coat+ a wood5 propell] ) bronze by subject+ x to an electroplat+ process1 b ?is is mu* too complicat$ = ! amateur4 ,! light] metals1 alum9um & magnalium1 naturally sugge/ !mselves = ! purpose4 ,su* propell]s weigh no m ?an wood & may be readily b5t to ! requir$ %ape4 ,procure a ?9 %eet ( alum9um1 or1 if ?is _c be _h1 a smoo? piece ( t9 w d4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be heavy en\gh to hold its %ape4 ,! design ( ! propell] may be laid out on ! t91 & ! metal trimm$ away4 ,to make an eight-in* propell]1 draw a rectangle eight in*es 9 l5g? & two in*es broad1 & draw a l9e jo9+ ! middle ( %ort sides4 ,at ! c5t]1 draw two v]tical l9es half an in* on ei!r side ( ! c5t] l9es1 half an in* above & bel[ ! c5t]1 =m+ a small inn] rectangle4 ,n[ f a po9t on ! bisect+ l9e1 "o in* f ei!r end1 draw two semicircles4 ,next1 connect ! top ( "o ( ^! circles ) ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! inn] rectangle & draw ano!r l9e f ! po9t bel[ to ! correspond+ corn] ( ! l>ge rectangle4 ,repeat ! diagram on ! o!r end ( ! rectangle1 rev]s+ ! curve z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 ,a4 ,9 cutt+ out ! design1 all[ ! /raight sections runn+ to ! sides ( ! l>g] rectangle to rema94 ,!y w be ne$$ to hold ! c5tral piece 9 position4 ,?is consi/s ( a block ( wood measur+ "o in* by "o-half an in* & "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! /rips at ! c5t] %\ld be b5t tightly ov] ! corn]s1 ov]lapp$1 & nail$ firmly d[n ) brads4 ,next1 at ! c5t]1 pun* a small hole & drill ?r\gh ! block a %aft l>ge en\gh to hold ! axle ( ! propell] :i* is !n firmly imb$d$ 9 x4 ,"o great advantage ( ! metal propell] is ! fact t y may readily alt] its pit*4 ,an effici5t propell] may be made by m\nt+ metal blades on a wood5 %aft4 ,procure a /ick "o qu>t] ( an in* squ>e & ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & saw ?r\gh bo? ends = a di/ance ( ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,prep>e y\r propell] blades by plott+ !m out on a %eet ( alum9um1 z describ$ above1 & cut away ! middle section4 ,! blades may !n be ins]t$ 9 ! op5 ends ( ! /ock & nail$ securely 9 position4 ,! edges ( ! wood may !n be r\nd$ (f & ! axle ins]t$ firmly at ! c5t]4 ,! metal %eet %\ld be b5t into ! prop] pit* z 9 ! case ( o!r metal propell]s4 ,,fabric ,,propell]s ,! mo/ ne>ly inde/ructible propell]s are ! fabric screws4 ,!y are also d\btless ! lighte/ =m4 ,! blades w1 ( c\rse1 be p]fectly flat1 mak+ /raight pit* propell]s4 ,y w ne$ a small cyl9drical piece ( wood "o half an in* 9 diamet]1 & "o half an in* 9 height1 ( "s t\gh1 h>d wood4 ,! blades may be made ( re$ or cane1 or1 /ill bett]1 ( wire4 ,alum9um wire be+ v light is probably ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,b5d ! wire into ! =m ( a triangle two in*es 9 wid? & f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,det]m9e at :at angle y wi% !m to be set1 & bore holes 9 ! hub & fix wires ( ea* frame firmly 9 !m4 ,cov] ! frames neatly ) clo? & m\nt x 9 ! usual way4 ,illu/ration3 ,an effici5t model1 %[+ excell5t con/ruction1 design$ by ,john ,c>esi ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! be/ m9imum plane models ( #aiaa ,,! ,,langeley ,,blank4 ,_m model build]s /ill reta9 ! ,langeley propell]4 ,x is a v simple "o to build4 ,to prep>e a blank secure a block1 z be=e1 eight by two in*es & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,connect ! f\r corn]s ) diagonal l9es4 ,p>allel to ! long] side draw two l9es1 "o ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* inside & ! second "o-half in* bel[ x4 ,cut away ! block =m+ a d\ble fan-%ap$ piece4 ,"s pref] a wid] c5t] & ! hub may be made a trifle broad] if desir$4 ,9 %ap+ ! propell] cut away f opposite sides ( ! blank4 ,! orig9al ,langeley is a flat blade propell] s t ! model+ is v simple4 ,y may use y\r own judgem5t z to ! ?ickness ( ! blade1 al?\gh ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* is sugge/$4 ,! ,langeley is m\nt$ 9 ! usual way4 ,to height5 ! pit* ( y\r propell] secure a ?ick] blank4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,assembl+ ,,! ,,motors ,9 ! pres5t /age ( model a]oplane build+1 rubb] /r& motors satisfy e dem&4 ,models h be5 fl[n = m ?an #b1ejj feet by ! =ce ( ^! twi/$ /r&s1 & d\btless _! effici5cy w be /ill fur!r increas$4 ,su* motive p[] is besides v easily obta9$ & appli$4 ,c>eful te/s h %[n t m en]gy may be /or$ up 9 twi/$ rubb] /r&s ?an 9 ! same weight ( spr+s ( /eel or any o!r metal4 ,9 gaug+ ! /r5g? ( y\r motor1 mu* dep5ds ^u :e!r y\r model is to rise f ! gr\nd or be laun*$ f ! h&4 ,9 ! model t\rnam5ts 9 ,engl&1 ! fly+ ma*9es are almo/ inv>iably ?r[n across ! />t+ l9e1 :ile 9 ,am]ica !y are requir$ to rise unaid$4 ,x is obvi\sly unfair1 !re=e1 to comp>e ! di/ance records ( ! two c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,metal ,motor ,an*orage ,x requires a comp>atively p[]ful motor to raise a model f ! gr\nd1 :]eas a light] motor w\ld be suffici5t to propel x ?r\gh ! air4 ,_m models1 capable ( flights ( sev]al hundr$ feet :5 ?r[n w refuse to rise1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "s models :i* rise well en\gh h poor di/ance qualities4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! l5g? ( ! motor1 speak+ broadly1 controls ! di/ance qualities1 & its diamet] ! spe$ ( ! model a]oplane4 ,a long sl5d] motor1 capable ( f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& turns :i* w revolve ! propell]s = ?irty seconds or m1 %\ld insure a flight ( sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,z y increase ! numb] ( /r&s ( rubb]1 build+ up ! diamet] ( ! motor1 y cut d[n ! numb] ( turns & !re=e its duration1 al?\gh y increase its spe$4 ,a motor capable ( "o ?\s& turns mu/ be ab\t =ty in*es 9 l5g? & consi/ ( b six1 or at mo/ eight1 ( ^! /r&s4 ,a model :i* may be driv5 by ?is motor1 x w be f\nd1 mu/ be v light4 ,a model a]oplane weigh+ upw>ds ( "o p\nd1 on ! o!r h&1 w require motors compos$ ( f\rte5 /r&s or m to raise x f ! gr\nd4 ,x is a v simple matt]1 ( c\rse1 to add /r&s ( rubb] until y\r motor develops suffici5t en]gy = ! "w x is expect$ to d4 ,! l5g? & diamet] ( y\r motor1 aga91 has a direct influ5ce on ! height ( ! flight4 ,too mu* p[] t5ds to raise ! a]oplane high] ?an necess>y above ! gr\nd4 ,s9ce x requires m en]gy to drive a model a]oplane upw>d ?an along a horizontal direction1 ?is is obvi\sly a wa/e ( en]gy4 ,if x is desir$ to fly ! model z f> z possible1 x mu/ be kept close to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! case ( weight-lift+ conte/s1 ! problem ( altitude is1 ( c\rse1 entirely diff]5t4 ,ov]w9d+ is ev5 worse ?an und]w9d+1 s9ce x %ort5s ! life ( ! motor4 ,try out y\r a]oplane ) t5 /r&s on ea* motor & increase !m lat]4 ,! motor1 z previ\sly expla9$1 is =m$ by loop+ ! rubb] /r&s loosely betwe5 ! hooks1 j z zephyr is w\nd on a ske94 ,keep ! /r&s v loose & fa/5 !m to ! hooks by ty+ ) a /r& ( rubb]4 ,9 w9d+1 d n turn ! propell] aft] ! rubb] has a d\ble r[ ( knots = its entire l5g?4 ,su* a motor %\ld take up f ?ree hundr$ to five hundr$ turns1 p]haps m4 ,d n keep ! ela/ic w\nd up too long be=e />t+ y\r flight4 ,! /ra9 is great & x quickly we>s out4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,metal ,motor ,an*orage ,! rubb] /r&s %\ld n be all[$ to come 9 contact ) any metal p>ts ( ! model4 ,! copp] t is (t5 us$ = wir+ is especially injuri\s & t5ds to decompose ! rubb]4 ,! hooks ( bo? ! propell] & motor an*orage %\ld be cov]$ ) a piece ( rubb] tub+4 ,?is s]ves a d\ble purpose4 ,) ?is protection1 ! rubb] :5 tightly twi/$ is 9 no dang] ( be+ cut by ! wire or ( tak+ up ! oxides :i* quickly eat ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a notable model possess+ unusual /ability4 ,built by ,w4,s4 ,h[ell1 ,jr4 ,illu/ration3 ,front view ( model built by ,w4,s4 ,h[ell1 ,jr4 ,x requires an exp]t to pick out ! be/ quality ( rubb]4 ,if ! /r&s be exam9$ "u a magnify+ glass1 x w be f\nd t ! edges ( fre% rubb] ( ! be/ quality are clean-cut1 :]eas ! *eap] rubb]1 & t :i* is worn1 has comm5c$ to granulate1 giv+ ! edges a ragg$ appe>ance4 ,a simple te/ is to /ret* ! rubb] ov] a rul]4 ,a good rubb]1 9 fir/-class condition1 w /ret* ab\t sev5 times its l5g?1 & on be+ releas$ in/antly spr+ back to its orig9al size4 ,! same rubb] %\ld /ret* to t5 times its l5g? )\t break+4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! mo/ successful model build]s z to ! be/ %ape ( rubb] /r&s4 ,"s pref] ! flat1 b& rubb]1 :ile o!rs are obta9+ satisfactory results ) rubb] cut 9 squ>e /r&s4 ,! /r& us$ by ! ,engli% model build]s is seldom m ?an "o-sixte5? ( an in* squ>e1 :ile 9 ,am]ica "o-eigh? ( an in* /r& is commonly us$4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made ) a s+le /r& ( rubb] "o-f\r? ( an in* squ>e1 b ! results h n be5 satisfactory4 ,"o !ory is t ! corn]s ( ! squ>e rubb] t5d to cut into "o ano!r & quickly we> out1 & t a p]fectly r\nd /r& w\ld be ! m effici5t4 ,at pres5t !re are no su* /r&s on ! m>ket4 ,x is argu$ by "s t ! squ>e /r& 9 twi/+ mu/ be turn$ on itself fur!r ?an ! flat /r&1 & is !re=e plac$ "u an unnecess>y /ra94 ,aft] all1 ! advantage ( "o =m ov] ano!r is fractional1 & an extra /r& add$ to ! motor w balance any possible defects4 ,figures h be5 prep>$ giv+ ! exact relation ( ! size ( rubb] to ! numb] ( turns1 al?\gh su* /ati/ics are ela/ic4 ,! problem may be work$ out ) y\r own motor4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]ature w be quickly not$4 ,! rules prep>$ by ,v4 ,e4 ,johnson1 ,m4,a41 an ,engli% au?ority on aviation1 are z foll[s3 ,! motive p[] is d\bl$ by increas+ ! numb] ( rubb] /r&s "o-half2 by d\bl+ ! numb] ( /r&s1 ! motive p[] is increas$ m ?an two times2 & ! tripl+ ( ! /r&s increases ! motive p[] sev5 times4 ,z reg>ds ! numb] ( turns ! same au?ority /ates t ! d\bl+ ( ! numb] ( /r&s dim9i%es ! numb] ( turns by "o-?ird to "o-half4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,metal ,skid ,x is also f\nd t ea* /r& w h d\bl$ knots ( #caj turns2 f\r /r&s1 #ddj2 sixte5 /r&s at #bjj2 & eight at #baj4 ,?is is work+ ) /r&s "o-sixte5? ( an in* squ>e4 ,z a rule1 rubb] %\ld n be turn$ aft] ! second r[ ( knots is =m$4 ,& by ! way1 y w f9d t ! rubb]1 aft] be+ tightly twi/$1 t5ds to /ick toge!r1 & %\ld be c>efully sep>at$ aft] a flight s t ! air c rea* all surfaces4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,johnson1 "o p\nd ( rubb] may be made to /ore up #cbj foot p\nds ( en]gy1 :ile "o p\nd ( /eel1 9 ! =m ( spr+s1 w only /ore up #fe p\nds4 ,9 ! e>ly model a]oplanes mu* valuable en]gy 0 lo/ ?r\gh friction4 ,!re has be5 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! propell]s1 axles1 & be>+s4 ,friction has be5 r$uc$ to practically no?+4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 to drive a propell] ) ! %aft turn+ 9 a hole drill$ at r&om ?r\gh a /ick1 ) a glass bead = a wa%]4 ,x is v important1 h[ev]1 t ! axle %\ld turn exactly at "r angles1 & to hold x 9 position requires c>eful adju/m5t4 ,to meet ! dem&s ( model a]oplane build]s1 sev]al %aft me*anisms h be5 prep>$1 ev5 to a v complete arrangem5t ( m9iature ball be>+s4 ,! model build] :o _c avail himself ( ^! p>ts c1 nev]!less1 imitate _! action ) reasonable fidelity4 ,! axle atta*$ to ! propell] %\ld be heavy en\gh to resi/ b5d+ 9 ord9>y we> & te>4 ,a bicycle spoke is j ! ?+4 ,:5 y h decid$ ^u ?is axle1 procure a piece ( metal tub+ 9 :i* ! axle w turn freely1 )\t b9d+ or rattl+ ab\t4 ,! tub+ %\ld !n be pass$ ?r\gh ! frame support+ ! propell] exactly at "r angles1 & ext5d out at ei!r side ab\t half an in*4 ,to fa/5 x securely 9 position1 glue & if necess>y drive small w$ges1--a mat* or too?pick1--ab\t x4 ,sev]al metal wa%]s %\ld be /rung on ! axle betwe5 ! upp] edge ( ! %aft & ! propell]4 ,^! may be pun*$ f a %eet ( metal4 ,a section ( ?is tube may also be ins]t$ "p way 9 ! propell]1 & wa%]s introduc$ :]e !y meet4 ,! second tube w insure smoo? action4 ,! project+ tube w s]ve also to remove ! propell] f> en\gh f ! frame to prev5t its /rik+4 ,by freely oil+ ^! p>ts1 ! propell] may be made to turn v freely4 ,illu/ration3 ,an +5i\s adju/m5t ( ail]ons ,illu/ration3 ,tun+ up ! model = a flight4 ,9 b5d+ ! axle into a hook = hold+ ! rubb] /r&s ( ! motor1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! ends ( ! /r&s on a l9e ) ! axle4 ,aft] turn+ ! wire into a hook1 b5d back ! %ank to ! prop] angle4 ,x w be se5 t if ! motor c>ries ! axle ab\t f side to side1 ! friction w be consid]ably increas$4 ,ov] ?is hook1 slip a piece ( rubb] tub+ be=e atta*+ ! /r&s ( rubb]1 s9ce ! metal is likely to cut & we> ! motor4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to tie ! /r&s toge!r j bel[ ! hook to keep !m f slipp+ (f4 ,&1 by ! way1 d n keep y\r motor w\nd up any long] ?an y c help be=e a flight1 s9ce ! /ra9 on ! rubb] 9 ?is position is v great4 ,z motors h increas$ 9 p[] & di/ance qualities1 ! process ( w9d+ up has become a s]i\s problem4 ,! simple me?od ( turn+ ! propell] by h& takes too long1 & a slip ) a p[]ful motor may give "o an ugly cut4 ,an ord9>y ma*9e drill w d ! "w mu* m quickly4 ,"s drills are ge>$ s t a s+le turn ( ! :eel w give y t5 revolutions ( ! propell]4 ,to arrange y\r motor = w9d+ ) a drill1 run ! axle ?r\gh ! propell]s & turn 9 ! =m ( a clos$ hook4 ,a small hook %\ld !n be fix$ to ! end ( ! drill1 :i* may be ins]t$ 9 ?is loop4 ,"s boys use a d\ble hook on ! propell]1 deta* ! /r&s ( rubb]1 w9d !m up1 & !n atta* !m to ! propell]4 ,a v simple & +5i\s me?od ( w9d+ up has be5 adopt$ 9 ! rem>kable model con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,mungokee4 ,! motor is an*or$ by runn+ ! wire hold+ ! /r&s ?r\gh ! support+ /ick ( ! base1 & b5d+ ! end into a hook :i*1 z ! rubb] pulls1 is held securely 9 a second hole at ! side4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,con/ruction ,& ,m\nt+ ,( ,propell] ,& ,axle4 ,to w9d up1 x is only necess>y to draw out ?is hook1 atta* x to ! w9d+ drill & turn4 ,:5 w\nd up1 ! pull ( ! motor w obvi\sly hold ! end ( ! hook firmly 9 ! hole1 mak+ x impossible = x to turn4 ,?is does away ) extra hooks & ! tr\ble ( hook+ up ! motor :5 once x has be5 w\nd4 ,! life ( y\r rubb] motor may be l5g!n$ by c>eful w9d+4 ,z long z y w9d up by turn+ ! propell] by h&1 x is safe to turn x z fa/ z y c1 s9ce ! process is sl[ at be/4 ,9 case ! turn+ is done ) a ma*9e drill or "s simil> ge>$ :eel1 !re is dang] at "s po9ts ( w9d+ too fa/4 ,x is safe to w9d z quickly z y c until ! fir/ r[ ( knots has =m$ 9 ! rubb] /r&s1 b at ! mom5t ! d\ble /r&s beg9 to appe> ! w9d+ %\ld proce$ v sl[ly4 ,y w f9d t if y w9d v quickly ! d\ble knots w appe> 9 tight gr\ps or bun*es1 & t only aft] consid]able w9d+ d ^! beg9 to spread out ev5ly4 ,?is puts ! rubb] "u a sev]e & unnecess>y /ra9 & %ort5s its life4 ,! simple/ way ( lock+ ! propell]s :5 once w\nd up is to ?ru/ a piece ( cane or re$ ?r\gh ! hooks4 ,! twi/ ( ! motor w hold x tightly 9 position1 s t y c c>ry y\r model ab\t1 ev5 %ake x vigor\sly )\t dang] ( dislodg+ x4 ,if y h tw9 propell]s1 use a /rip long en\gh to pass ?r\gh bo? hooks4 ,remove ! /rip j be=e />t+4 ,be c>eful1 ( c\rse1 t y\r axles h n be5 ?r[n out ( plumb4 ,x w be f\nd v conv5i5t to equip y\r model ) a s+le clasp = hold+ ! propell]s aft] !y h be5 w\nd up1 :i* may be easily releas$4 ,x is awkw>d to keep !m f slipp+4 ,an effective break may be made by atta*+ two /rips ( re$ or cane1 su* z y use = skids1 to ei!r side ( ! motor base1 s t ! free ends w pass betwe5 ! propell] blades & ! frame1 ?us lock+ !m fa/4 ,^! b&s %\ld spr+ outw>d & be held 9 position by rubb] b&s runn+ f "o to ! o!r4 ,to release ! propell]s1 simply p9* ! two free ends toge!r1 & ! propell]s w be fre$ at ! same in/ant4 ,d n keep y\r motor w\nd up a mom5t long] ?an y c help4 ,x is v try+ to ! rubb] to be held 9 ?is tightly-twi/$ position4 ,9 m\nt+ y\r propell]1 x is well to make ! support = ! be>+ ( ! propell] axle z long z possible4 ,an axle turn+ 9 a %aft "o in* 9 l5g? w meet ) mu* less resi/ance ?an 9 a half-in* %aft1 & ) a good motor an in*-&-a-half %aft is /ill bett]4 ,! re> /ick ( y\r motor base1 :i* (t5 holds ! propell] axle1 is usually made z ?9 z possible & r>ely gives y m ?an a half-in* support4 ,x is a good plan to l5g!n ! %aft by atta*+ a block ( wood to ! frame & pass+ ! axle ?r\gh x4 ,cut f a /rip "o-half an in* squ>e a piece "o in* 9 l5g?1 or :atev] seems necess>y4 ,?is may be mortis$ slightly into ! /ick & glu$ at "r angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,an excell5t monoplane capable ( long flights4 ,illu/ration3 ,long-di/ance model built by ,p]cy ,pi]ce4 ,n[ drill a hole ?r\gh ! /ick1 ) ! gra91 & ! /ick ( y\r motor base & pass ! tube hold+ ! propell] %aft ?r\gh bo?4 ,to make ?is look %ip%ape1 r\nd (f ! edges4 ,a great advantage ( ?is /ick is t x enables y to m\nt ! propell] z f> z y l f ! frame1 ?us prev5t+ x f /rik+4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,an ,excell5t ,way ,( ,fa/5+ ,! ,propell]s ,to ,! ,framework4 ,9 m\nt+ ! propell]s above or bel[ ! frame1 y w ne$ simil> supports4 ,! blocks %\ld measure half an in* 9 wid? by "o & a half in*es squ>e & %\ld be cut ) ! gra9 ( ! wood runn+ l5g?wise4 ,! hole = ! propell] %aft is drill$ ne> ! top1 & ! block is securely fa/5$ to ! frame4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to mortise ! frame slightly 9 ord] to make ! jo9t p]fectly rigid1 ev5 9 ! face ( a bad sma%-up4 ,_m boys m]ely glue ! /ick 9 position & b9d x securely to ! motor base ) f9e /rong ?read1 & pa9t x ) glue or %ellac to hold x 9 position4 ,^! blocks may be fa/5$ ei!r above or bel[ ! frame or at ! sides4 ,9 m\nt+ ! propell]s1 be> 9 m9d t a position above ! planes t5ds to drive ! a]oplane d[nw>d1 :ile ! ?ru/ ex]t$ bel[ t5ds to ?r[ ! a]oplane upw>d4 ,! build]s ( model a]oplanes diff] z mu* z to ! be/ position ( ! propell]s z ! design]s ( man-c>ry+ ma*9es4 ,excell5t models h be5 built ) ! propell]s 9 ei!r position4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to lay d[n a rule = all models1 s9ce ! prop]ties ( ! planes v>y s widely4 ,a v simple & effici5t support = ! propell] %aft may be made ( metal to correspond to ! motor an*orage4 ,procure a %eet ( heavy t9--a piece ( %eet alum9um is /ill bett]--"o-half in* 9 wid? & ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,n[ m>k (f a "o-half in*1 "o in*1 two in*es1 & two & "o-half in*es1 & b5d ov] ! ends at "r angles1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,?is support may be nail$ or screw$ rigidly to ! end ( ! motor base1 & a hole = ! %aft ( ! propell] drill$ ?r\gh ! two uprights4 ,! propell] mu/ be m\nt$ s t ! blades w1 ( c\rse1 be free ( ! base4 ,! size ( ! support may be alt]$ to suit ! frame4 ,9 case y are us+ a heavy propell]1 say an in* blade1 ! metal mu/ be heavy en\gh to resi/ ! pull ( ! propell]4 ,! =w>d ends ( ! motors may be held by a cross piece cut f a %eet ( alum9um six in*es 9 wid? & two in*es 9 dep?1 :i* is b\nd rigidly to ! end ( ! motor base ) %oemak]'s ?read4 ,alum9um suitable = ?is purpose co/s ab\t fifte5 c5ts a squ>e foot1 & is s(t en\gh to be cut ) heavy %e>s4 ,an +5i\s motor an*orage ( metal con/ruction has be5 hit ^u by ! build]s ( model a]oplanes 9 ,france4 ,we are all famili> ) ! difficulty ( rais+ ! hook1 hold+ ! rubb] b&s1 high en\gh above ! ma9 frame1 or fusilage1 to be p]fectly free4 ,in/ead ( atta*+ a wood5 block1 ! ,fr5* boys b5d a piece ( t91 or "s su* metal1 v simply into a support = ! hook4 ,y w ne$ a %eet ( metal heavy en\gh to )/& ! full =ce ( ! motor :5 w\nd up4 ,! t9 us$ 9 cans1 z a rule1 is n heavy en\gh4 ,= ea* support y w ne$ a rectangle ( t9 or metal measur+ ?ree by "o & "o-half in*es4 ,p>allel to ! long] base1 draw a l9e "o-qu>t] ( an in* above4 ,f ! c5t]1 erect a long rectangle "o-qu>t] ( an in* wide1 ext5d+ to ! opposite side4 ,n[ connect ! ends ( ! l9e above ! base ) ! po9ts at :i* ! upright rectangle int]sects ! top l9e1 r\nd (f ! edges neatly & cut away ?is triangle4 ,f\r holes %\ld be cut or pun*$ 9 ! t91 z indicat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,n[ b5d ! t9 on ! two upright l9es until ! two sides are p>allel4 ,?is support is fitt$ to ! end ( a motor base & secur$ by driv+ nails ?r\gh ! ?ree holes at ! base cov]+ ! wood4 ,! end ( ! hook :i* holds ! rubb] /r&s ( ! motor %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ! op5+ at ! end1 b5t ov] & fa/5$ into position ) a drop or two ( sold]4 ,su* a support adds practically no?+ to ! weight ( ! frame1 & obvi\sly an*ors ! motor rigidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,model built by ,rutl$ge ,b>ry1 w9n] ( spectacul> flight conte/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a model by ,p]cy ,pi]ce1 w9n] ( ! indoor long-di/ance record4 ,! effici5cy ( a rubb]-/r& motor may be consid]ably increas$ by c>eful adju/m5t4 ,if ! /r&s fir/ be w\nd r loosely1 z a rope is =m$1 & /rung betwe5 ! propell] hook & ! motor an*orage1 y w f9d t ab\t ?irty p] c5t4 m rubb] may be add$ )\t increas+ ! l5g? & t a five to t5 p] c5t4 increase 9 ! numb] ( effective turns may be ga9$ z well4 ,by increas+ ! am\nt ( rubb]1 y w1 ( c\rse1 add accord+ly to ! p[] ( ! motor4 ,x is safe to say t ! effici5cy ( y\r motor is increas$ upw>ds ( tw5ty-five p] c5t4 by ?is adju/m5t4 ,! cr$it ( ?is +5i\s arrangem5t is due to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h[ell1 ,jr4 ,x w be well to exp]im5t ) a %ort-/r& motor1 us+ a s+le /r& ( rubb] = ! te/4 ,let u assume t y\r motor is twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 ?us mak+ a d\ble /r& tw5ty-f\r in*es long4 ,fir/ knot ?is1 /r+ x betwe5 ! two hooks & turn x1 c\nt+ ! revolutions until ! fir/ r[ ( d\ble knots beg9s to appe>4 ,note ! numb] ( turns4 ,n[ untie ! /r& &1 hold+ "o end1 twi/ x until ! l9es ( ! edges make a cont9u\s loose spiral ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,! easie/ way ( twi/+ !m is to lay !m on a flat surface & rub ) ! palm ( ! h&4 ,n[ br+ ! two ends toge!r & let ! /r&s twi/ & wriggle until !y come to re/4 ,fa/5 ! ends & measure ! d\ble twi/$ /r&4 ,y w f9d t x measures less ?an t5 in*es4 ,to prep>e a /r& = a twelve-in* motor1 y mu/ !re=e beg9 ) a piece ( rubb] fully ?irty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! new plan enables y to ga9 consid]ably m rubb] l5g? = l5g?4 ,n[ /r+ y\r twi/$ rubb] on ! hooks ( y\r motor s t to w9d up y mu/ turn aga9/ ! twi/$ /r&4 ,y w f9d t a numb] ( turns are requir$ be=e ! rubb] /r&s are untwi/$ & lie p>allel1 :i* is pure ga94 ,c\nt ! numb] ( turns up to ! "t ! fir/ l9e ( ! d\ble knots appe>s1 & y w f9d t x is ab\t five p] c5t4 great] ?an 9 ! case ( ! s+le /r&s4 ,! p[] ex]t$ by y\r motor is mean:ile increas$ 9 direct proportion to ! am\nt ( rubb] add$4 ,/ill ano!r advantage ( ?is adju/m5t lies 9 ! fact t su* a motor w unw9d to ! fir/ turn4 ,9 prep>+ a multiple-/r& rubb]1 ea* /r& mu/1 ( c\rse1 be twi/$ 9 ! same direction & exactly ! same numb] ( times be=e be+ in/all$4 ,! build]s ( model a]oplanes may pr(it f ! exp]i5ce ( ! automobile tire manufactur]s 9 /udy+ ! prop]ties ( ! rubb] us$ = motors4 ,rubb] is at be/ comp>atively %ort-liv$4 ,x suff]s a surface det]ioration on be+ expos$ to ! air1 :i* 9 "t affects ! entire mass4 ,?is process ( decay goes on fa/e/ 9 v w>m wea!r & 9 v bright sunlight4 ,x is believ$ t sea air & ! r>ifi$ air ( ! m\nta9s are bad = rubb]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a v l[ temp]ature1 z y may p]haps h discov]$1 robs ! rubb] ( mu* ( its ela/icity4 ,x w pay y to take "s tr\ble to protect ! rubb] /r&s z f> z possible4 ,lay !m away 9 a c or j> 9 "s cool1 dry & d>k place :5 !y are n 9 use4 ,"s boys cov] ! rubb] ) p[d]$ *alk4 ,:5 ! surface ( ! rubb] beg9s to granulate1 its be/ days are ov]4 ,rubb] is orig9ally :ite 9 color1 :ile ! ref9+ process gives x ! famili> gray tone4 ,! ,p>a rubb] is g5]ally consid]$ ! be/ ( ! _m k9ds n[ on ! m>ket4 ,z a rule1 any oil or grease t5ds to decay ! rubb]1 z any motori/ c tell y4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly un=tunate = ! aviator1 s9ce ! effici5cy ( ! rubb] motor is increas$ by slightly lubricat+ ! /r&s4 ,_m boys pref] to *ance injur+ _! motors 9 ord] to ga9 ! advantage ( ! oil$ /r&s4 ,! /r&s ?us prep>$ slide smoo?ly on "o ano!r & d n grip ea* o!r ev5 :5 tightly w\nd4 ,! simple/ prep>ation = greas+ ! /r&s is a solution ( ord9>y soap & wat]4 ,a few drops p\r$ ov] ! /r&s w suffice4 ,:5 y\r motor unw9ds1 be c>eful to keep y\r face out ( range1 s9ce a few drops might be flung into y\r eyes4 ,sev]al prep>ations = lubricat+ ! motors h be5 plac$ ^u ! m>ket4 ,! direction flights may be controll$ v easily by w9d+ ! motor4 ,if y c>e to fly y\r model 9 circles or spirals1 ! simple/ plan = influ5c+ its direction is to give diff]5t p[] to y\r propell]s4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a model mu/ be 9 a re/rict$ place1 p]haps a /raight-away flight is out ( ! "q4 ,! model may be deflect$ to ! "r or left by ! use ( v]tical propell]s1 b !y require delicate adju/m5t1 & a gu/ ( w9d may de/roy _! effect4 ,by w9d+ up "o d\ble ! numb] ( turns ( ! o!r1 a circul> flight is assur$4 ,to gauge ! diamet] ( ! circle m]ely alt] ! relation ( ! numb] ( turns4 ,y w soon f9d t y c control ! diamet] ( ! circle ) rem>kable accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,motor ,an*orage ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,directional ,,control ,! un]r+ flight ( birds is1 ( c\rse1 ! model = ! build]s ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es4 ,mu* ( ! birds' skill 9 direct+ _! motive p[] rema9s a my/]y to u1 b we are le>n+ to analyze &1 9 a measure1 imitate !m4 ,! build] ( model a]oplanes aga9 mu/ n alone imitate ! me?ods ( ! birds2 he mu/ make _! sy/em ( ma9ta9+ /ability automatic4 ,a /udy ( a v>iety ( successful models %[s t !re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! be/ plan = /abiliz+ ! a]oplane4 ,directional /ability is ga9$ by ! use ( horizontal elevators or tails = controll+ v]tical movem5t1 by v]tical rudd]s or f9s = /e]+ to "r or left1 & by flexible w+ tips to gu>d aga9/ tipp+4 ,9 design+ any sy/em ( rudd]s1 or ail]ons1 = ga9+ /ability1 "o %\ld always h 9 m9d ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* su* surfaces act4 ,! movem5t ( ! horizontal planes or ail]ons has an important effect ^u ! direction ( ! flight1 because !y *ange ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 !y alt] ! angle ( ! plane ) ! l9e along :i* ! a]oplane is fly+4 ,if y b5d ! re> edge ( ! plane1 or ail]on1 d[nw>d1 ! angle ( incid5ce is increas$4 ,:at happ5s is ?is4 ,z ! plane is l[]$1 ! air is compress$ b5ea? x1 :i* t5ds to lift ! plane1 ?r[+ up ! front edge & *ang+ ! c\rse ( ! flight4 ,?is me?od ( secur+ /ability1 :i* 0 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 has be5 widely imitat$4 ,9 _! lat] ma*9es1 ! ,wrights h ev5 ab&on$ ! front elevat+ surfaces & dep5d ^u ! movem5t ( ! ma9 plane & a small elevat+ plane plac$ j back ( ! re> rudd] = _! directional control4 ,!y h ?us done away ) ! friction enc\nt]$ by ! front planes1 :i* has result$ 9 giv+ ! ma*9e greatly increas$ spe$4 ,n[ 9 ! model a]oplane1 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to flex ! planes up or d[n dur+ flight4 ,"s adju/m5t mu/ be hit ^u :i* w give ! ma*9e automatic /ability4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! action ( ! /abiliz] rema9s1 ( c\rse1 exactly ! same4 ,9 design+ rudd]s = controll+ horizontal flight1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t _! /abiliz+ p[] v>ies l>gely 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,9 mo/ models ! fur!r !y are remov$1 ei!r front or back1 ! great] is _! lev]age1 & ! small] ne$ be _! surface4 ,by plac+ ! rudd] on an outrigg] c>ri$ f> out1 a v small plane w suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,a s]viceable model %[+ excell5t workman%ip built by ,cecil ,peoli ,illu/ration3 ,a s]viceable model %[+ excell5t workman%ip built by ,cecil ,peoli ,! v]tical rudd]s or f9s1 z !y are sometimes call$1 are1 ( c\rse1 int5d$ to control ! movem5t to "r or left & keep ! model f slid+ sideways4 ,!y h no c\nt]p>t 9 ! w+s ( birds1 & are believ$ by "s aviators to h little effect4 ,at any rate1 !y c d little h>m s9ce _! head resi/ance is practically no?+4 ,unlike ! horizontal =w>d planes1 ^! f9s %\ld n be c>ri$ too f> =w>d4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t !y (t5 get 9 ! way1 & a slight side gu/ ( w9d /rik+ !m1 ) _! great lev]age1 w knock ! a]oplane completely (f its c\rse1 p]haps upset x4 ,! be/ position = su* rudd]s is ei!r above or bel[ ! ma9 plane1 or beh9d x1 :]e !y are out ( ! way ( cross curr5ts4 ,9 la/ ye>'s models1 ^! v]tical surfaces 7 (t5 v l>ge1 pres5t+ z mu* surface z ! planes !mselves4 ,x has be5 f\nd t !y may be cut d[n 9 size1 ?us sav+ weight )\t los+ _! effici5cy4 ,a long v]tical f91 or keel1 has ! disadvantage ( pres5t+ a dang]\sly broad surface to any cross curr5t ( w9d4 ,! "q ( ! position ( ! rudd] 0 tak5 up 9 a previ\s volume4 ,a glance at ! successful model a]oplanes ( ! ye> %[s t ! v]tical rudd]s h be5 adopt$ v g5]ally4 ,consid]able +5uity is display$ 9 adju/+ !m4 ,! use ( w+ tips ( any =m is int5d$ to control bo? ! horizontal & v]tical movem5t4 ,! g5]al !ory or equilibrium1 ( c\rse1 applies 9 bo? cases4 ,! mo/ p]fectly adju/$ model is subject to _m =ces :i* t5d to tip x to "o side or ! o!r4 ,a gu/ ( w9d1--& ! air is nev] p]fectly quiet1--w tip "o end ( ! plane up or d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>i\s ,/e]+ ,devices4 a & b1 simple ail]on =ms4 ,a novel f9 on ,v9et plane4 ,b ,l-%ap$ ail]on4 ,c v]tical rudd] 7,bl]iot type74 ,d ,bl9k]s1 an effective rudd]4 ,e /ability planes n unlike ! runn]s ( a sleigh4 ,9 ! e>ly models1 ?is t5d5cy 0 met by fix+ ! plane at a dih$ral angle4 ,an exam9ation ( la/ ye>'s models w %[ h[ common 0 ?is design4 ,! dih$ral angle l[]s ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,n[1 aft] "o side ( ! model is rais$ & ! plane rights itself1 ! c5t] ( gravity sw+s ?r\gh a consid]able arc1 l a p5dulum1 be=e x c come to re/1 s t ! c5t] mu/ sw+ back & =? sev]al times4 ,?is t5d5cy to tipp+ is fatal to a /eady flight4 ,x 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ! ,wright ,bro!rs :ile /udy+ ! e>ly ,langeley type ( ma*9e4 ,! ,wrights ab&on$ ! dih$ral angle entirely1 z all ! _w kn[s1 & replac$ x by ! horizontal plane ) a /raight ent]+ edge4 ,! keel w 9 a measure ov]come ?is side motion4 ,mu* ( ! advantage ( ! dih$ral angle may be borr[$1 h[ev]1 by turn+ up ! extreme ends ( ! plane1 )\t mat]ially l[]+ ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,9 sev]al ( ! successful models ( ! ye>1 ^! tips h be5 made equal to ab\t "o-fif? ! wid? ( ! plane1 & are rais$ z high z =ty-five degrees4 ,! !ory is t1 :5 ! oscillation comm5ces1 ^! surfaces damp out ! sw++ t5d5cy1 & br+ ! model to an ev5 keel4 ,sometimes ! tips are r\nd$ (f1 al?\gh 9 "s cases !y are made triangul> & br\ght to a po9t4 ,z a rule1 !y are add$ to ! re> plane1 al?\gh "o notable exception is ! case ( ! ,le/] ,rob9son model1 :i* c>ries ^! tips on bo? planes4 ,! tips1 or ail]ons1 at ! ends ( ! planes maybe made ( ! same mat]ial z ! planes !mselves4 ,9 case y are us+ wire frames1 x is1 ( c\rse1 a v simple matt] to b5d up ! tips to any desir$ angle4 ,:5 ! frames ( ! planes are made ( re$1 z is g5]ally ! case1 ! tips %\ld be made sep>ately4 ,b5d y\r re$s to ! desir$ %ape & cov] !m ) ! same mat]ial us$ = ! planes4 ,x is q z important t !y be cov]$ smoo?ly z 9 ! case ( ! planes4 ,!y may !n be atta*$ to ! ends ( ! planes by wir+ rigidly 9 position4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t to adju/ !m s t !y may be b5t up or d[n to suit conditions4 ,! same plan %\ld be foll[$ 9 build+ & atta*+ ! ail]ons to ! re> ( ! ma9 /ability planes4 ,"s int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 made by plac+ sev]al v]tical surfaces above ! ma9 /ability plane4 ,a s]ies ( f\r or six v]tical rudd]s are sometimes spac$ ap>t at equal di/ances1 ext5d+ f ! front to ! re> edge1 ) a height ( ab\t half _! l5g?4 ,9 "s cases ! corn]s are r\nd$ (f1 :ile o!rs pref] to cut away ! front edge %>ply4 ,9 ! ,v9et monoplane1 ! v]tical f9 appe>s 9 an entirely new =m4 ,! f9 is atta*$ ne> ! out] edge ( ! ma9 plane & ! upp] edges curl$ inw>d1 =m+ an arc ( a circle4 ,! !ory ( ! curve is t x t5ds to keep ! air f slipp+ (f ! ends1 aft] ! mann] ( ! curta9s ( ! ,vaison biplane4 ,z a rule1 ^! curl$ f9s are ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ! dep? ( ! plane & are atta*$ ) ! front ends on a l9e ) ! ent]+ edge ( ! plane4 ,^! curl$ planes may be /ret*$ on frames ( light wire or ?9 re$4 ,z ! model tilts to "o side1 ! air /rik+ ! curv$ surface ( ! out] side ( ! f9 meets ) little resi/ance1 :ile ! f9 at ! opposite side1 act+ ) its concave surface aga9/ ! w9d1 (f]s consid]ably m resi/ance1 ?us t5d+ to *eck ! side motion & br+ ! a]oplane to an ev5 keel4 ,an effective =m ( ail]on consi/s ( an ,l %ap$ plane set closely aga9/ ! re> corn] ( ! ma9 w+4 ,^! ail]ons are made 9 pairs & h+$ to a re> edge4 ,! side %\ld ext5d ab\t half ! wid? ( ! plane4 ,! action ( ! h+$ plane at ! re> is1 ( c\rse1 famili>4 ,! ext5sion at ! side1 :i* %\ld be kept r n>r[1 n m ?an "o-f\r? ! dep? ( ! ma9 plane1 is likely to prove v effici5t4 ,if ! ail]on be turn$ too f> ei!r up or d[n x w (f] consid]able resi/ance4 ,9 "o ( ! new ,engli% models1 ^! ail]ons are s connect$ t z "o rises ! opposite ail]on is l[]$4 ,"h is a fasc9at+ field = exp]im5t 9 automatic control4 ,! v]tical rudd] us$ on ! new ,bl]iot1 ! result ( an imm5se am\nt ( exp]im5t1 sugge/s int]e/+ possibilities = ! model build]4 ,! rudd] is built 9 ! =m ( a long triangle & is m\nt$ by h++ "o ( its %ort] sides to ! upp] surface ( ! re> plane1 s t its corn] w ext5d upw>d & outw>d4 ,9 ?is position x sugge/s a fi%'s f94 ,! rec$+ angle ( ! front edge (f]s v trifl+ resi/ance4 ,! new ,baby ,wright rac] dep5ds = its lat]al control l>gely ^u a novel =m ( rudd]s kn[n z bl9k]s4 ,^! rudd]s are triangul> 9 %ape & ext5d out 9 front ( & bel[ ! =w>d planes ) _! long] edges =w>d4 ,!y act mu* ! same z ! jib ( a sail+ vessel1 &1 because ( _! position well 9 front ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 act ) consid]able lev]age4 ,! design appeals especially to ! build] ( model a]oplanes1 s9ce !y c be add$ ) v trifl+ weight by curv+ ! front skids =w>d & /ret*+ ! clo? across _! =w>d corn]s4 ,! ,valkyrie monoplane is equipp$ ) simil> rudd]s1 9 ! =m ( half circles c>ri$ 9 ! same position4 ,9 addition to ! v]tical & horizontal /ability planes1 _m a]oplanes are n[ equipp$ ) /ability planes ext5d+ diagonally f ! v]tical axis4 ,^! are plac$ bel[ ! ma9 planes1 ext5d+ outw>d n unlike ! runn]s ( a sleigh4 ,?is box-l =m t5ds to conf9e ! air & af=ds increas$ support4 ,!re is ev5 an upw>d t5d5cy f ?is pressure ( air4 ,^! planes are usually rectangul> 9 %ape1 ! =w>d or ent]+ edge be+ cut away %>ply4 ,by m\nt+ ^! planes on ! skids1 _! additional weight is practically no?+4 ,sev]al int]e/+ applications ( ?is pr9ciple are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations ( models4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,designs ,:e!r "o be design+ ! simple/ pap] glid]1 a model or a pass5g]-c>ry+ a]oplane1 ! problem ( /ability is ! same4 ,to keep afloat1 y\r air craft mu/ be support$1 z a rule1 by at lea/ two surfaces to provide longitud9al /ability4 ,to und]/& ! pr9ciple ( longitud9al /ability1 picture to y\rself a v delicately-balanc$ bo>d or seesaw4 ,! c5t] ( gravity naturally falls betwe5 ^! two planes at ei!r end1 & ! w+s !re=e tilt up or d[n1 or seesaw1 on ?is invisible fulcrum4 ,) ?is pr9ciple 9 m9d1 ! movem5t ( y\r a]oplane1 :i* may seem s caprici\s1 w be se5 to foll[ def9ite laws4 ,:5 a gu/ ( w9d =ces ! front plane upw>d1 ! re> plane sw+s d[n4 ,?is movem5t increases ! angle ( bo? planes to ! horizontal2 !y (f] mu* great] resi/ance to ! air1 & ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e is *eck$4 ,z ! a]oplane sl[s d[n1 z a rule1 x tries to "r itself1 t is1 to seesaw back to balance at a horizontal position4 ,?is 9 turn r$uces ! resi/ance ! planes (f] to ! w9d1 & ! flight is cont9u$ at its orig9al spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,an excell5t piece ( workman%ip4 ,model by ,r4 ,mungokee ,illu/ration3 ,model ) m9imum plane surface4 ,built by ,a4 ,c4 ,odom ,! trick1 !re=e1 is to adju/ y\r planes ) reg>d to ! c5t] ( gravity s t !y w always seesaw back to a horizontal position2 9 o!r words1 to secure automatic longitud9al /ability4 ,9 design+ a motor base be> 9 m9d t x mu/ be made z long z possible = in/all+ ! motor1 & broad en\gh to af=d /able support = ! w+s1 ! :ole be+ kept z light & z rigid z possible4 ,s9ce ! l5g? ( ! flight dep5ds directly ^u ! l5g? ( ! motor1 ! frame ( y\r model %\ld be at lea/ two feet 9 l5g?4 ,! wid? ( ! frame may v>y widely1 z a glance at ! successful model a]oplanes ( ! ye> w prove4 ,= rac+ model a]oplanes1 ! base may be increas$ to f\r or ev5 five feet 9 l5g?4 ,,! ,,fam\s ,,"o ,,ounc]4 ,! "o-ounce models1 :i* h be5 br\ght to su* p]fection 9 ,engl&1 are among ! simple/ a]oplanes to build4 ,fig4 ,a models h a record ( #a1ejj feet4 ,! adju/m5t is delicate1 h[ev]2 x is a v tricky affair to manage1 & :e!r y c get ! rem>kable flights made abroad is ano!r matt]4 ,= ! /ick1 select a piece ( /raight-gra9$ a% or "s light wood ?ree feet 9 l5g? & "o-qu>t] ( an in* squ>e4 ,! planes %\ld be cut f a ?9 bo>d "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick4 ,! ma9 plane %\ld measure fifte5 in*es by ?ree in*es1 & ! small] plane eight by "o & a half in*es1 ?us giv+ !m a high aspect ratio4 ,!y %\ld tap] slightly t[>ds ! ends4 ,r\nd (f ! corn]s ( bo? planes & s&pap] ! edges d[n4 ,if ! wood w /& x1 "w x d[n1 us+ a %>p plane or s&pap]4 ,! planes %\ld be b5t by /eam+ slightly across ! middle & set at a slight dih$ral angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,a -- ,! ,fam\s "o ,ounc]4 ,b -- ,a ,small ,exp]im5tal ,model4 ,c -- ,a ,modifi$ ,burgess ,webb ,model4 ,! model is driv5 mo/ effici5tly by a six-in* propell]4 ,if x be a "o-piece blade1 prep>e a propell] blank six in*es by "o in*1 cut f a half-in* bo>d4 ,cut away to ! ?9ne/ possible blade4 ,use a v simple support = y\r propell] %aft z well z = ! motor an*orage at ! extreme =w>d end4 ,! planes %\ld be ti$ ) rubb] /r&s to ! /ick & glu$ 9 position :5 prop]ly adju/$4 ,try out y\r model ) a motor consi/+ ( two /r&s ( "o-eigh?-in* rubb]1 & increase if necess>y4 ,y w ne$ all y\r +5uity & skill & workman%ip to con/ruct a /able model ev5 ( s simple a design :i* w come )9 "o ounce4 ,?r[ x ) ! w9d4 ,a ,,modifi$ ,,bl]iot4 ,9 improv+ ! l9es ( ! v>i\s self-rais+ models1 _m ( ! designs h be5 greatly simplifi$4 ,) ! numb] ( memb]s r$uc$1 ! con/ruction ( a successful model becomes mu* easi] & ! *ances ( failure m remote4 ,a simple rectangul> frame ) two planes driv5 by tw9 propell]s requires v little skill or exp]i5ce to put toge!r4 ,x is v easy to locate & correct ! tr\ble 9 su* a model1 & quickly adju/ x to rise & fly = consid]able di/ances4 ,!re are _m =ms ( su* planes ?is ye> :i* are m>vels ( lightness & /r5g?1 b ! beg9n] %\ld try ! simple/4 ,beg9 by build+ a simple rectangul> frame1 ?ree feet 9 l5g? & t5 in*es 9 wid? ( half-in* or qu>t]-in* /rips4 ,mortise ! corn]s half way ?r\gh ea* /ick & glue !m 9 position4 ,increase ! /ead9ess ( ! frame by a cross piece at ! c5t]1 )\t mortis+4 ,m\nt y\r motor above ! frame1 select+ "s simple1 /rong support = ! axle & ! an*orage4 ,a model :i* rises unassi/$ requires consid]able p[] & y\r propell]s %\ld h eight-in* blades & be c>v$ f blanks "o in* ?ick4 ,y may f9d x advisable lat] on to in/all propell]s ) v broad blades4 ,fir/ in/all motors ( consid]able p[]1 ea* consi/+ ( twelve or f\rte5 "o-eigh?-in* rubb] /rips4 ,y w n get m ?an two or ?ree hundr$ turns out ( !m1 b ) a high-pit* propell] ?is w give y an excell5t flight1 say #bjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,model ,) ,m9imum ,plane ,surface4 ,= ! e>ly trials use planes ) a r high aspect ratio4 ,make "o ( ! planes f\r by sixte5 in*es ) squ>e corn]s1 & ! second1 :i* w be c>ri$ =w>d1 ab\t ! same size ) r\nd$ corn]s4 ,bo? planes %\ld h a slight camb]4 ,atta* ! planes to ! "u side ( ! motor base4 ,! !ory ( ?is adju/m5t is t ! planes ?us re/ ^u undi/urb$ air & are m /able4 ,! planes above ! frame come 9 contact ) air :i* has be5 *urn$ up m or less by ! passage ( ! frame4 ,a small v]tical rudd] may be add$ bel[ ! re> frame & well back ( ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,! model %\ld be support$ at a slight elevation by a simple skid4 ,by adju/+ ! angle ( ! =w>d plane1 ?is model may be made to p]=m a numb] ( spectacul> flights4 ,a model v simil> to ?is 0 ! w9n] ( a cup (f]$ = ! be/ spectacul> flights at an important ,new ,york t\rnam5t4 ,a ,,simple ,,exp]im5tal ,,model4 ,a great deal ( pleasure & pr(it may be _h f a small exp]im5tal model a]oplane4 ,! beg9n] :o is con/ruct+ 8 fir/ model w f9d a small ma*9e by f> ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,! m exp]i5c$ model build]1 on ! o!r h&1 w f9d t s simple a model w enable him to try out new !ories quickly & *eaply4 ,a simple ,bl]iot =m1 "o foot 9 l5g?1 driv5 tail =emo/ is recomm5d$4 ,_m successful model build]s keep su* a model con/antly 9 _! work%ops4 ,a model a]oplane ( ?is type & size c be made to fly f ! v fir/4 ,_m ( ! problems :i* appe> s difficult 9 con/ruct+ a ?ree-foot model1 su* z balance1 head resi/ance1 & ! prop] adju/m5t ( p[]1 practically are avoid$ 9 ?is m9iature a]oplane4 ,!re is a great advantage aga9 9 ! fact t ! small model may be fl[n indoors 9 ! av]age room1 :]e ! air problems are almo/ negligible4 ,fig4 ,b4 ,let ! motor base consi/ ( a s+le /ick "o-f\r? or ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e & "o foot 9 l5g?4 ,at "o end ( ! base1 atta* a block ( wood "o in* squ>e & ( a ?ickness equal to t ( ! /ick4 ,glue ?is 9 position & b9d x securely by wrapp+ ) ?read t\*$ ) glue4 ,at a po9t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* above ! /ick1 drill a hole p>allel to ! frame = ! axle ( y\r propell]4 ,a hook$ wire %\ld be atta*$ to ! opposite end ( ! base4 ,"o end may be run ?r\gh ! /ick & fa/5$1 or x may be imb$d$ 9 a block fa/5$ to ! /ick correspond+ to ! axle block4 ,a simple & effective motor an*orage may be made ( metal 7describ$ else:]e74 ,y\r propell] %\ld measure f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a propell] cut f a blank "o by f\r in*es & "o-half ( an in* ?ick w give a good pit*4 ,ei!r a propell] ( wood or metal su* z has already be5 describ$ w answ]4 ,! propell] %\ld be m\nt$ ^u an axle & adju/$ to ! be>+s1 & ! hook aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! be>+s 9 ! support turn$ into a hook = ! rubb] /r&s4 ,select f ! detail$ in/ructions ! me?od :i* appeals to y4 ,be sure t ! propell] sp9s smoo?ly4 ,x %\ld be s delicately adju/$ t x w turn lit]ally at a brea?4 ,be=e /r++ ! rubb] /r&s betwe5 ! two hooks ( y\r motor1 be sure t ! hooks are b5t back1 s t ! /r&s w be 9 a l9e ) ! b&s4 ,! be>+s %\ld be c>efully oil$4 ,9 fly+ out ( doors1 !re is dang] ( gett+ f9e s& or dirt 9 ! be>+s :i*1 ( c\rse1 greatly increases ! friction4 ,try out y\r motor ) f\r /r&s ( rubb] "o-eigh? ( an in* squ>e4 ,! rubb] sold = "o-eigh? in* is (t5 a trifle "u ?is measurem5t4 ,! propell] %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be m\nt$ ) ! %ort] or curv$ edge =w>d4 ,9 w9d+ y\r motor1 nev] turn x aft] ! second r[ ( d\ble knots beg9 to appe>1 & d n keep y\r propell] w\nd a second m ?an is necess>y be=e a flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,am]ican ,flem+ ,williams built by ,c4 ,mc,queen ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! e>li] models built by ,cecil ,peoli ,= a model ( ?is size1 wood5 planes are entirely practical & v simple to con/ruct4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! model+ ( ! planes & ! smoo?ness ( bo? ( _! surfaces4 ,= ! planes y w ne$ two ?9 bo>ds1 "o eight by two in*es & ano!r f\r by two in*es1 ea* "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,select a wood su* z popl> or spruce1 :i* w n split easily4 ,! ends ( ! planes %\ld be r\nd$ 9 front & cut %>ply away at ! re> edge1 z describ$ else:]e4 ,if ! wood w /& r$uction )\t break+1 plane or s&pap] away ! surfaces until !y are ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick4 ,! planes may be flex$ by /eam+1 b !re is a /ill simpl] me?od4 ,pa9t y\r planes ) a ?9 glue or v>ni%1 & :ile !y are /ill wet & pliable1 b5d !m to ! desir$ %ape4 ,to %ape !m1 procure a /rip ( wood "o-qu>t] ( an in* squ>e1 tack x to a bo>d & b5d ! planes ov] x1 & fa/5 !m 9 position ) brads driv5 ab\t ! edges & b5t ov] to hold x d[n4 ,! /ick %\ld be plac$ p>allel to ! ent]+ edge & "o-half an in* back ( ! l9e4 ,?is w give y planes flex$ ) a dipp+ edge4 ,lat] y w probably want to exp]im5t by *ang+ ?is curve1 :i* is v easily done by b5d+ ov] a /ick ( diff]5t size & alt]+ its position4 ,! model is driv5 by ! propell] ) ! small plane =w>d4 ,atta* ! planes to ! /ick ) ! curv$ or ent]+ edge =w>d by ty+ !m ) a rubb] b&4 ,?is w hold !m 9 position & all[ !m to give :5 !y fall4 ,slip ! planes back & =? until ! prop] position has be5 f\nd4 ,a small block ( wood may be ins]t$ betwe5 ! planes & ! /ick to raise ! w+ to ! desir$ elevation4 ,practise ?r[+ ! model z a glid] until x sails across ! room on an ev5 keel1 :5 ! motor may be in/all$4 ,directional /ability may be ga9$ by add+ a v]tical rudd]4 ,x may be made f a ?9 bo>d simil> to t us$ 9 ! planes4 ,cut a piece two in*es squ>e & r\nd (f ! corn]s1 & %ave to a knife edge4 ,atta* ?is1 curv$ edge d[nw>d1 to ! edge ( ! /ick directly b5ea? ! re> plane1 tak+ c>e t ! motor does n t\* x4 ,to complete ! model1 atta* skids to ! "u surface at ! front & re>4 ,^! %\ld be ( light re$1 cane or bamboo1 glu$ to ! ma9 frame & curv$ d[nw>d & backw>d l runn]s4 ,,model ,,) ,,m9imum ,,plane ,,surface4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts 9 build+ models ) v n>r[ planes1 "s amaz+ results h be5 produc$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,! limit 9 ?is r$uction w\ld seem to h be5 rea*$ 9 ! model ) planes ) a ratio ( eight sep>at$ by a di/ance equal to t5 times _! wid?4 ,! =w>d "p ( ?is amaz+ model is a modifi$ biplane1 & 9 ?is respect x resembles a successful model ( la/ season4 ,! two models are reproduc$ side by side1 = ! sake ( comp>ison4 ,! economy ( weight & resi/ance is in/antly obvi\s to ! mo/ inexp]i5c$ eye4 ,! model rises quickly & flies = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ feet 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e4 ,! motor base1 :i* has a l5g? equal to six times its wid?1 or eight by =ty in*es1 is con/ruct$ ( "o-qu>t] in* /rips4 ,a light cross piece at ! c5t] braces ! two sides4 ,! supports = ! propell] axles ext5d out horizontally f ! sides4 ,?is arrangem5t makes x possible to m\nt two t5-in* propell]s on an eight-in* base4 ,! front ends ( ! frame are jo9$ by a semicircul> piece ( re$ :i* acts z a %ock absorb] & does away ) ! weight ( ! cross piece4 ,! workman%ip 9 e detail ( ?is frame mu/ be exce$+ly delicate4 ,! planes h an aspect ratio ( eight & measure two in*es 9 dep? by sixte5 9 wid?4 ,! out] ends ( ! re> plane are ?ree in*es 9 _! =e & aft dim5sions1 ?us mak+ ! out] re> edge a slight concave4 ,! front is cut %>ply away at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,! upp] plane lies flat ^u ! motor base4 ,! l[] plane is n set directly bel[ x z 9 ! ord9>y biplane =m1 b to ! re>1 its front edge be+ on a l9e ) ! re> edge ( ! upp] plane1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,valkyrie ma*9e4 ,! two planes are sep>at$ by a space slightly great] ?an _! wid?4 ,two small rudd]s1 elliptical 9 %ape1 are c>ri$ j beh9d & bel[ ! re> plane4 ,! model is m\nt$ on v delicate skids built ( re$1 & is incl9$ at a v slight angle4 ,six /r&s ( "o-eigh?-in* rubb] are us$ = ea* motor4 ,! unusual l5g? ( ! motor makes x possible to give six hundr$ turns4 ,,! ,,burgess ,,webb ,,model4 ,an +5i\s me?od ( light5+ ! front end ( ! motor base & at ! same "t r$uc+ ! head resi/ance is employ$ 9 ! ,burgess ,webb model4 ,a s+le /ick frame is us$ ) a base equal to "o-f\r? its l5g?4 ,! cross piece is mortis$ to ! c5tral /ick & brac$ by ! diagonal /icks1 jo9+ at ! ma9 frame4 ,?is cross piece is c>ri$ out beyond ! braces & pi]c$ = ! propell] %afts1 :]e two tw9 propell]s are m\nt$4 ,fig4 ,c4 ,! front plane is elliptical 9 =m1 ) a wid? equal to two-?irds ! wid? ( ! base4 ,x has an aspect ratio ( two4 ,! propell] motors are /rung on hooks atta*$ to ! out] sides ( ?is frame4 ,! plane mu/ be unusually /rong to /& ! pull ( ! motors1 :i* is naturally great4 ,x is fix$ to ! extreme out] end ( ! c5tral /ick4 ,! ma9 plane1 :i* is m\nt$ well =w>d 9 ?is model1 is an almo/ p]fect semicircle4 ,"o c1 ( c\rse1 c>ry out 8 own ideas 9 select+ ! design ( ! planes4 ,a v light c5tral /ick is us$ :i* is /r5g!n$ by wires runn+ to a v]tical /rut at ! c5t]4 ,x is claim$ t ! +5i\s arrangem5t ( ! =w>d plane cuts away f "o to two ounces 9 ! weight ( ! model1 & ! decreas$ head resi/ance adds bo? to its /ability 9 flight & di/ance qualities4 ,! simplifi$ =m ( front plane may be adopt$ on a v>iety ( models4 ,a ,,model ,,) ,,adju/able ,,/abiliz]s4 ,a s]viceable model may be built up ) flat planes equipp$ ) ail]ons bo? at ! re> & out] ends ( ! planes4 ,^! tips make x possible to control bo? ! horizontal & v]tical movem5t1 & p]mit a great _m adju/m5ts impossible ) o!r models4 ,! motor base may be borr[$ f "s e>li] model4 ,x %\ld be fairly heavy4 ,a rectangle measur+ t5 by =ty in*es built ( "o-half in* /rips w be f\nd suffici5tly rigid4 ,! sides %\ld be brac$ by a cross piece at ! middle4 ,! ends & c5tral /rut may be made ( "s =m ( truss1 if desir$4 ,"o ( ! simple/ means ( provid+ supports = ! axles ( ! propell]s is to c>ry ! /ick at ! re>1 "o & a half in*es beyond ! side pieces1 & pass ! axle ?r\gh a hole drill$ "o-half an in* f ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,model ,) ,adju/able ,/abiliz]4 ,! pull ( ! motors :5 w\nd is ?us well di/ribut$ &1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 p]mits ( a l>g] propell] be+ us$ )\t dang] ( _! /rik+ 9 turn+4 ,/ill ano!r advantage is t x keeps ! /r&s ( ! motor f int]f]+ ) ! planes4 ,:5 ! motors are /rung above ! planes1 !y h a t5d5cy to =ce ! ma*9e d[nw>d4 ,con/ruct two s]viceable planes ! same size1 six by eighte5 in*es4 ,^! %\ld be flat & cov]$ z smoo?ly z possible4 ,n[ atta* to ! re> edges ( ea* plane a s]ies ( ?ree ail]ons ea* two by five in*es1 fa/5+ "o at ei!r end & ! ?ird at ! middle4 ,make ! frames ( ! ail]ons ( a v light la? /rip & wire !m to ! re> edge 9 su* a way t !y may be swung up or d[n ?r\gh a small arc4 ,at ! out] ends ( ea* ( ! planes1 atta* semicircul> tips1 ea* ) a base ( six in*es & a radius ( six in*es4 ,^! may be r\nd$ (f or cut away to %>p po9ts z desir$4 ,!y %\ld also be atta*$ s t !y may be b5t up or d[n & w hold _! position4 ,m\nt ! model on "s simple arrangem5t ( re$ skids1 s t x w be elevat$ at a v slight angle above ! horizontal4 ,! model complete %\ld weigh ab\t eight ounces4 ,equipp$ ) tw9 motors ( f\rte5 /r&s ( "o-sixte5?-in* rubb] ea*1 ! propell]s %\ld be turn$ ab\t f\r hundr$ times4 ,a m$ium-pit* propell] w be/ s]ve y\r purpose4 ,9 fly+ ?is model1 be> 9 m9d t ! flight w be direct$ 9 an opposite direction f ! angle ( ! ail]ons1 or rudd]s1 j z a boat answ]s its helm4 ,! w+ tips %\ld be b5t up or d[n until ! flight is /able4 ,! complete equipm5t ( ail]ons enable "o to correct any defects 9 proportion :i* are likely to be ne$$ 9 models built by beg9n]s4 ,,an ,,effici5t ,,?ree-,,ounce ,,model4 7,record #ijj ,feet7 ,a surpris+ v>iety ( designs may be c>ri$ out 9 models ( ! ?ree-ounce class4 ,"o ( ! easie/ to control is a broad adaptation ( ! ,bl]iot model1 fl[n ) its small surface =w>d4 ,= a ?ree-foot model1 fir/ build two planes ( v light mat]ial4 ,wire frames are especially suit$ = ?is model4 ,! ma9 plane %\ld measure two feet 9 l5g? by f\r 9 wid?1 or ) an aspect ratio ( six4 ,! small] plane1 c>ri$ =w>d1 %\ld be "o foot 9 l5g? ) ! same aspect ratio4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to c>ry ! out] edges ( ?is plane back1 =m+ two in* squ>es at ! re> edges4 ,a plane ) a slight camb] w prove ! m /able4 ,= ! frame secure two light /icks ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* squ>e ( "s fairly /rong wood2 a /raight spruce is good4 ,atta* ! motors to ^! /icks be=e complet+ ! frame4 ,select "s rigid support = ! propell] axle4 ,prep>e two t5-in* propell]s1 c>v+ ! blades f propell] blanks ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! motor w probably "w be/ :5 made up ( six /r&s ( rubb]1 "o-eigh? ( an in* squ>e1 al?\gh ?is %\ld be f9ally det]m9$ by actual te/ flights4 ,keep all p>ts ( ! motors extremely light4 ,to assemble ! model1 connect ! =w>d ends ( ! /icks c>ry+ ! motors by a piece ( re$ b5t to a half circle1 by m]ely b9d+ ! ends firmly toge!r4 ,! /icks %\ld div]ge s t ! propell]s w be ab\t t5 in*es ap>t1 giv+ pl5ty ( room = ! propell]s to turn )\t /rik+ "o ano!r4 ,next fa/5 ! l>g] plane 9 position across ! top ( ! /icks1 & ab\t two in*es away f ! propell]s1 mak+ ! plane s]ve z a cross piece to hold !m firmly 9 position4 ,! /r&s ( ! motor %\ld pref]ably be c>ri$ above ! plane4 ,?is plan does away ) ! re> /ick ( ! motor base1 ?us sav+ ?is weight4 ,adju/ ! p>ts v c>efully1 t ! frame w be rigid en\gh to /& ! /ra9 ( ! motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,effici5t ,?ree-ounce ,model4 ,! model w require c>eful adju/+ to be br\ght to an ev5 keel4 ,! =w>d plane %\ld be atta*$ 9 su* a way t x may be tilt$ up or d[n z desir$4 ,) c>e1 ! weight ( ! model may be br\ght )9 ?ree ounces1 al?\gh a fraction ov] w n matt]4 ,models built on ^! l9es h fl[n 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e = #ijj feet4 ,,an ,,all-,,metal ,,model ,,frame4 ,9 a previ\s pap]1 x 0 sugge/$ t ! motor base be made ( tubes ( alum9um4 ,! idea has be5 c>ri$ fur!r1 & attractive frames are n[ con/ruct$ 9 :i* n only ! ma9 frame is con/ruct$ ( metal tub+1 b ! cross piece support+ ! propell]s & ! braces z well are ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! new metal1 magnalium1 has be5 us$ successfully = ?is purpose4 ,x is a trifle heavi] ?an alum9um1 b mu* /rong]1 & almo/ z easy to "w4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! motor base is sometimes made ( metal tub+ "o in* 9 diamet]1 & ! rubb] motor is pass$ ?r\gh ! tube itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,all-metal ,model ,frame4 ,su* a frame may be made readily by "o :o has _h no exp]i5ce 9 t9smi?+ or metal "w4 ,! metal frames are sometimes con/ruct$ by driv+ wood5 blocks into ! ends ( ! tubes & lett+ !m project "o-half an in* or m4 ,! plug may be cut (f flu%1 & ! cross piece fa/5$ by wire & /\t nails ?r\gh ! cross tube into ! plug ( ! ma9 tube4 ,a conv5i5t brace may be con/ruct$ by cutt+ ! tubes to ! prop] size1 fa/5 ! ends & pass ! rivet ?r\gh bo? tubes at ! po9t ( int]section1 & screw ! nut d[n firmly on ! opposite side4 ,su* a frame is practically inde/ructible4 ,!re is "o possible drawback1 h[ev]1 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! metal to b5d if ! rubb] motor pulls too /rongly4 ,once b5t1 x is difficult to get back into %ape4 ,?is t5d5cy may be ov]come :5 tw9 propell]s are us$1 by w9d+ alt]nately1 giv+ "o propell] "o hundr$ turns & ! o!r propell] "o hundr$ turns1 !n ! fir/ ano!r hundr$1 & s on until ! motor is w\nd up4 ,! planes1 propell]s & skids may be ( any reliable design4 ,,an ,,effici5t ,,s+le ,,/ick]4 ,a v light s+le-/ick model may be built ( bamboo rods1 :i* w /& an imm5se am\nt ( we> & te>4 ,x consi/s ( a s+le longitud9al memb] ) cross$ pieces at ei!r end1 brac$ aga9/ ! c5tral /ick to )/& ! pull ( ! motor4 ,select a bamboo /ick ab\t half an in* 9 diamet] & ?ree feet long4 ,an old fi% pole w answ]4 ,! cross pieces at ! ends %\ld be ( "s light1 /rong wood1 su* z popl>1 :itewood or a%1 s9ce !y mu/ be mortis$ & drill$1 & ! bamboo is likely to split "u ! op]ation4 ,use a ?ree-eigh?-in* /rip1 cutt+ a piece t5 in*es long = ! re> & ano!r six in*es 9 l5g? = ! front ( ! base4 ,fa/5 ^! rigidly 9 position at "r angles by mortis+1 glue+ & ty+ 9 position4 ,run diagonal pieces cut f qu>t]-in* /rips f ! ends ( bo? cross /icks to ! c5tral frame4 ,be c>eful n to cut away ! wood 9 mortis+ x1 = a bad break is likely to occur at ! weak5$ po9t4 ,build two s]viceable planes4 ,! l>g] "o1 :i* %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! re>1 %\ld measure ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es by eight1 & ! front plane twelve by f\r in*es4 ,s9ce y\r frame is v light & /rong1 !re is no ne$ to economize weight4 ,by c>ry+ ! braces runn+ f ! cross /icks well out on ! /ick1 y c provide a broad support = ! planes4 ,tie ! w+s on ! motor base ) /r&s ( rubb]4 ,9 l&+ !y w !n give en\gh to save a bad sma%4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! be/ models ( ! ye>1 built by ,john ,c>esi ,illu/ration3 ,an excell5t model1 %[+ c>eful att5tion to details4 ,built by ,l4 ,v4 ,brooks ,! propell]s are m\nt$ by pass+ ! axles ?r\gh holes drill$ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! re> /ick ab\t "o in* f ! ends4 ,! rubb] /r&s may be simply pass$ ar\nd ! front /ick & ti$ 9 position1 or may be loop$ ab\t a hook ins]t$ 9 ! /ick4 ,use a fairly high pit* propell]1 s9ce ! base w c>ry a p[]ful motor4 ,select "s simple =m ( skid1 = ! model w be comp>atively light1 say )9 t5 ounces4 ,a ,,"o-,,plane ,,model4 ,int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 made ?is season by alt]+ ! angle at :i* ! ma9 planes are set to ! motor base4 ,! !ory ( ^! designs is1 ( c\rse1 t ! resi/ance (f]$ by an ent]+ angle is less ?an t ( a /raight edge4 ,9 "s models1 ! ma9 planes are c>ri$ backw>d until ! re> tips are on a l9e ) ! propell]s4 ,! model is driv5 tail fir/ by tw9 propell]s4 ,! planes are besides set at a slight dih$ral angle s t ! angle ( incid5ce is great] at ! ends4 ,a rectangul> base is sugge/$1 ) a c5tral /ick4 ,! planes1 :i* may be ei!r flat or camb]$1 are atta*$ to ! c5tral /ick & slightly rais$ by ins]t+ /rips ( wood above ! out] edges ( ! motor base4 ,9 ?is way1 x is possible to fix !m rigidly4 ,wire braces runn+ f ! out] ends to ! re> ( ! motor base w add to its /r5g?4 ,! angle ( ! w+s to ! motor base may be alt]$ to suit conditions4 ,a plane ( high aspect ratio works be/ 9 ?is position4 ,,! ,,cann+ ,,model4 ,!re is mu* to be said = ! model ) propell]s plac$ ne> ! c5t]s ( gravity & pressure4 ,_m au?orities believe t ! successful a]oplane ( ! future w c>ry propell]s some:]e ne> ! c5t] ( ! motor base4 ,s9ce ! ?ru/ is ex]t$ ne> ! po9t :]e ! a]oplane balances1 x is argu$ t its /ability is greatly increas$1 :ile ) ! propell]s f> remov$1 ei!r to ! front or re>1 ! torque ga9s a lev]age f its position :i* x is difficult to control4 ,! ma9 difficulty ) ?is arrangem5t all along = rubb]-/r& motors has be5 t ! l5g? ( ! motor mu/ be cut d[n to ab\t half1 & _! effici5cy r$uc$4 ,9 ! ,cann+ model1 ?is difficulty has be5 ov]come1 & a motor ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( ! motor base is hit*$ up to tw9 propell]s plac$ ne> ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,a p[]ful motor ext5ds along ! c5t] ( ! motor base1 atta*$ to a ge> :eel at ! =w>d end4 ,?is :eel turns two small] ge>s at ei!r side4 ,9 ?is way1 a motor runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! frame may be us$ ) an increas$ numb] ( turns4 ,a ?ird ge> :eel %\ld be introduc$ to make ! propell]s turn 9 opposite directions4 ,,! ,,flemm+ ,,williams ,,model4 ,an imm5se am\nt ( curiosity has be5 ar\s$ reg>d+ ! fam\s ,flemm+ ,williams model4 ,?is ma*9e has completely outdi/anc$ all rivals1 & set a new & amaz+ di/ance record4 ,its build] frequ5tly gets flights ( eighte5 hundr$ feet ) 8 model1 & has made ! a/oni%+ record1 "u favorable conditions1 ( "o-half a mile4 ,9 ord] to /udy ?is model at fir/ h&1 ! writ] has import$ "o ( ! ma*9es1 built by ,d+1 ,sayles ,company1 "o ( ! lead+ model build]s ( ,engl&4 ,! di/ance qualities ( ?is model w be recogniz$ at a glance4 ,x is a s+le /ick]1 extremely light 9 all its memb]s1 comb9+ an extraord9>ily long motor base ) well-adju/$ plane surfaces4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! w+s is orig9al4 ,! ma9 /ability plane is set =w>d 9 front ( ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,! re> plane is =m$ by fill+ 9 ! space betwe5 ! re> /ick & ! braces1 ?us sav+ ! weight ( ! frame usually c>ri$ 9 ?is position4 ,! model is driv5 by two sev5 & a half in* propell]s ( v high pit*4 ,! model is )\t skids & is laun*$ f ! h&4 ,! c5tral memb] measures f\r feet two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! /ick is "o-half by "o-f\r? ( an in*1 ) ! =w>d "p tap]+ gradually to "o-f\r? ( an in* squ>e4 ,! base /ick is eight in*es 9 l5g?1 cut f a /rip five-eigh?s by "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,! diagonal pieces =m+ ! triangle are cut f ! same mat]ial1 & meet at a po9t eight in*es f ! re>1 ?us af=d+ a surface ( tw5ty-f\r squ>e in*es4 ,! wood5 p>ts are glu$ & ti$ toge!r1 no nails or brads be+ us$4 ,! ma9 plane is an exce$+ly ref9$ piece ( workman%ip4 ,a glance %[s t x is v spe$y4 ,! frame consi/s ( /eel wire "o ?irty-second ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! plane measures sixte5 & "o-half in*es 9 wid? & f\r & "o-half in*es 9 dep? at ! n>r[e/ po9t at ! c5t]1 & five & "o-half in*es 9 ! wide/ "p at ! ends4 ,x has f\r cross ribs ( ! same wire4 ,! frame is cov]$1 on ! upp] side1 ) oil$ silk4 ,! camb] is slightly high] at ! sides ?an ! middle4 ,! plan ( fix+ a rigid %aft = ! propell] axle is v simple & effective4 ,a piece ( alum9um tub+ is =c$ ov] ! ends ( ! re> /ick & glu$ firmly 9 position4 ,a hole = ! axle is !n drill$ ?r\gh ?is tube1 & ! wood5 /ick :i* =ms its core4 ,! axle ?us turns 9 :at is really a metal %aft1 & ! friction is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,a piece ( t9 tub+1 a putty bl[]1 = in/ance1 w s]ve z well4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ma*9e1 ! propell]s are cut f a bo>d "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick & b5t by /eam+ to ! desir$ curve4 ,! %afts ( ! propell]s are =m$ ( a v light /eel wire1 less ?an "o ?irty-second ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! re> /ick & b5t into a hook 9 ! usual way4 ,! motor an*orage consi/s ( a wire pass$ ?r\gh ! c5tral /ick & b5t back1 & turn$ into two hooks4 ,! rubb]-/r& motor consi/s ( tw5ty /r&s ( /rip rubb] "o-eigh? ( an in* broad4 ,a special prep>ation resembl+ cosmol9e is us$ to lubricate ! rubb]1 ?us increas+ ! numb] ( turns4 ,! motor w take on "o ?\s& turns )\t undue /ra94 ,,*apt] ,x ,,design+ ,,! ,,skids ,mu* m att5tion is paid to design+ ! skids = model a]oplanes 9 ,am]ica ?an abroad4 ,s9ce ! ,am]ican model usually rises f ! gr\nd "u its own p[]1 ?is detail ( con/ruction naturally has come to be ( vital importance4 ,by attack+ ! problems fac$ by ! design]s ( l>ge a]oplanes1 our "w is helpful 9 develop+ ! sci5ce ( aviation z a :ole4 ,no?+ has be5 f\nd bett] = build+ skids ?an cane or bamboo4 ,a *assis may be made ( ^! mat]ials :i* w weigh b a fraction ( an ounce1 s t ev5 ! mo/ elaborate skids w add b little weight4 ,!y are1 besides1 exce$+ly ela/ic1 :i* makes !m easy to "w1 :ile ?is quality enables !m to take up ! %ock ( a viol5t l&+4 ,! ?9ne/ sizes are be/ = our purposes4 ,! re$ "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet] w answ] = all ord9>y models4 ,to prep>e re$ = work+1 soak x = an h\r4 ,ano!r plan is to heat x slightly ov] a flame1 :5 x may be b5t ) little dang] ( break+4 ,9 case ( a bad sma% dur+ a meet su* skids may be readily piec$ out & repairs made s quickly t ! model ne$ n be kept long out ( ! conte/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a model ) limit$ plane area built by ,r4 ,b>ry ,illu/ration3 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 metal frame build+ by ,r4 ,fi%] ,! simple/ skid is made by splitt+ a section ( re$1 or splic+ x1 to =m a ,y1 & atta*+ ! upp] ends to ! bottom ( y\r motor base4 ,! l[] end is !n b5t into a half circle4 ,wrap ! re$ tightly at ! crot* to keep x f splitt+1 & t\* ! wrapp+ ) glue4 ,to make su* a skid /able1 jo9 ! two pieces by a cross brace4 ,! skid %\ld slant backw>d at a slight angle to r$uce ! friction on />t+4 ,sev]al me?ods ( brac+ su* a skid are sugge/$ 9 ! accompany+ photographs ( models4 ,a /rong] skid is =m$ by turn+ ! re$ to =m ellipses & atta*+ !m to ! motor base4 ,! curv$ p>ts w require brac+4 ,two diagonal braces w keep !m 9 position4 ,"s model build]s pref] to %ape ! skids at ! bottom1 s t only a s+le po9t ( ! re$ comes 9 contact ) ! floor4 ,?is plan makes x possible to %ape ! skids into sev]al graceful =ms :i* help to make ! model attractive4 ,/ill ano!r plan1 foll[$ by "s ( ! mo/ successful model build]s1 is to %ape ! skids l ! runn]s ( a sleigh4 ,9 "s ( ! ,p]cy ,pi]ce models ?is ye>1 ab\t six in*es ( ! re> skids come 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! friction 9 ?is case w\ld be consid]able1 b ?is p>ticul> model is "o ( ! quicke/ to rise4 ,?is design has ! great advantage ( be+ extremely ela/ic & lett+ ! re> ( ! model d[n g5tly aft] a consid]able fall4 ,"s model build]s /ill reta9 ! :eel skid 9 a mu* simpl] & light] =m4 ,! m9iature bicycle :eels d v well = scale models1 b s9ce !y are likely to add an ounce or two to ! weight ( ! a]oplane1 !y are prohibitive4 ,to avoid ?is weight1 ! :eels may be made ( simple disks ( wood cut v small4 ,a :eel "o-half an in* 9 diamet]1 cut f a bo>d "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 weighs practically no?+ & af=ds suffici5t support4 ,^! may be m\nt$ v simply on axles made ( b5t wire atta*$ to ! feet ( ! skids4 ,s&pap] ! rims to an edge 9 ord] to r$uce ! surface pres5t$ to ! air4 ,s9ce _! surface is edgewise to ! l9e ( flight1 !y w (f] v little resi/ance4 ,! :eels on "s ( ?is ye>'s models are =m$ ( wire disks cov]$ ) silk4 ,! weight ( ^! :eels is practically no?+1 & !y add mu* to ! appe>ance ( a well-f9i%$ model4 ,wire disks :i* may be cov]$ 9 ?is way may be b\ght f ! supply h\ses4 ,x requires r a skilful h& to %ape ! wire into p]fect circles :i* w run easily4 ,! cov]+ aga9 is a v nice op]ation4 ,! silk :eel is n recomm5d$ = ! beg9n]2 b = "o :o is anxi\s to f9i% 8 model to ! la/ detail z attractively z possible1 !y =m an int]e/+ feature4 ,p+-pong balls make s]viceable skids4 ,s9ce !y are c>efully r\nd$1 !y w turn easily4 ,to m\nt !m1 drill a hole = ! wire %aft or axle1 tak+ great c>e to h x pass ?r\gh opposite po9ts ( ! sph]e4 ,! wire may !n be b5t above x & atta*$ to ! skid4 ,! celluloid turn+ on ! wire axle produces practically no friction1 & ! ball (f]s v little resi/ance to ! air4 ,! balls are1 ( c\rse1 extremely light & add little to ! weight ( ! model4 ,by comb9+ ! skid & :eel =m ( support1 y\r model w ga9 ! advantage ( bo? ^! devices4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! ,f>man skid may be foll[$4 ,! skid 9 ?is case %\ld be fairly heavy1 /rong en\gh to hold its %ape1 al?\gh ela/ic en\gh to take up a consid]able %ock4 ,! simple/ plan is to connect ! two skids by a cross piece1 & use ?is z ! axle = two small :eels1 m\nt$ on ! outside ( ! skid4 ,?is plan enables ! a]oplane to rise ) ! m9imum am\nt ( resi/ance & l& at ! end ( a flight ) protection4 ,9 ! collapsible skid we f9d "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ novelties ( ! ye>4 ,?is +5i\s me*anism1 :i* is v easy to adju/1 & :i* is plac$ "u ! front ( ! model on ris+ f ! gr\nd1 is drawn into a horizontal position ext5d+ out be=e ! ma*9e & acts z a buff]1 an a]ial c[-cat*]4 ,any simple =m ( skid may be adju/$ 9 ?is way4 ,! upp] end or ends are m]ely fa/5$ to ! motor base s t !y w sw+ easily back & =?4 ,f a po9t half way d[n ! skid1 a rubb] b& is run to ! front end ( ! motor base4 ,:5 ! model is set on ! gr\nd1 aft] w9d+ up1 ! skid is pull$ back to =m ! =w>d support4 ,x w be f\nd necess>y to adju/ x to /& at a trifle less ?an ! v]tical4 ,! rubb] b&s mu/ be j /rong en\gh to p]mit ! skid to /& 9 ?is position :5 held d[n by ! weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,z ! ma*9e rises1 ! skid is1 ( c\rse1 releas$ & in/antly snaps up to a horizontal position4 ,a new int]e/ is l5t to model a]oplane build+ by m\nt+ !m on pontoons contriv$ to float !m on ! wat]4 ,sev]al l>ge m5 c>ry+ ma*9es h ris5 f ! wat]1 notably ! ,curtiss model4 ,x is believ$ by "s aviators t s9ce ! wat] (f]s less friction ?an ! e>? or ?an a wood5 runway1 x is easi] to rise 9 ?is way4 ,! build]s ( mod]n a]oplanes h be5 quick to adopt ?is idea4 ,! models are m\nt$ on m9iature pontoons1 & aft] w9d+ up ! motors are releas$ 9 ! usual way4 ,an actual photograph ( a model ?us m\nt$ 9 ! v act ( ris+ cle> on ! surface ( ! wat] is reproduc$ z a frontispiece ( ?is volume4 ,! pontoons1 x w be notic$1 consi/ ( two small pieces ( bo>d1 plac$ almo/ directly b5ea? ! planes4 ,! model is m\nt$ on ^! pontoons by ord9>y skids ( re$4 ,! angle ( ! planes ) ! surface ( ! wat] is ! same z 9 ! ord9>y m\nt+4 ,! pontoons are kept z small & light z possible4 ,to />t ! ma*9e1 ! propell]s are w\nd up 9 ! usual way4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a model w\ld rise r m quickly f ! wat] ?an f ! l& or )9 a few feet4 ,z our photograph %[s1 ! pontoons leave a slight wake beh9d !m 9 ! wat]4 ,once />t$ to rise1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9e rapidly ga9s its elevation4 ,"o advantage ( ! pontoon skid fly+ ov] ! wat] is ! safety x insures on l&+4 ,at ! end ( su* a flight ! model drops into ! wat]1 b ) little dang] ( break+ any ( its p>ts4 ,x w be f\nd int]e/+ to exp]im5t 9 m\nt+ ! model loosely on pontoons1 s t :5 x rises x w leave !m beh9d1 ?us do+ away ) ! increas$ load4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,ge>$ ,,motors ,a ,,m accurate control may be ga9$ ov] a /r& motor by us+ ge> :eels4 ,bo? _! spe$ & duration may be increas$ indef9itely4 ,! ge> w re/ra9 a p[]ful motor f rac+1 act+ mu* ! same z ! gov]nor ( an ord9>y eng9e4 ,/ill ano!r advantage is ! /ead9ess !y insure to a ma*9e 9 flight by cutt+ d[n ! vibration4 ,! ge>$ :eels & ! frames = m\nt+ !m w be f\nd to add v little weight1 & !y make possible a sav+ ( rubb] 9 ! motor :i* r5d]s su* equipm5t no heavi] ?an ! ord9>y direct-drive motor4 ,ge>s may be in/all$ ^u any ord9>y motor base4 ,"h is a fasc9at+ field = exp]im5t4 ,! great advantage ( ! ge>$ motor lies1 ( c\rse1 9 ! fact t x enables y to divide up y\r rubb] motor into small] gr\ps ( /r&s4 ,z y increase ! p[] by add+ m rubb]1 y ( c\rse cut d[n ! numb] ( ! turns x w take4 ,a motor =ty in*es 9 l5g?1 compris+ six /r&s ( rubb]1 "o-eigh? ( an in* squ>e1 may be twi/$ to ab\t "o ?\s& turns4 ,d\ble ! numb] ( /r&s & y w f9d t y _c get m ?an five hundr$ turns ) safety4 ,d\ble ! diamet] ( y\r motor "o m & x _c be twi/$ m ?an to two hundr$ times4 ,n[ x is cle> t if ! motor consi/s ( two gr\ps ( six /r&s ea*1 & ! axles be ge>$ toge!r1 x may be w\nd up ) "o ?\s& turns :ile ! p[] ex]t$ w be t ( ! twelve /r&s4 ,a motor ) ?ree gr\ps ( /r&s 9 turn w give y "o ?\s& turns ) ! propell+ =ce ( ! comb9$ numb]1 or eighte5 /r&s1 & s on4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be laid d[n1 t by divid+ y\r motor y d\ble ! numb] ( revolutions4 ,! heavi] ! motor ! great] is ! vibration 9 unw9d+1 & z y h d\btless discov]$1 a model :i* vibrates 9 flight (f]s a greatly increas$ resi/ance to ! air4 ,! ge>$ motor cuts ! vibration 9 half1 or a ?ird1 z ! case may be4 ,incid5tally1 ?is r5d]s y\r motor practically noiseless4 ,! resi/ance (f]$ by a set ( smoo?ly-runn+ ge>$ :eels is slight1 & may be comp5sat$ by add+ m /r&s to ! motor4 ,9 m\nt+ !m use ! same c>e z us$ 9 ! %afts ( ord9>y motors4 ,by m\nt+ !m on a simple metal frame ! friction may be cut d[n /ill fur!r4 ,?is me*anism1 moreov]1 is s slight t y c af=d to select sub/antial mat]ial = ! purpose4 ,! clock :eels us$ 9 mo/ ( our ,am]ican clocks are too ?9 = ! purpose & easily slip ap>t4 ,a :eel "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick w add little weight to y\r model & w run mu* m smoo?ly4 ,!y may be b\ght v *eaply f clockmak]s4 ,! +5i\s m9iature ball be>+s con/ruct$ = model a]oplanes are excell5t = m\nt+ ge>s1 b !y are n ess5tial by any means1 & ! ord9>y arrangem5t ( wa%]s us$ = motor axles w be delicate en\gh = ge> adju/m5ts4 ,complete sets ( ge> :eels m\nt$ on metal frames1 ready to be atta*$ to ! motor bases1 may be pur*as$ f ! supply h\ses1 b !y are s simple t almo/ any bright boy c con/ruct !m = himself4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) ge>s x w be well to beg9 ) b two sets ( /r&s ) ge>s ( ! same numb] ( tee?4 ,sev]al models equipp$ 9 ?is way h be5 fl[n ) success 9 ,am]ica4 ,! be/ flights are ^? made by a model built by ,mr4 ,frank ,s*oeb] ( ,new ,york1 a w9n] 9 sev]al competitions4 ,mr4 ,s*oeb]'s model is driv5 by two motors ( ?ree /r&s ea*4 ,he uses :eels ( ! same size & numb] ( tee?4 ,! support on :i* ! ge> :eels are m\nt$ mu/ be p]fectly rigid1 s9ce any play w result 9 a s]i\s loss ( p[] ?r\gh increas$ friction4 ,compress$-air motors h n yet be5 develop$ to a =m practical = use 9 small model a]oplanes4 ,illu/ration3 ,an a]oplane ( simple con/ruction t flies rem>kably well1 built by ,r4 ,s4 ,b>naby ,a numb] ( inv5tors are at "w on ?is problem & high hopes are ent]ta9$ t a practical =m ( compress$-air eng9e w soon be inv5t$4 ,an unlimit$ supply ( compress$ air may ( c\rse be c>ri$ )\t add+ to ! weight ( ! model4 ,x co/s no?+ aga9 to get a supply4 ,anyone ) a bicycle pump c get up en\gh en]gy = 8 model z easily z he c inflate a bicycle tire4 ,! be/ compress$-air eng9es at pres5t weigh f "o-?ird to "o-half z mu* z ! model !y drive1 & w run only f t5 to ?irty seconds4 ,spr+ motors hold out a promise = ! model a]oplane build]4 ,a numb] ( fasc9at+ exp]im5ts h be5 made to utilize ! p[] ( a coil spr+4 ,"o "y aviator m\nt$ ! spr+ ( an ord9>y %ade roll] ^u a model a]oplane4 ,! spr+ 0 connect$ up = a direct drive1 a s+le propell] be+ us$4 ,x 0 f\nd t su* a spr+ c\ld turn fifty times1 /or+ up a relatively l>ge am\nt ( en]gy4 ,once releas$1 h[ev]1 x unw\nd ) />tl+ rapidity4 ,! unw9d+ process 0 s rapid t ! propell] spun ?r\gh ! air )\t tak+ hold or ex]t+ any appreciable driv+ p[]4 ,a propell] ( v high pit* 0 employ$1 b ) ! same results4 ,evid5tly a spr+ ( ?is nature is n practical4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 ) coil spr+s bett] suit$ = model a]oplanes1 ) satisfactory results4 ,s9ce trolley c>s h be5 driv5 = consid]able di/ances by en]gy w\nd up 9 coil spr+s1 ! model a]oplane %\ld be able to take advantage ( ?is ela/icity4 ,d\btless ano!r ye> w f9d model a]oplanes fly+ by en]gy /or$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,petrol motors are n[ (f]$ = sale 9 sizes suitable = model a]oplanes by sev]al firms4 ,a motor develop+ "o-half ( "o horsep[] weighs b little4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty ( ^! little p[] plants is t !y set up a m or less viol5t vibration :i* racks ! entire ma*9e & r5d]s a /able flight difficult4 ,to set up "o ( ^! eng9es & adju/ x to s delicate a task requires ! highe/ eng9e]+ skill4 ,unless "o has _h su* exp]i5ce x w be well to avoid su* exp]im5ts = ! pres5t at lea/4 ,z a rule ! eng9es are us$ to equip scale models :i* are n int5d$ to fly4 ,! beautiful model illu/rat$ on ! cov] ( ?is volume built by ,mr4 ,k>l ,h4 ,de ,leon is equipp$ ) a rot>y ,knome eng9e especially import$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,lessons ,,( ,,! ,,man-,,c>ry+ ,,a]oplanes ,,! build] ( model a]oplanes w d well to keep 9 t\* ) ! developm5t ( ! pass5g]-c>ry+ air craft4 ,! developm5t ( bo? types ( ma*9es w always be m or less p>allel4 ,x is especially important t y wat* ! design & position ( w+s1 & ! model+ ( propell]s1 s9ce "h ! problem confront+ bo? classes ( build]s is practically ! same4 ,! use ( ail]ons & v]tical surfaces & all improvem5t 9 /e]+ ! l>ge ma*9es aga9 may h a direct application on model a]oplane build+s4 ,! photographs ( ! new models ( ! l>ge ma*9es publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s w (t5 give valuable h9ts1 :ile ! te*nical a]onautical pap]s w1 ( c\rse1 give m detail$ in=mation4 ,9 a few ye>s1 at ! pres5t rate ( model a]oplane developm5t1 ! design]s & pilots ( l>ge ma*9es may be look+ to ! new designs ( model a]oplanes ) mu* ! same int]e/4 ,!re is at pres5t b "o pass5g]-c>ry+ monoplane1 ! ,valkyrie1 fl[n tail fir/4 ,x is built 9 two sizes1 ! small]1 fitt$ ) high-p[]$ eng9es1 be+ int5d$ = rac+4 ,! g5]al l9es ( ! ,valkyrie resemble ^? ( _m ( ! model a]oplanes1 b !re are "s features :i* des]ve c>eful /udy4 ,! ma9 plane ( ! ,valkyrie is set at a pron\nc$ elevation1 & has a high aspect ratio4 ,! front & re> planes are sep>at$ by a di/ance equal to ab\t five times _! wid?4 ,bo? planes h a slight camb]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ novel features ( ?is model is t ! =w>d plane is tilt$ upw>d at a positive angle1 :ile ! re> plane is elevat$ consid]ably less1 ?us giv+ ! ma*9e a longitud9al dih$ral angle4 ,?is arrangem5t makes = =e & aft /ability mu* ! same z ! dih$ral angle ( ! w+s makes = lat]al /ability1 & sugge/s an int]e/+ field ( exp]im5t4 ,! new type ( ,bl]iot ,,xi foll[s ! g5]al l9es ( ! fam\s ma*9e :i* fir/ cross$ ! ,*annel4 ,! fuselage ( ! new ma*9e1 h[ev]1 is completely cov]$1 tap]+ to a broad flat surface at ! re>4 ,?is plan ( ga9+ m surface by cov]+ ! frame is becom+ g5]al4 ,9 model build+1 x is unsafe to foll[ ?is plan1 unless ! motor base be comp>atively small4 ,! new ,bl]iot c>ries a l>g] horizontal rudd] ?an =m]ly1 plac$ aft1 :ile ! v]tical rudd] above x has be5 increas$ 9 size4 ,! g5]al design ( ! ma9 plane1 :i* is plac$ =w>d1 rema9s un*ang$4 ,a s+le tractor screw is c>ri$ 9 front z usual4 ,9 ! new ,blackburn a]oplane1 ! fuselage is cov]$ ) wood z f> back z ! pilot's seat1 & ) clo? to its extreme end4 ,! use ( ?9 bo>d = ?is purpose sugge/s int]e/+ possibilities4 ,"o ( ! mo/ novel features ( ?is model is ! light skid atta*$ to ! out] ends ( ! ma9 plane4 ,! skid is v light1 add+ little to ! weight or head resi/ance1 & prev5ts ! end ( ! plane f digg+ into ! gr\nd on l&+4 ,su* an atta*m5t may readily be add$ to model a]oplanes :5 !y w save _m a brok5 w+4 ,a novelty 9 plane-design+ is %[n 9 ! ,h&ley ,page monoplane4 ,! ma9 plane1 c>ri$ =w>d1 z 9 ! ,bl]iot1 is camb]$ j back ( ! ent]+ edge1 fl[s back to a flat surface at ! middle & !n tilts upw>d t[>d ! re> edge4 ,! two sides1 9 turn1 are set at a slight dih$ral angle to ! horizontal4 ,?is model+ is believ$ to secure automatic /ability 9 two dim5sions1 bo? longitud9al & transv]se4 ,! planes are unusually broad 9 _! =e & aft dim5sion1 ext5d+ back ne>ly "o-half ! l5g? ( ! motor base4 ,! horizontal & v]tical rudd]s are v small4 ,! design %\ld "w well 9 models4 ,build]s ( biplane models w f9d "s int]e/+ sugge/ions 9 ! new ,bri/ol biplane4 ,! =w>d planes are ( ! biplane =m1 ! l[] surface be+ mu* n>r[] ?an ! sup]impos$ plane1 ! comp>ative wid? be+ "o-?ird wid]4 ,ano!r orig9al feature ( ?is ma*9e is t ! planes are connect$ by only f\r /ruts in/ead ( by r[s ( /ruts along bo? ! front & re> edges4 ,! planes are held rigid by a s]ies ( braces4 ,x is believ$ t ?is arrangem5t decreases ! head resi/ance1 at ! same "t insur+ consid]able lat]al automatic /ability4 ,! re> plane is ( ! monoplane type4 ,! fri5ds ( ! ,dunn monoplane believe t ! "q ( automatic /ability has be5 practically solv$ 9 ?is +5i\s ma*9e4 ,! ,dunn ma*9e has fl[n on an ev5 keel = five miles )\t ! pilot once t\*+ ! controll+ lev]s4 ,! trick is 9 ! design ( ! ma9 w+s4 ,! great] "p ( ! w+1 ext5d+ out f ! c5tral /ick1 has a slight camb] & is slightly elevat$1 besides be+ set at a dih$ral angle4 ,ne> ! out] edge ! w+s are b5t %>ply d[n1 mu* z ! w+s ( a swall[ are b5t1 & are giv5 a consid]able negative angle bo? =w>d & outw>d4 ,! tips1 !re=e1 =m pockets at ei!r end "u ! ar*$ tips4 ,w+s model$ 9 ?is way are rem>kably /able ev5 :5 travel+ across ! w9d4 ,:5 a gu/ ( w9d /rikes ! out] edge ( ! plane1 x t5ds to ?ru/ x d[n r ?an up1 z is ! case :5 a gu/ gets "u a w+ ( ! ord9>y design4 ,! w+ quickly rights itself1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! angle ( ! plane t5ds to lift x4 ,! pockets 9 turn by compress+ ! air t5d to c\nt]act ?is tipp+ t5d5cy4 ,^! pockets are besides clos$ to an ext5t by ail]ons or flaps1 :i* may be pull$ d[n1 ?us conf9+ ! air /ill fur!r4 ,an effective device = secur+ lat]al control appe>s 9 ! new ,grahame-,:ite ma*9e4 ,n>r[ ail]ons are plac$ on ! =w>d edge ( ! front plane ne> ! out] tips4 ,! tips at ! opposite ends are h+$ & s connect$ t z "o is rais$ ! correspond+ tip is l[]$1 or ! o!r way ab\t4 ,n[ z "o ( ^! tips is l[]$1 t5d+ to lift ! ma*9e1 ! opposite ail]on work+ 9 ! o!r direction t5ds to depress x4 ,! increas$ resi/ance (f]$ by ! l[]$ flap aga9 t5ds to keep ! ma*9e f sw++ ar\nd 9 ! direction ( ! side on :i* ! o!r ail]on is l[]$4 ,! lat]al control is ?us mu* m quickly appli$ ?an 9 ! case ( ! re> ail]ons4 ,9 apply+ ?is pr9ciple to model con/ruction1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! resi/ance ( ^! =w>d tips is t5d+ to ret>d ! ma*9e & mu/ be us$ ) c>e :5 ! motive p[] is limit$4 ,z f> z g5]al appe>ance is conc]n$1 ! ,piggot monoplane is probably ! greate/ novelty ( ! ye>4 ,x is ! fir/ a]oplane to c>ry a cab91 z x 71 9 :i* ! pilot sits completely enclos$4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance x sugge/s a great :ale ) exagg]at$ f9s4 ,! pilot looks out ?r\gh elliptical w9d[s at ! sides & bottom1 cov]$ ) mica1 to protect him f ! w9d4 ,! w+s ( ! ,piggot a]oplane resemble ! ,bl]iot ma*9e1 ! propell]1 or r tractor1 be+ c>ri$ =w>d4 ,x is extremely int]e/+1 h[ev]1 s9ce x sugge/s = ! fir/ "t :at ! appe>ance ( a cab9$1 pass5g]-c>ry+ a]oplane ( ! future may be4 ,on ! ,f>man a]oplane1 ! arrangem5t = provid+ /ability is v int]e/+4 ,! ail]ons 9 ?is case are atta*$ to ! re> ( "o ( ! ma9 planes1 ! l[] "o1 by h+es4 ,?is g5]al plan w be foll[$ 9 ! case ( ! model a]oplanes4 ,9 a numb] ( successful model a]oplanes1 ! ,f>man ail]ons h be5 closely imitat$4 ,! ,curtiss biplane dep5ds = its /ability ^u ail]ons m\nt$ midway betwe5 ! two ma9 planes & p>tly )9 !m4 ,?is plan is sc>cely practicable 9 ! case ( model a]oplanes1 s9ce !y increase air resi/ance & are difficult to control4 ,! ,baldw9 biplane has introduc$ a new feature = obta9+ /ability :i* may be closely imitat$4 ,a l>ge plane is set v]tically1 directly above ! upp] ma9 plane :i* may be swung f side to side by ! pilot4 ,! !ory ( ?is /abiliz+ surface is t x w re/ore equilibrium f side to side1 s9ce x works 9 undi/urb$ air :ile meet+ ) v little head resi/ance4 ,_m build]s ( model a]oplanes h introduc$ a simil> v]tical plane directly above ! ma9 plane1 or h plac$ x well =w>d at ! extreme front ( ! motor base4 ,by remov+ ?is rudd] z f> z possible f ! ma9 support+ surface1 x ex]ts a great] lev]age1 & a v small plane c>ri$ well =w>d w be m effective ?an a l>g] plane directly above ! ma9 support+ surface4 ,x has ! disadvantage ( cat*+ any *ance side curr5t & !reby knock+ ! a]oplane (f its c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,p]cy ,pi]ce1 w9n] ( ! di/ance record ,illu/ration3 ,a well-proportion$ model1 capable ( long flights ,illu/ration3 ,a well design$ a]oplane built by ,james ,mac,pherson ,! same pr9ciple has be5 c>ri$ some:at fur!r 9 ! case ( ! new ,h]r+ biplane1 :i* c>ries six triangul> /abiliz+ f9s set v]tically above ! upp] plane4 ,x is believ$ t ^! f9s (f] consid]able resi/ance to any tipp+ motion ( ! planes1 & if ! ma*9e slants to "o side or ! o!r1 = any cause1 !re is a t5d5cy1 ( c\rse1 to d>t d[nw>d at an abrupt angle4 ,! f9s ret>d ?is motion z f> z ! upp] plane is conc]n$1 & ! l[] plane )\t su* an equipm5t t5ds to sw+ back l a p5dulum1 ?us br++ ! a]oplane to an ev5 keel4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,anto9ette a]oplane1 ( a monoplane type1 a some:at diff]5t device is dep5d$ ^u = /ability4 ,! ail]ons 9 ?is case are atta*$ to ! out] edges ( ! re> w+ & are h+$ s t !y may be rais$ or l[]$ at w4 ,"o ( ^! may be turn$ up :ile ! o!r is turn$ d[n4 ,al?\gh ^! resemble ! ,f>man ail]ons1 !y are believ$ to be twice z effective s9ce !y may "w 9 opposite directions1 :ile ^? ( ! ,f>man a]oplane may only be incl9$ d[nw>d4 ,x w be notic$ 9 ! photographs ( _m successful model a]oplanes t ! tips ( ! w+s are flex$ upw>d at an angle (t5 z mu* z #de degrees4 ,^! planes1 x is believ$1 t5d to l[] ! c5t] ( gravity1 & 9 ! case ( a turn t5d to br+ ! a]oplane to an ev5 keel4 ,_! head resi/ance 9 a /raight flight is1 ( c\rse1 r great4 ,x is claim$ t ! ,anto9ette a]oplane is ! easie/ ( all a]oplanes = a beg9n]1 l>gely because ( ?is adju/m5t ( ail]ons4 ,"o ( ! mo/ novel devices = ga9+ /ability :i* has appe>$ dur+ ! ye>1 is t ( ! ,pfitzn] monoplane1 :i* ga9s lat]al /ability by means ( an +5i\s slid+ w+ tip :i* may be pu%$ out or drawn back at w4 ,:5 ! a]oplane beg9s to fall f its level1 "o ( ^! w+ tips is %ot out1 :ile ! o!r is pull$ 94 ,?is increas$ surface t5ds to ?r[ "o plane upw>d :ile ! %ort] plane1 :i* = ! "t ex]ts less lift+ p[]1 falls correspond+ly4 ,! ,pfitzn] monoplane makes _m %>p turns ) v little tipp+4 ,a ,new ,york aviator has succe$$1 x is report$1 9 build+ a practicable a]oplane1 :i* comb9es ! be/ features ( bo? ! light] & heavi] ?an air ma*9es4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! developm5t ( a]onautics _m believ$ t ! solution ( ! problem 0 to be f\nd 9 "s su* comb9ation4 ,! attempts usually consi/$ 9 add+ l>ge planes to dirigible balloons4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! comb9ation 0 giv5 up z impossible4 ,! great dirigibles ( to-day c>ry consid]able plane surface1 b ?is is int5d$ to l5d /ability = guid+ & n support4 ,! ,new ,york aviator1 h[ev]1 rev]ses matt]s & reta9+ ! a]oplane =m attempts to ga9 additional support f gas pockets4 ,he does ?is by build+ 8 plane aft] ! g5]al ,bl]iot model b ) a consid]able space betwe5 ! upp] & l[] surfaces1 :i* he fills ) gas4 ,! ma*9e has n yet be5 exhibit$1 b x is und]/ood t ?is space is upw>ds ( "o foot 9 ?ickness & z wide & long z ! planes4 ,! front ent]+ edge is kept %>p s t ! w+s1 = all _! size1 meet z little resi/ance z possible4 ,:e!r ! support ga9$ f s small a body ( gas is wor? :ile1 & c\nt]acts ! increas$ resi/ance ( ! enl>g$ w+1 is ( c\rse an op5 "q4 ,! dirigible a]oplane has be5 fl[n successfully sev]al times1 h[ev]1 ) a pass5g] & is report$ to h behav$ well4 ,! new ,paulhan biplane introduces an entirely new =m ( plane :i* is be+ wat*$ ) great int]e/4 ,! w+s h ! appe>ance ( be+ flut$ or corrugat$4 ,! frames ( ! planes consi/ ( a great numb] ( ribs1 runn+ f front to re>1 plac$ b a few in*es ap>t4 ,^! ribs are made v flexible4 ,! canvass cov]+ ( ! planes is sewn ) a s]ies ( pockets1 exactly correspond+ to ! ribs4 ,! w+s are cov]$ by m]ely pull+ ! canvass on ! ribs & fa/5+ x rigidly 9 place4 ,?is gives ! canvass a t5d5cy to ar* betwe5 ! ribs s t ! planes consi/ ( a s]ies ( corrugations4 ,x is believ$ by "s aviators t ! support+ p[] ( ! a]oplane is increas$ 9 ?is way4 ,x has ! advantage at lea/ ( be+ v easy to adju/4 ,a model a]oplane built on ^! l9es %\ld fly well & h a di/9ctive appe>ance4 ,ano!r feature ( ! new ,paulhan :i* %\ld appeal to ! build] ( model a]oplanes is its +5i\s truss$ gird]4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,fabre gird]4 ,x is int]e/+ to note "h t ! built-up gird] 0 us$ 9 ! model a]oplanes ev5 be=e x 0 adopt$ 9 ! man-c>ry+ ma*9es4 ,! ,fabre gird] consi/s ( two long /rips ( light wood connect$ by crosspieces ( /eel runn+ diagonally4 ,?is =m ( con/ruction gives unusual /r5g? & is v light4 ,x has its p>allel 9 ! beautifully built-up trusses to be f\nd = in/ance 9 ! models built by ,mr4 ,mungokee4 ,9 ?is case ! gird]s are made entirely ( wood4 ,! "q is (t5 ask$ :e!r ! re> edge ( ! front plane %\ld be /raight or br\ght back & tipp$ at ei!r end4 ,a /udy ( ! v>i\s models ( ! /&>d manufactur]s %[s t !re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! exp]ts4 ,! build]s ( model a]oplanes 9 ,am]ica /ill reta9 ! /raight l9e1 :ile 9 ,engl& ! tips are br\ght well back 9 a great _m ( ! designs4 ,! !ory ( ?is =m is1 obvi\sly1 t ?is tip t5ds to damp out any lat]al motion1 & makes = /ability4 ,9 ! mo/ successful ,am]ican models ! re> l9e ( ! plane is kept /raight )\t app>5t loss ( /ability4 ,turn+ n[ to ! l>ge ma*9es1 we f9d a simil> contra/4 ,9 none ( ! ,bl]iot models is ! re> l9e brok54 ,! ,wright1 ,curtis & ,anto9ette ma*9es1 ev5 9 _! late/ =m1 /ill reta9 ! /raight l9e4 ,! ,etri* monoplane has _h good results ) re> w+ tips4 ,! model has be5 accept$ by ! ,au/rian ,m9i/] ( ,w> :o has ord]$ a fleet ( tw5ty ( ^! craft = ! army4 ,! re> tip 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,lili5?al4 ,! fri5ds ( ?is =m claim t x m ne>ly approa*es ! =m ( a bird's w+ ?an any ( ! o!r planes n[ 9 use4 ,! dep? ( ! ma9 plane is n9e & ?ree-qu>t] feet & at ! tips twelve feet4 ,! entire tip is s adju/$ t x may be flex$ at w f ! pilot's seat4 ,x w be se5 t ?is arrangem5t makes x possible to imitate ! flight ( a bird v closely4 ,9 adopt+ ?is idea 9 model a]oplanes x w be well to atta* ! ext5sion by a h+e s t x may be turn$ up or d[n at w4 ,s9ce x is plac$ well out f ! ma9 axis ( ! ma*9e its lev]age is naturally great4 ,9 ! l>ge ma*9es z well z 9 ! models !re seems to be a g5]al t5d5cy to increase ! aspect ratio ( ! ma9 planes4 ,! ,bl]iot ,,xi /ill reta9s its broad deep plane1 b 9 sev]al ( ! models ! dep? ( ! model has be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,9 ! new ,vois9 monoplane ! ma9 w+ has a wid? ( ?irty-sev5 feet & a dep? ( b five feet1 ?us giv+ x an aspect ratio ( ne>ly "o to eight4 ,! ma*9e flies ) great ease1 its resi/ance is v l[ & x answ]s well to its /abiliz+ devices4 ,! ,cody biplane aga9 has support+ planes measur+ fifty-two feet by only sev5 feet six in*es4 ,! same t5d5cy to r$uce ! size ( ! planes is noticeable 9 ! rec5t ,wright models4 ,! ,wright ma*9es 7model ,r71 are ! smalle/ yet us$ on an a]oplane4 ,!y h a spread ( b tw5ty-six feet six in*es & a *ord ( only ?ree feet sev5 in*es1 giv+ !m an exce$+ly high aspect ratio4 ,9 ! rac+ ma*9es ! spread has be5 cut d[n to tw5ty-"o feet six in*es4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ 9 an e>li] *apt] to ?is same t5d5cy to r$uce ! w+ area 9 model a]oplanes4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d our amateur aviators increas+ ! aspect ratio ( _! planes al?\gh work+ indep5d5tly4 ,9 _m ( ! l>ge ma*9es ! front & re> planes are br\ght mu* clos] toge!r 9 ! m rec5t models4 ,x w\ld seem t z ! front & re> planes are br\ght clos] toge!r !re w\ld be a loss 9 =e & aft /ability1 b on ! o!r h& ! r$uction 9 weight made possible by %ort5+ ! frame is v important4 ,a c>eful report has be5 prep>$ 9 ,france rec5tly ( all ! s]i\s accid5ts to a]oplanes ) ! idea ( classify+ !m4 ,! record ( fatal accid5ts %[s a total ( ?irty-"o up to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t ye>1 result+ 9 ?irty-f\r dea?s4 ,al?\gh ^! figures tak5 alone are appall+1 !y are f\nd on analysis to indicate t aviation is nev]!less gr[+ saf] & n m dang]\s4 ,9 #aiaj !re 7 twice z _m fatal accid5ts z 9 ! previ\s ye>1 b on ! o!r h& !re 7 m ?an five times z _m flights made1 s t ! p]c5tage ( accid5ts1 z a matt] ( fact1 0 b =ty p] c5t4 z great z = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! commone/ cause ( accid5ts accord+ to ^! tables has be5 faulty con/ruction4 ,next 9 turn came ! accid5ts due to ! errors ( ! pilots4 ,atmosph]ic conditions rank ?ird 9 ! li/ & f\r? ! c>elessness ( ! spectators4 ,!re 7 9 all "s =ty-sev5 accid5ts 9 #aiji1 & #aja 9 #aiaj4 ,an increase is to be notic$ la/ ye> 9 ! accid5ts due to atmosph]ic conditions4 ,?is 0 caus$ 9 mo/ cases by ! unusual d>+1 ev5 foolh>d9ess ( ! pilots4 ,9 _! attempts to amaze _! audi5ce by p]=m+ haz>d\s dives & volplanes f great heights _m ma*9es 7 wreck$ & sev]al aviators met _! dea?4 ,s9ce ! ma9 cause ( fatal accid5ts has n be5 /ructural weakness or ! c>elessness ( ! pilots1 x is cle> t ! sci5ce ( aviation itself _c be blam$4 ,x is ( c\rse a comp>atively easy matt] to build ma*9es suffici5tly /rong to fly )\t break+ d[n4 ,! numb] ( accid5ts1 especially fatal accid5ts1 due to ! inh]5t dang] ( fly+1 to dang]s :i* _c be ov]come1 has be5 v trifl+1 & is /eadily dim9i%+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,select$ ,,que/ions ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,h[ c ,i f9d ! c5t] ( pressure ( my model a]oplane8 ,! simple/ plan is to adju/ ! planes s t ! model flies on a p]fectly ev5 keel1 & !n balance ! ma*9e4 ,s9ce ! c5t] ( pressure & ! c5t] ( gravity mu/ co9cide to produce horizontal flight1 ?is po9t ( balance w be ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,z a rule1 ! c5t] ( pressure w be f\nd to be ne> ! front edge ( ! ma9 plane1 p]haps slightly back ( ?is =w>d edge4 ,:at is ! be/ position = ! propell]8 ,9 ! case ( a model driv5 by a s+le motor1 ! propell] %aft %\ld pass ?r\gh ! c5t] ( gravity & c5t] ( pressure ( ! ma*9e4 ,x is v important t ! alignm5t %\ld be p]fect or y w h great difficulty 9 secur+ a horizontal flight4 ,9 case ( a d\ble propell] ma*9e1 ! l9e midway betwe5 ! two propell] %afts mu/ pass betwe5 ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,my a]oplane />ts (f all "r b (t5 beg9s to rock f side to side l a cradle & !n flutt]s to ! gr\nd4 ,h[ c ,i prev5t ?is8 ,illu/ration3 ,a beautiful model built by ,/ew>t ,ea/] ,illu/ration3 ,a successful model ( #aiaj built by ,e4 ,g4 ,halp9e4 ,note contra/ 9 plane area ,?is rock+ motion is probably caus$ by a too l[ c5t] ( gravity 9 y\r ma*9e4 ,if y\r planes are set at a dih$ral angle1 !y %\ld be br\ght ne>] to ! horizontal4 ,ano!r plan is to place !m l[] d[n4 ,a side gu/ ( w9d w />t ?is rock+ or vibration1 & 9 ord] to "r itself ! ma*9e loses mom5tum & falls4 ,?is difficulty is seldom exp]i5c$ ) horizontal w+s1 especially if _! aspect ratio is high4 ,i h no tr\ble 9 gett+ my model (f ! gr\nd1 b x seems to rise too fa/ & fall backw>d or uses up ! p[] be=e x really gets "u way4 ,is ! tr\ble ) ! propell] or ! planes1 = my motor seems all "r8 ,if y\r model rises quickly1 ! planes are probably well design$ & built1 ! motor is effective1 & ! propell] suffici5t = all ne$s4 ,! tr\ble is likely to be ) ! angle ( ! planes4 ,p]haps y\r front plane is elevat$ too high4 ,! re> plane %\ld be kept horizontal or v ne>ly s4 ,an ail]on at ! re> ( ! ma9 plane w help y to prop]ly adju/ same4 ,z a rule1 ! angle ( asc5t %\ld be a little m ?an t ( ! front plane4 ,if x /ill acts badly1 /r5g!n y\r motor & br+ y\r l>ge plane back a trifle4 ,:at is ! be/ place to put ! keel8 ,! greate/ /ability is usually ga9$ by fix+ ! keel at ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,!re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r x %\ld be above or bel[4 ,try bo? ways4 ,:at is /ability = "o a]oplane may mean disa/] = ano!r4 ,:y %\ld an a]oplane pit* & roll :5 ris+ or ev5 travel+ horizontally1 b sail 9 a bee l9e :5 x beg9s to desc5d8 ,! /ability ( a model is great] :5 its c\rse is d[nw>d ?an :5 9 a horizontal flight4 ,9 ?is position1 ! c5t] ( pressure is mu* less likely to %ift1 & ! pole ( gravity has r a /eady+ effect4 ,= ?is reason a glid] ?r[n f an elevation travels mu* m ev5ly ?an a p[]-driv5 ma*9e4 ,try rev]s+ y\r planes4 ,:y is x t my a]oplane sails all "r1 b :5 ,i increase ! p[] ( my motor x falls (f & d>ts ab\t until x rea*es ! gr\nd8 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 exp]im5ts ( man-c>ry+ ma*9es t an increase 9 ! spe$ ( a flight w\ld (t5 r5d] an ord9>ily /eady ma*9e un/able4 ,x is argu$ by "s au?orities t ! air is *urn$ up1 z x 71 by ! =w>d planes1 & t ! re> w+1 !re=e1 rocks j z w a boat 9 r\gh wat]4 ,if y\r model flies well at a c]ta9 spe$1 y _h bett] /ick to ! motor1 & try a l>g] plane4 ,h[ f> ap>t %all ,i place ! two w+s ( my monoplane8 ,!re is no g5]al rule possible4 ,"s design]s believe t ! two planes %\ld be sep>at$ by a di/ance equal to f\r times ! wid? ( ! ma9 plane4 ,an excell5t model :i* makes long flights is illu/rat$ h]e)1 9 :i* ! di/ance is equal to ne>ly tw5ty times ! wid? ( ! ma9 plane1 :ile ano!r successful model has an op5 space ( only twice ! wid? ( ! ma9 plane4 ,mu* dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! spe$ at :i* ! a]oplane flies4 ,! w+s may be mu* fur!r ap>t on a high-spe$ ?an on a sl[-fly+ model4 ,are !re any simple equations = work+ out ! relation ( ! proportion ( ! size & weight ( model a]oplanes8 ,!re are _m su* equations1 b none ( !m are simple4 ,! =mula :i* obliges "o to solve a complicat$ problem 9 algebra or calculus to "k :]e to cut (f a /ick is obvi\sly absurd 9 ! case ( small models4 ,^! =mulas :i* may be f\nd 9 te*nical books on aviation seem to savor too mu* ( c]ta9 s*ool books to be br\ght 9 = ! build] ( model a]oplanes4 ,a good rule to rememb] is t ! ?ru/ %\ld equal ! weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,"s ( ! l>ge a]oplanes are driv5 by propell]s made up ( f\r blades4 ,w\ld y try ?is arrangem5t on a model a]oplane8 ,by no means4 ,z expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on propell]s1 ! "w p]=m$ by y\r propell] blades is entirely diff]5t f t ( an electric fan4 ,x is true t fairly effici5t propell]s made up ( f\r blades h be5 us$ on "s pass5g]-c>ry+ a]oplanes4 ,?is =m might prove effective on a model a]oplane1 b increas$ weight is prohibitive4 ,by c>efully design+ y\r two blades1 y c get equally z mu* "w out ( !m & at ! same "t r$uce ! weight by "o-half4 ,x is argu$ by "s au?orities t ! s+le blades act ^u undi/urb$ air & are !re=e m effici5t ?an a f\r-blade propell]1 z ! air is always *urn$ up4 ,h[ c ,i calculate ! spe$ ( my ma*9e f ! size & pit* ( my propell]8 ,x is practically impossible to d s4 ,if y multiply ! pit* ( a propell] by ! numb] ( turns at a giv5 "t1 y w arrive !oretically at ! spe$4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! slip ( an a]ial propell] is f tw5ty-five to =ty p] c5t4 ,x is v difficult to det]m9e j :at ! slip is4 ,y\r calculation is likely to be a matt] ( ?irty p] c5t (f & is ( little value4 ,i am tr\bl$ ) my ma*9e trembl+ a great deal dur+ flight4 ,:at c ,i d to make x /eady8 ,! framework ( y\r model is probably too light = y\r motor4 ,/r5g!n y\r ma*9e if x w /& x1 or take (f "s /r&s ( y\r motor1 if x w /& x4 ,! frame may be /r5g!n$ by us+ wire braces4 ,?is me?od s commonly us$ la/ ye> is be+ ab&on$ by ! successful build]s1 z x makes x necess>y to atta* /ruts at "r angles to ! frame1 :i* add to ! weight & resi/ance4 ,! wire 9 vibrat+ also (f]s an appreciable am\nt ( resi/ance to ! air4 ,9 a l>ge pass5g]-c>ry+ ma*9e1 ^! wire braces are absolutely necess>y1 b ! model be+ s mu* small] x is bett] to make ! frame heavy en\gh to rema9 rigid4 ,a great deal ( extra "w & annoyance is sav$ by do+ away ) wires4 ,?is trembl+ aga9 may be caus$ by y\r propell] n be+ prop]ly balanc$4 ,:at is ! lighte/ metal ,i c use8 ,alum9um has less specific gravity ?an any metal n[ available4 ,its *eapness also makes x practicable4 ,magnalium is a trifle heavi] ?an alum9um b consid]ably /rong]1 & is pref]r$ by _m model build]s4 ,!re are /ill o!rs :o pref] /eel to ei!r ( ^!4 ,/eel is ?ree times z heavy z alum9um & ab\t five times z /rong4 ,if y c get ! metal 9 ! prop] size = model a]oplane build+1 /eel is probably ! lighte/ aft] all4 ,"s model build]s h great success ) umbrella ribs1 :i* is probably ! mo/ available =m ( /eel = our purpose4 ,z mo/ ( u h discov]$1 a /eel bicycle spoke is by f> ! be/ axle = propell]s4 ,%\ld ! propell] be 9 front or beh9d ! ma*9e8 ,x w require "s ye>s ( exp]im5t+ to answ] ?is "q def9itely4 ,on "o h& x is argu$ t ! =w>d propell]1 or tractor z x is call$1 works 9 undi/urb$ air & is !re=e m effici5t4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge pass5g]-c>ry+ a]oplanes are driv5 by tractors4 ,o!rs argue t ! propell] *urns up ! air & t ! planes w\ld !re=e balance !mselves aga9/ ! gu/s ?us set 9 motion1 :i* makes _! flight un/able besides requir+ additional p[]4 ,practically all ( ! successful model a]oplanes ?is ye> are driv5 by propell]s4 ,:at is ! lighte/ practical model a]oplane8 ,! ,engli% aviators :o excel 9 con/ruct+ v light models h _h great success ) :at are t]m$ "o ounc]s4 ,"s ( ! models ( ?is type weigh ev5 less ?an "o ounce4 ,! di/ance qualities ( ^! ma*9es are m>vel\s4 ,mr4 ,burge ,webb claims a record ( #a1ejj feet 9 a /raight-away flight by "o ( 8 "o-ounce models4 ,c ,i make a model fly by turn+ ! propell]s 9 ! same direction8 ,x is d\btful4 ,9 us+ tw9 propell]s ! blades %\ld1 ( c\rse1 revolve 9 opposite directions al?\gh !y are w\nd up by turn+ !m away f ! c5t]4 ,be c>eful1 ( c\rse1 to m\nt ! "r & left propell] 9 ! prop] position4 ,"s aviators believe t ! propell]s %\ld be turn$ at ! same "t1--!re are ma*9es to d ?is1--9 ord] t ! ?ru/ may be exactly balanc$4 ,:at is ! longe/ flight ev] made by a model a]oplane8 ,mr4 ,flemm+ ,williams1 ! ,engli% exp]t1 claims to h made a flight ( almo/ exactly "o-half a mile4 ,8 ma*9e1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ?is volume1 weighs t5 ounces4 ,x 0 laun*$ by ?r[+ x 9 ! air1 & 9 mak+ ?is record flight travell$ ) ! w9d4 ,:at is ! be/ weight = a model8 ,"h is a v difficult "q4 ,x dep5ds entirely ^u :at y are try+ to accompli%4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ev]y?+ is sacrific$ to ! di/ance qualities ( ! model a]oplane1 ! be/ models v>y f five to t5 ounces 9 weight4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e mu* m is requir$ ( a model a]oplane1 s9ce x mu/ rise f ! gr\nd "u its own p[] & possess consid]able automatic /ability1 ! av]age weight is mu* m4 ,:at is ! av]age spe$ ( a model a]oplane 9 flight8 ,ab\t twelve miles an h\r4 ,:5 sail+ ) ! w9d ?is spe$ may be increas$ indef9itely4 ,9 sail+ aga9/ ! w9d1 a model a]oplane may creep along :ile rema9+ almo/ /ation>y4 ,w t&em propell]s make my model swift] or /eadi]8 ,little has be5 accompli%$ ei!r 9 ,am]ica or 9 ,engl& ) ! t&em propell]4 ,sev]al small ,fr5* models h be5 fl[n 9 ?is way1 b )\t /rik+ results4 ,!oretically1 ! torque ( ! propell]s balance "o ano!r 9 ?is position2 ! =w>d propell] creates a consid]able backwa%1 & ! second propell] works at a disadvantage4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts may discov] an advantage 9 ?is arrangem5t ,h[ h>d %\ld ,i ?r[ my ma*9e :5 />t+ x8 ,x is n a good plan to laun* ! ma*9e at a high] spe$ ?an t at :i* x travels "u its own p[]4 ,by increas+ its spe$1 y are likely to set up viol5t oscillation1 &1 z expla9$ else:]e1 a model becomes un/able ) increas$ spe$4 ,x is bett] to />t x too sl[ly ?an too rapidly4 ,9 ! case ( a glid]1 ( c\rse1 x is well to ?r[ x ) all y\r might4 ,?is is a problem1 incid5tally1 :i* does n occur :5 ! models rise by _! own p[]4 ,my ma*9e flies v well inde$1 b ,i _c make x />t f ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ,i add m p[] x sw]ves to "o side & w n fly (f4 ,:at w\ld y advise8 ,illu/ration3 ,p]cy ,pi]ce laun*+ a prize-w9n+ model ,illu/ration3 ,laun*+ ! sl+-%ot glid]s ,?is is a common exp]i5ce4 ,our advice is to return to ! orig9al motor & make ! mo/ ( ! successful flights4 ,y\r model may n be adapt$ to ris+ at all1 t is1 x is too light to c>ry ! motor requir$ to raise x f ! gr\nd4 ,if y\r frame is made /rong en\gh1 x may be able to /& ! increase 9 p[]1 if x vibrates viol5tly1 z is probably ! case ) a heavi] motor4 ,:at is ! be/ "t to release ! propell]s1 j z x />ts or be=e8 ,try bo? ways4 ,"s model build]s all[ _! propell]s to get "u way a second or s be=e ! flight comm5ces1 & release !m & pu% ! ma*9e =w>d at ! same in/ant4 ,"o amateur secures 8 propell]s by means ( a ?read :i* he breaks by t\*+ x ) a mat*1 b x is r fanciful4 ,:at is ! be/ height = a model a]oplane to fly8 ,9 ! pr9cipal model t\rnam5ts held 9 ,new ,york ! models 7 seldom m ?an tw5ty feet f ! gr\nd at any "t4 ,mo/ model build]s h ?is altitude 9 m9d 9 design+ _! ma*9es4 ,x seems to be g5]ally agre$ t :5 a model rises high] ?an ?is too mu* p[] is us$ up 9 ga9+ altitude & !re is a correspond+ loss 9 ! di/ance qualities4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ! rem>kable #a1fjj foot flight made by ,cecil ,peoli 9 ,july1 ! model rose to a height1 x is believ$1 ( m ?an #ajj feet & ga9$ consid]able di/ance 9 glid+ d[n4 ,aft] all x is a problem :i* mu/ be decid$ by ! individual4 ,incid5tally x is e/imat$ t a l>ge man-c>ry+ a]oplane on ris+ to an altitude ( "o mile c safely so> ) all p[] %ut (f = twelve miles4 ,?is means ( c\rse t an aviator has ! *oice ( l&+ any:]e )9 a circle tw5ty-five miles 9 diamet]1 :i* gives him a r wide *oice4 ,:at is meant by critical so>+ spe$8 ,x is claim$ by "s aviators t e a]oplane has a c]ta9 spe$ at :i* x flies be/ & beyond :i* x is unsafe to pu% x4 ,if m p[] is put on1 !y argue1 x w only t5d to s5d ! ma*9e up 9 ! air & w n increase its spe$4 ,?is is probably true 9 a measure ( model a]oplanes z well4 ,:5 y h f\nd ! spe$ at :i* y\r a]oplane flies be/ d n *ange ! numb] ( rubb] b&s ( y\r motor or ! numb] ( turns 9 w9d+4 ,d ! tails ( birds s]ve z rudd]s to guide !m 9 fly+8 ,x is an op5 "q4 ,"s aviators :o h made v c>eful obs]vations ( birds 9 flight d5y t ! tails h any?+ to d ) _! direction4 ,! !ory is advanc$ by "s sci5ti/s t ! birds us$ _! heads to *ange _! c\rse1 op]at+ !m z a =w>d rudd]1 mu* z d "s types ( a]oplanes4 ,!y argue t s9ce a rudd] is mu* m effective :5 plac$ =w>d ! small] surface pres5t$ by ! flat heads & necks ( birds has m effect ?an a comp>atively l>ge tail4 ,:at is ! relation ( ! w+ surface to ! weight & horse-p[] ( ! biplane z comp>$ ) ! monoplane8 ,! ,wright biplane c>ries a trifle m ?an two p\nds ( weight = ea* squ>e foot ( lift+ surface4 ,! ,bl]iot monoplane c>ries ab\t five p\nds weight to e squ>e foot ( lift+ surface4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,wright ma*9e c>ries ab\t =ty p\nds p] horse-p[]1 :]eas ! ,bl]iot w only c>ry ab\t tw5ty-sev5 p\nds4 ,^! figures d n "w out = all biplanes or monoplanes b !y indicate broadly ! relation betwe5 ! two g5]al types ( a]oplanes4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( b5d+ d[n ! out] ends ( ! w+s ( an a]oplane z ! w+s ( "s birds droop8 ,! exp]im5t is well wor? try+4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is angle w\ld give increas$ /ability1 al?\gh if ! model 7 knock$ (f its c\rse x might increase ! resi/ance consid]ably4 ,an elaborate te/ ( ?is =m has be5 made by an a]onaut nam$ ,weiss 9 ,engl&1 :o believes he has ga9$ automatic /ability 9 ?is way4 ,mr4 ,weiss has built & fl[n a numb] ( a]oplanes1 v>y+ 9 size f "o weigh+ five p\nds to "o :i* c>ri$ a weight ( #adj p\nds1 & ! te/s are report$ to h be5 v satisfactory4 ,:at is meant by ! phugoid pa? ( a model a]oplane8 ,! l9e describ$ by ! ma*9e 9 flight4 ,e a]oplane left to itself flies 9 a s]ies ( waves sway+ m or less up & d[n f ! horizontal4 ,9 a a]oplane "u ! control ( an aviator ?is is l>gely ov]come by manipulat+ ! rudd]s controll+ ! v]tical motion4 ,e model a]oplane or so>+ ma*9e has a phugoid pa? peculi> to itself :i* is affect$ by ! p[] ( its motor1 ! =m ( ! w+s1 its ability to "r itself1 etc4 ,x is obvi\s ( c\rse t if ! pa? ( y\r model a]oplane is irregul> ! ma*9e mu/ travel m sl[ly & its di/ance qualities are !re=e r$uc$4 ,is a v>iable w+ surface an advantage & c x be appli$ to model a]oplanes8 ,9 !ory at lea/ !re is a great advantage 9 ! v>iable surface plane4 ,z yet b "o a]oplane has be5 fl[n 9 :i* ! pilot may increase or cut d[n ! spread ( 8 w+s at w4 ,:5 su* control is possible ! aviator may employ ! maximum spread ( ! w+s = ris+1 = in/ance :]e x is ne$$1 & !n r$uce _! area :5 al(t1 ?us ga9+ 9 spe$ qualities4 ,at ! pres5t /age ( ! developm5t ( ! model a]oplane a v>iable w+ does n seem practicable1 al?\gh x is reasonable to suppose t ! improvem5t w come 9 "t4 ,! control w\ld ( c\rse h to be automatic1 :i* r5d]s ! problem r complicat$4 ,:at is a vortex pack8 ,lit]ally a small cyclone or eddy ( ! air4 ,! t]m is us$ by aviators to describe a turbul5t section ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is v common 9 fly+1 especially at l[ altitudes1 to run into a v turbul5t eddy ( air1 su* z is set 9 motion by high build+s or deep valleys4 ,!y are extremely dang]\s s9ce !y cause ! a]oplane to dip & roll ab\t viol5tly1 & call = quick & skilful h&l+ ( ! a]oplane to keep x f be+ upset4 ,! t]m might be us$ to describe an eddy ( air :i* br+s a model a]oplane to grief4 ,:at =m ( propell] w give ! highe/ effici5cy8 ,x is impossible to lay d[n a h>d & fa/ rule4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! =m ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ,voison propell]s h be5 f\nd 9 actual practice to give only ab\t =ty p] c5t effici5cy4 ,?is is said to be p>tially due to ! fact t _! p>ts are held toge!r by bolts & project+ nuts :i* (f] consid]able sk9 friction4 ,! ,wright propell]s are believ$ to be ! mo/ effici5t propell]s = l>ge ma*9es s9ce _! effici5cy is ab\t sev5ty p] c5t4 ,! accompany+ photographs ( ! /&>d model a]oplane types 9 ,am]ica w %[ t !re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! diamet] & pit* ( ! screws4 ,:at is meant by a v>iable spe$ ma*9e8 ,m]ely an a]oplane ^: spe$ may be increas$ or r$uc$ by degrees at ! w ( ! aviator4 ,?is w enable ! pilot to use a sl[ spe$ = ris+1 = in/ance -- & on rea*+ a desir$ altitude increase 8 spe$4 ,on enc\nt]+ high w9ds1 = in/ance1 ! spe$ might be increas$ s t ! a]oplane w\ld cut ?r\gh !m almo/ undi/urb$4 ,! v>iable spe$ a]oplane w d\btless soon make its appe>ance4 ,_m aviators expect t x w be ! next great /ep 9 ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ce ( aviation4 ,has any model a]oplane be5 fitt$ ) an automatic /ability device & :at is x l8 ,no su* equipm5t has attract$ public att5tion up to ! pres5t writ+4 ,an int]e/+ me?od ( secur+ automatic control has be5 sugge/$ by ,h4 ,l4 ,tw9+1 ! well-kn[n writ] on aviation4 ,8 plan is to atta* a ge>$ :eel to ! propell] %aft 9 su* a way t x w n beg9 to move until ! propell] has made ab\t #ajj revolutions4 ,a /r+ is !n run ab\t ?is :eel :i* is pull$ back z x turns4 ,! pull ( ?is /r+ 9 turn is made to raise or l[] ! horizontal rudd] ( ! model1 b only aft] ! ma*9e propell]s h made #ajj turns & ! model is presumably well up 9 ! air4 ,9 ?is way ! propell] may be set to s5d ! model upw>ds at a %>p angle & !n made to take ! prop] angle = a horizontal flight4 ,! atta*m5t sugge/s v int]e/+ possibilities4 ,x may be possible1 if ! device works1 to alt] ! angle ( ! rudd]s ei!r v]tical or horizontal sev]al times dur+ a flight4 ,:at is ! record flight = a motor-driv5 model a]oplane8 ,a flight ( upw>ds ( "o mile is report$ to h be5 made by a motor driv5 model 9 ,india1 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! mile m>k is claim$ to h be5 pass$4 ,nei!r ( ^! flights are (ficial4 ,! mo/ advanc$ "w ) motor-driv5 models is at pres5t be+ done 9 ,france4 ,at a rec5t model t\rnam5t at ! ,velodrome du ,p>e des ,pr9cess1 ,p>is1 a numb] ( model a]oplanes equipp$ ) eng9es ( v>i\s types 7 fl[n4 ,"o ( ^!1 a biplane measur+ ne>ly sev5 feet 9 l5g?1 0 fitt$ ) a petroleum two-cyl9d] motor :i* develop$ "o-?ird ( a horse-p[]4 ,x rose beautifully1 cle>$ a high build+ & 0 fly+ well :5 x un=tunately collid$ ) "s telegraph wires & came to grief4 ,be=e ! accid5t x _h fl[n ne>ly ?ree hundr$ feet 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e4 ,ano!r model at ! same meet equipp$ ) a c>bonic acid motor flew v well = a "t b 0 injur$ 9 a collision4 ,h[ long has a model a]oplane rema9$ 9 ! air8 ,! ,am]ican record = "t al(t is held1 we believe1 by ,cecil ,peoli ( ,new ,york1 ^: model has rema9$ 9 ! air = sixty-five seconds4 ,sev]al records ( f ?irty to =ty seconds are report$ f ,france4 ,x is probable t ! be/ record has be5 made 9 ! long di/ance flights 9 ,engl& :5 #bf1jjj feet 0 cov]$4 ,has ! model a]oplane any practical comm]cial utility8 ,probably n1 unless we take s]i\sly ! sugge/ion ( a writ] on a]ial w>f>e1 :o believes !y w "s day be s p]fect$ t !y may be us$ to drop bombs or high explosives ov] =ts or besieg$ cities4 ,8 sugge/ion is t hundr$s ( model a]oplanes equipp$ ) m9iature eng9es might be releas$ 9 a sw>m1 ea* c>ry+ a deadly explosive :i* w\ld be dropp$ automatically at a c]ta9 "t4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 he argues1 = gunn]s to br+ d[n an entire fleet ( ^! swiftly mov+ ma*9es1 & s :ile _m ( !m might fall %ort en\gh w\ld succe$ 9 dropp+ _! missiles to make !m an exce$+ly dang]\s weapon4 ,! writ] po9ts out t ! exp5se ( su* a mosquito fleet w\ld be trifl+ comp>$ ) ! co/ ( ! ord9>y eng9es ( w>f>e & might be op]at$ )\t risk+ any lives4 ,illu/ration3 ,a tractor ) l>ge plane =w>d built by ,f4 ,w4 ,curtis ,illu/ration3 ,model built by ,william ,rob9son ,h[ l>ge may a model a]oplane be made ) good results8 ,none ( ! successful /r& motor models at pres5t exce$ five feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is w\ld seem to be ! practical limit at :i* a model may be c>ri$ ) ?is motive p[]4 ,flights ( m ?an #a1ejj feet h be5 made ) models b two feet 9 l5g?4 ,:5 regul> eng9es are in/all$ !re is ( c\rse no limit to ! size ( models4 ,:5 0 ! fir/ model a]oplane con/ruct$8 ,crude ma*9es propell$ ?r\gh ! air by twi/$ rubb] /r&s 7 us$ z play?+s m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,! model built & fl[n by ,langeley 9 #ahhg1 0 probably ! fir/ ma*9e to appe> on ! l9es n[ g5]ally foll[$ by a]onauts4 ,successful model a]oplanes h be5 us$ z toys = less ?an five ye>s4 ,_! developm5t 9 ?is p]iod has be5 rem>kable4 ,are ! equations = calculat+ ! ?ru/ ( propell] 9 t]ms ( w+ area & sk9 friction & g5]al proportions useful 9 design+ model a]oplanes8 ,only 9 a g5]al way4 ,:5 ! dim5sions are v small ^! complicat$ equations are mislead+4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p extremely complicat$ & = ?is reason we h avoid$ !m entirely 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,mu* bett] results may be obta9$ by proce$+ m]ely by ! rule ( ?umb1 & te/+ out ! proportions ( y\r a]oplane by actual practice4 ,:at is ! ,am]ican indoor record = model a]oplanes8 ,a flight ( #bfe feet 0 made at a ,new ,york t\rnam5t by ,/ew>t ,ea/]1 ! model ris+ f ! gr\nd "u its own p[]4 ,?is 0 made diagonally across ! hall z f> z x c\ld g4 ,_m flights h be5 made at ! ,new ,york meets 9 :i* models h fl[n ! entire l5g? ( ! hall & /ruck ! fur!r wall ) _! motors f> f run d[n4 ,9 o!r words1 model a]oplanes h rea*$ a /ate ( developm5t :]e !y h outgr[n ! l>ge/ indoor enclosures available = fly+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,among ,,! ,,model ,,build]s ,a numb] ( model a]oplane build]s 9 ,am]ica h develop$ di/9ctive designs :i* h come to be accept$ z /&>d types4 ,among ?\s&s ( boy amateurs ^! models are look$ ^u mu* z1 9 ! l>g] field ( a]onautics1 ! ,wrights1 ,curtiss1 or ,bl]iot are accept$ z au?oritative4 ,l ! fam\s design]s & pilots ( man-c>ry+ craft ?is y\ng] g5]ation ( design]s give _! names to _! ma*9es4 ,our "y design]s1 z a rule1 conf9e !mselves to develop+ a p>ticul> type ( ma*9e4 ,a comp>ison ( ! models ( ! same build] = a ye> or m w usually %[ t ! same g5]al =m & arrangem5t ( ! planes rema9 ! same4 ,! ,p]cy ,pi]ce model1 :i* borr[s ! "n ( its design]1 is probably ! be/ kn[n ( ^! model a]oplanes4 ,! design] is a ,new ,york s*oolboy sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 :o has won di/ance records bo? = indoor & outdoor fly+4 ,8 ma*9es rise f ! gr\nd "u _! own p[]4 ,! ,pi]ce model ( #aiaa is equipp$ ) w+s mu* n>r[] ?an ^? us$ la/ ye>1 spac$ well ap>t on a f\r-foot frame4 ,! planes1 :i* are slightly flex$1 are cov]$ ) silk1 or bamboo pap] drawn taut & v>ni%$4 ,tw9 propell]s ( high pit* are us$ & ! motors are c>ri$ above ! planes4 ,!y are w\nd m ?an five hundr$ times4 ,! planes are c>ri$ b5ea? ! ma9 frame4 ,directional /ability is obta9$ by c>ry+ back ! edges ( ! re> plane & by a v]tical rudd] plac$ b5ea?4 ,! model is m\nt$ on skids ( b5t re$ & is elevat$ v slightly above ! horizontal4 ,x />ts (f v fa/1 (t5 leav+ ! gr\nd )9 five feet4 ,! model rea*es its maximum altitude1 travel+ at an angle equival5t to its position at />t+1 & ma9ta9s its height ?r\gh\t its flights4 ,! lat] ,pi]ce ma*9es1 :ile pres]v+ ! same g5]al l9es1 are consid]ably light] & h develop$ surpris+ di/ance qualities4 ,! planes are made ( light la? or bamboo cov]$ ) specially prep>$ pap]1 :ile ! pit* ( ! propell]s has be5 increas$ z has ! p[]4 ,! late/ models h fl[n = #a1fjj feet4 ,ano!r prize-w9n+ model :i* has attract$ consid]able att5tion ( late is ! a]oplane design$ & built by ,cecil ,peoli4 ,x %[s an intellig5t appreciation ( ! pr9ciples involv$ & excell5t workman%ip4 ,x is a monoplane1 fly+ ) ! small] plane =w>d1 & has rec5tly fl[n = ne>ly #agjj feet4 ,planes are us$ ) bo? silk or pap] cov]+4 ,! success ( ! model is l>gely due1 no d\bt1 to ! c>eful workman%ip & f9i% ( ! planes4 ,! models are usually high p[]$ & are driv5 by tw9 propell]s ( high pit*1 c>v$ f especially design$ blanks4 ,! a]oplane rises v quickly & w successfully combat a high w9d4 ,x is d\btless due to ?is fact t ! model has won 9 a conte/ = altitude4 ,x has repeat$ly fl[n ov] a ?\s& feet4 ,x does n foll[1 ( c\rse1 t ! beg9n] c equal ^! records s9ce mu* dep5ds ^u ! skilful adju/m5t ( ! model :i* comes only ) exp]i5ce4 ,ano!r prize-w9n+ a]oplane :i* has be5 mu* admir$ is ! ,leslie ,rob9son model4 ,?is model1 :i* is ( an orig9al design1 makes long & rem>kably /able flights4 ,9 no o!r model has metal be5 us$ s ext5sively 9 con/ruction4 ,! propell]s are made ( alum9um z is ! framework ( ! planes4 ,bo? planes are built 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o to five1 ! small] w+ be+ c>ri$ =w>d4 ,a novel feature ( ?is model is ! turn$ w+ tips ( bo? planes1 :i* are slightly tap]$ & b5t upw>d & outw>d at a slight angle4 ,! model is beautifully f9i%$ 9 e detail4 ,skids ( re$ are us$ & ! model is tilt$ upw>d %>ply at an angle ( ne>ly =ty-five degrees4 ,! motors1 ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 are compos$ ( t5 /r&s ( squ>e rubb]1 :i* w take ab\t #djj turns4 ,! model rises quickly at a %>p angle b soon comes to a horizontal position & flies ) great /ead9ess4 ,x weighs complete1 ready = flight1 n9e ounces4 ,its metal con/ruction makes x v durable & pro( aga9/ _m ( ! small] accid5ts4 ,! lat] ma*9es h be5 equipp$ ) ge>$ motors1 :i* "w well 9 practice4 ,! models built & fl[n by ,h4 ,l4 ,watk9s always give a good acc\nt ( !mselves4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,watk9s models ( #aiaj & #aiaa %[s t _! inv5tor has kept closely to 8 orig9al design & has made rem>kable progress 9 light5+ 8 ma*9e :ile keep+ x suffici5tly /rong to support two p[]ful motors4 ,! w+s h be5 cut d[n 9 size & made extremely light1 ! small] w+ be+ set well =w>d4 ,directional /ability is ga9$ by a small v]tical & horizontal rudd]1 c>ri$ f> 9 ! re> ( ! re> ma9 plane4 ,e "p ( ! frame is kept extremely light4 ,! model complete weighs b f\r ounces4 ,! ,watk9s model /&s on v light skids s arrang$ t a s+le po9t comes 9 contact ) ! floor1 ?us r$uc+ ! friction on ris+4 ,9 _m ( 8 models ,watk9s cov]s 8 planes ) ?9 r$ pap]4 ,! ma*9e re/s almo/ horizontally b rises v quickly on be+ releas$4 ,its extreme lightness (t5 gives its flights a slightly wav+ =m4 ,tw9 propell]s1 ) unusually broad surfaces are us$ = driv+1 al?\gh1 9 "s models1 a s+le propell] is c>ri$ j back ( ! re> plane4 ,x is an extremely graceful model 9 flight4 ,9 ! models built by ,/ew>t ,ea/] ! w+ surface has be5 r$uc$ /ill fur!r4 ,! surfaces are no m ?an knife blades & are m\nt$ surpris+ly f> ap>t on a rectangul> frame4 ,e "p ( ! frame has be5 cut away :]e possible to economize weight & resi/ance4 ,al?\gh f\r feet 9 l5g? ! model weighs less ?an ?ree ounces4 ,! front planes are flat ) /raight ent]+ edges & ! sides are cut slightly away4 ,! re> edge ( ! re> plane is slightly concave4 ,9 "s ( 8 models two ?9 blades are c>ri$ =w>d1 ! upp] "o be+ plac$ slightly 9 front1 ?us +5i\sly v>y+ ! biplane =m4 ,two slight v]tical rudd]s1 elliptical 9 =m1 are c>ri$ back ( ! re> plane4 ,! frame /&s 9 a practically horizontal position4 ,! skids us$ are v light1 t\*+ ! gr\nd at a s+le po9t4 ,) a six-/r& motor ! tw9 propell]s are w\nd ab\t six hundr$ times4 ,! propell]s are broad & ( a high pit*4 ,! ,ea/] model cle>s ! gr\nd in/antly1 rises r high & makes a beautiful flight4 ,! model %[s extremely f9e workman%ip 9 e detail4 ,! model built by ,john ,c>esi contra/s /rik+ly ) ^! extremely light frames4 ,!y are ( excell5t workman%ip & illu/rate _m new ideas 9 con/ruction4 ,! ,c>esi model flies well & has acquitt$ itself specially 9 ! weight-lift+ conte/s4 ,x is safe to say t no o!r ,am]ican model a]oplane %[s a m compreh5sive k ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples involv$ 9 model build+ or a high] /&>d ( workman%ip 9 e detail ( _! con/ruction4 ,! planes are l>ge1 ?us af=d+ unusual /ability4 ,! frames are m>vels ( delicate & +5i\s con/ruction4 ,9 conte/s 9 :i* ! workman%ip & design are consid]$ z well z ! di/ance qualities1 ! ,c>esi model /&s 9 a class ap>t4 ,no li/ ( ! successful model a]oplane models ( ! ye> w\ld be complete :i* did n include ! prize-w9n+ ma*9e built by ,j4 ,ragot4 ,! a]oplane c>ries two planes ( ab\t equal size & %ape m\nt$ on a simple frame4 ,x is driv5 by tw9 propell]s ( r l[ pit* & a high-p[]$ motor4 ,by skilful adju/m5t ( ! planes & weights ! model p]=ms ! mo/ amaz+ spectacul> flights4 ,! model is well made4 ,! unexpect$ c\rse ( ! ma*9e is controll$ by flex+ ! ends ( ! planes4 ,! ,ragot model loops ! loop & p]=ms o!r amaz+ feats4 ,9 po9t ( workman%ip few ( ! model a]oplanes :i* h appe>$ at ! meets ?is ye> comp>e ) ^? built by ,r4 ,mungokee4 ,! g5ius ( ! ,japanese = delicate con/ruction f9ds an admirable opportunity 9 su* "w4 ,^! models are unusually l>ge1 & _! w+ area consid]able1 yet s delicate are all ! p>ts t !y weigh less ?an "o p\nd4 ,! /icks us$ = ! motor base are holl[1 be+ built up ( a light v5e] "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick4 ,! jo9ts are s clev]ly arrang$ t !y w\ld deceive ! av]age eye4 ,! ma9 /icks ( ! frame are jo9$ by a s]ies ( trusses ( ! same delicate con/ruction :i* =m an exceptionally rigid base ( amaz+ lightness4 ,e detail ( ! model %[s ! same delicacy ( con/ruction4 ,! planes are built up ( ?9 /rips ( bamboo cov]$ ) ,japanese silk on bo? surfaces1 ! curve be+ drawn p]fectly4 ,! models are driv5 by two v wide propell]s ( high pit*1 plac$ back ( ! re> plane4 ,! small] plane is c>ri$ =w>d4 ,! model rises to consid]able height1 (t5 fifty feet or m1 & flies horizontally ) unusual /ability4 ,! frame is brac$ by f9e wires runn+ ?r\gh /ruts plac$ midway above & bel[ ! ma9 /icks4 ,! f9e/ scale model a]oplane 9 ,am]ica to-day is d\btless ! biplane built by ,mr4 ,k>l ,h4 ,de ,leon1 illu/rat$ on ! cov] ( ?is volume4 ,its great size is indicat$ by comp>ison ) ! boys /&+ ab\t x4 ,! mo/ delicate workman%ip is to be f\nd 9 e detail4 ,! planes are controll$ by a complete sy/em ( wires & lev]s c5t]$ at ! driv]'s seat1 exactly z 9 ! l>ge man-c>ry+ ma*9es44 ,! w+s may be flex$ & ! guid+ rudd]s turn$ f side to side or _! angle elevat$ or depress$ by ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! controll+ devices4 ,! model is equipp$ ) a m9iature ,gnome eng9e especially import$ = ! purpose4 ,! mat]ials employ$ 9 con/ruct+ ?is model alone co/ upw>ds ( #ejj4 ,! model embodies sev]al orig9al features1 ! inv5tions ( ! build]4 ,illu/ration3 ,front view ( ! ,de ,lion model ,sev]al ( ! mo/ int]e/+ models ( ! ye> h be5 design$ & built by ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,h[ell1 ,jr41 a v pa9/ak+ & intellig5t /ud5t ( a]onautics4 ,mr4 ,h[ell has done mu* valuable orig9al "w 9 build+ sci5tific glid]s4 ,"o ( 8 glid]s weigh+ ne>ly two p\nds1 has be5 ?r[n = m ?an #fjj feet measur$ 9 a /raight l9e1 :ile ! actual di/ance trav]s$ 0 probably two or ?ree times ?is di/ance4 ,! model is ( exquisite workman%ip 9 e "p4 ,mr4 ,h[ell is ! inv5tor ( sev]al devices = increas+ ! effici5cy ( rubb]-/r& motors by rev]se w9d+4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,curiosities ,,( ,,! ,,air ,until ! summ] ( #aiaa1 ! longe/ model a]oplane flights (ficially record$ 9 ,am]ica rema9$ "u #cjj feet4 ,f ,engl& mean:ile came disquiet+ reports ( #a1jjj foot flights & bett]1 made by a numb] ( a]oplanes4 ,a comp>ison ( ! be/ ,am]ican & ,engli% models %[$ t1 bo? z reg>ds =m & workman%ip1 ,am]ican boys 7 hold+ _! own aga9/ _! ,engli% c\s9s1 & utt]ly fail$ to acc\nt = ! mu* great] di/ance qualities ( ! =eign models4 ,9 ,july1 #aiaa1 ! ,am]ican di/ance record 0 sudd5ly jump$ to #a1fia feet1 #f in*es1 by ,cecil ,peoli ( ,new ,york4 ,! model us$ _h be5 fl[n 9 ! regul> indoor meets = v mu* %ort] di/ances4 ,?is s5sational advance 9 ! di/ance record 0 made at an outdoor t\rnam5t at ,van ,c\rtl& ,p>k1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,( ! ?irty-f\r models ent]$ = ! conte/1 includ+ ! famili> models built by ,p]cy ,pi]ce1 ,h4 ,watk9s & o!rs1 sev]al %[$ a simil> increase 9 di/ance qualities4 ,! model a]oplanes 7 ! same z _h fl[n b #bjj feet indoors1 _! rubb] motors ex]t$ no m p[] ?an be=e1 ! pit* ( ! propell]s rema9$ un*ang$4 ,:at !n is ! secret ( ! sudd5ly acquir$ di/ance qualities8 ,evid5tly ! diff]5ce lies 9 ! quality ( ! air ! little %ips navigate4 ,x is commonly said t ! air indoors is dead z contra/$ to ! live air f\nd out-(-doors4 ,! v>iation 9 ! quality & movem5t ( ! air =ms a v int]e/+ /udy :i* no aviator c af=d to neglect4 ,to ! actual navigator ( ! air ?is /udy is j z important z life & dea?1 :ile to ! design] ev5 ( model a]oplanes x is ( c\rse ( vital importance4 ,al?\gh ! composition ( ! air & its behavior "u v>i\s conditions has be5 ! subject ( sci5tific exam9ation = c5turies1 x is only )9 ! pa/ few ye>s t x has be5 /udi$ ) ! idea ( br++ x "u control4 ,! long pa9/ak+ exp]im5ts ( ,langeley & ,lili5?al1 ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s volume1 = det]m9+ ! resi/ance ( ! air & its effect on ! surface ( ! a]oplane1 op5$ a new field ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 ev5 mon?s1 ! advancem5t 9 our k ( ! air has be5 great]1 x is safe to say1 ?an 9 ! previ\s c5tury4 ,x is n g5]ally realiz$ by ! laym5 h[ rapid has be5 ! developm5t ( a]ology1 nor h[ practical are ! results obta9$4 ,!re h already be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many ?ree sci5tifically equipp$ /ations = obs]v+ air conditions = ! b5efit ( a]onauts1 j z ! wea!r bureau obs]ves wea!r conditions & in=ms %ips at sea ( approa*+ /orms4 ,"o ( ^!1 e/abli%$ by ,dr4 ,polis at ,aa*51 is n[ 9 op]ation4 ,9 addition to ?is ! ,public ,wea!r ,s]vice ,/ations ( ,g]many h be5 equipp$ rec5tly ) ! necess>y app>atus = mak+ daily obs]vations ( ! upp] air = ! special b5efit = a]ial navigators4 ,! resi/ance (f]$ by ! air to ! passage ( an air %ip ( any type dep5ds ^u its d5sity4 ,! air is obvi\sly an exce$+ly v>iable m$ium1 z caprici\s z quicksilv]1 z bo? ! sky pilot & ! fly] ( model a]oplanes h le>n$4 ,! d5sity & !re=e ! resi/ance dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature1 ! pressure & ! /ate ( equilibrium4 ,we are 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ ( d5sity & pressure z affect+ enorm\s volumes or areas miles 9 ext5t1 su* z are report$ 9 ! wea!r =eca/s f day to day4 ,to an ext5t ^! same conditions are f\nd *ang+ )9 a few feet4 ,x is ?is t5d5cy to rapid *ange ( conditions :i* makes ! problem ( /ability 9 a]onautics s baffl+4 ,! pressure ^u an a]oplane1 :e!r a man-c>ry+ ma*9e or a model1 v>ies consid]ably betwe5 ! level ( ! sea%ore & ! top ( a m\nta94 ,an a]oplane 9 ris+ f ! level ( ! sea = sev]al ?\s& feet !re=e meets new & unexpect$ conditions4 ,! d5sity is r$uc$ fully "o-half at an altitude ( #ah1jjj feet1 & s9ce a]oplanes h ris5 m ?an #aj1jjj feet ?is mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,ev5 at a height ( #cjj feet1 :i* is (t5 rea*$ by a]oplanes 9 flight1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! pressure calls = skilful manipulation on ! "p ( ! sky pilot4 ,! d5sity v>ies aga9 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,let an aviator sudd5ly run into a hot or a cold /rait ( air & ! pressure ^u 8 planes w in/antly *ange4 ,! effect ( temp]ature mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation by any "o fly+ model a]oplanes4 ,x may happ5 t a draft ( cool or ( hot air1 by *ang+ ! pressure on ! planes1 w ?r[ a model a]oplane out ( balance & m> an o!rwise promis+ flight4 ,a diff]5ce ( a few degrees ( temp]ature w (t5 affect a v s5sitive model4 ,! only way to combat ?is is ( c\rse to build y\r model ) ! greate/ possible /ability4 ,! pres5ce ( high build+s or o!r viol5t inequalities w also affect ! d5sity ( ! air & 9 turn ! pressure ex]t$ on ! w+s ( an a]oplane4 ,among aviators x is g5]ally believ$ t a great city is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s possible objects to fly above4 ,9 ! case ( ,new ,york ) its _m sky-scrap]s1 = in/ance1 ! dang] is va/ly increas$4 ,ev5 9 ! op5 c\ntry ! pres5ce ( a deep valley or o!r depression w s affect ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e t an a]oplane is likely to be drawn d[n f its c\rse4 ,^! areas are kn[n among aviators z pockets1 & are (t5 l>ge en\gh to swall[ up a l>ge man-c>ry+ craft1 at times ) disa/r\s effects4 ,! *ance ( y\r model a]oplane runn+ into su* a pocket is ( c\rse consid]able4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! effects ( ^! *ance curr5ts 0 af=d$ dur+ a rec5t model a]o t\rnam5t 9 ,new ,york4 ,a model a]oplane :i* _h fl[n ) rem>kable /ead9ess = m ?an #aej feet *anc$ to pass ov] ! head ( a boy :o 0 walk+ sl[ly across ! c\rse4 ,?is mov+ object s]v$ to set up a small :irlpool ( air4 ,! model on /rik+ x 0 in/antly *eck$1 :5 x turn$1 skirt$ ! column ( air & pass$ on4 ,9 an indoor fly+1 an op5 w9d[1 m]ely by *ang+ ! temp]ature slightly 9 its vic9ity1 w (t5 cause a model to be s]i\sly deflect$1 p]haps to be ?r[n completely (f its c\rse4 ,x w (t5 be notic$ 9 outdoor fly+ t a model1 9 pass+ ov] a /ream or body ( wat] or a mass ( d5se foliage1 w enc\nt] a *ange ( temp]ature :i* w appreciably affect its c\rse4 ,9 fly+ model a]oplanes ! p]=mance ( a ma*9e w (t5 v>y unacc\ntably f day to day4 ,) ! same motor & w9d+1 ! model w fly mu* high] & m freely at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t 9 ! summ] mon?s ! heat causes a l[ d5sity4 ,! pressure ex]t$ by ! atmosph]e is !re=e correspond+ly small2 ! model1 or = t matt] a l>ge ma*9e1 travels mu* fa/]4 ,a dry day also t5ds to cause l[ d5sity4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! excell5t flights on w>m1 dry days & ! crank9ess ( ! ma*9e :5 ! wea!r is damp4 ,cold wea!r on ! o!r h& t5ds to increase ! d5sity ( ! air4 ,! spe$ ( an a]oplane is mat]ially r$uc$ b on ! o!r h& ! air w be f\nd m buoyant4 ,su* wea!r is bett] = heavy models1 al?\gh !y fly mu* m sl[ly4 ,x w be se5 t at high altitudes1 :]e ! d5sity is lea/1 models %\ld fly bo? fa/] & high] ?an !y w ne>] ! sea level4 ,"o ( ! curiosities ( ! air is ! effect ( eddies creat$ by ! passage ( a]oplanes4 ,let an a]oplane move fa/ en\gh ?r\gh ! air & x w create high d5sity above its c\rse1 & l[ d5sity bel[ its l9e ( flight4 ,?is condition may also be f\nd 9 ! wake ( model a]oplanes4 ,x w (t5 be notic$ :5 two models are fly+ ne> toge!r t ! di/urbance caus$ by "o w s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! second ma*9e4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! air above & bel[ ! models 9 flight 9 especially noticeable :5 ! planes are flex$4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ( ! e>li] ,peoli models ,a great deal has be5 le>n$ ( ! action ( ! air ^u a]oplanes by photograph+ ! air curr5ts4 ,! smalle/ eddies ( ! air h be5 made visible by tak+ in/antane\s photographs ( ?9 smoke z x passes ob/acles ( v>i\s size & =m4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a squ>e object causes a great deal ( di/urbance :5 9 an air curr5t4 ,! air is compress$ 9 front ( x & eddies = "s di/ance 9 its wake be=e f9ally com+ to re/4 ,an elliptical object causes less di/urbance1 b ! air cont9ues to spla% 9 its wake = "s di/ance4 ,ev5 a p]fectly sph]ical object (f]s a surpris+ am\nt ( resi/ance to ! air4 ,9 ! case ( a long n>r[ ellipse ! di/urbance is consid]ably r$uc$4 ,a curv$ surface h[ev]1 su* z is us$ = ! planes ( an a]oplane1 cuts ! air ) practically no resi/ance1 & ! air fl[s smoo?ly ab\t & jo9s beh9d x ) v little wake or spla%+4 ,a =m :i* suits ! air 9 ?is way or a /ream l9e body z x is call$ is obvi\sly j ! "r design = ! w+s ( an a]oplane4 ,ev5 ! exp]ts 9 a]onautics diff] s widely1 h[ev]1 t x is impossible to lay d[n any def9ite rules4 ,"o ( ! greate/ au?orities on ! sci5ce ( aviation1 ,mr4 ,horatio ,philips1 ( ,engl&1 believes t a]oplanes ga9 m support f ! ent]+ edges ( _! planes ?an f ! re/ ( _! surface4 ,he argues t x is ?is edge1 meet+ ! air curr5ts1 :i* s]ves to hold ! a]oplane susp5d$4 ,?is !ory is f\nd$ on ! exp]im5ts made ) a ma*9e ( orig9al design fl[n by ,mr4 ,philips z f> back z #ahij4 ,x consi/$ ( a s]ies ( planes m\nt$ "o above ! o!r at regul> int]vals1 mu* ! same z ! /rips ( a ,v5etian bl9d4 ,! lift+ p[] ( ?is model 9 proportion to its surface & ! p[] ex]t$ 0 enorm\s4 ,?is !ory is borne out 9 "p by ! success ( ! model a]oplanes ) v n>r[ w+s :i* h be5 fl[n ) great success dur+ ! ye>4 ,! beautiful model built by ,/ew>t ,ea/]1 = in/ance1 :i* is illu/rat$ on ano!r page1 dep5ds = its support on planes :i* are no wid] ?an ord9>y w9d[ bl9ds4 ,!re is an imm5se diff]5ce ( op9ion aga9 z reg>ds sk9 friction4 ,"s writ]s believe ! air has a t5d5cy to /ick to c]ta9 mat]ials m ?an to o!rs1 & t ?is diff]5ce is s great z to mat]ially ret>d "s ma*9es 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,a complicate s]ies ( tables has be5 work$ out 9 great detail to %[ ! exact am\nt ( ?is friction on v>i\s bodies4 ,"s aviators g to great pa9s to make e "p ( _! a]oplanes z slipp]y z possible4 ,?is is done by poli%+ ! surfaces expos$ to ! air & 9 "s cases enclos+ ! =ew>d "p ( ! a]oplane1 l a %ip's pr[1 to dim9i% friction4 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d "s ( ! greate/ au?orities on aviation disreg>d+ ?is "q almo/ entirely4 ,9 ! ,wright ma*9es1 = in/ance1 ! surface ( ! w+s is usually left comp>atively r\gh1 & ! /icks & wires are plac$ )\t any att5tion to dim9i%+ friction4 ,?is is true z well ( ! ,delegrange1 ,voison & ,f>man ma*9es4 ,/ill o!r aviators design e detail ( _! ma*9es to cut d[n ?is s-call$ sk9 friction4 ,! uprights1 = in/ance1 are made elliptical 9 %ape1 ) ! %>p edges turn$ =w>d s t !y w cut _! way ! m smoo?ly ?r\gh ! air4 ,sev]al int]e/+ attempts h be5 made to design a pr[ = an a]oplane :i* w cut ! air ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( friction4 ,x is noticeable 9 ^! designs t ! pr[s are v blunt1 l ! pr[ ( a canal boat1 & n z might be expect$1 %>p & n>r[ l t ( a rac+ craft4 ,! blunt-nos$ pr[ is consid]$ be/ = ! air %ip1 because ! air be+ "o eight hundr$? z d5se z wat] (f]s v little resi/ance to its entrance4 ,x is s mu* easi]1 9 o!r words1 to pu% an air %ip ?r\gh ! air ?an a boat ?r\gh wat] t !re is no object 9 %>p5+ its nose4 ,! air1 h[ev]1 9 fl[+ along ! sides ( a rapidly mov+ body /icks to x1 & ret>ds its progress relatively m ?an wat] ret>ds a boat4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 t ! body ( ! a]oplane be made v %ort1 s t ! sides w (f] z little friction z possible4 ,?is rev]ses ! proportions ( a wat]-borne %ip4 ,we are s accu/om$ to see fa/ boats ) long1 n>r[ hulls1 t x comes z a surprise to f9d t a fa/ air %ip mu/ h a v broad beam & z %ort a hull z possible4 ,x is probable t1 z air %ips develop1 ?is g5]al *>act]i/ic w become m m>k$4 ,z a]oplanes become l>g] & fa/] !y w !re=e dep>t fur!r & fur!r f ! conv5tional ideas conc]n+ wat]-borne craft4 ,x is impossible to prophesy at pres5t :at =m ! great pass5g]-c>ry+ air %ips ( ! future w take1 b x is c]ta9 t _! hulls or ! clos$-9 portion c>ry+ ! ma*9]y & pass5g]s w be v %ort1 snubb$-nose affairs4 ,! _w w be oblig$ to *ange its m9d z to :at con/itutes a spe$y-look+ craft4 ,man has le>n$ to fly4 ,m ?an #a1jjj a]oplanes h be5 built :i* h successfully ris5 above ! e>?4 ,x is e/imat$ t ^! a]oplanes h fl[n 9 all m ?an #bej1jjj miles1 or a di/ance equal to t5 times ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,b no ma*9e has yet be5 made :i* w fly alone1 )\t ! skilful manipulation ( planes & rudd]s4 ,! model a]oplane :i* so>s gracefully al(t1 suit+ itself to ! v>y+ air conditions1 p]haps comes ne>e/ to ! automatic fly+ ma*9e4 ,a great advance w be made 9 aviation ) ! appe>ance ( "s practical contrivance = secur+ automatic /ability4 ,! a]oplane z x /&s to-day %[s a wond]ful advance 9 ! improvem5t ( its g5]al l9es1 & ! me*anical p]fection ( its p>ts1 b ! "q ( /ability rema9s practically ! same z x 0 :5 ! ,wright ,bro!rs made _! fir/ flights4 ,! ma*9e has be5 br\ght "u a rem>kable control1 b only z x is direct$ by ! practis$ h& ( ! sky pilot4 ,let him take 8 h& ev5 = a mom5t f ! lev]s1 :i* control ! planes & rudd]s1 & !re is dang] ( a bad spill1 p]haps a fatal accid5t4 ,practically no?+ has be5 accompli%$ 9 build+ ma*9es :i* w fly unaid$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out1 else:]e 9 ?is volume1 t ! exp]im5ts ) ! model a]oplanes are c]ta9 to h an important influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( a]onautics z a :ole1 because !y address !mselves p>ticul>ly to ?is problem ( /ability4 ,x is believ$ by _m aviators t ! problem ( automatic /ability w be solv$ by "s =m ( ! gyroscope4 ,a great _m exp]im5ts are be+ made ) v>i\s =ms ( ! gyroscope1 al?\gh no ma*9e has z yet be5 actually fitt$ & fl[n ) su* a device4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! gyroscope is v simple4 ,x consi/s ( a :eel :i* is made to revolve at v high spe$4 ,:5 su* a :eel turns fa/ en\gh x w rema9 9 a fix$ position4 ,e "o is famili> = in/ance ) ! gyroscope top4 ,y w9d x up & place x at any angle1 & x w support itself & reta9 ! position until x has run d[n4 ,! gyroscope has be5 appli$ = in/ance to railroad tra9s & has work$1 exp]im5tally at lea/1 ) rem>kable success4 ,by in/all+ a gyroscope on a c> runn+ on a s+le track ! c> may be kept upright by ! /abiliz+ =ce ex]t$ by ! revolv+ :eel4 ,! same pr9ciple has be5 appli$ to /eam%ips to prev5t _! roll+ 9 heavy seas4 ,! tipp+ ( a c> runn+ on a s+le track1 or ( a %ip at sea1 is ( c\rse v mu* l ! roll+ ( an a]oplane 9 flight2 & x w\ld seem t su* a /abiliz+ device might solve ! problem4 ,! gyroscope has a s]i\s disadvantage1 h[ev]4 ,s9ce x revolves at enorm\s spe$ any breakage w\ld t5d to ?r[ ! deta*$ "p to "o side ) dang]\s =ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! gyroscope us$ to /eady %ips at sea ?is =ce w\ld be suffici5t to s5d a piece ( metal ?r\gh ! hull4 ,on s delicate a craft z an a]oplane su* an accid5t might readily prove disa/r\s4 ,x has be5 f\nd aga9 9 exp]im5ts ) gyroscopes on /eam]s t ! frames h be5 s]i\sly /ra9$1 ev5 :5 ! gyroscope work$ smoo?ly4 ,:5 a %ip rolls & pit*es to ! motion ( ! waves1 x is ( c\rse "u a great /ra9 b ?is balances itself4 ,:5 x is held 9 a rigid horizontal position ! pit*+ & roll+ ex]t an exagg]at$ /ra9 on ! hull4 ,9 "o in/ance a vessel actually broke its back "u su* a /ra9 & 0 lo/4 ,an air %ip1 be+ at be/ a v frail /ructure1 c\ld sc>cely be expect$ to /& ! /ra9 :i* has wreck$ a /eel %ip4 ,at ! rec5t ,p>is ,a]onautical %[ sev]al extremely +5i\s comb9ations ( ! p5dulum & gyroscope pr9ciples 7 illu/rat$4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t "s modifi$ =m ( ! gyroscope may solve ! problem4 ,a rem>kable s]ies ( te/s has be5 made ?is ye> 9 ,france ) an automatic /ability device bas$ ^u an entirely new pr9ciple4 ,! rudd]s are op]at$ automatically1 9 ?is case by a v]tical f9 oppos$ to ! w9d4 ,z ! pressure ( ! air v>ies1 ! rudd] is =c$ up or d[n1 ?us br++ ! a]oplane to an ev5 keel )\t ! assi/ance ( ! aviator4 ,x is report$ t model a]oplanes equipp$ ) ?is device h be5 fl[n 9 ?ree hundr$ exp]im5ts )\t a s+le accid5t4 ,! day is approa*+ :5 ! air conditions w be obs]v$ & ann\nc$ = ! b5efit ( aviators exactly z ! wea!r is =etold to-day4 ,an aviator :o is ab\t to />t on a cross-c\ntry flight w ?us be able to /udy ! conditions ( ! air lanes & lay out 8 r\te j z an automobili/ looks up good-roads maps4 ,9 cross+ a p>ticul> piece ( c\ntry he w !re=e "k :e!r to take a l[ or a high air lane1 t is1 "o ( few hundr$ feet above ! e>? or ! "o sev]al ?\s& feet al(t4 ,! pressure ( ! air on ! regul> air l9es w be ann\nc$ z well4 ,9 ?is way aviation w be made mu* saf] ?an x is to-day1 :5 ! aviator mu/ v5ture )\t any k ( conditions al(t except ^? he may ga9 f ! gr\nd surface wea!r maps4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aiaj1 fully a score ( lives might h be5 sav$ _h aviators _h su* in=mation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! obs]vation /ations is actually 9 op]ation 9 ,g]many to-day4 ,ea* ( ^! /ations is suppli$ ) a numb] ( rubb] balloons equipp$ ) automatic app>atus = record+ atmosph]ic conditions 9 ! upp] air lanes4 ,! /ations also conta9 ! prop] app>atus = measur+ ! asc5sional =ce ( ! balloons1 ) ! gas g5]ators us$ = inflat+ ! balloons4 ,:5 ! balloons are s5t up = great heights _! altitude w be measur$ by means ( ! !odolite4 ,! s\nd+s ( ! air are tak5 twice daily at eight o'clock 9 ! morn+ & two 9 ! aft]noon :5ev] ! wea!r p]mits4 ,9 ! summ] ! morn+ obs]vations are made mu* e>li]4 ,! movem5ts ( ! balloons are !n c>efully obs]v$ at v>i\s altitudes until !y are lo/4 ,^! obs]vations are !n telegraph$ to ! c5tral /ation at ,l9d5b]g & s5t out mu* ! same z ! regul> wea!r =eca/4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,rules ,,= ,,conduct+ ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,conte/s ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,we/ ,,side ,,"y ,,m5',s ,,*ri/ian ,,association1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,& ,,conditions ,,= #aiaa4 #a4 ,^! ,g5]al ,rules & ,conditions %all apply to ! ev5ts conduct$ by ! ,we/ ,side ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 #b4 ,ea* & e conte/ant = a prize %all accept )\t res]vation ! conditions laid d[n by ! ,we/ ,side ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & %all abide by ! decision ( ! ref]ee4 ,ea* conte/ant mu/ regi/] 8 "n1 age & address be=e ! ev5t4 7a7 ,all conte/ants 9 ,class ,a mu/ be #ah ye>s ( age or ov]4 7b7 ,all conte/ant 9 ,class ,b mu/ be "u #ah ye>s4 #c4 ,e ma*9e compet+ mu/ be made by ! op]ator 7no toys admitt$71 & x mu/ be built along practical l9es1 t is1 a model f :i* a practical man-c>ry+ ma*9e c be built4 #d4 ,! ,committee %all h ! "r to reject any entry1 ! rejection ( :i* !y deem advisable4 #e4 ,! flights %all be acc\nt$ level flights & no all[ance w be made = v>iation ( height4 #f4 ,a trial %all be consid]$ to h end$ :5ev] ! ma*9e t\*es ! gr\nd4 #g4 ,competitors %all decide by draw+ lots ! ord] 9 :i* !y %all take _! turns4 #h4 ,any entrant n ready to comm5ce 8 trial :5 call$ ^u w =feit 8 turn to him :o is next ready1 & w fall back to ! end ( ! li/4 #i4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! di/ance fl[n %all 9 ! case ( ma*9es on :eels be c\nt$ n f ! />t+ l9e1 b f ! po9t :i* is det]m9$ by ! judges z t at :i* su* ma*9es actually leave ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! case ( ma*9es us+ ! catapult1 !re %all be d$uct$ f ! total di/ance fl[n ! equival5t ( ! initial impulse ( ! catapult4 #aj4 ,!re %all be no re/rictions z to ! design1 size1 weight1 =m or am\nt ( p[]1 b ! p[] mu/ be self-conta9$ 9 ! model4 #aa4 ,all models mu/ />t f ! gr\nd4 #ab4 ,ea* conte/ant %all h ?ree trials4 #ac4 ,! longe/ flight 9 ! ?ree trials w be c\nt$ = ! prize4 #ad4 ,all aw>ds %all be made to ! own] ( ! model & n to ! op]ator1 unless by special agreem5t betwe5 own] & op]ator4 #ae4 ,! conte/s %all cov] a p]iod ( two h\rs1 unless o!rwise designat$ by ! judges4 ,,rules ,,= ,,conduct+ ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,conte/s ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,model ,,a]o ,,club4 ,! (ficials at ! di/ance conte/ w be3 ,"o entry cl]k1 "o />t]1 "o judge4 ,! (ficials at ! spectacul> flight conte/ w be3 ,"o ann\nc] & />t]1 a jury compos$ ( ?ree p]sons select$ f spectators1 n memb]s ( ! ,club4 ,! (ficials at ! demon/ration ( a lift+-p[] conte/ w be3 ,"o entry cl]k1 "o measur] & calculator1 & "o judge4 ,!re w be a director 9 ! c5t] ( ! armory room to ord] ! flights4 ,! director w h a :i/le4 ,ea* />t] w h a flag4 ,/>t]s w ask = ! floor by %[+ flag4 ,! director w ord] ! flights z foll[s3 ,?ree :i/les = a spectacul> flight4 ,two :i/les = a di/ance flight4 ,"o :i/le = a lift+-p[] flight4 ,conte/ants mu/ keep (f ! floor unless foll[+ _! own ma*9e 9 flight4 ,aft] !y h pick$ up _! ma*9e1 !y mu/ leave ! floor 9 ! mo/ exp$iti\s mann]4 ,conte/ants w apply to entry cl]ks = directions4 ,,rules ,,= ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,conte/s ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,model ,,a]o ,,club4 ,! conte/s %all be op5 to all4 ,! entries are free1 & %all be receiv$ at ! ,new ,york ,model ,a]o ,club1 #ada ,lex+ton ,av5ue1 ei!r by lett] until ,m>* #ah1 #aiaa1 or v]bally on ,m>* #d #aa1 #aiaa1 f #h3ae ,p4 ,m4 to #aj p4 ,m41 & at ! #ac? ,reg4 ,armory on ,m>* #ah f #h to #i p4 ,m4 ,models mu/ be built by ! conte/ants4 ,!re %all be two conte/s3 ,a di/ance conte/ & a spectacul> flight conte/4 ,,di/ance ,,conte/ ,two prizes3 ,i4 ,! fir/ prize %all be aw>d$ to ! conte/ant mak+ ! longe/ flight1 & ! second prize to ! conte/ant mak+ ! next longe/4 ,,ii4 ,ea* conte/ant %all h only 8 longe/ flight record$4 ,,iii4 ,models mu/ />t f ! gr\nd "u _! own p[]4 ,,iv4 ,conte/ants are n all[$ to pu% _! models4 ,two special (fic]s ( ! ,club %all be appo9t$ to wat* ?is p>ticul> po9t4 ,v4 ,all models mu/ />t f ! same />t+ l9e1 :i* w be m>k$ on ! floor2 !y mu/ be (f ! gr\nd at a di/ance ( tw5ty feet f ! />t+ l9e4 ,9 case a model is n (f ! gr\nd at said di/ance1 x %all be disqualifi$ = t flight4 ,,vi4 ,flights %all be measur$ f ! />t+ l9e to ! po9t ( l&+4 ,,vii4 ,a "o-qu>t]-in* rope %all be laid on ! gr\nd )\t be+ fa/5$ at ei!r end1 at a di/ance ( #bj feet f ! />t+ l9e4 ,,viii4 ,models mu/ measure at lea/ two feet 9 l5g? & two feet 9 spread4 ,,spectacul> ,,flight ,,conte/ ,"o prize3 ,i4 ,! cup %all be aw>d$ to ! conte/ant mak+ ! mo/ spectacul> flight z previ\sly ann\nc$4 ,,ii4 ,a jury ( five p]sons1 select$ f ! spectators1 %all decide ^u ! mo/ spectacul> flight4 ,,iii4 ,p[] %all be optional4 ,,iv4 ,models mu/ measure at lea/ two feet 9 l5g? & two feet 9 spread4 ,v4 ,models mu/ be fitt$ ) a l&+ device by :i*1 if prop] spe$ 0 obta9$1 ! ma*9e w\ld leave ! gr\nd4 ,,vi4 ,ea* conte/ant1 be=e laun*+ 8 model1 mu/ ann\nce ! object ( 8 flight4 ,! ann\ncem5t w be made to ! public4 ,,vii4 ,conte/ants are at lib]ty to fly _! models f ! gr\nd or f ! h&1 & />t :]ev] !y wi%4 ,non obs]vance ( any ( ! above rules %all disqualify any flight4 ,,con/itution ,,& ,,by-,,laws ,,( ,a ,,model ,,a]oplane ,,club ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,model ,,a]o ,,club ,,con/itution ,,art4 ,i ,?is association %all be call$ ! 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! object ( ?is ,club %all be to popul>ize & /udy ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,aviation ?r\gh models4 ,,art4 ,,ii ,memb]%ip4 ,!re %all be two classes ( memb]s3 #a/4--,s5ior ,memb]s1 :o h be5 elect$ z su* by ! ,admission & ,memb]%ip ,committee2 :o are qualifi$ to repres5t ! ,club at all competitions1 & %all h a vote at all meet+s 9 ! conduct ( ! affairs ( ! ,club2 #bnd4--,junior ,memb]s1 compris+ all su* t h n qualifi$ z s5iors1 & :o %all h no vote4 ,any p]son may become a memb] ( ?is ,club :o is pass$ ^u by a majority ( ! ,admission & ,memb]%ip ,committee1 to :om all applications1 ei!r made directly or ?r\gh a memb] ( ! ,club1 mu/ be submitt$4 ,all applicants accept$ %all at once become ,junior ,memb]s1 & %all rema9 s until elect$ ,s5ior ,memb]s by ! ,admission & ,memb]%ip ,committee4 ,,art4 ,,iii ,(fic]s4 ,! ,(fic]s ( ?is ,club %all be a ,presid5t1 two ,vice-,presid5ts1 a ,secret>y-,treasur]1 & a ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors1 to consi/ ( said (fic]s & ! ,*airman ( ! ,pat5t ,bureau & ,conte/ ,committee4 ,! ,presid5t & ,second ,vice-,presid5t %all con/itute an ,executive ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors1 ) full p[] to act = !m 9 ! affairs ( ! ,club4 ,,art4 ,,iv ,dues & ,assessm5ts4 ,! dues %all be #be;c 7tw5ty-five c5ts7 p] mon? = ,junior & ,s5ior ,memb]s alike1 to be collect$ at ! fir/ bus9ess meet+ ( ea* mon?4 ,,art4 ,v ,/&+ ,committees4 ,!re %all be ! foll[+ ,/&+ ,committees1 to consi/ ( f\r memb]s ea*3 #a/4--,pat5t ,bureau4 ,! ,pat5t ,bureau %all inve/igate & pass ^u claims = any feature ( a memb]'s own contrivance1 & regi/] & insure to memb]s ! exclusive use !re( 9 ! ,club4 #bnd4--,conte/ ,committee4 ,! ,conte/ ,committee %all arrange details (1 att5d & record all competitions held by ! ,club4 ,!y %all also att5d & report on any o!r competition at ! reque/ ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors4 #crd4-- ,admission & ,memb]%ip ,committee4 ,! ,admission & ,memb]%ip ,committee %all exam9e all applicants = memb]%ip1 ) full p[] to accept or reject !m1 & %all fur!r exam9e ! ,junior ,memb]s :o wi% to qualify z ,s5ior ,memb]s4 ,! ,committees %all conv5e regul>ly at e bus9ess meet+ & besides1 z (t5 z _! duties may require4 ,,art4 ,,vi ,special ,committees4 ,special ,committees may be appo9t$ at any "t1 by motion or resolution1 to take into consid]ation & report ^u special matt]s4 ,unless o!rwise provid$ =1 !y %all be appo9t$ by ! presid+ (fic]4 ,art4 ,,vii ,meet+s4 ,regul> meet+s %all be held e ,saturday4 ,! fir/ ,saturday 9 ,octob] & ! fir/ ,saturday 9 ,april %all be semi-annual election & bus9ess meet+s4 ,foll[+ ^!1 e fir/ & ?ird ,saturday ( ea* mon? %all be a bus9ess meet+4 ,all o!r meet+ nights %all be call$ ,social meet+s4 ,at ! social meet+s no regul> ord] ( bus9ess %all be obs]v$4 ,,art4 ,,viii ,elections4 ,! (fic]s & memb]s ( ! /&+ committees %all be elect$ by writt5 ballot4 ,! ,presid5t & ,fir/ ,vice-,presid5t %all be elect$ at ! fir/ bus9ess meet+ 9 ,octob]1 to s]ve = "o ye>2 ! ,second ,vice-,presid5t & ! ,secret>y-,treasur] %all be elect$ at ! fir/ bus9ess meet+ 9 ,april1 to s]ve = "o ye>4 ,two memb]s ( ea* ( ! /&+ committees %all be elect$ at ! fir/ bus9ess meet+ 9 ,octob]1 to s]ve = "o ye>2 ! two o!r memb]s ( ea* ( ! /&+ committees %all be elect$ at ! fir/ bus9ess meet+ 9 ,april1 to s]ve = "o ye>4 ,,art4 ,,ix ,am5dm5t4 ,?is ,con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote at any regul> bus9ess meet+2 b1 no am5dm5t %all be ent]ta9$ unless x %all h be5 propos$ 9 writ+ at ! previ\s bus9ess meet+4 ,by-laws may be alt]$1 susp5d$1 annull$ or am5d$ by ! majority action ( ! memb]s pres5t at any meet+4 ,,by-,,laws ,,art4 ,i ,duties ( ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5ts4 ,! ,presid5t %all preside at all meet+s ( ! ,club & ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors1 & p]=m su* o!r duties z usually p]ta9 to t (fice4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,presid5t1 %all 9 8 /ead p]=m su* duties4 ,,art4 ,,ii ,duties ( ,secret>y-,treasur]4 ,! ,secret>y-,treasur] %all keep a record ( all meet+s ( ! ,club & ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors2 issue notices to memb]s ( all special meet+s1 & p]=m su* o!r duties z may be assign$ him by ! ,con/itution1 by ! ,club1 or by ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors4 ,! ,secret>y-,treasur] %all keep ! acc\nts ( ! ,club2 receive all moneys1 fees1 dues1 etc42 pay all bills approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors1 & pres]ve all prop] v\*]s = su* disbursem5ts4 ,he %all1 at ea* regul> meet+ ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors1 make a /atem5t ( ! f9ancial condition ( ! ,club2 & %all1 at ! semi-annual meet+s1 submit a report1 approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors1 ( ! f9ancial transactions ( ! prec$+ fiscal half ye>4 ,,art4 ,,iii ,en=cem5t ( ,rules by ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors %all h full p[] to expel or susp5d any memb] ^: conduct %all be pron\nc$1 by a two-?ird vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at a meet+1 to h endang]$ ! welf>e1 int]e/s or "* ( ! ,club4 ,,art4 ,,iv ,liabilities4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors %all h no p[] to make ! ,club liable = any debts exce$+ 9 total ! am\nt ( five doll>s1 unless au?oriz$ to d s by a record$ vote ( a meet+ ( ! ,club4 ,,art4 ,v ,meet+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors %all hold regul> meet+s on ! la/ ,saturday ( ea* mon?4 ,,art4 ,,vi ,non-,att5dance at ,gov]nors' ,meet+s4 ,a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors :o1 )\t satisfactory explanation1 %all fail to att5d two consecutive meet+s ( t body1 %all be deem$ to h resign$4 ,,art4 ,,vii ,colors4 ,! ,club colors are ,sky ,blue & ,r$4 ,,art4 ,,viii ,arre>s4 ,a memb] "o mon? 9 arre>s %all n h a vote at ! meet+s1 nor hold (fice 9 ! ,club4 ,,art4 ,,ix ,ord] ( ,bus9ess4 #a4 ,read+ ( ,bus9ess4 #b4 ,reports ( ,(fic]s & ,committees4 #c4 ,unf9i%$ ,bus9ess4 #d4 ,election ( ,(fic]s4 #e4 ,new ,bus9ess4 ,,diction>y ,,( ,,a]onautical ,,t]ms ,a ,a]odrome4 ,a tract ( l& select$ = fly+ purposes4 ,a]odynamics4 ,! sci5ce ( aviation1 lit]ally ! /udy ( ! influ5ce ( air 9 motion4 ,a](oil4 ,a flat or flex$ plane :i* l5ds support to an a]oplane4 ,a]onaut4 ,"o engag$ 9 navigat+ ! air4 ,a]onautics4 ,! sci5ce ( navigat+ ! air4 ,a]oplane4 ,a heavi] ?an air ma*9e support$ by "o or m fix$ planes4 ,a]o/atics4 ,! sci5ce ( a]o/ation1 or ( buoyancy caus$ by displacem5t1 balloon+4 ,a]o/ation4 ,! sci5ce ( light] ?an air or gas-born ma*9es4 ,ail]on4 ,! out] edge or tip ( a plane1 usually adju/able1 us$ to balance or /abilize4 ,air%ip4 ,commonly us$ to d5ote bo? heavi] & light] ?an air ma*9es2 correctly a dirigible balloon4 ,angle ,( ,incid5ce4 ,! angle ( ! plane ) ! l9e ( travel4 ,area4 ,9 ! case ( planes1 ! ext5t ( surface measur$ on bo? ! upp] & l[] sides4 ,an area ( "o squ>e foot comprises ! actual surface ( two squ>e feet4 ,aspect ,ratio4 ,! relation ( a surface cross+ ! direction ( flight ) t p>allel+ ! l9e ( flight4 ,automatic ,/ability4 ,/ability secur$ by f9s1 ! angle ( ! planes & simil> devices4 ,aviator4 ,"o engag$ 9 aviation4 ,aviation4 ,! sci5ce ( heavi] ?an air ma*9es4 ,b ,balanc]4 ,a plane or o!r "p int5d$ = lat]al equilibrium4 ,biplane4 ,an a]oplane ) two support+ surfaces "o above ! o!r4 ,body4 ,! ma9 framework support+ ! plane & ! ma*9]y4 ,c ,camb]4 ,! curve measur$ f ! cord to ! highe/ po9t ( ! plane4 ,c>riage4 ,! "p on :i* ! ma9 body is support$ on l& or wat]4 ,c5t] ,( ,gravity4 ,! po9t at :i* ! a]oplane balances4 ,c5t] ,( ,pressure4 ,! imag9>y l9e b5ea? ! plane at :i* ! pressure balances4 ,d ,deck4 ,! ma9 surface ( a biplane or multiplane4 ,directional ,control4 ,! ability to det]m9e ! direction ( ! flight ( an a]oplane4 ,dirigible4 ,a balloon driv5 by p[]4 ,d[n ,w9d4 ,) ! w9d4 ,drift4 ,! resi/ance ( ! plane to ! =w>d movem5t4 ,e ,elevator4 ,! plane or w+ int5d$ to control ! v]tical flight ( ! ma*9e4 ,eng9e]4 ,"o :o controls ! p[]1 driv+ ! ma*9]y4 ,ent]+ ,edge4 ,front edge ( ! =w>d plane ( an a]oplane4 ,equilibrator4 ,a plane or o!r contrivance :i* makes = /ability4 ,f ,flex$4 ,a plane is said to be flex$ :5 x curves upw>d =m+ an arc ( a circle4 ,f94 ,a fix$ v]tical plane4 ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,lit]ally a =m ( light] ?an air craft2 a gas-born air%ip4 ,foll[+ ,edge4 ,! re> edge ( ! plane or w+ ( an a]oplane4 ,fusilage4 ,! body or framework ( an a]oplane4 ,g ,glid]4 ,an a]oplane )\t motor p[]4 ,guy4 ,a brace1 usually a wire or cord us$ = tun+ up ! a]oplane4 ,gross ,weight4 ,! weight ( ! aircraft compris+ fuel1 lubricat+ oils1 & ! pilot4 ,gyroscope4 ,a rotat+ me*anism = ma9ta9+ equilibrium4 ,h ,hang]4 ,a %$ = h\s+ an a]oplane4 ,h>bor4 ,a %elt] = aircrafts4 ,heavi] ,?an ,air4 ,a ma*9e weigh+ m ?an ! air x displaces4 ,helicopt]4 ,a fly+ ma*9e driv5 upw>d by rot>y screws on v]tical %afts4 ,helmsman4 ,"o 9 *>ge ( ! /e]+ device4 ,l ,lat]al ,/ability4 ,/ability :i* prev5ts side motion4 ,load+4 ,! gross weight divid$ by ! support+ area measur$ 9 squ>e feet4 ,longitud9al ,/ability4 ,/ability :i* prev5ts =e & aft] motion or pit*+4 ,m ,ma/4 ,a p]p5dicul> /ick hold+ ! /ays or /ruts :i* keep ! planes rigid4 ,model ,a]oplane4 ,a toy a]oplane1 reproduc+ a man-c>ry+ ma*9e4 ,monoplane4 ,an a]oplane or heavi] ?an air ma*9e support$ by a s+le ma9 plane :i* may be =m$ ( two w+s ext5d+ f a c5tral body4 ,motor4 ,a contrivance = g5]at+ driv+ p[]4 ,multiplane4 ,an a]oplane ) m ?an ?ree ma9 planes "o above ano!r4 ,n ,nacelle4 ,! c> ( a dirigible balloon1 lit]ally a cradle4 ,net ,weight4 ,complete weight ( ! ma*9e )\t pilot1 fuel or oil4 ,o ,orni?opt]4 ,a ma*9e support$ & propell$ by planes mov+ 9 imitation ( birds2 a flapp+ w+ ma*9e4 ,or?ogonal4 ,a flight ma9ta9$ by flapp+ w+s4 ,p ,plane4 ,a surface or w+1 ei!r pla9 or flex$1 employ$ to support or control an a]oplane4 ,pilot4 ,"o direct+ an a]oplane 9 flight4 ,pit*4 ,!oretical di/ance cov]$ by a propell] 9 mak+ "o revolution4 ,pylon4 ,correctly1 a /ructure h\s+ a fall+ weight us$ = />t+ an a]oplane1 commonly a turn+ po9t 9 a]oplane flights4 ,propell]4 ,! screw us$ = driv+ an a]oplane1 plane4 ,r ,rudd]4 ,a plane or gr\p ( planes us$ to /e] an a]oplane4 ,runn]4 ,/rip b5ea? an a]oplane us$ = a skid4 ,s ,scale ,model4 ,a m9iature a]oplane exactly reproduc+ ! proportions ( an orig9al4 ,sp>4 ,a ma/1 /rut1 or brace4 ,/ability4 ,! p[] to ma9ta9 an ev5 keel 9 flight4 ,/>t+ ,plat=m4 ,a runway to enable an a]oplane to leave ! gr\nd4 ,sk9 ,friction4 ,resi/ance (f]$ by planes or w+s4 ,slip4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! di/ance actually travell$ by a propell] & t measur$ by ! pit*4 ,so>+ ,flight4 ,a glid+ movem5t )\t app>5t ef=t4 ,surface4 ,! ext5t ( planes measur$ on "o side only4 ,su/a9+ ,surface4 ,ext5t ( w+s or planes :i* l5d support to an a]oplane4 ,t ,tail4 ,! plane or planes1 bo? horizontal & v]tical1 c>ri$ beh9d ! ma9 planes4 ,t&em4 ,an arrangem5t ( two planes "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,?ru/4 ,! p[] ex]t$ by ! propell] ( an a]oplane4 ,t5sion4 ,! p[] ex]t$ by twi/$ /r&s ( rubb] 9 unw9d+4 ,tractor4 ,a propell] plac$ be=e ! ma9 plane4 ,triplane4 ,an a]oplane ) ?ree ma9 planes "o above ano!r4 ,u ,up ,w9d4 ,aga9/ ! w9d4 ,w ,wake4 ,! *urn$ or di/urb$ air 9 ! track ( a mov+ a]oplane4 ,wa%4 ,! movem5t ( ! air radiat+ f ! sides ( an a]oplane 9 flight4 ,w+s4 ,planes or support+ surfaces1 commonly a pair ( planes ext5d+ out f ! c5tral body4