,transcrib]'s ,notes ,italics text has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,! eye--x _c *oose b see4 --,wordswor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,bra91 %[+ eyes ) muscles remov$1 optic n]ves1 & *iasm4 ,,te*nique ,,( ,,eye ,,dissections ,,by ,,fr$]ic ,a4 ,,woll1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,pr(essor1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,hygi5e1 ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york2 ,optometry ,c\rses1 ,columbia ,univ]sity2 ,memb] ( ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s 9 ,optometry2 ,honor>y ,memb]3 ,am]ican ,optometric ,association2 ,/ate ,societies--,alabama1 ,cali=nia1 ,connecticut1 ,k5tucky1 ,ma9e1 ,massa*usetts1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,rhode ,isl&2 ,local ,societies--,lehigh ,valley ,society ( ,optometri/s1 ,mahon+ ,valley ,optometri/s' ,society1 & ,optometri/s' ,club ( ,brooklyn4 ,,second ,,edition ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,fr$]ic ,a4 ,,woll #aibd ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,fr$]ic ,a4 ,,woll ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,fir/ ,edition1 ,july1 #aiad ,second ,edition1 ,april1 #aibd ,,s*luet] ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,,new ,,york ,,d$ication ,,?is ,,little ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,) ,,affection ,,& ,,e/eem ,,to ,,my ,,fir/ ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,optics1 ,,my ,,fri5d ,,= ,,ye>s ,,&rew ,,jay ,,cross ,,^: ,,rese>* ,,9 ,,! ,,field ,,( ,,appli$ ,,optics ,,has ,,won ,,= ,,him ,,recognition ,,& ,,honor ,,cont5ts ,,page ,preface #ac ,introduction #ag ,removal ( ,hyaloid ,membrane ) ,cont5ts & ,atta*m5ts ,intact #be ,canal ( ,petit1 ,! #ce ,int]ior ( ! ,eye1 ,! #ch ,po/]ior ,half1 ,! #dj ,optic ,n]ve1 ,! #dg ,ant]ior ,half1 ,! #di ,iris1 ,! #ea ,cornea1 ,! #eb ,cry/all9e ,l5s1 ,! #ec ,*oroid1 ,! #fb ,ret9a1 ,! #gd ,sagittal or ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,eye1 ,! #hf ,papilla1 ,puncta ,lacrimalia1 & ,nasal ,duct1 ,! #ib ,meibomian ,gl&s & ,ducts1 ,! #if ,enucleation ( ! ,orbital ,cont5ts1 ,! #ig ,oph?almoscopic ,exam9ations #ajf ,lacrimal ,ducts1 ,! #aab ,lacrimal ,gl&1 ,! #aad ,capsule ( ,t5on1 ,! #aae ,sup]ior ,oblique ,muscle & its ,pulley #aag ,o!r ,extr9sic ,muscles1 ,! #aah ,?ree ,tunics ( ! ,eye1 ! ,hyaloid & its ,atta*m5ts1 ,! #abj ,,illu/rations ,,page #j4 ,bra9 %[+ eyes ) muscles remov$1 optic n]ves1 & *iasm ,frontispiece #a4 ,glassw>e & tools #bb #b4 ,! fir/ cut #bh #c4 ,h[ ! po9t ( ! scissors is kept away f ! und]ly+ tissues #bi #d4 ,half ( ! scl]otic sep>at$ #cj #e4 ,pick+ up ! *oroid #ca #f4 ,empty+ ! eye ( its cont5ts #cb #g4 ,isolat$ hyaloid1 cont5ts & atta*m5ts intact #cc #h4 ,petit's ,canal #cf #i4 ,cutt+ eye into ant]ior & po/]ior sections ) safety-razor blade #ci #aj4 ,po/]ior half %[+ ret9al vessels & *oroid #dj #aa4 ,%[+ network ( vitre\s #db #ab4 ,te>+ ret9a away f po/]ior half ( eye #dd #ac4 ,po/]ior half ( eye ) ret9a remov$ #de #ad4 ,excavat$ po/]ior half ( eye #df #ae4 ,split optic n]ve #dg #af4 ,cili>y processes & ! l5s #dh #ag4 ,h[ to pull (f vitre\s #ej #ah4 ,processus ,zonuloe #ed #ai4 ,onion-l lay]s ( l5s remov$ #ef #bj4 ,cross section ( l5s #eg #ba4 ,l5ses %[+ ! results ( diff]5t k9ds ( treatm5t #fj #bb4 ,punctur+ ! cornea #fc #bc4 ,remov+ ! cornea #fd #bd4 ,h[ to sep>ate ! *oroid f ! scl]otic #fe #be4 ,cutt+ away ! sep>at$ scl]otic #fg #bf4 ,scrap+ ! *oroid free f ! scl]otic #fh #bg4 ,! isolat$ *oroid #fi #bh4 ,ins]t+ scalpel to loos5 l5s & cut ?r\gh vitre\s #gj #bi4 ,tak+ out l5s & 8core0 ( vitre\s #ga #cj4 ,squeez+ out rema9+ "p ( vitre\s #gb #ca4 ,cutt+ ?r\gh ! iris #ge #cb4 ,cutt+ ar\nd ! cili>y r+ #gf #cc4 ,l5s1 iris1 & "p ( vitre\s remov$ #gg #cd4 ,h[ to =ce bl[pipe into ! vitre\s #gh #ce4 ,bulg+ out ( vitre\s caus$ by bl[+ air ?r\gh glass bl[pipe #gi #cf4 ,%[+ vitre\s remov$ #hj #cg4 ,fold+ ! ret9a by bl[+ air at x ?r\gh bl[pipe #ha #ch4 ,susp5d$ ret9a4 ,scl]otic ready to be cut away #hb #ci4 ,%[+ scl]otic ne>ly all cut away #hc #dj4 ,isolat$ ret9a #hd #da4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! cutt+ ( ! eye = sagittal sections #hg #db4 ,me?od ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! cry/all9e l5s #hh #dc4 ,cutt+ ?r\gh cornea to complete ! sagittal sections #hi #dd4 ,sagittal section enl>g$ #ij #de4 ,"p ( calf's head %[+ knitt+ ne$les ins]t$ 9 puncta #ic #df4 ,c\rse ( knitt+ ne$les %[+ ! c\rse ( ! canaliculi #id #dg4 ,initial cuts to be made 9 ! sk9 #ih #dh4 ,fir/ cut 9 bones ( orbit #ii #di4 ,all ! cuts to be made 9 bones ( orbit #ajj #ej4 ,h[ to pry bone loose #aja #ea4 ,dissect+ close to bones ( orbit #ajb #eb4 ,excavat$ orbit #ajc #ec4 ,ant]ior view ( enucleat$ eye #ajd #ed4 ,side view ( enucleat$ eye4 ,all p>ts 9 situ #ajd #ee4 ,enl>g+ pupil = oph?almoscopic inspection #ajg #ef4 ,h[ to get rid ( ! puck] 9 ! cornea #ajh #eg4 ,w9d[ cut 9 ! eye #aaj #eh4 ,p9s ins]t$ 9 lacrimal ducts #aab #ei4 ,capsule ( ,t5on bl[n up #aae #fj4 ,%[+ ! extr9sic muscles ( ! eye #aah #fa4 ,cutt+ ?r\gh ! iris #abj #fb4 ,scrap+ cili>y processes free4 ,*oroid cut ar\nd cili>y r+ #aba #fc4 ,cutt+ away *oroid #abb #fd4 ,?ree tunics1 hyaloid1 & l5s #abc ,,preface ,! aim ( ?is booklet is to pres5t to ! eye-speciali/1 ! tea*]1 ! /ud5t1 & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! eye1 "s def9ite me?ods to foll[ 9 ! dissection ( t organ4 ,mo/ dissections ( ! eye are n made ) ! same degree ( c>e & skill us$ 9 ! dissections ( o!r organs4 ,9 foll[+ ! usual me?od ( dissect+ eyes1 mu* ( ! important detail is lo/4 ,(t5 c]ta9 membranes are conf\nd$ ) o!rs1 & wrongly demon/rat$4 ,fur!rmore1 an eye is m]ely divid$ by "s demon/rators into an ant]ior & a po/]ior half1 a v %ort "t is sp5t by ! /ud5ts scrut9iz+ ea* half2 !n ! text-book is turn$ to1 & ! anatomy is /udi$ descriptively4 ,n en\gh "t has be5 giv5 to ?or\ghly dissect+ all p>ts ( ! eye4 ,z mu* "t %\ld be giv5 z is necess>y to br+ out prom95tly all its p>ts4 ,o!r organs ( ! body are m ?or\ghly dissect$1 &1 !re=e1 ! /ud5t has bett] opportunity to ga9 a cle>] compreh5sion & bett] und]/&+ ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ^? organs4 ,also1 z mu* "t %\ld be giv51 proportionately1 to ! le>n+ ( ! te*nique ( ! dissection ( ! eye z is giv5 to ! le>n+ ( ! te*nique ( dissect+ o!r organs ( ! body4 ,_m n[ make a direct specialty ( m9i/]+ to ^? suff]+ f errors ( ocul> refraction1 ocul> diseases1 & ocul> reflexes1 & = ^? speciali/s1 pr9cipally1 ?is book is writt54 ,x is to fulfil its mission to !m by act+ z a guide & z a complem5t to ! descriptive matt] 9 ! text-book4 ,x is s5t =? 9 ! hope t x w t5d to create m int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( ! practical anatomy ( ! eye4 ,x is writt5 ) a desire to /imulate ! ability to make c>eful & intellig5t obs]vation4 ,x c>ries ) x1 z a f9al end1 an e>ne/ wi% t x may1 9 "s small way1 be ! means ( op5+ up to ! orig9al rese>*]1 a l>g] field = ! fur!r /udy ( ! mo/ important ( ! s5ses--! eyesight4 ,mo/ ( ! dissections expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are orig9al2 "s1 h[ev]1 are only revisions ( old me?ods4 ,?is opportunity is tak5 to ackn[l$ge ! _m helpful sugge/ions t 7 made by ,dr4 ,iv9 ,sickels1 ( ! ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 & by ! late ,dr4 ,edw>d ,c4 ,spitzka1 ( ,new ,york4 ,?anks are due ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,h[es1 ( ,messrs4 ,swift ,co41 = furni%+ ! necess>y supply ( beef eyes2 to ,messrs4 ,lee ,bea*1 photograph]s1 ( ,new ,york1 = _! pa9/ak+ ef=ts 9 produc+ good photographs ( ! actual dissections2 & to ,s*luet] ,pr9t+ ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 = _! _m c\rtesies & int]e/ 9 ! production ( ! book4 ,,fr$]ic ,a4 ,,woll4 ,new ,york1 ,july #ba1 #aiad4 ,,introduction ,9 eye dissections x is unnecess>y to h ei!r a l>ge equipm5t ( in/rum5ts or a special room4 ,to h a laboratory at "o's disposal is b a small add$ conv5i5ce4 ,n to h x1 is no s]i\s h9drance4 ,! "w may be c>ri$ on & successfully done 9 "o's (fice or 9 ! home1 z well z 9 class-room or laboratory4 ,if x is true t ! atmosph]e ( a laboratory adds zeal to ! ef=ts ( a work]1 b !re is no laboratory available1 !n rev]se ! ord]2 let ! zeal ( ! work] add to ! atmosph]e ( ! place 9 :i* he is do+ 8 "w4 ,two ?+s1 among o!rs to be m5tion$ lat]1 are ess5tial2 a table ( conv5i5t height1 & a good light1 natural or artificial4 ,bo? are b mode/ ne$s4 ,comp>$ ) o!r dissections1 !re w be f\nd an abs5ce ( (f5sive odors4 ,nei!r are !re any repulsive s5sations exp]i5c$4 ,su* exp]i5ces are q common :5 mak+ o!r k9ds ( dissections4 ,?is "w is clean & attractive4 ,inde$1 "o may ev5 develop a r ke5 s5se ( ! /hetic4 ,_m ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! eye1 :5 sep>at$ & prop]ly pres]v$1 !n view$ & inspect$1 are b\nd to br+ =? exclamations ( appreciation & wond]m5t4 ,"o c !n bett] und]/& ! /atem5t3 8,:5 ,nature p]fect$ ! fir/ eye %e took a day (f s %e c\ld admire ! result ( h] f9e/ piece ( h&iwork40 ,?is does n imply t dissections ( ! eye t5d to develop art appreciation4 ,appreciation ( ! wond]ful 9 ,nature's con/ruction ( ! special organs is n1 h[ev]1 to be relegat$ to a di/ant po9t4 ,su* appreciation is concomitant ) ! k t comes f hav+ se51 h&l$1 & exam9$ ! object /udi$4 ,! or*e/ra lead] mu/ h a good li/5+ & he>+ e>4 ,?is is develop$ 9 him because he has to ex]cise con/antly 8 p[] ( li/5+ & he>+4 ,! dissector :o w\ld become pr(ici5t 9 eye dissections & 9 anatomical inve/igations mu/ h a good see+ eye & a dextr\s h&4 ,to acquire ^! two mo/ valuable aids necess>y to c>ry on c>eful inquiry or rese>*1 x is ess5tial to practise us+ ! eye & ! h&4 ,comb9$ ) ! exp]tness ( ^! two1 mu/ be ! ability to cont9ue "o's ef=ts 9 ! face ( failure2 to r$\ble "o's ef=ts to atta9 success despite ! %ortcom+s ( eye or h&4 ,?is simply means practise & pati5ce4 ,& ! "o :o is )\t t wond]ful virtue1 pati5ce1 w nev] /ay long en\gh ) 8 problem to ga9 ei!r an obs]v+ eye or an exp]t h&1 or to a*ieve 8 end1 & !reby reap ! full & pleas+ results ( 8 ef=ts4 ,9 ord] ( importance1 pati5ce really prec$es dext]ity1 skill1 & obs]vation2 & p]si/5ce ( ef=t is a factor n to be entirely out%one by any o!r virtue4 ,) ^! attributes1 k ( ! subject 9 h& naturally foll[s4 ,"o reason :y eye dissections are easily c>ri$ on is because mat]ial c always be readily procur$4 ,any but*] w furni% %eep1 pig1 or beef eyes4 ,or1 if "o has ! "t to visit ! manag] ( a slaught]-h\se1 & make kn[n to him "o's ne$s1 he w supply en\gh eyes to c>ry ?r\gh a ho/ ( int]e/+ dissections & exp]im5ts1 & give suffici5t mat]ial = c>eful1 ord]ly1 & fruitful /udy4 ,p]haps 9 no o!r k9ds ( dissections w ! inve/igator f9d s mu* ( int]e/1 or h 8 ef=ts cr[n$ ) su* abundant & satisfactory results1 z 9 ! dissections ( ! eye4 ,b no "o %\ld try to /udy all p>ts ( ! eye ) only "o specim54 ,to try to d s is an error1 & a common "o (t5 committ$ by bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,specim5s co/ little or no?+1 & x is no m tr\ble to prep>e a half-doz5 eyes = dissection ?an "o4 ,! co/ ( prep>ation1 too1 is b little m = a numb] ( eyes ?an x is = "o1 & may be no m 9 "s in/ances4 ,besides1 hav+ en\gh mat]ial on h& saves "t 9 case ( a failure4 ,also1 "o c quickly repeat a dissection1 & s procure any numb] ( desir$ specim5s ( specific p>ts1 or d ov] aga9 ! same dissection on ano!r eye j = ! purpose ( practise1 & ?us add to "o's dext]ity4 ,x is1 !re=e1 /rongly advocat$ to h pl5ty ( mat]ial on h& be=e beg9n+ "w4 ,economy "h is n ev5 8p5ny wise40 ,! tools1 or in/rum5ts1 ne$$ are b few 9 numb]2 an ord9>y scalpel1 a pair ( blunt tweez]s1 or =ceps1 z !y are sometimes call$2 a pair ( %>p-po9t$ tweez]s1 a pair ( small1 %>p-po9t$ scissors ( ab\t ?ree to ?ree & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 & a pair ( l>ge scissors1 ab\t f\r or five in*es 9 l5g?1 hav+ "o jaw %>p-po9t$ & "o jaw blunt4 ,= glassw>e1 any wide-m\!d j> or bottle1 su* z ! ord9>y fruit or jelly j>1 w d = prep>+ mat]ial4 ,= cl>ify+ tissues1 or = pres]v+ & keep+ !m1 small1 wide-m\!d bottles or vials %\ld be us$4 ,& = tempor>y keep+1 or = purposes ( 8runn+ ?r\gh0 v>i\s fluids1 ! regul> ,/5d] di%es are mo/ conv5i5t4 ,a glass graduate is almo/ indisp5sable if accuracy 9 measur+ fluids is desir$4 7,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! *emicals ne$$ are few 9 numb] & small 9 quantity3 ,alcohols 9 v>y+ /r5g?1 :i* c be made by dilut+ a #ie p] c5t4 alcohol1 & keep+ an absolute alcohol on h&4 ,a few ounces ( =maldehyde w make en\gh solutions ( diff]5t /r5g?s to be suffici5t = ! prep>ation & keep+ ( _m specim5s4 ,( o!r *emicals1 su* z xylol & c$> oil1 only small quantities are ne$$2 en\gh to cov] a specim54 ,fifte5 to tw5ty c5ts wor? ( ea* w be an ample supply to keep on h&4 ,all ( ^! may be procur$ at any l>ge drug /ore1 & are ! only *emicals requir$ = do+ ! dissections z expla9$ 9 ?is book4 ,be=e fur!r advance is made1 x w be be/ to /ate t ?is "w deals only ) me?ods = dissect+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( an eye1 & is prim>ily int5d$ to aid 9 ! /udy ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! eye by be+ us$ 9 conjunction ) su* books z 8,gray's ,anatomy10 8,a ,text-,book ( ,physiology10 by ,h[ell1 8,! ,anatomy & ! ,physiology ( ! ,eye10 by ,br[n & ,zoe?\t1 & simil> o!r works ( au?ority4 ,h[ev]1 if x is desir$ to acquire only specim5s1 !n1 ( c\rse1 no o!r works are necess>y1 & ! matt] conta9$ h]e9 is suffici5t to enable "o to procure j :at is want$4 ,x is also wise to /ate "h t s9ce human eyes are h>d to procure1 & n available 9 l>ge quantities1 "o mu/ resort to ! use ( ! eyes ( animals1 :i* are procurable 9 l>ge quantities1 & :i* may be us$ )\t 8feel+s0 9 ! matt]4 ,?\gh !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! eyes ( human be+s & ! eyes ( o!r animals1 ! diff]5ce is slight & ( m9or importance :5 comp>$ ) ! simil>ity ( ! m important p>ts4 ,,te*nique ,,( ,,eye ,,dissections ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,hyaloid ,,membrane ,,) ,,cont5ts ,,& ,,atta*m5ts ,,intact#ab ,"o ( ! easie/ & mo/ satisfactory dissections to attempt is ! isolat+ ( ! hyaloid membrane ) its cont5ts & its atta*m5ts4 ,! success "o meets ) 9 mak+ ?is dissection w surely prove a /rong inc5tive = mak+ all ! re/4 ,= ^! reasons ?is has be5 plac$ fir/ 9 ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 eye dissections x is q cu/om>y1 9 giv+ directions = dissections1 m]ely to m5tion ! hyaloid membrane & its relations ) o!r p>ts ( ! eye4 ,r>ely is !re any attempt made to isolate x4 ,(t51 too1 ! ret9a is mi/ak5 = ! hyaloid1 & ! ret9a !n wrongly demon/rat$ z be+ atta*$ to ! *oroid4 ,( c\rse1 x is impossible to sep>ate ! hyaloid f ! vitre\s2 b a dissection c be made :i*1 :5 plac$ 9 a glass ( "s k9d1 w %[ ! hyaloid4 ,if ! foll[+ simple te*nique is c>efully obs]v$1 ! membrane1 ) all its connections1 c be easily sep>at$ f c]ta9 o!r p>ts ( ! eye4 ,opportunity = ?or\gh /udy & obs]vation w !n be made extremely easy4 ,procure ! eye ( ei!r a %eep or a bullock4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! usual proc$ure ( h>d5+ 9 any "o ( ! sev]al solutions us$ = ! purpose ( t\gh5+ ! ocul> tissues1 place ! eye 9 a cool place & p]mit x to collapse a trifle4 ,usually two or ?ree days is a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to accompli% ! result4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t if an eye is too fre% ! cili>y processes w n be easily deta*$ f ! hyaloid 7zonul> processes71 & if ! eye has be5 9 a pres]v+ fluid1 ! same result w foll[4 ,a %eep's eye w make a bett] specim5 ev5 if x is small1 because ! cili>y processes are m easily sep>at$ f ! zonul> processes4 ,if a bullock's eye is us$1 x mu/ be left 9 a cool place a day or two long] ?an 9 ! case ( a %eep's eye1 9 ord] to p]mit a long en\gh "t to elapse to all[ dis9tegration ( ! eye to take place suffici5t to h ! two processes sep>ate easily & cleanly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b--,mak+ ! fir/ cut4 7,page #bg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c--,%[+ h[ ! po9t ( ! l[] jaw ( ! scissors is to be kept away f ! und]ly+ tissues4 7,page #bg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d--,%[+ ab\t half ( ! scl]otic sep>at$4 7,page #bi47 ,) a pair ( dissect+ =ceps p9* up ! scl]otic ab\t #e mm4 ant]ior to ! equator4 ,) a pair ( small1 f9e-po9t$ scissors1 make an incision4 7,fig4 #b47 ,next hold ! eye 9 ! left h& )\t ex]t+ any pressure4 ,ins]t ! po9t ( ! scissors into ! incision :i* has be5 made1 & cut4 ,be c>eful to keep ! po9t ( ! scissors close to ! scl]otic or an untimely punctur+ ( ! *oroid w occur4 7,fig4 #c47 ,cont9ue ! cutt+ on a l9e p>allel to ! equatorial m]idian & ab\t #e mm4 ant]ior to x until ab\t half ! scl]otic has be5 sep>at$4 ,9 cutt+1 always move ! po9t ( ! scissors =w>d ) a slight oscillat+ lat]al movem5t4 7,fig4 #d47 ,:ile do+ ?is1 p>tly susp5d ! eyeball f ! po9t ( ! scissors4 ,do+ ^! ?+s w t5d to loos5 ! *oroid f ! scl]otic & prev5t punctur+ too soon ! =m] m5tion$ membrane4 ,n[ apply pressure 9 su* a mann] t ! lips ( ! cut scl]otic w gap4 ,into ?is put ! po9t ( ! scissors & v c>efully pick up ! *oroid & ! ret9a ) ! po9t ( ! scissors & cut !m4 7,fig4 #e47 ,if ! *oroid alone has be5 pick$ up & sep>at$1 ! ret9a w %[ milky :ite or yell[i% :ite und]nea?4 ,! ret9a mu/ !n also be sep>at$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to g deep] ?an ! ret9a or ! hyaloid may be damag$4 ,cont9ue ! cutt+ ( ! *oroid & ! ret9a = a di/ance ( ab\t #bj mm4 ,apply en\gh pressure occasionally s t ! vitre\s w be =c$ upw>d & above ! cut *oroid & ! ret9a4 ,?is w %[ :e!r any /r&s ( ! two membranes h be5 left uncut4 ,if ! sep>ation is complete = ! di/ance specifi$ above1 inv]t ! eyeball1 squeeze & %ake g5tly ov] "s receptacle1 su* z a ,/5d] di%1 ?ree-f\r?s fill$ ) a #b or #e p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde1 & ! hyaloid membrane conta9+ ! vitre\s1 its atta*m5ts1 susp5sory ligam5t to ! l5s capsule1 & l5s1 w drop out intact1 z :5 "o empties ! cont5ts ( an egg4 7,fig4 #f47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,pick+ up ! *oroid ) ! po9t ( ! scissors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f--;,a4 ,hyaloid1 vitre\s1 & l5s ready to drop out ( ! eyeball4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g--,photograph ( dissect$ hyaloid membrane 7,a71 ) pigm5t$ ind5tations ( ! cili>y processes1 ! susp5sory ligam5t 7,b71 & ! cry/all9e l5s 9 its capsule 7,c74 7,page #cd47 ,_m times a consid]able am\nt ( pigm5t f ! second tunic w rema9 atta*$ to ! processus zonuloe4 ,?is pigm5t may be easily remov$ by scrap+ x (f ) ! %>p edge ( ! scalpel or by bru%+ x (f ) a s(t1 wet too?-bru%4 ,x is unwise to use alcohol z a pres]vative because x produces an almo/ imm$iate opaqu5ess & h>dness :i* spoils ! specim5 = fur!r /udy4 ,?is description may give ! impression t ! dissection is a l5g?y "o2 h[ev]1 x c be done by an exp]t 9 two or ?ree m9utes2 by a beg9n] 9 five or six m9utes4 ,= purposes ( demon/ration or /udy ! specim5 %\ld be plac$ 9 a small bottle or a vial conta9+ a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde4 ,x c !n be exam9$ ) h& l5s or microscope4 7,fig4 #g47 #a ,approv$ z an orig9al article 9 ,! ,anatomical ,record1 ,septemb]1 #aiab4 #b ,?is dissection1 & sev]al ( ! foll[+1 appe>$ 9 ,! ,optical ,j\rnal & ,review1 beg9n+ ) ! issue ( ,janu>y #af1 #aiac4 ,,! ,,canal ,,( ,,petit ,! canal ( ,petit is a 8triangul> space ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! l5s40 ,t x c be 8inflat$ ?r\gh a f9e bl[pipe ins]t$ ?r\gh ! susp5sory ligam5t10 is ! usual direction giv54 ,h[ev]1 ! ord9>y 8f9e bl[pipe0 is mu* too l>ge & too dull to be ins]t$ ?r\gh ! susp5sory ligam5t4 ,take a long m$ic9e-dropp] 7#e or #aj c5ts at a drug /ore71 or a pipette1 & heat x until x is r$ hot ov] an alcohol lamp or a ,buns5 burn]2 hold "o end ) "o h& & ! o!r end ) a pair ( tweez]s4 ,z ! glass becomes :ite hot pull ! tube ap>t4 ,?is w leave ! places ( sep>ation po9t$ & %>p-edg$4 ,use ! l>g] ( ! two pieces4 ,sometimes ! po9t or tap]+ end ( ! tube is too long & ! bore too small4 ,all t is necess>y is to fir/ m>k (f ) a file ! l5g? to be brok5 (f1 & !n t l5g? may be snapp$ (f1 leav+ a %>p-edg$1 tap]+ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h--;,a4 ,glass bl[pipe4 ,b4 ,petit's canal4 ,aft] hav+ complet$ ! fir/ dissection 7! hyaloid1 cont5ts & atta*m5ts71 & ! specim5 has be5 9 ! =maldehyde solution = t5 days or two weeks1 x w h become h>d & t\gh en\gh to /& a consid]able am\nt ( r\gh h&l+4 ,if ! specim5 has be5 kept 9 a l>ge receptacle1 su*1 = in/ance1 z a j>1 remove x ) a spoon2 if 9 a small j> or vial1 empty out ! fluid1 !n slide ! specim5 out on :atev] has be5 prep>$ to receive x4 ,turn x s t ! l5s w be upp]mo/4 ,f9d ! susp5sory ligam5t 9 ! ,zone ( ,z9n4 ,ins]t ! po9t$ end ( ! glass tube1 close to ! l5s1 & bl[ g5tly until ! canal %[s its sacculat$ con/ruction by fill+ ) air1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( a lot ( little bubbles surr\nd+ ! p]iph]y ( ! l5s4 7,fig4 #h47 ,x may be necess>y to move ! bl[pipe 9 & out 9 ord] to f9d ! canal1 all ! :ile bl[+ /eadily ?r\gh ! tube4 ,,! ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,eye ,= ! /udy ( ! int]ior ( ! eye & its cont5ts 9 situ ei!r a fre% or a h>d5$ eye w d2 a h>d5$ eye is pref]able4 ,9 ! dissection = isolat+ ! hyaloid membrane1 vitre\s1 l5s1 & o!r p>ts1 ! ant]ior & po/]ior halves ( ! evacuat$ eye may be sep>at$ entirely1 & ea* half /udi$4 ,h[ev]1 ! *oroid & ! ret9a w be m or less mutilat$1 & ! vitre\s & o!r p>ts w be remov$4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! p>ts w prev5t "o f receiv+ a def9ite idea ( _! anatomical relation%ips4 ,!re=e1 x is bett] to "w ) an entire & complete eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i--,%[+ me?od ( cutt+ eye into ant]ior & po/]ior sections ) safety-razor blade4 ,remove all ! muscles & fatty tissues f ! outside ( ! globe2 !n cut x 9 half ?r\gh ! equator1 ?us divid+ x into an ant]ior & a po/]ior half4 ,! cutt+ ( ! scl]otic1 z well z ! und]ly+ tissues & ! vitre\s1 %\ld be done ) ! l>ge scissors2 us+ a knife or scalpel w t5d to di/urb ! positions ( ^? tissues or s te> !m t !y w n be ( mu* use = purposes ( /udy4 ,an ord9>y safety-razor blade makes an excell5t in/rum5t = sep>at+ ! eye into two halves1 because x cuts ?r\gh ! tissues )\t te>+ !m 9 any way4 7,fig4 #i47 ,! r d>k color$1 viscid fluid t escapes :5 ! eye is halv$ is ! p]i*oroidal lymph1 n ! aque\s1 z is sometimes /at$4 ,,! ,,po/]ior ,,half ,! po/]ior half is tak5 fir/ because x is ! simple/ & easie/ ( ! two halves to dissect4 ,9 ?is half ( ! eye ! ret9a may be readily se5 ?r\gh ! vitre\s2 ! *oroid & its app>5t iridesc5t colors ?r\gh bo? vitre\s & ret9a4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,remove ! vitre\s by simply tilt+ ?is half ( ! eye1 & ) ! f+] pu% out ! vitre\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj--,! ret9a1 ret9al vessels1 & iridesc5t *oroid %[+ ?r\gh ! vitre\s4 ,sometimes ! vitre\s w adh]e v closely to ! ret9a4 ,?is occurs especially :5 ! eye has be5 9 =maldehyde = a long "t4 ,9 su* a case ! removal ( ! vitre\s )\t injur+ ! ret9a requires pati5ce & c>e4 ,! use ( ! scalpel & ! scissors may become necess>y4 ,ano!r v good way to remove ! vitre\s is to take hold ( ! scl]otic1 turn x s t ! vitre\s is d[nw>d1 & !n %ake g5tly until ! vitre\s sep>ates itself f ! ret9a &1 drops out4 ,aft] ! vitre\s has be5 remov$1 notice its glassy appe>ance2 h5ce its "n--hyaloid body4 ,try to pull x ap>t ) ! f+]s1 & x w be notic$ t x seems to be held toge!r by m or less ( a network ( fibres4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa--,%[+ h[ vitre\s seems to be held toge!r by a network ( fibres4 7,page #da47 ,:i*ev] me?od = remov+ ! vitre\s is foll[$1 ! ret9a w be left r badly wr9kl$ & out ( place4 ,if ! la/-m5tion$ me?od1 :i* is really ! be/ ( ! ?ree describ$1 is ! "o adopt$1 ! ret9a w be left 9 an entirely collaps$ & fold$ =m4 ,9 any case1 to /raight5 out ! ret9a aga9/ ! *oroid1 imm]se ! :ole po/]ior half 9 wat]1 inside upp]mo/4 ,! ret9a w !n sl[ly unfold itself & lie flat aga9/ ! *oroid4 ,) ! tweez]s remove ! :ole half f ! wat]2 tilt+ x sl[ly to empty x ( all ! wat]1 &1 hav+ done s1 turn x d[n ^u ! table r =cibly 9 ord] to help x dra9 itself ( all ! wat]4 ,notice ! ?9ness ( ! ret9a1 &1 also1 t ! seem+ iridesc5ce ( ! *oroid %[s ?r\gh4 ,! optic disc1 :i* is ! po9t ( entrance ( ! optic n]ve1 & ! optic cup are easily recogniz$1 ?\gh nei!r w be se5 z l>ge z :5 view$ 9 ! liv+ eye ) an oph?almoscope4 ,! blood vessels ( ! ret9a1 z !y ramify outw>d or =w>d1 aft] _! entrance ?r\gh ! optic n]ve ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 are also v pla9ly se54 ,a clos] inspection w %[1 9 ! v c5tre ( ! 8entrance0 ( ! optic n]ve1 a :iti%1 po9t$ vessel1 ab\t #a or #b mm4 long4 ,t is ! sl\gh$-(f & atrophi$ end ( ! hyaloid art]y1 :i*1 :5 ! eye 0 9 an embryonic /ate1 ran =w>d f ! c5tral art]y ( ! ret9a ?r\gh ! hyaloid canal to ! po/]ior surface ( ! l5s4 ,) ! =ceps pick up ! p]iph]al edge ( ! ret9a1 &1 by pull+ g5tly upw>d1 te> x away f its app>5t place ( atta*m5t to ! 8entrance0 ( ! optic n]ve4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 !re w be se5 "s ?reads protrud+ f ! optic n]ve4 ,fill+ ! half ) wat] w t5d to sep>ate ^! /r&s1 :i* are optic-n]ve elem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab--,pick+ up ! ret9a 9 ord] to te> x away f ! entrance ( ! optic n]ve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac--,! light] area is ! field ( iridesc5ce ( ! *oroid4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! ret9a1 ! iridesc5ce ( ! *oroid 7tapetum lucidum7 7,fig4 #ac7 may be exam9$ ) a h& l5s1 or1 aft] its removal1 a piece may be cut & plac$ "u a microscope4 ,?is iridesc5ce is1 ( c\rse1 n pres5t 9 ! human eye4 78,physiology ( ! ,s5ses10 ,mc,kendrick ,snodgrass1 page #aja47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad--;,excavat$ po/]ior half ( ! scl]otic4 ,aft] ! *oroid is remov$1 :i* is accompli%$ 9 ! same mann] t ! ret9a is remov$1 ! inn] side ( ! scl]otic is laid b>e to view4 ,! br[ni% color is mo/ly due to ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( pigm5t 9 ! cells ( "o ( ! inn] lay]s1 x is also due1 to a slight ext5t1 to ! /a9+ influ5ce ( ! p]i*oroidal fluid4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,,! ,,optic ,,n]ve ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae--;,enl>g$ to %[ ! entrance ( ! optic n]ve4 7,page #dh47 ,! excavat$ po/]ior half may be us$ n[ to %[ & to /udy ! con/ruction ( ! optic n]ve4 ,9 cutt+ ! optic n]ve away f ! scl]otic leave at lea/ #e mm4 ( ! scl]otic atta*$4 ,x w make h&l+ easi]4 ,) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h& hold ! n]ve 9 su* a way on ! table t x w be /raight5$ out l5g?wise1 & !n1 us+ ! scalpel or a safety-razor blade1 ! latt] be+ pref]able1 cut ! n]ve 9 two longitud9ally4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,! cutt+ mu/ be done ) "o movem5t1 o!rwise ! n]ve w be hack$1 & w n make a good specim54 ,?is specim5 w %[ ! way ! n]ve fib]s are arrang$4 ,a cross section %\ld be cut f ! optic n]ve ( ano!r eye1 & !n ! two sections %\ld be comp>$4 ,! cross section w %[ ! %ea? ( ! n]ve a little bett] ?an w ! longitud9al section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af--,%[+ cili>y processes & cry/all9e l5s4 ,9 cutt+ ! longitud9al section1 "o is sometimes s =tunate z to cut ?r\gh ! c5tral blood vessels ( ! ret9a4 ,^! vessels w %[ up !n z a r ?9 d>k /reak ab\t #e or #f mm4 long4 ,,! ,,ant]ior ,,half ,! ant]ior half w %[ ! l5s 9 situ1 ! cili>y processes1 ! po/]ior aspects ( ! iris & ! l5s1 ! corona cili>is1 ! orbicul>is cili>is1 & ! ora s]rata4 7,fig4 #af47 ,if ! eye has be5 cut 9 two too f> =w>d ( its equator1 ! ora s]rata w n be pres5t4 ,! cili>y processes & po/]ior aspect ( ! l5s may be se5 to bett] advantage :5 ! ant]ior half ( ! vitre\s is remov$4 ,?is is done ) ! dull-po9t$ tweez]s1 by cat*+ hold ( ! vitre\s at any "p ( its free or cut m>g91 & /ripp+ x (f bo? ! cili>y processes & ! l5s1 us+ a pry+1 pull+ movem5t to d s4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,! two lay]s ( ! pigm5t cells1 p>s cili>is ret9ae1 :i* cov] ! inn] surface ( ! processes1 may be remov$ by pick+ !m away c>efully ) ! tweez]s4 ,! processes !n w be se5 to be a :iti% color4 ,! pupill>y edge ( ! iris re/s ^u ! capsule ( ! l5s1 b ! ne>] ! approa* is to ! *oroidal edge ! f>!r ! iris is f ! l5s2 ?us are =m$ ! ant]ior & ! po/]ior *amb]s ( ! eye4 ,! dissection ( ! sagittal section ( ! eye1 expla9$ fur!r on1 w %[ ^! two *amb]s 9 section4 ,"o w ga9 a mu* cle>] conception ( _! con/ruction 9 t section ?an 9 ! 8ant]ior half0 specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag--;,ant]ior half1 %[+ h[ to pull (f vitre\s4 7,page #di47 ,n[1 remove ! l5s1 us+ ! po9t ( ! scalpel to cut ?r\gh ! susp5sory ligam5t close to ! l5s4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done !re w be se5 9 ! ant]ior *amb] a ?91 wat]y liquid--! aque\s humor4 ,! corona cili>is & orbicul>is cili>is may be bett] se5 & /udi$ if view$ ?r\gh a h& l5s4 ,,! ,,iris ,to see ! iris1 take hold ( ! cut edge ( ! *oroid1 &1 g5tly pull+1 sep>ate x f its atta*m5t to ! corneo-scl]al junction4 ,! :ite r+ on ! ant]ior surface ( ?is "p ( ! second coat ( ! eye is ! cili>y r+4 ,) a scissors1 cut ar\nd ?is cili>y r+ at its out] edge4 ,?is specim5 w %[ ! ant]ior surface ( ! iris1 & on ! po/]ior side x w %[ ! close relation%ip betwe5 ! iris & ! cili>y processes4 ,a h& l5s w help greatly to br+ out ! v int]e/+ f9e po9ts4 ,,! ,,cornea ,aft] ! ant]ior portion has _h ev]y?+ remov$ f x !re w be left no?+ b ! fir/ coat or tunic ( ! eye--! ant]ior portion ( ! scl]otic & ! cornea4 ,! way ! cornea seems to fit into ! scl]otic is n q z "o is l$ to believe :5 told t x fits into ! scl]otic mu* ! same way 9 :i* a wat* cry/al fits into a wat*4#c ,hold+ ?is "p ( ! eye up to a /rong light "o w see t ! scl]otic seems to ov]lap ! cornea 9 ! v]tical axis4 ,by us+ ! tweez]s ! cornea may be split4 ,no?+ 9 ! way ( locat+ its lay]s c be recogniz$1 h[ev]1 unless a section is made = microscopic exam9ation4 ,! epi!lial may be scrap$ (f :5 ! cornea is a trifle dry4 ,?is is ! ocul> epi!lium r$uc$ to a lay] ( flatt5$ cells4 ,,! ,,cry/all9e ,,l5s ,if ! prec$+ dissections h be5 done1 ! cry/all9e l5s w already h receiv$ "s notice4 ,to /udy ! l5s prop]ly "o %\ld use an eye t has n be5 h>d5$ & also an eye or ! l5s ( an eye t has be5 9 a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde = ab\t two weeks4 ,! l5s 9 ! unh>d5$ eye w prove too friable to p]mit mu* h&l+4 ,! dissection %\ld be made1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to give opportunity to notice ! cry/all9e cle>ness ( ! l5s sub/ance1 its great magnify+ p[]1 its atta*m5ts1 its capsule1 etc4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y to proce$ only z 9 ! dissection = ! 8hyaloid membrane1 etc40 ,t is1 use an eye t has be5 kept 9 a cool place = sev]al days1 & !n op5 x1 & remove hyaloid1 vitre\s1 & l5s intact1 z 9 ! fir/ dissection tak5 up 9 ?is book4 ,to exam9e ! specim5 9 detail1 turn x s ! l5s w be upp]mo/4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,to remove ! l5s x is necess>y to sep>ate ! susp5sory ligam5t1 us+ = ?is purpose ! small-po9t$ scissors4 ,! capsule may be remov$ by pick+ x up on ! p]iph]y ( ! l5s1 & /ripp+ x (f4 ,x w peel (f ab\t ! same way t ! out] sk9 ( a bean or pea does4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah--;,enl>g$ to %[ ! processus zonuloe4 7,page #ec47 ,! tri-radiate l9es on ! po/]ior & ! ant]ior surfaces ( ! l5s w n be z cle>ly disc]nible z 9 ! l5s com+ f ! h>d5$ eye4 ,close inspection & ! use ( a h& l5s w help br+ !m out m cle>ly4 ,n[1 ) ! po9t ( ! scalpel try to sep>ate ! out] lay]s 7cortex7 f ! h>d] inn] lay]s 7nucleus74 ,?is w n prove v successful b is sugge/$ = ! purpose ( comp>ison :5 ! same ?+ is done to ! h>d5$ l5s4 ,x w be f\nd t ! l5s aft] hav+ be5 9 ! =maldehyde solution is no long] cry/al l1 b m or less transluc5t4 ,:5 view$ f ei!r ! ant]ior side or ! po/]ior side1 ! tri-radiate l9es on ea* surface w be se5 to beg9 at ! poles ( ! l5s & radiate outw>d t[>d ! l5s equator4 ,hold+ ! l5s up to a /rong light w %[ t ?\gh ! l9es on ei!r surface =m angles ( #abj degrees1 ! angles =m$ by ! l9es on "o side ) ! l9es on ! o!r side are #fj degrees4 ,on ! ant]ior surface ( ! l5s ! v]tical l9e ext5ds upw>d f ! pole2 on ! po/]ior surface d[nw>d f ! pole4 ,to /udy ! lam9at$ /ructure ( ! l5s1 x is be/ to boil ! l5s4 ,! be/ way to d t is to drop ! l5s f ei!r a h>d5$ or unh>d5$ eye into boil+ wat]4 ,let x boil 9 ! wat] = ab\t two & a half to ?ree m9utes4 ,long] ?an t "t w cause ! l5s to be put out ( %ape1 & make x s fragile t x c no long] be h&l$ )\t hav+ x fall ap>t4 ,if ! l5s comes f an unh>d5$ eye x might be be/ to boil x n m ?an ab\t two m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai--,%[+ ! way ! onion-l lay]s ( ! l5s may be peel$ (f4 ,ins]t ! po9t ( ! scalpel c>efully at "o ( ! poles1 & lift g5tly 9 ! direction ( "o ( ! radiat+ l9es4 ,?is w t5d to raise "o ( ! conc5tric lay]s1 :i* c be easily peel$ (f4 ,repeat ?is 9 ! direction ( ! o!r two radiat+ l9es4 ,exam9+1 ) a h& l5s1 ! expos$ surfaces & ! lay]s1 z !y are tak5 (f1 w %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! l5s fibres1 & w also %[ pla9ly _! directions4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,to get ano!r view ( ! onion-l lay]s ( ! l5s1 cut ?r\gh x ) a safety-razor blade1 ei!r longitud9ally or equatorially4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,! bett] way is to h en\gh l5ses to make "o ( ea* k9d4 ,nev] try to "w ) only "o piece ( mat]ial4 ,if ! l5s is fir/ /a9$ ) *romic acid ! lay]s may be se5 bett]1 or1 a simpl] way is to drop ! l5s1 be=e cutt+ x 9 two1 into a c>m9e solution2 r$ ink slightly dilut$1 w d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj--,section ?r\gh l5s %[+ its conc5tric lay]s4 ,a l5s t has be5 boil$ & p>tly dissect$ may be plac$ 9 a #e p] c5t4 =maldehyde solution1 & kept indef9itely4 ,! l5s fibres1 conc5tric lay]s1 & l5s lam9ae 9 su* a specim5 w always be int]e/+4 ,a l5s t has lo/ its transp>5cy because ( h>d5+ 9 =maldehyde or boil+ may be made cle> & ne>ly transp>5t aga9 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,fir/3 ,place ! l5s 9 a #ej p] c5t4 alcohol = sev]al h\rs4 ,second3 ,remove ! l5s1 & let x dra9 on a piece ( blott+-pap]2 !n place x 9 a #ge p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,?ird3 ,remove ! l5s1 z be=e1 !n place x 9 an #he p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! l5s may be left 9 ?is alcohol f t5 to twelve h\rs1 aft] :i* l5g? ( "t x %\ld be remov$ & dra9$4 ,f\r?3 ,place ! l5s 9 an absolute alcohol1 & leave x !re = t5 or twelve h\rs4 ,sev]al h\rs long] w n injure ! l5s1 nor int]f]e ) ! success ( ! "w4 ,fif?3 ,remove ! l5s f ! absolute alcohol4 ,place x ^u a piece ( blott+-pap]1 mov+ x to ano!r place on ! blott+-pap] :5ev] ! pap] ar\nd ! l5s seems to h tak5 up z mu* moi/ure z x c hold4 ,be sure t ! l5s has giv5 up ne>ly all1 if n all1 moi/ure4 8,runn+ ?r\gh ! alcohols10 z ?is process is call$1 is = ! purpose ( dehydrat+ ! tissue4 ,x w be on ! side ( safety to let ! l5s lie expos$ on ! blott+-pap] = an h\r4 ,sometimes1 if ! capsule has n be5 remov$1 a small quantity ( alcohol w rema9 betwe5 ! l5s & ! inn] surface ( ! capsule4 ,?is mu/ be remov$4 ,x may be done by ei!r punctur+ ! capsule ) a p9 or ne$le1 & squeez+ out ! fluid1 or by remov+ ! capsule entirely4 ,! latt] is pref]able4 ,n[ drop ! l5s into xylol4 ,b5z9e w answ]1 ?\gh x w n produce q s cle> a l5s z ! xylol does4 ,at ! end ( #bd or #cf h\rs ! s(t] cortex w %[ q cle>1 :ile ! h>d] nucleus w be /ill cl\dy4 ,at ! end ( a week ! :ole l5s1 if x is a small "o--pig1 calf1 %eep--w h become q cle> & transp>5t2 if f a beef eye x w take long]4 ,x sometimes takes ne>ly two weeks4 ,9 ! case ( a boil$ l5s x w take mu* long] to cle>2 x may take a mon?4 ,c$> oil may also be us$ = ! purpose ( cl>ify+ or 8cle>+0 ! l5s4 ,h>d5 9 ! usual way1 run ?r\gh ! alcohols1 & !n place 9 c$> oil4 ,! oil1 h[ev]1 w /a9 ! l5s a yell[i% br[n1 & ! l5s w n be z transp>5t & cle> z :5 xylol is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,a4 ,l5s h>d5$ 9 =maldehyde4 ,b4 ,l5s h>d5$ 9 =maldehyde1 run ?r\gh ! alcohols1 & cle>$ 9 xylol4 ,c4 ,l5s h>d5$ 9 =maldehyde1 run ?r\gh ! alcohols1 & cle>$ 9 c$> oil4 ,d4 ,boil$ l5s4 ,! long] a l5s is left 9 ei!r ( ^! two cl>ify+ fluids ! h>d] & small] x w become4 ,at ! end ( a mon? or six weeks ! l5s w h become s h>d t x c no long] be cut ?r\gh ) a knife4 ,if x is desir$ to halve x1 a scroll saw w be f\nd to be ! be/ ?+ to use = ?is purpose4 7,fig4 #ba47 #c 8,anatomy & ,physiology ( ! ,eye10 ,br[n ,zoe?\t4 ,,! ,,*oroid ,select an eye t has _h a long "p ( ! optic n]ve left on x & place x into a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde4 ,leave x 9 t solution = f two to ?ree weeks4 ,t p]iod ( "t 9 ! fluid w be suffici5t to p]mit ! *oroid to become suffici5tly t\gh5$ & h>d5$4 ,leav+ x 9 ! solution long] ?an t l5g? ( "t w n injure ! eye 9 any way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb--,%[+ h[ to puncture ! cornea4 7,page #fb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc--,remov+ ! cornea4 7,page #fc47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd--,%[+ me?od ( ins]t+ ! scalpel to sep>ate ! *oroid f ! scl]otic4 ,aft] hav+ remov$ ! eye f ! =maldehyde1 wa% x = a few mom5ts 9 runn+ wat]4 ,?is w remove ! pres]v+ & h>d5+ fluid f ! surface1 & w save ! h&s a little f ! effects ( ! fluid4 ,next remove all ! muscles & fatty tissues f ! scl]otic4 ,aft] t has be5 done1 puncture ! cornea ) ! po9t$ jaw ( ! scissors ab\t #b mm4 f ! corneo-scl]al junction4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,!n proce$ to cut ! cornea away1 be+ c>eful n to lac]ate ! *oroid or ! iris4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,! escap+ aque\s humor w fl[ ov] ! eye & make x v slipp]y1 &1 !re=e1 difficult to hold4 ,dip ! eye 9 wat]1 wa% x1 & !n take x out & ?or\ghly dry x ) a clo?4 ,?is proc$ure is absolutely necess>y1 &1 if omitt$1 w surely result 9 ! dropp+ ( ! eye ab\t ! "t ! "w on ! specim5 is ne>ly f9i%$4 ,ins]t ! scalpel betwe5 ! p]iph]al edge ( ! expos$ iris & :at is left ( ! cornea4 ,) ! back edge ( ! scalpel1 g5tly loos5 ! *oroid f ! inn] side ( ! corneo-scl]al junction to :i* "p x is n securely atta*$4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,?is requires only ord9>y c>e1 & b little skill o!r ?an t necess>y to always keep ! scalpel close to ! inn] surface ( ! scl]otic4 ,:5 ! *oroid-iris edge has be5 deta*$ f ! inn] side ( ! corneo-scl]al junction1 ! weight ( ! cont5ts ( ! second tunic w cause x to sag & give opportunity to easily sep>ate1 ) ! back edge ( ! scalpel1 ! *oroid f ! scl]otic = ab\t a di/ance ( f #h to #aj mm4 ,x has be5 ! me?od 9 ! pa/ to =ce wat] ?r\gh a bl[pipe betwe5 ! scl]otic & ! *oroid1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! atta*m5ts4 ,x has also be5 ! me?od to "w "u wat] :5 wi%+ to expose or isolate ei!r ! *oroid or ! ret9a4 ,x is unnecess>y to d ei!r ( ^! two ?+s4 ,:5 ! scl]otic has be5 loos5$ f ! *oroid = ab\t #aj mm4 back f its cut edge ar\nd ! eye1 c>efully cut ! loos5$ "p away4 7,fig4 #be47 ,!n loos5 ! *oroid z f> back z to )9 #a cm4 ( ! optic n]ve4 ,cut ! sep>at$ scl]otic away4 ,x w be well to /ate "h t dur+ ?is dissection ! specim5 %\ld n be lift$ f ! table4 ,keep ! eye re/+ on ! table all ! "t1 & nev] lift x by hold+ x susp5d$ f ! optic n]ve4 ,loos5+ ! *oroid f ! scl]otic up to ?is po9t is a v easy matt]2 ord9>y precaution is all t is necess>y to prev5t punctur+ ! *oroid ) ! scalpel1 j be sure to rememb] to keep ! po9t ( ! scalpel close to ! scl]otic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be--;,cutt+ away ! scl]otic aft] x has be5 loos5$ f ! *oroid1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,%[+ h[ to scrape ! *oroid free f ! scl]otic ne> ! optic n]ve4 ,to remove ! rema9+ "p ( ! fir/ coat is a little m difficult1 & ne$s a little m c>e4 ,hold ! optic n]ve 9 ! left h&1 & pull x s t ! scl]otic w pull away f ! *oroid4 ,!n1 us+ ! cutt+ edge ( ! scalpel1 scrape ! *oroid loose f ! scl]otic close up to ! entrance ( ! optic n]ve4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,d n sep>ate ! optic n]ve f ! *oroid4 ,cut away ! rema9d] ( ! scl]otic close up to ! optic n]ve & ! *oroid w be free4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg--,%[+ ! *oroid1 ! optic n]ve /ill atta*$1 ! cili>y r+1 & ! cili>y n]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh--,%[+ me?od ( ins]t+ scalpel 9 ord] to loos5 ! l5s & cut ?r\gh ! vitre\s4 ,to get a p]fect specim5 & completely isolat$ *oroid1 x mu/ be empti$ ( its cont5ts4 ,ins]t ! scalpel betwe5 ! l5s & ! iris1 =ce x on ?r\gh1 & 9 su* a mann] z to keep ! scalpel close to ! cili>y processes4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,cut ! vitre\s ar\nd ! processes4 ,pu% ! scalpel fur!r into ! vitre\s1 & cut out ! c5tral "p ( x1 j z "o w\ld cut out ! core ( an apple4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,remove ! scalpel1 pick out ! l5s & ! cut c5tre ( ! vitre\s ) ! broad-po9t tweez]s1 hold+ ! *oroid a trifle susp5d$ by ! optic n]ve4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! vitre\s may be brok5 d[n by cutt+ ) ! scalpel1 & by squeez+ & cru%+ ) ! f+]s ( bo? h&s4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,! *oroid w be t\gh en\gh to /& ?is treatm5t provid$ ! pupil is left cle> & op5 to prev5t int]-*oroidal pressure4 ,aft] ! vitre\s has be5 remov$ ! *oroid w be left 9 a greatly collaps$ condition4 ,dropp+ x into wat] & lett+ x fill up w make x resume its orig9al %ape imm$iately4 ,! ret9a does n always come out ) ! vitre\s4 ,9 su* a case1 ! tweez]s may be us$ to pick out ! ret9a :5 ! *oroid is 9 a collaps$ condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi--,tak+ out ! l5s & 8core0 ( ! vitre\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj--,%[+ h[ to squeeze out ! rema9+ "p ( ! vitre\s 7,a7 f ! *oroid4 7,page #ga47 ,?is specim5 w %[ ! v5a vorticosa1 ! cili>y n]ves1 & _! way ( ramify+1 & ! long cili>y art]ies1 :i* run opposite ea* o!r & :i* may be recogniz$ by _! r colorless1 tubul> appe>ance4 ,! evacuat$ *oroid makes an excell5t specim5 & "o easily exam9$4 ,place x 9 a #c p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde1 & !n exam9e ) a skiascope1 an oph?almoscope1 or by 8oblique illum9ation40 ,?is dissection is :olly orig9al1 & may be done 9 ab\t five m9utes4 ,! old te*nique = do+ x requir$ at lea/ an h\r ( "t ) ! possibility ( procur+ "o p]fect specim5 9 e six or sev54 ,! te*nique z giv5 "h w make x possible to d ! "w 9 n long] ?an five or six m9utes = ! beg9n]1 & ab\t f\r m9utes = ! exp]t4 ,,! ,,ret9a ,isolat+ ! ret9a f ! o!r tissues requires consid]able pati5ce & dext]ity4 ,:5 ! ret9a has be5 remov$ & plac$ 9 a special receptacle1 x w be f\nd t ! specim5 is well wor? ! little am\nt ( "t sp5t 9 mak+ x4 ,previ\s te*niques1 ev5 ! writ]'s own1 sometimes took ne>ly two h\rs to d1 & r>ely 0 ! ret9a isolat$ )\t punctur+ or te>+ x2 p]fect specim5s 7 almo/ impossible4 ,! foll[+ me?od w assure "o ( success 9 ne>ly e in/ance4 ,failures are almo/ impossible4 ,punctures1 p]=ations1 te>s1 etc41 are r>e4 ,! beg9n] %\ld isolate ! ret9a 9 ab\t six to sev5 m9utes2 ! exp]t 9 ab\t f\r & a half to five m9utes4 ,select an eye ) a long optic n]ve1 & prep>e x = ?is dissection by plac+ x 9 a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde = ab\t t5 to f\rte5 days1 b no long]4 ,if x is left 9 ! h>d5+ fluid long] ?an t l5g? ( "t1 x w int]f]e ) ! easy removal ( ! vitre\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca--;,cutt+ ?r\gh ! iris4 7,page #gg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb--,%[+ h[ to cut ar\nd ! cili>y r+4 7,page #gg47 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is dissection is ! same z ! beg9n+ ( ! dissection = ! isolation ( ! *oroid4 ,remove all ! outside tissues fir/1 & !n ! cornea1 & ab\t #aj mm4 ( ! scl]otic1 z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ dissection4 7,see ,figs4 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 & #be47 ,t w lay b>e ! iris & a few millimetres ( ! *oroid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc--,l5s1 iris1 & "p ( vitre\s remov$4 7,page #gh47 ,aft] t has be5 done1 turn ! eye s ! iris w be upp]mo/4 ,) ! tweez]s pick up ! pupill>y m>g9 ( ! iris1 & ) ! f9e-po9t$ scissors cut ?r\gh ! iris & ! cili>y processes 7,fig4 #ca72 sep>ate bo? f ! *oroid by cutt+ close to ! po/]ior edge ( ! processes4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,9 do+ t1 cut p>tly ?r\gh ! vitre\s also1 b be c>eful n to injure ! p]iph]al edge ( ! ret9a--ora s]rata4 ,aft] ! iris has be5 sep>at$ f ! *oroid1 cut completely ?r\gh ! vitre\s 9 su* a way t ! l5s w also be remov$ ) ! iris4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd--,%[+ h[ to =ce glass bl[pipe 7,a7 into vitre\s 7,b74 7,page #hj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce--,%[+ bulg+ out ( vitre\s caus$ by bl[+ air ?r\gh glass bl[pipe4 7,page #hj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf--,%[+ ! vitre\s 7,a7 remov$4 ,hold+ ! eye susp5d$ by its optic n]ve1 =ce ! glass bl[pipe ?r\gh ! vitre\s until x all b t\*es ! po/]ior "p ( ! ret9a 7,fig4 #cd72 bl[ g5tly at fir/1 increas+ ! pressure until ! vitre\s sudd5ly bulges outw>d4 7,fig4 #ce47 ,if ! iris has be5 cut away close to ! ora s]rata1 ! vitre\s w n only bulge =w>d1 b x w fall out4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x does n deta* itself at once1 ins]t ! scalpel close to ! *oroid & ) its flat side press d[nw>d until a sep>ation occurs4 ,d n let ! vitre\s drop out too sudd5ly1 because x may te> ! ret9a4 ,let ! vitre\s deta* itself sl[ly by ! =ce ( its own weight1 ?\gh x w be well to hold "s ( its weight on ! scalpel4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg--;,a4 ,%[+ ret9a fold$ ^u itself by bl[+ air at x ?r\gh ! glass bl[pipe4 7,page #hc47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch--;,a4 ,%[+ fold$ ret9a susp5d$ f its atta*m5t1 s scl]otic & *oroid may be easily cut away4 7,page #hc47 ,aft] ! vitre\s has be5 remov$1 turn ! eye upw>d1 & by bl[+ /rongly ?r\gh ! bl[pipe at ! m>g9al edge ( ! ret9a1 turn ! ret9a ^u itself4 ,repeat ?is until ! ret9a lies 9 a small wr9kl$ lump at ! 8bottom0 ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! eye4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,inv]t ! eye 7,fig4 #ch7 & cut away bo? ! *oroid & ! scl]otic close to ! optic n]ve4 ,no c>e ne$ be tak5 9 do+ ?is until ! scissors come close to ! optic n]ve4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci--,%[+ ! scl]otic ne>ly all cut away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj--;,isolat$ ret9a1 ) optic n]ve atta*$4 ,aft] ! *oroid & ! scl]otic h be5 cut away1 drop ! ret9a into "s wat]1 & x w sl[ly unfold itself by 8balloon+0 out into a p]fect & beautiful specim54 7,fig4 #dj47 ,b1 if x is desir$ to /udy ! specim5 closely1 x is bett] to susp5d x 9 a j> or bottle made ( ?9 glass1 & conta9+ a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde4 ,rememb] t ! ret9a is a delicate membrane 9 any /ate2 ! slighte/ r\gh h&l+ may cause x to be torn1 or o!rwise damag$4 ,if ! vessel1 9 :i* ! specim5 has be5 plac$ & susp5d$1 has en\gh pres]v+ fluid to completely fill x1 & x is firmly /opp]$1 ! :ole ?+ may be inv]t$1 & turn$ 9 any direction1 ev5 abruptly1 )\t fe> ( damag+ ! ret9a4 ,?is way ( keep+ ! ret9a w give opportunity to inspect & /udy ! inside z well z ! outside ( ! membrane2 ! blood-vessels1 & o!r important p>ts easily recogniz$4 ,,! ,,sagittal ,,or ,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,eye ,place an eye 9 a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde = ab\t two weeks4 ,if ! eye is kept 9 t solution long] ?an t "t1 ! l5s is apt to become s h>d t 9 cutt+ x ! capsule & susp5sory ligam5t w be torn1 & ! l5s w !n become deta*$2 if = a %ort] space ( "t1 ! l5s & o!r tissues w be s s(t t all may be s badly torn or lac]at$1 t a p]fect specim5 w n be possible4 ,x sometimes happ5s t 9 keep+ a numb] ( eyes toge!r 9 a vessel = ! purpose ( h>d5+ !m 9 ! =maldehyde solution1 ! corneas ( "s w be cru%$ 94 ,= ?is dissection1 select an eye t has ! cornea 9 p]fect condition4 ,remove all ! outside tissues ) ! scissors1 be+ p>ticul> to h ! region imm$iately surr\nd+ ! optic n]ve p]fectly cle> & clean4 ,if ! optic n]ve is long] ?an #e mm41 cut x (f to t l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da--,%[+ ! beg9n+ ( ! cutt+ ( ! eye = sagittal sections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db--,%[+ me?od ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,to cut ! eye 9 two1 use a safety-razor blade2 nev] a scalpel4 ,! latt] is too ?ick1 too dull1 & too clumsy a tool4 ,beg9 by cutt+ ?r\gh ! optic n]ve2 divid+ x z ne>ly z possible into halves4 7,fig4 #da47 ,cont9ue cutt+ ?r\gh ! scl]otic & all und]ly+ tissues1 /opp+ at ! corneo-scl]al junction1 b d n1 dur+ ?is proc$ure1 ev5 t\* ! l5s4 ,aft] ! eye has be5 ?us p>tly sep>at$ into1 z ne>ly z possible1 two equal p>ts1 lay x d[n ^u ! cornea1 &1 hold+ ! razor blade 9 ! =ef+]s & ?umbs ( bo? h&s1 cut ! l5s 9 two by =c+ ! blade d[n ?r\gh x4 7,fig4 #db47 ,p>tly op5 ! cut eye to all[ "o jaw ( ! l>ge scissors to ent]1 turn ! eye ov] s ! cornea w re/ on t jaw1 & !n cut ?r\gh ! cornea4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc--,%[+ me?od ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! cornea & complet+ ! two sagittal sections4 ,! two specim5s may be kept indef9itely by plac+ !m 9 a #c p] c5t4 =maldehyde solution4 ,x w be well to remove ! l5s f "o ( ! specim5s1 because x w give bett] opportunity to see ! anatomical relation%ips4 ,also1 ^! specim5s %\ld be m\nt$1 "o above ! o!r1 betwe5 two pieces ( glass1 be=e plac+ !m 9 ! receptacle t is to hold !m4 ,mu* c be /udi$ 9 su* specim5s4 ,moreov]1 !y pres5t to view ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! organ ( vision 9 su* an impressive way1 t "o does n soon =get ! wond]ful appe>ance ( ! con/ruction ( ?is1 ,nature's p]fect cam]a4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd--,sagittal section enl>g$4 ,if ano!r eye is cut into two p>ts1 additional int]e/+ specim5s may be procur$2 = in/ance1 "o %[+ ! pres5ce ( ! second coat only1 ! ret9a hav+ be5 torn out4 ,ano!r good specim5 may be made by remov+ all ( ! inn] tissues1 & leav+ only ! scl]otic & cornea4 ,?is specim5 w %[ t ! fir/ coat is almo/ entirely a coat :i* af=ds /r5g? & protection to ! p>ts t lie )94 ,,! ,,papilla1 ,,puncta ,,lacrimalia1 ,,& ,,nasal ,,duct ,! only way to dissect ! lacrimal app>atus1 o!r ocul> accessories1 & ! extr9sic muscles1 is to procure ! head ( "s animal1 pref]ably a calf's head1 because ( its size4 ,any but*] w supply "o = f =ty to sixty c5ts4 ,h ! l[] jaw remov$4 ,x w make a less bulky piece ( mat]ial to h&le4 ,close to ! inn] can?us1 on ! inn] side ( ea* lid1 w be f\nd a little r\nd$ em95ce--lacrimal papilla--9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a small op5+--punctum lacrimalis4 ,bo? may be se5 bett] on ! l[] lid1 if x is pull$ d[n1 & on ! upp] lid1 if x is pull$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de--,%[+ only a "p ( a calf's head & ! knitt+-ne$les ins]t$ 9 ! puncta4 7,page #id47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,be suppli$ ) two knitt+-ne$les4 ,take "o1 lubricate its full l5g? ) a little vasel9e1 l>d1 oil1 or any o!r lubricant4 ,ins]t ! ne$le into ! punctum ( ! l[] lid1 & pu% x d[nw>d & =w>d1 aim+ to come out 9 ! nose a %ort di/ance f its end4 ,at fir/ x may be a little difficult to get ! ne$le />t$2 if s1 j wiggle ! ne$le1 pu%+ x at ! same "t z direct$1 until ! nasal duct is f\nd4 ,d n remove ! ne$le4 ,to ins]t ! o!r ne$le into ! punctum ( ! upp] lid is r difficult2 = t reason ! punctum ( ! l[] lid 0 *os51 fir/4 ,grease ! ne$le1 z 0 done to ! fir/ "o1 &1 ) a little pati5ce & c>eful manipulation1 ! canal op5+ & its c\rse w soon be f\nd4 ,! ne$le may !n be pu%$ ?r\gh until x meets ! fir/ "o4 7,fig4 #de47 ,f ! puncta lacrimalia to ! place ( meet+ ( ! two ne$les1 m>ks ! c\rse ( ! two canaliculi & _! junction be=e !y m]ge & =m ! nasal duct4 ,leave ! ne$les :]e !y are1 & beg9 cutt+ away ! sk94 ,! ne$les w !n m>k ! c\rse ( ea* canal & ! duct v pla9ly4 ,) ! small scissors ! canals & ! duct may be loos5$ f ! surr\nd+ tissues4 ,or1 ! scalpel may be us$ to lay op5 ! canals1 cutt+ along ov] ! top ( ! ne$les4 7,fig4 #df47 ,! cilia1 palpebr1 palpebral conjunctiva1 ocul> conjunctiva1 & o!r sup]ficial ocul> accessories may be exam9$ )\t dissection4 ,,meibomian ,,gl&s ,,& ,,ducts ,an exam9ation ( ! eyelids w %[ ! op5+s ( ! ducts ( ! meibomian gl&s a %ort di/ance back ( ! cilia4 ,v f9e p9s or ne$les t h be5 greas$ may be easily ins]t$ = a %ort di/ance into ! ducts1 & !n a dissection made along ! c\rse ( ! duct z outl9$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ins]t$ p9s or ne$les4 ,ano!r way to see ! gl&s is to slice ?r\gh ! ducts1 ) ! scalpel or safety-razor blade1 ! entire wid? ( ei!r eyelid4 ,?is w sep>ate ! gl&s into two p>ts & %[ _! l5g?1 bread? & /ructure4 ,,enucleation ,,( ,,! ,,orbital ,,cont5ts ,! eyes "o procures f a but*] or a slaught] h\se w always h ! extr9sic tissues s badly cut & torn t id5tification ( ! v>i\s p>ts & _! relations is impossible4 ,!re=e1 x is be/ to supply "o's self ) ! head ( an animal1 su* z a %eep or a calf1 & dissect an eye ) all its extr9sic tissues intact4 ,= ?is dissection1 a hamm] & a *isel are necess>y 9 addition to ! tools ne$$ = do+ ! previ\s dissections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg--,%[+ me?od ( mak+ ! initial cuts 9 ! sk94 7,page #ig47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh--,"p ( calf's head1 %[+ ! fir/ cut to be made 9 ! bones ( ! orbit4 7,page #ajb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di--,%[+ all ! cuts to be made ?r\gh ! bones ( ! orbit4 7,page #ajb47 ,us+ ! left orbit1 beg9 ! dissection by mak+ an incision directly ov] ! supra-orbital ridge1 ext5d+ f ov] ! inn] to ! out] can?us4 ,at ! middle ( t l9e1 make an incision1 & cut at "r angles upw>d to ! top ( ! head4 ,next make a cut bel[ ! eye1 ext5d+ f ! out] to ! inn] can?us4 7,fig4 #dg47 ,loos5 ! sk9 f ! bone ) ! scalpel1 & lay b>e ! skull imm$iately ov] ! orbit4 ,fold ! flaps ( ! sk9 back & fa/5 !m d[n to ! skull ) p9s or tacks s !y w n int]f]e ) ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej--,%[+ h[ to pry ! cut bone loose4 7,page #ajb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea--8;,9 remov+ orbital cont5ts dissect close to ! bone40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb--,%[+ excavat$ orbit4 7,page #aje47 ,us+ ! hamm] & ! *isel1 cut ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! orbit at ! middle ( ! supra-orbital ridge1 & cont9ue upw>d = ab\t two & "o-half in*es4 ,d n /rike h>d bl[s1 or ! *isel may be driv5 ?r\gh ! und]ly+ tissues4 ,li/5 = ! peculi> s\nd t is he>d :5 ! bone has be5 completely p5etrat$2 !n remove ! *isel4 ,cont9ue until ! full di/ance ( two & "o-half in*es ( bone has be5 sep>at$4 7,fig4 #dh47 ,n[1 beg9 at ! upp] end1 & cut ?r\gh ! bone d[nw>d to ! "r = ab\t two in*es t[>d ! out] can?us4 ,a simil> l9e %\ld be cut on ! "r ( ! c5tre l9e t[>d ! inn] can?us4 ,?is w m>k out two irregul>1 triangul>-%ap$ pieces ( bone4 7,fig4 #di47 ,remove ! piece on ! "r-h& side by pry+ x (f4 7,fig4 #ej47 ,! left-h& piece %\ld be pri$ loose & !n c>efully cut away ) ! scalpel1 s t ! pulley ?r\gh :i* ! sup]ior oblique muscle runs its t5don1 w n be injur$4 ,9 remov+ ! orbital cont5ts1 dissect close to ! bone 7,fig4 #ea71 s t ! p]io/eum w also be remov$1 & =m a sort ( sac or capsule 9 :i* w be conta9$ ! eye ) all its extr9sic tissues4 ,if difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ at ! po/]ior p>ts ( ! orbit1 x w be be/ to cut away z mu* m ( ! ob/ruct+ bone z is necess>y4 ,9 ?is way ! 8capsule0 conta9+ ! eye1 its six muscles1 ! lacrimal gl&1 & bo? eyelids1 all 9 situ1 w be remov$4 7,fig4 #ed47 ,z ! orbital entrance ( ! optic n]ve is ne>$1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to cut into ?is 8capsule10 or sev] any ( ! muscles4 7,fig4 #eb %[s ! excavat$ orbit4 ,fig4 #ec %[s an ant]ior view ( ! enucleat$ eye4 ,fig4 #ed is a side view ( ! enucleat$ eye47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec--;,ant]ior view ( ! enucleat$ eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed--,%[+ ! enucleat$ eye1 its muscles1 & its accessories1 all 9 situ4 ,,oph?almoscopic ,,exam9ation ,by practis+ on an enucleat$ eye1 "o may ga9 consid]able ability 9 ! use ( ! oph?almoscope1 & also le>n to recognize ! blood-vessels & o!r important p>ts ( ! ret9a4 ,to d ?is1 ! eye to be exam9$ mu/ be v fre%1 = only 9 ?is condition w ! cornea & l5s be suffici5tly cle> to p]mit rays ( light to ent] ! inside ( ! eye4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! pupil is oblong 9 %ape1 & (t5 only a n>r[ slit--b sev]al millimetres 9 diamet]--! field pres5t$ = obs]vation is a r limit$ "o4 ,to increase ! pupill>y ap]ture1 take a p91 & =ce ! po9t ?r\gh ! cornea ab\t ?ree or f\r millimetres f ! corneo-scl]al junction1 & at "r angles to ! direction ( ! p>allel edges ( ! pupil4 ,aft] ! p9 has be5 pu%$ ?r\gh until x has rea*$ to )9 a %ort di/ance 7"o millimetre7 ( ! edge ( ! iris1 c>efully pick up ! iris by rais+ ! p9 into a position p]p5dicul> to ! cornea1 & =ce ! p9 fur!r d[n into ! eye4 ,! pupil w h be5 enl>g$ on "o side4 ,d ! same ?+ on ! opposite side1 & at ea* extremity ( ! pupil4 7,fig4 #ee47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee--,%[+ "o p9 be=e ! iris has be5 pick$ up & pull$ back1 & ?ree p9s aft] ! iris has be5 pick$ up & pull$ back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef--,%[+ me?od ( ga!r+ up ! extr9sic tissues 9 ord] to get rid ( ! puck] 9 ! cornea4 ,! pupil w n[ h be5 made squ>e1 & s l>ge t no difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 reflect+ ei!r light into ! eye1 or 9 exam9+ ! inside ( ! eye4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to lac]ate ! ant]ior surface ( ! l5s :5 ! iris is drawn back by ! p9s4 ,putt+ ! p9s into ! cornea1 & us+ !m z lev]s ) ! po9t ( entrance 9 ! cornea z a fulcrum1 w puck] ! cornea consid]ably1 & a good cle> fundus _c be obta9$4 ,?is is easily ov]come4 ,simply ga!r up all ! tissues surr\nd+ ! eye1 =ce !m backw>d1 & hold !m firmly ) ! f+]s ( ! left h&4 7,fig4 #ef47 ,! "r h& is !n free to h&le ! skiascope or oph?almoscope1 s t ! int]ior ( ! eye may be ?or\ghly exam9$4 ,ano!r way to prep>e an eye = oph?almoscopic exam9ation is z foll[s3 ,g to a slaught] h\se & procure a beef eye f an animal t has be5 kill$ b a few m9utes previ\sly4 ,plac+ ! eye imm$iately into an #h p] c5t4 solution ( coca9e & leav+ x !re = ab\t an h\r w dilate ! pupil to su* an ext5t t "w ) ! oph?almoscope w be made v easy4 ,?is1 z indicat$1 c be done only ) an eye t is v fre%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg--,%[+ w9d[ cut 9 scl]otic1 *oroid1 & ret9a4 ,/ill ano!r way to see ! int]ior is to cut out a piece ( ! scl]otic ab\t ! size ( a tw5ty-five-c5t piece2 !n p9* up & te> out ! *oroid & ! ret9a "u ! op5+ made 9 ! scl]otic4 7,fig4 #eg47 ,hold ! eye1 ! cornea =w>d1 close to a bright light1 & ! image ( ! light w be se5 ^u ! ret9a4 ,! clos] ! light is to ! eye1 ! great] ! illum9ation w be 9 ! int]ior ( ! eye4 ,if ! op5+ or 8w9d[0 is close en\gh to ! optic n]ve1 ! optic papilla c be se5 easily4 ,&1 if c>e has be5 tak5 to h ! op5+ made midway betwe5 ! two bran*es ( ! ret9al art]y1 ! entire c\rse may be foll[$4 ,! direction ( ! ret9al art]y c be det]m9$ by oph?almoscopic exam9ation4 ,,! ,,lacrimal ,,ducts ,to f9d ! lacrimal ducts1 cut across ! out] & inn] can?i ( ! enucleat$ eye1 pu%+ ! eye =w>d & ! lids backw>d4 ,t w expose ! conjunctiva ( bo? eyelids & eye1 & also %[ ! conjunctival =nices4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ! palpebral conjunctiva1 & ne> ! out] can?us1 w be se51 ^u close inspection1 a numb] ( m9ute op5+s1 usually eight4 ,^! are ! op5+s ( ! lacrimal ducts4 ,p9s or /raw t h be5 lubricat$ ) vasel9e1 may be ins]t$ & pu%$ into ^! op5+s = a consid]able di/ance1 & ! c\rse ( ! ducts !n c be trac$ easily4 7,fig4 #eh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh--,%[+ h[ p9s may be ins]t$ 9 ! lacrimal ducts4 ,,! ,,lacrimal ,,gl& ,! lacrimal gl& is easily di/+ui%$ by its p9k appe>ance4 ,!re are two p>ts1 inf]ior & sup]ior4 ,! gl& lies directly ov] ! eye & ne> ! out] angle ( ! orbit4 ,9 ! enucleat$ eye1 x w be f\nd to lie ne> ! out] can?us & ov] ! eye4 ,! gl& may be easily dissect$ out ( its position & !n exam9$ m closely4 ,a h& l5s w %[ ! racemose con/ruction ( ! gl&4 ,if ! gl& is cut 9 two1 ! racemose con/ruction may be se5 ev5 bett]4 ,,! ,,capsule ,,( ,,t5on ,to dissect ! capsule ( ,t5on1 x is necess>y to c>efully remove ! sup]ficial fat & connective tissue4 ,9 text-books & illu/rations1 ! capsule is usually %[n z a def9ite sac-l membrane ( consid]able ?ickness1 ) all its p>ts well def9$4 ,! dissector w soon f9d t ! capsule is n disc]n$ s easily4 ,x w be f\nd to be ! ?91 semi-transp>5t1 fibr\s membrane t surr\nds ea* muscle1 z well z ! 8po/]ior two-?irds ( ! eye10 & is cont9u\s ant]iorly ) ! ocul> conjunctiva4 ,portions may be p9*$ up & inflat$ ?r\gh an ins]t$ bl[-pipe4 ,?is w help to m]ely demon/rate its location & p>ts4 7,fig4 #ei47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei--;,enl>g$ to %[ "p ( ! ,capsule ( ,t5on bl[n up4 7,page #aaf47 ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,oblique ,,muscle ,,& ,,its ,,pulley ,aft] ! lacrimal gl& has be5 dissect$ away1 a beg9n+ w h be5 made = cutt+ away ! fat & ! connective tissue4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d !n is to locate ! sup]ior oblique muscle4 ,try to keep track ( :i* "p ( ! eye is ! inn] side4 ,hav+ locat$ ! inn] side1 feel along ! top = a little h>d em95ce4 ,t is ! pulley4 ,beg9 to dissect ar\nd ! pulley1 n ?r\gh x1 & !n foll[ ! muscle along to its orig92 d n sep>ate ! muscle f its orig94 ,:5 ! sup]ior oblique is completely fre$1 ! action ( ! muscle may be readily demon/rat$ by hold+ ! 8r+0 or t5d9\s pulley ) ! f+]s ( "o h&1 :ile ! muscle is pull$ backw>d & =w>d ) ! o!r4 ,,! ,,o!r ,,extr9sic ,,muscles ,) ! dissection ( ,t5on's capsule & ! sup]ior oblique muscle1 ! "w ( isolat+ ! o!r extr9sic muscles w h begun4 ,?is "w ne$s no directions except a w>n+ to be c>eful n to injure ! pulley ( ! sup]ior oblique1 & to be c>eful n to cut away ! inf]ior oblique4 ,! inf]ior oblique w be f\nd to be ne> ! 8pulley40 ,if ! dissection is n c>ri$ too close to ! orig9 ( ! recti muscles1 all ! muscles may be kept 9 place4 ,if ! eye has n be5 previ\sly subject$ to ! h>d5+ influ5ce ( =maldehyde1 x may be put into a #e p] c5t4 solution1 & at ! end ( t5 or twelve h\rs ! muscles w h become rigid4 ,!y c !n be bett] /udi$1 & may be kept indef9itely4 7,fig4 #fj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj--,%[+ ! t5d9\s pulley ( ! sup]ior oblique muscle & ! extr9sic muscles4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,tunics ,,( ,,! ,,eye1 ,,! ,,hyaloid ,,& ,,its ,,atta*m5ts ,?is dissection is a r difficult "o to make1 & requires pati5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa--;,cutt+ ?r\gh ! iris4 ,prep>e an eye by plac+ x 9 a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde = ab\t t5 days to two weeks4 ,remove all ! outside tissues4 ,cut away ! cornea1 z 9 ! dissection = ! *oroid or ! ret9a4 ,loos51 z f> back z possible1 ! scl]otic f ! *oroid4 ,remove ! scl]otic = ab\t #aj mm4 back ( ! equator ( ! eye4 ,) ! tweez]s pick up ! pupill>y edge ( ! iris4 ,us+ ! small po9t$ scissors1 cut ?r\gh ! iris4 7,fig4 #fa47 ,lift ei!r "o ( ! cut edges ( ! iris1 &1 ) ! %>p edge ( ! scalpel1 g5tly scrape ! processus zonuloe free f ! cili>y processes1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! cili>y r+ z ! cili>y processes are deta*$ f ! hyaloid 7processus zonuloe74 7,fig4 #fb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb--,scrap+ ! cili>y processes free4 ,%[+1 also1 ! *oroid cut ar\nd ! cili>y r+4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ?ru/ ! po9t ( ! scissors into ! hyaloid1 susp5sory ligam5t1 or vitre\s1 else ! l5s may become deta*$4 ,aft] ! iris ) ! processes has be5 remov$1 p9* up ) ! tweez]s a fold 9 ! *oroid4 ,make an incision ) ! f9e-po9t$ scissors1 & beg9 remov+ ! *oroid to )9 ab\t #e mm4 ( ! cut end ( ! scl]otic4 7,fig4 #fc47 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to p5etrate ! und]ly+ ret9a :ile mak+ ?is "p ( ! dissection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc--;,cutt+ away ! *oroid4 ,aft] "p ( ! *oroid has be5 remov$1 ! specim5 w %[ ! ?ree coats ( ! eye 9 lay]-l arrangem5t1 ! hyaloid & l5s4 ,! l5s may n[ be cut away1 if ! specim5 is pref]r$ )\t x4 ,remov+ ! l5s be=e ?is "t is unwise1 because x acts z a protection to ! o!r tissues :ile ! specim5 is be+ h&l$ dur+ ! dissection4 ,?is specim5 w %[ to ! be/ advantage if x is susp5d$ 9 a j> conta9+ a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde4 ,figure #fd %[s ! specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd--;,a4 ,optic n]ve4 ,b4 ,scl]otic4 ,c4 ,*oroid4 ,d4 ,ret9a4 ,e4 ,hyaloid4 ,f4 ,l5s4 ,,index ,a ,accessories1 ocul>1 #ie ,alcohol z a pres]vative1 #cd ,alcohols1 me?od ( runn+ ?r\gh1 #eh1 #ei ,ant]ior *amb]1 #ej1 #ea1 #hf1 #ij half ( eye1 #di half1 remov+ vitre\s f1 #di surface ( l5s1 #ee ,ap]ture1 increas+ pupill>y1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji ,aque\s humor1 #ea ,art]ia c5tralis ret91 #dc1 #di ,art]ies1 cili>y1 #gb c\rse ( ret9al1 #aaa ,art]y ( ret9a1 c5tral1 #dc1 #di hyaloid1 #dc ,b ,beef eyes1 #bf1 #bg ,beg9n+ ( dissection ( orbital cont5ts1 #ig ,b5z9e1 #ei ,blood-vessels ( ret9a1 #ajf ,bl[+ ?r\gh bl[pipe1 fold+ ret9a by1 #ha1 #hb ,bl[pipe1 fold+ ret9a by bl[+ ?r\gh1 #ha1 #hb glass1 #ce us+ x to =ce out vitre\s1 #gh-ha ,body1 hyaloid1 #da ,boil+ cry/all9e l5s1 #ee1 #ef ,books1 text1 #bc1 #be1 #df1 #eb ,c ,canal1 hyaloid1 #dc ( ,petit1 #ce-cg ,canaliculi1 puncta1 papilla1 & nasal duct1 locat+1 #ib-ie ,capsule ( l5s1 #cc1 #ej1 #ed ( l5s1 remov+1 #ei ,capsule ( ,t5on1 #aae ( ,t5on & conjunctiva1 #aaf ,c$> oil1 #fj ,cells ( processes1 pigm5t1 #di1 #ej ,c5tral art]y ( ret9a1 #dc1 #di ,*amb]1 ant]ior1 #ej1 #ea1 #hf1 #ij po/]ior1 #ej1 #ea1 #hf1 #ij ,*emicals1 #bb1 #bc ,*isel & hamm]1 use (1 #ii-aja ,*oroid1 #fb & scl]otic1 cutt+ !m away = isolat+ ret9a1 #hc empty+1 #fi1 #gj = dissect+ ?ree tunics1 remov+1 #abb f scl]otic1 = dissection ( ?ree tunics & hyaloid1 loos5+1 #abj iridesc5ce (1 #de loos5+ f corneo-scl]al junction1 #fd1 #fe loos5+ scl]otic f1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh or ret9a1 remov+ cornea = isolat+1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd pick+ up ret9a &1 #cj1 #ca prep>+ eye = isolat+1 #fb pres]v+ isolat$1 #gb remov+1 #df remov+ l5s f1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga scrap+ scl]otic f1 #fh sep>at+ scl]otic f1 #bg1 #bi ,cilia & o!r sup]ficial accessories1 #ie ,cili>is1 corona1 #di1 #ea orbicul>is1 #di1 #ea ret91 p>s1 #di ,cili>y art]ies1 #gb n]ves1 #gb processes1 #bg1 #cc1 #di processes free f processus zonuloe1 scrap+1 #aba r+1 #ea r+1 cutt+ cili>y1 #aba ,cili>y1 cl>ify+ l5s1 #eh1 #ei ,coats1 prep>+ eye = dissection to %[1 9 situ1 ! ?ree1 #abj ,coca9e1 #aji ,color ( processes1 #ej ,conc5tric lay]s ( l5s1 #ef1 #eg ,conjunctiva & ,capsule ( ,t5on1 #aaf ,conjunctival =nices1 #aac ,cornea1 epi!lium (1 #eb remov+ x = isolat+ *oroid or ret9a1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd ,con/ruction ( lacrimal gl&1 racemose1 #aad ,cont5ts1 beg9n+ ( dissection ( orbital1 #ig-aja dissect+ orbital1 #ig-aje empty+ eyeball (1 #cb1 #cc enucleat+ orbital1 #ajb-ajd mat]ial = enucleation ( orbital1 #ig pres]v+ ( hyaloid1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf ,cornea1 #eb & scl]otic1 #eb lay]s (1 #eb smoo?+ x = oph?almoscopic exam9ation1 #aji ,corneo-scl]al junction1 loos5+ *oroid f1 #fd1 #fe ,corona cili>is1 #di1 #ea ,cortex ( l5s1 #ed1 #ei ,c\rse ( ret9al art]ies1 #aaa ,cross section ( optic n]ve1 #dh ,cry/all9e l5s1 #cc1 #di1 #ec l5s boil+1 #ee ,cutt+ away scl]otic & *oroid = isolat+ ret9a1 #hc cili>y r+1 #aba cross section ( optic n]ve1 #dh eye = sagittal section1 #hg-hi eye 9 half1 #ch1 #ci iris = dissection ( ?ree tunics1 #abj optic n]ve longitud9ally1 #dg1 #dh ,d ,dehydrat+ l5s1 #eh1 #ei ,demon/ration ( hyaloid1 etc41 #cd ,disc1 optic1 #dc ,di%es1 ,/5d]1 #ba ,dissect$ hyaloid1 #cc ,dissect+ lacrimal gl&1 #aad nasal duct1 papilla & puncta1 #ib orbital cont5ts1 #ig-aje ( hyaloid membrane1 #be1 #cc ( hyaloid1 me?od ( prep>+ =1 #bf1 #bg ( orbital cont5ts1 beg9n+ (1 #ig-aja ?ree tunics1 remov+ *oroid1 =1 #abb ,dissection1 prep>+ eye = int]ior1 #ch prep>+ eye to %[ ! ?ree tunics 9 situ1 #abj ( ?ree tunics & hyaloid1 loos5+ *oroid f scl]otic =1 #abj ( ?ree tunics1 cutt+ iris1 =1 #abj ,duct1 mat]ial = dissect+ papilla1 puncta1 & nasal1 #ib papilla1 puncta lacrimalia1 & nasal1 #ib ,ducts1 meibomian gl& &1 #if lacrimal1 #aab1 #aac ,e ,empty+ *oroid1 #fi1 #gj eyeball ( cont5ts1 #cb1 #cc ,entrance ( optic n]ve1 #dc ,enucleat$ eye1 #ajd ,enucleat+ orbital cont5ts1 #ajb-ajd ,enucleation ( orbital cont5ts1 #ig-aje ( orbital cont5ts1 mat]ial =1 #ig ,epi!lium ( cornea1 #eb ,equipm5t1 #ag-bd ,exam9ation1 oph?almoscopic1 #ajf prep>+ eye = oph?almoscopic1 #ajf-aaj smoo?+ out cornea = oph?almoscopic1 #aji ,excavat$ po/]ior half1 #df1 #dg sagittal1 #ij ,extr9sic muscles1 o!r1 #aah muscles1 pres]v+1 #aai ,eye1 ant]ior half ( !1 #di cont5ts1 empty+1 #cb1 #cc cutt+ x = sagittal section1 #hg-hi = dissection ( hyaloid1 etc41 prep>+1 #bf1 #bg 9 half1 cutt+1 #ch1 #ci int]ior (1 #ch po/]ior half ( !1 #dj prep>+ = dissect+ int]ior1 #ch prep>+ x = dissection1 to %[ ! ?ree tunics1 9 situ1 #abj prep>+ = isolat+ *oroid1 #fb prep>+ = isolat+ ret9a1 #gd1 #ge prep>+ = oph?almoscopic exam9ation (1 #ajf-aaj prep>+ = sagittal section (1 #hf sagittal section (1 #hf see+ int]ior (1 #aaj v]tical section (1 #hf cutt+ w9d[ 91 #aaj ,eyelids1 #ie1 #aje ,eyes1 %eep & beef1 #bf1 #bg ,f ,fibres ( l5s1 #ef1 #eg network ( vitre\s1 #da1 #db ,fluid1 p]i*oroidal1 #dj1 #df ,fold+ ret9a by bl[+ air ?r\gh bl[pipe1 #ha1 #hb ,=c+ out vitre\s1 us+ bl[pipe 91 #gh-ha ,=nices1 conjunctival1 #aac ,g ,gl&1 dissect+ lacrimal1 #aad lacrimal1 #aad racemose con/ruction1 #aad ,gl&s & ducts1 meibomian1 #if ,glass bl[pipe1 #ce ,glassw>e1 #ba ,h ,half1 ant]ior1 #di cutt+ eye 91 #ch1 #ci ,half1 excavat$ po/]ior1 #df po/]ior1 #dj po/]ior1 excavat$1 #df prep>+ eye = dissect+ int]ior1 #ch remov+ vitre\s f ant]ior1 #di remov+ vitre\s f po/]ior1 #da ,hamm] & *isel1 use (1 #ii-aja ,humor1 aque\s1 #ea vitre\s1 #cc ,hyaloid & atta*m5ts1 demon/ration (1 #cd art]y1 #dc body1 #da canal1 #dc dissect$1 #cc membrane1 dissection (1 #be-cc membrane ) cont5ts & atta*m5ts intact1 removal (1 #be pres]v+ cont5ts (1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf pres]v+ ?ree tunics &1 #abc ,i ,image1 ret9al1 #aaj ,increas+ pupill>y ap]ture1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji ,inf]ior oblique muscle1 #aai ,in/rum5ts1 #ba ,int]ior ( ! eye1 #ch ( ! eye1 see+1 #aaj ,int]ior section1 prep>+ ! eye = dissect+1 #ch ,iridesc5ce ( *oroid1 #de ,iridesc5t *oroid1 #dj1 #dc ,iris1 #di1 #ea & l5s1 remov+1 #ge1 #gg & processes1 remov+1 #aba = dissection ( ?ree tunics1 cutt+1 #abj relation betwe5 processes &1 #ea1 #eb ,isolat$ *oroid1 pres]v+1 #gb ,isolat+ *oroid or ret9a1 remov+ cornea =1 #fb-fd *oroid1 prep>+ eye =1 #fb ,isolat$ ret9a1 pres]v+1 #hd1 #he ,isolat+ ret9a1 cutt+ scl]otic & *oroid away =1 #hc ret9a1 prep>+ eye =1 #gd1 #ge ,j ,junction1 loos5+ *oroid f corneo-scl]al1 #fd1 #fe ,k ,knitt+-ne$les1 use (1 #ib-ie ,l ,lacrimal ducts1 #aab1 #aac gl&1 #aad gl&1 dissect+1 #aad gl&1 racemose con/ruction (1 #aad ,lacrimalia1 nasal duct1 papilla1 & puncta1 #ib ,lam9at$ /ructure ( l5s1 #ee1 #ef ,lay]s1 conc5tric l5s1 #ef1 #eg ( cornea1 #eb sep>at+ out] l5s1 #ed ,l5s & iris1 remov+1 #ge1 #gg ant]ior surface (1 #ee boil+ (1 #ee1 #ef capsule1 #cc1 #ej1 #ed cl>ify+1 #eh1 #ei conc5tric lay]s (1 #ef1 #eg cortex (1 #ed1 #ei cry/all9e1 #cc1 #di1 #ec dehydrat+1 #eh1 #ei fibres1 #ef1 #eg lam9at$ /ructure (1 #ee1 #ef nucleus (1 #ee1 #ei po/]ior surface (1 #ee prep>+ !1 #ec pres]v+ !1 #eg1 #eh remov+ capsule (1 #ei remov+ x f *oroid1 #fi-ga remov+ !1 #ea1 #ec sep>at+ out] lay]s (1 #ed /a9+1 #eg ,ligam5t1 susp5sory1 #cc1 #cg ,l9es1 tri-radiate1 #ed-ef ,locat+ papilla1 puncta1 canaliculi1 & nasal duct1 #ib-ie ,longitud9ally1 cutt+ optic n]ve1 #dg1 #dh ,loos5+ *oroid f corneo-scl]al junction1 #fd1 #fe *oroid f scl]otic1 #fd1 #ff-fh *oroid f scl]otic1 = dissection ( ! ?ree tunics & hyaloid1 #abj ,lucidum1 tapetum1 #de ,m ,mat]ial1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba = dissect+ nasal duct1 papilla1 & puncta1 #ib = enucleation ( orbital cont5ts1 #ig ,meibomian gl&s & ducts1 #if ,membrane ) cont5ts & atta*m5ts intact1 removal (1 #be ,me?od ( prep>+ eye = dissection ( hyaloid1 #bf1 #bg ( runn+ ?r\gh ! alcohols1 #eh1 #ei ,muscle1 sup]ior oblique & its pulley1 #aag ,muscles1 o!r extr9sic1 #aah pres]v+ extr9sic1 #aai ,n ,nasal duct1 canaliculi1 puncta1 & papilla1 locat+1 #ib-ie canaliculi1 puncta1 & papilla1 #ib canaliculi1 puncta1 & papilla1 mat]ial = dissect+1 #ib ,ne$les & p9s1 use (1 #if1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aab1 #aac use ( knitt+1 #ib-ie ,n]ve1 cross section ( optic1 #dh entrance ( optic1 #dc optic1 #dg optic1 cutt+ x longitud9ally1 #dg1 #dh ,n]ves1 cili>y1 #gb ,network ( fibres 9 vitre\s1 #da1 #db ,nucleus ( l5s1 #ee1 #ei ,o ,oblique1 inf]ior1 #aai pulley ( sup]ior1 #aag ,ocul> accessories1 #ie conjunctiva & ,capsule ( ,t5on1 #aaf conjunctiva & o!r sup]ficial accessories1 #ie ,oil1 c$>1 #fj ,oph?almoscope1 #aji ,oph?almoscopic exam9ation1 #ajf exam9ation1 prep>+ eye =1 #ajf-aaj exam9ation1 smoo?+ out cornea =1 #aji ,optic disc1 #dc n]ve1 #dg n]ve1 cross section (1 #dh n]ve1 cutt+ x longitud9ally1 #dg1 #dh n]ve1 entrance (1 #dc papilla1 #aaa ,ora s]rata1 #di ,orbicul>is cili>is1 #di1 #ea ,orbital cont5ts1 beg9n+ dissection (1 #ig-aja cont5ts1 dissect+1 #ig-aje cont5ts1 enucleat+1 #ajb-ajd cont5ts1 enucleation (1 #ig cont5ts1 mat]ial = enucleation (1 #ig ,p ,palpebr & o!r sup]ficial accessories1 #ie ,palpebral conjunctiva & o!r sup]ficial accessories1 #ie ,papilla1 nasal duct1 & puncta lacrimalia1 #ib nasal duct1 & puncta lacrimalia1 mat]ial = dissect+1 #ib optic1 #aaa puncta1 canaliculi1 & nasal1 duct1 locat+1 #ib-ie ,p>s cili>is ret91 #di ,p]i*oroidal fluid1 #dj-df ,petit's canal1 #ce-cg ,pick+ up *oroid & ret9a1 #cj1 #ca ,pigm5t cells ( processes1 #di1 #ej ( scl]otic1 #df removal (1 #cd ,p9*+ up scl]otic1 #bg1 #bh ,p9s & ne$les1 use (1 #if1 #ajf-aji1 #aab1 #aac ,pipette1 #ce ,po/]ior *amb]1 #ej1 #ea1 #hf1 #ij half excavat$1 #dg half ( ! eye1 #dj half1 remov+ vitre\s f1 #da surface ( ! l5s1 #ee ,prep>+ eye = dissect+ int]ior1 #ch eye = dissect+ hyaloid1 #bf1 #bg eye = dissection to %[ ! ?ree tunics1 9 situ1 #abj eye = isolat+ *oroid1 #fb eye = isolat+ ret9a1 #gd1 #ge eye = oph?almoscopic exam9ation1 #ajf-aaj eye = sagittal section1 #hf ! l5s1 #ec ,pres]vative1 alcohol z a1 #cd ,pres]v+ extr9sic muscles1 #aai hyaloid1 cont5ts & atta*m5ts1 etc41 #cb-cd1 #cf isolat$ *oroid1 #gb isolat$ ret9a1 #hd1 #he l5s1 #eg1 #eh sagittal sections1 #hi ?ree tunics & hyaloid1 #abc ,processes1 cili>y1 #bg1 #cc1 #di & iris1 remov+1 #aba color (1 #ej pigm5t cells (1 #di1 #ej relation betwe5 iris &1 #ea1 #eb zonul>1 #bg1 #cd ,processus zonul1 #cd zonul free f cili>y processes1 scrap+1 #aba ,pulley ( sup]ior oblique muscle1 #aag ,puncta lacrimalia1 nasal duct1 & papilla1 #ib lacrimalia1 papilla1 canaliculi1 & nasal duct1 locat+1 #ib1 #ie lacrimalia1 papilla1 canaliculi1 & nasal duct1 mat]ial = dissect+1 #ib ,pupill>y ap]ture increas+1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji ,r ,racemose con/ruction ( lacrimal gl&1 #aad ,ref]5ces1 #bc1 #be1 #df1 #eb ,relation betwe5 iris & processes1 #ea1 #eb ,removal ( hyaloid membrane ) cont5ts & atta*m5ts intact1 #be ( pigm5t f processus zonul1 #cd ,remov+ capsule ( l5s1 #ei *oroid1 #df cornea = isolat+ *oroid or ret9a1 #fb-fd *oroid = dissect+ ?ree tunics1 #abb iris & l5s1 #ge1 #gg iris & processes1 #aba l5s f *oroid1 #fi-ga l5s f ant]ior half & o!r p>ts1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed scl]otic to %[ ! ?ree tunics1 #abj ! ret9a f po/]ior half1 #dd vitre\s f ant]ior half1 #di vitre\s f *oroid1 #gj-gb vitre\s f po/]ior half1 #da ,ret9a1 #dj-gd blood-vessels (1 #ajf c5tral art]y (1 #dc1 #di cutt+ away scl]otic & *oroid = isolat+1 #hc fold+ x by bl[+ air ?r\gh bl[pipe1 #ha1 #hb or *oroid1 remov+ cornea = isolat+1 #fb-fd pick+ up *oroid &1 #cj1 #ca prep>+ eye = isolat+1 #gd1 #ge pres]v+ isolat$1 #hd1 #he remov+1 #dd /raight5+1 #db1 #dc ,ret91 p>s cili>is1 #di ,ret9al art]y1 c\rse (1 #aaa image1 #aaj vessels1 #dj1 #di ,r+1 cili>y1 #ea cutt+ cili>y1 #aba ( sup]ior oblique muscle t5d9\s1 #aag ,runn+ ?r\gh ! alcohols1 #eh1 #ei ,s ,sagittal section1 cutt+ eye =1 #hg-hi section1 excavat$1 #ij section ( ! eye1 #hf section1 prep>+ eye =1 #hf sections1 pres]v+1 #hi ,scl]otic & *oroid1 cutt+ !m away = isolat+ ret9a1 #hc & cornea1 #eb f *oroid1 = dissection ( ?ree tunics & hyaloid1 loos5+1 #abj loos5+ *oroid f1 #fd1 #ff-fh pigm5t (1 #df p9*+ up1 #bg1 #bh scrap+ *oroid f1 #fh sep>at+ *oroid f1 #bg1 #bi to %[ ! ?ree tunics1 remov+1 #abj ,scrap+ *oroid f scl]otic1 #fh processus zonul free f cili>y processes1 #aba ,section ( optic n]ve1 cross1 #dh cutt+ eye = sagittal1 #hg-hi prep>+ eye = sagittal1 #hf sagittal1 #hf v]tical1 #hf ,sections1 prep>+ eye = dissect+ int]ior1 #ch pres]v+ sagittal1 #hi ,see+ int]ior ( eye1 #aaj ,sep>at+ *oroid f scl]otic1 #bg1 #bi1 #fd-fh out] lay]s ( ! l5s1 #ed ,s]rata1 ora1 #di ,%eep eyes1 #bf1 #bg ,skiascope1 #aji ,smoo?+ cornea = oph?almoscopic exam9ation1 #aji ,sup]ior oblique muscle & its pulley1 #aag ,/a9+ l5s1 #eg ,/5d] di%es1 #ba ,/raight5+ ret9a1 #db1 #dc ,/ructure ( l5s1 lam9at$1 #ee1 #ef ,sup]ior oblique muscle1 pulley (1 #aag ,surface ( ant]ior ( l5s1 #ee ( po/]ior ( l5s1 #ee ,susp5sory ligam5t1 #ee ,t ,tapetum lucidum1 #de ,t5d9\s r+ ( ! sup]ior oblique muscle1 #aag ,t5on & ocul> conjunctiva1 ,capsule (1 #aaf ,t5on's ,capsule1 #aae ,text-books1 #bc1 #be1 #df1 #eb ,?ree tunics1 remov+ *oroid1 = dissect+1 #abb ,tools1 #ba ,tri-radiate l9es1 #ed-ef ,tunics1 9 situ1 prep>+ eye = dissection to %[ ! ?ree1 #abj pres]v+ hyaloid & ?ree1 #abc remov+ ! scl]otic1 to %[ ! ?ree1 #abj ,u ,use ( hamm] & *isel1 #ii-aja ( knitt+-ne$les1 #ib-ie ,us+ bl[pipe 9 =c+ out vitre\s1 #gh-ha ,v ,v5a vorticosa1 #gb ,v]tical section ( ! eye1 #hf ,vessels ( ret9a1 blood-1 #dj1 #di1 #ajf ,vitre\s1 #cc network ( fibres 91 #da1 #db remov+ f ant]ior half1 #di remov+ f po/]ior half1 #da us+ bl[pipe to =ce out1 #gh-ha ,vorticosa1 v5a1 #gb ,w ,w9d[1 9 eye1 cutt+1 #aaj ,x ,xylol1 #ei ,z ,zone ( ,z9n1 #cf1 #cg ,zonul> processes1 #bg1 #cd ,zonulii ,z9ii1 #cf1 #cg ,zonul processus1 #cd ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,page #abg1 cutt+ w9d[ 93 ei!r 9 ! wrong place alphabetically1 or x is an error = w9d[1 cutt+ 94 ,! 7unusual7 spell+s zonuloe & zonul h be5 reta9$4 ,*anges3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! *apt] 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,9 "s illu/rations ! ref]5ce lett]s h be5 acc5tuat$4 ,page #aa1 #ab3 ,illu/ration numb]s add$4 ,page #abg1 ,gl&1 racemose con/ruction3 page numb] #aad add$4 ,page #acj3 ! entries iris & l5s h be5 mov$ to _! prop] place2 ! entry ,ret91 p>s cili>is has be5 mov$ to a sep>ate l9e4