,mineral ,survey ,procedures ,guide ,illustration ,as the ,nation's principal conservation agency1 the ,department of the ,interior has basic responsibilities for water1 fish1 wildlife1 mineral1 land1 park1 and recreational resources4 ,indian and ,territorial affairs are other major concerns of this department of natural resources4 ,the ,department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so that each shall make its full contribution to a better ,united ,states now and in the future4 ,,mineral ,,survey ,,procedures ,,guide #aihj ,this ,mineral ,survey ,procedures ,guide does not and is not intended to supersede the ,bureau ,manual or appropriate ,federal1 ,state1 or ,mining ,district law which is concerned with mineral surveys and mining claims4 ,the ,manual of ,instructions for the ,survey of the ,public ,lands of the ,united ,states is the official ,bureau of ,land ,management document regarding mineral surveys1 and any real or apparent contradictions with this ,guide should be referred to the ,manual for final assessment4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,table of ,contents ,page ,,chapter ,i--,,mining ,,laws ,mining ,districts #a ,federal ,mining ,laws #b ,state ,mining ,laws #e ,abstract of ,state ,laws #f ,survey--,legal ,interrelationships #ad ,,chapter ,,ii-,,discovery ,,and ,,location ,lode ,claims #ai ,placer ,claims #be ,mill ,sites #be ,tunnel ,sites #bf ,general #bf ,,chapter ,,iii--,,mineral ,,surveyors ,appointments #bi ,qualification #cj ,duties of the ,mineral ,surveyor #cj ,contract for ,surveys #ca ,restrictions #cb ,,chapter ,,iv--,,application ,,and ,,order ,,for ,,survey ,,chapter ,v--,,the ,,patent ,,survey ,field ,work #ci ,office ,work #ej ,processing the ,survey #eb ,departures ,from the ,normal ,procedure #ed ,,chapter ,,vi--,,resurveys ,,glossary ,,of ,,mining ,,terms ,,appendix ,,index ,,foreword ,mineral surveys are made to mark the legal boundaries of mineral deposits or ore-bearing formations on the public domain where the boundaries are determined by lines other than the normal subdivision of the public lands4 ,these surveys include the usual surveying technical procedures and the examination and documentation of various reports and certificates necessary to substantiate legal procedures4 ,understanding the basis for performance of mineral surveys is imperative for the ,united ,states ,mineral ,surveyors as well as for those who are involved with processing mineral survey returns1 those who evaluate claim validity1 and for those cadastral surveyors who are involved in retracing original mineral surveys4 ,,acknowledgments ,this ,guide was prepared by ,john ,v4 ,meldrum1 ,u4,s4 ,mineral ,surveyor 7ret47 under the direction of the ,cadastral and ,mapping ,training ,staff1 ,denver ,service ,center1 ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,mr4 ,meldrum's many years of expertise in mineral surveys1 and his professionalism as a mineral surveyor are invaluable elements of its contents4 ,in compiling the ,guide1 assistance was obtained from all of the ,state ,offices of the ,,blm1 and gratitude is expressed to those cadastral survey individuals who gave of their time and advice in assisting with its preparation4 ,the contribution of the ,cadastral ,survey ,staff of the ,california ,state ,office is particularly acknowledged4 ,,chapter ,i ,mining ,laws ,mining ,districts #a-a ,when gold was discovered at ,sutter's ,mill in ,california in #ahdi no provisions had been made by the ,congress of the ,united ,states for the disposition of minerals on the public domain of the ,west4 ,after a feeble attempt at leasing1 the copper and iron deposits of the ,great ,lakes region as well as the lead deposits of ,missouri were sold outright to the highest bidder with minimum prices set from #b4ej to #e4jj per acre4 ,consequently1 the prospectors and miners of ,california formed mining districts to provide self-government and maintain law and order4 ,these districts could be as small as a square mile1 while others covered an area several townships in size4 #a-b ,the functions of a district were to provide rules governing the size of claims1 manner of location and discovery requirements1 recording of locations1 work required to hold a claim and period of absence constituting abandonment4 ,the miners were not without precedents in establishing their rules4 ,in ,europe the ,germanic or ,prussian laws provided for the discovery and location of mineral deposits with royalties going to the crown and the surface owner4 ,the discoverer received a larger claim than subsequent locators4 ,periods of idleness without cause would open the ground to relocation4 ,a court system was provided for the mining industry4 ,the ,prussian law was the basis for ,english law and subsequently ,spanish and ,mexican law4 ,the ,mexican law provided that three claims went to the discoverer of a vein in a new district and two claims to the discoverer of a new vein in an old district4 ,claims were #bjj varas long and up to #bjj varas wide1 depending on dip1 a vara being about a yard4 ,provision was also made for discovery work and periodic labor4 ,as the first claims in ,california were for placer gold1 the miners were allowed a claim about #aj feet along the stream and as far back as the deposit ran4 ,when lodes were discovered1 the discoverer was usually allowed two claims #ajj feet long along the vein and #ej feet wide2 then others could stake one claim of this size on the vein4 ,the miner could follow his vein to depth1 establishing extralateral rights4 ,rules were made for marking the boundaries of claims and for recording them with the district recorder4 ,miner's courts were held to settle disputes4 ,thus1 ,american ,mining ,law was born4 #a-c ,today1 the mining districts exist in name only4 ,as county governments were set up 7recording districts in ,alaska which has no counties71 the mining districts turned their records over to the county recorders and left the making and enforcement of local mining laws to state or county governments4 ,mining districts may still be formed but any regulations that they may impose cannot be in conflict with existing law at any level of government4 ,at this writing1 none are known to exist2 however1 many location certificate forms call for a mining district1 as well as the various forms provided by the ,bureau of ,land ,management for the processing of mineral surveys and patents4 ,each state office1 except ,montana1 maintains a map1 chart or index of mining districts although the boundaries may be vague and overlapping4 ,these records are available to the public so that they may use a district name1 if available4 ,if a claim is located in an area where no district exists1 it is customary to state that there is no organized district or that the claim is in an unorganized mining district4 ,there is1 however1 no objection to using a commonplace name as a district to aid in identification of the claim4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,gregory ,,lode1 ,,blackhawk--,,central ,,city1 ,,colorado ,the first discovery of a gold vein in ,colorado4 7#aheh7 ,gregory1 the discoverer1 was allowed two claims1 #ej ft4 wide and #ajj ft4 long2 others then staked claims #ej ft4 wide and #ajj ft4 along the vein4 ,federal ,mining ,laws 7,title #cj1 ,united ,states ,code7 #a-d ,act of ,february #bg1 #ahfe1 ,sec4 #i 7#ac ,stat4 #dda73 ,recognized that the public domain was being appropriated for mining purposes but that such appropriation was by the law of possession and that the paramount title to such lands lay in the ,united ,states4 #a-e ,act of ,july #bf1 #ahff 7#ad ,stat4 #bea73 ,declared the mineral lands of the public domain open to exploration and occupation by citizens of the ,united ,states or those who had declared their intentions to become citizens4 ,it provided for claims #bjj feet in length along the vein for each locator1 with an additional claim for the discoverer1 and an association could take up to #cjjj feet in length4 ,no width was specified1 only sufficient ground for working the claim4 ,extralateral rights were granted inasmuch as the vein could be followed to any depth1 with all its dips1 angles and variations4 ,the ,act also provided for obtaining patent 7fee title7 from the ,united ,states4 ,it also recognized local customs1 rules and mining districts1 so far as they were not in conflict with the laws of the ,united ,states4 ,this ,act was repealed by the ,act of ,may #aj1 #ahgb4 #a-f ,act of ,july #i1 #ahgj 7#af ,stat4 #bag2 #cj ,u4,s4,c4 #ce73 ,provided for placer claims 7not covered in the ,act of #ahff7 which included all deposits except veins of quartz and other rock in place4 ,they were limited in size to #afj acres1 either by one person or an association of persons1 subject to entry and patent1 and where on surveyed lands required to conform to legal subdivisions4 ,this ,act1 with modification1 is still in force4 #a-g ,act of ,may #aj1 #ahgb 7#ag ,stat4 #ia2 #cj ,u4,s4,c4 ,ch4 #b2 ,title #dc ,c4,f4,r473 ,this ,act contains the ,general ,mining ,laws which1 with amendments1 are still in force today4 ,it provides in detail for discovery1 location1 survey and patent of both lode and placer claims2 also mill sites4 ,it requires annual labor1 or assessment work until patent4 ,tunnel sites for the discovery of lodes are also provided for4 ,the succeeding pages of this manual will take up and explain the various provisions of this ,act1 with appropriate reference and quotations from the ,code of ,federal ,regulations or the ,u4,s4 ,code1 if not covered in the ,c4,f4,r4 #a-h ,act of ,march #c1 #ahgb 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #ga-ij73 ,provided for the location and purchase of coal2 not a mineral subject to the general mining laws4 ,this ,act was repealed by the ,mineral ,leasing ,act of #aibj4 #a-i ,act of ,may #ag1 #ahhd 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #di;a-#di;f73 ,extended the general mining laws to ,alaska4 #a-aj ,act of ,august #d1 #ahib 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #afa73 ,included building stone under the mining laws subject to the provisions governing placer mining claims4 #a-aa ,act of ,february #aa1 #ahig 7#bi ,stat4 #ebf1 #cj ,u4,s4,c4 #aja73 ,specifically included petroleum or other mineral oils as a mineral under the general mining laws subject to the provisions governing placer mining claims4 ,this ,act was repealed by the ,mineral ,leasing ,act of #aibj4 #a-ab ,act of ,january #ca1 #aija 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #afb73 ,included salt in any form under the general mining laws subject to the provisions governing placer mining claims1 limited to one claim per person4 ,this ,act was repealed by the ,mineral ,leasing ,act of #aibj4 #a-ac ,act of ,april #bh1 #aijd 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #cd73 ,the monuments on the ground shall constitute the highest authority as to which lands are patented notwithstanding a conflict with the survey record or the calls and descriptions recited in the patent4 ,also1 in extending the public land surveys1 all patented mineral claims shall be segregated from the public lands as they are monumented on the ground4 #a-ad ,act of ,february #be1 #aibj 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 ,chapter #c;,a73 ,the ,mineral ,leasing ,act removed deposits of oil1 gas1 coal1 potassium1 sodium1 phosphate1 oil shale1 native asphalt1 solid and semi-solid bitumen and bituminous rock1 including oil impregnated rock or sands1 and sulphur in ,louisiana and ,new ,mexico from the general mining laws and other laws and set up a system of leasing for these minerals4 #a-ae ,act of ,july #ca1 #aidg 7#fa ,stat4 #fha73 ,the ,materials ,act authorized the sale of mineral materials if the disposal of such materials was not otherwise expressly authorized by law4 #a-af ,act of ,august #ac1 #aied 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #eba73 ,provided for multiple development of mineral deposits under the mining and mineral leasing laws4 ,all mining claims and mill sites located after this date1 and those prior to this date that did not preserve their rights1 do not include leasable minerals1 such minerals being subject to exploration and development under the ,mineral ,leasing ,act4 #a-ag ,act of ,july #bc1 #aiee 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #fja73 ,removed common varieties of sand1 stone1 gravel1 pumice 7except block pumice71 pumicite or cinders from appropriation under the general mining laws4 ,also restricted the use of the surface of unpatented mining claims to that portion necessary for the development and mining of the deposit and permitted the federal government to manage the surface and vegetative resources4 #a-ah ,act of ,august #aa1 #aiee 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 ,chapter #af73 ,all lands previously withdrawn for power sites1 except those actually in use or being constructed upon1 were restored to mining locations subject to future use for power development under the authority of the ,united ,states1 without reimbursement1 and subject to provisions for recording the location within #fj days from date of location and assessment work within #fj days of the expiration of the assessment year4 #a-ai ,act of ,march #ah1 #aifj 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #db73 ,provided for the location of mill sites in conjunction with placer claims subject to the same requirements of survey as placers4 ,this allowed location of mill sites by legal subdivisions4 #a-bj ,act of ,september #bh1 #aifb 7#gf ,stat4 #feb73 ,provides for free use of petrified wood4 #a-ba ,act of ,december #bd1 #aigj 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 ,chapter #bc73 ,this act provides for geothermal steam leases and should the lease be terminated1 the lessee has the right to complete the location of mining claims for minerals subject to location which would constitute a byproduct if commercial production of steam continued4 ,conversion to a lease under the ,mineral ,leasing ,act for lease minerals is provided for if the lease minerals are capable of being produced in commercial quantities4 #a-bb ,act of ,october #ba1 #aigf 7#dc ,u4,s4,c4 #agdd2 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chcc73 ,all unpatented mining claims1 including lodes1 placers1 mill sites and tunnel sites located prior to this date must be recorded with the proper state office of the ,bureau of ,land ,management by filing a copy of the record of the location 7or last amended7 notice or certificate1 as required by state law1 together with a map showing the claim and its relation to the public land survey or protracted grid1 by ,october #ba1 #aigi2 and also provide evidence of assessment work for the preceding assessment year1 or notice of intention to hold1 and thereafter prior to ,december #ca of each calendar year4 ,claims located after ,october #ba1 #aigf shall be recorded within #ij days of date of location and evidence of assessment work or notice of intention to hold1 if assessment work is not required1 filed prior to ,december #ca of each calendar year after the year of location4 ,change in ownership must also be recorded and 7presumably7 amended location certificates4 ,if these recording requirements are not met1 the claims are deemed to be abandoned4 #a-bc ,reservations1 ,grants1 ,withdrawals and ,severance of ,minerals3 ,indian and military reservations1 national parks and monuments are not1 as a rule1 open to mineral exploration except in special instances cited in #a-bd below4 ,national forests are open to mineral exploration1 location and patent1 but subject to rules and regulations of the ,forest ,service4 ,national ,forest ,wilderness ,areas are covered in #a-bd below4 ,grants include the ,spanish ,land ,grants1 ,railroad ,grants1 and ,school ,grants 7,school ,sections71 most of which included the minerals4 ,at least one ,spanish ,land ,grant1 ,the ,sangre de ,christo ,grant comprising ,costilla ,county1 ,colorado1 has its own system of mineral surveys4 ,arizona has its own rules for locating mining claims on state 7school7 lands4 ,indemnity grants were made in lieu of other lands previously appropriated1 including unsurveyed school sections appropriated in part under the mining laws4 ,the ,alaska ,native ,claims ,settlement ,act of ,december #ah1 #aiga granted certain lands to the natives in ,alaska and allowed owners of claims located prior to ,august #ca1 #aiga five years to proceed to patent4 ,regulations permitted filing an application for mineral survey to be considered an application for patent4 ,withdrawals made under the authority of the ,president are not subject to any form of location4 ,withdrawals under the ,act of ,june #be1 #aiaj 7#dc ,u4,s4,c4 #ada1 as amended7 are subject to location for metalliferous minerals only4 ,the ,act1 known as the ,pickett ,act1 authorized the ,president to make withdrawals for various purposes such as power1 irrigation1 classification of lands4 ,withdrawals under the first form ,reclamation ,act of ,june #ag1 #aijb are not subject to mining location unless opened under the ,act of ,april #bc1 #aicb4 ,lands withdrawn under the second form of the ,act are subject to location4 ,the ,federal ,land ,policy and ,management ,act of ,october #ba1 #aigf7dc ,u4,s4,c4 #agad7 provides for withdrawals by the ,secretary of the ,interior1 either on his own motion or at the request of any department or agency head1 with certain restrictions and limitations4 ,each withdrawal and subsequent restoration must be reviewed to determine if mining locations are allowed1 and under what conditions4 ,severance occurs when minerals are reserved to the ,united ,states in a patent4 ,some of the ,spanish ,land ,grants reserved certain minerals such as gold1 silver1 quicksilver and antimony4 ,the ,act of ,march #c1 #ahia reserved minerals from townsite entries on mineral land1 but each patent should be checked2 some of the early patents reserved only 8known lodes40 ,the ,act of ,july #ag1 #aiad permitted agricultural entry or purchase of lands withdrawn for phosphate1 nitrate1 potash1 oil1 gas or asphalt with a reservation of these minerals to the ,united ,states4 ,the ,act of ,july #bj1 #aief permitted the disposition of these minerals discovered and located prior to the ,mineral ,leasing ,act4 ,the ,stockraising ,homestead ,act of ,december #bi1 #aiaf allowed entry of #cbj acres rather than the #afj acre preemption homestead1 but reserved the minerals to the ,united ,states1 the minerals being subject to disposal under the general mining and mineral leasing laws4 ,the surface owner is protected by the ,act1 and a bond must be posted with the ,bureau of ,land ,management unless satisfactory arrangements can be made between the mineral and surface owner 7#dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chad74 ,lands patented under the ,color of ,title ,act 7#dc ,u4,s4,c4 #ajfh71 by exchange under the ,taylor ,grazing ,act 7#dc ,u4,s4,c4 #cae;g7 and by ,forest ,exchanges 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #dhe7 with mineral reservation to the ,united ,states1 are subject to appropriation under the mining and mineral leasing laws4 ,the ,atomic ,energy ,act of ,august #a1 #aidf reserved fissionable source material1 uranium and thorium1 to the ,united ,states1 but these provisions have since been rescinded and such minerals are locatable under the mining laws4 ,mining claims for fissionable source materials could be located on lands known to be valuable for coal under the ,act of ,august #aa1 #aiee 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #eda through #eda;i7 which expired ,august #aa1 #aige4 #a-bd ,areas ,subject to ,special ,mining ,laws3 ,o ,c ,lands3 ,the ,act of ,april #h1 #aidh 7#fb ,stat4 #afb7 reopened the revested ,oregon and ,california ,railroad and ,reconveyed ,coos ,bay ,wagon ,road ,grant ,lands to exploration1 location1 entry and disposition under the ,united ,states ,mining ,laws1 but imposed additional requirements regarding the filing of location certificates1 affidavits of annual labor1 use of timber1 etc4 ,see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chba for details4 ,alaska ,public ,sale ,act of ,august #cj1 #aidi 7#dh ,u4,s4,c4 #cfd;a-#cfd;e7 segregated for classification and sale certain lands1 but reserved the minerals for disposition under applicable law4 ,provided compensation to the surface owner for damage4 ,see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbb4 ,national ,forest ,wilderness ,areas are open to prospecting and mining under existing laws until midnight1 ,december #ca1 #aihc by which time they shall be closed except for valid existing rights4 ,patents will be for mineral only with title to the surface reserved to the ,united ,states1 subject to certain use to facilitate mining4 ,see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbc4 ,city of ,prescott1 ,arizona ,watershed3 ,the ,act of ,january #ai1 #aicc 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #dhb;a7 restricted future mining locations to minerals only with restricted use of the surface4 ,see ,c4,f4,r4 #chbd4 ,papago ,indian ,reservation1 ,arizona3 ,the ,act of ,june #ah1 #aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa-dgi7 as amended1 restores from temporary withdrawal mineral location and entry under the ,united ,states ,mining ,laws1 but imposes additional requirements for recording locations with the superintendent of the reservation1 payment of annual rental to the tribe and a fee in lieu of the annual rental at time of patent4 ,see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbe4 ,national ,park ,service ,areas3 ,national parks and national monuments are1 as a general rule1 closed to mining1 but there are exceptions1 subject to special rules1 regulations1 and reservations in the patent4 ,these special areas are3 ,mt4 ,mc,kinley ,national ,park1 ,alaska 7see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbf4a72 ,olympic ,national ,park1 ,washington 7see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbf4b72 ,death ,valley ,national ,monument1 ,california 7see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbf4c72 ,glacier ,bay ,national ,monument1 ,alaska 7see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbf4d72 ,organ ,pipe ,cactus ,national ,monument1 ,arizona 7see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbf4e74 ,the ,act of ,september #bh1 #aigf 7#ij ,stat4 #acdb1 #af ,u4,s4,c4 #aija7 prohibits further mining locations in these national parks and monuments4 ,king ,range ,national ,conservation ,area1 ,california3 ,mining claims are not prohibited1 but those located after ,october #ba1 #aigj are subject to strict regulations and inspection of all mining activity 7see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chbg74 #a-be ,acquired ,lands3 ,minerals on acquired lands are not generally open to mineral entry4 ,these minerals are possibly subject to leasing only 7see #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #cejj74 #a-bf ,update3 ,in order that mineral surveyors may keep abreast of new laws it is desirable that the ,office of ,chief1 ,division of ,cadastral ,survey1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 keep the mineral surveyors advised1 furnishing copies of the ,acts and pertinent regulations1 so far as it is practicable to do so4 ,mineral surveyors may also keep abreast of new legislation through the local offices of the ,,blm1 their congressmen and by becoming members of local mining associations and attending their meetings4 ,state ,mining ,laws #a-bg ,both the ,acts of #ahff and #ahgb provided for recognition of 8local customs or rules of miners in the several mining districts so far as the same are applicable and not inconsistent with the laws of the ,united ,states40 7,r4,s4 #bcai1 #cj ,u4,s4,c4 #bb74 ,c4,f4,r4 #chca4a states in part 87c7 complying with the ,state ,laws1 regarding the recording of the location in the county recorder's office1 discovery work1 etc4 ,as supplemental to the ,united ,states mining laws there are ,state statutes relative to location1 manner of recording of mining claims1 etc41 in the ,state1 which should also be observed in the location of mining claims40 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4d-b states in part3 8444 #fjj feet in width1 but whether surface ground of that width can be taken depends upon the local regulations of ,state or ,territorial laws in force 44440 and #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4d-f 8the location notice must be filed for record in all respects as required by the ,state or ,territorial laws1 and local rules and regulations if there be any40 ,requirements of ,state law as to mining locations must be complied with if they are not repugnant to the ,united ,states mining laws4 ,south ,dakota v4 ,madill1 #ec ,i4,d4 #aie 7#aicj74 ,it is very clear that ,state laws must be complied with and some states go so far as to state that if the essentials of discovery and location are not complied with1 the claim shall be null and void4 ,also1 location certificates that do not contain the information set forth in the law1 including an adequate description1 shall be void4 ,the mineral surveyors cannot ignore state law1 yet there are areas where they should not force the claimant to comply1 such as failure to do the necessary discovery work as long as a discovery point has been designated4 ,in such cases the claimant should be advised of the apparent discrepancy4 ,at his insistence1 the survey should be executed and processed to show the facts and conditions as they exist1 leaving the matter to adjudication during patent proceedings4 ,on the other hand1 an inadequate description in the location certificate is justification for requiring an amended certificate4 ,each mineral surveyor should obtain a copy of the state mining laws as soon as possible after receiving an order for survey in that state4 ,the ,chief1 ,branch of ,cadastral ,survey of each state office should have an up-to-date copy of the laws for his state1 and advise the ,chief1 ,division of ,cadastral ,survey at ,washington1 ,d4,c4 of changes as they occur so that he may keep all mineral surveyors advised4 ,copies of state laws1 in pamphlet form1 are usually available from the ,state ,bureau of ,mines or ,geological ,survey1 the ,secretary of ,state or ,attorney ,general4 ,do not confuse state laws pertaining to the location of mining claims on the public domain with state laws covering the location of state lands4 ,arizona1 for instance1 allows the staking of mining claims on state lands and publishes rules and regulations governing such appropriation4 ,most states1 however1 lease their minerals4 ,following is an abstract of the state laws in force so that mineral surveyors and cadastral surveyors will have an immediate source of information4 ,the abstract is by no means complete1 but contains only the essentials1 and is not a substitute for the laws themselves4 #a-bh ,,alaska ,lode ,claims3 ,location notice containing name of claim1 name of locator7s71 date of location and approximate bearings and distances between corners shall be posted at the northeast corner of the claim4 ,substantial monuments of stone or posts not less than three feet high and three inches in diameter1 marked with name of claim1 position or corner number and direction of boundary lines to be erected at each corner2 witness corners shall be marked to indicate position of true corner4 ,cut out1 blaze or mark boundary lines4 ,location ,certificate3 ,record in recording district 7,alaska does not have counties7 within #ij days of posting1 containing in addition to information contained in the location notice1 length and width of claim and reference to a natural object or permanent monument4 7,late filing prior to intervening rights renews the location47 ,placer ,claims3 ,location notice containing same information as lodes1 except giving length and width rather than metes and bounds1 to be posted on one of the corners4 ,monumentation3 same as for lodes4 ,location ,certificate and recording3 same as for lodes4 ,restrictions on precious metal placers are3 #a4 ,individual claims limited to #bj acres and #acbj feet1 aggregate length4 #b4 ,association claims limited to #dj acres and #bfdj feet in length4 #c4 ,location by agent to be supported by recorded power of attorney1 limited to two principals per agent in any recording district4 #d4 ,annual labor of #ajj for each #bj acres or excess fraction required4 ,other3 ,amended locations1 notices and certificates are provided for4 ,annual ,labor3 ,requirements same as federal law1 except for precious metal placers1 but in conflict with the ,act of ,october #ba1 #aigf regarding failure to file4 ,discovery ,work3 ,none required4 #a-bi ,,arizona ,lode1 ,placer and ,mill ,site ,claims3 ,location notice3 ,containing name of claim2 name and address of locator7s72 date of location2 length and width of claim and distance from the location monument to each end of the claim1 in feet2 the general course of the claim2 a reference to some natural object or permanent monument2 the section1 township and range1 if known1 shall be posted on a conspicuous monument of stones not less than three feet in height1 or a post at least four feet above ground1 at one corner within the boundaries of the claim4 ,monumentation3 ,within #ij days erect six substantial posts projecting at least #d ft4 above ground or substantial stone monuments at least #c ft4 high1 one at each corner and one at the center of each end line of a lode1 marked to identify the corner or end center2 posts may be of any material readily distinguished as monuments and shall be no less than #a inches in cross section4 ,location ,work3 ,none required after ,september #c1 #aigh4 ,recording3 ,within #ij days record in the office of the ,county ,recorder a copy of the location notice containing the section1 township and range 7protracted1 if unsurveyed71 to which has been attached a map based upon a survey commensurate with the ability of the locator1 no more than #h by #ad inches in size at a scale of one inch equals not more than #bjjj feet1 containing3 #a4 ,the name of the claim4 #b4 ,whether the claim is a lode1 placer or mill site4 #c4 ,the locality1 giving the section1 township and range with tie to a monument of the public survey1 or if unsurveyed to a survey monument of a ,u4,s4 ,government ,agency or ,u4,s4 ,mineral ,monument1 or1 if none can be found1 to a prominent natural object or permanent monument4 #d4 ,the scale of the map4 #e4 ,the county in which the claim is situated4 #f4 ,a north arrow4 #g4 ,the type of corner and location monuments used4 #h4 ,bearing and distance between corners4 #i4 ,if a placer or mill site described by legal subdivisions1 the map shall give the legal description instead of items #c and #h above4 ,other3 ,abandonment3 ,failure to perform all the acts of location within the specified time constitutes abandonment4 ,annual ,assessment ,work3 ,same as ,federal1 with form of affidavit given1 to be recorded by ,december #ca of the assessment year4 ,relocation1 by owner and of abandoned claims1 provided for1 using the map instead of location work4 ,existing claims3 ,owner may file map by ,october #ba1 #aihj which shall constitute a rebuttable presumption that the claim was monumented on the ground so that its boundaries could readily be traced4 #a-cj ,,arkansas ,no state laws4 #a-ca ,,california ,lode ,claims3 ,location notice containing name of claim1 name and current mailing or residence address of the locator7s71 length claimed along the course of the vein each way from the point of discovery and width claimed on each side of the center of the claim1 in feet1 general course of vein1 date of location 7being date of posting7 and reference to a natural object or permanent monument1 shall be posted in or on a substantial monument at the point of discovery4 ,monumentation3 ,conspicuous and substantial monuments consisting of a wooden post or stone structure not less than three and one-half inches diameter1 or metal post not less than two inches diameter1 set at least one foot in the ground and projecting at least three feet above ground1 or stone mound at least three feet high1 with sufficient marks to designate the corner and name of claim1 shall be erected at each corner and center of each end line within #fj days from date of location4 ,witness corners provided for4 ,recording3 ,within #ij days of posting1 record a true copy of the location notice with the county recorder with a statement by the locator of the monumentation and markings together with the section1 township1 range and meridian4 ,placer ,claims3 ,location notice same as for lodes except for description which shall be the number of feet or acreage claimed with a description referenced to some natural object or permanent monument1 posted on a substantial monument at the point of discovery4 ,monumentation3 ,mark the boundaries and erect at each corner a substantial monument as specified for lodes1 except where described by legal subdivisions1 such description being deemed the equivalent of marking4 7,no time limit given1 other than the #ij days for recording47 ,recording3 same as for lodes4 ,tunnel ,right3 ,location notice3 ,same as for lodes except for description which shall be the proposed course of the tunnel and a description referenced to some natural object or permanent monument1 posted on a substantial monument at the face of the tunnel4 7,no name for the tunnel is called for47 ,monumentation3 ,same monuments as for lodes placed along the lines of the tunnel on the surface no more than #fjj feet apart from the face to the terminus of #cjjj feet therefrom4 ,recording3 same as for lodes4 ,mill ,sites3 ,location and claim boundaries marked as for placer claims1 except that location monument may be anywhere within the claim4 ,recording3 same as for lodes4 ,other3 ,amended location and notice and relocation provided for4 ,annual ,labor1 remonumentation and remarking of corners3 ,affidavit of labor as required by federal law must be filed within #cj days of the time limit for performance 7end of assessment year7 and1 in addition to the usual statements and descriptions1 a statement that all corners and notices are in place and are properly marked2 an additional #cj days is allowed for a supplemental affidavit if the original was filed by someone other than the owner4 ,failure in such case constitutes prima facie presumption of abandonment4 ,survey and monumentation by a ,united ,states ,mineral ,surveyor or land surveyor licensed in ,california together with filing of field notes for record with the location notice1 constitutes prima facie evidence of the facts therein4 ,penalties are provided for false statements and removal or destruction of monuments4 ,location 7,discovery7 ,work3 ,none required 7law amended in #aife for placers1 #aigb for lodes71 except in the case of a tunnel right4 ,survey of ,location3 ,united ,states ,mineral ,surveyors are permitted to make and record location surveys4 #a-cb ,,colorado ,lode ,claims3 ,location notice or plain sign to be posted at the point of discovery on the surface containing name of the lode 7claim71 name of locator7s71 and date of discovery4 ,discovery 7,location7 ,work in the form of a shaft ten feet deep or deeper if necessary for discovery1 or open cut1 crosscut or tunnel which cuts a lode ten feet beneath the surface1 or adit at least ten feet in along lode from point of discovery to be completed within #fj days from date of discovery1 or file a map with the location certificate based on an actual ground survey 7see below74 ,monumentation3 ,surface boundaries to be marked by six substantial posts1 hewed or marked on the sides facing the claim1 set in the ground 7or in a mound of stones on bedrock7 one at each corner and one at the center of each side line4 ,witness corner1 suitably marked1 may be used as necessary4 ,recording3 ,within three months from date of discovery1 file with the county recorder a location certificate containing the name of the lode 7claim71 name of locator7s71 date of location1 the number of lineal feet claimed on each side of discovery shaft 7similar working as provided above1 or discovery point71 the general course of the lode and such description as shall identify the claim with reasonable certainty4 ,field ,survey and ,map3 ,in lieu of a discovery shaft 7or similar working7 and within the time required for filing the location certificate1 attach to the location certificate for recording a map at a scale of #a #ejj prepared from an actual ground survey showing the name and address of the discoverer of the claim1 the legal subdivision upon which the claim is located if on surveyed land1 courses and distances of the boundaries with tie to the nearest section or quarter section corner or permanent monument if on unsurveyed land1 thus readily identifying the claim4 ,placer ,claim3 ,location notice or sign same as lode but also giving number of acres or feet claimed4 ,discovery 7,location7 ,work3 ,none4 ,monumentation3 ,at each angle point 7corner7 of claim1 substantial posts as called for under lodes4 ,recording3 ,within #cj days from date of discovery file with county recorder1 containing name of claim1 name of locator7s71 date of location1 number of acres or feet claimed and description referenced to natural object or permanent monument4 ,mill ,sites3 ,mill sites are simply auxiliary to the working of mineral claims and the location for a mill site should be made in substantially the same manner as that of a lode or placer claim4 ,there must be satisfactory proof that land claimed as a mill site is not mineral in character4 ,no assessment work is required on mill sites but without patent they can only be held by using them for the purposes for which they were located4 ,tunnel ,claim3 ,record1 specifying the place of commencement and termination with names of interested parties4 ,other3 ,relocation 7,amended and ,additional7 by owner1 and relocation of abandoned claims provided for4 ,annual ,labor3 ,as required by federal law1 affidavit may be filed within six months of the end of the assessment year4 #a-cc ,,florida ,no state laws4 #a-cd ,,idaho ,all mining claim locations3 ,location notice to be posted at one corner of the claim containing name of locator7s71 name of claim 7whether lode or placer71 date of location1 mining district and county1 directions and distances which describe claim and tie from corner where notice was posted to natural object or permanent monument as will fix and describe the site of the claim4 ,substantial monuments or posts at least four feet in height and four inches square or in diameter1 marked with the name of the claim1 the position or number of the corner and direction of boundary lines shall be placed at each corner or angle4 ,the boundary lines shall be marked so they can be readily traced4 ,provisions for witness corners marked to indicate true position4 ,recording3 ,within #ij days file for record a copy of the location notice with the county recorder2 failure to do so constitutes abandonment4 ,attached to notice must be an affidavit of one of the locators stating he is a citizen of the ,united ,states 7or declared intention to become one71 he is familiar with the ground1 that it has not been previously located but if located1 abandoned or defective4 ,other3 ,annual labor same as federal1 affidavit required #fj days after end of assessment year2 except patent survey with affidavit1 including cost1 by ,u4,s4 ,mineral ,surveyor may1 if sufficient1 be used for one year's work4 ,discovery or ,location ,work3 ,none required2 law amended in #aigj4 ,additional ,certificate 7amended location7 and ,location of ,abandoned ,claims provided for4 #a-ce ,,louisiana ,no state law4 #a-cf ,,mississippi ,no state law4 #a-cg ,,montana ,lode and ,placer ,claims3 ,location notice containing name of claim1 name of locator7s71 date of location 7posting7 and dimensions of area shall be posted at the point of discovery4 ,monumentation3 ,within #cj days monument each corner or angle of the claim using a tree eight or more inches in diameter1 blazed on four sides1 a post four inches square1 four feet six inches long1 set one foot in ground 7or mound of earth and stone four feet or more in diameter and two feet or more high if on bedrock71 a squared stump of requisite size surrounded by such mound1 a stone at least six inches square1 #ah inches long1 set two-thirds in the ground1 with mound of earth and stone alongside at least four feet in diameter1 by two feet high1 or a boulder at least three feet above ground4 ,monument to be marked with the name of claim and corner number or cardinal point4 ,other monuments of lesser size to be determined acceptable by a court in the event of a dispute4 ,recording3 ,within #fj days1 comply with the ,u4 ,s4 ,mining ,laws and record a certificate of location with the county clerk containing name of claim and whether it is a lode or a placer1 name of locator7s7 with post office address1 date of location and description1 referenced to natural object or permanent monument and section1 township and range 7projected if on unsurveyed land72 directions and distances from discovery point1 and verified before an officer authorized to administer oaths4 ,within #bj days the county clerk will furnish a copy to the ,department of ,state ,lands at ,helena1 ,montana4 ,mill ,sites3 ,located same as lodes or placers but without discovery4 ,other3 ,amended locations1 amended certificates1 relocation by owner 7but not to avoid annual labor7 and relocation of abandoned claims provided for4 ,filing of false claims prohibited2 penalty of not more than five years in state penitentiary or not more than #e1jjj fine1 or both4 ,recording of affidavit of annual labor as required by federal law within #ij days after expiration of assessment year4 ,discovery work3 ,none required1 law amended in #aiga4 #a-ch ,,nebraska ,no state law4 #a-ci ,,nevada ,lode ,claims3 ,location notice containing name of claim1 name of locator7s7 with post office address1 date of location1 the general course of the vein1 the number of feet claimed each way along the course of the vein from the point of discovery1 and the width claimed on each side of the center of the vein1 to be posted on a monument 7as described below7 at the point of discovery4 ,monumentation3 ,within #bj days from date of posting1 erect at each corner of the claim and at the center of each side line a monument consisting of a tree1 with top removed1 not less than four inches in diameter1 blazed and marked1 a rock in place with smaller stones on top having an overall height of no less than three feet1 a stone no less than six inches in diameter1 #ah inches long1 set two-thirds in the top of a mound of earth or stone four feet diameter1 two and one-half feet high2 a post four inches in diameter1 four and one-half feet long set one foot in ground 7except on bedrock74 ,all trees1 posts or rocks1 when not four feet in diameter shall be surrounded by a mound of earth or stone four feet in diameter1 two and one-half feet high4 ,witness corners are provided for4 ,recording3 ,within #ij days of posting1 record duplicate location certificates with the county recorder containing name of the lode or vein 7claim71 name of locator7s7 with post office address1 general course of the vein and number of feet claimed each way from the point of discovery together with the width on each side of the center of the vein1 statement that location work consisted of making maps1 and the location and description of each corner with the markings thereon4 ,maps3 ,within #ij days of posting1 file duplicate maps with the county recorder 7one of which will be sent to the county surveyor along with the duplicate location certificate7 showing the claim or claims1 at a scale no less than #ejj feet to an inch1 the relative position and number of the corners and giving a tie by bearing and distance to a corner of the public land survey or claim location marker if no corner can be found1 or if on unsurveyed land4 ,claim location marker shall be of rock1 four feet in diameter at base and at least four feet high1 or a steel post or pipe at least three inches in diameter and five feet above ground4 ,also show the township and range1 and if surveyed1 the section in which the claim and claim location marker is situated4 ,placer ,claims3 ,location notice3 ,same as for lodes except that instead of discovery point1 a location point anywhere on the north boundary1 and instead of length and width from discovery point and vein1 the number of feet or acres claimed4 ,monumentation3 ,all corners and location point with monuments as specified for lodes1 except when described by legal subdivisions1 only the location point need be monumented4 ,recording3 ,same as for lodes1 except giving number of feet or acres claimed in lieu of lode description4 7,apparently no statement regarding map or corner descriptions necessary47 ,maps3 ,same as for lodes1 but if described by legal subdivisions1 map shall show the legal subs4 ,mill ,sites3 ,location notice3 ,same as for placers except point of posting not designated2 name of lode1 mine or mill of which locator is owner to be given4 ,monumentation3 ,same as for placers 7and lodes7 so far as applicable4 ,recording3 ,within #cj days file for record with the county recorder duplicate certificates similar in all respects to the notice posted4 ,maps3 ,two copies of a map1 not exceeding three by four feet in size to be filed for record with the location certificates4 ,tunnel ,rights3 ,location notice to be posted at the face or point of commencement containing the name of the locator7s7 and post office address1 proposed course or direction of tunnel1 height and width thereof1 position and character of boundary monuments and reference to natural object or permanent monument4 ,monumentation3 ,line of tunnel to be staked at intervals of not more than #cjj feet from commencement to #cjjj feet therefrom2 monuments to be the same as for lodes and placers4 ,recording3 ,within #fj days record with county recorder 7duplicate certificates7 similar in all respects to notice posted4 ,maps3 ,file for record1 with location certificate1 two copies of a map as required for lodes4 ,other3 ,amended locations and certificates and relocation of abandoned claims are provided for4 ,affidavits of annual labor are provided for2 to be recorded #fj days from completion of work4 ,discovery or ,location ,work3 ,none required1 other than the map 7law amended in #aiga74 ,false information willfully made on location certificates or maps a felony punishable by no less than three nor more than ten years in the state prison4 ,survey with field notes and certificate of survey incorporated into the record by ,u4,s4 ,mineral ,surveyor or land surveyor licensed in ,nevada1 prima facie evidence of the facts therein4 ,location ,survey3 ,united ,states ,mineral ,surveyors are permitted to make location surveys4 #a-dj ,,new ,,mexico ,lode ,claims3 ,location ,notice containing name of locator7s71 intent to locate the mining claim1 7name of claim7 and description by reference to natural object or permanent monument 7date74 ,monumentation3 ,mark the location on the ground so that its boundaries may be readily traced4 ,four substantial posts or monuments1 one at each corner4 ,no specifications4 ,discovery ,work3 ,a shaft1 cut1 tunnel or adit at least ten feet below surface disclosing mineral in place completed within #ij days of taking possession2 or a drill hole not less than one and one-half inches in diameter1 ten feet or more in depth1 disclosing a valuable mineral deposit in place4 ,a substantial post or marker at least thirty inches high inscribed with the name of claim1 claim owner1 depth of hole and date drilled shall be placed within five feet of the hole4 ,in addition1 an affidavit by the owner giving the date of the hole1 location within the claim1 and mineral discovered shall be recorded in the office of the county clerk within the #ij days4 ,recording3 ,file for record a copy of the location notice with the county clerk within three months from date of posting4 ,placer ,claims3 ,location notice shall be posted at one corner stating name of claim1 material located1 name of locator7s71 and description by legal subdivisions or metes and bounds with tie to natural object or permanent monument1 if on unsurveyed lands4 ,monumentation3 ,a substantial wood post1 four feet high1 set securely in the ground1 or a substantial stone monument1 shall be set at each corner of the claim1 regardless of whether the claim is on surveyed or unsurveyed lands4 ,discovery ,work3 ,none required4 ,recording3 ,a copy of the location notice shall be recorded with the county clerk within #ij days of location and posting4 ,other3 ,additional and amended locations and relocations provided for4 ,abandonment is provided for by filing for record a statement with the county clerk4 ,penalties are provided for falsifying location notices and affidavits1 defacing and changing location notices1 destruction of corners1 hindering or preventing performance of annual labor and trespass1 except for determining performance of annual labor or locating on government land4 ,annual labor3 ,affidavit to be filed for record with county clerk #fj days from end of assessment year4 ,private ,lands3 ,owners may make regulations1 not in conflict with laws of the ,united ,states or ,new ,mexico2 governing the location of mining claims and file for record with county clerk4 #a-da ,,north ,,dakota ,lode ,claims3 ,location ,notice3 to be posted at point of discovery containing name of lode1 name of locator7s71 date of discovery1 length1 in feet1 each way from discovery1 and width1 in feet1 on each side of lode4 ,width limited by state law to #aej feet on each side of lode2 may be modified by county4 ,discovery ,work3 ,shaft1 cut or tunnel at a depth sufficient to disclose the vein or lode1 or adit ten feet along vein or lode1 or drill hole1 not less than one and one-half inches in diameter and of sufficient depth to reach1 cut or expose vein or lode4 ,work to be completed within sixty days from time of uncovering or disclosing a lode 7posting74 ,monumentation3 ,eight substantial posts1 hewed or blazed on the side facing the claim1 marked with the name of lode and corner1 end of lode1 or side center sunk in ground or in monument of stone4 ,recording3 ,within sixty days file for record with the county register of deeds a location certificate containing1 in addition to information in location notice1 the general course of the vein1 and date of location4 ,placer and ,other ,mining ,claims3 ,no state law4 ,other3 ,additional certificate and relocation1 both by owner and abandoned claims1 provided for4 ,annual labor3 ,provided for1 but no affidavit4 ,surface owner3 ,may demand security from miner4 #a-db ,,oregon ,lode ,claims3 ,location notice containing name of lode or claim1 name of locator7s71 date of location1 linear feet claimed each way from point of discovery along the vein or lode and width on each side of the vein or lode1 and the general course of the vein or lode1 defining the boundaries and reference to natural object or permanent monument4 ,monumentation3 ,within #cj days after posting mark with six substantial posts1 not less than three feet above ground and not less than four inches square or in diameter1 or substantial mounds of stone or earth and stone1 one at each corner and one at each center end4 ,recording3 ,within #fj days from posting1 file for record with the county clerk a copy of the location notice4 ,placer ,claims3 ,location notice3 containing name of claim1 name of locator7s71 date of location1 number of feet or acres claimed1 and a description by legal subdivisions or with reference to a natural object or permanent monument1 to be posted at some conspicuous place on the claim4 ,monumentation3 ,unless located by legal subdivisions1 corners shall be monumented with same size materials designated for lodes1 with monuments no less than #acbj feet apart4 ,recording3 ,same as for lodes4 ,mill ,sites3 ,location notice same as for placer claims except for reference to appurtenant mining claim 7lode or placer74 ,monumentation3 ,same as for placers4 ,recording3 ,copy of location notice to be recorded within #cj days4 ,other3 ,amended notices of location provided for4 ,annual labor affidavit provided for2 file within #cj days of completion of work4 ,legal ,subdivision includes a subdivision of a state survey4 ,discovery or ,location ,work3 ,none required4 ,law amended in #aiga4 #a-dc ,,south ,,dakota ,lode ,claims3 ,location notice to be posted at the place of discovery on discovery monument1 containing name of lode1 name of locator7s71 date of discovery1 feet in length on each side of discovery and feet in width on each side of lode4 ,monumentation3 ,eight substantial posts hewed or blazed on the side facing claim1 one at each corner1 one at each end of the lode and one at the center of each side line1 sunk in the ground1 or in mound of stone if on bedrock1 marked with the name of the lode and the corner1 end or side4 ,recording3 ,sixty days from date of discovery file for record with the county register of deeds a location certificate containing the same information as in the location notice1 except date of location instead of date of discovery1 and in addition the general course of the vein and a description with reference to a natural object or permanent monument4 ,placer and other mining claims3 ,no state law4 ,other3 ,additional certificate and relocation1 both by owner and abandoned claims1 provided for4 ,annual labor3 ,same as federal1 affidavit provided for1 no time limit for recording4 ,surface owner may demand security from miner4 ,penalties are provided for violence1 threats of violence or intimidation of mining claimants or anyone at work on the claim by two or more persons4 #a-dd ,,utah ,lode ,claims3 ,location notice containing the name of the claim1 name of locator7s71 date of location1 linear feet claimed each way along the course of the vein from the point of discovery1 width on each side of the center of the vein1 the general course of the vein and a description with reference to a natural object or permanent monument4 ,monumentation3 ,must be distinctly marked on the ground so boundaries can be readily traced4 7,presumably at the corners1 no specification as to material and size of monuments47 ,recording3 ,within #cj days1 a substantial copy of the location notice must be filed for record with the county recorder4 ,placer ,claims and ,mill ,sites3 ,same as for lodes1 except the location notice shall state the number of feet or acres claimed1 instead of the length and width each way from the point of discovery4 ,other3 ,assessment ,work 7,annual ,labor73 ,provides for posting a notice describing the work at the discovery monument and at the workings2 affidavit to be filed #cj days after completion4 ,penalty provided for interfering with notices1 stakes or monuments4 ,discovery or ,location ,work3 ,none required4 #a-de ,,washington ,lode ,claims3 ,discovery notice to be posted at the discovery at the time of discovery giving the name of the lode1 name of locator7s7 and date of discovery4 ,monumentation3 ,substantial posts not less than four inches in diameter1 set in the ground1 not less than three feet high1 or substantial stone monuments not less than three feet high1 bearing the name of the lode and date of location must be set at each corner4 ,claim boundaries must be brushed out1 and trees blazed if such vegetation exists4 ,recording3 ,within #ij days from date of discovery1 record in the county auditor's office a location notice containing the name of locator7s71 date of location1 feet in length each way from discovery1 general course of the lode1 and a description referenced to a natural object or permanent monument4 ,placer ,claims3 ,location notice or certificate to be posted in conspicuous place at the point of discovery containing name of claim1 name of locator7s71 date of discovery and posting of notice1 a description by legal subdivisions1 or a description with reference to a natural object or permanent monument4 ,monumentation3 ,within #cj days from discovery1 including legal subdivision placers4 7,no specifications as to monuments1 but see requirements for lodes47 ,recording3 ,within #cj days from discovery record notice or certificate of location with the county auditor4 ,development work3 ,within #fj days perform labor equal to #aj for each #bj acres1 and file with the county auditor an affidavit showing performance and nature and kind of work done4 ,other3 ,amended certificate 7location7 and relocation provided for4 ,assessment work 7,annual ,labor73 ,affidavit provided for1 to be filed within #cj days of the expiration of the assessment year4 #a-df ,,wyoming ,lode ,claims3 ,location notice to be posted at the point of discovery containing the name of the lode or claim1 the name of the discoverer and locator1 and date of discovery4 ,discovery work3 ,a shaft ten feet deep1 or cut or tunnel ten feet long1 disclosing the vein at a depth of ten feet2 or a drill hole or holes no less than one and one-half inch in diameter1 aggregating at least #ej feet deep with no one hole less than ten feet deep1 to expose deposits of valuable minerals4 ,one hole shall be designated the discovery hole and shall be marked with a substantial post or other permanent marker within five feet of the hole1 firmly set in the ground and at least #cj inches above ground on which shall be placed the name of the claim1 the owner1 depth of hole and date of drilling4 ,work to be done within #fj days from date of discovery4 ,monumentation3 ,boundaries to be marked by six substantial monuments of stone or posts1 hewed or marked on the side facing the claim1 sunk in the ground1 one at each corner and at the center of each side line4 ,witness corners marked to indicate true point provided for4 7,,note3 ,the above are prerequisite to filing a location certificate47 ,recording3 ,within #fj days from date of discovery record a location certificate with the county clerk containing the name of the claim1 name of the locator7s71 date of location1 length along the vein each way from the center of discovery shaft1 the amount of surface ground claimed on either side of the discovery shaft1 the discovery shaft being always equally distant from the side lines1 and a description tied to a natural object or if on surveyed land to a section or quarter section corner1 as shall identify the claim beyond question4 ,placer ,claims3 ,location notice to be posted on claim containing name of claim1 name of locator7s71 date of discovery and number of feet or acres claimed4 ,discovery ,work3 ,none4 ,monumentation3 ,substantial posts or stone monuments to be placed at each corner of the claim4 7,,note3 ,the above are prerequisite to filing a location certificate47 ,recording3 ,within #ij days after date of discovery record with the county clerk a location certificate containing the name of the claim1 designating it as a placer claim1 the name of locator7s71 the date of location1 the number of feet or acres claimed and a description of the claim by designation of natural or fixed objects as shall identify the claim beyond question4 ,other3 ,additional location certificate 7amendment7 and relocation provided for4 ,annual labor3 ,affidavits provided to be recorded with the county clerk within #fj days after completion4 ,surface owners3 ,security from the miner provided4 ,penalties are provided for force or threats by two or more persons destroying mining property1 including notices and amendments1 and defrauding1 cheating or swindling1 the latter being a felony4 ,survey-,legal ,interrelationships #a-dg ,the mineral surveyor and the cadastral surveyor responsible for processing mineral surveys must be thoroughly familiar with both federal and state law relating to the appropriation of minerals on the public domain4 ,the mineral surveyor may be the first detailed contact of the claimant with a government official1 and he will look to the mineral surveyor for guidance through the first steps to obtaining patent1 i4e41 the survey1 including discovery and work requirements4 ,if the location does not meet the requirements set forth in the law1 the mineral surveyor may suggest the corrective steps necessary1 including an amended location4 ,if the location certificate is too vague1 an amended certificate will be in order4 ,if the development work includes improvements that will not count as patent expenditure or if common improvements will not meet the tests set forth in the chapter on mineral surveys in the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions1 the mineral surveyor should discuss the matter with the claimant and suggest corrective measures4 ,the matter of a valid discovery or what constitutes sufficient mineral for patent is a complicated matter4 ,while the mineral surveyor may discuss the subject in generalities1 as set forth in the next chapter1 it is not his duty to rule on it1 this being a matter for the mineral examiner and adjudicators to determine4 ,he may guide the claimant in properly locating and surveying his claims for patent4 ,if the mineral surveyor feels that the claimant is not justified in proceeding to patent or if he feels that the land is being obtained for purposes other than mining1 he may decline to make the survey1 since it is a matter of private contract4 #a-dh ,relationship of surveyor and attorney3 ,if the claimant has employed an attorney-at-law1 the surveyor and attorney should work closely together4 ,the surveyor should recognize that he is not schooled in the law and should respect the attorney's opinion2 on legal matters it is the attorney's responsibility4 ,on the other hand1 the attorney is not schooled in surveying and the surveyor should guide him in technical matters4 ,the surveyor may refuse to comply with requests that are in conflict with his requirements of survey and that of the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,doubtful situations may be referred to the ,bureau of ,land ,management for further instructions4 ,many attorneys are not expert in mining law and may require guidance from the mineral surveyor4 ,should the surveyor find himself in a situation where legal advice is necessary1 and the claimant has not employed an attorney1 he should discuss the matter with the claimant and recommend obtaining the services of a lawyer4 #a-di ,extralateral ,rights 7,apex73 ,both the ,acts of #ahff and #ahgb granted the right to follow a vein downward on its dip beyond the vertical boundaries of the claim4 ,r4,s4 #bcbb1 #cj ,u4,s4,c4 #bf states in part3 8,the locators of all mining locations made on any mineral vein1 lode or ledge situated on the public domain 444 shall have the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment 444 of all veins1 lodes1 and ledges throughout their entire depth1 the top or apex of which lies inside of such surface lines extended downward vertically1 although such veins1 lodes or ledges may so far depart from a perpendicular in their course downward as to extend outside the vertical side lines of such surface locations4 ,but their right to possession to such outside parts of such veins or ledges shall be confined to such portions thereof as lie between vertical planes drawn downward as above described1 through the end lines of their locations1 so continued in their own direction that such planes will intersect such exterior parts of such veins or lodes40 ,extralateral rights exist only when the end lines are substantially parallel and then only when the apex of the vein passes through at least one of the end lines4 ,if the vein passes through both end lines it may be followed with all its dips and variations beyond the side lines within the vertical planes of the end lines 7see ,claim ,a of ,figure #a74 ,where the vein passes through one end line and one side line1 one end line is theoretically moved by protraction to the point where the vein leaves the side line1 and extralateral rights apply on the vein only to the extent of the foreshortened claim 7see ,claim ,b of ,figure #a74 ,where the vein leaves the claim through both side lines1 there are no extralateral rights and the vein may be mined only in the area contained within the vertical boundaries of the claim 7see ,claim ,c of ,figure #a74 ,two claims might be located along the strike of the same vein in such a manner as to produce diverging end lines as in ,claims ,d and ,e of ,figure #a4 ,in this case a portion of the vein beneath the surface 7,f7 belongs to neither claim and must be appropriated by staking claims the vertical boundaries of which will encompass the unappropriated segment4 ,where veins of two different claims unite on the dip1 the portion below the junction belongs to the senior claim2 if the veins cross1 rather than unite1 the junction belongs to the senior claim4 ,an outcrop is not an apex in the case of bedded deposits that are tilted or outcrop on a canyon wall4 ,claims located on the outcrops of bedded deposits have no extralateral rights4 ,where the vein is wider than patent1 the extralateral rights belong to the senior claim4 ,a claim located on the dip1 though senior1 loses the vein to a junior claim properly located on the apex4 ,the latter issues have been the subject of numerous lawsuits1 and there have been decisions favoring each side4 ,in ,figure #a1 ,claims ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d and ,e were located along the apex of a vein dipping to the south in alphabetical order1 8,a0 being the oldest claim4 ,the portions of the vein belonging to each claim are shown by various cross-hatching4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a #a-ej ,riparian ,rights3 ,although not a general rule1 occasions have arisen when a mining claim adjoins a navigable body of water and the shoreline or mean high water mark becomes the boundary of the claim4 ,in such instances it is proper to run such a boundary as a meander line and the field notes of the mineral survey should state that it is a meander line of the mean high water line and that the corners of such line are meander corners4 ,the situation is well stated in ,alaska ,united ,gold ,mining ,co4 et al4 v4 ,cincinnati-,alaska ,mining ,co4 et al41 decided ,april #ah1 #aiaf1 #de ,l4,d4 #ccj3 8,the rule as to meander lines is applicable to mining claims1 and where in the course of an official patent survey of a mining claim abutting upon a navigable body of water a meander line has been run1 which follows as nearly as practicable the shore line of the water1 such shore line and not the meander line1 must be taken as the boundary of the claim when patented according to the plat and field notes of the survey40 8,where one of the boundaries of a patented mining claim is a navigable body of water1 all accretions formed after survey and prior to entry and patent of the tract passed under the patent1 and all accretions that may thereafter form1 become the property of the riparian proprietor40 ,following is an example of a mining claim with a meander line as a boundary taken from ,mineral ,survey #baed;,a ,alaska4 ,while the notes do not specifically call for meander corners1 they do state that the line follows the mean high water mark of ,cook ,inlet 7,figure #b74 ,it is not necessary to monument the intermediate angle points along the meander line1 as the example shows4 ,should one entire end of a claim be delineated by a meander line1 the end line will be protracted parallel to the inland end line at the farthest seaward point for the purpose of determining extralateral rights4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,chapter ,,ii ,discovery and ,location ,lode ,claims #b-a ,discovery3 8,no lode claim shall be located until after the discovery of a vein or lode within the limits of the claim1 the object of which provision is evidently to prevent the appropriation of presumed mineral ground for speculative purposes to the exclusion of bona fide prospectors1 before sufficient work has been done to determine whether a vein or lode really exists40 7#dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4c-a7 ,obviously1 then1 the staking and recording of a claim without a discovery of mineral is to no avail1 except that a discovery made prior to intervening rights perfects the location4 ,a claimant diligently trying to make a discovery will generally be protected4 ,except for the minerals covered by the ,leasing ,act 7#aibj71 and common varieties which may be acquired under the ,materials ,act 7#aidg and #aiee71 8,whatever is recognized as a mineral by the standard authorities1 whether metallic or other substance1 when found on public lands in quantity and quality sufficient to render the lands valuable on account thereof1 is treated as coming within the purview of the mining laws40 7#dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chab4a7 ,whether a mineral should be located as a lode or placer claim depends on the nature of the deposit4 ,lodes are deposits of mineral in place1 regardless of their origin4 ,the mineral must be firmly contained or embraced in solid rock4 ,this includes veins with distinct hanging and foot walls1 replacement deposits in sedimentary formations1 ancient stream channels now consolidated in sandstones1 such as the uranium deposits of ,wyoming1 and disseminated deposits such as the copper porphyries of ,arizona4 ,on the other hand1 mechanical deposits of minerals such as gold contained in the gravels of stream beds and alluvium deposits are properly located as placer claims4 ,however1 certain rock types1 such as marble and perlite while mineral in place1 are properly located as placers since the ,act of #ahib provided for locating building stone under the placer mining laws4 ,included are bedded minerals not contained in rock in place1 such as bentonite4 ,the discovery requirements for a lode claim are that the mineral must be in place4 ,a discovery of float 7a loose piece of ore from a vein7 is insufficient4 ,merely a trace of mineral is insufficient4 ,discovery by geologic inference is insufficient4 ,there must be an actual and physical exposure of a lode4 ,the discovery must be on vacant public domain1 which includes patented surface lands with minerals reserved to the ,united ,states4 ,there have been many court cases and decisions as to what constitutes the discovery of a valuable mineral deposit and it can be a difficult and complicated matter4 ,the general rule is stated in the famous ,castle v4 ,womble ,decision1 #ai ,l4,d4 #dee1 #ahid3 8,when minerals have been found and the evidence is of such a character that a person of ordinary prudence would be justified in the further expenditure of his labor and means1 with a reasonable prospect of success1 in developing a valuable mine1 the requirements of the statute have been met40 ,in the ,jefferson-,montana ,copper ,mines ,co4 case1 #da ,l4,d4 #cbj1 #aijb1 it was stated that the following elements of discovery are necessary3 8#a4 ,there must be a vein or lode of quartz or other rock in place4 #b4 ,the quartz or other rock in place must carry gold or some other valuable mineral deposit4 #c4 ,the two preceding elements1 when taken together1 must be such as to warrant a prudent man in the expenditure of his time and money in the effort to develop a valuable mine40 ,the extent of discovery will vary with the situation to be considered and the type of mineral and deposit4 ,for example1 the requirement as between two claimants is far less than that between a claimant and the ,united ,states4 ,a mineral of intrinsic value such as gold may well be considered under the rules set forth above1 but a more common mineral would be further subjected to a test of marketability4 ,in the course of patent proceedings1 a mineral examiner of the ,bureau of ,land ,management1 the ,forest ,service if the claim is in a national forest or the ,national ,park ,service if the claim is in a national park or monument1 will make a field investigation to determine the validity of the claims in question4 ,each location must be shown to be more valuable for minerals than for any other purpose and the burden of proof rests with the claimant4 ,the claimant must be prepared to show the actual physical discovery and substantiate the value through assays1 drill logs1 etc4 ,the discovery need not be on the surface and may be made underground4 ,in the case of blanket 7horizontal7 veins1 the vein may be wider than the claim and discovery can be made anywhere within its boundaries4 ,a discovery showing value and_/or marketability may be anywhere within the claim4 ,the discovery may be on the end line of a claim1 but a single discovery cannot support more than one claim4 ,a discovery may be lost by the patenting of a junior claim in conflict1 in which case a new discovery is required4 ,a claim cut in two by a non-mineral patent requires a discovery on each portion of the claim4 ,a claimant is entitled to possession as against third parties as long as he is diligently engaged in trying to make a discovery4 #b-b ,discovery ,work3 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4c-b states3 8,the claimant should1 therefore1 prior to locating his claim1 unless the vein can be traced upon the surface1 sink a shaft or run a tunnel or drift to a sufficient depth therein to discovery and develop a mineral-bearing vein1 lode or crevice2 should determine1 if possible1 the general course of such vein in either direction from the point of discovery1 by which direction he will be governed in marking the boundaries of his claim on the surface40 ,except for the foregoing1 the matter of discovery work is left to ,state law4 ,the general requirement was that the vein 7deposit7 be disclosed to a depth of ten feet1 or deeper if necessary1 in a shaft1 cut or tunnel4 ,in recent years the tendency is away from requiring discovery work4 ,this was brought about largely through the destruction of the surface by bulldozers digging needless pits or cuts on uranium claims in order to satisfy ,state law4 ,drill holes have also been substituted for the usual shaft1 cut or tunnel4 ,in some cases the filing of maps has been substituted for discovery work4 ,the statutory requirements for each ,state are given in ,chapter ,i4 ,this chapter and the statutes themselves should be checked for current requirements4 ,in any event1 a discovery point 7usually marked by a discovery monument1 bearing a notice7 should be selected by the claimant from which to recite the dimensions of his claim4 ,if a discovery is made underground1 the discovery work requirement is usually met by driving a drift or raise1 or sinking a winze on the vein1 for ten feet in length2 the discovery point is then marked on the surface1 with the dip of the vein1 if any1 projected to the surface4 #b-c ,location3 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4d-a states3 8,from and after ,may #aj1 #ahgb1 any person 444 may locate 444 a mining claim #a1ejj linear feet along the 444 vein 4442 or an association of persons 444 may make joint location of such claim of #a1ejj feet1 but in no event can a location of a vein or lode made after ,may #aj1 #ahgb1 exceed #a1ejj feet along the course thereof44440 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4d-b states3 8,no lode located after ,may #aj1 #ahgb can exceed a parallelogram #a1ejj feet in length by #fjj feet in width1 but whether surface ground of that width can be taken depends upon the local regulations or ,state or ,territorial laws4444 ,no such local regulations or ,state or ,territorial laws shall limit a vein or lode claim to less than #a1ejj feet 444 nor can surface rights be limited to less than #ej feet in width44440 ,illustration3 ,,discovery ,,cut ,excavated by bulldozer1 with discovery monument and location notice at the point of discovery4 ,illustration3 ,,discovery ,,drill ,,hole ,note the discovery monument in the hole and samples of cuttings taken at each #e feet of depth4 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4d-c further states3 8,with regard to the extent of surface ground 4441 the ,act of ,may #aj1 #ahgb1 provides that the lateral extent of locations of veins or lodes 444 shall in no case exceed #cjj feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface1 and that no such surface rights shall be limited by any mining regulations to less than #be feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface 4442 the end lines of such claims to be in all cases parallel to each other 4442 and when the locator does not determine by exploration where the middle of the vein at the surface is1 his discovery shaft must be assumed to mark such point40 ,the only ,state known to limit the width of claims at present is ,north ,dakota which only allows #aej feet on each side of the vein4 ,while ,wyoming allows the full width1 the side lines must be equidistant from the discovery1 i4e41 a claim may not have #cjj feet on one side and #bjj feet on the other4 ,since the federal law limits the size to #cjj feet on each side of the vein1 if #bjj feet is taken on one side1 #djj cannot be taken on the other4 ,the length each way from the point of discovery may be any amount as long as the total does not exceed #a1ejj feet4 ,there is no limit to the number of claims any individual1 association or corporation may locate4 ,figure #c shows three different claim patterns1 all of which meet federal requirements4 ,claim ,a is the usual rectangle with the full length and width1 ,claim ,b shows parallel end lines that are not at right angles to the lode line and side lines4 ,while they are longer than #fjj feet1 the right angle distance on either side of the lode line is exactly #cjj feet4 ,claim ,c shows a break in bearing of the lode line at the center of the claim 7it could be anywhere on the lode line74 ,like ,claim ,b1 the right angle width does not exceed #cjj feet on either side of the center line for any portion of the claim4 ,corners may be placed on patented land and on other claims in order to obtain the described pattern and achieve parallel end lines with extralateral rights4 ,if the fee owner objects to monuments1 witness corners may be used4 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4d-d and #chda4d-e give the minimum requirements for defining and monumenting locations including the recording of location notices4 ,the laws of the various states elaborate on these requirements giving minimum size of monuments and acceptable materials1 specifying the points on the boundaries that shall be monumented1 giving the contents required in the location certificates and setting time limits for completing discovery work and recording4 7,see ,chapter ,i47 ,a wood #dd post at least four feet in length1 well set in the ground1 makes a good monument4 ,it should be marked on the side facing the claim with the corner number and initial1 if not the full name of the claim4 ,side centers may be marked ,s_/,c and end corners ,e_/,c1 as required4 ,discovery monuments are usually marked ,d4,m4 ,the markings can be painted1 or scribed with a timber scriber4 ,in a very active area where a number of claims are being staked1 claimants often paint the tops of posts with a distinctive color so that they may be readily identified4 ,a simple way to lay out and monument a single claim is to begin at the discovery point and run out the desired distance each way along the lode line1 then turn an angle of #ij and run each way #cjj feet to the corners4 7,see ,figure #d47 ,a simple way to lay out a block of claims on a bedded deposit is to run out a common set of end lines and at #cjj feet or less turn #ij and at #ej feet or less set a discovery monument4 ,continue this procedure until the end of the area is reached1 then complete the survey by running the boundaries so that each corner is located and monumented4 7,see ,figure #d47 ,in staking a block of claims it is advisable to make them short of the #fjjaejj so that minor errors in the location survey will not result in infractions caused by oversize claims4 ,there is no set rule for numbering corners1 clockwise or counterclockwise1 except that they be consecutive4 ,in a block of claims corner numbers should be grouped1 reducing the number of ties to a section corner or natural object4 ,while #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4d-e calls for a tie to a permanent1 well-known point or object from the discovery1 a tie from one of the corners is perfectly acceptable4 ,in fact a metes and bounds description with bearings given at least to degrees and distances in feet1 should be included in the location certificate4 ,avoid using such directions as southwesterly1 northeasterly1 northerly1 etc4 ,acceptable location certificate forms can usually be purchased at a local printer or stationery store4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d ,the term 8location notice0 applies to the notice posted on the claim at the time of discovery4 ,some states require that a copy of this notice be recorded1 while others provide for the filing of a location certificate after all discovery work has been completed and the boundaries monumented4 ,forms for the location notice1 to be followed by the location certificate for ,colorado1 and a form for a ,california location notice1 where a copy of the notice is recorded1 are included in the appendix4 ,placer ,claims #b-d ,discovery3 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chdb4a-a states3 8,but one discovery of mineral is required to support a placer location1 whether it be of #bj acres by an individual1 or #afj acres or less by an association of persons40 ,the discovery may be anywhere in the claim and must be more than a trace4 ,although it need not be commercial for purposes of location1 commercial feasibility 7or marketability7 will be required for patent4 ,known lodes are automatically excluded from placer locations4 ,if any are known to exist they must be located as lode claims2 the extent of surface ground may be the minimum1 i4e41 #be ft4 on either side of the vein4 ,a number of oil shale placer claims were in existence at the time the ,mineral ,leasing ,act was passed in #aibj1 and have subsequently been patented4 ,many discontinued performing the annual assessment work on the theory that no one else could locate the claim4 ,the ,department of the ,interior has recently ruled 7,u4,s4 v4 ,frank ,w4 ,winnegar et al42 #ha ,i4,d4 #cgj7 that failure to develop an oil shale claim demonstrates that the deposit is not valuable and that the rule of the prudent man has not been met4 #b-e ,discovery ,work3 ,as with lodes1 the ,state requirements for discovery work have been eliminated for all but the ,state of ,washington4 ,however1 sufficient excavation will be necessary to disclose a valuable deposit4 #b-f ,location3 ,the ,act of #ahgj limited placer claims to #afj acres1 whether they be located by an individual or association2 the ,act of #ahgb limited locations to #bj acres per person1 with up to #afj acres for an association of eight persons4 ,therefore1 two persons may take #dj acres2 three take #fj acres2 four take #hj acres1 etc4 ,if practicable1 placer claims shall conform to the legal subdivisions of the public land survey1 with ten acres being the smallest unit considered4 ,if on unsurveyed lands1 a placer claim should conform to the protracted survey4 ,if on surveyed lands1 no further description is necessary and the claim may proceed to patent on this basis4 ,state law may require monumentation of the corners4 ,if on unsurveyed lands a mineral survey will be required before application for patent can be made4 ,further limitation on size of precious metal placers is imposed by the ,state of ,alaska4 ,there is no limit on the number of placer claims that may be located4 ,where fractional lots of the public land survey are encountered1 the rule of approximation may be applied to excess acreage4 ,the rule is that the amount of excess may not exceed the amount of loss1 if one of the subdivisions were eliminated4 ,on the basis of ten acre tracts1 the allowable excess would be #d4ii acres4 ,there are instances where conformity to the public land survey is not practical4 ,these instances occur where conformity would take in a sizable amount of non-mineral ground1 such as a gulch placer1 where the claim is surrounded by prior locations or conformity would necessitate placing the lines on prior claims4 ,in these cases1 a metes and bounds description is proper1 but with the following limitation3 ,a location by one or two persons must be included within a square #dj acre tract2 a location by three or four persons within two square #dj acre tracts placed end to end2 a location by five or six persons within three square #dj acre tracts2 seven or eight persons within four square #dj acre tracts4 7#dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chdb4a-e7 ,regardless of the manner in which a placer is described1 a location notice and_/or certificate must be posted and filed for record4 ,a sample certificate is included in the appendix4 ,mill ,sites #b-g ,authority3 ,the ,act of #ahgb provided for five acre mill sites to be taken in conjunction with lode claims or for the purpose of building an ore reduction works 7mill or smelter74 ,the ,act of #aifj further provided for mill sites taken in conjunction with placer claims1 and further provided for the description to be in the same manner as the placer4 ,this provided for describing mill sites by legal subdivisions1 and in practice this method of description is extended to mill sites taken with lodes or for an ore reduction works4 7,instruction ,memo ,no4 #gb-aea1 #d_/be_/gb47 ,land appropriated as a mill site must be non-mineral in character and the surface open to location under the mining laws4 ,once patented1 it includes all minerals4 ,nominal values do not constitute mineral ground1 nor does the fact that a mill site adjoins a lode or placer claim prove mineral ground4 ,in patent proceedings1 the mineral examiner may require drilling to provide the non-mineral character of the land4 ,as with lodes and placers1 a location notice must be posted and recorded4 7,see appendix for sample47 ,state law may require monumentation1 even if described by legal subdivisions4 #b-h ,required ,use3 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chdd4a states3 8,a omitted is required to be used or occupied distinctly and explicitly for mining or milling purposes in connection with the lode or placer claim with which it is associated4 ,a custom or independent mill site may be located for the erection and maintenance of a quartz mill or reduction works40 ,there is no limit to the number of mill sites that may be located1 so long as they are necessary for the operation of a mine or mill4 ,acceptable uses include tailings ponds1 dumps1 storage facilities1 living quarters1 etc4 ,tunnel ,sites #b-i ,possessory ,right3 ,the ,act of #ahgb gave the proprietors of a mining tunnel the possessory right to #a1ejj feet of any blind lodes cut by the tunnel1 not previously known to exist1 for a distance of #c1jjj feet from the portal1 or first working face of the tunnel4 ,since the #a1ejj feet could be taken in either direction from the line of the tunnel1 this provided an exclusive area #c1jjj feet square4 ,when a lode is discovered in the tunnel1 it must be staked on the surface1 and a notice posted on the surface at the projected point of discovery1 either directly above or protracted on the dip of the vein4 ,failure to work the tunnel for six months constitutes abandonment4 ,a tunnel site may not be patented4 7,see appendix for sample location certificate47 #b-aj ,location3 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chdc4b and #chdc4c provides for posting a notice at the portal of the tunnel1 staking the claim and recording a copy of the notice with the proper local authorities4 ,the ,act of #aigf also requires recording with the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,it is customary to stake the line of the tunnel at such intervals so that each succeeding stake or monument is visible from the last1 beginning at the first working face and continuing #c1jjj feet to the end4 ,the four corners of the tunnel site should also be monumented4 ,although not expressly provided for by law1 a dump site of reasonable size may be located at the portal of the tunnel4 ,general #b-aa ,recording of ,claims3 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chda4d-f states3 8,the location notice must be filed for record in all respects as required by ,state or ,territorial laws1 and local rules and regulations1 if there be any40 ,although the foregoing is contained in that section pertaining to lode claims1 the same applies to placer claims1 mill sites and tunnel sites4 ,all the state laws make provision for the recording of location notices1 with the ,county ,clerk and ,recorder or his equivalent 7,register of ,deeds in ,north and ,south ,dakota1 ,county ,auditor in the ,state of ,washington74 ,should the claim fall in two counties1 it is proper to record the original certificate in the county 7and state7 where the discovery lies4 ,the ,federal ,land ,policy and ,management ,act of #aigf made the recordation of mining claims with the ,bureau of ,land ,management mandatory4 ,unlike state requirements1 failure to file for record with the ,bureau of ,land ,management within the designated time makes the claim abandoned and void4 ,the objective is stated in #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chcc4j-b3 8,an objective of these regulations is to determine the number and location of unpatented mining claims1 mill sites or tunnel sites located on ,federal lands to assist in the management of those lands and the mineral resources therein4 ,other objectives are to remove the cloud on the title to these lands because they are subject to mining claims that may have been abandoned and to keep the ,,blm abreast of transfers of interest in unpatented mining claims1 mill site and tunnel sites 44440 ,an abstract of the law is given in ,chapter ,i4 ,the proper ,state office of the ,bureau of ,land ,management should be contacted to determine their requirements4 #b-ab ,assessment ,work 7,annual ,labor73 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chea4a states3 8,in order to hold the possessory right to a lode or placer location made after ,may #aj1 #ahgb1 not less than #ajj worth of labor must be performed or improvements made thereon annually4 ,the period within which the work required to be done shall commence at #ab o'clock meridian on the first day of ,september succeeding the date of location of each claim4 ,where a number of contiguous claims are held in common1 the aggregate expenditure that would be necessary to hold all the claims may be made on any one claim4 ,cornering locations are held not to be contiguous40 ,almost any type of improvement will count as assessment work4 ,development work in the form of shafts1 cuts and tunnels definitely will count as well as drill holes4 ,roads1 bridges1 ore bins1 etc41 will also count4 ,recently1 geological1 geochemical and geophysical surveys have been included as qualifying for assessment work1 although not for patent expenditure4 ,reports by qualified experts conducting such surveys must be filed with the county recorder4 ,such work cannot apply to more than two consecutive years and no more than a total of five years4 ,work may be done in a common improvement1 but such work must be of benefit to all claims of the common group4 ,it may be outside the claims1 such as a tunnel driven toward the group for the development of the claims at depth4 ,not all work qualifying for annual labor will qualify as patent expenditure4 ,provision is made in state laws for the filing of an affidavit of assessment work and form of content is provided4 ,a copy of said affidavit or other proof must also be filed with the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,in the past1 the filing for record of the affidavit shifted the burden of proof from the claimant to third parties and failure to file such an affidavit1 or failure to do the work1 did not invalidate the claim4 ,now1 failure to do the work and file the necessary proof with the ,bureau of ,land ,management will render the claim abandoned and void4 ,notice of intent to hold must be filed with the ,bureau of ,land ,management in the case of mill sites and tunnel sites and in the case of lodes or placers should the annual assessment work be suspended as it has in the past during time of war or economic stress4 #b-ac ,relocation1 ,amended ,location1 ,additional ,location ,certificate3 ,the terms 8relocation0 and 8amended location0 when made by the owner are synonymous4 ,generally1 there is no relocation or amended location by the owner unless there is a change on the ground1 such as a change in the boundaries or a change in the discovery4 ,such relocations or amended locations relate back to the original location and no existing rights are surrendered by such an amendment4 ,if there is no change on the ground1 and the change is only in the description1 then an additional location certificate will suffice4 ,amendments 7or relocations7 by the owner are made for the purpose of correcting any errors in the original location1 description or record1 changing the boundaries1 or for the purpose of acquiring that part of any overlapping claim that has been abandoned4 ,a relocation by the owner will not cure the lack of discovery or failure to do assessment work4 ,in the case of relocation of an abandoned claim by a third party1 the discovery work should be extended or a new discovery made and the monuments should be checked to see that all are in place and in good condition4 ,such a relocation does not relate back to the original location4 ,state laws cover amendments and relocations and they should be checked for the requirements4 7,see appendix for sample ,additional and ,amended ,location ,certificate47 ,,chapter ,,iii ,mineral ,surveyors ,appointments #c-a #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chfa4e-a states3 8,pursuant to section #bccd of the ,revised ,statutes 7#cj ,u4,s4,c4 #ci71 the ,director or his delegate will appoint only a sufficient number of surveyors for the survey of mining claims to meet the demand for that class of work4 ,each applicant shall qualify as prescribed by the ,director or his delegate4 ,applications for appointment may be made at any office of the ,bureau of ,land ,management listed in #chba4b-a of these regulations4 ,a roster of appointed mineral surveyors will be available at these offices4 ,each appointee may execute mineral surveys in any state where mineral surveys are authorized40 ,the ,director referred to is the ,director1 ,bureau of ,land ,management4 #c-b ,mineral ,surveyors were originally appointed by the ,surveyors ,general 7,general ,land ,office7 of the various states where mineral surveys are authorized1 and were appointed for that ,state only4 ,as a general rule these men were practicing consulting mining engineers in an area covering one or more mining districts and seldom went out of their area to execute surveys4 ,as a result1 over a period of time1 they developed a valuable set of survey records pertaining to claim corners1 section corners and mine workings4 ,claimants found it advantageous to employ a mineral surveyor in his district because of his proximity to the work and his previously acquired knowledge4 ,with the decline in mining activity due to mineral deposits being exhausted or reaching uneconomical depths1 and with the improvement in modes of transportation1 mineral surveyors found themselves covering larger areas1 and many sought appointments in more than one ,state4 ,with the formation of the ,bureau of ,land ,management and the establishment of areas or regions1 the mineral surveyors' appointments were extended to the area or region embracing their ,state and all adjoining states to the area or region1 and finally to all states subject to the ,federal mining laws4 #c-c ,today1 mineral surveyors are appointed by the ,chief1 ,division of ,cadastral ,survey of the ,bureau of ,land ,management at ,washington1 who acts for the ,director4 ,application may be made to any ,state ,office or directly to the ,washington ,office4 ,the application should contain a brief resume of the applicant's experience in land surveying1 mining and geology and list the states in which he is registered as a land surveyor1 or as a professional engineer if that state permits certain classes of professional engineers to do land surveying4 ,the applicant is cautioned1 however1 that appointments are made only if a need is demonstrated by one of the ,state ,directors1 and he requests that an examination be held at his office to supplement the roll of mineral surveyors4 ,appointments are presently for a four-year period4 #c-d ,mineral surveyors were originally bonded and such bonds were usually for a four-year period4 ,the renewal of these bonds served to keep the roster of mineral surveyors active4 ,bonds are no longer required1 but the mineral surveyor must request renewal of his appointment #fj days before its expiration4 ,renewal is based on his activity as a mineral surveyor1 the quality of his work and the timeliness of filing returns of his surveys4 ,if the record shows that he has not been actively engaged in executing mineral surveys1 he may be dropped from the rolls4 ,if he allows his appointment to lapse1 he will not be reinstated or reappointed unless he demonstrates his capability to make mineral surveys1 and there is a need for additional mineral surveyors4 #c-e ,a mineral surveyor's appointment may be revoked at any time for just cause1 among which are3 incompetence1 gross misconduct1 conflict of interest1 failure to personally execute a survey1 failure to prosecute work diligently1 and failure to file timely returns4 #c-f ,before the revocation as stated in #c-e can occur1 any outstanding surveys or survey orders must be disposed of by completion1 cancellation or by issuing a new order to another mineral surveyor1 as mutually agreed on by all parties4 ,qualification #c-g ,although the mineral surveyor1 as an employee or officer of the ,federal ,government1 is not subject to ,state laws regulating the practice of land surveying1 he will find it advisable to be registered1 at least in his home ,state1 if not in other states where he engages in mineral land surveying4 ,actually1 he is only exempt from registration when he is working under a mineral survey order and as such he is limited to work covered by the order4 ,however1 the ,states of ,california and ,nevada specifically permit a ,united ,states ,mineral ,surveyor to make a location survey and to make such survey a part of the record4 7,public ,resources ,code of ,california1 ,sec4 #bcaa1 and #eag4baj ,r4,s4 ,nevada47 ,a mineral surveyor would probably not be questioned in other states if he is making an amended location survey or field examination prior to the application for survey4 ,often1 additional work will be required by the claimant and the mineral surveyor will have to refer this work to others or associate with a registered surveyor4 ,furthermore1 if an applicant for appointment is not registered in his home ,state1 the ,chief of the ,division of ,cadastral ,survey may require a more extensive examination so as to embrace material normally covered in ,state examinations4 #c-h ,although basically a land surveyor1 the mineral surveyor should have a working knowledge of geology1 ore deposits and principles of mining in order to properly execute his work4 ,he should also be familiar with the methods of making underground surveys4 ,he may acquire such knowledge informally by reading texts on the subjects and through membership in local mining associations and organizations4 #c-i ,applicants for appointment as ,mineral ,surveyor must pass a #af-;hour examination with a grade of #gj consisting essentially of four parts3 #a4 ,a solar observation for azimuth consisting of six consecutive readings1 with an engineer's transit or double center theodolite1 three each with the telescope in direct and reversed positions observing opposite limbs of the sun2 together with the necessary calculations to determine the true meridian4 ,the applicant will furnish the instrument used4 #b4 ,correctly answer questions on the legal and technical aspects of mineral surveys4 ,such questions may be of the true_/false or multiple choice type4 #c4 ,solve a practical problem relating to mining claims1 including conflicts1 where a set of conditions are given4 #d4 ,prepare a set of field notes and prepare a preliminary plat from given field data4 ,references and calculators including minicomputers may be used in the examination4 ,it is an open book examination4 ,the examination will be held in the office of the ,state ,director who made the request1 but it is not limited to residents of that ,state and anyone whose application has been accepted may take the examination at his own expense4 ,upon successful completion of the examination1 the applicant will furnish the names of three references who are familiar with his character1 integrity and capability as a surveyor4 ,the examination is prepared by the ,washington ,office and mailed in a sealed envelope bearing the applicant's name to the ,state office4 ,the completed examination is returned to the ,washington ,office in a sealed envelope for each applicant for grading4 ,duties of the ,mineral ,surveyor #c-aj ,the duties of the mineral surveyor begin with an order for survey and cease with the approval of that survey4 ,this precludes using data acquired by former surveys and by reason of having made the location or amended location survey1 unless such data is verified by field work and examination after the survey order is issued4 ,the surveyor should not act as agent for the claimant in the signing of location or amended location certificates1 although he may post such notices for the claimant4 ,the mineral surveyor is prohibited from taking any part in the patent application2 however1 he may assist the attorney or agent or the claimant himself in interpreting his field notes1 including the area statement4 ,a mineral surveyor exceeds his duties if he prepares the notices of application for patent 7#bd ,l4,d4 #aic74 #c-aa ,the survey must be made in person by the mineral surveyor4 ,this does not mean that every physical act of survey must be performed by him1 but it must be performed under his direct supervision in the field4 ,the mineral surveyor is prohibited from delegating such supervision to employees4 ,in other words1 the mineral surveyor cannot send a field party out to do the work under his authority without being on the ground himself4 ,there is no objection to having more than one survey crew perform the field work as long as the mineral surveyor can give each crew adequate supervision4 ,the same rule applies to office work in connection with the survey4 ,there is nothing that prohibits a mineral surveyor from being a part of an engineering and_/or surveying firm1 but he should be a principal of that firm4 ,if he works as an employee of such a firm1 he is compromising his appointment1 for as a mineral surveyor he is an employee of the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,he cannot be an employee of the claimant1 nor can he employ the claimant1 his attorney or parties in interest as assistants in making surveys of mineral claims 7#dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chfa4c-b74 #c-ab ,the survey must be an actual survey on the ground4 ,this precludes the calculation of ties and other lines through prior surveys4 7,see #f ,l4,d4 #gah which disallowed a section corner tie calculated from another survey and required an amended survey to run the section tie on the ground47 #c-ac ,the mineral surveyor should bear in mind that his field work is subject to spot checks by cadastral surveyors of the ,bureau of ,land ,management for sufficiency and accuracy2 also1 if his returns of a survey indicate irregularities1 a complete examination by the ,bureau of ,land ,management may be made4 ,such field checks will normally be made when a field party is in the area during the normal course of a field season4 ,irregularities that cannot be resolved with the mineral surveyor may call for a special field examination4 ,contract for ,surveys #c-ad #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #chfa4d-a ,payment3 7a7 ,the claimant is required in all cases to make satisfactory arrangements with the surveyor for the payment for his services and those of his assistants in making the survey1 as the ,united ,states will not be held responsible for the same4 7b7 ,the ,state ,director has no jurisdiction to settle differences relative to the payment of charges for field work between mineral surveyors and claimants4 ,these are matters of private contract and must be enforced in the ordinary manner1 i4e41 in the local courts4 ,the ,department has1 however1 authority to investigate charges affecting the official actions of mineral surveyors1 and will1 on sufficient cause shown1 suspend or revoke their appointment4 7,see #c-a above47 #c-ae #cj ,u4,s4,c4 #ci states in part3 8,the ,director of the ,bureau of ,land ,management shall also have the power to establish the maximum charges for surveys 4442 and to the end that the ,director may be fully informed on the subject1 each applicant 7for patent7 shall file with the ,manager 7of the land office7 a sworn statement of all charges and fees paid by such applicant for 444 surveys44440 #c-af ,many factors enter into the ultimate cost of a mineral survey1 such as the terrain1 distance from centers of population1 condition of the public land survey1 number of conflicts with prior surveys and patents1 the age of conflicting surveys1 variable weather conditions1 and inflation4 ,cost should be a secondary consideration in selecting a mineral surveyor and the remuneration should be such as to assure an adequate job4 ,many of the early day surveys of the public lands resulted in poor or even fraudulent work because of the low contract price4 ,if a mineral surveyor has had considerable experience in an area1 he may agree to a fixed price per claim1 plus a fixed price per conflict and per mile of retracement of section lines with subdivision of sections as required4 ,an alternative to this is a daily or hourly fee for each principal or party chief and assistants1 plus expenses at cost1 which assures the ,bureau of ,land ,management and the claimant that quality will not be sacrificed because of cost4 ,in the latter case1 the mineral surveyor should provide the claimant with an estimate so that he will be prepared to meet his invoices4 ,either type of contract should provide for periodic payments1 and the mineral surveyor is justified in requesting an advance deposit4 ,in any event1 payment for the mineral survey is a matter of private contract2 the foregoing are merely suggestions4 #c-ag ,inasmuch as mineral surveyors may not hold an interest in the public domain 7see ,sec4 #c-ah below71 they are prohibited from accepting an interest in the claims as payment for his services4 ,restrictions #c-ah ,the following is quoted from the current 7#aigg7 letter appointing mineral surveyors3 8,as a special ,government employee 7see ,waskey v4 ,hammer1 #bbc ,u4,s4 #he1 #aiaa71 you are subject to the pertinent conflict of interest statutes and standards of ethical conduct as set out in #ah ,u4,s4,c4 #bjb and ,e4,o4 #aabbb1 ,part ,,iii4 ,you and your wife are prohibited from acquiring an interest in the public lands1 either directly or indirectly1 by provisions of #dc ,u4,s4,c4 #aa and #dc ,c4,f4,r41 ,part #g4 ,this prohibition extends to locating and holding in your names any mining claims1 oil and gas leases1 grazing licenses or permits1 cadastral survey contracts1 or making any other application or filing under the public land laws40 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #g4b defines interest as follows3 8,the term #8interest' means any direct or indirect ownership in whole or in part of the lands or resources in question1 or any participation in the earnings therefrom1 or the right to occupy or use the property or to take any benefits therefrom based on a lease or rental agreement1 or upon any formal or informal contract with a person who has such an interest4 ,it includes membership in a firm1 or ownership of stock or other securities in a corporation which has such an interest3 ,provided1 that stock or securities traded on the open market may be purchased by an employee if the acquisition thereof will not tend to interfere with the proper and impartial performance of the duties of the employee or bring discredit upon the ,department40 ,employees stationed in ,alaska are exempt from the above1 except for a mineral lease or mining claim1 and may acquire one tract of land1 not exceeding five acres1 for residence or recreation purposes4 #dc ,c4,f4,r4 #g4d 7a7 7#a7 and 7#b74 ,retention of an interest may be approved upon written request to the ,secretary of the ,interior1 provided the interest was acquired prior to becoming an employee or the interest was acquired by gift1 devise1 bequest1 or by operation of law4 #c-ai ,the mineral surveyor may be required to file with the ,bureau of ,land ,management a 8,public ,disclosure ,statement of ,known ,financial ,interests0 under the ,federal ,land ,policy and ,management ,act4 #c-bj ,it should be clear why the foregoing restrictions are placed on mineral surveyors4 ,they remove any possible conflict of interest and the claimant may deal freely with the mineral surveyor knowing that he cannot benefit from any information or knowledge gained during the course of the survey4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,application and ,order for ,survey #d-a ,purpose3 ,except in special instances1 such as lands selected by the ,native ,corporations under the ,alaska ,native ,claims ,settlement ,act1 a mining claim may be held indefinitely as a location by performing the annual assessment work and making the necessary affidavits and recordings4 ,however1 once a valuable mineral deposit has been proven to exist1 it may be desirable to obtain absolute fee title 7patent7 to the claim which1 except in special cases1 includes not only the mineral estate1 but the surface as well4 ,patent not only assures possession of the property1 but will facilitate financing as well4 ,unless the claim is described by legal subdivisions as in the case of placers and mill sites1 an official survey by a ,united ,states ,mineral ,surveyor under the direction and with the approval of the ,bureau of ,land ,management is the first step in obtaining a patent4 ,almost universally1 the location survey has not been made with sufficient accuracy or detail to provide the necessary description for patent4 ,the patent survey will1 in addition to permanently monumenting and witnessing the location on the ground1 show all conflicts with prior mineral surveys1 fee lands with mineral rights1 and prior locations that the claimant wishes to exclude4 ,it will also show all the workings on the claims1 both by the claimant and by others1 if any4 ,the survey itself confers no rights2 patent must follow4 #d-b ,selecting a ,mineral ,surveyor3 ,a list of approved and active mineral surveyors may be obtained from any ,state ,office1 or from the ,director1 ,bureau of ,land ,management1 at ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,mineral surveyors' appointments cover all states where the mining laws are applicable4 ,usually1 it will be advantageous to select a mineral surveyor close to the project1 or one who has worked in the area and has a knowledge of existing surveys4 ,all mineral surveyors are not equally experienced4 ,their appointment means that they have met certain qualifications and have satisfactorily demonstrated a knowledge of mineral survey procedures4 ,more than one mineral surveyor should be consulted before making a selection4 ,his proposed method of making the survey1 his availability and time schedule1 as well as fees should be discussed4 ,fees should be a secondary consideration and may be on a time and expense basis or a flat contract price4 ,if a flat price is to be decided1 the mineral surveyor will probably want to first make an examination of the property4 ,in any event1 the arrangement between the mineral surveyor and the claimant is a matter of private contract1 and the ,bureau of ,land ,management will not be responsible4 ,even after a survey has been started1 the claimant may discharge a mineral surveyor and select another1 but such action will call for an amended order for survey4 #d-c ,selecting an ,attorney3 ,an attorney-at-law to act as agent for the claimant in the patent proceedings is not necessary2 the claimant can make the application for patent himself4 ,however1 an attorney well-versed in mining law can be a big asset and arrangements should be made prior to the survey so that he will be available for consultation4 ,the mineral surveyor will know of attorneys with whom he has previously worked and may be able to make recommendations4 ,the attorney's fee may be negotiated4 ,if the claimant is a large corporation1 it may have staff attorneys or landmen that can handle the patent application4 ,the mineral surveyor may not assist in the patent proceedings4 ,his help may be required in determining the net area of the claim from the area statement in the mineral surveyor's field notes4 ,there is no objection to the mineral surveyor interpreting his notes1 and assisting in this regard4 #d-d ,application for ,survey3 ,must be made by claimant7s7 or his agent on current ,form #chfj-e 7see appendix74 ,instructions are on the back of the form4 #a4 ,the name of the applicant 7claimant7 should be given exactly as it is to appear in the patent1 together with his post office address4 #b4 ,group name 7if any74 ,if the claims are known by a group name1 it may be placed here4 ,if they do not have a group name1 it may be omitted4 #c4 ,name7s7 of claim7s7 should appear exactly as they are given in the location certificate1 e4g41 ,molly ,no4 #a should not be given as ,molly #a4 ,the date the claim was first located and recorded in the present chain of title must be given2 the dates of amendment are only the last amendment made4 #d4 ,the location of the claims by section1 township and range 7stating that it is unsurveyed if based on protracted survey lines71 county and state must be given4 ,if not within a national forest1 8,none0 should be used in the blank provided4 #e;a4 ,to support the application1 furnish two copies of the location notice 7or last amended location with the original location and recordation date shown thereon74 ,one copy must be certified by the custodian of the records where mining claims are locally recorded 7usually the ,county ,clerk and ,recorder74 #e;b4 ,the claim must be monumented on the ground so that the mineral surveyor can identify it4 #f4 ,in accordance with the instructions1 a deposit in the proper amount must be made to cover the costs of the ,bureau of ,land ,management in processing the survey4 #g4 ,the mineral surveyor designated must be one with whom prior arrangements have been made for the survey4 ,the ,bureau of ,land ,management may request proof1 in the form of a simple letter from the mineral surveyor1 that he has agreed to make the survey4 ,the application should then be dated and signed by the applicant7s71 if a corporation by the authorized officer1 or by the ,attorney-in-fact if by an agent acting for the applicant4 ,proof of authorized signature will not be required by the ,bureau of ,land ,management at this time1 but will be required at the time application for patent is made4 ,several claims1 generally limited to #ej in number1 may be embraced in a single survey provided they are contiguous1 i4e41 not merely cornering2 they must adjoin with common boundaries or overlap4 ,limiting the number of claims to be embraced in a single survey is arbitrary1 but set at approximately #ej in order to facilitate processing4 ,two groups of claims may be embraced in a single survey if they both adjoin a group previously surveyed for patent and are owned in common4 ,occasions have arisen where the group of claims lies in two states4 ,applications for survey should be made in each state for the claims or portions thereof which lie in that state4 ,a survey number will be assigned in each state for the portion lying within each state1 but the survey will be assigned for processing to the ,state where the majority of the claims lie4 7,see ,surs4 ,nos4 #ajfca ,montana1 #cafh ,idaho47 #d-e ,records ,search3 ,prior to applying for the mineral survey1 the claimant or his agent should make a search of the county records to determine if the claims are in conflict with other mining claim locations4 ,if so1 copies of the location certificates should be obtained for the mineral surveyor4 ,if the claims are prior valid locations and the claimant wishes to exclude them from his patent application1 the mineral surveyor will be required to show the conflict as it exists on the ground4 ,if it is not the desire to exclude such claims1 no mention of them will be made in the field notes of the mineral survey1 but the mineral surveyor will be aware of them when he goes on the ground4 ,the claimant should also make a search of the ,bureau of ,land ,management records1 particularly the ,master ,title ,plats 7,m4,t4 ,plats7 to determine conflict with prior patents and withdrawals4 ,connecting sheets1 if available1 which show in outline all approved mineral surveys1 should also be examined for conflicts with prior mineral surveys4 ,the ,,blm record of unsurveyed locations should also be searched4 ,the claimant should make certain that his discovery point is on vacant public domain1 which includes minerals reserved to the ,united ,states where the patent is for the surface only4 ,if two or more claims are involved1 each must have its own discovery and both discoveries may not be in an area of conflict between two claims4 ,the length and width of each lode claim must be checked to make certain that statutory length of #aejj feet has not been exceeded and that the right angle distance of no more than #cjj feet exists on each side of the presumed course of the vein 7lode line74 ,the acreage of all claims and the length of placers must be checked for excess4 ,if excesses appear to exist the mineral surveyor should be advised of them and directed to survey the claim within the boundaries given so as to eliminate such excess4 ,while metes and bounds descriptions of lode claims are not mandatory1 the description must be such that the locus of the claim can be determined4 ,while a tie to a section is preferable1 a tie to another mineral survey1 mineral location monument1 or triangulation station of the ,national ,geodetic ,survey or ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey is acceptable provided they can be identified with the public land survey4 ,ties to bench marks are not acceptable4 ,irregular claims1 such as placer claims or mill sites1 must have a metes and bounds description closing within #j4ej feet in #a1jjj feet4 ,the acreage of lode claims cannot exceed #bj4ffa acres4 ,placers may not exceed #bj acres to each claimant1 exclusive of conflict1 and mill sites may not exceed #e acres1 exclusive of conflict4 ,one of the location certificate copies must be certified by the custodian of the local records1 usually the ,county ,clerk and ,recorder4 ,if any of the above items are not in order1 it will be necessary to require the claimant to file an amended location certificate that will properly describe the claim4 ,if the error in the certificate is small1 or there is an obvious clerical error1 such as calling for a bearing of ,n4----,w4 when it should be ,n4----,e4 it will suffice to state in the final field notes that the location certificate is in error4 ,to aid in determining the locus and relative position of several claims1 the claimant may be called upon to furnish a diagram4 ,if the certificate is marginal in detail1 it is proper to suggest to the mineral surveyor that an amended location certificate be filed and an amended order for survey obtained before completing his survey4 ,it is also proper to set a time limit for the completion of the survey and filing returns4 ,after receipt of the survey order1 the ,mineral ,surveyor should obtain copies of necessary survey records1 including ,,mt ,plat1 the notes of township surveys1 conflicting mineral surveys1 including the reports as to the condition of corners and survey discrepancies contained under other corner descriptions and supplemental data1 ,homestead ,entry ,surveys and ,exchange ,surveys on ,forest ,service lands1 ,small ,claims1 ,homesites1 ,trade and ,manufacturing ,sites1 ,rights-of-,way and ,townsites4 ,he should also consult the ,state and ,county records for restored section corners and subdivision of sections4 ,a visit with the ,county ,surveyor will often prove profitable4 #d-f ,order for ,survey3 ,the order for survey is issued by the ,state ,director of the ,bureau of ,land ,management or he may delegate this action to the ,chief1 ,branch of ,cadastral ,surveys4 ,the order for survey is issued on current ,form #chfj-f1 7see appendix7 or may be in letter form4 ,the information given is essentially the same as contained in the application for survey4 ,the names of the locations must be exactly as given in the location certificates4 ,the next consecutive survey number is assigned2 a number from a cancelled survey or survey order should not be used4 ,lodes and placers may be included in the same survey4 ,if a mill site is included1 it is designated by adding the letter 8,b0 to the survey number2 the other claims being designated 8,a40 ,a copy of the location certificates should be furnished to the mineral surveyor1 and a copy of the order to the claimant2 also to the ,regional ,forester if the claims are within a ,national ,forest1 or the ,national ,park ,service if within a ,national ,park or ,monument4 #d-g ,amended 7or ,supplemental7 ,order for ,survey3 ,an amended order is based on an amended application from the claimant4 ,it is usually occasioned by the filing of amended location certificates4 ,the amended application is processed exactly the same as the original application4 ,an amended order is also called for if there is an addition or deletion of claims from the survey4 ,a change in mineral surveyor will call for an amended order1 but the order to the original mineral surveyor must be cancelled4 ,illustration3 ,,bureau ,,of ,,land ,,management ,,section ,,corner ,illustration3 ,,national ,,geodetic ,,survey ,,triangulation ,,station ,if the claimant sells the claims1 an amended order will be required to show the new claimant4 ,an amended order may be used to authorize the survey of additional expenditures if the survey was approved without #ejj of expenditures being made4 7,see ,sec4 #e-ba7 #d-h ,cancellation of the ,survey ,order3 ,the most common reason for cancelling a survey order is failure of the mineral surveyor to complete the survey and file his returns4 ,under these circumstances1 both the claimant and the mineral surveyor should be advised #cj days in advance of the action and be requested to show why the order should not be cancelled4 ,if any reasonable explanation is given1 the time should be extended4 ,lacking reasonable explanation the order will be cancelled1 notifying both the claimant and the mineral surveyor1 and any excess deposit is returned to the claimant4 ,other reasons for cancelling a survey are a request to do so by the claimant1 or if the claim has been declared null and void due to a contest brought by the ,united ,states4 ,the mineral survey number of a cancelled survey will not be used again1 unless reopened as an amended survey and would then be shown with an 8,am40 following the mineral survey number4 ,,chapter ,v ,the ,patent ,survey ,field ,work #e-a ,preliminary3 ,the first step in the field work should be an examination of the property with the claimant or his representative1 unless such an examination was made prior to contracting for the survey4 ,a sufficient number of claim corners should be visited to determine the material used1 their condition1 manner of marking1 etc4 ,in the course of such an examination1 the claimant should point out known section corners1 location monuments and triangulation stations1 both of the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey and the ,national ,geodetic ,survey4 ,the claimant may also be able to identify corners of adjoining and conflicting surveys and locations4 ,if the property is extensive1 the claimant may have established his own triangulation network and coordinate system1 and if so1 it should be incorporated into the survey1 although not necessarily made a part of the official record4 ,all the discovery workings should be visited1 the discovery points and discovery monuments pointed out4 ,other workings should be visited and the safety of old underground workings discussed4 ,maps of underground workings may be available4 ,workings constructed by third parties should also be identified4 ,relations with landowners and other claimants in the area may be established with the help of the claimant4 ,in addition to gaining access to the property and to their property for the purpose of executing the survey1 they may have helpful information as to the location of section corners and the origin of fences4 ,if access is refused1 it may be necessary to obtain help from the ,u4,s4 ,marshall1 but if properly handled in advance of the field work1 the necessary permission will usually be granted4 ,the fact may be stressed that you are a government official and that your work will be impartial4 ,emphasize that as a qualified surveyor1 you are bound to protect all valid interests1 property rights1 and evidence4 ,copies of the claimant's maps of the property showing the claim boundaries1 discovery and other workings and access roads should be obtained from the claimant4 ,the claimant may also have aerial photos which will be helpful in planning the survey4 ,descriptions of all triangulation stations should be obtained4 ,the plat and field note record of all prior mineral surveys in conflict or adjoining1 as well as a copy of the connected sheet should be ordered1 if not previously furnished with the survey order4 ,the county records pertaining to surveys and particularly the restoration of section corners should be searched4 ,the county surveyor may be helpful4 ,if the field examination reveals that there are insufficient location corners on the ground to identify the claims1 an amended location survey with the resulting amended location certificates and request for an amended order for survey will be necessary4 #e-b ,survey ,methods3 ,the preliminary field examination will suggest the best method of survey4 ,this will be dictated largely by the nature of the terrain and the amount of timber and brush4 ,modern methods employing theodolites and electronic distance measuring equipment should be used4 ,regardless of the method used1 the work must be sufficiently checked to assure that errors will be avoided4 ,most errors occur when adjusting corners to their final position4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,executing ,a ,,mineral ,,patent ,,survey 7,transit and ,tape ,method7 #e-c ,executing the ,survey3 ,the survey is usually initiated by retracing the boundaries of the location1 or tying-in the corners1 along with the discovery monuments and discovery points4 ,readily identified corners of conflicting surveys and section corners should also be tied in4 ,the relative positions of the corners and discovery points are then determined by calculated bearings and distances4 ,if the boundaries are within the statutory length and width 7#aejj x #fjj ft471 the end lines are parallel and the sidelines are within #cjj feet on either side of the discovery point1 the survey may proceed4 ,if only small corner moves of a foot or so will make the claim conform1 an amendment is hardly necessary2 otherwise1 the corners should be moved and amended location certificates filed4 ,a single claim may be surveyed within the location boundaries1 without amendment1 as long as the above conditions are met4 ,new discoveries may be necessary1 but if intervening rights are suspected1 it is better to hold to the original discovery points and stake fractional claims as required4 ,if the deposit is a blanket vein or massive deposit1 the discovery may be anywhere within the claim1 except in ,wyoming where ,state law requires that the side lines be equidistant from the discovery4 ,if no public land survey corners or location monuments 7or other horizontal control stations7 can be found within two miles of the survey it will be necessary to establish a location monument4 ,the requirements are given in ,sections #aj-cb1 #cc and #cd of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions4 ,there was a period when these monuments were called 8,mineral ,monuments0 and were designated 8,u4,s4,m4,m40 ,conflicts with prior mineral surveys must be determined4 ,it is necessary to search for each corner controlling a line in conflict4 ,one corner is insufficient if others can be found4 ,if the necessary corners cannot be found the boundaries shall be reestablished 7not remonumented since the property belongs to another party7 in accordance with the methods set forth in ,chapter ,,vi4 ,conflicts with unsurveyed locations are not to be shown unless it is the wish of the claimant to exclude them from his patent4 ,if they are prior locations1 it may be well to do this in order to avoid an adverse suit4 ,conflicts with unsurveyed locations owned by the claimant and not a part of the survey need not be shown and excluded unless the area of conflict contains the discovery of the unsurveyed location4 ,in cases where two claims of the survey are in conflict1 the discovery of each claim may not be within the area of conflict4 ,if so1 an amended location is necessary to show a new discovery for one of the claims1 outside the area of conflict4 ,if fee lands with mineral rights are in conflict1 a subdivision of the section7s7 may be necessary4 ,this will depend on the wishes of the claimant and the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,an extensive resurvey that would place a hardship on the claimant should not be required4 ,if a subdivision can readily be accomplished1 it should be done4 ,it is not necessary to fix the boundaries of stock-raising homesteads since the minerals are reserved to the ,united ,states and belong to the mining claim in areas of conflict4 ,special surveys such as townsites1 ,homestead ,entry ,surveys1 ,u4,s4 ,surveys and ,coal ,surveys in ,alaska are treated as are prior mineral surveys4 ,rights-of-way should not be shown as the minerals are reserved1 and when the right-of-way is abandoned1 the surface reverts to the mining claim4 ,in ,alaska1 native graves must be tied-in4 ,cemeteries should be shown4 ,figure #e shows ,sur4 ,nos4 #abcd ,a lode and #abce ,b lode in conflict with the ,,xyz lode that is being surveyed for patent4 ,cors4 ,nos4 #a and #d of ,sur4 ,no4 #abcd ,a lode control the line of conflict with that claim4 ,if they can be found1 no further search is necessary2 if they cannot1 the search must be continued for ,cors4 ,nos4 #b and #c4 ,in the case of ,sur4 ,no4 #abce1 all four corners are required to be found in order to properly show the conflict4 ,figure #f shows the ,,abc and ,,xyz lodes1 both of which are being surveyed for patent under the same survey order4 ,the discovery shafts of both claims are in the area of conflict4 ,in order to validate the claims1 a new discovery must be shown for one of them1 outside the conflict4 ,it need not be the later claim as the owner has the right to decide which claim shall exclude the conflict4 ,if amended location certificates are filed for record1 it will be necessary to make an amended application for survey to the ,bureau of ,land ,management based on the amended certificates1 and receive an amended order for survey4 ,it will not be necessary to suspend field work pending such amendment1 but it is advisable to refrain from marking the corners and accessories with the survey number until the amended order is received4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,mineral ,,patent ,,survey ,,corners ,top3 a copper coated steel pin with brass cap4 ,the location monument is set alongside4 ,bottom3 a stone corner chiseled with the corner number1 the initial of the claim and the survey number4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f #e-d ,monumenting the ,survey3 ,section #aj-ce of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions1 #aigc lists corner monuments in their order of preference4 ,accessories to the corner generally consist of bearing trees or bearing rocks4 ,if trees are available1 two different species at approximately right angles from each other to the corner should1 if possible1 be selected and marked differently so that each can be readily identified4 ,for example3 one might be a ,douglas ,fir1 #aj inches diameter1 bears ,n4 #aj ,e41 #bj4fe feet dist41 blazed and scribed #a ,w--#bhbf ,x ,,bt2 the other a ,ponderosa ,pine1 #g inches diameter1 bears ,s4 #gj ,e41 #ab4eb feet dist41 blazed and marked ,x ,,bt4 ,in each case the measurement should be taken to the ,x which is in contrast to the bearing trees to section corners1 the measurement being taken to the center of the trees4 ,if the measurement is to the center of the tree1 an ,x should not be included in the markings4 ,the difference between a pine1 spruce and fir can be identified by the needles1 the pine having needles in bundles1 the spruce having needles square in cross section1 and the fir having flat needles4 ,bearing rocks should be marked ,x ,b ,o or ,x ,b ,r with the measurement taken to the ,x2 the rock or outcrop being of sufficient size to be readily identifiable4 ,ties along claim boundaries to items of planimetry and drainage surrounding the corner may be taken at this time4 ,ties to section corners1 location monuments and triangulation stations may also be made at this time if they are close to a corner4 ,there is no objection to monumenting corners that fall on patented land4 ,if they fall in a cultivated field they should be buried at least one foot in the ground4 ,if the landowner objects1 a witness corner may be set4 ,witness corners should also be set if the corner falls at an inaccessible point 7see ,section #d-ag of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions74 ,if the corner falls in a road1 it is advisable to bury the corner at the true point and set reference monuments at equal distances on either side of the road 7see ,section #d-af of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions74 ,location posts1 such as a #dd post in good condition1 may be set alongside the patent survey corners as a guard post and to aid in calling attention to it4 ,in selecting corner numbers1 there is no rule other than ,cor4 ,no4 #a should be the corner from which the tie is given to the section corner or location monument4 ,when surveying a block of claims common corners should be given the same number thereby reducing the number of section corner ties required from ,cor4 ,no4 #a4 ,this facilitates field note writing as well as platting4 #e-e ,improvements3 ,all improvements made by the claimant or his grantors are to be tied to a corner of the survey1 measured1 and a value placed thereon if they are such as to count toward the #ejj patent expenditure4 ,if they are to count as patent expenditure1 they must be in the nature of actual mining improvements1 such as cuts1 tunnels1 shafts1 drill holes1 etc42 in other words1 an improvement that tends to develop or explore the mineral deposit4 ,improvements such as cabins1 ore bins1 roads1 bridges1 etc41 do not develop the claim1 but should be tied in1 measured and included under 8,,other ,,improvements0 in the field notes1 without a value4 ,work done by third parties must also be tied-in and listed under 8,,other ,,improvements40 ,if the claimant to such work is unknown1 that fact should be stated4 ,again1 no value is to be placed on these improvements4 ,the value to be placed on small improvements can readily be ascertained by multiplying the local wage or cost of equipment and operator by the length of time required to do the work4 ,drill holes may be valued at the cost of drilling1 plus the cost of surveying1 geologic evaluation and assaying4 ,larger improvements may not be as easy to estimate1 and it may be necessary to go to the claimant's cost records in order to place a reasonable value on them4 ,common improvements require special consideration4 ,see ,sections #aj-ee1 #aj-ef1 and #aj-eg of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions4 ,a common improvement is one that tends to benefit several claims of a common group4 ,it must have been constructed in its entirety subsequent to the location of each claim of the group1 or at least #ejj must have been spent on the improvement subsequent to the location of each claim of the common group4 ,all claims within range of benefit must be included1 even though they were previously surveyed1 or if they are locations which are not included in the survey4 ,the field notes must recite all the claims involved1 whether previously surveyed or unsurveyed4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,open ,,pit ,,mines ,illustration3 ,,an ,,access ,,road ,,in ,,rugged ,,area4 ,,such ,,roads ,,do ,,not ,,as ,a ,,rule ,,count ,,toward ,,patent ,,expenditure4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,adit 7,,tunnel7 ,,leading ,,to ,,extensive ,,underground ,,workings ,improvements need not be surveyed with the same accuracy as the claim boundaries4 ,stadia measurements are acceptable1 although they should be made with a ,philadelphia ,rod and distances kept under #ejj feet4 ,small workings may be measured with a ,brunton ,compass and steel tape1 but some point of the working1 such as the mouth of a tunnel or cut1 must be tied to a corner of the survey using a transit4 ,surveys of extensive underground workings may be taken from the claimant's records if such surveys were executed under the supervision of a mining engineer4 ,extreme care should be exercised in entering old workings4 ,in addition to unsafe timbering1 they may be poorly ventilated resulting in bad air that could be fatal4 ,rather than risk an accident1 the extent of such workings can be estimated from the size of the dump4 ,ties to discovery workings require special mention in view of the directive from the ,assistant ,director of ,technical ,services1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 dated ,march #ae1 #aigh4 ,normally the discovery working is on the lode or intersects it and a tie is given along the lode line to the point of discovery1 such as the face of the discovery cut1 the mouth of the discovery tunnel1 the center of the discovery shaft1 etc4 ,however1 in the case of blanket veins that are essentially horizontal a presumed lode line or center line need not be shown1 and the discovery working may be anywhere on the claim4 ,in such cases1 the tie may be given from the nearest corner of the survey and included in the description of that corner1 or a right angle tie may be given from a point on the nearest end line4 ,where a discovery has been made by a hole drilled on an angle1 a bearing and distance will be given from the collar of the drill hole to the point where it intersects the orebody1 the collar of the hole will in turn be tied to the section corner or location monument4 ,the description of the hole will necessarily include the verticle angle and the slope distance4 ,this does not apply to ,wyoming where ,state law requires that the discovery be on the center line4 #e-f ,placer ,claims3 ,placer claims that do not conform to the legal subdivisions of the public land survey will require a patent survey4 ,when such claims are on unsurveyed land they should be conformed as nearly as possible to the protracted survey4 ,if the claims consist of a gulch placer they must be contained within the required number of #dj acre tracts according to the number of locators4 ,metes and bounds placers are also permissible where conflicts with other mining claims would result if a description by legal subdivisions was used4 ,in such cases1 the placer claim must be surveyed around existing claims1 so that no conflict exists4 ,the field notes of a placer claim must also contain a descriptive report as called for in the ,code of ,federal ,regulations1 #chfc4a-c7;c74 ,the information required in the descriptive report was omitted from the #aigc ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions but was contained in the #aidg manual as follows3 8,the mineral surveyor is required to make a full examination of all placer claims at the time of survey 444 and to file with his field notes a descriptive report 444 duly corroborated by one or more disinterested persons and covering the following items3 7a7 ,the quality and composition of the soil1 the kind and amount of timber and other vegetation2 7b7 ,the location and size of streams1 and such other matter as may appear upon the surface of the claims2 7c7 ,the character1 extent1 and position of all surface and underground workings for mining purposes2 7d7 ,the proximity of centers of trade or residence2 7e7 ,the proximity of well-known systems of lode deposits or of individual lodes2 7f7 ,the use or adaptability of the claim for placer mining1 including the availability of water in sufficient quantity for practical operations2 7g7 ,works or expenditures made by the claimant or his grantors for the development of the claim2 and1 7h7 ,the true position of all known mines1 salt licks and salt springs1 and mill sites4 ,when none is known to exist on the claim1 the fact will be so stated40 ,illustration3 ,a ,,uranium ,,mill ,illustration3 ,a ,,uranium ,,tailings ,,or ,,evaporation ,,pond #e-g ,mill ,sites3 ,modern day mining and milling require sizable areas for waste storage1 tailings and evaporation ponds4 ,camp sites1 including schools1 may be required for personnel employed at the mine or mill4 ,such areas are properly taken as mill sites and a large number may be required4 ,they may be taken by legal subdivisions but often are surveyed1 either with lode or placer claims or separately4 ,if they are included in a survey with lodes or placers the survey number includes the letter 8,b01 while the other claims are designated 8,a04 ,a mill site is not a valid location until it is put in use2 therefore1 all improvements and projected improvements should be shown4 ,if the ground is to be used for a tailings or evaporation pond1 the dam should be shown with its ultimate height and the high water line of the pond delineated by the survey4 ,it is also important to demonstrate the non-mineral character of the land4 ,in the case of adjoining blanket deposits such as uranium1 a few scattered drill holes will show the absence of a mineral deposit4 ,office ,work #e-h ,calculation3 ,the first step will be to reduce coordinate positions to direct ties1 starting with the section corner ties1 followed by short ties between claims of the survey should these claims actually overlap4 ,in selecting the corners to tie1 the tie between corners should be given that will facilitate the calculation of intersections and areas by solving triangles4 ,as illustrated by ,figure #f1 claims ,,abc and ,,xyz are in the same survey4 ,a tie should be given from ,cor4 ,no4 #a of claim ,,abc to ,cor4 ,no4 #b of claim ,,xyz2 not between ,corners #a and #c4 ,after these ties have been calculated1 they should be checked by calculating closures using the various short ties and section corner ties4 ,in selecting corners of conflicting surveys to give tie to1 the corner within the survey as illustrated in ,figure #e should be selected4 ,the tie to ,sur4 ,no4 #abce ,b lode should be to ,cor4 ,no4 #a from ,cor4 ,no4 #a of the ,,xyz lode1 or to ,cor4 ,no4 #b from ,cor4 ,no4 #d4 ,lines of prior mineral surveys between recovered corners should be reported as correct or substantially correct as approved4 ,if found in error the correct bearing and distance should be given4 ,in ,figure #e1 if ,cors4 ,nos4 #a1 #b and #d of ,sur4 ,no4 #abce ,b lode were recovered1 lines #a-b and #d-a should be reported4 ,lines #b-c and #c-d cannot be reported since ,cor4 ,no4 #c was not found4 ,if the tie from ,cor4 ,no4 #a is to the same section corner as used in the survey of claim ,,xyz1 then the correctness of the tie should be reported4 ,if ,cor4 ,no4 #a was not recovered1 the section corner tie cannot be reported4 ,the position of missing corners should be fixed in accordance with ,chapter ,,vi4 ,the remaining lines can then be reported as fixed by the selected method of restoration4 ,intersections and areas of conflict should then be calculated by solving triangles4 ,areas may be calculated using double meridian distances1 but intersections should never be calculated by forcing a closure4 ,intersections may be checked by closure4 ,a special situation exists where a former survey excluded an unsurveyed location from the patent and the unsurveyed location has subsequently been abandoned4 ,this area is designated as a tract and its boundaries are determined from the prior survey4 ,see ,tract ,a of the ,jim ,dandy ,lode described in the specimen field notes and plat of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions4 ,another use of a tract is for the purpose of excluding a small area surrounding the discovery of another location not embraced in the survey4 ,intersections and areas of conflict with patented lands containing mineral rights must also be calculated4 ,supporting calculation sheets need not be furnished the ,bureau of ,land ,management but computer tapes1 if available1 will be helpful4 ,the ,,blm can perform the necessary checks by computer4 #e-i ,preliminary ,plat3 ,the mineral surveyor will find it advantageous to prepare preliminary plats prior to writing the field notes4 ,one plat should provide the base and give all the details of the survey with items of topography and culture secondary4 ,this plat may be prepared in pencil or ink at the option of the mineral surveyor4 ,it should be such that legible blue lines copies can be furnished to the ,bureau of ,land ,management along with the notes1 and to the claimant4 ,it should clearly state that it is a ,,preliminary ,,plat ,,subject ,,to ,,correction4 ,some offices of the ,bureau of ,land ,management may request a reproducible copy4 ,plats on linen are no longer required4 ,a secondary plat showing the topography and culture in detail will be an aid in writing field notes1 but is not required by the ,,blm4 ,if drill holes are part of the improvements and are too numerous to show on the base plat1 a separate plat is advisable4 #e-aj ,field ,notes3 ,a detailed set of specimen field notes is contained in the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions which should be followed for form and content4 ,there are1 however1 some inconsistencies3 ,the title page shown in the manual should not be used4 ,use current ,form #cdjj-aa1 as supplied by the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,the locations should be listed in the same order that they are described in the field notes1 thereby serving as an index4 ,the field notes begin with a description of instruments and the mean results of the solar or other azimuthal observations4 ,the latitude and longitude of the observing station is given4 ,if this is not at a corner of the survey1 the latitude and longitude of the first corner described should be given1 thus3 ,at ,cor4 ,no4 #a of the ,jim ,dandy lode1 identical with ,cor4 ,no4 #a of the ,prince ,lode of this survey1 in latitude #chde ,n1 and longitude #ajfbj ,w4 ,a description of the measuring devices follows the observation for azimuth4 ,if an electronic distance measuring device is used1 the name and serial number should be given4 ,it should also be stated that it was tested by measuring a known distance before and after the survey1 and found correct4 ,corner markings as shown are acceptable for stone monuments or wood posts4 ,when a monument with a cap is used1 the following marks would be more suitable3 ,illustration ,the ,x has been omitted from the inscription on bearing trees which is incorrect1 unless the measurement was taken to the center of the tree4 ,it should be included1 thus3 ,,jd-#a-bjbbj;,a ,,xbt or ,,jd-#a-,,pri-#a-bjbbj;,a ,,xbt if the full complement of marks are shown4 ,when giving intersections only the distance to the line being intersected is given for claims of the survey as the distance to the corner on the line being intersected will be given later in the notes when that claim is described4 ,when the intersection is with a prior mineral survey or unsurveyed location1 the distance should be given to a corner within the claim1 or the same corner each time the line is intersected4 ,see the intersection of lines #b-c and #c-d of the ,protector lode with ,sur4 ,no4 #bjajj ,silver lode4 ,note that intersections are given to the nearest hundredth of a foot1 while distances to items of topography and culture are to the nearest foot4 ,distances given in ties including bearing objects should be to the hundredth of a foot4 ,the area statement should show all conflicts and be so arranged that any exclusion may be made and the net area to be patented readily obtainable4 ,this can best be done by starting with the oldest survey and progressing through the various conflicts1 but this may not hold true if a prior survey has not been patented4 ,a copy of the preliminary plat may be used to color the exclusions and make certain that all have been properly stated4 ,under the heading 8,,location0 it is important to state that the survey is identical with the location as marked on the ground or to state the differences4 ,when describing corners1 ties should be given to location monuments when they are not identical4 ,see the ,prince ,lode in the specimen notes4 ,only those improvements counting toward the #ejj expenditure are to be given under the heading 8,,improvements40 ,in such case1 the discovery working should be numbered one4 ,if there is no discovery working1 but a discovery point is called for1 it may be described and labeled ,no4 #a4 ,any improvements that do not count toward the patent expenditure or those that have been made by others should be listed under 8,,other ,,improvements40 8,,other ,,corner ,,descriptions ,,and ,,supplemental ,,data0 is a very important part of the notes since it contains the report on prior surveys4 ,do not report another mineral surveyor in error for minor discrepancies in bearings and distances4 ,the phrase1 8substantially correct as approved0 may be used1 or 8approximately correct as approved40 ,under 8,,memorandum0 differences with the calls given in the location certificate may be explained1 as well as typographical errors in the certificate4 ,because of corrections that may be required by the ,bureau of ,land ,management it is well to prepare a preliminary draft of the notes for submitting to the ,,blm4 ,the final typing1 in triplicate1 can be accomplished after all differences have been resolved4 #e-aa ,the field notes and preliminary plat should be sent to the ,state ,office of the ,bureau of ,land ,management by either certified or registered mail with a return receipt requested4 ,a copy of the preliminary plat may also be sent to the claimant with a copy of the letter of transmittal to the ,,blm4 ,as a rule1 the returns of mineral survey should remain confidential until the survey is approved4 ,the mineral surveyor should maintain this confidence4 ,if a demand is made of the ,bureau of ,land ,management under the ,freedom of ,information ,act1 then the preliminary nature of the work should be clearly stated to the recipient4 ,processing the ,survey #e-ab ,preliminary ,examination of ,field ,notes3 ,the examination of the survey may begin by reading the notes and comparing them with the preliminary plat4 ,as a general rule the mineral surveyor will write the notes from the plat4 ,if inconsistencies appear1 they will usually be typographical errors in the notes4 ,however1 this must be verified by the mineral surveyor4 ,particular attention should be given to the format as shown by the specimen notes of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions1 #aigc4 ,corner descriptions must be proper and adequate4 ,ties should agree with the preliminary plat4 ,discovery points must be on public domain4 ,by posting the mineral survey to the connecting sheet or similar plat with a pencil1 conflicts and other surveys within #ajj feet may be determined4 ,the names of the locations must agree with those given in the location certificates4 ,end lines must be parallel and the statutory length and width cannot be exceeded4 ,improvements should be fairly valued2 the discovery point should agree with that given in the location certificate2 common improvements should be correctly described and all claims benefiting therefrom should share equally4 ,the geographic position of one corner of the survey must be given4 ,under 8,,location0 the correct section1 township and range should be given4 ,it should be stated that the survey is identical with the location as marked on the ground4 ,if not identical1 it should be so stated1 and ties to location monuments must be given4 ,the section corner tie may not exceed two miles from the nearest corner of the survey4 ,intersections with the lode lines and distances along the lode line to the discovery point must be given4 7,exception3 bedded deposits47 ,the bearing of the lode line1 if different from the side lines1 must be shown on the plat4 ,reports on former surveys should be checked against the notes of these surveys4 ,the bearings and distances of lines of former surveys that are wholly within the survey or a claim of the survey must be given4 ,the area statement should be reviewed to make certain that conflicts are given in chronological order and that any exclusion or combination of exclusions can be ascertained4 ,the magnetic declination must be given4 ,the beginning and completion dates of the survey must be given4 ,the survey cannot begin prior to the date of order4 #e-ac ,calculations3 ,calculations may begin by computing the solar observation2 the declination should be verified1 also the latitude and longitude4 ,the survey should close4 ,lode claims should have a perfect closure2 irregular claims such as placers should close within #j4e feet in #a1jjj feet4 ,the statutory length and width of lode claims may not be exceeded4 ,the width at right angles to the lode cannot exceed #cjj feet on either side4 ,the section corner ties within the survey may be checked by closure1 using short ties between claims of the survey2 each section tie and short tie should be used in at least one closure4 ,the closures should not exceed #j4e feet in #a1jjj feet4 7,it may be necessary to report the longer section ties to an even number of seconds such as #ae47 ,the section corner ties should be checked against those given in conflicting surveys using the short ties given to these claims along with the reported boundaries4 ,such closures1 depending on the length of the ties1 should not exceed #aj feet4 ,if they do exceed this distance1 the correct tie should be given under 8,,other ,,corner ,,descriptions ,,and ,,supplemental ,,data0 provided that the corner from which the tie was made was recovered4 ,if the corner was not found1 the error cannot be reported4 ,the same applies to short ties between conflicting surveys1 but the allowable error should be within the #a3bjjj limit4 ,if more than one section corner is tied1 the bearing and distance along the section line should be checked1 reporting any appreciable difference under 8,,other ,,corner ,,descriptions ,,and ,,supplemental ,,data40 ,the bearings and distances of intersections with lines of prior surveys should be correctly stated4 ,this may be verified by closure1 but if a closure of #a3bjjj is not obtained1 it will be necessary to calculate the intersections by solving triangles1 to determine where the error lies4 ,such intersections should check with #j4b feet4 ,from the intersections obtained1 the areas of conflict should next be calculated4 ,if the final plat is drawn at a scale of #a #bjj1 conflicts with a conflict1 i4e4 double conflicts1 may be checked by dividing the area of conflict into triangles and scaling the base and altitude4 ,the mineral surveyor1 however1 must actually calculate these areas4 ,all areas should check within #j4jb acres4 #e-ad ,platting ,procedures3 ,the lines of the survey are shown heavier than those of former surveys so that the locations of the survey will stand out4 ,all corners recovered or set are shown with a circle to distinguish them from corners not found4 ,the lode line is shown as a broken line and if parallel to the side lines1 only the distance each way from the discovery point is shown2 if not parallel1 then the bearing must also be shown4 ,the bearings and total distances of the lines of the survey are shown heavier than those of conflicting surveys and intersections along such lines4 ,the names of the locations of the survey shall be shown in vertical capital letters and be larger and heavier than those of conflicting surveys1 which shall be shown in upper and lower case4 ,distances to intersections along the line of survey should be shown before the intersection4 ,intersections with lines of prior surveys are given preference over topographic items4 ,where space will not permit the showing of a distance1 it may be placed above a prior distance1 with the first distance shown next to the line4 ,bearings of conflicting surveys are usually shown in the direction of the line between corners as surveyed2 i4e41 from corner #a to corner #b1 etc4 ,bearings and distances in all cases should be shown along the line they pertain to4 ,bearings of ties should be shown in the direction from the corner from which the tie was made4 ,ties will be shown with light broken lines4 ,if there is not room to place the bearing and distance next to the line1 it may be placed on an arrow4 ,all bearings and distances shall be in slant lettering4 ,witness corners are shown with a circle and labeled ,w4,c4 ,cor4 ,no4----1 provided they are on a line of the survey4 ,if not on line they are shown with a tie4 ,surveyed section lines and surveyed subdivision of section lines are shown by solid lines2 unsurveyed lines are shown with a broken line4 ,designation of subdivisions1 ,township and ,range should be vertical letters4 ,the discovery workings and all other improvements are labeled2 they may be numbered to agree with the field notes4 ,it is not necessary to give a tie to the improvements1 except a common improvement tunnel1 shaft1 etc4 ,the title block shown on the specimen plat in the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions should be closely followed4 ,while the plat scale is usually #bjj feet to an inch1 it may be smaller to accommodate several claims1 provided the necessary data can be shown4 ,where more than one sheet is necessary1 only the final sheet need have a title block4 ,all sheets should carry the survey number and state that it is sheet ,no4 ---- of ---- sheets4 ,when the plat is finished it should be compared with the field notes4 ,this can be done by two people1 one reading the notes and the other following the plat2 or two people can independently do the comparing4 ,if rough draft notes were submitted by the mineral surveyor1 they should be returned to him with the corrections for final typing1 and execution of the 8,certificate of ,surveyor10 current ,form #chfj-g4 ,the final typing will consist of the original set on current ,form #iahj-ba1 which is bound on the left1 with two carbon copies on current ,form #iahj-bb1 which is bound at the top2 this may vary with state office practice4 7,xerox or similar copies are not acceptable47 #e-ae ,approval of ,survey3 ,the lower portion of current ,form #chfj-g1 8,certificate of ,surveyor10 contains the certificate of approval to be signed by an officer of the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,this may be the ,state ,director or he may delegate this authority to the ,chief1 ,division or ,branch of ,cadastral ,surveys1 for that state4 ,he should also sign the certificate of transcript for the two carbon copies4 ,current ,form #chfj-h1 certifying #ejj expenditure1 must also be executed by the above authorized officer and attached to the copy of the field notes that will be filed with the application for patent4 ,if #ejj has not been expended1 it is the claimant's responsibility to complete the work and have the certificate executed and filed with the ,,blm ,branch of ,land and ,minerals 7land office7 prior to the expiration of the period of publication4 ,if the survey has been properly executed and shows the facts1 the ,state ,director cannot refuse to approve the survey because he feels that the claim is invalid4 7,see #eg ,i4,d4 #fc1 ,raymond ,e4 ,johnson1 #aici47 ,the original field notes and plat are then placed in the open files of the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 ,the location certificates are to be included with the notes4 ,the two transcripts of the field notes together with two cloth backed copies1 one of which has been waterproofed for posting1 and a plain paper copy of the plat1 will then be furnished the claimant4 ,an additional copy for posting will be furnished if a mill site is included in the survey4 ,one set of the notes and one copy of the plat will be used to support the application for patent4 ,current ,form #chfj-d1 is used to notify the ,state ,branch of ,land and ,minerals and the ,director1 ,bureau of ,land ,management1 of the approval of the survey and includes a sketch of the survey4 ,this form is also used to notify the ,regional ,forester if the survey is on a ,national ,forest4 ,the mineral surveyor should be notified by letter of the approval of the survey and he should be furnished a paper copy of the plat and requested to examine it at his early convenience4 7,see appendix for copies of forms47 ,departures from the ,normal ,procedure #e-af ,cancellation of ,surveys3 ,a patented mineral survey may never be cancelled4 ,an unpatented mineral survey may be cancelled only after the claim has been declared null and void or relinquished by the claimant2 then it need not be cancelled until it is necessary to do so to accommodate an entry or administrative action4 ,it can be cancelled only by the officer of the ,bureau of ,land ,management authorized to approve mineral surveys4 ,in the past1 claims could be declared null and void only after a successful contest had been brought against the claim4 ,after ,october #ba1 #aigi1 claims must be recorded with the ,bureau of ,land ,management within #ij days of the location date or they will automatically be deemed to have been abandoned and void4 ,the procedure is as follows3 ,when the ,chief1 ,branch of ,cadastral ,surveys of the ,state ,office is notified that a claim has been declared null and void1 a notation to that effect should be made on the plat of survey 7or if the plat is in the archives1 it may be made on the card index74 ,no further action is necessary at this time2 the survey is not cancelled4 ,cancellation becomes necessary if an entry or administrative action1 including a survey or resurvey1 involves the land embraced in the mineral survey4 ,current ,form #chfj-d1 ,approval of ,mineral ,survey1 may be used to cancel the survey and to notify the ,director of the ,bureau of ,land ,management and any other interested parties substituting the word 8cancelled0 or 8cancellation0 for approval or it may be by memorandum4 ,should a supplemental plat be required to lot the area embraced in the survey1 a certified set of the field notes of the survey and the mineral survey plat should accompany the plat to ,washington1 as they do not have the field notes of unpatented mineral surveys4 ,the field notes of the cancelled survey becomes the basis for the new lot designation4 ,the ,director's memoranda of ,july #ad1 #aieh and ,november #ag1 #aifj1 cover the subject4 #e-ag ,unapproved ,survey3 ,occasionally an order for survey will be cancelled and it is not known how far the mineral surveyor has proceeded with the field work and what corners have been set and marked4 ,in no case should the corners be removed as they still serve as corners of the location which may be perfectly valid4 ,the survey number should not be re-used inasmuch as it will serve to identify the corners on the ground4 #e-ah ,additional ,notes and ,certificate on ,plat3 ,in the past1 additional notes were sometimes prepared from the existing record along with amendment to the plat in red ink and accompanying certificate when there was an omission of a conflict with an agricultural or other patent1 a pending entry or an adverse claim4 ,for example3 ,a survey was approved without showing the conflict with a legal subdivision that had been included in a preemption homestead4 ,the subdivision was protracted on the mineral survey plat from the township survey1 based on the section corner tie given in the mineral survey1 intersections given with the boundaries of the subdivision1 and an area of conflict calculated4 ,all plats were recalled for the amendment4 ,the additional notes were written1 in triplicate1 by the cadastral surveyor1 to show only the lines of the mineral survey involved in the conflict1 giving the intersections4 ,the area statement was rewritten to the extent necessary to show the area of conflict4 ,the same procedure was followed if an adverse claim was to be excluded on the basis of the description in its location certificate4 ,red ink was used on the plats to distinguish the amendment1 but black ink was used if the certificate specifically stated the extent of the amendment4 ,most offices now resolve the above situations solely through a memorandum process4 #e-ai ,amended ,surveys and ,amended ,plats3 ,this is occasioned by an error in the original survey that is not discovered until after the survey is approved1 or for the same reasons listed in #e-ah above1 where the amendment cannot be made from the existing record and additional field work is required4 ,the claimant may also request an amended survey4 ,the claimant bears the cost4 ,example3 ,in ,survey ,no4 #aibjb;,a-,am4 ,colorado1 the wrong claim was included in the survey4 ,the correct claim was included in the amended survey which covered the same ground4 #e-bj ,a new survey is required if the claim boundaries are changed by amendment after the original survey is approved4 ,section #aj-fb1 page #bbf of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions states3 8,an amended survey must be made in strict conformity with1 or be embraced within the lines of the original survey40 ,a new survey is also required where the claim has been abandoned and relocated by another4 #e-ba ,expenditure of #ejj ,after the ,survey is ,approved3 ,supplemental notes based on a supplemental order for survey1 either to the original mineral surveyor or another mineral surveyor1 must be submitted and attached to the original field notes4 ,the supplemental notes must contain a full description of all improvements4 ,if the additional expenditure applies only to one claim of a group1 only the expenditures of that claim need to be recited4 ,current ,form #chfj-h1 ,certificate of ,expenditures1 must be executed and attached to the claimant's copy of the notes for filing with the patent application4 #e-bb ,if patent is applied for long after the survey was approved1 a statement from the ,chief1 ,branch of ,cadastral ,survey1 will be required by the ,branch of ,land and ,minerals to the effect that the plat correctly shows all conflicts1 or listing the later surveys with which a conflict exists4 ,if later surveys did not exclude the survey in question1 the plat will be returned by the ,branch of ,land and ,minerals for amendment1 and amended notes will have to be written4 ,if the applicant is not the same as the claimant shown at the time of the survey1 he is entitled to use the survey provided he can show a chain of title4 ,if he does not have the necessary plats and notes1 the ,branch of ,cadastral ,survey will supply him with the necessary copies4 ,the claimant bears all costs4 #e-bc ,occasions have arisen where a claim or survey excluded from the patent is later abandoned4 ,a supplemental application for patent may be made for the excluded ground4 ,the procedure to be followed is the same as given in #e-bb above4 ,copies of the plats1 including those for posting and the notes must be furnished the applicant4 #e-bd ,patent ,applied for in ,two ,parts3 ,when only a part of the claims of a survey are applied for and patented1 and later application for patent is made for the remaining claims1 a copy of the plat1 or if the plat is in more than one sheet1 the sheets showing the claim1 must be posted1 and a copy1 together with a transcript of that portion of the field notes pertaining to the claims1 filed with the ,branch of ,lands and ,minerals at the time the supplemental application for patent is made4 ,if not all sheets of the plat are used1 be sure that the ones used show all ties and pertinent information4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,resurveys #f-a ,restoration of ,lost ,corners3 ,there is no hard and fast rule for establishing missing corners of mining claims4 ,the method should be selected that will give the best results1 bearing in mind that end lines should remain substantially parallel4 ,ordinarily1 the mineral surveyor should not remonument a restored corner2 at least1 it should not be done without the full knowledge and approval of the owner4 ,a cadastral surveyor may remonument a corner if it is necessary to delineate the boundary between public and private land4 ,as with all lost corners1 the corner of a mineral survey should be reestablished from the best available evidence and in such a configuration that will place the lines as nearly as possible to their original position4 ,the ties to bearing trees and objects should be used first4 ,in fact1 if such accessories are present the corner is not lost4 ,second in order of preference is the use of short ties to or from adjoining surveys4 ,a word of caution in using other mineral survey ties3 ,in ,colorado1 and presumably in other states1 there was a period where the short ties to conflicting surveys were calculated through the section corner tie4 ,such calculated ties should not be used4 ,this period is not exactly known1 but it ran approximately from #ahih to ,april #bh1 #aijd4 ,if a report of other surveys was contained in the field notes1 the ties were not calculated4 ,at the end of this period1 it can be determined if calculations were used4 ,it is not so easy to distinguish between the methods of survey at the beginning of the period since it was not customary to report on other surveys4 ,in any event1 the short tie should not be used unless the corner tied to 7or from7 is recovered4 ,if no corners can be found1 the section corner tie may be used1 but it is the tie of last resort4 ,in such cases1 all lines are shown as approved4 ,in ,figure #g1 several conditions are illustrated4 ,in situation ,a1 only one corner is recovered1 no other corners or accessories can be found nor are there any short ties available4 ,in the absence of further collateral evidence1 the three missing corners must be reestablished at record bearings and distances from the recovered ,corner ,no4 #a4 ,in situation ,b1 ,corners ,nos4 #a and #b can be recovered4 ,lines #d-a and #b-c should be shown at the record distance1 regardless of the length of line #a-b4 ,the bearings of lines #d-a and #b-c may be the record bearing or at the same variation from the record as line #a-b4 ,if this was a rectangular claim1 then the bearing of the missing lines probably should be at right angles to line #a-b1 unless this would give a distorted relationship between the claim and the workings on it1 particularly the discovery4 ,line #c-d should be shown parallel and of equal length to line #a-b4 ,in situation ,c1 ,corners ,nos4 #a and #d are recovered4 ,line #b-c should be shown parallel and of equal length to line #d-a1 if the record was such4 ,lines #a-b and #c-d should be shown at the record distance1 and at the record bearing or with the same variance found for line #d-a4 ,in situation ,d two corners are again recovered1 but they are opposite corners1 ,nos4 #a and #c4 ,missing ,corner ,nos4 #b and #d can be restored by using the ,grant ,boundary method4 ,see ,section #e-dd of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions4 ,they can also be shown at the record bearing and distance from ,cors4 ,nos4 #a and #c1 using either the end lines or side lines1 with the resulting missing lines being the bearing and distance required to close4 ,the method selected should restore the lines in the best relative position to the workings4 ,in situation ,e1 three corners1 #a1 #b and #d1 are recovered4 ,line #b-c is shown parallel and of equal length to line #d-a4 ,line #c-d is shown parallel and of equal length to ,line #a-b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g ,in restoring corners of irregular claims1 such as metes and bounds placers1 the broken boundary 7non-riparian7 or the ,grant ,boundary method should be used4 ,it may also be applied to lode claims if the above methods do not give adequate results4 ,in reestablishing corners of a block of claims1 the rules of proportionate measurement may be applied4 ,in ,figure #h1 missing ,corner ,no4 #b of claims ,e1 ,f1 ,g and ,h can be restored by double proportion4 ,missing ,corner ,no4 #a of claims ,a and ,b may also be restored by double proportion2 since there is no corner beyond this corner1 the record distance from ,corner ,no4 #b would have to be used in this direction4 ,corner ,no4 #a might also be established at the record bearing and distance from ,corner ,no4 #b1 or lines #a-b of claims ,a and ,b could be made parallel and of equal length to line #c-d of claim ,a4 ,since missing ,corner ,no4 #c of claims ,b and ,d is on an end line1 single proportionate measurement might be considered4 ,see the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions for proportionate methods1 pp4 #acd-acf4 #f-b ,township ,resurveys with ,mineral ,surveys3 ,prior to field work1 all unpatented mineral surveys embracing claims that have been declared null and void should be cancelled1 leaving only valid existing claims and patents to be segregated4 ,restoration of missing corners should only be made where they are necessary to control the boundaries between private and public land1 including the boundaries between public land and unpatented valid mineral surveys4 ,segregation surveys of unsurveyed mining claims may be requested to accommodate administrative actions4 ,if possible1 the owners of the mining claims should be advised of the resurvey and given an opportunity to express their opinions as to the position of missing corners4 #f-c ,mineral ,segregation ,surveys3 ,sections #g-ci to #g-dd inclusive1 of the ,manual of ,surveying ,instructions adequately covers this subject4 ,segregation surveys are not undertaken unless there is a need for them arising from administrative action involving the adjoining land4 ,very often it will be necessary to make the survey within the boundaries as they are marked on the ground due to inaccuracies in the location survey4 ,the early township surveys in ,california often segregated unsurveyed mining claims showing them on the township plats without supporting field notes4 ,resurveys of such segregations may be required based on the evidence found in the field4 #f-d ,supplemental ,plats3 ,when supplemental plats are required segregating mineral surveys1 all such surveys must be segregated4 ,again1 it is desirable that mineral surveys embracing invalid claims be cancelled4 ,the need to lot a cancelled mineral survey will also require a supplemental plat4 #f-e ,correcting ,errors in ,patented ,mineral ,surveys3 ,as a general rule1 the record of a patented mineral survey should not be changed or amended4 ,when such errors are discovered1 a pencil notation on the index card and_/or on the field notes may be appropriate4 ,reported errors generally stand on their own merit and are contained in the field notes of the reporting survey4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h ,,glossary ,,of ,,mining ,,terms ,,adit3 a horizontal entry into a mine with one opening to the surface1 commonly and erroneously called a tunnel4 7,a tunnel is open at both ends47 ,,alluvium3 unconsolidated sedimentary deposit1 e4g4 stream bed of sand and gravel4 ,,anticline3 a convex fold in sedimentary beds of rock 7opposite3 syncline74 ,,apex3 top of a vein or lode4 ,,assay3 a test to determine the quantity of mineral in a given sample4 ,may be by a miniature smelting process in the laboratory1 called a fire assay2 or by use of chemicals1 called a chemical or wet assay4 ,,back3 the roof of a horizontal opening such as an adit1 drift or crosscut4 ,,bonanza3 a rich body of ore4 ,,bedrock3 uppermost layer or segment 7portion7 of rock in place4 ,,breast3 the end1 heading or working face of an adit1 drift or crosscut4 ,,chimney3 a vertical ore body1 tubelike in shape4 ,,chute3 7ore7 chute for transferring broken rock in a mine2 usually from a stope to a haulage passage4 ,,cobbing3 hand sorting of ore4 ,,collar3 top of a shaft or winze2 the timbers or concrete at the upper end4 ,,color3 a particle of free gold4 ,,concentrator3 a device for separating and concentrating mineral from rock by mechanical means4 ,,contact3 the meeting of two geologic formations4 ,,contact ,,vein3 a vein along the contact4 ,,country ,,rock3 rock surrounding a vein or lode1 extending throughout the area4 ,,cribbing3 a wall of light timbering between heavy supports at either vertical or horizontal mine working4 ,,crosscut3 a horizontal opening such as an adit driven across the vein or ore body4 ,,cut3 an open working driven into a hillside to expose underlying rock4 ,,dike3 a vertical or near vertical fissure filled with volcanic rock4 ,,dip3 the vertical angle a vein or sedimentary bed makes with a horizontal plane4 ,,drift3 a horizontal opening 7such as an adit7 driven along the vein4 ,,face3 the last working end of an adit1 drift1 crosscut or cut 7same as breast74 ,,fault3 ,a dislocation along a crack in the earth's surface 7may be horizontal1 vertical or a combination of both72 a failure along a line of stress2 usually associated with earthquakes1 but movement may be slow4 ,,fissure3 a crack in the earth's surface2 if filled with vein material becomes a fissure vein4 ,,float3 a piece of ore detached from a vein or lode1 lying loose1 not in place4 ,,floor3 the lower surface of a mine working1 i4e4 the floor of a drift4 ,,flume3 a device for conveying water4 ,,foot ,,wall3 the lower side of an inclined vein in country rock4 ,,gangue3 the matrix of the ore composed of worthless material4 ,,glory ,,hole3 a large funnel-shaped excavation extending to the surface1 the material being drawn from the bottom through a tunnel4 ,,grizzly3 a grating1 usually made up of mine rails1 over an ore bin for the purpose of diverting large rocks or boulders4 ,,grub ,,stake3 financing a prospector to share in his findings4 ,,hanging ,,wall3 the upper wall of an inclined or dipping vein4 ,,heading3 same as breast or face of a working4 ,,horse3 a mass of country rock found in an ore deposit4 ,,incline3 a sloping shaft1 drift1 crosscut or tunnel4 ,,lead3 same as lode1 7pronounced 8leed07 ,,ledge3 same as lode4 ,,level3 one of a series of drifts or crosscuts1 one above the other1 in a mine4 ,,lode3 a mineral deposit in place1 including veins4 ,,lode ,,line3 presumed course of the vein or lode at the surface4 ,,matrix3 the worthless material in an ore deposit surrounding the valuable minerals4 ,,metallurgy3 the art of separating minerals from the gangue in ores2 also combining metals to form alloys4 ,,mine3 an excavation for the purpose of extracting mineral4 ,,mineral3 an inorganic substance contained in the earth4 ,,muck3 broken rock in a mine4 ,,open ,,cut3 a drift or crosscut that does not enter cover4 ,,open ,,pit3 a large excavation beginning at the surface4 ,,ore3 a mineral deposit that can be mined at a profit2 includes the mineral itself and the gangue4 ,,outcrop3 that portion of a mineral deposit appearing at the surface4 ,,placer3 a mineral deposit of unconsolidated particles4 ,,quarry3 similar to an open pit1 usually applied to building stone4 ,,raise3 a vertical or inclined shaft driven upward from an underground working4 ,,reef3 ,australian word for lode4 ,,roof3 the ceiling of a working1 as the back of a drift4 ,,royalty3 a percentage of the earnings or product paid an owner4 ,,shaft3 a vertical or inclined opening sunk from the surface to gain access or to explore an orebody4 ,,shift3 a period of working time4 ,,skip3 an ore bucket used to hoist ore and muck in a shaft4 ,,sluice3 a trough with riffles for separating placer gold4 ,,smelting3 the reduction of metals from the ore in a furnace4 ,,stope3 usually a room where the ore is mined4 ,,strike3 the horizontal direction of a vein4 ,,stull3 a timber in a mine1 usually a post4 ,,sump3 a low place in a mine for collecting water1 such as the bottom of a shaft4 ,,tailings3 the waste rock from a mine or mill4 ,,tunnel3 technically1 a horizontal passageway open at both ends1 but in mining used to designate any horizontal passageway driven for the development or discovery of an orebody4 ,,vein3 a fissure or crack in surrounding rock filled with mineral4 ,,winze3 a vertical or incline opening sunk from an underground mine working2 an underground shaft4 ,,appendix ,illustration3 ,,appendix #a ,form #cdjj-f ,,united ,,states ,,form ,,approved 7,october #aifh7 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,budget ,,bureau ,,no4 #db-,r#acgc4a ,,bureau ,,of ,,land ,,management ,date ,,application ,,for ,,survey ,,of ,,mining ,,claim ,,see ,,instructions ,,on ,,reverse #a4 ,name of ,applicant ,address 7include zip code7 7first1 middle initial1 last7 ,hereby makes application for an official mineral survey of the mining claims named and identified in this application #b4 ,give group name 7if any7 #c4 ,,name ,,of ,,claim7,s7 ,,date ,,name ,,of ,,location ,,located ,,recorded ,,amended ,,amended ,,recording #d4 ,,location ,,of ,,claim7,s7 ,section ,township ,range ,meridian ,county ,state ,national ,forest #e;a4 ,is each claim based on a valid location and fully described in the certified copy of the record of each location certificate filed with this application8 ,yes ,no b4 ,is each location distinctly marked by monuments on the ground and can its boundaries be traced readily8 ,yes ,no ,,appendix #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #b ,form #chfj-f ,,united ,,states ,place 7,october #aigf7 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior 7formerly #cdjj-g7 ,,bureau ,,of ,,land ,,management ,date ,,order ,,for ,,mineral ,,survey ,to ,mineral ,surveyor3 ,sir3 ,application has been filed in this ,office by 1 dated 1 #ai 4 for an official survey of the mining claim consisting of locations named1 located1 and recorded as follows3 ,group name1 if any ,,date ,,name ,,of ,,location ,,amended ,,located ,,recorded ,,amended ,,recording ,mining ,district ,county ,state ,section ,township ,range ,meridian ,national ,forest ,the claim is fully described in the certified copy of the location certificate filed by the applicant for the survey1 copy of which is enclosed herewith4 ,you are hereby directed to make the survey of said claim in strict conformity with existing laws1 official regulations1 and instructions thereunder1 and make proper return of the survey to this ,office4 ,this survey will be designated as ,mineral ,survey ,number ,very truly yours1 7,authorized ,signature7 7,title7 ,,appendix #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #c ,no4 #cde4 ,,notice ,,of ,,lode ,,location4-- ,bradford ,publishing ,co41 #ahbd-df ,stout ,street1 ,denver1 ,colorado ,,state ,,of ,,ss4 ,,county ,,of ,know ,all ,men by ,these ,presents1 ,that 1 the undersigned1 ha this day of1 #ai1 located and claimed1 and by these presents do locate and claim by right of discovery and location1 in compliance with the ,mining ,acts of ,congress1 approved ,may #aj1 #ahgb1 and all subsequent ,acts1 and with local customs1 laws and regulations1 linear feet and horizontal measurement on the lode1 vein1 ledge or deposit1 along the vein thereof1 with all its dips1 angles and variations as allowed by law together with feet on the side and feet on the side of the middle of said vein at the surface1 so far as can be determined from present developments2 and all veins1 lodes1 ledges1 or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim feet running from center of discovery and feet running from center of discovery 1 said discovery being situated upon said lode1 vein1 ledge or deposit1 and within the lines of said claim in ,mining ,district1 ,county of and ,state of ,discovered and located 1 #ai ,,appendix #c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #d ,form4 #cdjj-aa ,,united ,,states ,mineral ,survey number 7,september #aifg7 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior 7formerly #d-fhc7 ,,bureau ,,of ,,land ,,management ,state ,,field ,,notes ,land ,district ,of the ,survey of the ,mining ,claim of 7name and address of ,claimant7 ,known as the 7name of group1 if any7 ,,consisting ,,of ,,locations ,,named ,,and ,,located ,,as ,,follows ,,name ,,of ,,location ,,date ,,located ,,amended ,mining district ,county ,section ,township ,range ,meridian ,survey under order dated ,survey commenced ,survey completed ,name of ,mineral ,surveyor ,,appendix #d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #e ,form #chfj-g ,,united ,,states 7,november #aigf7 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior 7formerly #cdjj-h7 ,,bureau ,,of ,,land ,,management ,,certificate ,,of ,,surveyor ,name of ,mineral ,surveyor ,date ,i ,,hereby ,,certify ,that in pursuance of an order received from the 1 at dated 1#ai 1 ,i have carefully executed the survey of the claim of known as the 7lode1 placer1 or mill site7 situated in 1 ,township 1 ,range 1 ,meridian1 in the ,state of 4 ,this survey1 designated as number 1 has been executed by me and under my direction and has been made in strict conformity with said order1 the ,manual of ,instructions for the ,survey of ,public ,lands of the ,united ,states1 and in specific manner described in the foregoing field notes4 ,i ,,further ,,certify ,that the labor expended and improvements made upon and for the benefit of the 7lode or placer7 location7s7 embraced in the said mining claim by claimant7s7 or grantors are fully stated in my report4 ,the character1 extent1 location1 and itemized value are specified in full detail4 ,no portion of1 or interest in1 said labor and improvements so credited to this claim has been included in the estimate of expenditures upon any other claim4 7,location7 7,signature of ,mineral ,surveyor7 ,,certificate ,,of ,,approval ,office ,location ,date ,the foregoing field notes of mineral survey number 1 in 1 surveyed unsurveyed ,township 1 ,range 1 ,meridian1 in the ,state of 1 executed by 1 ,mineral ,surveyor1 under order dated 1 #ai 1 having been critically examined and the necessary corrections made prior to their certification by the surveyor1 the field notes and the survey therein described are hereby approved4 7,authorized ,signature7 7,title7 ,,certificate ,,of ,,transcript ,i ,,hereby ,,certify ,that the foregoing transcript of field notes of the above-described mineral survey number is a true copy of the original field notes4 7,authorized ,signature7 7,title7 ,title #ah1 ,u4,s4,c4 section #ajja1 makes it a crime for any person knowingly and willfully to make to any department or agency of the ,united ,states any false1 fictitious1 or fraudulent statements or representations as to any matter within its jurisdiction4 ,,appendix #e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #f ,form #chfj-h ,,united ,,states ,serial ,number 7,february #aigg7 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,bureau ,,of ,,land ,,management ,,certificate ,,of ,,expenditures1 ,,improvements1 ,date ,,and ,,mineral ,,survey ,name of ,claimant ,mineral ,survey ,number ,i ,,hereby ,,certify ,that the ,i ,,further ,,certify ,that the record of the above-described record reveals not less than #ejj mineral survey furnishes such an worth of labor has been expended for accurate description of all claims improvements upon or for the benefit embraced within the survey that it of each of the lode claims embraced will1 if incorporated into a patent1 within the survey and that the serve fully to identify the premises improvements were made by the and that references are made in the claimant or his grantors4 survey to natural objects or permanent monuments so that the location of the claims will be perpetuated and fixed4 ,date ,authorized ,signature 7,see reverse7 ,,appendix #f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #g ,form #cdjj-e ,,united ,,states ,place 7,december #aiff7 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior 7formerly #d-bhf;a7 ,,bureau ,,of ,,land ,,management ,date ,,instructions ,the ,director1 ,bureau of ,land ,management1 and the manager ,,approval ,,of ,,mineral ,,survey of the appropriate land 7or land and survey7 office must be notified of the approval of each mineral survey1 using this form4 ,,sir3 ,the following described mineral survey was approved on 1 #ai 3 ,,survey ,,number ,,name ,,of ,,claim ,,acres ,this survey is actually in conflict with the following approved mineral survey7s7 listed by name and number1 as marked1 defined1 and established on the ground ,applicant for survey 7name and address7 ,survey made by 1 ,mineral ,surveyor4 ,the following legal subdivisions are covered in whole or in part by this survey1 if situated on surveyed lands ,the survey is shown on the diagram below1 sketched as actually marked1 defined1 and established on the ground with respect to the lines of the public land surveys2 data relating to courses and distances have been omitted4 ,,note -- ,this sketch will be made in each case where upon surveyed land1 whether or not there are any conflicting approved mineral surveys4 ,conflicting mineral surveys1 however1 will not be shown upon the sketch4 ,section 1 ,township 1 ,range ,section 1 ,township 1 ,range 7,title7 ,,appendix #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #h ,no4 #afb4 ,,location ,,certificate--,lode ,claim4-- ,bradford ,publishing ,co41 #ahbd-df ,stout ,street1 ,denver1 ,colorado ,,know ,,all ,,men ,,by ,,these ,,presents1 ,that ha located the lode mining claim1 and by this certificate1 and by right of discovery and location1 claim feet1 linear and horizontal measurement along the vein thereof1 with all its dips1 angles and variations as allowed by law feet on said vein running from the center of the discovery and feet running from the center of the discovery 1 together with feet on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface1 and all veins1 lodes1 ledges1 deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim1 situate in ,mining ,district1 ,county of 1 and ,state of and described by metes and bounds as follows1 to wit3 ,beginning at ,corner ,no4 #a ,said lode was discovered on the day of 1 #ai and located on the day of 1 #ai ,dated this day of 1 #ai ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,appendix #h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #i ,no4 #aad4 ,,additional ,,and ,,amended ,,location ,,certificate4 --,bradford-,robinson ,ptg4 ,co41 ,mfrs4 ,robinson's ,legal ,blanks1 #ahbd-df ,stout ,st41 ,denver1 ,colorado ,,state ,,of ,,colorado1 ,,ss4 ,,know ,,all ,,men ,,by ,,these ,,presents1 ,county of ,that the undersigned1 ha this day of 1 #ai amended1 located and claimed and by these presents do amend1 locate and claim1 by right of the original discovery and this ,additional and ,amended ,location ,certificate1 in compliance with the ,mining ,acts of ,congress1 approved ,may #aj1 #ahgb1 and all subsequent acts1 and with ,sections #afi and #ahb1 ,chapter #aaj1 #aice ,colorado ,statutes ,annotated1 and with local customs1 laws and regulations linear feet and horizontal measurement on the lode1 vein1 ledge or deposit1 along the vein thereof1 with all its dips1 angles and variations1 as allowed by law1 together with feet on the side1 and feet on the side of the middle of said vein at the surface1 so far as can be determined from present developments1 and all veins1 lodes1 ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim feet running from center of discovery and feet running from center of discovery said discovery being situated upon said lode1 vein1 ledge or deposit1 and within1 the lines of said claim1 in ,mining ,district1 ,county of and ,state of ,colorado1 described by metes and bounds as follows1 to-wit3 ,beginning in ,corner ,no4 #a ,this being the same lode originally located on the day of #ai1 and recorded on the day of #ai1 in ,book ,page in the office of the ,recorder of ,county4 ,this further ,additional and ,amended ,certificate of ,location is made without waiver of any previously acquired rights1 but for the purpose of correcting any errors in the original location1 description or record1 and of taking in and acquiring all forfeited or abandoned overlapping ground1 and of taking in any part of any overlapping claim which has been abandoned1 and of securing all the benefits of said ,sections #afi and #ahb1 ,chapter #aaj1 #aice ,colorado ,statutes ,annotated4 ,said lode was discovered the ,,interest4 ,,seal day of ,a4 ,d4 #ai ,,interest4 ,,seal ,,attest3 ,,interest4 ,,seal ,,interest4 ,,seal ,date of ,additional and ,amended ,cer- ,,interest4 ,,seal tificate ,a4 ,d4 #ai ,,interest4 ,,seal ,,appendix #i ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #aj ,,for ,,recorder',s ,,use ,,only ,recorded at the request of3 ,,notice ,when recorded please mail to3 ,,of ,name ,street ,,location ,city ,state ,,lode ,,to ,,whom ,,it ,,may ,,concern3 ,please take notice that3 #a4 ,the name of this claim is the ,lode ,mining ,claim4 ,said claim is situated in the vicinity of or in the ,mining ,district1 ,county of ,san ,bernardino1 ,state of ,california4 ,the date of this location is the day of 1 #ai #b4 ,the undersigned locators are citizens of the ,united ,states1 or have declared their intention to become such4 #c4 ,the said locator do hereby locate and claim 7,not to exceed #aejj7 linear feet of this vein or lode1 together with surface ground extending feet in width on each side of the middle of said vein 7,not to exceed #cjj7 or lode and more particularly described as follows3 ,commencing at the monument where this notice is posted1 which monument is at the point of discovery on said vein or lode and on the center line of this location hereby claim feet extending in a 7,i or ,we7 direction along the course of said vein from the discovery monument and feet in a direction from the discovery monument1 along the course of said vein4 ,the general course of said vein is in a erly and erly direction4 ,the discovery monument is situated about 7,distance from natural object or permanent monument and give direction7 #d4 ,all dips1 variations1 spurs1 angles and all veins1 ledges1 or deposits within the lines of this claim1 together with all water and timber and any other rights appurtenant1 allowed by the laws of this ,state or of the ,united ,states are hereby claimed4 ,,locators ,,statement ,,of ,,the ,,marking ,,of ,,the ,,boundaries ,,and ,,of ,,performance ,,of ,,discovery ,,work ,,notice ,,is ,,hereby ,,given by the undersigned locator--that in accordance with the provisions of the ,mining ,law3-- #a4 ,there has been erected at the discovery point1 at each corner and at the center of each end line of said claim #b4 ,the ,locator has performed the following discovery work3 ,,dated 1 #ai ,,locators ,,pa #aefa--d,m-#c-fb ,,appendix #aj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #aa ,no4 #bif4 ,,location ,,certificate4--,tunnel4--,bradford ,publishing ,co41 #ahbd-df ,stout ,street1 ,denver1 ,colorado--#c-gb ,,state ,,of ,,ss4 ,county of ,,to ,,all ,,whom ,,these ,,presents ,,may ,,concern3 ,know ye1 that citizenof the ,united ,states1 of 1 ,county of 1 ,state of 1 do hereby declare and publish as a legal notice to all the world1 that have a valid right to the occupancy1 possession and enjoyment of the 1 located 1 #ai for the discovery of mines and the development of lodes1 and situate in ,mining ,district1 ,county1 ,state of 1 described as follows1 to-wit3 ,mouth of tunnel situate 2 from the mouth of the tunnel ,size of tunnel feet wide by feet high in the clear4 ,course of tunnel from its mouth1 #c1jjj feet to the end of said tunnel1 at which end is set a substantial being the end 1 and between the tunnel mouth and the end the center line of the tunnel is marked at feet1 feet1 feet1 feet1 feet1 feet1 feet from the mouth by marked stakes or blazed and marked trees4 ,from the end bears bears from said end 1 set a stake from said end 1 set a stake from mouth of tunnel set a stake from mouth of tunnel set a stake which last four mentioned stakes the exterior corners of the claim of said tunnel site4 ,and claim for line of tunnel #a1ejj feet on each side of the center of the bore or course of the tunnel1 and the right to all lodes which may be discovered in the due prosecution of said tunnel within #a1ejj feet on each side of the center of said line4 also claim a square tract of land #abe feet on each side of the mouth of tunnel and extending #bej feet immediately below the mouth of the tunnel1 as staked upon the ground1 for dumping purposes4 ,together with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining1 and all rights granted to the locator as tunnel rights under the terms of ,section #bcbc of the ,revised ,statutes of the ,united ,states4 ,,witness hand and seal this day of 1 #ai ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,appendix #aa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #ab ,,state ,,of ,,ss4 ,county of ,before me1 the subscriber1 a notary public in and for said ,county1 personally appeared to me personally known to be the same persondescribed in and who executed the within declaration of occupation1 and acknowledged that h signed1 sealed and published the same as h free and voluntary act and deed for the uses and purposes therein set forth4 ,,witness my hand and seal1 this day of 1 #ai ,my commission expires 1 #ai ,notary ,public4 ,,state ,,of ,,ss4 ,county of of the ,count of ,state of 1 being first duly sworn according to law1 depose and say3 ,thath citizen of the ,united ,states over the age of twenty-one years2 that h owner by pre-emption1 location and occupation of the foregoing tunnel site1 the said tunnel being prosecuted for the development of lodes belonging to said affiant1 also for the discovery of other lodes2 affiant further say that h ha expended in actual work and improvements on said tunnel not less than ,dollars1 and that said tunnel has already been run the distance of feet1 and that it is bona fide h intention to prosecute work on said tunnel1 so located and described1 with reasonable diligence for the purposes therein set forth4 ,,subscribed and sworn to before me this day of 1 #ai ,my commission expires 1 #ai ,notary ,public4 ,,location ,,certificate ,,of ,,tunnel ,,and ,,tunnel ,,site ,tunnel and ,tunnel ,site of in ,mining ,district1 ,county1 ,state of ,,state ,,of ,,ss4 ,county of ,i hereby certify that this ,location ,certificate was filed for record in my office at o'clock ,m41 #ai and is duly recorded in book at page ,recorder4 ,by ,deputy4 ,fees1 --------------------------------------- ,,bradford ,,publishing ,,company ,,co41 ,,denver ,,appendix #ab ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #ac ,recorded ato'clock,m41 ,reception ,no4 ,recorder4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,know ,,all ,,men ,,by ,,these ,,presents3 ,that1 the undersigned citizens of the ,united ,states1 residents of the ,county of1 ,state of1 having complied with the provisions of ,chapter #f1 ,title ,,xxxii1 of the ,revised ,statutes of the ,united ,states1 and with the local customs1 laws and regulations1 claim by right of discovery and location1 ,the placer claim1 situate1 lying and being in ,mining ,district1 ,county of1 and ,state of 1 described by metes and bounds as follows1 to wit3 area acres1 said claim was located on the day of1 #ai4 ,date of certificate1 #ai4 ,attest3 ,no4 #afa4 ,,placer ,,location ,,certificate4--,bradford ,publishing ,co41 #ahbd-df ,stout ,street1 ,denver1 ,colorado 7#egc-ejaa7--e-gg ,,appendix #ac ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,appendix #ad ,no4 #bgj4 ,,location ,,certificate--,mill ,site4--,bradford ,publishing ,co41 #ahbd-df ,stout ,street1 ,denver1 ,colorado 7#egc-ejaa7--f-gg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,location ,,certificate ,,of ,,mill ,,site ,,state ,,of ,,ss4 ,county of ,,to ,,all ,,whom ,,these ,,presents ,,may ,,concern3 ,know ye that of dohereby declare and publish as a legal notice to all the world thathave a valid right to the occupation1 possession and enjoyment of all and singular that tract or parcel of land not exceeding five acres1 situate1 lying and being in,mining ,district1 in the ,county of1 in the ,state of1 bounded and described as follows1 to wit3 ,the,mill ,site1beginning at ,cor4 ,no4 #a together with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining4 ,witnesshandand seal1 thisday of1 #ai4 ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ,,seal ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,appendix #ad ,,index ,first number indicates chapter4 ,second number indicates section of that chapter4 ,accuracy 7survey73 #e-b1 #e-e1 #e-ac ,acquired ,lands3 #a-be ,act of #ahff 7lodes73 #a-e ,act of #ahgj 7placers73 #a-f ,act of #ahgb 7general mining laws73 #a-g ,act of #ahhd 7,alaska73 #a-i ,act of #ahib 7building stone73 #a-aj ,act of #aijd 7monuments to control73 #a-ac ,act of #aibj 7mineral leasing73 #a-ad ,act of #aidg 7materials73 #a-ae ,act of #aied 7multiple use73 #a-af ,act of #aiee 7common varieties73 #a-ag ,act of #aiee 7power sites73 #a-ah ,act of #aifj 7mill sites73 #a-ai ,act of #aifb 7petrified wood73 #a-bj ,act of #aigj 7geothermal steam73 #a-ba ,act of #aigf 7recordation73 #a-bb ,additional and ,amended ,location ,certificate3 #b-ac1 #d-f ,additional ,notes and ,certificate on ,plat3 #e-ah ,alaska3 #a-i1 #a-bc1 #a-bd ,alaska ,native ,claims3 #a-bc ,alaska ,public ,sale ,act3 #a-bd ,amended ,location3 #b-ac1 #e-a1 #e-c1 #e-bj ,amended 7,supplemental7 ,order for ,survey3 #d-f1 #d-g1 #e-c1 #e-ba ,amended ,survey3 #e-ai ,annual ,assessment ,work3 #b-d1 #b-ab ,apex ,law3 #a-di ,application for ,patent3 #b-f ,application for ,survey3 #d-d ,approval of ,survey3 #e-ae ,areas3 #e-h1 #e-aj1 #e-ab1 #e-ac ,areas subject to special mining laws3 #a-bd ,assays3 #b-a ,attorney-at-,law3 #a-dc1 #d-c ,azimuth3 #e-aj ,bearing rocks3 #e-d ,bearing trees3 #e-d1 #e-aj ,bedded deposits3 #a-dh1 #b-a1 #e-c1 #e-e ,blanket veins3 #e-c1 #e-e ,building stone3 #a-aj ,burden of proof3 #b-a1 #b-ab ,calculations3 #e-h1 #e-ac ,cancelled ,survey3 #d-f1 #e-af ,cancelled ,survey ,order3 #d-f1 #d-h1 #e-ag ,cemeteries3 #e-c ,change of claim boundaries3 #b-ac ,claim records3 #d-e1 #e-a ,claim staking3 #b-c ,closures3 #e-ac ,coal ,surveys3 #e-c ,common ,improvement3 #a-dg1 #e-e ,common ,varieties3 #a-ag ,conflicts3 #e-c1 #e-h1 #e-ab1 #e-ac ,coordinates ,geographic3 #e-aj1 #e-ab ,plane3 #e-a ,corner accessories3 #e-d ,corner markings3 #b-c1 #e-aj ,corner numbers3 #b-c ,corners on patented land3 #b-c ,corner ties3 #b-c1 #e-c1 #e-h1 #e-ab ,death ,valley ,national ,monument1 ,california3 #a-bd ,descriptive ,report 7placer claims73 #e-f ,discovery3 #a-dg1 #b-a1 #b-d1 #e-c ,discovery lost3 #b-a ,discovery paint3 #b-b1 #e-c1 #e-ab ,discovery shaft3 #b-c ,discovery work3 #b-b1 #b-e1 #e-a1 #e-e ,drill logs3 #b-a ,electronic distance measurement3 #e-b ,end center monuments3 #b-c ,end lines3 #a-di1 #b-c1 #e-ab ,errors3 #e-ab1 #f-e ,exchanges3 #a-bc ,extralateral ,rights3 #a-di ,field ,notes3 #e-aj1 #e-aa1 #e-ab1 #e-ah ,fissionable source material3 #a-bc ,float3 #b-a ,goethermal steam3 #a-be ,glacier ,bay ,national ,monument1 ,alaska3 #a-bd ,homestead ,entry ,surveys3 #e-c ,improvements3 #e-e1 #e-g1 #e-aj1 #e-ab1 #e-ae1 #e-ba ,indemnity ,grants3 #a-bc ,instruments3 #e-b1 #e-aj ,intersections3 #e-h1 #e-aj1 #e-ab1 #e-ac ,junior claim3 #a-di ,kings ,range ,national ,conservation ,area1 ,california3 #a-bd ,known lodes in placers3 #b-d ,leasing ,act3 #a-ad ,length3 #b-c1 #b-f1 #d-f1 #e-c1 #e-ab ,location3 #b-c1 #b-f1 #b-h1 #b-i1 #e-c1 #e-aj1 #e-ab ,location certificate3 #b-c1 #b-f1 #d-f1 #e-aj ,location monument3 #e-c ,location notice3 #b-c1 #b-f1 #b-g ,location survey3 #b-c ,lode v4 ,placer3 #b-a ,lode claims3 #a-e1 #a-g1 #b-a1 #b-b1 #b-c ,lode line3 #e-ab ,magnetic ,declination3 #e-ab ,marketability3 #b-a1 #b-d ,materials ,act3 #a-ae ,measurements3 #e-b1 #e-aj ,metes and bounds3 #b-c1 #d-f ,mill ,sites3 #a-g1 #a-ai1 #b-g1 #b-h1 #e-g ,mineral1 definition3 #b-a ,mineral ,examiner3 #b-a ,mineral ,monuments3 #e-c ,mineral ,survey3 #b-f ,mineral ,surveyor ,appointment3 #c-a1 #c-b1 #c-c1 #c-d1 #c-e1 #c-f ,contracts3 #c-ad1 #c-ae1 #c-af1 #c-ag1 #d-d4g ,duties3 #c-aj1 #c-aa1 #c-ab1 #c-ac ,examination3 #c-i ,qualifications3 #c-g1 #c-h ,restrictions3 #c-ah1 #c-ai1 #c-bj ,selection of3 #d-b ,mining ,districts3 #a-a1 #a-b1 #a-c ,mt4 ,mc,kinley ,national ,park1 ,alaska3 #a-bd ,multiple ,use3 #a-af ,national ,forests3 #a-bc1 #d-f ,national ,parks and ,monuments3 #a-bd1 #d-f ,native graves3 #e-c ,navigable water3 #a-ej ,new legislation1 update3 #a-be ,new survey required3 #e-bj ,number of claims3 #b-c1 #b-f1 #b-h1 #d-d4g ,o ,c ,lands3 #a-bd ,oil shale placer claims3 #a-bd ,olympic ,national ,park1 ,washington3 #a-bd ,order for ,survey3 #d-f1 #e-ag ,organ ,pipe ,cactus ,national ,monument1 ,arizona3 #a-bd ,papago ,indian ,reservation1 ,arizona3 #a-bd ,patent ,exclusion of abandoned claim3 #e-bc ,in two parts3 #e-bd ,long after survey3 #e-bb ,patent expenditure3 #a-dg1 #e-e1 #e-ae1 #e-ba ,patent survey ,departures from normal procedure3 #e-af to #e-bd incl4 ,field work3 #e-a to #e-g incl4 ,office work3 #e-h to #e-aa incl4 ,processing3 #e-ab to #e-ae incl4 ,required3 #d-a1 #e-f1 #e-g ,petrified ,wood3 #a-bj ,placer claims3 #a-f1 #a-g1 #b-d1 #b-e1 #b-f1 #e-f ,placer v4 ,lode3 #b-a ,plats3 #e-i1 #e-aa1 #e-ad1 #e-af1 #e-ah1 #e-ai1 #f-d ,power ,sites3 #a-ah ,prescott1 ,arizona ,watershed3 #a-bd ,railroad ,grants3 #a-bc ,recording3 #a-g1 #a-bb1 #b-aa1 #b-ab ,reference ,monument3 #e-d ,relocation3 #b-ac1 #e-bj ,reservations3 #a-bc ,restoration of lost or obliterated corners3 #e-c1 #f-a ,resurveys3 #f-b ,rights-of-way3 #e-c ,riparian ,rights3 #a-ej ,rule of approximation3 #b-f ,school ,grants3 #a-bc ,senior claim3 #a-di ,segregation ,surveys3 #f-c ,severance3 #a-bc ,side center monuments3 #b-c ,size of claims3 #b-c1 #b-f1 #b-g1 #d-f ,spanish ,land ,grants3 #a-bc ,special ,surveys3 #e-c ,state mining laws1 general3 #a-bg ,alaska3 #a-bh ,arizona3 #a-bi ,arkansas3 #a-cj ,california3 #a-ca ,colorado3 #a-cb ,florida3 #a-cc ,idaho3 #a-cd ,louisiana3 #a-ce ,mississippi3 #a-cf ,montana3 #a-cg ,nebraska3 #a-ch ,nevada3 #a-ci ,new ,mexico3 #a-dj ,north ,dakota3 #a-da ,oregon3 #a-db ,south ,dakota3 #a-dc ,utah3 #a-dd ,washington3 #a-de ,wyoming3 #a-df ,stockraising ,homesteads3 #a-bc1 #e-c ,supplemental ,plat3 #e-af1 #f-d ,survey methods3 #b-c1 #e-b ,survey records3 #d-e1 #e-a ,surveyor and ,the ,law3 #a-dg1 #a-dh ,thorium3 #a-bc ,townsites3 #a-bc1 #e-c ,trace of mineral3 #b-a1 #b-d ,transit and ,tape3 #e-b ,tunnel ,sites3 #b-i1 #b-aj ,u4,s4 ,marshall3 #e-a ,u4,s4 ,surveys3 #e-c ,unapproved survey3 #e-ag ,underground discovery3 #b-a1 #b-b ,uranium3 #a-bc ,use1 mill site3 #b-h ,valuable mineral deposit3 #b-a ,width3 #b-c1 #b-f1 #d-f1 #e-c1 #e-ab ,wilderness ,areas3 #a-bd ,witness ,corner3 #e-d ,withdrawals3 #a-bc1 #d-e ,,gpo #heg-jcj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings retained as printed4 #c4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #d4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4