,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,rese>* ,all]ton ,s4 ,cu%man1 ,a4 ,m41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,director1 ,9 ,*>ge ,division ,metallurgical ,problems4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,assi/ant ,director1 ,9 ,*>ge ,division ( ,pa9t ,te*nology4 ,n4 ,monroe ,hopk9s1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,9 ,*>ge ,division ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+ & ,electro*emi/ry4 ,*as4 ,a4 ,crampton1 ,m4 ,d41 ,ph4 ,g41 ,9 ,*>ge ,division ( ,food & ,drug ,products4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cogge%all1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,9 ,*>ge ,division ( ,mill ,problems4 ,*as4 ,bask]ville1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41 ,9 ,*>ge ,te*nology ( ! ,r>] ,elem5ts4 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,! ,in/itute ( ,indu/rial ,rese>* ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,rese>* ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,ext]ior ,,( ,,wood5 ,,build+s ,,by ,,all]ton ,s4 ,,cu%man1 ,director ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,rese>* ,,& ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,g>dn]1 ,as/4 ,director ,,9 ,,*>ge ,,division ,,( ,,pa9t ,,te*nology1 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,rese>* ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton #aiaa ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,press ,,( ,,judd ,,detweil]1 ,,inc4 #aiaa ,,preface4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! writ]s h be5 mak+ a /udy ( indu/rial problems & h be5 publi%+ ! in=mation :i* !y h acquir$1 reg>d+ ! value ( v>i\s /ructural mat]ials1 = ! b5efit ( consum]s z well z produc]s4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,indu/rial ,rese>* has receiv$ s _m reque/s rec5tly = in=mation 9 reg>d to j :at pa9ts %\ld be select$ = ! protection & decoration ( h\ses & o!r build+s t x has seem$ be/ to sum up ! subject 9 ! =m ( a special pamphlet or bullet94 ,x is only aft] ye>s ( inve/igation "w c>ri$ on by ! au?ors1 bo? sep>ately & 9 co-op]ation1 t any review ( ! "w has seem$ possible1 = only rec5tly h ! results ( te/s c>ri$ on 9 a numb] ( diff]5t localities seem$ to ju/ify a def9ite op9ion 9 reg>d to ! be/ selection ( ext]ior pa9ts4 ,no attack on any "o pa9t mat]ial is "h includ$1 b ! value ( ea* has be5 c>efully weigh$1 & ! attempt is made to discuss !m 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce & k4 ,x is ! au?ors' int5tion 9 ?is bullet9 to put into ! h&s ( ar*itects & pa9t us]s :o may n be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! te*nical prop]ties ( pa9t mat]ials1 in=mation :i* w enable !m to make a prop] & intellig5t selection ( pa9ts = ! pres]vation & decoration ( ! ext]ior ( wood5 build+s4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ! ,ext]ior ( ,wood5 ,build+s ,lumb] & its ,relation to ,pa9ts3 ,! prop] *oice & treatm5t ( lumb] is "o ( ! mo/ important problems :i* ! build] z well z ! pa9t] has to face4 ,:5 ab\t to build a dwell+1 b>n1 or o!r /ructure made pr9cipally ( wood1 ! "q is sure to arise 9 reg>d to :at v>iety to select s z to get ! maximum s]vice & money value4 ,! locality 9 :i* ! /ructure is to be built mu/ (t5 h a be>+ ^u ?is "q4 ,:ile x is true t ! pa9t+ ( ea* type ( wood dem&s ! special consid]ation ( ! pa9t]1 x is also true t ! /udy ( pa9ts = wood protection po9ts t[>d ! production ( a pa9t t w give satisfactory results "u all conditions & on all grades4 ,x is ! writ]s' op9ion t a pa9t may be made t w be p]fectly well suit$ = ! pres]vation ( e species ( wood1 provid$ ! pa9t is prop]ly treat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! skillful & intellig5t pa9t]1 :o c produce la/+ results on almo/ e type by v>y+ ! proportion ( ?9n]s & oil 9 ! v>i\s coats4 ,! pa9t] :o uses ! same pa9t on s(t p9e1 & aga9 on h>d p9e1 )\t mak+ a special /udy ( h[ to r$uce ! prim+ coat = ! h>d p9e1 w be likely to get inf]ior results on ! latt]4 ,9 case ( failure1 ! natural impulse is (t5 to place ! blame ^u ! pa9t1 :]eas ! real responsibility may re/ ^u ! pa9t]'s lack ( k4 ,note4--,= a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! lumb] "q1 see ,mod]n ,lumb] z a ,problem = ! ,pa9t]1 read by ,john ,dew>1 at ! ,conv5tion ( ,ma/] ,h\se ,pa9t]s' & ,decorators' ,association ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,janu>y1 #aiaa1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,photographs ,%[+ ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,decay ,exhibit$ by ,improp]ly ,made ,pa9ts ,illu/ration3 ,bli/]+ ,illu/ration3 ,*alk+ ,illu/ration3 ,*eck+ ,illu/ration3 ,crack+ ,illu/ration3 ,scal+ ,illu/ration3 ,g5]al ,dis9tegration ,signs ( ,pa9t ,failure3 ,^? :o are responsible = ! c>e & ma9t5ance ( prop]ty are famili> ) ! condition ( surface pres5t$ by almo/ all wood5 build+s or /ructures :i* h be5 improp]ly pa9t$ ) inf]ior pa9ts4 ,*alk+ or fl\r+ are t]ms us$ to describe ! condition ( a pa9t surface :i* has det]iorat$ )9 ! pa9t film4 ,! =mation ( m9ute fissures1 g5]ally spok5 ( z *eck+1 z well z ! effects be/ describ$ z crack+1 scal+1 peel+1 & bli/]+1 are o!r signs ( failure :i* cause pa9t coat+s to pres5t an unsightly appe>ance1 & :i* po9t inevitably ei!r to ! use ( improp]ly made pa9ts or to improp] application4 ,! cause ( ^! conditions is n difficult to und]/& :5 ev5 a brief /udy ( ! "* ( ! mat]ials ent]+ into ! composition ( a pa9t has be5 made4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a =tunate circum/ance t ! prop] admixture ( diff]5t types ( pigm5ts enables u to correct ! /rong t5d5cy exhibit$ by special pigm5ts to rapidly det]iorate 9 an oil film4 ,?is po9t w be m fully discuss$ 9 a lat] p>agraph4 ,requisites ( a ,good ,pa9t3 ,progressive manufactur]s are aim+ to produce a pa9t :i* w %[1 "u ! wide/ range ( conditions1 good hid+ p[]1 adhesiv5ess1 fre$om f int]nal /ra9s1 p]man5cy ( color1 relatively high imp]vi\sness to moi/ure1 suffici5t ela/icity to prev5t scal+ or crack+ :5 subject$ to expansion or contraction1 & fre$om f ! *emical action :i* results 9 deep *eck+ or excessive *alk+4 ,su* a product z ?is _c be atta9$1 9 ! writ]s' op9ion1 by ! use ( any "o pigm5t 9 l9se$ oil4 ,9 ord] to meet all ! dem&s z /at$ above1 !re %\ld be 9 an economical & durable pa9t a prop] p]c5tage ( ! v>i\s pigm5ts :i*1 unit$1 w t5d to correct ea* o!r's faults1 & ?us produce a durable pa9t coat+ ( maximum effici5cy4 ,! ,composition ( ,pa9ts3 ,z is well kn[n1 a pa9t is a mixture ( "o or m pigm5ts & a vehicle :i* acts ! "p ( ! spread+ & b9d+ m$ium4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! vehicle portion ( pa9ts has g5]ally be5 made ( l9se$ oil1 admix$ ) "s volatile ?9n]1 su* z turp5t9e4 ,! subject ( oils & pa9t vehicles w be discuss$ m fully lat] on4 ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,pigm5ts3 ,! pigm5t portion ( a pa9t = use on b>ns & f>m build+s may1 if desir$1 be compos$ ( prop]ly select$ iron oxides or o!r color$ pigm5ts1 ev5 conta9+ 9 "s cases a mod]ately high p]c5tage ( silica1 clay1 or o!r in]t mat]ials1 & give p]fectly satisfactory results4 ,= ! pres]vation & decoration ( dwell+s1 h[ev]1 ! pigm5t portion ( pa9ts is g5]ally made z a :ole or 9 "p ( ! m exp5sive :ite pigm5ts1 su* z :ite lead & z9c oxide4 ,! relative values & prop]ties ( ^! :ite base pigm5ts w n[ be tak5 up4 ,:ite ,leads3 ,:ite lead1 ei!r ( ! corrod$ or sublim$ type1 is p]haps ! mo/ g5]ally us$ ( all ! :ite pigm5ts z a pa9t base4 ,corrod$ :ite lead is a basic c>bonate ( lead1 :ile sublim$ :ite lead is a basic sulphate ( ! same metal4 ,bo? ( ^! types are :ite1 & admirably adapt$ z pa9t+ mat]ials4 ,!y take relatively ! same am\nt ( oil & spread easily1 produc+ pa9t films :i* are highly opaque & :i*1 !re=e1 hide effici5tly ! surface ^u :i* !y are plac$4 ,sublim$ :ite lead is a relatively f9] pigm5t ?an corrod$ :ite lead1 & seems to %[ a t5d5cy to *alk to a great] ext5t ^u exposure to ! wea!r4 ,corrod$ :ite lead is m alkal9e1 h[ev]1 ?an sublim$ :ite lead1 & :5 us$ alone ) l9se$ oil g5]ally %[s a t5d5cy to *alk to a consid]able ext5t 9 a %ort "t & to %[ deep *eck+1 ?us p]mitt+ ! admission ( moi/ure4 ,! alkal9e nature ( ?is pigm5t produces consid]able action ^u c]ta9 t9t+ colors & results 9 fad+ or d>k5+1 :5 mix$ ) delicate gre5s or blues4 ,! use ( :ite lead has be5 condemn$ 9 "s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry z well z abroad1 because ( its alleg$ poison\s prop]ties4 ,:ile x is true t lead poison+ may occasionally occur 9 "s factories :]e ! workman & 8 conditions are n prop]ly safegu>d$1 x is1 nev]!less1 a fact t lead poison+ v seldom occurs among pa9t]s ( exp]i5ce & cleanly habits4 ,c>elessness 9 mix+ :ite lead is1 =tunately1 a practice almo/ obsolete among mod]n pa9t]s4 ,! use ( pa9ts already gr\nd 9 oil by means ( ma*9]y to a pa/y condition1 all[+ easy work+ & r$uc+1 obviates ! dang] ( lead poison+ f any su* cause z ?is1 ev5 ?\gh ! p]c5tage ( lead 9 su* pa9ts is 9 prepond]ance4 ,rec5t ef=ts t h be5 made by ! legislatures ( c]ta9 ,/ates to br& lead pa9ts z poison\s are n only unnecess>y1 b %[ a complete ignorance ( ! problem4 ,z9c ,pigm5ts3 ,ano!r pigm5t :i* has prov$ itself ( great value to ! pa9t] is z9c oxide4 ,! use ( ?is pigm5t may be said to h almo/ revolutioniz$ ! pa9t indu/ry ( ! _w1 & its increas$ consumption dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s is suffici5t evid5ce ( its value z a pa9t+ mat]ial4 ,z9c oxide is produc$ by oxidation & sublimation ( z9c ores & is n only extremely f9e1 b ( great :it5ess4 ,x has good hid+ p[]1 al?\gh n q s great z t %[n by ! :ite leads4 ,x t5ds to produce a glossy surface1 mak+ x especially valuable = use on int]ior "w & 9 enamels4 ,:5 us$ alone x has ! effect ( h>d5+ ! oil film 9 :i* x is envelop$1 & ^u long exposure causes crack+ & scal+4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! sublim$ or corrod$ :ite leads are prop]ly comb9$ ) z9c oxide1 a m durable surface is produc$1 ! %ortcom+s ( ea* pigm5t be+ ov]balanc$ by ! good prop]ties ( ! o!r4 ,! prop] comb9+ prop]ties ( z9c oxide ) :ite lead may be said to v>y betwe5 #bj to #ee p] c5t ( z9c oxide = pa9ts design$ = ext]ior use4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! au?ors1 lead & z9c pigm5ts 9 ! above p]c5tage1 prop]ly bl5d$ & gr\nd1 make pa9ts ( f> bett] we>+ value ?an c be produc$ ) ei!r :ite lead or z9c oxide us$ alone4 ,z9c ,lead3 ,z9c lead1 a pigm5t sublim$ f mix$ lead & z9c ores & conta9+ ab\t equal proportions ( z9c oxide & lead sulphate intimately comb9$1 z well z lead$ z9c1 a produce simil>ly produc$1 b ) ! z9c oxide runn+ ab\t #ge p] c5t1 are :ite base pigm5ts ( value1 :i* are us$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,!y are g5]ally slightly (f color1 h[ev]1 & are !re=e us$ mo/ l>gely 9 pa9ts :i* are to be t9t$ 9 v>i\s colors4 ,li?opone3 ,li?opone1 a pigm5t produc$ by precipitation1 & consi/+ ( z9c sulphide & b>ium sulphate1 is ( great value 9 ! manufacture ( int]ior pa9ts4 ,on acc\nt ( its liability to d>k5 & dis9tegrate1 h[ev]1 x is seldom us$ on ext]ior "w1 al?\gh rec5t te/s h %[n t :5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) z9c oxide & :it+1 x gives v promis+ results4 ,cry/all9e ,pigm5ts & ,_! ,use3 ,b>ytes 7b>ium sulphate71 silex 7silica71 :it+ 7calcium c>bonate71 gypsum 7calcium sulphate71 asbe/9e 7silicate ( magnesia71 & ,*9a clay 7silicate ( alum9a7 are :ite cry/all9e pigm5ts :i*1 :5 gr\nd 9 oil1 become transp>5t4 ,all ( ^! pigm5ts possess ! prop]ty ( /r5g!n+ a pa9t film made ( :ite lead & z9c oxide1 & (t5 increase ! durability ( su* a pa9t4 ,b>ytes1 silica1 & ,*9a clay are especially valuable = ?is purpose4 ,asbe/9e1 because ( its ne$le-l /ructure & l[ gravity1 prev5ts settl+ & acts z a re9=c] ( pa9t films4 ,:it+ or calcium c>bonate %\ld be us$ :5 z9c oxide is 9 excess 9 a pa9t1 s t ! h>dness ( ! pa9t may be ov]come4 ,a :ite pa9t mu/ be possess$ ( suffici5t opacity to effici5tly hide ! surface ^u :i* x is plac$1 :5 ?ree coats are appli$ = new "w or two coats = repa9t+ "w4 ,mixtures ( ! :ite leads & z9c oxide1 ) ! latt] pigm5t runn+ n ov] #ee p] c5t1 w easily produce su* a result & we> well4 ,x is g5]ally deem$ advisable1 h[ev]1 by mo/ manufactur]s to take advantage ( ! excessive opacity ( su* mixtures1 :i* all[s ! introduction ( mod]ate p]c5tages ( ^? in]t pigm5ts :i* give great] /r5g? & o!r desirable features to a pa9t4 ,! p]c5tage ( natural cry/all9e in]t pigm5ts to add to a :ite pa9t made ( lead & z9c mu/1 h[ev]1 be mod]ate & insuffici5t to detract mat]ially f ! hid+ p[] ( ! pa9t4 ,note4--,pigm5ts su* z silica1 b>ytes1 ,*9a clay1 & asbe/9e are ?or\ghly in]t4 ,rec5t inve/igations h prov$ t !y accel]ate ! dry+ ( l9se$ oil1 b ?is is n due to any *emical action !y ex]t1 b r to _! physical action 9 di/ribut+ ! mass ( oil 9 :i* !y are gr\nd1 & ?us all[+ a great] surface to be expos$ to ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,x is also possible t "s ( ! in]t pigm5ts may /imulate oxidation by catalytic or contact action1 al?\gh !y are n *emically active 9 !mselves4 ,:ite-,pa9t ,=mulas3 ,f ^! conclusions :i* h come f wide exp]i5ce 9 ! te/+ ( pa9ts "u actual s]vice conditions1 !re c be recomm5d$ to ! buy] ( pa9ts & to ! manufactur] & ma/] pa9t] ^? ma*9e-mix$ pa9ts 9 :ite1 made by reputable manufactur]s1 ! composition ( :i* w %[ a mixture ( :ite lead & z9c oxide1 ) ! latt] pigm5t )9 limits ( betwe5 #ae to #ee p] c5t1 & especially ! same mixtures re9=c$ ) ! mod]ate p]c5tage ( cry/all9e in]t pigm5ts ref]r$ to above4 ,t9t$ pa9ts possess great] hid+ p[] ?an :ite pa9ts1 & ! above proportions w\ld be some:at *ang$ = a t9t$ pa9t conta9+ any p]c5tage ( color+ mat]ial4 ,t9t$ pa9ts are1 moreov]1 f> m s]viceable ?an :ite pa9ts1 z w be %[n lat]4 ,mill vs4 ,paddle3 ,! mixtures "u consid]ation %\ld be gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil by ! manufactur]1 ?r\gh /one or /eel mills1 to a v f9e condition1 z x is only ?r\gh prop] gr9d+ t ! pigm5ts c be prop]ly bl5d$4 ,! mix+ ( pa9t by h& is1 =tunately1 to a l>ge ext5t a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! unev5 lump+ ( h&-mix$ pa9ts are (t5 ! cause ( _! failure4 ,su* anci5t & crude practice %\ld be avoid$ by e pa9t]1 = x is m economical to obta9 semi-pa/e pa9ts1 prop]ly gr\nd by ma*9]y1 to su* a condition t !y may be easily brok5 up & temp]$4 ,su* pa9ts may be r$uc$ to ! prop] consi/5cy ) oil & volatile ?9n] = application to any k9d ( wood4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]s1 a majority ( ! pa9ts sold by reputable deal]s & made by reputable manufactur]s 9 ?is c\ntry are n only made f ! be/ l9se$ oil & highe/-grade pigm5ts obta9able1 b are put up 9 a =m ready = ! pa9t] to ?9 d[n ) full oil or turp5t9e r$uctions1 ei!r = prim+ "w or to be us$ )\t r$uctions = f9i%+ coats4 ,! l>ge metropolitan pa9t] :o wi%es to make 8 own t9ts & %ades may1 h[ev]1 pref] to h 8 mix$ pigm5t pa9t gr\nd by ! manufactur] 9 heavy pa/e =m = c]ta9 purposes4 ,results ( ,field ,te/s3 ,a c>eful analysis ( ! results ( field te/s :i* h be5 c>ri$ on 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry w\ld be f> too volum9\s = ins]tion 9 ?is bullet94 ,! (ficial f9d+s ( special committees ( inspection h already be5 publi%$ 9 special reports4 ,:]eas !re may /ill rema9 gr\nd = "s diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! int]pretation ( ! results obta9$ on ! v>i\s te/ f5ces1 !re c be no d\bt t consid]able in=mation ( ! highe/ value has be5 yield$1 bo? to ! produc]s & consum]s ( pa9ts4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal results obta9$ f ^! te/s has l$ to ! op9ion express$ above by ! writ]s1 t bett] results c be obta9$ by a prop] mixture ( select$ pigm5ts ?an by ! use ( any "o pigm5t 9 l9se$ oil4 ,?is conclusion has also be5 rea*$ by eng9e]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 &1 z a result1 ! specifications ( ! ,bureau ( ,y>ds & ,docks = pa9ts made ( /raight :ite lead & oil h rec5tly be5 *ang$ to call = :ite lead comb9$ ) upw>ds ( #ej p] c5t ( z9c oxide4 ,_m eng9e]s & ma/] pa9t]s h int]pret$ ! results ( ! te/s 9 ! same way1 & ! att5tion ( ! au?ors has be5 call$ to a numb] ( op9ions :i* %[ t ! t5d5cy ( dem& among ^? :o are prop]ly in=m$ is = a high-grade comb9ation type ( pa9t r ?an = any s+le pigm5t pa9t4 ,color3 ,! selection ( ! color = a dwell+ or o!r /ructure is a matt] t dep5ds l>gely ^u ! good judgm5t & ta/e ( ! own]1 comb9$ ) ! advice ( ! pa9t]4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 %\ld be impress$ ^u ! m9d ( bo?1 namely1 t ,,practically ,,all ,,%ades ,,or ,,t9ts ,,made ,,^u ,a ,,good ,,:ite ,,pa9t ,,base1 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,t9t+ ,,colors1 ,,w ,,bett] ,,)/& ,,exposure ,,to ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,?an ,,! ,,:ite ,,base ,,us$ ,,alone4 ,ow+ to ! *e]ful effect produc$ by ! use ( :ite pa9t on dwell+s1 a v l>ge quantity ( :ite w cont9ue to be us$4 ,if ^! :ite pa9ts are design$ 9 l9e ) ! sugge/ions br\ght out above--t is to say1 if ! :ite lead bases are prop]ly re9=c$ ) z9c oxide & o!r pigm5t>y mat]ials--bett] results w und\bt$ly be obta9$1 z f> z appe>ance & durability is conc]n$1 ?an if :ite lead _h be5 us$ alone4 ,! consum] %\ld rememb]1 h[ev]1 t m durable results w be obta9$ by ! use ( t9t$ pa9ts4 ,r$uctions & ,?9n]s3 ,turp5t9e1 ) its sweet odor1 high solv5t action1 & wond]ful oxidiz+ value1 has always tak5 fir/ place among ! volatile liquids us$ = ?9n+ pa9ts4 ,wood turp5t9es1 produc$ f ! /eam di/illation ( f9e-cut fat p9ewood or f ! de/ructive di/illation ( /umpage & sawdu/1 h be5 ref9$ 9 "s cases1 by elim9ation ( odor & toxic effects1 to su* purity t !y are equally z good z ! pure/ grades ( gum turp5t9e1 & _! use is b\nd to increase 9 ! pa9t indu/ry4 ,! pa9t] & manufactur] h come to und]/& t c]ta9 grades ( asphaltum & p>aff9e di/illates are equally z satisfactory z turp5t9e = use 9 pa9ts = ext]ior purposes4 ,^? volatile oils :i* are di/ill$ f crude oil ) ei!r a p>aff9e or asphaltum base & possess$ ( boil+ po9t1 fla% po9t1 color1 & evaporative value approximat+ simil> con/ants ( turp5t9e1 are excell5tly suit$ to p>tly1 & 9 "s cases :olly1 replace turp5t9e 9 ext]ior pa9ts4 ,a little additional dri] add$ to pa9ts ?9n$ ) ^! mat]ials w cause oxidation to take place 9 ! prop] "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,prom95t ma/] pa9t]s,a h %[n t b5zol1 a product obta9$ f ! di/illation ( coal t>1 diff]+ f b5z9e1 a product obta9$ f ! di/illation ( petroleum1 is a valuable ?9n] to use 9 ! r$uction ( pa9ts = ! prim+ ( res9\s lumb] su* z cypress & yell[ pit* p9e4 ,! p5etrat+ & solv5t value ( b5zol is high1 & x (t5 furni%es a unison betwe5 pa9t & wood t is a prime f\ndation to subsequ5t coat+s1 prev5t+ ! usual scal+ & sap exudations1 :i* (t5 appe> on a pa9t$ surface4 ,because ( ! great solv5t action ( b5zol1 h[ev]1 ?is mat]ial %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! second & ?ird coat+s4 ,^! facts w d\btless int]e/ ! ,s\!rn pa9t]1 :o has s mu* wood ( a refractory nature to pa9t4 ,a ,dew>1 ,titzel et al4 ,oils3 ,! increas+ co/ ( l9se$ oil has rais$ ! int]e/+ "q z to :e!r or n x is good practice to use an admixture ( o!r oils 9 connection ) x1 9 high grade pa9t coat+s4 ,/rong diff]5ces ( op9ion w probably be f\nd 9 reg>d to ?is "q1 & und\bt$ly fur!r inve/igation "w is necess>y 9 ord] to decide x4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t oils h be5 propos$ = ! purpose1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 soya bean oil is ! "o :i* has be5 mo/ prom95tly discuss$4 ,no def9ite =mulas1 h[ev]1 %\ld be recomm5d$ until ! results ( inve/igations :i* are n[ be+ c>ri$ on are 9 h&4 ,a sy/ematic s]ies ( te/ panels is n[ be+ erect$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 on ! gr\nds ( ,! ,in/itute ( ,indu/rial ,rese>*1 :i* are design$ to ga!r data cov]+ j ?is po9t4 ,! flax crop conditions h be5 mo/ disc\rag+ dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s1 & ! natural %ortage ( se$ has caus$ a rise 9 ! price ( l9se$ oil1 :i* has necessitat$ a rise 9 ! price ( pa9t4 ,! add$ protection to be secur$1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! frequ5t application ( pa9t f> outweighs any increas$ co/ :i* has be5 caus$ by ! rise 9 price ( ! raw commodities ent]+ into ! composition ( pa9t4 99 99 99 99 99