,illu/ration3 ,,geology ,,& ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w4 ,,! ,,ext9ct ,,animals ,,re/or$ ,,by ,b4 ,,wat]h\se ,,hawk9s4 ,f4,g4,s4 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,publi%$ ,,= ,,! ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,libr>y1 ,,by ,,bradbury ,,evans1 #aa1 ,,b\v]ie ,,/4 ,,maclure ,,co4 ,,li?4 ,,to ,,! ,,que54 ,,geology ,,& ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w4 ,,describ$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,ow51 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,animals ,,con/ruct$ ,,by ,b4 ,w4 ,,hawk9s1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,libr>y1 ,,& ,,bradbury ,,evans1 #aa1 ,,b\v]ie ,,/reet1 ,,london4 #ahed4 ,,bradbury ,,& ,,evans1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,! ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,company1 ,,:itefri>s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #e ,,! ,,second>y ,,isl& #g ,,*alk ,,=mation #i ,,! ,,mosasaurus #aj ,,! ,,pt]odactyle #aa ,,weald5 ,,=mation #ad ,,! ,,iguanodon #ad ,,! ,,hyl,,osaurus #ag ,,oolite ,,=mation #ai ,,! ,,megalosaurus #ai ,,pt]odactyles ,,( ,,! ,,oolite #bb ,,teleosaurus #bb ,,lias ,,=mation #be ,,enaliosauria #be ,,! ,,i*?yosaurus #be ,,i*?yosaurus ,,platyodon #bi ,,i*?yosaurus ,,t5uiro/ris #cj ,,i*?yosaurus ,,communis #cj ,,plesiosaurus #ca ,,plesiosaurus ,,macrocephalus #ca ,,plesiosaurus ,,doli*odeirus #cb ,,plesiosaurus ,,hawk9sii #cc ,,new ,,r$ ,,s&/one #ce ,,batra*ia #ce ,,labyr9?odon ,,salam&roides #cf ,,labyr9?odon ,,pa*ygna?us #ch ,,dicynodon #ch ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,,geology ,,& ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w4 ,,introduction4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u a description ( ! re/orations ( ! ,ext9ct ,animals1 plac$ on ! ,geological ,isl&s 9 ! great ,lake1 a brief acc\nt may be premis$ ( ! pr9ciples & proc$ures adopt$ 9 c>ry+ out ?is attempt to pres5t a view ( "p ( ! animal creation ( =m] p]iods 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,^? ext9ct animals 7 fir/ select$ ( :i* ! entire1 or ne>ly entire1 skeleton _h be5 exhum$ 9 a fossil /ate4 ,to accurate draw+s ( ^! skeletons an outl9e ( ! =m ( ! entire animal 0 add$1 accord+ to ! proportions & relations ( ! sk9 & adjac5t s(t p>ts to ! sup]ficial p>ts ( ! skeleton1 z yield$ by ^? p>ts 9 ! ne>e/ alli$ liv+ animals4 ,f su* an outl9e ( ! ext]ior1 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s prep>$ at once a m9iature model =m 9 clay4 ,?is model 0 rigor\sly te/$ 9 reg>d to all its proportions ) ^? exhibit$ by ! bones & jo9ts ( ! skeleton ( ! fossil animal1 & ! requir$ alt]ations & modifications 7 successively made1 aft] repeat$ exam9ations & comp>isons1 until ! result prov$ satisfactory4 ,! next /ep 0 to make a copy 9 clay ( ! pro( model1 ( ! natural size ( ! ext9ct animal3 ! l>ge/ kn[n fossil bone1 or "p1 ( su* animal be+ tak5 z ! /&>d accord+ to :i* ! proportions ( ! re/ ( ! body 7 calculat$ agreeably ) ^? ( ! be/ pres]v$ & mo/ p]fect skeleton4 ,! model ( ! full size ( ! ext9ct animal hav+ be5 ?us prep>$1 & correct$ by r5ew$ comp>isons ) ! orig9al fossil rema9s1 a m\ld ( x 0 prep>$1 & a ca/ tak5 f ?is m\ld1 9 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! re/orations1 n[ expos$ to view1 are compos$4 ,!re are "s v r>e & rem>kable ext9ct animals ( :i* only ! fossil skull & a few deta*$ bones ( ! skeleton h be5 discov]$3 9 mo/ ( ^! ! re/oration has be5 limit$ to ! head1 z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! ,mosasaurus2 & only 9 two in/ances--^?1 viz41 ( ! ,labyr9?odon & ,dicynodon--has ,mr4 ,hawk9s tak5 ^u himself ! responsibility ( add+ ! trunk to ! kn[n *>act]s ( ! head1 su* addition hav+ be5 made to illu/rate ! g5]al aff9ities & nature ( ! fossil1 & ! k9d ( limbs requir$ to produce ! impressions ( ! footpr9ts1 :]e ^! h be5 detect$ & pres]v$ 9 ! petrifi$ s&s ( ! anci5t sea-%ores trodd5 by ^! /range =ms ( ! ,reptilian class4 ,) reg>d to ! hair1 ! scales1 ! scutes1 & o!r modifications ( ! sk91 9 "s in/ances ! analogy ( ! ne>e/ alli$ liv+ =ms ( animals has be5 ! only guide2 9 a few in/ances1 z 9 t ( ! ,i*?yosaurus1 portions ( ! petrifi$ integum5t h be5 =tunately pres]v$1 & h guid$ ! arti/ mo/ satisfactorily 9 ! re/oration ( ! sk9 & s(t p>ts ( ! f9s2 9 ! case ( o!r reptiles1 ! bony plates1 sp9es1 & scutes h be5 discov]$ 9 a fossil /ate1 & h be5 scrupul\sly copi$ 9 ! attempt to re/ore ! peculi> tegum5t>y features ( ! ext9ct reptiles1 z e4g4 9 ! ,hylosaurus4 ,9 e /age ( ?is difficult1 & by "s x may be ?\ght1 p]haps1 too bold1 attempt to reproduce & pres5t to human gaze & contemplation ! =ms ( animal life t h successively fl\ri%$ dur+ =m] geological phases ( "t1 & h pass$ away long ages prior to ! creation ( man1 ! writ] ( ! foll[+ brief notice ( ! nature & aff9ities ( ! animals s re/or$ feels x a duty1 z x is a high gratification to him1 to te/ify to ! intellig5ce1 zeal1 & peculi> arti/ic skill by :i* 8 ideas & sugge/ions h be5 realis$ & c>ri$ out by ! tal5t$ director ( ! fossil dep>tm5t1 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s4 ,)\t ! comb9ation ( sci5ce1 art1 & manual skill1 happily comb9$ 9 t g5tleman1 ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ! ,in/ructive ,illu/rations at ! ,cry/al ,palace c\ld n h be5 realis$4 ,! ,second>y ,isl&4 ,! mo/ cursory obs]vation ( ! surface ( ! e>? %[s t x is compos$ ( di/9ct sub/ances1 su* z clay1 *alk1 lias1 lime/one1 coal1 slate1 s&/one1 c42 & a /udy ( su* sub/ances1 _! relative position & cont5ts1 has l$ to ! conviction t ^! ext]nal p>ts ( ! e>? h acquir$ _! pres5t condition gradually1 "u a v>iety ( circum/ances1 & at successive p]iods1 dur+ :i* _m races ( animat$ be+s1 di/9ct bo? f ^? ( o!r p]iods & f ^? n[ liv+1 h successively peopl$ ! l& & ! wat]s2 ! rema9s ( ^! creatures be+ f\nd buri$ 9 _m ( ! lay]s or masses ( m9]al sub/ances1 =m+ ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,! object ( ! ,isl&s 9 ! ,geological ,lake is to demon/rate ! ord] ( succession1 or sup]position1 ( ^! lay]s or /rata1 & to exhibit1 re/or$ 9 =m & bulk1 z :5 !y liv$1 ! mo/ rem>kable & *>act]i/ic ( ! ext9ct animals & plants ( ea* /ratum4 ,! s]ies ( m9]al sub/ances & /rata repres5t$ 9 ! small] isl& h be5 call$ by geologi/s 8second>y =mations10 because !y lie betwe5 an old] s]ies t]m$ 8prim>y10 & a new] s]ies t]m$ 8t]ti>y30 ! t]m 8=mation0 mean+ any assemblage ( rocks or lay]s :i* h "s "* 9 common1 :e!r ( orig91 age1 or composition4#a ,foll[+ ! second>y =mations z !y desc5d 9 ! e>?1 or succe$ ea* o!r f above d[nw>ds1 & z !y are %[n1 obliquely tilt$ up out ( _! orig9al level position f left to "r1 9 ! ,second>y ,isl&1 !y consi/3 #a/1 ( ! ,*alk or ,cretace\s gr\p2 #bnd1 ! ,weald52 #crd1 ! ,oolite2 #d?1 ! ,lias2 & #e?1 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,,! ,,*alk4 ,! *alk =mations or 8cretace\s gr\p ( b$s0 include /rata ( v>i\s m9]al sub/ances2 b ! :ite *alk :i* =ms ! cliffs ( ,dov] & ! adjo9+ coa/s1 & ! d[ns & *alk qu>ries ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl&1 is ! *ief & mo/ *>act]i/ic =mation4 ,*alk1 imm5se z are ! masses 9 :i* x has be5 deposit$1 owes its orig9 to liv+ actions2 e p>ticle ( x once circulat$ 9 ! blood or vital juices ( c]ta9 species ( animals1 or ( a few plants1 t liv$ 9 ! seas ( ! second>y p]iod ( geological "t4 ,:ite *alk consi/s ( c>bonate ( lime1 & is ! result ( ! decomposition *iefly ( coral-animals 7,madrepores1 ,millepores1 ,flu/ra1 ,cellepora1 c471 ( sea-ur*9s 7,e*9i71 & ( %ell-fi%es 7,te/acea71 & ( ! me*anical r$uction1 p\nd+1 & gr9d+ ( _! %ells4 ,su* *alk-=m+ be+s /ill exi/1 & cont9ue _! op]ations 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ocean1 especially 9 ! con/ruction ( coral reefs & isl&s4 ,e riv] t trav]ses a lime/one di/rict c>ries into ! sea a c]ta9 proportion ( cau/ic lime 9 solution3 ! ill effects ( ! accumulation ( ?is m9]al are neutralis$ by ! p[] allott$ to ! above-cit$ sea-animals to absorb ! lime1 comb9e x ) c>bonic-acid1 & precipitate or deposit x 9 ! condition ( insoluble *alk1 or c>bonate ( lime4 ,! entire cretace\s s]ies includes f above d[nw>ds3 ,mae/ri*t b$s ( yell[i% *alk4 ,upp] :ite *alk ) fl9ts4 ,l[] :ite *alk )\t fl9ts4 ,upp] gre5-s&4 ,gault4 ,l[] gre5-s& & ,k5ti% rag4 ,! be/ kn[n & mo/ *>act]i/ic l>ge ext9ct animal ( ! *alk =mations is *iefly f\nd 9 ! upp]mo/ & mo/ rec5t division1 & is call$ ,no4 #a4--,! ,mosasaurus4 7,mosasaurus ,h(fmanni1 ,h(fmann's ,mosasaur47 ,( ?is animal almo/ ! entire skull has be5 discov]$1 b n suffici5t ( ! re/ ( ! skeleton to guide to a complete re/oration ( ! animal4 ,! head only1 !re=e1 is %[n1 ( ! natural size1 at ! left extremity ( ! ,second>y ,isl&4 ,! fir/ or g5]ic "n ( ?is animal is d]iv$ f ! locality1 ,mae/ri*t1 on ! riv] ,meuse 7,lat4 ,mosa71 9 ,g]many1 :]e its rema9s h be5 *iefly discov]$1 & f ! ,greek ^w sauros1 a liz>d1 to :i* tribe ( animals x belongs4 ,its second "n ref]s to its discov]]1 ,dr4 ,h(fmann1 ( ,mae/ri*t1 surgeon to ! =ces qu>t]$ 9 t t[n 9 #aghj4 ,?is g5tleman _h occupi$ 8 leisure by ! collection ( ! fossils f ! qu>ries :i* 7 !n work$ to a great ext5t at ,mae/ri*t = a k9d ( yell[i% /one ( a *alky nature1 & belong+ to ! mo/ rec5t ( ! second>y class ( =mations 9 geology4 ,9 "o ( ! great subt]rane\s qu>ries or gall]ies1 ab\t five hundr$ paces f ! entrance1 & n9ety feet bel[ ! surface1 ! qu>rym5 expos$ "p ( ! skull ( ! ,mosasaurus1 9 a block ( /one :i* !y 7 engag$ 9 deta*+4 ,on ?is discov]y !y susp5d$ _! "w1 & w5t to in=m ,dr4 ,h(fmann1 :o1 on arriv+ at ! spot1 direct$ ! op]ations ( ! m51 s t !y work$ out ! block )\t injury to ! fossil2 & ! doctor !n1 ) 8 own h&s1 cle>$ away ! matrix & expos$ ! jaws & tee?1 ca/s ( :i* are %[n 9 ! cretace\s rock ( ! ,isl&4 ,?is f9e specim51 :i* ,h(fmann _h add$ ) s mu* pa9s & c>e to 8 collection1 soon1 h[ev]1 became a s\rce ( *agr9 to him4 ,"o ( ! canons ( ! ca!dral at ,mae/ri*t1 :o own$ ! surface ( ! soil b5ea? :i* 0 ! qu>ry :5ce ! fossil _h be5 obta9$1 :5 ! fame ( ! specim5 rea*$ him1 plead$ c]ta9 feudal rights to x4 ,h(fmann resi/$1 & ! canon w5t to law4 ,! ,*apt] support$ ! canon1 & ! decree ultimately w5t aga9/ ! poor surgeon1 :o lo/ bo? 8 specim5 & 8 money--be+ made to pay ! co/s ( ! action4 ,! canon did n1 h[ev]1 long enjoy possession ( ! unique specim54 ,:5 ! ,fr5* army bomb>d$ ,mae/ri*t 9 #agie1 directions 7 giv5 to sp>e ! suburb 9 :i* ! fam\s fossil 0 kn[n to be pres]v$2 & aft] ! capitulation ( ! t[n x 0 seiz$ & borne (f 9 triumph4 ,! specim5 has s9ce rema9$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,plants at ,p>is4 ,?is skull ( ! ,mosasaurus measures f\r & a half feet long & two & a half feet wide4 ,! l>ge po9t$ tee? on ! jaws are v conspicu\s2 b1 9 addition to ^!1 ! gigantic reptile _h tee? on a bone ( ! ro( ( ! m\? 7! pt]ygoid71 l "s ( ! mod]n liz>ds4 ,! entire l5g? ( ! animal has be5 e/imat$ at ab\t ?irty feet4 ,x is conjectur$ to h be5 able to swim well1 & to h frequ5t$ ! sea 9 que/ ( prey3 its d5tition %[s its pr$atory & c>nivor\s "*1 & its rema9s h hi!rto be5 met ) exclusively 9 ! *alk =mations4 ,besides ! specim5s f ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 ,mae/ri*t1 ( :i* ! above-describ$ skull is ! mo/ rem>kable1 fossil bones & tee? ( ! ,mosasaurus h be5 f\nd 9 ! *alk ( ,k5t1 & 9 ! gre5-s&--a memb] ( ! cretace\s s]ies--9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,no animal l ! ,mosasaurus is n[ kn[n to exi/4 ,nos4 #b #c4--,! ,pt]odactyle4 ,nos4 #b & #c are re/orations ( a fly+ reptile or dragon1 call$ ,pt]odactyle1 f ! ,greek words pt]on1 a w+1 & dactylos1 a f+]2 because ! w+s are ma9ly support$ by ! out] f+]1 enorm\sly l5g!n$ & ( proportionate /r5g?1 :i*1 nev]!less1 answ]s to ! little f+] ( ! human h&4 ,! w+s consi/$ ( folds ( sk91 l ! lea!r w+s ( ! bat2 & ! ,pt]odactyles 7 cov]$ ) scales1 n ) fea!rs3 ! head1 ?\gh some:at resembl+ 9 %ape t ( a bird1 & support$ on a long & sl5d] neck1 0 provid$ ) long jaws1 arm$ ) tee?2 & altoge!r ! /ructure ( ^! ext9ct memb]s ( ! reptilian class is su* z to rank !m among/ ! mo/ extraord9>y ( all ! creatures yet discov]$ 9 ! ru9s ( ! anci5t e>?4 ,rema9s ( ! ,pt]odactyle 7 fir/ discov]$1 9 #aghd1 by ,pr(4 ,coll9i1 9 ! li?ographic slate ( ,ai*/adt1 9 ,g]many1 :i* slate is a memb] ( ! oolitic =mations3 ! species s discov]$ 0 at fir/ mi/ak5 = a bird1 & aft]w>ds suppos$ to be a l>ge k9d ( bat1 b _h its true reptilian nature demon/rat$ by ,b>on ,cuvi]1 by :om x 0 call$ ! ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris1 or ,long-beak$ ,pt]odactyle3 x 0 ab\t ! size ( a curlew4 ,a some:at l>g] species--! ,pt]odactylus macronyx1 or ,long-claw$ ,pt]odactyle--0 subsequ5tly discov]$ by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 9 ! lias =mation ( ,lyme ,regis3 its w+s1 :5 exp&$1 mu/ h be5 ab\t f\r feet f tip to tip4 ,! smalle/ kn[n species--! ,pt]odactylus breviro/ris1 or ,%ort-beak$ ,pt]odactyle--0 discov]$ 9 ! li?ographic slate at ,sol5h(51 ,g]many1 & has be5 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,soemm]+4 ,rema9s ( ! l>ge/ kn[n k9ds ( ,pt]odactyle h be5 discov]$ m rec5tly 9 *alk-pits1 at ,burham1 9 ,k5t4 ,! skull ( "o ( ^! species--! ,pt]odactylus ,cuvi]i--0 ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! animal 0 upborne on an expanse ( w+ ( probably n less ?an eighte5 feet f tip to tip4 ,! re/or$ specim5 ( ?is species is numb]$ #c4 ,a second v l>ge k9d ( ,pt]odactyle--! ,pt]odactylus compressiro/ris1 or ,?9-beak$ ,pt]odactyle--_h a head f f\rte5 to sixte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & an expanse ( w+1 f tip to tip1 ( fifte5 feet4 ,! rema9s ( ?is species h also be5 f\nd 9 ! *alk ( ,k5t4 ,f ! same =mation & locality a ?ird l>ge k9d ( ,pt]odactyle1 al?\gh inf]ior 9 size to ! two =ego+1 has be5 discov]$1 call$ ! ,pt]odactylus coniro/ris1 & also--until ! =ego+ l>g] k9ds 7 discov]$--,pt]odactylus giganteus4 ,! long1 %>p1 conical tee? 9 ! jaws ( ! ,pt]odactyles indicate !m to h prey$ ^u o!r liv+ animals2 _! eyes 7 l>ge1 z if to enable !m to fly by night4 ,f _! w+s project$ f+]s1 t]m9at$ by long curv$ claws1 & =m+ a p[]ful paw1 :]e) ! animal 0 enabl$ to creep & climb1 or susp5d itself f trees4 ,x is probable1 also1 t ! ,pt]odactyles _h ! p[] ( swimm+2 "s k9ds1 e4g41 ! ,pt]odactylus ,gemm+i1 _h a long & /iff tail4 8,?us10 writes ,dr4 ,buckl&1 8l ,milton's ,fi5d1 all qualifi$ = all s]vices & all elem5ts1 ! creature 0 a fit companion = ! k9dr$ reptiles t sw>m$ 9 ! seas1 or crawl$ on ! %ores ( a turbul5t planet4 #8,! ,fi5d1 ,o'er bog1 or /eep1 ?r\gh /rait1 r\gh1 d5se1 or r>e1 ,) head1 h&s1 w+s1 or feet1 pursues 8 way1 ,& swims1 or s9ks1 or wades1 or creeps1 or flies4' ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,book ,,ii40 ,,! ,,weald54 ,! ,weald5 is a mass ( petrifi$ clay1 s&1 & s&/one1 deposit$ f ! fre% or bracki% wat] ( probably "s great e/u>y1 & ext5d+ ov] p>ts ( ! c\nties ( ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex4 ,?is fre%-wat] =mation d]ives its "n f ! 8,weald0 or 8,wold0 ( ,k5t1 :]e x 0 fir/ geologically /udi$1 & :]e x is expos$ by ! removal ( ! *alk1 :i* cov]s or ov]lies x1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,! ,weald5 is divid$ into ?ree gr\ps ( /rata1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r 9 ! foll[+ desc5d+ ord]3-- #a/4 ,weald ,clay1 sometimes includ+ ?9 b$s ( s& & %elly lime/one1 =m+ b$s ( f #adj to #bhj feet 9 dep? or v]tical ?ickness4 #bnd4 ,ha/+s ,s&1 9 :i* occur "s clays & calc>e\s grits1 =m+ b$s ( f #djj to #ejj feet 9 dep?4 #crd4 ,purbeck ,b$s1 s call$ f be+ expos$ *iefly 9 ! ,isle ( ,purbeck1 (f ! coa/ ( ,dorset%ire1 :]e x =ms ! qu>ries ( ! lime/one = :i* ,purbeck is fam\s3 ! b$s ( lime/ones & m>ls are f #aej to #bjj feet 9 dep?4 ,nos4 #d #e4--,! ,iguanodon4 7,iguanodon ,mantelli1 ,conybe>e47 ,"o aft]noon1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahbb1 an accompli%$ lady1 ! wife ( a m$ical practition]1 at ,lewes1 9 ,sussex1 walk+ along ! picturesque pa?s ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 discov]$ "s objects 9 ! co>se conglom]ate rock ( ! qu>ries ( t locality1 :i*1 f _! peculi> =m & sub/ance1 %e ?\ght w\ld be int]e/+ to h] husb&1 ^: att5tion _h be5 direct$1 dur+ 8 pr(essional drives1 to ! geology & fossils ( 8 neighb\rhood4 ,! lady 0 ,mrs4 ,mantell3 h] husb&1 ! subsequ5tly di/+ui%$ geologi/1 ,dr4 ,mantell1#b p]ceiv$ t ! fossils discov]$ by 8 wife 7 tee?1 & tee? ( a l>ge & unkn[n animal4 8,z ^! tee?10 writes ! doctor1 87 di/9ct f any t _h previ\sly come "u my notice1 ,i felt anxi\s to submit !m to ! exam9ation ( p]sons ^: k & means ( obs]vation 7 m ext5sive ?an my own4 ,i !re=e transmitt$ specim5s to "s ( ! mo/ em95t naturali/s 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! cont95t4 ,b al?\gh my communications 7 ackn[l$g$ ) t c&\r & lib]ality :i* con/antly *>act]ise ! int]c\rse ( sci5tific m51 yet no light 0 ?r[n ^u ! subject1 except by ! illu/ri\s ,b>on ,cuvi]1 ^: op9ions w be/ appe> by ! foll[+ extract f ! correspond5ce ) :i* he hon\r$ me3-- 8#8,^! tee? are c]ta9ly unkn[n to me2 !y are n f a c>nivor\s animal1 & yet ,i believe t !y belong1 f _! slight degree ( complexity1 ! not*+ ( _! m>g9s1 & ! ?9 coat ( enamel t cov]s !m1 to ! ord] ( reptiles4 8#8,may we n "h h a new animal6--a h]bivor\s reptile8 ,&1 j z at ! pres5t "t ) reg>d to mammals 7l&-quadrup$s ) w>m blood71 x is among/ ! h]bivor\s t we f9d ! l>ge/ species1 s also ) ! reptiles at ! remote p]iod :5 !y 7 ! sole t]re/rial animals1 might n ! l>ge/ among/ !m h be5 n\ri%$ by vegetables8 8#8,"s ( ! great bones :i* y possess may belong to ?is animal1 :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 is unique 9 its k9d4 ,"t w confirm or confute ?is idea1 s9ce x is impossible b t "o day a "p ( ! skeleton1 unit$ to portions ( jaws ) ! tee?1 w be discov]$4'0 8,^! rem>ks10 ,dr4 ,mantell proce$s to say1 8induc$ me to pursue my inve/igations ) increas$ assiduity1 b hi!rto !y h n be5 att5d$ ) ! desir$ success1 no connect$ portion ( ! skeleton hav+ be5 discov]$4 ,among ! specim5s lately connect$1 "s1 h[ev]1 7 s p]fect1 t ,i resolv$ to avail myself ( ! oblig+ (f] ( ,mr4 ,clift 7to ^: k9dness & lib]ality ,i hold myself p>ticul>ly indebt$71 to assi/ me 9 comp>+ ! fossil tee? ) ^? ( ! rec5t ,lac]t 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,! result ( ?is exam9ation prov$ highly satisfactory1 = 9 an ,iguana :i* ,mr4 ,/ut*bury _h prep>$ to pres5t to ! ,college1 we discov]$ tee? possess+ ! =m & /ructure ( ! fossil specim5s40 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahbe1 p4 #ahj47 ,& he aft]w>ds adds3--8,! "n ,iguanodon1 d]iv$ f ! =m ( ! tee?1 7& :i* ,i h adopt$ at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,conybe>e17 w n1 x is presum$1 be deem$ objectionable40 7,ib4 p4 #ahd47 ,! fur!r discov]y :i* ,b>on ,cuvi]'s prophetic glance saw buri$ 9 ! womb ( "t1 & ! bir? ( :i* v]ifi$ 8 conjecture t "s ( ! great bones collect$ by ,dr4 ,mantell belong$ to ! same animal z ! tee?1 0 made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,b5/$1 ( ,maid/one1 ! proprietor ( a /one-qu>ry ( ! ,%ankl9-s& =mation1 9 ! close vic9ity ( t t[n4 ,?is g5tleman _h 8 att5tion "o day1 9 ,may1 #ahcd1 call$ by 8 workm5 to :at !y suppos$ to be petrifi$ wood 9 "s pieces ( /one :i* !y _h be5 bla/+4 ,he p]ceiv$ t :at !y suppos$ to be wood 0 fossil bone1 & ) a zeal & c>e :i* h always *>act]is$ 8 endeav\rs to secure = sci5ce any evid5ce ( fossil rema9s 9 8 qu>ry1 he imm$iately resort$ to ! spot4 ,he f\nd t ! bore or bla/ by :i* ^! rema9s 7 br\ght to light1 _h be5 ins]t$ into ! c5tre ( ! specim51 s t ! mass ( /one conta9+ x _h be5 %att]$ into _m pieces1 "s ( :i* 7 bl[n into ! adjo9+ fields4 ,all ^! pieces he _h c>efully collect$1 & proce$+ ) equal ard\r & success to ! removal ( ! matrix f ! fossils1 he succe$$ aft] a mon?'s lab\r 9 expos+ !m to view1 & 9 fitt+ ! fragm5ts to _! prop] places4 ,?is specim5 is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,_m o!r specim5s ( deta*$ bones1 includ+ v]tebr or p>ts ( ! back-bone1 especially t "p re/+ on ! h9d limbs1 & call$ ! 8pelvis10 bones ( ! limbs1 d[n to ^? t support$ ! claws1 toge!r ) jaws & tee?1 :i* h s9ce be5 successively discov]$1 h enabl$ anatomi/s to recon/ruct ! ext9ct ,iguanodon1 & h prov$ x to h be5 a h]bivor\s reptile1 ( colossal dim5sions1 analog\s to ! dim9utive ,iguana 9 ! =m ( its tee?1 b belong+ to a di/9ct & high] ord] ( reptiles1 m ak9 to ! crocodiles4 ,! same ri* mat]ials1 select+ ! l>ge/ ( ! bones z a /&>d1 h s]v$ = ! pres5t re/orations 7,nos4 #d & #e7 ( ! animal1 z :5 alive3 all ! p>ts be+ kept 9 j proportion to ! /&>d bones1 & ! :ole be+ ?us br\ght to ! foll[+ dim5sions3-- ,total l5g?1 f ! nose or muzzle #cd feet #i in*es4 to ! end ( ! tail ,greate/ gir? ( ! trunk #bj 0 #e 0 ,l5g? ( ! head #c 0 #f 0 ,l5g? ( ! tail #ae 0 #f 0 ,! "* ( ! scales is conjectural1 & ! horn m ?an d\btful1 ?\gh attribut$ to ! ,iguanodon by ,dr4 ,mantell & mo/ geologi/s4 ,?is animal probably liv$ ne> e/u>ies & riv]s1 & may h d]iv$ its food f ! ,cla?r>i1 ,zami1 ,cycades1 & o!r ext9ct trees1 ( :i* ! fossil rema9s ab\nd 9 ! same =mations z ^? yield+ ! bones & tee? ( ! ,iguanodon4 ,^! =mations are ! ,weald5 & ! ,neocomian or gre5-s&3 ! localities 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ! ,iguanodon h be5 pr9cipally f\nd1 are ! ,weald ( ,k5t & ,sussex3 ,hor%am1 9 ,sussex2 ,maid/one1 9 ,k5t2 & ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,re/orations ( ! ,cycas & ,zamia are plac$1 ) ! ,iguanodon1 on ! ,weald5 division ( ! ,second>y ,isl&4 ,no4 #f4--,! ,hylosaurus4 7,hylosaurus ,ow5ii47 ,! animal1 s call$ by its discov]]1 ,dr4 ,mantell1 belongs to ! same highly organis$ ord] ( ! class ( reptiles z ! ,iguanodon1 t1 viz41 :i* 0 *>act]is$ by a long] & /rong] sacrum & pelvis1 & by l>g] limbs ?an ! reptiles ( ! pres5t day possess2 !y 7 accord+ly bett] fitt$ = progression on dry l&1 & probably c>ri$ _! body high] & m freely above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,visit+1 9 ! summ] ( #ahcb1 a qu>ry 9 ,tilgate ,=e/1 ,dr4 ,mantell _h 8 att5tion attract$ to "s fragm5ts ( a l>ge mass ( /one1 :i* _h rec5tly be5 brok5 up1 & :i* exhibit$ traces ( num]\s pieces ( bone4 ,! portions ( ! rock1 :i* admitt$ ( be+ re/or$ toge!r1 7 cem5t$1 & !n ! rock 0 *isell$ f ! fossil bones1 :i* consi/$ ( "p ( ! back-bone or v]tebral column1 "s ribs1 ! %\ld] bones call$ scapula & coracoid1 & num]\s long angul> bones or sp9es :i* seem$ to h support$ a l(ty s]rat$ or jagg$ cre/1 ext5d$ along ! middle ( ! back1 z 9 "s ( ! small exi/+ liz>ds1 e4g41 ! ,iguana3 cut ,no4 #f4 ,_m small d]mal bones 7 also f\nd1 :i* indicate ! ,hylosaurus to h be5 cov]$ by h>d tub]culate scales1 l ^? ( "s ( ! ,au/ralian liz>ds1 call$ ,cyclodus4 ,?is "* ( ! sk91 & ! s]rat$ cre/1 are accurately giv5 9 ! re/oration1 ! major "p ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is necess>ily at pres5t conjectural1 & c>ri$ out accord+ to ! g5]al analogies ( ! saurian =m4 ,! size is indicat$ ) m c]ta9ty accord+ to ! proportions ( ! kn[n v]tebr & o!r bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #f4 ,diagram ( ! ,slab conta9+ ! ,bones ( ,hylosaurus4 ,,! ,,oolite4 ,! division ( ! second>y =mations1 call$ 8,oolite10 takes its "n f ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( its con/itu5ts1 :i* is a v>iety ( lime/one compos$ ( num]\s small gra9s1 resembl+ ! 8roe0 or eggs ( a fi%1 :5ce ! t]m1 7f ! ,greek oon1 an egg1 li?os1 a /one74 ,! oolite1 h[ev]1 includes a great s]ies ( b$s ( m>9e orig91 :i*1 ) an av]age bread? ( ?irty miles1 ext5d across ,engl&1 f ,york%ire 9 ! nor?-ea/ to ,dorset%ire 9 ! s\?-we/4 ,! oolite s]ies lies bel[ ! ,weald51 & :]e ?is is want+1 bel[ ! *alk1 & consi/s ( ! foll[+ subdivisions1 succe$+ ea* o!r 9 ! desc5d+ ord]3-- ,oolite4 ,upp]4 ,portl& /one & s&4 ,kimm]idge clay4 ,middle4 ,coral rag4 ,ox=d clay4 ,l[]4 ,cornbra% & =e/ m>ble4 ,great oolite & ,/onesfield slate4 ,full]'s e>?4 ,inf]ior oolite4 ,^u ! portion ( ! isl& repres5t+ ! oolite s]ies1 ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! re/or$ animals ( t p]iod is-- ,no4 #g4--,! ,megalosaurus4 ,! ,megalosaurus1 z its "n implies 7comp\nd$ by its discov]]1 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 f ! ,greek megas1 great1 & sauros1 liz>d71 0 a liz>d-l reptile ( great size1 8( :i*10 writes ,dr4 ,buckl&1 8al?\gh no skeleton has yet be5 f\nd entire1 s _m p]fect bones & tee? h be5 discov]$ 9 ! same qu>ries1 t we are ne>ly z well acqua9t$ ) ! =m & dim5sions ( ! limbs z if !y _h be5 f\nd toge!r 9 a s+le block ( /one40 ,! re/oration ( ! animal has be5 accord+ly effect$1 agreeably ) ! proportions ( ! kn[n p>ts ( ! skeleton1 & 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! ord] ( reptiles to :i* ! ,megalosaurus belong$4 ,?is ord]--! ,d9osauria 7,gr4 de9os1 t]ribly great sauros1 a liz>d7--is t to :i* ! two =ego+ huge reptiles ( ! ,weald5 s]ies belong1 viz41 ! ,iguanodon & ,hylosaurus1 & is *>act]is$ by ! modifications already m5tion$1 t fitt$ !m = m effici5t progression ^u dry l&4 ,! ,iguanodon repres5t$ ! h]bivor\s section ( ! ord]1 ! ,hylosaurus appe>s1 f its tee?1 to h be5 a mix$ fe$]1 b ! ,megalosaurus 0 decid$ly c>nivor\s1 &1 probably1 wag$ a deadly w> aga9/ its less de/ructively end[$ cong5]s & contempor>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #g4 ,megalosaurus4 ,b>on ,cuvi] e/imat$ ! ,megalosaurus to h be5 ab\t fifty feet 9 l5g?2 my own calculations1 f\nd$ on m complete evid5ce ?an _h be5 at ! ,b>on's comm&1 r$uce its size to ab\t ?irty-five feet3#c b ) ! sup]ior proportional height & capacity ( trunk1 z contra/$ ) ! l>ge/ exi/+ crocodiles1 ev5 t l5g? gives a mo/ =midable "* to ?is ext9ct pr$atory reptile4 ,z ! ?igh-bone 7femur7 & leg-bone 7tibia7 measure ea* ne>ly ?ree feet1 ! entire h9d-leg1 all[+ = ! c>tilages ( ! jo9ts1 mu/ h atta9$ a l5g? ( two y>ds3 a bone ( ! foot 7metat>sal7 ?irte5 in*es long1 indicates t "p1 ) ! toes & claws entire1 to h be5 at lea/ ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,! =m ( ! tee? %[s ! ,megalosaurus to h be5 /rictly c>nivor\s1 & view$ z in/rum5ts = provid+ food = s enorm\s a reptile1 ! tee? 7 fe>fully fitt$ to ! de/ructive (fice = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,!y h compress$ conical %>p-po9t$ cr[ns1 ) cutt+ & f9ely s]rat$ ant]ior & po/]ior edges2 !y appe> /raight1 z se5 :5 !y _h j protrud$ f ! socket1 b become b5t slightly backw>ds 9 ! progress ( gr[?1 & ! =e "p ( ! cr[n1 bel[ ! summit1 becomes ?ick & convex4 ,a m9ute & int]e/+ description ( ^! tee? w be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s admirable 8,bridgewat] ,treatise0 7vol4 i4 p4 #bch71 f :i* he concludes t ! tee? ( ! ,megalosaurus pres5t 8a comb9ation ( contrivances analog\s to ^? :i* human +5uity has adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! knife1 ! sabre1 & ! saw40 ,! fossils :i* br\ght to light ! =m] exi/5ce ( ?is mo/ =midable reptile1 7 discov]$ 9 #ahbc1 9 ! oolitic slate ( ,/onesfield1 ne> ,ox=d1 & 7 describ$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 9 ! volume ( ! 8,geological ,transactions0 = ! ye> #ahbd4 ,rema9s ( ! ,megalosaurus h s9ce be5 discov]$ 9 ! 8,ba? oolite10 :i* is imm$iately bel[ ! ,/onesfield slate1 & 9 ! 8,cornbra%10 :i* lies above x4 ,v]tebr1 tee?1 & "s bones ( ! extremities h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,weald5 ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 ,k5t1 & 9 ! f]rug9\s s&1 ( ! same age1 ne> ,cuckfield1 9 ,sussex4 ,rema9s ( ! ,megalosaurus also occur 9 ! ,purbeck lime/one at ,swanage ,bay1 & 9 ! oolite 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,malton1 9 ,york%ire4 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s's re/oration1 accord+ to ! proportions calculat$ f ! l>ge/ portions ( fossil bones ( ! ,megalosaurus hi!rto obta9$1 yields a total l5g? ( ! animal1 f ! muzzle to ! end ( ! tail1 ( ?irty-sev5 feet2 ! l5g? ( ! head be+ five feet1 ! l5g? ( ! tail fifte5 feet2 & ! greate/ gir? ( ! body tw5ty-two feet six in*es4 ,nos4 #h #i4--,pt]odactyles ( ! ,oolite4 ,to ! "r ( ! ,hylosaurus1 on ! rock repres5t+ ! great] oolite =mation1 are re/orations ( species ( ,pt]odactyle 7,pt]odactylus ,buckl&i1 ,no4 #i71 small] ?an & di/9ct f ^? ( ! *alk =mations4 ,! rema9s ( ,buckl&'s ,pt]odactyle are f\nd pretty abundantly 9 ! oolitic slate ( ,/onesfield1 ne> ,ox=d4 ,nos4 #aj #aa4--,teleosaurus4 ,on ! %ore b5ea? ! ov]hang+ cliff ( oolitic rock are two re/orations1 ,nos4 #aj & #aa1 ( a l>ge ext9ct k9d ( crocodile1 to :i* ! long & sl5d]-jaw$ crocodile ( ! ,ganges1 call$ 8,gavil0 or 8,gh>ril0 by ! ,h9doos1 (f]s ! ne>e/ resemblance at ! pres5t day4 ,rema9s ( ! anci5t ext9ct ,briti% gavials h be5 f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! localities :]e ! oolitic =mations occur1 & v abundantly 9 ! lias cliffs ne> ,:itby1 9 ,york%ire4 ,! "n ,teleosaurus 7telos1 ! end1 sauros1 a liz>d71 0 comp\nd$ f ! ,greek by ,pr(essor ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 = a species ( ^! fossil gavials1 f\nd by him 9 ! oolite /one at ,ca51 9 ,norm&y1 & has ref]5ce to 8 belief t !y =m$ "o--! e>lie/--extreme ( ! crocodilian s]ies1 z ?is s]ies has be5 successively develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t on our planet4 ,! jaws are arm$ ) num]\s long1 sl5d]1 %>p-po9t$1 slightly curv$ tee?1 indicat+ t !y prey$ on fi%es1 & ! "y or weak] individuals ( co-exi/+ reptiles4 ,! no/ril is situat$ m at ! end ( ! upp] jaw ?an 9 ! mod]n gavial3 ! =e-limbs are %ort]1 & ! h9d ones long] & /rong] ?an 9 ! gavial1 :i* indicates t ! ,teleosaur 0 a bett] swimm]2 ! v]tebr or bones ( ! back are unit$ by slightly concave surfaces1 n int]lock$ by cup & ball jo9ts z 9 ! mod]n crocodiles1 :5ce x w\ld seem t ! ,teleosaur liv$ m habitually 9 ! wat]1 & less seldom mov$ on dry l&2 &1 z its fossil rema9s h be5 hi!rto f\nd only 9 ! s$im5t>y deposits f ! sea1 x may be inf]r$ t x 0 m /rictly m>9e ?an ! crocodile ( ! ,ganges4 ,! fir/ specim5 ( a ,teleosaur t 0 br\ght to light 0 f ! 8alum-s*ale0 :i* =ms "o lay] ( ! l(ty lias cliffs ( ! ,york%ire coa/1 ne> ,:itby4 ,a brief description1 & figures1 ( ?is incomplete fossil skeleton 7 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,wooll] & ,*apman1 9 sep>ate communications1 9 ! #ej? volume ( ! 8,philosophical ,transactions10 9 #ageh4 ,capta9 ,*apman obs]ves1 8x seems to h be5 an alligator20 & ,mr4 ,wooll] ?\ght 8x resembl$ 9 e respect ! ,gangetic gavial40 ,?us1 ne>ly a c5tury ago1 ! true nature ( ! fossil 0 almo/ rightly und]/ood1 & v>i\s 7 ! !ories !n broa*$ to acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( a suppos$ ,gangetic reptile 9 a petrifi$ /ate 9 ! cliffs ( ,york%ire4 ,x has requir$ ! subsequ5t progress ( comp>ative anatomy to det]m9e1 z by ! *>act]s above def9$1 ! ess5tial di/9ction ( ! ,teleosaur f all kn[n exi/+ =ms ( crocodilian reptiles4 ,v abundant rema9s1 & sev]al species1 ( ! ext9ct g5us h be5 subsequ5tly discov]$3 b always 9 ! oolitic & liassic =mations ( ! second>y s]ies ( rocks4 ,! oolitic gr\p ( rocks are v ri* 9 rema9s ( bo? plants & animals3 _m reptiles ( g5]a & species di/9ct f ^? "h re/or$ h be5 recognis$ & det]m9$ by portions ( ! skeleton4 ,extremely num]\s are ! rema9s ( fi%es1 *iefly ( an almo/ ext9ct ord] 7,ganoidei71 *>act]is$ by h>d1 %9+1 enamell$ scales4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable fossils are ^? :i* indisputably prove ! exi/5ce1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! 8,great0 or 8,l[] ,oolite10 ( insectivor\s & m>supial mammalia--i4e41 ( w>m-blood quadrup$s1 :i*1 l ! %rew or h$gehog1 f$ on insects1 &1 l ! opossum1 _h a p\* = ! transport ( ! "y4 ,! l[] jaw ( "o ( ^! e>lie/ kn[n examples ( ! mammalian class1 f\nd 9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 ne> ,ox=d1 may be se5 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 to :i* x 0 pres5t$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,brod]ip1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 by :om x 0 describ$ 9 ! 8,zoological ,j\rnal10 vol4 iii41 p4 #djh4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! m>supial g5]a1 to :i* ! above fossil quadrup$1 call$ ,phascolo!rium1 0 mo/ ne>ly alli$1 are n[ conf9$ to ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,van ,diem5's ,l&2 s9ce x is 9 ! ,au/ralian seas t is f\nd ! ,ce/racion1 a c>tilag9\s fi% :i* has tee? t are mo/ l ^? fossil tee? call$ ,acrodus & ,psammodus1 s common 9 ! oolite4 ,9 ! same ,au/ralian seas1 also1 ne> ! %ore1 ! beautiful %ell-fi% call$ ,trigonia is f\nd liv+1 ( :i* g5us _m fossil species occur 9 ! ,/onesfield slate4 ,moreov]1 ! ,arauc>ian p9es are n[ abundant1 toge!r ) f]ns1 9 ,au/ralia1 z !y 7 9 ,europe 9 ! oolitic p]iod4 ,,! ,,lias4 8,lias0 is an ,engli% prov9cial "n adopt$ 9 geology1 & appli$ to a =mation ( lime/one1 m>l1 & petrifi$ clay1 :i* =ms ! base ( ! oolite1 or imm$iately und]lies t division ( second>y rocks4 ,! lias has be5 trac$ ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ,europe1 =m+ b$s ( a ?ickness v>y+ f #ejj to #ajjj feet ( ! above-m5tion$ sub/ances1 :i* h be5 gradually deposit$ f a sea ( correspond+ ext5t & direction4 ,! lias ab\nds ) m>9e %ells ( ext9ct species1 & ) rema9s ( fi%es t 7 clad ) l>ge & h>d %9+ scales4 ,( ! high] or air-brea?+ animals ( t p]iod1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic 7 ! ,enaliosauria4 ,! creatures call$ ,enaliosauria or ,sea-liz>ds 7f ! ,greek enalios1 ( ! sea1 & sauros1 liz>d71 7 v]tebrate animals1 or _h back bones1 brea!d ! air l l& quadrup$s1 b 7 cold-blood$1 or ( a l[ temp]ature1 l crocodiles & o!r reptiles4 ,! pro( t ! ,enaliosaurs respir$ atmosph]ic air imm$iately1 & did n brea! wat] by means ( gills l fi%es1 is af=d$ by ! abs5ce ( ! bony framework ( ! gill app>atus1 & by ! pres5ce1 position1 & /ructure ( ! air passages lead+ f ! no/rils1 & also by ! bony me*anism ( ! capaci\s *e/ or ?oracic-abdom9al cavity3 all ( :i* *>act]s h be5 demon/rat$ by _! fossil skeletons4 ,) ^! *>act]s ! ,sea-liz>ds comb9$ ! pres5ce ( two pairs ( limbs %ap$ l f9s1 & adapt$ = swimm+4 ,! ,enaliosauria (f] two pr9cipal modifications ( _! anatomical1 & especially _! bony1 /ructure1 ( :i* ! two k9ds gr\p$ toge!r "u ! respective names ( ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus are ! examples4 ,! ,i*?yosaurus4 ,! g5us ,i*?yosaurus includes _m species3 ( :i* ?ree ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ rem>kable h be5 select$ = re/oration to illu/rate ?is mo/ s+ul> ( ! ext9ct =ms ( animal life4 ,! "n 7f ! ,greek i*?ys1 a fi%1 & sauros1 a liz>d7 indicates ! clos] aff9ity ( ! ,i*?yosaur1 z comp>$ ) ! ,plesiosaur1 to ! class ( fi%es4 ,! ,i*?yosaurs are rem>kable = ! %ortness ( ! neck & ! equality ( ! wid? ( ! back ( ! head ) ! front ( ! *e/1 impress+ ! obs]v] ( ! fossil skeleton ) a conviction t ! anci5t animal mu/ h resembl$ ! :ale tribe & ! fi%es 9 ! abs5ce ( any int]v5+ con/riction or 8neck40 ,?is close approximation 9 ! ,i*?yosaurs to ! =m ( ! mo/ /rictly aquatic back-bon$ 7v]tebrate7 animals ( ! exi/+ creation is accompani$ by an important modification ( ! surfaces =m+ ! jo9ts ( ! back-bone1 ea* ( :i* surfaces is holl[1 lead+ to ! inf]5ce t !y 7 orig9ally connect$ toge!r by an ela/ic bag1 or 8capsule10 fill$ ) fluid--a /ructure :i* prevails 9 ! class ( fi%es1 b n 9 any ( ! :ale or porpoise tribe1 nor 9 any1 save a few ( ! v l[e/ & mo/ fi%-l1 ( ! exi/+ reptiles4 ,) ! above modifications ( ! head1 trunk1 & limbs1 9 relation to swimm+1 !re co-exi/ correspond+ modifications ( ! tail4 ,! bones ( ?is "p are mu* m num]\s ?an 9 ! ,plesiosaurs1 & ! entire tail is consequ5tly long]2 b x does n %[ any ( ^? modifications t *>act]ise ! bony support ( ! tail 9 fi%es4 ,! num]\s 8caudal v]tebr0 ( ! ,i*?yosaurus gradually decrease 9 size to ! end ( ! tail1 :]e !y assume a compress$ =m1 or are flatt5$ f side to side1 & ?us ! tail in/ead ( be+ %ort & broad1 z 9 fi%es1 is l5g!n$ out z 9 crocodiles4 ,! v frequ5t occurr5ce ( a fracture ( ! tail1 ab\t "o f\r? ( ! way f its extremity1 9 well-pres]v$ & entire fossil skeletons1 is ow+ to t proportion ( ! end ( ! tail hav+ support$ a tail-f94 ,! only evid5ce :i* ! fossil skeleton ( a :ale w\ld yield ( ! p[]ful horizontal tail-f9 *>act]i/ic ( ! liv+ animal1 is ! depress$ or horizontally flatt5$ =m ( ! bones support+ su* f94 ,x is inf]r$1 !re=e1 f ! correspond+ bones ( ! ,i*?yosaurus be+ flatt5$ f side to side1 t x possess$ a tegum5t>y tail-f9 exp&$ 9 ! v]tical direction4 ,! %ape ( a f9 compos$ ( su* p]i%able mat]ial is ( c\rse conjectural1 b f analogies1 n necess>y "h to fur!r enl>ge ^u1 x 0 probably l1 or ne>ly l1 t :i* ! able arti/ engag$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! entire =m ( ! animal has giv5 to x4 ,?us1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! pr9cipal swimm+-organ ( ! ,i*?yosaurus we may trace1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( its /ructure1 a comb9ation ( mammalian 7bea/-l71 saurian 7liz>d-l71 & pisc9e 7fi%-l7 peculi>ities4 ,9 its great l5g? & gradual dim9ution we p]ceive its saurian "*2 ! tegum5t>y nature ( ! f91 unsu/a9$ by bony f9-rays1 bespeaks its aff9ity to ! same "p 9 ! mammalian :ales & porpoises2 :il/ its v]tical position makes x closely resemble ! tail-f9 ( ! fi%4 ,! horizontality ( ! tail-f9 ( ! :ale tribe is ess5tially connect$ ) _! necessities z w>m-blood$ animals brea?+ atmosph]ic air2 )\t ?is means ( displac+ a mass ( wat] 9 ! v]tical direction1 ! head ( ! :ale c\ld n be br\ght ) ! requir$ rapidity to ! surface to respire2 b ! ,i*?yosaurs1 n be+ w>m-blood$1 or quick brea!rs1 w\ld n ne$ to br+ _! head to ! surface s frequ5tly1 or s rapidly1 z ! :ale2 &1 moreov]1 a comp5sation = ! want ( horizontality ( _! tail-f9 0 provid$ by ! addition ( a pair ( h9d-paddles1 :i* are n pres5t 9 ! :ale tribe4 ,! v]tical f9 0 a m effici5t organ 9 ! rapid cleav+ ( ! liquid elem5t1 :5 ! ,i*?yosaurs 7 9 pursuit ( _! prey1 or escap+ f an enemy4 ,t ! ,i*?yosaurs occasionally s\ght ! %ores1 crawl$ on ! /r&1 & bask$ 9 ! sun%9e1 may be inf]r$ f ! bony /ructure connect$ ) _! =e-f9s1 :i* does n exi/ 9 any porpoise1 dolph91 grampus1 or :ale2 & = want ( :i*1 *iefly1 ^? w>m-blood$1 air-brea?+1 m>9e animals are s helpless :5 left high & dry on ! s&s3 ! /ructure 9 "q 9 ! ,i*?yosaur is a /rong osse\s ar*1 inv]t$ & spann+ across b5ea? ! *e/ f "o %\ld]-jo9t to ! o!r2 & :at is mo/ rem>kable 9 ! /ructure ( ?is 8scapul>0 ar*1 z x is call$1 is1 t x closely resembles1 9 ! numb]1 %ape1 & disposition ( its bones1 ! same "p 9 ! s+ul> aquatic mammalian quadrup$ ( ,au/ralia1 call$ ,orni?orhyn*us1 ,platypus1 & ,duck-mole4 ,! ,i*?yosaurs1 :5 s visit+ ! %ore1 ei!r = sleep1 or procreation1 w\ld lie1 or crawl pro/rate1 or ) ! belly re/+ or dragg+ on ! gr\nd4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y feature ( ! head 0 ! enorm\s magnitude ( ! eye2 & f ! quantity ( light admitt$ by ! exp&$ pupil x mu/ h possess$ great p[]s ( vision1 especially 9 ! dusk4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d 9 front ( ! orbit 7cavity = ! eye71 9 fossil skulls1 a circul> s]ies ( petrifi$ ?9 bony plates1 rang$ r\nd a c5tral ap]ture1 :]e ! pupil ( ! eye 0 plac$4 ,! eyes ( _m fi%es are def5d$ by a bony cov]+ consi/+ ( two pieces2 b a comp\nd circle ( ov]lapp+ plates is n[ f\nd only 9 ! eyes ( turtles1 tortoises1 liz>ds1 & birds4 ,?is curi\s app>atus ( bony plates w\ld aid 9 protect+ ! eyeball f ! waves ( ! sea :5 ! ,i*?yosaurus rose to ! surface1 & f ! pressure ( ! d5se elem5t :5 x div$ to great dep?s2 & !y %[1 writes ,dr4 ,buckl&1#d 8t ! enorm\s eye1 ( :i* !y =m$ ! front1 0 an optical in/rum5t ( v>i$ & prodigi\s p[]1 enabl+ ! ,i*?yosaurus to descry its prey at great or little di/ances1 9 ! obscurity ( night1 & 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea40 ,( no ext9ct reptile are ! mat]ials = a complete & exact re/oration m abundant & satisfactory ?an ( ! ,i*?yosaurus2 !y pla9ly %[ t its g5]al ext]nal figure mu/ h be5 t ( a huge pr$atory abdom9al fi%1 ) a long] tail1 & a small] tail-f93 scale-less1 moreov]1 & cov]$ by a smoo?1 or f9ely wr9kl$ sk9 analog\s to t ( ! :ale tribe4 ,! m\? 0 wide1 & ! jaws long1 & arm$ ) num]\s po9t$ tee?1 indicative ( a pr$atory & c>nivor\s nature 9 all ! species2 b ^! diff]$ f "o ano!r 9 reg>d to ! relative /r5g? ( ! jaws1 & ! relative size & l5g? ( ! tee?4 ,masses ( ma/icat$ bones & scales ( ext9ct fi%es1 t liv$ 9 ! same seas & at ! same p]iod z ! ,i*?yosaurus1 h be5 f\nd "u ! ribs ( fossil specim5s1 9 ! situation :]e ! /oma* ( ! animal 0 plac$2 small]1 h>d]1 & m dige/$ masses1 conta9+ also fi%-bones & scales h be5 f\nd1 be>+ ! impression ( ! /ructure ( ! int]nal surface ( ! inte/9e ( ! great pr$atory sea-liz>d4 ,^! dige/$ masses are call$ 8coprolites40 ,9 trac+ ! evid5ces ( creative p[] f ! e>li] to ! lat] =mations ( ! e>?'s cru/1 rema9s ( ! ,i*?yosaurus are fir/ f\nd 9 ! l[] lias1 & occur1 m or less abundantly1 ?r\gh all ! sup]9cumb5t second>y /rata up to1 & inclusive (1 ! *alk =mations4 ,!y are mo/ num]\s 9 ! lias & oolite1 & ! l>ge/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic species h be5 f\nd 9 ^! =mations4 ,no4 #ab4--;,i*?yosaurus platyodon4 ,?is mo/ gigantic species1 s call$ on acc\nt ( ! cr[n ( ! too? be+ m flatt5$ ?an 9 o!r species1 & hav+ %>p edges1 z well z a %>p po9t1 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,fossil rema9s n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 ! museum ( ! ,geological ,society1 fully be> out ! dim5sions exhibit$ by ! re/oration ( ! animal z se5 bask+ on ! %ore betwe5 ! two specim5s ( ,long-neck$ ,plesiosaurs4 ,! head ( ?is species is relatively l>g] 9 proportion to ! trunk1 ?an 9 ! ,i*?yosaurus communis or ,i*?yosaurus t5uiro/ris3 ! l[] jaw is rem>kably massive & p[]ful1 & projects backw>ds beyond ! jo9t1 z f> z x does 9 ! crocodile4 ,9 ! skull ( an individual ( ?is species1 pres]v$ 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 ! cavity = ! eye1 or orbit1 measures1 9 its long diamet]1 f\rte5 in*es4 ,! =e & h9d paddles are l>ge & ( equal size4 ,! lias ( ! valley ( ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorset%ire1 is ! *ief grave-y>d ( ! ,i*?yosaurus platyodon2 b its rema9s are pretty widely di/ribut$4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9 ! lias ( ,gla/onbury1 ( ,bri/ol1 ( ,sc>bor\gh & ,:itby1 & ( ,bitton1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire2 "s v]tebr1 app>5tly ( ?is species1 h likewise be5 f\nd 9 ! lias at ,ohmd51 9 ,g]many4 ,no4 #ac4--;,i*?yosaurus t5uiro/ris4 ,beh9d ! ,i*?yosaurus platyodon1 is plac$ ! re/oration ( ! ,i*?yosaurus t5uiro/ris1 or ,sl5d]-sn\t$ ,fi%-liz>d4 ,! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity ( ?is species is ! great l5g? & sl5d]ness ( ! jaw-bones1 :i*1 9 comb9ation ) ! l>ge eye-sockets & flatt5$ cranium1 give to ! entire skull a =m :i* resembles t ( a gigantic snipe or woodcock1 ) ! bill arm$ ) tee?4 ,^! weapons1 9 ! pres5t species1 are relatively m num]\s1 small]1 & m %>ply po9t$ ?an 9 ! =ego+1 & indicate t ! ,i*?yosaurus t5uiro/ris prey$ on a small] k9d ( fi%4 ,! =e-paddles are l>g] ?an ! h9d ones4 ,9 ! museum ( ! ,philosophical ,in/itution1 at ,bri/ol1 !re is an almo/ entire skeleton ( ! pres5t species :i* measures ?irte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! lias ( ,lyme ,regis4 ,portions ( jaws & o!r p>ts ( ! skeletons ( l>g] individuals h be5 f\nd fossil 9 ! lias ne> ,bri/ol1 at ,b>r[-on-,so>1 9 ,leice/]%ire1 & at ,/rat=d-on-,avon4 ,! ,i*?yosaurus t5uiro/ris has also left its rema9s 9 ! lias =mation at ,boll & ,amburg1 9 ,wirtemb]g1 ,g]many4 ,no4 #ad4--;,i*?yosaurus communis4 ,( ?is species1 :i* 0 ! mo/ 8common10 :5 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahbd1 b :i* has s9ce be5 surpass$ by o!r species 9 reg>d to ! kn[n numb] ( individuals1 ! head is re/or$1 z protrud$ f ! wat]1 to ! "r ( ! =ego+ species4 ,! ,i*?yosaurus communis is *>act]is$ by its relatively l>ge tee?1 ) exp&$1 deeply-groov$ bases1 & r\nd conical furr[$ cr[ns2 ! upp] jaw conta9s1 on ea* side1 f =ty to fifty ( su* tee?4 ,! =e-paddles are ?ree times l>g] ?an ! h9d ones4 ,) respect to ! size :i* x atta9$1 ! ,i*?yosaurus communis seems only to be second to ! ,i*?yosaurus platyodon4 ,9 ! museum ( ! ,e>l ( ,enniskill51 !re is a fossil skull ( ! ,i*?yosaurus communis :i* measures1 9 l5g?1 two feet n9e in*es1 indicat+ an animal ( at lea/ tw5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,plesiosaurus4 ,! discov]y ( ?is g5us =ms "o ( ! mo/ important additions t geology has made to comp>ative anatomy4 ,b>on ,cuvi] deem$ 8its /ructure to h be5 ! mo/ s+ul>1 & its *>act]s ! mo/ mon/r\s1 t _h be5 yet discov]$ amid ! ru9s ( a =m] _w40 ,to ! head ( a liz>d x unit$ ! tee? ( a crocodile1 a neck ( enorm\s l5g?1 resembl+ ! body ( a s]p5t1 a trunk & tail hav+ ! proportions ( an ord9>y quadrup$1 ! ribs ( a *ameleon1 & ! paddles ( a :ale4 8,su*10 writes ,dr4 ,buckl&1 8are ! /range comb9ations ( =m & /ructure 9 ! ,plesiosaurus1 a g5us1 ! rema9s ( :i*1 aft] int]m5t = ?\s&s ( ye>s amid/ ! wreck ( millions ( ext9ct inhabitants ( ! anci5t e>?1 are at l5g? recall$ to light by ! rese>*es ( ! geologi/1 & submitt$ to our exam9ation1 9 ne>ly z p]fect a /ate z ! bones ( species t are n[ exi/+ ^u ! e>?40 7,op4 cit41 vol4 v4 p4 #bjc74 ,! fir/ rema9s ( ?is animal 7 discov]$ 9 ! lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbc1 & =m$ ! subject ( ! pap] by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e 7n[ ,dean ( ,ll&aff71 & ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,h5ry7 ,de la ,be*e1 9 :i* ! g5us 0 e/abli%$ & nam$ ,plesiosaurus 7f ! ,greek words1 plesios & sauros1 signify+ 8ne>0 or 8alli$ to10 & 8liz>d071 because ! au?ors saw t x 0 m ne>ly alli$ to ! liz>d ?an 0 ! ,i*?yosaurus f ! same =mation4 ,! entire & undi/urb$ skeletons ( sev]al individuals1 ( diff]5t species1 h s9ce be5 discov]$1 fully confirm+ ! sagaci\s re/orations by ! orig9al discov]]s ( ! ,plesiosaurus4 ,( ^! species ?ree h be5 select$ z ! subjects ( ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s's recon/ructions & repres5tations ( ! liv+ =m ( ! /range reptiles4 ,no4 #ae4--,plesiosaurus macrocephalus4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has be5 call$1 f ! relatively l>g] size ( ! head1 ! ,plesiosaurus macrocephalus 7,no4 #ae71 7,gr4 macros1 long1 cephale1 head74 ,! entire l5g? ( ! animal1 z indicat$ by ! l>ge/ rema9s1 & z giv5 9 ! re/oration1 is eighte5 feet1 ! l5g? ( ! head be+ two feet1 t ( ! neck six feet2 ! greate/ gir? ( ! body yields sev5 feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ae4 ,plesiosaurus macrocephalus4 ,al?\gh ,b>on ,cuvi] & ,dr4 ,buckl& bo? rightly allude to ! resemblance ( ! f9s or paddles ( ! ,plesiosaur to ^? ( ! :ale1 yet ?is mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t1 :]eas ! :ale tribe h nev] m ?an "o pair ( f9s1 ! ,plesiosaurs h always two pairs1 answ]+ to ! =e & h9d limbs ( l& quadrup$s2 & ! =e-pair ( f9s1 correspond+ to ^? 9 ! :ale1 diff]$ by be+ m firmly articulat$1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( coll>-bones 7clavicles71 & ( two o!r v broad & /rong bones 7call$ coracoids71 to ! trunk 7?orax71 :]eby !y 7 ! bett] enabl$ to move ! animal ^u dry l&4 ,rema9s ( ! ,plesiosaurus macrocephalus h be5 discov]$ 9 ! lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 9 ,dorset%ire1 & ( ,we/on1 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,no4 #af4--,plesiosaurus doli*odeirus4 ,fur!r to ! left1 on ! %ore ( ! ,second>y ,isl&1 is a re/oration ( ! ,plesiosaurus doli*odeirus1 or ,long-neck$ ,plesiosaurus 7,no4 #af74 ,! head 9 ?is rem>kable species is small]1 & ! neck proportionally long] ?an 9 ! ,plesiosaurus macrocephalus4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,long-neck$ ,plesiosaur h be5 f\nd *iefly at ,lyme ,regis1 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,! well kn[n specim5 ( an almo/ entire skeleton1 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,no4 #ag4--,plesiosaurus ,hawk9sii4 ,! mo/ p]fect skeletons ( ! ,plesiosaurus are ^? t h be5 wr\ght out ( ! lias at ,/reet1 ne> ,gla/onbury1 by ,mr4 ,?omas ,hawk9s1 ,f4,g4,s41 & :i* h be5 pur*as$ by ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a re/oration is giv5 by ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s1 at ,no4 #ag1 ( a species ) *>act]s some:at int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,l>ge-head$ & ,long-neck$ ,plesiosaurs1 & :i* has be5 call$1 aft] its discov]]1 ,plesiosaurus ,hawk9sii4 ,! ,plesiosaurs brea!d air l ! exi/+ crocodiles & ! :ale tribe1 & appe> to h liv$ 9 %all[ seas & e/u>ies4 ,t ! ,long-neck$ ,sea-liz>d 0 aquatic is evid5t f ! =m ( its paddles2 & t x 0 m>9e is almo/ equally s1 f ! rema9s ) :i* its fossils are univ]sally associat$2 t x may h occasionally visit$ ! %ore1 ! resemblance ( its extremities to ^? ( a turtle leads u to conjecture2 its motion1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 v awkw>d on l&2 its long neck mu/ h imp$$ its progress ?r\gh ! wat]1 pres5t+ a /rik+ contra/ to ! organisation :i* s admirably adapt$ ! ,i*?yosaurus to cut its swift c\rse ?r\gh ! waves4 8,may x n1 !re=e1 be conclud$ t x swam ^u1 or ne> ! surface10 asks its accompli%$ discov]]1 8ar*+ back its long neck l a swan1 & occasionally d>t+ x d[n at ! fi% t happ5$ to float )9 its rea*8 ,x may p]haps h lurk$ 9 %oal-wat] along ! coa/1 conceal$ among ! sea-we$1 &1 rais+ its no/rils to a level ) ! surface f a consid]able dep?1 may h f\nd a secure retreat f ! assaults ( dang]\s enemies2 :ile ! l5g? & flexibility ( its neck may h comp5sat$ = ! want ( /r5g? 9 its jaws1 & its incapacity = swift motion ?r\gh ! wat]1 by ! sudd5ness & agility ( ! attack :i* enabl$ x to make on e animal fitt$ = its prey :i* came )9 its rea*40#e ,= ! ,second>y ,isl& ?ree species ( ! ,plesiosaurus h be5 re/or$1 ! ,plesiosaurus macrocephalus1 ! ,plesiosaurus doli*odeirus 7,gr4 doli*os1 long1 deire1 neck71 & ! ,plesiosaurus ,hawk9sii4 ,! "n 8long-neck$0 0 giv5 to ! second ( ^! species be=e x 0 kn[n t _m o!r species ) long & sl5d] necks _h exi/$ 9 ! seas ( ! same anci5t p]iod3 ! ?ird species is nam$ aft] ,mr4 ,?omas ,hawk9s1 ,f4,g4,s41 ! g5tleman by ^: pati5ce1 zeal1 & skill1 ! ,briti% ,museum has be5 enri*$ ) s _m entire skeletons ( ^! mo/ extraord9>y ext9ct sea-liz>ds4 ,! rema9s ( all ^! species occur 9 ! lias at ,lyme ,regis1 & at ,/reet1 ne> ,gla/onbury2 b ! ,plesiosaurus ,hawk9sii is ! mo/ abundant 9 ! latt] locality4 ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,,new ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 8,trias0 is an arbitr>y t]m appli$ 9 geology to ! upp] division ( a va/ s]ies ( r$ loams1 %ales1 & s&/ones1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! lias & ! coal1 9 ! midl& & we/]n c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,?is s]ies is collectively call$ ! 8,new ,r$ ,s&/one =mation10 to di/+ui% x f ! 8,old ,r$ ,s&/one =mation10 ( simil> or id5tical m9]al "*1 :i* lies imm$iately b5ea? ! coal4 ,! animals :i* h be5 re/or$ & plac$ on ! l[e/ =mation ( ! ,second>y ,isl&1 are peculi> to ! 8triassic10 or upp] division ( ! 8,new ,r$ ,s&/one0 s]ies1 :i* division consi/s1 9 ,engl&1 ( salif]\s 7salt-includ+7 %ales & s&/ones1 f #ajjj to #aejj feet ?ick 9 ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire1 answ]+ to ! =mation call$ 8,keup]-s&/one0 by ! ,g]man geologi/s2 & ( s&/one & qu>tzose conglom]ate ( #fjj feet 9 ?ickness1 answ]+ to ! ,g]man 8,bunt]-s&/one40 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic animals ( ! trias are reptiles ( ! ord] ,batra*ia4 ,! "n ( ?is ord] is f ! ,greek ^w batra*os1 signify+ a frog3 & ! ord] is repres5t$ 9 ! pres5t animal-population ( ,engl& by a few dim9utive species ( frogs1 toads1 & newts1 or wat]-salam&]s4 ,b1 at ! p]iod ( ! deposition ( ! new r$ s&/one1 9 ! pres5t c\nties ( ,w>wick & ,*e%ire1 ! %ores ( ! anci5t sea1 :i* 7 !n =m$ by t s&y deposit1 7 trodd5 by reptiles1 hav+ ! ess5tial bony *>act]s ( ! ,batra*ia1 b comb9+ ^! ) o!r bony *>act]s ( crocodiles & liz>ds2 & exhibit+ bo? "u a bulk :i* is made manife/ by ! re/oration ( ! l>ge/ kn[n species1 7,no4 #af71 occupy+ ! extreme promontory ( ! ,isl&1 illu/rative ( ! l[e/ & olde/ deposits ( ! second>y s]ies ( rocks4 ,! species 9 "q is call$ !-- ,no4 #ah4--,labyr9?odon ,salam&roides4 or ! ,salam&]-l ,labyr9?odon2 ! latt] t]m be+ f ! ,greek1 signify+ ! peculi> /ructure ( ! tee?1 :i* diff] f all o!r reptiles 9 ! huge ,batra*ia 9 "q1 by reason ( ! complex labyr9?ic int]bl5d+ ( ! diff]5t sub/ances compos+ ! tee?4 ,! skull ( ! ,labyr9?odon is atta*$ to ! neck-bones by two jo9ts or condyles1 & ! tee? are situat$ bo? on ! prop] jaw-bones1 & on ! bone ( ! ro( ( ! m\? call$ 8vom]30 bo? ^! *>act]s are only f\nd at ! pres5t day 9 ! frogs & salam&]s4 ,! h9d-foot ( ! ,labyr9?odon 0 also1 z 9 ! toad & frog1 mu* l>g] ?an ! =e-foot2 & ! inn]mo/ digit 9 bo? 0 %ort & turn$ 91 l a ?umb4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ah4 ,labyr9?odon ,salam&roides4 ,consecutive impressions ( ! pr9ts ( ^! feet h be5 trac$ = _m /eps 9 succession 7z is accurately repres5t$ 9 ! new r$ s&/one "p ( ! ,second>y ,isl&7 9 qu>ries ( t =mation 9 ,w>wick%ire1 ,*e%ire1 & also 9 ,lanca%ire1 m especially at a qu>ry ( a :iti% qu>tzose s&/one at ,/orton ,hill1 a few miles f ,liv]pool4 ,! foot-m>ks are p>tly concave & p>tly 9 relief2 ! =m] are se5 ^u ! upp] surface ( ! s&/one slabs1 b ^? 9 relief are only ^u ! l[] surfaces1 be+1 9 fact1 natural ca/s1 =m$ on ! subjac5t foot-pr9ts z 9 m\lds4 ,! impressions ( ! h9d-foot are g5]ally eight in*es 9 l5g? & five in*es 9 wid?3 ne> ea* l>ge foot/ep1 & at a regul> di/ance--ab\t an in* & a half--be=e x1 a small] pr9t ( ! =e-foot1 f\r in*es long & ?ree in*es wide1 occurs4 ,! foot/eps foll[ ea* o!r 9 pairs1 ea* pair 9 ! same l9e1 at int]vals ( ab\t f\rte5 in*es f pair to pair4 ,! l>ge z well z ! small /eps %[ ! ?umb-l toe alt]nately on ! "r & left side1 ea* /ep mak+ a pr9t ( five toes4 ,foot-pr9ts ( correspond+ =m b ( small] size h be5 discov]$ 9 ! qu>ry at ,/orton ,hill1 impr9t$ on five ?9 b$s ( clay1 ly+ "o ^u ano!r 9 ! same qu>ry1 & sep>at$ by b$s ( s&/one4 ,f ! l[] surface ( ! s&/one lay]s1 ! solid ca/s ( ea* impression project 9 high relief1 & af=d models ( ! feet1 toes1 & claws ( ! animals :i* trod on ! clay4 ,simil> foot-pr9ts 7 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,saxony1 at ! village ( ,hessb]g1 ne> ,hillburghaus51 9 sev]al qu>ries ( a gray qu>tzose s&/one1 alt]nat+ ) b$s ( r$ s&/one1 & ( ! same geological age z ! s&/ones ( ,engl& t _h be5 trodd5 by ! same /range animal4 ,! ,g]man geologi/1 :o fir/ describ$ !m1 propos$ ! "n ( ,*eiro!rium 7,gr4 *eir1 ! h&1 !rion1 bea/71 = ! great unkn[n animal t _h left ! foot-pr9ts1 9 consequ5ce ( ! resemblance1 bo? ( ! =e & h9d feet1 to ! impression ( a human h&1 & ,dr4 ,kaup conjectur$ t ! animal might be a l>ge species ( ! opossum-k9d4 ,! discov]y1 h[ev]1 ( fossil skulls1 jaws1 tee?1 & a few o!r bones 9 ! s&/ones exhibit+ ! footpr9ts 9 "q1 has r5d]$ x m probable t bo? ! footpr9ts & ! fossils are evid5ces ( ! same k9d ( huge ext9ct ,batra*ian reptiles4 ,an entire skull ( ! l>ge/ species discov]$ 9 ! new r$ s&/ones ( ,wurtemb]g2 a l[] jaw ( ! same species f\nd 9 ! same =mation 9 ,w>wick%ire2 "s v]tebr1 & a few fragm5ts ( bones ( ! limbs1 h s]v$1 ) ! indications ( size & %ape ( ! trunk ( ! animal yield$ by ! s]ies ( consecutive foot-pr9ts1 z ! basis ( ! re/oration ( ! ,labyr9?odon salam&roides1 9 ! ,second>y ,isl&4 ,x is to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t1 ) ! exception ( ! head1 ! =m ( ! animal is necess>ily m or less conjectural4 ,nos4 #ai #bj4--,labyr9?odon pa*ygna?us4 ,?is "n1 signify+ ! ,?ick-jaw$ ,labyr9?odon1 0 giv5 by its discov]] to a species ( ^! s+ul> ,batra*ia1 f\nd 9 ! new r$ s&/one ( ,w>wick%ire1 & :i* be>s to ! l>ge/ species ! proportion exhibit$ by ! head & =e-"p ( ! body1 z em]g+ f ! wat]1 = :i* p>ts alone ! fossils hi!rto discov]$ ju/ify ! re/oration4#f ,illu/ration3 ,nos4 #ai #bj4 ,section ( ,too? ( ,labyr9?odon4 a ,pulp-cavity3 b b inflect$ folds ( ossifi$ capsule ( too?4 ,nos4 #ba #bb4--;,dicynodon4 ,9 #ahdd ,mr4 ,&rew ,g4 ,ba91 :o _h be5 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( milit>y roads 9 ! colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 discov]$1 9 ! tract ( c\ntry ext5d+ nor?w>ds f ! c\nty ( ,albany1 ab\t #dej miles ea/ ( ,cape ,t[n1 sev]al nodules or lumps ( a k9d ( s&/one1 :i*1 :5 brok51 display$1 9 mo/ in/ances1 evid5ces ( fossil bones1 & usually ( a skull ) two l>ge project+ tee?4 ,accord+ly1 ^! evid5ces ( anci5t animal life 9 ,s\? ,africa 7 fir/ notifi$ to ,engli% geologi/s by ,mr4 ,ba9 "u ! "n ( 8,bid5tals20 & ! specim5s transmitt$ by him 7 submitt$ at 8 reque/ to ,pr(essor ,ow5 = exam9ation4 ,! results ( ! comp>isons !reupon in/itut$ w5t to %[ t !re _h =m]ly exi/$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & f geological evid5ce1 probably1 9 a great salt-wat] lake or inl& sea1 s9ce conv]t$ into dry l&1 a race ( reptilian animals pres5t+ 9 ! con/ruction ( _! skull *>act]s ( ! crocodile1 ! tortoise1 & ! liz>d1 c\pl$ ) ! pres5ce ( a pair ( huge %>p-po9t$ tusks1 gr[+ d[nw>ds1 "o f ea* side ( ! upp] jaw1 l ! tusks ( ! mammalian morse or walrus4 ,no o!r k9d ( tee? 7 develop$ 9 ^! s+ul> animals3 ! l[] jaw 0 arm$1 z 9 ! tortoise1 by a tr5*ant %ea? ( horn4 ,"s bones ( ! back1 or v]tebr1 by ! holl[ness ( ! co-adapt$ articul> surfaces1 indicate ^! reptiles to h be5 good swimm]s1 & probably to h habitually exi/$ 9 wat]2 b ! con/ruction ( ! bony passages ( ! no/rils proves t !y mu/ h come to ! surface to brea! air4 ,"s ext9ct plants alli$ to ! ,lepidod5dron1 ) o!r fossils1 r5d] x probable t ! s&/ones conta9+ ! ,dicynodont reptiles 7 ( ! same geological age z ^? t h reveal$ ! rema9s ( ! ,labyr9?odonts 9 ,europe4 ,! g5]ic "n ,dicynodon is f ! ,greek words signify+ 8two tusks or can9e tee?40 ,?ree species ( ?is g5us h be5 demon/rat$ f ! fossils transmitt$ by ,mr4 ,ba94 ,! ,dicynodon lac]ticeps1 or ,liz>d-head$ ,dicynodon1 atta9$ ! bulk ( a walrus2 ! =m ( ! head & tusks is correctly giv5 9 ! re/oration 7,no4 #ba72 ! trunk has be5 add$ conjecturally1 to illu/rate ! /range comb9ation ( *>act]s manife/$ 9 ! head4 ,a second species1 ) a head s =m$ z to h giv5 ! animal some:at ( ! physiognomy ( an owl1 has be5 p>tially re/or$ at ,no4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #h4 ,d9ornis4 ,,footnotes #a,lyell1 8,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology40 #b8,! fir/ specim5s ( ! tee? 7 f\nd by ,mrs4 ,mantell 9 ! co>se conglom]ate ( ! ,=e/1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahbb40--,mantell1 8,geology ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,engl&10 #hvo1 #ahcc1 p4 #bfh4 #c8,report ( ,briti% ,fossil ,reptiles10 #ahda1 p4 #aaj4 #d,op4 cit41 p4 #agd4 #e8,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society10 ,second ,s]ies1 vi4 #ejc4 #ahda4 #f;,conybe>e1 ,geol4 ,trans41 i4 #chh4 ,,bradbury ,,& ,,evans1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,:itefri>s4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4