,transcrib]'s ,note ,table ( ,cont5ts creat$ by ,transcrib] & plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94 ,sup]scripts are indicat$ z m4 ,,galileo ,,& ,,8 ,,judges4 ,,galileo ,,& ,,8 ,,judges ,,by ,f4 ,r4 ,,wegg-,,pross]4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,& ,,hall1 ,,limit$4 #ahhi4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,*>les ,,dick5s ,,& ,,evans1 ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,press4 ,,preface4 ,!re is no "n 9 ! annals ( sci5ce :i* has be5 ! occasion ( s long & fi]ce a controv]sy z t ( ,galileo4 ,! hi/orian1 ! a/ronom]1 & ! !ologian h all _h a %>e 9 x4 ,sometimes !re has be5 a pause 9 ! /rife1 & ! "q has be5 all[$ to re/2 b aft] a :ile ano!r disputant has rek9dl$ ! emb]s1 & ! /ruggle has recomm5c$4 ,?is has be5 ! case )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 "s writ]s ( consid]able ability hav+ appeal$ to ! hi/ory ( ,galileo 9 ord] to give po9t to op9ions t !y wi%$ to advance4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 if !re has be5 unfairness on "o side1 !re h be5 injudici\s zeal & inaccuracy on ! o!r4 ,^! circum/ances mu/ =m my apology = int]f]+ 9 a dispute already s prolong$ & s env5om$2 & x has appe>$ to me t ,i may )\t presumption hope to am5d ! errors to :i* ,i h j allud$1 if 9 no o!r way1 at lea/ by /at+ correctly ! facts ( ! case4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 und]take to write a full biography ( ! great philosoph]1 or to give a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 num]\s contributions to ! sci5tific lit]ature ( 8 day2 ,i conf9e myself pr9cipally to ^? great crises 9 8 life :i* h giv5 rise to s mu* discussion1 & :i* h *iefly contribut$ to make him a "n 9 hi/ory4 ,,cont5ts ,preface v ,*apt] ,i #a ,*apt] ,,ii #ac ,*apt] ,,iii #db ,*apt] ,,iv #gh ,*apt] ,v #acf ,,galileo ,,& ,,8 ,,judges4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,be=e ent]+ on any details relat+ to ,galileo's life & works1 ,i propose to give a brief sket* ( ! progress ( a/ronomical k up to 8 "t2 = )\t ?is1 "o _c appreciate correctly ! value ( 8 contributions to sci5ce1 a value exagg]at$ or und]rat$ by diff]5t writ]s1 ea* accord+ to 8 respective bias4 ,! primitive conception ( ! ,e>? z a va/ pla9 ) ! ocean fl[+ r\nd x1 & ! solid firmam5t 9 ! sky above x1 ) ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s driv5 across by "s my/]i\s ag5cy1 ne$ n be notic$ f an a/ronomical po9t ( view2 x appe>$ naturally 9 anci5t poetry & 9 ! =ms ( spee* adopt$ & cont9u$ by popul> usage2 b x is n necess>y to dwell ^u x4 ,! fir/ a/ronom]s ) :om we are acqua9t$ 7 ! ,greeks1 ?\gh x is said by "s writ]s t ! ,*aldeans & ,egyptians 7 really ! orig9al a/ronom]s ( ! anci5t _w1 & :at ! ,greeks knew 0 borr[$ f !m4 ,! va/ majority ( m5 f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! bir? ( ,galileo believ$ t ! ,e>? 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 r\nd :i* ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s revolv$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 r\nd :i*1 also 7z c>eful obs]v]s _h p]ceiv$71 ! ,sun _h an annual motion1 progress+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s signs ( ! zodiac2 moreov]1 x _h be5 notic$ t ! planets mov$ r\nd ! ,e>?1 ?\gh at widely diff]+ p]iods4 ,yet !re _h be5 "s few m51 exceptionally gift$1 :o _h guess$ 7& truly s7 t ! popul> conception 0 a wrong "o4 ,x is said t ! old ,greek philosoph]1 ,py?agoras1 taught 8 disciples t ! ,sun 0 ! real c5tre ( our sy/em1 & t ! ,e>? & planets circulat$ r\nd x2 b he does n seem to h op5ly & explicitly publi%$ 8 doctr9e1 ?\gh ! tradition ( 8 hav+ s taught has always exi/$4 ,if he taught x1 h[ev]1 he /&s almo/ alone among ! anci5ts4 ,!re 7 two great au?orities 9 p>ticul>1 ^: op9ion c>ri$ imm5se weight1 & :o 7 bo? decid$ 9 hold+ t ! ,e>? 0 ! c5tre1 & ! ,sun a revolv+ planet4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,ari/otle1 has ex]cis$ an influ5ce ov] succe$+ g5]ations :i* is simply m>vell\s4 ,h[ va/ 0 ! weight ( 8 "n z a philosoph] 9 ! age ( ! s*oolm5 is well kn[n to e "o :o has ev] glanc$ at ! greate/ "w ( ! greate/ intellect ( t age1 ! 8,summa0 ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,?is celebrat$ writ] quotes him z 8philosophus10 9 8 op9ion ! philosoph] p> excell5ce1 & besides 8 g5]al appreciation ( him z ?us %[n1 he wrote an elaborate treatise on ! 8,a/ronomy0 ( ,ari/otle4 ,nor has ?is influ5ce be5 conf9$ to ! s*oolm52 x has rema9$ ev] s9ce1 ev5 to ?is day & 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d 8 great "w on e?ics is /ill a /&>d book ( /udy4 ,at ! "t ( ,galileo1 su* 0 ! rev]5ce felt t[>ds 8 au?ority 9 ,italy & 9 ,rome1 t ! ,p]ipatetici1 z ^? :o specially belong$ to 8 s*ool 7 call$1 7 probably q z indignant ) ! revolution>y a/ronom] = disreg>d+ ! tea*+ ( _! philosoph]1 z = go+ c\nt] to ! lit]al int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,b 9 pure a/ronomy1 ap>t f all o!r philosophy1 ! greate/ ( all anci5t writ]s 0 ,ptolemy1 :o 9 ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era wrote a "w call$ ! 8,almage/10 :i* is a complete comp5dium ( ! sci5ce z kn[n at t date4 ,ptolemy probably borr[$ v mu* f 8 great pr$ecessor1 ,hipp>*us1 :o has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( a/ronomy1 & :o 0 ! fir/ to discov]--to take a rem>kable in/ance--! ph5om5on kn[n z ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 involv+ z x does ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? betwe5 ! sol> & sid]eal ye>s4 ,! sy/em ( ,ptolemy 0 briefly ?is3 ,! heav5s & ! ,e>? are bo? sph]ical 9 =m--! ,e>? be+ immovable 9 ! c5tre1 & all ! heav5ly motions tak+ place 9 circles4 ,= ?is he gives 8 reasons--s\nd & good reasons = ! sph]ical %ape ( ! ,e>?2 uns\nd & mi/ak51 h[ev]1 = ! d5ial ( ! ,e>?'s rotation on its axis1 an op9ion he evid5tly knew _h be5 ma9ta9$ by "s p]sons2 "o important argum5t on ?is latt] head be+ t if ! ,e>? rotat$ ) ! great velocity necess>y to c>ry x r\nd 9 "o day1 x w\ld leave ! air beh9d x4 ,he places ! ,e>? 7z already said7 9 ! c5tre1 !n ! ,moon z ! ne>e/ planet revolv+ r\nd x1 ! next ,m]cury1 !n ,v5us1 !n ! ,sun1 & beyond ^! ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn4 ,all mov$ 9 circles1 b s9ce1 ) ! exception ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 simple circles w\ld n acc\nt = ! motions1 he supposes small circles 9 a retrograde direction =m+ loops ^u ! ma9 circle1 :i* he calls epicycles2 und\bt$ly foll[+ 9 ?is respect1 ,hipp>*us1 :o ?ree c5turies be=e _h /ruck out ! same idea4 ,x is curi\s t ,ptolemy's argum5ts 7z above m5tion$7 %[ cle>ly t 9 8 day !re 7 "s p]sons1 ?\gh _! names h p]i%$1#a "s "o or two philosoph]s end[$ ) a m>vell\s insight into ,nature1 :o _h guess$ at ! true solution ( ! great a/ronomical problem2 b !y left no endur+ m>k on _! age4 ,! sy/em ( ,ptolemy acc\nt$ = all ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5ly bodies t c\ld be obs]v$ )\t ! use ( ! telescope2 naturally x held undisput$ sway = _m g5]ations4 ,! fir/ writ] :o reviv$ ! doctr9e ( ,py?agoras z to ! ,e>?'s movem5t 7if1 inde$1 ,py?agoras ev] really taught x7 0 ,ni*olas de ,cusa2 he 0 a ,g]man by bir?1 hav+1 9 fact1 be5 born at ,trves1 9 #adja2 b he 0 educat$ 9 ,italy4 ,he rose to a high ecclesia/ical position1 & 0 creat$ c>d9al by ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv41 9 #addh2 8 book j allud$ to 0 entitl$ 8,de ,docta ,ignorantia10 & 0 d$icat$ to ,c>d9al ,ces>9i4 ,! fir/1 h[ev]1 ^: "w obta9$ any great notoriety1 & :o upheld ! doctr9e t ! ,e>? revolv$ ar\nd ! ,sun1 0 ,ni*olas ,kop]nik1 commonly call$ by ! ,lat9is$ =m ( 8 "n1 ,cop]nicus4 ,he1 too1 0 a ,g]man1 born at ,?orn1 9 #adgc2 he /udi$ = a "t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,crac[1 & l ,ni*olas de ,cusa1 aft]w>ds 9 ,italy1 & 0 subsequ5tly rais$ to ! ecclesia/ical dignity ( a ,canon4 ,x is probable t he 0 n a prie/ 7?\gh he is frequ5tly spok5 ( z su*71 b a ,canon 9 m9or ord]s4 ,9 #aejj he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,rome2 & su* 0 8 sci5tific reputation t he 0 consult$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 held 9 #aeab1 on ! "q ( ! re=m ( ! cal5d>--a re=m c>ri$ out at a lat] p]iod by ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 ,! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus 0 well receiv$ at ,rome4 ,a ,g]man disciple ( 81 ,john ,alb]t ,widman/adt1 9 ! ye> #aecc1 exp\nd$ x be=e ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii41 & produc$ a v fav\rable impression4 ,nor 0 ! fav\r %[n to ,cop]nicus & 8 tea*+ ev] )drawn at ,rome2 8 great "w1 8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cle/ium0 7publi%$1 x is said1 by ! advice ( ,c>d9al ,s*unb]g1 ,bi%op ( ,capua71 0 d$icat$ to ! reign+ ,pope1 ,paul ,,iii42 nor does he appe> to h receiv$ at any "t ! lea/ rebuke or disc\ragem5t f ! ,holy ,see2 he di$1 h[ev]1 imm$iately aft] ! pr9t+ ( 8 book1 9 ,may1 #aedc4 ,cop]nicus suppos$ ! heav5ly bodies1 ! ,e>? includ$1 to revolve r\nd ! ,sun 9 circles2 b1 z x 0 evid5t t !y did n exactly d ?is1 he us$ ! !ory ( epicycles1 & suppos$ ea* planet to make two revolutions 9 ea* epicycle = e revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,! true solution ( ! difficulty 0 due to ,kepl]1 :o liv$ 9 ! next c5tury1 & :o discov]$ t ! planets mov$ 9 ellipses4 ,cop]nicus held1 &1 ( c\rse1 held truly1 t ! ,e>? revolves on its axis1 !reby caus+ ! app>5t diurnal motion ( all ! heav5ly bodies f ea/ to we/4 ,ow+ to 8 "w hav+ be5 ! fir/ ( any great importance t ma9ta9$ argum5tatively ! sy/em call$ helioc5tric1 t is to say1 9 :i* ! ,sun is ! real c5tre1 r\nd :i* ! planets1 includ+ ! ,e>?1 revolve--= ! treatise ( ,ni*olas de ,cusa does n appe> to h _h any ext5sive circulation--x is usual to speak ( ?is sy/em z ! ,cop]nican "o1 not)/&+ ! errors f :i* its great au?or 0 unable to extricate himself1 & :i* h long s9ce be5 rectifi$ by subsequ5t writ]s2 s t ev5 at ?is day we reta9 ! "n4 ,x is always useful 9 sci5tific subjects to introduce a def9ition2 & ?is is my def9ition ( ! s5se 9 :i* ,i employ ! ^w ,cop]nican1 t x is simply z oppos$ to ! sy/em 9 :i* ! ,e>? is ! c5tre ( ! visible univ]se1 & ! ,sun revolv+ ab\t x4 ,x is1 9 fact1 less accurate b m conv5i5t ?an ! employm5t ( ! ,greek words helioc5tric & geoc5tric to d5ote ! two sy/ems4 ,greek words1 no d\bt1 ab\nd 9 our sci5tific vocabul>y1 z ! foll[+ pla9ly %[3 a/ronomy1 geology1 geography1 b>omet]1 !rmomet]1 microscope1 telescope2 b ^! h become naturalis$ 9 our language by long use1 :i* helioc5tric & geoc5tric h n z yet be54 ,aft] ,cop]nicus !re arose an a/ronom] ( great m]it1 a ,dane1 ,ty*o ,brah by "n1 :o attempt$ to />t a fre% sy/em--a modification1 9 fact1 ( t ( ,ptolemy4 ,he made all ! planets revolve r\nd ! ,sun1 & ! ,sun1 accompani$ by ! planets1 r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,he des]ves great cr$it = 8 pa9/ak+ obs]vations2 b he liv$ j be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope--or1 at lea/1 be=e x 0 us$ = a/ronomical purposes--&1 !re=e1 0 "u an inf9ite disadvantage4 ,8 *ief objection to ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus 0 "o at :i* a mod]n a/ronom] w\ld smile1 b :i* 9 ^? days seem$ v weighty--namely1 ! enorm\s di/ance at :i* y mu/ suppose ! fix$ />s to be situat$1 if x 7 true4 ,! philosoph]s ( t age did n l to admit su* a wa/e ( space z t :i* mu/ int]v5e betwe5 ! orbit ( ,saturn & ! />s4 ,&1 on ! ,cop]nican !ory1 if ! />s 7 n situat$ at an imm5se1 almo/ inf9ite di/ance1 !y ought to appe> to move 9 a way !y c]ta9ly d n4 ,ty*o ,brah 0 born 9 #aedf4 ,8 !ory nev] made mu* way2 x _h n1 ,i imag9e1 suffici5t elem5ts ( probability to recomm5d x g5]ally2 :ile ! subsequ5t inv5tion ( ! telescope1 & ! works ( ,kepl] & ,galileo1 com+ s soon aft] ,ty*o ,brah1 prep>$ ! way = t almo/ univ]sal reception ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em :i* we h s9ce witness$4 ,i %all ref] lat] on to ,ty*o & 8 obs]vations4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ! /ate ( a/ronomical !ories 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,enlight5$ m5 l ,cop]nicus _h guess$--n accurately1 x is true1 b ) a consid]able approa* to accuracy--at ! real facts ( ! case4 ,ty*o ,brah 7:o1 ,i suspect1 w\ld h be5 conv]t$ to ,cop]nicanism if 8 life _h be5 prolong$7 _h sugge/$ a sy/em ( compromise n likely1 9 ! long run1 to satisfy any ?\ghtful m9d2 :ile ! bulk ( m51 ev5 ! le>n$1 adh]$ to ! old ,ptolemaic s*eme4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 n[ occurr$ :i* 0 de/9$ to "w1 soon] or lat]1 a complete revolution 9 a/ronomy4 ,! telescope 0 inv5t$1 &1 at ! same "t1 !re arose a man :o knew h[ to use x3 t man 0 ,galileo4 ,he 0 n ! inv5tor ( x1 = x 0 fir/ con/ruct$ 9 ,holl& or ,belgium2 yet he _h ! en]gy & ! skill to make a telescope1 )\t hav+ previ\sly se5 "o1 simply f ! acc\nt he _h he>d ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! telescope t he con/ruct$1 :i* /ill be>s 8 "n1 0 ! simple/ possible4 ,x 0 ( a =m n[ disus$ except+ = op]a-glasses & = ! f> m p[]ful b9ocul> field-glasses ) :i* we are s famili>2 b = telescopes prop]ly s call$ an improv$ pr9ciple has long s9ce be5 introduc$4 ,galileo 0 ! fir/ man t ev]1 s f> z we "k1 turn$ ! telescope ^u ! heav5s4 ,h[ he 0 rew>d$ = 8 pa9s we %all pres5tly see2 & ,i propose to introduce a n>rative ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 8 life1 s9ce !re are no means = =m+ a judgm5t s valuable z hav+ ! facts ( ! case cle>ly be=e ! m9d4 ,= mo/ ( ! facts ,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,h5ri de l'p9ois1 ^: elaborate article 9 ! ,fr5* publication kn[n z ,la ,revue des ,que/ions ,hi/oriques is ( ! highe/ value2 z ! au?or ( ?is article has done :at ,i suspect v few writ]s on ,galileo h ev5 attempt$ to d1 namely1 to inspect ! docum5ts pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican be>+ on ! process1 "s ( :i* he gives at full l5g?4 ,n hav+ myself _h ! same advantage1 ,i yet feel t ,i am tread+ on safe gr\nd :5 ,i take my facts f ,m4 de l'p9ois2 = !re is sc>cely a /atem5t t he makes = :i* he does n give 8 au?ority1 :e!r f ! docum5ts j m5tion$1 or f ,galileo's own lett]s1 or f o!r tru/wor?y evid5ce4#b ,to treat ( ,galileo1 & to pass ov] ! ev5ts :i* br\ght him into collision ) ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 w\ld ( c\rse be impossible1 nor is x easy to t\* ^u ^! matt]s )\t hav+ "s /&po9t ( "o's own--"s pr9ciple to guide "o1 "s basis f :i* to argue4 ,i d n %r9k f /at+ t ,i write f a ,ca?olic /&po9t2 b )\t ent]+ m9utely into ^? subtle que/ions :i* are ! prov9ce ( ! tra9$ !ologian4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( ! n>rative is connect$ ) ! action ( ! ,roman ,congregations1 z !y are t]m$1 x may n be sup]flu\s to expla9 briefly ! nature ( ^! in/itutions4 ,!y are =m$ by ! selection ( c]ta9 ,c>d9als1 "o ( !m act+ z ,prefect ( ! ,congregation1 to :om are add$ o!r ecclesia/ics z consultors & z secret>y4 ,! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 to :i* ref]5ce w h]eaft] be made1 0 in/itut$ n long aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 by ,pope ,/4 ,pius ,v41 & has = its duty1 z its "n implies1 ! po9t+ out to ! fai?ful p su* books z !y ought to ab/a9 f read+4 ,! *ief consultor ( ! ,index is ! 8,ma/] ( ! ,apo/olic ,palace10 :om ,i %all h occasion to m5tion m ?an once 9 connection ) t ,dialogue ( ,galileo :i* br\ght him into su* s]i\s disgrace at ,rome4 ,! ,congregation ( ! ,inquisition--,i ne$ h>dly say1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,spani% tribunal ( t "n1 :i* 0 f\nd$ at an e>li] p]iod1 nor ) simil> tribunals 9 o!r c\ntries--0 erect$ 9 #aedb by ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 & besides ! o!r (ficials atta*$ to x1 _h c]ta9 !ologians call$ 8qualifi]s10 ^: duty x 0 to give an op9ion to ! ,congregation on que/ions submitt$ to !m4 ,^! two ,congregations1 z well z sev]al o!rs :i* x is n necess>y to enum]ate1 /ill exi/1 _! functions be+ some:at modifi$ by ! *ang+ circum/ances ( ! age4 ,_! action is = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to matt]s ( discipl9e1 b !y sometimes h que/ions ( doctr9e & moral obligation ref]r$ to !m by ! ,pope1 f :om1 ( c\rse1 !y d]ive all au?ority t !y possess4 ,i d n "h und]take to %[ ! advantage & utility ( ^! ,congregations1 or ( any o!r in/itutions connect$ ) ! discipl9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,f ! rem>ks ,i h j previ\sly made1 x w be und]/ood t ,i take all ?is = grant$1 & t ,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s4 ,^? :o diff] f me w1 ,i tru/1 excuse me :5 !y f9d t ?is conviction on my "p does n int]f]e ) ! imp>tial fairness ( my n>rative4 ,galileo1 :om ,i believe to h be5 a dev\t ,ca?olic1 w\ld1 if he 7 "h to speak = himself1 agree ) me 9 pr9ciple1 h[ev] he might compla9 ( ! action ( ! ,roman ,congregations 9 8 own individual case4 ,we %all !n1 z we proce$1 inquire :e!r ?is celebrat$ philosoph] 01 z "s imag9e1 a h]o & a m>tyr ( sci5ce1 or1 z o!rs ?9k1 a ra% innovator1 :o happ5$ by *ance to be "r1 b :o _h little or no?+ b va9 & fooli% argum5ts to adduce 9 support ( 8 doctr9es4 ,p]haps we %all f9d t su* critics1 on ei!r side1 are b imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! facts ( ! case4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,galileo ,galilei ,l9ceo--= su* 0 8 "n 9 full--0 born at ,pisa1 ! #ah? ,febru>y1 #aefd4 ,:5 ab\t sev5te5 ye>s old he comm5c$ /udy+ ma!matics & physical sci5ce at ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 & lat] on1 9 #aehe1 he came to ,flor5ce1 9 ord] to g ?r\gh a ma!matical c\rse4 ,he seems to h be5 :olly free f ! sceptical & irreligi\s _s :i* unhappily w>ps ! judgm5t ( "s sci5tific m5 9 our own day4 ,8 moral conduct1 h[ev]1 9 e>ly life 0 n irreproa*able1 & x is record$ ( him t he _h a liaison ) a lady nam$ ,m>ia ,gamba1 :o became ! "m ( ?ree *ildr52 b ?is illicit atta*m5t did n la/ v long1 & a sep>ation took place1 aft] :i* he saw ,m>ia ,gamba no m1 & %e 0 subsequ5tly m>ri$ to "s o!r p]son4 ,he !n ent]$ ! celebrat$ mona/]y ( ,vallombrosa1 :]e he 0 a novice = a %ort p]iod2 b1 hav+ app>5tly no vocation = ! religi\s life1 he left ! mona/]y1 & resum$ 8 =m] pursuits4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-five he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,pisa1 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany hav+ invit$ him !re on ! recomm5dation ( ,c>d9al del ,monte4 ,"h x 0 t he fir/ excit$ ho/ility by attack+ ! !ories ( ,ari/otle on physical sci5ce1 a ?+ n to be done ) impunity 9 t age4 ,i h already allud$ to ! telescope con/ruct$ by ,galileo1 & x is sc>cely necess>y to say t su* an in/rum5t1 h[ev] simple & rudim5t>y 9 its con/ruction1 c\ld n fail to reveal to an intellig5t obs]v] tru?s hi!rto unkn[n4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ! planet ,jupit] _h satellites1 t ,saturn _h a r+1 t ,v5us pass$ ?r\gh phases l ! moon1 t !re 7 spots on ! ,sun2 ?is la/ discov]y hav+ be5 made ab\t ! same "t by ! le>n$ ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,s*e9]1 & by ,fabricius4 ,x 0 n1 ,i ?9k1 until ! ye> #afaj t ,galileo publi%$ 8 "w call$ 8,nuntius ,sid]ius10 9 :i* he rec\nt$ ! results he _h obta9$4 ,?is "w seems to h provok$ "s consid]able opposition1 b ,galileo 0 support$ by ! approbation ( 8 patron1 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #afaa1 he w5t to ,rome1 & "h he 0 well receiv$ & treat$ ) di/9ction by prelates ( high position1 & ev5 by ! ,pope !n reign+1 ,paul ,v4 ,moreov]1 :51 9 ! ye> #afab1 he publi%$ ano!r "w1 :i* he call$ 8,discorso sui ,gallegianti10 he met ) g5]al approval1 & no less a p]son ?an ,c>d9al ,maffei ,b>b]9i1 :o aft]w>ds became ,pope "u ! title ( ,urban ,,viii41 is /at$ to h decl>$ t he 0 9 all po9ts ( ! same op9ion z ,galileo4 ,n[ x is q true t incid5tal conv]sations1 pass+1 p]haps1 ?r\gh ! h&s ( two or ?ree p]sons1 are n to be greatly reli$ ^u4 ,x is also to be rem>k$ t m5 9 ! position ( ,c>d9als or ecclesia/ics ( high rank may (t5 look ) tol]ation & ev5 fav\r on op9ions /at$ 9 a gu>d$ & hypo!tical way1 & yet1 if call$ on to pron\nce an (ficial judgm5t on su* op9ions1 w\ld feel x a duty to pron\nce aga9/ !m4 ,nev]!less1 !re appe>s consid]able reason = ?9k+ t s9ce ,galileo's reputation /ood s high1 & 8 ability 0 s manife/1 he w\ld h escap$ all c5sure if he _h conf9$ himself /rictly to /at+ 8 views on ! ,cop]nican sy/em z a sci5tific hypo!sis1 & _h firmly resi/$ ! temptation 7/rong z x 07 to all[ himself to be drawn into ! ,scriptural argum5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 ma9ly ! fault ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,unable to grapple ) ! "q 9 its purely sci5tific aspect1 "s zeal\s anti-,cop]nicans turn$ to ,holy ,scripture = support--,scripture 9 its mo/ rigid & lit]al int]pretation2 an int]pretation1 h[ev]1 x mu/ 9 fairness be /at$1 en%r9$ 9 ! traditions ( successive g5]ations4 ,x is said t a monk nam$ ,sizi w5t s f> z to ma9ta9 t ! ,bible contradict$ ! exi/5ce ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,if ?is be true 7:i* "o _c help d\bt+71 we may well say t among/ all ! p]v]sions ( ,scripture 9 :i* human fancy has indulg$1 !re is sc>cely any "o m mon/r\s2 & we mu/ n imag9e t all ! ,biblical argum5ts us$ aga9/ ,galileo & ,cop]nicus 7 s unreasonable & exagg]at$4 ,x 0 9 #afac t our philosoph] publi%$ at ,rome ano!r "w1 entitl$ 8,l',i/oria e ,dimo/razione ,intorno alle ,mac*ie ,sol>i40 ,x 01 g5]ally speak+1 well receiv$1 ?\gh he drew a conclusion 9 fav\r ( ! ,e>?'s rotation on its axis4 ,! controv]sy1 h[ev]1 became /ill ke5] on ! all-important po9t ( ! int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,n[ t we c look back on ! ev5ts ( t day ) all judici\s calmness1 we may well blame ,galileo = hav+ let himself fall into s dang]\s a sn>e2 b !re 0 "s excuse = him1 attack$ z he 0 on ?is v gr\nd ( ! suppos$ incompatibility ( 8 hypo!sis ) ! tea*+ ( ,scripture2 & s he un=tunately committ$ a grave error ( judgm5t 9 grappl+ himself ) a religi\s difficulty :i*1 if wise1 he w\ld h left entirely to !ologians4 ,x may be said t ?is is n :at we %\ld naturally expect4 ,we %\ld suppose t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities w\ld welcome any attempt to prove t new sci5tific !ories 7 n irreconcilable ) ! ,scriptural n>rative1 & possibly su* w\ld be ! case at ! pres5t day2 b 9 ^? times x 0 c]ta9ly o!rwise1 & ,i am n q sure :e!r ! tone & t5d5cy ( ,rome 7t is to say1 ,rome z ! c5tre ( ecclesia/ical tradition & au?ority7 is n /ill1 z x 0 !n1 9 fav\r ( ! same rule ( conduct--t1 namely1 :i* keeps a sci5tific man to 8 own prov9ce1 & leaves to ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* ! duty ( reconcil+ physical !ories & speculations ) ! tea*+ ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,on ?is la/-nam$ po9t ,i ne$ n say ,i speak ) ! utmo/ diffid5ce2 b on ! hi/orical "q1 z to :e!r t 0 ! feel+ :i* animat$ ,popes & ,c>d9als 9 ,galileo's day1 ,i ?9k !re c be v little d\bt4 ,n[1 z ! controv]sy became embitt]$1 a c]ta9 ,fa!r ,cass9i1 a ,dom9ican1 prea*+ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce1 attack$ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e z taught by ,galileo2 ?is ar\s$ ! wra? ( ! philosoph]1 & he wrote 7on ! #ba/ ,decemb]1 #afab7 a lett] to a ,b5$ict9e monk1 ,fa!r ,ca/elli1 prote/+ aga9/ ! int]pretation ( ,scripture :i* ,fa!r ,cass9i _h us$2 & :ile s prote/+1 ov]-/epp+1 x appe>s1 ! limits ( prud5ce4 ,! result 0 t ?is ungu>d$ lett] 0 d5\nc$ by ,fa!r ,lor9i to ! ,c>d9al ,prefect ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #afae !re comm5c$ a process :i* 9 ! foll[+ ye> _h an important issue4 ,x is said t 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #afae1 ,c>d9al del ,monte & ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e _h a conv]sation on ! subject ( ,galileo & 8 tea*+1 ! result be+ t !y bo? agre$ on ?is "o po9t3 t ,galileo ought to avoid ent]+ on ! int]pretation ( ,scripture1 ?is be+ a matt] res]v$ to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,galileo 0 n !n at ,rome2 & two influ5tial fri5ds ( 81 ,mgr4 ,d9i & ,pr9ce ,cesi1 advis$ him to be quiet & sil5t2 su* advice1 h[ev]1 0 n to 8 ta/e1 & he1 on ! contr>y1 ?ru/ 8 head into ! lion's m\?1 confid5t ( ultimate success4 ,he came p]sonally to ,rome1 mix$ 9 society1 & endeav\r$ by ! use ( su* argum5ts z occurr$ to him 9 conv]sation to refute ! anci5t op9ions4 ,sev]al ( 8 fri5ds1 includ+ "s ( ! ,c>d9als1 advis$ mod]ation1 b 9 va92 & su* 0 8 confid5ce 9 8 cause1 t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #afaf he actually began to compla9 ( ! delay 9 ! process4 ,! ,pope look$ ^u 8 conduct ) evid5t displeasure1 & x is /at$ 9 a lett] ( ,guicci>d9i t on "o occasion ,c>d9al ,ors9i spoke to him 9 fav\r ( ,galileo1 & he answ]$ t ! ,c>d9al w\ld d well to p]suade 8 fri5d to ab&on 8 op9ion--add+ t ! affair 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,c>d9als ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,aft] ?is incid5t1 x is said1 ! ,pope s5t = ,bell>m9e1 talk$ ! matt] ov] ) him1 & agre$ t ,galileo's op9ion 0 errone\s & h]etical4 ,a decid$ /ep 0 n[ tak53 on ! #ai? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 !re 0 s5t to c]ta9 !ologians belong+ to ! ,congregation ( ! ,inquisition--te*nically call$ ! ,qualifi]s--a copy ( ! propositions1 ! c5sure ( :i* _h be5 dem&$3 #a/1 ,t ! ,sun 0 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & consequ5tly immovable locally2 #bnd1 ,t ! ,e>? 0 n ! c5tre ( ! _w1 nor immovable1 b mov$ r\nd itself by a diurnal rotation4 ,! ,qualifi]s ( ! ,congregation met on ! #bcrd ,febru>y1 & on ! next day1 9 pres5ce ( ! elev5 !ologians :o _h be5 consult$1 ! c5sure 0 pron\nc$4 ,all decl>$ t ! fir/ proposition 0 fooli% & absurd1 philosophically speak+1 & also =mally h]etical1 s9ce x expressly contradict$ num]\s texts ( ,holy ,scripture1 accord+ to ! prop] mean+ ( ! words1 & accord+ to ! ord9>y int]pretation & ! s5se admitt$ by ! holy ,fa!rs & !ological doctors4 ,all decl>$ t ! second proposition des]v$ ! same c5sure philosophically1 & reg>d+ !ological tru?1 t x 0 at lea/ errone\s 9 po9t ( fai?4 ,! next day1 #be? ,febru>y1 ,c>d9al ,mell9us notifi$ to ! ,commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice :at _h tak5 place1 & ! ,pope desir$ ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e to s5d = ,galileo1 & admoni% him to ab&on ! op9ion 9 "q2 if he refus$ to obey1 ! ,fa!r ,commiss>y1 9 pres5ce ( a not>y & witnesses1 0 to enjo9 ^u him a comm& to ab/a9 :olly f tea*+ su* doctr9e & op9ion1 f def5d+ x1 or treat+ ( x2 if1 h[ev]1 he w\ld n acquiesce1 t he %\ld !n be imprison$4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 #bf? ,febru>y1 ?is 0 accord+ly done1 & ,galileo 0 w>n$ 8ut supra dictum op9ionem444 omn9o rel9quat1 nec eam de cet]o quovis modo doceat t5eat aut def5dat v]bo aut scriptis10 ) ! ?reat already m5tion$ 9 case ( disob$i5ce4 ,galileo promis$ to obey4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! mon? ( ,m>* !re appe>$ a pr9t$ decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index prohibit+ five works2 & "h we arrive at ! curi\s fact t no "w :atev] ( ,galileo 0 prohibit$ by "n4 ,! feel+ 9 ! high ecclesia/ical circles ( ,rome seems at t "t to h be5 v mu* to ?is effect3 8,let u /amp out ! obnoxi\s op9ion1 b let u sp>e ,galileo individually40 ,! f9al result 7includ+ :at took place 9 aft] ye>s7 is /rik+ly contra/$ ) su* expectations1 if !y exi/$4 ,galileo _h to suff] p]sonally1 n bodily torture or inc>c]ation1 b humiliation & failure2 :il/ ! dread$ doctr9e ( ,cop]nicanism1 purifi$ f incid5tal error & taught 9 an enlight5$ =m1 has triumph$ & reigns supreme4 ,! decree ( ! ,index is p>ticul>ly notewor?y1 = x is ! pr9cipal matt] ) :i* we h to deal4 ,aft] prohibit+ c]ta9 ,prote/ant books1 ! decree proce$s z foll[s3 8,& s9ce x has come to ! k ( ! above-nam$ ,sacr$ ,congregation t t false ,py?agorean doctr9e1 altoge!r contr>y to ,holy ,scripture1 conc]n+ ! movem5t ( ! ,e>? & ! immobility ( ! ,sun1 taught by ,nicolas ,cop]nicus 9 8 "w on ! ,revolutions ( ! ,heav5ly ,orbs1 & by ,diego di ,zunica 9 8 "w on ,job1 is already spread ab\t & receiv$ by _m p]sons1 z may be se5 9 a pr9t$ lett] ( a c]ta9 ,c>melite ,fa!r1 entitl$ #8,a ,lett] ( ! ,rev4 ,fa!r1 ,ma/] ,paul ,an?ony ,fosc>9i1 on ! op9ion ( ! ,py?agoreans & ( ,cop]nicus respect+ ! mobility ( ! ,e>? & ! /ability ( ! ,sun1 & ! new ,py?agorean ,sy/em ( ! ,_w1' pr9t$ at ,naples by ,lazz>o ,scorrigio1 #afae1 9 :i* ! said ,fa!r endeav\rs to %[ t ! a=esaid doctr9e ( ! immobility ( ! ,sun 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se & ! mobility ( ! ,e>? is consonant to ! tru?1 & is n oppos$ to ,holy ,scripture3 ,!re=e1 le/ any op9ion ( ?is k9d ins9uate itself to ! detrim5t ( ,ca?olic tru?1 ! ,congregation has decre$ t ! said works ( ,nicolas ,cop]nicus on ! ,revolutions ( ! ,orbs & ,diego di ,zunica on ,job %\ld be susp5d$ until !y are correct$4 ,b t ! book ( ,fa!r ,paul ,an?ony ,fosc>9i ! ,c>melite %\ld be altoge!r prohibit$ & condemn$2 & t all o!r books tea*+ ! same ?+ %\ld equally be prohibit$1 z by ! pres5t decree x prohibits1 condemns1 & susp5ds !m all respectively4 ,9 witness :]e( ! pres5t decree has be5 sign$ & seal$ by ! h& & seal ( ! ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s & ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,"l ,c>d9al ( ,santa ,cecilia1 ,bi%op ( ,albano1 on ! #e? day ( ,m>*1 #afaf40 ,"h foll[ ! signatures3 8,p4 ,,episc4 ,,alban54 ,,c>d4 ,,sanct ,c,,cili4 8,locus sigilli4 8,f4 ,,franciscus ,,magdal5us ,,capif]reus1 8,ord4 ,prdicat41 ,secret>ius40 ,!re foll[$ a some:at rem>kable episode3 "s oppon5ts ( ,galileo hav+ spread a report t he _h be5 compell$ to make an abjuration1 & also _h _h c]ta9 salut>y p5ances inflict$ on him1 ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e gave him a c]tificate to ! effect t no?+ ( ! k9d _h tak5 place1 b only t ! decl>ation made by ! ,pope & publi%$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,index _h be5 communicat$ to him2 9 :i* decl>ation 0 conta9$ ! /atem5t t ! doctr9e attribut$ to ,cop]nicus on ! movem5t ( ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun1 & ! /ability ( ! ,sun 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w )\t its mov+ f ea/ to we/1 0 contr>y to ,holy ,scripture1 & s c\ld n be def5d$ or held4 ,x appe>s t ! abjuration allud$ to 0 a solemn act dem&$ only f ^? :o 7 suspect$ ( uns\ndness 9 ! fai?1 & c>ri$ ) x "s disgrace4 ,galileo 0 naturally anxi\s to be cle>$ f su* imputation1 & ! au?orities 9 ,rome will+ly met him s f>1 & avoid$ all acts ca/+ a p]sonal slur on him4 ,x is notewor?y t ! int]view betwe5 ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e & ,galileo took place aft] ! answ]s _h be5 return$ by ! ,qualifi]s ( ! ,inquisition1 b be=e ! publication ( ! decree ( ! ,index4 ,! c]tificate giv5 by ! ,c>d9al1 to :i* ,i h j allud$1 0 subsequ5t1 & be>s date ! #bf? ,may1 #afaf4 ,& "h we may pause 9 ! n>rative1 to inquire briefly :at 0 ! effect1 9 an ecclesia/ical po9t ( view1 ( ! decree j quot$1 & ( ! admonition giv5 by ,papal ord] to ,galileo4 ,on ! m]e face ( x1 x _c surely be ma9ta9$ t !re 0 any doctr9al decision1 /rictly speak+1 at all4 ,i d n wi% to und]value ! importance ( ! discipl9>y decision1 ,i ?9k x mo/ mom5t\s2 moreov]1 ! reason alleg$ = x 0 t ! op9ion1 ! publication ( :i* 0 to be =bidd51 0 contr>y to ,scripture2 b ,i fail to see h[ ?is la/-m5tion$ fact c possibly conv]t :at is av[$ly a discipl9>y enactm5t1 prohibit+ ! circulation ( c]ta9 books1 into a dogmatic decree4 ,i %\ld submit x to ! judgm5t ( !ologians :e!r ?is w\ld n be true ev5 if ! ,pope's "n _h be5 explicitly introduc$ z sanction+ ! decree2 z x /&s1 h[ev]1 ! decree appe>s simply 9 ! "n ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index4 ,x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 sc>cely be necess>y to argue ^! po9ts at l5g?1 7 x n t ! contr>y view has be5 ma9ta9$ 9 a "w entitl$ 8,! ,pontifical ,decrees aga9/ ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s ,movem5t1 & ! ,ultramontane ,def5ce ( !m10 by ! ,rev4 ,william ,w4 ,rob]ts1 a "w writt5 ) ability & mod]ation z well z consid]able k ( ! subject1 s9ce ! au?or1 ?\gh det]m9$ to make all ! controv]sial capital t is possible out ( ! case ( ,galileo1 rises sup]ior to ! vulg> atmosph]e ( fable & false accusation2 nev] alleges any?+ l p]sonal cruelty or ill-treatm5t z aga9/ ! ,pope or ! ,inquisition1 & sc>cely alludes to ! my?ical /ory ( 8,e pur si muove40 ,moreov]1 ev5 7 ! intr9sic value ( ! "w less ?an x is1 att5tion has be5 publicly drawn to x by a writ] :om1 bo? f a religi\s & sci5tific po9t ( view1 we feel b\nd to treat ) respect--,pr(essor ,miv>t--al?\gh he has =m$1 on ! o!r h&1 an exagg]at$ e/imate ( ! importance ( ,mr4 ,rob]ts' facts & argum5ts4 ,"h ,i wi% to introduce an obs]vation1 z a sort ( anticipatory self-def5ce1 :i* is t ,i d n feel b\nd to ent] into all ! !ological m9uti :i* le>n$ disputants h introduc$ into ?is case4 ,^? :o wi% to sift su* argum5ts 9 detail c read ! articles 9 ,! ,dubl9 ,review by ! late ,dr4 ,w>d 7s9ce republi%$7 on ! "o h&1 & ,mr4 ,rob]ts' book on ! o!r4 ,i myself v5ture to look at ! "q z a lay !ologian1 employ+ ?is expression n by any means 9 ! s5se ( "o :o1 hav+ read two or ?ree !ological treatises1 presumes to discuss ! sacr$ sci5ce1 himself an amateur1 ) m5 ^: pr(ession x is to tea* !ology2 =1 to use a famili> expression1 ,i hope ,i "k my place bett]4 ,i employ ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( a man :o seeks to "k :at ! ,*ur* tea*es z requisite = a layman1 t is an educat$ layman1 to und]/&3 ?us ! lay !ologian1 z ,i consid] him1 ought to be able to discrim9ate betwe5 :at ! ,*ur* tea*es him z matt] ( fai? & :at %e enjo9s or enc\rages him to hold "u a less solemn sanction4 ,he ought also to di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 matt]s laid d[n by ! ,*ur* z p>ts ( h] def9itive tea*+ bo? on fai? & morals--po9ts1 t is to say1 laid d[n z ( pr9ciple1 & !re=e irrevocable--& on ! o!r h& matt]s ( discipl9e :i*1 :e!r intr9sically important or n1 may & d v>y f age to age4 ,he may ( c\rse make mi/akes1 z ev5 !ologians may d1 9 apply+ 8 pr9ciples to p>ticul> cases2 b he ought to und]/& :at ! pr9ciples are4 ,n[ apply+ su* pla9 pr9ciples to ! ,galileo case1 ,i d n und]/& h[ any "o c come to any o!r conclusions ?an ^!3 fir/1 t ! decree ( ! ,index & ! o!r proce$+s 9 #afaf1 ?\gh f\nd$ on reasons ( doctr9e1 t is ( ! correct int]pretation ( ,scripture1 7 purely discipl9>y 9 _! nature2 secondly1 t ?is be+ s1 !y 7 n infallible or irre=mable1 z ! t]m is2 ?irdly1 t !y 71 h[ev]1 real acts ( discipl9e1 & int5d$ to be en=c$ m or less /r+5tly accord+ to circum/ances4 ,?is la/-nam$ aspect ( ! case is a matt] ( importance1 & ,i %all return to x h]eaft]2 b ! attempt to impugn ! doctr9al infallibility ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* on ! /r5g? ( su* decisions z t ( ! ,index 9 #afaf1 seems to me s gr\ndless t ,i %\ld n discuss ! "q fur!r 7 x n t ,i ?9k x "r to notice "s ( ,mr4 ,rob]ts' argum5ts4 ,x appe>s t c]ta9 !ologians h held t decrees ( ! ,roman ,congregations are to be consid]$ infallible1 provid$ !y conta9 a /atem5t 9 s _m words t ! ,pope has approv$ !m1 & provid$ also t !y h be5 publi%$ by 8 explicit ord]4 ,?is1 x may be m5tion$1 does n necess>ily imply t su* decrees conc]n matt]s :i* are /rictly & te*nically matt]s ( fai?1 o!r less mom5t\s issues be+ frequ5tly involv$4 ,! decree ( ! ,index 9 #afaf _h no su* /atem5t ab\t ! ,pope's approbation1 nor any notice ( 8 express ord] = its publication1 al?\gh1 9 reality1 x 0 und\bt$ly approv$ by him4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts argues t ?is di/9ction is a wor?less "o1 because1 at t "t1 ! cu/om1 s9ce adopt$ on c]ta9 important occasions1 ( br++ 9 ! ,pope's "n & au?ority explicitly1 _h n come into be+4 ,z an argum5tum ad hom9em aga9/ c]ta9 writ]s :o h sugge/$ t su* an omission 9 ! ,galileo case 0 a rem>kable in/ance ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts' answ] may /&2 b x has no?+ to d ) ! ma9 argum5t4 ,x only %[s t :]eas ! ,popes ( m mod]n times h employ$ ! ,roman ,congregations z in/rum5ts = convey+ to ! _w _! own decrees on c]ta9 doctr9al subjects1 ! ,popes ( ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h no su* cu/om4 ,!y us$ ! ,congregations = v>i\s discipl9>y purposes1 f\nd$ sometimes1 no d\bt1 on reasons ( doctr9e1 & !y sanction$ ! proce$+s s tak52 b !y did n give !m ! explicit impress ( _! own "n & au?ority4 ,ev5 :5 ?is latt] has tak5 place1 x is n e !ologian :o holds t su* decree is infallible4 ,c>d9al ,franzel91 a writ] ( ! highe/ au?ority1 ^: words ,i give 9 a note1#c held t x 0 n infallibly true1 b only infallibly safe4 ,8 language is n q cle> to ! non-!ological m9d1 b he probably meant t ! doctr9e convey$ 9 su* a decree 0 safe1 s t x might c]ta9ly be held )\t injury to any "o's fai?1 & t x 0 n safe to reject x4 ,b x is cle> t he 0 n speak+ ( su* decrees z took place 9 ! ,galileo case1 b only ( ^? :i* be> on !m ! m>ks ( ,papal au?ority 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,8 own words are pretty pla9 pro( ( ?is4 ,!y are extract$ f 8 "w1 8,de ,div9a ,traditione et ,scriptura10 & foll[ ! o!r words to :i* ,i h allud$3 ,coroll4 ,d4 ,auctoritas infallibilitatis et supremum magi/]ium ,pontificis def9i5tis omn9o nihil unquam p]t9uit ad causam ,galilei ,galilei1 et ad ejurationem op9ionis ipsi injunctam4 ,non solum enim nulla vel umbra def9itionis ,pontifici ibi int]cessit1 s$ 9 toto illo decreto ,c>d9alium ,s4 ,(ficii1 et 9 =mula ejurationis ne nom5 quidem ,pontificis unquam sive directe sive indirecte pronuntiatum rep]itur444 p]t9ebat omn9o ad auctoritatem provid5ti ecclesia/ic cav]e1 ne quid detrim5ti cap]et int]pretatio ,scriptur p] conjecturas et hypo!ses pl]isque tum temporis visas m9ime v]isimiles4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 oblig$ to endorse ! op9ion convey$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce t ,i h quot$1 ?\gh c]ta9 !ologians ( great weight h held t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities ( ,galileo's day 7 only act+ ) prop] prud5ce 9 ! !n exi/+ /ate ( a/ronomical k4 ,i %all h]eaft] /ate :y ,i feel x difficult to foll[ _! judgm5t4 ,b ! words ,i h quot$ f ,c>d9al ,franzel9 %[ pla9ly t ! decrees he _h 9 8 m9d1 :5 he wrote t !y 7 infallibly safe1 7 ( a nature q diff]5t f any?+ t took place 9 ! processes connect$ ) ,galileo2 & al?\gh he alludes pr9cipally to t :i* pass$ 9 #afcc be=e ! ,inquisition1 he appe>s to include ! :ole affair 9 ! judgm5t he passes ^u x2 inde$1 ! s5t5ce ( ! tribunal 9 #afcc1 & ! abjuration enjo9$ ^u ,galileo at t "t1 7 made to dep5d on ! decree ( ! ,index 9 #afaf1 & ! admonition !n giv5 to ,galileo by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e4 ,c>d9al ,franzel9's op9ion1 !n1 :atev] weight we may give to x1 is cle> en\gh4 ,i give "o m extract f ! "w ( ?is le>n$ au?or on ! subject ( ! ,pope's infallibility1 %[+ t he 0 ( op9ion t doctr9al def9itions mu/ be cle>ly & unmi/akably int5d$ z su*1 & mu/ c>ry ) !m "s manife/ signs to t effect4 ,extract f ! same on ! subject ( ! ,pope's infallibility1 pp4 #ajh & #aji3 ,neque enim ,ca!dra ,apo/olica aliud e/1 quam supremum au!nticum magi/]ium1 cujus def9itiva s5t5tia doctr9alis obligat univ]sam ,ecclesiam ad cons5sum4 ,int5tio hc def9i5di doctr9am seu doc5di def9itiv s5t5ti et auctoritate obligante univ]sam ,ecclesiam ad cons5sum debet esse manife/a et cognoscibilis cl>is indiciis4 ,9 ! case we h be=e u1 ,i %\ld say t ! 8cl>a indicia0 7 all ! o!r way2 & inde$1 7 x n = ! du/ :i* controv]siali/s h tri$ to ?r[ 9 our eyes1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to add t we might fairly drop ?is "p ( our subject--,i mean ! "p :i* raises ! "q :e!r !re 0 n "s decision or def9ition1 su* z ,ca?olics are b\nd by _! pr9ciples to admit z infallible1 giv5 aga9/ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e4 ,x is "r1 h[ev]1 to notice "o or two o!r argum5ts urg$ by ,mr4 ,rob]ts4 ,"s ( ^! consi/ 9 br++ =w>d suppos$ p>allel cases1 9 :i* ! ,pope has insi/$ on a full & complete ass5t be+ giv5 to ! decision ( "s ,roman ,congregation4 ,"o case is t ( a 8di/+ui%$ !ologian & philosoph]1 ,gn!r10 ^: works 7 condemn$ by a decree ( ! ,index1 hav+1 h[ev]1 ! notice t ! ,pope _h ratifi$ ! decision & ord]$ its publication4 ,?is 0 9 #aheg4 ,gn!r & _m ( 8 foll[]s submitt$1 b o!rs cont5d$ t a m]ely discipl9>y decree 0 n conclusive4 ,on ?is ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 address$ a brief to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 9 :i* he intimat$ t a decree sanction$ by 8 au?ority & publi%$ by 8 ord] %\ld h be5 suffici5t to close ! "q1 t ! doctr9e taught by ,gn!r c\ld n be held to be true1 & t x 0 n p]mitt$ to any "o to def5d x f t "t =w>d4 ,i extract ! words z giv5 by ,mr4 ,rob]ts3 ,quod quidem ,decretum t ( ! ,index ,no/ra ,auctoritate sancitum ,no/roque jussu vulgatum1 suffic]e plane debebat1 ut que/io omnis p5itus dirempta c5s]etur1 et omnes qui ,ca?olico gloriantur nom9e cl>e ap]teque intellig]5t sibi esse omn9o obtemp]&um1 et s9c]am hab]i non posse doctr9am ,gn?>ianis libris cont5tam1 ac nem9i de9ceps fas esse doctr9am iis libris traditam tu]i ac propugn>e1 et illos libros s9e debita facultate leg]e ac ret9]e4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n simply inve/igat+ ! hi/ory ( ,galileo1 b is cont5d+1 = o!r reasons1 aga9/ c]ta9 op9ions on ! subject ( ,papal infallibility held by an able =eign !ologian1 ,m4 ,b\ix1 & by ,dr4 ,w>d1 & he uses ,galileo z a weapon 7&1 9 8 e/imation1 a mo/ =midable weapon7 9 ! controv]sy4 ,n[1 9 ! capacity ,i h assum$ ( a lay !ologian1 ,i d n feel b\nd to discuss :e!r ! decree 9 ,gn!r's case 0 m]ely discipl9>y1 or :e!r x 0 dogmatic2 :e!r x came )9 ! category ( /rictly infallible pron\ncem5ts1 or :e!r x did n2 & suppos+ ! =m] alt]native1 :e!r x 0 infallible 9 virtue ( ! ,pope's sanction & comm& to publi% 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 or :e!r x only became s 9 virtue ( ! brief address$ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne4 ,all ^! que/ions1 int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 ,i feel myself at lib]ty to pass ov]1 & to leave !m1 ) ! mo/ pr(\nd respect1 to be sift$ by pr(ess$ !ologians2 ,i m]ely v5ture to rem>k1 )\t attempt+ to argue ! matt]1 t1 to my un9/ruct$ intellig5ce1 ! :ole ?+1 includ+ ! ,pope's brief1 appe>s to h a discipl9>y "* r ?an any?+ else4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld say is ?is--! que/ions above m5tion$1 :i* 9 ! ,gn!r case are d\btful1 are 9 t ( ,galileo cle> en\gh2 ! clause /at+ t ! ,pope _h sanction$ ! decree1 & ord]$ x to be publi%$1 on :i* ! d\bt allud$ to is f\nd$1 did n appe> 9 ! decree aga9/ ! ,cop]nican books2 nor did ! ,popes ( t day issue any brief1 su* z ,pius ,,ix4 address$ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 x is true1 ?9ks he has a cl5*+ argum5t 9 a ,bull ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vii41 ( :i* ,i w speak h]eaft]1 & :i* 9 my humble judgm5t has ! lea/ =ce ( any t he has adduc$4 ,! case ( ,pr(essor ,ubaghs1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 :i* ,mr4 ,rob]ts ?9ks /ill m to ! po9t1 seems1 ,i confess1 to me ev5 weak] ?an ! o!r = our pres5t purpose4 ,"h1 aga91 ,i leave x to !ologians to decide :e!r ! decree 0 or 0 n infallible2 b x und\bt$ly appe>s1 9 po9t ( =m1 to be a doctr9al "o1 & emanat$ f ! ,unit$ ,congregations ( ! ,index & ,inquisition1 to :om ! ,pope _h expressly entru/$ ! exam9ation ( ! subject1 & x 0 z foll[s3 8,:]e=e ! mo/ em95t c>d9als h arriv$ at ?is op9ion3 t 9 ! philosophical works1 hi!rto publi%$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,ubaghs1 & especially 9 8 ,logic & ,!odicea1 doctr9es or op9ions are f\nd t _c be taught )\t dang]0 7inv5iri doctr9as seu op9iones1 qu absque p]iculo tradi non possunt74 8,:i* judgm5t our mo/ ,holy ,"l ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 has ratifi$ & confirm$ by 8 supreme au?ority40 ,ev5 !n "s p]sons ma9ta9$ t ! decree 0 discipl9>y & n doctr9al4 ,c>d9al ,patrizi1 h[ev]1 writ+ 9 ! ,pope's "n to ! ,primate ( ,belgium 7if ,i mi/ake n71 intimat$ t ! diss5ti5ts mu/ acquiesce ex animo 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,apo/olic ,see4 ,consequ5tly all ! pr(essors :o _h committ$ !mselves to ! proscrib$ op9ions 7 requir$ to make an act ( submission to ! effect j m5tion$4 ,! decree 0 treat$ z /rictly doctr9al1 & if s 01 ,i ma9ta91 ess5tially diff]5t f ! "o we h n[ be=e u4 ,9 ! case ( ,galileo1 x is true t ! op9ion giv5 9 #afaf by ! ,qualifi]s ( ! ,inquisition 0 a doctr9al "o2 ! action tak5 ^u ! /r5g? ( t op9ion by ! ,pope 9 desir+ ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e to admoni% ,galileo1 z well z by ! ,congregation ( ! ,index 9 prohibit+ c]ta9 books1 0 simply discipl9>y4#e ,x rema9s = u to inquire :at 0 ! value ( ! decree ( ! ,index on c]ta9 works1 writt5 9 fav\r ( ! new a/ronomical doctr9es1 z appreciat$ by contempor>y feel+ & op9ion4 ,we naturally f9d t !re 7 two views on ! subject3 "o ( ^? :o wi%$ to magnify ! effect ( ! decision1 & "o ( ^? :o desir$ to m9imise x4 ,galileo himself said t 8 op9ion _h n be5 accept$ by ! ,*ur*1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h only decl>$ t x 0 n 9 con=mity ) ,holy ,scripture2 f :i* x foll[$ t only books attempt+ ex pr(esso to prove t ! op9ion is n contr>y to ,scripture 7 prohibit$4 ,:e!r ,galileo 0 "r or wrong 9 8 e/imate ( ! scope ( ! decree1 x seems evid5t t he consid]$ ! :ole matt] z a "q m]ely ( discipl9e4 ,x is said t ,fa!r ,mel*ior ,in*(]1 ,s4,j4 7aft]w>ds "o ( ! ,consultors ( ! ,holy ,(fice71 endeav\r$ to prove t ! decision proce$$ f ! ,pope speak+ ex ca!dr4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts gives a quotation to t effect f a "w ( ,pr(essor ,b]ti2 ! orig9al1 h[ev]1 does n appe>1 & is probably n n[ extant4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts also quotes ,c>amuel1 8! acute casui/10 :o1 9 answ] to ! suppos$ objection t ! ,cop]nican !ory might h]eaft] be %[n to be true1 says t x is impossible t ! ,e>? %\ld h]eaft] be prov$ demon/ratively to be 9 motion2 if su* an impossibility be admitt$1 o!r impossible & absurd ?+s w\ld foll[4 ,c>amuel1 h[ev] great z a !ologian1 0 evid5tly n end[$ ) mu* sci5tific =esight4 ,b he is n :olly wrong1 = x has nev] yet be5 possible to prove by absolute demon/ration ! motion ( ! ,e>?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important witnesses on ! po9t we are "h consid]+ is ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 :o 0 a v zeal\s anti-,cop]nican1 & _h probably a great %>e 7p]haps ! pr9cipal %>e7 9 br++ ab\t ! practical condemnation ( ,galileo's op9ions 9 #afaf4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! only explicit /atem5t be>+ on ! "q t we h ( ,bell>m9e's1 is a lett] to ! ,c>melite ,fa!r ,fosc>9i1 dat$ ,april #a1 #afae1 ?\gh he has be5 quot$ z if he _h express$ ! op9ion /at$ 9 ! lett] at a lat] date4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts takes exception to ! inf]5ce drawn f ?is lett] because x 0 writt5 be=e ! decree ( ! ,index1 & we may add1 ab\t sev5 mon?s be=e ! ref]r+ ( ,galileo's writ+s to ! ,consultors ( ! ,inquisition4 ,n[ we may admit t !re w\ld be "s =ce 9 ?is argum5t if ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 in/ead ( be+ :at he 01 _h be5 a private individual1 hav+ no?+ to d b to li/5 submissively to :at 8 ecclesia/ical sup]iors decid$1 :e!r 9 doctr9e or discipl9e4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ tru/$ advis]s ( ! ,pope2 he _h no small %>e 9 br++ ab\t ! c5sure ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 su* z x 02 & x is almo/ c]ta9 t at ! "t :5 he wrote ! lett] he =esaw t "s proce$+s ( t nature w\ld foll[1 if inde$ ! proce$+s _h n already begun4 ,we h no sort ( intimation t he ev] aft]w>ds *ang$ 8 op9ion1 & ! way 9 :i* he 0 quot$ by subsequ5t writ]s po9ts to ?is conclusion4 ,i h ?\ght x bett] to answ] ! objection made by ,mr4 ,rob]ts be=e /at+ :at ,bell>m9e's lett] conta9s4 ,i mu/ leave my read]s to judge ! value ( ! argum5t4 ,all ,i say is1 t my own belief is t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e's op9ion1 z record$ 9 ?is lett] to ,fa!r ,fosc>9i1 repres5ts 8 p]man5t judgm5t4 ,x is a mo/ curi\s lett]1 & is a s+ul> illu/ration ( ! dang] t a man1 h[ev] able & le>n$1 may incur by attempt+ to grapple ) subjects ( :i* he kn[s absolutely no?+4 ,bell>m9e1 :5 writ+ on !ological or controv]sial subjects1 ?\gh he might make an occasional mi/ake1 0 "o ( ! cle>e/1 able/1 & 7may "o n add87 faire/ ( writ]s2 b on a subject su* z ?is1 "s ( 8 reason+ /rikes u z v curi\s4 ,! sub/ance ( x is z foll[s3 ,aft] admitt+ t s long z ! ,cop]nican doctr9e is /at$ hypo!tically1 8ex suppositione10 !re is no objection :atev] to x1 he goes on to say t to /ate x positively & z a reality is contr>y to ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ! ,c\ncil 7i4e4 ( ,tr5t71 t ,scripture %\ld n be int]pret$ contr>y to ! common cons5t ( ! ,fa!rs2 &1 he add$1 n only t1 b ! univ]sal op9ions ( mod]n comm5tators4 ,9 answ] to ! objection t x is n a matt] ( fai?1 he says3 8if x is n s ex p>te objecti1 x is s ex p>te dic5tis10 mean+ app>5tly t a man :o impugn$ ! tru? ( ! ,scriptural n>rative 9 any respect w\ld be h]etical4 ,!n foll[s ! p>agraph :i* has giv5 occasion to quote ! lett]1 & x is to ?is effect3#f ,:5 !re %all be a real demon/ration t ! ,sun /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t ! ,e>? revolves r\nd x1 x w !n be necess>y to proce$ ) great consid]ation 9 expla9+ ^? passages ( ,scripture :i* seem to be contr>y to x1 & r to say t we d n und]/& !m1 ?an say t a ?+ :i* is demon/rat$ is false4 ,b = 8 own "p1 until x _h be5 %[n to him1 he w\ld n believe !re c\ld be any su* demon/ration1 = x 0 "o ?+ to prove t if ! hypo!sis 7 true all ?+s w\ld appe> z !y actually d1 & ano!r ?+ to prove t su* is actually ! fact2 & 9 case ( d\bt "o ought n to leave ! int]pretation ( ,scripture z giv5 by ! ,fa!rs4 ,!n comes :at is really an extraord9>y argum5t1 z we mod]n ?9k]s w\ld view x4 ,! text1 8,! sun arises & sets1 & returns to 8 own place10 0 writt5 by ,solomon1 :o 0 n only inspir$ by ,god1 b 0 also ! wise/ & mo/ le>n$ ( mank9d 9 human sci5ces1 & 9 ! k ( creat$ ?+s1 & x 0 n likely he c\ld be wrong4 ,nor 0 x suffici5t to say t ,solomon speaks accord+ to appe>ances2 = ?\gh 9 "s cases errone\s impressions1 aris+ f appe>ances1 c be correct$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 x is q o!rwise z reg>ds ! motion ( ! ,e>?4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t x does n appe> to /rike ,bell>m9e t ! ,fa!rs & comm5tators1 n hav+ ?is "q be=e !m1 naturally int]pret$ ,scripture accord+ to ! ideas g5]ally ent]ta9$ 9 _! day4 ,:ile to suppose t1 because ,solomon wrote c]ta9 inspir$ works1 &1 moreov]1 0 a great naturali/--! greate/ ( 8 day--he 01 !re=e1 infallible 9 8 p]sonal views on a/ronomy1 %[s a /ate ( m9d s diff]5t f :at we f9d among/ ev5 non-sci5tific m5 9 our own day1 t we are almo/ />tl$ & bewild]$ :5 we meet ) x4 ,! tru?1 h[ev]1 is t ,bell>m9e 0 a sort ( l9k betwe5 ! m$ival & mod]n ?9k]s2 9 !ology & controv]sy1 & 9 appreciation ( ! *ange t _h tak5 place 9 ,europe ow+ to ! religi\s revolution ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 9 all t1 he 01 ,i imag9e1 9 advance ( 8 age2 9 physical sci5ce he 0 a simple m$ivali/4 ,b x 0 n = "s "t t ev5 able m5 came to recognise ! pr9ciple t 9 ! se>* = tru?1 s f> z ! works ( ,nature are conc]n$1 ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts & ! traditions ( =efa!rs c\nt b = little2 & obs]vation & exp]im5t are ! true & only key to k4 ,x is o!rwise1 ( c\rse1 ) !ology & k9dr$ /udies2 & x requir$ "s m5tal grasp1 or 9 default ( t x requir$ a long1 v long1 exp]i5ce be=e ! human m9d drew ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,b ?is is a digression4 ,i h quot$ ,bell>m9e to %[ :at he ?\ght ( ! necessity1 f an ecclesia/ical /&po9t1 ( putt+ d[n ,cop]nicanism1 at lea/ until x %\ld be prov$ to demon/ration4 ,he did n appe> to contemplate a dogmatic decision aga9/ x1 b :at he did desire1 & succe$$ 9 obta9+1 0 a discipl9>y prohibition ( ! obnoxi\s doctr9e4 ,z a !ologian he well knew t su* a prohibition w\ld n be an irrevocable act2 x might be )drawn :5 ! conclusive pro( ( ! =bidd5 op9ion %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,he probably ?\ght t ! c]ta9 demon/ration ( ! op9ion w\ld only take place1 z ma!maticians w\ld say1 at an inf9itely di/ant date2 nor 0 he :olly wrong1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 = ! absolute demon/ration ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9e is n1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 a ?+ to be a*iev$4 ,yet1 if he _h liv$ at a lat] p]iod1 ,i d n d\bt t he w\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) ! moral evid5ce1 ! mass ( indirect pro(1 on :i* ,cop]nicanism re/s4 ,_m ye>s lat]1 ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,fabri1 :o appe>s to h held ! (fice ( ,canon ,p5it5ti>y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 expresses himself 9 mu* ! same way z ,bell>m9e4 ,he 0 reply+ to ! argum5ts ( "s ,cop]nican correspond5t1 possibly an ,engli%man1 s9ce 8 reply 0 ins]t$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,engli% ,royal ,society 9 #affe1 & he says3 8,!re is no reason :y ! ,*ur* %\ld n und]/& ^? texts 9 _! lit]al s5se1 & decl>e t !y %\ld be s und]/ood s long z !re is no demon/ration to prove ! contr>y4 ,b if any su* demon/ration h]eaft] be devis$ by y\r p>ty 7:i* ,i d n at all expect71 9 t case ! ,*ur* w n at all hesitate to set =? t ^? texts are to be und]/ood 9 an improp]--i4e41 non-lit]al--& figurative s5se1 accord+ to ! words ( ! poet1 #8t]rque urbesque rec$unt4'0 ,z a fur!r illu/ration ( ! position ?us tak5 by ,bell>m9e & o!rs z to ! int]pretation ( ,scripture1 ,i may "h m5tion t "s few ye>s aft] ! prohibition ( ,cop]nican works by ! ,index 7probably ab\t #afbc71 x is said t ,guidacci _h an int]view ) ,fa!r ,grassi1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,t>qu9io ,galluzzi1 & t ,f4 ,grassi's words 7 z foll[s3 8,:5 a demon/ration ( ?is movem5t t ( ! ,e>? %all be discov]$1 x w be fitt+ to int]pret ,scripture o!rwise ?an has hi!rto be5 done3 ?is is ! op9ion ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e40 ,x is n int5d$ to d5y t !re 7 ^? :o magnifi$ ! effect ( ! decree ( ! ,index2 ! devotees ( ,ari/otle1 :o _h ga9$ :at 0 to !m a great triumph1 7 sure to make ! mo/ ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,we w n[ return to ! n>rative2 & 9 due c\rse discuss ! condemnation ( ,galileo by ! ,inquisition sixte5 ye>s aft] ! ev5ts j describ$4 ,x may be m5tion$1 z illu/rat+ ! feel+ 9 ,rome t[>ds ,galileo p]sonally1 t on ! #aa? ,m>*1 #afaf1 he _h an audi5ce1 la/+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 ( ,pope ,paul ,v4 ,he assur$ ! ,pope ( ! rectitude ( 8 int5tions1 & compla9$ ( ! p]secutions ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,paul ,v4 answ]$ v k9dly1 say+ t bo? himself & ! ,c>d9als ( ! ,index _h =m$ a high p]sonal op9ion ( him1 & did n believe 8 calumniators4 ,9 ! ye> #afbj !re appe>$ a monitum ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 p]mitt+ ! read+ ( ! great "w ( ,cop]nicus aft] c]ta9 specifi$ corrections _h be5 made4 ,n long aft] ?is1 9 #afbb1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ,pope ,paul ,v4 di$1 & ,galileo's fri5d1 ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 succe$$ him1 tak+ ! "n ( ,urban ,,viii4 ,ano!r ( 8 fri5ds1 ,monsignor ,ciampoli1 became secret>y ( briefs to ! new ,pope4 ,our philosoph] hav+ asc]ta9$ t he w\ld be well receiv$1 w5t to ,rome 9 ,april1 #afbd1 & 0 treat$ by ! new ,pope ) all possible consid]ation4 ,he _h1 9 fact1 sev]al conv]sations ) him2 & we may well conjecture x 0 on ^! occasions t ,urban ,,viii41 discuss+ ! ,cop]nican !ory1 us$ "s ( ^? argum5ts :i* ,galileo aft]w>ds put 9 ! m\? ( ,simplicio 9 8 celebrat$ ,dialogue1 !reby deeply (f5d+ ! ,pope4 ,b !re 01 ab\t ?is "t1 a sort ( mod]ate reaction 9 fav\r ( ,galileo among ! au?orities at ,rome4 ,= in/ance1 a "w ( 8 publi%$ s9ce ! decree ( ! ,index1 & entitl$ 8,il ,saggiatore10 9 :i* he _h fav\r$ ! !ory ( ! ,e>?'s motion1 0 attack$1 & an attempt 0 made to h x prohibit$ or at lea/ correct$1 b ! attempt 0 a failure4 ,! reports ( casual or un(ficial conv]sations are always to be receiv$ ) caution & ) "s qualification2 yet at lea/ !y are 8/raws :i* %[ h[ ! w9d bl[s40 ,?us we are told t ,c>d9al ,hoh5-,zoll]n1 9 a conv]sation ) ! ,pope 7,urban ,,viii47 on ! subject ( ,cop]nicus1 endeav\r$ to %[ ! necessity ( proce$+ ) great circumspection on t po9t1 to :i* x is said ! ,pope repli$ t ! ,*ur* _h n condemn$ & w\ld n condemn t op9ion z h]etical1 b only z tem]>i\s4 ,s aga9 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace1 himself re/+ neutral betwe5 ,ptolemy & ,cop]nicus1 is report$ to h said t !re 0 no matt] ( fai? 9 "q1 ! great po9t be+ t "o mu/ n 9 any way mix up ! ,holy ,scriptures ) x4 ,we may suppose t :5 ! ,pope spoke ( ! op9ion hav+ be5 condemn$ z tem]>i\s1 :at he meant 0 n t x _h be5 explicitly c5sur$ z su*--us+ ! ^w 9 ! te*nical s5se :i* x be>s :5 appli$ z a c5sure--= t x pla9ly _h n be51 b t ! g5]al effect ( ! prohibition issu$ by ! ,index 0 to /amp ! m>k ( ra%ness ^u x4 ,?is1 ,i may obs]ve1 if x be ! "r int]pretation1 is q consi/5t ) ! !ory t ! prohibition 0 ( a discipl9>y & a provisional "*4 ,we h also ano!r reput$ conv]sation ( ! ,pope ) ,campanella--re/+ on ! au?ority ( ,pr9ce ,cesi1 :o relat$ x to ,fa!r ,ca/elli--& x is important if true4 ,campanella _h said t c]ta9 ,g]mans1 ready to embrace ! ,ca?olic fai?1 _h hesitat$ on acc\nt ( ! condemnation ( ,cop]nicus1 to :i* ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 _h repli$ t ?is 0 n 8 int5tion1 & if he _h _h ! arrangem5t ( matt]s ! decree w\ld nev] h be5 made4 8,non fu mai no/ra int5zione1 e se fosse toccato a noi1 non si s>ebbe fatto quel decreto40 ,z already rem>k$1 we mu/ n atta* too great weight to reports ( private conv]sations2 b x is probable t "s su* sc5e took place z "h repres5t$1 &1 if x did1 x is surely :olly incompatible ) ! idea t ! decree 0 a decision 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,no ,pope1 no well-in=m$ ecclesia/ic ( any rank1 w\ld express himself s 9 su* a case2 b x is q consi/5t ) :at we might expect 9 a "q ( simple discipl9e4 ,x w n[ be conv5i5t1 be=e discuss+ ! matt] fur!r1 to resume ! n>rative1 & to t\* ^u ! que/ions connect$ ) ! condemnation ( ,galileo by ! ,inquisition1 & 8 en=c$ abjuration4 ,x is1 inde$1 ^! latt] proce$+s t h left s deep an impression ^u ! popul> m9d1 ?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 !y 7 ( less importance ?an ! decree ( ! ,index--( less importance1 t is1 to all o!rs besides ,galileo himself4 ,x seems t our philosoph] ov]rat$ ! effect ( ! reaction t _h tak5 place 9 8 fav\r1 real ?\gh x 0 s f> z x w5t4 ,he ?\ght he might n[ safely publi% ! "w on :i* he _h be5 lab\r+1 & on :i* he probably reli$ z likely to influ5ce ! m9ds ( le>n$ m51 ecclesia/ical z well z lay1 9 ! direction ( ,cop]nicanism4 ,he came 9 ,may 9 ! ye> #afcj to ,rome1 & _h a v long audi5ce ) ! ,pope1 :o treat$ him ) great k9dness & ev5 increas$ a p5sion he _h already be/[$ ^u him2 b we d n "k :at pass$ z to o!r matt]s on ?is occasion4 ,he _h also an int]view ) ,fa!r ,ricc>di1 :o _h n[ become ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace1 ) a view ( obta9+ au?ority to pr9t 8 book4 ,fa!r ,ricc>di ^u ?is engag$ ,fa!r ,visconti1 :o 0 a pr(essor ( ma!matics1 to read ! "w & m>k su* passages z he ?\ght necess>y4 ,fa!r ,visconti report$ t !re 7 "s passages :i* requir$ correction1 & _m po9ts t he w\ld l to discuss ) ! au?or4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace gave leave = ! pr9t+ ( ! "w1 express+ at ! same "t a wi% to see x once m himself2 consequ5tly x 0 arrang$ t ,galileo %\ld return to ,rome 9 ! autumn1 9 ord] to add ! preface1 & to ins]t 9 ! body ( ! "w c]ta9 passages1 calculat$ to %[ t ! "q 0 be+ treat$ purely z a hypo!sis4 ,two unt[>d ev5ts1 h[ev]1 n[ occurr$3 "o 0 ! dea? ( ,pr9ce ,cesi1 a p[]ful & devot$ fri5d ( ,galileo1 :i* took place on ! #a/ ,may2 & ! o!r 0 ! outbreak ( ! plague at ,flor5ce1 a circum/ance :i* int]rupt$ communications1 & caus$ delays result+ 9 mi/akes & misund]/&+s4 ,) a view ( hav+ ! ,dialogue pr9t$ at ,flor5ce1 x 0 arrang$ t ! revision requir$ by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities %\ld take place !re in/ead ( at ,rome4 ,fa!r ,hyac9! ,/ephani1 a ,dom9ican1 :o act$ z revis]1 m>k$ sev]al passages 9 ! "w1 ?9k+ t !y %\ld be expla9$ be=e ! f9al p]mission = publication 0 conc$$4 ,!n foll[$ mutual delays3 ! au?or 0 t>dy 9 s5d+ to ,rome ! corrections to :i* he _h 9 pr9ciple agre$1 & ! ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace 0 late 9 s5d+ to ,flor5ce ! preface & ! conclusion1 s ! impati5t philosoph] began to pr9t 8 book4 ,! plague /ill cont9u$1 & ! result 0 t communications 7 /ill int]rupt$4 ,! ,inquisitor ( ,flor5ce h[ev] receiv$ f ,rome ! p[] to approve (ficially ! copy ( ,galileo's "w t w\ld be submitt$ to him1 ) in/ructions specially add$ by ,fa!r ,ricc>di t he mu/ be> 9 m9d ! wi%es ( ! ,pope to ! foll[+ effect3 ,! title ( ! "w mu/ indicate t x dealt only ) ! ma!matical "q connect$ ) ,cop]nicanism1 also t ! ,cop]nican op9ion mu/ n be put =w>d z a positive tru?1 b m]ely z a hypo!sis1 & ?is )\t allud+ to ! int]pretation ( ,scripture2 moreov]1 t x %\ld be /at$ t ! "w 0 only writt5 to %[ t if ! decree 7i4e4 ( #afaf7 0 made at ,rome1 nev]!less ! au?orities knew all ! reasons aga9/ x t c\ld be urg$1 & 7 n ignorant ( "o ( !m--an idea con=mable to ! words ( ! preface & ! conclusion1 :i* he w\ld s5d f ,rome correct$4 ,) ?is precaution1 x 0 intimat$ ! book w\ld meet ) no ob/acle at ,rome1 & ?us satisfaction might be giv5 to ! au?or1 & also to ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 :o _h %[n himself to be s eag] 9 ! matt]4 ,?is rem>kable lett] po9ts t[>ds a conclusion :i* has be5 drawn by "s writ]s1 t ! preface to ! ,dialogue 0 writt5 = ,galileo by ,fa!r ,ricc>di or "s o!r p]son1 & 0 n 8 own composition2 = ! above is precisely :at 0 said 9 ! preface z x aft]w>ds appe>$1 & x seems to me almo/ incr$ible t ,galileo %\ld h spontane\sly writt5 any su* words1 expos+ him to ! *>ge1 :i* has really be5 made aga9/ him1 ( transp>5t irony1 !reby giv+ (f5ce 9 ! v qu>t]s :]e conciliation 0 desirable4 ,& x mu/ be rem>k$ t :5 ,fa!r ,ricc>di on ! #ai? ,july ( ?is ye> s5t ! preface to ,flor5ce1 he all[$ ,galileo ! lib]ty ( mak+ v]bal alt]ations only2 s t :e!r he compos$ x or only revis$ x1 x is ,fa!r ,ricc>di r ?an ! au?or ( ! ,dialogue :o mu/ be held responsible = ! cont5ts1 & ! same rem>k applies at lea/ p>tially to ! conclusion also1 x hav+ be5 specially revis$ by ! same h&4 ,! preface is address$ to ! discreet read]1 & ! words to :i* ,i h j allud$ are z foll[s3 8,"s ye>s ago1 a :olesome edict 0 promulgat$ 9 ,rome :i*1 9 ord] to *eck ! dang]\s sc&als ( ! pres5t age1 impos$ an opportune sil5ce ^u ! ,py?agorean op9ion ( ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,!re 7 n want+ "s :o ra%ly ass]t$ t t decree result$1 n f judici\s exam9ation1 b f ill-in=m$ passion2 & !re 7 he>d compla9ts t ,consultors1 :olly inexp]i5c$ 9 a/ronomical obs]vations1 ought n to be all[$1 ) a ha/y prohibition1 to clip ! w+s ( speculative intellects4 ,my zeal c\ld n keep sil5ce on he>+ ! tem]ity ( ! compla9ts s made4 ,z "o fully in=m$ ( t mo/ prud5t decision1 ,i judg$ x "r to appe> publicly 9 ! !atre ( ! _w1 z a witness ( pure tru?4 ,i happ5$ !n to be pres5t 9 ,rome2 ,i _h n only audi5ces1 b approbations f ! mo/ em95t prelates ( t ,c\rt1 & x 0 n )\t my own previ\s in=mation t ! publication ( t decree !n foll[$40 ,! au?or goes on to say t he wi%$ to %[ to =eign nations h[ mu* 0 kn[n 9 ,italy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,rome1 on ?is subject2 & t f ?is climate !re proce$ n only dogmas = ! salvation ( ! s\l1 b +5i\s devices = ! delight ( ! m9d4 ,?is la/ clause c]ta9ly sav\rs ( bitt] irony1 & probably did n proce$ f ,fa!r ,ricc>di's p54 ,he !n /ates t = ! purpose 9 h& he _h tak5 ! ,cop]nican "p 9 ! ,dialogue z a pure ma!matical hypo!sis1 endeav\r+ by e artifice to repres5t x z sup]ior1 n to t ( ! /ability ( ! ,e>? absolutely speak+1 b to ! doctr9e z def5d$ by ! ,p]ipatetics1 to :om he alludes ) "s contempt4 ,he adds t he w treat ( ?ree pr9cipal heads3 "u ! fir/ he w\ld %[ t all our exp]i5ce 0 insuffici5t to prove conclusively ! motion ( ! ,e>?1 b t x adapt$ itself equally to ei!r !ory2 he hop$ also to produce _m obs]vations unkn[n to antiquity4 ,9 ! second place1 ! cele/ial ph5om5a w\ld be exam9$1 by :i* ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis w\ld be s re9=c$ z if x ought to come out ( ! conte/ absolutely victori\s4 ,9 ! ?ird place he w\ld prop\nd 8 !ory ab\t ! tides3 8proporr una fantasia +egnosa10 he says4 ,he _h long be5 ( op9ion t ! unkn[n problem ( ! tides w\ld receive "s light on ! assumption ( ! ,e>?'s motion4 ,o!r p]sons _h adopt$ 8 /atem5t on ?is po9t z if x _h be5 _! own2 he !re=e ?\ght x desirable to exp\nd x himself4 ,he h9ts1 too1 t ! will+ness to admit ! /ability ( ! ,e>?1 & to take ! contr>y side solely = ma!matical caprice1 is p>tly bas$ on piety1 religion1 ! k ( ! ,div9e omnipot5ce1 & ! consci\sness ( human weakness4 ,he _h ?\ght x well to ca/ ^! ?\ghts into ! =m ( a dialogue1 :i* gave a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om to digressions4 ,he !n introduces ! p]sonages :o su/a9 ! discussion1 & :o are suppos$ to meet at ,v5ice at ! palace ( "o ( _! numb]1 ,sagr$o by "n4 ,?is preface1 if "o may judge by int]nal evid5ce1 0 probably ! jo9t composition ( ,galileo & ,fa!r ,ricc>di1 ! =m] hav+ writt5 ! orig9al draft1 ! latt] hav+ alt]$ ! draft & supplem5t$ x ) important additions4 ,! body ( ! ,dialogue--:i* ,i suspect t _m p]sons :o consid] !mselves compet5t to give an op9ion on ! ,galileo case h n s mu* z ev5 se5--is divid$ into f\r portions1 ea* be+ suppos$ to be "o day's dialogue4 ,! int]locutors are ,salviati1 ,sagr$o1 & ,simplicio4 ,great (f5ce 0 tak5 at ! rle attribut$ to ?is la/-nam$ p]sonage--! true doctr9e put into ! m\? ( a simpleton6 ,x has be5 said t ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 consid]$ x z an insult direct$ aga9/ himself1 because1 9 conv]sation ) ,galileo1 he _h us$ "s ( ! v argum5ts employ$ by ,simplicio4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may h happ5$ )\t ! au?or int5d+ !reby to (f] any p]sonal affront to ,8 ,hol9ess2 "s "* 0 b\nd to appe> on ! anti-,cop]nican side1 & x 0 inevitable t ! argum5ts t ,galileo _h he>d1 :e!r f ignorant or enlight5$ antagoni/s1 %\ld be put into ! m\? ( su* "*4 ,! "n ,simplicio is ( c\rse n meant z a complim5t2 moreov]1 he is made to say "s v unwise ?+s1 & is occasionally treat$ ) a sort ( polite contempt by ! sci5tific & ma!matical ,salviati2 & yet he is n at all a simpleton 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 he is a devot$ foll[] ( ,ari/otle1 :om he con/antly quotes1 & is 9 fact a type--probably exagg]at$--( ! s*ool ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 z !y 71 & /ill are1 call$2 he does n "k mu* ( geometry or ari?metic1 & s is at no small disadvantage :5 argu+ ) ,salviati1 b he is f> f be+ a m]e fool4 ,our au?or1 9 8 preface1 introduces ,salviati & ,sagr$o--! =m] a ,flor5t9e1 ! latt] a ,v5etian--z real p]sonages1 deceas$ fri5ds ( 8 own1 ?\gh ?is may be a m]e conv5tional =m ( expression2 b he expressly /ates t ,simplicio is n ! true "n ( ! 8buon ,p]ipatetico40 ,! fri5ds are suppos$ to meet 9 ! palace ( ,sagr$o1 at ,v5ice1 z be=e /at$4 ,! fir/ day's dialogue deals ) a good deal ( :at "o may t]m prelim9>y matt]3 t bodies h ?ree dim5sions & no m2 t circul> motion is ! mo/ p]fect & ! mo/ natural2 %[+ by ?is t ,galileo _h n at t "t arriv$ at a true compreh5sion ( ! fir/ law ( motion1 z we n[ hold x4 ,! motion ( weights on an incl9$ plane f9ds also a place 9 ! discussion2 & s does :at we n[ t]m ! law ( accel]at+ =ce1 :i* ,galileo _h grasp$ s well z to be able to expla9 h[ ! velocity increases by inf9itely small /eps gradually1 & n1 z x 71 by sudd5 jumps4 ,mu* ( ! matt] disput$ on--z1 = example1 :e!r ! heav5ly bodies be+ incorruptible diff] 9 t respect f ! ,e>?1 liable z x is to corruption & decay--:i* seems to u ei!r errone\s 9 conception or irrelevant to ! "q at issue1 or bo?--arose out ( ! old ,ari/otelian philosophy2 & 9 ^? days a diss]tation :i* neglect$ po9ts ( ?is k9d w\ld h be5 look$ ^u probably ) contempt1 z evad+ subjects t x ought to h grappl$ )4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 natural & artificial motion1 :i* occurs repeat$ly 9 ! ,dialogue1 is an in/ance ( an utt]ly mi/ak5 notion1 hav+ its orig9 9 ,ari/otle1 :o1 great philosoph] ?\gh he 0 9 o!r ways1 fail$ 9 8 inve/igations ( physical sci5ce1 p>tly f be+ misl$ by v]bal fallacies4#g ,ano!r po9t t our au?or endeav\rs to e/abli% 9 ! fir/ day's dialogue is t ! ,moon is n a poli%$ surface1 z ,simplicio & o!rs ?\ght1 b mu* l our own ,e>?1 ) m\nta9s & pla9s & seas--?is la/ be+ a mi/ake1 z subsequ5t obs]vation has %[n4 ,! sol> spots are also discuss$1 & s1 incid5tally1 is ! "q :e!r ! heav5ly bodies are inhabit$1 ! affirmative op9ion f9d+ little fav\r ) any "o4 ,dur+ ! second day ! great subject is ! revolution ( ! ,e>? on its axis2 & ,salviati urges =cibly ! improbability ( ! motion ( ! :ole cele/ial sph]e r\nd ! ,e>? 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 includ+ su* a numb] ( va/ bodies1 & ) su* an imm5se velocity1 :ile "o s+le body 7! ,e>?71 turn+ r\nd on itself1 w\ld produce ! same effect4 ,he argues also t if y believe 9 ?is motion ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 y mu/ suppose ! planets to be mov+ 9 two opposite directions at ! same "t1 ! diurnal "o f ea/ to we/1 & ! annual "o f we/ to ea/--us+ ! ^w annual 9 its ext5d$ s5se1 z appli$ to ! p]iodical revolutions ( all ! planets4 ,to ?is ,simplicio makes ! sapi5t answ] t ,ari/otle proves t circul> motions are n contr>y to ea* o!r2 ^u :i* ! ?ird int]locutor1 ,sagr$o1 asks him :e!r :5 two knights meet "o ano!r 9 ! op5 field1 or two fleets at sea--9 ! latt] case s9k+ ea* o!r--su* motions c be call$ contr>y8 ,?is ,simplicio is oblig$ to admit2 he uses1 h[ev]1 ano!r argum5t1 :i* did n seem s absurd 9 ! !n exi/+ /ate ( sci5ce1 namely1 t !re may be ano!r sph]e beyond t ( ! />s1 & itself />less1 to :i* belongs ! prop]ty ( ! diurnal revolution1 & t ?is sph]e may c>ry along ) x ! inf]ior sph]es1 ^! latt] p>ticipat+ 9 its movem5t4 ,ideas su* z ^! 7 "p ( ! pre-telescopic notions ( a/ronomy4 ,simplicio's argum5t is 9 reply to "s p[]ful reasons drawn f ! motions ( ! planets1 ! ne>] revolv+ 9 a %ort]1 & ! m remote 9 a long] p]iod2 x be+ extremely unlikely t !y w\ld be all :irl$ r\nd ! ,e>? 9 "o day2 & also f consid]ations connect$ ) ! />s4 ,x took a long "t to disabuse ! human m9d ( ! antiquat$ op9ion t ! />s & planets 7 set 9 va/ movable sph]es1 z lamps might be set 9 a l>ge revolv+ cupola4 ,"o ( ! objections made at t "t aga9/ ! axial rotation ( ! ,e>? 0 t1 if x 7 really ! case1 any weight dropp$ f a high t[] w\ld fall "s way to ! we/ ( ! t[]1 on acc\nt ( ! latt] hav+ be5 c>ri$ on ea/w>d by ! revolution ( ! ,e>? dur+ ! few seconds ! weight takes 9 fall+1#h & t su* a result 0 contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,9 ^? days1 :5 ev5 ! fir/ law ( motion _h be5 b>ely guess$ at1 ! second law1 t ( ! action ( comb9$ =ces on any body1 0 ( c\rse n g5]ally und]/ood2 & a consid]able debate z to ?is po9t occurs 9 ?is same day's dialogue4 ,simplicio has ! h>dihood to ass]t t if a /one be let fall f ! ma/ ( a vessel1 ! vessel be+ 9 motion1 x falls beh9d ! ma/4 ,salviati1 aft] mak+ a fooli% di/9ction--9 accordance1 h[ev]1 ) ! philosophical ideas !n preval5t--betwe5 ! natural motion ( ! ,e>? on its axis1 & ! artificial motion ( ! vessel1 asks ,simplicio if he has ev] tri$ ! exp]im5t1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 he _h n4 ,he !n tells him1 & mo/ truly s1 t ! exp]im5t1 if made1 w\ld %[ a v diff]5t result1 & t ! /one w\ld fall at ! foot ( ! ma/1 :e!r ! vessel 7 9 motion or n4 ,fur!r on1 ,simplicio ma9ta9$ t a projectile ?r[n f ! h&1 accord+ to ,ari/otle's argum5t1 is c>ri$ on by ! air1 itself set 9 motion by ! h& ( ! projector2 & if ! /one let fall f ! ma/ ( a %ip falls at ! foot ( ! ma/1 x mu/ be ! effect ( ! air4 ,s aga9 he imag9es t a ball dropp$ f ! h& ( a man1 rid+ fa/ on horseback1 falls "s way beh9d1 & does n p>take ( ! horse's spe$4 ,salviati1 h[ev]1 tells him t he deceives himself1 & t exp]i5ce w\ld tea* him ! contr>y4 ,v>i\s difficulties are discuss$ 9 ?is dialogue well kn[n to ! disputants ( t day4 ,x be+ que/ion$ :y a projectile %ot f a gun po9t-blank t[>ds ! ea/ does n fall above ! m>k aim$ at2 or %ot we/w>ds fall bel[ x8 ,h[ x is t birds1 :5 fly+1 are n left beh9d by ! revolv+ ,e>?1 s9ce !y at any rate are completely deta*$ f ! gr\nd above :i* !y are so>+8 ,:y x is t light objects d n fly (f at a tang5t8 ,"o sees ?r\gh\t ! p[] ( ! ma/]-m9d ( ,galileo4 ,he knew _m ?+s 9 me*anics :i* no subsequ5t rese>* or exp]im5t has ev] correct$2 b "h & !re1 z may naturally be suppos$1 he is at fault4 ,x mu/ ev] be rememb]$ t a dialogue1 ?\gh a conv5i5t =m ( argum5t 9 "s respects1 does n always give "o a cle> insight into ! au?or's real convictions4 ,y are n sure :e!r he q agrees ) any ( ! spokesm51 &1 inde$1 ,galileo1 9 8 def5ce be=e ! ,inquisition1 practically assumes t he did n s agree4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a good =m ( discussion = a man ^: op9ions are int5d$ to be express$ 9 a t5tative %ape1 & p]haps ,galileo's m9d 0 9 a /ate cong5ial to su* expression4 ,b1 at any rate1 x makes x r m difficult to d ju/ice to ! au?or1 z "o is nev] sure :at he int5ds to be tak5 z ! expression ( 8 own delib]ate belief2 inde$1 :atev] may h be5 ! am\nt ( indecision 9 :i* 9 ?is case our au?or's m9d 0 involv$1 x is sc>cely possible1 not)/&+ 8 disclaim]1 to ignore ! fact ( 8 /rong ,cop]nican op9ions4 ,i ?9k "o may say t ,galileo did n1 at ! "t :5 he wrote ! dialogue1 "k ! gravity ( ! air4 ,i say at t "t1 because x is q possible t he knew x be=e 8 dea?1 s9ce he liv$ "s t5 or twelve ye>s aft] writ+ ?is "w4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t he knew x because !re is extant a lett] f ,baliani1 ! date ( :i* ,i believe to be ab\t #afca1 9 :i* ! latt] expresses 8 ackn[l$gm5ts to ,galileo = hav+ taught him ?is tru?4 ,may x n1 h[ev]1 be t :at is "h meant is ! pressure ( ! air8 ,if any "o ?9ks ,galileo und]/ood at t "t ! pr9ciple ( ! gravity ( ! atmosph]e1 ,i ref] him to ! second day's dialogue4 ,he 0 aw>e1 no d\bt1 t ! air 0 c>ri$ r\nd by ! ,e>? 9 its diurnal motion1 b :y x 0 s c>ri$ r\nd ,i d n ?9k he q und]/ood2 inde$1 z may well be suppos$1 he did n cle>ly und]/& :at gravity 02 x 0 a my/]i\s =ce1 draw+ heavy bodies t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! ,e>?1 a =ce to :i* we1 inde$1 give ! "n ( gravity1 b ( ! ess5ce ( :i* we "k no?+1 z1 9 fact1 we "k no?+ ( ! nature ( ! =ce t moves ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?is passage is rem>kable because x looks z if ,galileo half suspect$ t ! =ce :i* act$ on ! ,moon & ! planets might be ak9 to t :i* attract$ t]re/rial objects t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! ,e>?4 ,if he really _h arriv$ at su* a conclusion1 he w\ld h anticipat$ ! great discov]y made ?irty or =ty ye>s lat]4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t he only wi%$ to illu/rate ! "o by ! o!r1 & t ! allusion means no m4 ,i give1 h[ev]1 ! passage 9 a note1#i s t any read] may =m 8 own judgm5t2 & ,i may add t accord+ to an op9ion commonly held by ! ,cop]nican s*ool ( t age1 ! adh]5ce ( ! atmosph]e to ! ,e>? z x revolv$ 0 ! effect ( friction4 ,our philosoph]1 wise z he 01 _h n fre$ himself f ! antiquat$ notion t "s bodies 7 ess5tially heavy & o!rs light1 :i* latt] _h no t5d5cy to desc5d2 n !reby mean+ comp>atively light sub/ances1 b su* z 7 absolutely free f ! action ( gravity2 ! fact n be+ !n und]/ood t x is only ! resi/ance ( ! air t prev5ts ! smalle/ fea!r f fall+ to ! gr\nd z quickly z a cannon-%ot4 ,ano!r mi/ake into :i* he falls is t ( ma9ta9+1 9 answ] to ! argum5t t ! diurnal rotation ( ! ,e>? w\ld cause objects to fly (f f ! surface at a tang5t1 t no am\nt ( velocity ( rotation w\ld be suffici5t = su* a result to foll[2 :]eas1 x is well kn[n to mod]n /ud5ts ( me*anics t if a c]ta9 v high velocity ( rotation 7 rea*$1 ! c5trifugal =ce w\ld ov]come t ( gravity1 & objects w\ld be project$ f ! surface ( ! ,e>? 9 ! direction ( ! tang5t at t po9t4 ,"s irrelevant argum5ts occur1 ( :i*1 no d\bt1 _m 7 employ$ at t "t on bo? sides2 ,i ?9k x 0 ! late ,pr(essor de ,morgan :o 79 an article writt5 = a popul> p]iodical7 made a li/ ( ^!2 & x mu/ 9 all fairness be said1 t ?is circum/ance ought to be tak5 into acc\nt1 z palliat+ ! app>5t ob/9acy ( ! anti-,cop]nican p>ty 9 d5y+ ! motion ( ! ,e>?4 ,! argum5t drawn f ! tides is1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ^! sci5tific fallacies2 b x 0 by no means ! only "o2 9 ?is p>ticul> dialogue !re is ano!r1 :i* is wor? notic+ because x confirms :at ,i h j said z to ,galileo kn[+ no?+ ( ! doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,he puts into ! m\? ( ,salviati ! argum5t t bodies :i* emit light1 z d ! ,sun & fix$ />s1 are ess5tially diff]5t f ^? :i*1 l ! ,e>? & planets1 h no su* prop]ty--a di/9ction :i* mod]n a/ronomy does n endorse--& t1 z ! ,e>? 9 ?is respect resembles ! planets1 & ! planets are und\bt$ly mov+1 s probably ! ,e>? also is l !m 9 motion1 :il/ ! ,sun & ! />s rema9 at re/4 ,x is obvi\s t ideas ( ?is k9d1 h[ev] plausible !y may seem1 are utt]ly at v>iance ) ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation1 accord+ to :i*1 ev5 if ! ,sun 7 a d>k1 cold body & ! ,e>? gl[+ ) heat & light1 ! ,e>? w\ld revolve ab\t ! ,sun j z x does n[1 provid$ ! mass ( ! two bodies rema9$ ! same z at pres5t4 ,ano!r sugge/ion1 & a r amus+ "o1 on ! opposition side1 0 t all ?+s 9 motion require occasional re/1 z we see to be ! fact ) animals2 !re=e ! ,e>?1 if x 7 con/antly mov+1 w\ld /& 9 ne$ ( re/--an argum5t1 ,i suppose1 :i* ne$s no v elaborate answ]4 ,9 ! ?ird day's dialogue a "q is rais$1 & sift$ at great l5g?1 z to :e!r a c]ta9 newly obs]v$ /> 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia 0 9 ! firmam5t among ! di/ant fix$ />s1 or 8sublun>10 i4e4 ne>] to ! ,e>? ?an ! ,moon4 ,?is /> 0 probably ! same z ! v rem>kable "o fir/ obs]v$ by ,ty*o ,brah 9 #aegb1 :i* atta9$ a brilliancy s extraord9>y1 t x is said to h be5 equal to ! planet ,v5us1 & to h be5 visible to good eyes 9 full daylight2 9 ab\t a mon?'s "t x appe>$ to gr[ small]1 & gradually fad$ away until x disappe>$ entirely--ab\t six mon?s aft] x 0 fir/ discov]$4 ,?is 0 "s ye>s be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 & ! obs]vations 7 depriv$ ( any assi/ance !y might h ga9$ f t s\rce4 ,! /> 0 "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y ( all ! v>iable />s on record4 ,!re foll[$ ^u ! m5tion ( ?is />1 a diss]tation on ! me?od ( f9d+ ! di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies by p>allax4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od 01 z we may suppose1 well kn[n to ,galileo2 b he probably did n all[ suffici5tly = ! great difficulty 9 tak+ accurate obs]vations1 especially ) ! imp]fect in/rum5ts !n 9 use2 ,i say suffici5tly1 because t !re 7 su* errors he knew1 & he insi/s on ! fact 9 ! ,dialogue4 ,mu* disc\rse is sp5t on ! di/ance ( ?is new />2 ! app>5t reason ( :i* is t x _h creat$ "s s5sation among ! a/ronom]s ( t day1 & !re=e ! subject receiv$ an att5tion out ( proportion to its real importance--,i mean importance s f> z ! ,cop]nican controv]sy 0 conc]n$4 ,! conv]sation is !n br\ght back to ! objections made by contempor>y philosoph]s to ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,ari/otle's idea ( ! univ]se 0 t ( a va/ sph]e1 or numb] ( conc5tric holl[ sph]es1 ) ! ,e>? 9 ! c5tre2 if t 7 %[n to be probably untrue1 8 sy/em broke d[n4#aj ,com+1 h[ev]1 to our own imm$iate portion ( ! univ]se1 ! "q is n[ rais$ :e!r ! ,e>? or ! ,sun is ! c5tre ( revolution4 ,galileo1 by ! m\? ( ,salviati1 expla9s =cibly ! argum5t = ! ,sun be+ s4 ,t ,m]cury & ,v5us revolve r\nd ! ,sun he takes = c]ta92 ! phases ( ,v5us1 :i* he _h himself obs]v$1 prov$ x z reg>ds t planet2 & ! fact ( nei!r ( ^! bodies ev] be+ se5 f> ap>t f ! ,sun1 greatly /r5g!n$ ! conclusion 9 respect ( bo? ( !m4 ,a transit ( ,m]cury ov] ! ,sun's disc _h1 9 fact1 be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ye> #afca1 by ,gass5di2 b ,galileo 0 d\btless n aw>e ( x :5 he wrote ! ,dialogue4 ,x be+ cle> !n t ,v5us & ,m]cury revolve r\nd ! ,sun1 ,galileo %[s :at /rong gr\nd !re is = inf]r+ t ! sup]ior planets1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn 7! o!rs n be+ !n kn[n71 d s also2 ?is he judges f ! great] size ( ^! latt]1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,m>s1 :5 9 opposition ?an :5 9 conjunction2 :5ce we may conclude t ! ,e>?1 :i* z well z ! ,sun is conta9$ )9 _! orbits1 is n 9 ! c5tre ( !m1 or ne>ly s4 ,x is rem>kable t ,galileo treats all ! planets z revolv+ 9 circles1 ?\gh "o w\ld ?9k he mu/ at t "t h be5 aw>e ( ,kepl]'s discov]y--t !y move 9 ellipses4 ,he makes ,simplicio grant ^! la/-m5tion$ po9ts1 :i* is curi\s2 & he also expla9s h[ ! telescope %[$ ph5om5a1 su* z ! phases ( ,v5us1 :i* 7 unkn[n to ,cop]nicus4 ,simplicio has hi!rto _h no confid5ce 9 ?is new in/rum5t1 & foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fri5ds ! ,p]ipatetic philosoph]s1 has suppos$ ! appe>ances 9 "q to be optical illusions aris+ f ! l5ses us$2 he w1 h[ev]1 gladly be correct$ if 9 error4 ,simplicio's ma!matical acquirem5ts are n v great1 & x is necess>y to expla9 to him t ! areas ( circles v>y 9 proportion1 n to _! diamet]s simply b to ! squ>es ( ! diamet]s1 a po9t :i* arises 9 ref]5ce to ! false judgm5t =m$ by ! nak$ eye z to ! size ( ! cele/ial bodies1 an error :i* is correct$ by ! telescope4 ,!n to ^? :o made x a difficulty t ! ,e>? %\ld move r\nd ! ,sun1 n alone1 b accompani$ by ! ,moon1 ,salviati is made to reply t ,jupit] revolves r\nd ! ,sun accompani$ by f\r moons4 ,aga9 ! great] simplicity ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 9 acc\nt+ = ! planet>y motions1 z !y appe> to u1 is exp\nd$ by ! same p]sonage4 ,galileo occasionally makes ! int]locutors allude to himself z 8il no/ro amico comune10 8il no/ro ,accademico ,l9ceo10 etc41 & ?us claims cr$it = hav+ be5 ! fir/ to discov] ! sol> spots1 a cr$it :i* ought n to belong exclusively to him1 z ,fabricius & ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,s*e9] saw ! spots at ab\t ! same "t4 ,an argum5t is "h attempt$ to be drawn 9 fav\r ( ! ,e>?'s annual motion f ! app>5t c\rse ( ! ,sun-spots1 & ! curves !y sometimes describe 7z view$ f h5ce71 ow+ to ! incl9ation ( ! ,sun's axis to an axis p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! ecliptic--an incl9ation ( ab\t #g2 !re is no?+1 h[ev]1 at all conclusive 9 su* argum5t1 because ! appe>ances 9 "q result f ! diff]5t relative positions ( ! ,e>? & ,sun at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & w\ld be ! same :i*ev] ( ! two bodies 7 9 motion4 ,!re foll[s "s conv]sation aris+ f "o ( ! anti-,cop]nican books ( t day2 "o ( ! difficulties sugge/$1 be+ ! va/ di/ance at :i* y mu/ suppose ! fix$ />s to be plac$1 if ,cop]nicus be "r4 ,we :o are accu/om$ to ! idea ( ^! imm5se di/ances1 c sc>cely und]/& ! prejudices ( ! philosoph]s ( t age aga9/ admitt+ !m4 ,& x is wor? not+ t ,galileo takes = grant$1 :ile answ]+ ^! !oretical objections1 ! calculation ( 8 pr$ecessors--t ! di/ance ( ! ,sun is t ( #a1bjh semi-diamet]s ( ! ,e>?1 t is some?+ m ?an #d1hjj1jjj miles1 ab\t "o-n9ete5? "p ( :at we n[ "k x to be4 ,s also he supposes ! size ( ! ,sun to be mu* less ?an :at is really ! case4 ,he 0 also "u ! errone\s impression1 aris+ d\btless f ! imp]fection ( ! in/rum5ts he us$1 t ! />s really _h an app>5t diamet]1 ?\gh less ?an ,ty*o ,brah & o!r a/ronom]s _h suppos$1 & e/imates ! angul> diamet] ( a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude at ab\t #e2 consequ5tly he imag9$ ! />s to be mu* ne>] ?an is actually ! fact4 ,x is well kn[n to mod]n obs]v]s1 t ! app>5t size ( a /> is ! effect ( an optical illusion1 & t greatly z ! />s v>y 9 brightness1 !y pres5t no appreciable diamet] at all to ! eye2 n ev5 ^? class$ z be+ ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,ano!r & m weighty objection to ,cop]nicus is1 h[ev]1 urg$ by ! m\? ( ,simplicio1 & x is ?is--if ! ,e>? really makes an annual revolution r\nd ! ,sun1 :y d n ! fix$ />s1 view$ z !y mu/ be at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> f po9ts s widely di/ant1 *ange _! app>5t positions 9 ! heav5s8 ,we h j se5 t ! true di/ance ( ! ,sun 0 n kn[n at t "t2--if x _h be5 kn[n1 & if ! m5 ( t age _h be5 aw>e t ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s orbit 0 ab\t #ahd1jjj1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 ! objection w\ld h be5 /ill m =cible4 ,b ! mod]n answ] to x is conclusive3 ! />s1 or r a c]ta9 numb] ( !m1 d actually und]go a small displacem5t 9 _! app>5t position e ye>1 or 9 ! te*nical language ( a/ronomy1 !y h an annual p>allax1 a fact :i* n m]ely disposes ( ! objection1 b actually confirms ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,galileo's reply 7by ! m\? ( ,salviati7 is to ! effect t ! foll[]s ( ,ptolemy admit t x takes #cf1jjj ye>s to effect a complete revolution ( ! />ry sph]e2 !n1 judg+ f ! planets1 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! orbit is 9 proportion to ! di/ance1 & we suppose ! di/ance ( ! />ry sph]e to be1 on su* assumption1 #aj1hjj semi-diamet]s ( ! ,e>?'s orbit 7or ,sun's orbit1 z !y call$ x74 ,at s great a di/ance z t1 ! *ange ( position caus$ by ! ,e>?'s annual motion r\nd ! ,sun w\ld n be appreciable4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is reply is ( c\rse q s\nd1 & we1 :o "k ! />s to be consid]ably f>!r f u ?an ! above e/imate supposes1 c well und]/& t ! va/ majority ( !m h no annual p>allax :atev]1 t ! f9e/ in/rum5ts c discov]4 ,to fur!r objections drawn f ! enorm\s di/ances ( ! />s1 & ! difficulty ( p]ceiv+ ! use :i* su* remote bodies c be to ! ,e>?1 x is repli$ t su* speculations are useless & presumptu\s1 & also t words l small1 v small1 imm5se1 etc41 are relative r ?an absolute4 ,"s pa9s are tak5 9 ! c\rse ( ! dialogue to expla9 h[ ! />s1 accord+ to _! diff]5t positions1 w\ld be affect$ by annual p>allax1 suppos+ su* to be discov]able1 & assum+ ! motion ( ! ,e>?4 ,& a m9ute explanation is also giv51 on ?is latt] assumption1 ( ! l5g? ( day & night v>y+ 9 diff]5t latitudes accord+ to ! seasons2 illu/rat+ ! fact t details :i* appe> to u elem5t>y & are taught to s*oolboys1 7 /range to ! m9ds ev5 ( educat$ & le>n$ m5 9 ^? days4 ,"o rem>k1 aris+ f ! que/ions connect$ ) /ell> p>allax1 is mo/ /rik+1 z %[+ h[ f> ,galileo 0 advanc$ 9 8 k ( pure ma!matics z well z ( me*anics & a/ronomy4 ,salviati is made to say t ! circumf]5ce ( an inf9ite circle is id5tical ) a /raight l9e3 8sono l'i/essa cosa40 ,?is idea1 famili> ?\gh x be to mod]n ma!maticians1 is "o t we %\ld n h expect$ to f9d enunciat$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ev5 ! intellig5t ,sagr$o _c und]/& or believe x1 & x is n fur!r discuss$2 b ! fact ( its be+ "h /at$ is especially notewor?y4#aa ,ano!r 7less felicit\s7 guess is haz>d$ by ! same int]locutor ,salviati1 :o1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 appe>s to be ! "o t mo/ ne>ly repres5ts ! au?or's own m9d1--to acc\nt = ! ,e>? keep+ h] axis po9t$ 7approximately1 t is to say7 9 ! same direction dur+ ea* annual revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,salviati sugge/s t x may be due to "s magnetic influ5ce1 & t ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? may be a va/ load/one4 ,?is is /range1 because x is evid5t f :at imm$iately prec$$1 t ! au?or 0 aw>e ( ! true reason1 :i* 9 fact he illu/rates by ! well-kn[n exp]im5t ( a light ball float+ 9 a bucket ( wat]1 to :i* a revolv+ motion is imp>t$4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t a "w by ,william ,gilb]t on ! subject ( magnetism _h _h "s influ5ce on ! sci5tific ?\ght ( ! p]iod1 & t ,galileo _h consid]$ x wor?y ( 8 att5tion4 ,! writ] _h ma9ta9$ ! probability ( ?is !ory1 ( ! ,e>?'s int]ior be+ an enorm\s load/one--n an unnatural idea 9 ! !n-exi/+ /ate ( sci5ce--& ,galileo 0 evid5tly some:at fasc9at$ by ! hypo!sis4 ,magnetism 0 attract+ ! notice ( ! philosoph]s ( t day1 & ! prop]ty ( ! ne$le1 :i* is t]m$ ! dip1 _h be5 rec5tly discov]$4 ,!re is n mu* else wor?y ( special m5tion 9 ! ?ird day's dialogue2 :i* 9 fact1 z a :ole1 is n equal to t ( ! second day4 ,! f\r? day is ma9ly devot$ to ! argum5t drawn f ! tides4 ,x 0 9 h&l+ ?is bran* ( ! subject t ,galileo's great sagacity & p[] ( disc]nm5t seem to h des]t$ him4 ,x is a curi\s ?+ t ! inhabitant ( a ,m$it]ranean c\ntry1 :o1 = all t "o kn[s1 nev] saw a really great tide 9 8 life1 %\ld h seiz$ ^u ?is topic1 & s utt]ly misus$ & p]v]t$ x4 ,if1 in/ead ( liv+ 9 ,italy1 he _h resid$ at an ,engli% seaport1 he w\ld probably h nev] fall5 into ! mi/akes he ?us made4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean !re are curr5ts1 aris+ f o!r causes1 :i* he1 h[ev]1 attribut$ to tidal action2 b = ! mo/ "p !re is little1 if any1 appreciable ebb & fl[ ( ! tides1 sc>cely any p]ceptible rise & fall ( ! sea1 a fact :i* he p>ticul>ly notices4 ,b 9 "s few places1 & notably at ,v5ice1 !re is a s5sible tide1 s x is said1 caus+ a diff]5ce ( a few feet betwe5 high & l[ wat]4 ,n[ ,galileo 0 "u ! impression t ! ebb & fl[ took ea* ab\t six h\rs1 foll[+ ! ord9>y sol> day2 :]eas1 if he _h obs]v$ ! ph5om5on on ! %ores ( any sea1 :]e ! tidal wave ( ! ocean made its full =ce to be felt1 or aga91 at ! m\? ( a great tidal riv]1 he nev] c\ld h fail$ to p]ceive t ! rise & fall ( ! wat] foll[ approximately ! lun>1 & n ! sol> day1 ! =m] be+ fifty m9utes long] ?an ! latt]4 ,x mu/ ( c\rse be und]/ood t ! !ory ( ! tides 0 fir/ inve/igat$ fully & sci5tifically by ! same great g5ius to :om we owe ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation2 & ,galileo1 :o liv$ half a c5tury e>li]1 may well be excus$ = n hav+ grasp$ x4 ,b x _h long be5 kn[n t ! ,sun & ,moon _h an influ5ce ^u ! tides1 & z ,i h j /at$1 any "o :o wat*$ ! movem5ts ( ! sea f day to day1 & f week to week1 at a place :]e !re is a great rise & fall--z = in/ance1 9 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel--c\ld n fail to p]ceive t ! ,moon _h ! pr9cipal %>e 9 ! "w1 h[ev] unable he might be to compreh5d ! !ory4 ,besides :i*1 ! !ory1 h[ev] obvi\s to u 7at lea/ 9 its ma9 outl9es71 0 n by any means s intelligible to ! m5 ( ,galileo's age4 ,!y might j guess t ! ,sun ex]cis$ "s attractive influ5ce ov] ! ,e>?1 & ! ,e>? aga9 ov] ! ,moon1 b !y did n "k t ! ,moon attract$ ! ,e>? exactly 9 ! same way1 ?\gh ) f> inf]ior pot5cy1 ow+ to h] mu* small] mass2 & consequ5tly !y 7 n aw>e ( ! ,moon's p[] to raise ! great tidal wave 9 ! ocean1 to :i* are due ! rem>kable ph5om5a s famili> to ! inhabitants ( ! ,engli% coa/s4 ,galileo w\ld h be5 wise if he _h n t\*$ on a po9t :i* he nei!r und]/ood 9 !ory1 nor _h prop]ly acqua9t$ himself ) by practical obs]vation4 ,good causes are (t5 damag$ by bad argum5ts1 & su* 0 ! case on ?is occasion4#ab ,!re 01 h[ev]1 some?+ +5i\s 9 8 argum5t4 ,if y take a bas9 ( wat]1 & move x along q smoo?ly & ev5ly1 no great commotion 9 ! wat] takes place2 b suppose "s /oppage or j]k to occur1 ! result w be1 z we "k1 v diff]5t4 ,n[ ! ,e>? has two motions1 "o r\nd its axis 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! o!r r\nd ! ,sun 9 "o ye>2 e po9t1 !n1 on ! ,e>?'s surface moves ?r\gh space m rapidly :ile on t side ( ! globe :i* is turn$ away f ! ,sun1 ?an on t side :i* by ! diurnal revolution is turn$ r\nd 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,"h1 !n1 ) ! sea ly+ 9 its va/ bas91 & revolv+ ) o!r ?+s on ! surface ( ! ,e>? f we/ to ea/ e day1 & ?us accel]at$ 9 its motion ?r\gh space dur+ twelve h\rs & ret>d$ dur+ ! o!r twelve h\rs1 y h on a l>ge scale ! same result t a bas91 half full ( wat]1 held 9 y\r h&s & *eck$ by "s ret>d+ ob/acle1 gives y on a v small & m9ute scale4 ,/range inde$ x is t a man :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( motion suffici5tly to "k t any?+ ?r[n or dropp$ 9 a vessel or a vehicle1 p>took ( ! motion ( ! latt] & foll[$ its c\rse 7s long z x rema9$ )9 ! vehicle7 j z if ! :ole 7 at re/--t he %\ld h fail$ to p]ceive t ! ocean1 ly+ 9 its b$ 9 t mighty vehicle ! ,e>?1 w\ld be c>ri$ r\nd 9 ! daily rotation ) an uni=m velocity1 unless int]f]$ ) by ! attraction ( o!r bodies4 ,simplicio1 :o = once is "r1 puts ! difficulty1 t if ! sea behav$ 9 ! way suppos$1 ! air w\ld d s 9 ! same way3 ! reply to :i* is t ! air be+ ?9 & light is less adh]5t to ! ,e>? ?an ! wat] :i* is heavi]1 & does n accommodate itself to ! ,e>?'s movem5ts z wat] does2 fur!r1 t :]e ! air is n hemm$ 91 z x 71 by m\nta9s & o!r inequalities on ! ,e>?'s surface1 x really is p>tially left beh9d by ! diurnal rotation1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! tropics1 :]e ! effect is *iefly felt1 a con/ant w9d bl[s accord+ly f ea/ to we/4 ,our philosoph] _h evid5tly he>d ( ! trade w9ds1 ?\gh he _h n acquir$ an accurate k ( _! c\rse or ( _! orig94 ,x is und\bt$ly true t !y d help /rongly to prove ! revolution ( ! ,e>?1 because !y arise f cold curr5ts ( air fl[+ 9 f ! nor? & f ! s\? respectively t[>ds ! tropics1 to supply ! place ( ! atmosph]e r>efi$ by ! sun's heat1 & consequ5tly asc5d+1 z is ! case 9 ^? regions4 ,!n ^! cold curr5ts1 com+ f latitudes :]e !re is a less velocity ( rotation1 t5d to pres]ve t velocity & lag beh9d ! ,e>? z x revolves1 s t !y h ! effect ( nor?-ea/]ly w9ds 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & s\?-ea/]ly 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,galileo's imp]fect in=mation prev5t$ him f us+ ?is important argum5t4 ,h[ev]1 to return to ! tides4 ,he _h to acc\nt = o!r ph5om5a1 besides ! daily rise & fall1 namely1 = ! mu* great] rise & fall :i* take place soon aft] new & full moon1 & :i* are kn[n z ! spr+-tides4 ,unable to d5y t ^! 7 9 "s way due to lun> influ5ce1 he took refuge 9 ! supposition t ! ,moon1 :5 at ! full1 ret>d$ ! motion ( ! ,e>? 9 its orbit1 s9ce z ! two travel toge!r r\nd ! ,sun at ^? p>ticul> times1 !y =m1 z x 71 a l5g!n$ p5dulum1 long] ?an at o!r times by ! semi-diamet] ( ! lun> orbit2 & !re=e 7l any o!r p5dulum7 mu/ vibrate m sl[ly4 ,i %\ld say t he does n appe> to h be5 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( two spr+-tides 9 ea* lunation1 & !re=e only tries to acc\nt = "o2 & x is obvi\s t ?is me?od ( expla9+ !m is n only utt]ly inadequate1 b ev5 absurd4 ,! ,moon truly en\gh ex]cises a c]ta9 di/urb+ influ5ce on ! orbital motion ( ! ,e>?1 b t has no?+ to d ) ! spr+-tides4 ,!re rema9$ ! necessity ( acc\nt+ = ! annual1 or1 m prop]ly1 semi-annual increase ( ! ebb & fl[ ( ! sea4 ,galileo sugge/s t ?is arises f ! angle made by ! plane ( ! equator ) ! ecliptic at ! equ9oxes1 ow+ to :i* !re w\ld n be ! same c\nt]action ex]cis$ by ! ,e>?'s motion 9 its orbit on ! wat]s ( ! ocean at ^? p]iods z !re w\ld at ! sol/ices4 ,b x seems t ?is w\ld r t5d to dim9i% ! tides ?an to increase !m1 z1 inde$1 w\ld be ! case z reg>ds ! la/-m5tion$ explanation ) respect to ! ord9>y spr+-tides4 ,:at really does happ5 at ! equ9oxes is1 t ! ,sun & ! full or new ,moon be+ at ^? times v]tical to ! equator 7or ne>ly s71 !y h a great] attractive =ce ?an at o!r spr+-tides ov] ! va/ expanse ( ! ocean1 & ! tides are consequ5tly great]4 ,!re is also ano!r increase :i* sometimes occurs :5 ! ,moon happ5s to be at its lea/ di/ance f ! ,e>? at ! "t ( spr+-tides1 b t 0 unkn[n to ,galileo4 ,he t\*es1 h[ev]1 & v prop]ly s1 on ! great modifications 9 ! tides caus$ by v>i\s gulfs1 by ! =ms ( ! great cont95ts1 & ! %apes ( diff]5t seas--modifications1 9 fact1 :i* are well kn[n to be almo/ innum]able1 & h be5 le>nt only by c>eful obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,"o ( ! wor/ features ( ?is ,dialogue is ! contempt :i* ! au?or %[s = ^? op9ions on ! subject :i* diff] f 8 own2 & x is difficult to suppress a feel+ ( disgu/ :5 he alludes 9 ?is way to ,kepl]1 :o _h p>tly guess$ ! true cause ( ! tides1 & ( :om he o!rwise speaks 9 t]ms ( respect4#ac ,if a man ( sci5ce1 :5 he wi%es to publi% to ! _w a discov]y or a hypo!sis1 adopts ! =m ( a dialogue z a me?od ( /at+ 8 case1 he ought 9 all reason to d full ju/ice to ! antagoni/ic side1 & /ate 8 oppon5t's case z well z 8 own4 ,i fe> t ,galileo fail$ to d ?is1 n only 9 ?is p>ticul> dialogue1 b also to "s ext5t 9 ^? ( ! ?ree prec$+ days4 ,simplicio1 z ,i said above1 is n a fool1 b z a p]sonage 9 a sci5tific argum5t he is lam5tably defici5t4 ,simplicio at ! end ( ! ,dialogue urges t ,god c\ld1 9 ,8 inf9ite p[]1 cause ! tides by "s o!r means ?an ^? sugge/$ by ,salviati1 to :i* true & pi\s 7?\gh1 p]haps1 r irrelevant7 argum5t ! latt] respectfully & dev\tly ass5ts4 ,! conclud+ s5t5ces are said1 z ,i h rem>k$ else:]e1 to h be5 reca/ or ret\*$ by ,fa!r ,ricc>di4 ,x is wor? notic+ t !re is a passage 9 ! f\r? day's dialogue1 9 :i* ! au?or alludes to ! fact ( ! ,sun be+ app>5tly long] by ab\t n9e days 9 pass+ along ! ecliptic f ! spr+ to ! autumn equ9ox1 ?an 9 pass+ f ! autumnal to ! v]nal2 t is to say1 ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e hav+ s mu* long] summ] ?an w9t]1 & he treats x z "o ( ! recondite problems ( a/ronomy n z yet und]/ood4 ,?is is an additional pro( t = "s reason or ano!r he _h n made himself acqua9t$ ) ,kepl]'s rese>*es2 = z soon z x became kn[n t ! planets move1 n 9 circles1 b 9 ellipses1 ) ! ,sun 9 "o ( ! foci1 x 0 obvi\s t !re w\ld be 9 e case 7?\gh 9 "s m ?an o!rs7 ?is inequality to :i* allusion has be5 made1 & ! ,e>?1 if a planet1 w\ld be subject to ! same rule z ! re/4 ,su*1 !n1 is a some:at imp]fect prcis ( ?is fam\s "w ( ,galileo1 :i* owes its importance to ! hi/orical circum/ances connect$ ) its publication q z mu*1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 z to its own intr9sic m]it4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,resum+ ! hi/ory ( ev5ts1 we f9d t e>ly 9 ! ye> #afcb ! pr9t+ ( ! ,dialogue 0 complet$4 ,! au?or caus$ "s copies to be b\nd & gilt & s5t to ,rome4 ,x 0 n easy to pass !m1 on acc\nt ( ! qu>ant9e2 yet "s among/ !m f\nd _! way1 & great 0 ! s5sation caus$ 9 ! ecclesia/ical _w by _! appe>ance4 ,!re 7 a few admir]s ( ,galileo :o approv$ w>mly2 b !re 0 ! ,s*ool ( ,ari/otle1 z 9 ^! enlight5$ days !re is ! ,s*ool ( ,d>w91#ad & !y c\ld n be> t any?+ %\ld be publi%$ reflect+ on ! sci5tific infallibility ( _! great philosoph]4 ,?us we f9d t ,fa!r ,s*e9]1 writ+ to ,gass5di1 obs]v$ t ,galileo _h writt5 8 "w 8contra communem ,p]ipateticorum ,s*olam40 ,! agitation aga9/ ! book 0 successful1 & a report arose =?) t x w\ld be condemn$4 ,! report 0 no m]e can>d1 z ! subsequ5t proce$+s soon %[$4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ ( ?is same ye> ! ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace gave ord]s to ! pr9t] at ,flor5ce to susp5d ! di/ribution ( ! copies1 & he also s5t = ^? :i* _h be5 br\ght to ,rome4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,9 ! foll[+ mon? ! ,pope ord]$ t a lett] %\ld be writt5 to ! ,inquisitor ( ,flor5ce1 enjo9+ him to direct ,galileo to pres5t himself 9 ,rome 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 9 ord] to expla9 8 conduct4 ,! book _h already be5 exam9$ by special ,commission--a /ep tak5 ) ! view ( pleas+ ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 s z to avoid br++ ! affair be=e ! ,inquisition4 ,! ,pope1 f :atev] cause1 0 mu* displeas$4 ,?is appe>$ 9 a conv]sation ) ,niccol9i1 ! ,tuscan ,ambassador1 9 :i* ,8 ,hol9ess said t ,galileo _h ent]$ on gr\nd :i* he ought n to h t\*$1 & t bo? ,ciampoli & ! ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace _h be5 deceiv$4 ,/ill x seem$ t1 s f>1 !re 0 no int5tion to d m ?an c5sure ! book & dem& a retractation4 ,! special ,commission1 ( :i* m5tion has j be5 made1 aft] a mon?'s int]val1 report$ t ,galileo _h be5 disob$i5t to ord]s 9 ! foll[+ respects3 ,affirm+ z an absolute tru? ! movem5t ( ! ,e>? in/ead ( /at+ x z a hypo!sis2 attribut+ ! tides to ?is cause--i4e4 to ! revolution & movem5t ( ! ,e>?2 deceitfully keep+ sil5ce z to ! ord] giv5 him 9 #afaf to ab&on ! op9ion t ! ,e>? revolv$1 & t ! ,sun 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,ano!r memorial 7drawn up ab\t ! same "t71 aft] enum]at+ ! facts ( ! case1 /at$ eight heads ( accusation aga9/ ! philosoph]3 #a4--;,hav+1 )\t leave1 plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w ! p]mission = pr9t+1 deliv]$ at ,rome4 #b4--;,hav+1 9 ! body ( ! "w1 put ! true doctr9e 9 ! m\? ( a fool1 & hav+ approv$ x b feebly by ! argum5t ( ano!r int]locutor4 #c4--;,hav+ quitt$ ! region ( hypo!sis by affirm+1 9 an absolute mann]1 ! mobility ( ! ,e>? & ! /ability ( ! ,sun1 etc4 #d4--;,hav+ treat$ ! subject z "o t 0 n already decid$1 & 9 ! attitude ( a p]son wait+ = a def9ition1 & suppos+ x to h n be5 yet promulgat$4 #e4--;,hav+ despis$ ! au?ors :o 7 oppos$ to ! above-m5tion$ op9ion1 ?\gh ! ,*ur* uses !m 9 pref]5ce to o!rs4 #f4--;,hav+ affirm$ 7untruly7 ! equality suppos$ to exi/1 = und]/&+ geometrical matt]s1 betwe5 ! div9e & human intellect4 #g4--;,hav+ /at$1 z a tru?1 t ! p>tisans ( ,ptolemy ought to range !mselves ) ^? ( ,cop]nicus1 & d5i$ ! conv]se4 #h4--;,hav+ wrongly attribut$ ! tides to ! /ability ( ! ,sun & mobility ( ! ,e>?1 :i* ?+s d n exi/4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t all ?is 0 m]ely ( ! nature ( an accusation1 & 0 9 no way an ecclesia/ical decision4 ,x appe>s1 too1 t "s appreh5sions 7 ent]ta9$ 9 ,rome t false philosophical & !ological doctr9es might be drawn out ( ! op9ion put =? by ,galileo4 ,no4 #f ( ! above-m5tion$ accusations po9ts 9 t direction4 ,at any rate1 no "t 0 lo/ 9 summon+ ! philosoph] to ,rome1 !re to answ] = 8 (f5ces4 ,a message to t effect 0 communicat$ to him by ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce1 on ! #a/ ,octob]4 ,^u ?is1 ,galileo1 anxi\s to ga9 "t1 & to excuse himself f go+ to ,rome1 if x 7 possible to d s1 wrote to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 & s\ght ! p[]ful advocacy ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany2 he urg$ 8 infirm heal?1 & advanc$ age1 ne>ly sev5ty ye>s1 z gr\nds = consid]ation4 ,x 0 intimat$ to him1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh "s little "t w\ld be all[$ him on ! gr\nd ( heal?1 yet to ,rome he mu/ come2 & a ?reat 0 add$1 ?r\gh ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce1 ( br++ him fett]$ z a prison] if x turn$ out t 8 heal? 0 n really su* z he repres5t$ x to be4 ,s at la/ he yield$1 & />t$ = ,rome on ! #bj? ,janu>y1 #afcc1 &1 travell+ v sl[ly1 arriv$ on ! #ac? ,febru>y1 :5 ! ,tuscan ,ambassador1 ,niccol9i1 :o _h s5t 8 litt] = him1 receiv$ him at 8 ,palace4 ,?is1 ) all ! fre$om x impli$1 0 inde$ an unusual indulg5ce to p]sons situat$ z he 04 ,aft] a %ort "t1 dur+ :i* no (ficial /eps 7 tak51 he 0 convey$ to ! (fice ( ! ,inquisition1 & lodg$ !re1 b well & commodi\sly1 by ! ,pope's ord]4 ,on ! #ab? ,april he appe>$ = ! fir/ "t be=e ! ,c\rt2 he admitt$ ! au?or%ip ( ! ,dialogue2 he admitt$1 too1 t ! decree ( ! ,index _h be5 notifi$ to him2 b /at$ t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e _h in=m$ him t x 0 all[able to hold ! ,cop]nican doctr9e z a hypo!sis4 ,he ma9ta9$ fur!r t he _h n contrav5$ ! ord] giv5 him1 t he %\ld n def5d or support ?is doctr9e2 & he decl>$ t he did n rememb] hav+ be5 =bidd5 9 any way to tea* x4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is latt] prohibition 0 meant to include tea*+ by implication1 su* z "o may d ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an int]locutor 9 a dialogue4 ,x is />tl+ t ,galileo %\ld h said among o!r ?+s on ?is occasion1 t he _h n embrac$ or def5d$ 9 8 book ! op9ion t ! ,e>? is 9 motion & ! ,sun /ation>y2 b1 on ! contr>y1 _h %[n t ! reasons produc$ by ,cop]nicus 7 feeble & inconclusive4 ,aft] ?is exam9ation he 0 well lodg$1 ?\gh treat$ z a prison]1 be+ plac$ 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! 8,fiscal ( ! ,holy ,(fice10 in/ead ( 9 ! ord9>y *amb]s appropriat$ to accus$ p]sons2 moreov]1 he _h leave to walk 9 ! g>d51 & 0 att5d$ by 8 own s]vant4 ,he said himself1 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,boc*9]i1 t 8 heal? 0 good1 & t he _h e att5tion %[n to him by ! ,tuscan ,ambassador & ,ambassadress4 ,x is well to note ^! ?+s1 because !y dispose ( ! popul> accusations ( cruelty :i* h be5 made by ignorant or malici\s controv]siali/s1 al?\gh ! antagoni/s ) :om ,i am deal+ are too well in=m$ to resort to !m4 ,a slight indisposition f :i* our philosoph] suff]$ ab\t ?is "t1 illu/rat$ /ill fur!r ! desire :i* exi/$ to treat him ) p]sonal k9dness2 ! ,commiss>y & ! ,fiscal *>g$ ) ! process1 bo? visit$ him & spoke enc\rag+ly to him4 ,z soon z he _h recov]$ he reque/$ to h a fur!r he>+4 ,?is took place on ! #cj? ,april2 b mean:ile1 ?ree !ologians1 :o _h be5 consult$1 ,augu/9 ,orezzi1 ,mel*ior ,in*(]1 & ,za*>ias ,pasqualigo1 _h ea* sep>ately pres5t$ a memorial to ! effect t ,galileo _h taught 9 8 book ! motion ( ! ,e>? & ! immobility ( ! ,sun4 ,at ! he>+ on ! #cj? ,april1 be+ ask$ to say :atev] occurr$ to him1 he /at$ t he _h read 8 ,dialogue aga9--n hav+ se5 x = ?ree ye>s previ\sly--9 ord] to asc]ta9 if !re 0 any?+--8se contro alla mia purissima int5zione1 p] mia inav]t5za0--by :i* he _h be5 at all disob$i5t to ! ord] impos$ on him 9 #afaf2 & he _h f\nd !re 7 "s argum5ts1 notably ab\t ! sol> spots & ! tides1 :i* he _h put too =cibly1 & :i* he ?\ght c\ld be refut$4 ,z reg>ds ! latt] ( ^! two po9ts we may1 ,i ?9k1 cordially agree ) him 9 8 retractation3 b x _h be5 a fav\rite argum5t ) him4 ,he also /at$ on ?is occasion--n hav+1 ,i fe>1 ! c\rage ( 8 convictions--t he _h n held z true ! condemn$ op9ion z to ! ,e>?'s motion1 & 0 ready to write some?+ fre% 9 ord] to refute x1 if ! "t to d s 7 all[$ him4 ,on ?is same day 7#cj? ,april7 ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,inquisition1 ) ! ,pope's sanction1 all[$ ,galileo to be imprison$1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 at ! ,palace ( ! ,tuscan ,ambassador1 ?is fav\r be+ conc$$ on acc\nt ( 8 age & heal?4 ,he 0 aga9 call$ be=e ! ,c\rt on ! #aj? ,may1 & he !n pres5t$ a writt5 /atem5t1 to :i* 0 app5d$ ! orig9al ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e's injunction1 laid on him 9 #afaf4 ,x conta9$ c]ta9 prohibitions1 b n ! ^w 8tea*40 ,he plead$ also t he _h done 8 be/ to avoid all fault 9 8 book1 :i* he _h himself submitt$ to ! ,gr& ,inquisitor4 ,n[ foll[s :at seems l m sev]e treatm5t1 :e!r because he _h n impress$ 8 judges ) a belief 9 8 c&\r & s9c]ity1 or f o!r reasons4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,pope1 on ! #af? ,june1 gave ord]s t he %\ld be que/ion$ z to 8 int5tion2 !n1 aft] he _h be5 ?reat5$ ) torture 7app>5tly )\t any view ( putt+ ! ?reat into execution71 & made to pron\nce an abjuration full & entire1 t he %\ld be condemn$ to prison accord+ to ! discretion ( ! ,inquisition2 also t 8 treatise %\ld be prohibit$1 & himself =bidd5 to treat1 ei!r by ^w or writ+1 on ! subject ( ! ,sun & ! ,e>?4 ,yet1 ) all ?is1 ! ,pope1 two days aft]w>ds1 said to ,niccol9i1 ! ,tuscan ,ambassador1 t x 0 impossible n to prohibit ?is op9ion 7,cop]nicanism7 z x 0 contr>y to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & t ,galileo mu/ rema9 a prison] = "s "t = hav+ contrav5$ ! ord]s giv5 him 9 #afaf1 b t he 7! ,pope7 w\ld see if ! condemnation c\ld be mitigat$4 ,x appe>s t he 0 ?9k+ ( s5t5c+ him to a tempor>y seclusion 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,santa ,croce1 at ,flor5ce4 ,:51 9 pursuance ( ! ,pope's ord]1 ,galileo 0 que/ion$ 7#ba/ ,june71 he 0 ask$ h[ long x 0 s9ce he _h held ! op9ion t ! ,sun1 & n ! ,e>?1 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se2 to :i* he repli$ t long be=e ! decree ( #afaf he held t ! two op9ions c\ld equally be su/a9$2 b t s9ce ! decree1 conv9c$ z he 0 ( ! prud5ce ( ! sup]ior au?orities1 all unc]ta9ty 9 8 m9d _h ceas$1 t he _h !n adopt$1 & /ill held1 ! op9ion ( ,ptolemy on ! mobility ( ! ,sun z true & indubitable4 ,c]ta9 passages 9 8 book 7 !n put to him z be+ irreconcilable ) ! /atem5ts he 0 mak+2 & yet he ma9ta9$ t1 ?\gh he _h /at$ ! case pro & con 9 8 "w1 he did n1 9 8 he>t1 hold ! condemn$ op9ion4 8,concludo dunque d5tro di me m$esimo ne t5]e ne hav] t5uto dopo la det]m9azione delli ,sup]iori la dannata op9ione40 ,?reat5$ ) torture if he did n tell ! tru?1 he p]sev]$ 9 8 answ] z already giv52 ^u :i* ! tribunal1 aft] mak+ him sign 8 deposition1 dismiss$ him4 ,on ! next day1 ! #bbnd ,june1 he 0 tak5 to ,santa ,m>ia ,sopra ,m9]va1 & br\ght be=e ! ,c>d9als & ,prelates ( ! ,congregation1 t he might he> 8 s5t5ce & pron\nce 8 abjuration4 ,! accusation 0 t he _h op5ly violat$ ! ord] giv5 him n to ma9ta9 ,cop]nicanism2 t he _h unfairly extort$ p]mission to pr9t 8 book1 )\t %[+ ! prohibition receiv$ 9 #afaf2 t he _h ma9ta9$ ! condemn$ op9ion1 al?\gh he alleg$ t he _h left x undecid$ & z simply probable--:i*1 h[ev]1 0 /ill a grave error1 s9ce an op9ion decl>$ contr>y to ,scripture c\ld n 9 any way be probable4 ,8 s5t5ce 0 to ! effect t he _h r5d]$ himself /rongly suspect$ ( h]esy 9 believ+ & ma9ta9+ a doctr9e false & oppos$ to ,holy ,scripture 9 respect ( ! motion ( ! ,sun & ! ,e>?1 & 9 believ+ t "o might ma9ta9 & def5d any op9ion aft] x _h be5 decl>$ to be contr>y to ,holy ,scripture4 ,he _h1 !re=e1 incurr$ ! c5sures 9 =ce aga9/ ^? :o (f5d 9 su* ways2 f :i*1 h[ev]1 he w\ld be absolv$ provid$ t1 ) a s9c]e he>t & unfeign$ fai?1 he w\ld abjure ! said errors & h]esies2 b1 z a p5ance & z a w>n+ to o!rs1 he 0 to und]go c]ta9 inflictions4 ,! book 0 h5ce=? to be prohibit$1 he himself 0 to be condemn$ to ! ord9>y prison ( ! ,holy ,(fice = a "t ! ,holy ,(fice w\ld itself limit1 & he 0 to recite ! sev5 ,p5it5tial ,psalms once a week = ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,holy ,(fice res]v$ to itself ! p[] to remit or *ange "p or all ( ! above-nam$ p5ances4 ,galileo abjur$1 accord+ly1 z direct$4 ,! well-kn[n leg5d t aft] 8 abjuration he /amp$ on ! gr\nd ) 8 foot1 say+3 8,e pur si muove0 7,& yet x1 i4e4 ! ,e>?1 does move71 is n f\nd 9 any contempor>y au?or1 & fir/ appe>s t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is also to ! la/ degree improbable2 ,galileo 0 9 f> too great dread ( 8 judges to provoke !m by op5ly p]petrat+ su* an action2 & if he did x sotto voce1 :o he>d x1 & :o te/ifi$ to x8 ,! late ,dr4 ,:ewell 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 sugge/s t x 0 8utt]$ z a playful epigram 9 ! e> ( a ,c>d9al's secret>y1 ) a full k t x w\ld be imm$iately repeat$ to 8 ma/]40 ,?is writ] is em95tly fair1 ?\gh naturally he writes f a ,prote/ant po9t ( view2 b he takes ! extraord9>y l9e ( ma9ta9+ :at ,i ?9k no "o :o kn[s all ! facts c\ld possibly suppose1 namely1 t ! :ole ?+ 0 a k9d ( solemn f>ce1 & t ! ,inquisitors did n believe ,galileo's abjuration to be s9c]e1 or ev5 wi% x to be s2 ?us he says3 8?\gh we may acquit ! ,popes & ,c>d9als ( ,galileo's "t ( /upidity & p]v]s5ess 9 reject+ manife/ sci5tific tru?s1 ,i d n see h[ we c acquit !m ( dissimulation & duplicity40 ,t is1 he ?9ks ! process 0 a piece ( decor\s solemnity1 adopt$ to hoodw9k ! ecclesia/ical public4 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y to discuss s improbable a !ory4 ,& ! /ory ( 8,e pur si muove10 z also t ( bodily torture or any p]sonal cruelty be+ inflict$ on ,galileo1 may1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 be dismiss$ into ! realm ( fable4 ,! ,pope1 )\t delay1 commut$ ! s5t5ce ( imprisonm5t to "o ( seclusion 9 ! ,palace ( ! ,tuscan ,ambassador1 on ! ,monte ,p9cio1 aft] :i* ,galileo 0 all[$ to retire to ,si5na1 to ! ,palace ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( t place1 ,piccolom9i1 "o ( 8 w>me/ fri5ds1 f :om he receiv$ e possible att5tion4 ,inde$1 ! ,ar*bi%op seems to h gone beyond ! limits ( prud5ce1 consid]+ ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! case & ! temp] ( ! times1 9 ! en?usiasm ( 8 admiration = ! great a/ronom]1 & to h h9t$ to v>i\s p]sons t1 9 8 op9ion1 he _h be5 unju/ly condemn$1 t he 0 ! greate/ man 9 ! _w & w\ld always live 9 8 writ+s1 ev5 ^? t _h be5 prohibit$2 su*1 at lea/1 0 ! report t f\nd its way to ,rome1 & x caus$ great prejudice to ,galileo4 ,he _h receiv$ p]mission to g to 8 c\ntry h\se at ,arcetri1 ne> ,flor5ce1 on condition t he liv$ !re quietly1 receiv+ only ! visits ( 8 fri5ds & relatives1 9 su* a way z n to give umbrage2 & ! report1 to :i* allusion has j be5 made1 c\pl$ ) ! accusation t1 "u ! enc\ragem5t ( 8 ho/ ! ,ar*bi%op1 he _h spread op9ions t 7 n s\ndly ,ca?olic 9 ! city ( ,si5na1 caus$ "s additional /rictness to be en=c$ z to ! mann] ( 8 seclusion4 ,?us he 0 deta9$ = f\r ye>s 9 8 villa1 & 0 refus$ p]mission to g to ,flor5ce = m$ical treatm5t1 x be+1 h[ev]1 app>5t t ! villa 0 suffici5tly ne> to ! city to enable physicians & surgeons to g to him :5 requir$4 ,lat] on1 9 #afch1 :5 8 suff]+s _h increas$1 & he _h become 7:olly or p>tially7 bl9d1 p]mission 0 giv5 him to reside 9 ,flor5ce1 on condition t he %\ld n speak to 8 visitors on ! subject ( ! movem5t ( ! ,e>?4 ,( ?is concession he avail$ himself1 & liv$ = 8 few rema9+ ye>s 9 ,flor5ce1 occupy+ himself ) sci5tific pursuits4 ,9 ?is same ye> he publi%$ at ,leyd5 a "w entitl$1 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze02 ?is1 9 fact1 0 8 la/ "w ( importance1 & he di$ on ! #h? ,janu>y1 #afdb1 9 8 sev5ty-eigh? ye>4 ,x is n easy to =m an accurate e/imate ( ! "* ( ,galileo1 s f>1 at lea/1 z affect$ by ! proce$+s j relat$4 ,by "s he has be5 call$ a 8,m>tyr ( ,sci5ce02 b a m>tyr1 unless ! ^w be us$ 9 a loose & inaccurate s5se1 ought1 above all ?+s1 to h ! c\rage ( 8 convictions1 & z we h se51 t 0 h>dly ! case ) ,galileo4 ,i w "h aga9 quote ,dr4 ,:ewell's "w on ! 8,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 & ?is "t 9 agreem5t ) 8 words3 8,i d n see ) :at propriety ,galileo c be look$ ^u z a m>tyr ( sci5ce4 ,und\bt$ly he 0 v desir\s ( promot+ :at he conceiv$ to be ! cause ( philosophical tru?2 b x w\ld seem t1 :ile he 0 re/less & eag] 9 urg+ 8 op9ions1 he 0 always ready to make su* submissions z ! spiritual tribunals requir$4444 ,b 9 ?is case 7i4e4 ! case ( 8 refus+ to abjure7 he w\ld h be5 a m>tyr to a cause ( :i* ! m]it 0 ( a m+l$ "*2 = 8 own special & fav\rite %>e 9 ! reason+s by :i* ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 support$1 0 ! argum5t drawn f ! flux & reflux ( ! sea1 :i* argum5t is altoge!r false40 ,yet ?\gh we d5y him ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 a h]o or a m>tyr1 we mu/ n be too sev]e 9 condemn+ him4 ,he 0 old & enfeebl$ by bad heal?2 moreov]1 8 fri5ds _h advis$ him to submit fully & unres]v$ly to ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition4 ,& to ?is we may add ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,!re c be little d\bt t he held ! ,cop]nican !ory z a v probable op9ion2 h[1 inde$1 ) 8 k ( a/ronomy1 & ) 8 own discov]ies be=e 8 eyes1 c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,b x is v possible t he _h no fix$1 absolute conviction on ! subject2 he 0 a s9c]e ,ca?olic1 & _h a deep respect = ! ,pope & = ! ,*ur*1 &1 unlike mod]n sci5tific m51 he probably all[$ "s weight to ! decisions ( ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,rememb]+ all ?is1 we may well admit t !re is mu* to palliate 8 conduct1 ?\gh n fully to ju/ify x4 ,b 8 want ( c&\r evid5tly prejudic$ 8 judges aga9/ him4 ,!y accept$ 8 reit]at$ d5ials ( belief1 ev5 a qualifi$ belief1 9 ,cop]nicanism1 b !y did n cr$it !m z be+ true4 ,i incl9e to hold t he w\ld h done z well & giv5 m satisfaction to ! tribunal if he _h made a /raight=w>d def5ce 9 "s su* way z ?is3 t he c\ld n help believ+ ,cop]nicanism to be a probable hypo!sis on purely sci5tific gr\nds1 & m ?an ?is1 ! !n-exi/+ /ate ( a/ronomical k w\ld n h ju/ifi$ him 9 say+3 t he left to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities h5ce=? ! entire "q ( reconcil+ ! !ory ) ,holy ,scripture1 & t he w\ld n 9 future tea* x ev5 z a hypo!sis1 or publi% any "w s tea*+ x1 )\t p]mission4 ,a /atem5t ( ?is nature1 c\pl$ ) an apology = any indiscretion connect$ ) ! publication ( ! ,dialogue1 might h avail$ him bett] ?an ! l9e he adopt$1 & w\ld at lea/ h _h ! m]it ( c&\r4 ,a few words may "h be add$ on ! sci5tific "* ( ,galileo2 9 ?is respect he 01 ) ! exception ( ,kepl]1 ! fir/ man ( 8 age4 ,he has ! cr$it ( be+ ! discov]] ( ! fir/ law ( motion2 b :e!r he fully realis$ ?is all-important law1 or :e!r x 0 "o ( ^? happy guesses :i* we sometimes f9d to h be5 made by m5 :o are ! precursors ( great discov]]s1 b :o d n p]ceive ! full scope & ! ultimate be>+ ( ! tru?s on :i* !y h light$1 ,i ne$ n "h discuss4 ,he did1 h[ev]1 /ate ! law 9 a ,dialogue on me*anics1 publi%$ 9 #afch1 9 ^! words3 8,i imag9e a movable body project$ 9 a horizontal plane1 all imp$im5ts to motion be+ remov$2 x is !n manife/ f :at has be5 said m fully else:]e1 t its 7! body's7 motion w be uni=m & p]petual ^u ! plane1 if ! plane be ext5d$ to inf9ity40 ,?is ( c\rse involves ! pr9ciple ( ! fir/ ( ! ?ree laws ( motion1 ! ,newtonian laws1 z !y are frequ5tly call$1 because ! man ^: "n !y be> 0 ! "o :o us$ !m cle>ly & consi/5tly z ! basis ( a great a/ronomical !ory4 ,! law1 z n[ usually /at$1 is full] & m explicit ?an t giv5 by ,galileo1 & may be enunciat$ ?us3 8,e body p]sev]es 9 its /ate ( re/1 or ( uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e1 unless x is compell$ to *ange t /ate by =ces impress$ on x40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 greatly to ! sci5tific cr$it ( ,galileo t be=e ! close ( 8 life he %\ld h emancipat$ himself f ! errone\s idea t circul> motion alone is naturally uni=m1 & %\ld h /at$ 9 ! language j quot$ ! true me*anical doctr9e1 unkn[n to 8 pr$ecessors1 unkn[n ev5 to ,kepl]1 a doctr9e :i* involv$ no?+ less ?an a revolution 9 ! conception ( ! laws ( motion4 ,nor 0 ?is 8 only contribution to ! sci5ce ( me*anics2 he x 0 :o fir/ und]/ood ! law t regulates ! velocity ( fall+ bodies2 he p]ceiv$ t !y 7 act$ ^u by an uni=mly accel]at+ =ce1 t ( t]re/rial gravity1 & t ! velocity at any giv5 po9t is proportional to ! "t ( desc5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities is said by "s p]sons to h be5 discov]$ by ,galileo1 & x appe>s t he /at$ x fully & cle>ly2 b he c sc>cely be said to be ! discov]] ( x1 z x _h be5 kn[n to o!rs1 & _h ev5--at lea/ z exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ! lev]--be5 notic$ by ,ari/otle4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t ,galileo 0 ! greate/ man ( 8 day 9 me*anical k1 :e!r we attribute m or less weight to ! light he ?rew on p>ticul> details4 ,9 a/ronomy he 0 necess>ily a discov]]1 = ! all-important reason t1 z already /at$1 he 0 ! fir/ man t ev] us$ ! telescope = inve/igat+ ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s4 ,he ?us saw :at no "o previ\sly _h se51#ae ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! spots on ! ,sun1 & ! moon-l phases ( ! planet ,v5us1 besides ! greatly increas$ numb] ( />s1 s _m ( :i* are invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ ( ^! discov]ies1 t ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 seems to h creat$ an imm5se s5sation among ! savants ( t day4 ,x sugge/$ t ! !ories ( ,ptolemy 7 any?+ b complete or correct1 & yet x prov$ no?+1 except+ aga9/ ^? priori reason]s1 :o w\ld n believe t a body r\nd :i* a moon circulat$ c\ld itself be 9 motion2 b ! phases ( ,v5us 7 simply conclusive aga9/ ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 & = ?is reason3 ,accord+ to t sy/em ,v5us 0 a planet revolv+ r\nd ! ,e>? 9 an orbit outside t ( ,m]cury1 b )9 t ( ! ,sun4 ,n[ ! phases ( ,v5us did n correspond ) any suppos$ p]iod ( h] revolution r\nd ! ,e>?1 z ! phases ( ! ,moon obvi\sly d1 nor did any "o ev] imag9e t ! ,e>? w5t r\nd ,v5us4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 correspond ) ! "t ( a probable orbit 9 :i* ei!r ,v5us revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun or ! ,sun r\nd ,v5us2 & "h aga9 ?is latt] alt]native 0 inadmissible4 ,!re rema9$1 !re=e1 ! "o only reasonable solution ( ! ph5om5on1 namely1 t ,v5us travell$ 9 an orbit r\nd ! ,sun4 ,?is 0 fur!r confirm$ :51 9 ,decemb]1 #afci1 our own c\ntryman1 ,horrox1 at t "t a "y curate resid+ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 b gift$ ) a k ( a/ronomy :i* w\ld h done cr$it to a man ( d\ble 8 age & exp]i5ce1 obs]v$ a transit ( ! planet across ! ,sun's disc4 ,?is occurr$ "s few ye>s aft] ,galileo's condemnation2 b x may be rem>k$ t ,gass5di _h already1 9 ,novemb]1 #afca1 witness$ a transit ( ,m]cury4 ,?us x appe>$ t ^! two planets revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun1 contr>y to :at ,ptolemy _h suppos$4 ,& yet ?is 0 n conclusive 9 fav\r ( ,cop]nicanism1 = ! !ory ( ,ty*o ,brah 0 precisely to ?is effect3 t ! planets revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun1 & t ! ,sun 9 8 turn circulat$ r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 ( ! nature ( a compromise1 & x has be5 said t ,ty*o 0 l$ to x by 8 int]pretation ( ,scripture r ?an ( ,nature2 yet he 0 "o ( ! be/ a/ronom]s & be/ obs]v]s ( 8 age1 & _h ,kepl] = "o ( 8 pupils4 ,he _h a reason1 too1 = reject+ ,cop]nicanism :i* 9 8 "t seem$ to h consid]able weight1 namely1 ! incr$ible di/ances at :i* ! fix$ />s mu/ be suppos$ to be plac$ if ! !ory 7 true1 s9ce no s5sible motion c\ld be detect$ among !m--app>5t motion1 t is--su* z w\ld result f ! annual motion ( ! ,e>? if ! />s 7 at any di/ance approa*+ to t ( ! planets4 ,we "k n[ h[ futile ?is objection is1 b 9 t age !re 0 an idea t ,nature c\ld nev] all[ ( su* a wa/e ( space z is impli$ 9 ^! va/ di/ances4 ,if ,ty*o _h liv$ long]1 we may well d\bt :e!r he w\ld h adh]$ to 8 sy/em4 ,kepl] saw its weakness1 & 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! true nature ( ! curves :i* bo? ! ,e>? & ! planets describe 9 _! respective orbits2 & ?is1 al?\gh he did n "k ! fir/ law ( motion4 ,8 books1 publi%$ 9 #afai & #afbb1 /at$ n only ! elliptic =m ( ! orbits1 :i* no "o previ\sly _h f\nd out1 b also ! important law connect+ ! di/ances ( ! planets ) _! p]iods ( revolution4 ,x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d h[ gradually ^! v>i\s items ( k dawn$ ^u ! sci5tific _w1 & h[ imp]fect 0 ! /ate 9 :i* ! /udy ( a/ronomy rema9$ until ! discov]y ( t great law ( gravitation1 :i* b9ds toge!r & regulates ! physical univ]se4 ,m5 ( mature ye>s _h n !n le>nt ! lesson n[ taught to y\?s at college1 t 9 natural sci5ce we mu/ disc>d priori argum5ts1 & tru/ to ! exp]im5tal me?od = guidance4 ,x has be5 said contemptu\sly t ! ,c>d9als :o condemn$ ,galileo & ! ,cop]nican sy/em 7 n only ignorant ( ! sci5ce ( ! pres5t day 7:i* 0 inevitable71 b ev5 ( t ( _! own day4 ,if t means m]ely t !y 7 defici5t 9 t f>-rea*+ intellig5ce :i* enables "s gift$ m5 to =esee ! future effect ( rec5t discov]ies & hypo!ses sc>cely em]g$ f a /ate ( embryo1 we may readily grant x4 ,we may all[ also t "s ( ! rec5t discov]ies ( ,galileo1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! phases ( ,v5us1 7 n at fir/ fully appreciat$1 nor _! be>+ on ! controv]sy p]fectly und]/ood1 except+ by pr(ess$ a/ronom]s4 ,x requir$ c>eful obs]vation to p]ceive t ?is planet's phases 7 only to be expla9$ on ! !ory ( h] revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ^! ecclesia/ics 7 wise en\gh to see ! futility ( ,galileo's argum5t drawn f ! tides1 x is c]ta9ly n = u to blame !m2 ! tides h no?+ to d ) ! que/ions !n at issue4 ,& x is only fair to rememb] t suppos+ ,ptolemy completely ov]?r[n1 z 9 reality he assur$ly 01 by ! obs]vations on ,v5us & ,m]cury1 !re rema9$ ! sy/em ( ,ty*o ,brah1 z has be5 rem>k$ already1 & ?is sy/em p>tly met ! case ( ^? ph5om5a t ,ptolemy fail$ 9 acc\nt+ =2 & al?\gh we c easily see n[ t x 0 some?+ ( ! nature ( a make%ift1 at t "t !re 0 no cle> or conclusive evid5ce aga9/ x4 ,i proce$ n[ to /ate :at appe>s to h be5 ! ecclesia/ical =ce ( ! two condemnations by ! ,roman tribunals--t ( ! ,index prohibit+ c]ta9 books1 & t ( ! ,inquisition puni%+ ,galileo individually1 & =c+ him to abjure 8 real or imput$ op9ions on ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy4 ,i tru/ ,i %all n lose sight ( my position z a lay !ologian 79 ! s5se ,i h def9$ ! t]m71 or trespass ^u /rictly ecclesia/ical pres]ves2 b ,i may surely say at once1 t x is evid5t no decision 0 pron\nc$ on any matt] ( fai?4 ,! fir/ case1 t ( ! ,index 9 #afaf1 ,i h already discuss$2 & z = ! latt] "o1 t ( ! ,inquisition1 x seems h>dly cr$ible t any "o %\ld ma9ta9 t ! s5t5ce ( a ,roman tribunal on an individual1 h[ev] em95t1 c\ld con/itute an ex ca!dr decision on a "q ( fai?4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 h[ev]1 seems to ma9ta9 some?+ v l ?is2 b he does s by tak+ "s /rong1 & p]haps extreme1 /atem5ts made by !ologians1 su* z ,m4 ,b\ix & ,dr4 ,w>d1 :5 writ+ on "s totally diff]5t po9t1 & by urg+ t if ^! ?+s are true1 !n ,galileo's condemnation 0 tantam\nt to a def9ition de fide4 ,i d n feel call$ ^u to answ] argum5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,b !re is ano!r :i* is m relevant1 drawn f ! ,brief address$ by ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,muni*1 ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 :5 ! congress ( philosoph]s1 ( :om ,dr4 ,dll+] 0 ! lead+ _s1 _h be5 held 9 t city4 ,9 t ,brief1 ! ,pope /ates t x is requisite = good ,*ri/ians to subject !mselves 9 consci5ce to decisions p]ta9+ to doctr9e t are put =? by ! ,pontifical ,congregations2 & also to su* heads ( doctr9e z are held to be !ological tru?s by ! common cons5t ( ,ca?olics1 ev5 :5 ! d5ial ( ^! does n involve h]esy1 b des]ves "s o!r c5sure4 ,!ologians1 ,i believe1 are n agre$ z to :e!r ?is ,brief is /rictly ex ca!dr1 & !re=e to be treat$ z infallible4 ,b let u assume t x is s4 ,does ! expression1 8subject !mselves 9 consci5ce10 mean necess>ily any?+ m ?an a respectful acquiesc5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f a full int]ior ass5t8 ,&1 all[+ t x does ev5 mean ?is latt]1 x is = doctr9al decisions t su* au?ority is claim$2 & :at ,i am ma9ta9+ is1 t ! decrees 9 ! case ( ,galileo 7 purely discipl9>y4 ,i d n ( c\rse d5y t ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 doctr9al & discipl9>y is sometimes h>d to def9e4 ,b surely ! putt+ ( books on ! 8,index ,librorum ,prohibitorum10 :atev] be ! reasons /at$ = do+ s1 is ess5tially an act ( discipl9e2 & s also is ! condemnation ( any individual man = hav+ disobey$ injunctions laid ^u him by au?ority1 or = hav+ disreg>d$ ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ! same au?ority = ! regulation ( its practical conduct1 s long z !y 7 9 =ce1 & n repeal$ by any subsequ5t act4 ,& ?is leads me to t\* ^u ano!r argum5t ( ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 :o says1 truly en\gh1 t ! au?ority ( ,rome is great] ?an t ( individual !ologians1 & t ,rome mu/ "k h] own m9d4 ,& because ! decision ( ! ,inquisition 9 #afcc1 condemn+ ,galileo p]sonally1 ref]r$ 9 /rong & m>k$ language to ! decree ( ! ,index 9 #afaf1 !re=e he inf]s t ! latt] is !reby prov$ to h be51 9 ! judgm5t ( ,rome h]self1 a doctr9al decision 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! words4 ,x is q true t ! ,inquisition said t ,galileo _h done wrong 9 treat+ ,cop]nicanism z a probable op9ion1 s9ce by no means c\ld an op9ion be probable t _h be5 decl>$ & def9$ to be contr>y to ,holy ,scripture2 !y also said 9 allusion to ! decree ( ! ,index t ! books treat+ ( ! doctr9e _h be5 prohibit$1 & ! doctr9e--i4e4 ,cop]nicanism--_h be5 decl>$ false & altoge!r contr>y to sacr$ & ,div9e ,scripture4 ,b a /ream _c rise high] ?an its s\rce2 & ! ,inquisition itself1 hav+ no o!r p[]s b ^? entru/$ to x by ! ,pope1 _h no au?ority to put any m /r+5t int]pretation on ! decree ( #afaf ?an :at x already bore4 ,s f> z its actual word+ goes1 x is palpably a discipl9>y decree1 ?\gh f\nd$ on a doctr9al reason2 & :5 ! ,inquisition cit$ x z if x 7 m ?an ?is1 _! language mu/ be int]pret$ 9 accordance ) ! facts ( ! case2 t is1 z mean+ t = ! purposes ( discipl9e1 & = all practical int5ts & purposes1 x _h be5 def9$ t su* a !ory z t ( ,cop]nicus 0 inadmissible1 & on ! gr\nd t x 0 contr>y to ,scripture z hi!rto und]/ood4 ,b a decision ( t nature is n irrevocable2 x holds good z long z ! ecclesia/ical au?orities det]m9e x %\ld d s1 & no long]4 ,rome mu/ "k h] own m9d1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts says2 & %e has %[n h] own m9d1 & borne out ! con/ruction ,i am putt+ on h] acts1 by fur!r & subsequ5t action2 =1 aft] susp5d+ ! prohibitions aga9/ ,cop]nicanism--or modify+ !m--9 #ageg1 a di/9ct p]mission 0 giv5 9 #ahbj to tea* ! !ory ( ! ,e>?'s movem5t2 & aga91 9 #ahbb1 ! p]mission 0 repeat$ 9 a m =mal mann]1 & ) ! express sanction ( ! ,pope1 ,leo ,,xii4 ,n[ we "k t doctr9al decrees1 once fully sanction$ & promulgat$ by ! ,holy ,see1 are irrev]sible2 b discipl9>y enactm5ts are *ang$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! "t & ! circum/ances ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4#af ,if1 !n1 ^! decrees aga9/ ! ,cop]nican !ory ( a/ronomy h be5 practically repeal$ by a decision no less =mal ?an t :i* call$ !m orig9ally into exi/5ce1 x is c]ta9 t ,rome1 :o kn[s h] own m9d z well aft] ! lapse ( two hundr$ ye>s z aft] t ( sev5te5 ye>s1 consid]$ !m z app]ta9+ to ! prov9ce ( discipl9e & n to t ( dogma4 ,moreov]1 ,pius ,,ix41 :5 address+ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,muni*1 mu/ h be5 well aw>e ( ! above-nam$ facts1 & :5 he enunciat$ ! simple rule t good ,ca?olics ought to submit 9 consci5ce to ! doctr9al decrees ( ! ,roman ,congregations--inde$1 h[ c any "o imag9e ! rule to be any?+ else8--he mu/ 9 common s5se be und]/ood to be speak+ ( decrees :olly diff]5t 9 scope & "* f ^? relat+ to ! case ( ,galileo & ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4 ,x mu/1 nev]!less1 be obs]v$ t an argum5t has be5 adduc$ by ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 & repeat$ ev5 by s em95t a writ] z ,mr4 ,miv>t1 z if x 7 some?+ t ?rew a new & important light on ! subject4 ,x is t ,pope ,alex&] ,,vii41 on ! #e? ,m>*1 #affd1 publi%$ a ,bull--kn[n z ! ,bull 8,speculatores0--approv+ a new & au!ntic edition ( ! ,index ( prohibit$ books1 :i* ,index conta9$ ! decree ( #afaf1 & also ! monitum ( #afbj1 ord]+ c]ta9 corrections 9 ! "w ( ,cop]nicus1 s t ! !ory he advocat$ %\ld be /at$ m]ely z a hypo!sis--9 ! preamble ( :i* monitum1 h[ev]1 x is /at$ t ! pr9ciples ( ,cop]nicus1 relat+ to ! movem5t ( ! ,e>?1 7 contr>y to ! true & ,ca?olic int]pretation ( ,holy ,scripture--& conta9$ also an edict1 sign$ by ,bell>m9e1 prohibit+ & condemn+ ,kepl]'s "w1 8,epitome ,a/ronomi ,cop]nican20 an edict ( ,augu/1 #afcd1 prohibit+ ,galileo's ,dialogue2 & 9 f9e1 a prohibition ( all books tea*+ ! movem5t ( ! ,e>? & ! immobility ( ! ,sun4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ ?is ,bull ano!r ,index 0 also publi%$1 9 :i* ! foll[+ words occur1 "u ! head ,libri1 z be+ =bidd5 to ! fai?ful3 8,libri omnes1 et quicumque libelli1 comm5t>ii1 compositiones1 consulta1 epi/ol1 gloss1 opuscula1 orationes1 responsa1 tractatus1 tam typis editi1 quam manuscripti1 cont95tes et tractantes infrascriptas mat]ias1 seu de infrascriptis mat]iis444 ,de mobilitate t]r1 et immobilitate ,solis40 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is v sweep+1 z x includes all pamphlets & lett]s1 & ev5 writ+s 9 manuscript1 advocat+ ,cop]nicanism4 ,n[1 9 reply to all ?is1 ,i ?9k ,i may rem>k t ev5 lay !ologians "k1 or ought to "k1 t ,papal ,bulls are divid$ into two di/9ct classes--dogmatic & discipl9>y4 ,! fir/1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 are held to be infallible1 b /ill only z reg>ds ! decisions on fai? or morals !re9 laid d[n1 & n 9 respect ( ! reasons alleg$2 ! second /& 9 a totally diff]5t position1 & are n consid]$1 z a g5]al rule1 to be 9 any way infallible--9 fact1 !y are liable at any "t to be modifi$ or recall$1 z 9 ! in/ance be=e u has actually happ5$4 ,! ,bull 8,speculatores0 is pla9ly a discipl9>y "o4 ,b ,i may p]haps be all[$ to quote "o :o is pr(ess$ly a !ologian--! ,rev]5d ,j]emiah ,murphy1 an ,iri% ecclesia/ic ( le>n+ & ability--:o1 reply+ to ,mr4 ,miv>t 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ( ,may1 #ahhf1 expla9s1 at "s l5g?1 ! real nature ( ?is ,bull4 ,he says3 8,?is ,bull1 s f> f be+ a special approbation ( ea* decree conta9$ 9 ! ,index to :i* x is prefix$1 is n a special approbation ( ev5 "o ( !m4444 ,x is a re-issue1 by public au?ority1 ( all ^! decrees 7^? ( ! ,index71 b x leaves ea* decree j z x 04444 ,! ,pope1 aft] ref]r+ to ! orig9 ( ! ,index1 says t at t "t !re 0 no catalogue1 issu$ by public au?ority1 embrac+ ! prohibit$ books & condemn$ au?ors1 on :i* acc\nt great confusion has aris54 ,accord+ly1 ) ! advice ( ! ,c>d9als1 ! ,pope1 z he /ates1 has decre$ to issue a new ,index4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] t p %\ld #8h a cle> k ( all t 0 done f ! beg9n+ 9 ?is matt]1' also to facilitate ref]5ces = read]s & especially = booksell]s4 ,! ,pope goes on to say t he #8confirm$ & approv$ ?is same g5]al ,index z a=esaid1 compos$ & revis$ by our ord]1 & pr9t$ at our apo/olic press4'0 ,mr4 ,murphy adds3 8,no new decree is issu$1 no new obligation impos$1 no *ange 9 ! "* ( any ( ! decrees is made by ?is ,bull4444 ,no ,ca?olic !ologian w\ld = a mom5t reg>d ?is ,bull z equival5t to an approbation1 by special m&ate1 ( any decree conta9$ 9 ! volume to :i* x is prefix$4444 ,! ,bull is a purely discipl9>y act1 p]fectly valid until x is cancell$ by an au?ority equal to t :i* issu$ x1 b x condemns no new error1 & def9es no new tru?40 ,x may no d\bt be urg$ t !re h be5 c]ta9 indiscreet controv]siali/s :o h ma9ta9$ t ! ,popes _h no?+ to d ) ! condemnation ( ,galileo or ( ! ,cop]nican !ory--t1 9 fact1 x 0 all ! "w ( ! ,c>d9als4 ,! ,bull 8,speculatores0 is a good argum5tum ad hom9em address$ to su* p]sons1 b no "o :o kn[s ! facts ( ! case c take up or ought to take up su* a position4 ,z a matt] ( discipl9e1 ! ,popes did give _! sanction to ! condemnation 9 "q4 ,! ,congregations ( ! ,index & ( ! ,inquisition h no au?ority at all except s f> z ! ,pope conf]s x on !m2 & :e!r he gives !m ! au?ority be=eh&1 or confirms _! acts by subsequ5t approval1 ! pr9ciple is ess5tially ! same4 ,he delegates to !m c]ta9 discipl9>y p[]s1 b he does n delegate1 & has n ! p[] to delegate1 8 pr]ogative ( def9+ dogma1 & en=c+ its belief on ! :ole ,ca?olic _w4 ,i %\ld n h dwelt at s mu* l5g? on ?is p>ticul> po9t _h x n be5 urg$1 ) :at ,i fe> ,i mu/ call mu* p]v]t$ +5uity1 by ,mr4 ,rob]ts t ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 condemn$ ex ca!dr1 z if x 7 a h]esy1 by ! ,pope himself2 nor1 aga91 is x will+ly t ,i quote s frequ5tly ! same au?or's argum5ts ) a view to _! refutation4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 /at$ ! anti-,roman case ) ability1 & )\t desc5d+ to vulg> claptrap4 ,if1 !n1 8 argum5ts are satisfactorily answ]$1 !re is no ne$ ( combat+ o!r antagoni/s4 ,b ,i d n at all %r9k f consid]+ ano!r & mo/ important "q4 ,i h %[n cle>ly & conclusively t ! decrees aga9/ ,cop]nicanism 7 n def9itions ( fai?2 b ,i am b\nd to /ate n[ :at ,i believe to h be5 ! effect ( !m 9 _! own und\bt$ sph]e1 t ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e4 ,& "h !re are two di/9ct que/ions to deal )1 :i* are p]haps sometimes mix$ up toge!r1 b :i* ought to be kept sep>ate4 ,"o is ?is3 ,:at %\ld h be5 ! conduct ( contempor>y ,ca?olics1 suppos$ to be sci5tific m51 dur+ ! p]iod t ! decrees 7 9 =ce8 ,! o!r3 ,:at op9ion ought we n[ to =m ^u ! :ole transaction1 view+ x retrospectively8 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ ( ^! two4 ,i h little d\bt z to :at ought to h be5 ! conduct ( su* ,ca?olics--viz41 implicit ob$i5ce to ! discipl9>y rules ( ! ,*ur* s long z ! sup]ior au?orities ?\ght fit to en=ce !m4 ,?us no good ,ca?olic c\ld h read ! =bidd5 books1 :e!r by ,galileo or by any o!r au?or1 )\t obta9+ ! requisite p]mission--a p]mission :i* 9 ^! days1 at any rate1 is giv5 ) great read9ess to well-educat$ p]sons4 ,/ill less c\ld a consci5ti\s ,ca?olic publi% a "w advocat+ ! ,cop]nican !ory z ! true "o1 or z mo/ probably ! true "o4 ,:at ,i ?9k he might h done is to publi% a treatise /at+ any purely a/ronomical or ma!matical argum5ts :i* seem$ to fav\r ,cop]nicanism z a hypo!sis1 &1 at ! same "t1 pr(ess+ 8 entire submission to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 & explicitly disclaim+ any attempt to m$dle ) ! int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,a prote/ ( "s su* nature z ?is 0 ins]t$ 9 an edition ( ! 8,pr9cipia0 :i* 0 all[$ to be publi%$ by two ,fa!rs ( ! ord] ( ,m9ims1 ,le ,seur & ,jacqui]1 9 ! ye> #agdb1 :5 ! decrees 7 /ill 9 =ce4 ,b ! fir/ /ep1 & t ! mo/ fitt+ & becom+1 w\ld h be5 to submit privately to ! ,roman au?orities all ! sci5tific argum5ts :i* ! ,ca?olic a/ronom]--suppos+ su* to be ! case--_h discov]$ z ?r[+ fre% light on ! "q4 ,no "o has a "r to inf] f ! in/ance ( ,galileo1 ^: argum5ts 7 n all ( !m s\nd or conv9c+1 t su* an a/ronom] z ,i h imag9$ w\ld h be5 treat$ ) contempt or neglect1 especially if he made x evid5t t he 0 :olly submissive to ! decrees ( ! ,index1 or o!r ,roman ,congregations4 ,"s writ]s1 & notably ! late ,dr4 ,w>d1 h ma9ta9$ t besides outw>d submission1 a c]ta9 8int]ior ass5t0 0 due to ! decision ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index--su* ass5t1 h[ev]1 be+ diff]5t 9 k9d f t giv5 to an article ( ,fai?4 ,i submit1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ! fact ( a book be+ plac$ on ! =bidd5 li/ requires f all good ,ca?olics a respectful ass5t to ! pr9ciple t ! ,*ur* has a "r to enact ^! rules ( discipl9e1 x does n require an int]ior act ( intellectual approval4 ,x is said t ,bell>m9e's great controv]sial "w 0 = a %ort "t plac$ on ! ,index on acc\nt ( "s unpalatable op9ion express$ 9 x4 ,did he ?9k x necess>y to make an int]ior act ( ass5t to ! decree8 ,x is true t 9 ! case ( ! works ( ,cop]nicus & o!rs1 ! gr\nds = prohibit+ !m 7 /at$2 b ,i w\ld ask1 are we oblig$ to ass5t int]iorly to ! gr\nds alleg$ = su* acts8 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i d n wi% to contradict ! op9ion ( ^? !ologians :o hold t ! non-sci5tific ,ca?olics ( ,galileo's age 7 b\nd1 by :at is t]m$ 8! piety ( ,fai?10 to give a c]ta9 int]ior ass5t to ! pron\ncem5ts ( ! ,roman ,congregations2 & t on ! gr\nd t su* p]sons _h no bett] evid5ce to act ^u4 ,_! ass5t !n w\ld be v mu* l t giv5 by dutiful sons1 n yet ( age1 to ! op9ions ( _! fa!r2 simil> 9 k9d ?\gh /rong] 9 degree4 ,i am ( c\rse assum+ ! contempor>y ,ca?olics1 ^: case ,i am consid]+1 to be m5 ( an ob$i5t & dutiful disposition4 ,i h conf9$ myself s f> to ! decrees ( ! ,index4 ,! s5t5ce ( ! ,inquisition on ,galileo affect$ himself alone4 ,x 0 no d\bt held up z an example 9 t]rorem = ! b5efit ( o!rs2 b /rictly & imm$iately x conc]n$ ,galileo alone1 & :5 he di$1 x di$ ) him4 ,i n[ pass to ! all-important "q1 :at ought we to ?9k ( ! :ole proce$+1 ) all ! light t has be5 ?r[n on x by ! two c5turies & a half t h s9ce elaps$8 ,"h1 !n1 ,i h to /e] a middle c\rse betwe5 :at ,i hold to be extreme op9ions on opposite sides1 ea* held by m5 ( note1 & m5 ^: pr9ciples & "* dem& t !y %\ld be he>d ) respect4 ,"o op9ion is t ( ! late ,dr4 ,w>d1 :om ,i take z a repres5tative man on 8 side1 ?\gh he is n ! only writ] :o has tak5 ! view to :i* ,i allude1 & x is to ! effect t ! ,roman ,congregations act$ n only fully )9 _! rights1 n only )9 _! legitimate sph]e1 b t1 consid]+ all ! circum/ances ( _! "t1 !y act$ wisely & prud5tly2 t ! fault 0 on ! side ( ,galileo & 8 foll[]s1 & ! ,c>d9als c\ld n h done o!rwise ?an !y did4 ,! o!r & opposite op9ion has be5 /at$ by no ,ca?olic writ] ) great] =ce ?an by ,mr4 ,miv>t2 & x am\nts1 s f> z ,i und]/& x1 to ?is3 t ! ,*ur* has no au?ority to int]f]e 9 matt]s relat+ to physical sci5ce1 & t ! issue ( ! ,galileo case has prov$ ! fallacy ( h] attempt+ to d s2 t )\t ent]+ into ! discussion ( :at ought or :at ought n to h be5 done 9 =m] times1 we ( ! pres5t g5]ation h evid5ce suffici5t to %[ u t sci5tific inve/igations %\ld by "r be free f ! control ( ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,! di/+ui%$ au?or to :om ,i allude has some:at modifi$ 8 orig9al /atem5ts1 & s ,i am 9 "s dang] ( misrepres5t+ him1 b ,i ?9k ! above is a fair epitome ( 8 views on ! subject2 & at any rate ,i feel myself ju/ifi$ 9 deal+ ) him z he appe>$ 9 ! widely circulat$ p]iodical 9 :i* he fir/ enunciat$ 8 op9ions1 except+ s f> z he may h explicitly retract$ :at he !n said 7:i* ,i d n believe to be ! fact74 ,i regret t x is my lot to diff] f bo? ^! able writ]s4 ,z aga9/ ,mr4 ,miv>t1 ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t ! ,*ur* has a full "r to control ! /udy ( physical sci5ce2 z aga9/ ! late ,dr4 ,w>d1 t we are n call$ ^u to def5d ! action ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index or ( ! ,inquisition 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,i take ,mr4 ,miv>t fir/1 & ,i may be p]mitt$ to say t _h x n be5 = 8 some:at aggressive article1 ,i %\ld n h v5tur$ to publi% my own views on ! subject4 ,i call x aggressive because1 ?\gh ! writ] w\ld d\btless disclaim su* int5tion1 x seem$ z ?\gh he 7 det]m9$1 s to speak1 to drive ! ecclesia/ical au?orities into a corn]1 & leave !m no hon\rable mode ( exit2 lett+ 8 read]s inf] t1 because c]ta9 unt5able decisions 7 once promulgat$1 x results t no fur!r respect ne$ n[ be paid to ! same au?orities :5 t\*+ on simil> que/ions4 ,n[1 x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out t no "o w\ld presume to treat ! decision ( secul> c\rts--assur$ly fallible z !y are--9 s contemptu\s a way2 & if any "o practically did s1 ! executive ( ! c\ntry :]e x occurr$1 unless x _h fall5 into a condition ( hopeless impot5ce1 w\ld spe$ily v9dicate ! rights ( ! c\rts s impugn$4 ,b if x %\ld be urg$ t ! two cases are n p>allel1 ,i pref] to conf9e my argum5t to ecclesia/ical tribunals only4 ,i ma9ta91 !n1 t--always assum+ ! tru? ( ! ,ca?olic /&po9t1 :i*1 ) ,mr4 ,miv>t1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 do+--! ,*ur* has an obvi\s "r to int]f]e ) & to regulate ! /udy ( physical sci5ce & ! promulgation ( sci5tific !ories4 ,x w\ld be m consi/5t & m intelligible to d5y ! "r ( ! ,*ur* to proscribe any !ories :atev]1 or to =bid ! read+ ( any books1 h[ev] pr(ane1 ?an to admit x 9 all o!r matt]s1 b d5y x 9 ! "o case ( physical sci5ce4 ,i yield to no "o 9 feel+ a deep int]e/ 9 sci5ce g5]ally1 & especially a/ronomy1 ! ,que5 ( ,sci5ces1 z x is sometimes call$2 _m sci5ces1 & a/ronomy 9 p>ticul>1 well des]ve to be /udi$ = _! own sake1 & = ! intellectual pr(it & pleasure !y convey to ! m9d1 putt+ aside all que/ions ( practical utility4 ,& yet if we are to measure all ! advantages d]ivable f ! /udy ( natural sci5ce aga9/ ! mighty & mom5t\s issues :i* ,religion br+s be=e u1 x seems to me t 9 s do+ we are measur+ "s f9ite quantity ) t :i* transc5ds all our p[]s ( comp>ison because x is n only va/ b simply inf9ite4 ,if y d n believe ,religion1 or at lea/ reveal$ ,religion1 to be true1 !n ,i und]/& y\r wor%ipp+ sci5ce1 or l ! ,positivi/s wor%ipp+ ,humanity1 or any idol y *oose to con/itute2 b ,i d n und]/& a ,*ri/ian's do+ s1 t is1 a ,*ri/ian 9 ! /rict & legitimate s5se ( ! ^w4 ,pursue sci5ce by all means1 z y pursue lit]ature1 art1 or any o!r innoc5t human /udy1 b d n make x su* an idol z to obscure y\r p]ception ( spiritual tru?s4 ,& to take ! ,cop]nican !ory 9 p>ticul>3 pr(\ndly int]e/+ z x is1 let u ask ourselves n m]ely :e!r x is s important z to require t all religi\s consid]ations %\ld give way be=e x1 b :e!r ! k ( its tru?1 :i* we n[ possess1 adds v mat]ially to ! sum total ( human happ9ess4 ,let u !n1 = a mom5t1 ?9k h[ _m m5 among ! millions t p ?is ,e>?1 or if we please to limit our inquiry1 h[ _m among ! civilis$ nations ( ! ,e>? und]/& any?+ :atev] ab\t ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,no d\bt1 9 ,engl&1 & probably _m o!r c\ntries1 ! elem5t>y books t are taught to *ildr5 /ate 9 a r\gh g5]al way t ! ,e>?1 l o!r planets1 goes r\nd ! ,sun 9 ! space ( "o ye>1 & revolves on its axis 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,s f>1 s good4 ,suppose y ask$ ^?1 :o z *ildr5 h le>n$ ^! facts1 a few ord9>y que/ions 9 a/ronomy--,i d n mean ?+s relat+ to cele/ial di/ances1 or any?+ t c be le>nt by he>t1 b que/ions requir+ ?\ght--h[ _m w\ld be able to answ] y8 ,h[ _m1 = example1 c\ld expla9 su* a famili> ph5om5on z ! h>ve/ moon8--?\gh t has no?+ to d ) ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,h[ _m c\ld expla9 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes8 ,suppose y\rself 9 a room full ( educat$ p]sons1 b n specially in/ruct$ 9 sci5ce1 h[ _m c\ld /ate correctly ! fir/ law ( motion8#ag ,x is unnecess>y to multiply in/ances2 a/ronomy is obvi\sly a sci5ce adapt$ n to ! multitude ( mank9d1 b to ! comp>atively few1 :o reflect & ?9k4 ,if1 !n1 "s *eck 7 giv5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by ! action ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 ,rome1 to ! progress ( physical a/ronomy1 we mu/ surely all[ t ! injury to human welf>e & human happ9ess 0 s small t we ne$ n dwell ^u x4 ,mr4 ,miv>t tells u t ,desc>tes 0 det]r$ = "s "t f publi%+ 8 "w4 ,n[ ,desc>tes1 z a pure ma!matician1 /&s 9 ! highe/ rank4 ,! me?od :i* he inv5t$ ( apply+ algebraical analysis to geometry has facilitat$ calculation to an ext5t impossible to ov]-e/imate2 not)/&+ ! discov]y & adoption ( o!r & rival me?ods1 t ( ,desc>tes /ill holds its own1 & w probably d s z long z ! sci5ce ( ma!matics is cultivat$4 ,b z an a/ronom]1 ,desc>tes c be all[$ no su* pre-em95ce2 8 "w on ,vortices 0 actually a retrograde /ep1 & 9 ,france x ev5 h9d]$ = a consid]able "t ! reception ( ! true doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,s t we may well say if ,desc>tes _h nev] publi%$ 8 book at all1 physical a/ronomy w\ld h be5 ! ga9] r ?an ! los]4 ,mr4 ,miv>t writes z if he 7 "u "s appreh5sion t ! ,*ur* w\ld int]f]e ) 8 fav\rite /udy ( biology4 ,i believe 8 fe>s are unf\nd$4 ,! ,roman ecclesia/ical au?orities are d\btless consci\s ( ! fact t !re is a great moral *asm betwe5 ! ,europe ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & ! ,europe ( ?is day4 ,! means t 7 adapt$ = cont5d+ aga9/ error1 real or suppos$1 two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 are inapplicable 9 ! pres5t age4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t false sci5tific !ories are pretty sure to be demoli%$1 "t en\gh be+ all[$1 ei!r by ! int]nal diss5sions ( _! own support]s1 or by ! %>p criticism ( ! support]s ( "s antagoni/ic !ory2 or1 p]haps1 ! triumphant progress ( new discov]ies4 ,works ( a p>ticul>ly (f5sive or irreligi\s "* may f "t to "t be put on ! ,index ( prohibit$ books2 b ! ,*ur* w probably leave purely sci5tific hypo!ses ( all k9ds to f9d _! own level1 & to /& or fall1 z ! case may be4 ,!re rema9s "o objection1 br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 :i* ,i may notice4 ,x is "o ( ! condemn$ propositions recit$ 9 ! well-kn[n 8,syllabus10 t ! decrees ( ! ,apo/olic ,see & ! ,roman ,congregations h9d] ! free progress ( sci5ce4 ,b c any "o hone/ly say t !y d8 ,x is "o ?+ to admit t ! ,*ur* may = c]ta9 reasons put an occasional & tempor>y *eck on ! /udy ( "s p>ticul> sci5ce2 ano!r1 to accuse h] ( g5]ally & sy/ematically h9d]+ ! progress ( k2 = be x obs]v$ t ! ,lat9 ^w1 sci5tia1 f :i* ! above is translat$1 does n m]ely mean physical sci5ce4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has put /rong re/rictions on ! use ( v]nacul> translations ( ,holy ,scripture--re/rictions :i*1 ?\gh greatly modifi$ 9 practice1 are n yet aboli%$--b a proposition /at+ broadly t ! ,*ur* 0 oppos$ to ! /udy ( ,scripture w\ld be condemn$1 & v ju/ly s4 ,i n[ come to deal ) ! o!r extreme op9ion1 if ,i may v5ture s to call x--t ma9ta9$ by ! late ,dr4 ,w>d1 & o!rs--to ! effect t n only has ! ,*ur* a "r to condemn ?is or t sci5tific !ory1 b t ! ex]cise ( su* "r1 z practically exemplifi$ 9 ! prohibition ( c]ta9 ,cop]nican works1 & 9 ! condemnation ( ,galileo1 0 s\nd & prud5t1 & :at might reasonably h be5 expect$4 ,i am n sure :e!r ,dr4 ,w>d goes q s f> z reg>ds ! condemnation ( ,galileo by ! ,inquisition2 b he does s 9 respect ( ! previ\s decree ( #afaf4 ,8 gr\nd is t at t p]iod ! ,cop]nican doctr9e 01 ev5 sci5tifically speak+1 improbable2 :ile x gave a %ock to ^? :o v5]at$ ! traditional int]pretation ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,few m5 h a great] respect ?an myself = ! memory ( ! able writ] ^: views ,i am ab\t to criticise2 b physical sci5ce 0 n 8 /rong po9t4 ,8 k ( metaphysical philosophy 0 great2 s1 too1 0 8 k ( dogmatic !ology2 b he does n appe> to h be5 well v]s$ 9 natural sci5ce1 & ) t mode/y :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( s\nd & solid le>n+1 he 0 c>eful nev] to pret5d acqua9tance ) any p>ticul> bran* ( k1 unless he really possess$ x4 ,he 0 at times ev5 scrupul\s 9 express+ 8 ackn[l$gm5ts = ! assi/ance he _h receiv$ f o!rs 9 matt]s outside ! limits ( 8 own /udies2 z also 9 admitt+ an error if he felt really guilty ( "o2 %[+ !re9 a c&\r & hone/y ( purpose t we d n always meet )4 ,s mu* ,i say 9 tribute to an hon\r$ memory4 ,i n[ proce$ to /ate :y ,i _c foll[ 8 views4 ,x is surely p>adoxical1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 to ma9ta9 t an op9ion is !ologically false b sci5tifically true2 or to /ate ! case m accurately1 to ma9ta9 t x 0 "r to condemn z contr>y to ,scripture :at has s9ce turn$ out to be true--assum+1 ( c\rse1 ?is latt] to be ! fact1 :i* ,dr4 ,w>d fully admitt$4 ,x may d\btless be plead$ 9 mitigation t ! ,c>d9als only meant t ! op9ion 0 contr>y to ! traditional int]pretation ( ,scripture1 & t x 0 j conceivable t ! me?od ( int]pretation w\ld h to be revis$ h]eaft]2 & we h se5 t ,bell>m9e's lett] to ,fosc>9i po9ts decid$ly 9 t direction4 ,nev]!less1 ! decree on ! face ( x appe>s to imply m ?an ?is1 & :5 c\pl$ ) ! subsequ5t condemnation ( ,galileo1 & /r5g!n$ by ! repeat$ prohibition1 ev5 9 m /r+5t t]ms1 ( all works fav\r+ ! ,cop]nican !ory1 x obvi\sly dealt z heavy a bl[ at ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s diurnal & annual movem5t1 z c\ld well h be5 done1 %ort ( a dogmatic decision4 ,x may be q true t if ,galileo _h be5 m prud5t & judici\s1 mu* ( ?is w\ld h be5 av]t$1 & possibly ! decree ( #afaf might h be5 modifi$ or susp5d$ a c5tury e>li] ?an x actually 0 s4 ,b )\t discuss+ imag9>y possibilities1 we take ! facts z !y /&4 ,n[ to give "o or two specim5s ( ,dr4 ,w>d's mode ( writ+ on ?is subject4 ,he says 7aft] /at+ correctly ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple t books !ologically uns\nd %\ld be kept f p]sons :o are n specially qualifi$ to read !m )\t injury73 8,9 ,galileo's "t all books :i* advocat$ ! tru? ( ,cop]nicanism 7 !ologically uns\nd4 ,& a mo/ important s]vice 0 done by pres]v+ ! ,ca?olic flock free f ! plague2 free f a mo/ false1 pr\d1 irrev]5t1 & dang]\s pr9ciple ( ,scriptural int]pretation40--,dubl9 ,review1 ,octob]1 #ahfe4 ,i h already said t ,galileo w\ld h be5 wis] if he _h entirely left alone ! "q ( ! int]pretation ( ,scripture2 b x mu/ always be rememb]$ t x 0 n he b 8 oppon5ts :o comm5c$ ! discussion on t p>ticul> head4 ,!y 7 weak 9 ! a/ronomical argum5t2 & !y tri$ to damage _! oppon5t by attack+ him on ,scriptural gr\nds4 ,x is difficult to und]/& :at ,dr4 ,w>d means by ! =cible language ,i h j quot$1 nor h[ a pr9ciple ( ,scriptural int]pretation1 adopt$ at ! pres5t day by e "o1 c\ld h be5 9 ,galileo's "t false1 pr\d1 irrev]5t1 & dang]\s4#ah ,dr4 ,w>d gr\nds 8 argum5t1 h[ev]1 on an idea t he _h1 to ! effect t ! ,cop]nican sy/em 9 ,galileo's day 0 8sci5tifically unlikely30 ?is1 h[ev]1 is j ! rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,x 0 unprov$2 &1 z ,i h repeat$ly said1 x is n ev5 n[ prov$ to absolute demon/ration4 ,x is also true t c]ta9 mo/ p[]ful argum5ts = x 7 n !n available1 z ,i %all h]eaft] h occasion to %[ at m l5g?2 b x 0 n sci5tifically unlikely4 ,galileo _h indirectly damag$ ! cause by us+ a c]ta9 errone\s argum5t 9 its fav\r2 b !n 8 discov]ies _h simply pulv]is$ ! great rival sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 & no a/ronom]1 :o knew :at he 0 ab\t1 c\ld d o!rwise ?an *oose betwe5 ,cop]nicus & ,ty*o ,brah1 ea* ( ^! be+ ( c\rse some:at modifi$ 9 detail4 ,n[ ! !ory ( ,ty*o ,brah 0 a new "o1 /ill new] ?an t ( ,cop]nicus1 & _h all ! appe>ance ( a tempor>y make%ift2 x 0 n probable t x w\ld receive mu* approbation 9 ! long run1 z 9 fact x nev] did4 ,probability 7,i mean1 ( c\rse1 9 a purely sci5tific s5se7 po9t$ /rongly to ! ,cop]nican !ory ev5 9 ,galileo's "t2 & aft] ,kepl]'s celebrat$ laws _h be5 publi%$1 f> m /rongly /ill ?an be=e4 ,( c\rse1 z ,dr4 ,w>d po9ts out1 !re may be o!r reasons ( s cog5t a nature z to outweigh sci5tific probability2 b t is n n[ ! "q3 he d5ies ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ?is latt] at ! p]iod we are treat+ (2 & on ?is po9t he 0 evid5tly mis9=m$4 ,x is said t ! ,c>d9als ( ! ,index or ,inquisition consult$ "s a/ronom]s be=e =mulat+ _! decrees1 & ?is is likely en\gh2 z !re is odium m$icum 9 ^! days1 !re 0 d\btless odium a/ronomicum 9 ^? days4 ,& we may easily imag9e h[ ! philosoph]s :o believ$ 9 ! infallibility ( ,ari/otle look$ ) horror & p]haps contempt on ! ,s*ool ( ,galileo4 ,if p once p]suade !mselves t physical sci5ce is to be le>nt m]ely f tradition1 or f priori argum5ts1 !y w naturally h an antipa?y to ! discov]ies made by actual obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,if m5 su* z ^! 7 call$ 9 to advise ! ,c>d9als1 we may well admit x z a mitigat+ circum/ance1 =bidd+ u to pass a sev]e judgm5t on ! conduct ( ! ecclesia/ical tribunals4 ,x is no "p ( my cont5tion1 & inde$ ! v rev]se1 to lay excessive blame on ! ,congregations ( ! ,index & ,inquisition2 b nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 d ,i und]/& :y we %\ld give !m our unqualifi$ approval4 ,i feel t ! op9ion ,i h express$ above1 & :i* might o!rwise be consid]$ by "s p]sons z presumptu\s t[>ds ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 receives great confirmation1 & at ! same "t :at is tantam\nt to an acquittal f all disrespect to ! ,*ur* & h] au?ority1 by ! foll[+ extract :i* ,i give f ! article entitl$1 8,dr4 ,miv>t on ,fai? & ,sci5ce10 publi%$ 9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ,! ,dubl9 ,review 7#ahhg71 by ! ,bi%op ( ,newport & ,m5evia1 ! ,"r ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,h$ley4 ,n only does ! high "* ( ! au?or1 bo? z a !ologian & a man ( sci5tific k1 give a sanction to all t is conta9$ 9 ! article1 b ! ,review 9 :i* x appe>s1 hav+ = its proprietor ano!r ,bi%op & an able ecclesia/ic = its act+ editor1 c>ries ) x a /amp ( ,ca?olic au?ority su* z few p]iodicals possess4 ,aft] "s o!r rem>ks ! ,bi%op ( ,newport proce$s ?us3 ,i d n by any means wi% to d5y t ! case ( ,galileo has _h an important effect on ! action ( ,*ur* au?orities4 ,x seems q cle> t x has made !m m cauti\s 9 pron\nc+ on ! int]pretation ( ,scripture :5 ! sacr$ text speaks ( natural ph5om5a4 ,! reason ( ?is is n s mu* ! fact t sci5ce has prov$ au?ority wrong 9 "o case1 z because t case1 tak+ x ) all its circum/ances1 0 "o ! l ( :i* c nev] happ5 aga94 ,! ,galilean controv]sy m>k$ ! close ( a p]iod & ! op5+ ( a new "o4 ,! helioc5tric view 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 mod]n sci5tific expression4 ,be=e ! days ( ,galileo m5 spoke ( :at !y saw ) ! nak$ eye1 & on ! surface ( ?+s2 !nce=? !y 7 to use ! telescope & ! microscope2 !y inve/igat$ ! b[els ( ! e>? & ! di/ances ( ! heav5s4 ,x 0 a f>-rea*+ & mo/ pregnant g5]alisation :5 m5 fir/ took 9 ! idea t ! arrangem5ts :i* _! books _h hi!rto call$ by ! expression 8nature0 7 m]ely a v few ( ! mo/ obvi\s aspects ( a va/ organisation1 :i* c\ld be1 & :i* mu/ be1 se>*$ into by obs]vation4 ,at once a multitude ( famili> phrases lo/ _! mean+1 & _m accept$ tru?s _h to be de?ron$4 ,& ! effect ( ! discussion 9 ! days ( ,galileo 0 n only to make m5 revise _! =mul>ies ab\t ! e>?'s motion1 b to impress !m mo/ =cibly ) ! possibility t su* a process might h to be gone ?r\gh ab\t a v l>ge numb] ( o!r ?+s4 ,! prevail+ views 7 held by ! ,*ur* au?orities z by e "o else4 ,!y 7 n really a "p ( ! ,div9e revelation4 ,"s p ?\ght !y 71 & 7we may admit x 0 a mis=tune7 ! v au?orities :o _h to pron\nce1 us$ language :i* 0 to "s ext5t mi/ak5 9 ! same direction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> n[ t m5 ( m>k & /&+ ass]t$ ov] & ov] aga91 t ! new !ories ne$ n 9 any po9t contradict ,holy ,scripture4 ,x 0 a matt] :i* 0 n cle> all at once4 ,x is (t5 n imm$iately evid5t t novel sci5tific views d or d n contradict ,revelation4 ,!y h to be made precise1 to be qualifi$1 to be analys$1 & t by fallible m54 ,dur+ ! process _m ,ca?olics w naturally make mi/akes1 & !re is no reason :y1 n[ & !n1 ,*ur* au?ority itself %\ld n make a mi/ake 9 ?is p>ticul> matt]4 ,:5 ! requisite reflection has _h "t to be made1 !n x is se51 z x 0 9 ! case ( ! views "u discussion1 t :at 0 held by ,ca?olic p]sons 0 some?+ q ap>t f ,ca?olic fai?4 ,& we h no objection to admit t reflection 0 quick5$1 & caution 0 deep5$ by ! case ( ,galileo4 ,9 ?is s5se1 & n 9 any o!r1 t case may be call$ 8emancipatory40 ,if ! ,*ur* au?orities ev] feel !mselves call$ ^u to pron\nce on ! dates or ! au?or%ip ( ! ,hexateu*1 or on ! =mation ( ,adam's body1 !y w proce$--we may say x )\t suspicion ( undutifulness--) m enlight5$ m9ds ?an ! ,congregations :i* condemn$ ,galileo4 ,! tea*+ ,*ur* is compos$ ( fallible m51 :o mu/ sometimes1 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts1 make mi/akes1 & :o mu/ le>n by exp]i5ce z o!r m5 le>n4 ,! "p ( a dutiful ,ca?olic is to less5 ! effect ( mi/ak5 decisions by prud5t sil5ce or respectful remon/rance 9 ! prop] qu>t]1 & n to make sc&al worse by inept g5]alisations & unnecess>y bitt]ness4 ,fur!r on1 ! ,bi%op says3 ,i d n decl9e to face ! difficulty ( ,galileo's compulsory retractation4 ,x seems to me t ei!r ,galileo _h suffici5tly /rong reasons to prev5t 8 m9d f mak+ ! retractation or n4 ,i ?9k x possible he _h n4 ,x does n seem t he _h any?+ l evid5ce t ! e>? mov$4 ,if he _h n1 !re 0 no reason :y he %\ld n ass5t to a /rong expression ( au?ority1 t au?ority be+ "o to :i* he ow$ filial ob$i5ce4444 ,/ill1 if ,galileo _h pres5t to 8 m9d /rong pro( ( ! correctness ( 8 own tea*+s1 ,i d n hesitate to say t he 0 wrong1 &1 inde$1 committ$ s91 9 mak+ ! retractation dem&$4 ,on ! purely a/ronomical "q :e!r ,galileo _h evid5ce t ! ,e>? mov$1 ,i presume t ! ,bi%op means conclusive evid5ce2 = evid5ce ( "s k9d he surely _h2 n conclusive1 x is true1 b good z f> z x w5t4 ,long be=e ,galileo 0 tri$ by ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition1 8 contempor>y1 ,kepl]1 _h publi%$ ^? important a/ronomical laws :i* /ill be> 8 "n1 & :i* t5d$ p[]fully to corroborate ! !ory ( ! ,e>?'s motion4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ?is1 z ,i h already intimat$1 ,i ?9k !re 0 good gr\nd = ! op9ion 9 "q4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to "s ext5t a digression4 ,i h quot$ ! ,bi%op pr9cipally 9 ord] to /r5g!n1 by 8 high au?ority1 ! l9e ( argum5t ,i h v5tur$ to pursue1 :i*1 9 effect1 is ?is3 t ! pr9ciple on :i* ! ,roman ,congregations act$ 9 ,galileo's case 0 s\nd1 b ! application ( x 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance mi/ak5 & injudici\s4 ,i may also be p]mitt$ to cite1 z confirm+ my own op9ion1 ! words ( ! di/+ui%$ writ] to :om1 9 common ) all /ud5ts ( ! ,galileo case1 ,i am s mu* indebt$1 ,m4 ,h5ri de l'p9ois4 ,!y d n1 ( c\rse1 possess ! same !ological au?ority z t ( ! prelate ,i h j quot$1 b1 com+ f a le>n$ ,ca?olic layman1 !y are well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,galile1 en tablissant les pr9cipes de mcanique qui sont ses titres de gloire1 comme en s\t5ant la doctr9e de ,cop]nic1 a r5contr p\r adv]saires dcl>s les p>tisans de la philosophie d',ari/ote1 qui combattai5t aussi bi5 ,kpl] ,tub+ue1 et ,desc>tes en ,holl&e4 ,ils appelr5t leur aide des textes de l'criture1 les opposr5t aux affirmations de ,galile4 ,p\r se df5dre celui-ci v\lut expliqu] ces textes4 ,ds lors1 il *angeait l'int]prtation jusque-l admise p> l'glise et veillait les ju/es susceptibilits des ,ca?oliques4 ,avait-il raison8 ,avait-il tort8 ,il avait tort dans plusieurs de ses propositions1 et sa conduite manqua s\v5t de prud5ce2 il avait videmm5t raison dans sa doctr9e fondam5tale4 ,en fait le tribunal s'e/ tromp en condamnant comme fausse et contraire l'criture une doctr9e vraie et qui p\vait s'accord] avec les textes sacrs4 ,il a manqu de prud5ce en se montrant trop circonspect1 et a a9si dpass le b4 ,il faut t\tefois le rem>qu]4 ,auj\rd'hui il e/ facile de dire3 le tribunal a eu tort2 mais en #afaf1 en #afcc1 la plup>t des savants1 les ,univ]sits et les ,acadmies disai5t3 il a raison4444 ,t\s les tmoignages contempora9s n\s montr5t que deux p5ses1 deux op9ions1 deux influ5ces tai5t en prs5ce3 d'un ct les ,ari/otlici5s a*>ns contre ,galile1 dte/ant ses pr9cipes1 v\lant les anantir2 de l'autre les papes1 les c>d9aux1 ple9s d'e/ime p\r ,galile1 mais qui v\lai5t prv5ir les f*euses consqu5ces de sa doctr9e4 ,selon que l'une ou l'autre de ces influ5ces dom9a dans les conseils1 on t9t une conduite diffr5te3 tantt svre et rig\reuse1 tantt d\ce et indulg5te4 ,mais il n'y eut po9t l1 comme on le prt5d encore1 de lutte entre la sci5ce et le ,ca?olicisme3 la "q fut dbattue entre la sci5ce et l',ari/otlisme4#ai ,x 0 n till ! ye> #ageg t any au?oritative /ep 0 tak5 to relax ! prohibitions impos$ by ! ,index on ! works advocat+ ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,?is 0 m ?an a c5tury aft] ! condemnation ( ,galileo1 sev5ty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! 8,pr9cipia10 & ?irty ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ! ab]ration ( light4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,w>d all[s t x might h be5 m prud5t to remove ! prohibitions "s =ty or fifty ye>s soon] ?an 0 actually ! case4 ,no "o1 he obs]ves1 supposes ! ,*ur* to be infallible 9 m]e matt]s ( prud5ce1 & ,i ?9k t 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t1 :i*1 ,i presume1 e !ologian w\ld at once endorse1 he half admits ! pr9ciple = :i* ,i cont5d2 = if ! ,roman au?orities c\ld err 9 po9t ( prud5ce 9 leav+ ! c5sure s long 9 =ce1 might !y n err--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 z to ! prud5t adm9i/ration ( discipl9e--9 inflict+ ^? c5sures at all1 or at any rate 9 apply+ !m s rigor\sly 9 practice z 0 done 9 ! in/ance ( ,galileo8 ,h[ev]1 be ?is z x may1 9 ! ye> #ageg ! relaxation ( ! c5sures took place2 9 #ahbj1 on ! #af? ,augu/1 a di/9ct p]mission 0 giv5 = tea*+ ! movem5t ( ! ,e>?2 & aga9 on ! #ag? ,septemb]1 #ahbb1 a re-exam9ation ( ! :ole subject hav+ tak5 place1 a decree appe>$1 sanction$ by ! ,pope1 ,leo ,,xii41 9 :i* ! ,inquisitors ,g5]al1 9 con=mity ) ! decrees ( #ageg & #ahbj1 decl>$ t ! pr9t+ & publi%+ at ,rome ( works treat+ ( ! movem5t ( ! ,e>? & ! immobility ( ! ,sun1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( mod]n a/ronom]s1 0 h5ce=? p]mitt$4 ,?us ! decree ( #afaf 0 practically abrogat$4 ,mr4 ,miv>t1 among o!r rem>ks on ! proce$+s 9 ,galileo's case1 says t no am5ds 7 ev] made by ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* = ! inju/ice done to ! philosoph]1 b he does n /ate :at k9d ( am5ds or :at sort ( apology he expect$4 ,if he means t no p]sonal rep>ation 0 made to ,galileo1 t is d\btless true2 nor 0 any sacrifice ev] (f]$ to 8 ,manes4 ,inde$1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities h9d]$ ! erection1 aft] 8 decease1 ( a monum5t 9 8 hon\r4 ,nor is ?is a matt] = surprise2 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! object ( ^? :o desir$ to erect ! monum5t 0 to pay an especial tribute ( respect to ! deceas$ a/ronom] z "o :o _h suff]$ unju/ly2 & t 0 precisely :at ! ,pope & ,c>d9als ( t age w\ld n = a mom5t admit4 ,no p]sonal am5ds1 !n1 7 made to ,galileo 9 life or 9 dea?2 b ,i ?9k ?is 0 n ! po9t to :i* ,mr4 ,miv>t int5d$ to allude4 ,i believe he _h 9 8 m9d a diff]5t sort ( rep>ation--t1 namely1 suppos$ to be ow+ to ! injur$ cause ( ,sci5ce4 ,if t be s1 !n ,i c only say t he mu/ h be5 unaw>e ( ! facts above m5tion$1 ( ! proce$+s tak5 9 ,rome 9 #ageg1 9 #ahbj1 & 9 #ahbb4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! relations ( reveal$ ,religion ) physical ,sci5ce is (t5 p]plex+1 ow+ p>tly to mi/ak5 zeal 9 insi/+ on p>ticul> int]pretations ( c]ta9 passages 9 ,holy ,scripture1 & p>tly to ! preval5ce1 at diff]5t times1 ( d\btful sci5tific !ories1 :i* fl\ri% = a "t1 & !n fade away because !y fail to /& ! te/ ( cont9u$ & rigor\s inve/igation4 ,in/ances ( bo? ^! w readily occur to ! m9d1 & ! ,cop]nican !ory 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury w be a prom95t "o1 z com+ "u ! fir/ ( ! two heads4 ,b x is n fair1 z ,i h already argu$1 to be too sev]e ^u ! m5 :o clung ) t5acity to ! old traditional int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only "r s to cl+ until "s j reason is %[n = introduc+ a fre% int]pretation4 ,9 ?is case !re 7 "s good reasons1 no d\bt2 b !re 7 also bad reasons alleg$1 &1 z we h se51 ,galileo1 ) all 8 great ability & me*anical k s f> beyond 8 age1 c\ld yet damage 8 cause ) uns\nd argum5ts4 ,su* be+ ! case1 amid/ ! :irlpool ( good & bad argum5ts--t drawn f ! tides be+ by no means ! only "o ( ! latt] class--x is n a/oni%+ t ev5 able & intellig5t m5 7 misl$4 ,! antipa?y to adopt+ a new sy/em ( ! univ]se--a sy/em :i* demoli%$ _m *]i%$ ideas & traditional op9ions--0 ov]:elm+ly /rong2 ! reasons unc]ta91 or1 at lea/1 inconclusive4 ,! discov]ies ( ,galileo _h1 no d\bt1 ov]?r[n ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 b !y _h n e/abli%$ t ( ,cop]nicus1 s long z !re rema9$ :at may be call$ ! t5tative !ory ( ,ty*o ,brah1 :o 0 "o ( ! greate/ obs]v]s ( 8 day4 ,?\gh he did n unravel ! true cause ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & w5t1 9 fact1 9 a wrong direction1 we mu/ nev] =get ! important s]vices he r5d]$ to sci5ce4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to employ refraction z a correction to ! app>5t positions ( ! cele/ial bodies2 8 collection ( in/rum5ts1 on :i* he _h exp5d$ ! :ole ( 8 private =tune1 0 ! f9e/ t _h ev] yet be5 se52 &1 9 fact1 8 obs]vations1 utilis$ by o!rs1 _h a great %>e 9 lead+ to ! discov]y ( ! real nature ( ! planet>y movem5ts4#bj ,small blame1 !n1 mu/ be met$ out to ^? :o held on = a "t to ! sy/em excogitat$ by s enlight5$ a man4 ,i d n mean to d5y :at ,i h already /at$--t ! ,c>d9als :o put on ! ,index ( =bidd5 books ! works ( ,cop]nicus & o!rs1 & ^? :o condemn$ ,galileo1 7 unable1 a/ronomically speak+1 to read ! signs ( ! times4 ,all ,i am ass]t+ is t !re 0 mu*1 ev5 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 to excuse _! inability4 ,!y put =w>d z _! ma9 objection t ! new !ory contradict$ ,holy ,scripture1 & adh]$ to t rigidly lit]al int]pretation ( x1 :i* has s9ce !n be5 necess>ily giv5 up1 & :i* seems some:at /range to u1 accu/om$ z we n[ are to a f> great] latitude ( int]pretation ?an !y ev5 dream$ (4 ,we :o h le>n$ t ! six days ( ,creation are n to be tak5 9 _! /rict s5se2#ba :o h s\nd reason = hold+ t ! ,deluge 0 only univ]sal 9 ! s5se ( cov]+ t "p ( ! e>? !n inhabit$ by ! human race2 & :o are told by "s p1 includ+ le>n$ ecclesia/ics1 t x 0 m re/rict$ 9 its op]ation ev5 ?an ?is2 & :o f9ally he> x said by m5 ( und\bt$ or?odoxy t ! evolution ( man f "s l[] animal1 s f> z 8 body is conc]n$ & s long z y d n include 8 s\l & 8 rational faculties1 is consi/5t ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?--we1 ,i say1 :o are famili> ) ^! non-lit]al int]pretations ( ,scripture1 f9d x difficult to compreh5d ! /&po9t adopt$ & ma9ta9$ ) su* t5acity by ! ,c>d9als ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!re 71 moreov]1 o!r v cog5t reasons :i*1 ?\gh n put prom95tly =w>d1 may well h work$ ^u _! m9ds2 reasons1 inde$1 :i* mu/ /rike ! really ?\ghtful man4 ,let u consid] ?is "o po9t4 ,9 old times1 :5 ! ,e>? 0 believ$ to be ! actual c5tre ( ! physical univ]se1 x 0 easy to suppose t x 0 ! sole abode ( life4 ,b if y believe t ! ,e>?1 f> f be+ su* a c5tre1 is only "o among/ _m planets revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun2 &1 fur!r1 t ! ,sun himself is only "o ( a mighty ho/ ( />s1 "s ( :i* may h planets revolv+ r\nd !m1 y naturally ask y\rself imm$iately1 are none ( ^! worlds inhabit$ except our ,e>?8 ,truly ,scripture says no?+ to contradict ! op9ion t !re are inhabitants & rational creatures to be f\nd else:]e2 b1 nev]!less1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,creation & ,r$emption ( ! human race reads z if su* creatures1 intellig5t be+s l ourselves1 liv$ ^u ?is ,e>?1 & n[h]e besides4 ,i "k n h[ f> ?\ghts & speculations ( ?is nature pass$ ?r\gh ! m9ds ( ! ecclesia/ics1 & o!r m5 ( religi\s feel+1 9 ! age ( ,galileo4 ,!y h s9ce !n be5 sift$ m or less by sci5tific m51 & v>i\s op9ions h be5 sugge/$4 ,"s w5t s f> z to ?9k x possible t ! ,sun 0 inhabit$4 ,s able an a/ronom] z ,arago1 to say no?+ ( o!rs1 ?\ght su* might be ! fact4 ,no "o ?9ks s n[4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght1 /rictly speak+ mod]n 7t is1 ! mo/ rec5t71 is r to discr$it su* imag9ations4 ,! v>i\s obs]vations made ^u ! ,sun1 includ+ ^? made by ! use ( ! spectroscope1 h %[n t ! supposition ( 8 be+ inhabit$ is simply incr$ible4 ,= o!r reasons ! same result has be5 rea*$ ) reg>d to ! ,moon4 ,!n z to ! planets1 al?\gh !re are no su* cog5t reasons1 we may fairly say t ! probability is aga9/ any "o ( !m be+ at ! pres5t mom5t fitt$ = ! habitation ( su* a creature z man4 ,"s p]sons w\ld make an exception 9 fav\r ( ,m>s1 :]e a rec5t ,fr5* obs]v] imag9es he has detect$ signs ( "w z if by human h&s--a /ret* inde$ ( imag9ation4 ,b ! planets are probably n all 9 ! same /age ( :at may be t]m$ geological hi/ory4 ,"s may v possibly be 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* ! ,e>? 0 a few millions ( ye>s ago1 long be=e x 0 fitt$ = ! reception ( man on its surface1 or1 inde$1 = t ( any ( ! high] mammalia4 ,! ,e>? _h _h a long hi/ory1 & _h und]gone va/ *anges1 rang+ p]haps ov] _m millions ( ye>s1 be=e man appe>$ on ! sc5e2 & ! p]iod t has elaps$ s9ce t ev5t1 :atev] ! date ( x may be1 is simply no?+ 9 comp>ison ( ! ages t _h previ\sly roll$ by s9ce ! fir/ mom5t :5 ! d>kness gave way1 & ! light appe>$4 ,x is1 !n1 f> f unlikely t our own ,e>? is ! only planet 9 ! sol> sy/em :i* at ! pres5t "t is suitable = ! habitation ( man1 or creatures resembl+ him4#bb ,pass+ !n f our own sy/em1 we come to ! myriads ( suns1 "s1 we may well believe1 f> great] ?an our ,sun1 :i* are spread ?r\gh ! realms ( space4#bc ,_m ( ^! we may reasonably suppose are surr\nd$ by planets1 & 9 "o or two cases !re are special reasons = ?9k+ t "s opaque body int]v5es occasionally betwe5 ! /> & ourselves4 ,b ! conditions "u :i* sev]al ( ! />s 7we "k n h[ _m7 exi/1 is v diff]5t f t to :i* we are accu/om$ "h ) our own ,sun4 ,!re are d\ble />s :i* appe> to revolve r\nd a common c5tre ( gravity1 a sy/em ( two suns4 ,h ea* ( !m1 or h bo? ( !m 9 common1 a set ( planets mov+ r\nd !m8 ,:o c tell8 ,& :]e !re are />s ) planets accompany+ !m1 does any "o "k 9 :at /ate ^? planets are8 ,! :ole subject1 h[ev] int]e/+ z a speculation1 is %r\d$ 9 imp5etrable my/]y4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t al?\gh !re c]ta9ly may be rational & intellectual inhabitants on "s or o!r ( ^! di/ant worlds1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 !re may n be4 ,& x is p]fectly possible t our ,e>?1 m9ute little object z x is1 comp>atively speak+1 may /ill be ! great & fav\r$ life-h\se ( ! univ]se1 ! moral1 ?\gh n mat]ial1 c5tre4 ,t ! ,e>? is n ! physical c5tre ( ! univ]se we n[ are well aw>e2 nor is ! ,sun ! c5tre2 nor1 inde$1 d we "k :e!r !re is any su* c5tre at all4 ,!re is good reason = ?9k+ t ! ,sun1 ) 8 att5dant planets1 is 9 motion 9 a c]ta9 direction 9 space2 & ,i may obs]ve t ?is direction is n 9 ! plane ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 or any?+ ne> x2 s t ?\gh ! ,e>? describes an elliptical orbit ) reg>d to ! ,sun1 its pa? 9 space is "s k9d ( spiral curve1 t is z x w\ld appe> to a be+ pois$ = a "t 9 "s po9t ( space f> away outside our orbit1 hav+ ! necess>y p[]s ( vision1 & hav+ a plane ( ref]5ce f :i* he c\ld take 8 obs]vations4 ,:at else ?is gift$ be+ might see--:e!r he w\ld obs]ve "s great c5tral body r\nd :i* ! :ole ( ! heav5ly bodies revolve1 or1 z seems m probable1 w\ld detect1 in/ead ( "o1 _m c5tres1 ea* ) its own gr\p--all ?is we d n & _c "k1 & we mu/ be cont5t1 at lea/ s long z our life "h bel[ cont9ues1 to rema9 9 pr(\nd ignorance4 ,see+1 !n1 h[ wide 9 ext5t & h[ difficult ( solution are "s ( ! speculative problems1 orig9at+ 9 ! ,cop]nican !ory1 x c be no matt] ( surprise t ! ecclesia/ics ( ! sev5te5? c5tury recoil$ f x ) m ?an common av]sion4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,z a sequel to ! /ory ( ,galileo1 ,i ?9k x may be int]e/+ to inquire :at ! evid5ce1 z we n[ h x1 proves ) reg>d to ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 !re be+ two opposite & contradictory errors on ?is subject1 & ^! n m]ely popul> errors1 b %>$ to "s ext5t by educat$ & o!rwise le>n$ m54 ,b ,i mu/1 be=e proce$+1 rem9d my read]s t ,i use ! ^w ,cop]nican simply to signify ! sy/em ( mod]n a/ronomy1 t 9 :i* ! ,sun is ! c5tre r\nd :i* ! ,e>? & ! o!r planets revolve1 & n z mean+ ! precise !ory ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* 7z ,i h said7 0 ov]?r[n by ,kepl]1 :5 he discov]$ t ! planet>y orbits 7 n circul> b elliptical1 ! ,sun1 moreov]1 n be+ /rictly 9 ! c5tre1 b 9 "o ( ! foci ( ! orbit4 ,n[ x is a pla9 fact1 :i* all p]sons mu/ p]ceive1 t ei!r ! ,e>? revolves on its axis 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7m accurately #bc h\rs #ef m9s4 #e secs471 or else t ! :ole ( ! cele/ial bodies are c>ri$ r\nd ! ,e>? 9 t same "t4 ,x is also a fact no less p]ceptible to c>eful obs]v]s1 t ei!r ! ,sun goes r\nd ! ,e>? 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 or else t ! ,e>? goes r\nd ! ,sun4 ,! "q is h[ ^! facts are to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! fir/ ( ! two errors ,i h j m5tion$ is t :i* supposes ! ,cop]nican !ory to h be5 directly & conclusively prov$4 ,?is ,i imag9e to be v common1 & to arise f ! elem5t>y books le>nt by s*oolboys1 :i* /ate 7naturally en\gh7 ! mod]n !ory ( a/ronomy )\t ! reasons t support x4 ,we ne$ n dwell long on ?is po9t4 ,p]sons :o h got ?is errone\s impression misund]/& ! nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,"s ?+s 9 a/ronomy c be positively prov$ f obs]vation1 z1 = in/ance1 ! exi/5ce ( sun-spots4 ,_m ?+s 9 me*anics1 *emi/ry1 optics1 & o!r bran*es ( physical /udy c be demon/rat$ by exp]im5t4 ,! motion ( ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun _c1 h[ev]1 be s treat$4 ,x is inf]r$1 & v rightly s1 f ! fact t x expla9s completely & easily all ! obs]v$ ph5om5a1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are c]ta9 ?+s :i*1 z f> z our pres5t k goes1 _c be expla9$ 9 any o!r way2 & ! same argum5t applies to ! rotation ( ! ,e>? on its axis4 ,b ?\gh all ?is is p]fectly cle> s f>1 :o c possibly say t z sci5ce progresses "s explanation may n be h]eaft] f\nd consi/5t ) ! antagoni/ic !ory--consi/5t1 let u say1 ) ! sy/em ( ,ty*o ,brah1 or "s modification ( x8 ,i ne$ n add t ,i consid] ! future discov]y ( su* explanation z s improbable1 t "o may practically dismiss ! idea1 b ,i %\ld be sorry to d5y x z be+ conceivably possible4 ,! o!r1 & opposite1 error is t ( c]ta9 well-mean+ b ill-in=m$ p]sons1 :o imag9e t ! ,cop]nican !ory is ev5 n[ d\btful & liable to be ov]?r[n--liable1 ,i mean1 9 a real & practical s5se1 & n by di/ant cont+5cies1 su* z ^? at :i* ,i h j h9t$1 & :i* may be consid]$ z %ad[y & intangible4 ,i d n suppose t among/ educat$ m5 !re are _m su* sci5tific recusants2 b at any rate x may be useful to give a %ort summ>y ( ! evid5ce on :i* ! ,cop]nican conclusion is bas$4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i fe> ,i %all tire ! pati5ce ( my read]s by p>tly repeat+ ,galileo's own argum5ts1 :i* ,i h already quot$ 9 discuss+ ! ,dialogue4 ,?is _c easily be avoid$1 = mu* ( 8 reason+ is s s\nd & s =cible1 t aft] ! lapse ( m ?an two c5turies we c add b little to x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are grave mi/akes t mu/ be %unn$2 &1 moreov]1 !re h be5 discov]ies made s9ce ! day :5 ! ,dialogue 0 writt51 ( ine/imable importance4 ,! be/ way ( treat+ ! "q is to resume ! hi/ory ( a/ronomical rese>* f ! po9t :]e we dropp$ x2 t is1 at ! "t :5 ,galileo fir/ made kn[n to ! _w ! result ( 8 obs]vations4 ,x ought to be cle>ly und]/ood t f ! mom5t ! telescope 0 turn$ on ! heav5s1 ! old sy/em ( a/ronomy 0 doom$1 & no?+ c\ld f9ally h sav$ x4 ,= a "t prejudice & o!r m cr$itable feel+s kept x float+ on ! sea ( speculation1 b su* a /ate ( ?+s c\ld n la/2 & ! />tl+ in=mation t m5 l ,galileo1 ,fabricius1 & ,s*e9] imp>t$ to ! sci5tific _w1 c\ld n fail to expel ! old !ory ( ! univ]se f ! m9ds ( m5--at lea/1 m5 ( intellectual capacity--gradually & sl[ly1 b yet mo/ surely4 ,n[ we h se5 :at ! revelations 7 :i* ! telescope at once display$1 ev5 9 its comp>atively rude & imp]fect /ate4 ,!re 7 ! spots on ! ,sun1 ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! phases ( ,v5us1 ! great] app>5t size ( ! sup]ior planets 7,m>s & ! re/7 :5 on ! opposite side ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun1 ?is la/ ph5om5on be+ q inconsi/5t ) ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy4 ,"o consequ5ce ( all ?is 0 t ! less enlight5$ m5 ( ! old s*ool indulg$ 9 a viol5t antipa?y to ! new-fangl$ in/rum5t1 :i* ?reat5$ to ov]?r[ _! "t-hon\r$ traditions1 & simply refus$ to believe 9 ! telescope & its results4 ,?us ! pr9cipal pr(essor ( philosophy at ,padua1 :5 invit$ by ,galileo to look ?r\gh 8 glass at ! ,moon & ! planets1 p]t9aci\sly refus$ to d s4 ,simplicio1 :o1 ( c\rse1 repres5ts 9 ! ,dialogue ! prejudices ( m5 ( ?is /amp1 admits 7z we h se57 8 feel+s on ?is subject1 & 8 suspicions t ! new discov]ies 7 to be attribut$ to optical errors4 ,he 0 will+ to be correct$ if mi/ak51 b su* _h hi!rto be5 8 op9ion4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 to be expect$ t m5 ( s\nd s5se w\ld all[ !mselves to be misl$ = any l5g? ( "t by fallacies su* z ^!4 ,cont9u$ obs]vations c>efully made are sure to correct m]e optical errors1 & aft] a reasonable int]val x mu/ h be5 evid5t t ! ph5om5a disc]n$ ?r\gh ! telescope 7 facts t _h to be dealt )--n phantoms to be ignor$4 ,?us1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! planet ,v5us pres5t$ to ! eye phases su* z ! ,moon does1 in/ead ( always appe>+ l a r\nd body1 x became evid5t t %e revolv$1 n z ,ptolemy suppos$1 r\nd ! ,e>?1 b r\nd ! ,sun1 an inf]5ce subsequ5tly confirm$ by ! obs]vation ( h] transits ov] ! ,sun's disc4 ,?is be+ s1 ! adh]5ts ( ,ptolemy _h to meet ?is difficulty3 "h 0 a planet mu* ne>] to ! ,e>? ?an to ! ,sun1#bd & yet revolv+ r\nd ! latt] 9 pref]5ce to ! =m]4 ,!re 0 cle>ly1 !n1 "s attractive =ce belong+ to ! ,sun 7:atev] its nature might be71 great] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 :i* ,v5us obey$2 ! same 0 true ( ,m]cury1 ) ! diff]5ce t ?is planet 0 mu* ne>] to ! ,sun4 ,!n z reg>ds ! sup]ior planets1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ! probability t ! ,sun 0 ! great c5tral p[] t controll$ _! movem5ts 0 a v /rong "o4 ,!re is b little to add on ^! topics to ,galileo's own =cible argum5t 9 ! ?ird day's dialogue2 he is1 h[ev]1 inaccurate 9 8 figures1 & /ates t ,m>s appe>s sixty times z l>ge :5 9 opposition to ! ,sun1 z at conjunction4 ,m rec5t obs]vations h %[n t he appe>s r m ?an ?irty times z l>ge :5 at 8 ne>e/ po9t to ! ,e>?1 ?an he does :5 ne> 8 conjunction ) ! ,sun1 & consequ5tly at 8 f>!/ po9t f ! ,e>?2 b ?is v>iation is q suffici5t = ! argum5t1 & proves inconte/ably t if ,m>s revolves r\nd ! ,e>? z 9 any way ! c5tre ( 8 orbit1 x mu/ be 9 an ellipse ( s great ecc5tricity z no "o c\ld reasonably imag9e him to d2 inde$1 ! anti-,cop]nicans ( ,galileo's day knew no?+ ( ! elliptic motions ( ! planets2 nei!r1 z we h se51 did ,galileo himself4 ,! same argum5t1 drawn f ! app>5t size ( ! planet at diff]5t p]iods1 applies also to ,jupit] & ,saturn--! o!r ext]ior planets 7 discov]$ mu* lat]--only n s /rik+ly z 9 ! case ( ,m>s4 ,! improbability1 if we once admit t all ! planets revolve r\nd ! ,sun1 t ! ,e>?1 occupy+ ! position x does1 %\ld be at re/1 :ile ! ,sun1 controll+ ! motions ( ! planets 7va/ bodies1 "s ( !m71 circl$1 nev]!less1 r\nd ! ,e>?2 ! improbability1 ,i say1 ( ?is is s great z to be almo/ ov]:elm+2 at any rate1 unless ! difficulties ( ! c\nt] hypo!sis 7 %[n to be insurm\ntable1 :i*1 z we "k1 is f> f be+ ! case4 ,x 0 ( c\rse possible1 )\t go+ ! l5g?s ( ! ,paduan pr(essor1 & sett+ oneself aga9/ ! telescope altoge!r1 to admit ! facts b d5y ! inf]5ces2 to grant1 = in/ance1 t ,m>s appe>$ to h a diamet] m ?an six times z great 9 "o position z 9 ano!r1 & to attribute x1 z ,i h9t$ j n[1 to "s extraord9>y ecc5tricity 9 8 orbit r\nd ! ,e>?2 b x is n wise to look ?r\gh a telescope ) ! eyes ( ! body op5 & ! eyes ( ! m9d clos$2 & g5]ally x is b "r to be guid$ by cle> & di/9ct probabilities :5 discuss+ que/ions ( natural philosophy on sci5tific gr\nds--& x is ( ^! alone t ,i am at ! pres5t mom5t speak+4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d di/9ctly t ! discov]y ( ! moon-l phases ( ,v5us1 %[+ h] to revolve r\nd ! ,sun1 0 simply conclusive z aga9/ ! old sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 :i* _h s long be5 ! receiv$ sy/em ( a/ronomy4 ,! !ory ( ,ty*o ,brah1 or "s modification ( x1 0 ! only "o t c\ld h5ce=? be adopt$4 ,b :5 y de?rone an anci5t !ory :i* has = c5turies held an almo/ undisput$ sway1 y h to reconsid] y\r :ole position1 & compromises su* z t ( ,ty*o are n always adequate to ! em]g5cy4 ,b ^! consid]ations =m$ only a "p ( ?is complicat$ controv]sy4 ,! anti-,cop]nicans ( ! sev5te5? c5tury w\ld n ev5 admit ! revolution ( ! ,e>? on its own axis1 & 7 consequ5tly =c$ to hold t ! :ole ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 c>ri$ r\nd ?is our globe 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 anci5t times1 :5 m5 knew little or no?+ ( ! sizes & di/ances ( ! ,sun1 ! planets1 or ! />s1 su* a belief 0 q reasonable & natural2 !y ?\ght ! />s 7 set z if !y 7 jewels 9 a holl[ sph]e1 :i* 0 turn$ r\nd its poles ea* day4 ,b ! a/ronom]s ( ,galileo's day knew some?+ f> m accurate ?an ?is2 he himself1 z we obs]v$ 9 ! ,dialogue1 greatly "u-e/imat$ ! di/ance & ! size ( ! ,sun1 & _h b a v imp]fect idea ( ! enorm\s int]val t sep>ates u f ! />s2 yet he evid5tly p]ceiv$ ! improbability ( all ^! va/ & remote bodies revolv+ ) an almo/ inconceivable velocity r\nd ! ,e>? e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,& :at mu/ be our judgm5t on su* a subject1 see+ t we "k ! ,sun's mean di/ance to be ab\t #ib1jjj1jjj miles1 m ?an n9ete5 times z mu* z ,galileo's e/imate8 ,& yet "s ( ! planets are f>!r & mu* f>!r f u ?an ! ,sun4 ,!n z reg>ds ! />s1 ,c5tauri1 ! ne>e/ ( !m1 is calculat$ to be m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles di/ant2 b ?is calculation supposes ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & t we may n seem to argue 9 a circle1 we w n use x1 b cont5t ourselves ) say+ t1 f c]ta9 reasons ab\t :i* !re c be no mi/ake1 we are sure t ! di/ance ( ! />s is v consid]ably great] ?an ev5 ! remote/ planet 9 our own sy/em1 :i* is ,neptune4 ,n[1 ?is planet's di/ance f ! ,sun is comput$ at #b1gge1jjj1jjj miles1 & if1 inde$1 he is c>ri$ daily r\nd ! ,e>? 9 a circle1 x mu/ be ) a velocity exce$+ t ( light2 ! />s1 !re=e1 ) a velocity f> great] /ill4 ,n[1 no?+ ) :i* we are acqua9t$ moves ) s great a spe$ z light--or1 z "s m5 call x1 radiant en]gy1 mean+ !reby to include heat z well z light 9 ! t]m--a spe$ e/imat$ at #ahf1jjj miles 9 a second ( "t4 ,are we !n to believe t ! />s are c>ri$ 9 a circle r\nd ! ,e>? e day at a velocity mu* exce$+ ev5 ?is8 ,x seems almo/ en\gh to ask su* a "q )\t paus+ = ! answ]4 ,! simple rotation ( ! ,e>? on its own axis expla9s all ! ph5om5a )\t resort+ to su* extreme suppositions z ^? j m5tion$4 ,x is rem>kable t no "o ( any note--at lea/1 9 mod]n times1 = ,i am n s sure ab\t ! anci5ts--ev] appe>s to h sugge/$ ! int]m$iate !ory ( ! ,e>? revolv+ on its axis1 & yet rema9+ /ation>y z reg>ds any motion ( translation4 ,) our pres5t k ( a/ronomy we c\ld n ent]ta9 su* an op9ion1 ?\gh 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury x might h be5 consid]$ plausible4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x has n be5 ma9ta9$ by any notewor?y au?or1 we ne$ n fur!r discuss x4 ,! read] w be> 9 m9d :at has already be5 said on ?is bran* ( ! subject 9 ! second day's dialogue1#be & x is n necess>y to repeat x 9 detail4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be useful to m5tion a few exp]im5ts ( a lat] date1 :i* h t5d$ to confirm ! tru? ( ! ,e>?'s diurnal revolution4 ,be=e ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury x 0 obs]v$ t a dim9ution ( gravity occurr$ at1 & ne>1 ! equator4 ,?is 0 prov$ by ! vibration ( ! p5dulum1 an exp]im5t associat$ *iefly ) ! "n ( ,ri*]2 & x has1 if ,i mi/ake n1 be5 s9ce !n c>efully te/$ by spr+ balances4 ,?is ph5om5on is ow+ p>tly to ! sph]oidal figure ( ! ,e>?--itself ! result ( ! rotation on ! axis--b pr9cipally to ! c5trifugal t5d5cy be+ great] at ! equator1 f ! high] velocity ( rotation4 ,i h already allud$ to ! trade w9ds1 & ! argum5t to be drawn f !m1 :i* ,i ?9k a s\nd & /rong "o2 b ,i ne$ n dwell on x fur!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 well wor? rememb]+ t 9 our own day ano!r pro( has be5 giv51 :i* has be5 g5]ally all[$ to be an important "o4 ,x is ! result ( an exp]im5t ( ,f\cault1 & is simply ?is3 if a p5dulum1 ) a heavy weight atta*$ to x1 be made to oscillate 9 a plane due nor? & s\?1 say 9 ! latitude ( ,p>is1 ! p5dulum1 aft] a "t1 & suppos+ x to cont9ue 9 movem5t long en\gh = ! purpose ( obs]vation1 w oscillate 9 a direction slightly nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/4 ,n[ ! p5dulum moves naturally always 9 ! same direction1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 z orig9ally />t$1 & if ! ,e>? 7 %ap$ l a cyl9d] no *ange w\ld be detect$2 b ! sph]ical =m ( ! ,e>?1 z x rotates on its axis1 "h makes ! :ole diff]5ce2 ! floor ( ! room :]e ! p5dulum vibrates is c>ri$ r\nd ! axis ( rotation1 z ev]y?+ else is1 b ! plane ( oscillation rema9+ ! same--or p>allel to ! orig9al "o--x no long] po9ts nor? & s\?4 ,at ! equator ?is ph5om5on w\ld disappe>1 & 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e x w\ld be ! o!r way3 t is1 ! p5dulum w\ld vibrate nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/4 ,! same ?+ is exemplifi$ by ! small ma*9e call$ ! gyroscope1 :]e a heavy disc1 s adju/$ z to revolve freely 9 any giv5 direction1 indep5d5tly ( ! frame 9 :i* x is plac$1 w cont9ue1 :5 once set 9 rapid motion1 to sp9 9 ! same plane1 direct$1 = in/ance1 to any "o /> t happ5s at ! "t to be due nor? or due s\? ( u1 :ile ! frame moves r\nd x ) ! rotation ( ! ,e>?4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 on ! :ole1 we may say t ^? p]sons :o1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k on ! subject1 are n conv9c$ t ! ,e>? revolves on its own axis1 w\ld n be satisfi$ by any evid5ce :atev]4 ,return+ n[ to ! g5]al "q ( ,cop]nicanism1 we f9d t = "s "t aft] ! trial ( ,galileo1 ?+s rema9$ mu* 9 /atu quo2 unless we except ! obs]vation ( ! transit ( ,v5us1 9 #afci2 b1 z t ev5tful sev5te5? c5tury 0 draw+ to its close1 !re came on ! sc5e "s ?\ghtful & able a/ronom]s1 :o c\ld n only utilise ! k ( _! pr$ecessors1 b c\ld also guess1 ) m or less accuracy1 :at t law--hi!rto unkn[n--might be1 :i* gov]n$ ! planets & our own ,e>? 9 _! movem5ts4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! ,royal ,society 0 f\nd$ 9 ,london1 & a /imulus 0 ?us giv5 to inve/igation & to exp]im5t4 ,! ?ird law ( ,kepl]1 :i* /ates t 9 all ! planet>y orbits ! squ>e ( ! p]iodic "t ( revolution is 9 a con/ant proportion to ! cube ( ! mean di/ance1 sugge/$ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r law1 n yet discov]$1 a law ( attraction1 on :i* ?is itself dep5d$4 ,among ! a/ronom]s ( t day ?ree names des]ve special m5tion1 ,wr51 ,hooke1 & ,halley1 because ea* ( !m guess$ ) "s accuracy at ! true doctr9e--z x is n[ kn[n to be--t ! planets are attract$ to ! ,sun by a =ce :i* acts inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,hooke1 9 p>ticul>1 des]ves ! cr$it ( hav+ appli$ ?is law to ! pa? ( a projectile1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 z well z to ! planet>y orbits2 b ?\gh he ?us light$ ^u true conclusions1 he appe>s to h be5 defici5t 9 ma!matical skill1 & !re=e unable to v]ify 8 results4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only j to ! memory ( ,horrox1 :o 0 c>ri$ (f by an e>ly dea?1 to m5tion t ! true !ory ( ! id5tity ( t]re/rial & a/ronomical gravity _h occurr$ to 8 m9d2 if he _h liv$ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s long]1 he might h surviv$ 9 hi/ory z ! discov]] ( ! great problem4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re n[ arose ano!r man great] ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 & great] ?an all 8 contempor>ies2 he also 0 an ,engli%man1 by "n ,isaac ,newton4 ,:at o!rs guess$1 or conclud$ on insuffici5t evid5ce1 became1 9 8 p[]ful h&s1 cle> & well-gr\nd$ tru?s1 prov$1 s f> z su* ?+s c\ld be prov$1 by rigid ma!matical reason+1 & e/abli%$ on a solid basis1 :i* "t has n %ak51 & :i* subsequ5t inve/igation has confirm$4 ,o!rs _h suppos$ ! exi/5ce ( ! law ( attraction by :i* ! ,sun act$ on ! planets2 _m p]sons _h und]/ood ! exi/5ce ( t]re/rial gravitation4 ,newton %[$ t ^! two are id5tical2 &1 moreov]1 t e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle mutually1 & accord+ to ! "o univ]sal law1 t ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance2 s t a va/ planet revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun obeys ! same law z a pebble dropp$ f "o's h& to ! ,e>?4 ,! popul> /ory ( 8 hav+ be5 sudd5ly l$ to ?is conclusion by ! sight ( an apple fall+ is app>5tly fabul\s2 & :at really occurr$ is ?is3 he sat alone "o day 9 a g>d51 & fell into a speculation 7z m5 ( sci5tific m9d are apt to d7 on ! p[] ( gravity1 t is1 ( gravity z we feel x "h on ! ,e>?4 ,!n x /ruck him t h[ev] high y asc5d1 ev5 on ! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 no s5sible dim9ution 9 ?is rem>kable =ce takes place2 s1 he said to himself3 :y n z high z ! ,moon8 ,if s1 p]haps %e is reta9$ 9 h] orbit by ?is v p[]4 ,& aga9 if s1 :at !n8 ,to :i* "q 8 active m9d gave ! j & true answ]1 t x 0 probably "o & ! same =ce t act$ at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 at ! di/ance ( ! ,moon1 & f9ally1 z regulat+ ! action ( ! ,sun on ! planets4 ,x seems t !re 0 an error1 :i* x is unnecess>y to expla9 9 detail1 9 ,newton's fir/ calculations2 b t :51 aft] a lapse ( "t & ) ! error correct$1 he aga9 return$ to !m1 he f\nd ! motion ( ! ,moon to be exactly acc\nt$ = by 8 !ory4 ,aga91 9 deal+ ) ! complicat$ problem ( ! action ( ! heav5ly bodies "o ^u ! o!r1 t is1 :5 ! di/urb+ =ce1 = in/ance1 ( a ?ird body is br\ght to be> on ! motions ( two o!rs1 al?\gh ,hooke & o!rs _h z a conjecture put =? ! exi/5ce ( su* mutual action1 yet ,newton 0 ! fir/ :o ?or\ghly grappl$ ) x4 ,! mutual attraction ( matt]1 s f> z ?+s t]re/rial are conc]n$1 _h occurr$ to ! inquir+ intellect ( ,francis ,bacon2 b x 0 left = ,newton to prop\nd x z ! great pr9ciple t gov]ns ! physical univ]se4 ,n[ let u see h[ all ?is be>s on ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,newton prov$--& ,i may add t ! improv$ me?ods ( ma!matics :i* h be5 adopt$ s9ce 8 day make ! pro(s m simple & easy--t if any body moves 9 an ellipse1 or inde$1 9 "o ( ! o!r conic sections1 ! law ( =ce1 t5d+ to ! focus1 is t ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance4#bf ,conv]sely1 he prov$ t a body "u ! action ( a c5tral =ce1 v>y+ 9 int5sity z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 w move 9 a conic section4 ,!n if ! ,moon mov$ 9 an ellipse1 z x 0 easy to p]ceive t %e did1 & if h] motion correspond$ precisely ) :at x w\ld be on ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation2 if also1 z seem$ evid5t1 ! planets revolv$ 9 ellipses1 !n ! inf]5ce t ! law ( gravitation1 z /at$ by ,newton1 0 true became irresi/ible2 n susceptible1 z be=e /at$1 ( direct & absolute pro(1 b e/abli%$ conclusively by a s\nd & legitimate induction4 ,:at ,i h j /at$ %[s t ,kepl]'s fir/ law corresponds ) ,newton's discov]y2 b ! same is true ( ! two o!r laws4 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be out ( place "h to g m9utely into all ! evid5ce :i* c be ga!r$ 9 support ( ! doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,i may briefly /ate t all ( ,kepl]'s laws are simply explicable by t hypo!sis1 & t ! evid5ce d]ives additional confirmation f ! foll[+ curi\s fact3 obs]vation %[s t ,kepl]'s laws1 ?\gh approximately true1 are n /rictly & accurately s2 if ! planets 7 m]e p>ticles revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun1 !y w\ld !n be q rigidly true1 b ! planets h a c]ta9 mass 7?\gh v small comp>$ to ! ,sun7 & s d 9 "s measure attract ! ,sun z well z be+ attract$ by him1 & !y1 moreov]1 ex]cise a di/urb+ influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,^! p]turbations1 h[ev]1 h be5 calculat$1 & ! result is t !y agree ) :at ought reasonably to be expect$1 suppos+ ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation to be true4 ,?is confirmatory pro( has be5 acquir$1 ,i ne$ n add1 s9ce ! "t ( ,newton by ! lab\rs ( a/ronom]s1 ,laplace & o!rs1 :o h succe$$ him1 & :o h _h ! advantage ( t m manageable me?od ( ma!matical calculation to :i* ,i h j allud$4 ,suppos+ !n ! law ( gravitation to be e/abli%$ by suffici5t pro(1 we may n[ ask :at mu/ become ( ! old sy/ems ( a/ronomy8 ,:at mu/ befall ,ptolemy & ev5 ,ty*o ,brah8 ,x is obvi\s t !y c\ld d no?+ b collapse4 ,if ! law ( gravitation 7 once admitt$ to be true1 ! idea ( ! ,sun revolv+ r\nd ! ,e>? mu/ be dismiss$ z impossible4 ,"h x is "r to rem>k t 7assum+ ! law ( univ]sal gravitation7 x is n1 /rictly & sci5tifically speak+1 correct to say t any "o heav5ly body revolves r\nd ano!r1 b t !y bo? revolve r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,e>? & ! ,sun1 s va/ly sup]ior is ! mass ( ! latt] t ! c5tre ( gravity is f> away )9 8 volume1 & ! di/urbance ex]cis$ on him by ! ,e>? is sc>cely appreciable2 s also1 9 ! case ( ! ,moon & ! ,e>?1 ! c5tre ( gravity is )9 ! latt]1 b at a consid]able di/ance f its own c5tre2 & "h !re is a di/9ctly appreciable oscillation ( ! ,e>?1 aris+ f ?is v cause1 dur+ ea* revolution ( ! ,moon 9 h] orbit4 ,:5 two bodies are m ne>ly equal 9 mass1 z is probably ! case ) ! d\ble />s t h be5 obs]v$ 9 rec5t times1 !n ! two revolve r\nd a c5tre ( gravity ly+ betwe5 !m1 ext]ior to bo? ( !m4 ,x is believ$ t ?is is actually ! fact 9 ! in/ance ,i am "h allud+ to ( ! d\ble />s1 & !re is "s reason = suppos+ t ! curve 9 :i* !y revolve is an ellipse4 ,?is1 if true1 w\ld cle>ly indicate t ! law ( gravitation1 z /at$ by ,newton1 ext5ds n only ?r\gh our own sol> sy/em1 b ov] ! :ole mat]ial univ]se4 ,& !re is "o rem>kable prop]ty ( ?is my/]i\s ag5cy :i* we t]m gravitation1 & t is its in/antane\s action ev5 at ! greate/ di/ances4 ,light travels ) an enorm\s & yet a f9ite velocity1 s t x takes a few ye>s to arrive at ! ,e>? f ev5 ! ne>e/ />s4 ,! =ce ( gravity kn[s no su* limit1 nor is its action ret>d$ by ev5 ! m9ute/ fraction ( "t4 ,nor1 aga91 is x imp$$1 z 9 ! case ( light1 by any scre5 or ob/acle ( :atev] nature4 ,fur!rmore1 x does n lose any?+ ( its int5sity1 z light does1 by be+ diffus$ ov] a l>g] surface2 x v>ies z ! mass ( ! bodies conc]n$1 b n 9 ! lea/ accord+ to ! ext5t ( _! surfaces4 ,giv5 ! same di/ance1 no diffusion weak5s its =ce4 ,great z 0 ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,newton = ! tru? ( 8 !ory1 !re 7 "s real difficulties 9 ! way ( its reception4 ,i ne$ n allude to ^! 9 detail2 !y are expla9$ 9 treatises on physical a/ronomy = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,briefly1 ,i may say t subsequ5t rese>* & c>eful calculations h remov$ ! difficulties1 & !reby confirm$ ! already exi/+ evid5ce4 ,!n1 z reg>ds t]re/rial gravity1 exp]im5ts h be5 made--notably at ! m\nta9 ,s*ehallion1 9 ,scotl&--?r[+ additional light ^u x1 & indicat+ t n m]ely ! ,e>? z a :ole1 b any great mass1 su* z a m\nta91 ex]cises an appreciable attractive =ce4 ,newton seems to h expect$ t "s fur!r discov]y w\ld take place1 at no di/ant p]iod1 z to ! nature ( ?is occult ag5cy :i* op]ates s p[]fully 9 ! heav5s & on ! ,e>?4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s he /rongly disclaims ! op9ion t gravity is ess5tial to matt] & inh]5t 9 x2 he ?9ks x is 8inconceivable t inanimate brute matt] %\ld1 )\t ! m$iation ( some?+ else :i* is n mat]ial1 op]ate on & affect o!r matt] )\t mutual contact444 t gravity %\ld be innate1 inh]5t1 & ess5tial to matt]1 s t "o body may act ^u ano!r at a di/ance ?r\gh a vacuum1 )\t ! m$iation ( any?+ else by & ?r\gh :i* _! action & =ce may be convey$ f "o to ano!r1 is to me s great an absurdity t ,i believe no man :o has 9 philosophical matt]s a compet5t faculty ( ?9k+ c ev] fall into x40 ,& yet we see t :at he ?\ght absurd is /ill app>5tly true1 & t1 great z 0 ,newton's sagacity 9 discov]+ & prov+ ! effects ( ?is great cosmical law1 he fail$ :5 he came to speculate on ! m remote causes ( x4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 o!r +5i\s !ori/s h imag9$ hypo!ses 9 ! hopes ( acc\nt+ = x2 b _! ef=ts h n met ) any great success1 & ! la/ ^w ( sci5ce on ! subject is t ! cause ( gravitation rema9s undiscov]$4 ,b if ! attempt to trace ! ultimate cause ( ! law ( gravitation has be5 a failure1 ! pro( ( its op]ation 9 ! physical univ]se has be5 a m>vell\s success1 & t n only 9 ! pres5t day1 :5 difficulties h be5 remov$ & fre% evid5ce has be5 add$1 b1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ev5 9 ,newton's own "t1 & especially "h 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,inde$1 we _c suppress a feel+ ( admiration :5 we contemplate ! revolution 9 a/ronomy br\ght ab\t by ?is quiet1 unobtrusive man1 :o is said to h sp5t ?irty-five ye>s ( 8 long life )9 ! walls ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ( :i* he 0 a ,fell[1 & :o1 ?\gh twice elect$ to repres5t ! ,univ]sity 9 ,p>liam5t1 nev] op5$ 8 lips 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,i may1 p]haps1 be "h p]mitt$ to ins]t a passage f a "w to :i* ,i h previ\sly allud$1 ,:ewell's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 well wor? quot+ bo? = its eloqu5ce & its tru?4 ,aft] rec\nt+1 ) "s detail1 ! circum/ances ( ?is great epo* 9 a/ronomical k1 he proce$s3 ,su*1 !n1 is ! great ,newtonian induction ( univ]sal gravitation1 & su* its hi/ory4 ,x is indisputably & incomp>ably ! greate/ sci5tific discov]y ev] made1 :e!r we look at ! advance :i* x involv$1 ! ext5t ( ! tru? disclos$1 or ! fundam5tal & satisfactory nature ( ?is tru?4 ,z to ! fir/ po9t1 we may obs]ve t any "o ( ! five /eps into :i* we h sep>at$ ! doctr9e ^! 71 #a/1 t ! =ce attract+ diff]5t planets to ! sun1 &1 #bnd1 ! =ce attract+ ! same planet 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its orbit1 is z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ances2 #crd1 t ! e>? ex]ts su* a =ce on ! moon1 & t ?is is id5tical ) t]re/rial gravity2 #d?1 t !re is a mutual attraction ( ! heav5ly bodies on "o ano!r2 #e?1 t !re exi/s a mutual attraction ( all p>ticles ( matt] ?r\gh\t ! univ]se w\ld ( itself h be5 consid]$ z an important advance1 w\ld h conf]r$ di/9ction on ! p]sons :o made x1 & ! "t to :i* x belong$4 ,all ! five /eps made at once =m$ n a leap1 b a flight2 n an improvem5t m]ely1 b a metamorphosis2 n an epo*1 b a t]m9ation4 ,a/ronomy pass$ at once f its boyhood to mature manhood4 ,aga91 ) reg>d to ! ext5t ( ! tru?1 we obta9 z wide a g5]alisation z our physical k admits :5 we le>n t e p>ticle ( matt]1 9 all times1 places1 & circum/ances1 attracts e o!r p>ticle 9 ! univ]se by "o common law ( action4 ,& by say+ t ! tru? 0 ( a fundam5tal & satisfactory nature1 ,i mean t x assign$1 n a rule m]ely1 b a cause1 = ! heav5ly motions2 & t k9d ( cause :i* mo/ em95tly & peculi>ly we di/9ctly & ?or\ghly conceive1 namely1 me*anical =ce4 ,kepl]'s laws 7 m]ely =mal rules1 gov]n+ ! cele/ial motions accord+ to ! relations ( space1 "t1 & numb]2 ,newton's 0 a causal law1 ref]r+ ^! motions to me*anical reasons4 ,x is no d\bt conceivable t future discov]ies may bo? ext5d & fur!r expla9 ,newton's doctr9es2 may make gravitation a case ( "s wid] law1 & may disclose some?+ ( ! way 9 :i* x op]ates--que/ions ) :i* ,newton himself /ruggl$4 ,b1 9 ! meantime1 few p]sons w dispute t1 bo? 9 g5]ality & pr(undity1 bo? 9 wid? & dep?1 ,newton's !ory is )\t a rival or neighb\r4#bg ,! effect ( all ?is on ! ,cop]nican sy/em & ! evid5ce on :i* x re/$1 0 to raise t sy/em f a simple ?\gh /rong probability1 a "q on :i* at any rate some?+ might be said = & aga9/ x1 to a probability ( almo/ ov]:elm+ =ce2 = x n only %[$ h[ ! heav5ly bodies mov$1 b x expla9$ ! cause ( _! motions1 & 9 a ^w furni%$ ! key t unlock$ ! arcana ( ,nature4 ,:5 y came to "k n only h[ ! ,moon & ! planets mov$1 b ! law :i* regulat$ _! movem5ts1 & :5 y f\nd t all fitt$ into "o h>moni\s :ole 7at lea/ ) "s m9or exceptions71 x 0 n easy to refuse ass5t to a !ory support$ by su* p[]ful evid5ce4 ,yet 9 say+ ?is we are p]haps r view+ ! "q f our pres5t /&po9t1 ?an z a contempor>y w\ld h done4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,newton's hypo!sis1 ?\gh eag]ly receiv$ 9 ,engl&1 met ) a long opposition on ! ,cont95t1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,france1 :]e ,desc>tes' !ory ( vortices reign$ supreme = _m ye>s4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! ,c>tesian philosoph]s 7 anti-,cop]nicans2 f> o!rwise1 only !y acc\nt$ = ! cele/ial motions 9 a diff]5t way f ,newton1 &1 z e "o n[ admits1 9 a wrong way4 ,i h already rem>k$ t !re 7 "s app>5t difficulties 9 ! application ( ! law ( univ]sal gravitation to all ! heav5ly bodies1 & t ^! h be5 remov$ by subsequ5t calculation4 ,"o ( ^! difficulties1 if inde$ x c\ld be s call$ 7= x h>dly am\nt$ to t71 has be5 solv$ )9 liv+ memory4 ,x 0 notic$ t ! planet ,uranus %[$ signs ( p]turbation f "s unkn[n reason2 & ev5 ! "w ,i h j quot$1 8,:ewell's ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 publi%$ 9 #ahdg1 conta9s ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,uranus /ill deviates f 8 tabul> place1 & ! cause rema9s yet to be discov]$40 ,two a/ronom]s1 "o ,fr5* & "o ,engli%1 ,le ,v]ri] & ,adams1 f\nd out ! cause by discov]+ ! exi/5ce1 ea* indep5d5tly ( ! o!r1 ( an ext]ior planet revolv+ 9 an orbit m di/ant by f> ?an t ( ,uranus2 to ?is planet ! "n ( ,neptune has be5 giv51 & 8 exi/5ce is "o m confirmatory pro( ( ! !ory ( gravitation4 ,! ,cop]nican sy/em _h be5 built up & consolidat$ by ,newton's great discov]y2 b ano!r piece ( evid5ce1 ( a mo/ important "*1 0 add$ by ! inve/igations ( ,bradley1 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,ox=d1 & aft]w>ds ,a/ronom] ,royal2 ?is c>eful obs]v]1 :ile engag$ 9 endeav\r+ to detect su* an app>5t motion ( ! fix$ />s 7s call$7 z w\ld indicate an annual p>allax1 notic$ t ano!r motion exi/$ diff]5t f t :i* ! annual p>allax w\ld produce1 & = :i* he c\ld n acc\nt2 ! app>5t orbits describ$ by ! />s obs]v$ dep5d$ on ! di/ance ( ! />s f ! pole ( ! ecliptic2 ! ph5om5on 0 diff]5t f any?+ hi!rto discov]$1 & "o or two modes ( explanation 7 tri$ 9 va94 ,accid5t1 h[ev]1 turn$ ,bradley's ?\ghts 9 ! "r direction2 he 0 "o day 9 a boat on ! ,?ames1 & obs]v$ t ! vane on ! ma/ gave a diff]5t app>5t direction to ! w9d1 accord+ z ! boat sail$ 9 diff]5t c\rses4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ! solution ( ! difficulty3 x 0 already kn[n f ,rm]'s inve/igations t light mov$ ) a f9ite velocity1 & if s x w\ld naturally produce ! same effect z t obs]v$ 9 ! boat1 or to take an illu/ration v commonly giv51 l t :i* any "o f9ds :5 mov+ along rapidly 9 a %[] ( ra91 9 :i* latt] case ! ra9 seems to fall n 9 ! direction x has :5 "o is at re/1 b 9 a direction comp\nd$ ( t & ! "o opposite to ! p]son's l9e ( motion4 ,bradley soon drew ! correct conclusion1 t light act$ 9 precisely ! same way ^u ! ,e>? z x mov$ 9 its orbit1 & t ! app>5t annual displacem5t ( ! />s1 z detect$ by him1 arose f ?is sole cause4 ,all ! great a/ronom]s :o foll[$ him h agre$ ) 8 conclusions1 & ! ph5om5on 9 "q1 :i* is call$ ! ab]ration ( light1 has conf]r$ a la/+ fame on its discov]]4 ,& ! rem>kable po9t ab\t x is ?is1 t n only does x give a fre% illu/ration to ! ,cop]nican !ory1 b x is "o ( ! v few sci5tific facts t _c 7s f> z our k ( ! subject goes7 be expla9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,x is1 !re=e1 g5]ally consid]$ z a critical te/ ( ! tru? ( ! sy/em4 ,!re are two o!r ph5om5a1 on :i* h[ev] ,i d n propose to dwell at any l5g?1 kn[n z precession & nutation1 :i* x is n easy to expla9 o!rwise ?an by ! mod]n !ory ( a/ronomy & ! pr9ciple ( gravitation2 ! latt] ( ^! two ow$ its discov]y to ,bradley1 & ! =m] to ,hipp>*us1 :o c\ld n h be5 aw>e ( its real cause1 ?\gh he _h obs]v$ ! fact ( its occurr5ce4 ,b pass+ on f ^!1 ,i may call att5tion to "o mo/ rem>kable result ( mod]n sci5tific rese>*1 connect$ ) ! />s4 ,9 ,galileo's day1 x 0 a drawback to ! ,cop]nican !ory t none ( ! />s %[$ ! smalle/ annual p>allax2 9 popul> language1 none ( !m seem$ to und]go any *ange ( place1 h[ev] small1 :5 obs]v$ at opposite po9ts ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 or z ! oppon5ts w\ld h said1 ! ,e>?'s imag9$ orbit4 ,a displacem5t ( ?is k9d1 ,i ne$ h>dly repeat1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) t o!r motion :i* ,bradley obs]v$ & expla9$4 ,?is 0 "o ( ,ty*o ,brah's reasons = reject+ ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & x 0 "o ( ! be/ argum5ts us$ by ! oppon5ts ( ,galileo4 ,z ! enorm\s di/ance ( ! />s f ! ,e>? 01 z we h already se51 at t "t unkn[n1 ! cele/ial di/ances g5]ally be+ "u-e/imat$ ev5 by ! be/ a/ronom]s1 ! argum5t _h an app>5t =ce1 :i* no "o n[ w\ld attribute to x4 ,galileo himself _h "s hope ( ov]com+ ! difficulty by discov]+ "s annual displacem5t 9 c]ta9 />s1 b x is ne$less to add t 8 in/rum5ts 7 unequal to su* a task4 ,subsequ5t obs]v]s tri$ v>i\s me?ods1 b )\t any real success until ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,bessel & o!r obs]v]s f\nd t a /> call$ #fa ,cygni _h a c]ta9 annual p>allax2 & n long aft]w>ds1 ,h5d]son1 mak+ 8 obs]vations at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope on a conspicu\s /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur1 a con/ellation belong+ to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 f\nd at l5g? t ?is />1 :i* 9 fact is a d\ble />1 & kn[n z ,c5tauri1 _h a p>allax ( ne>ly #a2 subsequ5t calculations %[ x to be probably r less1 t is to say ab\t #jia4 ,?is means t x is m ?an tw5ty billions ( miles di/ant1 & t light takes m ?an ?ree ye>s to travel f ,c5tauri to ! e>?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 believ$ to be mu* ! ne>e/ ( all ! />s1 no o!r com+ )9 d\ble ( ! di/ance4 ,n[ x is difficult to evade ! conclusion :i* naturally foll[s f ^! results1 t ! ,e>? really does move 9 an annual orbit r\nd ! ,sun4 ,x is no "p ( my pres5t task to give a li/ ( ! />s ( :i* ! p>allax has be5 f\nd1 b ,i may say !re are sev]al o!rs besides ! two ,i h nam$2 & ,i "k ( no me?od ( acc\nt+ = ! fact 9 any way b by ! annual motion ( ! ,e>?1 unless we suppose "s in/rum5tal error to h occurr$4 ,!re h be5 s _m ( ^! 9 times pa/ t x may seem ra% to exclude su* a possibility1 b1 consid]+ ! p]fection ( mod]n sci5tific in/rum5ts1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable2 & we may fairly reckon ! p>allaxes ( ! />s z a /rong confirmation ( ! already /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,cop]nican !ory--a !ory :i*1 z we h se51 01 f a purely sci5tific po9t ( view1 v probable 9 ! days ( ,galileo1 ov]:elm+ly probable aft] ! great discov]y ( ,newton1 & at ! pres5t "t1 ) all ! light t subsequ5t rese>* & obs]vation h ?r[n on x1 sc>cely %ort ( a moral c]ta9ty4 ,i may repeat once m t x has n1 inde$1 t absolute physical c]ta9ty1 aris+ f direct exp]im5t1 :i* has be5 obta9$ 9 o!r sci5tific inve/igations2 b1 all[+ = ?is fa9t elem5t ( in/ability1 we may fairly say t no tru? ( natural philosophy /&s on a firm] basis4 ,& = ,galileo1 :o liv$ be=e ! day :51 z ,:ewell says1 8,a/ronomy pass$ f boyhood to mature manhood10 we may fairly say t1 aft] we h c5sur$ 8 faults & 8 errors1 aft] we h asc]ta9$ t he 0 n a h]o or a 8m>tyr ( sci5ce10 we mu/ /ill recognise ! fact t he 0 "o ( ! greate/ natural philosoph]s ( 8 day1 pre-em95t 9 a/ronomy1 9 me*anics1 9 ma!matics4 ,to 8 hon\r also be x add$1 t 8 religi\s fai?1 & 8 respect = ! ,*ur* & h] au?ority1 s f> z we c judge1 nev] fail$4 ,:atev] 8 defects may h be5--want ( prud5ce1 want ( c&\r1 want ( consid]ation = o!rs--we c easily p]ceive t he w\ld nev] h be5 will+ly drawn into any controv]sy int5d$ to provoke antagonism betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! pres5t age1 unhappily1 !re h be5 m5 :o h tak5 ! o!r c\rse1 & h contribut$ _! %>e t[>ds excit+ antagonism1 he$less ( ! consequ5ces4 ,"s h done ?is unwitt+ly1 argu+ on ! side ( religion1 b )\t a prop] supply ( s\nd sci5tific in=mation2 o!rs1 on ! opposite side1 h %[n s bitt]ly ho/ile a _s to ,revelation1 if n ev5 to ,natural ,religion1 z to r5d] x m ?an ev] difficult to re-e/abli% t concord betwe5 ! two /udies1 t ( ! sup]natural & t ( ! physical1 :i* %\ld nev] h be5 int]rupt$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is s wide a subject t ,i mu/ n be l$ into x4 ,yet ,i may briefly rem>k t two ( ! greate/ lights ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 m5 ^: tea*+ & ^: writ+s h ex]cis$ an undy+ influ5ce1 h bo?1 ei!r by words explicitly1 or implicitly by _! example1 contribut$ to enc\rage a s\nd k ( natural philosophy1 & 9 h>mony ) ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,!y bo? liv$ :5 physical sci5ce 0 9 its infancy1 ?\gh at int]vals ( ne>ly #hjj ye>s ap>t4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o fl\ri%$ t[>ds ! latt] "p ( t p]iod dom9at$ by ! corrupt civilisation ( anci5t ,rome1 among/ 8 volum9\s works devot$ "o treatise to ! int]pretation ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 8,de ,g5esi ad ,litt]am20 & he takes ! opportunity ( caution+ ^? :om he addresses aga9/ ! risk ( excit+ ! ridicule ( unbeliev]s by a mi/ak5 adh]5ce to a rigidly lit]al int]pretation ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,he 01 ,i believe1 "o ( ! fir/ t int]pret$ ! six days ( ,creation 9 ! non-lit]al s5se1 ?\gh 8 p>ticul> !ory is n "o 9 accordance ) mod]n sci5tific op9ion4 ,i allude to him n = ! details ( natural philosophy1 b z enunciat+ a pr9ciple1 :i* "s subsequ5t au?ors h n foll[$ z !y might h done4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as liv$ 9 ^? middle ages ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ornam5ts4 ,! p[] ( 8 intellect is admitt$ by ^? :o h little sympa?y ) 8 tea*+2 8 lit]>y indu/ry is a /&+ m>vel2 & ,i h already obs]v$ t besides ! !ological & metaphysical works on :i* he exp5d$ s mu* lab\r1 he wrote a treatise on ! a/ronomy ( ,ari/otle4 ,x may be said ?is is no v great matt]1 b ,i m5tion x z illu/rat+ ! bread? ( m9d ( ?is great sa9t & !ologian1 :o c\ld sp>e "t = a /udy ( physical sci5ce )\t neglect+ ! m solemn duties ( 8 call+4 ,8 active m9d 0 alive to e s\rce f :5ce wisdom & le>n+ c\ld be imbib$2 & if he _h liv$ 9 ! age ( ,galileo1 ,i h sometimes fanci$ t he w\ld h ?r[n "s oil on ! tr\bl$ wat]s1 w\ld h c\nsell$ prud5ce to ! adv5tur\s a/ronom]1 pati5ce & =be>ance to 8 antagoni/s4 ,b x is ( no avail to indulge 9 speculations su* z ^!4 ,ea* age ( ! _w has its difficulties1 moral & intellectual1 & we c nei!r hurry ! /ream ( human ?\ght onw>ds nor drive x backw>ds4 ,s aga9 x is ) ! dispositions ( individuals2 if ,galileo _h be5 gift$ ) ! calm1 dignifi$ res]ve ( ,newton1 in/ead ( be+ ! vivaci\s1 loquaci\s ,italian t he 9 fact 01 he might h liv$ & di$ 9 peace4 ,& n[1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ to recur once m to ! subject ( gravitation1 ,i h a ^w to say z to ! lesson :i* ?is great all-p]vad+ law seems to tea*4 ,x has no?+ to d ) any "q ( reveal$ ,religion2 b does x n be> ! unmi/akable signs ( ! action ( an all-wise1 an all-p[]ful ,creator8 ,x may possibly be ! result ( "s o!r1 ?\gh unkn[n1 law2 & ev5 !n x br+s u back to ! same po9t4 ,! result 9 nature rema9s ! same1 & t result is writt5 9 *>act]s t _c be ignor$4 ,ma!maticians h occupi$ !mselves 9 mak+ suppositions z to ! effects ( imag9>y laws ( gravity1 "s ( :i* might1 no d\bt1 ensure suffici5t ord] & regul>ity to ma9ta9 ?is _w1 & ! c\ntless worlds t p space1 :ile o!rs w\ld cause hopeless confusion4 ,! /rik+ ?+ is t ! exi/+ law p]fectly answ]s its purpose4 ,only let u imag9e t no law ( attraction act$ ^u matt] at all1 nor any =ce ( :atev] k9d--:at w\ld be ! result8 ,!re w\ld be no coh]5ce1 no abode = human or animal life--no?+ b *aos & an>*y4 ,if1 !n1 we contra/ ?is imag9$ picture ) ! "o actually be=e u1 we are1 ,i ?9k1 =cibly l$ to ! conclusion t ! physical univ]se owes its orig91 its exi/5ce1 its h>mony to an ,omnipot5t ,be+1 unse51 yet n unkn[n1 intangible to ! s5ses1 ev] pres5t to ! intellig5ce4 ,& n[1 9 ord] to avoid misappreh5sion1 ,i v5ture to re/ate briefly ! propositions ,i h s\ght to e/abli%4 ,i h ma9ta9$ t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has a "r to lay h] re/ra9+ h& on ! speculations ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 j z mu* z %e has 9 ! case ( o!r speculative inquiries4 ,^? :o d n believe 9 h] pr]ogatives w1 ( c\rse1 d5y su* "r 9 toto2 b ,i cont5d t if y grant ! exi/5ce ( ?is "r at all1 y _c exclude ,physical ,sci5ce f its op]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! p>ticul> case ( ,galileo1 ,i h n attempt$ to def5d all ! proce$+s ( ! ,c>d9als ( ! ,index & ! ,c>d9als ( ! ,inquisition4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ x 0 no g5tle rebuke ) :i* ! ,cop]nican sy/em & ! individual ,galileo 7 visit$2 no su* light condemnation z t ( plac+ on ! ,index ( prohibit$ books all ,cop]nican works z be+ inopportune1 or aga91 t ( a caution to ,galileo to be m prud5t1 0 deem$ adequate to ! em]g5cy--if1 inde$1 any "o ev5 ?\ght ( !m4 ,s ) ! facts ( ! hi/ory be=e u1 ,i ?9k any sweep+ def5ce ( ! proce$+s 9 "q w\ld be unnecess>y f an ecclesia/ical po9t ( view1 & f a sci5tific po9t ( view unt5able4 ,moreov]1 ,i mu/ add1 z an indisp5sable premiss to ! conclusion j /at$1 ,i h also ma9ta9$ t ! c5sures pron\nc$ by ! ,c>d9als on bo? occasions 7 n dogmatic decisions1 su* z ,ca?olic !ologians hold to be infallible2 b discipl9>y enactm5ts1 v>y+ ) ! *ang+ *>act]s ( diff]5t ages4 ,!n aga91 ref]r+ to ! sci5tific que/ions involv$1 we may see t ,a/ronomy1 consid]$ hi/orically1 is divid$ into ?ree p]iods--! anci5t "o be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 t is1 up to ! "t ( ,galileo2 ! int]m$iate "o1 :5 ! telescope 0 9 use b ! law ( univ]sal gravitation z yet unkn[n--f ,galileo until ! publication ( ! 8,pr9cipia0 ( ,newton2 & ! mod]n "o1 f ,newton d[nw>ds4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod x seem$ highly probable to ! :ole _w1 ) ! exception ( a few gift$ intellects1 t ?is ,e>? 0 ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 & t all ! heav5ly bodies revolv$ r\nd x2 dur+ ! second p]iod1 :5 ! telescope _h %$ a light s p[]ful & s brilliant ^u a/ronomical rese>* t m5 c\ld n absolutely close _! eyes to x ev5 if !y wi%$1 ! balance ( probability pass$ into ! opposite scale1 & ! m intellig5t m5 ( sci5ce guess$ at ! tru?1 h[ev] indi/9ctly4 ,b "s elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty rema9$2 & ?is circum/ance1 tak5 9 connection ) ! irrelevant argum5ts s mu* 9 vogue at t "t1 mu/ 9 all fairness be all[$ z an excuse = ! _m good m51 ecclesia/ics & o!rs1 :o oppos$ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e4 ,aft] ! great /ep made by ,newton x 0 no long] a "q ( balanc+ probabilities1 = ! weights 7 almo/ all transf]r$ to "o scale1 & ! probabilities ( ! tru? ( ! ,helioc5tric ,sy/em 7to give x = once its accurate "n7 became ov]:elm+4 ,! subsequ5t inve/igations ( ,bradley & o!rs h gone fur!r /ill1 & h conv]t$ ?is /rong1 ov]p[]+ probability into some?+ approa*+ indef9itely ne> to a moral c]ta9ty4 ,beyond ?is we _c reasonably expect to g2 physical c]ta9ty is n to be atta9$ :5 we h to trav]se ! va/ di/ances ( cele/ial space1 & human infirmity mu/ be cont5t to recognise ! b\nd>y beyond :i* x may n pass1 ! limit impos$ on f9ite m9ds by ! ,inf9ite4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,*>les ,,dick5s ,,& ,,evans1 ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,press ,,footnotes #a ,nicetas ( ,syracuse 7^: date ,i am n able to give7 seems to h be5 aw>e ( ! diurnal movem5t ( ! e>? r\nd its axis4 #b ,m4 de l'p9ois has1 s9ce !n1 publi%$ a /ill m complete collection ( ! v>i\s docum5ts he _h obta9$ p]mission to inspect at ,rome2 b ?is "w is1 un=tunately1 out ( pr9t4 #c 8,pr9cipium #gm4--,sancta ,s$es ,apo/olica cui div9itus commissa e/ cu/odia depositi1 pote/as pasc5di univ]sam ,ecclesiam ad salutem anim>um1 pote/ s5t5tias !ologicas vel quat5us cum !ologicis nectuntur proscrib]e ut sequ5das vel proscrib]e ut non sequ5das1 non unice ex int5tione def9itiv s5t5ti infallibilit] decid5di v]itatem1 s$ etiam absque ilia ex necessitate et int5tione vel simplicit] vel pro det]m9atis adjunctis prospici5di securitati#d doctr9 ,ca?olic4 ,9 hujusmodi decl>ationibus licet non sit doctr9 v]itas infallibilis1 quia hanc decid5di ex hypo!si non e/ int5tio2 e/ tam5 infallibilis securitas4 ,securitatem dico tum objectivam doctr9 decl>at vel simplicitea vel pro talibus adjunctis1 tum subjectivam quat5us omnibus tutum e/ eam amplecti1 et tutum non e/1 nec absque violatione debit submissionis erga magi/]ium div9itus con/itutum fi]i pote/1 ut eam amplecti recus5t4 8,coroll4 ,c4 ,falsum e/1 auctoritatem propt] quam debeatur ass5sus intellectus1 solam esse auctoritatem ,dei revelantis seu ,ecclesi vel ,pontificis infallibilit] def9i5tis2 sunt enim gradus ass5sus religiosi multiplices4 ,9 prs5ti di/+u5dus e/ ass5sus fidei proprie et imm$iate div9 propt] auctoritatem ,dei revelantis2 ass5sus fidei quam supra diximus m$iate div9am propt] auctoritatem infallibilitur def9i5tis doctr9am ut v]am non tam5 ut revelatam2 ass5sus religiosus propt] auctoritatem univ]salis provid5ti ecclesia/ic 9 s5su decl>ato40--,de ,div9a ,traditione et ,scriptura1 p4 #aaf1 et seq4 ,ed4 #ahgj4 #d 8,non co9cid]e hc duo1 infallibilem v]itatem et securitatem1 manife/um e/ vel ab eo1 quod secus nulla doctr9a probabilis aut probabilior posset dici sana et secura40 #e ,x happ5s1 curi\sly en\gh1 t ! doctr9e ( ! p]fect immobility ( ! ,sun1 :i* s %ock$ ! ,qualifi]s ( ! ,inquisition1 is simply disc>d$ by mod]n a/ronom]s4 ,no "o n[ holds t ! ,sun is ! c5tre ( ! :ole univ]se1 or t he is immovable4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t he travels 9 space1 ?\gh n r\nd any kn[n c5tre1 & ! ,e>? & ,planets ) him4 #f 8,dico1 *e qu&o ci fosse v]a dimo/ratione *e il ,sole /ia nel c5tro del mondo1 e la t]ra nel #c cielo1 e *e il ,sole non circonda la t]ra1 ma la t]ra circonda il ,sole1 allora bisogn]ia &> con molta consid]atione 9 esplic>e le ,scritture *e paiono contr>ie1 e pi sotto dire *e non l' int5diamo1 *e dira *e sia falso quello *e si dimo/ra4 ,ma io non cr$] *e ci sia tale dimo/ratione f9 *e non mi sia mo/rata1 etc40--,extract f ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e's ,lett] to ,f4 ,fosc>9i4 #g ,a brief b int]e/+ rsum ( ! ,ari/otelian physics is giv5 9 ,:ewell's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 a "w to :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] m ?an once4 #h ,x is said t a weight dropp$ f ! top ( a v high t[] falls slightly to ! ea/1 because ! velocity ( ! axial rotation is great] at ! summit ( ! t[] ?an at its foot1 & ! /one or ball dropp$ p>takes ( ! motion ( ! highe/ "p ( ! t[] f :i* x falls2 ?is is p]fectly true 9 !ory2 & exp]im5ts1 made n only f ! summits ( t[]s b also 9 m9es1 t5d to confirm x4 #i ,simplicio hav+ said t ! cause :y p>ts ( ! e>? are c>ri$ d[nw>ds 0 gravity1 ,salviati answ]s3 8,voi errate1 ,signor ,simplicio1 voi dovevate dire1 *e cias*$un sa1 *' ella si *iama gravit2 ma io non vi dom&o il nome1 ma dell' ess5za della cosa3 della quale ess5za voi non sapete punto pi di quello1 *e voi sappiate dell' ess5za del mov5te le ,/elle 9 giro2 eccetuatone il nome1 *e a que/a /ato po/o1 e fatto famili>e1 e dome/ico p] la frequ5te esp]i5za1 *e mille volte il giorno noi ne veggiamo2 ma non 1 *e realm5te noi int5tiamo pi1 *e pr9cipio1 o *e virt sia quella1 *e muove la pietra 9 gi1 di quel noi sappiamo *i la muova 9 s1 sep>ata del proici5te2 o *i muova la ,luna 9 giro1 eccetto* 7come ho detto7 il nome1 *e pi s+ol>e e proprio gli abbiamo assegnato di gravit2 dove* a quello con t]m9e pi g5]ico assegniamo virt impressa1 a quello diamo intellig5za o assi/5te1 o in=mante2 e a inf9iti altri moti diamo loro p] cagione la natura40 #aj ,x is curi\s t ! notion ( ! univ]se be+ %ap$ z a curve return+ into itself has be5 />t$ by "s mod]n ,g]man philosoph]s1 f\nd]s ( :at has be5 call$ 8non-,euclidian geometry40 ,! inve/igations ( a/ronom]s1 h[ev]1 r po9t to ! conclusion t ! /ell> univ]se has no c5tre1 no symmetrical figure1 ?\gh speculations su* z ^! mu/ always be unc]ta94 #aa ,to speak ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle ( inf9ite radius z be+ id5tical ) a /raight l9e 7?\gh practically true en\gh7 is n rigidly accurate4 ,we %\ld say t !y approximate inf9itely to "o ano!r1 or 9 ma!matical phraseology1 !y are equal to ea* o!r 9 ! limit4 #ab ,x is n int5d$ "h to d5y :at "s writ]s /ate--t ! friction caus$ by ! ,e>?'s rotation does 9 "s degree act ^u ! tidal wave4 ,x is rem>kable1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$ f obs]vations tak5 at "s small isl& at a di/ance f any cont95t1 t ! tidal wave ( ! ,ocean only rises1 ev5 at ! spr+1 ab\t five or six feet4 ,! enorm\s rise ( wat] at "s places arises f ! tidal wave be+ driv5 into e/u>ies1 m\?s ( riv]s1 & o!r n>r[ *annels4 #ac ,^! are ! au?or's words1 spok5 by ,salviati3 8,tra tutti gli nom9i gr&i1 *e sopra tal mirabile effetto di natura hanno filos(ato1 pi mi m>aviglio del ,kepl]o1 *e di altri1 il quale d'+egno lib]o1 e acuto1 e *e aveva 9 mano i moti attribuiti alla t]ra1 abbia poi dato l'orec*io1 e ass5so a pr$om9ii della ,luna sopra l'acqua1 e a propriet occulte1 e simili fanciullezze40 #ad ,x is n int5d$ to imply t ^! two ,s*ools ( ?\ght /& on any?+ l ! same sci5tific level4 #ae ,! spots on ! ,sun 7 se5 at ab\t ! same p]iod ( "t by ,fabricius & by ,fa!r ,s*e9]1 a ,jesuit1 z already m5tion$4 #af ,i mu/ n be und]/ood z imply+ t ev5 doctr9al decisions promulgat$ by ! ,roman ,congregations 9 _! own "n are consid]$ by !ologians to be infallible2 su* "* belong+ only to decisions address$ by ! ,pope himself to ! ,*ur*4 #ag ,a curi\s in/ance ( popul> unacqua9tance ) a/ronomy 0 af=d$ "s mon?s ago1 :5 ! planet ,v5us1 :i* "o w\ld ?9k 0 a well-kn[n object to mo/ p1 0 mi/ak5 = 8! ,/> ( ,be?lehem20 & ?is mi/ake 0 by no means conf9$ to ! ignorant1 b 0 %>$ by p]sons ( education4 ,! planet 0 at ! "t a brilliant 8morn+ />20 & ! effect on ! eye is m /rik+ 9 ^! circum/ances ?an :5 x is se51 z is v commonly ! case1 9 ! ev5+1 %ortly aft] sunset4 ,i suppose ?is w\ld acc\nt 9 "s measure = ! delusion4 ,9 cle>] & f9] skies ?an ^? ( ,engl&1 ,v5us is sometimes s brilliant 9 ! e>ly morn+ z to />tle an unaccu/om$ obs]v]4 #ah ,dr4 ,w>d makes a curi\s mi/ake 9 "o po9t2 he speaks 9 "o ( ! articles ( ,! ,dubl9 ,review 7:i* he !n edit$7 ( ,cop]nicanism z de/roy+ ! old ideas z to above & bel[2 t is to say1 = in/ance1 y\r idea ( asc5d+ on high t[>ds heav5 0 !reby nullifi$1 & asc5d+ f ! surface ( ! e>? meant go+ 9 any direction :i* ! e>?'s rotation might place above y\r head at any p>ticul> mom5t4 ,b ,dr4 ,w>d1 :o 0 d\btless ?9k+ ( ! v old & explod$ notion t ! e>? 0 a flat surface1 does n seem to h be5 aw>e t ?is objection applies 9 pr9ciple to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em also2 ,ptolemy knew t ! e>? 0 sph]ical 9 its %ape1 & consequ5tly t :at w\ld be above a p]son 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,india1 to take an example1 w\ld be widely diff]5t f t :i* w\ld be s at ! we/]nmo/ po9t ( ,africa4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t an additional cause = bewild]m5t 0 pres5t$ by ! diurnal rotation ( ! ,e>?1 s9ce x !n appe>$ t ! same po9t 9 space above y at noon w\ld be f> away bel[ y at midnight4 #ai ,quot$ f an article 9 ! 8,revue des ,que/ions ,hi/oriques10 #ahfg1 8,galile1 son ,procs1 sa ,condemnation1 d'aprs des docum5ts 9dits10 by ,m4 ,h5ri de l'p9ois4 #bj ,ty*o ,brah discov]$ two out ( ! pr9cipal inequalities 9 ! ,moon's motion--kn[n to a/ronom]s z ! ,v>iation & ! ,annual ,equation2 ! ?ird1 :i* is ! mo/ obvi\s ( all & is call$ ! ,evection1 0 discov]$ by ,ptolemy4 #ba ,! figurative int]pretation1 h[ev]1 9 ?is in/ance is z old z ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ?\gh 8 speculations lead him to a diff]5t conclusion f t ( mod]n sci5tific m52 namely1 t ( suppos+ ! actual creation to be ! "w ( "o mom5t4 #bb ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 ,mr4 ,proctor :o uses ?is argum5t 9 "o ( 8 works1 to prove h[ v d\btful a ?+ is ! exi/5ce ( highly organis$ & rational be+s on ! o!r planets4 #bc ,x is q possible1 z ,mr4 ,locky] has rec5tly argu$1 t _m objects t appe> to u z />s1 are 9 reality nebul 9 a m or less advanc$ /age ( cond5sation4 #bd ,! relative di/ances c\ld be comput$ geometrically1 ev5 be=e ! absolute di/ances 7 kn[n1 & 9 fact 7 s2 ,kepl]'s ?ird law af=ds a simple rule = calculat+ !m1 b !y 7 kn[n ev5 previ\sly4 #be ,i may1 p]haps1 be p]mitt$ to recall to ! read]'s m9d1 9 a note1 "o or two ( ! ma9 objections urg$ by ! anti-,cop]nicans4 ,"o ( ^! 0 t x w\ld leave ! atmosph]e beh9d1 ! true answ] to :i* is t ! atmosph]e itself is attract$ by ! =ce ( gravity to ! e>?1 & is c>ri$ r\nd by ! rotation1 z ev]y?+ else is2 ?is ,galileo did n p]fectly und]/&1 z may be se5 by 8 rem>ks1 bo? 9 ! second & ! f\r? day's dialogue4 ,ano!r 0 ?is--& x 0 put =w>d by no less a man ?an ,ty*o ,brah--a /one dropp$ f a high t[] ought to fall to ! we/w>d ( ! t[]1 because ! t[] w\ld be c>ri$ on to ! ea/ by ! e>?'s rotation1 & ! /one w\ld n2 ?is1 h[ev]1 be+ contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,! real fact is t ! /one p>takes ( ! rotatory movem5t z mu* z ! t[] does1 ! two =ces ( rotation & gravity be+ comb9$ accord+ to ! second law ( motion1 :ile ! /one is fall+2 ?is ,galileo did "k4 ,suppos+ a v high t[]1 ! /one ought to fall slightly to ! ea/1 on acc\nt ( ! sup]ior velocity ( rotation at ! top ( ! t[] to t at ! bottom4 ,x is said ?is exp]im5t has be5 successfully tri$1 z /at$ 9 note1 page #ee4 #bf ,!re are o!r laws1 besides t ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :i* w\ld cause a body to move 9 an ellipse1 at lea/ if ! =ce act+ on x 7 plac$1 n 9 ! focus1 b 9 ! c5tre ( ! orbit4 ,! "q has be5 discuss$ ) ref]5ce to "s ( ! b9>y />s :i* appe> to move r\nd "o ano!r 9 ellipses4 ,no d\bt is !reby rais$ z to ! preval5ce ( ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e 9 our own sol> sy/em1 :]e x has be5 v]ifi$ by long & c>eful obs]vation2 ! d\bt 7,i ?9k we may say a comp>atively slight "o7 is :e!r ! same law ext5ds to ! :ole /ell> univ]se1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 accurate obs]vation is impracticable4 #bg ,i d n ?9k ! tru? ( ?is is affect$ by any ( ! great mod]n discov]ies2 ?\gh t ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy approa*es m ne>ly ?an o!rs to ,univ]sal ,gravitation 9 its importance4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,orig9al text uses 8load/one01 n 8lode/one04 ,footnotes1 orig9ally at ! bottoms ( pages1 h be5 collect$ & mov$ to ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,page #bb3 ,! symbol 9 8,locus sigilli0 is a v]sion ( a ,maltese cross4 ,footnote #d1 orig9ally on page #bg1 is a sub-note ( footnote #c4