,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,a sup]script is d5ot$ by x or xx1 = example ,,xvie or #a;ere4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p$agogy4 ,,by ,,gabriel ,,compayr1 ,,deputy1 ,,doctor ,,( ,,lett]s1 ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,! ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,( ,,font5ay-,,aux-,,roses4 ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction1 ,,notes1 ,,& ,,an ,,index1 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,payne1 ,a4,m41 ,,*ancellor ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,na%ville1 ,,& ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,normal ,,college2 ,,late ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,tea*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan4 ,,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? ,,company4 #ahhi4 ,,copyright1 ,,sept4 #cj1 #ahhe1 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,payne4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+ ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,bo/on4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,translator',s ,,preface v-vii ,,introduction ix-xxii ,,*apt] ,i4 --,education 9 ,antiquity #a-af ,,*apt] ,,ii4 --,education among ! ,greeks #ag-db ,,*apt] ,,iii4 --,education at ,rome #dc-fj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 --,! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians & ! ,middle ,age #fa-hb ,,*apt] ,v4 --,! ,r5aissance & ! ,!ories ( ,education 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4--,erasmus1 ,rabelais1 & ,montaigne #hc-aaa ,,*apt] ,,vi4 --,prote/antism & ,prim>y ,in/ruction4 --,lu!r & ,com5ius #aab-acg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 --,! ,tea*+ ,congregations4--,jesuits & ,jans5i/s #ach-afc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 --,fnelon #afd-ahf ,,*apt] ,,ix4 --,! ,philosoph]s ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 --,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 & ,locke #ahg-baa ,,*apt] ,x4 --,! ,education ( ,wom5 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4--,jacquel9e ,pascal & ,madame de ,ma9t5on #bab-bca ,,*apt] ,,xi4 --,roll9 #bcb-beb ,,*apt] ,,xii4 --,ca?olicism & ,prim>y ,in/ruction4--,la ,salle & ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools #bec-bgh ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 --,r\sseau & ! mile #bgh-caj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 --,! ,philosoph]s ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 --,condillac1 ,did]ot1 ,helvetius1 & ,kant #caa-cci ,,*apt] ,,xv4 --,! ,orig9 ( ,lay & ,national ,education4 --,la ,*alotais & ,roll& #cdj-cfa ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 --,! ,revolution4--,mirabeau1 ,talleyr&1 & ,condorcet #cfb-chi ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 --,! ,conv5tion4--,lepelleti] ,sa9t-,f>geau1 ,lakanal1 & ,daun\ #cij-dab ,,*apt] ,,xviii4--,pe/alozzi #dac-dde ,,*apt] ,,xix4 --,! ,successors ( ,pe/alozzi4--,frbel & ! ,pre ,gir>d #ddf-dgg ,,*apt] ,,xx4 --,wom5 z ,educators #dgh-ejg ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 --,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,education 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury #ejh-ecd ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 --,! ,sci5ce ( ,education4--,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,alex&] ,ba91 ,*ann+1 & ,horace ,mann #ece-egj ,,app5dix #ega-ege ,,index #egg-eih ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! two consid]ations t h *iefly influ5c$ me 9 mak+ ?is translation are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,( ! ?ree phases ( educational /udy1 ! practical1 ! !oretical1 & ! hi/orical1 ! la/1 z prov$ by ! numb] ( works writt5 on ! subject1 has receiv$ b v little att5tion f ,engli% & ,am]ican tea*]s2 & yet1 if we all[ t a tea*] %\ld fir/ ( all be a man ( culture1 & t an invaluable factor 9 8 pr(essional education is a k ( :at has hi!rto be5 done )9 8 field ( activity1 !re are ! be/ ( reasons :y ! claims ( ?is /udy %\ld be urg$ ^u ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,= giv+ bread? ( view1 judicial c&or1 & /ead9ess ( purpose1 no?+ m helpful c be comm5d$ to ! tea*] ?an a critical survey ( ! manifold exp]im5ts & exp]i5ces 9 educational practice4 ,! acute/ ?9k]s ( all ! ages h work$ at ! solution ( ! educational problem1 & ! educat+ art has be5 practis$ "u e v>iety ( conditions1 civil1 social1 religi\s1 philosophic1 & e?nic4 ,is x n "t = u to review ^! exp]im5ts1 z ! v be/ condition = advanc+ surely & /eadily8 #b4 ,! almo/ complete neglect ( ?is /udy among u has be5 due1 9 great measure1 to ! fact t !re h be5 no books on ! subject at all adapt$ to ! ends to be atta9$4 ,a dry1 scrappy1 & incomplete n>ration ( facts c end only 9 bewild]m5t & 9 blunt+ ! ta/e = ?is species ( inquiry4 ,! desirable ?+ has be5 a book t is compreh5sive )\t be+ t$i\s1 ^: treatm5t is articulate & cle>1 & t is p]vad$ by a critical insight at once ca?olic & accurate4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i read ) ! ke5e/ admiration1 ! ,hi/oire ,critique des ,doctr9es de l'ducation en ,france depuis le ,seizime ,sicle1 by ,gabriel ,compayr 7,p>is1 #ahgi72 & x seem$ to me a model1 9 matt] & me?od1 = a g5]al hi/ory ( education4 ,)9 a rec5t p]iod ,monsieur ,compayr has trans=m$ ?is ,hi/oire ,critique into su* a g5]al hi/ory ( education1 "u ! title ,hi/oire de la ,pdagogie4 ,9 ?is book all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! e>li] "w h be5 pres]v$1 & x repres5ts to my own m9d v ne>ly ! ideal ( ! treatise t is ne$$ by ! tea*+ pr(ession ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! read] w obs]ve ! di/9ction made by ,monsieur ,compayr betwe5 ,p$agogy & ,education4 ,?\gh our nom5clature does n sanction ?is di/9ction1 & ?\gh ,i pref] to give to ! t]m ,p$agogy a diff]5t connotation1 ,i h felt b\nd on moral gr\nds to pres]ve ,monsieur ,compayr's use ( ^! t]ms :]ev] ! context w\ld sanction x4 ,x seems m]e squeami%ness to object to ! use ( ! ^w ,p$agogy on acc\nt ( hi/orical associations4 ,! fact t ?is t]m is 9 reputable use 9 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian educational lit]ature1 is a suffici5t gu>anty t we may use x )\t dang]4 ,) u1 ! t]m ,p$agogics seems to be employ$ z a synonym = ,p$agogy4 ,x w\ld seem to me bett] to foll[ cont95tal usage1 & re/rict ! t]m ,p$agogy to ! art or practice ( education1 & ,p$agogics to ! correlative sci5ce4 ,i feel "u special obligations to ,monsieur ,compayr1 & to 8 publi%]1 ,monsieur ,paul ,delaplane1 = _! c\rte\s p]mission to publi% ?is translation4 ,i am also greatly indebt$ to my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,l[rey1 ,ph4,d41 = mat]ial aid 9 important details ( my "w4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,payne4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan1 ,jan4 #d1 #ahhf4 ,! issue ( a second edition has p]mitt$ a c>eful revision ( ! translation & ! correction ( sev]al v]bal errors4 ,9 subsequ5t editions1 no ef=t w be sp>$ by ! translator & 8 publi%]s to make ?is volume wor?y ( ! favor ) :i* x has be5 receiv$ by ! educational public4 ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,aug4 #a1 #ahhf4 ,,introduction4 ,,:at ,a ,,complete ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education ,,w\ld ,,be4--,9 writ+ an elem5t>y hi/ory ( p$agogy1 ,i d n pret5d to write a hi/ory ( education4 ,p$agogy & education1 l logic & sci5ce1 or l rhetoric & eloqu5ce1 are diff]5t ?\gh analog\s ?+s4 ,:at w\ld a complete hi/ory ( education n include8 ,x w\ld embrace1 9 its va/ developm5ts1 ! entire record ( ! intellectual & moral culture ( mank9d at all p]iods & 9 all c\ntries4 ,x w\ld be a rsum ( ! life ( humanity 9 its div]se manife/ations1 lit]>y & sci5tific1 religi\s & political4 ,x w\ld det]m9e ! causes1 s num]\s & s div]se1 :i* act ^u ! *>act]s ( m51 & :i*1 modify+ a common end[m5t1 produce be+s z diff]5t z are a contempor>y ( ,p]icles & a mod]n ,european1 a ,fr5*man ( ! middle ages & a ,fr5*man subsequ5t to ! ,revolution4 ,9 fact1 !re is n only an education1 prop]ly s call$1 t :i* is giv5 9 s*ools & :i* proce$s f ! direct action ( tea*]s1 b !re is a natural education1 :i* we receive )\t our k or w1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! social environm5t 9 :i* we live4 ,!re are :at a philosoph] ( ! day has +5i\sly call$ ! occult coadjutors ( education1--climate1 race1 mann]s1 social condition1 political in/itutions1 religi\s beliefs4 ,if a man ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is v unlike a man ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x is n m]ely because ! fir/ 0 educat$ 9 a ,lyce ( ! ,univ]sity & ! o!r 9 a college ( ! ,jesuits2 x is also because 9 ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y h be5 envelop$ !y h contract$ diff]5t habits ( m9d & he>t2 x is because !y h gr[n up "u diff]5t laws1 "u a diff]5t social & political rgime2 because !y h be5 nurtur$ by a diff]5t philosophy & a diff]5t religion4 ,^u t delicate & v>iable composition kn[n z ! human s\l1 h[ _m =ces :i* we d n suspect h left _! impr9t6 ,h[ _m unobs]v$ & lat5t causes are involv$ 9 our virtues & 9 our faults6 ,! consci\s & det]m9$ influ5ce ( ! tea*] is n1 p]haps1 ! mo/ pot5t4 ,9 conjunction ) him are at "w1 obscurely b effectively1 innum]able ag5ts1 besides p]sonal ef=t & :at is produc$ by ! orig9al en]gy ( ! individual4 ,we see :at a hi/ory ( education w\ld be3 a sort ( philosophy ( hi/ory1 to :i* no?+ w\ld be =eign1 & :i* w\ld scrut9ize 9 its mo/ v>i$ & mo/ trifl+ causes1 z well z 9 its mo/ pr(\nd s\rces1 ! moral life ( humanity4 ,,:at ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p$agogy ,,%\ld ,,be4--,:olly diff]5t is ! limit$ & mode/ purpose ( a hi/ory ( p$agogy1 :i* proposes m]ely to set =? ! doctr9es & ! me?ods ( educators prop]ly s call$4 ,9 ?is m limit$ s5se1 education is r$uc$ to ! prem$itat$ action :i* ! w ( "o man ex]cises ov] o!r m5 9 ord] to in/ruct !m & tra9 !m4 ,x is ! reflective auxili>y ( ! natural developm5t ( ! human s\l4 ,to :at c be done by nature & by ! bl9d & fatal influ5ces :i* sport ) human de/9y1 education adds ! concurr5ce ( art1 t is1 ( ! reason1 att5tive & self-possess$1 :i* volunt>ily & consci\sly applies to ! tra9+ ( ! s\l pr9ciples ^: tru? has be5 recogniz$1 & me?ods ^: effici5cy has be5 te/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 ?us limit$1 ! hi/ory ( p$agogy /ill pres5ts to our inquiry a va/ field to be explor$4 ,!re is sc>cely a subject t has provok$ to ! same degree z education ! be/ ef=ts ( human ?9k+4 ,note ! catalogue ( educational works publi%$ 9 ,fr5*1 :i* ,buisson has rec5tly prep>$4#a ,?\gh incomplete1 ?is li/ conta9s n less ?an two ?\s& titles2 & probably educational activity has be5 m fruitful1 & has be5 giv5 a /ill great] ext5sion 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,france4 ,?is activity is due to ! fact1 fir/ ( all1 t educational que/ions1 br\ght into fre% notice ) ea* g5]ation1 ex]cise ov] ! m9ds ( m5 an irresi/ible & p]5nial attraction2 & also to ! fact t p>5?ood inspires a ta/e = su* inquiries1 &1 a ?+ t is n always =tunate1 leads to ! assumption ( "s compet5ce 9 su* matt]s2 & f9ally to ! v nature ( educational problems1 :i* are n to be solv$ by ab/ract & indep5d5t reason+1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ma!matical problems1 b :i*1 vitally relat$ to ! nature & ! de/9y ( man1 *ange & v>y ) ! fluctuations ( ! psy*ological & ! moral doctr9es ( :i* !y are b ! consequ5ces4 ,to diff]5t sy/ems ( psy*ology correspond diff]5t sy/ems ( education4 ,an ideali/1 l ,malebran*e1 w n reason ^u education aft] ! mann] ( a s5sationali/ l ,locke4 ,9 ! same way !re is 9 e sy/em ( morals ! g]m ( a *>act]i/ic & orig9al sy/em ( education4 ,a my/ic1 l ,g]son1 w n assign to education ! same end z a practical & positive writ] l ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,h5ce a v great div]sity 9 sy/ems1 or at lea/ an inf9ite v>iety 9 ! %ades ( educational op9ion4 ,/ill f>!r1 educational activity may manife/ itself 9 diff]5t ways1 ei!r 9 doctr9es & !ories or 9 me?ods & practical applications4 ,! hi/orian ( p$agogy has n m]ely to make kn[n ! g5]al conceptions :i* ! philosoph]s ( education h 9 turn submitt$ to ! approbation ( m54 ,if he wi%es to make 8 "w complete1 he mu/ give a detail$ acc\nt ( :at has be5 accompli%$1 & make an actual /udy ( ! educational e/abli%m5ts :i* h be5 f\nd$ at diff]5t p]iods by ^? :o h organiz$ in/ruction4 ,p$agogy is a complex affair1 & !re are _m ways ( writ+ its hi/ory4 ,"o ( ^! :i* has be5 too little consid]$1 & :i* w\ld surely be nei!r ! lea/ int]e/+ nor ! lea/ fruitful1 w\ld consi/ 9 /udy+1 n ! great writ]s on education & _! doctr9es1 n ! great tea*]s & _! me?ods1 b pupils !mselves4 ,if x 7 possible to relate 9 m9ute detail1 suppos+ t hi/ory w\ld furni% u ! necess>y in=mation on ?is po9t1 ! mann] 9 :i* a great or a good man has be5 educat$2 if an analysis c\ld be made ( ! diff]5t influ5ces :i* h be5 involv$ 9 ! =mation ( tal5t or 9 ! developm5t ( virtue 9 ! case ( rem>kable individuals2 if x 7 possible1 9 a ^w1 to reproduce ?r\gh exact & p]sonal biographies ! toil1 ! sl[ elaboration :5ce h issu$ at diff]5t p]iods solidity ( "*1 rectitude ( purpose1 & m9ds end[$ ) judicial fairness2 ! result w\ld be a useful & em95tly practical "w1 some?+ analog\s to :at a hi/ory ( logic w\ld be1 9 :i* !re %\ld be set =? n ! ab/ract rules & ! =mal laws = ! se>* aft] tru?1 b ! successful exp]im5ts & ! brilliant discov]ies :i* h little by little con/itut$ ! patrimony ( sci5ce4 ,?is p]haps w\ld be ! be/ ( logics because x is real & 9 action2 & also ! be/ ( treatises on p$agogy1 s9ce !re might be le>n$ f x1 n g5]al tru?s1 :i* are (t5 ( difficult application & ( unc]ta9 utility1 b practical means & liv+ me?ods ^: happy & effici5t applications w\ld be se5 9 actual use4 ,we h j trac$ ! imag9>y plan ( a hi/ory ( p$agogy r ?an ! exact outl9e ( ! s]ies ( lessons :i* ?is book conta9s4 ,h[ev]1 we h approa*$ ?is ideal z ne>ly z we h be5 able1 by attempt+ to gr\p ab\t ! pr9cipal philosophical & moral ideas ! sy/ems ( education :i* !y h inspir$2 by endeavor+ to reta9 :atev] is ess5tial2 by add+ to ! fir/ rapid sket*es /udi$ & elaborate portraits2 by ev] m+l+ ) ! expositions ( doctr9es & ! analysis ( important works ! /udy ( practical me?ods & ! exam9ation ( actual in/itutions2 &1 f9ally1 by p5etrat+ ! ?\ght ( ! great educators1 to le>n f !m h[ !y became su*1 & by foll[+ !m1 z !y h unit$ practice ) !ory1 9 ! p>ticul> sy/ems ( education :i* !y h direct$ ) success4#b ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p$agogy4--,! abundance & ! v>iety ( p$agogical que/ions1 ! great numb] ( ?9k]s :o h writt5 ^u education1 9 a ^w1 ! complexity ( ! subject1 might inspire ! hi/orian ( p$agogy ) ! idea ( divid+ 8 "w1 & ( di/ribut+ 8 /udies into sev]al s]ies4 ,= example1 x w\ld be possible to write ! hi/ory ( education 9 g5]al by itself1 & !n ! hi/ory ( in/ruction1 :i* is b an elem5t ( education4 ,z education itself comprises ?ree p>ts1 physical education1 intellectual education1 & moral education1 !re w\ld be an opportunity = ?ree s]ies ( di/9ct /udies on ^! diff]5t subjects4 ,b ^! divisions w\ld pres5t grave inconv5i5ces4 ,9 g5]al1 ! op9ions ( an educator are n susceptible ( division2 !re is a connection betwe5 8 mann] ( reg>d+ ! matt] ( in/ruction & ! solution he gives to educational que/ions prop]4 ,"o mode ( ?9k+ p]vades 8 !ories or 8 practice 9 ! matt] ( moral discipl9e1 & 8 ideas on intellectual education4 ,x is1 !n1 necess>y to consid] ea* ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( education z a :ole4 ,p]haps a bett] ord] ( division w\ld be t :i*1 )\t reg>d to *ronological ord]1 %\ld di/+ui% all p$agogical doctr9es & applications into a c]ta9 numb] ( s*ools1 & connect all educators ) c]ta9 g5]al t5d5cies3 z ! ascetic t5d5cy1 t ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 = example1 & ( ! middle ages2 ! utilit>ian t5d5cy ( ,locke1 & ( a great numb] ( mod]ns2 ! pessimism ( ,port ,royal1 ! optimism ( ,fnelon2 ! lit]>y s*ool ( ! humani/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ! sci5tific s*ool ( ,did]ot & ( ,condorcet4 ,su* a mode ( proc$ure w\ld h its int]e/1 because 9 ! manife/ations ( educational ?\ght s app>5tly diff]5t x w\ld %>ply di/+ui% c]ta9 uni=m pr9ciples :i* reappe> at all p]iods ( hi/ory2 b ?is w\ld be r a philosophy ( ! hi/ory ( education ?an a simple hi/ory ( p$agogy4 ,! be/ we c d1 !n1 is to foll[ ! *ronological ord] & to /udy 9 turn ! educators ( antiquity1 ^? ( ! middle ages1 ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ( mod]n times4 ,we %all int]rogate 9 succession ^? :o h become em95t z tea*]s & educators1 & ask ( ea* h[ he has solv$ = himself ! v>i\s portions ( ! problems ( education4 ,besides be+ m simple & m natural1 ?is ord] has ! advantage ( %[+ u ! progress ( education z x has gradually ris5 f in/9ct to reflection1 f nature to art1 & aft] long p]iods ( grop+ & _m halts1 asc5d+ f humble beg9n+s to a complete & def9ite organization4 ,?is plan also exhibits to u ! beautiful spectacle ( a humanity 9 a /ate ( ceaseless gr[?4 ,at fir/1 in/ruction compris$ b few subjects1 at ! same "t t only a select few p>ticipat$ 9 x4 ,!n !re 0 a simultane\s ?\gh gradual ext5sion ( ! doma9 ( k :i* mu/ be acquir$1 ( ! moral qualities dem&$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ( ! numb] ( m5 :o are call$ to be in/ruct$ & educat$1--! ideal be+1 z ,com5ius has said1 t all may le>n & t ev]y?+ may be taught4 ,,utility ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p$agogy4--,! hi/ory ( p$agogy is h5ce=? to =m a "p ( ! c\rse ( /udy = ! prim>y normal s*ools ( ,france4 ,x has be5 includ$ 9 ! prescrib$ li/ ( subjects = ! ?ird ye>1 "u ?is title3 ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1--,pr9cipal educators & _! doctr9es2 ,analysis ( ! mo/ important works4#c ,is argum5t necess>y to ju/ify ! place :i* has be5 assign$ to ?is /udy8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! hi/ory ( p$agogy possesses great int]e/ f ! fact t x is closely connect$ ) ! g5]al hi/ory ( ?\ght & also ) ! philosophic explication ( human actions4 ,c]ta9ly1 p$agogical doctr9es are nei!r =tuit\s op9ions nor ev5ts )\t significance4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y h _! causes & _! pr9ciples 9 moral1 religi\s1 & political beliefs1 ( :i* !y are ! fai?ful image2 on ! o!r1 !y are in/rum5tal 9 ! tra9+ ( m9d & 9 ! =mation ( mann]s4 ,back ( ! ,ratio ,/udiorum ( ! ,jesuits1 back ( ! mile ( ,r\sseau1 !re di/9ctly appe>s a complete religion1 a complete philosophy4 ,9 ! classical /udies organiz$ by ! humani/s ( ! ,r5aissance we see ! dawn ( t lit]>y brilliancy :i* di/+ui%$ ! c5tury ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & s 9 ! sci5tific /udies prea*$ a hundr$ ye>s ago by ,did]ot & by ,condorcet !re 0 a prep>ation = ! positive _s ( our "t4 ,! education ( ! p is at once ! consequ5ce ( all t x believes & ! s\rce ( all t x is de/9$ to be4 ,b !re are o!r reasons :i* recomm5d ! /udy ( educators & ! read+ ( _! works4 ,! hi/ory ( p$agogy is a necess>y introduction to p$agogy itself4 ,x %\ld be /udi$1 n = purposes ( erudition or = m]e curiosity1 b ) a practical purpose = ! sake ( f9d+ 9 x ! p]man5t tru?s :i* are ! ess5tials ( a def9ite !ory ( education4 ,! desirable ?+ j n[ is n p]haps s mu* to f9d new ideas1 z prop]ly to compreh5d ^? :i* are already curr5t2 to *oose f among !m1 &1 a *oice once hav+ be5 made1 to make a resolute ef=t to apply !m to use4 ,:5 we consid] ) imp>tiality all t has be5 conceiv$ or practis$ previ\s to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 or :5 we see cle>ly :at our pr$ecessors h left u to d 9 ! way ( consequ5ces to d$uce1 ( incomplete or obscure ideas to g5]alize or to illu/rate1 & especially ( oppos+ t5d5cies to reconcile1 we may well inquire :at !y h really left u to discov]4 ,x is pr(itable to /udy ev5 ! *im]as & ! educational errors ( our pr$ecessors4 ,9 fact1 ^! are s _m m>k$ exp]im5ts :i* contribute to ! progress ( our me?ods by w>n+ u ( ! rocks :i* we %\ld %un4 ,a ?or\gh analysis ( ! p>adoxes ( ,r\sseau1 & ( ! absurd consequ5ces to :i* ! abuse ( ! pr9ciple ( nature leads u1 is no less in/ructive ?an m$itation on ! wise/ precepts ( ,montaigne or ( ,port ,royal4 ,9 tru?1 = him :o has an exact k ( ! educators ( pa/ c5turies1 ! "w ( con/ruct+ a sy/em ( education is m ?an half done4 ,x rema9s only to co-ord9ate ! scatt]$ tru?s :i* h be5 collect$ f _! works by assimilat+ !m ?r\gh p]sonal reflection1 & by mak+ !m fruitful ?r\gh psy*ological analysis & moral fai?4 ,let x be obs]v$ t z /udi$ by ! m5 :o fir/ conceiv$ & practis$ !m1 p$agogical me?ods pres5t !mselves to our exam9ation ) a %>pness ( outl9e t is surpris+4 ,innovators l5d to :atev] !y inv5t a p]sonal emphasis1 some?+ life-l & occasionally extravagant2 b x is exactly ?is :i* p]mits u ! bett] to compreh5d _! ?\ght1 & ! m completely to discov] its tru? or its falsity4 ,h[ev]1 x is n alone ! intellectual advantage :i* recomm5ds ! hi/ory ( p$agogy2 x is also ! moral /imulus :i* w be d]iv$ f ! /udy4 ,= ! sake ( enc\rag+ to noble ef=ts ! m5 & wom5 :o are our tea*]s1 is x ( no mom5t to pres5t to !m ! names ( ,com5ius1 ,roll91 & ,pe/alozzi z m5 :o h atta9$ su* high excell5ce 9 _! pr(ession8 ,w n ! tea*] :o ea* day resumes 8 heavy burd5 be reviv$ & su/a9$8 ,w he n ent] 8 class-room1 :]e s _m difficulties & toils await him1 a bett] & a /rong] man if 8 imag9ation teems ) articulate memories ( ^? :o1 9 ! pa/1 h op5$ = him ! way1 & %[n him by _! example h[ to walk 9 x8 ,by ! m>vell\s ag5cy ( electricity we are n[ able to transport mat]ial & me*anical p[]1 & to cause its transf] across space )\t reg>d to di/ance4 ,b by read+ & by m$itation we are able to d some?+ analog\s to ?is 9 ! moral _w2 we are able to borr[ f ! anci5ts1 across ! c5turies1 some?+ ( ! moral en]gy t inspir$ !m1 & to make live aga9 9 our own he>ts "s ( _! virtues ( devotion & fai?4 ,d\btless a brief hi/ory ( p$agogy c\ld n1 f ?is po9t ( view1 s]ve z a sub/itute = ! actual read+ ( ! au?ors 9 "q2 b x is a prep>ation = ?is "w & inspires a ta/e = x4 ,we are w>rant$ 9 say+1 !n1 t ! utility ( ! hi/ory ( p$agogy bl5ds ) ! utility ( p$agogy itself4 ,to-day x is no long] necess>y = u to (f] any pro( on ?is po9t4 ,p$agogy1 long neglect$ ev5 9 our c\ntry1 has rega9$ its /&+2 nay m1 x has become ! fa%ion4 8,france is becom+ addict$ to p$agogy0 0 a rem>k rec5tly made by "o ( ! m5 :o1 ( our day1 w h contribut$ mo/ to excite & also to direct ! ta/e = p$agogical /udies4#d ,! words p$agogue1 p$agogy1 h enc\nt]$ dang]s 9 ! hi/ory ( our language4 ,littr tells u t ! ^w p$agogue 8is mo/ (t5 us$ 9 a bad s5se40 ,on ! o!r h&1 we %all see1 if we consult 8 diction>y1 t sev]al ye>s ago ! s5se ( ! ^w p$agogy 0 n yet fix$1 s9ce x is !re def9$ z 8! moral education ( *ildr540 ,to-day1 n only 9 language1 b 9 facts & 9 in/itutions1 ! fate ( p$agogy is settl$4 ,( c\rse we mu/ nei!r und]rate x nor attribute to x a sov]eign & omnipot5t effici5cy t x does n h4 ,we might freely say ( p$agogy :at ,sa9te-,beuve said ( logic3 ,! be/ is t :i* does n argue 9 its own favor2 :i* is n enam\r$ ( itself1 b :i* mode/ly recognizes ! limits ( its p[]4 ,! be/ is t :i* we make = ourselves1 n t :i* we le>n f books4 ,ev5 ) ?is res]ve1 ! tea*+ ( p$agogy is de/9$ to r5d] important s]vices to ! cause ( education1 & education1 let u be assur$1 is 9 ! way ( acquir+ a fre% importance day by day4 ,?is is due to ! fact1 fir/1 t "u a lib]al gov]nm5t1 & 9 a republican society1 x is m & m necess>y t ! citiz5s %all be in/ruct$ & enlight5$4 ,lib]ty is a dang]\s ?+ unless x has in/ruction = a c\nt]poise4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ recollect t 9 our day1 among ^? occult coadjutors ( :i* we h spok51 & :i* at all times add _! action to t ( education prop]1 "s h lo/ _! influ5ce1 :ile o!rs1 s f> f co-op]at+ 9 ?is movem5t1 oppose x & compromise x4 ,on ! "o h&1 religion has se5 h] influ5ce curtail$4 ,%e is no long]1 z %e once 01 ! tutel>y p[] "u ^: %ad[ ! ris+ g5]ations peacefully matur$4 ,x is necess>y t education1 ?r\gh ! progress ( ! reason & ?r\gh ! reflective developm5t ( morality1 %\ld comp5sate = ! wan+ influ5ce ( religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 social conditions1 ! v progress ( civil & political lib]ty1 ! gr[+ indep5d5ce accord$ ! *ild 9 ! family1 ! multiplication ( books1 good & bad1 all ^! collat]al ag5ts ( education are n always compliant & useful aids4 ,!y w\ld prove ! accomplices ( a moral decad5ce did n our tea*]s make an ef=t z mu* m vigor\s to affect ! w & ! he>t1 z well z ! m9d1 9 ord] to e/abli% "*1 & ?us assure ! recup]ation ( our c\ntry4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,gabriel ,,compayr4#e ,gabriel ,compayr 0 born ,jan4 #b1 #ahdc1 at ,albi1 a city ( ,s\!rn ,france1 conta9+ ab\t fifte5 ?\s& inhabitants1 & ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,t>n4 ,8 e>ly education 0 receiv$ f 8 fa!r1 a man ( /]l+ "*1 & ! au?or ( a book entitl$1 ,hi/orical ,/udies ,conc]n+ ! ,albig5ses4 ,he pass$ f 8 fa!r's c>e to ! collge ( ,ca/res1 !n to ! lyce ( ,t\l\se1 & f9ally to ! lyce ,l\is-le-,gr& at ,p>is4 ,8 fell[-pupils recall ) pleasure 8 triumphs at ^! in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,8 brilliant intellectual p[]s1 8 vivid imag9ation1 8 well-/or$ memory1 & 8 unwe>i$ indu/ry1 m>k$ him z de/9$ to r5d] signal s]vices to 8 race4 ,he ent]$ ! cole ,normale ,suprieure 9 #ahfb4 ,8 ta/es l$ him to philosophical /udies2 inde$1 he _h already manife/$ a /rong t5d5cy to moral & intellectual sci5ce4 ,yet 8 int5sely practical nature c\ld n long rema9 satisfi$ ) metaphysical subtleties :]e he f\nd no sure foot-hold4 ,he became a w>m advocate ( exp]im5tal me?ods1 & ( ! ,baconian philosophy4 ,he set himself to a /udy ( man z he appe>s 9 society & 9 ! family2 to ! analysis ( 8 emotions & 8 acts1 & to ! d$uction1 f ^! analyses1 ( ^? rules :i* ought to preside ov] 8 conduct & 8 intellectual & moral developm5t4 ,he graduat$ f ! normal s*ool 9 #ahfe1 & 0 imm$iately appo9t$ pr(essor ( philosophy at ! lyce ( ,pau4 ,a lecture ^u ,r\sseau1 :i* he deliv]$ "h1 br\ght ^u him ! sev]e condemnation ( ! ultramontane p>ty1 & involv$ him 9 a controv]sy :i* has cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 #ahfh1 hav+ be5 made a fell[ ( ! ,univ]sity1 he 0 s5t to ! lyce ( ,poiti]s4 ,at ?is place he manife/$ 8 sympa?y = ! common p by a c\rse ( lectures to workm5 on moral subjects4 ,ab\t ?is "t he receiv$ honorable m5tion f ! ,academy = an eloqu5t eulogy ^u ,r\sseau1 9 :i* he c>efully portray$ ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau ^u ! gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry & ^u me?ods ( s*ool in/ruction1 giv+ him full cr$it = ! re=m 9 bo?4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ,compayr's life has be5 fill$ ) labors & ) honors4 ,9 addition to 8 pr(essional duties & philosophical writ+s1 he has made c>eful /udy ( ! social & political que/ions ( 8 c\ntry4 ,promot$ f "o po/ ( honor to ano!r1 on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahhj1 he 0 appo9t$ ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,9 #ahgd he pres5t$ 8 !me = 8 doctor's degree ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,david ,hume1 a "w ( ! highe/ philosophical ?\ght & language1 :i* receiv$ a prize f ! ,academy4 ,betwe5 #ahgd & #ahhj 8 lectures 7 l>gely devot$ to ! subjects mo/ closely connect$ ) mod]n ?\ght4 ,a ,/udy ( ,d>w9ism1 ,! ,psy*ology ( a ,*ild1 ,educational ,pr9ciples1 are subjects t indicate ! sweep ( 8 inve/igations4 ,! brilliancy ( 8 /yle1 ! lib]ality ( 8 op9ions1 & ! ext5t ( 8 le>n+ h expos$ him to bitt] attacks f ^? :o envy 8 p[]s & disbelieve 8 doctr9es2 yet 8 popul>ity has cont9ually increas$1 & ! "y pr(essor has become a great p[] 9 ! p>ty ( ! republic1 to ^: cause he e>ly devot$ himself4 ,! works :i* he publi%$ dur+ ?is p]iod 7 num]\s4 ,he translat$ ) great c>e1 add+ valuable matt] ( 8 own3 ,ba9's ,inductive & ,d$uctive ,logic1 ,huxley's ,hume1 ,8 ,life & ,philosophy1 & ,locke's ,?\ghts on ,education4 ,8 mo/ consid]able "w is 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,education 9 ,france s9ce ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 a "w ( two volumes1 publi%$ 9 #ahgi1 :i* rea*$ its f\r? edition 9 ,france 9 #ahhc1 has be5 translat$ entire into ,g]man1 & f :i* num]\s extracts h be5 made = ! educational j\rnals ( ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,if we add to ^! labors 8 "w ^u ! ,revue ,philosophique1 & ! ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie1 we %all und]/& :y he 0 call$ to ,p>is 9 #ahha1 by ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 to aid 9 f\nd+ ! cole ,normale ,suprieure des ,in/itutrices1 de ,font5ay-aux-,roses4 ,he successfully arrang$ ! c\rse ( in/ruction = ?is s*ool4 ,9 ! same ye> he assi/$ 9 ! organization ( a new s*ool at ,svres1 :i* prep>es "y tea*]s = ! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 ! normal s*ools4 ,9 #ahhj he publi%$ 8 ,manual ( ,civil & ,moral ,in/ruction1 9 two c\rses1 or p>ts4 ,?is book has _h a rem>kable c>e]4 ,9 less ?an ?ree ye>s m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& copies ( ! fir/ "p1 & ov] five hundr$ ?\s& ( ! second "p1 7 sold4 ,9 #ahhb1 9 conjunction ) a fri5d1 ,m4 ,a4 ,delplan1 an au?or ( m]it1 he publi%$ 8 ,civil & ,moral ,lectures4 ,9 #ahhc he publi%$ a ,c\rse ( ,civil ,in/ruction = normal s*ools4 ,compayr ent]$ political life 9 #ahha1 hav+ be5 elect$ deputy f ! arrondissem5t ( ,lavaur 9 ,t>n4 ,he occupies a di/+ui%$ position among ! m5 ( to-day2 8 "*1 8 tal5ts1 8 popul>ity1 & 8 devotion to ! cause ( civil & intellectual fre$om1 give him ! assurance ( a place no less important among ! m5 ( ! future4 ,9 8 p]sonal appe>ance ,compayr comb9es ! s*ol> & ! man ( ! _w4 ,8 d>k hair1 p>t$ 9 ! middle1 is comb$ back f a =ehead v high & v broad4 ,8 eye is bright & pi]c+1 & 8 face1 clean %av5 except ^u ! upp] lip1 be>s ! impress ( bo? 8 +5u\sness & 8 indomitable p]sev]ance4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ! ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie1 by ,f4 ,buisson1 ,article ,bibliographie4 #b ,! book n[ (f]$ to ! public 0 taught be=e x 0 writt54 ,x is ! result ( ! lectures giv5 = ?ree ye>s pa/1 ei!r at ! high] normal s*ool ( ,font5ay-aux-,roses1 or 9 ! normal c\rses = m5 at ,svres & at ,sa9t ,cl\d4 #c ,resolution ( ,aug4 #c1 #ahha4 #d ,see ! ,article ( ,m4 ,pcaut 9 ! ,revue ,pdagogique1 ,no4 #b1 #ahhb4 #e ,furni%$ by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,e4 ,gay1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,mald5 ,high ,s*ool4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p$agogy4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p$agogy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,education ,,9 ,,antiquity4 ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations2 ,,education ,,among ,,! ,,h9doos2 ,,political ,,ca/e ,,& ,,religi\s ,,pan!ism2 ,,effects ,,on ,,education2 ,,buddhi/ic ,,re=m2 ,,conv]sation ,,( ,,buddha ,,& ,,purna2 ,,educational ,,usages2 ,,education ,,among ,,! ,,israelites2 ,,primitive ,,p]iod2 ,,religi\s ,,& ,,national ,,education2 ,,progress ,,( ,,popul> ,,in/ruction2 ,,organization ,,( ,,s*ools2 ,,respect ,,= ,,tea*]s2 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,discipl9e2 ,,exclusive ,,& ,,jeal\s ,,_s2 ,,education ,,among ,,! ,,*9ese2 ,,=malism2 ,l,o-,,tsze ,,& ,,khung-,,tsze 7,,confucius72 ,,education ,,among ,,o!r ,,p ,,( ,,! ,,ea/2 ,,! ,,egyptians ,,& ,,! ,,p]sians2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #a4 ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations4--,a ,g]man hi/orian ( philosophy beg9s 8 "w by ask+ ?is "q3 8,0 ,adam a philosoph]80 ,9 ! same way c]ta9 hi/orians ( p$agogy beg9 by le>n$ rese>*es ^u ! education ( savages4 ,we %all n c>ry our inve/igations s f> back4 ,d\btless f ! day :5 a human family began its exi/5ce1 f ! day :5 a fa!r & a "m began to love _! *ildr51 education _h an exi/5ce4 ,b !re is v little practical int]e/ 9 /udy+ ^! obscure beg9n+s ( p$agogy4 ,x is a matt] ( erudition & curiosity4#f ,besides ! difficulty ( ga!r+ up ! fa9t traces ( primitive education1 !re w\ld be b little pr(it 9 pa9fully foll[+ ! sl[ grop+s ( primeval man4 ,9 tru?1 ! hi/ory ( p$agogy dates b f ! p]iod relatively rec5t1 :5 human ?\ght1 9 ! matt] ( education1 sub/itut$ reflection = in/9ct1 art = bl9d nature4 ,s we %all ha/5 to beg9 ! /udy ( p$agogy among ! classical peoples1 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 aft] hav+ ?r[n a rapid glance ov] "s ,ea/]n nations consid]$ ei!r 9 _! bir?place & remote orig91 or 9 _! m rec5t developm5t4 #b4 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,h9doos4--,x w\ld n be wor? our :ile to ent] into details respect+ a civilization s diff]5t f our own z t ( ! ,h9doos4 ,b we %\ld n =get t we are 9 "p ! desc5dants ( t p1 & t we belong to ! same e?nic gr\p1 & t ! ,european languages are d]iv$ f !irs4 #c4 ,,political ,,ca/e ,,& ,,religi\s ,,pan!ism4--,! _s ( ca/e1 f ! social po9t ( view1 & pan!ism1 f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ,h9doo society4 ,! ,indian ca/es con/itut$ h]$it>y classes :]e social rank & special vocation 7 det]m9$1 n by free *oice1 b by ! accid5t ( bir?4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 an endless r\t9e1 ) no c>e ei!r = ! individuality1 or ! p]sonal tal5ts1 or ! incl9ation ( *ildr51 & )\t ! possibility ( ris+ by p]sonal ef=t above "o's rank 9 life4#g ,on ! o!r h&1 religi\s ideas came to re/rict1 )9 ! limits :]e x 0 already imprison$1 ! activity ( ! "y ,h9doo4 ,god is ev]y:]e pres5t2 he manife/s himself 9 all ! ph5om5a ( heav5 & e>?1 9 ! sun & 9 ! />s1 9 ! ,himalayas & 9 ! ,ganges2 he p5etrates & animates ev]y?+2 ! ?+s ( s5se are b ! *ang+ & ephem]al ve/m5ts ( ! un*angeable be+4 8,) ?is pan!i/ic conception ( ! _w & ( life1 ! ?\ght & ! w ( ! ,h9doo p]i%$ 9 ! my/ic contemplation ( ! s\l4 ,to become ma/] ( "o's incl9ations2 to ab&on e t]re/rial ?\ght2 aft] ?is life to lose "o's id5tity1 & to be annihilat$ by absorption 9 ! div9e nature2 to prep>e "o's self by mac]ations & expiations = complete subm]sion 9 ! orig9al pr9ciple ( all be+1--?is is ! highe/ wisdom1 ! true happ9ess ( ! ,h9doo1 ! ideal ( all s]i\s education40#h #d4 ,,effects ,,on ,,education4--,x is easy to pr$ict :at education w\ld become "u ! weight ( ^! d\ble *a9s1 social & religi\s4 ,:ile ! ideal 9 our mod]n societies is m & m to enfran*ise ! individual1 & to create = him p]sonal fre$om & self-consci\sness1 ! ef=t ( ! ,h9doo ,brahm9s consi/$ above all 9 cru%+ out all spontaneity1 9 aboli%+ individual pr$ilections1 by prea*+ ! doctr9e ( absolute self-r5unciation1 ( volunt>y abasem5t1 & ( contempt = life4 ,man 0 ?us born d\bly a slave1--by 8 social condition1 :i* pr$e/9at$ him to ! r\t9e appr5tice%ip ( 8 ance/ral ca/e1 & by 8 my/]i\s dep5d5ce on ! div9e be+ :o absorb$ 9 himself all real activity1 & left to human be+s only ! deceptive & frail appe>ance ( x4 #e4 ,,buddhi/ ,,re=m4--,! ,buddhi/ re=m1 :i* s pr(\ndly affect$ ,brahmanism at ab\t ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 did n s5sibly modify1 f ! educational po9t ( view1 ! ideas ( ! ,h9doos4 ,buddha also taught t ! cause ( evil resides 9 ! passions ( m51 & t 9 ord] to atta9 moral peace1 !re is no o!r means to be employ$ ?an t ( self-abnegation & ( ! r5\ncem5t ( ev]y?+ selfi% & p]sonal4 #f4 ,,conv]sation ,,( ,,buddha ,,& ,,purna4--,"o ( ! traditions :i* p]mit u ! bett] to appreciate ! orig9al "*1 at once affect+ & +5u\s1 ( ,indian ?\ght1 is ! conv]sation ( ,buddha ) 8 disciple ,purna ab\t a j\rney ! latt] 0 go+ to und]take to ! b>b>ians = ! purpose ( tea*+ !m ! new religion3-- 8,!y are m510 said ,buddha1 8:o are fi]y 9 temp]1 passionate1 cruel1 furi\s1 insol5t4 ,if !y op5ly address y 9 words :i* are malici\s & co>se1 & become angry ) y1 :at w y ?9k80 8,if !y address me to my face 9 co>se & insol5t t]ms1 ?is is :at ,i %all ?9k3 !y are c]ta9ly good m5 :o op5ly address me 9 malici\s t]ms1 b !y w nei!r /rike me ) _! h&s nor /one me40 8,b %\ld !y /rike y ) _! h&s & /one y1 :at w y ?9k80 8,i %all ?9k t !y are good m51 g5tle m51 :o /rike me ) _! h&s & /one me1 b d n beat me ) a club nor ) a sword40 8,b if !y beat y ) a club & ) a sword80 8,!y are good m51 g5tle m51 :o beat me ) a club & ) a sword1 b !y d n completely kill me40 8,b if !y 7 really to kill y80 8,!y are good m51 g5tle m51 :o deliv] me ) s little pa9 f ?is body encumb]$ ) defilem5ts40 8,v good1 ,purna6 ,y may live 9 ! c\ntry ( ^? b>b>ians4 ,g1 ,purna6 ,be+ lib]at$1 lib]ate2 be+ consol$1 console2 hav+ rea*$ ,nirvna ?us made p]fect1 cause o!rs to g !re40#i ,:atev] !re is to admire 9 su* a /range sy/em ( morals %\ld n bl9d u to ! vices :i* result$ f its practical consequ5ces3 su* z ! abuse ( passive resignation1 ! complete abs5ce ( ! idea ( "r & ( ju/ice1 & no active virtues4 #g4 ,,effects ,,on ,,education4--,little is kn[n ( ! actual /ate ( educational practice among ! ,h9doos4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ! ,brahm9s1 ! prie/s1 _h ! exclusive *>ge ( education4 ,woman1 9 absolute subjection to man1 _h no %>e :atev] 9 in/ruction4 ,z to boys1 x seems t 9 ,india !re 7 always s*ools = _! b5efit2 s*ools :i* 7 held 9 ! op5 c\ntry "u ! %ade ( trees1 or1 9 case ( bad wea!r1 "u %$s4 ,mutual in/ruction has be5 practis$ 9 ,india f ! remote/ antiquity2 x is f "h1 9 fact1 t ,&rew ,bell1 at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 borr[$ ! idea ( ?is mode ( in/ruction4 ,ex]cises 9 writ+ 7 p]=m$ fir/ ^u ! s& ) a /ick1 !n ^u palm leaves ) an iron /yle1 & f9ally ^u ! dry leaves ( ! plane-tree ) ink4 ,9 discipl9e !re 0 a resort to corporal puni%m5t2 besides ! rod ! tea*] employ$ o!r orig9al means ( correction2 = example1 he ?rew cold wat] on ! (f5d]4 ,! tea*]1 moreov]1 0 treat$ ) a religi\s respect2 ! *ild mu/ respect him z he w\ld ,buddha himself4 ,! high] /udies 7 res]v$ = ! prie/ly class1 :o1 long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 successfully cultivat$ rhetoric & logic1 a/ronomy & ! ma!matics4 #h4 ,,education ,,among ,,! ,,israelites4--8,if ev] a p has demon/rat$ ! p[] ( education1 x is ! p ( ,israel40#aj ,9 fact1 :at a s+ul> spectacle is (f]$ u by t p1 :i*1 dispossess$ ( its own c\ntry = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 has be5 disp]s$ among ! nations )\t los+ its id5tity1 & has ma9ta9$ its exi/5ce )\t a c\ntry1 )\t a gov]nm5t1 & )\t a rul]1 pres]v+ ) p]5nial en]gy its habits1 its mann]s1 & its fai?6 ,)\t los+ sight ( ! "p ( t extraord9>y vitality ( ! ,jewi% p1 :i* is due to ! natural end[m5ts ( ! race1 its t5acity ( temp]am5t1 & its wond]ful activity ( intellig5ce1 x is j to attribute ano!r "p ( x to ! s\nd education1 at once religi\s & national1 :i* ! anci5t ,hebrews h transmitt$ by tradition to _! desc5dants4 #i4 ,,education1 ,,religi\s ,,& ,,national1 ,,dur+ ,,! ,,primitive ,,p]iod4--,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! education ( ! ,hebrews 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( _! hi/ory is t x 0 ess5tially dome/ic4 ,dur+ ! :ole ,biblical p]iod !re is no trace ( public s*ools1 at lea/ = "y *ildr54 ,family life is ! orig9 ( t primitive society :]e ! notion ( ! /ate is almo/ unkn[n1 & :]e ,god is ! real k+4 ,! *ild 0 to become ! fai?ful s]vant ( ,jehovah4 ,to ?is end x 0 n ne$ful t he %\ld be le>n$4 ,x 0 only necess>y t he %\ld le>n ?r\gh language & ! in/ructive example ( 8 p>5ts ! moral precepts & ! religi\s beliefs ( ! nation4 ,x has be5 v ju/ly said#aa t 8among all nations ! direction impress$ on education dep5ds on ! idea :i* !y =m ( ! p]fect man4 ,among ! ,romans x is ! brave soldi]1 inur$ to fatigue1 & readily yield+ to discipl9e2 among ! ,a!nians x is ! man :o unites 9 himself ! happy h>mony ( moral & physical p]fection2 among ! ,hebrews ! p]fect man is ! pi\s1 virtu\s man1 :o is capable ( atta9+ ! ideal trac$ by ,god himself 9 ^! t]ms3 #8,ye %all be holy1 = ,i ! ,"l y\r ,god am holy6'0#ab ,! discipl9e 0 h>%1 z is prov$ by _m passages 9 ! ,bible3 8,he t sp>e? 8 rod1 hate? 8 son10 say ! ,prov]bs2 8b he t love? him *a/5e? him betimes40#ac 8,)hold n correction f ! *ild1 = if ?\ beate/ him ) ! rod1 he %all n die4 ,?\ %alt beat him ) ! rod1 & %alt deliv] 8 s\l f hell40#ad ,& /ill m significant3 8,*a/5 ?y son :ile !re is hope1 & let n ?y s\l sp>e = 8 cry+40#ae ,only boys1 x seems1 le>n$ to read & write4 ,z to girls1 !y 7 taught to sp91 to weave1 to prep>e food = ! table1 to sup]9t5d ! "w ( ! h\sehold1 & also to s+ & to dance4 ,9 a ^w1 intellectual culture 0 b an incid5t 9 ! primitive education ( ! ,hebrews2 ! great ?+1 9 _! eyes1 0 moral & religi\s in/ruction1 & education 9 love ( c\ntry4 ,fa!rs taught _! *ildr5 ! nation's hi/ory1 & ! great ev5ts t _h m>k$ ! de/9y ( ! p ( ,god4 ,t s]ies ( ev5ts celebrat$ by ! great fea/s :i* 7 (t5 r5ew$1 & 9 :i* ! *ildr5 p>ticipat$1 s]v$ at once to fill _! he>ts ) gratitude to ,god & ) love = _! c\ntry4 #aj4 ,,progress ,,( ,,popul> ,,in/ruction4--,x is n easy to conceive to :at ext5t ! zeal = in/ruction 0 develop$ among ! anci5t ,jews 9 ! ye>s t foll[$ ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f be+ dome/ic1 z x _h be5 up to t "t1 ,jewi% education became public4 ,besides1 x 0 no long] suffici5t to indoctr9ate *ildr5 ) good pr9ciples & :olesome moral habits2 !y mu/ also be in/ruct$4 ,f ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,israelites approa*$ our mod]n ideal1 ) respect to mak+ education obligatory & univ]sal4 ,l e brave nation t has be5 vanqui%$1 ^: en]gy has surviv$ defeat1 l ! ,prussians aft] ,j5a1 or ! ,fr5* aft] #ahgj1 ! ,jews s\ght to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! effects ( conque/ by a great intellectual ef=t1 & to rega9 _! lo/ gr\nd by ! developm5t ( popul> in/ruction4 #aa4 ,,organization ,,( ,,s*ools4--,9 ! ye> #fd1 ! high prie/1 ,jo%ua ,b5 ,gamala1 impos$ on ea* t[n1 "u pa9 ( excommunication1 ! obligation to support a s*ool4 ,if ! t[n is cut 9 two by a riv]1 & !re is no means ( transit by a safe bridge1 a s*ool mu/ be e/abli%$ on ea* side4 ,ev5 to-day we are f> f hav+ realiz$1 z reg>ds ! numb] ( s*ools & ( tea*]s1 ?is rule /at$ 9 ! ,talmud3 ,if ! numb] ( *ildr5 does n exce$ tw5ty-five1 ! s*ool %all be conduct$ by a s+le tea*]2 = m ?an tw5ty-five1 ! t[n %all employ an assi/ant2 if ! numb] exce$s =ty1 !re %all be two ma/]s4 #ab4 ,,respect ,,= ,,tea*]s4--,9 t anci5t "t1 :at an exalt$ & noble conception m5 _h ( tea*]s1 8^? true gu>dians ( ! city06 ,ev5 !n1 h[ exact+ 7 ! requirem5ts made ( !m6 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ !y 7 e/eem$ & respect$6 ,! ,rabb9s requir$ t ! s*oolma/] %\ld be m>ri$2 !y mi/ru/$ tea*]s :o 7 n at ! same "t heads ( families4 ,is x possible to en=ce ! advantages ( maturity & exp]i5ce m delicately ?an 9 ?is beautiful language8 8,he :o le>ns ( a "y ma/] is l a man :o eats gre5 grapes1 & dr9ks w9e fre% f ! press2 b he :o has a ma/] ( mature ye>s is l a man :o eats ripe & delici\s grapes1 & dr9ks old w9e40 ,mildness1 pati5ce1 & unselfi%ness 7 recomm5d$ z ! rul+ virtues ( ! tea*]4 8,if y\r tea*] & y\r fa!r10 says ! ,talmud1 8h ne$ ( y\r assi/ance1 help y\r tea*] be=e help+ y\r fa!r1 = ! latt] has giv5 y only ! life ( ?is _w1 :ile ! =m] has secur$ = y ! life ( ! _w to come40#af #ac4 ,,me?od ,,& ,,discipl9e4--,! *ild ent]$ s*ool at ! age ( six4 8,if a *ild bel[ ! age ( six is br\ght to y\r s*ool10 says ! ,talmud1 8y ne$ n receive him02 & to indicate t aft] t age x is prop] to rega9 ! lo/ "t1 ! ,talmud adds1 8,aft] ! age ( six1 receive ! *ild1 & load him l an ox40 ,on ! contr>y1 o!r au?orities ( ! same p]iod1 m judici\s & f>-see+1 recomm5d mod]ation 9 tasks1 & say t x is necess>y to treat 8! "y accord+ to _! /r5g?1 & ! gr[n-up accord+ to !irs40 ,!re 0 taught 9 ! ,jewi% s*ools1 along ) read+ & writ+1#ag a little ( natural hi/ory1 & a great deal ( geometry & a/ronomy4 ,naturally1 ! ,bible 0 ! fir/ book put 9 ! h&s ( *ildr54 ,! ma/] int]sp]s$ moral lessons ) ! tea*+ ( read+4 ,he made a special ef=t to secure a correct pronunciation1 & multipli$ 8 explanations 9 ord] to make sure ( be+ und]/ood1 repeat+ 8 comm5ts ev5 to ! f\r-hundr$? "t if x 7 necess>y4 ,x seems t ! me?ods 7 sugge/ive & attractive1 & ! discipl9e relatively mild4 ,!re 7 b few m>ks ( ! prov]bial sev]ity ( ! anci5t times4 8,*ildr510 says ! ,talmud1 8%\ld be puni%$ ) "o h&1 & c>ess$ ) two40 ,! ,*ri/ian _s1 ! _s ( him :o _h said 8suff] ! little *ildr5 to come unto me10 _h affect$ ! ,jews !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 corporal puni%m5t 0 tol]at$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b1 /range to say1 only = *ildr5 above ! age ( elev54 ,9 case ( disob$i5ce1 a pupil above t age might be depriv$ ( food1 & ev5 /ruck ) a /rap ( %oe-lea!r4 #ad4 ,,exclusive ,,& ,,jeal\s ,,_s4--,"s res]vation mu/ accompany ! encomiums ju/ly due ,jewi% education4 ,) respect to ! re/ ( ! human race1 ! ,jewi% _s 0 mean1 n>r[1 & malevol5t4 ,! ,israelites ( ?is day h reta9$ some?+ ( ^! jeal\s & exclusive t5d5cies4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! fi]ce & haughty patriotism ( ! ,jews l$ !m to proscribe :atev] 0 ( ,g5tile orig91 :atev] _h n ! sanction ( ! national tradition4 ,no?+ ( ,greek or ,roman culture p5etrat$ ?is clos$ _w4#ah ,! ,jewi% doctors cov]$ ) ! same contempt him :o raises hogs & him :o tea*es 8 son ,greek sci5ce4 #ae4 ,,education ,,among ,,! ,,*9ese4--,we h attempt$ to ?r[ into relief ! educational practices ( two ,ea/]n nations to :i* ! civilization ( ! ,we/ is mo/ intimately relat$4 ,a few words w suffice = ! o!r primitive societies ^: hi/ory is too little kn[n1 & ^: civilization is too remote f our own1 to make _! plans ( education any?+ m ?an an object ( curiosity4 ,*9a has be5 civiliz$ f "t immemorial1 & at e p]iod ( h] long hi/ory %e has pres]v$ h] national *>act]i/ics4 ,= m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s an absolute uni=mity has *>act]iz$ ?is immobile p4 ,ev]y?+ is regulat$ by tradition4 ,education is me*anical & =mal4 ,! preoccupation ( tea*]s is to cause _! pupils to acquire a me*anical ability1 a regul> & sure r\t9e4 ,!y c>e m = appe>ances1 = a decor\s mann] ( conduct1 ?an = a se>*+ & pr(\nd morality4 ,life is b a c]emonial1 m9utely det]m9$ & punctually foll[$4 ,!re is no lib]ty1 no gl[ ( spontaneity4 ,_! art is *>act]iz$ by conv5tional ref9em5t & by a prett9ess t seems mean2 !re is no?+ ( ! gr& & impos+4 ,by _! =malism1 ! ,*9ese educators are ! ,jesuits ( ! ,ea/4 #af4 ,l,o-,,tsze ,,& ,,khung-,,tsze4--,t[>ds ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 two re=m]s appe>$ 9 ,*9a1 ,lo-tsze & ,khung-tsze4 ,! fir/ repres5ts ! _s ( emancipation1 ( progress1 ( ! pursuit ( ! ideal1 ( prote/ aga9/ r\t9e4 ,he fail$4 ,! second1 on ! contr>y1 :o became celebrat$ "u ! "n ( ,confucius1 & to :om tradition ascribes m ?an ?ree ?\s& p]sonal disciples1 secur$ ! triumph ( 8 ideas ( practical1 utilit>ian morality1 f\nd$ ^u ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate & t ( ! family1 z well z ^u ! int]e/ ( ! individual4 ,a quotation f ,lo-tsze w prove t human ?\ght1 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 _h rea*$ a high m>k 9 ,*9a3-- 8,c]ta9 bad rul]s w\ld h u believe t ! he>t & ! _s ( man %\ld be left empty1 b t in/ead 8 /oma* %\ld be fill$2 t 8 bones %\ld be /r5g!n$ r ?an ! p[] ( 8 w2 t we %\ld always desire to h ! p rema9 9 a /ate ( ignorance1 = !n _! dem&s w\ld be few4 ,x is difficult1 !y say1 to gov]n a p t are too wise4 8,^! doctr9es are directly oppos$ to :at is due to humanity4 ,^? 9 au?ority %\ld come to ! aid ( ! p by means ( oral & writt5 in/ruction2 s f> f oppress+ !m & treat+ !m z slaves1 !y %\ld d !m good 9 e possible way40 ,9 o!r words1 x is by enlight5+ ! p1 & by an hone/ devotion to _! int]e/s1 t "o becomes wor?y to gov]n !m4 ,if ! ,*9ese h n fully pr(it$ by ^! wise & exalt$ c\nsels1 x appe>s t at lea/ !y h attempt$ to make in/ruction g5]al4 ,hue1 a ,*9ese mission>y1 boldly decl>es t ,*9a is ! c\ntry ( all c\ntries :]e prim>y in/ruction is mo/ widely diffus$4 ,to ! same effect1 a ,g]man writ] affirms t 9 ,*9a !re is n a village s mis]able1 nor a hamlet s unpret5d+1 z n to be provid$ ) a s*ool ( "s k9d4#ai ,9 a c\ntry ( tradition1 l ,*9a1 we c inf] :at once exi/$ f :at exi/s to-day4 ,b t in/ruction :i* is s widely diffus$ is :olly sup]ficial & t5ds m]ely to an ext]ior culture4 ,z ,dittes says1 ! educational me?od ( ! ,*9ese consi/s1 n 9 develop+1 b 9 communicat+4#bj #ag4 ,,education ,,among ,,! ,,o!r ,,nations ,,( ,,! ,,ea/4--,( all ! ori5tal nations1 ,egypt is ! "o 9 :i* intellectual culture seems to h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t1 b only among m5 ( a privileg$ class4 ,"h1 z 9 ,india1 ! prie/ly class monopoliz$ ! le>n+ ( ! day2 x jeal\sly gu>d$ ! depository ( my/]i\s k :i* x communicat$ only to ! k+s4 ,! common p1 divid$ into work+ classes1 :i* 7 de/9$ f fa!r to son to ! same social /atus1 le>n$ sc>cely m ?an 0 necess>y 9 ord] to practise _! h]$it>y trades & to be initiat$ into ! religi\s beliefs4 ,9 ! m milit>y b less !ocratic nation1 ! ,p]sian1 ef=ts 7 made 9 favor ( a g5]al education4 ,! religi\s dualism :i* di/+ui%$ ,ormuzd1 ! pr9ciple ( good1 f ,ahriman1 ! pr9ciple ( evil1 & :i* promis$ ! victory to ! =m]1 made x ! duty ( ea* man to contribute to ?is f9al victory by devot+ himself to a life ( virtue4 ,h5ce arose noble ef=ts to atta9 physical & moral p]fection4 ,! education ( ! ,p]sians 9 temp]ance & frugality has excit$ ! admiration ( c]ta9 ,greek writ]s1 especially ,x5ophon1 & !re w be f\nd 9 8 ,cyropdia a ?rill+ picture ( ! brave & noble mann]s ( ! anci5t ,p]sians4#ba ,on ! :ole1 ! hi/ory ( p$agogy among ! p ( ! ,ea/ (f]s u b few examples to foll[4 ,t :i*1 9 diff]5t degrees1 *>act]izes primitive education is t x is ! privilege ( c]ta9 classes2 t woman is mo/ g5]ally exclud$ f its b5efits2 t 9 respect ( ! common p x is sc>cely m ?an ! "q ( an appr5tice%ip to a trade1 or ( ! art ( w>1 or ( a prep>ation = ! future life2 t no appeal is made to ! free en]gy ( individuals1 b t ! great masses ( ! p 9 antiquity h g5]ally liv$ "u ! h>ass+ oppression ( religi\s conceptions1 ( fix$ traditions1 & ( political despotism4 #ah4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--,speak+ g5]ally1 ! education ( ! primitive nations ( ! ,ea/ _h ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3-- #a4 ,x 0 adm9i/]$ by ! hi]atic class4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t ! prie/s 7 ! only m5 ( le>n+1 & consequ5tly ! only m5 :o c\ld tea*4 #b4 ,! k communicat$ 0 9 ! ma9 religi\s1 e?ical1 & prud5tial1 & ! f9al purpose ( in/ruction 0 good conduct4 #c4 ,z ! matt] ( in/ruction 0 k be>+ ! sanction ( au?ority1 ! le>n] 0 deb>r$ f free inquiry1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy 0 t[>ds immobility4 #d4 ,z ! k ( ! day 0 embodi$ 9 language1 ! process ( le>n+ consi/$ 9 ! int]pretation ( spee*1 & s involv$ a l>ge & con/ant use ( ! memory2 & ?is lit]al memoriz+ ( ! pr9ciples & rules ( conduct promot$ /ability ( "*4 #e4 ,z ! purpose ( in/ruction 0 guidance1 !re 0 no appe>ance ( ! conception t "o ma9 purpose ( education is discipl9e or culture4 #f4 ,! conception ( education z a means ( national reg5]ation _h a di/9ct appe>ance among ! ,jews2 & among ?is p we f9d "o =m ( compulsion1--! obligation plac$ on t[ns to support s*ools4 #g4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ! ,/ate appe>s = ! fir/ "t z a di/9ct ag5cy 9 promot+ education4 #h4 ,9 ,*9a1 f "t immemorial1 s*ol>%ip has be5 made ! condition = obta9+ places 9 ! civil s]vice1 & 9 consequ5ce education has be5 made subord9ate to exam9ations4 #i4 ,save to a limit$ ext5t among ! ,jews1 woman 0 deb>r$ f ! privileges ( education4 #aj4 ,9 ! ma91 education 0 adm9i/]$ s z to p]petuate class di/9ctions4 ,!re 0 no appe>ance ( ! conception t education is a univ]sal "r & a univ]sal good4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,a k ( ! m5tal & moral condition ( savages s]ves ! invaluable purpose ( %[+ :at education has accompli%$ = ! human race4 ,!re w\ld be mu* less grumbl+ at ! tax-ga!r] if m5 c\ld cle>ly conceive ! condition ( societies :]e no taxes are levi$4 ,to "k :at education has actually done we ne$ to "k ! condition ( societies unaffect$ by sy/ematic education4 ,su* a book z ,lubbock's ,orig9 ( ,civilization is a helpful introduction to ! hi/ory ( education4 ,:oev] reads su* a book c>efully w be confront$ ) ?is problem3 ,h[ is x t intellectual in]tness1 am\nt+ almo/ to /upidity1 is frequ5tly ! concomitant ( an acute & p]si/5t s5se-tra9+8 ,besides1 savage tribes are hi/orical illu/rations ( :at has be5 produc$ on a l>ge scale by 8foll[+ ,nature40 7,p47 #g ,!re is an argum5t = ca/e 9 ! mod]n fiction ( a 8beautiful economy ( ,nature10 :i* plants human be+s 9 society z x does trees 9 ! e>?1 & ?us makes education consi/ 9 ! action ( environm5t ^u man & 9 ! reaction ( man ^u 8 environm5t4 ,to support exi/5ce1 man ne$s c]ta9 end[m5ts2 b ! =ce ( circum/ances creates ^! v end[m5ts4 ,"o man is pr$e/9$ to be a ,r$ ,indian1 ano!r a ,bu%man1 & /ill ano!r an acc\ntant2 & 9 ea* case ! function ( education is to adapt ! man to ! place :]e ,nature has fix$ him4 ,?is mod]n ju/ification ( ca/e is adroitly work$ out by ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,education4 7,p47 #h ,dittes1 ,hi/oire de l'ducation et de l'in/ruction1 translat$ by ,r$olfi1 #ahhj1 p4 #ch4 #i ,burn\f1 ,introduction l'hi/oire du ,b\ddhisme1 p4 #beb4 #aj ,dittes1 p4 #di4 #aa ,l'ducation et l'in/ruction *ez les anci5s ,juifs1 by ,j4 ,simon1 ,p>is1 #ahgi1 p4 #af4 #ab ,levit4 xix4 #b4 #ac ,prov4 xiii4 #bd4 #ad ,prov4 xxiii4 #ac1 #ad4 #ae ,prov4 xix4 #ah4 #af ,on simil> gr\nds1 ,alex&] decl>$ t he ow$ m to ,ari/otle 8 tea*]1 ?an to ,philip 8 fa!r4 7,p47 #ag ,:at 7 ! me?ods foll[$ 9 tea*+ read+ & writ+8 ,we are told by ,r5an 9 8 ,vie de ,jsus t 8,jesus d\btless le>n$ to read & write accord+ to ! me?od ( ! ,ea/1 :i* consi/s 9 putt+ into ! h&s ( ! *ild a book :i* he repeats 9 conc]t ) 8 comrades till he kn[s x by he>t40 #ah ,?is /atem5t ne$s qualify+4 8,9 ne>ly all ! families ( high rank10 says ! ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie 7#a;ere ,p>tie1 ,article ,,juifs71 8! daught]s spoke ,greek4 ,! ,rabb9s did n look ) any favor ^u ! /udy ( pr(ane philosophy2 b not)/&+ _! prote/s1 !re 7 _m devot$ read]s ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,x is said t among ! pupils ( ! celebrat$ ,gamaliel !re 7 five hundr$ :o /udi$ ! philosophy & ! lit]ature ( ,greece40 7,p47 #ai ,= a s]ies ( int]e/+ docum5ts on ! actual /ate ( education 9 ,*9a1 consult ! article ,,*9e1 9 ,buisson's ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie4 #bj ,dittes1 op4 cit41 p4 #cb4 #ba ,on a rec5t occasion ,ar*deacon ,f>r> ref]r$ to ,p]sian education z foll[s3 8,we boa/ ( our educational ideal4 ,is x ne>ly z high 9 "s ess5tials z t ev5 ( "s anci5t & hea!n nations long c5turies be=e ,*ri/ came8 ,! anci5t ,p]sians 7 wor%ipp]s ( fire & ( ! sun2 mo/ ( _! *ildr5 w\ld h be5 probably unable to pass ! mo/ elem5t>y exam9ation 9 physiology1 b assur$ly ! ,p]sian ideal might be wor?y ( our /udy4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5--! age :5 we turn our *ildr5 adrift f s*ool1 & d no?+ m = !m--! ,p]sians gave _! "y nobles ! f\r be/ ma/]s :om !y c\ld f9d to tea* _! boys wisdom1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & c\rage--wisdom includ+ wor%ip1 ju/ice includ+ ! duty ( unsw]v+ tru?fulness ?r\gh life1 temp]ance includ+ ma/]y ov] s5sual temptations1 c\rage includ+ a free m9d oppos$ to all ?+s c\pl$ ) guilt40 7,p47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,education ,,among ,,! ,,greeks4 ,,greek ,,p$agogy2 ,,a!nian ,,& ,,sp>tan ,,education2 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,a!ns2 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,gramm>2 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,gymna/ics2 ,,! ,,pale/ra2 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,music2 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,rhetoric ,,& ,,( ,,philosophy2 ,,socrates ,,& ,,! ,,socratic ,,me?od2 ,,socratic ,,irony2 ,,maieutics1 ,,or ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,giv+ ,,bir? ,,to ,,ideas2 ,,examples ,,( ,,irony ,,& ,,( ,,maieutics ,,borr[$ ,,f ,,! ,,memorabilia ,,( ,,x5ophon2 ,,plato ,,& ,,! ,,republic2 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,w>riors ,,& ,,magi/rates2 ,,music ,,& ,,gymna/ics2 ,,religion ,,& ,,art ,,9 ,,education2 ,,! ,,beautiful ,,& ,,! ,,good2 ,,high ,,intellectual ,,education2 ,,! ,,laws2 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,education2 ,,detail$ ,,precepts2 ,,x5ophon2 ,,! ,,economics ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,woman2 ,,! ,,cyrop,,dia2 ,,prote/s ,,( ,,x5ophon ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,deg5]ate ,,mann]s ,,( ,,! ,,greeks2 ,,ari/otle2 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,8 ,,plan ,,( ,,education2 ,,public ,,education2 ,,progressive ,,developm5t ,,( ,,human ,,nature2 ,,physical ,,education2 ,,intellectual ,,& ,,moral ,,education2 ,,defects ,,9 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,ari/otle1 ,,& ,,9 ,,greek ,,p$agogy ,,9 ,,g5]al2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #ai4 ,,greek ,,p$agogy4--,^u t privileg$ soil ( ,greece1 9 t brilliant ,a!ns ab\nd+ 9 arti/s1 poets1 hi/orians1 & philosoph]s1 9 t rude ,sp>ta celebrat$ = its discipl9e & manly virtues1 education 0 r ! spontane\s fruit ( nature1 ! natural product ( div]se mann]s1 *>act]s1 & races1 ?an ! prem$itat$ result ( a reflective movem5t ( ! human w4 ,greece1 h[ev]1 _h its p$agogy1 because x _h its legislators & its philosoph]s1 ! fir/ direct+ education 9 its practical details1 ! second mak+ !oretical inquiries into ! ess5tial pr9ciples und]ly+ ! developm5t ( ! human s\l4 ,9 respect ( education1 z ( ev]y?+ else1 ! high] spiritual life ( mod]n nations has be5 develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,grecian antiquity4#bb #bj4 ,,a!nian ,,& ,,sp>tan ,,education4--,9 ! spectacle pres5t$ to u by anci5t ,greece1 ! fir/ fact t /rikes u by its contra/ ) ! immobility & unity ( ! primitive societies ( ! ,ea/1 is a fre] unfold+ ( ! human faculties1 & consequ5tly a div]sity 9 t5d5cies & mann]s4 ,d\btless1 9 ! ,greek republics1 ! individual is always subord9ate to ! ,/ate4 ,ev5 9 ,a!ns1 little reg>d is paid to ! ess5tial dignity ( ! human p]son4 ,b ! ,a!nian ,/ate diff]s pr(\ndly f ! ,sp>tan1 & consequ5tly ! individual life is diff]5tly und]/ood & diff]5tly direct$ 9 ^! two great cities4 ,at ,a!ns1 :ile n neglect+ ! body1 ! *ief preoccupation is ! tra9+ ( ! m9d2 intellectual culture is pu%$ to an extreme1 ev5 to ov]-ref9em5t2 !re is su* a ta/e = f9e speak+ t x develops an abuse ( language & reason+ :i* m]its ! disreputable "n ( sophi/ry4 ,at ,sp>ta1 m9d is sacrific$ to body2 physical /r5g? & milit>y skill are ! qualities mo/ desir$2 ! sole c>e is ! tra9+ ( a?letes & soldi]s4 ,sobriety & c\rage are ! results ( ?is "o-sid$ education1 b s are ignorance & brutality4 ,montaigne has ?r[n into relief1 n )\t "s p>tiality = ,sp>ta1 ^! two contra/$ plans ( education4 8,m5 w5t to ! o!r cities ( ,greece10 he says1 8to f9d rhetoricians1 pa9t]s1 & musicians1 b to ,lac$mon = legislators1 magi/rates1 & capta9s2 at ,a!ns f9e speak+ 0 taught2 b "h1 brave act+2 !re1 "o le>n$ to unravel a sophi/ical argum5t & to abate ! impo/ure ( insidi\sly twi/$ words2 "h1 to extricate "o's self f ! enticem5ts ( pleasure & to ov]come ! m5aces ( =tune & dea? by a manly c\rage4 ,! ,a!nians busi$ !mselves ) words1 b ! ,sp>tans ) ?+s2 ) ! =m]1 !re 0 a cont9ual activity ( ! tongue2 ) ! latt]1 a cont9ual activity ( ! s\l40#bc ,! la/ rem>k is n j4 ,! daily ex]cises ( ! "y ,sp>tans1--jump+1 runn+1 wre/l+1 play+ ) lances & at quoits1--c\ld n be reg>d$ z intellectual occupations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 le>n+ to talk1 ! "y ,a!nians le>n$ also to feel & to ?9k4 #ba4 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,a!ns4--,! ,a!nian legislator1 ,solon1 _h plac$ physical & intellectual tra9+ ^u ! same foot+4 ,*ildr51 he said1 ought1 above ev]y?+ else1 to le>n 8to swim & to read40 ,x seems t ! education ( ! body 0 ! *ief preoccupation ( ! ,a!nian republic4 ,:ile ! organization ( s*ools = gramm> & music 0 left to private ent]prise1 ! ,/ate took a "p 9 ! direction ( ! gymnasia4 ,! director ( ! gymnasium1 or ! gymnasi>*1 0 elect$ ea* ye> by ! assembly ( ! p4 ,nev]!less1 ,a!nian education became m & m a c\rse 9 lit]>y tra9+1 especially t[>ds ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,a!nian *ild rema9$ 9 ! *>ge ( a nurse & an att5dant up to 8 six? or sev5? ye>4 ,at ! age ( sev51 a p$agogue1 t is1 a 8conductor ( *ildr510 usually a slave1 0 *>g$ ) ! ov]sight ( ! *ild4 ,conduct$ by 8 p$agogue1 ! pupil att5d$ by turns ! s*ool = gramm>1 ! pale/ra1#bd or s*ool = gymna/ics1 & ! s*ool = music4 ,! gramm>ian1 :o sometimes gave 8 lessons 9 ! op5 air1 9 ! /reets & on ! public squ>es1 taught read+1 writ+1 & my?ology4 ,hom] 0 ! boy's read+-book4 ,in/ruction 9 gymna/ics 0 giv5 9 connection ) in/ruction 9 gramm>4 ,x 0 begun 9 ! pale/ra & cont9u$ 9 ! gymnasium4 ,in/ruction 9 music succe$$ ! tra9+ 9 gramm> & gymna/ics4 ,! music-ma/]1 or ci?>i/1 fir/ taught 8 pupils to s+1 & !n to play ^u ! /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ! lyre & ! ci?>a4 ,we "k :at value ! ,a!nians attribut$ to music4 ,plato & ,ari/otle agree 9 ?9k+ t ! rhy?m & h>mony ( music inspire ! s\l ) ! love ( ord]1 ) h>moni\sness1 regul>ity1 & a soo?+ ( ! passions4 ,we mu/ recollect1 moreov]1 t music held a l>ge place 9 ! actual life ( ! ,greeks4 ,! laws 7 promulgat$ 9 song4 ,x 0 necess>y to s+ 9 ord] to fulfil "o's religi\s duties4 ,x 0 held t ! education ( ,!mi/ocles _h be5 neglect$ because he _h n le>n$ music4 8,we mu/ reg>d ! ,greeks10 says ,montesquieu1 8z a race ( a?letes & fight]s4 ,n[ ^? ex]cises1 s prop] to make m5 h>dy & fi]ce1 _h ne$ ( be+ temp]$ by o!rs :i* c\ld s(t5 ! mann]s4 ,music1 :i* affect$ ! s\l ?r\gh ! organs ( ! body1 0 exactly adapt$ to ?is purpose40#be ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,a!ns1 at lea/ at ! fir/1 ! curr5t discipl9e 0 sev]e4 ,ari/ophanes1 bewail+ ! deg5]acy ( 8 "t1 recalls 9 ^! t]ms ! good ord] t reign$ 9 ! old5 s*ool3#bf-- 8,i w relate :at 0 ! anci5t education 9 ! happy "t :5 ,i taught 7x is ,ju/ice :o speaks7 & :5 mode/y 0 ! rule4 ,!n ! boys came out ( ea* /reet ) b>e heads & feet1 &1 reg>dless ( ra9 & sn[1 w5t toge!r 9 ! mo/ p]fect ord] t[>ds ! s*ool = music4 ,!re !y 7 seat$ quietly & mode/ly4 ,!y 7 n p]mitt$ to cross _! legs1 & !y le>n$ "s good songs4 ,! ma/] sang ! song = !m sl[ly & ) gravity4 ,if "s "o took a notion to s+ ) s(t & /udi$ inflections1 he 0 sev]ely flogg$40 #bb4 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,rhetoric ,,& ,,philosophy4--,gramm>1 gymna/ics1 & music prop]1 repres5t$ ! elem5t>y in/ruction ( ! "y ,a!nian4 ,b ?is in/ruction 0 res]v$ = citiz5s 9 easy circum/ances4 ,! poor1 accord+ to ! int5tions ( ,solon1 7 to le>n only read+1 swimm+1 & a trade4 ,! privilege ( in/ruction became /ill m exclusive 9 ! case ( ! s*ools ( rhetoric & philosophy frequ5t$ by ^? ( adult ye>s4 ,x w\ld be beside our purpose to speak 9 ?is place ( ! c\rses 9 lit]ature1 or to make kn[n ! me?ods ( ^? tea*]s ( rhetoric :o taught eloqu5ce to all :o pres5t$ !mselves = in/ruction1 ei!r 9 ! public squ>es or 9 ! gymnasia4 ,! sophi/s1 ^? it9]ant philosoph]s :o w5t f city to city (f]+ c\rses at high rates ( tuition1 & tea*+ ! art ( speak+ on e subject1 & ( mak+ a plea = error & inju/ice j z skilfully z = ju/ice & tru?1 at ! same "t made illu/ri\s & disgraceful ! tea*+ ( eloqu5ce4#bg ,! philosoph]s 7 m wor?y ( _! task4 ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle 7 illu/ri\s pr(essors ( e?ics4 ,socrates _h no regul> s*ool1 b he gr\p$ ab\t him di/+ui%$ "y m5 & initiat$ !m into le>n+ & virtue4 ,! ,academy ( ,plato & ! ,lyceum ( ,ari/otle 7 great s*ools ( philosophy1 real private univ]sities1 ea* direct$ by a s+le man4 ,! tea*+ giv5 9 ^! s*ools has trav]s$ ! ages1 & has be5 pres]v$ 9 imp]i%able books4 ,moreov]1 ^? illu/ri\s spirits ( ,greece h transmitt$ to u ei!r me?ods or g5]al ideas :i* ! hi/ory ( p$agogy %\ld rev]5tly collect1 z ! fir/ s]i\s ef=ts ( human reflection on ! art ( education4 #bc4 ,,socrates3 ,,! ,,socratic ,,me?od4--,socrates sp5t 8 life 9 tea*+1 & 9 tea*+ accord+ to an orig9al me?od1 :i* has pres]v$ 8 "n4 ,he _h ! g5ius ( int]rogation4 ,to "q all :om he met1 ei!r at ! gymnasium or 9 ! /reets2 to "q ! sophi/s 9 ord] to conv9ce !m ( _! errors & to conf\nd _! arrogance1 & presumptu\s "y m5 9 ord] to tea* !m ! tru? ( :i* !y 7 ignorant2 to "q great & small1 /atesm5 & masons1 n[ ,p]icles & n[ a %opkeep]2 to "q always & ev]y:]e 9 ord] to compel e "o to =m cle> ideas2 su* 0 ! con/ant occupation & passion ( 8 life4 ,:5 he all[$ himself to dream ( ! future life1 he said smil+ly t he hop$ to cont9ue 9 ! ,elysian ,fields ! habits ( ! ,a!nian ,agora1 & /ill to int]rogate ! %ades ( ! mighty dead4 ,) ,socrates1 conv]sation became an art1 & ! dialogue a me?od4 ,he sc>cely ev] employ$ ! didactic =m1 or t ( direct tea*+4 ,he address$ himself to 8 int]locutor1 urg$ him to set =? 8 ideas1 h>ass$ him ) que/ions (t5 some:at subtile1 skilfully l$ him to recognize ! tru? :i* he himself _h 9 m9d1 or ! r p]mitt$ him to g (f on a false r\te 9 ord] f9ally to discov] to him 8 error & to sport ) 8 confusion2 & all ?is ) an art ( wond]ful analysis1 ) a subtilty ( reason+ pu%$ almo/ to an extreme1 & also ) a great simplicity ( language1 & ) examples borr[$ f common life1 su* z we are accu/om$ to call intuitive examples4 #bd4 ,,! ,,socratic ,,irony4--,to =m an intelligible acc\nt ( ! ,socratic me?od1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% its two ess5tial phases4 ,socrates foll[$ a d\ble me?od & s\ght a d\ble end4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 he wi%$ to make w> aga9/ error & to refute false op9ions4 ,!n he resort$ to :at has be5 call$ ! ,socratic irony4#bh ,he rais$ a "q z "o :o simply desir$ to be in/ruct$4 ,if !re 0 ! /atem5t ( an error 9 ! reply ( ! respond5t1 ,socrates made no objection to x1 b pret5d$ to esp\se ! ideas & s5tim5ts ( 8 int]locutor4 ,!n1 by que/ions :i* 7 adroit & sometimes insidi\s1 he =c$ him to develop 8 op9ions1 & to display1 s to speak1 ! :ole ext5t ( 8 folly1 & ! next in/ant slyly br\ght him face to face ) ! consequ5ces1 :i* 7 s absurd & contradictory t he end$ 9 los+ confid5ce1 9 becom+ involv$ 9 8 conclusions1 & f9ally 9 mak+ confession ( 8 errors4 #be4 ,,maieutics1 ,,or ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,giv+ ,,bir? ,,to ,,ideas4--,analog\s processes con/itut$ ! o!r "p ( ! ,socratic me?od1 t :i* he himself call$ maieutics1 or ! art ( giv+ bir? to ideas4 ,socrates 0 conv9c$ t ! human m9d 9 its normal condition discov]s c]ta9 tru?s ?r\gh its own en]gies1 provid$ "o kn[s h[ to lead x & /imulate x2 & s he "h appeal$ to ! spontaneity ( 8 auditor1 to 8 innate p[]s1 & ?us g5tly l$ him on 8 way by easy transitions to ! op9ion :i* he wi%$ to make him admit4 ,h[ev]1 he appli$ ?is me?od only to ! se>* = tru?s :i* c\ld ei!r be sugge/$ by ! intuitions ( reason & common s5se1 or det]m9$ by a natural induction1 t is1 psy*ological1 e?ical1 & religi\s tru?s4#bi #bf4 ,,examples ,,( ,,irony ,,& ,,maieutics4--,we c be/ give an exact idea ( ! ,socratic me?od by means ( examples4 ,^! examples are to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! disciples ( ,socrates1 z 9 ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 su* z ! ,gorgias1 ! ,eu?ydemus1 etc41 & /ill bett] 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 :]e ! ?\ght ( ! ma/] & 8 mann] ( tea*+ are m fai?fully reproduc$ ?an 9 ! bold & orig9al compositions ( ,plato4 ,:ile recogniz+ ! insuffici5cy ( ^! extracts1 we %all "h make two quotations1 9 :i* is display$ ei!r 8 incisive1 critical _s1 or 8 sugge/ive & fruitful me?od3 8,! ?irty tyrants _h put _m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ citiz5s to dea?1 & _h enc\rag$ o!rs to acts ( inju/ice4 #8,x w\ld surprise me1' said ,socrates "o day1 #8if ! keep] ( a flock1 :o _h kill$ "o "p ( x & _h made ! o!r "p poor1 w\ld n confess t he 0 a bad h]dsman2 b x w\ld surprise me /ill m if a man /&+ at ! head ( 8 fell[-citiz5s %\ld de/roy a "p ( !m & corrupt ! re/1 & 7 n to blu% at 8 conduct & confess himself a bad magi/rate4' ,?is rem>k hav+ come to ! e>s ( ! ,?irty1 ,critias & ,*>icles s5t = ,socrates1 %[$ him ! law1 & =bade him to hold conv]sation ) ! "y4 8,socrates inquir$ ( !m if he might be p]mitt$ to ask que/ions t\*+ :at might seem obscure to him 9 ?is prohibition4 ,^u _! grant+ ?is p]mission3 #8,i am prep>$1' he said1 #8to obey ! laws1 b t ,i may n violate !m ?r\gh ignorance1 ,i w\ld h y cle>ly in=m me :e!r y int]dict ! art ( speak+ because x belongs to ! numb] ( ?+s :i* are good1 or because x belongs to ! numb] ( ?+s :i* are bad4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 "o ought h5ce=? to ab/a9 f speak+ :at is good2 9 ! second1 x is cle> t ! ef=t %\ld be to speak :at is "r4' 8,!reupon ,*>icles became angry1 & said3 #8,s9ce y d n und]/& u1 we w give y some?+ easi] to compreh5d3 we =bid y absolutely to hold conv]sation ) ! "y4' #8,9 ord] t x may be cle>ly se51' said ,socrates1 #8:e!r ,i dep>t f :at is enjo9$1 tell me at :at age a y\? becomes a man4' #8,at ! "t :5 he is eligible to ! s5ate1 = he has n acquir$ prud5ce till !n2 s d n speak to "y m5 :o are bel[ ! age ( ?irty4' 8#8,b if ,i wi% to buy some?+ ( a m]*ant :o is bel[ ! age ( ?irty1 may ,i ask him at :at price he sells x8' 8#8,c]ta9ly y may ask su* a "q2 b y are accu/om$ to raise inquiries ab\t multitudes ( ?+s :i* are p]fectly well kn[n to y2 x is ?is :i* is =bidd54' 8#8,s ,i mu/ n reply to a "y man :o asks me :]e ,*>icles lives1 or :]e ,critias is4' #8,y may reply to su* que/ions1' said ,*>icles4 #8,b recollect1 ,socrates1' add$ ,critias1 #8y mu/ let alone ! %oemak]s1 & smi?s1 & o!r artisans1 = ,i ?9k !y mu/ already be v mu* worn out by be+ s (t5 9 y\r m\?4' 8#8,i mu/1 !re=e1' said ,socrates1 #8=ego ! illu/rations ,i draw f ^! occupations relative to ju/ice1 piety1 & all ! virtues4'0#cj ,9 ! f9al passage ( ?is cutt+ dialogue1 obs]ve ! elevation ( tone & ! gravity ( ?\ght4 ,s ,socrates _h m>vell\s skill 9 ally+ en?usiasm ) irony4 ,"h is an extract 9 :i* ,socrates applies ! maieutic art to ! e/abli%m5t ( a moral tru?1 ! belief 9 ,god3 8,i w m5tion a conv]sation he once _h 9 my pres5ce ) ,ari/odemus1 surnam$ ! ,little1 conc]n+ ! gods4 ,he knew t ,ari/odemus nei!r sacrific$ to ! gods1 nor consult$ ! oracles1 b ridicul$ ^? :o took "p 9 ^! religi\s obs]vances4 #8,tell me1 ,ari/odemus1' said he1 #8are !re m5 ^: tal5ts y admire8' #8,!re are1' he repli$4 #8,!n tell u _! names1' said ,socrates4 #8,9 epic poetry ,i especially admire ,hom]2 9 di?yrambic1 ,melanippides2 9 trag$y1 ,sophocles2 9 /atu>y1 ,polycletus2 9 pa9t+1 ,zeuxis4' #8,b :at arti/s d y ?9k mo/ wor?y ( admiration1 ^? :o =m images de/itute ( s5se & movem5t1 or ^? :o produce animat$ be+s1 end[$ ) ! faculty ( ?9k+ & act+8' #8,^? :o =m animat$ be+s1 = ^! are ! "w ( intellig5ce & n ( *ance4' #8,& :i* d y reg>d z ! creation ( intellig5ce1 & :i* ! product ( *ance1 ^? works ^: purpose _c be recogniz$1 or ^? ^: utility is manife/8' #8,x is reasonable to attribute to an intellig5ce ! works :i* h "s useful purpose4'0#ca ,socrates !n po9ts out to ,ari/odemus h[ admirably ! diff]5t organs ( ! human body are adapt$ to ! functions ( life & to ! use ( man4 ,& s proce$+ f example to example1 f induction to induction1 always keep+ ! m9d ( 8 auditor al]t by ! que/ions he raises1 & ! answ]s t he sugge/s1 =c+ him to d 8 %>e ( ! "w1 & giv+ him an equal %>e 9 ! tra9 ( reason+1 he f9ally br+s him to ! goal :i* is to make him recognize ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 #bg4 ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,plato4--8,w\ld y =m10 said ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 8an idea ( public education8 read ! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,x is ! f9e/ treatise on education ev] writt540 ,= tru?'s sake we mu/ disc\nt ! en?usiasm ( ,r\sseau4 ,! ,republic d\btless conta9s "s elem5ts ( a wise & practical s*eme ( education2 b1 on ! :ole1 x is b an ideal creation1 a comp\nd ( p>adoxes & *im]as4 ,9 ,plato's ideal commonweal?1 ! individual & ! family itself are sacrific$ to ! ,/ate4 ,woman becomes s mu* l man z to be subject$ to ! same gymna/ic ex]cises2 %e too mu/ be a soldi] z he is4 ,*ildr5 "k nei!r fa!r nor "m4 ,f ! day ( _! bir? !y are giv5 9 *>ge ( common nurses1 v]itable public function>ies4 ,9 t common fold1 8c>e %all be tak5 t no "m recognize h] (fspr+40 ,we may guess t 9 mak+ ?is pomp\s eulogy ( ! ,republic1 ! p>adoxical au?or ( ! mile hop$ to prep>e ! read] = giv+ a complaisant welcome to 8 own dreams4 #bh4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,w>riors ,,& ,,magi/rates4--,plato1 by "s unexpla9$ recollection ( ! social con/itution ( ! ,h9doos1 e/abli%$ ?ree ca/es 9 8 ideal ,/ate1--labor]s & artisans1 w>riors1 & magi/rates4 ,!re 0 no education = labor]s & artisans2 x 0 suffici5t = m5 ( ?is ca/e to le>n a trade4 ,9 politics1 ,plato is an ari/ocrat2 he feels a disda9 = ! p1 8t robu/ & indocile animal40 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! b>ri]s :i* he set up betwe5 ^! ?ree social ord]s are n insup]able4 ,if a *ild ( ! inf]ior class gives evid5ce ( exceptional qualities1 he mu/ be admitt$ to ! sup]ior class2 & s if ! son ( a w>rior or ( a magi/rate is notably incompet5t & unwor?y ( 8 rank1 he mu/ suff] =feiture1 & become artisan or labor]4 ,z to ! education :i* he designs = ! w>riors & ! magi/rates1 ,plato is m9utely c>eful 9 regulat+ x4 ,! education ( ! w>riors comprises two p>ts1--music & gymna/ics4 ,! education ( ! magi/rates consi/s ( a tra9+ 9 philosophy ( a high grade2 !y are initiat$ into all ! sci5ces & into metaphysics4 ,plato's /atesm5 mu/ be1 n prie/s1 z 9 ! ,ea/1 b s*ol>s & philosoph]s4 #bi4 ,,music ,,& ,,gymna/ics4--,al?\gh ,plato atta*es a high value to gymna/ics1 he gives prec$5ce to music4 ,be=e =m+ ! body1 ,plato1 ! ideali/1 w\ld =m ! s\l1 because x is ! s\l1 accord+ to him1 :i*1 by its own virtue1 gives to ! body all ! p]fection ( :i* x is capable4 ,ev5 9 physical ex]cises1 ! purpose %\ld be to give increas$ vigor to ! s\l3 8,9 ! tra9+ ( ! body1 our "y m5 %all aim1 above ev]y?+ else1 at augm5t+ moral p[]40 ,note ?is /rik+ picture ( ! man :o tra9s only 8 body3 8,let a man apply himself to gymna/ics1 & become tra9$1 & eat mu*1 & :olly neglect music & philosophy1 & at fir/ 8 body w become /r5g!n$2 b if he does no?+ else1 & holds no conv]se ) ! ,muses1 ?\gh 8 s\l h "s natural incl9ation to le>n1 yet if x rema9s uncultivat$ by acquir+ k1 by inquiry1 by disc\rse1 9 a ^w1 by "s dep>tm5t ( music1 t is1 by intellectual education1 x w ins5sibly become weak1 deaf1 & bl9d4 ,l a wild bea/1 su* a man w live 9 ignorance & rud5ess1 ) nei!r grace nor polit5ess40 ,h[ev]1 ,plato is f> f despis+ heal? & physical /r5g?4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a reproa* to him t he has impos$ on ! citiz5s ( 8 ,republic ! obligation ( be+ physically s\nd1 & ( hav+ exclud$ f x all ^? ^: infirmities & feeble con/itution condemn !m to 8drag out a dy+ life40 ,! "r to live1 9 ,plato's city1 z 9 ! mo/ ( anci5t societies1 belong$ only to m5 ( robu/ heal?4 ,! weak1 ! ail+1 ! wret*$1 all :o are ( infirm con/itution1--,plato does n g s f> z ord]+ su* to be kill$1 b1 :at am\nts almo/ to ! same ?+1--8!y %all be expos$10 t is1 left to die4 ,! good ( ! ,/ate dem&s t e man be sacrific$ ^: heal? r5d]s him unfit = civil duties4 ,?is cruel & implacable doctr9e %ocks u 9 ! case ( him :om ,montaigne calls ! div9e ,plato1 & %ocks u ev5 m :5 we discov] x among contempor>y philosoph]s1 :om ! inspirations ( ,*ri/ian *>ity or ! feel+ ( human frat]nity %\ld h pres]v$ f su* rank he>tlessness4 ,is x n ,h]b]t ,sp5c] :o blames mod]n societies = n\ri%+ ! diseas$ & assi/+ ! infirm8 #cj4 ,,religion ,,& ,,art ,,9 ,,education4--,plato _h =m$ a high ideal ( ! function ( art 9 education1 b ?is did n prev5t him f be+ sev]e aga9/ c]ta9 =ms ( art1 p>ticul>ly com$y & trag$y1 & poetry 9 g5]al4 ,he w\ld h ! poets expell$ f ! city & conduct$ to ! fronti]1 ?\gh pay+ !m homage ) p]fumes :i* w cont9ue to be %$ ^u _! heads1 & ) fl[]s ) :i* !y w ev] be cr[n$4 ,he admits no o!r poetry ?an t :i* reproduces ! mann]s & disc\rse ( a good man1 & celebrates ! brave de$s ( ! gods1 or *ants _! glory4 ,z a sev]e morali/ & wor%ipp] ( ! div9e goodness1 he condemns ! poets ( 8 "t1 ei!r because !y attribute to ! div9ity ! vices & passions ( m51 or because !y inve/ ! imag9ation ) base fe>s z !y speak ( ,cocytus & ! ,/yx1 & portray a frightful hell & gods always mad ) desire to p]secute ! human race4 ,else:]e1 9 ! ,laws1 ,plato expla9s 8 conception ( religion4 ,he says t ! religi\s books plac$ 9 ! h&s ( *ildr5 %\ld be select$ ) z mu* c>e z ! milk ( a nurse4 ,god is an inf9ite goodness :o wat*es ov] m51 & he %\ld be honor$1 n by sacrifices & va9 c]emonies1 b by lives ( ju/ice & virtue4 ,= mak+ m5 moral1 ,plato c\nts m ^u art ?an ^u religi\s feel+4 ,to love lett]s1 to hold conv]se ) ! ,muses1 to cultivate music & danc+1 su*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! noble spirits ( ,a!ns1 is ! natural r\te t[>ds moral p]fection4 ,9 _! view1 moral education is above all an education 9 art4 ,! s\l rises to ! good ?r\gh ! beautiful4 8,beautiful & good0 7 7 are two words con/antly associat$ 9 ! spee* ( ! ,greeks4 ,ev5 to-day we h mu* to le>n f reflections l ^!3 8,we ought10 says ,plato1 8to seek out arti/s :o by ! p[] ( g5ius c trace out ! nature ( ! fair & ! graceful1 t our "y m51 dwell+1 z x 71 9 a heal?ful region1 may dr9k 9 good f e qu>t]1 :5ce any emanation f noble works may /rike ^u _! eye or _! e>1 l a gale waft+ heal? f salubri\s l&s1 & w9 !m imp]ceptibly f _! e>lie/ ye>s into resemblance1 love1 & h>mony ) ! true beauty ( reason4 8,is x n1 !n1 on ^! acc\nts t we atta* su* supreme importance to a musical education1 because rhy?m & h>mony s9k mo/ deeply into ! recesses ( ! s\l1 br++ gracefulness 9 _! tra91 & mak+ a man graceful if he be rightly nurtur$2 b if n1 ! rev]se8 & also because he t has be5 duly nurtur$ !re9 w h ! ke5e/ eye = defects1 :e!r 9 ! failures ( art1 or 9 ! misgr[?s ( nature2 & feel+ a mo/ j disda9 = !m1 w comm5d beautiful objects1 & gladly receive !m into 8 s\l1 & fe$ ^u !m1 & gr[ to be noble & good2 :]eas he w rightly c5sure & hate all repulsive objects1 ev5 9 8 *ildhood1 be=e he is able to be reason$ )2 & :5 reason comes1 he w welcome h] mo/ cordially :o c recognize h] by ! in/9ct ( relation%ip1 & because he has be5 ?us nurtur$80#cb #ca4 ,,high ,,intellectual ,,education4--,9 ! ,republic ( ,plato ! intellectual education ( ! w>rior class rema9s exclusively lit]>y & /hetic4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! education ( ! rul+ class is to be sci5tific & philosophic4 ,! future magi/rate1 aft] hav+ receiv$ ! ord9>y in/ruction up to ! age ( tw5ty1 is to be initiat$ into ! ab/ract sci5ces1 ma!matics1 geometry1 & a/ronomy4 ,to ?is sci5tific education1 :i* is to cont9ue = t5 ye>s1 !re w succe$ = five ye>s ! /udy ( dialectics1#cc or philosophy1 :i* develops ! highe/ faculty ( man1 ! reason1 & tea*es him to discov]1 ?r\gh & beyond ! fleet+ appe>ances ( ! _w ( s5se1 ! et]nal v]ities & ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,b ,plato prolongs ! education ( 8 magi/rates /ill fur!r4 ,aft] hav+ giv5 !m ! nurture ( reason & intellectual insight1 he s5ds !m back to ! cav]n#cd at ! age ( ?irty-five1 t is1 calls !m back to public life1 & makes !m pass ?r\gh all k9ds ( civil & milit>y employm5ts1 until f9ally1 at ! age ( fifty1 9 possession ( all ! end[m5ts assur$ by consummate exp]i5ce sup]add$ to pr(\nd k1 !y are fitt$ to be *>g$ ) ! burd5s ( (fice4 ,9 ! ,republic ( ,plato /atesm5 are n improvis$4 ,& yet 9 ?is elaborate sy/em ( in/ruction ,plato omits two subjects ( great importance4 ,on ! "o h&1 he entirely omits ! physical & natural sci5ces1 because1 9 8 my/ic idealism1 ?+s ( s5se are delusive & unreal images1 & s did n appe> to him wor?y ( arre/+ ! att5tion ( ! m9d2 & on ! o!r1 ?\gh com+ aft] ,h]odotus1 & ?\gh a contempor>y ( ,?ucydides1 he makes no m5tion ( hi/ory1 d\btless ?r\gh a contempt = tradition & ! pa/4 #cb4 ,,! ,,laws4--,9 ! ,laws1 ! "w ( 8 old age1 ,plato disav[s 9 "p ! *im]as ( ! ,republic1 & qualifies ! radicalism ( t e>li] "w4 ,! philosoph] desc5ds to ! e>? & really condesc5ds to ! actual /ate ( humanity4 ,he r5\nces ! di/9ction ( social ca/es1 & 8 v practical & v m9ute precepts are appli$ )\t di/9ction to *ildr5 ( all classes4#ce ,fir/ note ?is excell5t def9ition ( ! end ( education3 8,a good education is t :i* gives to ! body & to ! s\l all ! beauty & all ! p]fection ( :i* !y are capable40 ,z to me?ods1 x seems t ,plato hesitates betwe5 ! doctr9e ( ef=t & ! doctr9e ( attractive toil4 ,9 fact1 he says on ! "o h& t education is a v skilful discipl9e :i*1 by way ( amusem5t1#cf leads ! m9d ( ! *ild to love t :i* is to make x f9i%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he prote/s aga9/ ! weakness ( ^? p>5ts :o seek to sp>e _! *ildr5 e tr\ble & e pa94 8,i am p]suad$10 he says1 8t ! incl9ation to humor ! lik+s ( *ildr5 is ! sure/ ( all ways to spoil !m4 ,we %\ld n make too mu* ha/e 9 our se>* aft] :at is pleasurable1 especially z we %all nev] be :olly exempt f :at is pa9ful40 ,let u add ?is def9ition ( a good education3 8,i call education ! virtue :i* is %[n by *ildr5 :5 ! feel+s ( joy or ( sorr[1 ( love or ( hate1 :i* arise 9 _! s\ls1 are made con=mable to ord]40 ,) ! /atem5t ( ^! pr9ciples1 ,plato ent]s into details4 ,= *ildr5 up to ! age ( six1 he recomm5ds ! use ( swaddl+-clo!s4 ,! habit ( rock+1 ! natural plays :i* *ildr5 f9d out = !mselves1 ! sep>ation ( ! sexes2 swimm+1 ! b[1 & ! javel91 = boys2 wre/l+ = giv+ bodily vigor1 & danc+1 = graceful movem5t2 read+ & writ+ res]v$ till ! t5? ye> & le>n$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,x w\ld require too mu* "t to foll[ ! philosoph] to ! end4 ,9 ! rules he proposes1 he makes a ne> approa* to ! practices foll[$ by ! ,a!nians ( 8 day4 ,! ,republic 0 a "w ( pure imag9ation4 ,! ,laws are sc>cely m ?an a comm5t>y on ! actual /ate ( practice4 ,b "h we /ill f9d :at 0 ne>e/ ! s\l ( ,plato1 ! con/ant se>* = a high] morality4 #cc4 ,,x5ophon4--,z an educator1 ,x5ophon obey$ two diff]5t influ5ces4 ,8 ma/]1 ,socrates1 0 8 good g5ius4 ,t graceful & *>m+ book1 ! ,economics1 0 writt5 "u ! b5ign & temp]$ inspiration ( ! great ,a!nian sage4 ,b ,x5ophon also _h 8 evil g5ius1--! immod]ate en?usiasm :i* he felt = ,sp>ta1 h] in/itutions & h] laws4 ,! fir/ book ( ! ,cyropdia1 :i* relates ! rules ( ,p]sian education1 is an un=tunate imitation ( ! laws ( ,lycurgus4 #cd4 ,,! ,,economics1 ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,woman4--,all %\ld read ! ,economics1 t *>m+ sket* ( ! education ( woman4 ,we may say ( ?is little "w :at ,r5an has said ( ! writ+s ( ,plut>* on ! same subject3 8,:]e %all we f9d a m *>m+ ideal ( family life8 ,:at good nature6 ,:at sweetness ( mann]s6 ,:at *a/e & lovable simplicity60 ,be=e h] m>riage1 ! ,a!nian maid5 has le>n$ only to sp9 wool1 to be discreet1 & to ask no que/ions1--virtues purely negative4 ,x5ophon assigns to h] husb& ! duty ( tra9+ h] m9d & ( tea*+ h] ! positive duties ( family life1--ord]1 economy1 k9dness to slaves1 & t5d] c>e ( *ildr54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,a!nian woman 0 /ill held 9 a position ( inf]iority4 ,%ut up 9 h] own ap>tm5ts1 x 0 an exception t %e le>n$ to read & write2 x 0 v r>e t %e 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,! idea ( human dignity & ( ! value ( ! human p]son _h n yet appe>$4 ,man _h value only 9 proportion to ! s]vices :i* he c\ld r5d] ! ,/ate1 or commonweal?1 & woman =m$ no "p ( ! commonweal?4 ,x5ophon has ! m]it ( ris+ above ! prejudices ( 8 "t1 & ( approa*+ ! ideal ( ! mod]n family1 9 call+ woman to p>ticipate m intimately 9 ! affairs ( ! h\se & 9 ! occupations ( ! husb&4#cg #ce4 ,,! ,,cyrop,,dia4--,! ,cyropdia is n wor?y ( ! same comm5dation4 ,"u ! pretext ( describ+ ! organization ( ! ,p]sian ,/ate1 ,x5ophon "h traces1 aft] 8 mann]1 ! plan ( an education absolutely uni=m & exclusively milit>y4 ,!re is no dome/ic education1 no individual lib]ty1 no int]e/ 9 lett]s & arts4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( infancy is ov]1 ! "y ,p]sian is made subject to milit>y duty1 & mu/ n leave ! encampm5t1 ev5 at night4 ,! /ate is b a camp1 & human exi/5ce a p]petual milit>y p>ade4 ,montaigne praises ,x5ophon = hav+ said t ! ,p]sians taught _! *ildr5 virtue 8z o!r nations d lett]s40 ,b x is difficult to =m an e/imate ( ! me?ods :i* 7 foll[$ 9 ^! s*ools ( ju/ice & temp]ance1 & we may be all[$ to suspect ! effici5cy ( ! means propos$ by ,x5ophon2 = example1 t :i* consi/$ 9 trans=m+ ! petty qu>rels ( ! s*ol>s into regul> trials :i* 7 foll[$ by s5t5ces1 acquittals1 or convictions4 ,! au?or ( ! ,cyropdia is on sur] gr\nd :51 recollect+ 8 own /udies1 he recomm5ds ! /udy ( hi/ory to ^? :o w\ld become j4 ,he tea*es temp]ance by practice r ?an by precept2 8 pupils h only bread = _! food1 only cresses = season+1 & only wat] = _! dr9k4 ,:atev] may be ! faults & ! fancies ( ! ,cyropdia1 we mu/ recollect1 z a p>tial excuse = !m1 t ! purpose ( ! writ] 9 trac+ ?is picture ( a simple1 frugal1 & c\rage\s life1 0 to induce a reaction aga9/ ! excesses ( ! fa%ionable & =mal life ( ! ,a!nians4 ,z ,r\sseau1 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 prote/$ aga9/ ! lic5se & ! artificial mann]s ( 8 "t by advis+ an imag9>y return to nature1 s ,x5ophon1 a contempor>y ( ! sophi/s1 held =? ! /urdy virtues ( ! ,p]sians 9 opposition to ! deg5]ate mann]s ( ! ,greeks & ! ref9em5ts ( an advanc$ civilization4 #cf4 ,,ari/otle3 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,8 ,,plan ,,( ,,education4--,by 8 va/ atta9m5ts1 by 8 encyclopdic k1 by ! exp]im5tal nature ( 8 rese>*es1 & by ! positive & practical t5d5cies ( 8 g5ius1 ,ari/otle 0 enabl$ to excel ,plato 9 cle>ness ( insight into p$agogical que/ions4 ,he _h ano!r advantage ov] ,plato 9 hav+ kn[n & enjoy$ ! delights ( family life1 & 9 hav+ lov$ & tra9$ 8 own *ildr51 ( :om he said1 8p>5ts love _! *ildr5 z a "p ( !mselves40 ,let u add1 f9ally1 t he 0 a practical tea*]1 s9ce he 0 ! preceptor ( ,alex&] f #cdc to #cdj ,b4,c4 ,su* opportunities1 sup]add$ to ! =ce ( ! mo/ mighty g5ius ! _w has ev] se51 give promise ( a compet5t & cle>-sight$ educator4 ,un=tunately1 we h lo/ ! treatise1 ,on ,education 7 71 :i* on ! au?ority ( ,diog5es ,lartius1 ,ari/otle is said to h compos$2 & to =m "s conception ( 8 ideas on education1 we h at our disposal only "s imp]fect sket*es1 "s portions1 & ^? 9 an imp]fect /ate1 ( 8 treatises on e?ics & politics4#ch ,:oev] labors to give /ability to ! family1 & to tight5 its bond ( union1 labors also = ! promotion ( education4 ,ev5 9 ?is respect1 education is "u great obligations to ,ari/otle4 ,9 him ! communism ( ,plato f9ds an able critic4 ,t feel+ ( affection :i* we ( to-day w\ld call *>ity or frat]nity1 he decl>$ to be ! gu>anty & ! f\ndation ( social life4 ,n[1 communism weak5s ?is feel+ by dilut+ x1 j z a little honey dropp$ into a l>ge quantity ( wat] !reby loses all its sweetness4 8,!re are two ?+s :i* mat]ially contribute to ! rise ( int]e/ & atta*m5t 9 ! he>ts ( m51--prop]ty & ! feel+ ( affection40 ,x 0 ?us 9 ! "n ( good s5se1 & 9 opposition to ! di/emp]$ fancies ( ,plato1 t ,ari/otle v9dicat$ ! rights ( ! family & ! individual4 #cg4 ,,public ,,education4--,b ,ari/otle does n g s f> z 8 premises w\ld seem to lead him1 & rel9qui% to p>5ts ! c>e ( educat+ _! *ildr54 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al t5d5cies ( antiquity1 he decl>es himself ! p>tisan ( an education t is public & common4 ,he comm5ds ! ,sp>tans = hav+ orda9$ t 8education %\ld be ! same = all40 8,z !re is "o end 9 view 9 e city10 he says1 8x is evid5t t education ought to be "o & ! same 9 all1 & t ?is %\ld be a common c>e1 & n ( ea* individual4444 ,x is ! duty ( ! legislator to regulate ?is int]e/ = all ! citiz5s40 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate1 n f ! day ( bir?1 z ,plato w\ld h x1 = ! nurs+ ( infants1 b only at ! age ( sev51 = in/ruct+ & tra9+ !m 9 ! habits ( virtue4 ,:at1 !n1 %\ld be ! tra9+ ( ! *ild1 & ^u :at subjects w\ld ,ari/otle direct 8 /udies8 #ch4 ,,! ,,progressive ,,developm5t ,,( ,,human ,,nature4--,an ess5tial & incontrov]tible di/9ction is tak5 by ! ,greek philosoph] z 8 />t+-po9t4 ,!re are1 he says1 ?ree mom5ts1 ?ree /ages1 9 human developm5t3 fir/1 !re is ! physical life ( ! body2 !n1 in/9ct & s5sibility1 or ! irrational "p ( ! s\l2 & f9ally1 ! intellig5ce1 or ! reason4 ,f ?is1 ,ari/otle concludes t ! c\rse ( discipl9e & /udy %\ld be graduat$ accord+ to ^! ?ree degrees ( life4 8,! fir/ c>e %\ld necess>ily be giv5 to ! body r ?an to ! m9d2 & !n to t "p ( ! spiritual nature :i* is ! seat ( ! desires40 ,b he adds ?is important obs]vation1 :i* is a refutation ( ,r\sseau 9 advance3 8,9 ! c>e :i* we give to ! s5sibilities1 we mu/ n leave out ( acc\nt ! intellig5ce2 & 9 our c>e ( ! body1 we mu/ n =get ! s\l40 #ci4 ,,physical ,,education4--,! son ( a physician ( ! ,mac$onian c\rt1 & well v]s$ 9 ! natural sci5ces1 ,ari/otle is v happy 9 8 treatm5t ( physical education4 ,x beg9s be=e ! *ild is born1 ev5 be=e x has be5 conceiv$4 ,consequ5tly he enjo9s a legal regulation ( m>riages1 int]dicts unions t are too e>ly or too late1 indicates ! climatic conditions mo/ favorable = m>riage1 & gives mo!rs wise c\nsels on matt]s ( hygi5e1 recomm5d+ !m to nurse _! own *ildr51 & prescrib+ cold ba?s4 ,su*1 9 outl9e1 is a plan :i* a mod]n hygi5i/ w\ld n disav[4 #dj4 ,,intellectual ,,& ,,moral ,,education4--,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle t intellectual education %\ld n beg9 be=e ! age ( five4 ,b1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple /at$ above1 ?is p]iod ( wait+ %\ld n be ! occasion ( loss to ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild2 ev5 8 play %\ld be a prep>ation = ! "w to :i* he w apply himself at a lat] p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ari/otle /rongly insi/s on ! necessity ( %ield+ ! *ild f all p]nici\s influ5ces1 su* z ^? :i* come f association ) slaves1 or f immoral plays4 ,9 accord ) all 8 contempor>ies1 ,ari/otle includes gramm>1 gymna/ics1 & music1 among ! elem5ts ( in/ruction4 ,to ^! he adds draw+4 ,b he is *iefly preoccupi$ ) music1 by reason ( ! moral influ5ce :i* he attributes to x4 ,he %>$ ! prepossession :i* caus$ ! ,greeks to say1 t to relax or to re=m ! mann]s ( a p1 x suffices to add a /r+ to ! lyre or to take "o f x4#ci ,ari/otle 0 /rongly preoccupi$ ) moral education4 ,l ,plato1 he insi/s on ! greate/ c>e 9 =m+ ! moral habits ( e>ly life4 ,9 8 diff]5t writ+s on e?ics he has discuss$ diff]5t human virtues 9 a _s at once wise1 practical1 & lib]al4 ,no "o has bett] sung ! praises ( ju/ice1 ( :i* he says1 8,nei!r ! ev5+ nor ! morn+ /> inspires z mu* respect z ju/ice40 ,x w\ld d ,ari/otle inju/ice to seek = a complete expression ( 8 ?\ghts on education 9 ! incomplete & curtail$ /atem5ts ( !ory :i* are f\nd 9 8 ,politics4 ,9 connection ) ^!1 we %\ld recall ! admirable in/ruction :i* he himself gave 9 ! ,lyceum1 & :i* embrac$ almo/ all ! sci5ces 9 its va/ programme4 ,he exclud$ f x only ! sci5ces & ! arts :i* h a me*anical & utilit>ian "*4 ,enslav$ on ?is po9t to ! prejudices ( antiquity1 he reg>d$ z s]vile & unwor?y ( a free man :atev] has a direct be>+ on ! practical & mat]ial utilities ( life4 ,he recomm5d$ to 8 he>]s only /udies ( ! intellectual type1 ^? ^: sole purpose is to elevate ! m9d & to fill x ) noble ?\ghts4#dj #da4 ,,faults ,,9 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,ari/otle1 ,,& ,,9 ,,greek ,,p$agogy ,,9 ,,g5]al4--,x mu/ be said 9 conclusion1 t :atev] admiration we may feel = ! p$agogy ( ,ari/otle1 x 0 wrong1 l t ( all ! ,greek writ]s1 9 be+ b an ari/ocratic sy/em ( education4 ,! education ( :i* ,plato & ,ari/otle dream$ 0 re/rict$ to a small m9ority1 & 0 ev5 made possible only because ! majority 0 exclud$ f x4 ,! slaves1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( provid+ = ! su/5ance ( _! sup]iors1 & ( creat+ = !m ! leisure claim$ by ,ari/otle1 _h no m p>ticipation 9 education ?an 9 lib]ty or 9 prop]ty4 ,9 ! c5tury ( ,p]icles1 at ! mo/ glori\s p]iod ( ! ,a!nian republic1 let u n =get t !re 7 at ,a!ns ne>ly f\r hundr$ ?\s& slaves to d ! bidd+ ( tw5ty ?\s& free citiz5s4 ,to indulge 9 an easy admiration = ,greek p$agogy1 we mu/ deta* x f its sett+1 & consid] x 9 itself1 ap>t f ! n>r[ plan on :i* ! ,greek /ates 7 con/ruct$1 & ap>t f t social rgime :i* assur$ ! education ( "s1 only by p]petuat+ ! oppression ( ! _m4 #db4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,a lead+ conception 9 ,greek education is t ( symmetry1 or h>mony2 ! ideal man1 9 ,plato's phrase1 mu/ be 8h>moni\sly con/itut$02 all oppos+ t5d5cies mu/ be reconcil$2 & :ile ! physical1 ! intellectual1 & ! moral mu/ ea* be made ! subject ( sy/ematic tra9+1 !re mu/ be no disproportionate developm5t 9 ei!r direction4 #b4 ,! preoccupation ( ! ,greek tea*] 0 discipl9e or culture1 r ?an ! communication ( useful k2 & ! f9al aim 0 a life ( contemplation1 r ?an a life ( action2 e?ical r ?an practical2 8good conduct0 r ?an ma/]y ov] :at is mat]ial4 #c4 ,physical tra9+ receiv$ great emphasis1 n z an end 9 itself1 b z a means t[>ds m5tal & spiritual heal?2 & k 0 valu$ *iefly z ! means = atta9+ moral excell5ce4 #d4 ,! /aple ( in/ruction 0 wisdom1 i4e41 e?ical & prud5tial k1 :i* 0 ! basis ( "r action2 & tea*+1 especially accord+ to ! ,socratic conception ( x1 consi/$ 9 caus+ ! pupil's m9d to react on ! mat]ials suppli$ by 8 own m9d4 ,socrates1 says ,lewes1 8believ$ t 9 ea* man lay ! g]ms ( wisdom4 ,he believ$ t no sci5ce c\ld be taught2 only drawn out40 #e4 ,! great tea*+ in/rum5t 0 dialectic1 i4e41 discussion1 resolution1 or analysis4 ,its use assum$ t ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction 0 already 9 ! pupil's possession1 & t ! highe/ (fice ( ! tea*] 0 to lib]ate ! ?\ght :i* _h be5 =m$ by ! active en]gies ( ! pupil's own m9d4 ,?is is ! maieutic art ( ,socrates4 #f4 ,! mode ( m5tal activity :i* 0 *iefly br\ght into requisition 0 ! reason2 9 a second>y degree ! imag9ation & ! emotions2 & 9 a /ill l[] degree1 ! memory4 #g4 ,! l>ge place assign$ to music by ,plato & ,ari/otle %[s t ! culture ( ! emotions 0 an important elem5t 9 ,greek education4 /hetic tra9+ 0 n only an end 9 itself1 b 0 reg>d$ z ! basis ( moral & religi\s culture4 #h4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 we see ! fir/ attempt to =mulate a body ( educational doctr9e2 we h ! g]ms ( a sci5ce ( education bas$ on psy*ology1 e?ics1 & politics4 #i4 ,9 ! ,republic1 we see ! !ory ( compulsion 9 bo? its phases3 ! ,/ate mu/ provide an education suitable = ,/ate ne$s2 & ! "y mu/ accept ?is education because ! ,/ate has orda9$ x4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ! ,/ate appe>s di/9ctly & av[$ly z an educator4 #aj4 ,practically1 education 0 adm9i/]$ on ! basis ( ca/e2 ?\gh 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 ideal ,/ate1 ,plato made x possible = tal5t1 indu/ry1 & wor?1 to f9d _! prop] level4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,^u ?is subject consult ! excell5t /udy ( ,alex&] ,m>t91 entitl$ ,les ,doctr9es ,pdagogiques des ,grecs4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 #bc ,montaigne1 ,essais1 ,i4 ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxiv4 #bd ,! pale/ra 0 ! s*ool ( gymna/ics = *ildr52 ! gymnasium 0 set ap>t = adults & gr[n m54 #be ,montesquieu1 ,esprit des lois1 ,i4 ,,iv4 *ap4 ,,viii4 #bf ,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds4 #bg ,! reputation ( ! sophi/s has be5 consid]ably rais$ by ,mr4 ,grote 7,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ,,viii474 ,= an ent]ta9+ acc\nt ( a sophi/ ( a lat] age1 see ,pl9y's ,lett]s1 ,melmo?'s translation1 ,book ,,ii41 ,lett] ,,iii4 ,see also ,blackie's ,f\r ,phases ( ,morals1 & ,f]ri]'s ,greek ,philosophy4 7,p47 #bh ,! primitive mean+ ( ! ,greek ^w 1 irony1 is int]rogation4 ,socrates gave a je]+1 ironical turn to 8 que/ions1 & 9 consequ5ce ?is ^w lo/ its prim>y mean+1 & took ! "o :i* we give x at ?is "t4 #bi ,! ,socratic me?od = ! discov]y ( tru? c be employ$ only 9 ^? cases :]e ! pupil has ! crude mat]ials ( ! new k actually 9 /ore4 ,psy*ology1 logic1 e?ics1 ma!matics1 & p]haps gramm> & rhetoric1 fall )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,socratic me?od2 b to apply ?is me?od ( in/ruction to geography1 hi/ory1 geology1 &1 9 g5]al1 to subjects :]e ! mat]ial is inaccessible1 is palpably absurd4 ,! ,socratic dialogue1 9 its negative phase1 is aim$ at presumption1 arrogance1 & pret5ti\s ignorance2 b x is sometimes misus$ to badg] & bewild] an hone/ & docile pupil4 7,p47 #cj ,memorabilia1 ,i4 ,,ii4 #ca ,memorabilia1 ,i4 ,,iv4 #cb ,republic1 #dja1 #djb4 ,i h quot$ f ! v]sion ( ,vaughan & ,davies4 7,p47 #cc ,dialectic1 z us$ 9 ! ,republic1 is nei!r philosophy nor logic4 ,i d\bt :e!r x c be consid]$ a subject ( in/ruction at all4 ,x is r a me?od or an ex]cise1 ! purpose ( :i* is to subject receiv$ op9ions1 =mulat$ k1 curr5t beliefs1 etc41 to a sift+ or analysis = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ ! real f ! app>5t1 ! true f ! false4 ,! ,socratic dialogues are examples ( ! dialectic me?od4 ,dialectic might be def9$ z ! me?od ( ?\ght prop] or ! discursive reason 9 act4 7,p47 #cd ,see ! allegory ( ! cav]n1 ,republic1 ,book ,,vii4 #8,9 ,plato's s*eme ( education1 kn[+ is to prec$e do+1' ?us foll[+ ,socrates 7,memorabilia1 ,,iv4 *ap4 ,,ii47 & ,bias 7 71 & anticipat+ ,bacon 78/udies p]fect nature1 & are p]fect$ by exp]i5ce074 7,p47 #ce ,see especially ,book ,,vii4 ( ! ,laws4 #cf ,comp>e also ?is quotation3 8,a free m9d ought to le>n no?+ z a slave4 ,! lesson t is made to ent] ! m9d by =ce1 w n rema9 !re4 ,!n use no viol5ce t[>ds *ildr52 ! r1 cause !m to le>n :ile play+40 #cg ,see p>ticul>ly ,*aps4 ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 #ch ,see especially ! ,politics1 ,books ,,iv41 ,v4 #ci ,x seems impossible to compreh5d ! almo/ sov]eign p[] :i* ! ,greeks ascrib$ to music1 unless we conceive t ! ,greek 0 end[$ ) peculi> & extreme s5sitiv5ess4 ,p]haps !re is special significance 9 ! /ory ( ,orpheus & 8 lyre4 7,p47 #dj ,i ?9k x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! disfavor %[n by ,plato & ,ari/otle to practical /udies 0 m]ely a mean prejudice4 ,preoccupi$ z !y 7 ) ! discipl9>y value ( /udies1 !y may h se5 t ! culture aim & ! utilit>ian aim are 9 "s sort antagoni/ic4 7,p47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,education ,,at ,,rome4 ,,two ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,roman ,,education2 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,primitive ,,romans2 ,,physical ,,& ,,milit>y ,,education2 ,,rome ,,at ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,greece2 ,,:y ,,! ,,romans ,,_h ,,no ,,great ,,educators2 ,,v>ro2 ,,cic]o2 ,,qu9tilian2 ,,! ,,in/itutes ,,( ,,oratory2 ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,education2 ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,fir/ ,,education2 ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+2 ,,public ,,education2 ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,tea*]s2 ,,gramm> ,,& ,,rhetoric2 ,,! ,,simultane\s ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces2 ,,s*ools ,,= ,,philosophy2 ,,s5eca2 ,,plut>*2 ,,! ,,lives ,,( ,,illu/ri\s ,,m52 ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,*ildr52 ,a ,,*>m+ ,,picture ,,( ,,family ,,life2 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom52 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,poetry ,,9 ,,education2 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,morals2 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius ,,& ,,p]sonal ,,education2 ,,conclusion2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #dc4 ,,two ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,roman ,,education4--,9 ,greece1 z we h se51 !re 7 two ess5tially diff]5t sy/ems ( education 9 use3 at ,sp>ta1 a "o-sid$ education1 :olly milit>y1 ) no reg>d = intellectual culture2 at ,a!ns1 a complete education1 :i* br\ght into happy h>mony ! tra9+ ( ! body & ! developm5t ( ! m9d1 & by means ( :i*1 z ,?ucydides obs]v$1 8m5 philosophiz$ )\t becom+ effem9ate40 ,rome1 9 ! long c\rse ( h] hi/ory1 foll[$ ^! two sy/ems 9 succession4 ,"u ! ,republic1 d[n to ! conque/ ( ,greece1 pref]5ce 0 giv5 to education aft] ! ,sp>tan type2 :ile "u ! emp]ors1 ,a!nian education 0 dom9ant1 ) a v m>k$ t5d5cy to give ! fir/ place to an education 9 lit]ature & oratory4 #dd4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,romans4--,! fir/ s*ools 7 n op5$ at ,rome till t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,till !n1 ! ,romans _h no tea*]s save _! p>5ts & nature4 ,education 0 almo/ exclusively physical & moral1 or r1 milit>y & religi\s4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re 7 ! gymna/ic ex]cises on ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & on ! o!r1 ! recitation ( ! ,salian hymns1 a sort ( cate*ism conta9+ ! names ( ! gods & goddesses4 ,besides ?is1 !re 0 ! /udy ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 t is1 ( ! ,roman ,law4 ,m5 ! mo/ robu/1 ! mo/ c\rage\s1 ! be/ discipl9$1 & ! mo/ patriotic t ev] liv$1 7 ! fruit ( ?is natural education4 ,rome 0 ! great s*ool ( ! civic & milit>y virtues4 ,! ,romans did n imitate ! ,a!nians 9 a dis9t]e/$ pursuit ( a p]fect physical & intellectual developm5t4 ,rome work$ = practical ends2 %e 0 guid$ only by consid]ations ( utility2 %e _h no reg>d = ideals2 h] purpose 0 simply ! education ( soldi]s & citiz5s :o %\ld be ob$i5t & devot$4 ,%e did n "k man 9 ! ab/ract2 %e knew only ! ,roman citiz54 ,^! high qualities ( ! e>ly ,romans 7 m>r$ by a sort ( brutal ins5sibility & a contempt = ! graces ( intellect & he>t2 & leav+ out ( acc\nt ! circum/ances ( environm5t & race1 _! practical virtues may be ascrib$ to ?ree or f\r pr9cipal causes4 ,fir/ among ^! 0 a firm family discipl9e4 ,! au?ority ( ! fa!r 0 absolute1 & answ]+ to ?is excessive p[]1 !re 0 bl9d ob$i5ce4 ,ano!r cause 0 ! position ( ! "m 9 ! family4 ,at ,rome1 woman 0 held 9 high] e/eem ?an at ,a!ns4 ,%e became almo/ ! equal ( man4 ,%e 0 ! gu>dian ( ! family circle & ! tea*] ( h] *ildr54 ,! v "n matron inspires respect4 ,coriolanus1 :o took up arms aga9/ 8 c\ntry1 c\ld n )/& ! te>s ( 8 "m ,veturia4 ,! noble ,cornelia 0 ! tea*] ( h] sons1 ! ,grac*i1 :om %e 0 accu/om$ to call 8h] faire/ jewels40 ,besides1 ! influ5ce ( religion 0 made to supplem5t ! active ef=ts ( ! family4 ,! ,roman liv$ surr\nd$ by deities4 ,:5 a *ild 0 wean$1 tradition w\ld h x t "o goddess taught him to eat1 & ano!r to dr9k4 ,lat] on1 f\r goddesses guid$ 8 fir/ /eps & held 8 two h&s4 ,all ^! sup]/itions impos$ regul>ity & exactness on ! mo/ ord9>y acts ( daily life4 ,m5 brea!d1 z x 71 a div9e atmosph]e4 ,f9ally1 ! "y ,roman le>n$ to read 9 ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 t is1 9 ! civil code ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 ?us accu/om$ f infancy to consid] ! law z some?+ natural1 inviolable1 & sacr$4 #de4 ,,rome ,,at ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,greece4--,! primitive /ate ( mann]s did n la/4 ,"u ,greek influ5ce1 ,roman simplicity suff]$ a *ange1 &1 z ,horace says1 ,greece1 9 be+ conqu]$1 conqu]$ 9 turn h] rude victor4 ,! ta/e = lett]s & arts 0 introduc$ at ,rome t[>ds ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & trans=m$ ! au/]e & rude education ( ! primitive era4 ,! ,romans1 9 _! turn1 acquir$ a lik+ = f9e phrases & subtile dialectics4 ,s*ools 7 op5$1 & ! rhetoricians & philosoph]s took up ! bus9ess ( education4 ,p>5ts no long] *>g$ !mselves ) ! in/ruction ( _! *ildr54 ,foll[+ ! fa%ion at ,a!ns1 !y entru/$ !m to slaves1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t ! faults or ev5 ! vices ( ^! common p$agogues4 8,= if any ( _! s]vants10 says ,plut>*1 8be bett] ?an ! re/1 !y dispose "s ( !m to foll[ husb&ry1 "s to navigation1 "s to m]*&ise1 "s to be /ew>ds 9 _! h\ses1 & "s1 la/ly1 to put out _! money to use = !m4 ,b if !y f9d any slave t is a drunk>d or a glutton1 & unfit = any o!r bus9ess1 to him !y assign ! gov]nm5t ( _! *ildr52 :]eas1 a good p$agogue ought to be su* a "o 9 8 disposition z ,phnix1 tutor to ,a*illes1 040#da #df4 ,,:y ,,rome ,,_h ,,no ,,great ,,educators4--,9 ! age ( ,augu/us1 :5 ,lat9 lit]ature 0 9 all its glory1 we are a/oni%$ n to f9d1 z 9 ! c5tury ( ,p]icles1 "s great ?9k] l ,plato or ,ari/otle1 :o pres5ts g5]al views on education1 & makes himself fam\s by a rem>kable "w on p$agogy4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! ,romans nev] =m$ a ta/e = dis9t]e/$ sci5ce & speculative inquiry4 ,!y rea*$ di/9ction only 9 ! practical sci5ces2 9 ! law1 = example1 9 :i* !y excell$4 ,n[ p$agogy1 :ile 9 "o s5se a practical sci5ce1 nev]!less reposes ^u philosophical pr9ciples1 ^u a k ( human nature1 & ^u a !oretical conception ( human de/9y1--que/ions :i* _h no liv+ int]e/ = ! ,roman m9d1 & :i* ev5 ,cic]o has notic$ only 9 pass+1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 translation ( ,plato1 made ) 8 usual magnific5ce ( lit]>y /yle4 ,x is to be not$1 moreov]1 t ! ,romans seem nev] to h consid]$ education z a national und]tak+1 z an affair ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables is sil5t ^u ! education ( *ildr54 ,up to ! "t ( ,qu9tilian !re 7 at ,rome no public s*ools1 no pr(essional tea*]s4 ,9 ! age ( ,augu/us ea* tea*] _h 8 own me?od4 8,our ance/ors10 says ,cic]o1 8did n wi% t *ildr5 %\ld be educat$ by fix$ rules1 det]m9$ by ! laws1 publicly promulgat$ & made uni=m = all40#db ,& he does n seem to disapprove ( ?is neglect1 ev5 :ile not+ ! fact t ,polybius saw 9 ?is an important defect 9 ,roman in/itutions4 #dg4 ,,cic]o4--,9 all ,cic]o's works we f9d sc>cely a l9e relative to education4 ,& yet ! great orator exclaims3 8,:at bett]1 :at great] s]vice c we ( to-day r5d] ! ,republic ?an to in/ruct & tra9 ! "y80#dc ,b he 0 cont5t ) writ+ f9e disc\rses on philosophy = 8 c\ntry1 ab\nd+ m 9 eloqu5ce ?an 9 orig9ality4 #dh4 ,,v>ro4--,a less celebrat$ writ]1 ,v>ro1 seems to h _h "s p$agogic in/9ct4 ,he wrote real educational works on gramm>1 rhetoric1 hi/ory1 & geometry4 ,mo/ ( ^! h be5 lo/2 b if we may tru/ 8 contempor>ies1 !y 7 in/rum5tal 9 ! education ( sev]al g5]ations4 #di4 ,,qu9tilian 7#ce-ie ,a4,d474--,aft] ! age ( ,augu/us1 education became m & m an affair ( oratory4 ,! *ief ef=t 9 ! way ( education 0 a prep>ation = a c>e] 9 ! ,=um4 ,b f ^! vulg> rhetoricians1 occupi$ ) ! ext]ior artifices ( /yle1 ^! 8traffick]s 9 words10 z ,sa9t ,augu/9e call$ !m1 we mu/ di/+ui% a rhetorician ( a high] ord]1 :o does n sep>ate rhetoric f a g5]al culture ( ! intellig5ce4 ,?is is ,qu9tilian1 ! au?or ( ! ,in/itutes ( ,oratory4 ,appo9t$ at ! age ( tw5ty-six to a *air ( eloqu5ce1 ! fir/ t 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,roman /ate1 & call$ at a lat] p]iod by ! ,emp]or ,domitian to direct ! education ( 8 gr&-nephews1 ,qu9tilian 0 practically acqua9t$ ) bo? public & private in/ruction4 #ej4 ,,! ,,in/itutes ,,( ,,oratory4--,?is "w1 "u ! =m ( a treatise on rhetoric1 is 9 p>ts a real treatise on education4 ,! au?or1 9 fact1 beg9s ! tra9+ ( ! future orator f ! cradle2 he gives c\nsel to its nurse1 & 8n blu%+ to desc5d to petty details10 he foll[s /ep by /ep ! education ( 8 pupil4 ,let u add1 t 9 ! noble ideal :i* he conceives1 eloqu5ce nev] be+ consid]$ ap>t f wisdom1 ,qu9tilian 0 l$ by 8 v subject to treat ( moral education4 #ea4 ,,8 ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,education4--,! fir/ book entire is devot$ to education 9 g5]al1 & its tea*+s might be appli$ indiff]5tly to all *ildr51 :e!r de/9$ or n to ! practice ( oratory4 8,has a son be5 born to y8 ,f ! fir/ conceive ! highe/ hopes ( him40 ,?us ,qu9tilian beg9s4 ,he ?9ks t we _c h too high an op9ion ( human nature1 nor propose = x too high a purpose4 ,m9ds t rebel aga9/ all in/ruction are unnatural4 ,mo/ (t5 x is ! tra9+ :i* is at fault2 x is n nature t is to blame4 #eb4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,*ild4--,! *ild's nurses %\ld be virtu\s & prud5t4 ,qu9tilian does n dem& t !y %all be le>n$1 z ! /oic ,*rysippus w\ld h !m2 b he requires t _! language %all be irreproa*able4 ,! fir/ impressions ( ! *ild are v durable3 8,new vases pres]ve ! ta/e ( ! fir/ liquor t is put into !m2 & wool1 once color$1 nev] rega9s its primitive :it5ess40 ,by an illusion analog\s to t ( ! lit]>y m5 ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 :o w\ld h ! little ,fr5* boy fir/ le>n ,lat91 ,qu9tilian tea*es 8 pupil ,greek be=e mak+ him /udy 8 native tongue4 ,/udies1 moreov]1 %\ld beg9 betimes3 8,turn to acc\nt ! *ild's fir/ ye>s1 especially z ! elem5ts ( le>n+ dem& only memory1 & ! memory ( *ildr5 is v t5aci\s40 ,we seem to be li/5+ to a mod]n tea*] :5 ,qu9tilian recomm5ds ! avoidance ( :atev] might ruffle ! spirits ( ! *ild4 8,let /udy be to him a play2 ask him que/ions2 comm5d him :5 he does well2 & sometimes let him enjoy ! consci\sness ( 8 little ga9s 9 wisdom40 #ec4 ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+4--,! passage relative to read+ des]ves to be quot$ 9 full4 ,x is wrong1 says ,qu9tilian1 to tea* *ildr5 ! names ( ! lett]s1 & _! respective places 9 ! alphabet1 be=e !y "k _! %apes4 ,he recomm5ds ! use ( lett]s 9 ivory1 :i* *ildr5 take pleasure 9 h&l+1 see+1 & nam+4 ,z to writ+1 ,qu9tilian recomm5ds1 = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! *ild's h&1 & ( prev5t+ x f mak+ false movem5ts1 t he %\ld practise on wood5 tablets on :i* ! lett]s h be5 trac$ by cutt+4#dd ,lat] on1 ! copies %all conta91 8n s5seless maxims1 b moral tru?s40 ,! ,roman tea*] did n c\nsel ha/e 9 any case4 8,we c sc>cely believe10 he says1 8h[ progress 9 read+ is ret>d$ by attempt+ to g too fa/40 #ed4 ,,public ,,education4--,qu9tilian has made an unsurpass$ plea = public education & its advantages1 :i* ,roll9 has reproduc$ almo/ entire4#de ,f ?is we %all quote only ! foll[+ passage1 :i* proves h[ f> ! contempor>ies ( ,qu9tilian _h already dep>t$ f ! manly habits ( ! e>ly ages2 & ! tru? :i* is h]e9 express$ w always be applicable to p>5ts :o are incl9$ to be ov]-indulg5t3 8,w\ld t we ourselves did n corrupt ! morals ( our *ildr56 ,we en]vate _! v infancy ) luxuries4 ,t delicacy ( education1 :i* we call fondness1 weak5s all ! p[]s1 bo? ( body & m9d4444 ,we =m ! palate ( our *ildr5 be=e we =m _! pronunciation4 ,!y gr[ up 9 s$an *airs2 if !y t\* ! gr\nd1 !y hang by ! h&s ( att5dants support+ !m on ea* side4 ,we are delight$ if !y utt] any?+ immode/4 ,expressions :i* w\ld hot be tol]at$ ev5 f effem9ate y\?s1 we he> f !m ) a smile & a kiss4 ,ne$ we be a/oni%$ at ?is behavior8 ,we ourselves h taught !m40#df #ee4 ,,duties ,,( ,,tea*]s4--,!re 0 at ,rome1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 a high conception ( ! duties ( a tea*]3 8,8 fir/ c>e %\ld be to asc]ta9 ) all possible ?or\ghness ! m9d & ! "* ( ! *ild40 ,judici\s reflections on ! memory1 on ! faculty ( imitation1 & on ! dang]s ( precoci\s m5tal developm5t1 are pro(s ( ! f9e psy*ological disc]nm5t ( ,qu9tilian4 ,8 insight is no less accurate :5 he sket*es ! rules = moral discipl9e4 8,fe>10 he says1 8re/ra9s "s & unmans o!rs4444 ,= my "p1 ,i pref] a pupil :o is s5sitive to praise1 :om glory animates1 & f :om defeat draws te>s40 ,qu9tilian expresses himself decid$ly aga9/ ! use ( ! rod1 8al?\gh cu/om au?orizes x10 he says1 8& ,*rysippus does n disapprove ( x40 #ef4 ,,gramm> ,,& ,,rhetoric4--,l 8 contempor>ies1 ,qu9tilian di/+ui%es /udies into two grades1--,gramm> & ,rhetoric4 8,z soon z ! *ild is able to read & write1 he mu/ be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! gramm>ian40 ,gramm> 0 divid$ into two p>ts1--! art ( speak+ correctly & ! explication ( ! poets4 ,ex]cises 9 composition1 developm5t lessons call$ ,*ri1 & n>ratives1 accompani$ ! !oretical /udy ( ! rules ( gramm>4#dg ,x is to be obs]v$ t ,qu9tilian gives a high place to etymological /udies1 & t he atta*es great importance to read+ al\d4 8,t ! *ild may read well1 let him h a good und]/&+ ( :at he reads4444 ,:5 he reads ! poets1 let him %un affect$ modulations4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to ?is mann] ( read+ t ,cs>1 /ill a "y man1 made ?is excell5t obs]vation3 #8,if y are s++1 y s+ poorly2 if y are read+1 :y d y s+8'0 #eg4 ,,! ,,simultane\s ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces4--,qu9tilian is v f> f conf9+ 8 pupil )9 ! n>r[ circle ( grammatical /udy4 ,p]suad$ t ! *ild is capable ( le>n+ sev]al ?+s at ! same "t1 he w\ld h him taught geometry1 music1 & philosophy simultane\sly3-- 8,mu/ he le>n gramm> alone1 & !n geometry1 & 9 ! mean:ile =get :at he fir/ le>n$8 ,z well advise a f>m] n to cultivate1 at ! same "t1 8 fields1 8 v9es1 8 olive trees1 & 8 or*>ds1 & n to give 8 ?\ght simultane\sly to 8 mead[s1 8 cattle1 8 g>d5s1 & 8 bees40#dh ,( c\rse ,qu9tilian consid]s ! diff]5t /udies :i* he sets be=e 8 pupil only z ! in/rum5ts = an education 9 oratory4 ,philosophy1 :i* comprises dialectics or logic1 physics or ! sci5ce ( nature1 & la/ly morals1 furni% ! orator ) ideas1 & tea* him ! art ( di/ribut+ !m into a consecutive l9e ( argum5t4 ,& s geometry1 a ne> relative ( dialectics1 discipl9es ! m9d1 & tea*es x to di/+ui% ! true f ! false4 ,la/ly1 music is an excell5t prep>ation = eloqu5ce2 x cultivates ! s5se ( h>mony & a ta/e = numb] & measure4 #eh4 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,philosophy4--,by ! side ( ! s*ools ( rhetoric1 9 :i* ! art ( spee* 0 cultivat$1 imp]ial ,rome saw fl\ri% 9 great numb]s s*ools ( philosophy1 ^: purpose 0 ! =mation ( morals4 ,x 0 ?r\gh no lack ( moral s]moniz+ t !re 0 a deg5]ation 9 ! virtues ( ! ,romans4 ,all ! s*ools ( ,greece1 especially ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans1 & also ! s*ools ( ,py?agoras1 ( ,socrates1 ( ,plato1 & ( ,ari/otle1 _h _! repres5tatives at ,rome2 b _! obscure names h sc>cely surviv$4 #ei4 ,,s5eca4--,among ^! philosoph]s & ^! morali/s ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,s5eca has ! di/9ction ( /&+ 9 ! front rank4 ,x is true t he 0 n ! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 b by 8 num]\s writ+s he succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ among 8 contempor>ies at lea/ "s ve/iges ( ! anci5t virtues4 ,8 ,lett]s to ,lucilius1 lett]s ab\nd+ 9 real intellectual & moral insight1 also conta9 "s p$agogical precepts4 ,s5eca attempts to direct s*ool in/ruction to practical ends1 9 foll[+ out ! ?\ght ( ?is fam\s precept3 8,we %\ld le>n1 n = ! sake ( ! s*ool1 b = ! purposes ( life0 7,non s*ol1 s$ vit discimus74 ,moreov]1 he criticises confus$ & ill-direct$ read+ t does n enri* ! und]/&+1 & concludes by recomm5d+ ! pr(\nd /udy ( a s+le book 7timeo hom9em unius libri74 ,9 ano!r lett] he rem>ks t ! be/ means = giv+ cle>ness to "o's own ideas is to communicate !m to o!rs2 ! be/ way ( be+ taught is to tea* 7doc5do discimus74 ,let u quote ?is o!r maxim s (t5 repeat$3 8,! end is atta9$ soon] by example ?an by precept0 7longum it] p] prcepta1 breve p] exempla74 #fj4 ,,plut>* 7#ej-ach ,a4,d474--,9 ! la/ p]iod ( ,roman civilization two names des]ve to arre/ ! att5tion ( ! educator1--,plut>* & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,al?\gh he 0 born 9 ,botia1 & wrote 9 ,greek1 ,plut>* belongs to ! ,roman _w4 ,he liv$ at ,rome at sev]al diff]5t times1 & !re op5$ a s*ool 9 ! reign ( ,domitian1 :]e he lectur$ on philosophy1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory4 ,num]\s works h transmitt$ to u ! sub/ance ( t in/ruction :i* _h su* an extraord9>y success4 #fa4 ,,! ,,lives ,,( ,,illu/ri\s ,,m54--,translat$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ,amyot1 ! ,p>allel ,lives ( ,plut>* 7 = our fa!rs a true code ( morals f\nd$ on hi/ory4 ,h[ _m ( our great m51 or h[ _m ( our m5 ( wor?1 h drawn f ?is book1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! mat]ial :i* has nurtur$ _! virtues6 ,l',hpital & d',aubign enri*$ _! lives f ?is s\rce4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 said ( ?is book3 8,x has be5 to me z my consci5ce1 & has :isp]$ 9 my e> _m virtu\s sugge/ions & excell5t maxims = my own conduct & = ! managem5t ( my affairs40#di #fb4 ,,! ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,*ildr54--,! celebrat$ essay entitl$ ,( ! ,tra9+ ( ,*ildr51#ej is ! fir/ treatise1 especially devot$ to education1 t antiquity has bequea!d to u4 ,its au!nticity has be5 call$ 9 "q by ,g]man critics2 b ?is is ( little mom5t1 s9ce ^! critics are ! fir/ to recognize ! fact t ! au?or ( ?is essay1 :oev] he might h be51 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) ,plut>*1 & has giv5 u a suffici5tly exact summ>y ( ! ideas :i* are m fully develop$ 9 o!rs ( 8 works4#ea ,we %all n give an analysis ( ?is "w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ab\nds 9 int]e/+ reflections on ! prim>y p]iod ( education4 ,we %all simply note ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! essay1 its sali5t & orig9al *>act]i/ic1 :i* is its w>m appreciation ( ! family4 ,9 society1 z ,plut>* conceives x1 ! ,/ate no long] ex]cises absolute sov]eignty4 ,^u ! ru9s ( ! antique commonweal? ,plut>* builds ! family4 ,x is to ! family t he addresses himself 9 ord] to assure ! education ( *ildr54#eb ,on ?is po9t he is n 9 accord ) ,qu9tilian4 ,:at he recomm5ds is an education t is dome/ic & individual4 ,he sc>cely admits ! ne$ ( public s*ools save = ! high] in/ruction4 ,at a c]ta9 age a "y man1 already tra9$ by ! wat*ful c>e ( a preceptor "u ! sup]vision ( 8 p>5ts1 %all g abroad to he> ! lectures ( ! morali/s & ! philosoph]s1 & to read ! poets4 #fc4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom54--,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! exalt$ function :i* ,plut>* ascribes to ! family is t by ?is s+le act he raises ! mat]ial & moral condition ( woman4 ,9 8 essay entitl$ ,conjugal ,precepts1 :i* recalls ! ,economics ( ,x5ophon1 he re/ores to ! wife h] place 9 ! h\sehold4 ,he associates h] ) ! husb& 9 ! mat]ial support ( ! family1 z well z 9 ! education ( ! *ildr54 ,! "m is to nurse h] (fspr+4 8,provid5ce10 he naively says1 8ha? also wisely ord]$ t wom5 %\ld h two brea/s1 t s1 if any ( !m %\ld happ5 to be> tw9s1 !y might h two sev]al spr+s ( n\ri%m5t ready = !m40#ec ,! "m %all also take "p 9 ! in/ruction ( h] *ildr51 & s %e mu/ h]self be educat$4 ,plut>* proposes = h] ! highe/ /udies1 su* z ma!matics & philosophy4 ,b he c\nts mu* m ^u h] natural qualities1 ?an ^u ! sci5ce t %e may acquire4 8,) wom510 he says1 8t5d]ness ( he>t is enhanc$ by a pleas+ c\nt5ance1 by sweetness ( spee*1 by an affectionate grace1 & by a high degree ( s5sitiv5ess40 #fd4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,poetry ,,9 ,,education4--,9 ! essay entitl$ ,h[ a ,"y ,man ,ought to ,he> ,poems1 ,plut>* has giv5 8 op9ion z to ! ext5t to :i* poetry %\ld be made an elem5t 9 education4 ,m j ?an ,plato1 he does n condemn ! read+ ( ! poets4 ,he simply dem&s t ?is read+ %\ld be done ) discretion1 by *oos+ ^? :o1 9 _! compositions1 m+le moral inspiration ) poetic inspiration4 8,lycurgus10 he says1 8did n act l a man ( s\nd reason 9 ! c\rse :i* he took to re=m 8 p t 7 mu* incl9$ to drunk5ness1 by travel+ up & d[n to de/roy all ! v9es 9 ! c\ntry2 :]eas he %\ld h ord]$ t e v9e %\ld h a well ( wat] ne> x1 t 7z ,plato sai?7 ! drunk5 deity might be r$uc$ to temp]ance by a sob] "o40#ed #fe4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,morals4--,plut>* is above all else a morali/4 ,if he adds no?+ 9 ! way ( !ory to ! l(ty doctr9es ( ! ,greek philosoph]s f :om he cat*es 8 inspiration1 at lea/ he ent]s m pr(\ndly into ! /udy ( practical me?ods :i* insure ! efficacy ( f9e precepts & exalt$ doctr9es4 8,t contemplation :i* is dissociat$ f practice10 he says1 8is ( no utility40 ,he w\ld h "y m5 come f lectures on morals1 n only bett] in/ruct$1 b m virtu\s4 ,( :at consequ5ce are beautiful maxims unless !y are embodi$ 9 action8 ,! "y man1 !n1 %all e>ly accu/om himself to self-gov]nm5t1 to reflection ^u 8 own conduct1 & to tak+ c\nsel ( 8 own reason4 ,moreov]1 ,plut>* gives him a director ( consci5ce1 a philosoph]1 :om he w g to consult 9 8 d\bts1 & to :om he w entru/ ! keep+ ( 8 s\l4 ,b t :i* is ( mo/ consequ5ce 9 8 eyes is p]sonal ef=t1 reflection always on ! al]t1 & t inw>d ef=t :i* causes our s\l to assimilate ! moral lessons :i* we h receiv$1 & :i* causes !m to ent] into ! v /ructure & fibre ( our p]sonality4 8,z x w\ld be ) a man :o1 go+ to 8 neighbor's to borr[ fire1 & f9d+ !re a great & bright fire1 %\ld sit d[n to w>m himself & =get to g home2 s is x ) ! "o :o comes to ano!r to le>n1 if he does n ?9k himself oblig$ to k9dle 8 own fire )91 & influ5ce 8 own m9d1 b cont9ues sitt+ by 8 ma/] z if he 7 en*ant$1 delight$ by he>+40#ee ,s are ^? :o are n /riv+ to h a p]sonal morality1 b :o1 incapable ( self-direction1 are always 9 ne$ ( ! tutor%ip ( ano!r4 ,! great preoccupation ( ,plut>*--& by ?is trait he has a legitimate place among ! great educators ( ! _w--0 to awak51 to excite1 ! int]ior =ces ( ! consci5ce1 & to /imulate ! intellig5ce to a high /ate ( activity4 ,:5 he wrote ?is fam\s maxim1 8,! s\l is n a vase to be fill$1 b is r a he>? :i* is to be made to gl[10#ef he 0 n ?9k+ alone ( moral education1 b also ( a false intellectual education :i*1 in/ead ( tra9+ ! m9d1 is cont5t ) accumulat+ 9 ! memory a mass ( indige/$ mat]ials4#eg #ff4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius4--,! wise/ ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 ! au?or ( ! book entitl$ ,to ,myself1 bett] kn[n z ,m$itations1 ,m>cus ,aurelius des]ves m5tion 9 ! hi/ory ( p$agogy4 ,he is p]haps ! mo/ p]fect repres5tative ( ,/oic morality1 :i* is itself ! highe/ expression ( anci5t morality4 ,he is ! mo/ f9i%$ type ( :at c be effect$ 9 ! way ( s\l-culture by ! influ5ce ( home-tra9+ & ! p]sonal ef=t ( ! consci5ce4 ,8 tea*] ( rhetoric 0 ! celebrat$ ,fronto1 ( ^: "* we may judge f ?is "o *>act]i/ic3 8,i toil$ h>d ye/]day10 he wrote to 8 pupil2 8,i compos$ a few figures ( spee*1 ) :i* ,i am pleas$40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m>cus ,aurelius f\nd examples = imitation 9 8 own family4 8,my uncle10 he says rev]5tly1 8taught me pati5ce4444 ,f my fa!r ,i inh]it$ mode/y4444 ,to my "m ,i owe my feel+s ( piety40 ,not)/&+ ! mode/y t l$ him to attribute to o!rs ! :ole ( 8 moral wor?1 x is especially to himself1 to a p]si/5t ef=t ( 8 own w1 & to a ceaseless exam9ation ( 8 own consci5ce1 t he is indebt$ = becom+ ! mo/ virtu\s ( m51 & ! wise/ & pure/1 next to ,socrates1 ( ! morali/s ( antiquity4 ,8 ,m$itations %[ u 9 action t self-education :i* 9 our "t has sugge/$ su* beautiful reflections to ,*ann+4 #fg4 ,,conclusion4--,f9ally1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ,roman lit]ature is poor 9 mat]ial = educational /udy4 ,"s passages1 scatt]$ "h & !re 9 ! classical au?ors1 nev]!less prove t !y 7 n absolutely /rang]s to p$agogical que/ions4 ,?us ,horace pr(ess$ indep5d5ce ( m9d2 he decl>es t he is n oblig$ to swe> by ! 8words ( any ma/]40#eh ,on ! o!r h&1 ,juv5al def9$ ! ideal purpose ( life & ( education :5 he said t ! desirable ?+ above all o!rs is 8a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body40#ei ,f9ally1 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 9 ?ree words1 multum1 non multa1 8mu*1 n _m ?+s10 fixes "o ess5tial po9t 9 educational me?od1 & recomm5ds ! ?or\gh /udy ( "o s+le subject 9 pref]5ce to a sup]ficial /udy :i* ext5ds ov] too _m subjects4 ,:ile by _! ta/e1 _! accuracy ( ?\ght1 & ! p]fection ( _! /yle1 ! ,lat9 writ]s are wor?y ( be+ plac$ by ! side ( ! ,greeks z pr(ici5ts 9 education ( ! lit]>y type1 !y at ! same "t des]ve to be reg>d$ z reputable guides 9 moral education4 ,at ,rome1 z at ,a!ns1 t :i* =m$ ! basis ( in/ruction 0 ! se>* aft] virtue4 ,t :i* preoccupi$ ,cic]o z well z ,plato1 ,s5eca z well z ,ari/otle1 0 n s mu* ! ext5sion ( k & ! developm5t ( in/ruction z ! progress ( mann]s & ! moral p]fection ( man4 #fh4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,9 contra/ ) ,greek education1 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( :i* 0 intellectual discipl9e or culture1 ,roman education may be call$ practical4 ,greece & ,rome h ?us furni%$ ! _w ) two di/9ct types ( education1 & _! mod]n repres5tatives are se5 9 our classical & sci5tific c\rses respectively4 #b4 ,! dis9cl9ation ( ! ,roman m9d to speculative inquiry1 0 a b> to ! production ( any contributions to ! !ory ( education4 #c4 ,9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,qu9tilian we see ! fir/ attempt to exp\nd ! art ( tea*+2 & 9 ! ,morals ( ,plut>* we h ! fir/ =mal treatise on ! education ( *ildr54 #d4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod ( ,roman education1 we see a high] appreciation ( woman1 & a nobl] conception ( ! family life4 #e4 ,9 common ) all ! sy/ems ( education ?us f> /udi$1 ,roman education is ess5tially lit]>y1 e?ical1 & prud5tial1 z di/+ui%$ f an education 9 sci5ce4 ,! conception ( ! money value ( k _h n yet appe>$4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,plut>*1 ,morals1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #i4 #db ,cic]o1 ,de ,republica1 ,,iv4 #aae4 #dc ,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione1 ,,ii4 #b4 #dd ,9 pr9ciple1 ?is is ! same z ! sy/em ( writ+ comm5d$ by ,locke3 8,get a plate grav$ ) ! ,*>act]s ( su* a ,h& z y l be/ 444 let sev]al %eets ( good ,writ+-pap] be pr9t$ (f ) r$ ,ink1 :i* he has no?+ to d b g ov] ) a good ,p5 fill'd ) black ,ink1 :i* w quickly br+ 8 ,h& to ! ,=mation ( ^? ,*>act]s1 be+ fir/ %ew$ :]e to beg91 & h[ to =m e ,lett]40 7,on ,education1 #afj47 7,p47 #de 8,qu9tilian has treat$ ?is "q ) great bread? & eloqu5ce40 7,trait des tudes1 ,liv4 ,,iv4 ,art4 #b47 #df ,qu9tilian1 ,in/itutes ( ,oratory1 ,watson's ,translation1 ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g4 #dg ,in/itutes1 ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,ix4 #dh ,in/itutes1 ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xii4 #di ,equally great has be5 ,plut>*'s influ5ce on ,engli% ?\ght & life4 ,sir ,?omas ,nor?'s translation ( ,amyot's v]sion appe>$ 9 #aegi1 & furni%$ ,%akespe>e ) ! mat]ials = 8 ,coriolanus1 ,julius ,cs>1 & ,antony & ,cleopatra4 ,milton1 ,wordswor?1 & ,br[n+ are also debtors to ! ,p>allel ,lives4 7,p47 #ej 8,comm5t il faut n\rrir les enfants10 9 ! translation by ,amyot4 8,( ! ,tra9+ ( ,*ildr510 9 ,goodw9's edition ( ! ,morals 7,vol4 ,i474 #ea ,! ref]5ces t foll[ are to ,plut>*'s ,morals4 ,! fir/ translation into ,engli% 0 by ,philemon ,holl&1 9 #afjc4 ,! ,am]ican edition 9 five volumes 7,bo/on1 #ahga7 is wor?y ( all comm5dation4 ,! ref]5ces ,i make are to ?is edition4 7,p47 #eb ,( c\rse ,plut>*1 l all ! writ]s ( antiquity1 writes only 9 behalf ( free-born *ildr5 9 good circum/ances4 8,he ab&ons10 z he himself admits1 8! education ( ! poor & ! l[ly40 ,plut>* seems to aim at :at appe>s to him to be practicable4 ,t he 0 lib]al 9 8 op9ions mu/ be evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 f ?is extract3 8,x is my desire t all *ildr5 :atsoev] may p>take ( ! b5efits ( education alike2 b if yet any p]sons1 by reason ( ! n>r[ness ( _! e/ates1 _c make use ( my precepts1 let !m n blame me t give !m1 b ,=tune1 :i* disable? !m f mak+ ! advantage by !m !y o!rwise might4 ,?\gh ev5 poor m5 mu/ use _! utmo/ endeavor to give _! *ildr5 ! be/ education2 or1 if !y c n1 !y mu/ be/[ ^u !m ! be/ t _! abilities w rea*40 7,morals1 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ai1 #bj47 7,p47 #ec ,( ! ,tra9+ ( ,*ildr51 #f4 #ed ,morals1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dd4 #ee ,morals1 ,i4 p4 #dfc4 ,?is language directly foll[s ! quotation giv5 9 ! note 7#a7 at ! close ( ?is p>agraph4 7,p47 #ef ,! exact read+ is z foll[s3 8,= ! m9d requires n l an e>!n vessel to be fill$ up2 conv5i5t fuel & alim5t only w influ5ce x ) a desire ( k & ard5t love ( tru?40 7,morals1 ,i4 p4 #dfc47 ,?is makes ! au?or's mean+ m app>5t4 7,p47 #eg ,?is does n mean t ,plut>* sets a l[ value on memory1 = he says3 8,above all ?+s1 we mu/ ex]cise ! memory ( *ildr51 = x is ! treasury ( k40 #eh 8,nullius addictus jur>e 9 v]ba magi/ri40 #ei 8,or&um e/ ut sit m5s sana 9 corpore sano40 7,sat4 x4 #cef47 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ians ,,& ,,! ,,middle ,,age4 ,,! ,,new ,,_s ,,( ,,*ri/ianity2 ,,! ,,pov]ty ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,c5turies ,,9 ,,respect ,,( ,,education2 ,,! ,,fa!rs ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*2 ,,sa9t ,,j]ome ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,girls2 ,,physical ,,asceticism2 ,,intellectual ,,& ,,moral ,,asceticism2 ,,p]man5t ,,tru?s2 ,,intellectual ,,feebl5ess ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,age2 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,ignorance ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,age2 ,,! ,,?ree ,,r5asc5ces2 ,,*>lemagne2 ,,alcu92 ,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,*>lemagne2 ,,s*ola/icism2 ,,abel>d2 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,lib]al ,,arts2 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,discipl9e2 ,,! ,,univ]sities2 ,,g]son2 ,,vittor9o ,,da ,,feltre2 ,,o!r ,,tea*]s ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,age2 ,,recapitulation2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #fi4 ,,! ,,new ,,_s ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4--,by its dogmas1 by ! conception ( ! equality ( all human creatures1 by its _s ( *>ity1 ,*ri/ianity introduc$ new elem5ts into ! consci5ce1 & seem$ call$ to give a p[]ful impetus to ! moral education ( m54 ,! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ 0 at fir/ a reaction ( free w & ( p]sonal dignity aga9/ ! despotism ( ! ,/ate4 8,a full half ( man h5ce=? escap$ ! action ( ! ,/ate4 ,*ri/ianity taught t man no long] belong$ to society except 9 "p2 t he 0 "u allegiance to x by 8 body & 8 mat]ial int]e/s2 t be+ subject to a tyrant1 he mu/ submit2 t z a citiz5 ( a republic1 he ought to give 8 life = x2 b t 9 respect ( 8 s\l1 he 0 free1 & ow$ allegiance only to ,god40#fj ,h5ce=? x 0 n simply a "q ( tra9+ citiz5s = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate2 b ! conception ( a dis9t]e/$ developm5t ( ! human p]son made its appe>ance 9 ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 proclaim+ t all m5 _h ! same de/9y1 & t !y 7 all equal 9 ! sight ( ,god1 ,*ri/ianity rais$ ! poor & ! dis9h]it$ f _! condition ( mis]y1 & promis$ !m all ! same in/ruction4 ,to ! idea ( lib]ty 0 add$ t ( equality2 & equal ju/ice = all1 & p>ticipation 9 ! same rights1 7 conta9$ 9 g]m 9 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity4 #gj4 ,,pov]ty ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ri/ian ,,c5turies ,,9 ,,respect ,,( ,,education4--,nev]!less1 ! g]ms conta9$ 9 ! doctr9es ( ! new religion did n be> fruit at once4 ,x is easy to analyze ! causes :i* l$ to ! pov]ty ( educational ?\ght dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,*ri/ian in/ruction 0 address$ to b>b>\s peoples :o c\ld n at once rise to a high intellectual & moral culture4 ,accord+ to ! celebrat$ comp>ison ( ,j\ffroy1 ! invasion ( ! b>b>ians into ! mid/ ( anci5t society 0 l an armful ( gre5 wood ?r[n ^u a blaz+ fire2 at fir/ !re c\ld issue f x only a mass ( smoke4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! fact t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 9 ord] to e/abli% _! fai?1 _h to /ruggle aga9/ difficulties :i* 7 ev] be+ r5ew$4 ,! fir/ c5turies 7 a p]iod ( /ruggle1 ( conque/1 & ( organization1 :i* left b little opportunity = ! dis9t]e/$ /udy ( education4 ,9 _! conte/s ) ! anci5t _w1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians came to include 9 a common hatr$ classical lit]ature & pagan religion4 ,c\ld !y receive ) sympa?y ! lit]>y & sci5tific inh]itance ( a society ^: morals !y repudiat$1 & ^: beliefs !y 7 b5t on de/roy+8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! social condition ( ! m5 :o fir/ atta*$ !mselves to ! new religion turn$ !m aside f ! /udies :i* are a prep>ation = real life4 ,oblig$ to conceal !mselves1 to betake !mselves to ! des]t1 true ,p>iahs ( ! pagan _w1 !y liv$ a life ( contemplation2 !y 7 naturally l$ to conceive an ascetic & mona/ic exi/5ce z ! ideal ( education4 ,moreov]1 by its my/ical t5d5cies1 ,*ri/ianity at ! fir/ c\ld n be a good s*ool = a practical & humane sy/em ( education4 ,! ,*ri/ian 0 deta*$ f ! commonweal? ( man1 only to ent] into ! commonweal? ( ,god4 ,he mu/ break ) a corrupt & p]v]se _w4 ,by privations1 & by ! r5unciation ( e pleasure1 he mu/ react aga9/ ! immorality ( ,grco-,roman society4 ,man mu/ aspire to imitate ,god2 & ,god is absolute hol9ess1 ! v negation ( all ! conditions ( e>?ly life1--supreme p]fection4 ,! v disproportion betwe5 su* an ideal & human weakness z an actual fact mu/ h betray$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians into lead+ a my/ical life :i* 0 b a prep>ation = dea?4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ^! doctr9es 0 to make ( ! ,*ur* ! exclusive mi/ress ( education & in/ruction4 ,individual initiative1 if call$ into play1 on ! "o h&1 by ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 /ifl$1 on ! o!r1 "u ! dom9ation ( ! ,*ur*4 #ga4 ,,! ,,fa!rs ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,( ! celebrat$ doctors :o1 by _! erudition & eloqu5ce1 if n by _! ta/e1 made illu/ri\s ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 "s 7 jeal\s my/ics & sect>ies1 9 ^: eyes philosophical curiosity 0 a s91 & ! love ( lett]s a h]esy2 & o!rs 7 ,*ri/ians ( a conciliatory temp]am5t1 :o1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 alli$ religi\s fai? & lit]>y culture4 ,t]tullian reject$ all pagan education4 ,he saw 9 classical culture only a robb]y f ,god2 a road to ! false & arrogant wisdom ( ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,ev5 ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 :o 9 8 y\? c\ld n read ! f\r? book ( ! neid )\t %$d+ te>s1 & :o _h be5 devot$ly fond ( anci5t poetry & eloqu5ce1 r5\nc$1 aft] 8 conv]sion1 8 lit]>y ta/es z well z ! mad passions ( 8 e>ly manhood4 ,x 0 by 8 influ5ce t ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age =bade ! bi%ops to read ! pagan au?ors4 ,?is 0 n ! c\rse ( ,sa9t ,basil1 :o dem&s1 on ! contr>y1 t ! "y ,*ri/ian %all be conv]sant ) ! orators1 poets1 & hi/orians ( antiquity2 :o ?9ks t ! poems ( ,hom] inspire a love = virtue2 & :o desires1 f9ally1 t full use %\ld be made ( ! treasures ( anci5t wisdom 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y4#fa ,nor 0 ?is ! ?\ght ( ,sa9t ,j]ome1 :o said he w\ld be none ! less a ,cic]onian 9 becom+ a ,*ri/ian4 #gb4 ,,sa9t ,,j]ome ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,girls4--,! lett]s ( ,sa9t ,j]ome on ! education ( girls =m ! mo/ valuable educational docum5t ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity4#fb ,!y h excit$ high admiration4 ,erasmus knew !m by he>t1 & ,sa9t ,!resa read selections f !m e day4 ,x is impossible1 to-day1 :ile admir+ c]ta9 p>ts ( !m1 n to condemn ! g5]al _s :i* p]vades !m1--a n>r[ _s1 di/ru/ful ( ! _w1 :i* pu%es ! religi\s s5tim5t ev5 to my/icism1 & disda9 = human affairs to asceticism4 #gc4 ,,physical ,,asceticism4--,x is no long] ! "q ( giv+ p[] to ! body1 & ?us ( mak+ ( x ! robu/ in/rum5t ( a cultur$ _s1 z ! ,greeks w\ld h x4 ,! body is an enemy t mu/ be subdu$ by fa/+1 by ab/95ce1 & by mortifications ( ! fle%4 8,d n all[ ,paula to eat 9 public1 t is1 d n let h] take "p 9 family ent]ta9m5ts1 = fe> t %e may desire ! meats t may be s]v$ !re4 ,let h] le>n n to use w9e1 = x is ! s\rce ( all impurity4 ,let h] food be vegetables1 & only r>ely ( fi%2 & let h] eat s z always to be hungry40 ,contempt = ! body is c>ri$ s f> t cleanl9ess is almo/ int]dict$4 8,= myself1 ,i entirely =bid a "y girl to ba!40 ,x is true t1 al>m$ at ! consequ5ces ( su* au/]ity1 ,sa9t ,j]ome1 by way ( exception1 p]mits *ildr5 ! use ( ! ba?1 ( w9e1 & ( meat1 b only 8:5 necessity requires x1 & le/ ! feet may fail !m be=e hav+ walk$40 #gd4 ,,intellectual ,,& ,,moral ,,asceticism4--,= ! m9d1 z well z = ! body1 we may say ( ,sa9t ,j]ome :at ,nicole wrote to a nun ( 8 "t3 8,y fe$ y\r pupils on bread & wat]40 ,! ,bible is ! only book recomm5d$1 & ?is is little2 b x is ! ,bible entire1 :i* is too mu*4 ,! ,song ( ,songs1 ) its s5sual imag]y1 w\ld be /range read+ = a "y girl4 ,! arts1 l lett]s1 f9d no favor ) ! my/icism ( ,sa9t ,j]ome4 8,nev] let ,paula li/5 to musical in/rum5ts2 let h] ev5 be ignorant ( ! uses s]v$ by ! flute & ! h>p40 ,z = ! flute1 :i* ! ,greek philosoph]s also did n l1 let x be s2 b :at %all we say ( ?is condemnation ( ! h>p1 ! in/rum5t ( ,david & ! angels1 & ( religi\s music itself6 ,h[ f> we are1 9 common ) ,sa9t ,j]ome1 f t complete life1 f t h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! faculties1 :i* mod]n educators1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 = example1 pres5t to u ) reason z ! ideal ( education6 ,sa9t ,j]ome goes s f> z to proscribe walk+3-- 8,d n let ,paula be f\nd 9 ! ways ( ! _w 7emphatic p>aphrase = /reets71 9 ! ga!r+s & 9 ! company ( h] k9dr$2 let h] be f\nd only 9 retirem5t40 ,! ideal ( ,sa9t ,j]ome is a mona/ic & cloi/]$ life1 ev5 9 ! _w4 ,b t :i* is grav] /ill1 t :i* is ! fatal law ( my/icism1 is t ,sa9t ,j]ome1 aft] hav+ proscrib$ lett]s1 arts1 & necess>y & legitimate pleasures1 ev5 br+s 8 condemnation to be> on ! mo/ honorable s5tim5ts ( ! he>t4 ,! he>t is human also1 & ev]y?+ human is evil & full ( dang]3 8,d n all[ ,paula to feel m affection = "o ( h] companions ?an = o!rs2 d n all[ h] to speak ) su* a "o 9 an und]tone40 ,& z he held 9 suspicion ev5 ! affections ( ! family1 ! ,doctor ( ! ,*ur* concludes ?us3-- 8,let h] be educat$ 9 a cloi/]1 :]e %e w n "k ! _w1 :]e %e w live z an angel1 hav+ a body b n kn[+ x1 & :]e1 9 a ^w1 y w be sp>$ ! c>e ( wat*+ ov] h]4444 ,if y w s5d u ,paula1 ,i w *>ge myself ) be+ h] ma/] & nurse2 ,i w give h] my t5d]e/ c>e2 my old age w n prev5t me f unty+ h] tongue1 & ,i %all be m r5[n$ ?an ! philosoph] ,ari/otle1 s9ce ,i %all in/ruct1 n a mortal & p]i%able k+1 b an immortal sp\se ( ! ,heav5ly ,k+40 #ge4 ,,p]man5t ,,tru?s4--,! pi\s exagg]ations ( ,sa9t ,j]ome only ?r[ into %>p] relief ! ju/ice & ! excell5ce ( "s ( 8 practical sugge/ions1--^u ! tea*+ ( read+1 = example1 or ^u ! necessity ( emulation3-- 8,put into ! h&s ( ,paula lett]s 9 wood or 9 ivory1 & tea* h] ! names ( !m4 ,%e w ?us le>n :ile play+4 ,b x w n suffice to h h] m]ely memorize ! names ( ! lett]s1 & call !m 9 succession z !y /& 9 ! alphabet4 ,y %\ld (t5 mix !m1 putt+ ! la/ fir/1 & ! fir/ 9 ! middle4 8,induce h] to con/ruct words by (f]+ h] a prize1 or by giv+ h]1 z a rew>d1 :at ord9>ily pleases *ildr5 ( h] age4444 ,let h] h companions1 s t ! comm5dation %e may receive may excite 9 h] ! feel+ ( emulation4 ,d n *ide h] = ! difficulty %e may h 9 le>n+4 ,on ! contr>y1 enc\rage h] by comm5dation1 & proce$ 9 su* a way t %e %all be equally s5sible to ! pleasure ( hav+ done well1 & to ! pa9 ( n hav+ be5 successful4444 ,especially take c>e t %e d n conceive a dislike = /udy t might foll[ h] into a m advanc$ age40#fc #gf4 ,,intellectual ,,feebl5ess ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,age4--,if ! e>ly doctors ( ! ,*ur* occasionally express$ "s sympa?y = pr(ane lett]s1 x is because1 9 _! y\?1 be=e hav+ receiv$ baptism1 !y _h !mselves att5d$ ! pagan s*ools4 ,b ^! s*ools once clos$1 ,*ri/ianity did n op5 o!rs1 &1 aft] ! f\r? c5tury1 a pr(\nd night envelop$ humanity4 ,! labor ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans 0 z ?\gh x nev] _h be54 ,! pa/ no long] exi/$4 ,humanity began anew4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 ,apoll9>is ,sidonius decl>es t 8! "y no long] /udy1 t tea*]s no long] h pupils1 & t le>n+ langui%es & dies40 ,lat]1 ,lupus ( ,f]rires1 ! favorite ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s & ,*>les ! ,bald1 writes t ! /udy ( lett]s _h almo/ ceas$4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ! ,bi%op ( ,laon1 ,adalb]ic1 ass]ts t 8!re is m ?an "o bi%op :o _c c\nt ! lett]s ( ! alphabet on 8 f+]s40 ,9 #abia1 ( all ! monks 9 ! conv5t ( ,sa9t ,gall1 !re 0 n "o :o c\ld read & write4 ,x 0 s difficult to f9d not>ies public1 t acts _h to be pass$ v]bally4 ,! b>ons took pride 9 _! ignorance4 ,ev5 aft] ! ef=ts ( ! twelf? c5tury1 in/ruction rema9$ a luxury = ! common p2 x 0 ! privilege ( ! ecclesia/ics1 & ev5 !y did n c>ry x v f>4 ,! ,b5$ict9es confess t ! ma!matics 7 /udi$ only = ! purpose ( calculat+ ! date ( ,ea/]4 #gg4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,ignorance ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,age4--,:at 7 ! p]man5t causes ( t situation :i* la/$ = t5 c5turies8 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has sometimes be5 held responsible = ?is4 ,d\btless ! ,*ri/ian doctors did n always pr(ess a v w>m sympa?y = intellectual culture4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e _h said3 8,x is ! ignorant :o ga9 possession ( heav5 7indocti clum rapiunt740 ,sa9t ,gregory ! ,great1 a pope ( ! six? c5tury1 decl>$ t he w\ld blu% to h ! holy ^w con=m to ! rules ( gramm>4 ,too _m ,*ri/ians1 9 a ^w1 conf\nd$ ignorance ) hol9ess4 ,d\btless1 t[>ds ! sev5? c5tury1 ! d>kness /ill hung ?ick ov] ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,b>b>ians invad$ ! ,episcopate1 & c>ri$ ) !m _! rude mann]s4 ,d\btless1 also1 dur+ ! feudal p]iod ! prie/ (t5 became soldi]1 & rema9$ ignorant4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be unju/ to br+ a con/ructive *>ge aga9/ ! ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,age1 & to repres5t x z sy/ematically ho/ile to in/ruction4 ,directly to ! contr>y1 x is ! cl]gy :o1 9 ! mid/ ( ! g5]al b>b>ism1 pres]v$ "s ve/iges ( ! anci5t culture4 ,! only s*ools ( t p]iod are ! episcopal & clau/ral s*ools1 ! fir/ annex$ to ! bi%ops' palaces1 ! second to ! mona/]ies4 ,! religi\s ord]s volunt>ily associat$ manual labor ) m5tal labor4 ,z f> back z #ecj1 ,sa9t ,b5$ict f\nd$ ! conv5t ( ,monte ,cass9o1 & drew up /atutes :i* made read+ & intellectual labor a "p ( ! daily life ( ! monks4 ,9 #aagi1 ! ?ird ,lat]an ,c\ncil promulgat$ ! foll[+ decree3-- 8,! ,*ur* ( ,god1 be+ oblig$ l a good & t5d] "m to provide = ! bodily & spiritual wants ( ! poor1 desir\s to procure = poor *ildr5 ! opportunity = le>n+ to read1 & = mak+ advancem5t 9 /udy1 ord]s t ea* ca!dral %all h a tea*] *>g$ ) ! gratuit\s in/ruction ( ! cl]gy ( t *ur*1 & also ( ! indig5t s*ol>s1 & t he be assign$ a b5efice1 :i*1 suffici5t = 8 subsi/5ce1 may ?us op5 ! door ( ! s*ool to ! /udi\s y\?4 ,a tutor#fd %all be in/all$ 9 ! o!r *ur*es & 9 ! mona/]ies :]e =m]ly !re 7 funds set ap>t = ?is purpose40 ,x is n1 !n1 to ! ,*ur* t we mu/ ascribe ! g5]al intellectual torpor ( ! ,middle ,age4 ,o!r causes expla9 t long slumb] ( ! human m9d4 ,! fir/ is ! social condition ( ! p4 ,security & leisure1 ! indisp5sable conditions = /udy1 7 completely lack+ to p always at w>1 ov]:elm$ 9 succession by ! b>b>ians1 ! ,normans1 ! ,engli%1 & by ! endless /ruggles ( feudal times4 ,! g5tlem5 ( ! "t aspir$ only to ride1 to hunt1 & to figure 9 t\rnam5ts & feats ( arms4 ,physical education 0 above all else befitt+ m5 ^: favorite vocation1 bo? by habit & necessity1 0 w>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! enslav$ p did n suspect ! utility ( in/ruction4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d ! ne$ ( /udy1 t great lib]ator1 "o mu/ already h ta/$ lib]ty4 ,9 a society :]e ! ne$ ( in/ruction _h n yet be5 felt1 :o c\ld h tak5 ! initiative 9 ! "w ( in/ruct+ ! p8 ,let u add t ! ,middle ,age pres5t$ /ill o!r conditions unfavorable = ! propagation ( in/ruction1 9 p>ticul>1 ! lack ( national languages1 ^? necess>y vehicles ( education4 ,! v]nacul> languages are ! in/rum5ts ( intellectual emancipation4 ,among a p :]e a dead language is supreme1 a language ( ! le>n$1 accessible only to ! select few1 ! l[] classes necess>ily rema9 buri$ 9 ignorance4 ,moreov]1 ,lat9 books !mselves 7 r>e4 ,lupus ( ,f]rires 0 oblig$ to write to ,rome1 & to address himself to ! ,pope 9 p]son1 9 ord] to procure = 8 use a "w ( ,cic]o's4 ,)\t books1 )\t s*ools1 )\t any ( ! indisp5sable implem5ts ( intellectual labor1 :at c\ld be done = ! m5tal life8 ,x took refuge 9 c]ta9 mona/]ies2 erudition fl\ri%$ only 9 n>r[ circles1 ) a privileg$ few1 & ! re/ ( ! nation rema9$ buri$ 9 an obscure night4 #gh4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,r5asc5ces4--,x has be5 truly said t !re 7 ?ree ,r5asc5ces3 ! fir/1 :i* ow$ its beg9n+ to ,*>lemagne1 & ^: brilliancy did n la/2 ! second1 t ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! issue ( :i* 0 ,s*ola/icism2 & ! ?ird1 ! great ,r5aissance ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* /ill la/s1 & :i* ! ,fr5* ,revolution has complet$4 #gi4 ,,*>lemagne4--,*>lemagne und\bt$ly =m$ ! purpose ( diffus+ in/ruction ab\t him4 ,he ard5tly s\ght x = himself1 drill$ himself 9 writ+1 & le>n$ ,lat9 & ,greek1 rhetoric & a/ronomy4 ,he w\ld h communicat$ to all :o 7 ab\t him ! same ardor = /udy4 8,ah6 t ,i _h twelve cl]ics10 he exclaim$1 8z p]fectly in/ruct$ z 7 ,j]ome & ,augu/9e60 ,x 0 naturally ^u ! cl]gy t he c\nt$1 to make ( !m ! in/rum5ts ( 8 plans2 b1 z "o ( 8 capitul>ies ( #ghh %[s1 !re 0 ne$ t ! cl]gy !mselves %\ld be rem9d$ ( ! ne$ ( in/ruction3 8,we h ?\ght x useful t1 9 ! bi%ops' resid5ces1 & 9 ! mona/]ies1 c>e be tak5 n only to live accord+ to ! rules ( our holy religion1 b1 9 addition1 to tea* ! k ( lett]s to ^? :o are capable ( le>n+ !m by ! aid ( our ,"l4 ,al?\gh x avails m to practise ! law ?an to "k x1 x mu/ be kn[n be=e x c be practis$4 ,sev]al mona/]ies hav+ s5t u manuscripts1 we h obs]v$ t1 9 ! mo/ ( !m1 ! s5tim5ts 7 good1 b ! language bad4 ,we exhort y1 !n1 n only n to neglect ! /udy ( lett]s1 b to devote y\rselves to !m ) all y\r p[]40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nobles did n make any great ef=t to ju/ify _! social rank by ! degree ( _! k4 ,"o day1 z ,*>lemagne ent]$ a s*ool1 displeas$ ) ! indol5ce & ! ignorance ( ! "y b>ons :o att5d$ x1 he address$ !m 9 ^! sev]e t]ms3 8,d y c\nt ^u y\r bir?1 & d y feel a pride 9 x8 ,take notice t y %all h nei!r gov]nm5t nor bi%oprics1 if y are n bett] in/ruct$ ?an o!rs40 #hj4 ,,alcu9 7#gce-hjd74--;,*>lemagne 0 second$ 9 8 ef=ts by ,alcu9 ( ,engl&1 ( :om x might be said1 t he 0 ! fir/ m9i/] ( public in/ruction 9 ,france4 ,x is he :o f\nd$ ! ,palat9e s*ool1 a sort ( imp]ial & it9]ant academy :i* foll[$ ! c\rt on its travels4 ,x 0 a model s*ool1 :]e ,alcu9 _h = 8 pupils ! f\r sons & two daught]s ( ,*>lemagne1 & ,*>lemagne himself1 always eag] to be in/ruct$4 ,alcu9's me?od 0 n )\t orig9ality1 b x is a great mi/ake to say t x resembles ! me?od ( ,socrates4 ,alcu9 d\btless proce$s by int]rogation2 b "h x is ! pupil :o int]rogates1 & ! tea*] :o responds4 8,:at is spee*8 asks ,pep91 ! elde/ son ( ,*>lemagne4 ,x is ! int]pret] ( ! s\l1 replies ,alcu94 ,:at is life8 ,x is an enjoym5t = "s1 b = ! wret*$ x is a sorr[1 a wait+ = dea?4 ,:at is sleep8 ,! image ( dea?4 ,:at is writ+8 ,x is ! gu>dian ( hi/ory4 ,:at is ! body8 ,! t5em5t ( ! s\l4 ,:at is day8 ,a summons to labor40#fe ,all ?is is ei!r commonplace or artificial4 ,! s5t5ti\s replies ( ,alcu9 may be f9e maxims1 fit = embelli%+ ! memory2 b 9 ?is proc$ure ( ! m]e s*ol>1 affect$ by ! ov]-ref9em5ts ( 8 "t1 !re is no?+ :i* c call into activity ! intellig5ce ( ! pupil4 ,nev]!less ! "n ( ,alcu9 m>ks an era 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,8 0 ! fir/ attempt to =m an alliance betwe5 classical lit]ature & ,*ri/ian inspiration1--to create a 8,*ri/ian ,a!ns10 accord+ to ! emphatic phrase ( ,alcu9 himself4 #ha4 ,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,*>lemagne4--,x _h be5 ! ambition ( ,*>lemagne to reign ov] a civiliz$ society1 r ?an ov] a b>b>\s p4 ,conv9c$ t ! only basis ( political unity is a unity ( ideas & ( morals1 he ?\ght to f9d ! basis ( t moral unity 9 religion1 & religion itself he purpos$ to e/abli% ^u a m widely diffus$ sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,b ^! ideas 7 too advanc$ = ! "t1 & _! execution too difficult = ! circum/ances !n exi/+4 ,a new decad5ce foll[$ ! era ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! cl]gy did n respond to ! hopes :i* ! great emp]or _h plac$ on !m4 ,z f> back z #hag1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,aix-la-,*apelle decid$ t h5ce=? no m day-pupils %\ld be receiv$ into ! conv5tual s*ools1 = ! reason t too l>ge a numb] ( pupils w\ld make impossible ! ma9t5ance ( ! mona/ic discipl9e4 ,no "o ( ,*>lemagne's successors seems to h tak5 up ! ?\ght ( ! great emp]or2 no "o ( !m 0 preoccupi$ ) ! problems ( education4 ,x is ^u despotic au?ority1 & n ^u ! intellectual progress ( _! subjects1 t ^? un9tellig5t rul]s wi%$ to f\nd _! p[]4 ,"u ,l\is ! ,pi\s & ,*>les ! ,bald !re 7 con/ruct$ m ca/les ?an s*ools4 ,! k+s ( ,france 7 f> f imitat+ ! ,anglo-,saxon k+1 ,alfr$ ! ,great 7#hdi-ija71 to :om tradition ascribes ^! two say+s3 8,! ,engli% ought always to be free1 z free z _! own ?\ghts02 8,free-born sons %\ld "k h[ to read & write40 #hb4 ,,s*ola/icism4--,x 0 n till ! twelf? c5tury t ! human m9d 0 awak5$4 ,t 0 ! age ( ,s*ola/icism1 ! ess5tial "* ( :i* 0 ! /udy ( reason+1 & ! practice ( dialectics1 or syllogi/ic reason+4 ,! syllogism1 :i* rea*es necess>y conclusions f giv5 premises1 0 ! natural in/rum5t ( an age ( fai?1 :5 m5 wi%$ simply to demon/rate immutable dogmas1 )\t ev] mak+ an innovation on e/abli%$ beliefs4 ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t ! art ( reason+ is ! sci5ce ( a p /ill 9 ! e>ly /age ( its progress2 we might almo/ say ( a b>b>\s p4 ,a subtile dialectic is 9 p]fect keep+ ) mann]s /ill rude1 & ) a limit$ /ate ( k4 ,x is only an intellectual ma*9e4 ,x 0 n !n a "q ( orig9al ?9k+4 ,all t 0 necess>y 0 simply to reason ^u conceptions already acquir$1 & ! sacr$ depository ( ^! 0 kept 9 *>ge by ,!ology4 ,consequ5tly1 !re 0 no indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,philosophy1 accord+ to ! language ( ! times1 0 b ! humble s]vant ( ,!ology4 ,! dialectics ( ! doctors ( ! ,middle ,age 0 b a subtile comm5t>y on ! sacr$ books & on ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle4#ff ,x seems1 says ,locke1 to see ! in]tness ( ! ,middle ,age1 t ,god 0 pleas$ to make ( man a two-foot$ animal1 :ile leav+ to ,ari/otle ! task ( mak+ him a ?9k+ be+4 ,f 8 po9t ( view1 an able educator ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,abb ,fleury1 pron\nces ?is sev]e judgm5t on ! s*ola/ic me?od3-- 8,?is way ( philosophiz+ on words & ?\ghts1 )\t exam9+ ! ?+s !mselves1 0 c]ta9ly an easy way ( gett+ along )\t a k ( facts1 :i* c be acquir$ only by read+0 7,fleury %\ld h add$ & by obs]vation72 8& x 0 an easy way ( dazzl+ ! ignorant laics by peculi> t]ms & va9 subtilties40 ,b ,s*ola/icism _h its h\r ( glory1 its erudite doctors1 its eloqu5t pr(essors1 *ief among :om 0 ,abel>d4 #hc4 ,,abel>d 7#ajgi-aadb74--;,a g5u9e pr(essor ( high] in/ruction1 ,abel>d1 by ! pre/ige ( 8 eloqu5ce1 ga!r$ ar\nd him at ,p>is ?\s&s ( /ud5ts4 ,human spee*1 ! liv+ words ( ! tea*]1 _h !n an au?ority1 an importance1 :i* x has lo/ 9 "p s9ce books1 ev]y:]e di/ribut$1 h1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 sup]s$$ oral in/ruction4 ,at a "t :5 pr9t+ did n exi/1 :5 manuscript copies 7 r>e1 a tea*] :o comb9$ k ) ! gift ( spee* 0 a ph5om5on ( incomp>able int]e/1 & /ud5ts flock$ f all p>ts ( ,europe to take advantage ( 8 lectures4 ,abel>d is ! mo/ brilliant repres5tative ( ! s*ola/ic p$agogy1 ) an orig9al & p]sonal t5d5cy t[>ds ! emancipation ( ! m9d4 8,x is ridicul\s10 he said1 8to prea* to o!rs :at we c nei!r make !m und]/&1 nor und]/& ourselves40 ,) m boldness ?an ,sa9t ,anselm1 he appli$ dialectics to !ology1 & attempt$ to reason out ! gr\nds ( 8 fai?4 #hd4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,lib]al ,,arts4--,! sev5 lib]al arts con/itut$ :at may be call$ ! second>y in/ruction ( ! ,middle ,age1 su* z 0 giv5 9 ! clau/ral or conv5tual s*ools1 & lat]1 9 ! univ]sities4 ,! lib]al arts 7 di/ribut$ into two c\rses ( /udy1 kn[n z ! trivium & ! quadrivium4 ,! trivium compris$ gramm> 7,lat9 gramm>1 ( c\rse71 dialectics1 or logic1 & rhetoric2 & ! quadrivium1 music1 ari?metic1 geometry1 & a/ronomy4 ,x is important to note ! fact t ?is programme conta9s only ab/ract & =mal /udies1--no real & concrete /udies4 ,! sci5ces :i* tea* u to "k man & ! _w1 su* z hi/ory1 e?ics1 ! physical & natural sci5ces1 7 omitt$ & unkn[n1 save p]haps 9 a few conv5ts ( ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,no?+ :i* c truly educate man1 & develop 8 faculties z a :ole1 enli/s ! att5tion ( ! ,middle ,age4 ,f a c\rse ( /udy ?us limit$ !re might come skillful reason]s & m5 =midable 9 argum5t1 b nev] fully develop$ m54#fg #he4 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,discipl9e4--,! me?ods employ$ 9 ! ecclesia/ical s*ools ( ! ,middle ,age 7 9 accord ) ! _s ( ! times1 :5 m5 7 n conc]n$ ab\t lib]ty & intellectual fre$om2 & :5 !y ?\ght m ab\t ! tea*+ ( dogmas ?an ab\t ! tra9+ ( ! intellig5ce4 ,! tea*]s recit$ or read _! lectures1 & ! pupils le>n$ by he>t4 ,! discipl9e 0 h>%4 ,corrupt human nature 0 di/ru/$4 ,9 #acfc1 pupils 7 =bidd5 ! use ( b5*es & *airs1 on ! pretext t su* high seats 7 an enc\ragem5t to pride4 ,= secur+ ob$i5ce1 corporal *a/isem5ts 7 us$ & abus$4 ,! rod is 9 fa%ion 9 ! fifte5? z x 0 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 8,!re is no o!r diff]5ce10 says an hi/orian1 8except t ! rods 9 ! fifte5? c5tury are twice z long z ^? 9 ! f\rte5?40#fh ,let u note1 h[ev]1 ! prote/ ( ,sa9t ,anselm1 a prote/ t po9t$ out ! evil r ?an cur$ x4 8,day & night10 said an abbot to ,sa9t ,anselm1 8we d n cease to *a/ise ! *ildr5 confid$ to our c>e1 & !y gr[ worse & worse40 ,anselm repli$1 8,inde$6 ,y d n cease to *a/ise !m6 ,& :5 !y are gr[n up1 :at w !y become8 ,idiotic & /upid4 ,a f9e education t1 :i* makes brutes ( m56 444 ,if y 7 to plant a tree 9 y\r g>d51 & 7 to enclose x on all sides s t x c\ld n ext5d its bran*es1 :at w\ld y f9d :51 at ! end ( sev]al ye>s1 y set x free f its b&s8 ,a tree ^: bran*es w\ld be b5t & crook$2 & w\ld x n be y\r fault1 9 hav+ s unreasonably conf9$ x80 #hf4 ,,! ,,univ]sities4--,save clau/ral & ca!dral s*ools1 to :i* mu/ be add$ "s p>i% s*ools1 ! e>lie/ example ( our village s*ools1 ! sole educational e/abli%m5t ( ! ,middle ,age 0 :at is call$ ! ,univ]sity4 ,t[>ds ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5tury we see multiply+ 9 ! great cities ( ,europe ^? c5tres ( /udy1 ^? collections ( /ud5ts :i* recall f af> ! s*ools ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,( su* e/abli%m5ts 7 ! univ]sity :i* op5$ at ,p>is = ! tea*+ ( !ology & philosophy 7#abjj72 ! univ]sities ( ,naples 7#abbd71 ( ,prague 7#acde71 ( ,vi5na 7#acfe71 ( ,heidelb]g 7#achf71 etc4#fi ,)\t be+ completely affran*is$ f sac]dotal control1 ^! univ]sities 7 a fir/ expansion ( free sci5ce4 ,z f> back z ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,arabs _h giv5 an example to ! re/ ( ,europe by f\nd+ at ,salamanca1 at ,cordova1 & 9 o!r cities ( ,spa91 s*ools :]e all ! sci5ces 7 cultivat$4 #hg4 ,,g]son 7#acfc-adbi74--,) ! g5tle ,g]son1 ! suppos$ au?or ( ! ,imitation1 x seems t ! dre>y dialectics disappe> to let ! he>t speak & make way = feel+4 ,! ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is is di/+ui%$ f ! m5 ( 8 "t by 8 love = ! p4 ,he wrote 9 ! common tongue little elem5t>y treatises = ! use & )9 ! compreh5sion ( ! pla9 p4 ,8 ,lat9 "w1 entitl$ ,de p>vulis ad ,*ri/um trah5dis 78,little *ildr5 :om we mu/ lead to ,*ri/071 gives evid5ce ( a l>ge _s ( sweetness & goodness4 ,x ab\nds 9 subtile & delicate obs]vations4 ,= example1 ,g]son dem&s ( tea*]s pati5ce & t5d]ness3 8,little *ildr510 he says1 8are m easily manag$ by c>esses ?an by fe>40 ,= ^! frail creatures he dreads ! contagion ( example4 8,no liv+ be+ is m 9 dang] ?an ! *ild ( all[+ himself to be corrupt$ by ano!r *ild40 ,9 8 eyes1 ! little *ild is a delicate plant t mu/ be c>efully protect$ aga9/ e evil influ5ce1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 aga9/ p]nici\s lit]ature1 su* z ! ,roman de la ,rose4 ,g]son condemns corporal puni%m5t1 & requires t tea*]s %all h = _! pupils ! affection ( a fa!r3-- 8,above all else1 let ! tea*] make an ef=t to be a fa!r to 8 pupils4 ,let him nev] be angry ) !m4 ,let him always be simple 9 8 in/ruction1 & relate to 8 pupils t :i* is :olesome & agreeable40 ,t5d]-he>t$ & exalt$ _s1 ,g]son is a precursor ( ,f5elon4#gj #hh4 ,,vittor9o ,,da ,,feltre 7#acgi-addf74--;,x is a pleasure to place beside ,g]son "o ( 8 ,italian contempor>ies1 ! celebrat$ ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua4 ,x 0 z preceptor to ! sons ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,gonzagas1 & z f\nd] ( an educational e/abli%m5t at ,v5ice1 t ,vittor9o f\nd occasion to %[ 8 aptitude = educational "w4 ,) him1 education aga9 became :at x 0 9 ,greece1--! h>moni\s developm5t ( m9d & body4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises1 su* z swimm+1 rid+1 f5c+1 re/or$ to honor2 att5tion to ! ext]ior qualities ( f9e be>+2 an int]e/+ & agreeable me?od ( in/ruction2 a con/ant ef=t to discov] ! "* & aptitudes ( *ildr52 a consci5ti\s prep>ation = ea* lesson2 assidu\s wat*fulness ov] ! "w ( pupils2 su* are ! pr9cipal features ( ! p$agogy ( ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 a sy/em ( tea*+ evid5tly 9 advance ( 8 "t1 & "o :i* des]ves a long] /udy4 #hi4 ,,o!r ,,tea*]s ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,age4--,7 we writ+ a "w ( erudition1 !re w\ld be o!r ?9k]s to po9t out 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,middle ,age1 9 t unc]ta9 &1 s to speak1 twilight p]iod :i* s]ves z a transition f ! night ( ! ,middle ,age to ! full day ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,among o!rs1 let u notice ! ,*evali] de la ,t\r-,l&ry & neas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i4 ,! ,*evali] de la ,t\r-,l&ry1 9 ! "w :i* he wrote = ! education ( 8 daught]s 7#acgb71 sc>cely rises above ! _s ( 8 "t4 ,woman1 z he ?9ks1 is made to pray & to g to *ur*4 ,! model :i* he sets be=e 8 daught]s is a c\ntess1 :o 8ea* day wi%$ to he> ?ree masses40 ,he recomm5ds fa/+ ?ree times a week 9 ord] 8! bett] to subdue ! fle%10 & to prev5t x 8f div]t+ itself too mu*40 ,!re is nei!r responsibility nor prop] dignity = ! wife1 :o owes ob$i5ce to h] husb&1 h] "l1 & 8%\ld d 8 w1 :e!r wrong or "r2 if wrong1 %e is absolv$ f blame1 z ! blame falls on h] "l40 neas ,sylvius1 ! future ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 9 8 tract on ,! ,education ( ,*ildr5 7#adea71 is already a man ( ! ,r5aissance1 s9ce he recomm5ds ) en?usiasm ! read+ & /udy ( mo/ ( ! classical au?ors4 ,h[ev]1 he traces a programme ( /udies relatively lib]al4 ,by ! side ( ! humanities he places ! sci5ces ( geometry & ari?metic1 8:i* are necess>y10 he says1 8= tra9+ ! m9d & assur+ rapidity ( conceptions02 & also hi/ory & geography4 ,he _h himself compos$ hi/orical n>ratives accompani$ by maps4 ,! di/ru/s ( an ov]/ra9$ devotion 7 no long] felt by a tea*] :o wrote1 8,!re is no?+ 9 ! _w m preci\s or m beautiful ?an an enlight5$ intellig5ce40 #ij4 ,,recapitulation4--,x is ?us t ! ,middle ,age 9 draw+ to a close came ne>] & ne>]1 9 ! way ( cont9u\s progress1 to ! decisive emancipation :i* ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation 7 soon to p]petuate4 ,b ! ,middle ,age1 9 itself1 :atev] ef=t may be put =? at ?is day to rehabilitate x1 & to discov] 9 x ! gold5 age ( mod]n societies1 rema9s an ill-/>r$ epo*4 ,a few virtues1 negative = ! mo/ "p1 virtues ( ob$i5ce & consecration1 _c atone = ! real faults ( ^? rude & b>b>\s c5turies4 ,a high] education res]v$ to ecclesia/ics & m5 ( noble rank2 an in/ruction :i* consi/$ 9 v]bal leg]dema91 :i* develop$ only ! me*anism ( reason+1 & made ( ! intellig5ce a prison] ( ! =mal syllogism2 agreeably to ! b>b>ism ( primitive times1 a fanta/ic p$antry :i* lo/ itself 9 sup]ficial discussions & 9 v]bal di/9ctions2 popul> education almo/ null1 & re/rict$ to ! tea*+ ( ! cate*ism 9 ,lat92 f9ally1 a ,*ur*1 absolute & sov]eign1 :i* det]m9$ = all1 great & small1 ! limits ( ?\ght1 ( belief1 & ( action2 su* 01 f our own po9t ( view1 ! condition ( ! ,middle ,age4 ,x 0 "t = ! com+ ( ! ,r5aissance to affran*ise ! human m9d1 to excite & to reveal to itself ! unconsci\s ne$ ( in/ruction1 & by ! fruitful alliance ( ! ,*ri/ian _s & pr(ane lett]s1 to prep>e = ! com+ ( mod]n education4 #ia4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ,middle ,age education 0 ! dom9ation ( religi\s conceptions4 ,! tra9+ 0 = ! life to come1 r ?an = ?is life2 x 0 almo/ exclusively religi\s & moral2 0 bas$ on au?ority2 & includ$ ! :ole human race4 #b4 ,?is alliance ( *ur* & s*ool1 :ile giv+ an exclusive aim to education1 also gave x a _s ( int5se s]i\sness & e>ne/ness4 ,! survivals ( ?is hi/orical alliance are *ur* & p>i% s*ools1 & a disposition ( ! mod]n ,*ur* to dispute ! "r ( ! ,/ate to educate4 #c4 ,! supreme importance atta*$ to ! ,scriptures made education lit]>y2 made in/ruction dogmatic & arbitr>y2 exalt$ words ov] ?+s2 inculcat$ a ta/e = ab/ract & =mal reason+2 made le>n+ a process ( memoriz+2 & /ifl$ ! _s ( free inquiry4 #d4 ,! inclusion ( ! :ole _w 9 "o ,*ri/ian ,commonweal?1 l$ to ! intellectual enfran*isem5t ( woman & to ! rise ( prim>y education prop]4 #e4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy 0 t[>ds h>%ness 9 discipl9e1 co>s5ess 9 habits & mann]s1 & a contempt = ! am5ities ( life4 #f4 ,s*ola/icism err$ by exagg]ation2 b its g5]al effect 0 to develop ! p[] ( d$uctive reason+1 to tea* ! use ( language z ! in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 & to make app>5t ! ne$ ( nice discrim9ations 9 ! use ( words4 #g4 ,! great intellectual lesson taught is ! extreme difficulty ( atta9+ compass1 symmetry1 & mod]ation4 ,,footnotes3 #fj ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la ,cit antique1 p4 #dgf4 #fa ,see ! ,homily ( ,sa9t ,basil ,on ! ,utility :i* ! "y c d]ive f ! read+ ( pr(ane au?ors4 #fb ,lett] to ,lta on ! education ( h] daught] ,paula 7#djc74 ,lett] to ,gaud5tius on ! education ( ! little ,pacatula4 ,! lett] to ,gaud5tius is f> inf]ior to ! o!r by reason ( ! p]petual digressions into :i* ! au?or p]mits himself to be drawn4 #fc ,= writ+1 ,sa9t ,j]ome1 l ,qu9tilian1 recomm5ds t *ildr5 fir/ practise on tablets ( wood on :i* lett]s h be5 engrav$4 #fd coltre4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is ^w1 z giv5 by ,littr1 is in/ructive4 8,!re 0 no ca!dral *ur* 7sixte5? c5tury7 9 :i* a sum 0 n appropriat$ = ! sal>y ( "o :o taught ! ord9>y subjects1 & ano!r = "o :o _h leisure = tea*+ ,!ology4 ,! fir/ 0 call$ escola/re 7coltre71 ! second !ologal40 ,pasqui]4 7,p47 #fe ,= o!r examples1 see ! ,life ( ,alcu91 by ,lor5z2 & = ,middle ,age education 9 g5]al1 consult ,*ri/ian ,s*ools & ,s*ol>s1 by ,augu/a ,!odosia ,drane4 7,p47 #ff ,! foll[+ quotation illu/rates ?is s]vile dep5d5ce on au?ority3 8,at ! "t :5 ! discov]y ( spots on ! sun fir/ began to circulate1 a /ud5t call$ ! att5tion ( 8 old pr(essor to ! rumor1 & receiv$ ! foll[+ reply3 #8,!re c be no spots on ! sun1 = ,i h read ,ari/otle twice f beg9n+ to end1 & he says ! sun is incorruptible4 ,clean y\r l5ses1 & if ! spots are n 9 ! telescope1 !y mu/ be 9 y\r eyes6'0 ,naville1 ,la ,logique de l',hypo?se4 7,p47 #fg ,?is is no exception to ! rule t ! education ( an age is ! expon5t ( its real or suppos$ ne$s4 7,p47 #fh ,monteil1 ,hi/oire des ,franais des div]s tats4 #fi ,cambridge 7#aaji71 ,ox=d 7#aadj74 #gj ,9 ! ,trait de la visite des diocses1 9 #adjj1 he direct$ ! bi%ops to inquire :e!r ea* p>i% _h a s*ool1 &1 9 case !re 7 none1 to e/abli% "o4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,& ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury2 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,education2 ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury2 ,,erasmus 7#adfg-aecf72 ,,education ,,( ,,erasmus2 ,,! ,,j]omites2 ,,p$agogical ,,works ,,( ,,erasmus2 ,,juv5ile ,,etiquette2 ,,e>ly ,,education2 ,,! ,,in/ruction ,,( ,,wom52 ,,rabelais 7#adhc-aeec72 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,education2 ,,g>gantua ,,& ,,eudemon2 ,,! ,,new ,,education2 ,,physical ,,education2 ,,intellectual ,,education2 ,,! ,,physical ,,& ,,natural ,,sci5ces2 ,,object ,,lessons2 ,,attractive ,,me?ods2 ,,religi\s ,,education2 ,,moral ,,education2 ,,montaigne 7#aecc-aeib7 ,,& ,,rabelais2 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,education ,,( ,,montaigne2 ,,education ,,%\ld ,,be ,,g5]al2 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,in/ruction2 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,judgm5t2 ,,educational ,,me?ods2 ,,/udies ,,recomm5d$2 ,,montaigne',s ,,errors2 ,,incomplet5ess ,,( ,,8 ,,views ,,on ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom52 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #ib4 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4--,mod]n education beg9s ) ! ,r5aissance4 ,! educational me?ods t we !n beg9 to disc]n w d\btless n be develop$ & p]fect$ till a lat] p]iod2 ! new doctr9es w pass into practice only gradually1 & ) ! g5]al progress ( ! times4 ,b f ! sixte5? c5tury education is 9 possession ( its ess5tial pr9ciples4 ,! education ( ! ,middle ,age1 ov]-rigid & repressive1 :i* condemn$ ! body to a rgime too sev]e1 & ! m9d to a discipl9e too n>r[1 is to be succe$$1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 by an education broad] & m lib]al2 :i* w give due att5tion to hygi5e & physical ex]cises2 :i* w enfran*ise ! intellig5ce1 hi!rto ! prison] ( ! syllogism2 :i* w call into play ! moral =ces1 in/ead ( repress+ !m2 :i* w sub/itute real /udies = ! v]bal subtilties ( dialectics2 :i* w give ! pref]5ce to ?+s ov] words2 :i*1 f9ally1 in/ead ( develop+ b a s+le faculty1 ! reason1 & in/ead ( r$uc+ man to a sort ( dialectic automaton1 w seek to develop ! :ole man1 m9d & body1 ta/e & k1 he>t & w4 #ic4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,education4--,! m5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury hav+ r5ew$ ) classical antiquity an int]c\rse t _h be5 too long int]rupt$1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld propose to ! "y ! /udy ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,:at is call$ second>y in/ruction really dates f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! crude works ( ! ,middle ,age are succe$$ by ! elegant compositions ( ,a!ns & ,rome1 h5ce=? made accessible to all ?r\gh ! art ( pr9t+2 &1 ) ! read+ ( ! anci5t au?ors1 !re reappe> ?r\gh ! fruitful effect ( imitation1 _! qualities ( correctness 9 ?\ght1 ( lit]>y ta/e1 & ( elegance 9 =m4 ,9 ,france1 z 9 ,italy1 ! national tongues1 m\ld$1 &1 z x 71 consecrat$ by writ]s ( g5ius1 become ! in/rum5ts ( an intellectual propag&a4 ,arti/ic ta/e1 reviv$ by ! ri* products ( a race ( incomp>able arti/s1 gives an ext5sion to ! horizon ( life1 & creates a new class ( emotions4 ,f9ally1 ! ,prote/ant ,re=m develops individual ?\ght & free inquiry1 & at ! same "t1 by its success1 x imposes /ill great] ef=ts on ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is is n say+ t ev]y?+ is faultless 9 ! educational ef=ts ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,fir/1 z is natural = innovators1 ! ?\ght ( ! tea*]s ( ?is p]iod is m>k$ by en?usiasm r ?an by precision4 ,!y are m zeal\s 9 po9t+ out ! end to be atta9$1 ?an exact 9 det]m9+ ! means to be employ$4 ,besides1 "s ( !m are cont5t to emancipate ! m9d1 b =get to give x prop] direction4 ,f9ally1 o!rs make a wrong use ( ! anci5ts2 !y are too mu* preoccupi$ ) ! =m & ! purity ( language2 !y fall into ,cic]omania1 & x is n _! fault if a new sup]/ition1 t ( rhetoric1 does n succe$ ! old sup]/ition1 t ( ! syllogism4 #id4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4--,9 ! hi/ory ( education 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 we mu/1 moreov]1 c>efully di/+ui% ! !ory f ! practice4 ,! !ory ( education is already boldly put =w>d1 & is 9 advance ( its age2 :ile ! practice is /ill dragg+ itself pa9fully along on ! beat5 road1 not)/&+ "s successful attempts at improvem5t4 ,! !ory we mu/ look = 9 ! works ( ,erasmus1 ,rabelais1 & ,montaigne1 ( :om x may be said1 t be=e pret5d+ to surpass !m1 ev5 at ?is day1 we %\ld r attempt to ov]take !m1 & to equal !m 9 ! mo/ ( _! p$agogical precepts4 ,! practice is1 fir/1 ! developm5t ( ! /udy ( ! humanities1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>ly colleges ( ! ,jesuits1 &1 be=e ! ,jesuits1 9 c]ta9 ,prote/ant colleges1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! college at ,/rasburg1 s brilliantly adm9i/]$ by ! celebrat$ ,/urm 7#aejg-aehi74 ,!n x is ! revival ( high] in/ruction1 d5ot$ p>ticul>ly by ! f\ndation ( ! ,college ( ,france 7#aecj71 & by ! brilliant lectures ( ,ramus4 ,f9ally1 x is ! progress1 we might almo/ say ! bir?1 ( prim>y in/ruction1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,prote/ant re=m]s1 & especially ( ,lu!r4 ,nev]!less1 ! educational ?\ght ( ! sixte5? c5tury is 9 advance ( educational practice2 !ories greatly anticipate applications1 & con/itute almo/ all t is des]v+ ( special note4 #ie4 ,,erasmus 7#adfg-aecf74--;,by 8 num]\s writ+s1 translations1 gramm>s1 diction>ies1 & orig9al works1 ,erasmus diffus$ ab\t him 8 own passionate fondness = classical lit]ature1 & communicat$ ?is ta/e to 8 contempor>ies4 ,)\t hav+ a direct influ5ce on education1 s9ce he sc>cely taught himself1 he enc\rag$ ! /udy ( ! anci5ts by 8 example1 & by 8 active propag&ism4 ,! s*ol> :o said1 8,:5 ,i h money1 ,i w fir/ buy ,greek books & !n clo!s10 des]ves to be plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank among ! creators ( second>y in/ruction4 #if4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,erasmus3 ,,! ,,j]omites4--,erasmus 0 educat$ by ! monks1 z ,voltaire 0 by ! ,jesuits1 a circum/ance t has co/ ^! lib]al ?9k]s none ( _! indep5d5t disposition1 & none ( _! satirical _s4 ,at ! age ( twelve1 ,erasmus ent]$ ! college ( ,dev5t]1 9 ,holl&4 ,?is college 0 conduct$ by ! ,j]omites1 or ,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life4 ,f\nd$ 9 #acdj by ,g]>d ,groot1 ! association ( ! ,j]omites und]took1 among o!r occupations1 ! in/ruction ( *ildr54 ,v my/ical1 & v ascetic at fir/1 ! disciples ( ,g]>d ,groot re/rict$ !mselves to tea*+ ! ,bible1 to read+1 & writ+4 ,!y proscrib$1 z useless to piety1 lett]s & ! sci5ces4 ,b 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,john ( ,wessel & ,rudolph ,agricola1 ! ,j]omites became trans=m$2 !y 7 ! precursors ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ! promot]s ( ! alliance betwe5 pr(ane lett]s & ,*ri/ianity4 8,we may read ,ovid once10 said ,john ( ,wessel1 8b we ought to read ,virgil1 ,horace1 & ,t]5ce1 ) m att5tion40 ,horace & ,t]5ce 7 precisely ! favorite au?ors ( ,erasmus1 :o le>n$ !m by he>t at ,dev5t]4 ,agricola1 ( :om ,erasmus speaks only ) en?usiasm1 0 also ! zeal\s propagator ( ! great works ( antiquity1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! sev]e critic ( ! /ate ( educational practice ( ! "t :5 ! s*ool 0 too mu* l a prison4 8,if !re is any?+ :i* has a contradictory "n10 he said1 8x is ! s*ool4 ,! ,greeks call$ x 1 :i* means leisure1 recreation2 & ! ,lat9s1 ludus1 t is1 play4 ,b !re is no?+ f>!r remov$ f recreation & play4 ,ari/ophanes call$ x 1 t is1 place ( c>e1 ( torm5t1 & ?is is surely ! designation :i* be/ befits x40 ,erasmus !n _h = 8 fir/ tea*]s enlight5$ m51 :o1 not)/&+ _! mona/ic condition1 bo? knew & lov$ antiquity4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,erasmus 0 8 own tea*]4 ,by p]sonal ef=t he put himself at ! s*ool ( ! anci5ts4 ,he 0 all 8 life a /ud5t4 ,n[ he 0 a f\ndation s*ol> at ! college ( ,montaigu1 9 ,p>is1 & n[ preceptor to g5tlem5 ( weal?4 ,he 0 always 9 pursuit ( le>n+1 go+ ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 t he might f9d 9 ea* cultivat$ city new opportunities = self-in/ruction4 #ig4 ,,p$agogical ,,works ,,( ,,erasmus4--,mo/ ( ! works writt5 by ,erasmus relate to in/ruction4 ,"s ( !m are fairly to be class$ z text-books1 elem5t>y treatises on practical education1 z1 = example1 8 books ,on ! ,mann] ( writ+ ,lett]s1 ,^u ,rules ( ,etiquette = ! ,"y1 etc4 ,we may also notice 8 ,adages1 a va/ rep]tory ( prov]bs & maxims borr[$ f antiquity2 8 ,colloquies1 a collection ( dialogues = ! use ( ! "y1 ?\gh ! au?or "h treats ( _m ?+s :i* a pupil %\ld nev] he> spok5 (4 ,ano!r category %\ld include works ( a m !oretical "*1 9 :i* ,erasmus sets =? 8 ideas on education4 ,9 ! essay ,on ! ,ord] ( ,/udy 7de ,ratione ,/udii71 he seeks out ! rules = in/ruction 9 lit]ature1 = ! /udy ( gramm>1 = ! cultivation ( ! memory1 & = ! explication ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors4 ,ano!r treatise1 entitl$ ,( ! ,fir/ ,lib]al ,education ( ,*ildr5 7,de pu]is /atim ac lib]alit] in/itu5dis71 is /ill m important1 & cov]s ! :ole field ( education4 ,erasmus "h /udies ! "* ( ! *ild1 ! "q ( kn[+ :e!r ! fir/ ye>s ( *ild-life c be turn$ to good acc\nt1 & ! measures t are to be tak5 ) e>ly life4 ,he also recomm5ds me?ods t are attractive1 & he>tily condemns ! b>b>\s discipl9e :i* reign$ 9 ! s*ools ( 8 "t4 #ih4 ,,juv5ile ,,etiquette4--,erasmus is "o ( ! fir/ educators :o compreh5d$ ! importance ( polit5ess4 ,9 an age /ill unc\?1 :]e ! mann]s ( ev5 ! cultivat$ classes tol]at$ usages t ! mo/ ignorant ru/ic ( to-day w\ld scorn1 x 0 good to call ! att5tion to outw>d appe>ances & ! duties ( polit5ess4 ,erasmus knew p]fectly well t polit5ess has a moral side1 t x is n a matt] ( pure conv5tion1 b t x proce$s f ! inn] disposition ( a well-ord]$ s\l4 ,s he assigns x an important place 9 education3 8,! duty ( in/ruct+ ! "y10 he says1 8includes sev]al elem5ts1 ! fir/ & also ! *ief ( :i* is1 t ! t5d] m9d ( ! *ild %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 piety2 ! second1 t he love & le>n ! lib]al arts2 ! ?ird1 t he be taught tact 9 ! conduct ( social life2 & ! f\r?1 t f 8 e>lie/ age he accu/om himself to good behavior1 bas$ on moral pr9ciples40 ,we ne$ n be a/oni%$1 h[ev]1 to f9d t ! civility ( ,erasmus is /ill imp]fect1 n[ too free1 n[ too exact+1 & always +5u\s4 8,x is a religi\s duty10 he says1 8to salute him :o sneezes40 8,morally speak+1 x is n a prop] ?+ to ?r[ ! head back :ile dr9k+1 aft] ! mann] ( /orks1 9 ord] to dra9 ! la/ drop f ! glass40 8,if "o let bread fall on ! gr\nd1 he %\ld kiss x aft] hav+ pick$ x up40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,erasmus seems to all[ t ! nose may be wip$ ) ! f+]s1 b he =bids ! use ( ! cap or ! sleeve = ?is purpose4 ,he requires t ! face %all be ba!d ) pure wat] 9 ! morn+2 8b10 he adds1 8to repeat ?is aft]w>ds is nons5se40 #ii4 ,,e>ly ,,education4--,l ,qu9tilian1 by :om he is (t5 inspir$1 ,erasmus does n scorn to ent] ! prim>y s*ool1 & to %ape ! fir/ ex]cises = intellectual culture4 ,^u _m po9ts1 ! ?\ght ( ! sixte5? c5tury s*ol> is b an e*o ( ! ,in/itutes ( ,oratory1 or ( ! educational essays ( ,plut>*4 ,"s ( 8 maxims des]ve to be reproduc$3 8,we le>n ) great will+ness f ^? :om we love20 8,p>5ts !mselves _c prop]ly br+ up _! *ildr5 if !y make !mselves only to be fe>$20 8,!re are *ildr5 :o w\ld be kill$ soon] ?an made bett] by bl[s3 by mildness & k9d admonitions1 "o may make ( !m :atev] he w20 8,*ildr5 w le>n to speak _! native tongue )\t any we>9ess1 by usage & practice20 8,drill 9 read+ & writ+ is a little bit tiresome1 & ! tea*] w +5i\sly palliate ! t$ium by ! artifice ( an attractive me?od20 8,! anci5ts m\ld$ too?some da9ties into ! =ms ( ! lett]s1 & ?us1 z x 71 made *ildr5 swall[ ! alphabet20 8,9 ! matt] ( grammatical rules1 in/ruction %\ld at ! fir/ be limit$ to ! mo/ simple20 8,z ! body 9 infant ye>s is n\ri%$ by little portions di/ribut$ at int]vals1 s %\ld ! m9d ( ! *ild be nurtur$ by items ( k adapt$ to its weakness1 & di/ribut$ little by little40 ,f out ^! quotations !re appe>s a me?od ( in/ruction t is k9dly1 lovable1 & full ( t5d]ness = ! "y4 ,erasmus claims = !m ! n\ri%+ c>e & c>esses ( ! "m1 ! famili>ity & goodness ( ! fa!r1 cleanl9ess1 & ev5 elegance 9 ! s*ool1 & f9ally1 ! mildness & indulg5ce ( ! tea*]4 #ajj4 ,,! ,,in/ruction ,,( ,,wom54--,! s*ol>s ( ! ,r5aissance did n exclude wom5 f all p>ticipation 9 ! lit]>y treasures t a recov]$ antiquity _h disclos$ to !mselves4 ,erasmus admits !m to an equal %>e4 ,9 ! ,colloquy ( ! ,abb & ! ,educat$ ,woman1 ,magdala claims = h]self ! "r to le>n ,lat91 8s t %e may hold conv]se ea* day ) s _m au?ors :o are s eloqu5t1 s in/ructive1 s wise1 & su* good c\nsellors40 ,9 ! book call$ ,*ri/ian ,m>riage1 ,erasmus bant]s "y ladies :o le>n only to make a b[1 to hold ! h&s cross$1 to bite _! lips :5 !y laugh1 to eat & dr9k z little z possible at table1 aft] hav+ tak5 ample portions 9 private4 ,m ambiti\s = ! wife1 ,erasmus recomm5ds h] to pursue ! /udies :i* w assi/ h] 9 educat+ h] own *ildr51 & 9 tak+ "p 9 ! intellectual life ( h] husb&4 ,vives1 a contempor>y ( ,erasmus 7#adib-aedj71 a ,spani% tea*]1 express$ analog\s ideas 9 8 books on ! education ( wom51 9 :i* he recomm5ds "y wom5 to read ,plato & ,s5eca4 ,to sum up1 ! p$agogy ( ,erasmus is n )\t value2 b ) him1 education ran ! risk ( rema9+ exclusively ,greek & ,lat94 ,a humani/ above ev]y?+ else1 he grant$ b v small place to ! sci5ces1 & to hi/ory1 :i* x suffic$ to skim ov]1 z he said2 &1 :at reveals 8 inmo/ nature1 he recomm5d$ ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces = ?is reason 9 p>ticul>1 t ! writ] w f9d 9 ! k ( nature an abundant s\rce ( metaphors1 images1 & comp>isons4 #aja4 ,,rabelais 7#adhc-aeec74--,:olly diff]5t is ! _s ( ,rabelais1 :o1 "u a fanciful & orig9al =m1 has sket*$ a complete sy/em ( education4 ,"s pages ( m>k$ gravity 9 ! mid/ ( ! epic vagabondage ( 8 burlesque "w1 give him ! "r to appe> 9 ! fir/ rank among ^? :o h re=m$ ! art ( tra9+ & develop+ ! human s\l4#ga ,! p$agogy ( ,rabelais is ! fir/ appe>ance ( :at may be call$ realism 9 in/ruction1 9 di/9ction f ! s*ola/ic =malism4 ,! au?or ( ,g>gantua turns ! m9d ( ! "y man t[>ds objects truly wor?y ( occupy+ 8 att5tion4 ,he cat*es a glimpse ( ! future res]v$ to sci5tific education1 & to ! /udy ( nature4 ,he invites ! m9d1 n to ! labor$ subtilties & complicat$ tricks :i* s*ola/icism _h br\ght into fa%ion1 b to manly ef=ts1 & to a wide unfold+ ( human nature4 #ajb4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,education3 ,,g>gantua ,,& ,,eudemon4--,9 ! mann]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ke5 satire ( ,rabelais f\nd _m opportunities = disport+ itself2 & 8 book may be reg>d$ z a collection ( pamphlets4 ,b !re is no?+ t he has pursu$ ) m s>casms ?an ! education ( 8 day4 ,at ! outset1 ,g>gantua is educat$ accord+ to ! s*ola/ic me?ods4 ,he works = tw5ty ye>s ) all 8 might1 & le>ns s p]fectly ! books t he /udies t he c recite !m by he>t1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 8& yet 8 fa!r discov]$ t all ?is pr(it$ him no?+2 & :at is worse1 t x made him a madcap1 a n9ny1 dreamy1 & infatuat$40 ,to t un9tellig5t & artificial tra9+ :i* sur*>ges ! memory1 :i* holds ! pupil = long ye>s ov] insipid books1 :i* robs ! m9d ( all indep5d5t activity1 :i* dulls r ?an %>p5s ! intellig5ce1--to all ?is ,rabelais opposes a natural education1 :i* appeals to exp]i5ce & to facts1 :i* tra9s ! "y man1 n only = ! discussions ( ! s*ools1 b = real life1 & = int]c\rse ) ! _w1 & :i*1 f9ally1 enri*es ! intellig5ce & adorns ! memory )\t /ifl+ ! native graces & ! free activities ( ! _s4 ,eudemon1 :o1 9 ,rabelais' romance1 repres5ts ! pupil tra9$ by ! new me?ods1 kn[s h[ to ?9k ) accuracy & speak ) facility2 8 be>+ is )\t boldness1 b ) confid5ce4 ,:5 introduc$ to ,g>gantua1 he turns t[>ds him1 8cap 9 h&1 ) op5 c\nt5ance1 ruddy lips1 /eady eyes1 & ) mode/y becom+ a y\?02 he salutes him elegantly & graci\sly4 ,to all ! pleasant ?+s :i* ,eudemon says to him1 ,g>gantua f9ds no?+ to say 9 reply3 8,8 c\nt5ance appe>$ z ?\gh he _h tak5 to cry+ immod]ately2 he hid 8 face 9 8 cap1 & n a s+le ^w c\ld be drawn f him40 ,9 ^! two pupils1 s diff]5t 9 mann]1 ,rabelais has p]sonifi$ two contra/$ me?ods ( education3 t :i*1 by me*anical ex]cises ( memory1 enfeebles & dulls ! intellig5ce2 & t :i*1 ) l>g] grants ( lib]ty1 develops ke5 intellig5ces1 & frank & op5 *>act]s4 #ajc4 ,,! ,,new ,,education4--,let u n[ notice ) "s detail h[ ,rabelais conceives ?is new education4#gb ,aft] hav+ ?r[n into %>p relief ! faults contract$ by ,g>gantua 9 ! s*ool ( 8 fir/ tea*]s1 he entru/s him to a preceptor1 ,ponocrates1 :o is *>g$ ) correct+ 8 faults1 & ) re-m\ld+ him2 he is to employ 8 own pr9ciples 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 pupil4 ,ponocrates proce$s sl[ly at fir/2 he consid]s t 8nature does n endure sudd5 *anges )\t great viol5ce40 ,he /udies & obs]ves 8 pupil2 he wi%es to judge ( 8 natural disposition4 ,!n he sets himself to "w2 he und]takes a g5]al reca/+ ( ! "* & _s ( ,g>gantua1 :ile direct+1 at ! same "t1 8 physical1 intellectual1 & moral education4 #ajd4 ,,physical ,,education4--,hygi5e & gymna/ics1 cleanl9ess :i* protects ! body1 & ex]cise :i* /r5g!ns x1--^! two ess5tial p>ts ( physical education receive equal att5tion f ,rabelais4 ,erasmus ?\ght x 0 nons5se 78ne rime ri507 to wa% m ?an once a day4 ,g>gantua1 on ! contr>y1 aft] eat+1 ba!s 8 h&s & 8 eyes 9 fre% wat]4 ,rabelais does n =get t he has be5 a physician2 he omits no detail relative to ! c>e ( ! body1 ev5 ! mo/ repugnant4 ,he is f> f believ+1 ) ! my/ics ( ! ,middle ,age1 t x is p]missible to lodge k 9 a sordid body1 & t a f\l or neglect$ ext]ior is n unbefitt+ virtu\s s\ls4 ,! fir/ preceptors ( ,g>gantua said t x suffic$ to comb "o's hair 8) ! f\r f+]s & ! ?umb2 & t :oev] comb$1 wa%$1 & cleans$ himself o!rwise1 0 los+ 8 "t 9 ?is _w40 ,) ,ponocrates1 ,g>gantua re=ms 8 habits1 & tries to resemble ,eudemon1 8^: hair 0 s neatly comb$1 :o 0 s well dress$1 ( su* f9e appe>ance1 & 0 s mode/ 9 8 be>+1 t he mu* m resembl$ a little angel ?an a man40 ,rabelais atta*es equal importance to gymna/ics1 to walk+1 & to active life 9 ! op5 air4 ,he does n all[ ,g>gantua to gr[ pale ov] 8 books1 & to protract 8 /udy into ! night4 ,aft] ! morn+'s lessons1 he takes him out to play4 ,t5nis & ball foll[ ! application to books3 8,he ex]cises 8 body j z vigor\sly z he _h be=e ex]cis$ 8 m9d40 ,& s1 aft] ! /udy ( ! aft]noon till ! supp] h\r1 ,g>gantua devotes 8 "t to physical ex]cises4 ,rid+1 wre/l+1 swimm+1 e species ( physical recreation1 gymna/ics "u all its =ms1--!re is no?+ :i* ,g>gantua does n d to give agility to 8 limbs & to /r5g!n 8 muscles4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r places1 ,rabelais /ret*es a po9t1 & purposely resorts to exagg]ation 9 ord] to make 8 ?\ght bett] compreh5d$4 ,x w\ld require days ( sev]al times tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 ord] t a real man c\ld f9d ! "t to d all t ! au?or ( ,g>gantua requires ( 8 giant4 ,9 contra/ ) ! long asceticism ( ! ,middle ,age1 he proposes a real revelry ( gymna/ics = ! colossal body ( 8 h]o4 ,we w n =get t "h1 z 9 all ! o!r p>ts ( ,rabelais' "w1 fiction is ev] m+l$ ) fact4 ,rabelais wrote = giants1 & x is natural t he %\ld dem& gigantesque ef=ts ( !m4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d ! exact ?\ght ( ! au?or1 x is necess>y to r$uce 8 fanta/ic exagg]ations to human proportions4 #aje4 ,,intellectual ,,education4--,= ! m9d1 z = ! body1 ,rabelais requires prodigies ( activity4 ,g>gantua rises at f\r 9 ! morn+1 & ! great] "p ( ! long day is fill$ ) /udy4 ,= ! indol5t contemplations ( ! ,middle ,age1 ,rabelais sub/itutes an incessant ef=t & an int5se activity ( ! m9d4 ,g>gantua fir/ /udies ! anci5t languages1 & ! fir/ place is giv5 to ,greek1 :i* ,rabelais rescues f ! long discr$it into :i* x _h fall5 9 ! ,middle ,age1 z is prov$ by ! vulg> adage1 8,grcum e/1 non legitur40 8,n[1 all discipl9es are re/or$1 & ! languages re9/at$1--,greek 7)\t :i* x is a %ame = a p]son to call himself le>n$71 ,hebrew1 ,*aldean1 ,lat94 ,!re are v elegant & correct editions 9 use1 :i* h be5 inv5t$ 9 my age by div9e inspiration1 z1 on ! o!r h&1 artill]y 0 inv5t$ by diabolic sugge/ion4 ,! :ole _w is full ( wise m51 ( le>n$ tea*]s1 & ( v l>ge libr>ies1 & x is my op9ion t nei!r 9 ! "t ( ,plato nor 9 t ( ,cic]o1 nor 9 t ( ,pap9ian1 7 !re su* opportunities = /udy z we see to-day40 ,l all 8 contempor>ies1 ,rabelais is an en?usia/ 9 classical le>n+2 b he is di/+ui%$ f !m by a v decid$ ta/e = ! sci5ces1 & 9 p>ticul> = ! natural sci5ces4 #ajf4 ,,! ,,physical ,,& ,,natural ,,sci5ces4--,! ,middle ,age _h completely neglect$ ! /udy ( nature4 ,! art ( obs]v+ 0 ignor$ by ^? subtile dialecticians1 :o w\ld "k no?+ ( ! physical _w except ?r\gh ! !ories ( ,ari/otle or ! dogmas ( ! sacr$ books2 :o atta*$ no value to ! /udy ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 ! transi5t & despis$ abode ( immortal s\ls2 & :o1 moreov]1 flatt]$ !mselves t !y c\ld discov] at ! end ( _! syllogisms all t 0 necess>y to "k ab\t x4 ,rabelais is c]ta9ly ! fir/1 9 po9t ( "t1 ( t gr& s*ool ( educators :o place ! sci5ces 9 ! fir/ rank among ! /udies wor?y ( human ?\ght4 ,! s*ol> ( ! ,middle ,age knew no?+ ( ! _w4 ,g>gantua requires ( 8 son t he %all "k x "u all its aspects3 8,z to ! k ( ! facts ( nature10 he writes to ,pantagruel1 8,i w\ld h y devote y\rself to !m ) great c>e1 s t !re %all be nei!r sea1 riv]1 nor f\nta91 ^: fi% y d n "k4 ,all ! birds ( ! air1 all ! trees1 %rubs1 & fruits ( ! =e/s1 all ! grasses ( ! e>?1 all ! metals conceal$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! abysses1 ! preci\s /ones ( ! entire ,ea/ & ,s\?1--none ( ^! %\ld be unkn[n to y4 ,by frequ5t dissections1 acquire a k ( ! o!r _w1 :i* is man4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i po9t out a new _w ( k40 ,no?+ is omitt$1 x is obs]v$1 f :at con/itutes ! sci5ce ( ! univ]se or ! k ( man4 ,x is fur!r to be notic$1 t ,rabelais wi%es 8 pupil n only to "k1 b to love & exp]i5ce nature4 ,he recomm5ds 8 pupils to g & read ! ,georgics ( ,virgil 9 ! mid/ ( mead[s & woods4 ,! precursor ( ,r\sseau on ?is po9t z ^u "s o!rs1 he ?9ks !re is a ga9 9 spiritual heal? by refre%+ ! imag9ation & giv+ repose to ! _s1 ?r\gh ! contemplation ( ! beauties ( nature4 ,ponocrates1 9 ord] to af=d ,g>gantua di/raction f 8 extreme att5tion to /udy1 recomm5d$ once ea* mon? "s v cle> & s]5e day1 on :i* !y set out at an e>ly h\r f ! city1 & w5t to ,*antilly1 or ,b\logne1 or ,montr\ge1 or ,pont ,*>5ton1 or ,vannes1 or ,sa9t ,cl\d4 ,& !re !y pass$ ! :ole day 9 play+1 s++1 danc+1 frolick+ 9 "s f9e mead[1 hunt+ = sp>r[s1 collect+ pebbles1 fi%+ = frogs & crabs4#gc #ajg4 ,,object ,,lessons4--,9 ! s*eme ( /udies plann$ by ,rabelais1 ! m9d ( ! pupil is always on ! al]t1 ev5 at table4 ,!re1 in/ruction takes place :ile talk+4 ,! conv]sation be>s ^u ! food1 ^u ! objects :i* attract ! att5tion ( ,g>gantua1 ^u ! nature & prop]ties ( wat]1 w9e1 bread1 & salt4 ,e s5sible object becomes mat]ial = que/ions & explanations4 ,g>gantua (t5 takes walks across fields1 & he /udies botany 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 8pass+ ?r\gh mead[s or o!r grassy places1 obs]v+ trees & plants1 comp>+ !m ) anci5t books :]e !y are describ$1 444 & tak+ h&fuls ( !m home40 ,!re are b few didactic lessons2 intuitive in/ruction1 giv5 9 ! pres5ce ( ! objects !mselves1 su* is ! me?od ( ,rabelais4 ,x is 9 ! same _s t he s5ds 8 pupil to visit ! /ores ( ! silv]smi?s1 ! f\nd]ies1 ! al*emi/s' laboratories1 & %ops ( all k9ds1--real sci5tific excursions1 su* z are 9 vogue to-day4 ,rabelais w\ld =m a complete man1 skill$ 9 art & indu/ry1 & also capable1 l ! mile ( ,r\sseau1 ( devot+ himself to manual labor4 ,:5 ! wea!r is ra9y1 & walk+ impracticable1 ,g>gantua employs 8 "t 9 splitt+ & saw+ wood1 & 9 ?re%+ gra9 9 ! b>n4 #ajh4 ,,attractive ,,me?ods4--,by a reaction aga9/ ! irksome r\t9e ( ! ,middle ,age1 ,rabelais w\ld h 8 pupil /udy :ile play+1 & ev5 le>n ma!matics 8?r\gh recreation & amusem5t40 ,x is 9 h&l+ play+-c>ds t ,g>gantua is taught ?\s&s ( 8new inv5tions :i* relate to ! sci5ce ( numb]s40 ,! same c\rse is foll[$ 9 geometry & a/ronomy4 ,! accompli%m5ts are n neglect$1 especially f5c+4 ,g>gantua is an enorm\s man1 :o is to be develop$ 9 all directions4 ,! f9e arts1 music1 pa9t+1 & sculpture1 are n /rang]s to him4 ,! h]o ( ,rabelais repres5ts1 n s mu* an individual man1 z a collective be+ :o p]sonifies ! :ole ( society1 ) all ! v>iety ( its new aspirations1 & ) all ! int5sity ( its multipli$ ne$s4 ,:ile ! ,middle ,age1 ?r\gh a n>r[ _s1 left 9 inaction c]ta9 natural t5d5cies1 ,rabelais calls !m all into life1 )\t *oice1 x is true1 & )\t discrim9ation1 ) ! :ole ardor ( an emancipat$ imag9ation4 #aji4 ,,religi\s ,,education4--,9 respect ( religion z ( ev]y?+ else1 ,rabelais is ! adv]s>y ( an education :olly ext]ior & ( pure =m4 ,he ridicules 8 ,g>gantua1 :o1 be=e 8 intellectual conv]sion1 :5 he 0 /ill at ! s*ool ( 88 preceptors1 ! sophi/s10 goes to *ur*1 aft] a he>ty d9n]1 to he> tw5ty-six or ?irty masses4 ,:at he sub/itutes = ?is ext]ior devotion1 = ?is abuse ( sup]ficial practices1 is a real feel+ ( piety1 & ! direct read+ ( ! sacr$ texts3 8,x is :ile ,g>gantua 0 be+ dress$ t !re 0 read to him a page ( ,div9e ,scripture40#gd ,/ill m1 x is ! intimate & p]sonal adoration 8( ! great psalmodi/ ( ! univ]se10 excit$ by ! /udy ( ! works ( ,god4 ,g>gantua & 8 ma/]1 ,ponocrates1 h sc>cely ris5 :5 !y obs]ve ! /ate ( ! heav5s1 & admire ! cele/ial vault4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y devote !mselves to ! same contemplation4 ,aft] 8 meals1 z be=e go+ to sleep1 ,g>gantua (f]s pray]s to ,god1 to adore ,him1 to confirm 8 fai?1 to glorify ,him = ,8 b\ndless goodness1 to ?ank ,him = all ! "t pa/1 & to recomm5d himself to ,him = ! "t to come4 ,! religi\s feel+ ( ,rabelais proce$s at ! same "t1 bo? f ! s5tim5t :i* provok$ ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 ( :i* he came ne> be+ an adh]5t1 & f t5d5cies /ill m mod]n1--^?1 = example1 :i* animate ! dei/ic philosophy ( ,r\sseau4 #aaj4 ,,moral ,,education4--,^? :o "k ,rabelais only by reputation1 or ?r\gh "s ( 8 innum]able droll]ies1 w p]haps be a/oni%$ t ! jovial au?or c be c\nt$ a tea*] ( morals4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to misund]/& ! s9c]e & l(ty inspiration ( su* passages z ?is3 8,because1 accord+ to ! wise ,solomon1 wisdom does n ent] into a malevol5t s\l1 & k )\t consci5ce is b ! ru9 ( ! s\l2 x becomes y to s]ve1 to love1 & to fe> ,god1 & to place on ,him all y\r ?\ghts1 all y\r hopes4444 ,be suspici\s ( ! errors ( ! _w4 ,apply n y\r he>t to vanity1 = ?is life is transitory2 b ! ^w ( ,god endures =ev]4 ,be useful to all y\r neighbors1 & love !m z y\rself4 ,rev]e y\r tea*]s1 flee ! company ( m5 :om y w\ld n resemble2 & ! grace :i* ,god has giv5 y receive n 9 va94 ,& :5 y ?9k y h all ! k t c be acquir$ by ?is means1 return to me1 s t ,i may see y1 & give y my b5$iction be=e ,i die40#ge #aaa4 ,,montaigne 7#aecc-aeib7 ,,& ,,rabelais4--,betwe5 ,erasmus1 ! le>n$ humani/1 exclusively devot$ to belles-lettres1 & ,rabelais1 ! bold innovator1 :o ext5ds z f> z possible ! limits ( ! intellig5ce1 & :o causes ! entire encyclopdia ( human k to ent] ! bra9 ( 8 pupil at ! risk ( splitt+ x op51 ,montaigne occupies an int]m$iate place1 ) 8 circumspect & cons]vative t5d5cies1 ) 8 discreet & mod]ate p$agogy1 ! enemy ( all excesses4 ,x seem$ t ,rabelais w\ld develop all ! faculties equally1 & place all /udies1 lett]s1 & sci5ces ^u ! same foot+4 ,montaigne dem&s a *oice4 ,betwe5 ! diff]5t faculties he attempts p>ticul>ly to tra9 ! judgm5t2 among ! diff]5t kn[l$ges1 he recomm5ds by pref]5ce ^? :i* =m s\nd & s5sible m9ds4 ,rabelais ov]drives m9d & body4 ,he dreams ( an extravagant c\rse ( in/ruction :]e e sci5ce %all be /udi$ exhau/ively4#gf ,montaigne simply dem&s t 8"o ta/e ! upp] cru/ ( ! sci5ces02 t "o skim ov] !m )\t go+ into !m deeply1 89 ,fr5* fa%ion40 ,9 8 view1 a well-made head is wor? m ?an a head well fill$4 ,x is n s mu* to accumulate1 to amass1 k1 z to assimilate z mu* ( x z a prud5t intellig5ce c dige/ )\t fatigue4 ,9 a ^w1 :ile ,rabelais sits d[n1 s to speak1 at ! banquet ( k ) an avidity :i* recalls ! gluttony ( ! ,pantagruelian repa/s1 ,montaigne is a delicate connoisseur1 :o w\ld only satisfy ) discretion a regulat$ appetite4 #aab4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,education ,,( ,,montaigne4--,"o (t5 becomes tea*] ?r\gh recollection ( 8 p]sonal education4 ,?is is :at happ5$ to ,montaigne4 ,8 p$agogy is at once an imitation ( ! me?ods :i* a fa!r full ( solicitude _h himself appli$ to him1 & a prote/ aga9/ ! defects & ! vices ( ! college ( ,gui5ne1 :i* he ent]$ at ! age ( six ye>s4 ,! home education ( ,montaigne af=ds ! int]e/+ spectacle ( a *ild :o develops freely4 ,my _s1 he himself says1 0 tra9$ ) all g5tl5ess & fre$om1 )\t sev]ity or con/ra9t4 ,8 fa!r1 skilful 9 8 t5d] c>e1 _h him awak5$ ea* morn+ at ! s\nd ( musical in/rum5ts1 s z to sp>e him ^? brusque al>ms t are bad prep>ations = toil4 ,9 a ^w1 he appli$ to him t temp]$ discipl9e1 at once indulg5t & firm1 equally remov$ f complac5cy & h>%ness1 :i* ,montaigne has *ri/5$ ) ! "n ( sev]e mildness4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ,montaigne's education is1 t he le>n$ ,lat9 z "o le>ns 8 native tongue4 ,8 fa!r _h surr\nd$ him ) dome/ics & tea*]s :o conv]s$ ) him only 9 ,lat94 ,! result ( ?is 01 t at ! age ( six he 0 s pr(ici5t 9 ! language ( ,cic]o1 t ! be/ ,lat9i/s ( ! "t fe>$ to address him 7craigniss5t l'acco/]74 ,on ! o!r h&1 he knew no m ( ,fr5* ?an he did ( ,arabic4#gg ,x is evid5t t ,montaigne's fa!r _h tak5 a false r\te1 b at lea/ ,montaigne d]iv$ a j conception f ?is exp]i5ce1 namely1 t ! me?ods ord9>ily pursu$ 9 ! /udy ( ! dead languages are too sl[ & too me*anical2 t an abuse is made ( rules1 & t suffici5t att5tion is n giv5 to practice3 8,no d\bt b ,greek & ,lat9 are v great ornam5ts1 & ( v great use1 b we buy !m too de>40#gh ,at ! college ( ,gui5ne1 :]e he pass$ sev5 ye>s1 ,montaigne le>n$ to dete/ corporal *a/isem5ts & ! h>d discipl9e ( ! s*ol>s ( 8 day3 8 444 ,in/ead ( tempt+ & allur+ *ildr5 to lett]s by apt & g5tle ways1 our p$ants d 9 tru? pres5t no?+ be=e !m b rods & f]ules1 horror & cruelty4 ,away ) ?is viol5ce6 away ) ?is compulsion6 ?an :i*1 ,i c]ta9ly believe1 no?+ m dulls & deg5]ates a well-desc5d$ nature4444 ,! /rict gov]nm5t ( mo/ ( our colleges has ev]more displeas$ me4444 ',tis ! true h\se ( correction ( imprison$ y\?4444 ,d b come 9 :5 !y are ab\t _! lesson1 & y %all he> no?+ b ! outcries ( boys "u execution1 ) ! ?und]+ noise ( _! ,p$agogues1 drunk ) fury1 to make up ! consort4 ,a pretty way ?is6 to tempt ^! t5d] & timor\s s\ls to love _! book1 ) a furi\s c\nt5ance1 & a rod 9 h&4 ,a curs$ & p]nici\s way ( proce$+4444 ,h[ mu* m dec5t w\ld x be to see _! classes /rew$ ) gre5 leaves & f9e fl[]s1 ?an ) bloody /umps ( bir* & will[s8 ,7 x left to my ord]+1 ,i %\ld pa9t ! s*ool ) ! pictures ( ,joy & ,gladness1 ,flora & ! ,graces 444 t :]e _! pr(it is1 !y might h _! pleasure too40#gi #aac4 ,,importance ,,( ,a ,,g5]al ,,r ,,?an ,a ,,special ,,education4--,if ,montaigne1 9 diff]5t *apt]s ( 8 essays1#hj has giv5 pass+ att5tion to p$agogical que/ions1 x is n only ?r\gh a recollection ( 8 own ye>s ( appr5tice%ip1 b also because ( 8 judgm5t z a philosoph]1 t 8! greate/ & mo/ important task ( human und]/&+ is 9 ^? matt]s :i* conc]n ! nurture & in/ruction ( *ildr540 ,= him1 education is ! art ( =m+ m51 & n speciali/s4 ,?is he expla9s 9 8 orig9al mann] "u ! =m ( an anecdote3 8,go+ to ,orleans "o day1 ,i met 9 t pla9 ?is side ,cl]y1 two p$ants :o 7 go+ t[>ds ,bordeaux1 ab\t fifty paces di/ant f "o ano!r4 ,/ill fur!r back ( !m1 ,i saw a troop ( horse1 & at _! head a g5tleman :o 0 ! late ,c\nt de la ,ro*ef\cault4 ,"o ( my company inquir$ ( ! =emo/ ( ^! dom9ies1 :o t g5tleman 0 :o 0 foll[+ him4 ,he _h n obs]v$ ! tra9 t 0 foll[+ aft]1 & ?\ght t ! "q relat$ to 8 companion2 & s he repli$ pleasantly1 #8,he is n a g5tleman1 b a gramm>ian1 & ,i am a logician4' ,n[1 z we are "h conc]n$ 9 ! tra9+1 n ( a gramm>ian1 or ( a logician1 b ( a complete g5tleman1 we w let ^? :o w abuse _! leisure2 b we h bus9ess ( ano!r nature40#ha ,x is true t ,montaigne says g5tleman1 & n simply man2 b 9 reality 8 ?\ght is ! same z t ( ,r\sseau & ( all ^? :o require a g5]al education ( ! human s\l4 #aad4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,in/ruction4--,f :at has n[ be5 said1 x is easy to compreh5d t1 9 ! op9ion ( ,montaigne1 lett]s & o!r /udies are b ! means or in/rum5t1 & n ! aim & end ( in/ruction4 ,! au?or ( ! ,essays does n yield to ! lit]>y craze1 :i*1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 took c]ta9 s*ol>s captive1 & made ! ideal ( education to consi/ ( a k ( ! anci5t languages4 ,x is ( little consequ5ce to him t a pupil has le>n$ to write 9 ,lat92 :at he does require1 is t he become bett] & m prud5t1 & h a s\nd] judgm5t4 8,if 8 s\l be n put into bett] rhy?m1 if ! judgm5t be n bett] settl$1 ,i w\ld r h him sp5d 8 "t at t5nis40#hb #aae4 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,judgm5t4--,montaigne has express$ 8 dom9ant ?\ght on education 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways4 ,he is preoccupi$ ) ! tra9+ ( ! judgm5t1 & on ?is po9t we might quote :ole pages3 8 444 ,accord+ to ! fa%ion 9 :i* we are in/ruct$1 x is n s+ul> t nei!r s*ol>s nor ma/]s become m able1 al?\gh !y become m wise4 ,9 fact1 our p>5ts devote _! c>e & exp5se to furni%+ our heads ) k2 b to judgm5t & virtue no additions are made4 ,say ( a pass]-by to p1 #8,o :at a le>n$ man6' & ( ano!r1 #8,o :at a good man goes !re6' & !y w n fail to turn _! eyes & att5tion t[>ds ! =m]4 ,!re %\ld be a ?ird to cry1 #8,o ! blockheads6' ,m5 are quick to inquire1 #8,does he "k ,greek or ,lat98 ,does he write 9 v]se or 9 prose8' ,b :e!r he has become bett] or m prud5t1 :i* is ! pr9cipal ?+1 ?is receives n ! lea/ notice2 :]eas we ought to inquire :o is ! bett] le>n$1 r ?an :o is ! m le>n$80 8,we labor only at fill+ ! memory1 & leave ! und]/&+ & ! consci5ce void4 ,j z birds sometimes g 9 que/ ( gra91 & br+ x 9 _! bills )\t ta/+ x !mselves1 to make ( x m\?fuls = _! "y2 s our p$ants g rummag+ 9 books = k1 only to hold x at _! tongues' end1 & !n di/ribute x to _! pupils40#hc #aaf4 ,,/udies ,,recomm5d$4--,! practical & utilit>ian m9d ( ,montaigne dictates to him 8 programme ( /udies4 ,) him x is n a "q ( plung+ into ! dep?s ( ! sci5ces2 dis9t]e/$ /udies are n 8 affair4 ,if ,rabelais propos$ to develop ! speculative faculties1 ,montaigne1 on ! contr>y1 is preoccupi$ ) ! practical faculties1 & he makes ev]y?+ subord9ate to morals4 ,= example1 he w\ld h hi/ory le>n$1 n = ! sake ( kn[+ ! facts1 b ( appreciat+ !m4 ,x is n s necess>y to impr9t 9 ! memory ( ! *ild 8! date ( ! fall ( ,c>?age z ! "* ( ,hannibal & ,scipio1 nor s mu* :]e ,m>cellus di$ z :y x 0 unwor?y ( 8 duty t he di$ !re40#hd ,& s 9 philosophy1 x is n ! g5]al k ( man & nature t ,montaigne e/eems & recomm5ds2 b only ^? p>ts t h a direct be>+ on morals & active life4 8,x is a pity t matt]s %\ld be at su* a pass z !y are 9 our "t1 t philosophy1 ev5 ) p ( und]/&+1 %\ld be look$ ^u z a va9 & fanciful "n1 a ?+ ( no use & no value1 ei!r = op9ion or = action4 ,i ?9k t x is ! love ( quibbl+ t has caus$ ?+s to take ?is turn4444 ,philosophy is t :i* tea*es u to live40#he #aag4 ,,educational ,,me?ods4--,an education purely booki% is n to ,montaigne's ta/e4 ,he c\nts less ^u books ?an ^u exp]i5ce & m+l+ ) m52 ^u ! obs]vation ( ?+s1 & ^u ! natural sugge/ions ( ! m9d3 8,= le>n+ to judge well & speak well1 :atev] pres5ts itself to our eyes s]ves z a suffici5t book4 ,! knav]y ( a page1 ! blund] ( a s]vant1 a table witticism1--all su* ?+s are s _m new ?+s to ?9k ab\t4 ,& = ?is purpose conv]sation ) m5 is wond]fully helpful1 & s is a visit to =eign l&s 444 to br+ back ! cu/oms ( ^? nations1 & _! mann]s1 & to :et & %>p5 our wits by rubb+ !m ^u ^? ( o!rs40 8 444 ,! lesson w be giv51 sometimes by conv]sation1 sometimes by book4444 ,let ! *ild exam9e e man's tal5t1 a peasant1 a mason1 a pass]-by4 ,put into 8 head an hone/ curiosity 9 ev]y?+4 ,let him obs]ve :atev] is curi\s 9 8 surr\nd+s1--a f9e h\se1 a delicate f\nta91 an em95t man1 ! sc5e ( an anci5t battle1 ! r\tes ( ,cs>1 or ( ,*>lemagne44440#he ,?+s %\ld prec$e words4 ,on ?is po9t ,montaigne anticipates ,com5ius1 ,r\sseau1 & all mod]n educators4 8,let our pupil be provid$ ) ?+s2 words w foll[ only too fa/40#hf 8,! _w is giv5 to babbl+2 ,i h>dly ev] saw a man :o did n r prate too mu*1 ?an speak too little4 ,yet ! half ( our life goes 9 t way2 we are kept f\r or five ye>s 9 le>n+ words44440#hg 8,?is is n say+ t x is n a f9e & good ?+ to speak well2 b n s good z x is made out to be4 ,i am vex$ t our life is s mu* occupi$ ) all ?is40 #aah4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,%\ld ,,read4--,montaigne has ke5ly criticis$ ! abuse ( books3 8,i w\ld n h ?is boy ( ours imprison$1 & made a slave to 8 book4444 ,i w\ld n h 8 _s c['d & subdu'd by apply+ him to ! rack1 & torm5t+ him1 z "s d1 f\rte5 or fifte5 h\rs a day1 & s make a pack-horse ( him4 ,nei!r %\ld ,i ?9k x good1 :51 by a solit>y & melan*olic complexion1 he is discov]$ to be mu* addict$ to 8 book1 to n\ri% t humor 9 him1 = t r5d]s !m unfit = civil conv]sation1 & div]ts !m f bett] employm5ts40#hh ,b :ile he advises aga9/ excess 9 read+1 he has admirably def9$ ! mann] 9 :i* we ought to read4 ,above all1 he says1 let u assimilate & appropriate :at we read4 ,let ! "w ( ! read] resemble t ( bees1 t1 on ?is side & on t1 tap ! fl[]s = _! sweet juices1 & make !m into honey1 :i* is no long] ?yme nor m>joram4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 we %\ld read ) reflection1 & ) a critical _s1 :ile ma/]+ ! ?\ghts ( ! au?or by our p]sonal judgm5t1 )\t ev] becom+ slaves to !m4 #aai4 ,,montaigne',s ,,errors4--,montaigne's greate/ fault1 x mu/ be confess$1 is t he is some:at he>tless4 ,some:at ( an egoi/ & ,epicurean1 he celebrates only ! easy virtues t are atta9$ 8by %ady r\tes ?r\gh gre5 mead[s & fragrant fl[]s40 ,has he himself ev] p]=m$ pa9ful duties t dem& ef=t8 ,to love *ildr51 he waits till !y are amiable2 :ile !y are small1 he disda9s !m1 & keeps !m at a di/ance f him3 8,i _c ent]ta9 t passion ( d&l+ & c>ess+ an infant1 sc>cely born1 hav+ z yet nei!r motion ( s\l nor %ape ( body di/+ui%able1 by :i* !y c r5d] !mselves amiable2 & h n suff]$ !m to be nurs$ ne> me44440#hi 8,nev] take1 &1 /ill less1 nev] give1 to ! wom5 ( y\r h\sehold ! c>e ( ! fe$+ ( y\r *ildr560 ,montaigne jo9$ precept to example4 ,he some:]e says unfeel+ly3 8,my *ildr5 all di$ :ile at nurse40#ij ,he goes s f> z to say t a man ( lett]s ought to pref] 8 writ+s to 8 *ildr53 8,! bir?s ( our intellig5ce are ! *ildr5 ! mo/ truly our own40#ia #abj4 ,,incomplet5ess ,,( ,,8 ,,views ,,on ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom54--,ano!r m5tal defect 9 ,montaigne is1 t1 by reason ( 8 mod]ation & cons]vatism1 he rema9s a little n>r[4 ,high conceptions ( human de/9y are n to be expect$ ( him2 8 mann] ( conceiv+ ( x is mean & commonplace4 ,?is lack ( intellectual bread? is especially manife/ 9 8 reflections on ! education ( wom54 ,montaigne is ( t numb]1 :o1 ?r\gh false gallantry1 w\ld keep woman 9 a /ate ( ignorance on ! pretext t in/ruction w\ld m> h] natural *>ms4 ,9 _! case1 he w\ld prohibit ev5 ! /udy ( rhetoric1 because1 he says1 t w\ld 8conceal h] *>ms "u borr[$ *>ms40 ,wom5 %\ld be cont5t ) ! advantages :i* _! sex assures to !m4 ,) ! k :i* !y naturally h1 8!y comm& ) ! swit*1 & rule bo? ! reg5ts & ! s*ools40 ,h[ev]1 he aft]w>ds ?9ks bett] ( x2 b 9 8 concessions !re is m ( contempt ?an 9 8 prohibitions3 8,if1 h[ev]1 x displeases !m to make u any concessions :atev]1 & !y are det]m9$1 ?r\gh curiosity1 to "k some?+ ( books1 poetry is an amusem5t befitt+ _! ne$s2 = x is a wanton1 crafty art1 disguis$1 all = pleasure1 all = %[1 j z !y are40#ib ,! foll[+ passage may also be quot$3-- 8,:5 ,i see !m tamp]+ ) rhetoric1 law1 logic1 & ! l1 s improp] & unnecess>y = _! bus9ess1 ,i beg9 to suspect t ! m5 :o inspire !m ) su* ?+s d x t !y may gov]n !m ^u t acc\nt40#ic ,x is impossible to express a great] contempt = wom54 ,montaigne goes s f> z to d5y h] positive qualities ( he>t4 ,he *ances to say1 ) ref]5ce to ,mlle4 de ,g\rnay1 8 adopt$ daught]3 8,! p]fection ( ! mo/ sa9tly affection has be5 atta9$ :5 x does n exhibit ! lea/ trace ( sex40 ,to conclude3 not)/&+ "s grave defects1 ! p$agogy ( ,montaigne is a p$agogy ( good s5se1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( x w always des]ve to be admir$4 ,! ,jans5i/s1 & ,locke1 & ,r\sseau1 9 diff]5t degrees1 draw _! inspiration f ,montaigne4 ,9 8 own age1 x is true1 8 ideas 7 accept$ by sc>cely any "o save 8 disciple ,*>ron1 :o1 9 8 book ( ,wisdom1#id has done sc>cely m ?an to arrange 9 ord] ! ?\ghts t are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,essays4 ,b if he _h no influ5ce ^u 8 own age1 ,montaigne has at lea/ rema9$1 aft] ?ree c5turies1 a sure guide 9 ! matt] ( intellectual education4 #aba4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,! dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( education dur+ ! ,r5aissance p]iod is ! reaction :i* x exhibits aga9/ c]ta9 errors 9 ,middle ,age education4 #b4 ,a second *>act]i/ic is a disposition to conciliate or h>monize pr9ciples & me?ods ^: fault is exagg]ation4 #c4 ,aga9/ in/ruction bas$ almo/ :olly on au?ority1 !re is a reaction 9 favor ( free inquiry4 #d4 ,oppos$ to an education ( ! pr(essional or te*nical type1 !re is propos$ an education ( ! g5]al or lib]al type4 #e4 ,f be+ almo/ exclusively e?ical & religi\s1 education t5ds to become secul>4 #f4 ,didactic1 =mal in/ruction out ( books1 deal+ 9 second-h& k1 is succe$$ by in=mal1 intuitive in/ruction f natural objects1 deal+ 9 k at fir/ h&4 #g4 ,! conception t education is a process ( manufacture beg9s to give place to ! conception t x is a process ( gr[?4 #h4 ,tea*+ ^: purpose 0 in=mation is succe$$ by tea*+ ^: purpose is =mation1 discipl9e1 or tra9+4 #i4 ,a discipl9e t 0 h>% & cruel is succe$$ by a discipl9e comp>atively mild & humane2 & mann]s t 7 rude & co>se1 are foll[$ by a f9] code ( civility4 ,,footnotes3 #ga ,see especially ! foll[+ *apt]s3 ,book ,i4 *aps4 ,,xiv41 ,,xv41 ,,xxi41 ,,xxii41 ,,xxiv42 ,book ,,ii4 *aps4 ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,vii41 ,,viii4 #gb ,! contra/ betwe5 ! g5]al sy/em ( education t culm9at$ ) ! ,re=mation1 & ! sy/em t _h its rise at ! same p]iod1 is s m>k$ t !re is an hi/orical propriety 9 call+ ! fir/ ! old education1 & ! second1 or lat]1 ! new education4 ,recollect+ ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to pass f "o extreme to an opposite extreme1 we may suspect t ! f9al /ate ( educational ?\ght & practice w repres5t a mean betwe5 ^! two contra/$ sy/ems3 x is inconceivable t ! old 0 :olly wrong1 or t ! new is :olly "r4 7,p47 #gc ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxiv4 #gd ,rabelais recomm5ds ! /udy ( ,hebrew1 s t ! sacr$ books may be kn[n 9 _! orig9al =m4 ,9 "s place he says3 8,i love mu* m to he> ! ,gospel ?an to he> ! life ( ,sa9t ,m>g>et or "s o!r cant40 #ge ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ,,viii4 #gf ,?is pansophic s*eme ( ,rabelais has be5 reviv$ 9 lat] times by ,b5?am1 9 8 ,*re/oma?ia1 & /ill lat] by ,sp5c]1 9 8 ,education4 ,x seems to h be5 =gott5 t ! division ( labor affects education 9 mu* ! same way z x affects all o!r dep>tm5ts ( human activity3 t !re is no m ne$ ( hav+ z a p]sonal possession all ! k we ne$ = guidance1 ?an = own+ all ! ag5cies we ne$ = locomotion or communication4 7,p47 #gg 8,i 0 above six ye>s ( age be=e ,i und]/ood ei!r ,fr5* or ,p]igordian any m ?an ,arabic1 & )\t art1 book1 gramm>1 or precept1 :ipp+1 or ! exp]i5ce ( a te>1 _h by t "t le>n$ to speak z pure ,lat9 z my ma/] himself40 ,essays1 ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxv4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i h sev]al times quot$ f ,cotton's translation4 7,london3 #agaa47 7,p47 #gh ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxv4 #gi ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxv4 #hj ,see p>ticul>ly ,*ap4 ,,xxiv4 ( ,book ,i41 ,( ,p$antry2 ,*ap4 ,,xxv4 ,book ,i41 ,( ! ,education ( ,*ildr52 ,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,book ,,ii41 ,( ! ,affection ( ,fa!rs to _! ,*ildr54 #ha ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxv4 #hb ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxiv4 #hc ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxiv4 #hd ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxv4 #he ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxv4 #hf ,has n ?is extravagant pref]5ce = ?+s1 z di/+ui%$ f words1 become a new sup]/ition 9 educational !ory8 ,consid]+ ! misuse made ( words by ,s*ola/icism1 x 0 "t = ,montaigne to summon ! att5tion outw>ds to s5sible realities2 b x is m ?an d\btful :e!r !re is any valid gr\nd = ! absolute rule ( mod]n p$agogy1 8fir/ ! idea1 !n ! t]m40 ,9 actual exp]i5ce1 !re is no inv>iable sequ5ce4 ,! really important ?+ is1 t t]ms be made significant4 7,p47 #hg ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxv4 #hh ,book ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxv4 #hi ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ,,viii4 #ij ,i am n sure t ?is rem>k does n d ,montaigne inju/ice1 especially :5 we consid] ! connection 9 :i* ! orig9al rem>k is made3 8,i am ( op9ion t :at is n to be done by reason1 prud5ce1 & address1 is nev] to be effect$ by =ce4 ,i myself 0 br\ght up aft] t mann]2 & !y tell me t1 9 all my fir/ age1 ,i nev] felt ! rod b twice1 & !n v easily4 ,i h practis$ ! same me?od ) my *ildr51 :o all ( !m dy'd at nurse2 b ,leonora1 my only daught]1 is arriv$ to ! age ( six ye>s & upw>ds )\t o!r correction = h] *ildi% faults ?an words only1 & ^? v g5tle40 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ,,viii4 7,p47 #ia ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 ,,xiii4 #ib ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 ,,iii4 #ic ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 ,,iii4 #id ,see p>ticul>ly ,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ( ,book ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,prote/antism ,,& ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4 ,,lu!r ,,& ,,com5ius4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction2 ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,re=m2 ,,calv91 ,,melanc?on1 ,,zw+li2 ,,lu!r 7#adhc-aedf72 ,,appeal ,,address$ ,,to ,,! ,,magi/rates ,,& ,,legislators ,,( ,,g]many2 ,,d\ble ,,utility ,,( ,,in/ruction2 ,,necessity ,,( ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,public ,,in/ruction2 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod2 ,,organization ,,( ,,new ,,s*ools2 ,,programme ,,( ,,/udies2 ,,progress ,,9 ,,me?ods2 ,,! ,,/ates ,,g5]al ,,( ,,orleans 7#aefj72 ,,rati* 7#aega-afce72 ,,com5ius 7#aeib-afga72 ,,8 ,,"*2 ,,baconian ,,inspiration2 ,,life ,,( ,,com5ius2 ,,8 ,,pr9cipal ,,works2 ,,division ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,into ,,f\r ,,grades2 ,,elem5t>y ,,initiation ,,into ,,all ,,! ,,/udies2 ,,! ,,p',s ,,s*ool2 ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool2 ,,intuitions ,,( ,,s5se2 ,,simplification ,,( ,,grammatical ,,/udies2 ,,p$agogical ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,com5ius2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #abb4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4--,) ,la ,salle & ! f\ndation ( ! ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 ! hi/orian ( education recognizes ! ,ca?olic orig9 ( prim>y in/ruction2 9 ! decrees & laws ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 its lay & philosophical orig92 b x is to ! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s1--to ,lu!r 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & to ,com5ius 9 ! sev5te5?--t mu/ be ascrib$ ! honor ( hav+ fir/ organiz$ s*ools = ! p4 ,9 its orig91 ! prim>y s*ool is ! *ild ( ,prote/antism1 & its cradle 0 ! ,re=mation4 #abc4 ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,re=m4--,! developm5t ( prim>y in/ruction 0 ! logical consequ5ce ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=m4 ,z ,mi*el ,bral has said3 8,9 mak+ man responsible = 8 own fai?1 & 9 plac+ ! s\rce ( t fai? 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ! ,re=m contract$ ! obligation to put ea* "o 9 a condition to save himself by ! read+ & ! und]/&+ ( ! ,bible4444 ,! necessity ( expla9+ ! ,cate*ism1 & mak+ comm5ts on x1 0 = tea*]s an obligation to le>n h[ to exp\nd a ?\ght1 & to decompose x into its elem5ts4 ,! /udy ( ! "m tongue & ( s++1 0 associat$ ) ! read+ ( ! ,bible 7translat$ into ,g]man by ,lu!r7 & ) religi\s s]vices40 ,! ,re=m1 !n1 conta9$1 9 g]m1 a complete revolution 9 education2 x enli/$ ! int]e/s ( religion 9 ! s]vice ( in/ruction1 & associat$ k ) fai?4 ,?is is ! reason t1 = ?ree c5turies1 ! ,prote/ant nations h l$ humanity 9 ! matt] ( prim>y in/ruction4 #abd4 ,,calv9 7#aeji-aefd71 ,,melanc?on 7#adig-aefj71 ,,zw+li 7#adhd-aecb74--;,h[ev]1 all ! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s 7 f> f exhibit+ ! same zeal 9 behalf ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,calv91 absorb$ 9 religi\s /ruggles & polemics1 0 n occupi$ ) ! organization ( s*ools till t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 & ev5 ! college t he f\nd$ at ,g5eva1 9 #aeei1 0 sc>cely m ?an a s*ool = ! /udy ( ,lat94 ,melanc?on1 :o has be5 call$ 8! preceptor ( ,g]many10 work$ m = high s*ools ?an = s*ools = ! p4 ,he 0 above all else a pr(essor ( ,belles-,lettres2 & x 0 ) *agr9 t he saw 8 c\rses 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g des]t$ by /ud5ts :5 he lectur$ on ! ,olyn?iacs ( ,demo/h5es4 ,be=e ,calv9 & ,melanc?on1 ! ,swiss re=m] ,zw+li _h %[n 8 great int]e/ 9 prim>y tea*+1 9 8 little book 8^u ! mann] ( in/ruct+ & br++ up boys 9 a ,*ri/ian way0 7#aebd74 ,9 ?is he recomm5d$ natural hi/ory1 ari?metic1 & also ex]cises 9 f5c+1 9 ord] to furni% ! c\ntry ) timely def5d]s4 #abe4 ,,lu!r 7#adhc-aedf74--,! ,g]man re=m] ,lu!r is1 ( all 8 co-religioni/s1 ! "o :o has s]v$ ! cause ( elem5t>y in/ruction ) ! mo/ ardor4 ,he n only address$ a press+ appeal to ! rul+ classes 9 behalf ( f\nd+ s*ools = ! p1 b1 by 8 influ5ce1 me?ods ( in/ruction 7 improv$1 & ! educational _s 0 r5ew$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ,prote/antism4 8,spontaneity10 x has be5 said1 n )\t "s exagg]ation1 8free ?\ght1 & free inquiry1 are ! basis ( ,prote/antism2 :]e x has reign$1 !re h disappe>$ ! me?od ( repeat+ & ( le>n+ by he>t )\t reflection1 me*anism1 subjection to au?ority1 ! p>alysis ( ! intellig5ce oppress$ by dogmatic in/ruction1 & sci5ce put 9 tutelage by ! beliefs ( ! ,*ur*40#ie #abf4 ,,appeal ,,address$ ,,to ,,! ,,magi/rates ,,& ,,legislators ,,( ,,g]many4--,9 #aebd1 ,lu!r1 9 a special docum5t address$ to ! public au?orities ( ,g]many1 =cibly express$ himself aga9/ ! neglect into :i* ! int]e/s ( in/ruction _h fall54 ,?is appeal has ?is *>act]i/ic1 t ! great re=m]1 :ile assum+ t ! ,*ur* is ! "m ( ! s*ool1 seems especially to c\nt on ! secul> arm1 ^u ! p[] ( ! p1 to s]ve 8 purposes 9 ! cause ( univ]sal in/ruction4 8,ea* city10 he said1 8is subject$ to great exp5se e ye> = ! con/ruction ( roads1 = =tify+ its ramp>ts1 & = buy+ arms & equipp+ soldi]s4 ,:y %\ld x n sp5d an equal sum = ! support ( "o or two s*ool-ma/]s8 ,! prosp]ity ( a city does n dep5d solely on its natural ri*es1 on ! solidity ( its walls1 on ! elegance ( its mansions1 & on ! abundance ( arms 9 its ars5als2 b ! safety & /r5g? ( a city reside above all 9 a good education1 :i* furni%es x ) in/ruct$1 reasonable1 honorable1 & well-tra9$ citiz5s40#if #abg4 ,,d\ble ,,utility ,,( ,,in/ruction4--,a rem>kable fact ab\t ,lu!r is1 t z a prea*] ( in/ruction1 he does n speak m]ely f ! religi\s po9t ( view4 ,aft] hav+ recomm5d$ s*ools z in/itutions auxili>y to ! ,*ur*1 he makes a resolute argum5t f ! human po9t ( view4 8,7 !re nei!r s\l1 heav51 nor hell10 he says1 8x w\ld /ill be necess>y to h s*ools = ! sake ( affairs "h bel[1 z ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans pla9ly tea*es4 ,! _w has ne$ ( educat$ m5 & wom51 to ! end t ! m5 may gov]n ! c\ntry prop]ly1 & t ! wom5 may prop]ly br+ up _! *ildr51 c>e = _! dome/ics1 & direct ! affairs ( _! h\seholds40 #abh4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,public ,,in/ruction4--,! objection w p]haps be made1 says ,lu!r1 t = ! education ( *ildr5 ! home is suffici5t1 & t ! s*ool is useless3 8,to ?is ,i reply3 ,we cle>ly see h[ ! boys & girls are educat$ :o rema9 at home40 ,he !n %[s t !y are ignorant & 8/upid10 incapable ( tak+ "p 9 conv]sation1 ( giv+ good advice1 & )\t any exp]i5ce ( life2 :ile1 if !y _h be5 educat$ 9 ! s*ools1 by tea*]s :o c\ld give in/ruction 9 ! languages1 9 ! arts1 & 9 hi/ory1 !y might 9 a little "t ga!r up )9 !mselves1 z 9 a mirror1 ! exp]i5ce ( :atev] has happ5$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w2 & f ?is exp]i5ce1 he adds1 !y w\ld d]ive ! wisdom !y ne$ = self-direction & = giv+ wise c\nsel to o!rs4 #abi4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod4--,b s9ce !re mu/ be public s*ools1 c we n be cont5t ) ^? :i* already exi/8 ,lu!r replies by prov+ t p>5ts neglect to s5d _! *ildr5 to !m1 & by d5\nc+ ! uselessness ( ! results obta9$ by ^? :o att5d !m4 8,we f9d p10 he says1 8:o s]ve ,god 9 /range ways4 ,!y fa/ & we> co>se clo?+1 b !y pass bl9dly by ! true div9e s]vice ( ! home1--!y d n "k h[ to br+ up _! *ildr54444 ,believe me1 x is mu* m necess>y to give att5tion to y\r *ildr5 & to provide = _! education ?an to pur*ase indulg5cies1 to visit =eign *ur*es1 or to make solemn v[s4444 ,all p1 especially ! ,jews1 oblige _! *ildr5 to g to s*ool m ?an ,*ri/ians d4 ,?is is :y ! /ate ( ,*ri/ianity is s l[1 = all its =ce & p[] are 9 ! ris+ g5]ation2 & if ^! are neglect$1 !re w be ,*ri/ian *ur*es l a g>d5 t has be5 neglect$ 9 ! spr+-"t4444 ,e day *ildr5 are born & are gr[+ up1 &1 un=tunately1 no "o c>es = ! poor "y p1 no "o ?9ks to tra9 !m2 !y are all[$ to g z !y w4 ,0 x n lam5table to see a lad /udy 9 tw5ty ye>s & m only j en\gh bad ,lat9 to enable him to become a prie/1 & to g to mass8 ,& he :o atta9$ to ?is 0 c\nt$ a v happy be+6 ,"r happy ! "m :o bore su* a *ild6 ,& he has rema9$ all 8 life a poor unlett]$ man4 ,ev]y:]e we h se5 su* tea*]s & ma/]s1 :o knew no?+ !mselves & c\ld tea* no?+ t 0 good & useful2 !y did n ev5 "k h[ to le>n & to tea*4 ,has any?+ else be5 le>n$ up to ?is "t 9 ! high s*ools & 9 ! conv5ts except to become asses & blockheads8 4440 #acj4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,s*ools4--,s ,lu!r resolves on ! organization ( new s*ools4 ,! co/ ( _! ma9t5ance he makes a *>ge on ! public treasury2 he demon/rates to p>5ts ! moral obligation to h _! *ildr5 in/ruct$ 9 !m2 to ! duty ( consci5ce he adds civil obligation2 &1 f9ally1 he gives 8 ?\ght to ! means ( recruit+ ! tea*+ s]vice4 8,s9ce ! greate/ evil 9 e place is ! lack ( tea*]s1 we mu/ n wait till !y come =w>d ( !mselves2 we mu/ take ! tr\ble to educate !m & prep>e !m40 ,to ?is end ,lu!r keeps ! be/ ( ! pupils1 boys & girls1 = a long] "t 9 s*ool2 gives !m special in/ructors1 & op5s libr>ies = _! use4 ,9 8 ?\ght he nev] di/+ui%es wom5 tea*]s f m5 tea*]s2 he wants s*ools = girls z well z = boys4 ,only1 n to burd5 p>5ts & div]t *ildr5 f _! daily labor1 he requires b little "t = s*ool duties4 8,y ask3 ,is x possible to get along )\t our *ildr51 & br+ !m up l g5tlem58 ,is x n necess>y t !y "w at home8 ,i reply3 ,i by no means approve ( ^? s*ools :]e a *ild 0 accu/om$ to pass tw5ty or ?irty ye>s 9 /udy+ ,donatus or ,alex&]#ig )\t le>n+ any?+4 ,ano!r _w has dawn$1 9 :i* ?+s g diff]5tly4 ,my op9ion is t we mu/ s5d ! boys to s*ool "o or two h\rs a day1 & h !m le>n a trade at home = ! re/ ( ! "t4 ,x is desirable t ^! two occupations m>* side by side4 ,z x n[ is1 *ildr5 c]ta9ly sp5d twice z mu* "t 9 play+ ball1 runn+ ! /reets1 & play+ truant4 ,& s ! girls c equally well devote ne>ly ! same "t to s*ool1 )\t neglect+ _! home duties2 !y lose m "t ?an ?is 9 ov]-sleep+ & 9 danc+ m ?an is meet40 #aca4 ,,programme ,,( ,,/udies4--,lu!r gives ! fir/ place to ! tea*+ ( religion3 8,is x n reasonable t e ,*ri/ian %\ld "k ! ,gospel at ! age ( n9e or t580 ,!n come ! languages1 n1 z might be hop$1 ! "m tongue1 b ! le>n$ languages1 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew4 ,lu!r _h n yet be5 suffici5tly rid ( ! old _s to compreh5d t ! language ( ! p ought to be ! basis ( univ]sal in/ruction4 ,he left to ,com5ius ! glory ( mak+ ! f9al sep>ation ( ! prim>y s*ool f ! ,lat9 s*ool4 ,b yet1 ,lu!r gave excell5t advice = ! /udy ( languages1 :i* mu/ be le>n$1 he said1 less 9 ! ab/ract rules ( gramm> ?an 9 _! concrete reality4 ,lu!r recomm5ds ! ma!matics1 & also ! /udy ( nature2 b he has a p>tiality = hi/ory & hi/orians1 :o are1 he says1 8! be/ p & ! be/ tea*]s10 on ! condition t !y d n tamp] ) ! tru?1 & t 8!y d n make obscure ! "w ( ,god40 ,( ! lib]al arts ( ! ,middle ,age1 ,lu!r does n make mu* acc\nt4 ,he rightly says ( dialectics1 t x is no equival5t = real k1 & t x is simply 8an in/rum5t by :i* we r5d] to ourselves an acc\nt ( :at we "k40 ,physical ex]cises are n =gott5 9 ,lu!r's p$agogical regulations4 ,b he atta*es an especial importance to s++4 8,unless a s*oolma/] "k h[ to s+1 ,i ?9k him ( no acc\nt40 8,music10 he says aga91 8is a half discipl9e :i* makes m5 m indulg5t & m mild40 #acb4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,me?ods4--,at ! same "t t he ext5ds ! programme ( /udies1 ,lu!r introduces a new _s into me?ods4 ,he wi%es m lib]ty & m joy 9 ! s*ool4 8,solomon10 he says1 8is a truly royal s*oolma/]4 ,he does n1 l ! monks1 =bid ! "y to g into ! _w & be happy4 ,ev5 z ,anselm said3 #8,a "y man turn$ aside f ! _w is l a "y tree made to gr[ 9 a vase4' ,! monks h imprison$ "y m5 l birds 9 _! cage4 ,x is dang]\s to isolate ! "y4 ,x is necess>y1 on ! contr>y1 to all[ "y p to he>1 see1 & le>n all sorts ( ?+s1 :ile all ! "t obs]v+ ! re/ra9ts & ! rules ( honor4 ,enjoym5t & recreation are z necess>y = *ildr5 z food & dr9k4 ,! s*ools till n[ 7 v]itable prisons & hells1 & ! s*oolma/] a tyrant4444 ,a *ild intimidat$ by bad treatm5t is irresolute 9 all he does4 ,he :o has trembl$ be=e 8 p>5ts w tremble all 8 life at ! s\nd ( a leaf :i* ru/les 9 ! w9d40 ,^! quotations w suffice to make appreciat$ ! l>ge & lib]al _s ( ,lu!r1 & ! range ( 8 ?\ght z an educator4 ,no "o has m extoll$ ! (fice ( ! tea*]1 ( :i* he said1 :5 comp>+ x to prea*+1 x is ! "w ( all o!rs ! noble/1 ! mo/ useful1 & ! be/2 8& yet10 he add$1 8,i d n "k :i* ( ^! two pr(essions is ! bett]40 ,d n let ourselves imag9e1 h[ev]1 t ,lu!r at once ex]cis$ a decisive influ5ce on ! curr5t education ( 8 day4 ,a few s*ools 7 f\nd$1 call$ writ+ s*ools2 b ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & o!r ev5ts1 int]rupt$ ! movem5t ( :i* ,lu!r has ! honor ( hav+ be5 ! orig9ator4 #acc4 ,,! ,,/ates ,,g5]al ,,( ,,orleans 7#aefj74--,:ile 9 ,g]many1 "u ! impulse ( ,lu!r1 prim>y s*ools began to be e/abli%$1 ,france rema9$ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,let u note1 h[ev]1 ! desires express$ by ! ,/ates ,g5]al ( ,orleans1 9 #aefj3-- 8,may x please ! k+10 x 0 said 9 ! memorial ( ! nobility1 8to levy a contribution ^u ! *ur* rev5ues = ! reasonable support ( tea*]s & m5 ( le>n+ 9 e city & village1 = ! in/ruction ( ! ne$y y\? ( ! c\ntry2 & let all p>5ts be requir$1 "u p5alty ( a f9e1 to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool1 & let !m be con/ra9$ to obs]ve ?is law by ! lords & ! ord9>y magi/rates40 ,x 0 dem&$1 9 addition1 t public lectures be giv5 on ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures 9 intelligible language1 t is1 9 ! "m tongue4 ,b ^! dem&s1 s e>ne/ & democratic1 ( ! ,prote/ant nobility ( sixte5? c5tury ,france1 7 n reg>d$4 ,) ! fall ( ,prote/antism1 ! cause ( prim>y in/ruction 9 ,france 0 doom$ to a long eclipse4 ,! nobles ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies did n ?9k ( petition+ aga9 = ! education ( ! p1 & ,did]ot c\ld tru?fully say ( !m3 8,! nobility compla9 ( ! f>m labor]s :o "k h[ to read4 ,p]haps ! *ief grievance ( ! nobility r$uces itself to ?is3 t a peasant :o kn[s h[ to read is m difficult to oppress ?an ano!r40 #acd4 ,,rati* 7#aega-afce74--;,9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,rati*1 a ,g]man1 & ,com5ius1 a ,slave1 71 ) v diff]5t degrees ( m]it1 ! heirs ( ! educational ?\ght ( ,lu!r4 ,) some?+ ( ! *>latan & ! demagogue1 ,rati* devot$ 8 life to propagat+ a novel art ( tea*+1 :i* he call$ didactics1 & to :i* he attribut$ m>vels4 ,he pret5d$1 by 8 me?od ( languages1 to tea* ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 9 six mon?s4 ,b nev]!less1 out ( _m /range p]=mances & l(ty promises1 !re issue "s ?\ghts ( practical value4 ,! fir/ m]it ( ,rati* 0 to give ! "m tongue1 ! ,g]man language1 ! prec$5ce ov] ! anci5t languages4 ,an ,engli% educational writ]1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,quick1 9 8 ,essays on ,educational ,re=m]s 7#ahgd71 has ?us summ$ up ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! p$agogy ( ,rati*3 #a4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be taught 9 its own "t & ord]1 & accord+ to ! natural me?od1 9 pass+ f ! m easy to ! m difficult4 #b4 ,only "o ?+ %\ld be le>n$ at a "t4 8,we d n cook at ! same "t 9 "o pot1 s\p1 meat1 fi%1 milk1 & vegetables40 #c4 ,! same ?+ %\ld be repeat$ sev]al times4 #d4 ,by means ( ^! frequ5t repetitions1 ! pupil w h no?+ to le>n by he>t4 #e4 ,all s*ool-books %\ld be writt5 on ! same plan4 #f4 ,! ?+ z a :ole %\ld be made kn[n be=e ! ?+ 9 its details1 & ! sequ5ce %\ld be f ! g5]al to ! special4 #g4 ,9 e case we %\ld proce$ by induction & exp]im5t4 ,rati* especially means by ?is t we mu/ make an end ( m]e au?ority1 & ( ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 & mu/ appeal to individual reason4 #h4 ,f9ally1 ev]y?+ %\ld be le>n$ )\t co]cion4 ,co]cion & ! rod are contr>y to nature1 & disgu/ ! "y ) /udy4 ,! human und]/&+ le>ns ) pleasure all t x ought to reta94 ,x does n seem t ,rati* knew h[ to draw f ^! pr9ciples1 :i*1 by ! way1 are n true save "u c]ta9 corrections1 all ! happy results t are conta9$ 9 !m4 ,he left to ,com5ius ! glory ( apply+ ! new _s to actual practice4 #ace4 ,,com5ius 7#aeib-afga74--;,= a long "t unkn[n & unappreciat$1 ,com5ius has f9ally receiv$ f our contempor>ies ! admiration t is due him4 ,mi*elet speaks ( him ) en?usiasm z 8t r>e g5ius1 t g5tle1 f]tile1 univ]sal s*ol>02#ih & he calls him ! fir/ evangeli/ ( mod]n p$agogy1 ,pe/alozzi be+ ! second4 ,x is easy to ju/ify ?is appreciation4 ,! "* ( ,com5ius equals 8 intellig5ce4 ,?r\gh a ?\s& ob/acles he devot$ 8 long life to ! "w ( popul> in/ruction4 ,) a g5]\s ardor he consecrat$ himself to infancy4 ,he wrote tw5ty works & taught 9 tw5ty cities4 ,moreov]1 he 0 ! fir/ to =m a def9ite conception ( :at ! elem5t>y /udies %\ld be4 ,he det]m9$1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 ) an exactness t leaves no?+ to be desir$1 ! division ( ! diff]5t grades ( in/ruction4 ,he exactly def9$ "s ( ! ess5tial laws ( ! art ( tea*+4 ,he appli$ to p$agogy1 ) rem>kable insight1 ! pr9ciples ( mod]n logic4 ,f9ally1 z ,mi*elet has said1 he 0 ! ,galileo1 we w\ld r say1 ! ,bacon1 ( mod]n education4 #acf4 ,,baconian ,,inspiration4--,! special aims ( p$agogy are ess5tially relat$ to ! g5]al aims ( sci5ce4 ,all progress 9 sci5ce has its correspond+ effects on education4 ,:5 an innovator has modifi$ ! laws = ! discov]y ( tru?1 o!r innovators appe>1 :o modify1 9 _! turn1 ! rules = in/ruction4 ,to a new logic almo/ necess>ily corresponds a new p$agogy4 ,n[ ,bacon1 at ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h op5$ unkn[n r\tes to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,= ! ab/ract processes ( ?\ght1 = ! b>r5 comp>ison ( propositions & words1 9 :i* ! :ole art ( ! syllogism consi/$1 ! au?or ( ! ,novum ,organum _h sub/itut$ ! concrete /udy ( reality1 ! liv+ & fruitful obs]vation ( nature4 ,! me*anism ( d$uctive reason+ 0 replac$ by ! sl[ & pati5t int]pretation ( facts4 ,x no long] answ]$ to analyze ) docile _s pr9ciples t 7 assum$1 "r or wrong1 z absolute tru?s2 nor to become exp]t 9 h&l+ ! syllogism1 :i*1 l a mill runn+ dry1 (t5 produc$ b little fl\r4 ,x 0 n[ necess>y to op5 ! eyes to ! contemplation ( ! univ]se1 & by s5se intuition1 by obs]vation1 by exp]im5t1 & by induction1 to p5etrate its secrets1 & det]m9e its laws4 ,x 0 necess>y to asc5d1 /ep by /ep1 f ! k ( ! simple/ ?+s to ! discov]y ( ! mo/ g5]al laws2 &1 f9ally1 to dem& ( nature h]self to reveal all t ! human intellig5ce1 9 its solit>y m$itations1 is p[]less to discov]4 ,look+ at ?is subject m closely1 ?is revolution 9 sci5ce1 s important f ! po9t ( view ( speculative inquiry1 & de/9$ to *ange ! aspect ( ! sci5ces1 also conta9$ 9 itself a revolution 9 education4 ,= ?is purpose1 all t 0 ne$$ 0 to apply to ! developm5t ( ! intellig5ce & to ! communication ( k ! rules propos$ by ,bacon = ! inve/igation ( tru?4 ,! laws ( sci5tific induction might become ! laws = ! education ( ! s\l4 ,no m sett+ out ) ab/ract pr9ciples1 impos$ by au?ority2 b facts intuitively appreh5d$1 ga!r$ by obs]vation & v]ifi$ by exp]im5t2 ! ord] ( nature fai?fully foll[$2 a cauti\s progression f ! simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y ideas to ! mo/ difficult & mo/ complex tru?s2 ! k ( ?+s in/ead ( an analysis ( words1--su* 0 to be ! "* ( ! new sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 x 0 possible to make ! *ild foll[1 9 ord] to lead him to "k & to compreh5d ! capitaliz$ tru?s t con/itute ! basis ( elem5t>y in/ruction1 ! same me?od t ,bacon recomm5d$ to s*ol>s = ! discov]y ( unkn[n tru?s4#ii ,x is ?is conv]sion1 or1 z we might say1 ?is translation1 ( ! maxims ( ! ,baconian logic into p$agogical rules1 t ,com5ius attempt$1 & ?is is :y he has be5 call$ 8! fa!r ( ! intuitive me?od40 ,he 0 n\ri%$1 intellectually1 by ! read+ ( ,bacon1 :om he resembles1 n only 9 8 ideas1 b also 9 8 figurative & (t5 allegorical language4 ,ev5 ! title ( "o ( 8 books1 ,didactica ,magna1 recalls ! title ( ,bacon's ,in/auratio ,magna4 #acg4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,com5ius4--,to "k ,com5ius & ! "p he play$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to appreciate ?is gr& educational "*1 x w\ld be necess>y to beg9 by relat+ 8 life2 8 mis=tunes2 8 j\rneys to ,engl&1 :]e ,p>liam5t invok$ 8 aid2 to ,sw$51 :]e ! ,*ancellor ,ox5/i]n employ$ him to write manuals ( in/ruction2 especially 8 rel5tless indu/ry1 8 c\rage ?r\gh exile1 & ! long p]secutions he suff]$ z a memb] ( ! sect ( diss5t]s1 ! ,moravian ,bre?r52 & ! s*ools he f\nd$ at ,fulneck1 9 ,bohemia1 at ,lissa & at ,patak1 9 ,pol&4 ,b x w\ld require too mu* ( our space to foll[ 9 its incid5ts & cata/rophes t tr\bl$ life1 :i*1 9 its sudd5 trials1 z 9 ! firmness t support$ !m1 recalls ! life ( ,pe/alozzi4#ajj #ach4 ,,8 ,,pr9cipal ,,works4--,com5ius wrote a l>ge numb] ( books 9 ,lat91 9 ,g]man1 & 9 ,cze*2 b ( ^! only a few are wor?y to engage ! att5tion ( ! educator4 ,9 8 o!r works he all[s himself to g (f on philosophic excursions1 & to indulge 9 my/ic rev]ies1 l$ by 8 ardor to f9d :at he call$ pansophia1 wisdom or univ]sal k4 ,9 ?is wild]ness ( publications de/9$ to oblivion1 we %all notice only ?ree works1 :i* conta9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! p$agogy ( ,com5ius1 & ! applications :i* he has made ( 8 me?od3-- #a4 ,! ,didactica ,magna1 ! ,great ,didactics 7writt5 9 ,cze* at ab\t #afcj1 & rewritt5 9 ,lat9 at ab\t #afdj74 ,9 ?is "w ,com5ius sets =? 8 pr9ciples1 8 g5]al !ories on education1 & also 8 peculi> views on ! practical organization ( s*ools4 ,x is to be regrett$ t a ,fr5* translation has n yet popul>iz$ ?is important book1 t w\ld be wor?y a place beside ! ,?\ghts ( ,locke & ! mile ( ,r\sseau4#aja #b4 ,! ,janua l+u>um res]ata1 ! ,gate ( ,tongues ,unlock$ 7#afca74 ,9 ! ?\ght ( ! au?or1 ?is 0 a new me?od ( le>n+ ! languages4 ,com5ius1 l$ a/ray on ?is po9t by 8 religi\s prejudices1 wi%$ to bani% ! ,lat9 au?ors f ! s*ools1 8= ! purpose10 he said1 8( re=m+ /udies 9 ! true _s ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to replace ! classical au?ors1 :i* he repudiat$ = ?is fur!r reason1 t ! read+ ( !m is too difficult1 & to make a *ild /udy !m 8is to wi% to pu% out into ! va/ ocean a t9y b>k t %\ld be all[$ only to sport on a little lake10 he _h =m$ ! idea ( compos+ a collection ( phrases di/ribut$ into a hundr$ *apt]s4 ,^! phrases1 to ! numb] ( a ?\s&1 at fir/ v simple1 & ( a s+le memb]1 !n long] & m complicat$1 7 =m$ ( two ?\s& words1 *os5 f among ! mo/ common & ! mo/ useful4 ,moreov]1 ! hundr$ *apt]s ( ! ,janua taught ! *ild1 9 succession & 9 a me?odical ord]1 all ! ?+s 9 ! univ]se1--! elem5ts1 ! metals1 ! />s1 ! animals1 ! organs ( ! body1 ! arts & trades1 etc41 etc4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ! ,janua l+u>um is a nom5clature ( ideas & words design$ to fix ! att5tion ( ! *ild ^u ev]y?+ he ought to "k ( ! _w4 ,dive/$ ( ! ,lat9 text t accompanies x1 ! ,janua is a fir/ read+-book1 v defective d\btless1 b x gives pro( ( a det]m9$ ef=t to adapt to ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild ! k t he ought to acquire4 #c4 ,! ,orbis s5sualium pictus1 ! ,illu/rat$ ,_w ( ,s5sible ,objects1 ! mo/ popul> ( ! au?or's works 7#afeh74 ,x is ! ,janua l+u>um accompani$ ) pictures1 9 lieu ( real objects1 repres5t+ to ! *ild ! ?+s t he he>s spok5 (1 z fa/ z he le>ns _! names4 ,! ,orbis pictus1 ! fir/ practical application ( ! intuitive me?od1 _h an extraord9>y success1 & has s]v$ z a model = ! innum]able illu/rat$ books :i* = ?ree c5turies h invad$ ! s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,geometria4 ,die ,erdmesskun/4 7,facsimile ( illu/ration 9 ! ,orbis ,pictus ( ,com5ius47 ,illu/ration3 7,facsimile ( page ( text ( ! ,orbis ,pictus47 #aci4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,grades ,,( ,,in/ruction4--,we mu/ n require a man ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to abjure ,lat9 /udies4 ,com5ius prizes !m highly2 b at lea/ he is wise en\gh to put !m 9 _! place1 & does n conf\nd !m1 z ,lu!r did1 ) elem5t>y /udies4 ,no?+ c\ld be m exact1 m cle>ly cut1 ?an ! s*ola/ic organization propos$ by ,com5ius4 ,we %all f9d 9 x :at ! exp]i5ce ( ?ree c5turies has f9ally sanction$ & e/abli%$1 ! di/ribution ( s*ools into ^! grades1--infant s*ools1 prim>y s*ools1 second>y s*ools1 & high] s*ools4 ,! fir/ grade ( in/ruction is ! mat]nal s*ool1 ! s*ool by ! "m's knee1 mat]ni gremii1 z ,com5ius calls x4 ,! "m is ! fir/ tea*]4 ,up to ! age ( six ! *ild is taught by h]2 he is initiat$ by h] into ^? bran*es ( k t he w pursue 9 ! prim>y s*ool4 ,! second grade is ! elem5t>y public s*ool4 ,all ! *ildr51 girls & boys1 ent] "h at six1 & leave at twelve4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is s*ool is t ! in/ruction !re giv5 is 9 ! "m tongue1 & ?is is :y ,com5ius calls x ! 8common0 s*ool1 v]nacula1 a t]m giv5 by ! ,romans to ! language ( ! p4 ,! ?ird grade is repres5t$ by ! ,lat9 s*ool or gymnasium4 ,?i!r are s5t ! *ildr5 f twelve to eighte5 ye>s ( age = :om has be5 res]v$ a m complete in/ruction1 su* z we w\ld n[ call second>y in/ruction4 ,f9ally1 to ! f\r? grade correspond ! academies1 t is1 in/itutions ( high] in/ruction1 op5$ to "y m5 f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,! *ild1 if he is able1 w trav]se ^! f\r grades 9 succession2 b1 9 ! ?\ght ( ,com5ius1 ! /udies %\ld be s arrang$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 t 9 leav+ !m1 ! pupil %all h a g5]al education :i* makes x unnecess>y = him to g f>!r1 if 8 condition 9 life does n de/9e him to pursue ! c\rses ( ! ,lat9 ,s*ool4 8,we pursue10 says ,com5ius1 8a g5]al education1 ! tea*+ to all m5 ( all ! subjects ( human conc]n4444 ,! purpose ( ! p's s*ool %all be t all *ildr5 ( bo? sexes1 f ! t5? to ! twelf? or ! ?irte5? ye>1 may be in/ruct$ 9 t k :i* is useful dur+ ! :ole ( life40 ,?is 0 an admirable def9ition ( ! purpose ( ! prim>y s*ool4 ,a ?+ n less rem>kable is t ,com5ius e/abli%es an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ea* village3-- 8,!re %\ld be a mat]nal s*ool 9 ea* family2 an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ea* di/rict2 a gymnasium 9 ea* city2 an academy 9 ea* k+dom1 or ev5 9 ea* consid]able prov9ce40 #adj4 ,,elem5t>y ,,initiation ,,into ,,all ,,! ,,/udies4--,"o ( ! mo/ novel & mo/ orig9al ideas ( ! great ,slavic educator is ! wi% t1 f ! e>lie/ ye>s ( 8 life1 ! *ild may acquire "s elem5t>y notions ( all ! sci5ces t he is to /udy at a lat] p]iod4 ,f ! cradle1 ! gaze ( ! infant1 guid$ by ! "m1 %\ld be direct$ to all ! objects t surr\nd him1 s t 8 gr[+ p[]s ( reflection w be br\ght into play 9 work+ on ^! s5se intuitions4 8,?us1 f ! mom5t he beg9s to speak1 ! *ild comes to "k himself1 &1 by 8 daily exp]i5ce1 c]ta9 g5]al & ab/ract expressions2 he comes to compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! words some?+1 no?+1 ?us1 o!rwise1 :]e1 simil>1 diff]5t2 & :at are g5]alizations & ! categories express$ by ^! words b ! rudim5ts ( metaphysics8 ,9 ! doma9 ( physics1 ! infant c le>n to "k wat]1 e>?1 air1 fire1 ra91 sn[1 etc41 z well z ! names & uses ( ! p>ts ( 8 body1 or at lea/ ( ! ext]nal memb]s & organs4 ,he w take 8 fir/ lesson 9 optics 9 le>n+ to di/+ui% light1 d>kness1 & ! diff]5t colors2 & 9 a/ronomy1 9 notic+ ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s1 & 9 obs]v+ t ^! heav5ly bodies rise & set e day4 ,9 geography1 accord+ to ! place :]e he lives1 he w be %[n a m\nta91 a valley1 a pla91 a riv]1 a village1 a hamlet1 a city1 etc4 ,9 *ronology1 he w be taught :at an h\r is1 a day1 a week1 a ye>1 summ]1 w9t]1 ye/]day1 ! day be=e ye/]day1 to-morr[1 ! day aft] to-morr[1 etc4 ,hi/ory1 su* z 8 age w all[ him to conceive1 w consi/ 9 recall+ :at has rec5tly pass$1 9 tak+ acc\nt ( x1 & 9 not+ ! "p t ?is "o or t has tak5 9 su* or su* an affair4 ,ari?metic1 geometry1 /ati/ics1 me*anics1 w n rema9 /rang]s to him4 ,he w acquire ! elem5ts ( ^! sci5ces 9 di/+ui%+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 little & mu*1 9 le>n+ to c\nt up to t51 9 obs]v+ t ?ree is m ?an two2 t "o add$ to ?ree makes f\r2 9 le>n+ ! s5se ( ! words great & small1 long & %ort1 wide & n>r[1 heavy & light2 9 draw+ l9es1 curves1 circles1 etc42 9 see+ goods measur$ ) a y>d-/ick2 9 weigh+ an object 9 a balance2 9 try+ to make some?+ or to take x to pieces1 z all *ildr5 love to d4 8,9 ?is impulse to con/ruct & de/roy1 !re is b ! ef=t ( ! little intellig5ce to succe$ 9 mak+ or build+ some?+ = himself2 s t1 in/ead ( oppos+ ! *ild 9 ?is1 he %\ld be enc\rag$ & guid$40 8,! gramm> ( ! fir/ p]iod w consi/ 9 le>n+ to pron\nce ! "m tongue correctly4 ,! *ild may receive elem5t>y notions ev5 ( politics1 9 obs]v+ t c]ta9 p]sons assemble at ! city hall1 & t !y are call$ c\ncillors2 & t among ^! p]sons !re is "o call$ mayor1 etc40#ajb #ada4 ,,! ,,p',s ,,s*ool4--,divid$ into six classes1 ! p's s*ool %\ld prep>e ! *ild ei!r = active life or = ! high] c\rses4 ,com5ius s5ds "h n only ! sons ( peasants & workm51 b ! sons ( ! middle class or ( ! nobility1 :o w aft]w>ds ent] ! ,lat9 s*ool4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ! /udy ( ,lat9 is po/pon$ till ! age ( twelve2 & up to t p]iod all *ildr5 mu/ receive a ?or\gh prim>y education1 :i* w comprise1 ) ! "m tongue1 ari?metic1 geometry1 s++1 ! sali5t facts ( hi/ory1 ! elem5ts ( ! natural sci5ces1 & religion4 ,! late/ re=ms 9 second>y in/ruction1 :i*1 only )9 a v late p]iod1 h po/pon$ ! /udy ( ,lat9 till ! six? ye>1#ajc & :i* till !n keep ! pupil ^u ! subjects ( prim>y in/ruction1--:at are !y b ! di/ant e*o ( ! ?\ght ( ,com5ius8 ,let x be not$1 too1 t ! plan ( ,com5ius gave to its prim>y s*ool a complete encyclopdic c\rse ( in/ruction1 :i* 0 suffici5t = its own ends1 b :i*1 :ile rema9+ elem5t>y1 0 a :ole1 & n a beg9n+4#ajd ,surely1 ! programme ( /udies devis$ by ,com5ius did n fail 9 po9t ( insuffici5cy2 we may be all[$1 on ! contr>y1 to pron\nce x too ext5d$1 too cr[d$1 con=m$ r to ! g5]\s dreams ( an innovator ?an to a prud5t appreciation ( :at is practically possible2 & we ne$ n be a/oni%$ t1 to light5 9 "p ! heavy burd5 t is impos$ on ! tea*]1 ,com5ius _h ! notion ( divid+ ! s*ool into sections :i* assi/ants1 *os5 f among ! be/ pupils1 %\ld in/ruct "u ! sup]vision ( ! ma/]4 #adb4 ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool4--,"o is n a complete educator save on ! condition ( provid+ = ! ext]ior & mat]ial organization ( ! s*ool1 z well z = its moral adm9i/ration4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,com5ius is /ill des]v+ ( our encomiums4 ,he requires a y>d = recreation1 & dem&s t ! s*ool-h\se h a gay & *e]ful aspect4 ,! "q _h be5 discuss$ be=e him by ,vives 7#adib-aedj74 8,!re %\ld be *os510 says ! ,spani% educator1 8a heal?ful situation1 s t ! pupils may n "o day h to take _! flight1 disp]s$ by ! fe> ( an epidemic4 ,firm heal? is necess>y to ^? :o w\ld he>tily & pr(itably apply !mselves to ! /udy ( ! sci5ces4 ,& ! place select$ %\ld be isolat$ f ! cr[d1 & especially at a di/ance f occupations t are noisy1 su* z ^? ( smi?s1 /one-masons1 ma*9i/s1 :eelwrights1 & weav]s4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w\ld n h ! situation too *e]ful & attractive1 le/ x might sugge/ to ! s*ol>s ! tak+ ( too frequ5t walks40 ,b ^! consid]ations t d honor to ,vives & to ,com5ius1 7 sc>cely 9 h>mony ) ! res\rces !n at ! disposal ( ! fri5ds ( in/ruction4 ,!re 0 sc>cely occasion s]i\sly to consid] h[ s*ool-h\ses %\ld be con/ruct$ & situat$1 at a p]iod :5 ! mo/ (t5 !re 7 no s*ool-h\ses exi/+4 8,9 w9t]10 says ,platt]1 8we slept 9 ! s*ool-room1 & 9 summ] 9 ! op5 air40#aje #adc4 ,,s5se ,,intuitions4--,if ,com5ius has trac$ ) a ma/] h& ! g5]al organization ( ! prim>y s*ool1 he has no less m]it 9 ! matt] ( me?ods4 ,:5 !y recomm5d ! obs]vation ( s5sible ?+s z ! fir/ intellectual ex]cise1 mod]n educators d b repeat :at ,com5ius said ?ree c5turies ago4 8,9 ! place ( dead books1 :y %\ld we n op5 ! liv+ book ( nature8 444 ,to in/ruct ! "y is n to beat into !m by repetition a mass ( words1 phrases1 s5t5ces1 & op9ions ga!r$ out ( au?ors2 b x is to op5 _! und]/&+ ?r\gh ?+s4444 8,! f\ndation ( all k consi/s 9 correctly repres5t+ s5sible objects to our s5ses1 s t !y c be compreh5d$ ) facility4 ,i hold t ?is is ! basis ( all our o!r activities1 s9ce we c\ld nei!r act nor speak wisely unless we adequately compreh5d$ :at we 7 to d & say4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t !re is no?+ 9 ! und]/&+ t 0 n fir/ 9 ! s5ses1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is to lay ! f\ndation ( all wisdom1 ( all eloqu5ce1 & ( all good & prud5t conduct1 c>efully to tra9 ! s5ses to note ) accuracy ! diff]5ces betwe5 natural objects2 & z ?is po9t1 important z x is1 is ord9>ily neglect$ 9 ! s*ools ( to-day1 & z objects are propos$ to s*ol>s t !y d n und]/& because !y h n be5 prop]ly repres5t$ to _! s5ses or to _! imag9ation1 x is = ?is reason1 on ! "o h&1 t ! toil ( tea*+1 & on ! o!r1 t ! pa9 ( le>n+1 h become s burd5some & s unfruitful4444 8,we mu/ (f] to ! "y1 n ! %ad[s ( ?+s1 b ! ?+s !mselves1 :i* impress ! s5ses & ! imag9ation4 ,in/ruction %\ld comm5ce ) a real obs]vation ( ?+s1 & n ) a v]bal description ( !m40 ,we see t ,com5ius accepts ! doctr9e ( ,bacon1 ev5 to 8 absolute s5sationalism4 ,9 8 pre-occupation ) ! importance ( in/ruction ?r\gh ! s5ses1 he goes s f> z to ignore t o!r s\rce ( k & intuitions1 ! inn] consci\sness4 #add4 ,,simplification ,,( ,,grammatical ,,/udy4--,! fir/ result ( ! exp]im5tal me?od appli$ to in/ruction1 is to simplify gramm> & to relieve x f ! abuse ( ab/ract rules4 8,*ildr510 says ,com5ius1 8ne$ examples & ?+s :i* !y c see1 & n ab/ract rules40 ,& 9 ! ,preface ( ! ,janua l+u>um1 he dwells ^u ! faults ( ! old me?od employ$ = ! /udy ( languages4 8,x is a ?+ self-evid5t1 t ! true & prop] way ( tea*+ languages has n be5 recogniz$ 9 ! s*ools up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! mo/ ( ^? :o devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( lett]s grew old 9 ! /udy ( words1 & upw>ds ( t5 ye>s 0 sp5t 9 ! /udy ( ,lat9 alone2 inde$1 !y ev5 sp5t _! :ole life 9 ! /udy1 ) a v sl[ & v trifl+ pr(it1 :i* did n pay = ! tr\ble devot$ to x40#ajf ,x is by use & by read+ t ,com5ius w\ld aboli% ! abuse ( rules4 ,rules ought to int]v5e only to aid use & give x surety4 ,! pupil w ?us le>n language1 ei!r 9 speak+1 or 9 read+ a book l ! ,orbis ,pictus1 9 :i* he w f9d at ! same "t all ! words ( :i* ! language itself is compos$1 & examples ( all ! con/ructions ( its syntax4 #ade4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,drill ,,& ,,practice4--,ano!r ess5tial po9t 9 ! new me?od1 is ! importance attribut$ by ,com5ius to practical ex]cises3 8,artisans10 he said1 8und]/& ?is matt] p]fectly well4 ,n "o ( !m w give an appr5tice a !oretical c\rse on 8 trade4 ,he is all[$ to notice :at is done by 8 ma/]1 & !n ! tool is put 9 8 h&s3 x is 9 smit+ t "o becomes a smi?40#ajg ,x is no long] ! ?+ to repeat me*anically a lesson le>n$ by he>t4 ,!re mu/ be a gradual habituation to action1 to productive "w1 to p]sonal ef=t4 #adf4 ,,g5]al ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,com5ius4--,h[ _m o!r new & judici\s ideas we %all h to ga!r f ,com5ius6 ,! me?ods :i* we w\ld be tempt$ to consid] z :olly rec5t1 8 imag9ation _h already sugge/$ to him4 ,= example1 prec$+ ! ,orbis ,pictus1 we f9d an alphabet1 :]e to ea* lett] corresponds ! cry ( an animal1 or else a s\nd famili> to ! *ild4 ,is n ?is already ! v ess5ce ( ! phononimic processes#ajh br\ght into fa%ion 9 ^! la/ ye>s8 ,b :at is ( m consequ5ce ) ,com5ius ?an a few happy discov]ies 9 practical p$agogy1 is ! g5]al inspiration ( 8 "w4 ,he gives to education a psy*ological basis 9 dem&+ t ! faculties %all be develop$ 9 _! natural ord]3 fir/1 ! s5ses1 ! memory1 ! imag9ation1 & la/ly ! judgm5t & ! reason4 ,he is m9dful ( physical ex]cises1 ( te*nical & practical in/ruction1 )\t =gett+ t 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 :i* he calls ! 8/udios ( humanity10 !re mu/ be tra9$1 n only /rong & skilful artisans1 b virtu\s & religi\s m51 imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ord] & ju/ice4 ,if he has /epp$ f !ology to p$agogy1 & if he p]mits himself sometimes to be borne along by 8 artless bur/s ( my/icism1 at lea/ he does n =get ! necessities ( ! real condition1 & ( ! pres5t life ( m54 8,! *ild10 he says1 8%all le>n only :at is to be useful to him 9 ?is life or 9 ! o!r40 ,f9ally1 he does n all[ himself to be absorb$ 9 ! m9ute details ( s*ool managem5t4 ,he has high] views1--he is work+ = ! reg5]ation ( humanity4 ,l ,leibnitz1 he w\ld freely say3 8,give me = a few ye>s ! direction ( education1 & ,i agree to trans=m ! _w60 #adg4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,decisive *anges 9 human op9ion1 political1 religi\s1 or sci5tific1 involve correspond+ *anges 9 ! purposes & me?ods ( education4 #b4 ,! ,re=mation 0 a break+ ) au?ority 9 matt]s ( religion1 z ! ,baconian philosophy 0 a break+ ) au?ority 9 matt]s ( sci5ce2 & _! jo9t effect on education 0 to subject matt]s ( op9ion1 belief1 & k to ! individual reason1 exp]i5ce1 & obs]vation4 #c4 ,9 hold+ ea* human be+ responsible = 8 own salvation1 ! ,re=mation made x necess>y = e "o to read1 & ! logical consequ5ce ( ?is 0 to make in/ruction univ]sal2 & z s*ools 7 multipli$1 ! numb] ( tea*]s mu/ be increas$1 & _! grade ( compet5ce rais$4 #d4 ,! conception t ignorance is an evil1 & a con/ant m5ace to spiritual & temporal safety1 l$ to ! idea ( compulsory s*ool-att5dance4 #e4 ,9 ! recoil f ! intuitions ( ! intellect sanction$ by ,socrates1 to ! intuitions ( ! s5ses sanction$ by ,bacon1 education pass$ f an extreme dep5d5ce on reflection & reason1 to an extreme dep5d5ce on s5se & obs]vation2 s t inf]5ce has be5 ?r[n into discr$it1 & ! v]dict ( ! s5ses has be5 made ! te/ ( k4 #f4 ,9 adapt+ ! conception ( univ]sal education to ! social conditions ( 8 "t1 ,com5ius 0 l$ to a gradation ( s*ools t und]lies all mod]n sy/ems ( public in/ruction4 ,,footnotes3 #ie ,dittes1 op4 cit4 p4 #abg4 #if ,lu!r's argum5t = compulsion %\ld n be omitt$3 8,x is my op9ion t ! au?orities are b\nd to =ce _! subjects to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool4444 ,if !y c oblige _! able-bodi$ subjects to c>ry ! lance & ! arquebuse1 to m\nt ! ramp>ts1 & to d complete milit>y s]vice1 = a mu* bett] reason may !y1 & ought !y1 to =ce _! subjects to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool1 = "h x is ! "q ( a mu* m t]rible w> ) ! devil40 7,p47 #ig ,names = treatises on gramm> & philosophy respectively4 ,donatus 0 a celebrat$ gramm>ian & rhetorician :o taught at ,rome 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d42 & ,alex&]1 a celebrat$ ,greek comm5tator on ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 :o taught ! ,p]ipatetic philosophy at ,a!ns 9 ! end ( ! second & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5turies ,a4,d4 7,p47 #ih ,mi*elet1 ,nos fils1 p4 #age et seq4 #ii ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! e>lie/ appe>ance ( ! conception t le>n+ %\ld be a process ( discov]y or ( re-discov]y4 ,condillac 7#agae-aghj7 has elaborat$ ?is idea 9 ! introduction to 8 ,grammaire1 & ,sp5c] 7,education1 p4 #abb7 makes x a fundam5tal law ( tea*+4 ,if ?is assum$ pr9ciple 7 to be rigor\sly appli$1 z1 =tunately1 x _c be1 progress 9 human k w\ld be impossible4 ,mr4 ,ba9's comm5t on ?is doctr9e 7,education z a ,sci5ce1 p4 #id7 is z foll[s3 8,?is bold fiction is sometimes put =w>d z "o ( ! regul> arts ( ! tea*]2 b ,i %\ld pref] to consid] x z an extraord9>y device1 admissible only on special occasions40 7,p47 #ajj ,x may n be g5]ally kn[n t ,com5ius 0 once solicit$ to become ! ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,! foll[+ is a quotation f ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ad1 ( ,cotton ,ma!r's ,magnalia3 8,t brave old man1 ,johannes ,amos ,comm5ius1 ! fame ( ^: wor? ha? be5 trumpett$ z f> z m ?an ?ree languages 7:]e( e "o is indebt$ unto 8 ,janua7 c\ld c>ry x1 0 inde$ agre$ )al1 by our ,mr4 ,w9?rop 9 8 travels ?r\gh ! l[ c\ntries1 to come ov] into ,new ,engl&1 & illum9ate ?is ,coll$ge & c\ntry1 9 ! quality ( a ,presid5t1 :i* 0 n[ become vacant4 ,b ! solicitations ( ! ,sw$i% ,ambassador div]t+ him ano!r way1 t incomp>able ,moravian became n an ,am]ican40 ,?is 0 on ! resignation ( ,presid5t ,dun/]1 9 #afed4 7,p47 #aja ,! mo/ complete acc\nt ev] writt5 ( ,com5ius & 8 writ+s is1 8,john ,amos ,com5ius10 by ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie 7,bo/on3 #ahhe74 ,x is an invaluable contribution to ! philosophy & ! hi/ory ( education4 7,p47 #ajb ,buisson's ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie1 ,article ,,com5ius4 #ajc ,9 ! ,fr5* ,lyces & ,colleges ! grades are nam$ z foll[s1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/3 8n9?1 eigh?1 sev5?1 six?1 fif?1 f\r?1 ?ird1 second1 rhetoric1 philosophy1 prep>atory ma!matics1 elem5t>y ma!matics1 special ma!matics40 ,lat9 0 =m]ly begun 9 an e>li] grade4 #ajd ,! public s*ool ( ! ,european type may be repres5t$ by a s]ies ( 7#c7 pyramids1 ! second high] ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird high] ?an ! second1 ea* indep5d5t & complete 9 itself2 :ile ! public s*ool ( ! ,am]ican type is repres5t$ by a s+le pyramid 9 ?ree sections4 ,:ile 9 an ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 or ,g]man t[n1 public education is adm9i/]$ 9 ?ree sep>ate e/abli%m5ts1 9 an ,am]ican t[n !re is a s+le grad$ s*ool t fulfills ! same functions4 7,p47 #aje ,platt]1 a ,swiss tea*] ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7#adii-aehb74 #ajf ,= ?is quotation1 z = all ^? :i* we borr[ f ! preface ( ! ,janua l+u>um1 a ,fr5* edition ( :i* 79 ?ree languages3 ,lat91 ,g]man1 & ,fr5*7 appe>$ 9 #afdc1 we copy f ! au!ntic text4 #ajg ,!re is a mislead+ fallacy 9 all su* illu/rations4 ,:at analogy is !re betwe5 ! le>n+ ( hi/ory or geology & ! le>n+ ( a trade l c>p5try8 ,%\ld a physician & a blacksmi? be educat$ on ! same plan8 ,9 e case k %\ld prec$e practice2 & ! lib]al arts are be/ le>n$ by fir/ le>n+ _! correlative sci5ces4 7,p47 #ajh 8,a process ( in/ruction :i* consi/s 9 plac+ beside ! elem5ts ( human spee* ?irty-?ree onomatopoetic ge/ures1 :i* recall to ! sight ! same ideas t ! s\nds & ! articulations ( ! voice recall to ! e>40--,,grossel94 7,p47 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,congregations4--,,jesuits ,,& ,,jans5i/s4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,congregations2 ,,jesuits ,,& ,,jans5i/s2 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,jesus 7#aedj72 ,,diff]5t ,,judgm5ts ,,on ,,! ,,educational ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits2 ,,au?orities ,,to ,,consult2 ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction ,,neglect$2 ,,classical ,,/udies2 ,,lat9 ,,& ,,! ,,humanities2 ,,neglect ,,( ,,hi/ory1 ,,( ,,philosophy1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,9 ,,g5]al2 ,,discipl9e2 ,,emulation ,,enc\rag$2 ,,(ficial ,,discipl9>ian2 ,,g5]al ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits2 ,,! ,,oratorians2 ,,! ,,little ,,s*ools2 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,language2 ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,spell+2 ,,! ,,ma/]s ,,& ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,port ,,royal2 ,,discipl9e ,,9 ,,p]sonal ,,reflection2 ,,g5]al ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,education ,,at ,,port ,,royal2 ,,nicole2 ,,moral ,,pessimism2 ,,effects ,,on ,,discipl9e2 ,,faults ,,9 ,,! ,,discipl9e ,,( ,,port ,,royal2 ,,g5]al ,,judgm5t ,,on ,,port ,,royal2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #adh4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,congregations4#aji--,up to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 up to ! day :5 ! conception ( a public & national education 0 embodi$ 9 ! legislative acts ( our assembl$ rul]s1 education rema9$ almo/ exclusively an affair ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! univ]sities !mselves 7 dep5d5t 9 "p on religi\s au?ority4 ,b especially ! great congregations assum$ a monopoly ( ! "w ( tea*+1 ! direction & control ( :i* ! ,/ate _h n yet claim$ = h] "r4 ,prim>y in/ruction1 x is true1 sc>cely ent]$ at fir/ into ! settl$ plans ( ! religi\s ord]s4 ,! only exception to ?is /atem5t t c prop]ly be made1 is ! congregation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 :i* a humble prie/1 ,cs> de ,bus1 f\nd$ at ,avignon 9 #aeib1 ! av[$ purpose ( :i* 0 ! religi\s education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! company4#aaj ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 second>y in/ruction provok$ ! greate/ educational ev5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! f\nd+ ( ! company ( ,jesus1 & ?is movem5t 0 cont9u$ & ext5d$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ei!r 9 ! colleges ( ! ,jesuits1 ev] gr[+ 9 numb]1 or 9 o!r rival congregations4 #adi4 ,,jesuits ,,& ,,jans5i/s4--,among ! religi\s ord]s t h consecrat$ _! ef=ts to ! "w ( tea*+1 ! fir/ place mu/ be assign$ to ! ,jesuits & ! ,jans5i/s4 ,diff]5t 9 _! /atutes1 _! organization1 & _! de/9ies1 ^! two congregations are /ill m diff]5t 9 _! _s4 ,!y repres5t1 9 fact1 two opposite1 &1 z x 71 contr>y phases ( human nature & ( ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,= ! ,jesuits1 education is r$uc$ to a sup]ficial culture ( ! brilliant faculties ( ! intellig5ce2 :ile ! ,jans5i/s1 on ! contr>y1 aspire to develop ! solid faculties1 ! judgm5t1 & ! reason4 ,9 ! colleges ( ! ,jesuits1 rhetoric is held 9 honor2 :ile 9 ! ,little ,s*ools ( ,port ,royal1 x is r logic & ! ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,! %rewd disciples ( ,loyola adapt !mselves to ! times1 & are full ( compassion = human weakness2 ! solit>ies ( ,port ,royal are exact+ ( o!rs & ( !mselves4 ,9 _! suppl5ess & *e]ful optimism1 ! ,jesuits are almo/ ! ,epicureans ( ,*ri/ianity2 ) _! au/]e & some:at sombre doctr9e1 ! ,jans5i/s w\ld r be ! ,/oics4 ,! ,jesuits & ! ,jans5i/s1 ^? great rivals ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 are /ill face to face z enemies at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,:ile ! inspiration ( ! ,jesuits tries to ma9ta9 ! old worn-out ex]cises1 l ,lat9 v]se1 & ! abuse ( ! memory1 ! _s ( ! ,jans5i/s animates & inspires ! re=m]s1 :o1 9 ! tea*+ ( ! classics1 break ) tradition & r\t9e1 to sub/itute = ex]cises aim$ at elegance1 & = a sup]ficial in/ruction1 /udies ( a great] solidity & an education t is m complete4 ,! m]it ( in/itutions ought n always to be measur$ by _! app>5t success4 ,! colleges ( ! ,jesuits1 dur+ ?ree c5turies1 h _h a c\ntless numb] ( pupils2 ! ,little ,s*ools ( ,port ,royal did n live tw5ty ye>s1 & dur+ _! %ort exi/5ce !y enroll$ at mo/ only "s hundr$s ( pupils4 ,& yet ! me?ods ( ! ,jans5i/s h surviv$ ! ru9 ( _! colleges & ! disp]sion ( ! tea*]s :o _h appli$ !m4 ,al?\gh ! ,jesuits h n ceas$ to rule 9 appe>ance1 x is ! ,jans5i/s :o triumph 9 reality1 & :o to-day control ! second>y in/ruction ( ,france4 #aej4 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,jesus4--,9 organiz+ ! ,society ( ,jesus1 ,ignatius ,loyola1 t comp\nd ( ! my/ic & ! man ( ! _w1 purpos$ to e/abli%1 n an ord] devot$ to mona/ic contemplation1 b a real fight+ corps1 a ,ca?olic army1 ^: d\ble purpose 0 to conqu] new prov9ces to ! fai? ?r\gh missions1 & to pres]ve ! old ?r\gh ! control ( education4 ,solemnly consecrat$ by ! ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 9 #aedj1 ! congregation _h a rapid gr[?4 ,z e>ly z ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x _h sev]al colleges 9 ,france1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,billom1 ,mauriac1 ,rodez1 ,t\rnon1 & ,pami]s4 ,9 #aefa x secur$ a foot+ 9 ,p>is1 not)/&+ ! resi/ance ( ! ,p>liam5t1 ( ! univ]sity1 & ( ! bi%ops !mselves4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] x c\nt$ ne>ly f\rte5 ?\s& pupils 9 ! prov9ce ( ,p>is alone4 ,! college ( ,cl]mont1 9 #afea1 enroll$ m ?an two ?\s& "y m54 ,! middle & high] classes assur$ to ! colleges ( ! society an ev]-increas+ memb]%ip4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,jesuits c\ld inscribe on ! roll ( honor ( _! classes a hundr$ illu/ri\s names1 among o!rs1 ^? ( ,cond & ,luxemb\rg1 ,fl*i] & ,bossuet1 ,lamoignon & ,sgui]1 ,desc>tes1 ,corneille1 & ,molire4 ,9 #agaj !y controll$ six hundr$ & twelve colleges & a l>ge numb] ( univ]sities4 ,!y 7 ! real ma/]s ( education1 & !y ma9ta9$ ?is educational supremacy till ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #aea4 ,,diff]5t ,,judgm5ts ,,on ,,! ,,educational ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits4--,voltaire said ( ^! tea*]s3 8,! ,fa!rs taught me no?+ b ,lat9 & nons5se40 ,b f ! sev5te5? c5tury1 op9ions are divid$1 & ! encomiums ( ,bacon & ,desc>tes mu/ be (fset by ! sev]e judgm5t ( ,leibnitz4 8,9 ! matt] ( education10 says ?is great philosoph]1 8! ,jesuits h rema9$ bel[ m$iocrity40#aaa ,directly to ! contr>y1 ,bacon _h writt53 8,z to :atev] relates to ! in/ruction ( ! "y1 we mu/ consult ! s*ools ( ! ,jesuits1 = !re c be no?+ t is bett] done40#aab #aeb4 ,,au?orities ,,to ,,consult4--,! ,jesuits h nev] writt5 any?+ on ! pr9ciples & objects ( education4 ,we mu/ n dem& ( !m an exposition ( g5]al views1 or a confession ( _! educational fai?4 ,b to make am5ds1 !y h drawn up ) precision1 ) almo/ inf9ite att5tion to details1 ! rules & regulations ( _! c\rse ( /udy4 ,already1 9 #aeei1 ! ,con/itutions1 probably writt5 by ,loyola himself1 devot$ a :ole book to ! organization ( ! colleges ( ! society4#aac ,b 9 p>ticul>1 ! ,ratio ,/udiorum1 publi%$ 9 #aeii1 conta9s a complete s*ola/ic programme1 :i* has rema9$ = ?ree c5turies ! inv>iable educational code ( ! congregation4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! ,jesuits1 always ready to make app>5t concessions to ! _s ( ! times1 )\t sacrific+ any?+ ( _! own _s1 & )\t r5\nc+ _! inflexible purpose1 h introduc$ modifications into _! orig9al rules2 b ! _s ( _! educational practice has rema9$ ! same1 &1 9 #ahed1 ,beckx1 ! actual g5]al ( ! ord]1 c\ld /ill decl>e t ! ,ratio is ! immutable rule ( ,jesuit education4 #aec4 ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction ,,neglect$4--,a p]man5t & *>act]i/ic feature ( ! educational policy ( ! ,jesuits is1 t1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( _! hi/ory1 !y h delib]ately neglect$ & disda9$ prim>y in/ruction4 ,! e>? is cov]$ ) _! ,lat9 colleges2 & :]ev] !y h be5 able1 !y h put _! h&s on ! in/itutions = univ]sity education2 b 9 no in/ance h !y f\nd$ a prim>y s*ool4 ,ev5 9 _! e/abli%m5ts = second>y in/ruction1 !y entru/ ! l[] classes to tea*]s :o d n belong to _! ord]1 & res]ve to !mselves ! direction ( ! high] classes4 ,mu/ we believe1 z !y h decl>$ 9 ord] to expla9 ?is neglig5ce1 t ! only reason = _! res]ve & _! indiff]5ce is to be s\ght = 9 ! insuffici5cy ( _! tea*+ =ce8 ,no2 ! tru? is t ! ,jesuits nei!r desire nor love ! in/ruction ( ! p4 ,to desire & to love ?is1 !re mu/ be fai? 9 consci5ce & reason2 !re mu/ be a belief 9 human equality4 ,n[ ! ,jesuits di/ru/ ! human intellig5ce1 & adm9i/] only ! ari/ocratic education ( ! rul+ classes1 :om !y hope to reta9 "u _! own control4 ,!y wi% to tra9 amiable g5tlem51 accompli%$ m5 ( ! _w2 !y h no conception ( tra9+ m54 ,intellectual culture1 9 _! view1 is b a conv5i5ce1 impos$ on c]ta9 classes ( ! nation by _! rank4 ,x is n a good 9 itself2 x may ev5 become an evil4 ,9 c]ta9 h&s x is a dang]\s weapon4 ,! ignorance ( a p is ! be/ safegu>d ( its fai?1 & fai? is ! supreme end4 ,s we %all n be a/oni%$ to read ?is 9 ! ,con/itutions3-- 8,none ( ^? :o are employ$ 9 dome/ic s]vice on acc\nt ( ! society1 ought to le>n to read & write1 or1 if !y already "k ^! arts1 to le>n m ( !m4 ,!y %all n be in/ruct$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,g5]al1 = x suffices = !m to s]ve ) all simplicity & humility our ,ma/]1 ,jesus ,*ri/40 #aed4 ,,classical ,,/udies3 ,,lat9 ,,& ,,! ,,humanities4--,x is only 9 second>y in/ruction t ! ,jesuits h tak5 position ) m>k$ success4 ,! basis ( _! tea*+ is ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,_! purpose is to monopolize classical /udies 9 ord] to make !m s]ve = ! propagation ( ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,to write 9 ,lat9 is ! ideal :i* !y propose to _! pupils4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( ?is is ! proscription ( ! "m tongue4 ,! ,ratio =bids ! use ( ,fr5* ev5 9 conv]sation2 x p]mits x only on holidays4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! importance accord$ to ,lat9 & ,greek composition1 to ! explication ( au?ors1 & to ! /udy ( gramm>1 rhetoric1 & poetry4 ,x is to be not$1 besides1 t ! ,jesuits put sc>cely m into ! h&s ( _! pupils ?an select extracts1 expurgat$ editions4 ,!y wi%1 9 "s sort1 to efface f ! anci5t books :atev] m>ks ! epo* & *>act]izes ! "t4 ,!y deta* f9e passages ( eloqu5ce & beautiful extracts ( poetry2 b !y are afraid1 x seems1 ( ! au?ors !mselves2 !y fe> le/ ! pupil f9d 9 !m ! old human _s1--! _s ( nature4 ,moreov]1 9 ! explication ( au?ors1 !y pay m att5tion to words ?an to ?+s4 ,!y direct ! pupil's att5tion1 n to ! ?\ghts1 b to ! elegancies ( language1 to ! elocution>y effect2 9 a ^w1 to ! =m1 :i*1 at lea/1 has no religi\s "*1 & c 9 n[ise give umbrage to ,ca?olic or?odoxy4 ,!y fe> to awak5 reflection & individual judgm5t4 ,z ,macaulay has said1 !y seem to h f\nd ! po9t up to :i* intellectual culture c be pu%$ )\t rea*+ intellectual emancipation4 #aee4 ,,disda9 ,,( ,,hi/ory1 ,,( ,,philosophy1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,9 ,,g5]al4--,preoccupi$ be=e all else ) purely =mal /udies1 & exclusively devot$ to ! ex]cises :i* give a tra9+ 9 ! use ( elegant language1 ! ,jesuits leave real & concrete /udies 9 entire neglect4 ,hi/ory is almo/ :olly bani%$ f _! programme4 ,x is only ) ref]5ce to ! ,greek & ,lat9 texts t ! tea*] %\ld make allusion to ! matt]s ( hi/ory :i* are necess>y = ! und]/&+ ( ! passage "u exam9ation4 ,no acc\nt is made ( mod]n hi/ory1 nor ( ! hi/ory ( ,france4 8,hi/ory10 says a ,jesuit ,fa!r1 8is ! de/ruction ( him :o /udies x40 ,?is sy/ematic omission ( hi/orical /udies suffices to put 9 its true light ! artificial & sup]ficial p$agogy ( ! ,jesuits1 admirably def9$ by ,beckx1 :o expresses himself ?us3-- 8,! gymnasia w rema9 :at !y are by nature1 a gymna/ic = ! intellect1 :i* consi/s f> less 9 ! assimilation ( real matt]1 9 ! acquisition ( diff]5t kn[l$ges1 ?an 9 a culture ( pure =m40 ,! sci5ces & philosophy are involv$ 9 ! same disda9 z hi/ory4 ,sci5tific /udies are entirely proscrib$ 9 ! l[] classes1 & ! /ud5t ent]s 8 ye> 9 philosophy1#aad hav+ /udi$ only ! anci5t languages4 ,philosophy itself is r$uc$ to a b>r5 /udy ( words1 to subtile discussions1 & to comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle4 ,memory & syllogi/ic reason+ are ! only faculties call$ into play2 no facts1 no real inductions1 no c>e = ! obs]vation ( nature4 ,9 all ?+s ! ,jesuits are ! enemies ( progress4 ,intol]ant ( ev]y?+ new1 !y w\ld arre/ ! progress ( ! human m9d & make x immovable4 #aef4 ,,discipl9e4--,extravagant /atem5ts h be5 made relative to ! re=ms 9 discipl9e introduc$ by ! ,jesuits into _! educational e/abli%m5ts4 ,! fact is1 t !y h caus$ to prevail 9 _! colleges m ( ord] & ( sy/em ?an !re 0 9 ! e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h attempt$ to please _! pupils1 to gild = !m1 s to speak1 ! b>s ( ! prison :i* conf9$ !m4 ,!atrical repres5tations1 excursions on holidays1 practice 9 swimm+1 rid+1 & f5c+1--no?+ 0 neglect$ t c\ld r5d] _! resid5ce at s*ool endurable4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jesuits h incurr$ ! grave fault ( deta*+ ! *ild f ! family4 ,!y wi% to h absolute control ( him4 ,! ideal ( ! p]fect s*ol> is to =get 8 p>5ts4 ,"h is :at 0 said by a pupil ( ! ,jesuits1 :o aft]w>ds became a memb] ( ! ,ord]1 ,j4 ,b4 de ,s*ultaus3-- 8,8 "m paid him a visit at ! ,college ( ,tr5t4 ,he refus$ to take h] h&1 & w\ld n ev5 raise 8 eyes to h]s4 ,! "m1 a/oni%$ & griev$1 ask$ h] son ! cause ( su* a cold greet+4 #8,i refuse to notice y1' said ! pupil1 #8n because y are my "m1 b because y are a woman4' ,& ! biograph] adds3 #8,?is 0 n excessive precaution2 woman pres]ves to-day ! faults %e _h at ! "t ( our fir/ fa!r2 x is always %e :o drives man f ,p>adise4' ,:5 ! "m ( ,s*ultaus di$1 he did n %[ ! lea/ emotion1 hav+ long ago adopt$ ! ,holy ,virg9 = 8 true "m40 #aeg4 ,,emulation ,,enc\rag$4--,! ,jesuits h always consid]$ emulation z "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( discipl9e4 8,x is necess>y10 says ! ,ratio1 8to enc\rage an honorable emulation2 x is a great /imulus to /udy40 ,sup]ior on ?is po9t1 p]haps on ?is alone1 to ! ,jans5i/s1 :o ?r\gh mi/ru/ ( human nature fe>$ to excite pride by enc\rag+ emulation1 ! ,jesuits h always c\nt$ ^u ! self-love ( ! pupil4 ,! ,ratio multiplies rew>ds1--solemn di/ributions ( prizes1 crosses1 ribbons1 decorations1 titles borr[$ f ! ,roman ,republic1 su* z decurions & prtors2 all means1 ev5 ! mo/ pu]ile1 7 inv5t$ to n\ri% 9 pupils an ardor = "w1 & to incite !m to surpass "o ano!r4 ,let u add t ! pupil 0 rew>d$1 n only = 8 own good conduct1 b = ! bad conduct ( 8 comrades if he in=m$ aga9/ !m4 ,! decurion or ! prtor 0 *>g$ ) ! police c>e ( ! class1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! (ficial discipl9>ian1 he himself *a/is$ 8 comrades2 9 ! h&s ( 8 tea*]1 he became a spy & an in=m]4 ,?us a pupil1 liable to puni%m5t = hav+ spok5 ,fr5* contr>y to ord]s1 w be reliev$ f 8 puni%m5t if he c prove by witnesses t "o ( 8 comrades has committ$ ! same fault on ! same day4 #aeh4 ,,(ficial ,,discipl9>ian4--,! rod is an elem5t1 s to speak1 ( ! anci5t p$agogical rgime4 ,x holds a privileg$ place bo? 9 ! colleges & 9 private education4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 (ficially transmits to ! ,duke ( ,montausi] ! "r to correct 8 son4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 wrote to ! gov]nor ( ,l\is ,,xiii43 8,i compla9 because y did n in=m me t y _h :ipp$ my son2 = ,i desire & ord] y to :ip him e "t t he %all be guilty ( ob/9acy or ( any?+ else t is bad2 = ,i well "k t !re is no?+ 9 ! _w t c d him m good ?an t4 ,?is ,i "k f ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 = :5 ,i 0 ( 8 age1 ,i 0 s\ndly flogg$40#aae ,! ,jesuits1 not)/&+ _! disposition to make discipl9e mild]1 7 c>eful n to r5\nce a puni%m5t t 0 9 use ev5 at c\rt4 ,only1 :ile ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 accord+ to ! regulations ( ,la ,salle1 *a/is$ ! guilty pupil !mselves1 ! ,jesuits did n ?9k x becom+ ! dignity ( ! ma/] to apply ! correction himself4 ,!y res]v$ to a laic ! duty ( h&l+ ! rods4 ,an (ficial discipl9>ian1 a dome/ic1 a port]1 0 *>g$ 9 all ! colleges ) ! functions ( *ief execution]4 ,& :ile ! ,ratio ,/udiorum recomm5ds mod]ation1 c]ta9 witnesses prove t ! special discipl9>ian did n always c>ry a discreet h&4 ,"h1 = example1 is an acc\nt giv5 by ,sa9t ,simon3-- 8,! elde/ son ( ! ,m>quis ( ,b\ffl]s 0 f\rte5 ye>s old4 ,he 0 h&some1 well =m$1 0 wond]fully successful1 & full ( promise4 ,he 0 a resid5t pupil ( ! ,jesuits ) ! two sons ( d',arg5son4 ,i d n "k :at indiscretion he & !y 7 guilty (4 ,! ,fa!rs wi%$ to %[ t !y nei!r fe>$ nor /ood 9 awe ( any "o1 & !y flogg$ ! boy1 because1 9 fact1 !y _h no?+ to fe> ( ! ,m>quis ( ,b\ffl]s2 b !y 7 c>eful n to treat ! two o!rs 9 ?is way1 ?\gh equally culpable1 because e day !y _h to c\nt ) d',arg5son1 :o 0 lieut5ant ( police4 ,! boy ,b\ffl]s 0 ?r[n into su* m5tal agony t he fell sick on ! same day1 & )9 f\r days 0 dead4444 ,!re 0 a univ]sal & furi\s outcry aga9/ ! ,jesuits1 b no?+ ev] came ( x40#aaf #aei4 ,,g5]al ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits4--,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,jesuits are completely oppos$ to our mod]n ideas4 ,bl9d ob$i5ce1 ! suppression ( all lib]ty & ( all spontaneity1 su* is ! basis ( _! moral education4 8,to r5\nce "o's own wi%es is m m]itori\s ?an to raise ! dead20 8,we mu/ be s atta*$ to ! ,roman ,*ur* z to hold = black an object :i* %e tells u is black1 ev5 :5 x is really :ite20 8,our confid5ce 9 ,god %\ld be /rong en\gh to =ce u1 9 ! lack ( a boat1 to cross ! ocean on a s+le plank20 8,if ,god %\ld appo9t = our ma/] an animal depriv$ ( reason1 y %\ld n hesitate to r5d] x ob$i5ce1 z to a ma/] & a guide1 = ?is sole reason1 t ,god has ord]$ x ?us20 8,"o mu/ all[ himself to be gov]n$ by div9e ,provid5ce act+ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! sup]iors ( ! ,ord]1 j z if he 7 a dead body t c\ld be put into any position :atev]1 & treat$ accord+ to "o's good pleasure2 or z if "o 7 a bton 9 ! h&s ( an old man :o uses x z he pleases40 ,z to intellectual education1 z !y und]/& x1 x is :olly artificial & sup]ficial4 ,to f9d = ! m9d occupations t absorb x1 t soo! x l a dream1 )\t :olly awak5+ x2 to call att5tion to words1 & to niceties ( expression1 s z to r$uce by s mu* ! opportunity = ?9k+2 to provoke a c]ta9 degree ( intellectual activity1 prud5tly arre/$ at ! place :]e ! reflective reason succe$s an embelli%$ memory2 9 a ^w1 to excite ! _s j en\gh to ar\se x f its in]tia & its ignorance1 b n en\gh to end[ x ) a real self-activity by a manly display ( all its faculties1--su* is ! me?od ( ! ,jesuits4 8,z to in/ruction10 says ,b]sot1 8?is is :at we f9d ) !m3 hi/ory r$uc$ to facts & tables1 )\t ! lesson d]iv$ f !m be>+ on ! k ( ! _w2 ev5 ! facts suppress$ or alt]$ :5 !y say too mu*2 philosophy r$uc$ to :at is call$ empirical doctr9e1 & :at de ,mai/re call$ ! philosophy ( ! no?+1 )\t dang] ( "o's acquir+ a lik+ = x2 physical sci5ce r$uc$ to recreations1 )\t ! _s ( rese>* & lib]ty2 lit]ature r$uc$ to ! complaisant explication ( ! anci5t au?ors1 & end+ 9 innoc5t witticisms4444 ,) respect to lett]s1 !re are two loves :i* h no?+ 9 common save _! "n2 "o ( !m makes m51 ! o!r1 great boys4 ,x is ! la/ t we f9d ) ! ,jesuits2 !y amuse ! s\l40 #afj4 ,,! ,,oratorians4--,betwe5 ! ,jesuits1 _! adv]s>ies1 & ! ,jans5i/s1 _! fri5ds1 ! ,oratorians occupy an int]m$iate place4 ,!y break already ) ! ov]-me*anical education1 & ) ! :olly sup]ficial in/ruction :i* ,ignatius ,loyola _h inaugurat$4 ,?r\gh "s happy innovations !y approa* ! m elevat$ & m pr(\nd education ( ,port ,royal4 ,f\nd$ 9 #afad1 by ,brulle1 ! ,ord] ( ! ,oratory soon c\nt$ q a l>ge numb] ( colleges ( second>y in/ruction1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 9 #afch1 ! fam\s college ( ,juilly4 ,:ile ) ! ,jesuits x is r>e to meet ! names ( celebrat$ pr(essors1 sev]al r5[n$ tea*]s h made illu/ri\s ! ,oratory ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we note ! ,pre ,lamy1 au?or ( ,entreti5s sur les ,sci5ces 7#afhc72 ! ,pre ,?omass91 :om ! ,oratorians call ! 8incomp>able !ologian10 & :o publi%$1 f #afha to #afij1 a s]ies ( ,me?ods = /udy+ ! languages1 philosophy1 & lett]s2 ,masc>on & ,massillon1 :o taught rhetoric at ! ,oratory2 ! ,pre ,leco9te & ! ,pre ,lelong1 :o taught hi/ory !re4 ,all ^! m5 unite1 9 g5]al1 "s love ( lib]ty to ardor ( religi\s s5tim5t2 !y wi% to introduce m air & m light into ! cloi/] & ! s*ool2 !y h a ta/e = ! facts ( hi/ory & ! tru?s ( sci5ce2 f9ally1 !y attempt to f\nd an education at once lib]al & ,*ri/ian1 religi\s )\t abuse ( devotion1 elegant )\t ref9em5t1 solid )\t excess ( erudition1 wor?y1 f9ally1 to be c\nt$ z "o ( ! fir/ practical t5tatives ( mod]n p$agogy4 ,! limits ( ?is /udy =bid our ent]+ into details4 ,let u m]ely note a few ess5tial po9ts4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es ! ,oratorians1 is1 fir/1 a s9c]e & dis9t]e/$ love ( tru?4 8,we love ! tru?10 says ! ,pre ,lamy2 8! days d n suffice to consult h] z long z we w\ld wi%2 or1 r1 we nev] gr[ we>y ( ! pleasure we f9d 9 /udy+ h]4 ,!re has always be5 t love = lett]s 9 ?is ,h\se3 ^? :o h gov]n$ x h tri$ to n\ri% x4 ,:5 !re is f\nd among u "s p5etrat+ & lib]ally end[$ _s :o has a r>e g5ius = ! sci5ces1 he is dis*>g$ f all o!r duties40#aag ,n[h]e h anci5t lett]s be5 m lov$ ?an at ! ,oratory4 8,9 8 leisure h\rs ! ,pre ,?omass9 read only ! au?ors ( ! humanities20 & yet ,fr5* 0 n !re sacrific$ to ,lat94 ,! use ( ! ,lat9 language 0 n obligatory till aft] ! f\r? ye>1 & ev5 !n n = ! lessons 9 hi/ory1 :i*1 till ! end ( ! c\rses1 _h to be giv5 9 ,fr5*4 ,hi/ory1 s long neglect$ ev5 9 ! colleges ( ! ,univ]sity1 p>ticul>ly ! hi/ory ( ,france1 0 taught to ! pupils ( ! ,oratory4 ,geography 0 n sep>at$ f x2 & ! class-rooms 7 furni%$ ) l>ge mural maps4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sci5ces _h a place 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,a ,jesuit fa!r w\ld n h express$ himself z ! ,pre ,lamy has done3-- 8,x is a pleasure to ent] ! laboratory ( a *emi/4 ,9 ! places :]e ,i h happ5$ to be1 ,i did n miss an opportunity to att5d ! anatomical lectures t 7 giv51 & to witness ! dissection ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! human body4444 ,i "k ( no?+ ( great] use ?an algebra & ari?metic40 ,f9ally1 philosophy itself1--! ,c>tesian philosophy1 s m]cilessly decri$ by ! ,jesuits1--0 9 vogue at ! ,oratory4 8,if ,c>tesianism is a pe/10 wrote ! reg5ts ( ! ,college ( ,ang]s1 8!re are m ?an two hundr$ ( u :o are infect$ ) x40 444 8,!y h =bidd5 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,oratory to tea* ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! blood to circulate10 wrote ,madame de ,svign1 9 #afgc4 ,let u also furni% pro( ( ! progress & amelioration ( ! discipl9e at ! ,oratory3-- 8,!re are _m o!r ways besides ! rod10 says ! ,pre ,lamy2 8&1 to lead pupils back to _! duty1 a c>ess1 a ?reat1 ! hope ( a rew>d1 or ! fe> ( a humiliation1 has great] effici5cy ?an :ips40 ,! f]ule1 x is true1 & :ips also1 7 n =bidd51 b made "p ( ! legitima pn>um g5]a4 ,b x does n appe> t use 0 (t5 made ( !m2 ei!r ?r\gh a _s ( mildness1 or ?r\gh prud5ce1 & ?r\gh ! fe> ( exasp]at+ ! *ild4 8,!re is ne$$10 says ! ,pre ,lamy aga91 8a sort ( politics to gov]n ?is little community1--to lead !m ?r\gh _! incl9ations2 to =esee ! effect ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & to employ !m accord+ to _! prop] use4 ,!re are times ( /ubbornness :5 a *ild w\ld soon] be kill$ ?an yield40 ,:at made x easi] at ! ,oratory to ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( ! ma/] )\t resort+ to viol5t puni%m5ts1 is t ! same pr(essor accompani$ ! pupils ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( _! classes4 ,! ,pre ,?omass91 = example1 01 9 turn1 pr(essor ( gramm>1 rhetoric1 philosophy1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 ,italian1 & ,spani%1--a t\*+ example1 x mu/ be all[$1 ( an absolute devotion to s*ola/ic labor4 ,b ?is univ]sality1 some:at sup]ficial1 s]v$ nei!r ! real int]e/s ( ! ma/]s nor ^? ( _! pupils4 ,! great p$agogical law is ! division ( labor4 #afa4 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,little ,,s*ools4--,f ! v organization ( _! society1 ! ,jans5i/s gave evid5ces ( an ard5t solicitude = ! education ( y\?4 ,_! f\nd]1 ,sa9t ,cyran1 said3 8,education is1 9 a s5se1 ! "o ?+ necess>y4444 ,i wi% y might read 9 my he>t ! affection ,i feel = *ildr54444 ,y c\ld n des]ve m ( ,god ?an 9 work+ = ! prop] br++ up ( *ildr540 ,x 0 9 ?is dis9t]e/$ feel+ ( *>ity = ! good ( ! "y1 9 ?is display ( s9c]e t5d]ness = *ildr51 t ! ,jans5i/s1 9 #afdc1 f\nd$ ! ,little ,s*ools at ,port ,royal 9 ! ,fields1 9 ! vic9ity1 & !n 9 ,p>is4#aah ,!y receiv$ into ^? s*ools only a small numb] ( pupils1 preoccupi$ z !y 71 n ) dom9at+ ! _w & ext5d+ _! influ5ce1 b ) do+ mode/ly & obscurely ! good !y c\ld4 ,p]secution did n long grant !m ! leisure to cont9ue ! "w !y _h und]tak54 ,by #affj ! enemies ( ,port ,royal _h triumph$2 ! ,jesuits obta9$ an ord] f ! k+ clos+ ! s*ools & disp]s+ ! tea*]s4 ,pursu$1 imprison$1 expatriat$1 ! solit>ies ( ,port ,royal _h b ! opportunity to ga!r up 9 memorable docum5ts ! results ( _! educational exp]i5ce all too %ort4#aai #afb4 ,,! ,,tea*]s ,,& ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,port ,,royal4--,s+ul> de/9y1--t ( ^? tea*]s :om a rel5tless fate p]mitt$ to ex]cise _! functions = only five ye>s1 yet :o1 ?r\gh _! works1 h rema9$ p]haps ! be/ au?oriz$ expon5ts ( ,fr5* education6 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,nicole1 ! morali/ & logician1 "o ( ! au?ors ( ! ,port ,royal ,logic1 :o taught philosophy & ! humanities 9 ! ,little ,s*ools1 & :o publi%$ 9 #afgj1 "u ! title1 ,! ,education ( a ,pr9ce1 a s]ies ( reflections on education1 applicable1 z he himself says1 to *ildr5 ( all classes4 ,ano!r is ,lancelot1 ! gramm>ian1 ! au?or ( ! ,me?ods = le>n+ ! ,lat91 ,greek1 ,italian1 & ,spani% languages4 ,!n !re is ,arnauld1 ! great ,arnauld1 ! ard5t !ologian1 :o work$ on ! ,logic1 & ! ,g5]al ,gramm>1 & :o f9ally compos$ ! ,regulation ( ,/udies 9 ! ,humanities4 ,9 connection ) ^! celebrat$ names1 we mu/ m5tion o!r ,jans5i/s n s well kn[n1 su* z ,de ,sacy & ,guyot1 bo? ( :om 7 ! au?ors ( a l>ge numb] ( translations2 ,c\/el1 :o publi%$ ! ,rules = ! ,education ( ,*ildr5 7#afhg72 ,v>et1 ! au?or ( ,*ri/ian ,education 7#affh74 ,let u add to ?is li/1 /ill incomplete1 ! ,regim5 = ,*ildr51 by ,jacquel9e ,pascal 7#afeg71 & we %all h "s idea ( ! educational activity ( ,port ,royal4 #afc4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,language4--,z a g5]al rule1 we may h a good op9ion ( ! tea*]s :o recomm5d ! /udy ( ! "m tongue4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! solit>ies ( ,port ,royal are 9 advance ( _! "t4 8,we fir/ tea* to read 9 ,lat910 said ! ,abb ,fleury1 8because1 comp>$ ) ,fr5*1 we pron\nce x m z x is writt540#abj ,a curi\s reason1 :i* did n satisfy ,fleury himself2 = he ackn[l$g$ ! propriety ( putt+1 z soon z possible1 into ! h&s ( *ildr51 ! ,fr5* books t !y c und]/&4 ,?is 0 :at 0 done at ,port ,royal4 ,) _! love ( exactness & cle>ness1 ) _! disposition1 :olly ,c>tesian1 to make *ildr5 /udy only ! ?+s !y c compreh5d1 ! ,jans5i/s saw at once ! great absurdity ( *oos+ ,lat9 works z ! fir/ read+-books4 8,to le>n ,lat9 be=e le>n+ ! "m tongue10 said ,com5ius1 wittily1 8is l wi%+ to m\nt a horse be=e kn[+ h[ to walk40 ,& aga91 z ,sa9te-,beuve says1 8,x is to compel un=tunate *ildr5 to deal ) ! un9telligible 9 ord] to proce$ t[>ds ! unkn[n40 ,= ^! un9telligible texts1 ! ,jans5i/s sub/itut$1 n1 x is true1 orig9al ,fr5* works1 b at lea/ good translations ( ,lat9 au?ors4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,france1 ! ,fr5* language 0 made ! subject ( s]i\s /udy4 ,be=e be+ made to write 9 ,lat91 pupils 7 drill$ 9 writ+ 9 ,fr5*4 ,!y 7 set to compose little n>ratives1 little lett]s1 ! subjects ( :i* 7 borr[$ f _! recollections1 by be+ ask$ to relate on ! spot :at !y _h reta9$ ( :at !y _h read4 #afd4 ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,spell+4--,9 _! con/ant preoccupation to make /udy easi]1 ! ,jans5i/s re=m$ ! curr5t me?od ( le>n+ to read4 8,:at makes read+ m difficult10 says ,arnauld 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ( ! ,g5]al ,gramm>1 8is t :ile ea* lett] has its own prop] "n1 x is giv5 a diff]5t "n :5 x is f\nd associat$ ) o!r lett]s4 ,= example1 if ! pupil is made to read ! syllable fry1 he is made to say ef1 ar1 y1 :i* inv>iably confuses him4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to tea* *ildr5 to "k ! lett]s only by ! names ( _! real pronunciation1 to "n !m only by _! natural s\nds40 ,port ,royal proposes1 !n1 8to h *ildr5 pron\nce only ! v[els & ! diph?ongs1 & n ! consonants1 :i* !y ne$ n pron\nce1 except 9 ! diff]5t comb9ations :i* !y =m ) ! same v[els or diph?ongs1 9 syllables & words40 ,?is me?od has become celebrat$ "u ! "n ( ! ,port ,royal ,me?od2 & x appe>s1 f a lett] ( ,jacquel9e ,pascal1 t ! orig9al notion 0 due to ,pascal himself4#aba #afe4 ,,discipl9e ,,9 ,,p]sonal ,,reflection4--,t :i* pr(\ndly di/+ui%es ! me?od ( ! ,jans5i/s f ! me?od ( ! ,jesuits1 is t at ,port ,royal ! purpose is less to make good ,lat9i/s ?an to tra9 s\nd intellig5ces4 ,! ef=t is to call into activity ! judgm5t & p]sonal reflection4 ,z soon z ! *ild is capable ( x1 he is made to ?9k & compreh5d4 ,9 ! lessons ( ! class-room1 n a ^w is all[$ to pass till ! *ild has und]/ood its mean+4 ,only ^? tasks are propos$ to ! *ild :i* are adapt$ to 8 *ildi% intellig5ce4 ,8 att5tion is occupi$ only ) ! ?+s t are )9 ! compass ( 8 p[]s4 ,! gramm>s ( ,port ,royal are writt5 9 ,fr5*1 8because x is ridicul\s10 says ,nicole1 8to tea* ! pr9ciples ( a language 9 ! v language t is to be le>n$1 & t = ! pres5t is unkn[n40 ,lancelot1 9 8 ,me?ods1 abbreviates & simplifies grammatical /udies3-- 8,i h f\nd out1 at la/1 h[ useful ?is maxim ( ,ramus is1--,few precepts & mu* practice3 &1 also1 t z soon z *ildr5 beg9 to "k ^! rules some:at1 x is well to make !m obs]ve !m 9 practice40 ,x is by ! read+ ( au?ors t ! gramm> ( ,port ,royal completes ! !oretical /udy ( ! rules t are rigidly r$uc$ to _! m9imum4 ,! pr(essor1 ) ref]5ce to su* or su* a passage ( an au?or1 w make appropriate oral rem>ks4 ,9 ?is way ! example1 n ! dry & un9t]e/+ "o ( ! gramm>1 b ! liv+ example1 expressive1 &1 drawn f a writ] t is be+ read ) int]e/1 w prec$e or accompany ! rule1 & ! p>ticul> case w expla9 ! g5]al law4 ,?is is an excell5t me?od1 because x accords ) ! real movem5t ( ! m9d1 & adapts ! sequ5ce ( /udies to ! progress ( ! intellig5ce1 & also because1 accord+ to ! advice ( ,desc>tes1 ! *ild 9 ?is way proce$s f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! simple to ! complex4 #aff4 ,,g5]al ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,education ,,at ,,port ,,royal4--,)\t d\bt1 we ne$ n expect to f9d among ! solit>ies ( ,port ,royal a dis9t]e/$ devotion to sci5ce4 ,9 _! view1 in/ruction is b a means ( =m+ ! judgm5t4 8,! sci5ces %\ld be employ$10 says ,nicole1 8only z an in/rum5t = p]fect+ ! reason40 ,hi/orical1 lit]>y1 & sci5tific k has no intr9sic value4 ,! ?+ requir$ is simply to employ ^? subjects = educat+ j1 equitable1 & judici\s m54 ,nicole decl>es t x w\ld be bett] absolutely to ignore ! sci5ces ?an to become absorb$ 9 ! useless portions ( !m4 ,speak+ ( a/ronomical rese>*es1 & ( ! works ( ^? ma!maticians :o believe t 8x is ! f9e/ ?+ 9 ! _w to "k :e!r !re is a bridge & an ar* susp5d$ ar\nd ! planet ,saturn10 he concludes t x is pref]able to be ignorant ( ^? ?+s ?an to be ignorant t !y are va94 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jans5i/s h /ruck f _! programme ( /udies ev]y?+ t is m]ely /]ile v]biage1 ex]cises ( memory or ( artificial imag9ation4 ,little att5tion is giv5 to ,lat9 v]se at ,port ,royal4 ,v]sion takes prec$5ce ( ! !me1#abb & ! oral !me (t5 replaces ! writt54 ,! pupil is to be taught1 8n to be bl9d$ by a va9 fla% ( words void ( s5se1 n to re/ satisfi$ ) m]e words or obscure pr9ciples1 & nev] to be satisfi$ till he has ga9$ a cle> insight into ?+s40 #afg4 ,,p$agogical ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,nicole4--,9 8 treatise on ! ,education ( a ,pr9ce1 ,nicole has summ>iz$1 "u ! =m ( aphorisms1 "s ( ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( 8 sy/em ( education4 ,let u fir/ notice ?is maxim1 a true p$agogical axiom3 8,! purpose ( in/ruction is to c>ry =w>d intellig5ces to ! f>!/ po9t !y are capable ( atta9+40 ,?is is say+ t e *ild1 :e!r ( ! nobility or ( ! p1 has ! "r to be in/ruct$ accord+ to 8 aptitude & ability4 ,ano!r axiom3 ,we mu/ proportion difficulties to ! gr[+ developm5t ( ! *ild's intellig5ce4 8,! greate/ m9ds h b a limit$ range ( intellig5ce4 ,9 all ( !m !re are regions ( twilight & %ad[2 b ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild is almo/ :olly p]vad$ by %ad[s2 he cat*es glimpses ( b few rays ( light4 ,s ev]y?+ dep5ds on manag+ ^! rays1 on increas+ !m1 & on expos+ to !m :atev] we wi% to h ! *ild compreh5d40 ,a coroll>y to ! prec$+ axiom is1 t ! fir/ appeal mu/ be made to ! s5ses4 8,! intellig5ce ( *ildr5 always be+ v dep5d5t on ! s5ses1 we mu/1 z f> z possible1 address our in/ruction to ! s5ses1 & cause x to rea* ! m9d1 n only ?r\gh he>+1 b also ?r\gh see+40 ,consequ5tly1 geography is a /udy well adapt$ to e>ly ye>s1 provid$ we employ books 9 :i* ! l>ge/ cities are pictur$4 ,if *ildr5 /udy ! hi/ory ( a c\ntry1 we mu/ n neglect to %[ !m ! situation ( places on ! map4 ,nicole also recomm5ds t !y be %[n pictures t repres5t ! ma*9es1 ! arms1 & ! dress ( ! anci5ts1 & also ! portraits ( k+s & illu/ri\s m54 #afh4 ,,moral ,,pessimism4--,man is wick$1 human nature is corrupt3 su* is ! cry ( despair t comes to our e>s f all ! writ+s ( ! ,jans5i/s4 8,! devil10 says ,sa9t ,cyran1 8already possesses ! s\l ( ev5 ! unborn *ild40 444 ,& aga93 8,we mu/ always pray = s\ls1 & always be on ! wat*1 /&+ gu>d z 9 a city m5ac$ by an enemy4 ,on ! outside ! devil makes 8 r\nds40 444 8,z soon z *ildr5 beg9 to h reason10 says ano!r ,jans5i/1 8we obs]ve 9 !m only bl9dness & weakness4 ,_! m9ds are clos$ to spiritual ?+s1 & !y _c compreh5d !m4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 _! eyes are op5 to evil2 _! s5ses are susceptible to all sorts ( corruption1 & !y h a natural in]tia t incl9es !m to x40 8,y ought10 writes ,v>et1 8to consid] y\r *ildr5 z :olly incl9$ to evil1 & c>ri$ =w>d t[>ds x4 ,all _! incl9ations are corrupt1 &1 n be+ gov]n$ by reason1 !y w p]mit !m to f9d pleasure & div]sion only 9 ! ?+s t c>ry !m t[>ds vice40 #afi4 ,,effects ,,on ,,discipl9e4--,! doctr9e ( ! orig9al p]v]sity ( man may produce contr>y results1 & direct ! practical conduct ( ^? :o accept x 9 two opposite directions4 ,!y are ei!r inspir$ ) sev]ity t[>d be+s deeply ta9t$ & vici\s1 or !y are excit$ to pity & to t5d]ness = ^? fall5 creatures :o suff] f an incurable evil4 ,! solit>ies ( ,port ,royal obey$ ! second t5d5cy4 ,!y 7 z affectionate & good to ! *ildr5 confid$ to _! c>e z1 9 !ory1 !y 7 h>% & rigor\s t[>ds human nature4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( _! pupils !y felt t\*$ ) an inf9ite t5d]ness = ^? poor sick s\ls1 :om !y w\ld will+ly cure ( _! ills1 & raise f _! fall1 at ! co/ ( any & e sacrifice4 ,! conception ( ! native wick$ness ( man _h /ill ano!r result at ,port ,royal4 ,x increas$ ! zeal ( ! tea*]s4 ,x prompt$ !m to multiply _! assiduity & vigilance 9 ord] to keep gu>d ov] "y s\ls1 & !re de/roy1 :5ev] possible1 ! se$s ( evil t s9 _h s[n 9 !m4 ,:5 "o is *>g$ ) ! difficult mission ( moral education1 x is1 p]haps1 dang]\s to h too mu* confid5ce 9 human nature1 & to =m too favorable an op9ion ( its qualities & dispositions2 = !n "o is tempt$ to accord to ! *ild too l>ge a lib]ty1 & to practise ! maxim1 8,let x take its own c\rse1 let x pass0 7,laissez faire1 laissez pass]74 ,x is bett] to err on ! o!r side1 9 excess ( mi/ru/2 =1 9 ?is case1 kn[+ ! dang]s t m5ace ! *ild1 we wat* ov] him ) m att5tion1 ab&on him less to ! inspiration ( 8 caprices1 & expect m ( education2 we dem& ( ef=t & labor :at we judge nature incapable ( produc+ by h]self4 ,vigilance1 pati5ce1 mildness1--^! are ! in/rum5ts ( discipl9e 9 ! s*ools ( ,port ,royal4 ,!re 7 sc>cely any puni%m5ts 9 ! ,little ,s*ools4 8,to speak little1 to tol]ate mu*1 to pray /ill m10--^! are ! ?ree ?+s t ,sa9t ,cyran recomm5d$4 ,! ?reat to s5d *ildr5 home to _! p>5ts suffic$ to ma9ta9 ord] 9 a flock some:at small4 ,9 fact1 all ^: example w\ld h prov$ bad 7 s5t away2 an excell5t sy/em ( elim9ation :5 x is practicable4 ,! pi\s solit>ies endur$ )\t compla9t1 faults 9 :i* !y saw ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ! orig9al fall4 ,p5etrat$1 h[ev]1 z !y 71 ) ! value ( human s\ls1 _! t5d]ness = *ildr5 0 m+l$ ) a c]ta9 respect2 = !y saw 9 !m ! creatures ( ,god1 be+s call$ f et]nity to a sublime de/9y or to a t]rible puni%m5t4 #agj4 ,,faults ,,9 ,,! ,,discipl9e ,,( ,,port ,,royal4--,! ,jans5i/s did n %un ! logical ?\gh dang]\s consequ5ces t 7 involv$1 9 g]m1 9 _! pessimi/ic !ories ( human nature4 ,!y fell into an excess ( prud5ce or ( rigidity4 ,!y pu%$ gravity & dignity to a =malism t 0 some:at repulsive4 ,at ,port ,royal pupils 7 =bidd5 to !e & ?\ "o ano!r4 ,! solit>ies did n l famili>ities1 fai?ful 9 ?is respect to ! ,imitation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 :i* x is some:]e said t x does n become a ,*ri/ian to be on famili> t]ms ) any "o :atev]4 ,! "y 7 ?us br\ght up 9 habits ( mutual respect1 :i* may h _h _! good side1 b :i* _h ! grave fault ( be+ a little ridicul\s 9 *ildr51 s9ce !y =c$ !m to live among !mselves z little g5tlem51 :ile at ! same "t !y oppose ! developm5t ( ^? intimate fri5d%ips1 ( ^? la/+ atta*m5ts ( :i* all ^? :o h liv$ at college "k ! sweetness & ! *>m4 ,! _s ( asceticism is ! g5]al "* ( all ! ,jans5i/s4 ,v>et decl>es t balls are places ( infamy4 ,pascal d5ies himself e agreeable ?\ght1 & :at he call$ an agreeable ?\ght 0 to reflect on geometry4 ,lancelot refuses to take to ! !atre ! pr9ces ( ,conti1 ( :om he 0 ! preceptor4 ,b p]haps a grav] fault at ,port ,royal 01 t ?r\gh fe> ( awak5+ self-love1 ! _s ( emulation 0 purposely suppress$4 ,x is ,god alone1 x 0 said1 :o is to be prais$ = ! qualities & tal5ts manife/$ by m54 8,if ,god has plac$ some?+ ( good 9 ! s\l ( a *ild1 we mu/ praise ,him = x & keep sil5t40 ,by ?is delib]ate sil5ce m5 put !mselves on gu>d aga9/ pride2 b if pride is to be fe>$1 is indol5ce ! less s8 ,& :5 we purposely avoid /imulat+ self-love ?r\gh ! hope ( rew>d1 or ?r\gh a ^w ( praise giv5 9 due season1 we run a great risk ( n ov]com+ ! indol5ce t is natural to ! *ild1 & ( n obta9+ f him any s]i\s ef=t4 ,pascal1 ! greate/ ( ! fri5ds ( ,port ,royal1 said3 8,! *ildr5 ( ,port ,royal1 :o d n feel t /imulus ( envy & glory1 fall into a /ate ( indiff]5ce40 #aga4 ,,g5]al ,,judgm5t ,,on ,,port ,,royal4--,aft] all has be5 said1 we mu/ admire ! tea*]s ( ,port ,royal1 :o 7 d\btless deceiv$ on "s po9ts1 b :o 7 animat$ by a p[]ful feel+ ( _! duty to educate1 & by a p]fect *>ity4 ,ardor & s9c]ity ( religi\s fai?2 a great respect = ! human p]son2 ! practice ( piety held 9 honor1 b kept subord9ate to ! reality ( ! inn] feel+2 devotion advis$1 b n impos$2 a m>k$ mi/ru/ ( nature1 correct$ by displays ( t5d]ness & temp]$ by affection2 above all1 ! pr(\nd1 unwe>i$ devotion ( ,*ri/ian s\ls :o give !mselves :olly & )\t res]ve to o!r s\ls to raise !m up & save !m1--?is is :at 0 done by ! discipl9e ( ,port ,royal4 ,b x is r 9 ! me?ods ( tea*+1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( classical /udies1 t we mu/ look = ! inconte/able sup]iority ( ! ,jans5i/s4 ,! tea*]s ( ! ,little ,s*ools 7 admirable humani/s1 n ( =m1 z ! ,jesuits 71 b ( judgm5t4 ,!y repres5t1 x seems to u1 9 all its beauty & 9 all its =ce1 t intellectual education1 already div9$ by ,montaigne1 :i* prep>es = life m5 ( s\nd judgm5t & ( upright consci5ce4 ,!y f\nd$ ! tea*+ ( ! humanities4 8,port ,royal10 says an hi/orian ( p$agogy1 ,burni]1 8simplifies /udy )\t1 h[ev]1 reliev+ x ( its :olesome difficulties2 x /rives to make x int]e/+1 :ile x does n conv]t x into *ild's play2 x purposes to confide to ! memory only :at has fir/ be5 appreh5d$ by ! intellig5ce4444 ,x has giv5 to ! _w ideas t x has n aga9 let g1 & fruitful pr9ciples f :i* we h b to draw _! logical consequ5ces40 #agb4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #a4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ?ree great tea*+ congregations we h an illu/ration ( ! suppos$ p[] ( education ov] ! de/9ies ( m54 #b4 ,to resi/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,prote/antism t foll[$ ! diffusion ( in/ruction among ! p1 ,loyola organiz$ 8 tea*+ corps ( ,ca?olic zealots2 & ?is mode ( competition = purposes ( moral1 sect>ian1 & political control has cov]$ ! e>?1 9 all ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 ) in/itutions ( le>n+4 #c4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds extremes1 & ! difficulty ( atta9+ symmetry & complet5ess1 are se5 9 ! pref]5ce ( ! ,jesuits = =m1 elegance1 & m]e discipl9e1 9 _! excessive use ( emulation2 & 9 ! pessimism ( ! ,jans5i/s1 _! di/ru/ ( human nature1 & _! fe> ( human pride4 ,,footnotes3 #aji ,religi\s congregations1 z kn[n 9 ,france1 are associations ( p]sons :o1 consecrat+ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ,god1 make a v[ to live 9 common "u ! same rule4 ,_m ( ^! congregations devote !mselves to ! "w ( tea*+1 & ^! are ( two classes1 ! au?oriz$ & ! unau?oriz$4 ,= example1 ! 8,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools10 f\nd$ by ,la ,salle1 is an au?oriz$1 & ! 8,society ( ,jesus0 an unau?oriz$1 congregation4 ,f /ati/ics publi%$ 9 #ahgh1 x appe>s t !re 7 !n 9 ,france1 #bd congregations ( m5 au?oriz$ to tea*1 & controll+ #cjif e/abli%m5ts2 & #ebh simil> congregations ( wom51 controll+ #af1dgh e/abli%m5ts4 ,at ! same "t !re 7 #he unau?oriz$ congregations ( m51 & #bfj unau?oriz$ congregations ( wom51 devot$ to tea*+4 7,p47 #aaj ,! congregation ( ! ,doctr9>ies f\nd$ at a lat] p]iod e/abli%m5ts ( second>y in/ruction4 ,ma9e de ,biran1 ,l>omiguire1 & ,lakanal 7 pupils ( ! ,doctr9>ies4 #aaa ,leibnitii ,op]a1 ,g5ev1 #agfh1 ,tome ,,vi4 p4 #fe4 #aab ,bacon de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um1 ,lib4 ,,vi4 *ap4 ,,iv4 #aac ,see ! f\r? book ( ! ,con/itutions4 #aad ,see note to #ada4 #aae ,lett] to ,madame ,montglat1 ,nov4 #ad1 #afjg4 #aaf ,sa9t ,simon1 ,mmoires1 ,tome ,,ix4 #hc4 #aag ,entreti5s sur les ,sci5ces1 p4 #aig4 #aah ,= ! ,little ,s*ools ( ,port ,royal1 see a rec5t acc\nt by ,c>r 7,revue ,pdagogique1 #ahhc1 ,nos4 #b & #h74 #aai ,no m pa!tic piece ( hi/ory has ev] be5 writt5 ?an t :i* relates ! v9dictive & rel5tless p]secution ( ! peaceful & pi\s solit>ies ( ,port ,royal3 8,! h\se 0 raz$ to ! gr\nd1 & ev5 ! v f\ndations pl\gh$ up4 ,! g>d5s & walks 7 demoli%$2 & ! dead 7 ev5 torn f _! graves1 t n a ve/ige might be left to m>k ! spot :]e ?is celebrat$ in/itution _h /ood40--,lancelot's ,t\r to ,la ,gr&e ,*>treuse1 p4 #bdc4 ,see also ,n>rative ( ! ,demolition ( ,port ,royal 7,london1 #ahaf74 7,p47 #abj ,du *oix et de la m?ode des tudes4 #aba ,see ,c\s91 ,jacquel9e ,pascal1 p4 #bfb4 #abb ,v]sion3 translation f ,lat9 or ,greek into ,fr5*4 ,!me3 translation ( ,fr5* into ,lat9 or ,greek4 7,p47 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,f,,nelon4 ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury2 ,f,,nelon 7#afea-agae72 ,,h[ ,f,,nelon ,,became ,a ,,tea*]2 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,girls2 ,,criticism ,,( ,,mona/ic ,,education2 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,prejudices ,,relative ,,to ,,wom52 ,,good ,,op9ion ,,( ,,human ,,nature2 ,,in/9ctive ,,curiosity2 ,,lessons ,,on ,,objects2 ,,feebl5ess ,,( ,,! ,,*ild2 ,,indirect ,,in/ruction2 ,,all ,,activity ,,mu/ ,,be ,,pleasurable2 ,,fables ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,n>ratives2 ,,moral ,,& ,,religi\s ,,education2 ,,/udies ,,prop] ,,= ,,wom52 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,duke ,,de ,,b\rgogne 7#afhi-afie72 ,,happy ,,results2 ,,! ,,fables2 ,,! ,,dialogues ,,( ,,! ,,dead2 ,,v>iety ,,( ,,discipl9>y ,,ag5ts2 ,,div]sifi$ ,,in/ruction2 ,,! ,,telema*us2 ,f,,nelon ,,& ,,bossuet2 ,,sph]e ,,& ,,limits ,,( ,,education2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #agc4 ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4--,outside ( ! tea*+ congregations1 ! sev5te5? c5tury c\nts a c]ta9 numb] ( indep5d5t educators1 isolat$ ?9k]s1 :o h transmitt$ to u 9 durable records ! results ( _! reflection or ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,! mo/ ( ^! belong to ! cl]gy1--!y are royal preceptors4 ,9 a mon>*ical gov]nm5t !re is no gr&] affair ?an ! education ( pr9ces4 ,"s o!rs are philosoph]s1 :om ! g5]al /udy ( human nature has l$ to reflect on ! pr9ciples ( education4 ,)\t pret5d+ to include ev]y?+ )9 ! n>r[ compass ( ?is elem5t>y hi/ory1 we w\ld make kn[n ei!r ! fundam5tal doctr9es or ! ess5tial me?ods :i* h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! education ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & :i*1 at ! same "t1 h made a prep>ation = ! educational re=ms ( ! succe$+ c5turies4 #agd4 ,f,,nelon 7#afea-agae74--;,fnelon holds an important place 9 ,fr5* lit]ature2 b x seems t ( all ! v>i$ aspects ( 8 g5ius1 ! "p he play$ z an educator is ! mo/ important & ! mo/ consid]able4 ,fnelon wrote ! fir/ classical "w ( ,fr5* p$agogy1 & x may be said1 consid]+ ! great numb] ( au?ors :o h be5 inspir$ by 8 ?\ghts1 t he is ! head ( a s*ool ( educators4 #age4 ,,h[ ,f,,nelon ,,became ,a ,,tea*]4--,x is well kn[n t ! valuable treatise1 ,on ! ,education ( ,girls1 0 writt5 9 #afhj1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,duke & ! ,du*ess ( ,beauvilli]s4 ,^! noble fri5ds ( ,fnelon1 besides sev]al boys1 _h eight girls to educate4 ,x 0 to assi/1 by 8 advice1 9 ! education ( ?is little family s*ool1 t ,fnelon wrote 8 book :i* 0 n design$ at fir/ = ! public1 & :i* did n appe> till #afhg4 ,! "y ,abb :o1 9 #afhj1 0 b ?irty ye>s old1 _h already _h exp]i5ce 9 educational matt]s 9 ! managem5t ( ! ,conv5t ( ! ,new ,ca?olics 7#afgh74 ,?is 0 an in/itution ^: purpose 0 to reta9 "y ,prote/ant conv]ts 9 ! ,ca?olic fai?1 or ev5 to call !m !re by mild =ce4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett]1 we confess1 = ! glory ( ,fnelon1 if he _h ga9$ 8 exp]i5ce else:]e ?an 9 t mission ( fanaticism1 :]e he 0 ! auxili>y ( ! secul> arm1 ! accomplice ( dragoons1 & :]e 0 prep>$ ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,we w\ld h pref]r$ t ! ,education ( ,girls _h n be5 plann$ 9 a h\se :]e 7 viol5tly conf9$ girls torn f _! mo!rs1 & wives /ol5 f _! husb&s4 ,b if ! fir/ s\rce ( ,fnelon's educational inspiration 0 n z pure z "o c\ld wi%1 at lea/ 9 ! book !re is no?+ t betrays ! _s ( intol]ance & viol5ce ) :i* ! au?or 0 associat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,education ( ,girls is a "w ( g5tl5ess & goodness1 ( a complaisant & amiable grace1 :i* is p]vad$ by a _s ( progress4 ,fnelon soon _h occasion to apply ! pr9ciples t he _h set =? 9 8 treatise4 ,augu/ #af1 #afhi1 he 0 *os5 preceptor ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne1#abc ) ! ,duke ( ,beauvilli]s = gov]nor1 & ! ,abb ,fleury = sub-preceptor4 ,f #afhi to #afie1 he direct$ ) m>vell\s success ! education ( a pr9ce1 8a born t]ror10 z ,sa9t ,simon express$ x1 b :o1 "u ! p5etrat+ influ5ce ( 8 ma/]1 became an accompli%$ man1 almo/ a sa9t4 ,x 0 = 8 royal pupil t he compos$1 "o aft] ano!r1 a l>ge numb] ( educational works1 su* z ! ,collection ( ,fables1 ! ,dialogues ( ! ,dead1 ! treatise on ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 & especially ! ,telema*us1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> works 9 ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,9 furni%+ occasion = ! ex]cise ( 8 educational activity1 ev5ts s]v$ ,fnelon accord+ to 8 wi%4 ,we may say t 8 nature pr$e/9at$ him to ! "w ( education4 ,) 8 t5d] s\l1 pres]v+ its pat]nal in/9cts ev5 9 8 celibate condition1 ) 8 admirable grace ( _s1 ) 8 v>i\s erudition & pr(\nd k ( antiquity1 ) 8 compet5ce 9 ! /udies ( gramm> & hi/ory1 atte/$ by diff]5t passages 9 8 ,lett] to ! ,academy2 f9ally1 ) 8 temp]ate disposition & 8 incl9ations t[>ds lib]alism 9 a c5tury ( absolute mon>*y1 he 0 made to become "o ( ! guides1 "o ( ! ma/]s1 ( ,fr5* education4 #agf4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,girls4--,?is *>m+ ma/]piece ( ,fnelon's %\ld be read entire4 ,a rapid analysis w\ld n suffice1 z x is difficult to r$uce to a few ess5tial po9ts ! fl[+ ?\ght ( our au?or4 ,) a facility 9 expression incl9+ to laxness1 & ) a copi\sness ( ?\ght some:at lack+ 9 exactness1 ,fnelon easily repeats himself2 he returns to ?\ghts :i* h already be5 elaborat$1 & does n re/rict 8 easy fl[+ ?\ght to a rigor\s & me?odical plan4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% ?ree pr9cipal p>ts 9 ! ?irte5 *apt]s compos+ ! "w4 ,*apt]s ,i4 & ,,ii4 are critical1 & 9 ^! ! ord9>y faults 9 ! education ( wom5 are br\ght into %>p outl9e2 !n 9 *apt]s ,,iii4 to ,,viii4 we h g5]al obs]vations1 & ! /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples & me?ods t %\ld be foll[$ & appli$ 9 ! education ( boys z 9 ! education ( girls2 & f9ally1 f *apt] ,,ix4 to ! end ( ! book1 are all ! special reflections :i* relate exclusively to ! m]its & dem]its1 ! duties & ! /udies1 ( wom54 #agg4 ,,criticism ,,on ,,mona/ic ,,education4--,9 ! op5+ ( ! treatise1 z 9 ano!r little essay#abd t is usually includ$ 9 ?is volume1 ,fnelon expresses a pref]5ce = a lib]al & humane education1 :]e ! light ( ! _w p5etrates1 & :i* is n conf9$ to ! %ad[ ( a mona/]y3-- 8,i conclude t x is bett] = y\r daught] to be ) y ?an 9 ! be/ conv5t t y c\ld select4444 ,if a conv5t is n well gov]n$1 %e w see vanity honor$1 :i* is ! mo/ subtile ( all ! poisons t c affect a "y girl4 ,%e w !re he> ! _w spok5 ( z a sort ( en*ant$ place1 & no?+ makes a m p]nici\s impression ?an t deceptive picture ( ! _w1 :i* is se5 at a di/ance ) admiration1 & :i* exagg]ates all its pleasures )\t %[+ its disappo9tm5ts & its sorr[s4444 ,s ,i w\ld fe> a worldly conv5t ev5 m ?an ! _w itself4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 a conv5t con=ms to ! f]vor & regul>ity ( its con/itution1 a girl ( rank w gr[ up !re 9 a pr(\nd ignorance ( ! _w4444 ,%e leaves ! conv5t l "o :o _h be5 conf9$ 9 ! %ad[s ( a deep cav]n1 & :o sudd5ly returns to ! full light ( day4 ,no?+ is m dazzl+ ?an ?is sudd5 transition1 ?an ?is gl>e to :i* "o has nev] be5 accu/om$40 #agh4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,prejudices ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom54--,x is1 !n1 = mo!rs t ,fnelon writes 8 book1 /ill m ?an = ! conv5ts t he does n love4 ,woman is de/9$ to play a gr& "p 9 dome/ic life4 8,c m5 hope = any sweetness 9 life1 if _! mo/ select companion%ip1 :i* is t ( m>riage1 is turn$ into bitt]ness80 ,!n let u cease to neglect ! education ( wom51 & r5\nce ! prejudices by :i* we pret5d to ju/ify ?is neglect4 ,a le>n$ woman1 x is said1 is va9 & affect$6 ,b x is n propos$ t wom5 %all engage 9 useless /udies :i* w\ld make ridicul\s p$ants ( !m2 x is simply a "q ( tea*+ !m :at befits _! position 9 ! h\sehold4 ,woman1 x is said aga91 ord9>ily has a weak] intellect ?an man6 ,b ?is is ! be/ ( reasons :y x is necess>y to /r5g!n h] intellig5ce4 ,f9ally1 woman %\ld be br\ght up 9 ignorance ( ! _w6 ,b1 replies ,fnelon1 ! _w is n a phantom2 8x is ! aggregate ( all ! families02 & wom5 h duties to fulfill 9 x :i* are sc>cely less important ?an ^? ( m54 8,virtue is n less = wom5 ?an = m540 #agi4 ,,good ,,op9ion ,,( ,,human ,,nature4--,!re are two categories ( ,*ri/ians3 ! fir/ dwell p>ticul>ly on ! orig9al fall2 & ! o!rs atta* !mselves by pref]5ce to ! doctr9e ( r$emption4 ,= ! fir/1 ! *ild is deeply ta9t$ ) s92 8 only incl9ations are ^? t[>ds evil2 he is a *ild ( wra?1 :o mu/ be sev]ely puni%$4 ,= ! o!rs1 ! *ild1 r$eem$ by grace1 8has n yet a fix$ t5d5cy t[>ds any object02 8 in/9cts h no ne$ ( be+ ?w>t$2 all !y ne$ is direction4 ,fnelon foll[s ?is la/ mode ( ?9k+1 :i* is ! correct "o4 ,he does n fe> self-love1 & does n int]dict des]v$ praise4 ,he c\nts ^u ! spontaneity ( nature4 ,he regrets ! education ( ! anci5ts1 :o left m lib]ty to *ildr54 ,f9ally1 9 8 judgm5ts on human nature1 he is influ5c$ by a *e]ful & amiable optimism1 & sometimes by an excess ( complac5cy & approbation4 #ahj4 ,,feebl5ess ,,( ,,! ,,*ild4--,b if ,fnelon believes 9 ! innoc5ce ( ! *ild1 he is n ! less conv9c$ ( its feebl5ess4 ,h5ce ! measures he recomm5ds to ^? :o h 9 *>ge ! br++ up ( *ildr53 8,! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( infancy is ! managem5t ( ! *ild's heal?4 ,?r\gh ! selection ( food & ! rgime ( a simple life1 ! body %\ld be suppli$ ) pure blood4444 ,ano!r ?+ ( great importance is to all[ ! organs to /r5g!n by hold+ in/ruction 9 abeyance44440 ,! intellectual weakness ( ! *ild comes = ! mo/ "p f 8 inability to fix 8 att5tion4 8,! m9d ( ! *ild is l a light$ tap] 9 a place expos$ to ! w9d1 ^: flame is ev] un/eady40 ,h5ce ! urg5t necessity ( n press+ *ildr5 beyond measure1 ( tra9+ !m little by little z occasion p]mits1 8( s]v+ & assi/+ ,nature1 )\t urg+ h]40 #aha4 ,,in/ructive ,,curiosity2 ,,object ,,lessons4--,if ! inatt5tion ( ! *ild is a great ob/acle to 8 progress1 8 natural curiosity1 by way ( comp5sation1 is a pot5t auxili>y4 ,fnelon kn[s ! aid t c be d]iv$ f ?is s\rce1 & we %all quote entire ! rem>kable passage 9 :i* he indicates ! means ( call+ x into ex]cise ?r\gh famili> lessons :i* are already real lessons on objects3-- 8,curiosity 9 *ildr5 is a natural t5d5cy :i* comes z ! precursor ( in/ruction4 ,d n fail to take advantage ( x4 ,= example1 9 ! c\ntry !y see a mill1 & !y wi% to "k :at x is4 ,!y %\ld be %[n ! mann] ( prep>+ ! food t is ne$$ = human use4 ,!y notice h>ve/]s1 & :at !y are do+ %\ld be expla9$ to !m2 also1 h[ ! :eat is s[n1 & h[ x multiplies 9 ! e>?4 ,9 ! city1 !y see %ops :]e diff]5t arts are practis$1 & :]e diff]5t w>es are sold4 ,y %\ld nev] be annoy$ by _! que/ions2 ^! are s _m opportunities (f]$ y by nature = facilitat+ ! "w ( in/ruction4 ,%[ t y take pleasure 9 reply+ to su* que/ions1 & by ?is means y w ins5sibly tea* !m h[ all ! ?+s are made t s]ve human ne$s1 & t give rise to comm]cial pursuits40 #ahb4 ,,indirect ,,in/ruction4--,ev5 :5 ! *ild has gr[n up1 & is m capable ( receiv+ direct in/ruction1 ,fnelon does n dep>t f 8 sy/em ( mild managem5t & precaution4 ,!re are to be no didactic lessons1 b z f> z possible ! in/ruction %all be indirect4 ,?is is ! great educational me?od ( ,fnelon1 & we %all soon see h[ he appli$ x to ! education ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne4 8,! less =mal our lessons are1 ! bett]40 ,h[ev]1 !re is ne$ ( discretion & prud5ce 9 ! *oice ( ! fir/ ideas1 & ! fir/ pictures t are to be impress$ on ! *ild's m9d4 8,into a res]voir s little & s preci\s only exquisite ?+s %\ld be p\r$40 ,! abs5ce ( p$antry is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,fnelon4 8,9 rhetoric10 he says1 8,i w give no rules at all2 x is suffici5t to give good models40 ,z to gramm>1 8,i w give x no att5tion1 or1 at lea/1 b v little40 ,in/ruction mu/ be ins9uat$1 n impos$4 ,we mu/ resort to unexpect$ lessons1--to su* z d n appe> to be lessons4 ,fnelon "h anticipates ,r\sseau1 & sugge/s ! sy/em ( pre-arrang$ sc5es & in/ructive artifices1 simil> to ^? inv5t$ = mile4#abe #ahc4 ,,all ,,activity ,,mu/ ,,be ,,pleasurable4--,"o ( ! be/ qualities ( ,fnelon z a tea*] is t ( wi%+ t /udy %\ld be agreeable2 b ?is quality becomes a fault ) him1 because he makes an abuse ( attractive in/ruction4 ,we c b applaud him :5 he criticises ! h>% & crabb$ p$agogy ( ! ,middle ,age1 & depicts to u ^? tiresome & gloomy class-rooms1 :]e tea*]s are ev] talk+ to *ildr5 ( words & ?+s ( :i* !y und]/& no?+4 8,no lib]ty10 he says1 8no enjoym5t1 b always lessons1 sil5ce1 uncom=table po/ures1 correction1 & ?reats40 ,& s !re is no?+ m j ?an ?is ?\ght3 8,9 ! curr5t education1 all ! pleasure is put on "o side1 & all t is disagreeable on ! o!r2 ! disagreeable is all put into /udy1 & all ! pleasure is f\nd 9 ! div]sions40 ,fnelon w\ld *ange all ?is4 ,= /udy1 z = moral discipl9e1 8pleasure mu/ d all40 ,fir/1 z to /udy1 seek ! means ( mak+ agreeable to *ildr5 :atev] y require ( !m4 8,we mu/ always place be=e !m a def9ite & agreeable aim to su/a9 !m 9 _! "w40 8,conceal _! /udies "u ! appe>ance ( lib]ty & pleasure40 8,let _! range ( vision ext5d itself a little1 & _! intellig5ce acquire m bread?40 8,m+le in/ruction ) play40 8,i h se510 he says aga91 8c]ta9 *ildr5 :o h le>n$ to read :ile play+40 ,= giv+ direction to ! w1 z = giv+ activity to ! intellig5ce1 nev] subject *ildr5 to cold & absolute au?ority4 ,d n we>y !m by an indiscreet exactness4 ,let wisdom appe> to !m only at int]vals1 & !n ) a laugh+ face4 ,lead !m by reason :5ev] x is possible = y to d x4 ,nev] assume1 save 9 case ( extreme necessity1 an au/]e1 imp]i\s air t makes !m tremble4 8,y w\ld close _! he>t & de/roy _! confid5ce1 )\t :i* !re is no pr(it to hope = f education4 ,make y\rself lov$ by !m4 ,let !m feel at ease 9 y\r pres5ce1 s t !y d n fe> to h y see _! faults40 ,su*1 intellectually & morally1 is ! amiable discipl9e dream$ ( by ,fnelon4 ,x is evid5t t ! imag9ation ( our au?or conducts him a little too f> & leads him a/ray4 ,fnelon sees ev]y?+ on ! bright side4 ,9 education1 su* z ?is too complac5t tea*] dreams ( x1 !re is no difficulty1 no?+ labori\s1 no ?orns4 8,all metals !re are gold2 all fl[]s !re are roses40 ,! *ild is almo/ exempt$ f mak+ ef=t3 he %all n be made to repeat ! lesson he has he>d1 8= fe> ( annoy+ him40 ,x is necess>y t he le>n ev]y?+ :ile play+4 ,if he has faults1 he mu/ n be told ( !m1 save ) precaution1 8= fe> ( hurt+ 8 feel+s40 ,fnelon is decid$ly too good-natur$1 too mu* giv5 to cajol]y4 ,9 8 ef=t to %un :atev] is repulsive1 he comes to exclude :atev] is labori\s4 ,he falls into an artless pleasantry :5 he dem&s t ! books ( 8 pupil %all be 8beautifully b\nd1 ) gilt edges1 & f9e pictures40 #ahd4 ,,fables ,,& ,,hi/ory4--,fnelon's v decid$ ta/e = agreeable /udies1 det]m9es him to place 9 ! =emo/ rank ( ! *ild's intellectual occupations1 fables & hi/ory1 because n>ratives please ! infant imag9ation above ev]y?+ else4 ,x is ) sacr$ hi/ory especially t he w\ld h ! att5tion occupi$1 always select+ f x 8t :i* pres5ts ! mo/ pleas+ & ! mo/ magnific5t pictures40 ,he prop]ly dem&s1 moreov]1 t ! tea*] 8animate 8 n>rative ) lively & famili> tones1 & s make all 8 *>act]s speak40 ,by ?is means we %all hold ! att5tion ( *ildr5 )\t =c+ x2 8=1 once m10 he says1 8we mu/ be v c>eful n to impose on !m a law to he> & to rememb] ^! n>ratives40 #ahe4 ,,moral ,,& ,,religi\s ,,education4--,contr>y to ,r\sseau's notions1 ,fnelon requires t *ildr5 %\ld e>ly h _! att5tion turn$ to moral & religi\s tru?s4 ,he w\ld h ?is in/ruction giv5 9 ! concrete1 by means ( examples drawn f exp]i5ce4 ,we ne$ n fe> to speak to !m ( ,god z a v5]able old man1 ) :ite be>d1 etc4 ,:atev] ( ! sup]/iti\s !re may be 9 ^! conceptions adapt$ to ! infant imag9ation w be correct$ aft]w>ds by ! reason4 ,x is to be not$1 moreov]1 t a religion ( extremes is n :at ,fnelon desires4 ,he fe>s all exagg]ations1 ev5 t ( piety4 ,:at he dem&s is a temp]$ devotion1 a reasonable ,*ri/ianity4 ,he is suspici\s ( false miracles4 8,accu/om girls10 he says1 8n to accept ?\ghtlessly c]ta9 unau?oriz$ n>rations1 & n to practise c]ta9 =ms ( devotion introduc$ by an indiscreet zeal40 ,b possibly1 )\t int5d+ x1 ,fnelon himself is prep>+ ! way = ! sup]/ition he combats1 :51 = ! purpose ( indoctr9at+ ! *ild ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( religion1 he pres5ts to him ! notion ( ,god "u s5sible =ms1 & speaks to him ( a p>adise :]e all is ( gold & preci\s /ones4 #ahf4 ,,/udies ,,prop] ,,= ,,wom54--,s f>1 we h not$ 9 ,fnelon's "w only g5]al precepts applicable to boys & girls alike4 ,b 9 ! la/ "p ( 8 "w1 ,fnelon treats especially ( wom5's own "w1 ( ! qualities peculi>ly _! own1 ( _! duties1 & ( ! k9d ( in/ruction !y ne$ 9 ord] to fulfill !m4 ,no "o knew bett] ?an ,fnelon ! faults t come to woman ?r\gh ignorance1--unre/1 unemploy$ "t1 inability to apply h]self to solid & s]i\s duties1 frivolity1 indol5ce1 lawless imag9ation1 indiscreet curiosity conc]n+ trifles1 levity1 & talkativ5ess1 s5tim5talism1 &1 :at is rem>kable ) a fri5d ( ,madame ,guyon1 a mania = !ology3 8,wom5 are too mu* incl9$ to speak decisively on religi\s que/ions40 ,:at does ,fnelon propose z a corrective ( ^! mis*iev\s t5d5cies8 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! plan ( in/ruction :i* he proposes is /ill insuffici5t1 & t x sc>cely accords ) ! ideal z we conceive x to-day4 8,keep "y girls10 he says1 8)9 ! common b\nds1 & tea* !m t !re %\ld be = _! sex a mode/y ) respect to k almo/ z delicate z t inspir$ by ! horror ( vice40 ,is n ?is ! same z decl>+ t k is n int5d$ = wom51 & t x is repugnant to _! delicate nature8 ,:5 ,fnelon tells u t a "y girl ought to le>n to read & write correctly 7& obs]ve t acc\nt is tak5 only ( ! daught]s ( ! nobility & ( ! weal?y middle classes72 :5 he adds1 let h] also le>n gramm>1 we c inf] f ^! pu]ile prescriptions1 t ,fnelon does n exact any great ?+s f wom5 9 ! way ( k4 ,& yet1 su* z x is1 ?is programme surpass$1 9 ! "t ( ,fnelon1 ! receiv$ cu/om1 & con/itut$ a sub/antial progress4 ,x 0 to /ate an excell5t pr9ciple1 ^: consequ5ces %\ld h be5 m fully analyz$1 to dem& t wom5 %\ld le>n all t is necess>y = !m to "k1 9 ord] to br+ up _! *ildr54 ,fnelon %\ld also be comm5d$ = hav+ recomm5d$ to "y wom5 ! read+ ( pr(ane au?ors4 ,he :o _h be5 n\ri%$ on su* lit]ature1 :o 01 s to speak1 b a ,greek turn$ ,*ri/ian1 :o knew ,hom] s p]fectly z to write ! ,telema*us1 c\ld n1 )\t bely+ himself1 advise aga9/ ! /udies f :i* he _h d]iv$ s mu* pleasure & pr(it4 ,he also recogniz$ ! utility ( hi/ory1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,he grants a place to poetry & eloqu5ce1 provid$ an elim9ation be made ( :atev] w\ld be dang]\s to purity ( morals4 ,:at we compreh5d less easily is t he condemns1 z sev]ely z he does1 music1 :i*1 he says1 8furni%es div]sions t are poison\s40 ,b ^! faults1 ?is mi/ru/ ( too high an intellectual culture1 ought n to prev5t u f admir+ ! ,education ( ,girls4 ,let u be grateful to ,fnelon = hav+ resi/$1 9 "p1 ! prejudices ( a p]iod :5 "y wom5 7 condemn$ by _! sex to an almo/ absolute ignorance2 = hav+ decl>$ t he w\ld foll[ a c\rse contr>y 8to t ( al>m & ( a sup]ficial culture ( ! intellig5ce02 & f9ally1 = hav+ writt5 a book1 all ! g5]\s inspirations ( :i* ,madame de ,ma9t5on h]self has n caught2 & ( :i* we may say1 f9ally1 t almo/ ev]y?+ t x conta9s is excell5t1 & t x is defective only 9 :at x does n conta94 #ahg4 ,,madame ,,de ,,lamb]t 7#afdg-agcc74--;,fnelon1 z an educator ( wom51 0 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool4 ,f ,roll9 to ,madame de ,g5lis1 h[ _m tea*]s h be5 inspir$ by him6 ,b 9 ! front rank ( 8 pupils we mu/ place ,madame de ,lamb]t4 ,9 h] ,c\nsels to h] ,son 7#agja71 & especially 9 h] ,c\nsels to h] ,daught] 7#agbh71 %e has tak5 up ! tradition ( ,fnelon ) great] bread? & fre$om ( _s4 8,z discreet z he ) respect to works ( ! imag9ation1 ( :i* %e fe>s t ! read+ may inflame ! m9d20 m sev]e1 ev51 ?an he t[>ds ,rac9e1 ^: "n %e seems to hesitate to pron\nce2 dispos$ to exclude h] daught] f 8plays1 repres5tations t move ! passions1 music1 poetry1--all belong+ to ! ret9ue ( pleasure1--9 o!r respects1 ,madame de ,lamb]t takes prec$5ce & surpasses h] ma/]0 7,grard74 ,%e reproa*es ,molire = hav+ ab&on$ wom5 to idl5ess1 pa/ime1 & pleasure4 ,%e loves hi/ory1 especially ! hi/ory ( ,france1 8:i* no "o is p]mitt$ n to "k40 ,f9ally1 )\t ent]+ into ! details ( h] prote/s1 %e makes a p[]ful plea = ! cause ( woman's education2 %e already belongs to ! eighte5? c5tury4 #ahh4 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,b\rgogne4--,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ,fnelon did n make an application ( 8 ideas on education till aft] he _h set !m =? 9 a !oretical treatise4 ,! education ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne p]mitt$ him to make a practical te/ ( ! rules e/abli%$ 9 ! ,education ( ,girls4 ,no?+ is ( m int]e/ to ! hi/orian ( p$agogy ?an ! /udy ( t pr9cely education into :i* ,fnelon put all 8 m9d & he>t1 & :i*1 by its results1 at once brilliant & insuffici5t1 exhibits ! m]its & ! faults ( 8 plan ( education4 #ahi4 ,,happy ,,results4--,! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne ) 8 active intellig5ce1 & also ) 8 impetu\s1 indocile "*1 & 8 fits ( passion1 0 j ! pupil = ! tea*] :o reli$ on indirect in/ruction4 ,x w\ld h be5 unwise to indoctr9ate ) heavy didactic lessons a _s s impetu\s4 ,?r\gh tact & indu/ry1 ,fnelon succe$$ 9 captivat+ ! att5tion ( ! pr9ce1 & 9 skillfully ins9uat+ into 8 m9d kn[l$ges t he w\ld probably h reject$1 _h !y be5 pres5t$ to x 9 a sci5tific & p$antic =m4 8,i h nev] se5 a *ild10 says ,fnelon1 8:o s readily und]/ood ! f9e/ ?+s ( poetry & eloqu5ce40 ,d\btless ! happy nature ( ! pr9ce contribut$ a l>ge "p t[>ds ^! results2 b ! art ( ,fnelon _h also its %>e 9 ! f9al acc\nt4 #aij4 ,,moral ,,lessons2 ,,! ,,fables4--,h[ %all morals be taught to a viol5t & passionate *ild8 ,fnelon did n ?9k ( prea*+ f9e s]mons to him2 b pres5t$ to him1 "u ! =m ( ,fables1 ! moral precepts t he wi%$ to inculcate4 ,! ,fables ( ,fnelon c]ta9ly h n1 z a :ole1 a l>ge lit]>y value2 b1 to =m a j appreciation ( !m1 we mu/ recollect t _! m]it is especially to be se5 9 ! circum/ances att5d+ _! composition4 ,compos$ f day to day1 !y 7 adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( ! life ( ! "y pr9ce2 !y 7 fill$ ) allusions to 8 faults & 8 virtues1 & !y convey$ to him1 at ! favorable mom5t1 "u ! veil ( a pleas+ fiction1 ! comm5dation or ! c5sure t he des]v$4 8,"o might10 says ! ,c>d9al de ,bausset1 8foll[ ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* ^! pieces 7 compos$1 by comp>+ !m ) ! progress :i* age & in/ruction mu/ h made 9 ! education ( ! pr9ce40 ,! apologues1 ev5 ) _! v g5]al morals1 w always h _! value & place 9 ! education ( *ildr54 ,:at %all be said ( ! fables 9 :i* ! moral1 :olly individual1 0 address$ exclusively to ! pupil = :om !y 7 writt51 ei!r on acc\nt ( "s p]v]sity t he let come to ! surface1 or ( a ris+ virtue t _h be5 manife/$ 9 8 conduct8 ,x is ?us t ! fable call$ ,! ,caprici\s pres5t$ to ! "y duke ! picture ( 8 fits ( passion1 & taught him to correct himself2 t ( ! ,bee & ! ,fly rem9d$ him t ! mo/ brilliant qualities s]ve no good purpose )\t mod]ation4 ,"o day1 9 a fit ( ang]1 ! pr9ce s f> =got himself z to say to ,fnelon1 :o 0 reprov+ him3 8,no1 no1 ,sir6 ,i "k :o ,i am1 & :o y are60 ,! next day1 d\btless 9 response to ?is explosion ( pr9cely self-conceit1 ,fnelon _h him read ! fable entitl$ ,bac*us & ! ,faun3 8,z ,bac*us c\ld n abide a malici\s je]] always ready to make sport ( 8 expressions t 7 n correct & elegant1 he said to him 9 a fi]y & important tone3 #8,h[ d>e y je] ! son ( ,jupit]8' ,! ,faun repli$ )\t emotion3 #8,alas6 h[ does ! son ( ,jupit] d>e to commit any fault8'0 ,c]ta9 fables1 ( a m elevat$ tone ?an ! o!rs1 are n design$ simply to correct ! faults ( *ildr52 !y prep>e ! pr9ce = ! ex]cise ( gov]nm5t4 ,?us1 ! fable ( ! ,bees disclos$ to him ! beauties ( an indu/ri\s ,/ate1 & "o :]e ord] reigns2 ! ,nile & ! ,ganges taught him love = ! p1 8compassion = humanity1 h>ass$ & suff]+40 ,f9ally1 f ea* ( ^! fables !re issu$ a s]i\s lesson "u ! pleas+ ext]ior ( a witticism2 & m ?an once1 9 read+ !m1 ! pr9ce d\btless felt an emotion ( pleasure or ( %ame1 z he recogniz$ himself 9 a comm5dation or 9 a repro( address$ to ! imag9>y p]sonages ( ! ,fables4 #aia4 ,,hi/orical ,,lessons2 ,,! ,,dialogues ,,( ,,! ,,dead4--,x is n alone 9 moral education1 b 9 intellectual education z well1 t ,fnelon resorts to artifice4 ,! +5i\s preceptor has employ$ fiction 9 all its =ms ! bett] to compass & dom9ate ! _s ( 8 pupil4 ,!re are ! fables = moral in/ruction1 ! dialogues = ! /udy ( hi/ory1 & f9ally1 ! epope 9 ! ,telema*us1 = ! political education ( ! heir to ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,! ,dialogues ( ! ,dead put on ! /age m5 ( all c\ntries & conditions1 ,*>les ! ,fif? & a monk ( ,sa9t-,j1 ,ari/otle & ,desc>tes1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,p\ss91 ,cs> & ,alex&]4 ,hi/ory prop]1 lit]ature1 philosophy1 ! arts1 7 ! subjects ( conv]sations compos$1 z 9 ! ,fables1 at diff]5t int]vals1 accord+ to ! progress & ! ne$s ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne4 ,^! 7 attractive pictures t came f "t to "t to be introduc$ into ! s*eme = ! didactic /udy ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 only = :at !y 7 int5d$ to be1--! pleas+ complem5t to a regul> & consecutive c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,fnelon knew bett] ?an any "o else t hi/ory is int]e/+ 9 itself1 & t to make ! /udy ( x int]e/+1 x is suffici5t to pres5t x to ! *ildi% imag9ation ) cle>ness1 ) vivacity1 & ) feel+4 #aib4 ,,v>iety ,,( ,,discipl9>y ,,ag5ts4--,! education ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne is ! practical application ( ,fnelon's pr9ciples z to ! necessity ( employ+ an ins9uat+ g5tl5ess r ?an an au?ority :i* dryly comm&s4 ,!re are to be no s]mons1 no lectures1 b indirect means ( moral in/ruction4 ,! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne 0 irascible4 ,in/ead ( read+ to him ,s5eca's treatise ,on ,ang]1 ?is is ,fnelon's device3 ,"o morn+ he has a cab9et-mak] come to 8 ap>tm5ts1 :om he has in/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,! pr9ce ent]s1 /ops1 & looks at ! tools4 8,g ab\t y\r bus9ess1 ,sir10 cries ! workman1 :o assumes a mo/ ?reat5+ air1 8= ,i am n responsible = :at ,i may d2 :5 ,i am 9 a passion1 ,i break ! arms & legs ( ^? :om ,i meet40 ,we guess ! conclusion ( ! /ory1 & h[1 by ?is exp]im5tal me?od1 ,fnelon contrives to tea* ! pr9ce to gu>d aga9/ ang] & its effects4 ,:5 indirect means did n answ]1 ,fnelon employ$ o!rs4 ,x is ?us t he made frequ5t appeals to ! self-love ( 8 pupil2 he rem9d$ him ( :at he ow$ to 8 "n & to ! hopes ( ,france4 ,he _h him record 8 ^w ( honor t he w\ld behave well3 8,i promise ! ,abb ,fnelon1 on ! ^w ( a pr9ce1 t ,i w obey him1 & t1 9 case ,i break my ^w1 ,i w submit to any k9d ( puni%m5t & di%onor4 ,giv5 at ,v]sailles1 ?is #bi? day ( ,novemb]1 #afhi4 ,sign$3 ,l\is40 ,at o!r times ,fnelon appeal$ to 8 feel+s1 & conqu]$ him by 8 t5d]ness & goodness4 ,x is 9 su* mom5ts ( t5d] confid5ce t ! pr9ce said to him1 8,i leave ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne outside ! door1 & ) y ,i am b ! little ,l\is40 ,f9ally1 at o!r times1 ,fnelon resort$ to ! h>%e/ puni%m5ts2 he seque/]$ him1 took away 8 books1 & int]dict$ all conv]sation4 #aic4 ,,div]sifi$ ,,in/ruction4--,by turns s]i\s & t5d]1 mild & sev]e1 9 8 moral discipl9e1 ,fnelon 0 n less v]satile 9 8 me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,8 dom9ant preoccupation 0 to div]sify /udies--! t]m is 8 own4 ,if a giv5 subject ( /udy 0 di/a/eful to 8 pupil1 ,fnelon pass$ to ano!r4 ,al?\gh ! success ( 8 tutor%ip seems to be a ju/ification ( 8 c\rse1 !re is gr\nd = ?9k+ t1 z a g5]al rule1 ,fnelon's precept is debatable1 & t 8 example %\ld n be foll[$ by mak+ an ov]-use ( amusem5t & agreeable v>iety4 ,fnelon has too (t5 made /udies pu]ile ?r\gh 8 attempts to make !m agreeable4 #aid4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,b\rgogne4--,x seems l a p>adox to say t ,fnelon 0 too successful 9 8 educational apo/le%ip2 & yet ?is is ! tru?4 ,"u 8 h&--8! able/ h& t ev] 010 says ,sa9t ,simon--! pr9ce became 9 all respects ! image ( 8 ma/]4 ,he 0 a bigot to ! ext5t ( be+ unwill+ to att5d a royal ball because t worldly ent]ta9m5t co9cid$ ) ! religi\s celebration ( ! ,epiphany2 he 0 r a monk ?an a k+2 he 0 de/itute ( all _s ( initiative & lib]ty1 irresolute1 absorb$ 9 8 pi\s erudition & my/ic pray]s2 f9ally1 he 0 ano!r ,telema*us1 :o c\ld n d )\t 8 ,m5tor4 ,fnelon _h monopoliz$ & absorb$ ! w ( 8 pupil4 ,he _h =gott5 t ! purpose ( education is to =m1 n a pale copy1 an image ( ! ma/]1 b a man indep5d5t & free1 capable ( suffic+ = himself4 #aie4 ,,! ,,telema*us4--,! ,telema*us1 compos$ f #afid to #afih1 0 design$ = ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne2 b he 0 n to read x1 & did n read x1 9 fact1 till aft] 8 m>riage4 ,?r\gh ?is epope 9 prose1 ?is romance borr[$ f ,hom]1 ,fnelon purpos$ to cont9ue ! moral education ( 8 pupil4 ,b ! book ab\nds 9 s]mons4 8,i c\ld h wi%$10 said ,boileau1 8t ! ,abb _h made 8 ,m5tor a little less a prea*]1 & t ! moral ( ! book c\ld h be5 di/ribut$ a little m imp]ceptibly1 & ) m art40 ,at lea/1 !y are beautiful & excell5t s]mons1 aim$ aga9/ luxury1 ! _s ( conque/1 ! consequ5ces ( absolute p[]1 & aga9/ ambition & w>4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 _h probably read ! ,telema*us1 & _h compreh5d$ ! allusions conceal$ 9 ! description ( ! ,republic ( ,sal5tum1 :5 he said ( ,fnelon t he 0 8! mo/ *im]ical _s 9 8 k+dom40 ,besides ! moral lesson int5d$ = pr9ces1 ! ,telema*us also conta9s bold reflections on political que/ions4 ,= example1 note ! conception ( a sy/em ( public in/ruction1 v new = ! "t3 8,*ildr5 belong less to _! p>5ts ?an to ! ,republic1 & ought to be educat$ by ! ,/ate4 ,!re %\ld be e/abli%$ public s*ools 9 :i* are taught ! fe> ( ,god1 love ( c\ntry1 & respect = ! laws40 #aif4 ,,bossuet ,,& ,f,,nelon4--,bossuet1 z preceptor ( ! ,dauph91#abf 0 f> f hav+ ! same success z ,fnelon4 ,no?+ 0 ov]look$1 h[ev]1 9 ! education ( ! son ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 & ! ,lett] to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi4 7#afgi71 9 :i* ,bossuet pres5ts 8 s*eme ( /udy1 gives pro( ( high fitness = educational "w4 ,he recomm5ds assidu\s labor1 no leaves ( abs5ce1 & play m+l$ ) /udy4 8,a *ild mu/ play & enjoy himself10 he says4 ,emulation excit$ by ! pres5ce ( o!r *ildr51 :o came to compete ) ! pr9ce2 a ?or\gh read+ ( ! ,lat9 au?ors1 expla9$1 n 9 fragm5ts1 z ) ! ,jesuits1 b 9 complete texts2 a c]ta9 bread? ( _s1 s9ce ! /udy ( ! comic poets--( ,t]5ce 9 p>ticul>--0 expressly recomm5d$2 a famili>ity ) ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 8especially ) ! div9e ,hom]02 ! gramm> le>n$ 9 ,fr5*2 hi/ory1 8! mi/ress ( human life10 /udi$ ) ardor1 & pres5t$1 fir/1 9 its p>ticul> facts1 9 ! lessons :i* ! ,dauph9 drew up1 & !n 9 its g5]al laws1 ! _s ( :i* has be5 transmitt$ to u 9 ! ,disc\rse on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory2 geography le>n$ 8:ile play+ & mak+ imag9>y j\rneys02 philosophy2 & f9ally ! sci5ces1 brilliantly pres5t$1--) su* a programme1 & "u su* a ma/]1 x seems t ! ,dauph9 ought to h be5 a /ud5t ( ! highe/ rank2 b he rema9$ a m$iocre pupil1 8absorb$10 to use ,sa9t ,simon's expression1 89 8 own fat & gloom40 ,x mu/ c]ta9ly be ackn[l$g$ t1 not)/&+ 8 excell5t int5tions1 ,bossuet 0 9 "p responsible = ! fact t ^! results 7 insuffici5t1 or1 r1 nil4 ,he did n "k h[ 8to condesc5d10 z ,montaigne says1 8to ! boyi% ways ( 8 pupil40 ,9 deal+ ) him he proce$$ on too high a plane4 8,! au/]e g5ius ( ,bossuet10 says ,h5ry ,m>t91 8did n "k h[ to become small ) ! small40 ,bossuet lack$ 9 flexibility & tact1 precisely ! qualities t *>act]iz$ ,fnelon4 ,bossuet1 9 education1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 is gr&eur1 noble & sublime be>+2 ,fnelon1 z preceptor1 is address1 ins9uat+ grace4 ,t :i* dom9ates 9 ! "o is au?ority1 a maje/y almo/ icy2 t :i* con/itutes ! *>m ( ! o!r is v]satility1 a p]suasive g5tl5ess1 a p5etrat+ t5d]ness4 ,to be j1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be add$ t ! faults 7 n all on ,bossuet's side4 ,9 t education1 /amp$ ) failure1 ! pupil 0 ! great culprit1 ) 8 ungrateful & rebelli\s nature4 8,my "l has mu* _s10 said a c\rti]1 8b he has x conceal$40 ,= "o n a c\rti]1 does x n am\nt to ! same ?+ to h "o's _s conceal$ & to h none at all8 #aig4 ,,sph]e ,,& ,,limits ,,( ,,education4--,x seems t1 on "o page ( ! ,education ( ,girls1 ,fnelon has trac$ 9 advance1 & by a sort ( div9ation1 ! p>allels ( ! two educations ( ! ,dauph9 & ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne respectively4 ,h[ c we fail to recognize ! anticipat$ portrait ( ,fnelon's future pupil 9 ?is passage1 writt5 9 #afhj8 8,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 t ( all ! difficulties 9 education1 none is comp>able to t ( br++ up *ildr5 :o are lack+ 9 s5sibility4 ,! naturally quick & s5sitive are capable ( t]rible mi/akes1--passion & presumption d s betray !m6 ,b !y h also great res\rces1 & :5 f> gone (t5 come to !mselves4 ,in/ruction is a g]m conceal$ )9 !m1 :i* />ts1 & sometimes be>s fruit1 :5 exp]i5ce comes to ! aid ( k1 & ! passions lose _! p[]4 ,at lea/1 we "k h[ to make !m att5tive1 & to awak5 _! curiosity4 ,we h ! means ( int]e/+ !m1 & ( /imulat+ !m ?r\gh _! s5se ( honor2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we c ga9 no hold on indol5t natures40 ,on ! o!r h&1 all t foll[s applies p]fectly to ! ,dauph91 ! indocile pupil ( ,bossuet3-- 8 444 ,all ! ?\ghts ( ^! are di/ractions2 !y are nev] :]e !y ought to be2 !y _c be t\*$ to ! quick ev5 by corrections2 !y he> ev]y?+ & feel no?+4 ,?is indol5ce makes ! pupil neglig5t1 & disgu/s him ) :atev] he does4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! be/ plann$ education runs ! risk ( failure4444 ,_m p1 :o ?9k sup]ficially1 conclude f ?is poor success t nature does all = ! production ( m5 ( m]it1 & t education has no "p 9 ! result2 b ! only conclusion to be drawn f ! case is1 t !re are natures l ungrateful soils1 ^u :i* culture has b little effect40#abg ,no?+ bett] c be said1 & ,fnelon has admirably summ$ up ! lesson t %\ld be drawn f ^! two pr9cely illu/rations ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,if ! sorry results ( ,bossuet's ef=ts %\ld inspire ! educator ) "s mode/y1 & prove to him t ! be/ gra9 does n gr[ 9 an +rate soil1 is n ! brilliant education ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne1 :i* develop$ almo/ all ! virtues 9 a s\l :]e nature seem$ to h plant$ ! se$s ( all ! vices1 ( a nature to increase ! confid5ce ( tea*]s1 & %[ !m :at c be done by ! art ( a %rewd & able tea*]8 #aih4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,education z a pla/ic art has nev] be5 exhibit$ 9 a m favorable light ?an 9 ?is hi/ory ( ,fnelon's tea*+2 & p]haps ! resi/ance t sometimes sets at defiance ! tea*]'s art c\ld n be bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! case ( ,bossuet's royal pupil4 #b4 ,^! two hi/orical illu/rations also exhibit ! play ( ! two factors t ent] into education1--nature & art4 ,fnelon's tea*+ illu/rates ! pot5cy ( human art 9 controll+1 modify+1 almo/ re-creat+ a "w ( nature4 ,! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne 0 almo/ re-made to ord]4 #c4 ,"h is also an illu/ri\s example ( ! attempt to make education a pa/ime1 to dive/ x ( all con/ra9t1 to make le>n+ run p>allel ) ! pupil's incl9ations4 ,9 ! natural recoil f a dry & =mal tea*+ t _h to be en=c$ aga9/ ! pupil's w1 x is sometimes =gott5 t a l>ge "p ( life's duties lie outside ( our incl9ations4 #d4 ,! policy ( lead+ pupils at su* a di/ance t !y seem to !mselves to be foll[+ _! own initiative1 is "o ( ! highe/ ( ! tea*]'s arts4 #e4 ,! inculcation ( moral lessons ?r\gh fables1 aft] ,fnelon's plan1 is a practice t mod]n tea*+ might pr(itably adopt4 ,,footnotes3 #abc ,son ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 born ,aug4 #f1 #afhb2 di$ ,feb4 #ah1 #agab4 #abd ,see ! ,advice ( ,fnelon1 ,ar*bi%op ,cambray1 to a lady ( quality on ! education ( h] daught]4 #abe ,= an example ( ?is 8artifice0 c>ri$ to ! extreme ( absurdity1 see ,miss ,wor?+ton's translation ( ! mile1 p4 #acc4 7,p47 #abf ,elde/ son ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 born ,nov4 #a1 #affa2 di$ ,april #ad1 #agaa4 #abg ,education ( ,girls1 ,*ap4 ,v4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,philosoph]s ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 ,,desc>tes1 ,,malebran*e1 ,,locke4 ,,desc>tes1 ,,malebran*e1 ,,locke2 ,,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej72 ,,! ,,disc\rse ,,( ,,me?od2 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,curr5t ,,education2 ,,great ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,mod]n ,,p$agogy2 ,,objective ,,& ,,subjective ,,p$agogy2 ,,malebran*e 7#afch-agae72 ,,s5se ,,in/ruction ,,condemn$2 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t2 ,,locke 7#afcb-agjd72 ,,! ,,?\ghts ,,conc]n+ ,,education2 ,,physical ,,education2 ,,! ,,h>d5+ ,,process2 ,,hygi5ic ,,p>adoxes2 ,,moral ,,education ,,m ,,important ,,?an ,,in/ruction2 ,,s5se ,,( ,,honor ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,moral ,,discipl9e2 ,,condemnation ,,( ,,corporal ,,puni%m5t2 ,,intellectual ,,education2 ,,utilit>ian ,,/udies2 ,,programme ,,( ,,/udies2 ,,attractive ,,/udies2 ,,%\ld ,a ,,trade ,,be ,,le>n$8 ,,work+ ,,s*ools2 ,,locke ,,& ,,r\sseau2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #aii4 ,,desc>tes1 ,,malebran*e1 ,,& ,,locke4--,desc>tes1 a spirituali/2 ,malebran*e1 an ideali/2 ,locke1 a s5sationali/1--su* are ! philosoph]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury :o are relat$ to ! hi/ory ( p$agogy4 ,& yet ! fir/ two h only a remote connection ) x1 ?r\gh _! exposition ( "s ( its g5]al pr9ciples4 ,locke is ! only "o :o has resolutely approa*$ educational que/ions 9 a special treatise t has become a classic 9 ,engli% p$agogy4 #bjj4 ,,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej74--;,desc>tes1 ! fa!r ( mod]n philosophy1 does n g5]ally figure 9 ! li/s drawn up by ! hi/orians ( education2 & yet1 9 our op9ion1 !re is no ?9k] :o has ex]cis$ a m decisive influ5ce on ! de/9ies ( education4 ,! au?or ( ! ,disc\rse ( ,me?od has1 prop]ly speak+1 no sy/em ( p$agogy1 hav+ nev] directly treat$ ( educational affairs2 b ?r\gh 8 philosophical pr9ciples he has *ang$ ! direction ( human ?\ght1 & has introduc$ into ! /udy ( kn[n tru?s1 z well z into ! se>* = new tru?s1 a me?od & a ta/e = cle>ness & precision1 :i* h pr(it$ in/ruction 9 all ( its dep>tm5ts4 8,we n[ f9d10 says ,roll91 89 ! disc\rses f ! pulpit & ! b>1 & 9 ! diss]tations on sci5ce1 an ord]1 an exactness1 a propriety1 & a solidity1 :i* 7 =m]ly n s common4 ,_m believe1 & n )\t reason1 t we owe ?is mann] ( ?9k+ & writ+ to ! extraord9>y progress :i* has be5 made )9 a a c5tury 9 ! /udy ( philosophy40#abh #bja4 ,,! ,,disc\rse ,,( ,,me?od 7#afcg74--;,e sy/em ( philosophy conta9s 9 g]m a special sy/em ( education4 ,f ! m]e fact t philosoph]s def9e1 ea* 9 8 own way1 ! nature & ! de/9y ( man1 !y come to diff]5t conclusions z to ! aims & me?ods ( education4 ,only a few ( !m h tak5 pa9s to d$uce f _! pr9ciples ! consequ5ces t are involv$ 9 !m2 b all ( !m1 :e!r !y w or no1 are educators4 ,su* is ! case ( ,desc>tes4 ,9 writ+1 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,disc\rse ( ,me?od1 8 ,consid]ations ,t\*+ ! ,sci5ces1 ,desc>tes has writt5 a *apt] on practical p$agogy1 & ?r\gh ! g5]al rules ( 8 logic1 he has1 9 effect1 f\nd$ a new !ory ( education4 #bjb4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,curr5t ,,education4--,desc>tes has giv5 a long acc\nt ( ! education :i* he _h receiv$ among ! ,jesuits1 at ! college ( ,la ,fl*e1 & ?is acc\nt furni%$ him occasion1 ei!r to criticize ! me?ods 9 use1 or to indicate 8 p]sonal views & 8 educational pref]5ces4 8,f my infancy lett]s h be5 my intellectual n\ri%m5t4444 ,b z soon z ,i _h complet$ ! c\rse ( /udy requir$ = ! doctor's degree1 ,i f\nd myself emb>rass$ ) s _m d\bts & errors t x seem$ to me t ,i _h receiv$ no o!r pr(it f my ef=ts at le>n+ ?an ! discov]y ( my gr[+ ignorance40 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ,desc>tes asc]ta9$ t 8 /udies1 ?\gh pursu$ ) ardor = eight ye>s 9 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ s*ools ( ,europe1 _h n p]mitt$ him to acquire 8a cle> & sure k ( all t is useful = liv+40 ,?is 0 to condemn ! b>r5 tea*+ & ! =mal in/ruction ( ! ,jesuits4 ,pass+ 9 review ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! in/ruction1 ,desc>tes fir/ rem>ks t x 0 wrong to make an abuse ( ! read+ ( anci5t books2 =1 to hold conv]se ) ! m5 ( o!r c5turies 8is ab\t ! same z travell+2 & :5 we sp5d too mu* "t 9 travell+1 we become /rang]s 9 our own c\ntry40 ,!n he compla9s t he 0 n made to "k 8! true use ( ma!matics10 s9ce he _h be5 %[n _! application only to ! me*anic arts4 ,he ne>ly condemns rhetoric & poetics1 s9ce eloqu5ce & poetry are 8intellectual gifts r ?an ! fruits ( /udy40 ,! anci5t languages--& 9 ?is he gravely deceives himself--seem to him useful only = ! und]/&+ ( au?ors4 ,he does n admit t ! /udy ( ,lat9 or ,greek c contribute to intellectual developm5t4 ,f ^! reflections !re seems to issue ! notion ( an in/ruction m solid1 m positive1 m directly useful = ! purposes ( life1 ?an t :i* _h be5 br\ght into fa%ion by ! ,jesuits4 ,h[ev]1 ,desc>tes does n elim9ate ! ord9>y /udies1 z eloqu5ce1 8:i* has incomp>able p[] & beauty02 poetry1 8:i* has an en*ant+ t5d]ness & melody02 ! read+ ( ! classics1 :i* is 8a /udi$ conv]sation ) ! mo/ e/imable m5 ( pa/ c5turies02 hi/ory1 8:i* =ms ! judgm5t02 fables1 ^: 8*>m ar\ses ! _s40 ,b he w\ld give to all ^! ex]cises a m practical turn1 a m utilit>ian "*1 a m positive application4 #bjc4 ,,great ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,mod]n ,,p$agogy4--,)\t int5d+ x1 )\t any o!r ?\ght ?an t ( modify+ ! false direction ( ! m9d 9 ! se>* = sci5tific tru?1 ,desc>tes has /at$ "s ( ! great pr9ciples ( mod]n p$agogy4 ,! fir/ is ! equal aptitude ( m9ds to "k & compreh5d4 8,good s5se10 says ,desc>tes1 8is ! ?+ ( all else 9 ?is _w t is mo/ equally di/ribut$4#abi 444 ,! lat5t ability to judge well1 to di/+ui% ! true f ! false1 is naturally equal among all m540 ,:at is ?is b say+ t all m5 are entitl$ to in/ruction8 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 :at are ! innum]able prim>y s*ools scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! civiliz$ globe1 b ! application & ! liv+ comm5t>y ( ,desc>tes' ideas on ! equal di/ribution ( good s5se & reason among m58 ,b1 adds ,desc>tes1 8x is n en\gh to h a s\nd m9d2 ! pr9cipal ?+ is to make a good use ( x40 ,9 o!r words1 nature is n suffici5t 9 h]self2 %e ne$s to be guid$ & direct$4 ,me?od is ! ess5tial ?+2 x has a sov]eign importance4 ,success w dep5d less on natural qualities1 su* z imag9ation1 memory1 quickness ( ?\ght1 ?an ^u ! rules ( intellectual direction impos$ on ! m9d4 ,education has a f> great] "p ?an nature 9 ! =mation & developm5t ( accurate & upright intellig5ces4 ,ano!r ,c>tesian pr9ciple is ! sub/itution ( free inquiry & reflective conviction = bl9d beliefs f\nd$ ^u au?ority4 ,desc>tes promulgat$ ?is fam\s rule ( 8 me?od3 8,! fir/ precept is1 nev] to receive any?+ = true t ,i d n "k1 ^u evid5ce1 to be su*2 444 & to comprise no m )9 my judgm5ts ?an :at is pres5t$ s cle>ly & di/9ctly to my m9d t ,i h no occasion to call x 9 "q40 ,9 ?is decl>ation he has n only re=m$ sci5ce & revolutioniz$ philosophy1 b has bani%$ f ! s*ool ! old r\t9e1 ! me*anical processes & ex]cises ( pure memory1 & has made a dem& = rational me?ods t excite ! intellig5ce1 awak5 cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & provoke judgm5t & reflection4 ,( c\rse1 x is n propos$ to make a little ,desc>tes out ( e *ild1 despoil+ him ( receiv$ beliefs 9 ord] to con/ruct p]sonal op9ions de novo2 b ! rule ( evid5ce1 appli$ ) mod]ation & discretion1 is none ! less an excell5t p$agogical precept1 :i* w nev] be disall[$ by ^? :o wi% to make ( ! *ild some?+ m ?an a m]e ma*9e4 #bjd4 ,,objective ,,& ,,subjective ,,p$agogy4--,we h n[ rea*$ a place :]e we may call into notice two diff]5t t5d5cies1 equally legitimate1 :i* we %all f9d1 ) exagg]ations t compromise _! utility1 9 ! practice ( mod]n tea*]s4 ,!re are ^? :o wi% above all to develop ! intellig5ce2 & !re are o!rs :o are preoccupi$ ) furni%+ ! m9d ) a /ock ( positive k4 ,! fir/ conceive in/ruction z tak+ place1 z x 71 ?r\gh :at is )91 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ! int]nal qualities ( precision & measure2 ! o!rs are preoccupi$ only ) ! in/ruction t takes place ?r\gh :at is )\t1 ?r\gh an ext5d$ erudition1 ?r\gh an accumulation ( kn[l$ges4 ,9 a ^w1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 "s affect a subjective p$agogy1 & o!rs an objective p$agogy4 ,bacon is ( ! latt] numb]4 ,t :i* preoccupies ! great ,engli% logician above ev]y?+ else is ! ext5sion ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 8,to reason )\t kn[+ any?+ ( t :i* we reason ^u10 he says1 8is z if we 7 to weigh or measure ! w9d40 ,desc>tes1 h[ev]1 :o has nev] neglect$ ! /udy ( facts1 e/eems !m less z mat]ial to be accumulat$ 9 ! m9d1 ?an z in/rum5ts = tra9+ ! m9d itself4 ,he w\ld h repudiat$ ^? tea*]s ( our day :o seem to ?9k ! :ole ?+ is done :5 !re has be5 made to pass be=e ! m5tal vision ( ! *ild an int]m9able s]ies ( object-lessons1 )\t ! ?\ght ( develop+ t intellig5ce itself4 #bje4 ,,malebran*e 7#afch-agae74--,we mu/ n expect great p$agogical wisdom f a my/ical dream] & resolute ideali/1 :o has imag9$ ! vision ( all ?+s 9 ,god4 ,besides1 ,malebran*e has giv5 only a pass+ att5tion to ?+s relat+ to education4 ,! memb] ( a tea*+ congregation1 ! ,oratory1 he has n taught2 & ! :ole ef=t ( 8 m9d 0 sp5t 9 ! se>* = metaphysical tru?4 ,nev]!less1 x is int]e/+ to /op = a mom5t ?is vision>y :o trav]ses ! e>? ) eyes fix$ on ! heav5s1 & inquire ( him :at he ?9ks ( ! v practical "q1 education4 #bjf4 ,,s5se ,,in/ruction ,,condemn$4--,malebran*e w reply to u1 ) ! prejudices ( a metaphysician ( ! ideali/ type1 t ! fir/ ?+ to d is to n\ri% ! *ild on ab/ract tru?s4 ,9 8 view1 s\ls h no age1 s to speak1 & ! infant is already capable ( ideal contemplation4 ,!n let s5se in/ruction be ab&on$1 8= ?is is ! reason :y *ildr5 leave metaphysical ?\ghts1 to apply !mselves to s5sations40 ,is x object$ t ! *ild does n seem v well adapt$ to m$itation on ab/ract tru?s8 ,x is n s mu* ! fault ( nature1 ,malebran*e w reply1 z ( ! bad habits he has contract$4 ,!re is a means ( rem$y+ ?is ord9>y incapacity ( ! *ild4 8,if we kept *ildr5 f fe>1 f desires1 & f hope1 if we did n make !m suff] pa91 if we remov$ !m z f> z possible f _! little pleasures1 !n we might tea* !m1 f ! mom5t !y knew h[ to speak1 ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ ab/ract ?+s1 or at lea/ ! concrete ma!matics1 me*anics40 ,does ,malebran*e hope1 !n1 to suppress1 9 ! life ( ! *ild1 pleasure & pa91 & triumph ov] ! t5d5cies :i* ord9>y education has develop$8 8,z an ambiti\s man :o _h j lo/ 8 =tune & 8 cr$it w\ld n be 9 a condition to resolve que/ions 9 metaphysics or equations 9 algebra1 s *ildr51 on ^: bra9s apples & sug>-plums make z pr(\nd impressions z are made on ^? ( m5 ( =ty ye>s by (fices & titles1 are n 9 a condition to he> ! ab/ract tru?s t are taught !m40 ,consequ5tly1 we mu/ decl>e w> aga9/ ! s5ses1 & exclude1 = example1 all sorts ( s5sible rew>ds4 ,only1 by a s+ul> contradiction1 ,malebran*e upholds mat]ial puni%m5ts 9 ! education ( *ildr54 ,! only ?+ ( s5se he reta9s is ! rod4#acj #bjg4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,environm5t4--,ano!r contradiction m wor?y ( note is1 t1 not)/&+ 8 idealism1 ,malebran*e believes 9 ! influ5ce ( physical conditions on ! developm5t ( ! s\l4 ,he does n g s f> z to say ) ! mat]iali/s ( our "t1 t 8man is :at he eats02 b he accords a c]ta9 am\nt ( influ5ce to n\ri%m5t4 ,he speaks *e]fully ( w9e & ( 8^? wild spirits :o d n will+ly submit to ! ord]s ( ! w40 ,he nev] appli$ himself to "w )\t hav+ p>tak5 ( c(fee4 ,! s\l1 9 8 view1 is n a =ce absolutely indep5d5t & isolat$1 :i* develops ?r\gh an int]nal activity3 8we are b\nd10 he says1 8to ev]y?+1 & /& 9 relations to all t surr\nds u40 #bjh4 ,,locke 7#afcb-agjd74--,locke is above all else a psy*ologi/1 an accompli%$ ma/] 9 ! art ( analyz+ ! orig9 ( ideas & ! elem5ts ( ! m5tal life4 ,he is ! head ( t s*ool ( empirical psy*ology t rallies ar\nd its /&>d1 ,condillac 9 ,france1 ,h]b>t 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,great ,brita9 ,hume & o!r ,scot*m51 & ! mo/ ( mod]n philosoph]s4 ,b f psy*ology to p$agogy ! transition is easy1 & ,locke _h to make no great ef=t to become an au?ority 9 education aft] hav+ be5 an accompli%$ philosoph]4 #bji4 ,,"s ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,education 7#afic74--,! book :i* he publi%$ t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 "u ! mode/ title ,"s ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education1 0 ! summ+ up ( a long exp]i5ce4 ,a /udi\s pupil at ,we/m9/]1 he conceiv$ f 8 e>ly ye>s1 z ,desc>tes did at ,la ,fl*e1 a ke5 s5se ( repugnance = a purely =mal classical in/ruction1 & = language /udies 9 g5]al1 9 :i*1 nev]!less1 he atta9$ di/9ction4 ,a model /ud5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 he !re became an accompli%$ humani/1 not)/&+ ! practical & positive t5d5cy ( 8 m9d t 0 already drawn t[>ds ! natural sci5ces & rese>*es 9 physics & 9 m$ic9e4 ,made ,ba*elor ( ,arts 9 #afef1 & ,ma/] ( ,arts 9 #afeh1 he pass$ directly f ! /ud5t's b5* to ! pr(essor's *air4 ,he 0 successively lectur] & tutor 9 ,greek1 b ?is did n prev5t him lat] f elim9at+ ,hell5ism almo/ completely f 8 s*eme ( lib]al education4 ,!n he became lectur] on rhetoric1 & f9ally on moral philosophy4 ,:51 9 #afff1 he discont9u$ 8 s*ola/ic life to m+le 9 political & diplomatic affairs1 he at lea/ c>ri$ f 8 /udi\s resid5ce at ,ox=d1 ! g]ms ( ! mo/ ( 8 ideas on education4 ,he s\ght occasion to make an application ( !m 9 ! education ( private individuals1 ( :om he 0 ! inspir] & c\nsellor1 if n ! (ficial director4 ,9 ! families ( fri5ds & ho/s t he frequ5t$1 = example1 9 t ( ,"l ,%aftesbury1 he made a close /udy ( *ildr52 & x is 9 /udy+ !m1 & 9 foll[+ ) a sagaci\s eye ! successive /eps ( _! improvem5t 9 disposition & m9d1 t he succe$$ 9 acquir+ t educational exp]i5ce :i* has left a trace on ea* page ( ! ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education4 ,?is book1 9 fact1 is ! issue ( "o ( ,locke's exp]i5ces z an assi/ant 9 ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( 8 fri5ds4 ,t[>ds ! ye> #afhd-e1 he address$ to 8 fri5d ,cl>ke a s]ies ( lett]s :i*1 ret\*$ & slightly modifi$1 h become a classical "w1 simple & famili> 9 /yle1 a little disconnect$1 p]haps1 & ab\nd+ 9 repetitions1 b ! sub/ance ( :i* is excell5t1 & ! ideas z rem>kable1 9 g5]al1 = _! orig9ality z = _! ju/ness4 ,translat$ into ,fr5* 9 #afie by ,p4 ,co/e1 & repr9t$ sev]al times 9 ! lifetime ( _! au?or1 ! ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education h _h a univ]sal success4 ,!y h ex]cis$ an und\bt$ influ5ce on ! educational writ+s ( ,r\sseau & ,helvetius4 ,!y h receiv$ ! en?usia/ic praise ( ,leibnitz1 :o plac$ ?is "w above t on ! ,human ,und]/&+4 8,i am p]suad$10 said ,h4 ,m>ion rec5tly1 9 8 int]e/+ /udy on ,locke1 8t if an edition ( ! ,?\ghts 7 to be publi%$ to-day 9 a sep>ate volume1 x w\ld h a m>k$ success40#aca #baj4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,?\ghts ,,conc]n+ ,,education4--,)\t pret5d+ to give 9 ?is place a detail$ analysis ( ,locke's book1 :i* des]ves to be read entire1 & :i* discusses exhau/ively or calls to notice1 "o aft] ano!r1 almo/ all important educational que/ions1 we %all attempt to make kn[n ! ess5tial pr9ciples :i* are to be drawn f x4 ,^! are3 #a4 9 physical education1 ! h>d5+ process2 #b4 9 intellectual education1 practical utility2 #c4 9 moral education1 ! pr9ciple ( honor1 set up z a rule = ! free self-gov]nm5t ( man4 #baa4 ,,physical ,,education2 ,,! ,,h>d5+ ,,process4--,! ideal ( education1 accord+ to ,locke1 is 8a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body40 ,a physician l ,rabelais1 ! au?or ( ! ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education _h special compet5ce 9 que/ions ( physical education4 ,b a love = ! p>adoxical1 & an excessive t5d5cy t[>ds ! h>d5+ ( ! body1 h m>r$1 on ?is po9t1 ! reflections ( ! ,engli% philosoph]4 ,he has summ$ up 8 precepts on ?is subject 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- 8,! :ole is r$uc$10 he says1 8to a small numb] ( rules1 easy to obs]ve2 mu* air1 ex]cise1 & sleep2 a simple diet1 no w9e or /rong liquors2 little or no m$ic9e at all2 g>m5ts t are nei!r too tight nor too w>m2 f9ally1 & above all1 ! habit ( keep+ ! head & feet cold1 ( (t5 ba?+ ! feet 9 cold wat] & expos+ !m to dampness40#acb ,b x is necess>y to ent] some:at into details1 & to exam9e closely "s ( ^! ideas4 ,locke is ! fir/ educator to write a consecutive & me?odical diss]tation on ! food1 clo?+1 & sleep ( *ildr54 ,x is he :o has /at$ ?is pr9ciple1 aft]w>ds tak5 up by ,r\sseau3 8,leave to nature ! c>e ( =m+ ! body z %e ?9ks x ought to be done40 ,h5ce1 no close-fitt+ g>m5ts1 life 9 ! op5 air & 9 ! sun2 *ildr5 br\ght up l peasants1 inur$ to heat & cold1 play+ ) head & feet b>e4 ,9 ! matt] ( food1 ,locke =bids sug>1 w9e1 spices1 & fle%1 up to ! age ( ?ree or f\r4 ,z to fruits1 :i* *ildr5 (t5 crave ) an inord9ate appetite1 a fact t is n surpris+1 he pleasantly rem>ks1 8s9ce x 0 = an apple t our fir/ p>5ts lo/ p>adise10 he makes a s+ul> *oice4 ,he au?orizes /rawb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 apples1 & pe>s2 b he int]dicts pea*es1 plums1 & grapes4 ,to excuse ,locke's prejudice aga9/ ! grapes1 x mu/ be recollect$ t he liv$ 9 ,engl&1 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! v9e gr[s ) difficulty1 & ( :i* an ,italian said1 8,! only ripe fruit ,i h se5 9 ,engl& is a bak$ apple40 ,z to meals1 ,locke does n ?9k x important to fix !m at /at$ h\rs4 ,fnelon1 on ! contr>y1 m judici\sly requires t ! h\r = repa/s be absolutely det]m9$4 ,b ?is is n ! only in/ance 9 :i* ,locke's wisdom is at fault4 ,:at %all be said ( t hygi5ic fancy :i* consi/s 9 all[+ ! *ild 8to h 8 %oes s ?91 t !y might leak & let 9 wat]1 :5ev] he comes ne> x08 ,x is c]ta9 t ,locke treats *ildr5 ) an unhe>d-( sev]ity1 all ! m surpris+ 9 ! case ( "o :o _h an infirm & delicate con/itution t c\ld be kept 9 repair only ?r\gh precaution & managem5t4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! consequ5ces ( ! treatm5t :i* he proposes1 appli$ to ! lett]1 might n be disa/r\s4 ,madame de ,svign 0 m ne>ly "r :5 %e wrote3 8,if y\r son is v robu/1 a rude education is good2 b if he is delicate1 ,i ?9k t 9 y\r attempts to make him robu/1 y w\ld kill him40 ,! body1 says ,locke1 may be accu/om$ to ev]y?+4 ,we may reply to ?is by quot+ an anecdote ( ,pet] ! ,great1 :o "o day took x into 8 head1 x is said1 t x w\ld be be/ = all ! sailors to =m ! habit ( dr9k+ salt wat]4 ,imm$iately he promulgat$ an edict :i* ord]$ t all naval cadets %\ld h5ce=? dr9k only sea-wat]4 ,! boys all di$1 & !re ! exp]im5t /opp$4 ,/ill1 )\t subscrib+ to ,locke's p>adoxes1 :i* h f\nd no "o to approve ( !m except ,r\sseau1 we %\ld recollect t 9 8 precepts on physical education z a :ole1 ! au?or ( ! ,?\ghts des]ves our comm5dation = hav+ recomm5d$ a manly c\rse ( discipl9e1 & a frugal diet1 = hav+ disc>d$ fa%ionable conv5tionalities & drawn ne> to nature1 & = hav+ condemn$ ! ref9em5ts ( an indol5t mode ( life1 & = be+ inspir$ by ! simple & manly cu/oms ( ,engl&4 #bab4 ,,moral ,,education4--,9 ! ?\ght ( ,locke1 moral education takes prec$5ce ( in/ruction prop]ly s call$3 8,t :i* a g5tleman ought to desire = 8 son1 besides ! =tune he leaves him is1 #a4 virtue2 #b4 prud5ce2 #c4 good mann]s2 #d4 in/ruction40 ,virtue & prud5ce--t is1 moral qualities & practical qualities--are ( fir/ consid]ation4 8,in/ruction10 says ,locke aga91 8is b ! lea/ "p ( education40 ,9 ! book ( ,?\ghts1 :]e repetitions ab\nd1 !re is no?+ m frequ5tly repeat$ ?an ! praise ( virtue4 ,d\btless x may be ?\ght t ,locke1 l ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 our own day1 *]i%es prejudices ) respect to in/ruction1 & t he does n take suffici5t acc\nt ( ! moraliz+ influ5ce ex]cis$ ov] ! he>t & w by intellectual enlight5m5t2 b1 ev5 ) ?is admission1 we mu/ ?ank ,locke = hav+ prote/$ aga9/ ! tea*]s :o ?9k !y h done all :5 !y h embelli%$ ! memory & develop$ ! intellig5ce4 ,! gr& ?+ 9 education is c]ta9ly to e/abli% good moral habits1 to cultivate noble s5tim5ts1 &1 f9ally1 to =m virtu\s *>act]s4 #bac4 ,,honor1 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,moral ,,discipl9e4--,b aft] hav+ plac$ moral education 9 its prop] rank1 :i* is ! fir/1 x rema9s to inquire :at %all be ! pr9ciples & ! me?ods ( ?is education4 ,%all x be ! maxim ( utility1 z ,r\sseau requires8 ,mu/ ! *ild1 be=e act+1 inquire :at is ! good ( ?is8 ,cui bono8 ,no2 utilit>ian 9 in/ruction & 9 intellectual education1 z we h j se51 ,locke is n s 9 moral education4 ,%all x be fe>1 %all x be ! au?ority ( ! tea*] or ( p>5ts1 f\nd$ on puni%m5ts1 ^u ! slavi% feel+ ( t]ror8 ,/ill less4 ,locke reproves repressive discipl9e1 & is n incl9$ to *a/isem5ts4 ,%all x be affection1 ! love ( p>5ts1 ! aggregate ( t5d] s5tim5ts8 ,locke sc>cely speaks ( !m4 ,( too little s5sibility himself1 he does n seem to ?9k ( all t c be done ?r\gh ! s5sibility ( ! *ild4 ,locke1 :o p]haps is wrong 9 treat+ ! *ild too e>ly1 z ?\gh he 7 a man1 :o does n take suffici5t acc\nt ( all ! feebl5ess t is 9 infant nature1 appeals f ! fir/ to ! s5tim5t ( honor1 & to ! fe> ( %ame1 t is1 to emotions :i*1 ,i fe>1 by _! v nobl5ess1 are above ! p[]s ( ! *ild4 ,honor1 :i* is1 9 fact1 b ano!r "n = duty1 & ! ord9>y synonym ( virtue1--honor may assur$ly be ! guide ( an adult & already tra9$ consci5ce2 b is x n *im]ical to hope t ! *ild1 f 8 e>lie/ ye>s1 w be s5sible to ! e/eem or ! contempt ( ^? :o surr\nd him8 ,if x 7 possible to inspire a *ild ) a reg>d = 8 reputation1 ,i grant ) ,locke t we might h5ce=? 8make ( him :atev] we w1 & tea* him to love all ! =ms ( virtue02 b ! "q is to "k :e!r we c succe$ 9 ?is1 & ,i d\bt x1 not)/&+ ! assurances ( ,locke4 ,kant has v ju/ly said3-- 8,x is labor lo/ to speak ( duty to *ildr54 ,!y compreh5d x only z a ?+ ^: transgression is foll[$ by ! f]ule4444 ,s "o ought n to try to call into play ) *ildr5 ! feel+ ( %ame1 b to wait = ?is till ! p]iod ( y\? comes4 ,9 fact1 x _c be develop$ 9 !m till ! idea ( honor has already tak5 root !re40 ,locke is ! dupe ( ! same illusion1 bo? :5 he expects ( ! *ild en\gh moral p[] s t ! s5se ( honor suffices to gov]n him1 & :5 he c\nts en\gh on 8 intellectual =ces to desire to reason ) him f ! mom5t he kn[s h[ to speak4 ,= =m+ good habits 9 ! *ild1 & prep>+ him = a life ( virtue1 !re is full ne$ ( all ! res\rces t nature & art put at ! disposal ( ! educator1--s5sibility "u all its =ms1 ! calculations ( self-int]e/1 ! lights ( ! intellig5ce4 ,x is only little by little1 & ) ! progress ( age1 t an exalt$ pr9ciple1 l ! s5tim5t ( honor or ! s5tim5t ( duty1 w be able to em]ge f out ! mobile humors ( ! *ild1 & dom9ate 8 actions l a sov]eign law4 ,! moral p$agogy ( ,locke is c]ta9ly faulty 9 t x is n suffici5tly address$ to ! he>t1 & to ! pot5cy ( lov+1 :i* is already s great 9 ! *ild4 ,i add1 t 9 8 ha/e to emancipate ! *ild1 to treat him z a reasonable creature1 & to develop 9 him ! pr9ciples ( self-gov]nm5t1 ,locke 0 wrong 9 proscrib+ almo/ absolutely ! fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,x is good to respect ! lib]ty & ! dignity ( ! man t is 9 ! *ild1 b x is n necess>y t ?is respect deg5]ate into sup]/ition2 & x is n sure t to tra9 firm & robu/ wills1 x is necess>y to h !m e>ly affran*is$ f all fe> & all con/ra9t4 #bad4 ,,condemnation ,,( ,,corporal ,,puni%m5t4--,x is und5iable t ,locke has n suffici5tly enl>g$ ! bases ( 8 !ory ( moral discipl9e2 b if he has re/$ incomplete 9 ! positive "p ( 8 task1 if he has n advis$ all t %\ld be done1 he has be5 m successful 9 ! negative "p1 t :i* consi/s 9 elim9at+ all t ought n to be done4 ,! *apt]s devot$ to puni%m5ts 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> to corporal puni%m5ts1 c\nt among ! be/ 9 ! ,?\ghts4 ,roll9 & ,r\sseau h (t5 copi$ f !m4 ,x is true t ,locke himself has borr[$ ! sugge/ion ( !m f ,montaigne4 ,! 8sev]e mildness0 :i* is ! p$agogical rule ( ! au?or ( ! ,essays1 is also ! rule ( ,locke4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ?is t ,locke has br\ght to be> on ! rod ! f9al judgm5t ( good s5se3 8,! rod is a slavi% discipl9e1 :i* makes a slavi% temp]40 ,he has yield$ to ! ideas ( 8 "t on only "o po9t1 :5 he admits "o exception to ! absolute int]diction ( ! rod1 & tol]ates its use 9 extreme cases to ov]come ! ob/9ate & rebelli\s resi/ance ( ! *ild4 ,?is is go+ too f> )\t any d\bt2 b to d ju/ice to ! boldness ( ,locke's views1 we mu/ consid] h[ p[]ful ! cu/om !n 01 & /ill is1 9 ,engl&1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! heads ( in/itutions ?9k !mselves oblig$ to notify ! public1 9 ! adv]tisem5ts publi%$ 9 ! j\rnals1 t ! int]diction ( corporal puni%m5t c\nts among ! advantages ( _! s*ools4 8,x is difficult to conceive ! p]sev]ance ) :i* ,engli% tea*]s cl+ to ! old & degrad+ cu/oms ( corrections by ! rod4444 ,a m a/oni%+ ?+ is t ! s*ol>s seem to hold to x z mu* z ! tea*]s40 8,9 #ahah10 relates "o ( ! =m] pupils ( ,*>t]h\se1 8our head ma/]1 ,doctor ,russell1 :o _h ideas ( 8 own1 resolv$ to aboli% corporal puni%m5t & sub/itute = x a f9e4 ,ev]ybody resi/$ ! innovation4 ,! rod seem$ to u p]fectly consi/5t ) ! dignity ( a g5tleman2 b a f9e1 = %ame6 ,! s*ool rose to ! cry3 #8,d[n ) ! f9e6 ,long live ! rod6' ,! revolt triumph$1 & ! rod 0 solemnly re/or$4 ,!n we 7 glad-he>t$ ov] ! affair4 ,on ! next day aft] ! f9e 0 aboli%$1 we f\nd1 on ent]+ ! class-room1 a sup]b =e/ ( bir*es1 & ! two h\rs ( ! session 7 consci5ti\sly employ$ 9 mak+ use ( !m40#accacd #bae4 ,,intellectual ,,education4--,9 :at conc]ns intellectual education1 ,locke manife/ly belongs to ! s*ool1 small 9 8 "t1 b m & m num]\s to-day1 ( utilit>ian tea*]s4 ,he w\ld tra91 n m5 ( lett]s1 or ( sci5ce1 b practical m51 arm$ = ! battle ( life1 provid$ ) all ! k !y w ne$ 9 ord] to keep _! acc\nts1 adm9i/] _! =tune1 satisfy ! requirem5ts ( _! pr(ession1 &1 f9ally1 to fulfill _! duties z m5 & citiz5s4 ,9 a ^w1 he wrote = a nation ( tradesm5 & citiz5s4 #baf4 ,,utilit>ian ,,/udies4--,an und5iable m]it ( ,locke is t ( hav+ react$ aga9/ a purely =mal in/ruction1 :i* sub/itutes = ! acquisition ( positive & real k a sup]flu\s culture1 s to speak1 a tra9+ 9 a sup]ficial rhetoric & an elegant v]biage4 ,locke disda9s & condemns /udies t d n contribute directly to a prep>ation = life4 ,d\btless he goes a little too f> 9 8 reaction aga9/ ! curr5t =malism & 9 8 pr$ilection = realism4 ,he is too =getful ( ! fact t ! old classical /udies1 if n useful 9 ! positive s5se ( ! t]m1 & n satisfy+ ! ord9>y ne$s ( exi/5ce1 h yet a high] utility1 9 ! s5se t !y may become1 9 skillful & discreet h&s1 an excell5t in/rum5t = intellectual discipl9e & ! education ( ! judgm5t4 ,b ,locke spoke to fanatics & p$ants1 = :om ,lat9 & ,greek 7 ! :ole ( in/ruction1 & :o1 turn+ lett]s f _! true purpose1 wrongly made a k ( ! dead languages ! sole end1 & n1 z %\ld be ! case1 "o ( ! means ( in/ruction4 ,locke is by no means a bl9d utilit>ian1 a co>se positivi/1 :o dreams ( absolutely aboli%+ dis9t]e/$ /udies4 ,he wi%es m]ely to put !m 9 _! place1 & to gu>d aga9/ inve/+ !m ) a sort ( exclusive privilege1 & aga9/ sacrific+ to !m o!r bran*es ( in/ruction t are m ess5tial & m imm$iately useful4 #bag4 ,,programme ,,( ,,/udies4--,z soon z ! *ild kn[s h[ to read & write1 he %\ld be taught to draw4 ,v disda9ful ( pa9t+ & ( ! f9e arts 9 g5]al1 ^: b5ign & pr(\nd influ5ce on ! s\ls ( *ildr5 8 cold] nature has n suffici5tly recogniz$1 ,locke1 by way ( comp5sation1 recomm5ds draw+1 because draw+ may be practically useful1 & he puts x on almo/ ! same foot+ z read+ & writ+4 ,^! elem5ts once acquir$1 ! *ild %\ld be drill$ 9 ! "m tongue1 fir/ 9 read+1 & aft]w>ds 9 ex]cises 9 composition1 9 brief n>ratives1 9 famili> lett]s1 etc4 ,! /udy ( a liv+ language 7,locke recomm5ds ,fr5* to 8 c\ntrym57 %\ld imm$iately foll[2 & x is only aft] ?is has be5 acquir$ t ! *ild %all be put to ! /udy ( ,lat94 ,save ! omission ( ! sci5ces1 ,locke's plan is s+ul>ly l t :i* = t5 ye>s has be5 9 use 9 ! ,fr5* lyces4 ,z to ,lat91 :i* foll[s ! liv+ language1 ,locke requires t x %all be le>n$ above all ?r\gh use1 ?r\gh conv]sation if a ma/] c be f\nd :o speaks x flu5tly1 b if n1 ?r\gh ! read+ ( au?ors4 ,z little ( gramm> z possible1 no memorit] ex]cises1 no ,lat9 composition1 ei!r 9 prose or v]se1 b1 z soon z possible1 ! read+ ( easy ,lat9 texts1--^! are ! recomm5dations ( ,locke t h be5 too little he$$4 ,! purpose is no long] to le>n ,lat9 = ! sake ( writ+ x elegantly2 ! only purpose truly desirable is to compreh5d ! au?ors :o h writt5 9 t language4 ,! ob/9ate p>tisans ( ,lat9 v]se & conv]sation w n read )\t *agr9 ^! e>ne/ prote/s ( ,locke aga9/ ex]cises t h be5 too mu* abus$1 & t impose on ! le>n] ! torm5t ( writ+ 9 a language :i* he h&les ) difficulty1 ^u subjects :i* he b imp]fectly und]/&s4 ,z to ,greek1 ,locke proscribes x absolutely4 ,he does n disp>age ! beauty ( a language ^: ma/]pieces1 he says1 are ! orig9al s\rce ( our lit]ature & sci5ce2 b he res]ves ! k ( x to ! le>n$1 to ! lett]$1 to pr(essional s*ol>s1 & he excludes x f second>y in/ruction1 :i* ought to be b ! s*ool :i* tra9s = active life4 ,?us reliev$1 classical in/ruction w m easily welcome ! /udies t are ( real use & ( practical application1--geography1 :i* ,locke places 9 ! fir/ rank1 because x is 8an ex]cise ( ! eyes & memory02 ari?metic1 :i* 8is ( s g5]al use 9 all p>ts ( life & bus9ess1 t sc>ce any?+ c be done )\t x02 !n :at he some:at ambiti\sly calls a/ronomy1 & :i* is 9 reality an elem5t>y cosmography2 ! p>ts ( geometry :i* are necess>y = 8a man ( bus9ess02 *ronology & hi/ory1 8! mo/ agreeable & ! mo/ in/ructive ( /udies02 e?ics & common law1 :i* d n yet h a place 9 ,fr5* programmes2 f9ally1 natural philosophy1 t is1 ! physical sci5ces2 &1 to cr[n all1 a manual trade & bookkeep+4 #bah4 ,,attractive ,,/udies4--,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ,locke's intellectual discipl9e is1 t1 utilit>ian 9 its purpose1 ! in/ruction :i* he organizes %all be attractive 9 its me?ods4 ,aft] hatr$ = ! p$antry :i* uselessly sp5ds ! p[]s ( ! le>n] 9 b>r5 /udies1 ! next /ronge/ antipa?y ( ,locke is t :i* is inspir$ by ! rigor ( a too didactic sy/em ( in/ruction1 :]e ! me?ods are repulsive1 ! processes pa9ful1 & :]e ! tea*] appe>s to 8 pupils only z a bugbe> & a m>plot4 ,al?\gh he may g to extremes 9 ?is1 he is p>tly "r 9 wi%+ to br+ into favor processes t are invit+ & me?ods t are attractive4 ,)\t hop+1 z he does1 )\t desir+ ev51 t ! pupil may come to make no di/9ction betwe5 /udy & o!r div]sions1 we are dispos$ to believe t some?+ may be done to alleviate = him ! fir/ difficulties 9 le>n+1 to entice & captivate him )\t con/ra9+ him1 &1 f9ally1 to sp>e him ! disgu/ :i* _c fail to be inspir$ by /udies too sev]ely =c$ ^u him1 & :i* are made ! subject ( sc\rges & scold+s4 ,x is especially = read+ & ! fir/ ex]cises ( ! *ild t ,locke recomm5ds ! use ( in/ructive plays4 8,!y may be taught to read1 )\t p]ceiv+ x to be any?+ b a sport1 & play !mselves into t :i* o!rs are :ipp$ =40 ,*ildr5 ( e age are jeal\s ( _! indep5d5ce & eag] = pleasure4 ,no "o be=e ,locke _h s cle>ly recogniz$ ! ne$ ( ! activity & lib]ty :i* are natural to ! *ild1 or s /rongly insi/$ on ! necessity ( respect+ 8 indep5d5t disposition & 8 p]sonal ta/es4 ,"h aga9 ,engli% p$agogy ( ! sev5te5? c5tury meets its illu/ri\s successor ( ! n9ete5?4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has ?or\ghly demon/rat$ ! fact t ! m9d really appropriates only ! k t af=ds x pleasure & agreeable ex]cise4 ,n[1 !re is pleasure & agreeable excitation :]ev] !re is ! developm5t ( a normal activity correspond+ to an in/9ctive ta/e & proportion$ to ! natural p[]s ( ! *ild2 & !re is no real in/ruction save at ! exp5se ( a real display ( activity4#ace #bai4 ,,%\ld ,,!re ,,be ,,le>n+ ,,by ,,he>t8--,to ?is "q1 ,%\ld !re be le>n+ by he>t8 ,locke gives a resolute reply 9 ! negative4 ,! conclusion is absolute & false2 b ! premises t he assumes to ju/ify 8 conclusion are1 if possible1 fals] /ill4 ,locke sets out f ?is psy*ological idea1 t ! memory is n susceptible ( progress4 ,he br+s into ! discussion 8 s5suali/ic prejudices1 8 peculi> conception ( ! s\l1 :i* is b a tabula rasa1 an empty & in]t capacity1 & n a cong]ies ( en]gies & ( liv+ =ces t are /r5g!n$ by ex]cise4 ,he does n believe t ! faculties1 :atev] !y may be1 c gr[ & develop1 & ?is = ! good reason1 accord+ to 8 ?9k+1 t ! faculties h no exi/5ce4 ,b "h let him speak = himself3-- 8,i he> x is said t *ildr5 %\ld be employ$ 9 gett+ ?+s by he>t1 to ex]cise & improve _! memories4 ,i w\ld wi% ?is 7 said ) z mu* au?ority & reason z x is ) =w>dness ( assurance1 & t ?is practice 7 e/abli%$ ^u good obs]vation m ?an old cu/om4 ,= x is evid5t t /r5g? ( memory is ow+ to an happy con/itution1 & n to any habitual improvem5t got by ex]cise4 ',tis true :at ! m9d is int5t ^u1 &1 = fe> ( lett+ x slip1 (t5 impr9ts afre% on itself by frequ5t reflection1 t x is apt to reta91 b /ill accord+ to its own natural /r5g? ( ret5tion4 ,an impression made on beeswax or lead w n la/ s long z on brass or /eel4 ,inde$1 if x be r5ew$ (t51 x may la/ ! long]2 b e new reflect+ on x is a new impression1 & 'tis f !nce "o is to reckon1 if "o w\ld "k h[ long ! m9d reta9s x4 ,b ! le>n+ pages ( ,lat9 by he>t no m fits ! memory = ret5tion ( any?+ else1 ?an ! grav+ ( "o s5t5ce 9 lead makes x ! m capable ( reta9+ firmly any o!r *>act]s40#acf ,if ,locke 7 "r1 education w\ld become :olly impossible2 =1 9 case ( all ! faculties1 education supposes ! exi/5ce ( a natural g]m :i* ex]cise f]tilizes & develops4 #bbj4 ,a ,,trade ,,%\ld ,,be ,,le>n$4--,locke1 l ,r\sseau1 b = o!r reasons1 wi%es 8 pupil to le>n a trade3 8,i c n =be> to say1 ,i w\ld h my g5tleman le>n a trade1 a manual trade2 nay1 two or ?ree1 b "o m p>ticul>ly40#acg ,r\sseau w say ! same3 8,recollect t x is n tal5t t ,i require ( y2 x is a trade1 a real trade1 a purely me*anical art1 9 :i* ! h&s "w m ?an ! head40 ,b ,locke1 9 hav+ 8 g5tleman le>n c>p5try or agriculture1 especially design$ t ?is physical labor %\ld l5d ! m9d a div]sion1 an occasion = relaxation & repose1 & secure to ! body a useful ex]cise4 ,r\sseau is influ5c$ by totally diff]5t ideas4 ,:at he wants is1 fir/1 t ?r\gh an appr5tice%ip to a trade1 mile may protect himself aga9/ ne$ 9 case a revolution>y crisis %\ld deprive him ( 8 weal?4 ,9 ! second place1 ,r\sseau obeys 8 social1 we might ev5 say 8 sociali/ic1 preoccupations4 ,"w1 9 8 view1 is a /rict duty1 f :i* no "o c exempt himself4 8,ri* or poor1 e idle citiz5 is a knave40 #bba4 ,,work+ ,,s*ools4--,al?\gh ,locke is almo/ exclusively preoccupi$ ) classical /udies & ) a g5tleman's education1 nev]!less he has n rema9$ completely a /rang] to que/ions ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,9 #afig he address$ to ! ,engli% gov]nm5t a rem>kable docum5t on ! importance ( organiz+ 8work+ s*ools0 = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,all *ildr5 ov] ?ree & "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age are to be collect$ 9 homes :]e !y w f9d labor & food4 ,9 ?is way ,locke ?\ght to cont5d aga9/ immorality & paup]ism4 ,he w\ld f9d a rem$y = ! idl5ess & vagabondage ( ! *ild1 & light5 ! c>e ( ! "m :o is absorb$ 9 h] "w4 ,he w\ld also1 ?r\gh habits ( ord] & discipl9e1 tra9 up /eady m5 & indu/ri\s workm54 ,9 o!r t]ms1 he attempt$ a "w ( social reg5]ation1 & ! tutor ( g5tlem5 became ! educator ( ! poor4 #bbb4 ,,locke ,,& ,,r\sseau4--,9 ! mile we %all frequ5tly f9d passages inspir$ by him :om ,r\sseau calls 8! wise ,locke40 ,p]haps we %all admire ev5 m ! practical qualities & ! good s5se ( ! ,engli% educator :5 we %all h become acqua9t$ ) ! *im]as ( 8 ,fr5* imitator4 ,9 ! case ( ,locke1 we h to d1 n ) an au?or :o wi%es to %9e1 b ) a man ( s5se & judgm5t :o expresses 8 op9ions1 & :o has no o!r pret5se ?an to und]/& himself & to be compreh5d$ by o!rs4 ,to appreciate ! ,?\ghts at _! full value1 !y %\ld n be read till aft] hav+ re-read ! mile1 :i* is s mu* indebt$ to !m4 ,on com+ f ! read+ ( ,r\sseau1 aft] ! brilliant gl>e & almo/ ! gidd9ess occasion$ 8 read] by a writ] ( g5ius ^: imag9ation is ev] on ! w+1 ^: passion urges him on1 & :o m+les ) s _m exalt$ tru?s1 ha/y p>adoxes1 & noisy declamations1 x is l repose & a delici\s unb5d+ to ! _s to g to ! /udy ( ,locke1 & to f9d a tra9 ( ?\ght always equable1 a /yle simple & dispassionate1 an au?or always ma/] ( himself1 always correct1 not)/&+ "s errors1 & a book1 f9ally1 fill$1 n ) fla%es & smoke1 b ) a light t is agreeable & pure4 #bbc4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,?is /udy illu/rates ! fact t ! aims & me?ods ( education are det]m9$ by ! types ( ?\ght1 philosophical1 political1 religi\s1 sci5tific1 & social1 t happ5 to be 9 ! asc5d5t2 & also ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to adopt extreme views4 #b4 ,! subjective t5d5cy ( human ?\ght is typifi$ by ! ,socratic philosophy1 & ! objective t5d5cy by ! ,baconian philosophy2 & f ^! two ma9 s\rces h issu$ two di/9ctive s*ools ( educators1 ! =mali/s & ! reali/s1 ! fir/ hold+ t ! ma9 purpose ( education is discipl9e1 tra9+1 or =mation1 & ! o!r1 t ?is purpose is furni%+ in/ruction or in=mation4 ,?is l9e is di/9ctly drawn 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! two s*ools are typifi$ by ,malebran*e & ,locke4 #c4 ,! _s ( reaction is exhibit$ 9 ! opposition to classical /udies1 9 ! ef=t to conv]t /udy into a div]sion1 9 ! use ( mild] means ( discipl9e1 & 9 ! importance atta*$ to useful /udies4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s ! reaction ( ! sixte5? c5tury is int5sifi$4 ,,footnotes3 #abh ,roll91 ,trait des tudes1 ,tome ,,iv4 p4 #cce4 #abi ,i am 9 d\bt :e!r ,m4 ,compayr int5ds to sanction ?is doctr9e or n4 ,?is is an anticipation ( "o ( ,jacotot's p>adoxes3 8,all human be+s are equally capable ( le>n+40 ,! v]dict ( actual tea*]s is und\bt$ly to ! effect t !re are manifold diff]5ces 9 ! ability ( pupils to "k1 compreh5d1 & judge4 7,p47 #acj ,is n ! antagonism po9t$ out by ,malebran*e m s]i\s ?an ,m4 ,compayr seems to ?9k8 ,if ! curr5t ( m5tal activity sets /rongly t[>ds ! feel+s1 emotions1 or s5ses1 x is !reby div]t$ f ! purely intellectual processes1 su* z reflection & judgm5t4 ,! m9d ( ! savage is an example ( :at comes f 8foll[+ ! ord] ( nature0 9 an extreme tra9+ ( ! s5ses4 ,on ! nature & ext5t ( ?is antagonism1 ! foll[+ au?orities may be consult$3 ,hamilton1 ,metaphysics1 p4 #ccf2 ,mansel1 ,metaphysics1 pp4 #fh1 #gj1 #gg2 ,ba91 ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 pp4 #cib-cid2 ,ba91 ,education z a ,sci5ce1 pp4 #ag1 #bi1 #cg2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 pp4 #ih-ii4 7,p47 #aca ,john ,locke4 ,8 ,life & 8 ,"w4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 #acb ,?\ghts1 translation by ,g4 ,compayr1 p4 #eg4 #acc ,demogeot et ,montucci1 de l',enseignem5t secondaire en ,anglet]re1 p4 #da4 #acd ,on ! "q ( corporal puni%m5t 9 s*ool1 is n ,m4 ,compayr too absolute 9 8 assumptions8 ,on :at pr9ciple does he base 8 absolute condemnation ( ! rod8 ,:at is to be done 9 ^? cases ( revolt aga9/ ord] & dec5cy t occur f "t to "t 9 mo/ s*ools8 ,!re is no d\bt t ! v be/ tea*]s c gov]n )\t resort+ to ?is hateful exp$i5t2 b :at %all be done 9 extreme cases by ! multitude :o are n1 & nev] c be1 tea*]s ( ?is ideal type8 ,nor does ?is "q /& alone4 ,bel[1 x is relat$ to family discipl9e2 & above1 to civil adm9i/ration4 ,if corporal puni%m5t is int]dict$ 9 ! s*ool1 %\ld x n be int]dict$ 9 ! ,/ate8 7,p47 #ace ,x is usually said t a pupil's di/a/e = a /udy indicates "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r ! mode ( pres5t+ ! subject is bad1 or x is pres5t$ at an unseasonable p]iod ( m5tal developm5t2 b ?is di/a/e is q z likely to be due to ! fact t a c]ta9 mode ( m5tal activity has n yet be5 e/abli%$2 = until fairly e/abli%$1 its ex]cise _c be pleasurable4 ,! assumption t intellectual appetites already exi/ & are wait+ to be gratifi$1 or t !y w inv>iably appe> at c]ta9 p]iods ( m5tal developm5t1 is by no means a g5]al law ( ! m5tal life4 ,9 _m cases1 ^! appetites mu/ be creat$1 & x may (t5 be t ! /udies employ$ = ?is purpose may n at fir/ be reli%$4 ,& !re are cases :]e1 "u ! be/ ( skill1 ?is reli% may nev] come2 & /ill1 ! k or ! discipl9e is s necess>y t ! /udies may be en=c$ contr>y to ! pupil's pleasure4 7,p47 #acf ,?\ghts1 edit$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,quick 7,cambridge1 #ahhj71 pp4 #aec-d4 #acg ,?\ghts1 p4 #agg4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4--,,jacquel9e ,,pascal ,,& ,,madame ,,de ,,ma9t5on4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury2 ,,madame ,,de ,s,,vign2 ,,! ,,abb ,,fleury2 ,,education ,,9 ,,conv5ts2 ,,port ,,royal ,,& ,,! ,,regulations ,,( ,,jacquel9e ,,pascal2 ,,g5]al ,,impression2 ,,sev]ity ,,& ,,affection2 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,sa9t ,,cyr2 ,,two ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,sa9t ,,cyr2 ,,dramatic ,,repres5tations2 ,,! ,,re=m ,,( #afib2 ,,! ,,"p ,,play$ ,,by ,,madame ,,de ,,ma9t5on2 ,,h] ,,p$agogical ,,writ+s2 ,,int]ior ,,organization ,,( ,,sa9t ,,cyr2 ,,di/ru/ ,,( ,,read+2 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,neglect$2 ,,in/ruction ,,insuffici5t2 ,,manual ,,labor2 ,,moral ,,education2 ,,discreet ,,devotion2 ,,simplicity ,,9 ,,all ,,?+s2 ,f,,nelon ,,& ,,sa9t ,,cyr2 ,,g5]al ,,judgm5t2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #bbd4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4--,! ,education ( ,girls ( ,fnelon has %[n u h[ f> ! _s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 able to g 9 :at conc]ns ! education ( wom51 z exhibit$ 9 ! mo/ lib]al !ories on ! subject2 b 9 practice1 save 9 brilliant exceptions1 ev5 ! mode/ & imp]fect ideal ( ,fnelon 0 f> f be+ atta9$4 ,*rysale 0 n alone ( ?is op9ion1 :5 he said 9 ! ,le>n$ ,ladies3-- 8,x is n v prop]1 & = sev]al reasons1 t a woman %\ld /udy & "k s _m ?+s4 ,to tra9 ! m9ds ( h] *ildr5 9 good morals & mann]s1 to sup]9t5d h] h\sehold1 by keep+ an eye on h] s]vants1 & to control ! exp5ditures ) economy1 ought to be h] /udy & philosophy40#ach ,x is true t ,molire himself did n sympa?ize ) ! prejudices ^: expression he put 9 ! m\? ( 8 comic "*1 & t he concludes t a woman 8may be enlight5$ on e subject0 78,je cons5s qu'une femme ait des cl>ts de t\t074 ,b 9 real fact & 9 practice1 x is ! op9ion ( ,*rysale t prevail$4 ,ev5 9 ! high] classes1 woman held h]self alo( f in/ruction1 & f ?+s intellectual4 ,madame ,rac9e _h nev] se5 play$1 & _h probably nev] read1 ! trag$ies ( h] husb&4 #bbe4 ,,madame ,,de ,s,,vign4--,h[ev]1 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 n want+ 9 wom5 ( tal5t or g5ius1 :o might h made an eloqu5t plea 9 behalf ( _! sex2 b !y 7 cont5t to give p]sonal examples ( a high ord]1 )\t any anxiety to be imitat$4 ,madame de ,lafayette made beautiful translations f ,lat92 ,madame ,daci] 0 a humani/ ( ! fir/ ord]2 & ,madame de ,svign knew ! mod]n languages z well z ! anci5t4 ,no "o has bett] describ$ ! advantage ( read+4 ,%e recomm5ds ! read+ ( romances 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,i f\nd t a "y man became g5]\s & brave 9 see+ my h]oes1 & t a girl became g5teel & wise 9 read+ ,cleopatra4 ,!re are occasionally "s :o take ?+s some:at amiss1 b !y w\ld p]haps d sc>cely any bett] if !y c\ld n read40#aci ,madame de ,svign _h h] daught] read ,desc>tes1 & h] gr&daught] ,paul9e1 ! trag$ies ( ,corneille4 8,= my "p10 %e said1 8if ,i 7 to br+ up my gr&daught]1 ,i w\ld h h] read :at is good1 b n too simple4 ,i w\ld reason ) h]40#adj #bbf4 ,,! ,,abb ,,fleury4--,b ,madame de ,svign & ,madame de ,grignan 7 b brilliant exceptions4 ,if "o 7 to d\bt ! ignorance ( ! wom5 ( ?is p]iod1 x w\ld suffice to read ?is /rik+ passage f ! ,abb ,fleury1 ! assi/ant ( ,fnelon 9 ! education ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgogne3-- 8,?is1 d\btless1 w be a great p>adox1 t wom5 ought to le>n any?+ else ?an _! cate*ism1 sew+1 & diff]5t little pieces ( "w1 s++1 danc+1 & dress+ 9 ! fa%ion1 & to make a f9e c\rtesy4 ,z ?+s n[ g1 ?is con/itutes all _! education40#ada ,fleury desires some?+ else = woman4 ,he dem&s t %e le>n to write correctly 9 ,fr5*1 & t %e /udy logic & ari?metic4 ,b we ne$ n fe> le/ ! lib]alism ( a ?9k] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury c>ry him too f>4 ,fleury admits1 = example1 t hi/ory is absolutely useless to wom54 #bbg4 ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,conv5ts4--,x is almo/ exclusively 9 conv5ts t "y girls !n receiv$ :at pass$ = an education4 ,! religi\s congregations t devot$ !mselves to female education 7 numb]less2 we note1 = example1 among ! mo/ celebrat$1 ! ,ursul9es1 f\nd$ 9 #aecg2 ! ,association ( ! ,angelics1 e/abli%$ 9 ,italy 9 #aecf2 & ! ,ord] ( ,sa9t ,elizabe?4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! div]sity ( names1 all ! conv5ts = girls resemble "o ano!r4 ,9 all ( !m woman 0 educat$ = heav51 or = a life ( devotion4 ,spiritual ex]cises =m$ ! only occupation ( ! pupils1 & /udy 0 sc>cely tak5 into acc\nt4 #bbh4 ,,port ,,royal ,,& ,,! ,,regulations ,,( ,,jacquel9e ,,pascal4--,! be/ means ( p5etrat+ into ! inn] life ( ! conv5ts ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is to read ! ,regulations = ,*ildr51 writt5 t[>ds #afeg by ,jacquel9e ,pascal1 ,si/] ,sa9t ,euphemia4 ,! education ( girls int]e/$ ! ,jans5i/s n less ?an ! education ( m52 b 9 ?is respect1 ,port ,royal is f> f des]v+ ! same encomiums 9 bo? cases4 #bbi4 ,,g5]al ,,impression4--,!re is no?+ s sombre & sad z ! int]ior ( _! in/itution = girls1 & no?+ s au/]e z ! rules ( ,jacquel9e ,pascal4 8,a /range emotion1 ev5 at ! di/ance ( c5turies1 is caus$ by ! sight ( ^? *ildr5 keep+ sil5t or speak+ 9 a :isp] f ris+ till retir+1 nev] walk+ except betwe5 two nuns1 "o 9 front & ! o!r beh9d1 9 ord] to make x impossible1 by slack5+ _! pace on ! pretext ( "s indisposition1 = !m to hold any communication2 work+ 9 su* a way z nev] to be 9 companies ( two or ?ree2 pass+ f m$itation to pray]1 & f pray] to in/ruction2 le>n+1 besides ! cate*ism1 no?+ b read+ & writ+2 &1 on ,sunday1 #8a little ari?metic1 ! old] f "o to two o'clock1 & ! y\ng] f two to half pa/ two'2 ! h&s always busy to prev5t ! m9d f w&]+2 b )\t be+ able to become atta*$ to _! "w1 :i* w\ld please ,god z mu* ! m z x pleas$ !mselves ! less2 oppos+ all _! natural incl9ations1 & despis+ ! att5tions due ! body #8de/9$ to s]ve z food = worms'2 do+ no?+1 9 a ^w1 except 9 ! _s ( mortification4 ,imag9e ^? days ( f\rte5 & sixte5 h\rs1 sl[ly succe$+ "o ano!r1 & weigh+ d[n on ! heads ( ^? poor little si/]s1 = six or eight ye>s 9 t dre>y solitude1 :]e !re 0 no?+ to br+ 9 ! /ir ( life1 save ! s\nd ( ! bell ann\nc+ a *ange ( ex]cise or ( p5ance1 & y w compreh5d ,fnelon's feel+ ( sadness :5 he speaks ( ! %ad[s ( t deep cav]n 9 :i* 0 imprison$ &1 z x 71 buri$ ! y\? ( girls40#adb #bcj4 ,,sev]ity ,,& ,,love4--,! sev]ity ( ! ,regulations is su* t ! editor1 ,m4 de ,pont*>tra91 also a ,jans5i/1 all[s t x w be impossible to obta9 f all *ildr5 8s complete a sil5ce & s =mal a life02 & requires t ! mi/resses %all try to ga9 _! affections4 ,love mu/ be unit$ ) sev]ity4 ,jacquel9e ,pascal does n seem to be entirely ( ?is op9ion1 s9ce %e decl>es t only ,god mu/ be lov$4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ h] habitual sev]ity1 human t5d]ness sometimes ass]ts its rights 9 ! rules :i* %e e/abli%$4 ,we feel t %e loves m ?an %e confesses1 ^? "y girls :om %e calls 8little doves40 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,regulations incite ! pupils to eat ( :at is plac$ be=e !m indiff]5tly1 & to beg9 ) :at !y l ! lea/1 ?r\gh a _s ( p5it5ce2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,jacquel9e writes3 8,!y mu/ be exhort$ to take suffici5t n\ri%m5t s z n to all[ !mselves to become weak5$1 & ?is is :y c>e is tak5 t !y h eat5 en\gh40 ,& s !re is a t\*+ solicitude t is almo/ mat]nal 9 ?is rem>k3 8,z soon z !y h retir$1 ea* p>ticul> b$ mu/ be visit$1 to see :e!r all proprieties h be5 obs]v$1 & :e!r ! *ildr5 are well cov]$ 9 w9t]40 ,! my/ic si/] ( ! ascetic ,pascal has mom5ts ( t5d]ness4 8,nev]!less1 we mu/ n cease to feel pity = !m1 & to accommodate ourselves to !m 9 e way t we c1 b )\t lett+ !m "k t we h ?us condesc5d$40 ,h[ev]1 ! dom9ant conception ev] reappe>+1 is ! idea t human nature is evil2 t we h to d ) rebelli\s spirits :i* mu/ be conqu]$1 & t !y des]ve no commis]ation4 ,!re is a deal ( anxiety to make /udy agreeable6 ,jacquel9e directs h] pupils to "w at ! v ?+s t are mo/ repulsive1 because ! "w t w please ,god ! mo/ is t :i* w please !m ! lea/4 ,! ext]ior manife/ations ( fri5d%ip are =bidd51 & possibly fri5d%ip itself4 8,our pupils %all %un e sort ( famili>ity "o t[>ds ano!r40 ,in/ruction is r$uc$ to ! cate*ism1 to ! application ( ! ,*ri/ian virtues1 to read+1 & to writ+4 ,ari?metic is n taught save on holidays4 ,x seems t memory is ! only faculty t ,jacquel9e wi%es to h develop$4 8,?is op5s _! m9ds1 gives !m occupation1 & keeps !m f evil ?\ghts40 ,h we n reason to say t at ,port ,royal wom5 h less value ?an m56 ,:at a di/ance betwe5 ! solid in/ruction ( ,lancelot's & ,nicole's pupils & ! ignorance ( ,jacquel9e ,pascal's6 ,ev5 :5 ! m5 ( ,port ,royal speak ( ! education ( wom51 !y h m lib]al ideas ?an ^? :i* are appli$ at _! side4 ,nicole decl>es t books are necess>y ev5 9 conv5ts = girls1 because x is necess>y 8to su/a9 pray] by read+40 #bca4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,sa9t ,,cyr4--,9 leav+ ,port ,royal = ,sa9t ,cyr1 we seem1 on com+ out ( a pr(\nd night1 to p]ceive a ray ( light4 ,)\t d\bt1 ,madame de ,ma9t5on has n yet1 z a tea*]1 all t bread? ( view t c\ld be desir$4 ,h] "w is f> f be+ faultless1 b ! f\nd+ ( ,sa9t ,cyr 7#afhf7 0 none ! less a consid]able innovation4 8,sa9t ,cyr10 x has be5 said1 8is n a conv5t4 ,x is a great e/abli%m5t devot$ to ! lay education ( "y wom5 ( noble bir?2 x is a bold & intellig5t secul>ization ( ! education ( wom540 ,!re is "s excess ( praise 9 ?is /atem5t1 & ! lay "* ( ,sa9t ,cyr is v que/ionable4 ,lavalle1 an admir]1 c\ld write3 8,! in/ructions ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on are d\btless too religi\s1 too mona/ic40 ,let u grant1 h[ev]1 t ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 :o1 aft] hav+ f\nd$ ,sa9t ,cyr1 0 ! director ( x1 extra muros1 & ev5 taught !re1 at /at$ times1 is p]sonally ! fir/ lay tea*] ( ,france4 ,let u grant1 also1 t at lea/ 9 ! beg9n+1 & up to #afib1 ! wom5 entru/$ ) ! "w ( in/ruction 7 n nuns 9 ! absolute s5se ( ! t]m4 ,!y 7 n b\nd by solemn & absolute v[s4 ,b ?is "* relatively laic1 & ?is rupture ) mona/ic traditions1 7 n ma9ta9$ dur+ ! :ole life ( ! in/itution4 #bcb4 ,,two ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sa9t ,,cyr4--,sa9t ,cyr1 9 fact1 pass$1 )9 a few ye>s1 ?r\gh two v diff]5t p]iods1 & ,madame de ,ma9t5on foll[$ 9 succession two almo/ opposite curr5ts4 ,= ! fir/ ye>s1 f #afhf to #afib1 ! _s ( ! in/itution is broad & lib]al2 ! education is brilliant1 p]haps too mu* s2 lit]>y ex]cises & dramatic repres5tations h an honor$ place4 ,sa9t ,cyr is an in/itution incl9+ to worldl9ess1 bett] fitt$ to tra9 wom5 ( intellect ?an good economi/s & h\sewives4 ,madame de ,ma9t5on quickly saw t %e _h tak5 a false r\te1 &1 f #afib1 %e react$1 n )\t excess1 aga9/ ! t5d5cies :i* %e _h at fir/ obey$4 ,%e conceiv$ an extreme di/ru/ ( lit]>y /udies1 & cut (f all %e c\ld f ! in/ruction1 9 ord] to give h] entire ?\ght to ! moral & practical qualities ( h] pupils4 ,sa9t ,cyr became a conv5t1 ) a little m lib]ty1 d\btless1 ?an !re 0 9 ! o!r mona/]ies ( ! "t1 b x 0 a conv5t /ill4 #bcc4 ,,dramatic ,,repres5tations4--,x 0 ! notori\s success ( ! p]=mance ( ,&romaque & ,e/h] t caus$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! orig9al int5tions ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,e/h]1 9 p>ticul>1 0 ! great ev5t ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ,sa9t ,cyr4 ,rac9e di/ribut$ ! p>ts2 ,boileau conduct$ ! tra9+ 9 elocution2 & ! entire ,c\rt1 ! k+ at ! head1 came to applaud & ent]ta9 ! pretty actresses1 :o left no?+ undone to please _! spectators4 ,heads 7 a little turn$ by all ?is2 dissipation crept into ! s*ool4 ,! pupils 7 no long] will+ to s+ 9 *ur*1 = fe> ( spoil+ _! voices4 ,evid5tly ! r\te 0 n[ ov] a dang]\s declivity4 ,! in/itution _h be5 turn$ f its purpose4 ,matt]s 7 9 a way to e/abli%1 "u ano!r =m1 ano!r ,htel de ,ramb\illet4#adc #bcd4 ,,re=m ,,( #afib4--;,at ! fir/1 z we h se51 ! ladies ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 *>g$ ) ! direction ( ,sa9t ,cyr1 did n f\nd a mona/ic ord] prop]ly s-call$2 b1 :5 ,madame de ,ma9t5on resolv$ to re=m ! g5]al _s ( ! h\se1 %e ?\ght x necess>y to trans=m ,sa9t ,cyr into a mona/]y1 & %e f\nd$ ! ,ord] ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 ,b :at %e *ang$ 9 p>ticul> 0 ! moral discipl9e1 & ! programme ( /udies4 ,madame de ,ma9t5on has h]self recit$1 9 a memorable lett]1#add ! reasons ( t re=m :i* modifi$ s pr(\ndly ! "* ( ,sa9t ,cyr3-- 8,! sorr[ ,i feel = ! girls ( ,sa9t ,cyr10 %e said1 8c be cur$ only by "t & by an entire *ange 9 ! education t we h giv5 !m up to ?is h\r4 ,x is v j t ,i %\ld suff] = ?is1 s9ce ,i h contribut$ to x m ?an any "o else4444 ,! :ole e/abli%m5t has be5 ! object ( my pride1 & ! gr\nd = ?is feel+ has be5 s real t x has gone to extremes t ,i nev] int5d$4 ,god kn[s t ,i wi%$ to e/abli% virtue at ,sa9t ,cyr1 b ,i h built ^u ! s&4 ,n hav+1 :at alone c make a solid f\ndation1 ,i wi%$ ! girls to be witty1 high-spirit$1 & tra9$ to ?9k2 ,i h succe$$ 9 ?is purpose4 ,!y h wit1 & !y use x aga9/ u4 ,!y are high-spirit$1 & are m heady & haughty ?an w\ld be becom+ 9 a royal pr9cess4 ,speak+ aft] ! mann] ( ! _w1 we h tra9$ _! reason1 & h made !m talkative1 presumptu\s1 inquisitive1 bold 444 witty1--su* *>act]s z ev5 we :o h tra9$ !m _c abide4444 ,let u seek a rem$y1 = we mu/ n be disc\rag$4444 ,z _m little ?+s =m pride1 _m little ?+s w de/roy x4 ,our girls h be5 treat$ ) too mu* consid]ation1 h be5 pett$ too mu*1 treat$ too g5tly4 ,we mu/ n[ leave !m m to !mselves 9 _! class-rooms1 make !m obs]ve ! daily regulations1 & speak to !m ( sc>cely any?+ else4444 ,pray to ,god1 & ask ,him to *ange _! he>ts2 & t ,he may give to all ( !m humility4 ,!re %\ld n be mu* conv]sation ) !m on ! subject4 ,ev]y?+ at ,sa9t ,cyr is made a matt] ( disc\rse4 ,we (t5 speak ( simplicity1 & try to def9e x correctly 444 & yet1 9 practice1 ! girls make m]ry 9 say+3 #8,?r\gh simplicity ,i take ! be/ place2 ?r\gh simplicity ,i am go+ to comm5d myself4' ,our girls mu/ be cur$ ( t je/+ turn ( m9d :i* ,i h giv5 !m4444 ,we h wi%$ to %un ! pett9ess ( c]ta9 conv5ts1 & ,god has puni%$ u = ?is haughty _s4 ,!re is no h\se 9 ! _w t has m ne$ ( humility )9 & )\t ?an our own4 ,its situation ne> ! ,c\rt2 ! air ( favor t p]vades x2 ! favors ( a great k+2 ! (fices ( a p]son ( consid]ation1--all ^! sn>es1 s full ( dang]1 %\ld lead u to take measures directly contr>y to ^? we h really tak544440 #bce4 ,,! ,,"p ,,play$ ,,by ,,madame ,,de ,,ma9t5on4--,:atev] may be ! op9ion respect+ ! tone ( ! educational "w at ,sa9t ,cyr1 !re _c be ! lea/ d\bt z to ! admirable zeal ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 & h] indefatigable devotion to ! success ( h] favorite und]tak+4 ,! vocation ( ! tea*] 0 evid5tly h]s4 ,= m ?an ?irty ye>s1 f #afhf to #agag1 %e did n cease to visit ,sa9t ,cyr e day1 sometimes at six 9 ! morn+4 ,%e wrote = ! directresses & = ! pupils c\nsels & regulations t fill sev]al volumes4 ,no?+ :i* conc]ns 8h] *ildr50 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to h]4 ,%e devotes h] att5tion to _! meals1 _! sleep1 _! toilet1 z well z to _! "* & _! in/ruction3-- 8,! affairs we discuss at ,c\rt are bagatelles2 ^? at ,sa9t ,cyr are ! m important44440 8,may t e/abli%m5t la/ z long z ,france1 & ,france z long z ! _w4 ,no?+ is de>] to me ?an my *ildr5 ( ,sa9t ,cyr40 ,x is n t5d]ness1 x is well kn[n1 t *>act]izes ! s\l ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on2 b1 at ,sa9t ,cyr1 f be+ =mal & cold1 :i* is h] usual /ate1 %e becomes lov+ & t5d]3-- 8,=get no?+ t may save ! s\ls ( our "y girls1 t may =tify _! heal? & pres]ve _! =m40 ,"o day1 z %e _h come to ! s*ool1 z h] cu/om 01 to consult ) ! nuns1 a company ( girls pass$ by rais+ a cl\d ( du/4 ,! nuns1 fe>+ t ,madame de ,ma9t5on 0 annoy$ by x1 reque/$ !m to )draw4 8,pray1 let ! de> girls be10 repli$ ,madame de ,ma9t5on2 8,i love !m ev5 to ! du/ !y raise40 ,conv]sely1 z x 71 ! pupils ( ,pe/alozzi1 consult$ on ! "q ( kn[+ :e!r !y 7 will+ always to be beat5 & claw$ by _! old ma/]1 repli$ affirmatively3 !y lov$ him ev5 to 8 claws6 #bcf4 ,,h] ,,p$agogical ,,writ+s4--,x is only 9 our day t ! works ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on h be5 publi%$ 9 ! integrity ( _! text1 ?anks to ! labors ( ,?ophile ,lavalle4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ^! long & int]e/+ lett]s are devot$ to education & to ,sa9t ,cyr4 ,^! are1 fir/1 ! ,lett]s & ,conv]sations on ! ,education ( ,girls4#ade ,^! lett]s 7 writt5 f day to day1 & are address$1 sometimes to ! ladies ( ,sa9t ,cyr1 & sometimes to ! pupils !mselves4 8,we f9d 9 !m10 says ,lavalle1 8= all circum/ances & = all times1 ! mo/ solid tea*+1 ma/]pieces ( good s5se1 ( naturalness1 & ( tru?1 &1 f9ally1 in/ructions relative to education t approa* p]fection4 ,! ,conv]sations orig9at$ 9 ! consultations t ,madame de ,ma9t5on _h dur+ ! recreations or ! recitations1 ei!r ) ! ladies or ) ! "y wom51 :o !mselves collect$ & edit$ ! words ( _! gov]ness40 ,aft] ! ,lett]s & ,conv]sations comes ! ,c\nsels to ,"y ,wom5 :o ent] ,society1#adf :i* conta9 g5]al advice1 conv]sations or dialogues1 &1 f9ally1 prov]bs1 t is1 %ort dramatic compositions1 design$ at once to in/ruct & amuse ! "y ladies ( ,sa9t ,cyr4 ,^! essays are n admirable 9 all respects2 mo/ (t5 !y are lack+ 9 imag9ation2 & ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 ?\gh an imitation ( ,fnelon1 makes a misuse ( indirect in/ruction1 ( artifice1 & ( amusem5t1 9 ord] to tea* "s moral commonplaces by ins9uation4 ,"h are ! titles ( "s ( ^! prov]bs3 ,! occasion makes ! rogue2 ,wom5 make & unmake ! home2 ,!re is no situation m emb>rass+ ?an t ( hold+ ! h&le ( ! fry+-pan4 ,f9ally1 let u note ! ?ird collection1 ! ,hi/orical & ,in/ructive ,lett]s address$ to ! ,ladies ( ,sa9t ,cyr4#adg ,x is to be regrett$ t1 out ( ^! num]\s volumes1 :]e repetitions ab\nd1 !re h n be5 extract$1 9 a me?odical mann]1 a few hundr$ pages :i* %\ld conta9 ! sub/ance ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on's ?9k+ on educational que/ions4 #bcg4 ,,int]ior ,,organization4--,! purpose ( ! f\nd+ ( ,sa9t ,cyr 0 to assure to ! two hundr$ & fifty daught]s ( ! poor nobility1 & to ! *ildr5 ( (fic]s dead or disabl$1 an educational retreat :]e !y w\ld be suitably educat$ s z to be prep>$ = becom+ ei!r nuns1 if ?is 0 _! vocation1 or1 ! m (t51 good mo!rs4 ,z ,m4 ,grard has ju/ly obs]v$1 8! v conception ( an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d1 ! idea ( mak+ ,france pay ! debt ( ,france1 educat+ ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o _h giv5 h] _! blood1 proce$s f a feel+ up to t "t unkn[n40#adh ,consequ5tly1 *ildr5 ( ! t5d]e/ ye>s1 f six or sev51 7 receiv$ at ,sa9t ,cyr1 !re to be c>$ = till ! age ( m>riage1 till eighte5 & tw5ty4 ,! "y girls 7 divid$ into f\r classes1--! r$s1 ! gre5s1 ! yell[s1 & ! blues4 ,! blues 7 ! l>ge/1 & !y wore ! royal colors4 ,ea* class 0 divid$ into five or six b&s or families1 ( eight or t5 pupils ea*4 ,! ladies ( ,sa9t ,cyr 7 ord9>ily tak5 f ! pupils ( ! s*ool4 ,!y 7 =ty 9 numb]1--! sup]ior1 ! assi/ant :o suppli$ ! place ( ! sup]ior1 ! mi/ress ( ! novices1 ! g5]al mi/ress ( ! classes1 ! mi/resses ( ! classes1 etc4 ,! capital defect ( ,sa9t ,cyr is1 t1 z 9 ! colleges ( ! ,jesuits1 ! resid5ce is absolute & ! seque/ration complete4 ,f h] fif? to h] tw5tie? ye> ! "y girl belongs entirely to ,sa9t ,cyr4 ,%e sc>cely kn[s h] p>5ts4 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t 9 _m cases %e has lo/ !m1 & t 9 "s cases %e c\ld expect only bad examples f !m4 ,b no matt]2 ! g5]al rule1 :i* int]rupt$ family int]c\rse to ! ext5t ( almo/ aboli%+ x1 _c obta9 our approbation4 ,! girl 0 p]mitt$ to see h] p>5ts only ?ree or f\r times a ye>1 & ev5 !n ^! int]views w\ld la/ only = a half an h\r ea* "t1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a mi/ress4 ,!re 0 p]mission to write family lett]s f "t to "t2 b z ?\gh %e mi/ru/$ ! natural impulses ( ! he>t1 & ! free outp\r+ ( filial affection1 ,madame de ,ma9t5on _h tak5 c>e to compose "s models ( ^! lett]s4 ,) m ( reason ?an ( feel+1 ,madame de ,ma9t5on is n exempt f a c]ta9 coldness ( he>t4 ,x seems t %e w\ld impose on h] pupils ! extraord9>y habits ( h] own family4 ,%e recollect$ hav+ be5 kiss$ only twice by h] "m1 on h] =ehead1 & !n only aft] a long sep>ation4 #bch4 ,,di/ru/ ,,( ,,read+4--,aft] ! re=ms ( #afib1 ! in/ruction at ,sa9t ,cyr became a matt] ( second>y importance4 ,read+1 writ+1 & c\nt+ 7 taught1 b sc>cely any?+ besides4 ,read+1 9 g5]al1 0 view$ ) di/ru/3 8,tea* girls to be v sp>+ z to read+1 & always to pref] manual labor in/ead40 ,books ( a secul> nature 7 int]dict$2 only works ( piety 7 put 9 ! h&s ( pupils1 su* z ! ,introduction to a ,dev\t ,life1 by ,sa9t ,franois de ,salles1 & ! ,confessions ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 8,r5\nce intellectual culture0 is ! p]petual injunction ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 8,we mu/ educate citiz5s = citiz5%ip4 ,x is n ! "q ( giv+ !m intellectual culture4 ,we mu/ prea* family duties to !m1 ob$i5ce to husb&1 & c>e = *ildr54444 ,read+ does m h>m ?an good to "y girls4444 ,books make witl+s & excite an insatiable curiosity40 #bci4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,neglect$4--,to judge ( ! _s ( ,sa9t ,cyr1 f ! po9t ( view ( intellectual education1 x suffices to note ! little importance t 0 !re giv5 to hi/ory4 ,?is w5t s f> z to raise ! "q :e!r x 7 n be/ to prohibit ! /udy ( ,fr5* hi/ory entirely4 ,madame de ,ma9t5on cons5ts to h x taught1 b only j en\gh s t 8pupils may n confuse ! succession ( our k+s ) ! pr9ces ( o!r c\ntries1 & n take a ,roman emp]or = an emp]or ( ,*9a or ,japan1 a k+ ( ,spa9 or ( ,engl& = a k+ ( ,p]sia or ( ,siam40 ,z to ! hi/ory ( antiquity1 x mu/ be held 9 mi/ru/ = ! v reason--:o w\ld believe x8--( ! beautiful examples ( virtue t x conta9s4 8,i %\ld fe> t ^? gr& examples ( g5]osity & h]oism w\ld give our "y girls too mu* elevation ( _s1 & make !m va9 & pret5ti\s40 ,h we n "s "r to feel surpris$ t ,madame de ,ma9t5on is al>m$ at ! ?\ght ( rais+ ! intellig5ce ( woman8 ,x is true t %e d\btless ?\ght ( ! romantic exagg]ations produc$ by ! read+ ( ! ,cyrus ! ,great & o!r writ+s ( ,mlle4 de ,scudry4 ,let u add1 besides1 to excuse ! %ortcom+s ( ! programme ( ,sa9t ,cyr 9 ! matt] ( hi/ory1 t ev5 = boys 9 ! colleges ( ! ,univ]sity1 ! ord] t introduc$ ! tea*+ ( hi/ory into ! classes dates only f #afie4 #bdj4 ,,insuffici5t ,,in/ruction4--8,our day10 says ,lavalle1 8w\ld n accept t education 9 :i* in/ruction prop]ly s-call$ 0 b a second>y matt]1 & entirely sacrific$ to ! mann] ( tra9+ ! he>t1 ! reason1 & ! "*2 & an education1 too1 t1 z a :ole & 9 its details1 0 :olly religi\s40 ,! error ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on consi/s ess5tially 9 ! wi% to develop ! moral virtues 9 s\ls sc>cely in/ruct$1 sc>cely enlight5$4 ,!re 0 mu* moral disc\rs+ at ,sa9t ,cyr4 ,if x did n always be> fruit1 x 0 because ! se$ fell into intellig5ces t 7 b little cultivat$4 8,our "y wom5 are n to be made s*ol>ly4 ,wom5 nev] "k except by halves1 & ! little t !y "k usually makes !m conceit$1 disda9ful1 *atty1 & disgu/$ ) s]i\s ?+s40 #bda4 ,,manual ,,labor4--,if intellectual education 0 neglect$ at ,sa9t ,cyr1 by way ( comp5sation great att5tion 0 paid to manual education4 ,! girls 7 !re taught to sew1 to embroid]1 to knit1 & to make tape/ry2 & !re 0 also made !re all ! l95 = ! h\se1 ! infirm>y1 & ! *apel1 & ! dresses & clo?+ ( ! ladies & ! pupils3-- 8,b no exquisite productions10 says ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 8nor ( v elaborate design2 none ( ^? flimsy edg+s 9 embroid]y or tape/ry1 :i* are ( no use40 ,) :at good grace ,madame de ,ma9t5on ev] prea*es ! gospel ( labor1 ( :i* %e h]self gave ! example6 ,9 ! coa*es ( ! k+1 %e always _h "s "w 9 h&4 ,at ,sa9t ,cyr1 ! "y wom5 swept ! dormitories1 put 9 ord] ! refectory1 & du/$ ! class-rooms4 8,!y mu/ be put at e k9d ( s]vice1 & made to "w at :at is burd5some1 9 ord] to make !m robu/1 heal?y1 & intellig5t40 8,manual labor is a moral safegu>d1 a protection aga9/ s940 8,"w calms ! passions1 occupies ! m9d1 & does n leave x "t to ?9k ( evil40 #bdb4 ,,moral ,,education4--8,! ,in/itute10 said ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 8is int5d$1 n = pray]1 b = action40 ,:at %e wi%$1 above all else1 0 to prep>e "y wom5 = home & family life4 ,%e devot$ h] ?\ght to ! tra9+ ( wives & mo!rs4 8,:at ,i lack mo/10 %e said1 8is sons-9-law60 ,h5ce %e 0 incessantly preoccupi$ ) moral qualities4 ,"o might make a f9e & valuable book ( selections out ( all ! practical maxims ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on2 z h] reflections on talkativ5ess3 8,!re is always s9 9 a multitude ( words20 on indol5ce3 8,:at c be done 9 ! family ( an indol5t & fa/idi\s woman80 on polit5ess1 8:i* consi/s1 above all else1 9 giv+ "o's ?\ght to o!rs20 on lack ( en]gy1 !n too common among wom5 ( ! _w3 8,! only conc]n is to eat & to take "o's ease4 ,wom5 sp5d ! day 9 morn+-g[ns1 recl9+ 9 easy-*airs1 )\t any occupation1 & )\t conv]sation2 all is well1 provid$ "o be 9 a /ate ( repose40 #bdc4 ,,discreet ,,devotion4--,we mu/ n imag9e t ,sa9t ,cyr 0 a h\se ( pray]1 a place ( ov]done devotion4 ,madame de ,ma9t5on held to a reasonable ,*ri/ianity4 ,piety1 su* z 0 recomm5d$ at ,sa9t ,cyr1 is a piety t is /eadfa/1 judici\s1 & simple2 t is1 con=m$ to ! /ate 9 :i* "o ought to live1 & exempt f ref9em5ts4 8,! "y wom5 are too mu* at *ur*1 consid]+ _! age10 %e wrote to ,madame de ,br9on1 ! fir/ director ( ! in/itution4444 8,consid]1 ,i pray y1 t ?is is n to be a cloi/]40#adi ,& lat]1 aft] ! re=m _h begun1 ?is is :at %e wrote3-- 8,let ! piety ) :i* our "y girls %all be inspir$ be *e]ful1 g5tle1 & free4 ,let x consi/ r 9 ! innoc5ce ( _! lives1 & 9 ! simplicity ( _! occupations1 ?an 9 ! au/]ities1 ! retirem5ts1 & ! ref9em5ts ( devotion4444 ,:5 a girl comes f a conv5t1 say+ t no?+ ought to int]f]e ) vesp]s1 %e is laugh$ at2 b :5 an educat$ woman %all say t vesp]s may be omitt$ = ! sake ( att5d+ h] sick husb&1 ev]ybody w comm5d h]4444 ,:5 a girl %all say t a woman does bett] to educate h] *ildr5 & in/ruct h] s]vants ?an to sp5d ! =5oon 9 *ur*1 t religion w be he>tily accept$1 & w make itself lov$ & respect$40#aej ,excell5t advice1 p]haps too little foll[$6 ,madame de ,ma9t5on "h speaks ! language ( good s5se1 & we are :olly surpris$ to he> x f ! lips ( a politic woman :o1 n )\t reason1 & = h] "p 9 ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 has ! reputation ( be+ an intol]ant fanatic4 #bdd4 ,,simplicity ,,9 ,,all ,,?+s4--,! simplicity :i* %e recomm5d$ 9 religion1 ,madame de ,ma9t5on dem&$ 9 ev]y?+1--9 dress & 9 language3 8,"y girls10 %e says1 8mu/ we> z few ribbons z possible40 ,a class-tea*] _h giv5 a f9e lecture1 9 :i* %e exhort$ h] pupils to make an 8et]nal divorce0 ) s94 8,v well said1 d\btless10 rem>k$ ,madame de ,ma9t5on2 8b1 pray1 :o among our "y ladies kn[s :at divorce is80 #bde4 ,f,,nelon ,,& ,,sa9t ,,cyr4--,mi*elet1 speak+ ( ,sa9t ,cyr1 :i* he does n love1 said3 8,its cold gov]ness 0 mu* m a man ?an ,fnelon40 ,! fact is1 t ! au?or ( ! ,education ( ,girls gives a l>g] place to s5sibility & intellig5ce4 ,x is n ,madame de ,ma9t5on :o said3 8,z mu* z possible1 t5d]ness ( he>t mu/ be excus$ 9 "y girls40 ,x is n at ,sa9t ,cyr t ^! maxims 7 practis$4 8,pray let !m h ,greek & ,roman hi/ories4 ,!y w f9d 9 !m prodigies ( c\rage & dis9t]e/$ness4 ,let !m n be ignorant ( ! hi/ory ( ,france1 :i* also has its beauty4444 ,all ?is s]ves to give dignity to ! m9d1 & to lift ! s\l to noble s5tim5ts40 ,nev]!less1 ,fnelon's "w 0 highly e/eem$ at ,sa9t ,cyr4 ,x appe>$ 9 #afhg1 & ,sa9t ,cyr 0 f\nd$ 9 #afhf4 ,a great numb] ( its precepts 7 !re obs]v$1 su* z ! foll[+3 8,frequ5t leaves ( abs5ce %\ld be avoid$20 8,"y girls %\ld n be accu/om$ to talk mu*40 #bdf4 ,,g5]al ,,judgm5t4--,9 a ^w1 if ! ideal propos$ to ! "y wom5 ( ,sa9t ,cyr by ,madame de ,ma9t5on _c satisfy ^? :o1 9 our day1 conceive 8an education broad] 9 its s*eme & m lib]al 9 its _s10 at lea/ we mu/ d ju/ice to an in/itution :i* 01 z its f\ndress said1 8a k9d ( college10 a fir/ attempt at enfran*isem5t 9 ! education ( wom54 ,)\t dem&+ ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on :at 0 n 9 h] age to give1 let u be inspir$ by h] 9 :at conc]ns ! *angeless education 9 moral virtues1 & 9 ! qualities ( discretion1 res]ve1 goodness1 & submission4 8,h[ev] sev]e t education may appe>10 says ,lavalle1 8,i believe x w sugge/ bett] reflections to ^? :o obs]ve ! way 9 :i* wom5 are educat$ to-day1 & ! results ( t education 9 luxury & pleasure1 n only on ! fireside1 b /ill m on society & political life1 & on ! future ( ! m5 t x is prep>+ = ,france4 ,i believe !y w pref] t manly education1 s to speak1 :i* purifi$ private morals & begot public virtues2 & t !y w e/eem & regret t "w ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 :i* = a c5tury prev5t$ ! corruption ( ! ,c\rt f ext5d+ to ! prov9ces1 & ma9ta9$ 9 ! old c\ntry-seats1 f :i* came ! great] "p ( ! nobility1 ! sub/antial virtues & ! simple mann]s ( ! old5 "t40 #bdg4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,! education ( wom5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury reflects ! s5tim5t ( ! age z to _! relative position 9 society1 _! rights1 & _! de/9y4 ,woman 0 /ill reg>d$ z ! inf]ior ( man1 9 ! l[] classes z a drudge1 9 ! high] z an ornam5t2 9 h] case1 intellectual culture 0 reg>d$ z ei!r useless or dang]\s2 & ! education t 0 giv5 h] 0 to fit h] = a life ( devotion or a life ( seclusion f society4 #b4 ,! rules ( ,jacquel9e ,pascal exhibit ! effects ( an ascetic belief on education1--human nature is corrupt2 all its likes are to be ?w>t$1 & all its dislikes fo/]$ "u compulsion4 #c4 ,! education direct$ by ,madame de ,ma9t5on is ! beg9n+ ( a rupture ) tradition4 ,x 0 a movem5t t[>ds ! secul>ization ( woman's education1 & t[>ds ! recognition ( h] equality ) man1 ) respect to h] grade ( intellectual end[m5ts1 h] intellectual culture1 & to h] p>ticipation 9 ! duties ( real life4 #d4 ,! type ( ! high] education 0 /ill mona/ic1 bo? = m5 & wom54 ,no "o 0 able to conceive t bo? sexes might be educat$ toge!r ) mutual advantage4 ,,footnotes3 #ach ,les ,femmes ,savantes1 ,act ,,ii4 ,sc5e ,,vii41 ,van ,laun's translation4 #aci ,lett] ( ,nov4 #af1 #afhi4 #adj ,lett] ( ,june #a1 #afhj4 #ada ,trait du *oix et de la m?ode des tudes1 ,*ap4 ,,xxxviii4 #adb ,grard1 ,mmoire sur l'enseignem5t secondaire des filles1 p4 #ee4 #adc 8,! "n g5]ally giv5 to a social circle1 :i* = m ?an half a c5tury ga!r$ ar\nd ,ca!r9e de ,vivonne1 m>quise de ,ramb\illet1 & h] daught]1 ,julie d',ang5nes1 du*ess de ,montausi]1 & :i* ex]cis$ a v conspicu\s influ5ce on ,fr5* language1 lit]ature1 & civilization4444 ,h] h\se soon became ! place :]e all :o _h g5ius1 wit1 le>n+1 tal5t1 or ta/e1 assembl$1 & f ^! reunions orig9at$ ! ,fr5* ,academy1 ! highe/ au?ority ( ,fr5* lit]ature1 & ! salons1 ! mo/ prom95t feature ( ,fr5* civilization40--,johnson's ,cyclopdia4 #add ,see ! ,lett] to ,madame de ,fonta9e1 g5]al mi/ress ( ! s*ool1 ,sept4 #bj1 #afia4 #ade ,two volumes1 #b;d edition1 #ahfa4 #adf ,two volumes1 #aheg4 #adg ,two volumes1 #ahfj4 #adh ,m4 ,grard1 ,mmoire sur l'enseignem5t secondaire des filles1 #ahhb1 p4 #ei4 #adi ,lettres hi/oriques1 ,tome ,i4 p4 #dh4 #aej ,lettres hi/oriques1 ,tome ,i4 p4 #hi4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,roll94 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p>is2 ,,/atutes ,,( #aeih ,,& ,,( #afjj2 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,faculties2 ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p>is ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury2 ,,! ,,re/oration ,,( ,,/udies ,,& ,,roll9 7#affa-agda72 ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,/udies2 ,,diff]5t ,,op9ions2 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,/udies2 ,,g5]al ,,reflections ,,on ,,education2 ,,/udies ,,= ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye>s2 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,girls2 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,fr5*2 ,,greek ,,& ,,lat92 ,,roll9 ,,! ,,hi/orian2 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory2 ,,philosophy2 ,,sci5tific ,,in/ruction2 ,,educational ,,"* ,,( ,,roll9',s ,,p$agogy2 ,,int]ior ,,discipl9e ,,( ,,colleges2 ,,public ,,education2 ,,! ,,rod2 ,,puni%m5ts ,,9 ,,g5]al2 ,,conclusion2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #bdh4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p>is4--,s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is _h be5 a c5tre ( light & a resort = /ud5ts4 ,ramus c\ld say3 8,?is ,univ]sity is n ! univ]sity ( "o city only1 b ( ! entire _w40 ,b ev5 9 ! "t ( ,ramus1 9 consequ5ce ( ! civil discords1 & by reason also ( ! progress 9 ! colleges organiz$ by ! ,company ( ,jesus1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is decl9$2 %e saw ! numb] ( h] pupils dim9i%4 ,%e p]si/$1 h[ev]1 9 ! full light ( ! ,r5aissance1 9 foll[+ ! sup]annuat$ regulations :i* ! ,c>d9al d',e/\teville _h impos$ on h] 9 #adeb2 %e fell beh9d 9 ! r\t9e ( ! s*ola/ic me?ods4 ,a re=m 0 necess>y1 & 9 #afjj x 0 accompli%$ by ,h5ry ,,iv4 #bdi4 ,,/atutes ,,( #afjj4--,! /atutes ( ! new univ]sity 7 promulgat$ 8by ! ord] & ! w ( ! mo/ ,*ri/ian & mo/ inv9cible k+ ( ,france & ,nav>re1 ,h5ry ,,iv40 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t t ! ,/ate directly int]v5$ 9 ! control ( education1 & t secul> p[] 0 set up 9 opposition to ! absolute au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies a re=m _h be5 made 9 ! ,univ]sity1 by ! ,popes ,innoc5t ,,iii4 & ,urban ,v4 ,! re=m] ( #adeb1 ! ,c>d9al d',e/\teville1 act$ z ! legate ( ! pontifical p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! /atutes ( #afjj 7 ! "w ( a commission nam$ by ! k+1 & !re sat at its delib]ations1 by ! side ( a few ecclesia/ics1 magi/rates1 & ev5 pr(essors4 #bej4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,faculties4--,! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is compris$ f\r ,faculties3 ! ,faculties ( ,!ology1 ( ,law1 & ( ,m$ic9e1 :i* correspond$ to :at we to-day call sup]ior in/ruction1 & ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 :i* 0 almo/ ! equival5t ( our second>y in/ruction4#aea ,x w\ld take too long to enum]ate 9 ?is place ! diff]5t innovations introduc$ by ! /atutes ( #afjj4 ,let u m]ely say a ^w ( ! ,faculty ( ,arts4 ,9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts ! door 0 f9ally op5$ to ! classical au?ors4 ,9 a c]ta9 degree ! t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance 7 obey$4 ,nev]!less1 ! me?ods & ! g5]al _s 7 sc>cely *ang$4 ,ca?olicism 0 obligatory1 & ! ,fr5* language rema9$ "u ban4 ,frequ5t ex]cises 9 repetition & declamation 7 ma9ta9$4 ,! lib]al arts 7 always consid]$ 8! f\ndation ( all ! sci5ces40 ,in/ruction 9 philosophy 0 always r$uc$ to ! int]pretation ( ! texts ( ,ari/otle4 ,z to hi/ory1 & ! sci5ces 9 g5]al1 no acc\nt :atev] 0 tak5 ( !m4 #bea4 ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4--,! re=m1 !n1 0 insuffici5t1 & ! results 7 bad4 ,:ile ! colleges ( ! ,jesuits attract$ pupils 9 cr[ds1 & :ile ! ,oratorians & ! ,jans5i/s re=m$ second>y in/ruction1 ! colleges ( ! ,univ]sity#aeb rema9$ m$iocre & obscure4 ,save 9 r>e exceptions1 !re 7 no pr(essors ( di/9ction2 ! education 0 =mal1 9 humble imitation ( t ( ! ,company ( ,jesus2 !re 0 an abuse ( ab/ract rules1 ( grammatical ex]cises1 ( writt5 tasks1 & ( ,lat9 composition2 !re 0 no disposition to take an advance /ep2 b an ob/9ate resi/ance to ! new _s1 :i* 0 indicat$ ei!r by ! int]diction ( ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 or by ! refusal to tea* 9 ! ,fr5* language2 9 a ^w1 !re 0 complete isolation 9 immovable r\t9e1 & 9 consequ5ce1 decad5ce1--su* is a summ>y hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is up to ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #beb4 ,,! ,,re/oration ,,( ,,/udies ,,& ,,roll9 7#affa-agda74--,we mu/ g =w>d to ! "t :5 ,roll9 taught1 to obs]ve a revival 9 ! /udies ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,sev]al di/+ui%$ pr(essors1 z 8 ma/] ,h]san1 ,p\r*ot1 & /ill o!rs1 _h prep>$ ! way = him4 ,!re 0 !n1 f #afhj to #agjj1 a real rejuv5esc5ce ( /udies1 :i* 0 initiat$ 9 "p by ,roll94 ,lat9 lo/ a little gr\nd 9 consequ5ce ( a gr[+ recognition ( ! rights ( ! ,fr5* language & ! national lit]ature1 :i* _h j be5 made illu/ri\s by s _m ma/]pieces4 ,! _s ( ! ,jans5i/ me?ods p5etrat$ ! colleges ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! ,c>tesian philosophy 0 taught 9 !m1 & a little m att5tion 0 giv5 to ! explication ( au?ors1 & a little less to ! v]bal repetition ( lessons4 ,new ideas began to infiltrate into ! old citadel ( s*ola/icism4 ,! "q came to be ask$ if celibacy 0 inde$ an indisp5sable condition ( ! tea*+ (fice4 ,m5 began to compreh5d t at lea/ m>riage 0 n a reason = exclusion4 ,f9ally1 real progress 0 made 9 discipl9e z well z 9 me?ods1 & ! indubitable pro( ( ?is is ! ,treatise on ,/udies1 by ,roll94 #bec4 ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,/udies4--,roll9 has summ$ up 8 educational exp]i5ce1 an exp]i5ce ( fifty ye>s1 9 a book :i* has become celebrat$ "u ! title ( ,treatise on ,/udies4 ,! full title ( ?is "w 03 ,de la manire d'enseign] et d'tudi] les belles-lettres p> rapport l'esprit et au cur4 ,! fir/ two volumes appe>$ 9 #agbf1 & ! o!r two 9 #agbh4 ,! ,treatise on ,/udies is n l ! mile1 :i* 0 publi%$ tw5ty ye>s lat]1 a "w ( v5turesome inquiry & orig9al novelties2 b is a fai?ful exposition ( ! me?ods 9 use1 & a discreet comm5t>y on !m4 ,:ile ?is treatise belongs by its date to ! eighte5? c5tury1 x is ! p$agogy ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! traditions ( ! ,univ]sity "u ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 t ,roll9 has collect$1 & ( :i* he has simply wi%$ to be ! report]4 ,9 ! ,lat9 d$ication1 :i* he addresses to ! ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 he cle>ly def9es 8 int5tions & 8 purpose3-- 8,my fir/ design 0 to put 9 writ+ & def9e ! me?od ( tea*+ :i* has long be5 9 use among y1 & :i*1 up to ?is "t1 has be5 transmitt$ only by ^w ( m\?1 & ?r\gh a sort ( tradition2 & to erect1 s f> z ,i am able to d x1 a durable monum5t ( ! rules & practice :i* y h foll[$ 9 ! in/ruction ( y\?1 = ! purpose ( pres]v+1 9 all its integrity1 ! ta/e = belles-lettres1 & to pres]ve x1 if possible1 f ! injuries & ! alt]ations ( "t40 #bed4 ,,diff]5t ,,op9ions4--,roll9 has always _h w>m admir]s4 ,voltaire call$ ! ,treatise a book 8=ev] useful10 & :atev] may be our res]vations on ! defici5ces1 & on ! %ort & n>r[ views ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! p$agogy ( ,roll91 we mu/ subscribe to ?is judgm5t4 ,b we %all n g s f> z to accept ! en?usia/ic decl>ations ( ,villema91 :o compla9s t ! /udy ( ! ,treatise is neglect$ 9 our "t1 8z if new me?ods _h be5 discov]$ = tra9+ ! intellig5ce & ! he>t02 & he adds1 8,s9ce ! ,treatise on ,/udies1 n a =w>d /ep has be5 tak540 ,?is is to und]value all ! e>ne/ ef=ts t h be5 made = two c5turies by educators j z pr(\nd z 0 ! ev] timid & cauti\s ,roll94 ,:5 we comp>e ! precepts ( ! ,treatise ) ! re=ms :i* ! _s ( progress has already effect$1 & p>ticul>ly ) ^? :i* x w effect1 we are a/oni%$ to he> ,nis>d say3 8,9 educational matt]s1 ! ,treatise on ,/udies is ! unique book1 or bett] /ill1 ! book40 ,to put su* a burd5 ( pomp\s praise on ,roll9 is to compromise 8 real wor?2 & )\t ceas+ to d ju/ice to 8 wise & judici\s _s1 we wi% to employ m discretion 9 our admiration4 #bee4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,/udies4--,be=e call+ att5tion to ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! ,treatise on ,/udies1 let u briefly /ate ! object ( ! eight books ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! ,treatise op5s ) a ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse :i* recites ! advantages ( in/ruction4 ,! title ( ! fir/ book is3 ,ex]cises :i* are prop] = v "y *ildr52 ( ! education ( girls4 ,roll9 ackn[l$ges t he treats only v sup]ficially 8?is d\ble subject10 :i* is =eign to 8 orig9al plan4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,treatise on ,/udies conta9$ b sev5 books1 & x is only 9 #agcd t he wrote1 8at ! urg5t reque/s & pray]s ( sev]al p]sons10 t %ort essay on ! education ( boys & girls :i* fir/ appe>$ "u ! =m ( a supplem5t1 & :i* became ! fir/ book ( ! "w only 9 ! subsequ5t editions4 ,! diff]5t subjects prop] = tra9+ ! y\? 9 ! public s*ools1 t is1 9 ! colleges1--su* is ! object ( ! six books :i* foll[3 ,book ,,ii4 ,( ! le>n+ ( ! languages2 t is1 ! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat92 ,book ,,iii4 ,( poetry2 ,book ,,iv4 ,( rhetoric2 ,book ,v4 ,( ! ?ree k9ds ( eloqu5ce2 ,book ,,vi4 ,( hi/ory2 ,book ,,vii4 ,( philosophy4 ,book ,,viii41 ! la/1 entitl$ ,( ! int]ior gov]nm5t ( s*ools & colleges1 has a p>ticul> "*4 ,x does n treat ( /udies & intellectual ex]cises1 b ( discipl9e & moral education4 ,x is1 on all acc\nts1 ! mo/ orig9al & int]e/+ "p ( ,roll9's "w1 & x op5s to u ! treasures ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,?is eigh? book has be5 ju/ly call$ ! 8,memoirs ( ,roll940 ,t :i* con/itutes its m]it & its *>m is t ! au?or "h at la/ decides to be himself4 ,he does n quote ! anci5ts s mu*2 b he speaks 9 8 own "n1 & relates :at he has done1 or :at he has se5 done4 #bef4 ,,g5]al ,,reflections ,,on ,,education4--,!re is little to be ga!r$ out ( ! ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse ( ,roll94 ,he is b slightly successful 9 g5]al reflections4 ,:5 he v5tures to philosophize1 ,roll9 easily falls into platitudes4 ,he has a diss]tation to prove t 8/udy gives ! m9d m bread? & elevation2 & t /udy gives capacity = bus9ess40 ,on ! purpose ( education1 ,roll91 :o copies ! mod]ns :5 he does n translate f ! anci5ts1 is cont5t ) reproduc+ ! preamble ( ! regulations ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 :i* assign$ to /udies ?ree purposes3 le>n+1 morals & mann]s1 & religion4 8,! happ9ess ( k+doms & peoples1 & p>ticul>ly ( a ,*ri/ian ,/ate1 dep5ds on ! good education ( ! y\?1 :]e ! purpose is to cultivate & to poli%1 by ! /udy ( ! sci5ces1 ! intellig5ce1 /ill rude1 ( ! "y1 & ?us to fit !m = fill+ wor?ily ! diff]5t vocations to :i* !y are de/9$1 )\t :i* !y w be useless to ! ,/ate2 & f9ally1 to tea* !m ! s9c]e religi\s practices :i* ,god requires ( !m1 ! inviolable atta*m5t !y owe to _! fa!rs & mo!rs & to _! c\ntry1 & ! respect & ob$i5ce :i* !y are b\nd to r5d] pr9ces & magi/rates40 #beg4 ,,prim>y ,,/udies4--,roll9 is orig9al :5 he introduces u to ! classes ( ! great colleges :]e he has liv$2 b is mu* less s :5 he speaks to u ( little *ildr51 :om he has nev] se5 ne> at h&4 ,he has nev] kn[n family life1 & sc>cely ev] visit$ public s*ools2 & x is ?r\gh 8 recollections ( ,qu9tilian t he speaks to u ( *ildr54 ,!re is1 !n1 b little to note 9 ! few pages t he has devot$ to ! /udies ( ! fir/ ye>s1 f ?ree to six or sev54 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s we f9d "h1 p]haps1 is ! me?od :i* he recomm5ds = le>n+ to read1--8! typographic cab9et ( du ,mas40 8,x is a novelty10 says ! wise ,roll91 8& x is q common & natural t we %\ld be suspici\s ( ?is ^w novelty40 ,b aft] ! exam9ation1 he decides 9 favor ( ! sy/em 9 "q1 :i* consi/s 9 mak+ ( in/ruction 9 read+1 some?+ analog\s to ! "w ( an appr5tice :o is le>n+ to pr9t4 ,! pupil has be=e him a table1 & on ?is table is plac$ a set ( pigeon-holes1 8logettes10 :i* conta9 ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 pr9t$ on c>ds4 ,! pupil is to arrange on ! table ! diff]5t lett]s ne$$ to con/ruct ! words requir$ ( him4 ,! reasons t ,roll9 gives = recomm5d+ ?is me?od1 successful te/s ( :i* he _h se5 made1 prove t he _h tak5 into acc\nt ! nature ( ! *ild & 8 ne$ ( activity3-- 8,?is me?od ( le>n+ to read1 besides sev]al o!r advantages1 has "o :i* seems to me v consid]able1--x is t ( be+ amus+ & agreeable1 & ( n hav+ ! appe>ance ( /udy4 ,no?+ is m we>isome or t$i\s 9 infancy ?an sev]e m5tal ef=t :ile ! body is 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,) ?is device1 ! m9d ( ! *ild is n we>i$4 ,he ne$ n make a pa9ful ef=t at recollection1 because ! di/9ction & ! "n ( ! boxes /rike 8 s5ses4 ,he is n con/ra9$ to a po/ure t is oppressive by be+ always ti$ to ! place :]e he is made to read4 ,!re is free activity = eyes1 h&s1 & feet4 ,! *ild looks = 8 lett]s1 takes !m out1 arranges !m1 ov]turns !m1 sep>ates !m1 & f9ally replaces !m 9 _! boxes4 ,?is movem5t is v mu* to 8 ta/e1 & is exactly adapt$ to ! active & re/less disposition ( t age40 ,roll9 seems really to believe t !re 8is no dang] 9 beg9n+ ) ! read+ ( ,lat940 ,h[ev]1 8= ! s*ools ( ! poor1 & = ^? 9 ! c\ntry1 x is bett]10 he says1 8to fall 9 ) ! op9ion ( ^? :o believe t x is necess>y to beg9 ) ! read+ ( ,fr5*40 ,x may be ?\ght t ,roll9 puts a little too mu* into ! fir/ ye>s ( ! *ild's c\rse ( /udy4 ,be=e ! age ( six or sev5 he ought to h le>n$ to read1 to write1 to be n\ri%$ on ! ,hi/orical ,cate*ism ( ,fleury1 to "k "s ( ! fables ( ,la ,fonta9e by he>t1 & to h /udi$ ,fr5* gramm>1 & geography4 ,at lea/1 ,roll9 requires t 8no ?\ght1 no expression1 :i* is )9 ! *ild's range10 %all be all[$ to be pass$ by4 ,he requires t ! tea*] speak little1 & t he make ! *ild speak mu*1 8:i* is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial duties & "o ( ^? t are ! lea/ practis$40 ,he dem&s1 above all else1 cle>ness ( /atem5t1 & comm5ds ! use ( illu/rations & pictures 9 read+ books4 8,!y are v suitable10 he says1 8= /rik+ ! att5tion ( *ildr51 & = fix+ _! memory2 ?is is prop]ly ! writ+ ( ! ignorant40#aed #beh4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,girls4--,! same reasons expla9 ! %ortcom+s ( ,roll9's views on ! education ( wom51 & ! relative m$iocrity ( 8 ideas on ! education ( *ildr54 ,liv+ 9 solitude & 9 ! celibate /ate1 he _h no p]sonal in=mation on ^! subjects1 & s he goes back to ,fnelon = 8 ideas on ! education ( wom51 & to ,qu9tilian 9 ! case ( *ildr54 ,is ! /udy ( ,lat9 fit = girls8 ,su* is ! fir/ "q :i* he raises2 b he has ! wisdom to answ] x 9 ! negative1 save = 8nuns1 & also = ,*ri/ian virg9s & wid[s40 8,!re is no diff]5ce 9 m9ds10 ,roll9 emphatically says1 8t is due to sex40 ,b he does n ext5d ! consequ5ces ( ?is excell5t pr9ciple v f>4 ,he is cont5t to require ( wom5 ! f\r rules ( ari?metic2 or?ography1 9 :i* he is n ov] exact+1 = 8_! ignorance ( or?ography %\ld n be imput$ to !m z a crime1 s9ce x is almo/ univ]sal 9 _! sex20 anci5t hi/ory & ! hi/ory ( ,france1 8:i* x is disgraceful to e good ,fr5*man n to "k40#aee ,z to read+1 ,roll9 is q z sev]e z ,madame de ,ma9t5on3 8,! read+ ( com$ies & trag$ies may be v dang]\s = "y ladies40 ,he sanctions only ,e/h] & ,a?alie4 ,music & danc+ are all[$1 b )\t en?usiasm & ) endless precautions3-- 8,an almo/ univ]sal exp]i5ce %[s t ! /udy ( music is an extraord9>y dissipation40 8,i d n "k h[ ! cu/om ( hav+ girls le>n to s+ & play on in/rum5ts at su* great exp5se has become s common4444 ,i he> x said t z soon z !y ent] on life's duties1 !y make no f>!r use ( x40 #bei4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,fr5*4--,roll9 is *iefly preoccupi$ ) ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages2 b he has ! m]it1 not)/&+ 8 pr$ilection = ex]cises 9 ,lat91 ( hav+ foll[$ ! example ( ! ,jans5i/s s f> z ! importance accord$ to ! ,fr5* language is conc]n$4 8,x is a disgrace10 he says1 8t we are ignorant ( our own language2 & if we are will+ to confess ! tru?1 we w almo/ all ackn[l$ge t we h nev] /udi$ x40 ,roll9 admitt$ t he 0 8mu* m pr(ici5t 9 ! /udy ( ,lat9 ?an 9 t ( ,fr5*40 ,9 ! op5+ ( 8 ,treatise1 :i* he wrote 9 ,fr5* only t he might place himself )9 ! rea* ( 8 "y read]s & _! p>5ts1 he excuses himself = mak+ a trial 9 a k9d ( writ+ :i* is almo/ new to him4 ,& 9 congratulat+ him on 8 "w1 d',aguesseau wrote1 8,y speak ,fr5* z if x 7 y\r native tongue40 ,su* 0 ! ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity 9 ,france at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,let u ?9k well ( him1 !re=e1 = hav+ s ov]come 8 own habits ( m9d z to recomm5d ! /udy ( ,fr5*4 ,he w\ld h x le>n$1 n only ?r\gh use1 b also 8?r\gh pr9ciples10 & w\ld h 8! g5ius ( ! language und]/ood1 & all its beauties /udi$40 ,roll9 has a high op9ion ( gramm>1 b w\ld n enc\rage a misuse ( x3-- 8,long-cont9u$ lessons on su* dry matt] might become v t$i\s to pupils4 ,%ort que/ions1 regul>ly propos$ ea* day aft] ! mann] ( an ord9>y conv]sation1 9 :i* !y !mselves w\ld be consult$1 & 9 :i* ! tea*] w\ld employ ! art ( hav+ !m tell :at he wi%$ to make !m le>n1 w\ld tea* !m 9 ! way ( amusem5t1 &1 by an ins5sible progress1 cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s1 !y w\ld acquire a pr(\nd k ( ! language40 ,x is 9 ! ,treatise on ,/udies t we f9d = ! fir/ "t a =mal li/ ( classical ,fr5* au?ors4 ,"s ( ^! are n[ obscure & =gott51 z ! ,rem>kable ,lives writt5 by ,m>soli]1 & ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions & ,belles-,lettres1 by de ,boze2 b ! mo/ ( !m h held _! place 9 our programmes1 & ! judgm5ts ( ,roll9 h be5 foll[$ = two c5turies1 on ! ,disc\rse on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 by ,bossuet1 on ! works ( ,boileau & ,rac9e1 & on ! ,logic ( ,port ,royal4 ,l all 8 contempor>ies1 ,roll9 p>ticul>ly recomm5ds ,lat9 composition to 8 pupils4 ,h[ev]1 he has spok5 a ^w = ,fr5* composition1 :i* %\ld be>1 fir/1 on fables & hi/orical n>ratives1 !n on ex]cises 9 epi/ol>y /yle1 & f9ally1 on common ?+s1 descriptions1 & %ort spee*es4 #bfj4 ,,greek ,,& ,,lat94--,b x is 9 ! tea*+ ( ! anci5t languages t ,roll9 has especially tri$ ! res\rces ( 8 p$agogic art4 ,= two c5turies1 9 ! colleges ( ! ,univ]sity1 8 recomm5dations h be5 foll[$4 ,9 ,greek1 he c5sures ! /udy ( !mes1 & r$uces ! /udy ( ?is language to ! und]/&+ ( au?ors4 ,m ( a ,lat9i/ ?an ( a ,hell5i/1 ( all ! argum5ts he (f]s to ju/ify ! /udy ( ,greek1 ! be/ is1 t1 s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 ,greek has always be5 taught2 b1 )\t great success1 he admits3-- 8,p>5ts10 he says1 8are b little incl9$ 9 favor ( ,greek4 ,!y also le>n$ ,greek1 !y claim1 9 _! y\?1 & !y h reta9$ no?+ ( x2 ?is is ! ord9>y language :i* indicates t "o has n =gott5 mu* ( x40 ,b ,lat91 :i* x does n suffice to le>n to read1 b :i* mu/ be writt5 & spok51 is ! object ( all ,roll9's c>e1 :o1 on ?is po9t1 gives pro( ( consummate exp]i5ce4 ,l ! tea*]s ( ,port ,royal1 he dem&s t !re %all be no abuse ( !mes 9 ! l[] classes1 & recomm5ds ! use ( oral !mes1 b he holds firmly to v]sion1 & to ! explication ( au?ors3-- 8,au?ors are l a liv+ diction>y1 & a speak+ gramm>1 :]eby we le>n1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 ! v =ce & ! true use ( words1 ( phrases1 & ( ! rules ( syntax40 ,?is is n ! place to analyze ! p>ts ( ! ,treatise on ,/udies :i* relate to poetics & rhetoric1 & :i* are ! code1 n[ some:at antiquat$1 ( ,lat9 v]se & prose4 ,roll9 br+s to be> on ?is !me great pr(essional sagacity1 b also a _s ( n>r[ness4 ,he condemns anci5t my?ology1 & excludes1 z dang]\s1 ! ,fr5* poets1 save "s r>e exceptions4 ,he claims t ! true use ( poetry belongs to religion4 ,he has no conception ( ! salut>y & :olesome influ5ce :i* ! beauties ( poetry & eloqu5ce c ex]cise ov] ! _s4 #bfa4 ,,roll9 ,,! ,,hi/orian4--,roll9 has made a reputation z an hi/orian4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 comp>es him to ,?ucydides1 & ,*ateaubri& has emphatically call$ him ! 8,fnelon ( ,hi/ory40 ,montesquieu himself has pleasantly said3 8,a noble man has en*ant$ ! public ?r\gh 8 works on hi/ory2 x is he>t :i* speaks to he>t2 we feel a secret satisfaction 9 he>+ virtue speak2 he is ! bee ( ,france40 ,mod]n criticism has dealt ju/ly ) ^! exagg]ations4 ,! ?irte5 volumes ( 8 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 :i* ,roll9 publi%$1 f #agcj to #agch1 are sc>cely read to-day4 ,8 great defect z an hi/orian is 8 lack ( erudition & ( ! critical _s2 he accepts ) cr$ulity e fable & e leg5d4 ,we are to recollect1 h[ev]1 t z pr(essor ( hi/ory--& 9 tru? he pret5d$ to be only ?is--,roll9 has great] wor? ?an z an hi/orian4 ,he knew h[ to introduce into ! exposition ( facts great simplicity & great facility4 ,& especially he attempt$ to draw f ev5ts _! moral lesson4 8,we ought n to =get10 says a ,g]man ( our "t1 8t ,roll9 has nev] made any p]sonal claim to be consid]$ an inve/igator 9 hi/orical /udy1 b t ! purpose he _h *iefly 9 view 0 educational4 ,z he 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! /udy ( hi/ory into ,fr5* colleges 7?is is true only ( ! colleges ( ! ,univ]sity71 he s\ght to rem$y ! complete abs5ce ( hi/orical read+ adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! "y4 ,?is is a great educational feat2 = x is und5iable t 8 works are ( a nature to give to ! "y ( all nations a real ta/e = ! /udy ( hi/ory1 & at ! same "t a vivid conception ( ! diff]5t epo*s1 & ( ! life ( nations40#aef #bfb4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,h[ev]1 consid]$ simply z a pr(essor ( hi/ory1 ,roll9 is f> f be+ irreproa*able4 ,d\btless x is good to moralize on hi/ory1 & to make ( x1 z he says1 8a s*ool ( endur+ glory & real gr&eur40 ,b is n hi/orical accuracy necess>ily compromis$1 & is !re n dang] ( mak+ ! subject pu]ile1 :5 ! tea*] is guid$ exclusively by ! idea ( moral edification8 ,ano!r grav] fault 9 ,roll9 is t he sy/ematically omits ! hi/ory ( ,france1 & ) x1 all mod]n hi/ory4 ,9 ?is respect1 he falls bel[ ! ,oratory1 ,port ,royal1 ,bossuet1 ,fnelon1 & ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve1 moreov]1 t ,roll9 recognizes ! utility ( ! /udy ( national hi/ory1 b 8 excuse = omitt+ x is ! lack ( "t3-- 8,i d n speak ( ! hi/ory ( ,france4444 ,i d n ?9k x possible to f9d "t1 dur+ ! regul> c\rse ( in/ruction1 to make a place = ?is /udy2 b ,i am f> f consid]+ x z ( no importance1 & ,i obs]ve ) regret t x is neglect$ by _m p]sons to :om1 nev]!less1 x w\ld be v useful1 n to say necess>y4 ,:5 ,i say ?is1 x is myself t ,i criticise fir/1 = ,i ackn[l$ge t ,i h n giv5 suffici5t att5tion to x1 & ,i am a%am$ ( be+ 9 "s sort a /rang] 9 my own c\ntry aft] hav+ trav]s$ s _m o!rs40 #bfc4 ,,philosophy4--,x is moral edification t ,roll9 seeks 9 philosophical /udies1 z 9 hi/orical /udies4 ,) b little compet5ce 9 ^! matt]s1 he admits t he has appli$ himself only v sup]ficially to ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,he kn[s1 h[ev]1 ! value ( e?ics & logic1 :i* gov]n ! morals & p]fect ! m9d2 ( physics1 :i* furni%es u a mass ( int]e/+ k2 & f9ally1 ( metaphysics1 :i* =tifies ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,! e?ics ( antiquity seems to him wor?y ( att5tion2 x is1 9 8 view1 ! introduction to ,*ri/ian e?ics4 #bfd4 ,,sci5tific ,,in/ruction4--,roll9 has giv5 u a comp5dium ( a/ronomy1 ( physics1 & ( natural hi/ory4 ,)\t d\bt 8 essays h b a mod]ate value4 ,roll9's k is (t5 inexact1 & 8 g5]al ideas are n>r[4 ,he is capable ( believ+ t 8nature entire is made = man40 ,b yet he des]ves "s cr$it = hav+ compreh5d$ ! "p t ! obs]vation ( ! s5sible _w ought to play 9 education3-- 8,i call *ildr5's physics a /udy ( nature :i* requires sc>cely any?+ b eyes1 & :i*1 = ?is reason1 is )9 ! rea* ( all sorts ( p]sons1 & ev5 ( *ildr54 ,x consi/s 9 mak+ ourselves att5tive to ! objects :i* nature pres5ts to u1 to consid] !m ) c>e1 & to admire _! diff]5t beauties2 b )\t se>*+ into _! secret causes1 :i* comes )9 ! prov9ce ( ! physics ( ! sci5ti/4 8,i say t ev5 *ildr5 are capable ( ?is1 = !y h eyes1 & are n want+ 9 curiosity4 ,!y wi% to "k2 !y are inquisitive4 ,x is only necess>y to awak5 & n\ri% 9 !m ! desire to le>n & to "k1 :i* is natural to all m54 ,?is /udy1 moreov]1 if x may be s call$1 f> f be+ pa9ful & t$i\s1 af=ds only pleasure & amusem5t2 x may take ! place ( recreation1 & ord9>ily ought n to take place save 9 play+4 ,x is inconceivable h[ mu* k ( ?+s *ildr5 might ga91 if we knew h[ to take advantage ( all ! occasions :i* !y furni% = ! purpose40 #bfe4 ,,! ,,educative ,,"* ,,( ,,roll9',s ,,p$agogy4--,x %\ld n be suppos$ t ,roll9's exclusive purpose 0 to make ,lat9i/s & lit]>y m54 ,i "k v well t he himself has said t 8to =m ! ta/e 0 8 pr9cipal aim40 ,nev]!less1 he has ?\ght ( o!r ?+s1--moral qualities n less ?an intellectual end[m5ts4 ,he wi%$ to tra9 at once 8! he>t & ! intellect40 ,) him1 in/ruction 9 all its phases takes an educative turn4 ,he e/eems k only because x leads to virtue4 ,9 ! explication ( au?ors1 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! morality ( _! ?\ghts1 at lea/ z mu* z to _! lit]>y beauty4 ,! maxims & examples :i* _! writ+s conta9 %\ld be skillfully put 9 relief1 s t ^! read+s may become moral lessons n less ?an /udies 9 rhetoric4 ,to sum up 9 a ^w1 ,roll9 foll[s ! tradition ( ! ,jans5i/s1 & n t ( ! ,company ( ,jesus4 #bff4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,( ,,roll94--,roll91 ?\gh p]secut$ = 8 ,jans5i/ t5d5cies1 0 a f]v5t ,*ri/ian4 8,a ,roman probity0 did n suffice = him2 he desir$ a ,*ri/ian virtue4 ,consequ5tly1 he requires t religi\s in/ruction %\ld =m a "p ( e lesson4 ,a regulation :i* dates f 8 rector%ip requir$ t ! s*ol> 9 ea* class %\ld le>n & recite ea* day "o or m maxims drawn f ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,?is cu/om has be5 ma9ta9$ to ?is day4 ,roll9 knew1 moreov]1 t ! be/ means ( inspir+ piety is to prea* by example1 & to be pi\s "o's self3-- 8,to make true ,*ri/ians1--?is is ! end & purpose ( ! education ( *ildr52 all ! re/ b fulfills ! purpose ( means4444 ,:5 a tea*] has receiv$ ?is _s1 !re is no?+ m to say to him44440 ,! religi\s _s ( ,roll9 comes to view on ea* page ( 8 book3-- 8,x rema9s = me10 he says1 9 conclud+ 8 preface1 8to pray ,god1 9 ^: h&s we all are1 we & our disc\rses1 to deign to bless my good int5tions40 #bfg4 ,,int]ior ,,discipl9e ,,( ,,! ,,colleges4--,! "p ( ! ,treatise on ,/udies :i* has pres]v$ ! mo/ int]e/1 & :i* w be /udi$ ) ! mo/ pr(it1 is c]ta9ly t :i* treats ( ! int]ior gov]nm5t ( s*ools & colleges4 ,"h1 ?\gh he does n completely dive/ himself ( 8 me?od ( borr[+s1 & ref]5ces to ! au?ority ( o!rs1 & ?\gh he is especially "u ! influ5ce ( ,locke1 ^: wise advice on rew>ds & puni%m5ts he reproduces almo/ v]batim1 ,roll9 makes use ( a long p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,we h *>g$ him ) n kn[+ ! little *ild4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he kn[s exactly :at s*ol>s a little old] are1--*ildr5 f t5 to sixte5 ye>s old4 ,& he n only kn[s !m1 b he loves !m t5d]ly4 ,he gives !m ?is te/imony1 :i* affection alone c expla91 t he has always f\nd !m reasonable4 #bfh4 ,,enum]ation ,,( ,,! ,,que/ions ,,treat$ ,,by ,,roll94--,to give an idea ( ?is "p ( ! ,treatise1 ! be/ way is to reproduce ! titles ( ! ?irte5 articles compos+ ! *apt] entitl$ ,g5]al ,c\nsels on ! ,education ( ! ,"y3-- ,i4 ,:at end %\ld be propos$ 9 education8 ,,ii4 ,h[ to /udy ! "* ( *ildr5 9 ord] to become able to in/ruct !m prop]ly4 ,,iii4 ,h[ at once to ga9 au?ority ov] *ildr54 ,,iv4 ,h[ to become lov$ & fe>$4 ,v4 ,puni%m5ts3 #a4 ,difficulties & dang]s 9 puni%m5ts2 #b4 ,rules to be obs]v$ 9 puni%m5ts4 ,,vi4 ,reprim&s3 #a4 ,occasion = reprim&+2 #b4 ,"t = mak+ ! reprim&2 #c4 ,mann] ( reprim&+4 ,,vii4 ,reason+ ) *ildr54 ,/imulat+ !m ) ! s5se ( honor4 ,mak+ use ( comm5dation1 rew>ds1 & c>esses4 ,,viii4 ,h[ to tra9 *ildr5 to be tru?ful4 ,,ix4 ,h[ to tra9 *ildr5 to polit5ess1 to cleanl9ess1 & to exactness4 ,x4 ,h[ to make /udy attractive4 ,,xi4 ,h[ to give re/ & recreation to *ildr54 ,,xii4 ,h[ to tra9 ! "y to goodness by in/ruction & example4 ,,xiii4 ,piety1 religion1 zeal = ! salvation ( *ildr54 #bfi4 ,,public ,,education4--,roll9 does n def9itely express himself on ! sup]iority ( public education4 ,he does n d>e give =mal advice to p>5ts2 b he br+s =w>d ! advantages ( ! common life ( colleges ) s mu* =ce1 t x is v evid5t t he pref]s x to a private education4 ,let x be not$1 besides1 t he accepts on 8 own acc\nt 8! capital maxim ( ! anci5ts1 t *ildr5 belong m to ! ,/ate ?an to _! p>5ts40 #bgj4 ,,! ,,rod4--,9 ! matt] ( discipl9e1 ,roll9 leans r to ! side ( mildness4 ,h[ev]1 he does n d>e pron\nce himself absolutely aga9/ ! use ( ! rod4 ,t :i* 9 p>ticul> causes him to hesitate1 :i* gives him scruples1 :i* prev5ts him f express+ a c5sure :i* is at ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 b :i* nev] rises to 8 lips1 is t !re are c]ta9 texts ( ! ,bible ^: int]pretation is favorable to ! use ( ! rod4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice h[1 9 a /rait betwe5 8 s5tim5ts z a docile ,*ri/ian & 8 in/9cts t[>ds mildness1 ! good & timid ,roll9 tries to f9d a less rigor\s mean+ 9 ! sacr$ text1 & to conv9ce himself t ! ,bible does n say :at x seems to say4 ,aft] _m hesitations1 he f9ally comes to ! conclusion t corporal *a/isem5ts are p]mitt$1 b t !y are n to be employ$ save 9 extreme & desp]ate cases2 & ?is is also ! conclusion ( ,locke4 #bga4 ,,puni%m5ts ,,9 ,,g5]al4--,b h[ _m wise c\nsels on puni%m5ts1 & on ! precautions t mu/ be tak5 :5 we puni% or reprim&6 ,"o %\ld refra9 f puni%+ a *ild at ! mom5t he commits 8 fault1 because ?is might !n exasp]ate him & provoke him to new brea*es ( duty4 ,let ! ma/] be cool :5 he puni%es1 & avoid ! ang] :i* discr$its 8 au?ority4 ,! :ole ( ?is excell5t code ( s*ola/ic discipl9e might be quot$ ) pr(it4 ,roll9 is reason & good s5se itself :5 he guides & in/ructs ! tea*] z to 8 relations ) ! pupil4 ,d\btless ! mo/ ( ^! precepts are n new2 b :5 !y come f ! m\? ( ,roll91 !re is some?+ add$ to !m :i* ,i _c describe1 b :i* gives to ! mo/ ?readb>e advice ! au?ority ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 #bgb4 ,,conclusion4--,we %all n dwell on ! o!r precepts ( ,roll94 ,! text mu/ be consult$ = 8 reflections on plays1 recreations1 ! means ( mak+ /udy attractive1 & on ! necessity ( appeal+ to ! *ild's reason betimes1 & ( expla9+ to him :y "o does ?is or t4 ,9 ?is la/ "p ( ! ,treatise on ,/udies !re is a complete infant psy*ology :i* is lack+ nei!r 9 ke5ness nor 9 p5etration4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !re is a code ( moral discipl9e :i* _c be too highly comm5d$ to educators1 & to all ^? :o desire1 9 ! words ( ,roll91 8to tra9 at once ! he>t & ! m9d0 ( ! "y4 ,roll9 has work$ = virtue ev5 m ?an = sci5ce4 ,8 works are less lit]>y productions ?an works on morals1 & ! au?or himself is ! p]fect expression ( :at c be done = ! education ( ! "y by ! ,*ri/ian _s alli$ to ! univ]sity _s4 #bgc4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,! *>act]i/ic fact disclos$ by ?is /udy is ! v sl[ rate at :i* progress 9 education takes place4 ,!re is also an en=cem5t ( ! lesson :i* has reappe>$ f "t to "t1 t education foll[s 9 ! wake ( new & g5]al movem5ts 9 human ?\ght4 #b4 ,a m specific fact is ! extreme cons]vatism ( univ]sities1 or ! t5acity ) :i* !y hold to traditions4 ,! "q is sugge/$ :e!r1 aft] all1 ! cons]vative habit ( ! univ]sity does n be/ befit its judicial functions4 #c4 ,9 ! elb[+ ( ! classics by hi/ory & ,fr5*1 we see ! rise ( innovations :i* h become embodi$ 9 ! mod]n univ]sity4 #d4 ,a new factor 9 ! high] education is ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate1 z oppos$ to ! hi/orical dom9ation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! re=m ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is ! ,/ate became an educator4 #e4 ,!re is evid5ce ( "s progress 9 ! hi/orical /ruggle t[>ds ! conception t woman has equal rights ) man 9 ! b5efits ( education4 ,,footnotes3 #aea 8,=m]ly second>y s*ools 7 s*ools 9 :i* 0 giv5 a m advanc$ in/ruction !n 9 ! prim>y s*ools2 & !y 7 di/+ui%$ into communal second>y s*ools1 or communal colleges1 & into private second>y s*ools or in/itutions4444 ,to-day1 second>y in/ruction includes ! colleges & lyces 9 :i* are taught ! anci5t languages1 mod]n languages1 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 & philosophy4 ,public in/ruction is divid$ into prim>y1 second>y1 & sup]ior in/ruction40--,,littr4 #aeb ,?is ref]s to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :i* mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! ,napoleonic ,univ]sity4 8,! latt] 0 f\nd$ by a decree ( ,napoleon ,i41 ,m>* #ag1 #ahjh4 ,x 0 fir/ call$ ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity1 & !n ! ,univ]sity ( ,france4 ,x comprises3 #a4 ,! faculties2#aec #b4 ! lyces or colleges ( ! ,/ate2 #c4 ! communal colleges2 #d4 ! prim>y s*ools4 ,all ^! are "u ! direction ( a c5tral adm9i/ration40--,,littr4 #aec ,!re are n[ five ,faculties or in/itutions = special in/ruction1--! ,faculties ( ! ,sci5ces1 ( ,lett]s1 ( ,m$ic9e1 ( ,law1 & ( ,!ology4 7,p47 #aed ,save once1 ,roll9 has sc>cely made an allusion to prim>y in/ruction prop]4 ,we quote ?is passage on acc\nt ( its s+ul>ity3 8,sev]al ye>s ago !re 0 introduc$ into mo/ ( ! s*ools = ! poor 9 ,p>is a me?od :i* is v useful to s*ol>s1 & :i* sp>es mu* tr\ble to ! tea*]s4 ,! s*ool is divid$ into sev]al classes4 ,i select only "o ( !m1 t compos$ ( *ildr5 :o already "k h[ to write syllables2 ! o!rs mu/ be judg$ by ?is "o4 ,i suppose t ! subject ( ! read+ lesson is ,dixit ,dom9us ,dom9o meo3 ,s$e a dextris meis4 ,ea* *ild pron\nces "o syllable1 z ,di4 ,8 competitor1 :o /&s opposite1 takes up ! next1 xit1 & s on4 ,! :ole class is att5tive2 = ! tea*]1 )\t w>n+1 passes at once f ! head ( ! l9e to ! middle1 or to ! foot1 & ! recitation mu/ cont9ue )\t int]ruption4 ,if a pupil makes a mi/ake 9 "s syllable1 ! tea*]1 )\t speak+1 raps ^u ! table ) 8 /ick1 & ! competitor is oblig$ to repeat z x %\ld be ! syllable t has be5 wrongly pron\nc$4 ,if he fail also1 ! next1 ^u a second rap ( ! /ick1 goes back to ! same syllable1 & s on till x has be5 pron\nc$ correctly4 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 ,i saw ) unusual pleasure ?is me?od 9 successful op]ation at ,orleans1 :]e x orig9at$ ?r\gh ! c>e & indu/ry ( ,m4 ,g>ot1 :o presid$ ov] ! s*ools ( t city40 #aee ,roll9 does n require x1 h[ev]1 ( "y m54 #aef ,doctor ,wolk]1 quot$ by ,cadet1 9 8 edition ( ,roll91 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ca?olicism ,,& ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4--,,la ,,salle ,,& ,,! ,,bre?r5 ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury2 ,d,,mia ,,& ,,! ,,infant ,,s*ools ,,( ,,lyons2 ,,claude ,,joly1 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,s*ools ,,( ,,p>is2 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,p>i% ,,s*ool2 ,,la ,,salle 7#afea-agai7 ,,& ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools2 ,,life ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,,la ,,salle2 ,,ascetic ,,t5d5cies2 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,! ,,bre?r5 7#afhd72 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,normal ,,s*ools2 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,gratuit\s ,,& ,,compulsory ,,in/ruction2 ,,pr(essional ,,in/ruction2 ,,conduct ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools2 ,,successive ,,editions2 ,,abuse ,,( ,,s*ool ,,regulations2 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,conduct2 ,,int]ior ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,s*ools2 ,,simultane\s ,,in/ruction2 ,,:at ,,0 ,,le>n$ ,,9 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools2 ,,me?od ,,( ,,tea*+2 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,civility2 ,,corporal ,,*a/isem5ts2 ,,reprim&s2 ,,p5ances2 ,,! ,,f]ule2 ,,! ,,rod2 ,,rew>ds2 ,,mutual ,,espionage2 ,,g5]al ,,conclusion2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #bgd4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4--,x does n =m a "p ( our plan to foll[ f day to day ! small increm5ts ( progress & ! sl[ developm5t ( ! prim>y s*ools ( ,france2 b we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! ess5tial facts & to ! important dates4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 did n altoge!r r5\nce h] int]e/ 9 popul> in/ruction4 ,%e took measures1 )\t d\bt1 to evangelize ! poor p1 & sometimes 8ev5 to tea* !m h[ to read & write40 ,nev]!less1 up to ! organization ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ools1 by ,la ,salle1 no s]i\s ef=t 0 made4 ,"s religi\s f\ndations e/abli% gratuit\s s*ools 9 _m places1--*>ity s*ools1--b no compreh5sive purpose directs ^! e/abli%m5ts4 ,conflicts ( pr]ogative among c]ta9 indep5d5t colleagues1 z t betwe5 ! writ+-ma/]s & ! ma/]s ( ! infant s*ools plac$ "u ! direct au?ority ( ! prec5tor1 or among ! rectors & ! tutors 7coltres71 t is1 ! assi/ants ( ! bi%ops *>g$ ) ! sup]vision ( ! s*ools1--su* diss5sions came /ill fur!r to defeat ! good int5tions ( individuals1 & to emb>rass ! feeble movem5t t 0 ex]t$ 9 favor ( popul> in/ruction4 ,= example1 t[>ds #afhj1 ! writ+-ma/]s attempt$ to prev5t ! ma/]s ( ! prim>y s*ools#aeg f giv+ writ+ lessons1 at lea/1 f giv+ _! pupils any copies except monosyllables2 & a decree ( ,p>liam5t is necess>y to re-e/abli% ! lib]ty--& !n "u c]ta9 re/rictions--( tea*+ to write4 8,*ri/ian in/ruction 0 neglect$1 n to say di%onor$10 is ! /atem5t ( contempor>ies4 ,! *ildr5 :o att5d$ ! s*ools ( ! poor 7 subject$ to public contempt4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to we> on _! caps a di/9ctive badge4 ,9 brief1 f> f progress+1 prim>y in/ruction 0 r 9 a /ate ( decad5ce4 #bge4 ,d,,mia ,,& ,,! ,,prim>y ,,s*ools ,,( ,,lyons4--,among ! progressive m5 :o /ruggl$ aga9/ ?is unhappy /ate ( affairs1 & :o tri$ to develop ! ,ca?olic s*ools1 we mu/ m5tion1 be=e ,la ,salle1 ,dmia1 a prie/ ( ,lyons1 :o1 9 #afff1 f\nd$ ! ,congregation ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ,sa9t ,*>les1 = ! in/ruction ( poor *ildr54 ,! ,in/itute ( ,la ,salle 0 n organiz$ till eighte5 ye>s lat]1 9 #afhd4 ,9 #affh1 hav+ address$ to ! provo/s ( ! m]*ants ( ! city ( ,lyons a w>m appeal1 8 ,proposals = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian s*ools = ! in/ruction ( ! poor1 ,dmia obta9$ an annual grant ( two hundr$ livres4 ,9 #afge he 0 *>g$ by 8express comm&0 ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,lyons 8) ! managem5t & direction ( ! s*ools ( t city & diocese10 & drew up a body ( s*ool regulations :i* 0 quot$ z a model4#aeh ,= ! me?od ( 8tea*+ to read1 ( le>n+ ! cate*ism1 ( correct+ *ildr51 & simil> ?+s10 ,dmia con=m$ to ! book kn[n z ! ,p>i% ,s*ool 7cole p>oissiale71 ( :i* we %all pres5tly say a ^w4 ,he took x ^u himself to proce$ 8to ! exam9ation ( ! religion1 ! ability1 & ! good morals1 ( ! p]sons :o propos$ to tea* s*ool40 ,b1 :at 0 ( great] mom5t1 he e/abli%$1 = prep>+ & tra9+ !m1 a sort ( sem9>y4 ,a few quotations w give an idea ( ,dmia's zeal 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian s*ools4 8,?is e/abli%m5t is ( su* importance & ( s great utility1 t !re is no?+ 9 our political organization :i* is m wor?y ( ! c>e & ! wat*fulness ( ! magi/rates1 s9ce on x dep5d our peace & public tranquillity4 ,! poor1 n hav+ ! means ( educat+ _! *ildr51 leave !m 9 ignorance ( _! obligations4444 ,?us we see1 ) ke5 displeasure1 t su* an education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor is totally neglect$1 al?\gh x is ! mo/ important int]e/ ( ! ,/ate1 ( :i* !y comprise ! l>ge/ "p2 &1 al?\gh x is q z necess>y1 & ev5 m s1 to ma9ta9 public s*ools = !m1 z to support colleges = ! *ildr5 ( families 9 good circum/ances44440 #bgf4 ,,claude ,,joly4--,9 #afgf1 ,claude ,joly1 prec5tor ( ,notre ,dame1 8collator1 director1 & judge ( ! prim>y s*ools ( ! city1 ! suburbs1 & ! outskirts ( ,p>is10 publi%$ 8 ,*ri/ian & ,moral ,c\nsels = ! ,in/ruction ( ,*ildr54 ,!re is b little to ga!r f ?is "w1 :]e ! au?or is s =getful ( elem5t>y in/ruction z to speak only ( second>y in/ruction & ( ! education ( pr9ces4 ,:at mo/ conc]ns ,claude ,joly is to put 9 =ce ! regulations :i* =bid ! association ( boys & girls 9 ! s*ools4 ,! sep>ation ( ! sexes 0 = a long "t an absolute pr9ciple 9 ,france4 ,dmia1 9 article n9e ( 8 regulations1 re/ores ! ord9ance ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,lyons1 8:i* =bids s*ool-ma/]s to admit girls1 & s*ool-mi/resses to admit boys40 ,roll9 0 ( ! same op9ion4 ,claude ,joly1 9 ! capacity ( *ief prec5tor1 bluntly claim$ 8 sov]eign rights 9 ! matt] ( prim>y in/ruction3-- 8,we %all conte/ ! p[] claim$ by ! rectors ( ,p>is to control ! s*ools1 "u ! "n & pretext ( *>ity1 )\t ! p]mission ( ! *ief prec5tor1 to :om alone belongs ?is p[]4 ,to him1 also1 belongs ! "r ( nom9ation to ! s*ools ( ! religi\s & secul> communities4 ,we %all disclose1 besides1 ! attempts ( writ]s to int]f]e ) ! tea*+ ( or?ography1 :i* belongs only to good gramm>ians1 t is1 to ! ma/]s ( ! little s*ools40 ,we see to :at petty que/ions ( pr]ogative 0 sacrific$1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! great cause ( popul> in/ruction4 #bgg4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,p>i% ,,s*ool4--,"u ! title1 ,! ,p>i% ,s*ool1 or ! ,mann] ( ,prop]ly ,in/ruct+ ! ,*ildr5 9 ! ,little ,s*ools1 a prie/ ( ! diocese ( ,p>is _h writt51 9 #afee1 a s*ool manual1 (t5 repr9t$1#aei :i* became ! g5]al /&>d ( ! s*ools dur+ ! ye>s t foll[$1 & :i* gives an exact idea ( :at 0 n>r[ & poorly def9$ 9 ! prim>y in/ruction ( t p]iod4 ,! au?or ( ! ,p>i% ,s*ool does n h a high op9ion ( ! (fice ( ! tea*]1 :i* he reg>ds z an employm5t )\t lu/re1 )\t pleasure1 & )\t int]e/4 ,he does n expect great results f in/ruction1 ( :i* he is pleas$ to say1 t x is n completely useless4 ,x is true t in/ruction is r$uc$ to a v few ?+s1--read+1 writ+1 & c\nt+4 ,to ?is ! au?or adds religion & polit5ess4 ,let u obs]ve 9 p>ticul>1 t ! programme ( ! p>i% s*ool also comprises ! pr9ciples ( ! ,lat9 language4 ,! prim>y s*ool ( t p]iod 0 /ill conf\nd$ ) ! college ( second>y in/ruction2 ! anci5t languages & rhetoric 7 taught 9 x4 ,9 ! catalogue ( ! ma/]'s books1 drawn up by ! au?or ( ! ,p>i% ,s*ool1 we f9d a ,greek gramm>4 ,9 ! classes1 ! read+ ( ,lat9 prec$es ! read+ ( ,fr5*4 ,"s good advice 9 practical p$agogy might be extract$ f ! fir/ "p ( ! "w1 especially on ! duties ( a s*ool-ma/]1 on ! p[] ( example1 & on ! necessity ( kn[+ ! disposition ( pupils4 ,b h[ _m artless ass]tions & mis*iev\s precepts1 9 t s*ool code ( ! city ( ,p>is1 9 ! ne> pres5ce ( ! gr& c5tury6 ,! ,p>i% ,s*ool compla9s t ! s*ol>s eat too mu* bread3-- 8,! *ildr5 ( ,p>is1 z a rule1 eat a great deal ( bread4 ,?is food /upefies ! m9d1 & v (t5 makes !m1 at ! age ( n9e or t51 incapable ( le>n+4 ,omnis repletio mala1 panis v]o pessima40 ,a s]i\s matt] is t espionage is n only au?oriz$1 b is enc\rag$ & organiz$3-- 8,! ma/] w select two ( ! mo/ reliable & intellig5t to be on ! look\t = ! disord]s & ! improprieties ( ! s*ool & ! *ur*4 ,!y %all write ! names ( ! (f5d]s1 & ( ^? guilty ( improprieties1 on pieces ( pap] or on tablets1 to be giv5 to ! ma/]4 ,^! (fic]s %all be call$ obs]v]s40 #bgh4 ,,la ,,salle 7#afea-agai7 ,,& ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools4--,! read+ ( ! ,p>i% ,s*ool prep>es u ! bett] to compreh5d ! "w ( ,la ,salle4 ,if "o 7 9 any degree tempt$ to depreciate ! ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 x w\ld suffice1 to c\nt]act ?is disposition1 to contra/ ! re=ms ( ,la ,salle1 h[ev] insuffici5t !y may be1 ) ! real /ate ( ! s*ools ( t p]iod4 ,to be equitably judg$1 human in/itutions ought to be replac$ 9 _! sett+ & 9 _! environm5t4 ,x is easy to-day to =mulate *>ges aga9/ ! p$agogy ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 ,b consid]$ 9 _! "t1 & comp>$ ) :at exi/$1 or r ) :at did n exi/1 ! e/abli%m5ts ( ,la ,salle des]ve ! e/eem & ! gratitude ( ! fri5ds ( in/ruction4 ,!y repres5t ! fir/ sy/ematic ef=t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to organize popul> in/ruction4 ,:at ! ,jesuits did 9 ! matt] ( second>y in/ruction1 ) imm5se res\rces & = pupils :o paid !m = _! ef=ts1 ,la ,salle attempt$ 9 prim>y in/ruction1 ?r\gh a ?\s& ob/acles & = pupils :o did n pay4 #bgi4 ,,life ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,,la ,,salle4--,we %all h to criticise 9 ! mo/ ( its pr9ciples & 9 _m details ( its practice1 ! educational in/itute ( ,la ,salle4 ,b t :i* m]its an admiration )\t res]ve is ! pr(essional zeal ( ! f\nd] ( ! ord]1 ! dauntless _s ( improvem5t :i* he display$ 9 ! organization ( 8 s*ools1 & 9 ! recruitm5t ( 8 tea*]s2 x is also 8 t5aci\s zeal :i* 0 disc\rag$ nei!r by ! jeal\s opposition ( corporations1 ! writ+-ma/]s = example1 nor by ! inexplicable opposition ( ! cl]gy2 &1 f9ally1 x is ! indefatigable devotion ( a beautiful life consecrat$ to ! cause ( in/ruction1 :i* 0 a long s]ies ( ef=ts & sacrifices4 ,at an e>ly h\r1 ,la ,salle _h giv5 pro(s ( ! en]gy ( 8 "*4 ,weak & sickly1 he 0 oblig$ to /ruggle aga9/ ! infirmities ( 8 con/itution4 ,to ov]come sleep1 & to prolong 8 /udi\s vigils1 he sometimes kneel$ on %>p /ones1 & sometimes he plac$ 9 front ( him1 ^u 8 /udy-table1 a bo>d fitt$ ) iron po9ts1 aga9/ :i* 8 head w\ld /rike z soon z fatigue made him doze & he lean$ =w>d4 ,canon ( ! *apt] ( ,reims 9 #affg1 orda9$ prie/ 9 #afgh1 he resign$ 8 preb5d%ip 9 #afhc1 &1 volunt>ily mak+ himself poor1 9 ord] to approa* ^? ^: s\ls he w\ld save1 he r5\nc$ 8 :ole patrimony1 to ! great disgu/ ( 8 fri5ds1 :o treat$ him z a madman4 #bhj4 ,,ascetic ,,t5d5cies4--,b x is n a dis9t]e/$ love ( ! p1 x is n ! ?\ght ( _! moral reg5]ation1 & ( _! intellectual progress1 :i* animat$ & su/a9$ ! ef=ts ( ,la ,salle4 ,8 purpose 0 above all else religi\s4 ,he pu%$ devotion ev5 to asceticism4 ,9 8 *ildhood1 :ile he /ill liv$ at home1 he came to h a s5se ( unre/ 9 ! p>lors ( 8 "m2 & "o ev5+1 z 8 biograph]s relate1 :ile ^? ab\t him 7 engag$ 9 music1 or 7 talk+ on worldly matt]s1 he ?rew himself into ! arms ( "o ( 8 aunts1 & said to h]1 8,madam1 relate to me ! life ( "o ( ! sa9ts40 ,he himself 0 a sa9t1 ?\gh ! ,*ur* did n ?9k him wor?y ( ?is v5]able title4 ,9 8 y\? he pass$ :ole nights 9 pray]1 & slept on bo>ds4 ,all 8 life he 0 sev]e to himself & also to o!rs1 consid]+ ab/95ce & privations z ! regim5 ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,8 adv]s>ies1 at diff]5t times1 imput$ ?is to him z a crime4 ,he 0 repres5t$ z a h>d5$ man1 pu%+ 8 ascetic requirem5ts to ! extreme ( cruelty4 ,to appease _! ang]1 he remov$ p5ances & bodily inflictions f 8 in/itution1 b he ma9ta9$ !m = himself1 & cont9u$ 8 life ( volunt>y suff]+4 ,h]oic virtues1 x may be2 b x may be add$ also1 an un=tunate disposition = a tea*] ( *ildr54 ,we di/ru/1 9 advance1 a sy/em ( tea*+ ^: beg9n+ 0 s sad1 ^: f\nd] inclos$ 8 life )9 s n>r[ an horizon1 & :i*1 at fir/1 0 illum9at$ by no rays ( gladness & good humor4 #bha4 ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute4--,! ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r5 0 f\nd$ 9 #afhd1 b x 0 n sanction$ by pontifical au?ority & royal p[] till =ty ye>s lat]1 9 #agbd4 ,we %all n recite at full l5g? ! vicissitudes ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,in/itute4 ,we simply /ate t ,la ,salle inaugurat$ 8 "w by (f]+ hospitality 9 8 own h\se to sev]al poor tea*]s4 ,9 #afgi he op5$ at ,reims a s*ool = boys4 ,9 #afhd he impos$ on 8 disciples v[s ( /ability & ob$i5ce1 & prescrib$ _! co/ume4 ,9 #afhh he w5t to ,p>is 9 ord] to f\nd s*ools !re1 & x 0 "h 9 p>ticul>1 z he himself says1 t 8he saw himself p]secut$ by ! m5 f :om he expect$ help40 ,9 spite ( all ^! difficulties 8 ent]prise prosp]$1 & :5 he di$1 9 #agbj1 ! ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r5 already c\nt$ a l>ge numb] ( e/abli%m5ts = prim>y in/ruction4 #bhb4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,normal ,,s*ools4--,we "k h[ ! tea*+ =ce 0 !n recruit$4 ,9 ,p>is1 if we may believe ,p\r*ot1 ! *ief prec5tor1 ,claude ,joly1 0 oblig$ to employ1 = ! direction ( s*ools1 old-clo!s-m51 innkeep]s1 cooks1 masons1 wig-mak]s1 puppet-play]s--! li/ might be cont9u$4 ,9 #afhb ,m>ie ,moreau1 a tea*]1 0 s5t by ,bossuet to keep ! s*ool at ,f]t-,gau*]4 ,! rector ( ! place1 9 8 capacity z tutor 7coltre71 wi%+ to asc]ta9 h] compet5ce1 subject$ h] to an exam9ation1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an acc\nt3-- 8#a4 ,he ask$ h] if %e c\ld read1 & %e repli$ t %e read passably well1 b n well en\gh to tea*4 8#b4 ,he gave h] a p5 to m5d1 & %e decl>$ t %e c\ld n d x4 8#c4 ,he h&$ h] a ,lat9 book & reque/$ h] to read x1 b %e 0 prev5t$ f mak+ ! attempt by si/] ,remy1 :o _h j prev5t$ h] f exhibit+ h] writ+40#afj ,ignorance1 & (t5 moral unfitness1 0 ! g5]al "* ( ! tea*]s ( t p]iod4 ,!y (t5 ent]$ ^u _! duties )\t ! lea/ prep>ation4 ,la ,salle _h too great an anxiety = ! good condition ( 8 s*ools to accept improvis$ tea*]s4 ,s 9 #afhe he op5$ at ,reims1 "u ! "n ( ,sem9>y = ,s*oolma/]s1 a real normal s*ool1 9 :i* tea*]s 7 to be tra9$ = ! rural di/ricts4 ,only ,dmia _h prec$$ him 9 ?is "w4 ,lat] he f\nd$ an e/abli%m5t ( ! same k9d 9 ,p>is1 &--a ?+ wor?y ( note--he annex$ to ?is normal s*ool a prim>y s*ool1 9 :i* ! tea*+ 0 done by ! /ud5ts 9 tra9+ "u ! direction ( an exp]i5c$ tea*]4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ( 8 ,conduct ( ,s*ools ,la ,salle has drawn up ! rules = :at he calls ! tra9+ ( new ma/]s4 ,"h are ! faults t he notices 9 "y tea*]s3-- #a4 ,an it*+ to talk2 #b4 too great activity1 :i* deg5]ates into petulance2 #c4 indiff]5ce2 #d4 preoccupation & emb>rassm5t2 #e4 h>%ness2 #f4 spite2 #g4 p>tiality2 #h4 sl[ness & neglig5ce2 #i4 pusillanimity & lack ( =ce2 #aj4 despond5cy & fretfulness2 #aa4 famili>ity & trifl+2 #ab4 di/ractions & loss ( "t2 #ac4 fickl5ess2 #ad4 gidd9ess2 #ae4 exclusiv5ess2 #af4 lack ( att5tion to ! diff]5t *>act]s & dispositions ( *ildr54 #bhc4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,gratuit\s ,,& ,,obligatory ,,in/ruction4--,! ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 say ! /atutes ( ! ord] 9 s _m words1 is a society ^: memb]s make a pr(ession to conduct s*ools gratuit\sly4 8,la ,salle ?\ght only ( ! *ildr5 ( artisans & ( ! poor1 :o1 he said1 be+ occupi$ dur+ ! :ole day 9 e>n+ _! own livelihood & t ( _! families1 c\ld n give _! *ildr5 ! in/ruction !y ne$1 & a respectable & ,*ri/ian education40 ,9 #afid1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,in/itute & 8 fir/ twelve disciples w5t & kneel$ at ! foot ( ! alt>1 & pl$g$ !mselves to 8conduct collectively & ?r\gh organiz$ ef=t s*ools ( gratuit\s in/ruction1 ev5 :51 9 ord] to d ?is1 !y might be oblig$ to ask alms & to live on bread alone40 ,b a ?+ /ill m rem>kable ?an to h popul>iz$ gratuit\s in/ruction1 already realiz$ 9 _m places ?r\gh *>ity s*ools1 is to h =m$ ! conception ( obligatory in/ruction4 ,la ,salle1 :o did n believe t ?is 0 any encroa*m5t on ! lib]ty ( p>5ts1 proposes1 9 ?is ,conduct ( ,s*ools1 a means = affect+ _! w3-- 8,if among ! poor !re are c]ta9 ones :o are unwill+ to take advantage ( ! opportunities = in/ruction1 !y %\ld be report$ to ! rectors4 ,! latt] w be able to cure !m ( _! indiff]5ce by ?reat5+ to give !m no m assi/ance till !y s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool40 #bhd4 ,,pr(essional ,,in/ruction4--,besides prim>y s*ools prop]1 ,la ,salle1 :o is truly an innovator1 inaugurat$ ! organization ( a te*nical & pr(essional in/ruction4 ,at ,sa9t ,yon1 ne> ,r\51 he organiz$ a sort ( college :]e 0 taught 8all t a "y man c le>n1 ) ! exception ( ,lat91 & ^: purpose 0 to prep>e ! /ud5t = comm]cial1 indu/rial1 & adm9i/rative occupations40 #bhe4 ,,conduct ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools3 ,,successive ,,editions4--,la ,salle took ! tr\ble to draw up = 8 ,in/itute a v m9ute code ( rules1 ) ?is title3 ,! ,conduct ( ,s*ools4 ,! fir/ edition be>s ! date ( #agbj4 ,x appe>$ at ,avignon a ye> aft] ! au?or's dea?4#afa ,two o!r editions h s9ce appe>$1 9 #ahaa & 9 #ahgj1 ) "s important modifications4 ,! sub/ance has n be5 *ang$1 b c]ta9 passages relative to discipl9e1 & to ! use ( ! rod1 h be5 suppress$4 8,) ! view to adapt our education to ! mildness ( ! pres5t /ate ( mann]s10 says ! preface ( #ahaa1 8we h suppress$ or modifi$ :atev] includes corporal correction1 & h advantage\sly 7sic7 replac$ ?is1 on ! "o h&1 by good m>ks1 by promises & rew>ds1 & on ! o!r by bad m>ks1 by deprivations & tasks40 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s additions h be5 made4 ,! ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r5 _h to yield 9 "p to ! dem&s ( ! times1 & to subtract some?+ f ! inflexibility ( its gov]nm5t4 8,! ,bre?r510 x is said 9 ! preface to ! edition ( #ahgj1 writt5 by ! ,frre ,philip1 8! ,bre?r5 h little by little enl>g$ ! orig9al ,conduct1 9 proportion z !y h p]fect$ _! me?ods4444 ,x is pla9 t a book ( ?is k9d _c receive a f9al =m4 ,new exp]im5ts1 progress 9 me?ods1 legislative enactm5ts1 new ne$s1 etc41 require t x receive div]s modifications f "t to "t40 #bhf4 ,,abuse ,,( ,,regulations4--,a feature common to ! p$agogy ( ! ,jesuits1 & to t ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 is1 t ev]y?+ is regulat$ 9 advance ) extraord9>y exactness4 ,no discretion is left to ! tea*]s4 ,! in/ruction is b a rule 9 action4 ,all novelty is int]dict$4 8,x has be5 necess>y10 says ! ,preface ( ,la ,salle1 to prep>e ?is ,conduct ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ools1 8to ! end t !re may be uni=mity 9 all ! s*ools1 & 9 all ! places :]e !re are ,bre?r5 ( ! ,in/itute1 & t ! me?ods employ$ may always be ! same4 ,man is s subject to slackness1 & ev5 to *angeabl5ess1 t !re mu/ be writt5 rules = him1 9 ord] to keep him )9 ! b\nds ( 8 duty1 & to prev5t him f introduc+ some?+ new1 or f de/roy+ t :i* has be5 wisely e/abli%$40 ,ne$ we be a/oni%$1 aft] ?is1 t ! tea*+ ( ! ,bre?r5 (t5 became a useless r\t9e8 #bhg4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,conduct4--,! ,conduct ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ treats ( all ! ex]cises ( ! s*ool1 & ( :at is done 9 x f ! "t ! pupils ent] till !y leave4 ,! second describes ! means = e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ ord]2 9 a ^w1 ! discipl9e4 ,! ?ird treats ( ! duties ( ! inspector ( s*ools1 ( ! qualities ( ! tea*]s1 & ( ! rules to be foll[$ 9 ! education ( ! tea*]s !mselves4 ,?is may be call$1 s to speak1 ! manual ( ! normal s*ools ( ! ,in/itute4 #bhh4 ,,int]ior ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,s*ools4--,t :i* fir/ /rikes ! att5tion 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 su* z ,la ,salle organiz$1 is ! complete sil5ce t reigns 9 !m4 ,no?+ is bett] ?an sil5ce on ! "p ( pupils1 :5 x c be obta9$1 b ,la ,salle enjo9s sil5ce on tea*]s z well4 ,! ,frre is a pr(essor :o does n talk4 8,he w wat* c>efully ov] himself1 to speak v r>ely1 & v l[40 8,x w\ld be ( b little use = ! tea*] to try to make 8 pupils keep sil5ce if he does n d ?is himself40 8,:5 necessity obliges him to speak--& he is c>eful t ?is necessity is r>e--he w always speak 9 a mod]ate tone40 ,x might be said t ,la ,salle fe>s a /rong & sonor\s voice4 ,h[1 !n1 %all ! tea*] communicate ) 8 pupils1 s9ce he is almo/ deb>r$ f ! use ( spee*8 ,la ,salle has inv5t$1 to sup]s$e language1 a complete sy/em ( signs1 a sort ( s*ola/ic telegraphy1 a long acc\nt ( :i* w be f\nd 9 sev]al *apt]s ( ! ,conduct4 ,to h pray]s repeat$1 ! tea*] w fold 8 h&s2 to h ! cate*ism repeat$1 he w make ! sign ( ! cross4 ,9 o!r cases he w /rike 8 brea/1 w look at ! pupil /eadily1 etc4 ,besides1 he w employ an in/rum5t ( iron nam$ a signal1 :i* he w raise or l[]1 & h&le 9 a hundr$ ways1 to indicate 8 wi%1 or to ann\nce ! beg9n+ or ! close ( su* or su* an ex]cise4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is di/ru/ ( spee*8 ,& :at are we to ?9k ( ^! s*ools ( mutes :]e tea*]s & pupils proce$ only by signs8 ,:5 a s*ol> asks p]mission to speak1 he w /& erect 9 8 place1 ) h&s cross$ & eyes mode/ly l[]$4 ,d\btless1 to attempt to excuse ^! practices1 we mu/ consid] ! annoyances ( a noisy s*ool1 & ! advantages ( a sil5t s*ool :]e ev]y?+ is done discreetly & noiselessly4 ,is !re n1 h[ev]1 9 ^! odd regulations1 some?+ besides ! desire = ord] & good conduct1--! revelation ( a complete sy/em ( p$agogy :i* is afraid ( life & lib]ty1 & :i*1 "u ! pretext ( mak+ ! s*ool quiet1 dead5s ! s*ool1 &1 9 ! end1 r$uces tea*]s & pupils to m]e ma*9es8 #bhi4 ,,simultane\s ,,in/ruction4--,by ! side ( ! evil we mu/ note ! good4 ,up to ! "t ( ,la ,salle1 ! individual me?od 0 almo/ alone 9 use 9 prim>y in/ruction2 b he sub/itut$ = ?is ! simultane\s me?od1 t is1 tea*+ giv5 to all ! pupils at ! same "t4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,la ,salle divid$ ea* s*ool into ?ree divisions3 8,! division ( ! weake/1 t ( ! m$iocres1 & t ( ! m intellig5t or ! m capable40 8,all ! s*ol>s ( ! same ord] w receive ! same lesson toge!r4 ,! in/ructor w see t all are att5tive1 & t1 9 read+ = example1 all read 9 a l[ voice :at ! tea*] reads 9 a l\d voice40 ,to aid ! in/ructor1 ,la ,salle gives him "o or two ( ! bett] pupils ( ea* division1 :o become 8 assi/ants1 & :om he calls inspectors4 8,! m *ildr5 h taught10 said ,la ,salle1 8! m !y w le>n40 ,to be j1 h[ev]1 we mu/ recognize1 9 c]ta9 recomm5dations ( ,la ,salle1 "s desire to appeal to ! judgm5t & ! reason ( ! *ild3-- 8,! tea*] w n speak to ! s*ol>s dur+ ! cate*ism1 z 9 prea*+1 b he w int]rogate !m almo/ cont9ually by que/ions1 direct or indirect1 9 ord] to make !m compreh5d t :i* he is tea*+ !m40 ,! ,frre ,lucc>d1 9 8 ,life ( ! ,v5]able ,j4 ,b4 de ,la ,salle1#afb quotes ?is /ill m expressive passage1 borr[$ f 8 manuscript ,c\nsels3-- 8,let ! tea*] be c>eful n to l5d 8 pupils too mu* help 9 resolv+ ! que/ions t h be5 propos$ to !m4 ,he ought1 on ! contr>y1 to invite !m n to be disc\rag$1 b to seek ) ardor :at he kn[s !y w be able to f9d = !mselves4 ,he w conv9ce !m t !y w ! bett] reta9 ! k !y h acquir$ by a p]sonal & p]sev]+ ef=t40 #bij4 ,,:at ,,0 ,,le>n$ ,,9 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools4--,read+1 writ+1 or?ography1 ari?metic1 & ! cate*ism1--?is is ! programme ( ,la ,salle4 ,9 read+1 ,la ,salle1 agree+ 9 ?is respect ) ,port ,royal1 requires t ,fr5* books be us$ 9 ! beg9n+4 8,! book 9 :i* ! pupil w beg9 to le>n ,lat9 is ! ,psalt]2 b ?is lesson w be giv5 only to ^? :o c readily read 9 ,fr5*40 ,la ,salle requires t ! pupil %all n be ex]cis$ 9 writ+ till 8he c read p]fectly40 ,he atta*es1 moreov]1 an extreme importance to calligraphy1 & x is kn[n t ! ,bre?r5 h rema9$ ma/]s 9 ?is art4 ,la ,salle does n we>y 9 giv+ advice on ?is subject3 ! p5s1 ! knife = m5d+ !m1 ! ink1 ! pap]1 ! trac+-pap]s & blott]s1 r\nd lett]s & italic lett]s 7a ba/>d script71--ev]y?+ is pass$ 9 review4#afc ,! ,conduct also insi/s 8on ! mann] ( tea*+ ! prop] po/ure ( ! body0 & 8on ! mann] ( tea*+ h[ to hold ! p5 & ! pap]40 8,x w be useful & timely 9 ! beg9n+ to give ! pupil a /ick ( ! bigness ( a p51 on :i* !re are ?ree not*es1 two on ! "r & "o on ! left1 to m>k ! places :]e 8 f+]s %\ld be put40 ,! ex]cises 9 writ+ are to be foll[$ by ex]cises 9 or?ography & 9 composition3-- 8,! tea*] w require ! pupils to compose & write = !mselves notes1 receipts1 bills1 etc4 ,he w also require !m to write out :at !y rememb] ( ! cate*ism1 & ( ! lectures t !y h he>d40#afd ,z to ari?metic1 r$uc$ to ! f\r rules1 we mu/ comm5d ,la ,salle's attempt to h x le>n$ by reason & n by r\t9e4 ,?us1 he requires ! tea*] to int]rogate ! pupil1 9 ord] to make him ! bett] compreh5d & reta9 ! rule1 or to make sure t he is att5tive4 ,he 8w give him a complete und]/&+0 ( :at he tea*es2 &1 f9ally1 he w require him 8to produce a c]ta9 numb] ( rules t he has discov]$ = himself40 ,pray]s & religi\s ex]cises naturally hold a l>ge place 9 ! s*ools organiz$ by ,la ,salle3-- 8,!re %all always be two or ?ree s*ol>s kneel+1 "o f ea* class1 :o w tell _! beads "o aft] ano!r40 8,c>e w ev]y:]e be tak5 t ! s*ol>s he> ! holy mass e day40 8,a half h\r ea* day %all be devot$ to ! cate*ism40 #bia4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,tea*+4--,! ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r5 has (t5 be5 criticis$ = ! me*anical "* ( its in/ruction4 ,! ,frre ,philip1 9 ! edition ( ! ,conduct publi%$ 9 #ahgj1 implicitly ackn[l$ges ! ju/ice ( ?is criticism :5 he writes3 8,elem5t>y in/ruction has assum$ a p>ticul> "* 9 ^! la/ days1 ( :i* we mu/ take acc\nt4 ,propos+ = its *ief end to tra9 ! judgm5t ( ! pupil1 x gives less importance ?an h]et(ore to ! culture ( ! memory2 x makes especial use ( me?ods :i* call into activity ! intellig5ce1 & lead ! *ild to reflect1 to take acc\nt ( facts1 to )draw f ! doma9 ( words to ent] into t ( ideas40 ,d n ^! wise cautions unmi/akably betray ! exi/5ce ( an evil tradition :i* %\ld be correct$1 b :i* t5ds to hold its gr\nd8 ,he :o has read ! ,conduct is n left 9 d\bt t ! g5]al "* ( ! p$agogy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 at ! fir/1 0 a me*anical & r\t9e ex]cise ( ! memory1 & ! abs5ce ( life4 #bib4 ,,*ri/ian ,,polit5ess4--,"u ! title ( ,rules ( ,decorum & ,*ri/ian ,civility1 ,la ,salle _h compos$ a read+ book1 int5d$ = pupils already some:at advanc$1 & pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic *>act]s4#afe ,x 0 n only a manual ( polit5ess1 b 01 ! ,conduct claims1 a treatise on e?ics1 8conta9+ all ! duties ( *ildr51 bo? t[>ds ,god & t[>ds _! p>5ts40 ,b we w\ld exam9e ! "w 9 va9 = ! ju/ification ( ?is rem>k4 ,9 x are discuss$ only ! pu]ile details ( outw>d behavior & ( worldly be>+4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be 9 bad ta/e to criticise at ?is day a book ( ano!r age1 ^: artlessness makes u smile4 ,la ,salle's purpose 0 c]ta9ly praisewor?y1 ?\gh attempt+ a little too mu*4 ,x is said 9 ! ,preface t 8!re is n a s+le "o ( our actions :i* ought n to be regulat$ by motives purely ,*ri/ian40 ,h5ce an inf9ite numb] ( m9ute prescriptions ^u ! simple/ acts ( daily life4#aff ,b "h are a few specim5s ( ?is pret5d$ elem5t>y e?ics3-- 8,x is n prop] to talk :5 "o has retir$1 ! b$ be+ made = re/40 8,"o %\ld try to make no noise & n to snore :ile asleep2 nor %\ld "o (t5 turn f side to side 9 b$ z if he 7 re/less & did n "k on :i* side to lie40 8,x is n becom+1 :5 "o is 9 company1 to take (f "o's %oes40 8,x is impolite to play ) a /ick or a cane1 & to use x to /rike ! gr\nd or pebbles1 etc41 etc40 ,h[ _m mi/akes 9 polit5ess we %\ld make e day ( our lives if ! rules ( ,la ,salle 7 infallible6 #bic4 ,,corporal ,,*a/isem5ts4--,! ,bre?r51 )9 two c5turies1 h s+ul>ly ameliorat$ _! sy/em ( correction4 8,imp]ative circum/ances10 said ! ,frre ,philip 9 #ahgj1 8no long] p]mit u to tol]ate corporal puni%m5t 9 our s*ools40 ,already1 9 #ahaa1 !re 0 talk ( suppress+ entirely1 or at lea/ modify+1 ! use ( ^! puni%m5ts4 ,! in/rum5ts ( torture 7 p]fect$4 8,we r$uce ! heavy f]ule1 ! inconv5i5ce ( :i* has be5 only too (t5 felt1 to a simple piece ( lea!r1 ab\t a foot long & an in* wide1 & slit 9 two at "o end2 /ill we hope t by div9e help & by ! mildness ( our v de> & de>ly belov$ colleagues1 !y w make use ( x only 9 cases ( unavoidable necessity1 & only to give a /roke ) x on ! h&1 )\t ! p]mission ev] to make any o!r use ( x40 ,b at fir/1 & 9 ! orig9al ,conduct1#afg corporal puni%m5t is freely p]mitt$ & regulat$ ) exactness4 ,la ,salle di/+ui%$ five sorts ( corrections1--reprim&1 p5ances1 ! f]ule1 ! rod1 expulsion f s*ool4 #bid4 ,,reprim&s4--,sil5ce1 we h se51 is ! fundam5tal rule ( ,la ,salle's s*ools3 8,!re mu/ be z little speak+ z possible4 ,consequ5tly1 corrections by ^w ( m\? are v r>ely to be employ$40 ,x ev5 seems1 adds ! ,conduct1 t 8x is mu* bett] n to use !m at all06 ,a curi\s sy/em ( discipl9e1 v]ily1 :]e x is z good z =bidd5 to resort to admonitions1 to sev]e reprim&s1 to an appeal ?r\gh spee* to ! reason & ! feel+s ( ! *ild2 :]e1 consequ5tly1 !re is no place = ! moral au?ority ( ! tea*]1 b :]e !re is at once invok$ ! ultima ratio ( con/ra9t & viol5ce1 ( ! f]ule & ! rod6 #bie4 ,,p5ances4--,la ,salle recomm5ds p5ances z well z corporal corrections4 ,by ?is t]m he means puni%m5ts l ! foll[+3 ma9ta9+ a kneel+ po/ure 9 ! s*ool2 le>n+ a few pages ( ! cate*ism by he>t2 8hold+ 8 book be=e 8 eyes = ! space ( half an h\r )\t look+ (f20 keep+ motionless1 ) clasp$ h&s & d[nca/ eyes1 etc4 #bif4 ,,! ,,f]ule4--,we h n to discuss 9 ?is place ! use ( mat]ial means ( correction4 ,! ,bre?r5 !mselves h repudiat$ !m4 ,only x is provok+ t !y b[ to :at !y call 8imp]ative circum/ances10 & n to consid]ations bas$ on pr9ciples4 ,b x is int]e/+1 7 x only f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 to recall ! m9ute prescriptions ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,ord]4 ,! ,conduct fir/ describes ! f]ule1 8an in/rum5t =m$ ( two pieces ( lea!r sew$ toge!r2 x %all be f t5 to twelve in*es long1 includ+ ! h&le2 ! palm %all be oval1 & two in*es 9 diamet]2 ! palm %all be l9$ on ! inside s z n to be :olly flat1 b r\nd$ to fit ! h&40 ,no?+ is ov]look$1 we obs]ve2 ! =m ( ! f]ule is (ficially def9$4 ,b :at %ocks u /ill m is ! nature ( ! faults t provoke ! application ( ! f]ule3 8#a4 = n hav+ att5d$ to ! lesson1 or = hav+ play$2 #b4 = be+ t>dy at s*ool2 #c4 = n hav+ obey$ ! fir/ signal40 ,x is true t ,la ,salle1 always preoccupi$ ) writ+1 ord]s ! f]ule to be appli$ only to ! left h&2 ! "r h& %all always be sp>$4 ,! *ild1 moreov]1 is n to cry :ile he receives ! f]ule2 if he does1 he is to be puni%$ & correct$ anew4 #big4 ,,! ,,rod4--,9 ! p5al code ( ,la ,salle1 ! categories ( faults wor?y ( puni%m5t are %>ply def9$4 ,! rod %all be employ$ = ! foll[+ faults3 #a4 refusal to obey2 #b4 :5 ! pupil has =m$ ! habit ( n giv+ he$ to ! lesson2 #c4 :5 he has made blots ^u 8 pap] in/ead ( writ+2 #d4 :5 he has _h a fight ) 8 comrades2 #e4 :5 he has neglect$ 8 pray]s 9 *ur*2 #f4 :5 he has be5 want+ 9 8mode/y0 at mass or dur+ ! cate*ism2 #g4 :5 he has be5 abs5t f s*ool1 f mass1 or f ! cate*ism4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ! pr9ciple ( ! rod is admissible1 we mu/ /ill condemn ! wrong use :i* ,la ,salle makes ( x1 = faults manife/ly out ( proportion to su* a *a/isem5t4 ,i v well "k t ! au?or ( ! ,conduct requires t corrections %all be r>e2 b c\ld he be obey$1 :5 he put into ! h&s ( 8 tea*]s sc>cely any o!r means ( discipl9e8 ,b to compreh5d to :at ext5t ,la ,salle =got :at is due to ! dignity ( ! *ild1 & consid]$ him z a ma*9e1 )\t any reg>d to ! delicacy ( 8 feel+s1 ) no respect = 8 p]son1 we mu/ read to ! end ! /range prescriptions ( ?is manual ( ! rod4 ,! precautions t ,la ,salle exacts make /ill m evid5t ! impropriety ( su* puni%m5ts3-- 8,:5 ! tea*] w\ld puni% a s*ol> ) ! rod1 he w make ! ord9>y sign to summon ! att5tion ( ! s*ool2 next he w indicate by means ( ! signal ! decree :i* ! pupil has violat$1 & !n %[ him ! place :]e correction is ord9>ily adm9i/]$2 & he w at once g !re1 & w prep>e to receive ! puni%m5t1 /&+ 9 su* a way z n to be se5 indec5tly by any "o4 ,?is practice ( hav+ ! s*ol> prep>e himself = receiv+ ! correction1 )\t any ne$ on ! "p ( ! tea*] ( putt+ 8 h& ^u him1 %all be v exactly obs]v$4 8,:ile ! s*ol> is prep>+ himself to receive ! correction1 ! tea*] %all be mak+ an inw>d prep>ation to give x 9 a _s ( love1 & 9 a cle> view ( ,god4 ,!n he w g f 8 desk ) dignity & gravity4 8,& :5 he %all h rea*$ ! place :]e ! s*ol> is0 7x is /at$1 moreov]1 t ?is place %\ld be 9 "o ( ! mo/ remote & mo/ obscure p>ts ( ! s*ool1 :]e ! nak$ness ( ! victim _c be se571 8he w speak a few words to him to prep>e him to receive ! correction ) humility1 submission1 & a purpose ( am5dm5t2 !n he w /rike ?ree bl[s z is usual2 to g beyond five bl[s1 !re w\ld be ne$$ a special ord] ( ! director4 8,he %all be c>eful n to put 8 h& on ! s*ol>4 ,if ! s*ol> is n ready1 he %all return to 8 desk )\t say+ a ^w2 & :5 he returns1 he %all give him ! mo/ sev]e puni%m5t all[$ )\t special p]mission1 t is1 five bl[s4 8,:5 a tea*] %all h ?us be5 oblig$ to compel a s*ol> to receive correction1 he %all attempt 9 "s way a little "t aft]w>ds to make him see & ackn[l$ge 8 fault1 & %all make him come to himself1 & give him a /rong & s9c]e resolution nev] to all[ himself aga9 to fall into su* a revolt40 ,! mom5t is p]haps n well *os5 to prea* a s]mon & to violate ! rule :i* =bids ! ,bre?r5 ! use ( ! reprim&4 8,aft] ! s*ol> has be5 correct$1 he w mode/ly kneel 9 ! middle ( ! room be=e ! tea*]1 ) arms cross$1 to ?ank him = hav+ correct$ him1 & w !n turn t[>ds ! crucifix to ?ank ,god = x1 & to promise ,him at ! same "t n aga9 to commit ! fault = :i* he _h j be5 correct$4 ,?is he w d )\t speak+ al\d2 aft] :i* ! tea*] w give him ! sign to g to 8 place40 ,is x possible to h a high] misconception ( human nature1 to trifle m +5i\sly ) ! pride ( ! *ild1 & ) 8 mo/ legitimate feel+s1 & to m+le1 9 ! mo/ repulsive mann]1 indiscreet & infam\s practices ) ! exhibition ( religi\s s5tim5ts8 8,x is absurd10 says ,kant1 8to require ! *ildr5 :om we puni% to ?ank u1 to kiss our h&s1 etc4 ,?is is to try to make s]vile creatures ( !m40 ,to ju/ify ,la ,salle1 "s quotations f 8 works h be5 invok$4 8,= ! love ( ,god1 d n use bl[s ( ! h&4 ,be v c>eful nev] to give *ildr5 a bl[40 ,b x is necess>y to "k ! exact ?\ght ( ! au?or ( ! ,conduct1 & ?is expla9s ! foll[+ passage3-- 8,no corrections %\ld be employ$ save ^? :i* are 9 use 9 ! s*ools2 & s s*ol>s %\ld nev] be /ruck ) ! h& or ! foot40 ,9 o!r words1 ! tea*] %\ld nev] /rike except ) ! au?oriz$ in/rum5ts1 & accord+ to ! (ficial regulations4 #bih4 ,,mutual ,,espionage4--,we may say )\t exagg]ation t ! ,conduct recomm5ds mutual espionage3-- 8,! inspector ( s*ools %all be c>eful to appo9t "o ( ! mo/ prud5t s*ol>s to obs]ve ^? :o make a noise :ile !y assemble1 & ?is s*ol> %all !n report to ! tea*] :at has occurr$1 )\t all[+ ! o!rs to "k ( x40 #bii4 ,,rew>ds4--,:ile ,la ,salle devotes m ?an =ty pages to corrections1 ! *apt] on rew>ds comprises two small pages4 ,rew>ds %all be giv5 8f "t to "t40 ,!y %all be ( ?ree k9ds3 rew>ds = piety1 = ability1 & = dilig5ce4 ,!y %all consi/ ( books1 pictures1 pla/] ca/s1 crucifix & virg91 *aplets1 engrav$ texts1 etc4 #cjj4 ,,conclusion4--,we h said en\gh to give an exact idea ( ! ,in/itute ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bre?r5 9 its primitive =m4 ,its faults 7 c]ta9ly grave1 & we _c approve ! g5]al _s ( ^? e/abli%m5ts = education :]e pupils are =bidd5 8to joke :ile !y are at meals02 to give any?+ :atsoev] to "o ano!r2 :]e *ildr5 are to ent] ! s*ool-room s delib]ately & quietly t ! noise ( _! foot/eps is n he>d2 :]e tea*]s are =bidd5 8to be famili>0 ) ! pupils1 8to all[ !mselves to desc5d to any?+ common1 z x w\ld be to laugh 4440 ,b :atev] ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ^? gloomy s*ools f our mod]n ideal1--f ! pleasant1 active1 animat$ s*ool1 su* z we conceive x to-day1--!re is none ! less obligation to d ju/ice to ,la ,salle1 to p>don him = ! practices :i* 7 ^? ( 8 "t1 & to admire him = ! good qualities t 7 peculi>ly 8 own4 ,! criticism t is truly fruitful1 is t :i* is especially direct$ to ! good1 )\t cavil+ at ! bad4#afh #cja4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,?is /udy exhibits ! zeal ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,! motive 0 n ! _s ( dom9ation1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,jesuits1 b a s9c]e desire to engage 9 a humane "w4 #b4 ,a pro( ( ! multiplication ( s*ools1 & s ( ! diffusion ( ! new educational _s1 is ! wret*$ quality ( ^? :o 7 all[$ to tea*4 ,!re mu/ be s*ools ev5 if !y are poor ones4 #c4 ,! ne$ ( compet5t tea*]s l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y1 ! p>5t ( ! mod]n normal s*ool4 ,! two elem5ts 9 ?is pr(essional in/ruction seem to h be5 a k ( ! subjects to be taught & ( me?ods ( organization & discipl9e4 #d4 ,! sev]e discipl9e & en=c$ sil5ce ( ,la ,salle's s*ools p]mit ! inf]5ce t ! s*ool ( ! p]iod 0 ! sc5e ( lawlessness & disord]4 ,! reaction w5t to an extreme2 b consid]+ ! times1 ?is excess 0 a virtue4 #e4 ,! sc>city ( tea*]s & ! abundance ( pupils l$ to ! exp$i5t ( mutual & simultane\s in/ruction4 ,:ile ?is me?od is absolutely bad1 x 0 relatively good4 #f4 ,to ! b5evol5t & inv5tive _s ( ,la ,salle is due ! organization ( indu/rial s*ools4 ,,footnotes3 #aeg ,petites coles4 ,?is is ! t]m commonly appli$ to prim>y s*ools at ?is p]iod4 ,by ! ,jans5i/s ?is t]m 0 us$ 9 a m di/9ctive s5se1 & = ?is reason ,i h translat$ x 8,little ,s*ools0 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 7,p47 #aeh ,see ! ,lectures pdagogiques4 ,ha*ette1 #ahhc1 p4 #dbj4 #aei ,we h be=e u ! edition ( #agbb4 #afj ,hi/oire d'une cole gratuite1 p> ,v4 ,plessi]1 p4 #ae4 #afa ,we h be=e u a copy ( ?is ,avignon edition3 ,j4 ,*>les ,*a/ani]1 pr9t] & booksell]1 ne> ! ,college ( ! ,jesuits4 #afb ,two volumes1 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 #afc ,! use ( ! r\nd script 0 9 fa%ion4 ,la ,salle introduc$ ! ba/>d h&4 #afd ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ( ! ,second ,"p4 #afe ,we h be=e u ! six? edition ( ?is "w3 ,r\51 #agbi4 ,la ,salle _h writt5 x t[>ds ! ye> #agjc4 #aff ,see1 = example1 ! foll[+ *apt]s3 ^u ! nose & ! mann] ( us+ ! h&k]*ief & ( sneez+ 7*ap4 vii472 ^u ! back1 ! %\ld]s1 ! arms1 & ! elb[ 7*ap4 viii472 on ! mann] 9 :i* "o ought to behave ) respect to ! bones1 ! sauce1 & ! fruit 7*ap4 vi41 ( ! second "p72 on ! mann] ( behav+ :ile walk+ 9 ! /reets1 on j\rneys1 9 c>riages1 & on horseback 7*ap4 x474 #afg ,see ! edition ( #agbj1 f page #adj to page #ahj4 #afh ,! influ5ce ( ! tea*+ congregations 9 g5]al1 & ( ?is "o 9 p>ticul>1 on public education z adm9i/]$ by ! ,/ate1 is v /rik+ly exhibit$ by ,meuni] 9 8 ,lutte du ,pr9cipe ,clrical et du ,pr9cipe ,laque dans l',enseignem5t 7,p>is3 #ahfa74 ,!re is also int]e/+ in=mation conc]n+ ,la ,salle4 ,see p>ticul>ly ! introductory ,lett] & ,*aps4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 7,p47 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,r\sseau ,,& ,,! ,,mile4 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury2 ,,! ,,precursors ,,( ,,r\sseau2 ,,! ,,abb ,,de ,,sa9t ,,pi]re2 ,,o!r ,,inspir]s ,,( ,,r\sseau2 ,,publication ,,( ,,! ,,mile 7#agfb72 ,,r\sseau ,,z ,a ,,tea*]2 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,mile2 ,,its ,,romantic ,,& ,,utopian ,,"*2 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,"w2 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,two ,,books2 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses2 ,,let ,,nature ,,act2 ,,! ,,"m ,,to ,,nurse ,,h] ,,own ,,*ildr52 ,,negative ,,education2 ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,"r ,,to ,,happ9ess2 ,,! ,,?ird ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,mile2 ,,*oice ,,9 ,,! ,,?+s ,,to ,,be ,,taught2 ,,! ,,abb ,,de ,,sa9t ,,pi]re ,,& ,,r\sseau2 ,,mile ,,at ,,fifte52 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5sibilities2 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,mile2 ,,g5esis ,,( ,,! ,,affections2 ,,moral ,,education2 ,,religi\s ,,education2 ,,! ,,pr(ession ,,( ,,fai? ,,( ,,! ,,savoy>d ,,vic>2 ,,sophie ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom52 ,,g5]al ,,conclusion2 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,r\sseau2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #cjb4 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4--,! mo/ /rik+ ( ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ,fr5* p$agogy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 is t 9 x ! lay _s comes into mortal collision ) ! ecclesia/ical _s4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! cl]ical preceptors ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & ! philosophical educators ( ! eighte5?6 ,! ,jesuits1 all-p[]ful "u ,l\is ,,xiv41 are to be decri$1 condemn$1 & f9ally expell$ 9 #agfb4 ,! fir/ place 9 ! !ory & 9 ! practice ( education1 w belong to laym54 ,r\sseau is to write ! mile4 ,d',alemb]t & ,did]ot w be ! educational advis]s ( ! ,empress ( ,russia4 ,! p>liam5t>ians1 ,la ,*alotais & ,roll&1 w attempt to sub/itute = ! action ( ! ,jesuits ! action ( ! ,/ate1 or1 at lea/1 "o ( ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,f9ally1 ) ! ,revolution1 ! lay _s w succe$ 9 triumph+4 ,aga91 ! p$agogy ( ! eighte5? c5tury is di/+ui%$ by its critical & re=matory t5d5cies4 ,! c5tury ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 is1 9 g5]al1 a c5tury ( cont5t2 ! c5tury ( ,voltaire1 a c5tury ( discont5t4 ,besides1 ! philosophical _s1 :i* associates ! !ory ( education ) ! laws ( ! human _s1 :i* is n cont5t to modify r\t9e by a few ameliorations ( detail1 :i* e/abli%es g5]al pr9ciples & aspires to an ideal p]fection1--! philosophical _s1 ) its excell5cies & ) its defects1--w come to ! light 9 ! mile1 & 9 "s o!r writ+s ( ! same p]iod4 ,f9ally1 & ?is la/ *>act]i/ic is b ! consequ5ce ( ! o!rs1 education t5ds to become national1 & at ! same "t humane4 ,prep>ation = life replaces prep>ation = dea?4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a conception is 9 process ( elaboration :i* ! m5 ( ! ,revolution w exhibit 9 its true light1--t ( an education1 public & national1 :i* makes citiz5s1 :i* works = c\ntry & = real life4 #cjc4 ,,precursors ,,( ,,r\sseau4--,! greate/ educational ev5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 be=e ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits & ! ev5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 is ! publication ( ! mile4 ,r\sseau is und5iably ! fir/ 9 rank among ! f\nd]s ( ,fr5* p$agogy1 & 8 influ5ce w be felt abroad1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,b :atev] may be ! orig9ality ( ! au?or ( ! mile1 8 sy/em is n a /roke ( g5ius = :i* no prep>ation _h be5 made4 ,he _h 8 precursors1 & he pr(it$ by _! works4 ,a ,b5$ict9e1 :o might h sp5t 8 /r5g? to bett] advantage1 has writt5 a book on ! ,plagi>isms ( ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau4#afi ,we d n propose to treat ,r\sseau z a plagi>i/1 = he surely has inspiration ( 8 own1 & 8 own boldness 9 inv5tion2 b h[ev] mu* ( an innovator he may be1 he 0 inspir$ by ,montaigne1 by ,locke1 & )\t speak+ ( ^? great ma/]s :om he (t5 imitat$1 he _h 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 ^: ideas on c]ta9 po9ts are 9 con=mity ) 8 own4 #cjd4 ,,! ,,abb ,,de ,,sa9t ,,pi]re 7#afeh-agdc74--;,among ! precursors ( ,r\sseau1 a place among ! fir/ mu/ be assign$ to ! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re1 a dreamy1 fanta/ic _s1 fitt$ m to excite curiosity ?an to des]ve admiration1 :om ,r\sseau himself call$ 8a man ( great projects & petty views40 ,8 projects 9 fact 7 great1 at lea/ 9 numb]4 ,betwe5 8a project to make s]mons m useful1 & a project to make roads m passable10 !re came1 9 8 incoh]5t & v>i$ "w1 sev]al projects = p]fect+ education 9 g5]al1 & ! education ( girls 9 p>ticul>4 ,! dom9ant idea ( ! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re is 8 anxiety 9 behalf ( moral education4 ,9 proportion z we advance t[>ds ! era ( lib]ty1 we %all notice a gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( ! moral virtues4 ,! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re requires ( man f\r ess5tial qualities3 ju/ice1 b5evol5ce1 ! disc]nm5t ( virtue or judgm5t1 &1 la/ly1 in/ruction1 :i* holds b ! l[e/ rank4 ,virtue is ( m wor? ?an ! k ( ,lat94 8,x _c be said t a great k ( ,lat9 is n an excell5t atta9m5t2 b 9 ord] to acquire ?is k1 x is necess>y to give to x an am\nt ( "t t w\ld be incomp>ably bett] employ$ 9 acquir+ great skill 9 ! obs]vation ( prud5ce4 ,^? :o direct education make a v great mi/ake 9 employ+ t5fold too mu* "t 9 mak+ u s*ol>ly 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 & 9 employ+ t5fold too little ( x 9 giv+ u a confirm$ use ( prud5ce40#agj ,b :at are ! means propos$ by ! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re8 ,all t he has devis$ = organiz+ ! tea*+ ( ! social virtues is r$uc$ to ! requirem5t ( read+ edify+ n>ratives1 ( play+ moral pieces1 & ( accu/om+ "y p to d m]itori\s acts 9 ! daily int]c\rse ( ! s*ool4 ,:5 ! lessons h be5 recit$ & ! writt5 ex]cises correct$1 ! tea*] w say to ! pupil3 8,d = me an act ( prud5ce1 or ( ju/ice1 or ( b5evol5ce40 ,?is is easi] to say ?an to d4 ,college life sc>cely furni%es occasion = ! application ( ! social virtues4 ,b ! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re %\ld be cr$it$ ) 8 good int5tions4 ,he is ! fir/ 9 ,france to give 8 ?\ght to ?is matt] ( pr(essional in/ruction4 ,! me*anic arts1 ! positive sci5ces1 ! appr5tice%ip to trades1--^! ?+s he places above ! /udy ( languages4 ,ar\nd 8 college1 & ev5 9 8 college1 !re are to be mills1 pr9t+ (fices1 agricultural implem5ts1 g>d5 tools1 etc4 ,0 x n also an idea at once new & wise1 to e/abli% a cont9u\s dep>tm5t ( public in/ruction1 a sort ( p]man5t c\ncil1 *>g$ ) ! re=mation ( me?ods & ) e/abli%+1 z f> z possible1 uni=mity 9 all ! colleges ( ! k+dom8 ,f9ally1 we %all comm5d ! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re = hav+ p]si/5tly urg$ ! necessity ( ! education ( wom54 ,f ,fnelon to ! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re1 f #afhj to #agcj1 great progress 0 made 9 ?is "q4 ,we seem already to he> ,condorcet :5 we read ! foll[+ passage3-- 8,! purpose %\ld be to in/ruct girls 9 ! elem5ts ( all ! sci5ces & ( all ! arts :i* c ent] into ord9>y conv]sation1 & ev5 9 sev]al ?+s :i* relate to ! diff]5t employm5ts ( m51 su* z ! hi/ory ( _! c\ntry1 geography1 police regulations1 & ! pr9cipal civil laws1 to ! end t !y c li/5 ) pleasure to :at m5 %all say to !m1 ask relevant que/ions1 & easily keep up a conv]sation ) _! husb&s on ! daily occurr5ces 9 _! occupations40 ,= ! purpose ( soon] atta9+ 8 end1 ! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re1 anticipat+ ! c5turies1 dem&$ = wom5 national e/abli%m5ts1 colleges ( second>y in/ruction4 ,he did n hesitate to cloi/] "y girls 9 bo>d+-s*ools1 & 9 bo>d+-s*ools )\t vacations2 & he entreat$ ! ,/ate to organize public c\rses = ^? :o1 he said1 8con/itute "o-half ( ! families 9 society40 #cje4 ,,o!r ,,inspir]s ,,( ,,r\sseau4--,) ! eighte5? c5tury !re beg9s = mod]n ?\ght1 9 education z 9 ev]y?+ else1 an era ( int]national relations1 ( mutual imitation1 ( ! action & reaction ( p on p4 ,! ,fr5*man ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h almo/ absolutely ignor$ ,com5ius4 ,r\sseau kn[s ,locke1 & also ! ,holl&] ,cr\saz1#aga :om1 by ! way1 he treats r %abbily1 speak+ ( him z 8! p$ant ,cr\saz40 ,cr\saz1 h[ev]1 _h "s good ideas4 ,he criticis$ ! old me?ods1 :i* make 8( ! k ( ,lat9 & ,greek ! pr9cipal "p ( education02 & he prea*$ sci5tific in/ruction & moral education4 ,9 ! ,spectacle ( ,nature1 :i* 0 s popul> 9 its day1 ! ,abb ,plu*e also dem&$ t ! /udy ( ! dead languages %\ld be abridg$#agb3-- 8,exp]i5ce ) ! pitiable ,lat9ity :i* reigns 9 ! colleges ( ,g]many1 ,fl&]s1 ,holl&1 & 9 all places :]e ! habit ( always speak+ ,lat9 is curr5t1 suffices to make u r5\nce ?is cu/om :i* prev5ts a "y man f speak+ 8 own tongue correctly40 ,! ,abb ,plu*e dem&$ t ! "t sav$ f ,lat9 be devot$ to ! liv+ languages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he insi/$ on e>ly education1 & on ?is po9t he 0 ! complem5t to 8 ma/]1 ,roll91 :o1 he said1 wrote r 8= ! p]fection ( /udies ?an = _! beg9n+40 ,/ill o!r writ]s 7 able to sugge/ to ,r\sseau "s ( ! ideas :i* he develop$ 9 ! mile4 ,be=e him1 ,la ,condam9e decl>$ t ! ,fables ( ,la ,fonta9e are above ! capacity ( *ildr54#agc ,be=e him1 ,bonneval1 mu* int]e/$ 9 physical education1 viol5tly criticis$ ! use ( long clo!s1 & claim$ = *ildr5 an education ( ! s5ses4 ,he dem&$1 besides1 t 9 e>ly in/ruction1 ! ef=t ( ! tea*] %\ld be limit$ to ! keep+ ( evil impressions f ! *ildi% imag9ation1 & t in/ruction 9 ! tru?s ( religion %\ld be held 9 abeyance4 ,we %all discov] 9 ! mile all ^! ideas 9 outl9e reviv$ & develop$ ) ! p[] & ) ! brilliancy ( g5ius1 sometimes trans=m$ into boi/]\s p>adoxes1 b sometimes1 also1 trans=m$ into solid & la/+ tru?s4 #cjf4 ,,publication ,,( ,,! ,,mile 7#agfb74--,r\sseau has made /rik+ /atem5ts ( ne>ly all ! problems ( education1 & he has sometimes resolv$ !m ) wisdom1 & always ) orig9ality4 ,appe>+ 9 #agfb1 at ! mom5t :5 ! ,p>liam5t 0 exclud+ ! ,jesuits f ,france1 ! mile came at ! "r mom5t 9 t gr& ov]?r[ ( r\t9e & tradition to disclose new hopes to humanity1 & to ann\nce ! adv5t ( philosophic reason 9 ! art ( educat+ m54 ,b ,r\sseau1 9 writ+ 8 book1 did n ?9k ( ! ,jesuits1 ( :om he sc>cely speaks2 he wrote1 n = ! man ( ! pres5t1 b = ! future ( humanity2 he compos$ a book end[$ ) endless vitality1 half romance1 half essay1 ! gr&e/ monum5t ( human ?\ght on ! subject ( education4 ,! mile1 9 fact1 is n a "w ( ephem]al polemics1 nor simply a practical manual ( p$agogy1 b is a g5]al sy/em ( education1 a treatise on psy*ology & moral tra9+1 a pr(\nd analysis ( human nature4 #cjg4 ,,0 ,,r\sseau ,,prep>$ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,tea*]8--,be=e ent]+ ^u ! /udy ( ! mile1 x is well to inquire h[ ! au?or _h be5 prep>$ by 8 "* & by 8 mode ( life to become a tea*]4 ,! hi/ory ( ,fr5* lit]ature (f]s no?+ m extraord9>y ?an ! life ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau4 ,ev]y?+ is /range 9 ! de/9y ( t un=tunate great man4 ,r\sseau committ$ great faults1 especially 9 8 y\?2 b at o!r mom5ts ( 8 life he is almo/ a sage1 a h]o ( private virtues & civic c\rage4 ,he trav]s$ all adv5tures & all trades4 ,workman1 s]vant1 *>latan1 preceptor1 all 9 turn2 he lodg$ 9 g>rets at a s\1 & exp]i5c$ days :5 he compla9$ t bread 0 too de>4 ,?r\gh all ^! mis]ies & ^! humiliations a s\l 0 9 process ( =mation made up1 above all else1 ( s5sibility & imag9ation4 ,r\sseau's s5sibility 0 extreme4 ,! *ild :o1 unju/ly treat$1 exp]i5c$ "o ( ^? viol5t fits ( passion :i* he has s well describ$ 9 8 ,confessions1 & :o wri!d a :ole night 9 8 b$1 cry+ 8,c>nifex1 c>nifex60 0 surely n an ord9>y *ild4 8,i _h no idea ( ?+s1 b all v>ieties ( feel+ 7 already kn[n to me4 ,i _h conceiv$ no?+2 ,i _h felt ev]y?+40 ,ev5 a m$iocre repres5tation ( ,alzire made him beside himself1 & he refus$ witness+ ! play ( trag$ies = fe> ( becom+ ill4 ,! s5tim5t ( nature e>ly inspir$ him ) a passion :i* 0 n to be qu5*$4 ,8 philosophic optimism & 8 fai? 9 provid5ce 7 nev] =gott54 ,o!r pure & g5]\s emotions fill$ 8 s\l4 ,! /udy ( ,plut>* _h inspir$ him ) a ta/e = republican virtues & ) an en?usiasm = lib]ty4 ,falsehood caus$ him a v]itable horror4 ,he _h ! feel+ ( equity 9 a high degree4 ,lat]1 to ! hatr$ ( inju/ice !re 0 jo9$ 9 8 he>t an implacable res5tm5t aga9/ ! oppressors ( ! p4 ,he _h d\btless receiv$ ! fir/ g]m ( ?is hate :51 mak+ ! j\rney afoot f ,p>is to ,lyons1 he ent]$ ! cab9 ( a poor peasant1 & !re f\nd1 z 9 a picture1 ! affect+ summ>y ( ! mis]ies ( ! p4 ,at ! same "t he 0 an insatiable read]4 ,he n\ri%$ himself on ! poets1 hi/orians1 & philosoph]s ( antiquity1 & he /udi$ ! ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,z "s "o has said1 8,t life ( read+ & toil1 int]rupt$ by s _m romantic incid5ts & adv5tur\s und]tak+s1 _h vivifi$ 8 imag9ation z a regul> c\rse ( /udy 9 ! ,college ( ,plessis c\ld n possibly h done40 ,x is 9 ?is way t 8 lit]>y g5ius 0 =m$1 &1 9 due ord]1 8 g5ius = p$agogy4 ,we ne$ n seek 9 ! life ( ,r\sseau any direct prep>ation = ! composition ( ! mile4 ,x is true t = a "t he _h be5 preceptor1 9 #agci1 9 ! family ( ,mably1 b he soon resign$ duties 9 :i* he 0 n successful4 ,a little essay :i* he compos$ 9 #agdjagd does n yet give pro( ( any great orig9ality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he lov$ to obs]ve *ildr51 he obs]v$1 alas1 only ! *ildr5 ( o!rs4 ,!re is no?+ sadd] ?an t page ( ! ,confessions 9 :i* he relates h[ he (t5 plac$ himself at ! w9d[ to obs]ve ! dismission ( s*ool1 9 ord] to li/5 to ! conv]sations ( *ildr5 z a furtive & unse5 obs]v]6 ,! mile is ?us less ! result ( a pati5t induction & ( a real exp]i5ce ?an a "w ( inspiration or a brilliant improvisation ( g5ius4 #cjh4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,mile4--,a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]al pr9ciples run ?r\gh ! entire "w1 & give x a sy/ematic =m & a positive "*4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! idea ( ! innoc5ce & ( ! p]fect goodness ( ! *ild4 ,! mile op5s ) ?is solemn decl>ation3-- 8,ev]y?+ is good z x comes f ! h&s ( ! ,au?or ( nature2 ev]y?+ deg5]ates 9 ! h&s ( man40 ,& 9 ano!r place1 8,let u assume z an inconte/able maxim t ! fir/ movem5ts ( nature are always "r2 !re is no orig9al p]v]sity 9 ! human he>t40 ,)\t d\bt ,r\sseau 0 "r 9 oppos+ ! pessimism ( ^? :o see 9 ! *ild a be+ ?or\ghly wick$ & degrad$ be=e bir?2 he is deceiv$ 9 turn :5 he affirms t !re is no g]m ( evil 9 human nature4 ,society is wick$ & corrupt1 he says1 & x is f society t all ! evil comes2 x is f its p]nici\s influ5ce t ! s\l ( ! *ild mu/ be pres]v$6 ,b1 we reply1 h[ did society itself happ5 to be spoil$ & vitiat$8 ,x is no?+ b a collection ( m52 & if ! individuals are innoc5t1 h[ c ! aggregate ( individuals be wick$ & p]v]se8 ,b let ! contradictions ( ,r\sseau pass2 ! important ?+ to note is t f 8 optimism are d]iv$ ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! education :i* he devises = mile4 ,?is education w be at once natural & negative3-- 8mile10 says ,grard1 8is a *ild ( nature1 br\ght up by nature1 accord+ to ! rules ( nature1 = ! satisfaction ( ! ne$s ( nature4 ,?is sophism is n m]ely inscrib$ at r&om on ! frontispiece ( ! book1 b is its v s\l2 & x is by reason ( ?is sophi/ry t1 sep>at$ f ! body ( reflections & maxims t give x s p[]ful an int]e/1 ,r\sseau's plan ( education is b a dang]\s *im]a40 ,ev]y?+ t society has e/abli%$1 ,r\sseau condemns 9 a lump z fictiti\s & artificial4 ,conv5tional usages he despises2 & he places mile at ! s*ool ( nature1 & br+s him up almo/ l a savage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! education ( mile is negative1 at lea/ till 8 twelf? ye>2 t is1 ,r\sseau lets nature h h] way till !n4 ,= ^? :o ?9k nature evil1 education ought to be a "w ( compression & ( repression4 ,b nature is good2 & s education consi/s simply 9 lett+ h] h free c\rse4 ,to gu>d ! *ild f ! %ock ( op9ions1 to =m betimes a def5ce ab\t 8 s\l1 to assure aga9/ e ext]ior influ5ce ! free developm5t ( 8 faculties--su* is ! end t he proposes to himself4 ,ano!r g5]al pr9ciple ( ! mile1 ano!r tru? :i* ,r\sseau's _s ( p>adox quickly trans=ms into error1 is ! idea ( ! di/9ction ( ages3-- 8,ea* age1 ea* /ate ( life1 has its prop] p]fection1 & a sort ( maturity :i* is its own4 ,we h (t5 he>d ( a man gr[n2 b let u ?9k ( a *ild gr[n4 ,t sight w be new] to u1 & p]haps n less agreeable40 8,we d n "k infancy4 ,) ! false ideas we h1 ! fur!r we g1 ! m we are a/ray4 ,! mo/ le>n$ give _! att5tion to t :i* x is important = m5 to "k )\t consid]+ :at *ildr5 are 9 a condition to compreh5d4 ,!y always look = ! man 9 ! *ild1 )\t ?9k+ ( :at he 0 be=e he became a man40 8,ev]y?+ is "r s f>1 & f ^! obs]vations !re proce$s a progressive education1 exactly con=m+ 9 its successive requirem5ts to ! progress ( ! faculties4 ,b ,r\sseau does n /op 9 8 c\rse1 & he goes beyond progressive education to recomm5d an education 9 fragm5ts1 s to speak1 :i* isolates ! faculties 9 ord] to develop !m "o aft] ano!r1 :i* e/abli%es an absolute l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 ! diff]5t ages1 & :i* ends 9 di/+ui%+ ?ree /ages ( progress 9 ! s\l4 ,r\sseau's error on ?is po9t is 9 =gett+ t ! education ( ! *ild ought to prep>e = ! education ( ! "y man4 ,in/ead ( consid]+ ! diff]5t ages z ! sev]al r+s ( "o & ! same *a91 he sep>ates !m %>ply f "o ano!r4 ,he does n admit t m>vell\s unity ( ! human s\l1 :i* seems s /rong 9 man only because ,god has1 s to speak1 wov5 its b&s into ! *ild & !re fa/5$ !m40 7,grard74 #cji4 ,,romantic ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,mile4--,a f9al obs]vation is necess>y be=e ent]+ into an analysis ( ! mile2 x is t 9 ?is1 z 9 8 o!r works1 ,r\sseau is n av]se to affect+ s+ul>ities1 & ) delib]ation & effront]y to break ) receiv$ op9ions4 ,d\btless we %\ld n g s f> z to say ) c]ta9 critics t ! mile is r ! feat ( a wit ?an ! s]i\s expression ( a grave & s]i\s ?\ght2 b :at x is impossible n to grant is t :i* ,r\sseau himself admits 9 8 preface3 8,"o w believe t he is read+1 n s mu* a book on education z ! rev]ies ( a vision>y40 mile1 9 fact1 is an imag9>y be+ :om ,r\sseau places 9 /range conditions4 ,he does n give him p>5ts1 b has him br\ght up by a preceptor 9 ! c\ntry1 f> f all society4 mile is a "* 9 a romance r ?an a real man4 #caj4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,"w4--,)\t d\bt1 !re are 9 ! mile long passages & digressions t make ! read+ ( x m agreeable & its analysis m difficult4 ,b1 not)/&+ all ?is1 ! au?or conf9es himself to a me?odical plan1 at lea/ to a *ronological ord]4 ,! diff]5t ages ( mile s]ve z a pr9ciple = ! division ( ! "w4 ,! fir/ two books treat especially ( ! infant & ( ! e>lie/ p]iod ( life up to ! age ( twelve4 ,! only "q "h discuss$ is ! education ( ! body & ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses4 ,! ?ird book corresponds to ! p]iod ( intellectual education1 f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? ye>4 ,9 ! f\r? book1 ,r\sseau /udies moral education1 f ! fifte5? to ! tw5tie? ye>4 ,f9ally1 ! fif? book1 9 :i* ! romantic _s is /ill rampant1 is devot$ to ! education ( woman4 #caa4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,two ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,mile4--,x w\ld be useless to se>* ?is fir/ "p ( ! mile = precepts relative to ! education ( ! m9d & ! he>t4 ,r\sseau has purposely elim9at$ f ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( ! *ild's life ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns in/ruction & moral discipl9e4 ,at ! age ( twelve1 mile w "k h[ to run1 jump1 & judge ( di/ances2 b he w be p]fectly ignorant4 ,! idea w\ld be t he has /udi$ no?+ at all1 & 8t he has n le>n$ to di/+ui% 8 "r h& f 8 left40 ,! exclusive *>act]i/ic ( mile's education1 dur+ ?is fir/ p]iod1 is1 !n1 ! preoccupation ) physical developm5t & ) ! tra9+ ( ! s5ses4 ,out ( _m errors1 we %all see display$ "s admirable fla%es ( good s5se1 & gr& tru?s inspir$ by ! pr9ciple ( nature4 #cab4 ,,let ,,nature ,,h ,,h] ,,way4--,:at does nature dem&8 ,%e dem&s t ! *ild h lib]ty ( movem5t1 & t no?+ int]f]e ) ! nasc5t activities ( 8 limbs4 ,:at d we d1 on ! contr>y8 ,we put him 9 swaddl+ clo!s2 we imprison him4 ,he is de=m$ by 8 ov]-tight g>m5ts1--! fir/ *a9s t are impos$ on a be+ :o is de/9$ to h s _m o!rs to be>6 ,on ?is subject1 ! bad humor ( ,r\sseau does n tire4 ,he is prodigal 9 outbreaks ( _s1 (t5 witty1 & sometimes ridicul\s4 8,x seems10 he says1 8z ?\gh we fe> t ! *ild may appe> to be alive40 8,man is born1 lives1 & dies1 9 a /ate ( slav]y2 at 8 bir? he is /it*$ into swaddl+-clo!s2 at 8 dea? he is nail$ 9 8 c(f92 & z long z he pres]ves ! human =m he is held captive by our in/itutions40 ,we %all n dwell on ^! extravagances ( language :i* trans=ms a c(f9 & a *ild's long-clo!s into in/itutions4 ,! prote/s ( ,r\sseau h contribut$ t[>ds a re=mation ( usages2 b1 ev5 on ?is po9t1 ) 8 great pr9ciple t ev]y?+ mu/ be ref]r$ to nature1 because :atev] nature does %e does well1 ! au?or ( mile is on ! po9t ( go+ a/ray4 ,no m = ! body ?an = ! m9d is nature suffici5t 9 h]self2 %e mu/ h help & wat*ful assi/ance4 ,/rong supports are ne$$ to prev5t too active movem5ts & dang]\s /ra9s ( ! body2 j z1 lat] on1 !re w be ne$$ a vigor\s moral au?ority to mod]ate & curb ! passions ( ! s\l4 #cac4 ,,! ,,"m ,,to ,,nurse ,,h] ,,own ,,*ildr54--,b !re is ano!r po9t :]e x has become trite to praise ,r\sseau1 & :]e 8 tea*+ %\ld be accept$ )\t res]ve4 ,?is is :5 he /rongly prote/s aga9/ ! use ( hir$ nurses1 & :5 he eloqu5tly summons mo!rs to ! duties ( nurs+ _! own *ildr54 ,:]e !re is no "m1 !re is no *ild1 says ,r\sseau1 & he adds1 :]e !re is no "m1 !re is no family6 8,w\ld y recall ea* "o to 8 fir/ duties8 ,beg9 ) ! mo!rs4 ,y w be a/oni%$ at ! *anges y w produce60 ,x w\ld be to fall into platitudes to set =?1 aft] ,r\sseau1 & aft] s _m o!rs1 ! reasons :i* recomm5d nurs+ by ! "m4 ,we m]ely obs]ve t ,r\sseau insi/s on ?is1 especially on moral gr\nds4 ,x is n m]ely ! heal? ( ! *ild2 x is ! virtue & ! morality ( ! family2 x is ! dignity ( ! home1 t he wi%es to def5d & pres]ve4 ,&1 9 fact1 h[ _m o!r duties are provid$ = & made easi] by ! p]=mance ( a primal duty4 #cad4 ,,h>d5+ ,,( ,,! ,,body4--,s f>1 ! lessons ( nature h in/ruct$ ,r\sseau4 ,he is /ill "r :5 he wi%es mile to gr[ h>dy1 to become inur$ to privations1 to become accu/om$ at an e>ly h\r to pa91 & to le>n h[ to suff]2 b f be+ a /oic1 ,r\sseau soon becomes a cynic4 ,contempt = pa9 gives place to a contempt = proprieties4 mile %all be a b>efoot1 l ,diog5es4 ,locke gives 8 pupil ?9 %oes2 ,r\sseau1 surpass+ him1 completely aboli%es %oes4 ,he w\ld also l to suppress all ! inv5tions ( civilization4 ,?us mile1 accu/om$ to walk 9 ! d>k1 w d )\t c&les4 8,i w\ld r h mile ) eyes at ! ends ( 8 f+]s ?an 9 ! %op ( a c&le-mak]40 ,all ?is tempts u to laugh2 b "h are grav] errors4 ,r\sseau objects to vacc9ation1 & proscribes m$ic9e4 mile is =eh&$4 ,he is 9 duty b\nd to be well4 ,a physician w be summon$ only :5 he is 9 dang] ( dea?4 ,aga91 ,r\sseau =bids ! wa%+ ( ! new-born *ild 9 w9e1 because w9e is a f]m5t$ liquor1 & nature produces no?+ t is f]m5t$4 ,& s !re mu/ be no play?+s made by ! h& ( man4 ,a twig ( a tree or a poppy-head w suffice4 ,r\sseau1 z we see1 by reason ( 8 wi% to make ( 8 pupil a man ( nature1 br+s him into s+ul> lik5ess ) ! wild man1 & assimilates him almo/ to ! brute4 #cae4 ,,negative ,,education4--,x is evid5t t ! fir/ p]iod ( life is t 9 :i* ! use ( negative education is bo? ! lea/ dang]\s & ! mo/ acceptable4 ,ord9>ily1 mile's preceptor w be b ! inactive witness1 ! passive spectator ( ! "w done by nature4 ,_h ,r\sseau gone to ! full l5g? ( 8 sy/em1 he ought to h aboli%$ ! preceptor himself1 9 ord] to all[ ! *ild to make 8 way all alone4 ,b if ! preceptor is tol]at$1 x is n to act directly on mile1 x is n to p]=m ! duties ( a pr(essor1 9 tea*+ him :at x is important = a *ild to "k2 b x is simply to put him 9 ! way ( ! discov]ies :i* he ought to make = himself 9 ! wide doma9 ( nature1 & to arrange & to comb9e1 artificially & labori\sly1 ^? complicat$ sc5es :i* are int5d$ to replace ! lessons ( ord9>y education4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! sc5e ( ! juggl]1 :]e mile is to acquire at ! same "t notions on physics & on e?ics4 ,su*1 aga91 is ! conv]sation ) ! g>d5]1 ,rob]t1 :o reveals to him ! idea ( prop]ty4 ,! preceptor is no long] a tea*]1 b a me*anic4 ,! true educator is nature1 b nature prep>$ & skillfully adju/$ to s]ve ! ends t we propose to atta94 ,r\sseau admits only ! tea*+ ( ?+s3-- 8,d n give y\r pupil any k9d ( v]bal lesson2 he %\ld receive none save f exp]i5ce40 8,! mo/ important1 ! mo/ useful rule 9 all education1 is n to ga9 "t1 b to lose x40 ,! preceptor w int]f]e at mo/ only by a few timid & gu>d$ words1 to aid ! *ild 9 int]pret+ ! lessons ( nature4 8,/ate que/ions )9 8 compreh5sion1 & leave him to resolve !m = himself4 ,let him n "k any?+ because y h told x to him1 b because he has compreh5d$ x = himself40 8,= ! body z = ! m9d1 ! *ild mu/ be left to himself40 8,let him run1 & frolic1 & fall a hundr$ times a day4 ,s mu* ! bett]2 = he w le>n f ?is ! soon] to help himself up4 ,! welf>e ( lib]ty atones = _m bruises40 ,9 8 horror = :at he calls 8! tea*+ & p$antic mania10 ,r\sseau goes s f> z to proscribe an education 9 habits3-- 8,! only habit t a *ild %\ld be all[$ to =m is to contract no habit40 #caf4 ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,"r ,,to ,,happ9ess4--,r\sseau did n tire ( dem&+ t we %\ld respect ! infancy t is 9 ! *ild1 & take into acc\nt 8 ta/es & 8 aptitudes4 ,) :at eloqu5ce he claims = him ! "r ( be+ happy6 8,love *ildhood4 ,enc\rage its sports1 its pleasures1 & its in/9ct = happ9ess4 ,:o ( y has n sometimes regrett$ t p]iod :5 a laugh 0 always on ! lips1 & ! s\l always 9 peace8 ,:y w y d5y ^? little innoc5ts ! enjoym5t ( t brief p]iod :i* is s soon to escape !m1 & ( t preci\s good :i* !y _c abuse8 ,:y w y fill ) bitt]ness & sorr[ ^? fir/ ye>s s quickly pass+ :i* w no m return to !m ?an !y c return to y8 ,fa!rs1 d y "k ! mom5t :5 dea? awaits y\r *ildr58 ,d n lay up = y\rselves regrets by depriv+ !m ( ! few mom5ts t nature gives !m4 ,z soon z !y c feel ! pleasure ( exi/5ce1 try to h !m enjoy x1 & act 9 su* a way t at :atev] h\r ,god summons !m !y may n die )\t hav+ ta/$ ! sweetness ( liv+40 #cag4 ,,proscription ,,( ,,intellectual ,,ex]cises4--,r\sseau rejects f ! education ( mile all ! intellectual ex]cises ord9>ily employ$4 ,he proscribes hi/ory on ! pretext t mile _c compreh5d ! relations ( ev5ts4 ,he takes z an example ! disgu/ ( a *ild :o _h be5 told ! anecdote ( ,alex&] & 8 physician3-- 8,i f\nd t he _h an unusual admiration = ! c\rage1 s mu* laud$1 ( ,alex&]4 ,b d y "k 9 :at he saw t c\rage8 ,simply 9 ! fact t he swall[$ a dr9k t _h a bad ta/e40 ,& f ?is ,r\sseau concludes t ! *ild's intellig5ce is n suffici5tly op5 to compreh5d hi/ory1 & t he ought n to le>n x4 ,! p>adox is evid5t4 ,because mile is sometimes expos$ to ! dang] ( fall+ into errors ( judgm5t1 mu/ he be d5i$ ! opportunity ( judg+8 ,simil>ly1 ,r\sseau does n p]mit ! /udy ( ! languages4 ,up to ! age ( twelve1 mile %all "k b "o language1 because1 till !n1 incapable ( judg+ & compreh5d+1 he _c make ! comp>ison betwe5 o!r languages & 8 own4 ,lat]1 f twelve to fifte51 ,r\sseau w f9d /ill o!r reasons = exclud+ ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages4 ,& x is n only hi/ory & ! languages2 x is lit]ature 9 g5]al f :i* mile is exclud$ by ,r\sseau4 ,no book %all be put into 8 h&s1 n ev5 ! ,fables ( ,la ,fonta9e4 ,x is well kn[n ) :at resolution ,r\sseau criticises ,! ,cr[ & ! ,fox4 #cah4 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses4--,! gr& preoccupation ( ,r\sseau is ! ex]cise & developm5t ( ! s5ses ( 8 pupil4 ,! :ole !ory ( object lessons1 & ev5 all ! exagg]ations ( :at is n[ call$ ! intuitive me?od1 are conta9$ 9 g]m 9 ! mile3-- 8,! fir/ faculties :i* are =m$ & p]fect$ 9 u are ! s5ses4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! fir/ :i* %\ld be cultivat$2 b ^! are ! v ones t we =get or t we neglect ! mo/40 ,r\sseau does n consid] ! s5ses z :olly =m$ by nature2 b he makes a special se>* = ! means ( =m+ !m & ( p]fect+ !m ?r\gh education4 8,to call into ex]cise ! s5ses1 is1 s to speak1 to le>n to feel2 = we c nei!r t\*1 nor see1 nor he>1 except z we h be5 taught40 ,only1 ,r\sseau is wrong 9 sacrific+ ev]y?+ to ?is education ( ! s5ses4 ,he %>ply criticises ?is favorite maxim ( ,locke1 8,we mu/ reason ) *ildr540 ,r\sseau ret>ds ! education ( ! judgm5t & ! reason1 & decl>es t 8he w\ld z soon require t a *ild be five feet high z t he reason at ! age ( eight40 #cai4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,mile4--,f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? ye> is ! l5g? ( "t t ,r\sseau has devot$ to /udy & to intellectual developm5t prop]4 ,x is necess>y t ! robu/ animal1 8! roe-buck10 z he calls mile1 aft] a negative & temporiz+ education ( twelve ye>s1 become 9 ?ree ye>s an enlight5$ intellig5ce4 ,z ! p]iod is %ort1 ,r\sseau disposes ( ! "t = in/ruction ) a mis]'s h&4 ,moreov]1 mile is v poorly prep>$ = ! rapid /udies :i* are to be impos$ on him4 ,n hav+ acquir$ 9 8 e>li] ye>s ! habit ( ?9k+1 hav+ liv$ a purely physical exi/5ce1 he w h great difficulty 9 br++ to life1 )9 a few mon?s1 8 intellectual faculties4 ,b )\t dwell+ on ! unfavorable conditions ( mile's intellectual education1 let u see 9 :at x w consi/4 #cbj4 ,,*oice ,,9 ,,! ,,?+s ,,to ,,be ,,taught4--,! pr9ciple :i* guides ,r\sseau 9 ! *oice ( mile's /udies is no o!r ?an ! pr9ciple ( utility3-- 8,!re is a *oice 9 ! ?+s :i* ought to be taught z well z 9 ! "t fit = le>n+ !m4 ,( ! kn[l$ges )9 our rea*1 "s are false1 o!rs are useless1 & /ill o!rs s]ve to n\ri% ! pride ( him :o has !m4 ,only ! small numb] ( ^? :i* really contribute to our good are wor?y ! c>e ( a wise man1 & consequ5tly ( a *ild :om we wi% to r5d] su*4 ,x is n a "q ( kn[+ :at is1 b only :at is useful40 #cba4 ,,r\sseau ,,& ,,! ,,abb ,,de ,,sa9t ,,pi]re4--,among educators1 "s wi% to tea* ev]y?+1 :ile o!rs dem& a *oice1 & w\ld reta9 only :at is necess>y4 ,! ,abb de ,sa9t ,pi]re foll[s ! fir/ t5d5cy4 ,he w\ld h ! s*ol> le>n ev]y?+ at college2 a little m$ic9e t[>ds ! sev5? or eigh? ye>1 & 9 ! o!r classes1 ari?metic & blazonry1 jurisprud5ce1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 danc+1 declamation1 politics1 e?ics1 a/ronomy1 anatomy1 *emi/ry1 )\t c\nt+ draw+ & ! viol91 & tw5ty o!r ?+s besides4 ,r\sseau is wis]4 ,he is dismay$ at su* an accumulation1 at su* an ob/ruction ( /udies1 & s yields too mu* to ! opposite t5d5cy1 & re/ricts beyond measure ! li/ ( necess>y /udies4 #cbb4 ,,mile',s ,,/udies4--,^!1 9 fact1 are ! /udies to :i* mile is limit$3 fir/1 ! physical sci5ces1 &1 at ! head ( ! li/1 a/ronomy1 !n geography1 geography taught )\t maps & by means ( travel3-- 8,y are look+ = globes1 sph]es1 maps4 ,:at ma*9es6 ,:y all ^! repres5tations8 ,:y n beg9 by %[+ him ! object itself80 ,"h1 z 9 o!r places1 ,r\sseau pref]s :at w\ld be be/1 b :at is impossible1 to t :i* is wor? less1 b :i* alone is practicable4 ,b ,r\sseau does n wi% t 8 pupil1 l ! pupil ( ,rabelais1 become an 8abyss ( k40 8,:5 ,i see a man1 enamor$ ( k1 all[ himself to yield to its *>ms1 & run f "o k9d to ano!r )\t kn[+ :]e to /op1 ,i ?9k ,i see a *ild on ! sea-%ore collect+ %ells1 beg9n+ by load+ himself ) !m2 !n1 tempt$ by ^? he /ill sees1 ?r[+ !m aside1 pick+ !m up1 until1 weigh$ d[n by _! numb]1 & no long] kn[+ :i* to *oose1 he ends by reject+ ev]y?+1 & returns empty-h&$40 ,no acc\nt is made ( gramm> & ! anci5t languages 9 ! plan ( mile's /udies4 ,grav] /ill1 hi/ory is proscrib$4 ,?is rejection ( hi/orical /udies1 moreov]1 is sy/ematically done4 ,r\sseau has plac$ mile 9 ! c\ntry1 & has made him an orphan1 ! bett] to isolate him2 to tea* him hi/ory w\ld be to ?r[ him back into society t he abom9ates4 #cbc4 ,,no ,,books ,,save ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4--,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( an education t is natural & negative is ! suppression ( books4 ,always go+ to extremes1 ,r\sseau is n cont5t to criticise ! abuse ( books4 ,he det]m9es t up to 8 fif? ye> mile %all n "k :at a book is3-- 8,i hate books10 he exclaims2 8!y tea* u m]ely to speak ( ?+s t we d n "k40 ,besides ! fact t ?is rav+ is r ridicul\s 9 ! case ( a man :o is a writ] by pr(ession1 x is evid5t t ,r\sseau is rov+ at r&om :5 he condemns ! use ( books 9 in/ruction4 ,"o book1 h[ev]1 "o s+le book1 has f\nd favor 9 8 sight4 ,rob9son ,crusoe w con/itute by itself = a long "t ! :ole ( mile's libr>y4 ,we und]/& )\t difficulty ,r\sseau's k9dly feel+ = a "w :i*1 "u ! =m ( a romance1 is1 l ! mile1 a treatise on natural education4 mile & ,rob9son /rongly resemble ea* o!r1 s9ce !y are self-suffici5t & disp5se ) society4 #cbd4 ,,excell5t ,,precepts ,,on ,,me?od4--,at lea/ 9 ! g5]al me?od :i* he comm5ds1 ,r\sseau makes am5ds = ! errors 9 8 plan ( /udy3-- 8,d n treat ! *ild to disc\rses :i* he _c und]/&4 ,no descriptions1 no eloqu5ce1 no figures ( spee*4 ,be cont5t to pres5t to him appropriate objects4 ,let u trans=m our s5sations into ideas4 ,b let u n jump at once f s5sible objects to intellectual objects4 ,let u always proce$ sl[ly f "o s5sible notion to ano!r4 ,9 g5]al1 let u nev] sub/itute ! sign = ! ?+1 except :5 x is impossible = u to %[ ! ?+40 8,i h no love :atev] = explanations & talk4 ,?+s6 ?+s6 ,i %all nev] tire ( say+ t we ascribe too mu* importance to words4 ,) our babbl+ education we make only babbl]s40 ,b ! :ole w\ld be> quot+4 ,almo/ all ( ,r\sseau's recomm5dations1 9 ! way ( me?od1 conta9 an elem5t ( tru?1 & ne$ only to be modifi$ 9 ord] to become excell5t4 #cbe4 ,,exclusive ,,motives ,,( ,,action4--,a great "q 9 ! education ( *ildr5 is to "k to :at motive we %all address ourselves4 ,"h aga91 ,r\sseau is exclusive & absolute4 ,up to ! age ( twelve1 mile w h be5 guid$ by necessity2 he w h be5 made dep5d5t on ?+s1 n on m54 ,x is ?r\gh ! possible & ! impossible t he w h be5 conduct$1 by treat+ him1 n z a s5sible & intellig5t be+1 b z a =ce ( nature aga9/ :i* o!r =ces are made to act4 ,n till ! age ( twelve mu/ ?is sy/em be *ang$4 mile has n[ acquir$ "s judgm5t2 & x is ^u an intellectual motive t "o ought n[ to c\nt 9 regulat+ 8 conduct4 ,?is motive is utility4 ,! feel+ ( emulation _c be employ$ 9 a solit>y education4 ,f9ally1 at ! age ( fifte51 x w be possible to appeal to ! he>t1 to feel+1 & to recomm5d to ! "y man ! acts we set be=e him1 no long] z necess>y or useful1 b z noble1 good1 & g5]\s4 ,! error ( ,r\sseau is 9 cutt+ up ! life ( man to 8 tw5tie? ye> into ?ree %>ply def9$ p>ts1 into ?ree mom5ts1 ea* subord9at$ to a s+le gov]n+ pr9ciple4 ,! tru? is t at e age an appeal mu/ be made to all ! motives t act on our w1 t at e age1 necessity1 int]e/1 s5tim5t1 & f9ally1 ! idea ( duty1 an idea too (t5 ov]look$ by ,r\sseau1 z all else t is d]iv$ f reason1--all ^! motives c effectively int]v5e1 9 diff]5t degrees1 9 ! education ( man4 #cbf4 ,,mile ,,le>ns ,a ,,trade4--,at ! age ( fifte51 mile w "k no?+ ( hi/ory1 no?+ ( humanity1 no?+ ( art & lit]ature1 no?+ ( ,god2 b he w "k a trade1 a manual trade4 ,by ?is means1 he w be %elt]$ f ne$ 9 advance1 9 case a revolution %\ld /rip him ( 8 =tune4 8,we are approa*+10 says ,r\sseau1 ) an a/oni%+ p]spicacity1 8a c5tury ( revolutions4 ,:o c give y assurance ( :at w !n become ( y8 ,i hold x to be impossible = ! great mon>*ies ( ,europe to la/ mu* long]4 ,!y h all _h _! day ( glory1 & e ,/ate t dazzles is 9 its decl9e40 ,we h previ\sly notic$1 9 /udy+ analog\s ideas 9 ! case ( ,locke1 = :at o!r reasons ,r\sseau made ( mile an appr5tice to a cab9et-mak] or a c>p5t]4 #cbg4 ,,mile ,,at ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,fifte54--,r\sseau takes com=t 9 ! contemplation ( 8 "w1 & he pauses f "t to "t 9 8 analyses & d$uctions1 to trace ! portrait ( 8 pupil4 ,?is is h[ he repres5ts him at ! age ( fifte53-- 8mile has b little k1 b t :i* he has is really 8 own2 he kn[s no?+ by halves4 ,9 ! small numb] ( ?+s t he kn[s1 & kn[s well1 ! mo/ important is t !re are _m ?+s :i* he does n "k1 b :i* he c "s day le>n2 t !re are _m m ?+s :i* o!r m5 "k1 b :i* he w nev] "k2 & t !re is an inf9ity ( o!r ?+s :i* no man w ev] "k4 ,he has a univ]sal m9d1 n ?r\gh actual k1 b ?r\gh ! ability to acquire x4 ,he has a m9d t is op51 intellig5t1 prep>$ = ev]y?+1 &1 z ,montaigne says1 if n in/ruct$1 at lea/ capable ( be+ in/ruct$4 ,x is suffici5t = me t he kn[s h[ to f9d ! ( :at good is x8 ) ref]5ce to all t he does1 & ! :y8 ( all t he believes4 ,once m1 my object is n at all to give him k1 b to tea* him h[ to acquire x z he may ne$ x1 to make him e/imate x at its exact wor?1 & to make him love tru? above ev]y?+ else4 ,) ?is me?od1 progress is sl[2 b !re are no false /eps1 & no dang] ( be+ oblig$ to retrace "o's c\rse40 ,all ?is is well2 b x is necess>y to add t ev5 mile has faults1 great faults4 ,to m5tion b "o ( !m1 b "o :i* dom9ates all ! o!rs1 he sees ?+s only f ! po9t ( view ( utility1 & he w\ld n hesitate1 = example1 8to give ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = ! smalle/ bit ( pa/ry40 #cbh4 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5sibilities4--,x is true t ,r\sseau f9ally decides to make ( mile an affectionate & reasonable be+4 8,we h =m$10 he says1 88 body1 8 s5ses1 8 judgm5t2 x rema9s to give him a he>t40 ,r\sseau1 :o proce$s l a magician1 by wave ( w& & clev] tricks1 flatt]s himself t )9 a day's "t mile is go+ to become ! mo/ affectionate1 ! mo/ moral1 & ! mo/ religi\s ( m54 #cbi4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,mile4--,! developm5t ( ! affectionate s5tim5ts1 ! culture ( ! moral s5tim5t1 & t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 su* is ! triple subject ( ! f\r? book1--va/ & exalt$ que/ions t l5d !mselves to eloqu5ce 9 su* a way t ! f\r? book ( ! mile is p]haps ! mo/ brilliant ( ! :ole "w4 #ccj4 ,,g5esis ,,( ,,! ,,affectionate ,,s5tim5ts4--,"h ,r\sseau is :olly 9 ! l& ( *im]as4 mile1 :o lives 9 isolation1 :o has nei!r family1 fri5ds1 nor companions1 is necess>ily condemn$ to selfi%ness1 & ev]y?+ ,r\sseau c d to w>m 8 he>t w be useless4 ,d we wi% to develop ! feel+s ( t5d]ness & affection8 ,let u beg9 by plac+ ! *ild "u family or social influ5ces :i* alone c furni% 8 affections ! occasion = developm5t4 ,= fifte5 ye>s ,r\sseau leaves ! he>t ( mile unoccupi$4 ,:at an illusion to ?9k he w be able to fill x all at once6 ,:5 we suppress ! "m 9 ! education ( a *ild1 all ! means t we c inv5t to excite 9 8 s\l emotions ( g5tl5ess & affection are b palliatives4 ,r\sseau made ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t a *ild c be taught to love z he is taught to read & write1 & t lessons c\ld be giv5 to mile 9 feel+ j z lessons are giv5 to him 9 geometry4 #cca4 ,,moral ,,education4--,r\sseau is m wor?y ( be+ foll[$ :5 he dem&s t ! moral notions ( "r & wrong h _! fir/ s\rce 9 ! feel+s ( sympa?y & social b5evol5ce1 on ! supposition t accord+ to 8 sy/em he c inspire mile ) su* feel+s4 8,we ent]1 f9ally1 ! doma9 ( morals10 he says4 8,if ?is 7 ! place = x1 ,i w\ld %[ h[ f ! fir/ emotions ( ! he>t arise ! fir/ utt]ances ( ! consci5ce1 & h[1 f ! fir/ feel+s ( love & hate arise ! fir/ notions ( good & evil4 ,i w\ld make x appe> t ju/ice & goodness are n m]ely ab/ract t]ms1 conceiv$ by ! und]/&+1 b real affections ( ! s\l enlight5$ by ! reason40 ,yes2 let ! *ild be made to make 8 way gradually t[>ds a sev]e morality1 sanction$ by ! reason1 9 hav+ him pass ?r\gh ! g5tle emotions ( ! he>t4 ,no?+ c be bett]4 ,b ?is is to be done on "o condition3 ?is is1 t we %all n /op on ! way1 & t ! vague inspirations ( ! s5sibilities %all be succe$$ by ! exact prescriptions ( ! reason4 ,n[ ,r\sseau1 z we "k1 0 nev] will+ to admit t virtue 0 any?+ else ?an an affair ( ! he>t4 ,8 e?ics is :olly an e?ics ( s5tim5t4 #ccb4 ,,religi\s ,,education4--,we "k ! reasons :i* det]m9$ ,r\sseau to delay till ! sixte5? or eighte5? ye> ! revelation ( religion4 ,x is t ! *ild1 ) 8 s5sitive imag9ation1 is necess>ily an idolat]4 ,if we speak to him ( ,god1 he c =m b a sup]/iti\s idea ( him4 8,n[10 says ,r\sseau1 pi?ily1 8:5 ! imag9ation has once se5 ,god1 x is v r>e t ! und]/&+ conceives him40 ,9 o!r t]ms1 once plung$ 9 sup]/ition1 ! m9d ( ! *ild c nev] extricate itself f x4 ,we mu/ !n wait1 9 ! int]e/ ( religion itself1 till ! *ild h suffici5t maturity ( reason & suffici5t p[] ( ?\ght to seize 9 its tru?1 dive/$ ( e veil ( s5se1 ! idea ( ,god1 ^: exi/5ce is ann\nc$ to him = ! fir/ "t4 ,x is difficult to ju/ify ,r\sseau4 ,fir/1 is x n to be fe>$ t ! *ild1 if he has rea*$ 8 eighte5? ye> 9 ignorance ( ,god1 may f9d x :olly natural to be ignorant ( him /ill1 & t he reason & dispute at r&om ) 8 tea*]1 & t he d\bt in/ead ( believe8 ,& if he all[s himself to be conv9c$1 is x n at lea/ evid5t t ! religi\s idea1 t>dily inculcat$1 w h no pr(\nd hold on 8 m9d8 ,on ! o!r h&1 w ! *ild1 ) 8 in/9ctive curiosity1 wait till 8 eighte5? ye> to inquire ! cause ( ! univ]se8 ,w he n =m ! notion ( a ,god 9 8 own way8 8,"o might h read1 a few ye>s ago10 says ,villema91 8! acc\nt1 or r ! psy*ological confession1 ( a writ] 7,s5t5is71 a ,g]man philosoph]1 :om 8 fa!r _h submitt$ to ! exp]im5t advis$ by ! au?or ( mile4 ,left alone by ! loss ( a t5d]ly lov$ wife1 ?is fa!r1 a le>n$ & ?\ghtful man1 _h tak5 8 infant son to a retir$ place 9 ! c\ntry2 & n all[+ him communication ) any "o1 he _h cultivat$ ! *ild's intellig5ce ?r\gh ! sight ( ! natural objects plac$ ne> him1 & by ! /udy ( ! languages1 almo/ )\t books1 & 9 c>efully conceal+ f him all idea ( ,god4 ,! *ild _h rea*$ 8 t5? ye> )\t hav+ ei!r read or he>d t great "n4 ,b !n 8 m9d f\nd :at _h be5 d5i$ x4 ,! sun :i* he saw rise ea* morn+ seem$ ! all-p[]ful b5efactor ( :om he felt ! ne$4 ,he soon =m$ ! habit ( go+ at dawn to ! g>d5 to pay homage to t god t he _h made = himself4 ,8 fa!r surpris$ him "o day1 & %[$ him 8 error by tea*+ him t all ! fix$ />s are s _m suns di/ribut$ 9 space4 ,b su* 0 !n ! disappo9tm5t & ! grief ( ! *ild depriv$ ( 8 wor%ip1 t ! fa!r1 ov]come1 ackn[l$g$ to him t !re 0 a ,god1 ! ,creator ( ! heav5s & ! e>?40#age #ccc4 ,,! ,,savoy>d ,,vic>',s ,,pr(ession ,,( ,,fai?4--,r\sseau has at lea/ attempt$ to retrieve1 by /ately language & an impassion$ demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! delay :i* he has spontane\sly impos$ on 8 pupil4 ,! ,savoy>d ,vic>'s ,pr(ession ( ,fai? is an eloqu5t cate*ism on natural religion1 & ! hone/ expression ( a s9c]e & pr(\nd deism4 ,! religion ( nature is evid5tly ! only "o :i*1 9 ,r\sseau's sy/em1 c be taught1 & ought to be taught1 to ! *ild1 s9ce ! *ild is exactly ! pupil ( nature4 ,if mile wi%es to g beyond ?is1 if he ne$s a positive religion1 ?is %all be = himself to *oose4 #ccd4 ,,sophie ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom54--,! weake/ "p ( ! mile is t :i* treats ( ! education ( woman4 ,?is is n m]ely because ,r\sseau1 ) 8 decid$ lean+ t[>ds ! romantic1 leads mile & 8 companion into odd & extraord9>y adv5tures1 b x is especially because he misconceives ! prop] dignity ( woman4 ,sophie1 ! p]fect woman1 has be5 educat$ only to complete ! happ9ess ( mile4 ,h] education is :olly relative to h] de/9y z a wife4 8,! :ole education ( wom5 %\ld be relative to m52 to please !m1 to be useful to !m1 to make !mselves honor$ & lov$ by !m1 to educate ! "y1 to c>e = ! old]1 to advise !m1 to console !m1 to make life agreeable & sweet to !m1--^! are ! duties ( wom5 9 e age40 8,sophie10 says ,grard1 8has b virtues ( ! second ord]1 virtues ( conjugal education40 ,x has be5 said t m>riage is a second bir? = man1 t he rises or falls accord+ to ! *oice :i* he makes4 ,= woman1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,r\sseau1 x is ! true adv5t into life4 ,accord+ to ! expressive =mula ( ,mi*elet1 :o1 9 a s5t5ce1 has giv5 a m>vell\s summ>y ( ! doctr9e1 b 9 atta*+ to x a s5se :i* poetizes x1 8! husb& creates ! wife40 ,sophie1 up to ! day ( h] m>riage1 did n exi/4 ,%e _h le>n$ no?+ & read no?+ 8except a ,b>me & a ,tlmaque :i* h *anc$ to fall into h] h&s40 ,%e has be5 def9itely admoni%$1 8t 7 m5 s5sible1 e lett]$ girl w rema9 a girl40 ,x is mile alone :o is to in/ruct h]1 & he w in/ruct h] & m\ld h] into 8 own ideal1 & 9 con=mity to 8 individual int]e/4 ,:ile x 0 only 9 8 y\? t he receiv$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! religi\s feel+1 ,sophie mu/ be p5etrat$ ) x f infancy1 9 ord] t %e may e>ly =m ! habit ( submission4 ,he comm&s & %e obeys1 ! fir/ duty ( ! wife be+ meekness4 ,if1 dur+ h] y\?1 %e has freely att5d$ banquets1 amusem5ts1 balls1 ! !atre1 x is n s mu* to be initiat$ into ! va9 pleasures ( ! _w1 "u ! tutelage ( a vigilant "m1 z to belong1 once m>ri$1 m fully to h] home & to h] husb&4 ,%e is no?+ except z %e is by 8 side1 or z dep5d5t on him1 or z act+ ?r\gh him4 ,/range & brutal p>adox1 :i* ,r\sseau1 x is true1 corrects & repairs 9 detail1 at e mom5t by ! mo/ happy & *>m+ inconsi/5cies4 ,sophie1 briefly1 is an incomplete p]son :om ,r\sseau is n c>eful en\gh to educate = h]self4 ,9 h] subord9ate & inf]ior position1 ! c>es ( ! h\sehold occupy ! l>ge/ place4 ,%e cuts & makes h] own dresses3-- 8,:at ,sophie kn[s be/1 & :at 0 taught h] ) mo/ c>e1 is ! "w ( h] sex4 ,!re is no ne$le-"w :i* %e does n "k h[ to make40 ,x is n =bidd5 h]1 b is ev5 recomm5d$ t %e introduce a c]ta9 coquetry into h] employm5ts3-- 8,! "w %e loves ! be/ is lace-mak+1 because !re is no o!r t gives h] a m agreeable attitude1 & 9 :i* ! f+]s are us$ ) m grace & deftness40 ,%e c>ries da9t9ess a little too f>3-- 8,%e does n love cook+2 its details h "s disgu/ = h]4 ,%e w\ld soon] let ! :ole d9n] g into ! fire ?an to soil h] cuffs40 ,truly ?is is f9e h\sewif]y6 ,we feel t we h "h to d ) a "* 9 a romance :o has no ne$ to d9e4 ,sophie w\ld n h be5 well receiv$ at ,sa9t ,cyr1 :]e ,madame de ,ma9t5on s sev]ely scold$ ! girls :o 7 too fa/idi\s1 8fe>+ smoke1 du/1 & disagreeable odors1 ev5 to mak+ compla9ts & grimaces on _! acc\nt z ?\gh all 7 lo/40 #cce4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusion4--,9 ord] to =m a j e/imate ( ! mile1 x is necess>y to put aside ! impressions left by ! read+ ( ! la/ pages4 ,we mu/ consid] z a :ole1 & )\t tak+ details into acc\nt1 t "w1 :i*1 not)/&+ all1 is v admirable & pr(\nd4 ,x is injur$ by analysis4 ,to e/eem ! mile at its real wor?1 x mu/ be read entire4 ,9 read+ x1 9 fact1 we are w>m$ by contact ) ! passion :i* ,r\sseau puts into :atev] he writes4 ,we p>don 8 errors & *im]as by reason ( ! gr& s5tim5ts & ! gr& tru?s :i* we meet at e /ep4 ,we mu/ also take into acc\nt ! "t :5 ,r\sseau liv$1 & ! conditions "u :i* he wrote4 ,we h n a d\bt t _h x be5 writt5 ?irty ye>s lat]1 9 ! dawn ( ! ,revolution1 = a p :o 7 free1 or :o desir$ to be free1 ! mile w\ld h be5 :olly diff]5t f :at x is4 ,_h he be5 work+ = a republican society1 or = a society t wi%$ to become su*1 ,r\sseau w\ld n h ?r[n himself1 out ( hatr$ = ! reality1 into ! absurdities ( an ov]-specializ$ & exceptional education4 ,we c judge ( :at he w\ld h done z legislator ( public in/ruction 9 ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 by :at he wrote 9 8 ,consid]ations on ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,pol&3-- 8,national education belongs only to p :o are free4444 ,x is education :i* is to give to m5 ! national m\ld1 & s to direct _! op9ions & _! ta/es t !y w become patriots by incl9ation1 by passion1 & by necessity0 7we w\ld only add1 by duty74 8,a *ild1 9 op5+ 8 eyes1 ought to see 8 c\ntry & no?+ b 8 c\ntry4 ,e true republican1 along ) 8 "m's milk1 w imbibe love ( c\ntry1 t is1 ( law & lib]ty4 ,?is love con/itutes 8 :ole exi/5ce4 ,he sees b 8 c\ntry1 he lives b = h]4 ,s soon z he is alone1 he is no?+2 s soon z !re is no m ( c\ntry1 he is no m4444 ,:ile le>n+ to read1 ,i w\ld h a *ild ( ,pol& read :at relates to 8 c\ntry2 at ! age ( t51 ,i w\ld h him "k all its productions2 at twelve1 all its prov9ces1 all its roads1 all its cities2 at fifte51 ! :ole ( its hi/ory2 & at sixte51 all its laws2 & !re %\ld n be 9 all ,pol& a notable de$ or an illu/ri\s man1 ( :i* 8 memory & 8 he>t 7 n full40 #ccf4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,mile4--,t :i* proves bett] ?an any comm5t>y c ! high /&+ ( ! mile1 is ! success :i* x has obta9$1 ! influ5ce :i* x has ex]t$1 bo? 9 ,france & abroad1 & ! durable r5[n atte/$ by s _m works design$1 ei!r to contradict x1 to correct x1 or to approve x & to dissem9ate its doctr9es4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye>s t foll[$ ! publication ( ! mile1 !re appe>$ 9 ! ,fr5* language twice z _m books on education z dur+ ! fir/ sixty ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,r\sseau1 besides all t he said p]sonally :i* 0 j & new1 _h ! m]it ( /imulat+ m9ds & ( prep>+ ?r\gh 8 impulsion ! ri* educational h>ve/ ( ?is la/ "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is1 x suffices to read ?is judgm5t ( ,kant3-- 8,! fir/ impression :i* a read] :o does n read = vanity or = kill+ "t d]ives f ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau1 is t ?is writ] unites to an admirable p5etration ( g5ius a noble inspiration & a s\l full ( s5sibility1 su* z has nev] be5 met ) 9 any o!r writ]1 9 any o!r "t1 or 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,! impression :i* imm$iately foll[s ?is1 is t ( a/oni%m5t caus$ by ! extraord9>y & p>adoxical ?\ghts :i* he develops4444 ,i ought to read & re-read ,r\sseau1 till ! beauty ( 8 /yle no m affects me4 ,x is only !n t ,i c adju/ my reason to judge ( him40 #ccg4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,! /udy ( ! mile exhibits1 9 a v /rik+ mann]1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! respective ag5cies ( art & nature 9 ! "w ( education1 & also ! p[] ( s5tim5t z a motor to ideas4 #b4 ,:at ,monsieur ,compayr has happily call$ ,r\sseau's 8misuse ( ! pr9ciple ( nature0 m>ks a recoil aga9/ ! artificial & fictiti\s /ate ( society & op9ion 9 ,france 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 politics1 9 religion1 & 9 philosophy1 !re 0 ! dom9ation ( au?ority1 & b a small m>g9 0 left = ! ex]cise ( fre$om1 v]satility1 & individual initiative2 :ile education 0 adm9i/]$ r z a process ( manufacture1 ?an ( regulat$ gr[?4 #c4 ,! conception t ! *ild1 by 8 v con/itution1 is pr$et]m9$1 l plants & animals1 to a progressive developm5t q indep5d5t ( artificial aid1 easily deg5]ates into ! hypo!sis t ! typical education is a process ( spontane\s gr[?4 #d4 ,! error 9 ?is hypo!sis is t ( exagg]ation or ( disproportion4 ,education is nei!r a "w ( nature alone1 nor ( art alone1 b is a natural process1 supplem5t$1 controll$1 & p]fect$ by human art4 ,:at education w\ld become :5 ab&on$ :olly to 8nature0 may be se5 9 ! /ate ( a p]fect$ fruit :i* has be5 all[$ to rev]t to its primitive or natural condition4 #e4 ,man is di/+ui%$ f all o!r creatures by ! fact t he is n ! victim ( 8 environm5t1 b is end[$ ) ! p[] to control 8 environm5t1 almo/ to re-create x1 & s to rise sup]ior to x4 ,?is ability gives rise to human art1 :i* is a cord9ate factor ) nature 9 ! "w ( education4 #f4 ,?is conv5i5t fiction ( 8,nature10 conceiv$ z an infallible & incomp>able guide 9 education1 has introduc$ c\ntless errors into educational !ory2 & ,miss ,e4 ,r4 ,sill is amply ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t 8probably n9e-t5?s ( ! popul> sophi/ries on ! subject ( education1 w\ld be cle>$ away by cl>ify+ ! ^w ,nature40#agf #g4 ,9 spite ( its p>adoxes1 its exagg]ations1 its ov]wr\ght s5tim5t1 & florid declamation1 ! mile1 9 its g5]al _s1 is a "w ( incomp>able p[] & ( p]5nial value4 ,,footnotes3 #afi ,dom ,joseph ,cajet1 ,les ,plagiats de ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 de ,g5ve sur l'ducation1 #agfh4 #agj uvres div]ses1 ,tome ,i4 p4 #ab4 #aga ,de l'ducation des enfants1 ,la ,haye1 #agbb2 ,p5ses libres sur les in/ructions publiques des bas collges1 ,am/]dam1 #agbg4 #agb ,spectacle de la nature1 ,p>is1 #agcb1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,entreti5 sur l'ducation4 #agc ,lettre critique sur l'ducation1 ,p>is1 #agea4 #agd ,projet p\r l'ducation de ,m4 de ,/e-,m>ie4 #age ,report ( ,villema9 on ! "w ( ! ,pre ,gir>d 7#ahdd74 #agf ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1 #ahhc1 p4 #agh4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,philosoph]s ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4--,,condillac1 ,,did]ot1 ,,helvetius1 ,,& ,,kant4 ,,! ,,philosoph]s ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury2 ,,condillac 7#agae-aghj72 ,,abuse ,,( ,,! ,,philosophic ,,_s2 ,,mu/ ,,we ,,reason ,,) ,,*ildr58 ,,prelim9>y ,,lessons2 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,?9k+2 ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy2 ,,p]sonal ,,reflection2 ,,excesses ,,( ,,devotion ,,criticis$2 ,,did]ot 7#agac-aghd72 ,,8 ,,p$agogical ,,works2 ,,8 ,,qualities ,,z ,,an ,,educator2 ,,necessity ,,( ,,in/ruction2 ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,public ,,in/ruction2 ,,criticism ,,( ,,fr5* ,,colleges2 ,,propos$ ,,re=ms2 ,,pref]5ce ,,= ,,! ,,sci5ces2 ,,incomplete ,,views ,,on ,,! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,lett]s2 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,m>montel2 ,,o!r ,,novelties ,,( ,,did]ot',s ,,plan2 ,,helvetius 7#agae-agga72 ,,p>adoxes ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,man2 ,,refutation ,,( ,,helvetius ,,by ,,did]ot2 ,,in/ruction ,,secul>iz$2 ,,! ,,encyclop,,di/s2 ,,kant 7#agbd-ahjd72 ,,high ,,conception ,,( ,,education2 ,,psy*ological ,,optimism2 ,,respect ,,= ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,*ild2 ,,culture ,,( ,,! ,,faculties2 ,,/ories ,,int]dict$2 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,puni%m5t2 ,,religi\s ,,education2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #cch4 ,,! ,,philosoph]s ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4--,if !re has be5 consid]able progress made 9 education 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x is due1 9 great "p1 to ! ef=ts ( ! philosoph]s ( t age4 ,x is no long] alone ! m5 :o are actually engag$ 9 ! s*ools t are preoccupi$ ) education2 b ne>ly all ! illu/ri\s ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury h discuss$ ^! great que/ions ) m or less ?or\ghness4 ,! subject is f> f be+ exhau/$ by ! /udy ( ,r\sseau4 ,besides ! educational curr5t set 9 movem5t by ! mile1 ! o!r philosoph]s ( t p]iod1 9 _! isolat$ & indep5d5t m>*1 left orig9al r\tes :i* x rema9s to foll[4 ,f out _! errors & conceptions ( sy/ems !re em]ge "s new outlooks & "s def9ite tru?s4 #cci4 ,,condillac 7#agae-aghj74--;,an acute & +5i\s psy*ologi/1 a competitor & rival ( ,locke 9 philosophy1 ,condillac is f> f hav+ ! same au?ority 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to education2 b /ill !re is pr(it to be d]iv$ f ! read+ ( 8 ,c\rse ( ,/udy1 :i* includes n less ?an ?irte5 volumes4 ,?is important "w is a collection ( ! lessons :i* he _h compos$ = ! education ( ! infant ,f]d9&1 ! gr&son ( ,l\is ,,xv41 & heir ( ! duk$om ( ,p>ma1 ^: preceptor he became 9 #ageg4 #cdj4 ,,abuse ,,( ,,! ,,philosophic ,,_s4--,x is c]ta9ly a matt] ( congratulation t ! philosophical _s is ent]+ m & m l>gely into ! !ories ( education1 & !re w\ld be only words ( comm5dation = ,condillac _h he re/rict$ himself to ?is excell5t decl>ation1 t p$agogy is no?+ if x is n a d$uction f psy*ology4 ,b he does n /op !re1 b ) an indiscretion t is to be regrett$1 he arbitr>ily transports into education c]ta9 philosophical pr9ciples :i* x is n prop] to apply to ! art ( educat+ m51 :atev] may be _! !oretical tru?2 ?us ,condillac1 hav+ e/abli%$ ! natural ord] ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces & ! arts 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity1 presumes to impose ! same law ( progress ^u ! *ild4 8,! me?od :i* ,i h foll[$ does n resemble ! usual mann] ( tea*+2 b x is ! v way 9 :i* m5 7 l$ to create ! arts & ! sci5ces40#agg ,9 o!r t]ms1 ! *ild mu/ d ov] aga91 on 8 own acc\nt1 8t :i* ! race has done40 ,he mu/ be compell$ to foll[1 /ep by /ep1 9 its long grop+s1 ! sl[ progress made by ! race4#agh ,!re is1 d\btless1 an elem5t ( tru? 9 ! error ( ,condillac4 ,! sci5ces & ! arts began ) ! obs]vation ( p>ticul>s1 & !nce sl[ly rose to g5]al pr9ciples2 & to-day no "o ?9ks ( d5y+ ! necessity ( proce$+ 9 ! same mann] 9 education1 s f> z ?is is possible4 ,x is well at ! fir/ to pres5t facts to ! *ild1 & to lead him /ep by /ep1 f obs]vation to obs]vation1 to ! law :i* gov]ns !m & includes !m2 b !re is a wide di/ance betwe5 ! discreet use ( ! inductive & exp]im5tal me?od1 & ! exagg]ations ( ,condillac4 ,no "o %\ld s]i\sly ?9k ( absolutely suppress+ ! syn!tic me?od ( exposition1 :i*1 tak+ advantage ( ! "w accompli%$ ?r\gh ! c5turies1 tea*es at ! outset ! tru?s t h be5 already acquir$4 ,x w\ld be absurd to compel ! *ild pa9fully to recomm5ce ! toil ( ! race4#agi ,grav] /ill1 ,condillac1 l$ a/ray by 8 love = philosophiz+1 presumes to initiate ! *ild1 f ! v beg9n+ ( 8 /udies1 into psy*ological analysis4 8,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to make ! *ild acqua9t$ ) ! faculties ( 8 s\l1 & to make him feel ! ne$ ( mak+ use ( !m40 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ! analysis ( ! s\l %all be ! fir/ object propos$ to ! reflection ( ! *ild4 ,x is n propos$ to make him att5tive1 b to tea* him :at att5tion is4 ,h[ c "o s]i\sly ?9k ( mak+ ( ! *ild a little psy*ologi/1 & ( *oos+ z ! fir/ elem5t ( 8 education ! v sci5ce t is ! mo/ difficult ( all1 ! "o :i* c be b ! coronation ( 8 /udies8 #cda4 ,,mu/ ,,we ,,reason ,,) ,,*ildr58--,r\sseau _h %>ply criticis$ ! fam\s maxim ( ,locke3 8,we mu/ reason ) *ildr540 ,condillac tries to re/ore x to cr$it1 & = ?is purpose he invokes ! pret5d$ demon/rations ( a sup]ficial & inexact psy*ology4 8,x has be5 prov$10 he says1 8t ! faculty ( reason+ beg9s z soon z ! s5ses comm5ce to develop2 & we h ! e>ly use ( our s5ses only because we e>ly began to reason40 ,/range ass]tions1 :i* are disprov$ by ! mo/ elem5t>y obs]vation ( ! facts 9 ! case4 ,condillac "h all[s himself to be impos$ ^u by 8 s5sational psy*ology1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* is to efface ! peculi> "* ( ! diff]5t intellectual faculties1 to d]ive !m all f ! s5ses1 &1 consequ5tly1 to suppress ! di/ance :i* sep>ates a simple s5sation f ! subtile1 reflective1 & ab/ract process :i* is call$ reason+4 ,x _c be admitt$ = a s+le in/ant t ! faculties ( ! und]/&+ are1 z he says1 8! same 9 ! *ild z 9 ! mature man40 ,!re is1 d\btless1 9 ! *ild a beg9n+ ( reason+1 a sort ( in/9ctive logic2 b ?is infantile reason+ c be appli$ only to famili> objects1 su* z are s5sible & concrete4 ,x 7 absurd to employ x on g5]al & ab/ract ideas4 #cdb4 ,,prelim9>y ,,lessons4--,we %all quote1 )\t comm5t1 ! fir/ subjects ( in/ruction :i*1 "u ! title ( ,leons prlim9aires1 ,condillac proposes to 8 pupil3 #a4 ! nature ( ideas2 #b4 ! op]ations ( ! s\l2 #c4 ! habits2 #d4 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\l & ! body2 #e4 ! k ( ,god4 ,h[ are we to conceive t ,condillac _h ! pret5sion to place ^! high philosophical speculations )9 ! rea* ( a *ild ( sev5 ye>s :o has n yet /udi$ ! gramm> ( 8 native language6 ,h[ mu* bett] "s fables or hi/orical n>ratives w\ld answ] 8 purpose6 ,b ,condillac does n /op !re4 ,:5 8 pupil has a sy/ematic k ( ! op]ations ( ! s\l1 :5 he has compreh5d$ ! g5esis ( ideas2 9 a ^w1 :51 t[>ds ! age ( eight or t51 he is z pr(ici5t 9 philosophy z 8 ma/]1 & almo/ z capable ( writ+ ! ,treatise on ,s5sations1 :at d y ?9k he is invit$ to /udy8 ,some?+ :i* v mu* resembles ! philosophy ( hi/ory3-- 8,aft] hav+ made him reflect on 8 own infancy1 ,i ?\ght t ! infancy ( ! _w w\ld be ! mo/ int]e/+ subject = him1 & ! easie/ to /udy40 #cdc4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,?9k+4--,x is only :5 he judges t ! m9d ( 8 pupil is suffici5tly prep>$ by psy*ological analysis & by g5]al reflections on ! progress ( humanity1 t ,condillac decides to h him ent] ^u ! ord9>y c\rse ( /udy4 ,"h ! _s ( sy/em disappe>s1 & gives place to m judici\s & m practical ideas4 ,?us ,condillac ?9ks t 8! /udy ( gramm> w\ld be m we>isome ?an useful if x come too e>ly40 ,w\ld t he _h appli$ ?is pr9ciple to psy*ology6 ,be=e /udy+ gramm>1 !n1 ,condillac's pupil reads ! poets1--! ,fr5* poets1 ( c\rse1--& pref]ably ! dramatic au?ors1 ,rac9e especially1 :om he reads = ! twelf? "t4 ,! real k ( ! language prec$es ! ab/ract /udy ( ! rules4 ,condillac himself compos$ a gramm> entitl$ ! ,art ( ,speak+4 ,9 ?is he imitates ! au?ors ( ,port ,royal1 8:o10 he says1 87 ! fir/ to write elem5t>y books on an intellig5t plan40 ,aft] ! ,art ( ,speak+ he calls ! att5tion ( 8 pupil to ?ree o!r treatises 9 succession1--! ,art ( ,writ+1 or rhetoric1 ! ,art ( ,reason+1 or logic1 & ! ,art ( ,?9k+4 ,we %all n attempt an analysis ( ^! works1 :i* h gone out ( date1 not)/&+ ! value ( c]ta9 portions ( !m4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ^! treatises on intellectual education is t ! au?or is pre-occupi$ ) ! relations ( ideas m ?an ) ! ext]ior elegancies ( /yle1 ) ! developm5t ( ?\ght m ?an ) ! beauties ( language3-- 8,especially mu/ ! intellig5ce be n\ri%$1 ev5 z ! body is n\ri%$4 ,we mu/ pres5t to x k1 :i* is ! :olesome alim5t ( _s1 op9ions & errors be+ alim5t t is poison\s4 ,x is also necess>y t ! intellig5ce be active1 = ! ?\ght rema9s imbecile z long z1 passive r ?an active1 x moves at r&om40 #cdd4 ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy4--,x seems t ,condillac is 9 pursuit ( b "o s+le purpose1--to make ( 8 pupil a ?9k+ be+4 ,! /udy ( ,lat9 is po/pon$ till ! "t :5 ! intellig5ce1 be+ completely =m$1 w f9d 9 ! /udy ( t language only ! difficulty ( le>n+ words4 ,condillac has b little ta/e = ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages4 ,he relegates ! /udy ( ,lat9 to ! second place1 & omits ,greek entirely4 ,b he accords a great importance to hi/orical /udies4 8,aft] hav+ le>n$ to ?9k1 ! ,pr9ce made ! /udy ( hi/ory 8 pr9cipal object = six ye>s40 ,twelve volumes ( ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy h transmitt$ to u ,condillac's lessons 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ?is he does n take delight1 z ,roll9 does1 9 long n>rations2 b he analyzes1 multiplies 8 reflections1 & abridges facts2 he philosophizes m ?an he recites ! facts ( hi/ory4 #cde4 ,,p]sonal ,,reflection4--,:at we h said ( ,condillac's ,c\rse ( ,/udy suffices to ju/ify ! judgm5t express$ ( 8 p$agogy by "o ( 8 disciples1 ,gr&o1 :5 he wrote3 8,he :o _h s ?or\ghly /udi$ ! mann] 9 :i* ideas are =m$ 9 ! human m9d1 _h b little skill 9 call+ !m into be+ 9 ! intellig5ce ( 8 pupil40 ,b we w\ld judge our au?or unju/ly if1 aft] ! criticisms we h made ( him1 we 7 n to accord him ! praise he des]ves1 especially = hav+ compreh5d$1 z he has done1 ! value ( p]sonal reflection1 & ! sup]iority ( judgm5t ov] memory4 ,a few quotations w rehabilitate ! p$agogy ( ,condillac 9 ! m9ds ( our read]s4 ,above all else !re mu/ be an ex]cise 9 p]sonal reflection3-- 8,i grant t ! education :i* cultivates only ! memory may make prodigies1 & t x has done s2 b ^! prodigies la/ only dur+ ! "t ( infancy4444 ,he :o kn[s only by he>t1 kn[s no?+4444 ,he :o has n le>n$ to reflect has n be5 in/ruct$1 or1 :at is /ill worse1 has be5 poorly in/ruct$40 8,true k is 9 ! reflection1 :i* has acquir$ x1 mu* m ?an 9 ! memory1 :i* holds x 9 keep+2 & ! ?+s :i* we are capable ( recov]+ are bett] kn[n ?an ^? ( :i* we h a recollection4 ,x does n suffice1 !n1 to give a *ild k4 ,x is necess>y t he in/ruct himself by seek+ k on 8 own acc\nt1 & ! ess5tial po9t is to guide him prop]ly4 ,if he is l$ 9 an ord]ly way1 he w acquire exact ideas1 & w seize _! succession & relation4 ,!n1 able to call !m up = review1 he w be able to comp>e !m ) o!rs t are m remote1 & to make a f9al *oice ( ^? :i* he wi%es to /udy4 ,reflection c always recov] ! ?+s x has kn[n1 because x kn[s h[ x orig9ally f\nd !m2 b ! memory does n s recov] ! ?+s x has le>n$1 because x does n "k h[ x le>ns40 ,?is is :y ,condillac places f> above ! education we receive1 ! education t we give ourselves3-- 8,h5ce=?1 ,sir1 x rema9s = y alone to in/ruct y\rself4 ,p]haps y imag9e y h f9i%$2 b x is ,i :o h f9i%$4 ,y are to beg9 anew60 #cdf4 ,,excessive ,,devotion ,,criticis$4--,:at beautiful lessons ,condillac also addresses to 8 pupil to induce him to enfran*ise himself f ecclesia/ical tutelage6 ,writt5 by an abbot1 ! eloqu5t page we are ab\t to read proves h[ ! lay _s t5d$ to pron\nce itself 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 8,y _c be too pi\s1 ,sir2 b if y\r piety is n enlight5$1 y w s f> =get y\r duties z to be engross$ 9 ! little ?+s ( devotion4 ,because pray] is necess>y1 y w ?9k y ought always to be pray+1 n consid]+ t true devotion consi/s fir/ ( all 9 fulfill+ ! duties ( y\r /ation 9 life3 x w n be y\r fault t y d n live 9 y\r he>t z 9 a cloi/]4 ,hypocrites w sw>m ar\nd y1 ! monks w issue f _! cells4 ,! prie/s w ab&on ! s]vice ( ! alt> 9 ord] to be edifi$ ) ! sight ( y\r holy works4 ,bl9d pr9ce6 y w n p]ceive h[ _! conduct is 9 contradiction ) _! language4 ,y w n ev5 obs]ve t ! m5 :o praise y = always be+ at ! foot ( ! alt>1 !mselves =get t x is _! own duty to be !re4 ,y w unconsci\sly take _! place & leave to !m y\r own4 ,y w be cont9ually at pray]1 & y w believe t y assure y\r salvation4 ,!y w cease to pray1 & y w believe t !y assure _! salvation4 ,/range contradiction1 :i* turns aside m9i/]s f ! ,*ur* to give bad m9i/]s to ! ,/ate40#ahj #cdg4 ,,did]ot 7#agac-aghd74--,to him :o kn[s no?+ ( ,did]ot save 8 works ( imag9ation1 (t5 s lic5ti\s1 x w d\btless be a surprise to see ! "n ( ?is fanta/ic writ] inscrib$ 9 ! catalogue ( educators4 ,b ?is a/oni%m5t w disappe> if we w take ! tr\ble to recollect ) :at v]satility ?is mighty _s c\ld v>y ! subject ( 8 reflections1 & pass f ! gay to ! solemn1 & especially ) :at ardor1 9 conjunction ) ,d',alemb]t1 he 0 ! pr9cipal f\nd] ( ! ,encyclopdie1 & ! indefatigable contributor to x4 #cdh4 ,,8 ,,p$agogical ,,works4--,b !re is no room = d\bt4 ,did]ot has writt5 at lea/ two treatises t belong to ! hi/ory ( education3 fir/1 ab\t #aggc1 ,! ,sy/ematic ,refutation ( ! ,book ( ,helvetius on ,man1 an incisive & eloqu5t criticism ( ! p>adoxes & errors ( ,helvetius2 &1 9 ! second place1 ab\t #aggf1 a complete s*eme ( education1 compos$ at ! reque/ ( ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 "u ! title1 ,plan ( a ,univ]sity4#aha #cdi4 ,,8 ,,m]its ,,z ,,an ,,educator4--,d\btless ,did]ot did n h suffici5t gravity ( "* or suffici5tly def9ite ideas to be a p]fect educator2 b1 by way ( comp5sation1 ! natural & acquir$ qualities ( 8 m9d made him wor?y ( ! confid5ce plac$ 9 him by ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 9 entru/+ him ) ! organization1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 ( ! in/ruction ( ! ,russian p4 ,fir/ ( all1 he _h ! m]it ( be+ a univ]sal ?9k]1 8suffici5tly v]s$ 9 all ! sci5ces to "k _! value1 & n suffici5tly pr(\nd 9 any "o to give x a pref]5ce inspir$ by pr$ilection40 ,engag$ 9 ! sci5tific movem5t1 ( :i* ! ,encyclopdie 0 ! c5tre1 he at ! same "t *]i%$ an en?usia/ic passion = lett]s4 ,he wor%ipp$ ,%akespe>e & mod]n poetry1 b he 0 n less enamor$ ( classical antiquity1 & = sev]al ye>s1 he says1 8he ?\ght x z mu* a religi\s duty to read a song ( ,hom] z a good prie/ w\ld to recite 8 brevi>y40 #cej4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,in/ruction4--,did]ot1 & ?is is to 8 praise1 is di/+ui%$ f ! mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 & especially f ,r\sseau1 by 8 ard5t fai? 9 ! moral efficacy ( in/ruction3-- 8,f> f corrupt+10 he exclaims1 8in/ruction sweet5s "*1 ?r[s light on duty1 makes vice less gross1 & ei!r *okes x or conceals x4444 ,i d>e ass]t t purity ( morals has foll[$ ! progress ( dress1 f ! sk9 ( animals to fabrics ( silk40 ,h5ce he decides on ! necessity ( in/ruction = all3-- 8,f ! prime m9i/] to ! l[e/ peasant1 x is good = e "o to "k h[ to read1 write1 & c\nt40 ,& he proposes to all p ! example ( ,g]many1 ) h] /rongly organiz$ sy/em ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,he dem&s s*ools op5 to all *ildr51 8s*ools ( read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 & religion10 9 :i* w be /udi$ bo? a moral & a political cate*ism4 ,att5dance on ^! s*ools %all be obligatory1 & to make compulsion possible1 ,did]ot dem&s gratuity4 ,he goes ev5 f>!r1 & w\ld h ! *ild f$ at s*ool1 & ) 8 books w\ld h him f9d bread4 #cea4 ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,public ,,in/ruction4--,l all :o s9c]ely desire a /rong organization ( in/ruction1 ,did]ot assigns ! direction ( x to ! ,/ate4 ,8 ideal ( a ,russian univ]sity be>s a /rong resemblance to ! ,fr5* ,univ]sity ( #ahjh4 ,he w\ld h at its head a politician1 a /atesman1 to :om %\ld be submitt$ all ! affairs ( public in/ruction4 ,he ev5 w5t s f> z to entru/ to ?is g5]al ma/] ( ! univ]sity ! duty ( presid+ ov] ! exam9ations1 ( appo9t+ ! presid5ts ( colleges1 ( exclud+ bad pupils1 & ( depos+ pr(essors & tutors4 #ceb4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,fr5* ,,colleges4--,second>y in/ruction1 :at 0 !n call$ ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 is ! pr9cipal object ( ,did]ot's reflections4 ,he criticises ! traditional sy/em ) extreme sev]ity1 & 8 *>ge1 ?\ght sometimes unju/1 des]ves to be quot$3-- 8,x is 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts t !re are /ill taught to-day1 "u ! "n ( belles-lettres1 two dead languages :i* are ( use only to a small numb] ( citiz5s2 x is !re t !y are /udi$ = six or sev5 ye>s )\t be+ le>n$2 "u ! "n ( rhetoric1 ! art ( speak+ is taught be=e ! art ( ?9k+1 & t ( speak+ elegantly be=e hav+ ideas2 "u ! "n ( logic1 ! head is fill$ ) ! subtilties ( ,ari/otle1 & ( 8 v sublime & v useless !ory ( ! syllogism1 & !re is spread ov] a hundr$ obscure pages :at might h be5 cle>ly /at$ 9 f\r2 "u ! "n ( e?ics1 ,i d n "k :at is said1 b ,i "k t !re is n a ^w said ei!r ( ! qualities ( m9d or he>t2 "u ! "n ( metaphysics1 !re are discuss$ !ses z trifl+ z !y are knotty1 ! fir/ elem5ts ( scepticism & bigotry1 & ! g]m ( ! un=tunate gift ( reply+ to ev]y?+2 "u ! "n ( physics1 !re is endless dispute ab\t ! elem5ts ( matt] & ! sy/em ( ! _w2 b n a ^w on natural hi/ory1 n a ^w on real *emi/ry1 v little on ! movem5t & fall ( bodies2 v few exp]im5ts1 less /ill ( anatomy1 & no?+ ( geography40#ahb #cec4 ,,propos$ ,,re=ms4--,aft] su* a spirit$ criticism1 x 0 ,did]ot's duty to propose e>ne/ & radical re=ms2 b all ( ^? :i* he sugge/s are n equally comm5dable4 ,let u fir/ note ! idea reviv$ 9 our day by ,augu/e ,comte & ! s*ool ( positivi/s1 ( a connection & a subord9ation ( ! sci5ces1 classifi$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 accord+ z !y presuppose ! sci5ce :i* has prec$$1 or z !y facilitate ! /udy ( ! sci5ce :i* foll[s1 & also accord+ to ! measure ( _! utility4#ahc ,x is accord+ to ?is la/ pr9ciple 9 p>ticul>1 t ,did]ot di/ributes ! "w ( ! s*ool1 aft] hav+ call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! ord] ( ! sci5ces1 z det]m9$ by ! ne$s ( ! s*ool1 is n _! logical ord]3-- 8,! natural connection ( "o sci5ce ) ! o!rs designates = x a place1 & ! pr9ciple ( utility1 m or less g5]al1 det]m9es = x ano!r place40 ,b ,did]ot =gets t we mu/ take into acc\nt1 n alone ! pr9ciple ( utility 9 ! di/ribution ( /udies1 b t ! ess5tial ?+ ( all o!rs is to adapt ! ord] ( /udies to ! progress ( ! *ild 9 age & aptitudes4 #ced4 ,,pref]5ces ,,= ,,! ,,sci5ces4--,al?\gh equally enamor$ ( lett]s & ! sci5ces1 ,did]ot did n "k h[ to hold a j balance betwe5 a lit]>y & a sci5tific education4 ,anticipat+ ,condorcet & ,augu/e ,comte1 he displaces ! c5tre ( in/ruction1 & gives a prepond]ance to ! sci5ces4 ,( ! eight classes compris$ 9 8 ,faculty ( ,arts1 ! fir/ five are devot$ to ! ma!matics1 to me*anics1 to a/ronomy1 to physics1 & to *emi/ry4 ,gramm> & ! anci5t languages are relegat$ to ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 :i* ne>ly correspond to :at are call$ 9 our colleges ! 8second0 & 8rhetoric40#ahd ,! *>ge t mu/ be br\ght aga9/ ,did]ot 9 ?is place1 is n m]ely t he puts an unreasonable re/riction on lit]>y /udies1 b also t he makes a bad di/ribution ( sci5tific /udies 9 plac+ ! ma!matics be=e physics4 ,x is useless = him to ass]t t 8x is easi] to le>n geometry ?an to le>n to read40 ,he does n conv9ce u ( ?is4 ,x is a grave error to beg9 by keep+ ! *ild's att5tion on num]ical ab/ractions1 by leav+ 8 s5ses unemploy$1 by po/pon+ s long ! /udy ( natural hi/ory & exp]im5tal physics1 ^? sci5ces expressly adapt$ to *ildr51 because1 z ,did]ot himself expresses x1 8!y involve a cont9u\s ex]cise ( sight1 smell1 ta/e1 & memory40 ,to excuse ,did]ot's error1 x does n suffice to /ate t 8 pupil does n ent] ! ,faculty ( ,arts till 8 twelf? ye>4 ,till t p]iod1 he w le>n only read+1 writ+1 & or?ography4 ,!re is gr\nd = ?9k+ t ^! fir/ ye>s w be r poorly employ$2 b besides ?is1 x is evid5t t ev5 at ! age ( twelve ! m9d is n suffici5tly mature to be plung$ into ! cold d$uctions ( ma!matics4 #cee4 ,,incomplete ,,views ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,lit]>y ,,/udies4--,did]ot's attitude ) respect to classical /udies is a matt] ( surprise4 ,on ! "o h&1 he po/pones _! /udy till ! pupil's n9ete5? & tw5tie? ye>4 ,on ! o!r1 ) :at en?usiasm ?is eloqu5t s*ol> speaks ( ! anci5ts1 p>ticul>ly ( ,hom]6 8,hom] is ! ma/] to :om ,i am indebt$ = :atev] m]it ,i h1 if inde$ ,i h any at all4 ,x is difficult to atta9 to excell5ce 9 ta/e )\t a k ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages4 ,i e>ly drew my intellectual n\ri%m5t f ,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,t]5ce1 ,anacreon1 ,plato1 & ,euripides on ! "o h&1 & f ,moses & ! ,prophets on ! o!r40 ,h[ are we to expla9 ?is contradiction ( an inconsi/5t & ungrateful humani/ :o extols ! humanities to ! skies1 & at ! same "t puts su* re/rictions on ! tea*+ ( !m z almo/ to annihilate !m8 ,! reason = ?is is1 t1 9 8 op9ion1 ! belles-lettres are useful only = ! tra9+ ( orators & poets1 b are n s]viceable 9 ! g5]al developm5t ( ! m9d4 ,consequ5tly1 be+ fancy /udies1 s to speak1 !y are fit only = a small m9ority ( pupils1 & h no "r to ! fir/ place 9 a common education1 de/9$ = m5 9 g5]al4 ,did]ot is n able to disc]n :at1 9 p$agogy1 is _! true title to nobility1--t !y are an admirable in/rum5t ( intellectual gymna/ics1 & ! sure/ & also ! mo/ conv5i5t means ( acquir+ ^? qualities ( ju/ness1 ( precision1 & ( cle>ness1 :i* are ne$$ by all conditions ( m51 & are applicable to all ! special employm5ts ( life4#ahe #cef4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,m>montel4--,did]ot seems to r$uce ! (fice ( lett]s to a /udy ( words1 & to an ex]cise ( memory4 ,he might h le>n$ a lesson f "o ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,m>montel1 ^: intellect1 ?\gh less brilliant1 0 sometimes m j1 an advantage :i* ! intellig5ce ga9s f e>ly discipl9e 9 ! /udy ( ! languages3-- 8,! *oice & use ( words1 9 translat+ f "o language to ano!r1 & ev5 !n "s degree ( elegance 9 ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces1 began to int]e/ me2 & ?is "w1 :i* did n proce$ )\t ! analysis ( ideas1 =tifi$ my memory4 ,i p]ceiv$ t x 0 ! idea atta*$ to ! ^w :i* made x take root1 & reflection soon made me feel t ! /udy ( ! languages 0 also ! /udy ( ! art ( di/+ui%+ %ades ( ?\ght1 ( decompos+ x1 ( =m+ its texture1 & ( cat*+ ) precision its _s & its relations2 & t along ) words1 an equal numb] ( new ideas 7 introduc$ & develop$ 9 ! heads ( ! "y1#ahf & t 9 ?is way ! e>ly classes 7 a c\rse 9 elem5t>y philosophy1 mu* m ri*1 m ext5d$1 & ( great] real utility ?an we ?9k1 :5 we compla9 t 9 our colleges no?+ is le>n$ b ,lat940#ahg #ceg4 ,,o!r ,,novelties ,,9 ,,did]ot',s ,,plan4--,)\t ent]+ into ! details ( ! v elaborate organization ( ,did]ot's ,russian ,univ]sity1 we %all call att5tion to "s o!r novelties ( 8 sy/em3-- #a4 ,! division ( ! classes into sev]al s]ies ( p>allel c\rses3 fir/1 ! s]ies ( sci5tific & lit]>y c\rses2 !n1 ! s]ies ( lectures devot$ to religion1 to e?ics1 & to hi/ory2 & f9ally1 c\rses 9 draw+1 music1 etc4 #b4 ,! :imsical idea ( tea*+ hi/ory 9 an inv]t$ ord]1 s to speak1 9 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ rec5t ev5ts1 & little by little go+ back to antiquity4 #c4 ,8 extreme e/imate ( ! art ( read+3 8,let a tea*] ( read+ be associat$ ) a pr(essor ( draw+2 !re are s few m51 ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$1 :o "k h[ to read well1 a gift always s agreeable1 & (t5 s necess>y40 #d4 ,a special reg>d = ! /udy ( art & = /hetic education1 :i* c\ld n be a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! great art critic :o wrote ! ,salons4 #e4 ,a re=m 9 ! sy/em ( u%]s4#ahh ,did]ot w\ld h = sup]vis+ assi/ants 9 colleges1 educat$ m51 capable on occasion ( supply+ ! places ( ! pr(essors !mselves4 ,to atta* !m to _! duties1 he requires t "s dignity be giv5 to _! mode/ & useful functions1 & t ! u%] be a sort ( sup]num]>y1 or 8pr(essor 9 rev]sion10 :o aspires to ! *air ( ! pr(essor1 ^: place he supplies f "t to "t1 & :i* he may f9ally atta94 #ceh4 ,,helvetius 7#agae-agga74--;,9 und]tak+ ! /udy ( ! ?\ghts ( ,helvetius on education1 & ! rapid analysis ( 8 ,treatise on ,man1 we %all n take leave ( ,did]ot1 = ! "w ( ,helvetius has _h ! good or ! bad =tune ( be+ comm5t$ on & criticis$ by 8 illu/ri\s contempor>y4 ,?anks to ! ,sy/ematic ,refutation ( ! ,book ( ,helvetius on ,man1 :i* =ms a *>m+ accompanim5t ( pung5t or vigor\s reflections to a dull & languid book1 ! read+ ( ! monoton\s treatise ( ,helvetius becomes easy & almo/ agreeable4 #cei4 ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,man4--,"u ?is title1 a little long1 ,de l'homme1 de ses facults intellectuelles et de son ducation1 ,helvetius has compos$ a l>ge "w :i* he _h 9 contemplation = fifte5 ye>s1 & :i* did n appe> till aft] 8 dea?1 9 #aggb4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 education does n directly occupy ! au?or's att5tion except 9 ! fir/ & ! la/ *apt]s 7sections ,i4 & ,x474 ,) ?is exception1 ! :ole book is devot$ to long developm5ts ( ! favorite maxims ( 8 philosophy3 z ! intellectual equality ( all m51 & ! r$uction ( all ! passions to ! pursuit ( pleasure2 or to platitudes1 su* z ! influ5ce ( laws on ! happ9ess ( p1 & ! evils :i* result f ignorance4 #cfj4 ,,pot5cy ,,( ,,education4--,:5 he does n fall into platitudes1 ,helvetius goes (f into p>adoxes t are presumptu\s & sy/ematic4 ,8 habitual *>act]i/ic is p$antry 9 :at is false4 ,accord+ to him1 = example1 education is all-p[]ful2 x is ! sole cause ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 m9ds4 ,! m9d ( ! *ild is b an empty capacity1 some?+ indet]m9ate1 )\t pr$isposition4 ,! impressions ( ! s5ses are ! only elem5ts ( ! intellig5ce2 s t ! acquisitions ( ! five s5ses are ! only ?+ t is ( mom5t2 8! s5ses are all t !re is ( man40 ,x is n possible to pu% s5sationalism fur!r ?an ?is4 ,! impressions ( ! s5ses are1 !n1 ! basis ( human nature1 & z ^! impressions v>y ) circum/ances1 ,helvetius arrives at ?is conclusion1 t *ance is ! great ma/] 9 ! =mation ( m9d & "*4 ,consequ5tly1 he und]takes to produce at w m5 ( g5ius1 or1 at lea/1 m5 ( tal5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 x suffices to asc]ta91 by repeat$ obs]vations1 ! means :i* *ance employs = mak+ great m54 ,^! means once discov]$1 x rema9s only to set !m at "w artificially & to comb9e !m1 9 ord] to produce ! same effects4 8,g5ius is a product ( *ance4 ,r\sseau1 l a c\ntless numb] ( illu/ri\s m51 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( *ance40 #cfa4 ,,helvetius ,,refut$ ,,by ,,did]ot4--,x is easy to reply to extravagant /atem5ts ( ?is sort4 ,_h ,helvetius consult$ tea*]s & p>5ts1 _h he obs]v$ himself1 _h he simply reflect$ on 8 two daught]s1 s unequally end[$ ?\gh id5tically educat$1 he w\ld d\btless h felt con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge ! limitations ( education2 he w\ld h compreh5d$ t x _c give imag9ation to m9ds ( sluggi% temp]am5t1 nor en?usiasm & s5sibility to in]t s\ls1 & t ! mo/ m>vell\sly helpful circum/ances w n make ( a ,helvetius a ,montesquieu or a ,voltaire4 ,b if x is easy to refute ,helvetius1 x is impossible to criticise him ) m brilliancy & eloqu5ce ?an ,did]ot has done4 ,) :at p]fection ( reason he re/ores to nature1 to innate & irresi/ible incl9ations1 ! influ5ce :i* ,helvetius d5ies to !m 9 ! =mation ( "*6 8,! accid5ts ( ,helvetius10 he says1 8are l ! sp>k :i* sets on fire a cask ( w9e1 & :i* is ext+ui%$ 9 a bucket ( wat]40 8,= ?\s&s ( c5turies ! dew ( heav5 has fall5 on ! rocks )\t mak+ !m f]tile4 ,! s[n fields await x 9 ord] to become productive1 b x is n ! dew t scatt]s ! se$4 ,accid5ts !mselves no m produce any?+1 ?an ! pick ( ! labor] :o delves 9 ! m9es ( ,golconda produces ! diamond t x br+s to ! surface40 ,d\btless education has a m radical effect ?an t :i* is attribut$ to x by ,la ,bruyre :5 he said t 8x t\*es only ! surface ( ! s\l40 ,b if x c d mu*1 x _c d all4 ,x p]fects if x is good2 x dead5s & x p]v]ts if x is bad2 b x c nev] be a sub/itute = lack+ aptitude1 & c nev] replace nature4 #cfb4 ,,secul>iz$ ,,in/ruction4--,9 o!r p>ts ( 8 sy/em ,helvetius is 9 accord ) ,did]ot4 ,l him1 he believes ! necess>y condition ( progress 9 education is t x be made secul> & entru/$ to ! civil p[]4 ,! vices ( education come f ! opposition ( ! two p[]s1 spiritual & temporal1 t assume to direct x4 ,betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate !re is an opposition ( int]e/s & views4 ,! ,/ate w\ld h ! nation become brave1 indu/ri\s1 & enlight5$4 ,! ,*ur* dem&s a bl9d submission & unlimit$ cr$ulity4 ,h5ce !re is contradiction 9 p$agogical precepts1 div]sity 9 ! means t are employ$1 &1 consequ5tly1 an education t is hesitat+1 t is pull$ 9 opposite directions1 t does n "k def9itely :]e x is go+1 t misses its way1 t gropes & wa/es "t4 ,b ! conclusion ( ,helvetius is n z we might expect1--! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ! matt] ( in/ruction & education1 su* z rec5t laws h e/abli%$ 9 ,france4 ,no2 ,helvetius w\ld h ! ,/ate absorb ! ,*ur*1 & h religi\s p[] & civil p[] lodg$ 9 ! same h&s & bo? belong to ^? :o control ! gov]nm5t1--a vexati\s confusion t w\ld end 9 ! oppression ( consci5ces4 ,helvetius1 :atev] may be ?\ght ( him1 does n des]ve to claim our att5tion = any l5g? ( "t1 & we _c s]i\sly consid] z an au?ority 9 p$agogy a writ] :o1 9 intellectual z 9 moral education1 r$uces ev]y?+ to a s+le pr9ciple1 ! developm5t & ! satisfaction ( physical s5sibility4#ahi #cfc4 ,,! ,,encyclop,,di/s4--,! va/ collection :i*1 "u ! "n ,encyclopdie1 sums up ! sci5ce & ! philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t\*es educational que/ions only 9 pass+4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! ,encyclopdie conta9s no sy/em ( p$agogy4 ,! pr9cipal fragm5t is ! article ducation1 writt5 by ! gramm>ian & ,lat9i/ ,dum>sais4 ,b ?is piece ( "w is little wor?y ( its au?or1 & little wor?y 9 p>ticul> ( ! ,encyclopdie4 ,x conta9s sc>cely any?+ b vague & trite g5]alities1 & belongs to ! category ( ^? articles = padd+ :i* caus$ ,voltaire to say3 8,y accept articles wor?y ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,trv\x40 ,we %all notice1 h[ev]1 9 ?is article1 ! importance accord$ to ! /udy ( physics1 & to ! practice ( ! arts1 ev5 ! mo/ common1 & ! m>k$ purpose to 8subord9ate0 kn[l$ges & /udies1 or to di/ribute !m 9 a logical1 or r psy*ological1 ord]2 = example1 to cause ! concrete always to prec$e ! ab/ract4 ,b1 aft] hav+ lo/ himself 9 consid]ations ( b little int]e/ on ! developm5t ( ideas & s5tim5ts 9 ! human s\l1 ! au?or1 :o is decid$ly f> bel[ 8 task1 concludes by recomm5d+ to "y p 8! read+ ( newspap]s40 ,! o!r p$agogical articles ( ! ,encyclopdie are equally defici5t 9 /rik+ novelties4 ,if ! great "w ( ,d',alemb]t & ,did]ot has contribut$ some?+ to ! progress ( education1 x is less ?r\gh ! insuffici5t ef=ts :i* x has directly attempt$ 9 ?is direction1 ?an ?r\gh ! g5]al influ5ce :i* x has ex]cis$ on ! ,fr5* m9d 9 extoll+ ! sci5ces 9 _! !oretical /udy z well z 9 _! practical applications1 9 diffus+ te*nical k1 9 glorify+ ! indu/rial arts1 & 9 ?us prep>+ = ! com+ ( a sci5tific & positive education 9 place ( an education exclusively lit]>y & ( pure =m4 #cfd4 ,,kant 7#agbd-ahjd74--,we "k ! consid]able influ5ce :i*1 = a c5tury1 ,kant has ex]cis$ on ! developm5t ( philosophy4 ,s9ce ,desc>tes1 no ?9k] _h to ! same degree excit$ an int]e/ 9 ! great problems ( philosophy1 nor m vigor\sly oblig$ ! human reason to r5d] an acc\nt ( itself4 ,x is !n a piece ( good =tune = ! sci5ce ( education t a philosoph] ( ?is ord] has tak5 up ! discussion ( p$agogical que/ions1 & has ?r[n ^u !m ! light ( 8 p5etrat+ criticism4 ,! admiration :i* he felt = ,r\sseau1 8 att5tive & impassion$ read+ ( ! mile1 8 own reflections on ! mona/ic education :i* he _h receiv$ at ! ,collegium ,fr$]icianum1 a sort ( small sem9>y conduct$ by ! ,pieti/s1 ! exp]i5ce :i* he _h _h z a preceptor 9 sev]al families t entru/$ him ) _! *ildr51 & f9ally1 above all else1 8 pr(\nd /udies on human nature & 8 exalt$ moral philosophy1 _h giv5 him a capital prep>ation = treat+ educational que/ions4 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,knigsb]g1 he sev]al times resumes ! discussion ( p$agogical subjects ) a m>k$ pr$ilection = !m1 & ! notes ( 8 lectures1 collect$ by "o ( 8 colleagues1 =m$ ! little ,treatise on ,p$agogy :i* we are ab\t to analyze4#aij #cfe4 ,,high ,,conception ,,( ,,education4--,9 ! op9ion ( ,kant1 ! art ( educat+ m51 ) t ( gov]n+ !m1 is ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ important ( all4 ,x is by education alone t humanity c be p]fect$ & reg5]at$3-- 8,x is pleasant to ?9k t human nature w always be bett] & bett] develop$ by education1 & t at la/ !re w ?us be giv5 x ! =m :i* be/ befits x4 8,to "k h[ f> ! omnipot5ce ( education c g1 x w\ld be necess>y t a be+ ( a sup]ior ord] %\ld und]take ! br++ up ( m540 ,b 9 ord] t x may atta9 ?is exalt$ end1 education mu/ be set free f r\t9e & traditional me?ods4 ,x mu/ br+ up *ildr51 n 9 view ( _! success 9 ! pres5t /ate ( human society1 b 89 view ( a bett] /ate1 possible 9 ! future1 & accord+ to an ideal conception ( humanity & ( its complete de/9ation40 #cff4 ,,psy*ological ,,optimism4--,kant comes ne> accept+ ! op9ion ( ,r\sseau on ! orig9al innoc5ce ( man & ! p]fect goodness ( 8 natural incl9ations3-- 8,x is said 9 m$ic9e t ! physician is b ! s]vant ( nature4 ,?is is true ( ! morali/4 ,w>d (f ! bad influ5ces f )\t1 & nature c be tru/$ to f9d = h]self ! be/ way40#aia ,?us ,kant does n tire ( exalt+ ! s]vice :i* ,r\sseau _h r5d]$ p$agogy1 9 recall+ educators to ! confid5ce & respect t are due to calumniat$ human nature4 ,let u add1 h[ev]1 t ! ,g]man philosoph] is n cont5t to repeat ,r\sseau4 ,he corrects him 9 affirm+ t man1 at 8 bir?1 is nei!r good nor evil1 because he is n naturally a moral be+4 ,he does n become su* till he raises 8 reason to ! conception ( duty & law4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 9 ! infant ev]y?+ is 9 g]m4 ,! infant is a be+ 9 prep>ation4 ,! future alone1 ! developm5t :i* he w receive f 8 education1 w make him good or bad4 ,at ! beg9n+1 he has b indet]m9ate dispositions1 & evil w come1 n f a def9ite incl9ation ( nature1 b solely f ! fact t we w n h kn[n h[ to direct x1--f ! fact1 accord+ to ,kant's own expression1 t we w n h 8subject$ nature to rules40 #cfg4 ,,respect ,,= ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,*ild4--,! psy*ological optimism ( ,kant inspires him1 z x does ,r\sseau1 ) ! idea ( a negative education1 respectful ( ! lib]ty ( ! *ild3-- 8,9 g5]al1 x mu/ be not$ t ! e>lie/ education %\ld be negative2 t is to say1 no?+ %\ld be add$ to ! precautions tak5 by nature1 & t ! ef=t %\ld be limit$ to ! pres]vation ( h] "w4444 ,x is well to employ at fir/ b few helps1 & to leave *ildr5 to le>n = !mselves4 ,mu* ( ! weakness ( man is due1 n to ! fact t no?+ is taught him1 b to ! fact t false impressions are communicat$ to him40 ,)\t go+ s f> z to say ) ,r\sseau t all dep5d5ce ) respect to m5 is contr>y to ord]1 ,kant took great c>e to respect ! lib]ty ( ! pupil4 ,he compla9s ( p>5ts :o are always talk+ ab\t 8break+ ! wills ( _! sons40 ,he ma9ta9s1 n )\t reason1 t x is n necess>y to (f] mu* resi/ance to *ildr51 if we h n begun by yield+ too readily to _! caprices1 & by always respond+ to _! cries4 ,no?+ is m h>mful to !m ?an a discipl9e :i* is provok+ & degrad+4 ,b1 9 8 zeal = human lib]ty1 ! !ori/ ( ! autonomy ( wills goes a little too f>4 ,he fe>s1 = example1 ! tyranny ( habits4 ,he requires t !y be prev5t$ f be+ =m$1 & t *ildr5 be accu/om$ to no?+4 ,he might z well dem& ! suppression ( all education1 s9ce education %\ld be b ! acquisition ( a body ( good habits4 #cfh4 ,,/ories ,,int]dict$4--,9 ! education ( ! intellectual faculties or tal5ts1 :i* he calls ! physical culture ( ! s\l1 z di/+ui%$ f moral culture1 :i* is ! education ( ! w1 ,kant also approa*es ,r\sseau4 ,he proscribes romances & /ories4 8,*ildr5 h an extremely active imag9ation :i* has no ne$ ( be+ develop$ by /ories40 ,x may be said 9 reply1 t fables & fictions1 at ! same "t t !y develop ! imag9ation1 also direct x & adorn x ) _! own prop] grace1 & may ev5 l5d x moral support4 ,r\sseau1 not)/&+ ! ardor ( 8 criticisms on ! ,fables ( ,la ,fonta9e1 himself admitt$ ! moral value ( ! apologue4 #cfi4 ,,culture ,,( ,,! ,,faculties4--,t :i* di/+ui%es ,kant z an educator is t he is pre-occupi$ ) ! culture ( ! faculties mu* m ?an ) ! acquisition ( k4 ,he passes 9 review ! diff]5t intellectual =ces1 & 8 reflections on ea* ( !m might be collect$ z ! elem5ts ( an excell5t sy/em ( educational psy*ology4 ,he w criticise1 = example1 ! abuse ( memory3-- 8,m5 :o h no?+ b memory10 he says1 8are b liv+ lexicons1 &1 z x 71 ! pack-horses ( ,p>nassus40 ,= ! culture ( ! und]/&+1 ,kant proposes 8at fir/ to tra9 x passively to "s degree10 by requir+ ( ! *ild examples :i* illu/rate a rule1 or1 on ! contr>y1 ! rule :i* applies to p>ticul> examples4 ,= ! ex]cise ( ! reason1 he recomm5ds ! ,socratic me?od1 &1 9 g5]al1 = ! developm5t ( all ! faculties ( ! m9d1 he ?9ks t ! be/ way ( proce$+ is to cause ! pupil to be active3-- 8,! be/ way to compreh5d is to d4 ,:at we le>n ! mo/ ?or\ghly is :at we le>n to "s ext5t by ourselves40 #cgj4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,puni%m5ts4--,kant has made a subtile analysis ( ! diff]5t qualities ) :i* puni%m5t may be inve/$4 ,he di/+ui%es f physical puni%m5t1 moral puni%m5t1 :i* is ! bett]4 ,x consi/s 9 humiliat+ ! pupil1 9 greet+ him coolly1 89 enc\rag+ ! disposition ( ! *ild to be honor$ & lov$1 t auxili>y ( morality40 ,physical puni%m5ts ought to be employ$ ) precaution1 8to ! end t !y may n entail s]vile dispositions40 ,ano!r di/9ction is t ( natural puni%m5ts & artificial puni%m5ts4 ,! fir/ are pref]able to ! second1 because !y are ! v consequ5ces ( ! faults :i* h be5 committ$2 8indige/ion1 = example1 :i* a *ild br+s on himself :5 he eats too mu*40 ,ano!r advantage ( natural puni%m5t1 ,kant ju/ly rem>ks1 8is t man submits to x all 8 life40#aib ,f9ally1 ,kant divides puni%m5ts into negative & positive4 ,! fir/ are to be us$ = m9or faults1 & ! o!rs are to be res]v$ = ! puni%m5t ( conduct t is absolutely bad4 ,moreov]1 :atev] puni%m5t may be appli$1 ,kant advises ! tea*] to avoid ! appe>ance ( feel+ malice t[>ds ! pupil3-- 8,! puni%m5ts we inflict :ile exhibit+ signs ( ang] h a wrong t5d5cy40 #cga4 ,,religi\s ,,education4--,at fir/ view1 we might be tempt$ to ?9k t ,kant has adopt$ ! conclusions ( ,r\sseau1 & t1 l him1 he refuses to take an e>ly occasion to inculcate 9 ! *ild's m9d ! notion ( a ,supreme ,be+3-- 8,religi\s ideas always suppose "s sy/em ( !ology4 ,n[1 h[ are we to tea* !ology to ! "y1 :o1 f> f kn[+ ! _w1 d n yet "k !mselves8 ,h[ %all ! "y :o d n yet "k :at duty is1 be 9 a condition to compreh5d an imm$iate duty t[>ds ,god80 ,to speak ( religion to a "y man1 x w\ld !n be logical to wait till he is 9 a condition to =m a cle> & fix$ conception ( ! nature ( ,god4 ,b x is impossible to d ?is1 says ,kant1 because ! "y man lives 9 a society :]e he he>s ! "n ( ! ,div9ity spok5 at ea* mom5t1 & :]e he takes "p 9 cont9ual obs]vances ( piety4 ,x is bett]1 !n1 to tea* him at an e>ly h\r true religi\s notions1 = fe> t he may borr[ f o!r m5 notions t are sup]/iti\s & false4 ,9 reality1 ,kant diss5ts f ,r\sseau only because1 re-e/abli%+ ! conditions ( real life1 he re/ores mile to society1 no long] keep+ him 9 a fanci$ /ate ( isolation4 ,:at a broad & noble way1 moreov]1 ( conceiv+ religi\s education6 ,! be/ way ( mak+ cle> to ! m9d ( *ildr5 ! idea ( ,god1 is1 accord+ to ,kant1 to seek an analogy 9 ! idea ( a human fa!r4 ,x is necess>y1 moreov]1 t ! conception ( duty prec$e ! conception ( ,god2 t morality prec$e1 & t !ology foll[4 ,)\t morality1 religion is b sup]/ition2 )\t morality1 ! pret5d$ religi\s man is b a c\rti]1 a suitor = div9e favor4 #cgb4 ,,moral ,,cate*ism4--,^? :o "k to :at a height ,kant c\ld raise ! !ory ( morality1 w n be surpris$ at ! importance :i* he ascribes to ! tea*+ ( morals4 8,our s*ools10 he says1 8are almo/ entirely lack+ 9 "o ?+ :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld be v useful = tra9+ *ildr5 9 probity1--,i mean a cate*ism on duty4 ,x %\ld conta91 9 a popul> =m1 cases conc]n+ ! conduct to be obs]v$ 9 ord9>y life1 & :i* w\ld always naturally raise ?is "q3 ,is ?is "r or n80 ,he _h begun to write a book ( ?is k9d "u ! title ,moral ,cate*ism2#aic & he w\ld h desir$ t an h\r a day ( s*ool "t be giv5 to its /udy1 89 ord] to tea* pupils to "k & to le>n by he>t _! duty to m51--t p[] ( ,god on ! e>?40 ,! *ild1 he says aga91 w\ld !re le>n to sub/itute ! fe> ( 8 own consci5ce = t ( m5 & div9e puni%m5t1 inw>d dignity = ! op9ion ( o!rs1 ! intr9sic value ( actions = ! app>5t value ( words1 &1 f9ally1 a s]5e & *e]ful piety = a sad & gloomy devotion4 #cgc4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,?is /udy exhibits ! influ5ce ( philosophical sy/ems on education4 ,new conceptions ( human de/9y1 new !ories ) respect to ! composition ( human nature1 or a new hypo!sis conc]n+ man's place 9 nature1 det]m9e correspond+ *anges 9 educational !ory4 #b4 ,p]haps ! broade/ g5]alization yet rea*$ 9 educational !ory is ! assumption made by ,condillac1 t ! education ( ea* individual %\ld be a repetition ( civilization 9 petto4 ,) ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?is hypo!sis becomes a law4 #c4 ,9 !ory1 ! secul>ization ( education has begun4 ,! ,*ur* is to lose "o ( its hi/orical pr]ogatives1 & ! mod]n ,/ate is to become an educator4 #d4 ,helvetius typifies :at may be call$ ! pla/ic !ory 9 education1 or ! conception t ! tea*]1 if wise en\gh1 may ignore all diff]5ces 9 natural end[m5t4 ,?is makes man ! victim ( 8 environm5t4 ,! tru? evid5tly is t man is ! only creature :i* c b5d circum/ances to 8 w2 & he has su* an end[m5t ( p[] 9 ?is direction t he c virtually recreate 8 environm5t & ?us rise sup]ior to x4 ,& f>!r ?an ?is1 !re are innate diff]5ces 9 end[m5t t w p]si/ 9 spite ( all t education c d4 #e4 ,! culture value ( lit]>y /udies is ju/ly exhibit$ 9 ! quotation f ,m>montel1 & 9 p>ticul> ! discipl9>y value ( translation4 #f4 ,education = tra9+1 discipl9e1 or culture1 z di/+ui%$ f an education ^: *ief aim is to imp>t k1 receives def9ite recognition f ,kant4 ,,footnotes3 #agg ,disc\rs prlim9aire sur la grammaire1 9 ! uvres compltes ( ,condillac1 ,tome ,,vi4 p4 #bfd4 #agh ,?is is also ! ma9 pr9ciple 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s educational philosophy4 8,! education ( ! *ild mu/ accord bo? 9 mode & arrangem5t ) ! education ( mank9d z consid]$ hi/orically2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! g5esis ( k 9 ! individual mu/ foll[ ! same c\rse z ! g5esis ( k 9 ! race40--,education1 p4 #abb4 7,p47 #agi ,! g5]al law ( human progress is inh]itance supplem5t$ by individual acquisition4 ,us+ ! symbols i 7inh]itance7 & a 7acquisition71 ! progress ( ! race f its orig9 upw>ds1 ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 may be exhibit$ by ?is s]ies3 i2 i a2 i 7#b;a7 a2 i 7#c;a7 a2 i 7#d;a7 a4 ,if ! factor ( inh]itance c\ld be elim9at$1 z ,condillac & ,sp5c] recomm5d1 ! s]ies w\ld take ?is =m3 a2 a2 a2 aiv2 av3 ! successive increm5ts 9 acquisition be+ due to successive increm5ts 9 p[] ga9$ ?r\gh h]$ity4 ,b1 happily1 ! law ( inh]itance _c be abrogat$1 & s philosoph]s write books 9 ord] to save succe$+ g5]ations f ! fate ( ,sisyphus4 7,p47 #ahj ,c\rs d'tudes1 ,tome ,x4 ,introduction4 #aha ,see uvres compltes ( ,did]ot4 ,edit$ by ,t\rneux1 #ahgf-gg4 ,tomes ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 #ahb uvres1 ,tome ,,iii4 p4 #dei4 #ahc ,= ,comte's classification ( ! sci5ces1 see ,sp5c]'s ,illu/rations ( ,univ]sal ,progress1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 7,p47 #ahd ,see note1 p4 #aca4 #ahe ,?is ?\ght w be> ext5sion z 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 8,! reason+ t ,i oppose />ts f ! l[ & false assumption t in/ruction s]ves only = ! practical use t is made ( x2 = example1 t he :o1 by 8 social position1 does n make use ( 8 intellectual culture1 has no ne$ ( t culture4 ,lit]ature1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is useful only to ! man ( lett]s1 sci5ce only to ! sci5ti/1 good mann]s & f9e be>+ only to m5 ( ! _w4 ,! poor man %\ld be ignorant1 = education & k are useless to him4 ,blasphemy1 ,g5tlem56 ,! culture ( ! m9d & ! culture ( ! s\l are duties = e man4 ,!y are n simple ornam5ts2 !y are ?+s z sacr$ z religion0 7,r5an1 ,famille et tat1 p4 #c74 ,?is is a suffici5t answ] to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s assumption 7,education1 p4 #hd71 t ! /udies t are be/ = guidance are at ! same "t ! be/ = discipl9e4 ,see also ,dugald ,/ew>t 7,elem5ts1 p4 #ab74 7,p47 #ahf ,?is ?\ght ?r[s light on a dictum ( curr5t p$agogy1 8,fir/1 ! idea1 !n ! t]m40 ,x %[s t v (t51 9 actual exp]i5ce1 ! sequ5ce is f t]m to idea4 ,! relation betwe5 t]m & idea is ! same 9 k9d z t betwe5 s5t5ce & ?\ght4 ,mu/ we !n say1 8,fir/ ! ?\ght1 !n ! s5t5ce08 ,or1 8,fir/ ! ?\ght1 !n ! *apt] or ! book08 ,! discipl9>y value ( translation is also well /at$4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! s*ools furni% a bett] 8intellectual gymna/ic40 ,?ree high intellectual atta9m5ts are involv$ 9 a real translation3 #a4 ,! sep>ation ( ! ?\ght f ! orig9al =m ( words2 #b4 ,! seiz+ or compreh5sion ( ! ?\ght z a m5tal possession2 & #c4 ,! embody+ ( ! ?\ght 9 a new =m4 ,a /rictly analog\s process1 ( almo/ equal value 9 its place1 is t v>iety ( read+ 9 :i* ! pupil is requir$ to express ! ?\ght ( ! p>agraph 9 8 own language4 ,?is ex]cise involves ! ?ree processes above /at$1 & may be call$ 8! translation ( ?\ght f "o =m into ano!r1 9 ! same language40 7,p47 #ahg ,m>montel1 ,mmoires d'un pre p\r s]vir l'in/ruction de ses enfants1 ,tome ,i4 p4 #ai4 #ahh ,matre d'tude3 8,he :o 9 a lyce1 college1 or bo>d+-s*ool1 has ov]sight ( pupils dur+ /udy h\rs & recreations40--,,littr4 #ahi ,x is a matt] ( surprise t 9 a ,g]man ,p$agogical ,libr>y ! v fir/ ,fr5* "w publi%$ is ! ,trait de l',homme ( ,helvetius4 ,?is is giv+ ! place ( honor to :at is p]haps ( ! mo/ ord9>y value 9 ,fr5* p$agogical lit]ature4 #aij ,see ! ,fr5* translation ( ?is tract at ! end ( ! volume1 publi%$ by ,monsieur ,b>ni1 "u ! title1 lm5ts mtaphysiques de la doctr9e de la v]tu4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,! "w ( ,kant appe>$ 9 ,g]man 9 #ahjc4 #aia ,extract f ,kant's ,fragm5ts po/humes4 #aib ,monsieur ,compayr seems to give 8 sanction to ! 8,discipl9e ( ,consequ5ces40 ,i ?9k t ,mr4 ,fit* has correctly /at$ its limitations 7,lectures1 p4 #aag74 ,kant d\btless borr[$ ! idea f ,r\sseau1 :o employs x 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 imag9>y pupil4 7,see ,miss ,wor?+ton's translation ( ! mile1 p4 #ff47 ,?is doctr9e is ! basis ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s *apt] on ,moral ,education4 7,p47 #aic ,helvetius1 b poorly qualifi$ = tea*+ moral que/ions1 _h _h ! idea ( a ,cat*isme de probit4 ,sa9t ,lamb]t publi%$1 9 #agih1 a ,cat*isme univ]sel4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,lay ,,& ,,national ,,in/ruction4--,,la ,,*alotais ,,& ,,roll&4 ,,jesuits ,,& ,,p>liam5t>ians2 ,,expulsion ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits 7#agfd72 ,,g5]al ,,compla9ts ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits2 ,,ef=ts ,,made ,,to ,,replace ,,!m2 ,,la ,,*alotais 7#agja-aghe72 ,,8 ,,essay ,,on ,,national ,,education 7#agfc72 ,,secul>ization ,,( ,,education2 ,,practical ,,end ,,( ,,in/ruction2 ,,new ,,_s ,,9 ,,education2 ,,intuitive ,,& ,,natural ,,in/ruction2 ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,p]iod2 ,,criticism ,,( ,,negative ,,education2 ,,hi/ory ,,av5g$ ,,( ,,! ,,disda9 ,,( ,,r\sseau2 ,,geography2 ,,natural ,,hi/ory2 ,,physical ,,recreations2 ,,ma!matical ,,recreations2 ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod2 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,languages2 ,,o!r ,,/udies2 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,books2 ,,ari/ocratic ,,prejudices2 ,,in/ruction ,,)9 ,,! ,,rea* ,,( ,,all2 ,,normal ,,s*ools2 ,,_s ,,( ,,c5tralization2 ,,turgot 7#agbg-agha72 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #cgd4 ,,jesuits ,,& ,,p>liam5t>ians4--,( ! educators ( ! eighte5? c5tury ( :om we h be5 speak+ up to ! pres5t "t1 no "o has be5 call$ to ex]cise an imm$iate & direct action on ! de/9ies ( public education2 no "o ( !m _h ! p[] to apply ! doctr9es :i* 7 s de> to him to college education2 s t1 s f>1 we h /udi$ ! !ory & n ! practice ( education 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,p>liam5ts1 aft] hav+ solicit$ & obta9$ f ! k+ ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits1 made memorable ef=ts1 f #agfb up to ! eve ( ! ,revolution1 to supply ! places ( ! tea*]s :om !y _h driv5 away1 to correct ! faults ( ! anci5t education1 & to give effect to ! idea1 *]i%$ by ! mo/ ( ! great spirits ( t "t1 ( a national education adapt$ to ! ne$s ( civil society4 ,!y 7 ! practical organiz]s ( in/ruction2 !y prep>$ ! f\ndation ( ! ,fr5* ,univ]sity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 !y resum$1 n )\t lu/re1 ! /ruggle too (t5 int]rupt$1 :i* ! ,jans5i/s _h su/a9$ aga9/ ! ,jesuits4 #cge4 ,,expulsion ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits 7#agfd74--,! causes ( ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits 7 d\btless complex1 &1 above all else1 political4 ,9 attack+ ! ,company ( ,jesus1 ! ,p>liam5ts desir$ especially to def5d ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate1 compromis$ by a p[]ful society :i* t5d$ to dom9ate all ,*ri/ian nations4 ,b reasons ( an educational "* _h also "s influ5ce on ! condemnation pron\nc$ aga9/ ! ,jesuits by all ! ,p>liam5ts ( ,france4 ,f all qu>t]s1 9 ! reports :i* 7 drawn up by ! municipal or royal (fic]s ( all ! cities :]e ! ,jesuits _h colleges1 compla9t is made ( ! s*ola/ic me?ods & usages ( ! ,company4 ,re=ms 7 dem&$ :i* !y 7 incapable ( realiz+4 ,& x is n 9 ,france alone t ! faults 9 ! education ( ! ,jesuits 7 vigor\sly ann\nc$4 ,9 ! edict ( #agei1 by :i* ! k+ ( ,portugal expell$ ! ,jesuits f 8 k+dom1 x 0 said3 8,! /udy ( ! humanities has decl9$ 9 ! k+dom1 & ! ,jesuits are evid5tly ! cause ( ! decad5ce into :i* ! ,greek & ,lat9 tongues h fall540 ,"s ye>s lat]1 9 #agfh1 ! k+ ( ,portugal congratulat$ himself on hav+ bani%$ 8! moral corruption1 ! sup]/ition1 ! fanaticism1 & ! ignorance1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ by ! ,society ( ,jesus40 #cgf4 ,,g5]al ,,compla9ts ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits4--,ev5 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,jesuits 7 /ill addict$ to _! old r\t9e1 & ev5 _! faults 7 aggravat$ ) ! times4 ,at ,aux]re1 compla9t is made t pupils /udy 9 _! s*ools only a few ,lat9 au?ors1 & t !y leave !m )\t ev] receiv+ into _! h&s a s+le ,fr5* au?or4 ,at ,m\l9s1 a reque/ is made t at lea/ "o h\r a week be devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ,france1 :i* proves t ! ,society ( ,jesus1 always enslav$ to its immobile =malism1 did n grant ev5 ?is little concession to ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,at ,orleans1 ! necessity ( tea*+ *ildr5 ! ,fr5* language is insi/$ on4 ,at ,montbrison1 ! wi% is express$ t pupils be taught a smatt]+ ( geography1 especially ( _! own c\ntry4 ,at ,aux]re1 x is prov$ t 9 ! tea*+ ( philosophy ! "t is employ$ 89 copy+ & le>n+ note-books fill$ ) va9 di/9ctions & frivol\s que/ions40 ,at ,montbrison1 ! reque/ is made 8t ! rules ( reason+ be expla9$ 9 ,fr5*1 & t !re be a disuse ( debates :i* tra9 only disputants & n philosoph]s40 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to pursue ?is /udy1 & to collect f ^! reports ( #agfb1--real memorials ( a s*ola/ic revolution1--all ! compla9ts ( public op9ion aga9/ ! ,jesuits4 ,ev5 9 religion1 ! ,company ( ,jesus is *>g$ ) sub/itut+ = ! sacr$ texts1 books ( devotion compos$ by ! ,fa!rs4 ,at ,poiti]s1 a dem& is made 9 favor ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 ! /udy ( :i* 0 :olly neglect$4 ,f "t to "t ! ,jesuits 7 accus$ ( cont9ually mix+ religi\s que/ions ) classical /udies & ( cate*is+ at e turn4 8,! ma/]s ( ! fif? & six? =ms 9 ! ,college ( ,aux]re dogmatize 9 ! !mes :i* !y dictate to ! *ildr540 ,f9ally1 ! ,company ( ,jesus ma9ta9$ 9 ! s*ools ! tea*+ ( moral casui/ry2 x enc\rag$ bigotry & sup]/ition2 x relax$ no?+ f ! sev]ity ( its discipl9e1 & provok$ viol5t recrim9ations among "s ( its =m] pupils :o _h pres]v$ a pa9ful recollection ( corrections receiv$ 9 its colleges4#aid #cgg4 ,,ef=ts ,,made ,,to ,,displace ,,! ,,jesuits4--,! ,p>liam5ts1 !n1 did no?+ m1 s to speak1 ?an regi/] ! v]dict ( public op9ion ev]y:]e excit$ aga9/ ! ,jesuits4 ,b :ile !y he>tily jo9$ 9 ! g5]al reprobation1 !y und]took to det]m9e ! laws ( ! new education4 8,x is ( little use to de/roy10 !y said1 8if we d n int5d to build4 ,! public good & ! honor ( ! nation require t we %\ld e/abli% a civil education :i* %all prep>e ea* new g5]ation = fill+ ) success ! diff]5t employm5ts ( ! ,/ate40 ,x is n j to say ) ,mi*el ,bral1 t 8once deliv]$ f ! ,jesuits1 ! ,univ]sity in/all$ itself 9 _! e/abli%m5ts & cont9u$ _! in/ruction40 ,e>ne/ attempts 7 made to re=m programmes & me?ods4 ,la ,*alotais1 ,guyton de ,morveau1 ,roll&1 & /ill o!rs attempt$ by _! writ+s1 &1 :5 !y c\ld1 by _! acts1 to e/abli% a sy/em ( education :i*1 :ile inspir$ by ,roll9 & ! ,jans5i/s1 attempt$ to d /ill bett]4 #cgh4 ,,la ,,*alotais 7#agja-aghe74--,( all ! p>liam5t>ians :o di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! campaign und]tak5 t[>ds ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury aga9/ ! p$agogy ( ! ,jesuits1 ! mo/ celebrat$1 & ! mo/ wor?y ( be+ su*1 is und\bt$ly ! solicitor-g5]al ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ,bretagne1 ,r5 de la ,*alotais4 ,a man ( c\rage & "*1 he 0 arre/$ & imprison$ 9 ! citadel ( ,sa9t ,malo = hav+ upheld ! fran*ise ( ! prov9ce ( ,bretagne2 & x 0 9 8 prison1 9 #agfe1 t he drew up = 8 def5ce an eloqu5t & impassion$ memorial1 ( :i* ,voltaire said1 8,woe to e s5sitive s\l t does n feel ! quiv]+ ( a fev] 9 read+ x60 #cgi4 ,,8 ,,essay ,,on ,,national ,,education4--,! ,essai ( ,la ,*alotais appe>$ 9 #agfc1 "o ye> aft] ! mile4 ,com+ aft] ! ambiti\s !ories ( a philosoph] :o1 scorn+ polemics & ! diss5sions ( 8 "t1 _h writt5 only = humanity & ! future1 ?is 0 a mode/ & opportune "w1 ! ef=t ( a practical man :o attempt$ to respond to ! aspirations & ! ne$s ( 8 "t4 ,translat$ into sev]al languages1 ! ,essai d'ducation nationale obta9$ ! en?usia/ic approval ( ,did]ot1 & also ( ,voltaire1 :o said1 8,x is a t]rible book aga9/ ! ,jesuits1 all ! m s because x is writt5 ) mod]ation40 ,grimm c>ri$ 8 admiration s f> z to write1 8,x w\ld be difficult to pres5t 9 a hundr$ & fifty pages m reflections t are wise1 pr(\nd1 useful1 & truly wor?y ( a magi/rate1 ( a philosoph]1 ( a /atesman40 ,too completely =gott5 to-day1 ?is little composition ( ,la ,*alotais des]ves to be republi%$4 ,not)/&+ "s prejudices t m> x1 x is already :olly p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ! ,revolution4 #chj4 ,,secul>ization ,,( ,,education4--,z a matt] ( fact1 ! :ole p$agogy ( ! eighte5? c5tury is dom9at$ by ! idea ( ! necess>y secul>ization ( in/ruction4 ,?or\gh-go+ ,gallicans l ,la ,*alotais or ,roll&1 dauntless free-?9k]s l ,did]ot or ,helvetius1 all believe & ass]t t public in/ruction is a civil affair1 a 8gov]nm5t und]tak+10 z ,voltaire express$ x4 ,all wi% to sub/itute lay tea*]s = religi\s tea*]s1 & to op5 civil s*ools ^u ! ru9s ( mona/ic s*ools4 8,:o w be p]suad$10 says ,roll& 9 8 report ( #agjh1 8t fa!rs :o feel an emotion t an ecclesia/ic nev] %\ld h kn[n1 w be less capable ?an he ( educat+ *ildr580 ,la ,*alotais also dem&s ^! citiz5 tea*]s4 ,he objects to ^? in/ructors :o1 f int]e/ z well z f pr9ciple1 give ! pref]5ce 9 _! affections to ! sup]natural _w ov] "o's native l&4 8,i d n presume to exclude ecclesia/ics10 he said1 8b ,i prote/ aga9/ ! exclusion ( laym54 ,i d>e claim = ! nation an education :i* dep5ds only on ! ,/ate1 because x belongs ess5tially to ! ,/ate2 because e ,/ate has an inali5able & indefeasible "r to in/ruct its memb]s2 because1 f9ally1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate ought to be educat$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate40 ,?is does n mean t ,la ,*alotais is irreligi\s2 b he desires a national religion :i* does n subord9ate ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry to a =eign p[]4 ,:at he wants especially is1 t ! ,*ur*1 res]v+ to h]self ! tea*+ ( div9e tru?1 ab&on to ! ,/ate ! tea*+ ( morals1 & ! control ( purely human /udies4 ,he is ( ! same op9ion z 8 fri5d ,duclos1 :o said3-- 8,x is c]ta9 t 9 ! education :i* 0 giv5 at ,sp>ta1 ! prime purpose 0 to tra9 ,sp>tans4 ,x is ?us t 9 e ,/ate ! purpose %\ld be to enk9dle ! _s ( citiz5%ip2 &1 9 our case1 to tra9 ,fr5*m51 & 9 ord] to make ,fr5*m51 to labor to make m5 ( !m40#aie #cha4 ,,practical ,,purpose ,,( ,,in/ruction4--,! p>ticul> *>ge br\ght by ,la ,*alotais aga9/ ! education ( 8 "t1 aga9/ t ( ! ,univ]sity z well z aga9/ t ( ! ,jesuits1 is1 t x does n prep>e *ildr5 = real life1 = life 9 ! ,/ate4 8,a /rang] :o %\ld visit our colleges might conclude t 9 ,france we ?9k only ( peopl+ ! sem9>ies1 ! cloi/]s1 & ! ,lat9 colonies40 ,h[ are we to imag9e t ! /udy ( a dead language1 & a mona/ic discipl9e1 are ! appo9t$ means = tra9+ soldi]s1 magi/rates1 & heads ( families8 8,! greate/ vice ( education1 & p]haps ! mo/ inevitable1 :ile x %all be entru/$ to p]sons :o h r5\nc$ ! _w1 is ! absolute lack ( in/ruction on ! moral & political virtues4 ,our education does n affect our habits1 l t ( ! anci5ts4 ,aft] hav+ endur$ all ! fatigues & irksom5ess ( ! college1 ! "y f9d !mselves 9 ! ne$ ( le>n+ 9 :at consi/ ! duties common to all m54 ,!y h le>n$ no pr9ciple = judg+ actions1 evils1 op9ions1 cu/oms4 ,!y h ev]y?+ to le>n on matt]s t are s important4 ,!y are inspir$ ) a devotion :i* is b an imitation ( religion1 & ) practices :i* take ! place ( virtue1 & are b ! %ad[ ( x40 #chb4 ,,intuitive ,,& ,,natural ,,in/ruction4--,a pupil ( ! s5sational s*ool1 a disciple ( ,locke & ( ,condillac1 ,la ,*alotais is too mu* incl9$ to misconceive1 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual1 ! play ( natural activities & innate dispositions4 ,b1 by way ( comp5sation1 8 pr$ilection = s5sationalism leads him to excell5t ?\ghts on ! necessity ( beg9n+ ) s5sible objects be=e advanc+ to intellectual /udies1 & fir/ ( all to secure an education ( ! s5ses4 8,i wi% no?+ to be taught *ildr5 except facts :i* are atte/$ by ! eyes1 at ! age ( sev5 z at ! age ( ?irty4 8,! pr9ciples = in/ruct+ *ildr5 %\ld be ^? by :i* nature h]self in/ructs !m4 ,nature is ! be/ ( tea*]s4 8,e me?od :i* beg9s ) ab/ract ideas is n made = *ildr54 8,let *ildr5 see _m objects2 let !re be a v>iety ( su*1 & let !m be %[n "u _m aspects & on v>i\s occasions4 ,! memory & ! imag9ation ( *ildr5 _c be ov]*>g$ ) useful facts & ideas ( :i* !y c make use 9 ! c\rse ( _! lives40 ,su* are ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* ,la ,*alotais organizes 8 plan ( /udies4 #chc4 ,,! ,,new ,,_s ,,9 ,,education4--,! purpose1 !n1 is to replace t mona/ic & ultramontane education 7?is is ! t]m employ$ by ,la ,*alotais71 & also t n>r[ education1 & t repulsive & au/]e discipl9e1 8:i* seems made only to abase ! _s02 t /]ile & insipid tea*+1 8! mo/ usual effect ( :i* is to make /udy hat$ = life02 ^? s*ola/ic /udies :]e "y m5 8contract ! habit ( disput+ & cavil+02 & ^? ascetic regulations 8:i* set neatness & heal? at defiance40 ,! purpose is to initiate *ildr5 into our mo/ common & mo/ ord9>y affairs1 into :at =ms ! conduct ( life & ! basis ( civil society4 8,mo/ "y m5 "k nei!r ! _w :i* !y inhabit1 ! e>? :i* n\ri%es !m1 ! m5 :o supply _! ne$s1 ! animals :i* s]ve !m1 nor ! workm5 & citiz5s :om !y employ4 ,!y h n ev5 any desire = ?is k9d ( k4 ,no advantage is tak5 ( _! natural curiosity = ! purpose ( increas+ x4 ,!y "k h[ to admire nei!r ! wond]s ( nature nor ! prodigies ( ! arts40 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t !y %\ld h5ce=? le>n all t up to ?is "t !y _h be5 p]mitt$ to be ignorant (4 #chd4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod4--,education1 accord+ to ,la ,*alotais1 %\ld be divid$ into two p]iods3 ! fir/ f five to t51 ! second f t5 to sev5te54 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 we h to d ) *ildr5 :o h no exp]i5ce because !y h se5 no?+1 :o h no p[] ( att5tion because !y are incapable ( any su/a9$ ef=t1 & no judgm5t because !y h n yet any g5]al ideas2 b :o1 by way ( comp5sation1 h s5ses1 memory1 & "s p[] ( reflection4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to make a c>eful *oice ( ! subjects ( /udy :i* %all be propos$ to ^! t5d] intellig5ces2 & ,la ,*alotais decides 9 favor ( hi/ory1 geography1 natural hi/ory1 physical & ma!matical recreations4 8,! ex]cises propos$ = ! fir/ p]iod10 he says1 8are z foll[s3 le>n+ to read1 write1 & draw2 danc+ & music1 :i* ought to ent] into ! education ( p]sons above ! commonalty2 hi/orical n>ratives & ! lives ( illu/ri\s m5 ( e c\ntry1 ( e age1 & ( e pr(ession2 geography1 ma!matical & physical recreations2 ! fables ( ,la ,fonta9e1 :i*1 :atev] may be said ( !m1 ought n to be remov$ f ! h&s ( *ildr51 b all ( :i* !y %\ld be made to le>n by he>t2 & besides ?is1 walks1 excursions1 m]rim5t1 & recreations2 ,i d n propose ev5 ! /udies except z amusem5ts40 #che4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,negative ,,education4--,la ,*alotais is (t5 "r z aga9/ ,r\sseau4 ,= example1 he has abundantly refut$ ! utopia ( a negative education 9 :i* nature is all[$ to h h] way1 & :i* consid]s ! toil ( ! c5turies z ( no acc\nt4 ,x is good s5se itself :i* speaks 9 reflections l ^!3-- 8,if man is n taught :at is good1 he w necess>ily become preoccupi$ ) :at is bad4 ,! m9d & ! he>t _c rema9 unoccupi$4444 ,on ! pretext ( af=d+ *ildr5 an exp]i5ce :i* is _! own1 !y are depriv$ ( ! assi/ance ( o!rs' exp]i5ce40 #chf4 ,,hi/ory ,,av5g$ ,,( ,,! ,,disda9 ,,( ,,r\sseau4--,! sophisms ( ,r\sseau on hi/ory are brilliantly refut$4 ,hi/ory is )9 ! compreh5sion ( ! y\nge/4 ,! *ild :o c und]/& ,tom ,?umb & ,blue ,be>d1 c und]/& ! hi/ory ( ,romulus & ( ,clovis4 ,moreov]1 x is to ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ rec5t times t ,la ,*alotais atta*es ! greate/ importance1 & 9 ?is respect he goes beyond 8 ma/] ,roll93-- 8,i w\ld h compos$ = ! use ( ! *ild hi/ories ( e nation1 ( e c5tury1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! lat] c5turies1 :i* %\ld be writt5 ) great] detail1 & :i* %\ld be read be=e ^? ( ! m remote c5turies4 ,i w\ld h writt5 ! lives ( illu/ri\s m5 ( all classes1 conditions1 & pr(essions1 ( celebrat$ h]oes1 s*ol>s1 wom51 & *ildr540 #chg4 ,,geography4--,la ,*alotais does n sep>ate ! /udy ( geography f t ( hi/ory1 & he requires t1 )\t ent]+ into dry & t$i\s details1 ! pupil be made to travel pleasantly ?r\gh diff]5t c\ntries1 & t /ress be put 8on :at is ( *ief importance & int]e/ 9 ea* c\ntry1 su* z ! mo/ /rik+ facts1 ! native l& ( great m51 celebrat$ battles1 & :atev] is mo/ notable1 ei!r z to mann]s & cu/oms1 to natural productions1 or to arts & comm]ce40 #chh4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,ano!r /udy especially adapt$ to *ildr51 says ,la ,*alotais ) reason1 is natural hi/ory3 8,! pr9cipal ?+ is fir/ to %[ ! diff]5t objects j z !y appe> to ! eyes4 ,a repres5tation ( !m1 ) a precise & exact description1 is suffici5t40 8,too great detail mu/ be avoid$1 & ! objects *os5 mu/ be su* z are mo/ directly relat$ to u1 :i* are ! mo/ necess>y & ! mo/ useful40 8,pref]5ce %all be giv5 to dome/ic animals ov] ^? t are wild1 & to native animals ov] ^? ( o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! case ( plants1 pref]5ce %all be giv5 to ^? t s]ve = food & = use 9 m$ic9e40 ,z f> z possible1 ! object itself %\ld be %[n1 s t ! idea %all be ! m exact & vivid1 & ! impression ! m durable4 #chi4 ,,recreations ,,9 ,,physics4--,la ,*alotais expla9s t he means by ?is phrase obs]vations1 exp]im5ts1 & ! simple/ facts ( nature4 ,*ildr5 %\ld e>ly be made acqua9t$ ) !rmomet]s1 b>omet]s1 ) ! microscope1 etc4 #cij4 ,,recreations ,,9 ,,ma!matics4--,all ?is is excell5t1 & ,la ,*alotais ent]s resolutely into ! doma9 ( mod]n me?ods4 ,:at is m debatable is ! idea ( putt+ geometry & ma!matics into ! programme ( *ildr5's /udies1 "u ?is errone\s pretext1 t 8geometry pres5ts no?+ b ! s5sible & ! palpable40 ,let u grant1 h[ev]1 t x is easi] to conceive 8cle> ideas ( bodies1 l9es1 & angles t /rike ! eyes1 ?an ab/ract ideas ( v]bs1 decl5sions1 & conjugations1 ( an accusative1 an ablative1 a subjunctive1 an inf9itive1 or ( ! omitt$ t40 #cia4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod4--,la ,*alotais po/pones ! /udy ( ! classical languages till ! second p]iod1 ! t5? ye>4 ,! c\rse ( /udy = ?is second p]iod w comprise3 #a4 ,fr5* & ,lat9 lit]ature1 or ! humanities2 #b4 a cont9uation ( hi/ory1 geography1 ma!matics1 & natural hi/ory2 #c4 criticism1 logic1 & metaphysics2 #d4 ! art ( inv5tion2 #e4 e?ics4 ,la ,*alotais compla9s t 8 contempor>ies neglect ,fr5* lit]ature1 z ?\gh we _h n admirable models 9 our national language4 ,out ( "o hundr$ pupils !re are n five :o w f9d x useful to write 9 ,lat92 :ile !re is n "o ( !m :o w h occasion to speak or write 9 ,greek1 & to con/ruct ,lat9 v]ses4 ,all1 on ! contr>y1 ought to "k _! native language4 ,consequ5tly1 our au?or sugge/s ! idea ( devot+ ! morn+ session to ,fr5*1 & t ( ! aft]noon to ,lat91 s t ! pupils :o h no ne$ ( ! anci5t languages may pursue only ! c\rses 9 ,fr5*4 #cib4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,languages4--,la ,*alotais ?9ks ! k ( two liv+ languages to be necess>y1 8! ,engli% = sci5ce1 & ! ,g]man = w>40 ,g]man lit]ature _h n yet produc$ its ma/]pieces1 & x is se5 t at ?is p]iod ! utility ( ,g]man appe>s especially ) ref]5ce to milit>y affairs4 ,h[ev] x may be1 let u be grateful to him = hav+ appreciat$1 z he has done1 ! liv+ languages4 8,x is wrong10 he says1 8to treat !m ne>ly z we treat our contempor>ies1 ) a sort ( indiff]5ce4 ,)\t ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages !re is no real & solid erudition2 & !re is no complete erudition )\t ! o!rs40 #cic4 ,,o!r ,,/udies4--,h[ _m judici\s or j reflections we h /ill to ga!r f ! ,essay on ,national ,education1 z ^u ! tea*+ ( ! anci5t languages1 :i* ,la ,*alotais1 h[ev]1 is wrong 9 re/rict+ to too small a numb] ( ye>s2 ^u ! necessity ( pres5t+ to pupils z subjects = composition1 n pu]ile amplifications1 or diss]tations on facts or matt]s ( :i* !y are ignorant1 b ?+s :i* !y "k1 :i* h happ5$ to !m1 8_! occupations1 _! amusem5ts1 or _! tr\bles02 ^u logic or criticism1 ! /udy ( :i* %\ld n be def]r$ till ! end ( ! c\rse1 z is /ill done 9 our day2 ^u philosophy1 :i* is1 he says1 8! *>act]i/ic ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 z t ( ! sixte5? 0 erudition1 & t ( ! sev5te5? 0 tal5t60 ,la ,*alotais res]ves ! place ( honor to e?ics1 8:i* is ! mo/ important ( all ! sci5ces1 & :i* is1 z mu* z any o!r1 susceptible ( demon/ration40 #cid4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,books4--,9 trac+ 8 programme ( /udies1 s new 9 _m p>ticul>s1 ,la ,*alotais took into acc\nt ! difficulties t w\ld be enc\nt]$ 9 assur+1 &1 s to speak1 9 improvis+1 ! execution ( x1 at a "t :5 !re exi/$ nei!r compet5t tea*]s nor prop]ly con/ruct$ books4 ,tea*]s especially1 he said1 are difficult to tra94 ,b1 :ile wait+ = ! recruit+ ( ! tea*+ =ce1 ,la ,*alotais puts great dep5d5ce on elem5t>y books1 :i* might1 he ?\ght1 be compos$ )9 two ye>s1 if ! k+ w\ld enc\rage ! publication ( !m1 & if ! ,academies w\ld put !m up = competition4 8,^! books w\ld be ! be/ in/ruction :i* ! ma/]s c\ld give1 & w\ld take ! place ( e o!r me?od4 ,:atev] c\rse we may take1 we _c disp5se ) new books4 ,^! books1 once made1 w\ld make tra9$ tea*]s unnecess>y1 & !re w\ld !n be no long] any occasion = discussion z to _! qualities1 :e!r !y %\ld be prie/s1 or m>ri$1 or s+le4 ,all w\ld be good1 provid$ !y 7 religi\s1 moral1 & knew h[ to read2 !y w\ld soon tra9 !mselves :ile tra9+ _! pupils40 ,!re is mu* exagg]ation 9 ^! words4 ,! book1 z we "k1 _c supply ! place ( tea*]s4 ,b ! language ( ,la ,*alotais 0 adapt$ to circum/ances z !y exi/$4 ,he spoke 9 ?is way1 because1 9 8 impati5ce to rea* 8 end1 he w\ld try to rem$y ! educational pov]ty ( 8 "t1 & supply ! lack ( good tea*]s by provisional exp$i5ts1 by means :i* he f\nd )9 8 rea*4 #cie4 ,,ari/ocratic ,,prejudices4--,t :i* we w\ld expunge f ! book ( ,la ,*alotais is 8 op9ion on prim>y in/ruction4 ,bl9d$ by "s unexpla9$ di/ru/ ( ! p1 & dom9at$ by ari/ocratic t5d5cies1 he compla9s ( ! ext5sion ( in/ruction4 ,he dem&s t ! k ( ! poor d n ext5d beyond _! pursuits4 ,he bitt]ly criticises ! ?ir/ = k :i* is beg9n+ to p]vade ! l[] classes ( ! nation4 8,ev5 ! p c /udy4 ,labor]s & artisans s5d _! *ildr5 to ! colleges ( ! small] cities4444 ,:5 ^! *ildr5 h accompli%$ a summ>y c\rse ( /udy :i* has taught !m only to disda9 ! occupation ( _! fa!r1 !y ru% into ! cloi/]s & become ecclesia/ics2 or !y ex]cise judicial functions1 & (t5 become subjects h>mful to society4 ,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e 7sic71 :o are call$ ignorant9s1 h j appe>$ to complete ! g5]al ru92 !y tea* p to read & write :o ought to le>n only to draw1 & to h&le ! plane & ! file1 b h no disposition to d x4 ,!y are ! rivals or ! successors ( ! ,jesuits40 ,a s+ul> =ce ( prejudice 0 necess>y to conceive t ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools 7 in/ruct+ ! p too highly4 ,let x be said1 h[ev]1 t[>ds exon]at+ ,la ,*alotais1 t he p]haps does n s mu* attack ! in/ruction 9 itself1 z ! bad way 9 :i* x is giv54 ,:at he c5sures is in/ruction t is badly conceiv$1 t :i* takes p f _! own class4 ,9 "s o!r passages ( 8 book we see t he w\ld be dispos$ to dissem9ate ! new education among ! ranks ( ! p4 8,x is ! ,/ate1 x is ! l>g] "p ( ! nation1 t mu/ be kept pr9cipally 9 view 9 education2 = tw5ty millions ( m5 ought to be held 9 great] consid]ation ?an "o million1 & ! peasantry1 :o are n yet a class 9 ,france1 z !y are 9 ,sw$51 ought n to be neglect$ 9 a sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,education is equally solicit\s t lett]s %\ld be cultivat$1 & t ! fields %\ld be pl[$2 t all ! sci5ces & ! useful arts %\ld be p]fect$2 t ju/ice %\ld be adm9i/]$ & t religion %\ld be taught2 t !re %\ld be in/ruct$ & compet5t g5]als1 magi/rates1 & ecclesia/ics1 & skillful arti/s & citiz5s1 all 9 fit proportion4 ,x is = ! gov]nm5t to make ea* citiz5 s pleas$ ) 8 condition t he may n be =c$ to )draw f x40 ,let u quote "o s5t5ce m1 :i* is almo/ ! =mula t to-day is s de> to ! fri5ds ( in/ruction3-- 8,we d n fe> to ass]t1 9 g5]al1 t 9 ! condition 9 :i* ,europe n[ is1 ! p t are ! mo/ enlight5$ w always h ! advantage ov] ^? :o are ! less s40 #cif4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusion4--,not)/&+ ! faults :i* m> x1 ! "w ( ,la ,*alotais is none ! less "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable essays ( ! e>li] ,fr5* p$agogy4 8,la ,*alotais10 says ,grard1 8belongs to ! s*ool ( ,r\sseau2 b on m ?an "o po9t he dep>ts f ! plan trac$ by ! ma/]4 ,he escapes f ! allurem5ts ( ! p>adox4 ,relatively he has ! _s ( mod]ation4 ,he is a classic )\t prejudices1 an innovator )\t tem]ity40 ,8 book is pre-em95tly a book ( polemics1 writt5 ) ! ardor ( "o :o is engag$ 9 a fight1 & ov]fl[+ ) a g5]\s passion4 ,:at noble words are ! foll[+3-- 8,let ! "y man le>n :at bread a pl\ghman1 a day labor]1 or an artisan eats4 ,he w see 9 ! sequel h[ !y are depriv$ ( ! bread :i* !y e>n ) s mu* difficulty1 & h[ "o portion ( m5 live at ! exp5se ( ! o!r40 ,9 ^! l9es1 :i* brea! a s5tim5t ( pr(\nd pity = ! dis9h]it$ ( ?is _w1 we already he>1 z x 71 ! signal cry ann\nc+ ! social reclamations ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 #cgi4 ,,roll& 7#agcd-agid74--,la ,*alotais1 aft] hav+ criticis$ ! old me?ods1 propos$ new ones2 ,roll& attempt$ to put !m 9 practice4 ,la ,*alotais is a polemic & a !ori/2 ,roll& is an adm9i/rator4 ,presid5t ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is1 he pres5t$ to 8 colleagues1 9 #agfh1 a ,report :i* is a real sy/em ( education4#aif ,b above all1 he gave 8 p]sonal att5tion to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,college ,l\is-le-,gr&4 ,an ard5t & impassion$ adv]s>y ( ! ,jesuits1 he us$ e means to put public in/ruction 9 a condition to d )\t !m4 8,noble & wise _s1 pati5t & c\rage\s reason1 :o1 = tw5ty ye>s1 ev5 dur+ exile & aft] ! dissolution ( 8 society1 did n ab&on = a s+le mom5t ! "w he _h und]tak51 b br\ght x1 almo/ p]fect$1 to ! v conf9es ( ! ,revolution2 a he>t dive/$ ( e ambition1 :o1 *os5 by popul> wi%1 & by ! cab9et ( ! k+1 z director ( public in/ruction1 ob/9ately entr5*$ himself 9 ! peace ( 8 /udi\s retreat40 ,?is is ! judgm5t ( a memb] ( ! ,univ]sity1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,dubois1 director ( ! ,normal ,s*ool4 ,no d\bt ,roll& is n an orig9al educator4 8,x is 9 ,roll9's ,trait des tudes10 he says1 8t e tea*] w f9d ! true rules = education40 ,besides1 he borr[$ ideas f ,la ,*alotais1 & also f ! ,mmoires :i* ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is drew up 9 #agfc & #agfd at ! reque/ ( ,p>liam5t2 s t ! int]e/ 9 8 "w is less1 p]haps1 9 its p]sonal views ?an 9 ! indications x furni%es relative to ! situation ( ! ,univ]sity & its t5d5cy t[>ds self-re=mation4 #cih4 ,,in/ruction ,,)9 ,,! ,,rea* ,,( ,,all4--,at lea/ on "o po9t ,roll& is sup]ior to ,la ,*alotais2 he takes a bold /& = ! necessity ( prim>y in/ruction1 & = ! progress & diffusion ( human k4 8,education _c be too widely diffus$1 to ! end t !re may be no class ( citiz5s :o may n be br\ght to p>ticipate 9 its b5efits4 ,x is exp$i5t t ea* citiz5 receive ! education :i* is adapt$ to 8 ne$s40#aig ,x is true t ,roll& jo9s 9 ! wi% express$ by ! ,univ]sity1 :i* dem&$ a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( colleges4 ,b only colleges = ! high] /udies 7 9 "q1 & ,roll& ?\ght less ( re/rict+ in/ruction ?an ( proportion+ & adapt+ x to ! ne$s ( ! diff]5t classes ( society4 8,ea* "o ought to h ! opportunity to receive ! education :i* is adapt$ to 8 ne$s4444 ,n[ ea* soil10 adds ,roll&1 8is n susceptible ( ! same culture & ! same product4 ,ea* m9d does n dem& ! same degree ( culture4 ,all m5 h nei!r ! same ne$s nor ! same tal5ts2 & x is 9 proportion to ^! tal5ts & ^! ne$s t public education ought to be regulat$40 ,roll& %>$ ! prejudices ( ,la ,*alotais aga9/ 8! new ,ord] f\nd$ by ,la ,salle02 b none ! less on ?is acc\nt did he dem& in/ruction = all4 8,! k ( read+ & writ+1 :i* is ! key to all ! o!r sci5ces1 ought to be univ]sally diffus$4 ,)\t ?is ! tea*+s ( ! cl]gy are useless1 = ! memory is r>ely fai?ful en\gh2 & read+ alone c impress 9 a durable mann] :at x is important nev] to =get40 ,w\ld x be grant$ by e "o to-day1 affect$ by prejudices t are ev] re-appe>+1 t 8! labor] :o has receiv$ "s sort ( in/ruction is b ! m dilig5t & ! m skillful by reason ( x08 #cii4 ,,! ,,normal ,,s*ool4--,we %all n dwell ^u ! me?ods & s*emes ( /udy propos$ by ,roll&4 ,save v urg5t recomm5dations relative to ! /udy ( ! national hi/ory & ( ! ,fr5* language1 we %all f9d no?+ v new 9 !m4 ,:at des]ve to be po9t$ out1 by way ( comp5sation1 are ! important innovations :i* he wi%$ to introduce into ! g5]al organization ( public in/ruction4 ,fir/ !re 0 ! idea ( a high] normal s*ool1 ( a sem9>y = pr(essors4 ,! ,univ]sity _h already express$ ! wi% t su* an e/abli%m5t %\ld be f\nd$4 ,to be conv9c$ h[ mu* ?is p$agogical sem9>y1 conceiv$ z f> back z #agfc1 resembl$ our actual ,normal ,s*ool1 x suffices to note ! foll[+ details4 ,! e/abli%m5t 0 to be gov]n$ by pr(essors drawn f ! diff]5t faculties1 accord+ to ! diff]5t subjects ( in/ruction4 ,! "y m5 receiv$ on competitive exam9ation 7 to be divid$ into ?ree classes1 correspond+ to ! ?ree grades ( admission4 ,)9 ! e/abli%m5t !y 7 to take "p 9 a s]ies ( discussions1 aft] a giv5 "t to submit to ! te/s = graduation1 & f9ally to be plac$ 9 ! colleges4 ,is x n true t !re 0 no important addition to be made to ?is s*eme8 ,roll& also requir$ t p$agogics h a place among ! /udies ( ^! future pr(essors1 & t def9ite & sy/ematic in/ruction be giv5 9 ?is art1 s important to ! tea*]s ( y\?4 ,roll& does n /op ev5 !re4 ,he provides = inspectors1 or visitors1 :o are to exam9e all ! colleges ea* ye>4 ,f9ally1 he subjects all s*ola/ic e/abli%m5ts to "o s+le au?ority1 to a c\ncil ( ! gov]nm5t1 to :i* he applies ! r odd title1 ! 8,bureau ( ,correspond5ce40 #djj4 ,,_s ,,( ,,c5tralization4--,:atev] op9ion may be =m$ ( absolute c5tralization1 :i*1 9 our c5tury1 has become ! law ( public in/ruction1 & has caus$ ! disappe>ance ( prov9cial fran*ises1 x is c]ta9 t ! p>liam5t>ians ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 ! fir/ to conceive x & desire x1 if n to realize x4 ,p>is1 9 ,roll&'s plan1 becomes ! c5tre ( public in/ruction4 ,! univ]sities di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! prov9ces are co-ord9at$ & made dep5d5t on t ( ,p>is4 8,is x n desirable10 said ,roll&1 8t ! good ta/e :i* ev]y?+ concurs to produce 9 ! capital1 be diffus$ to ! v extremities ( ! k+dom2 t e ,fr5*man p>ticipate 9 ! treasures ( k :i* are !re accumulat+ f day to day2 t ! "y m5 :o h ! same c\ntry1 :o are de/9$ to s]ve ! same pr9ce & to fulfill ! same functions1 receive ! same lessons & be imbu$ ) ! same maxims2 t "o "p ( ,france be n "u ! cl\ds ( ignorance :ile lett]s %$ ! pure/ light 9 ano!r2 9 a ^w1 t ! "t come :5 a "y man educat$ 9 a prov9ce _c be di/+ui%$ f "o :o has be5 tra9$ 9 ! capital80 ,& he adds t 8! only means = atta9+ an end s desirable is to make ,p>is ! c5tre ( public in/ruction40 ,besides ! ga9 t w ?us accrue to in/ruction1 ,roll& sees ?is o!r advantage1 t1 ?r\gh uni=mity 9 in/ruction1 !re w be secur$ a uni=mity 9 mann]s & 9 laws4 ,by means ( a uni=m education1 8! "y m5 ( all ! prov9ces w dive/ !mselves ( all _! prejudices ( bir?2 !y w =m ! same ideas ( virtue & ju/ice2 !y w dem& uni=m laws1 :i* w\ld h (f5d$ _! fa!rs40 ,by ?is means1 f9ally1 !re w be develop$ a national _s1 a national "*1 & a national jurisprud5ce1 8! only means ( recreat+ love ( c\ntry40 ,is x n true t ! great magi/rates ( ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury des]ve also to be c\nt$ among ! f\nd]s ( ,fr5* unity8 #dja4 ,,turgot 7#agbg-agha74--;,9 8 ,mmoires to ! k+ 7#agge71 ,turgot set =? analog\s ideas1 & also dem&$ ! =mation ( a c\ncil ( public in/ruction4 ,he made an eloqu5t plea = ! e/abli%m5t ( a civil & national education :i* %\ld be ext5d$ to ! c\ntry at l>ge4 8,y\r k+dom1 ,sir1 is ( ?is _w4 ,)\t oppos+ any ob/acle to ! in/ructions ^: object is high]1 & :i* already h _! rules & _! exp\nd]s1 ,i ?9k ,i c propose to y no?+ ( m advantage to y\r p ?an to cause to be giv5 to all y\r subjects an in/ruction :i* %[s !m ! obligations !y owe to society & to y\r p[] :i* protects !m1 ! duties :i* ^? obligations impose on !m1 & ! int]e/ :i* !y h 9 fulfill+ ^? duties = ! public good & _! own4 ,?is moral & social in/ruction requires books expressly prep>$1 by competition1 & ) great c>e1 & a s*oolma/] 9 ea* p>i% to tea* !m to *ildr51 along ) ! art ( writ+1 read+1 c\nt+1 measur+1 & ! pr9ciples ( me*anics40 8,! /udy ( ! duty ( citiz5%ip ought to be ! f\ndation ( all ! o!r /udies40 8,!re are me?ods & e/abli%m5ts = tra9+ geometricians1 physici/s1 & pa9t]s1 b !re are none = tra9+ citiz5s40 ,9 a ^w1 ,la ,*alotais1 ,roll&1 ,turgot1 & "s ( _! contempor>ies1 7 real precursors ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 ! matt] ( education4 ,at ! date ( #agfb ! s*ola/ic revolution began1 at lea/ s f> z second>y in/ruction is conc]n$4 ,! ,p>liam5ts ( t p]iod conceiv$ ! plan ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & prep>$ = ! "w ( ,napoleon ,i4 ,b !y left to ! m5 ( ! ,revolution ! honor ( be+ ! fir/ to organize prim>y in/ruction4 #djb4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,?is /udy exhibits ! evils br\ght ^u a c\ntry by an education controll$ & adm9i/]$ by a dom9ant ,*ur* = ! atta9m5t ( its own ends2 & also ! ef=ts ( a nation to save itself f imm95t disa/] by mak+ ! ,/ate ! great public educator4 #b4 ,! "r ( ! ,/ate to self-pres]vation is ! v9dication ( its "r to control & direct public education4 ,! ,/ate ?us becomes ! patron ( ! public s*ool2 ! product x requires is good citiz5%ip2 & = ! sake ( secur+ ?is product ! ,/ate end[s ! s*ool1 :olly or 9 "p4 #c4 ,! situation 9 ,france1 z describ$ 9 ?is /udy1 is an aggravat$ case ( :at may occur :5ev] education is adm9i/]$ by a class hav+ special int]e/s & ambitions2 & "u "s =m !re mu/ be ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate z a means ( protect+ its own int]e/s4 #d4 ,:5 education is adm9i/]$ 9 ! ma9 by ! lit]>y class1 !re is "s dang] t ! in/ruction may n be t :i* is be/ adapt$ to ! ne$s ( o!r classes4 ,,footnotes3 #aid ,see ! pamphlet publi%$ 9 #agfd entitl$3 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur l'orbilianisme et les correcteurs des ,jsuites4 #aie ,duclos1 ,considrations sur les murs de ce sicle4 ,*4 ,,ii4 ,sur l'ducation et les prjugs4 #aif ,see ! ,recueil ( ! works ( ,presid5t ,roll&1 pr9t$ 9 #aghc1 by ord] ( ! executive committee ( ! ,college ,l\is-le-,gr&4 #aig ,recueil1 etc41 p4 #be4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4--,,mirabeau1 ,,talleyr&1 ,,condorcet4 ,,contradictory ,,judgm5ts ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution2 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,t ,,"w2 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction2 ,,:at ,,0 ,,taught ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools2 ,,discipl9e2 ,,! ,,situation ,,( ,,tea*]s2 ,,! ,,recruitm5t ,,( ,,tea*]s2 ,,:at ,,! ,,s*ool ,,itself ,,02 ,,! ,,peculi> ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,revolution2 ,,! ,,cahi]s ,,( #aghi2 ,,mirabeau 7#agdi-agia7 ,,& ,,8 ,,travail ,,sur ,l',,in/ruction ,,publique2 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,ignorance2 ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,tea*+2 ,,! ,,con/itu5t ,,assembly ,,& ,,! ,,rapport ,,( ,,talleyr&2 ,,talleyr& 7#ageh-ahch72 ,,political ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,in/ruction2 ,,f\r ,,grades ,,( ,,in/ruction2 ,,political ,,cate*ism2 ,,indep5d5t ,,morality2 ,,! ,,legislative ,,assembly ,,& ,,! ,,rapport ,,( ,,condorcet2 ,,condorcet 7#agdc-agid72 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,,on ,,education2 ,,in/ruction ,,& ,,morality2 ,,in/ruction ,,& ,,progress2 ,,lib]ality ,,( ,,condorcet2 ,,five ,,grades ,,( ,,in/ruction2 ,,purpose ,,& ,,programme ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction2 ,,idea ,,( ,,c\rses ,,= ,,adults2 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom52 ,,prejudices2 ,,f9al ,,judgm5t2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #djd4 ,,contradictory ,,judgm5ts ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4--,an hi/orian ( education 9 ,france1 ,?ry1 op5s 8 *apt] on ! ,revolution ) ^! contemptu\s words1 8,"o does n /udy a void1 "o does n analyze a negation40#aih ,a m rec5t hi/orian ( public in/ruction dur+ ! ,revolution1 ,alb]t ,duruy1 arriv+ at ! "w ( ,condorcet1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ important und]tak+ ( ! p$agogy ( ! ,revolution1 does n hesitate to record ?is absolute & summ>y judgm5t3 8,we are n[ no long] 9 ! real & 9 ! possible2 we are travell+ 9 ! l& ( *im]as2 we are so>+ 9 space at heights :i* admit ( only ideal atta9m5t40#aii ,h[ easy x is to say ?is6 ,to believe ^! facile judges1 "o :o w\ld e/imate ! ef=ts ( ! ,revolution 9 ! matt] ( public in/ruction w\ld h to *oose betwe5 a no?+ & a *im]a4 ,! m5 ( ! ,revolution h done no?+1 say "s2 !y are dream]s & ideali/s1 say o!rs4 ,^! ass]tions d n be> exam9ation4 ,= e imp>tial obs]v] x is c]ta9 t ! ,revolution op5$ a new era 9 education1 & ! pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! v docum5ts t our oppon5ts s trifl+ly condemn1 & ! practical _s ( :i* !y misconceive4 #dje4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,t ,,"w4--,x is n t ! m5 ( ! ,revolution 7 educators 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! sci5ce ( education is n indebt$ to !m = new me?ods4 ,!y h n complet$ ! "w ( ,locke1 ( ,r\sseau1 & ( ,la ,*alotais2 b !y 7 ! fir/ to attempt a legislative organization ( a va/ sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,x is j to place !m 9 ! front rank ( ! m5 :o might be call$ 8! politicians ( education40 ,d\btless !y lack$ "t = apply+ _! ideas1 b !y _h at lea/ ! m]it ( hav+ conceiv$ ^! ideas1 & ( hav+ embodi$ !m 9 legislative acts4 ,! pr9ciples :i* we proclaim to-day1 !y =mulat$4 ,! solutions :i* we attempt to put 9 practice aft] a c5tury ( wait+1 7 decre$ by !m4 ,! read] :o w foll[ ! long s]ies ( reports & decrees :i* con/itutes ! p$agogical "w ( ! ,revolution w h witness$ ! g5esis ( popul> in/ruction 9 ,france4 #djf4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4--,9 ord] to =m a prop] appreciation ( ! m]its ( ! m5 ( ! ,revolution1 x is fir/ necess>y to consid] 9 :at a deplorable /ate !y f\nd prim>y in/ruction4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 t :i* !y hop$ to d & ! actual situation 9 #aghi6 ,i v well "k t fancy sket*es h be5 drawn ( ! old rgime4 ,a v %[y enum]ation has be5 made ( ! numb] ( colleges2 b we h n be5 told h[ _m ( ^! colleges _h no pr(essors1 & h[ _m _h no pupils4 ,& s ( ! s*ools2 !y are f\nd ev]y:]e1 b x rema9s to be %[n :at 0 taught 9 !m1 & :e!r any?+ 0 taught 9 !m4#bjj ,p>ty writ]s :o are b\nd to ga9say ! "w ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 ! matt] ( education1 g5]ally put "u contribution1 to s]ve _! political prejudices1 ! old communal ar*ives4 ,!y cite imag9>y /ati/ics :i* prove1 = example1 t 9 ! diocese ( ,r\51 9 #agah1 !re 7 #hee s*ools = boys1 & #cjf s*ools = girls1 = a t]ritory ( #aaei p>i%es4 ,x is fir/ necess>y to v]ify ^! /ati/ics1 ^: accuracy has n be5 demon/rat$1 & ^: figures 7 evid5tly obta9$ only by c\nt+ a s*ool :]ev] ! rector ( ! p>i% gave lessons 9 read+ & 9 ! cate*ism to ?ree or f\r *ildr54 ,b !re are o!r replies to make to ! traduc]s ( ! ,revolution :o tax _! +5uity to prove t in/ruction 0 fl\ri%+ "u ! old rgime1 & t ! ,revolution de/roy$ m ?an x creat$4 ,) ?is assum$ effloresc5ce ( s*ools ( :i* we he>1 x is necess>y to contra/ ! results z %[n by au!ntic /ati/ics ( ! numb] ( illit]ates4 ,9 #agij !re 0 #ec p] c5t ( m5 & #gc p] c5t ( wom5 :o c\ld n sign _! names to _! m>riage contracts4 ,besides1 we mu/ inquire :at 0 taught 9 ^! pret5d$ s*ools1 h[ _m *ildr5 att5d$ !m1 & :at 0 ! mat]ial & moral condition ( ! tea*]s :o direct$ !m4 #djg4 ,,:at ,,0 ,,taught ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools4--,in/ruction 0 r$uc$ to ! cate*ism1 to read+ & writ+4 ,on ?is po9t !re c be no dispute4 ,! (ficial programme ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools did n g beyond ?is4 ,! ord9ance ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 dat$ 9 #afih1 has be5 pomp\sly quot$4 8,we w\ld h appo9t$10 x is !re said1 8z f> z x %all be possible1 ma/]s & mi/resses 9 all ! p>i%es :]e !re are none1 to in/ruct all *ildr51 & 9 p>ticul> ^? ^: p>5ts h made pr(ession ( ! pret5d$ re=m$ religion1 9 ! cate*ism & ! pray]s :i* are necess>y2 to take !m to mass on e "w day2 & also to tea* read+ & writ+ to ^? :o w ne$ ?is k40 ,b does n ?is v text support ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! ,mon>*y & ! ,*ur* h nev] enc\rag$ prim>y in/ruction except z requir$ by ! necessities ( ! /ruggle aga9/ h]esy1 & t prim>y in/ruction "u ! old rgime 0 sc>cely m ?an an in/rum5t ( religi\s dom9ation8 ,mo/ (t5 ! s*ool 0 simply a place to :i* p>5ts s5t _! *ildr5 = tempor>y c>e4 ,writ+ 0 n always taught 9 x4 ,a s*ool-mi/ress ( ,haute-,m>ne 0 =bidd5 to tea* writ+ 8= fe> h] pupils might employ _! k 9 writ+ love-lett]s40 #djh4 ,,discipl9e4--,corporal puni%m5ts 7 m ?an ev] ! ord] ( ! day4 ,! bi%op ( ,montpelli]1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 =bids1 x is true1 beat+ ) /icks1 kicks1 & raps on ! head2 b he au?orizes ! f]ule & ! rod1 on ! condition t ! pati5t be n completely expos$4 #dji4 ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,tea*]s4--,t :i* is grav] /ill is t ! tea*]s !mselves 7,i speak ( lay tea*]s1 :o1 x is true1 7 n num]\s7 liv$ 9 a wret*$ condition1 )\t mat]ial indep5d5ce & )\t moral dignity4 ,9 g5]al1 !re 7 no fix$ sal>ies4 ,wages v>i$ f #dj to #bjj francs1 arbitr>ily fix$ by ! ve/ry-bo>d or by ! community1 9 return = a great numb] ( s]vices ! mo/ v>i\s & ! lea/ exalt$4 ,! s*ool-ma/]s 7 f> less tea*]s ?an sextons1 *ori/]s1 beadles1 bell-r+]s1 clock-mak]s1 & ev5 grave-digg]s4 8,att5dance at m>riages & at burials 0 c\nt$ at ! rate ( #ae sols & d9n] = m>riages1 & #bj sols = burials40 ,& ,alb]t ,duruy concludes t 9 ?is !re 7 sub/antial advantages to ! s*ool-ma/]s2#bja--;advantages de>ly b\ght 9 e case1 & repudiat$ by ^? :o 7 int]e/$ 9 !m4 8,! m s]vices we r5d] ! community10 said ! tea*]s ( ,b\rgogne 9 _! compla9ts 9 #aghi1 8! m we are degrad$40#bjb ,! s*ool-ma/]s 7 sc>cely m ?an ! dome/ics ( ! cur4 ,9 ord] to live1 !y 7 n only oblig$ to accept ^! *ur* s]vices1 b !y also became %oemak]s1 tailors1 innkeep]s1 mill]s1 etc4 ,! tea*] ( ! commune ( ,angles1 9 ! ,high ,alps1 0 a 8b>b]s' surgeon40 ,?us !re 0 no assur$ sal>y1 & consequ5tly no moral consid]ation4 8,9 ! communes1 tea*]s 7 reg>d$ z /rang]s & n z citiz5s2 l tramps & vagrants1 !y 7 n admitt$ to ! assemblies ( ! commune40 #daj4 ,,! ,,recruitm5t ,,( ,,tea*]s4--,n[h]e 7 !re normal s*ools = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,! s*ools 7 entru/$ to ! fir/ com]4 ,! bi%op grant$ 8 approbation1 or p]mission to tea*1 aft] an exam9ation ( ! mo/ summ>y k9d4 ,! duties ( tea*+ 7 ! means ( subsi/5ce :i* 7 accept$ )\t call & )\t s]i\s prep>ation4 ,9 ,prov5ce1 s*ool-ma/]s att5d$ k9ds ( 8tea*]s' fairs0 = ! purpose ( be+ hir$4 ,9 ! ,alps1 tea*]s 7 num]\s1 b only 9 w9t]4 ,!y t>ri$ 9 ! pla9 & 9 ! valleys only dur+ ! inclem5t season4 ,!y return$ home = ! labors ( ! summ]4 ,consequ5tly1 mo/ ( ! s*ools exi/$ only 9 "n4 8,! s*ools10 we are told1#bjc 87 9 vacation = f\r or five mon?s40 ,= a half ( ! ye>1 ! s*ool-ma/]s 7 free to foll[ ano!r trade1 or1 r1 to devote !mselves m completely to _! ord9>y trade1 :i* _! s*ool duties did n always int]rupt4 #daa4 ,,:at ,,! ,,s*ool ,,itself ,,04--,s*ool-h\ses 7 mo/ frequ5tly m]ely wret*$ huts1 wood5 cots1 & n>r[ gr\nd-floors1 badly light$1 :i* s]v$ at ! same "t z a domicile = ! s*ool-ma/] & 8 family1 & z a class-room = pupils4 ,b5*es & tables 7 ?+s r>ely se51 & pupils wrote :ile /&+4 ,9 a ^w1 ! /ate ( prim>y in/ruction1 :5 ! ,/ates-,g5]al op5$ 9 #aghi1 0 z foll[s3 s*ools few 9 numb] & poorly att5d$2 few lay tea*]s1 tra9$ no "o kn[s h[1 )\t ?or\gh in/ruction1 &1 z !y !mselves said1 8degrad$0 by _! inf]ior position2 few or no elem5t>y books2 gratuity only p>tial2 f9ally1 a g5]al indiff]5ce = elem5t>y in/ruction1 :i* philosoph]s l ,voltaire1 & ,r\sseau1 & ,p>liam5t>ians l ,la ,*alotais1 !mselves lightly e/eem$4 #dab4 ,,! ,,prop] ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4--,i d n say t ! ,revolution accompli%$ all t !re 0 to be attempt$ 9 ord] to br+ in/ruction up to ! ne$s ( ! new society2 b x purpos$ to d ?is4 ,e "t a lib]al m9i/ry has decid$ to "w = ! promotion ( in/ruction1 x has reviv$ its plans2 & x is ^! same plans t by a vigor\s ef=t public au?ority has attempt$ to realize 9 rec5t times4 #dac4 ,,! ,,reports ,,( #aghi4--;,already1 9 ! reports ( #aghi1 public op9ion vigor\sly pron\nc$ itself 9 favor ( educational re=ms4 8,! cahi]s ( #aghi1 ev5 ^? ( ! cl]gy & ! nobility1 dem& ! reorganization ( public in/ruction on a compreh5sive plan4 ,! cahi]s ( ! cl]gy ( ,rodez & ( ,saumur dem& #8t !re may be =m$ a plan ( national education = ! "y'2 ^? ( ,lyons1 t education be re/rict$ #8to a tea*+ body ^: memb]s may n be removable except = neglig5ce1 misconduct1 or incapacity2 t x may no long] be conduct$ accord+ to arbitr>y pr9ciples1 & t all public in/ructors be oblig$ to con=m to a uni=m plan adopt$ by ! ,/ates-,g5]al4' ,! cahi]s ( ! nobility ( ,lyons insi/ t #8a national "*' be impress$ on ! education ( bo? sexes4 ,^? ( ,p>is dem& #8t public education be p]fect$1 & ext5d$ to all classes ( citiz5s4' ,^? ( ,blois1 #8t !re be e/abli%$ a c\ncil compos$ ( ! mo/ enlight5$ s*ol>s ( ! capital & ( ! prov9ces & ( ! citiz5s ( ! diff]5t ord]s1 to =m a plan ( national education1 = ! use ( all ! classes ( society1 & to edit elem5t>y treatises4'0#bjd #dad4 ,,mirabeau 7#agdi-agia74--;,f ! fir/ days ( ! ,revolution1 p$agogical lit]ature ab\nds1 & gives evid5ce ( ! ev]-gr[+ int]e/ :i* public op9ion atta*es to educational que/ions4 ,! ,oratorians1 ( :om ,la ,*alotais said1 8t !y 7 free f ! prejudices ( ! s*ool & ( ! cloi/]1 & t !y 7 citiz5s10 pres5t to ! ,national ,assembly a s]ies ( s*ola/ic plans4 ,on its "p1 ! ,assembly sets itself at "w2 ,talleyr& prep>es 8 great report1 & ,mirabeau embodies 8 own reflections 9 f\r eloqu5t disc\rses4 ,mirabeau's disc\rses1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? ?r\gh ! good (fices ( 8 fri5d ,cabanis1 _h ! foll[+ titles3 #a4 ,draft ( a ,law = ! ,organization ( ! ,tea*+ ,body2 #b4 ,public & ,milit>y ,fe/ivals2 #c4 ,organization ( a ,national ,lyce2 #d4 ,! ,education ( ! ,heir ,presumptive ( ! ,cr[n4 #dae4 ,,! ,,dang]s ,,( ,,ignorance4--,) :at brilliancy ! illu/ri\s orator made appe> ! advantages & ! necessity ( in/ruction6 8,^? :o desire t ! peasant may n "k h[ to read or write1 h d\btless made a patrimony ( 8 ignorance1 & _! motives are n difficult to appreciate2 b !y d n "k t :5 !y h made a wild bea/ ( a man1 !y expose !mselves to ! mom5t>y dang] ( see+ him trans=m$ into a savage bea/4 ,)\t intellig5ce !re is no morality4 ,b on :om1 !n1 is x important to be/[ intellig5ce1 if x is n ^u ! ri*8 ,is n ! safegu>d ( _! enjoym5ts ! morality ( ! p8 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! laws1 ?r\gh t ( a wise adm9i/ration1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts to :i* ea* "o %\ld be inspir$ by ! hope ( ameliorat+ ! condition ( 8 fell[s1 ex]t y\rselves1 public & private citiz5s1 to diffuse 9 all qu>t]s ! noble fruits ( k4 ,believe t 9 dissipat+ "o s+le error1 9 propagat+ "o s+le :olesome tru?1 y w d some?+ = ! happ9ess ( ! human race2 & :oev] y are1 d n h ! lea/ d\bt t x is only by ?is means t y c assure y\r own happ9ess40 ,b ?r\gh "s inexplicable _s ( timidity1 ,mirabeau did n draw f ^! pr9ciples ! consequ5ces t !y p]mit4 ,he does n admit t ! ,/ate c impose ! obligation to att5d s*ool4 8,society10 he says1 8has n ! "r to prescribe in/ruction z a duty4444 ,public au?ority has n ! "r1 ) respect to ! memb]s ( ! social body1 to g beyond ! limits ( wat*fulness aga9/ inju/ice & ( protection aga9/ viol5ce44440 8,society10 he adds1 8c exact ( ea* "o only ! sacrifices necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ! lib]ty & ! safety ( all40 ,mirabeau =gets t ! obligation to s5d *ildr5 to s*ool is exactly "o ( ^? necess>y sacrifices :i* ! ,/ate has ! "r to impose on p>5ts4 ,ho/ile to obligation1 ,mirabeau feels no great] p>tisan%ip = gratuity3-- 8,gratuit\s education10 he said1 8is paid = by ev]ybody1 :ile its fruits are imm$iately ga!r$ by only a small numb] ( individuals40 #daf4 ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,tea*+4--,l s _m o!r g5]\s spirits1 ,mirabeau *]i%$ ! dream ( ! mo/ complete lib]ty ( tea*+4#bje 8,y\r s+le purpose10 he said to ! memb]s1 8is to give to man ! use ( all 8 faculties1 to make him enjoy all 8 rights1 to develop ! corporate life out ( all ! individual lives freely develop$1 & ! w ( ! :ole out ( all p]sonal wills40 #dag4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,/udies4--,9 ,mirabeau's plan1 public & national in/ruction dep5ds1 n on ! executive p[]1 b on 8! magi/rates :o truly repres5t ! p1 t is to say1 :o are elect$ & (t5 r5ew$ by ! p10--9 o!r t]ms1 ! (fic]s ( dep>tm5ts or di/ricts4 ,e/abli%m5ts = in/ruction ought n to =m a consolidat$ body4 ,let u obs]ve1 f9ally1 t by ! side ( ! prim>y s*ools ,mirabeau e/abli%$ a college ( lit]ature = ea* dep>tm5t1 & at ,p>is1 a s+le ,national ,lyce1 8design$ to secure to a select numb] ( ,fr5* y\? ! means ( f9i%+ _! education40 ,9 ?is he e/abli%$ a *air ( me?od1 :i*1 he said1 ought to be ! basis ( in/ruction4 ,9 conclusion1 ! "w ( ,mirabeau is b a v imp]fect sket*1 & a sort ( graduat$ transition betwe5 ! old & ! new rgime4 ,we d n yet f9d 9 x ! gr& ideas :i* are to impassion m51 & x is ! ,rapport ( ,talleyr& :i* con/itutes ! real introduction to ! educational "w ( ! ,revolution4 #dah4 ,,! ,,con/itu5t ,,assembly ,,& ,,talleyr&4--,! con/itution ( ,sept4 #d1 #agia1 ann\nc$ ! foll[+ provision3-- 8,!re %all be creat$ & organiz$ a sy/em ( public in/ruction1 common to all citiz5s1 & gratuit\s ) respect to ^? bran*es ( in/ruction :i* are indisp5sable = all m540 ,x 0 to put 9 =ce ! decree ( ! ,con/itution t ,talleyr& drew up 8 ,rapport & pres5t$ x to ! ,assembly at ! sessions ( ,septemb] #aj & #aa4 ,! entire bill conta9$ n less ?an #bjh articles4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! t]m ( its tr\bl$ exi/5ce1 ! ,assembly did n f9d ! "t to discuss x1 &1 :ile regrett+ 8n hav+ e/abli%$ ! bases ( ! reg5]ation ( education10 x ref]r$ ! exam9ation ( ,talleyr&'s "w to ! ,legislative ,assembly4 ,! ,legislative ,assembly %[$ b little anxiety to accept ! legacy ( its pr$ecessor4 ,ano!r report1 t ( ,condorcet1 0 prep>$1 s t ! bill ( ,talleyr& nev] _h ! honor ( a p>liam5t>y discussion4 #dai4 ,,talleyr& 7#ageh-ahch74--,! ex-bi%op ( ,autun1 hav+ become a revolutioni/ ( #aghi1 be=e be+ ! *amb]la9 ( ,napoleon ,i4 & ! m9i/] ( ,l\is ,,xviii41 sc>cely des]ves by 8 "* ! e/eem ( hi/ory2 he too (t5 gave a /rik+ example ( political v]satility4 ,b at lea/1 by 8 supple & acute intellig5ce1 & by ! abundance ( 8 ideas1 he has always ris5 to ! height ( ! v>i\s tasks t he has und]tak51 & 8 ,rapport is a rem>kable "w4 #dbj4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4--,z ,montesquieu has said1 8! laws ( education ought to be relative to ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t40 ,x is by ?is tru? t ,talleyr& is inspir$ 9 ! long consid]ations t s]ve z a preamble to 8 bill4 ,:at 0 to be done 9 ! pres5ce ( a con/itution :i*1 limit+ ! p[]s ( ! k+1 call$ ! entire p to p>ticipate 9 political life8 ,t con/itution w\ld h rema9$ /]ile1 w\ld h be5 b a dead lett]1 if a suitable education _h n come to vivify x by caus+ x to pass1 s to speak1 into ! blood ( ! nation4 ,9 :at did ! new rgime consi/8 ,y h sep>at$1 said ,talleyr& to ! memb]s1 y h sep>at$ ! w ( ! :ole1 or ! p[] ( mak+ ! laws1 f ! executive p[]1 :i* y h res]v$ to ! k+4 ,b t g5]al w mu/ be upright1 &1 9 ord] to be upright1 x mu/ be enlight5$ & in/ruct$4 ,aft] hav+ giv5 p[] to ! p1 y ought to tea* !m wisdom4 ,( :at use w\ld x be to enfran*ise brutal & unconsci\s =ces1 to turn !m ov] to _! own keep+8 ,in/ruction is ! necess>y c\nt]poise ( lib]ty4 ,! law1 :i* is h5ce=? ! "w ( ! p1 ought n to be at ! m]cy ( ! tumultu\s op9ions ( an ignorant multitude4 #dba4 ,,education ,,z ,,relat$ ,,to ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,equality4--,talleyr& is pleas$ ) 8 ?\ght1 &1 consid]+ 9 turn ! two fundam5tal ideas ( ! ,revolution1 ! idea ( equality & ! idea ( lib]ty1 he %[s1 n )\t "s l5g? ( analysis1 t in/ruction is necess>y1 on ! "o h&1 to create free individuals1 by giv+ to !m a consci5ce & a reason1 & on ! o!r1 to draw m5 toge!r by dim9i%+ ! inequality ( intellig5ces4 #dbb4 ,,rules ,,= ,,public ,,in/ruction4--,in/ruction is due to all4 ,!re mu/ be s*ools 9 ! villages z 9 ! cities4 ,in/ruction ought to be giv5 by all2 !re ought to be no privilege 9 in/ruction4 ,f9ally1 in/ruction ought to ext5d to all subjects2 ev]y?+ %all be taught :i* c be taught3-- 8,9 a well organiz$ society1 ?\gh no "o c atta9 to univ]sal k1 x %\ld nev]!less be possible to le>n ev]y?+40 #dbc4 ,,political ,,education4--,at ! basis ( e educational sy/em !re is always a dom9ant & ess5tial ?\ght4 ,9 ! ,middle ,age--& ! ,middle ,age is cont9u$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,jesuits--x is ! idea ( salvation1 x is ! prep>ation ( ! s\l = ! future life4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x is ! conception ( a p]fect ju/ness ( _s jo9$ to uprightness ( he>t2 su* 0 ! ideal ( ! solit>ies ( ,port ,royal4 ,9 #agib politics became ! almo/ exclusive preoccupation ( ! educators ( y\?4 ,ev]y?+ else--religion1 accuracy ( judgm5t1 nobility ( he>t--is relegat$ to ! second place3 man is no?+ m ?an a political animal1 br\ght into ! _w to "k1 to love1 & to obey ! con/itution4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man became1 9 ! sy/em ( ,talleyr&1 ! cate*ism ( *ildhood4 ,x is necess>y t ! future citiz5 le>n to "k1 to love1 to obey1 & f9ally to p]fect ! con/itution4 ,we _c help ?9k+ t ,talleyr& himself %[$ a m>vell\s aptitude = lov+ & obey+ ! con/itution4 ,un=tunately ?is has n always be5 ! case6 #dbd4 ,,univ]sal ,,morality4--,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful pages ( ,talleyr&'s "w is c]ta9ly t 9 :i* he recomm5ds ! tea*+ ( univ]sal morality1 & claims ! autonomy ( natural laws1 di/9ct f all positive religion4 8,we mu/ le>n to infuse ourselves ) morality1 :i* is ! fir/ ne$ ( all con/itutions4444 ,morality mu/ be taught z a real sci5ce1 ^: pr9ciples w be demon/rat$ to ! reason ( all m51 & to t ( all ages4 ,x is only 9 ?is way t x w resi/ all trials4 ,x has long be5 a matt] ( lam5tation to see m5 ( all nations & ( all religions make x dep5d exclusively on t multitude ( op9ions :i* divide !m4 ,f ?is h result$ great evils2 = ab&on+ morality to unc]ta9ty1 & (t5 to absurdity1 x has necess>ily be5 compromis$2 x has be5 made v]satile & unsettl$4 ,x is "t to e/abli% x ^u its own bases1 & to %[ m5 t if baneful divisions sep>ate !m1 !y at lea/ h 9 morality a common meet+ place :]e !y all ought to take refuge & unite = protection4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to deta* x 9 "s sort f ev]y?+ else1 9 ord] to reunite x at once to t :i* m]its our approval & our homage4444 ,?is *ange is simple & injures no?+2 above all1 x is possible4 ,h[ is x possible n to see1 9 fact1 t ab/raction be+ made ( e sy/em & ( e op9ion1 & by consid]+ 9 m5 only _! relations ) o!r m51 !y c be taught :at is good & j1 made to love x1 & made to f9d happ9ess 9 virtu\s actions & wret*$ness 9 ^? :i* are n s80 #dbe4 ,,f\r ,,grades ,,( ,,in/ruction4--,! organization ( in/ruction1 9 ,talleyr&'s bill1 0 8to be comb9$ ) t ( ! gov]nm5t10 & to be model$ aft] ! division ( adm9i/rative functions4 ,! ,rapport e/abli%$ f\r grades ( in/ruction4 ,!re 0 a s*ool = ea* canton1 correspond+ to ea* prim>y assembly4 ,!n came int]m$iate or second>y in/ruction1 int5d$1 if n = all1 at lea/ = ! great] numb]1 & giv5 9 ! pr9cipal t[n ( ! di/rict1 or arrondissem5t4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 special s*ools1 scatt]$ ov] ! t]ritory ( ! k+dom1 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ! dep>tm5ts1 prep>e "y m5 = ! diff]5t pr(essions4 ,f9ally1 ! select intellig5ces f9d at ,p>is1 9 ! ,national ,in/itute1 all t con/itutes ! high] in/ruction4 ,! great novelty ( ?is sy/em 0 ! creation ( cantonal s*ools1 op5 to peasants & to workm51 to ^? :om1 up to ?is "t1 improvid5ce or ! purpose ( ! great s5t (f to _! pl[s or to _! planes4 #dbf4 ,,gratuity ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4--,talleyr& did n desire compulsory education any m ?an ,mirabeau2 b1 9 accordance ) ! con/itution ( #agia1 he dem&s ! gratuity ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,society is "u obligations to give elem5t>y in/ruction1 b n int]m$iate & second>y in/ruction1 & /ill less1 special & high] in/ruction4 ,gratuit\s = ! l[e/ grade1 & 9 case ( t elem5t>y k :i* con/itutes = e civiliz$ man a real moral necessity1 in/ruction ought n to be free to "y m5 :o aspire to a lib]al pr(ession1 because !y h leisure1 & :o h leisure because !y h weal?4 ,h[ev]1 ,talleyr& admits exceptions 9 ! case ( tal5t4 ,by ! creation ( national s*ol>%ips1 ! doors ( all ! s*ools w be op5$ to select intellig5ces :om ! l[ness ( _! condition w\ld condemn to rema9 obscure & unappreciat$1 did n society l5d to !m a help+ h&4 #dbg4 ,,programme ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4--,prim>y in/ruction %\ld comprise ! pr9ciples ( ! national language1 ! elem5t>y rules ( calculation & m5suration2 ! elem5ts ( religion1 ! pr9ciples ( morals1 ! pr9ciples ( ! con/itution2 f9ally1 ! developm5t ( ! physical1 intellectual1 & moral p[]s4 #dbh4 ,,means ,,( ,,in/ruction4--,we %all n insi/ on ! details ( ! organization ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( t :i* ,talleyr& himself call$ 8 8imm5se ma*9e40 ,let u notice only ! la/ "p ( 8 "w1 :]e he discusses a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]al que/ions "u ?is arbitr>y & unju/ifiable title3 ,des moy5s d'in/ruction4 ,! pr(essors1 c>efully *os51 %all be elect$ by ! k+4 ,talleyr& does n det]m9e t !y %all be irremovable1 b he requires t _! situation %all be surr\nd$ by all possible gu>antees4 ,prizes1 & rew>ds ( e k9d1 %all enc\rage ! tea*]s ( y\? to r$\ble _! zeal & to f9d new me?ods4 ,talleyr& c\nts on dramatic repres5tations & on national holidays to ha/5 ! progress ( in/ruction4 ,f9ally1 let x be add$ t he entru/s ! supreme direction ( public in/ruction to six commission]s1 *os5 by ! k+ & oblig$ to make an annual report4 #dbi4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom54--,talleyr&1 9 8 proposal1 has n :olly =gott5 wom51 & :at he has said ( !m is j & s5sible4 ,he discusses ! "q ( _! political rights1 &1 9 accord ) tradition & good s5se1 he concludes t ! happ9ess ( wom51 _! own int]e/s1 _! nature & _! prop] de/9ation1 ought to =bid !m f ent]+ ! political ar5a4 ,:at is p>ticul>ly fit = !m is a dome/ic education1 :i*1 receiv$ 9 ! family1 prep>es !m = liv+ !re4 ,l ,mirabeau1 he wi%es woman to rema9 a woman4 ,h] function1 said ! great orator1 is to p]petuate ! species1 to wat* ) solicitude ov] ! p]il\s p]iods ( e>ly y\?1 & 8to en*a9 to h] feet all ! en]gies ( ! husb& by ! irresi/ible p[] ( h] weakness40 ,)\t be+ z gallant 9 8 expressions1 ,talleyr&'s ?\ght is ! same4 ,he ?\ght x necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to respond to c]ta9 proprieties1 t ! ,/ate %\ld e/abli% in/itutions ( public education de/9$ to replace ! conv5ts4 ,?is desire sets "r :atev] 0 unreasonable 9 ?is passage ( 8 propos$ law3-- 8,girls %all n be admitt$ to ! prim>y s*ools aft] ! age ( eight4 ,aft] t age ! ,national ,assembly advises p>5ts to entru/ ! education ( _! daught]s only to !mselves1 & rem9ds !m t ?is is _! fir/ duty40 #dcj4 ,,! ,,legislative ,,assembly ,,& ,,condorcet4--,( all ! educational und]tak+s ( ! ,revolution1 ! mo/ rem>kable is t ( ,condorcet4 ,8 ,rapport pres5t$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly1 9 behalf ( ! committee on public in/ruction1 ,april #bj & #ba1 #agib1 repr9t$ 9 #agic by ord] ( ! ,conv5tion1 did n directly h ! honor ( a public discussion2 b x conta9$ pr9ciples & solutions :i* are f\nd 9 ! delib]ations & legislative acts ( 8 successors4 ,x rema9$1 dur+ ! :ole duration ( ! ,conv5tion1 ! widely accessible s\rce :5ce ! legislators ( t "t1 l ,romme1 ,b\qui]1 & ,lakanal1 drew _! inspiration4 #dca4 ,,condorcet 7#agdc-agid74--;,condorcet 0 admirably qualifi$ = ! task :i* ! ,legislative ,assembly impos$ on him1 9 *>g+ him ) ! organization ( public in/ruction4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,revolution he _h employ$ 8 leisure 7he 0 n a memb] ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly7 9 writ+ five ,mmoires on in/ruction1 :i* appe>$ 9 a p]iodical call$ ! ,biblio?que de l'homme public4 ,! ,rapport :i* he submitt$ to ! ,assembly 0 a sort ( rsum ( 8 long reflections4 ,condorcet br\ght to ?is "w1 n ! indiscreet imag9ation ( an improvis$ educator1 b ! au?ority ( a compet5t ?9k]1 :o1 if he _h no p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 _h at lea/ reflect$ mu* on ^! topics & 0 consci\s ( all _! difficulties4 ,besides1 he devot$ himself to 8 "w ) ! ardor ( an en?usia/ic nature1 & ) ! s]i\s convictions ( a m9d t _h c>ri$ f>!r ?an any "o else ! religion ( progress & zeal = ! public good4 #dcb4 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,,^u ,,in/ruction4--,all ! ,revolutioni/s h sung ! praises ( in/ruction1 ( :i* !y 7 ! passionate admir]s4 ,condorcet is its reflective p>tisan4 ,he did n love x m ?an ! o!rs1 b he compreh5d$ x bett]1 & bett] /at$ :y x %\ld be lov$4 ,he fir/ takes up ! ideas ( ,talleyr&1 & %[s t )\t in/ruction1 lib]ty & equality w\ld be *im]as3-- 8,a free con/itution :i* %\ld n be correspond5t to ! univ]sal in/ruction ( citiz5s1 w\ld come to de/ruction aft] a few conflicts1 & w\ld deg5]ate into "o ( ^? =ms ( gov]nm5t :i* _c pres]ve ! peace among an ignorant & corrupt p40 ,an>*y or despotism1 su* is ! future ( peoples :o h become free be=e hav+ be5 enlight5$4 ,z to equality1 )\t fall+ into ! *im]as ( an in/ruction :i* %\ld be ! same = all1 & :i* %\ld r$uce all m5 to ! same level1 ,condorcet desires to realize x s f> z x is possible4 ,he desires t ! poore/ & ! humble/ %all be suffici5tly in/ruct$ to belong to himself1 & n to be at ! m]cy ( ! fir/ *>latan :o comes along1 & also to be able to fulfill 8 civil duties1 to be an elector1 a juror1 etc4 #dcc4 ,,in/ruction ,,& ,,morality4--,! in/rum5t ( lib]ty & equality1 in/ruction1 9 ! op9ion ( ,condorcet1 is1 9 addition1 ! real s\rce ( public morality & ( human progress4 ,if x 7 n correspond5t to ! advances 9 k1 a free & imp>tial con/itution w\ld be ho/ile r ?an favorable to good morals4 8,in/ruction alone c give ! assurance t ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice :i* ! equality ( rights orda9s1 %all n be 9 contradiction ) ?is o!r pr9ciple1 :i* prescribes t only ^? rights %all be accord$ to m5 :i* !y c ex]cise )\t dang] to society40 ,b x is moral reasons /ill m ?an political motives t make in/ruction ! condition ( virtue4 ,condorcet has %rewdly se5 t ! vices ( ! p come *iefly f _! intellectual impot5cy4 8,^! vices come10 he says1 8f ! ne$ ( escap+ f ennui 9 mom5ts ( leisure1 & 9 escap+ f x ?r\gh s5sations & n ?r\gh ideas40 ,^! are notable words :i* %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( by ! tea*]s & morali/s ( ! p4 ,to cause gross natures to pass f ! life ( ! s5ses to ! intellectual life2 to make /udy agreeable to ! end t ! high] pleasures ( ! _s may /ruggle successfully aga9/ ! appetites = mat]ial pleasures2 to put ! book 9 ! place ( ! w9e bottle2 to sub/itute ! libr>y = ! saloon2 9 a ^w1 to replace s5sation by idea1--su* is ! fundam5tal problem ( popul> education4 #dcd4 ,,in/ruction ,,& ,,progress4--,condorcet 0 a fanatic on ! subject ( progress4 ,up to ! la/ mom5t ( 8 life he dream$ ( progress1 its conditions1 & its laws4 ,n[ ! mo/ pot5t means ( ha/5+ progress is to in/ruct m52 & "h is ! f9al reason :y in/ruction is s de> to him4 ,^! are gr& words3-- 8,if ! indef9ite improvem5t ( our species is1 z ,i believe1 a g5]al law ( nature1 man ought no long] to reg>d himself z a be+ limit$ to a transitory & isolat$ exi/5ce1 de/9$ to vani% aft] an alt]native ( happ9ess or ( mis]y = himself1 & ( good & evil = ^? :om *ance has plac$ ne> him2 b he becomes an active "p ( ! gr& :ole1 & a fell[-labor] 9 a "w t is et]nal4 ,9 an exi/5ce ( a mom5t1 & ^u a po9t 9 space1 he c1 by 8 works1 compass all places1 relate himself to all ! c5turies1 & cont9ue to act long c5turies aft] 8 memory has disappe>$ f ! e>?40 ,& fur!r on3 8,= a long "t ,i h consid]$ ^! views z dreams :i* 7 to be realiz$ only 9 an indef9ite future1 & = a _w :]e ,i %\ld n exi/4 ,a happy ev5t has sudd5ly op5$ an imm5se c>e] to ! hopes ( ! human race2 a s+le in/ant has put a c5tury ( di/ance betwe5 ! man ( to-day & him ( to-morr[40 #dce4 ,,! ,,lib]ality ,,( ,,condorcet4--,wrongly cr$it$ ) a despotic & absolute habit ( m9d1 ,condorcet is1 on ! contr>y1 full ( scruples & p5etrat$ ) respect z reg>ds ! lib]ty ( individual op9ions4 ,9 fact1 he c>efully di/+ui%es in/ruction f education4 ,in/ruction has to d ) positive & c]ta9 k1 ! tru?s ( fact & ( calculation2 education1 ) political & religi\s beliefs4 ,n[1 if ! ,/ate is ! natural disp5s] ( in/ruction1 x ought1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! matt] ( education1 to =be>1 & to decl>e itself incompet5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,/ate ought n to abuse its p[] by impos+ by =ce on its citiz5s su* or su* a religi\s ,cr$o1 su* or su* a political dogma4 8,public au?ority _c e/abli% a body ( doctr9e :i* is to be exclusively taught4 ,no public p[] ought to h ! au?ority1 or ev5 ! p]mission1 to prev5t ! developm5t ( new tru?s1 or ! tea*+ ( !ories contr>y to its p>ticul> policy or to its mom5t>y int]e/s40 #dcf4 ,,five ,,grades ,,( ,,in/ruction4--,condorcet di/+ui%es five grades ( in/ruction3 #a4 ,prim>y s*ools prop]2 #b4 ,second>y s*ools1 t is1 su* z we n[ call high] prim>y s*ools2 #c4 ,in/itutes1 or colleges ( second>y in/ruction2 #d4 ,lyces1 or in/itutions ( high] in/ruction2 #e4 ,! ,national ,society ( ,sci5ces & ,arts1 :i* corresponds to our ,in/itute4 ,two ?+s are especially to be not$3 fir/1 ,condorcet e/abli%es = ! fir/ "t high] prim>y s*ools1 & dem&s "o = ea* di/rict1 & 9 addition "o = ea* t[n ( f\r ?\s& inhabitants2 !n1 = prim>y s*ools prop]1 he takes ! population z a basis = _! e/abli%m5t1 & requires "o = ea* f\r hundr$ inhabitants4#bjf #dcg4 ,,purpose ,,& ,,plan ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4--,condorcet has admirably def9$ ! purpose ( prim>y in/ruction3-- 8,9 ! prim>y s*ools !re is taught t :i* is necess>y = ea* individual 9 ord] to direct 8 own conduct & to enjoy ! pl5itude ( 8 own rights40 ,! programme compris$ read+1 writ+1 "s notions on gramm>1 ! rules ( ari?metic1 simple me?ods ( measur+ a field & a build+ ) exactness2 a simple description ( ! productions ( ! c\ntry1 ( ! processes 9 agriculture & ! arts2 ! developm5t ( ! fir/ moral ideas & ! rules = conduct d]iv$ f !m2 f9ally1 su* ( ! pr9ciples ( social ord] z c be put )9 ! compreh5sion ( *ildr54 #dch4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,c\rses ,,= ,,adults4--,condorcet 0 /rongly impress$ ) ! necessity ( cont9u+ ! in/ruction ( ! workman & ( ! peasant aft] )drawal f s*ool3-- 8,we h obs]v$ t in/ruction ought n to ab&on individuals ! mom5t !y leave ! s*ools2 t x ought to embrace all ages2 t !re is no p]iod ( life :5 x is n useful & possible to le>n1 & t ?is supplem5t>y in/ruction is s mu* ! m necess>y z t ( infancy has be5 contract$ to ! n>r[e/ limits4 ,"h is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! ignorance 9 :i* ! poor classes ( society are to-day plung$2 !y lack$ n ne>ly s mu* ! possibility ( receiv+ an elem5t>y in/ruction z t ( pres]v+ its advantages40 ,consequ5tly1 ,condorcet propos$1 if n c\rses ( in/ruction = adults1 at lea/ some?+ v l !m1--weekly lectures1 giv5 ea* ,sunday by ! village tea*]s1 a k9d ( lay s]mons4 8,ea* ,sunday ! tea*] %all give a public lecture :i* citiz5s ( all ages w att5d4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t we h se5 a means ( giv+ to "y p ^? necess>y p>ts ( k1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n =m a "p ( _! prim>y education40 #dci4 ,,pr(essional ,,& ,,te*nical ,,education4--,b ,condorcet does n ?9k 8 duty to ! p done :5 he has giv5 !m intellectual emancipation4 ,he is v anxi\s to give 9 addition to ! sons ( peasants or workm5 ! means ( /ruggl+ aga9/ mis]y1 by diffus+ m & m among ! masses ( ! p a te*nical k ( ! arts & trades4 ,he des]ves to be c\nt$ among ! adepts 9 pr(essional in/ruction & 9 indu/rial education4 ,he asks t !re be plac$ 9 ! s*ools 8models ( ma*9es or ( trades02 & 9 all grades ( in/ruction1 he recomm5ds ) a special solicitude ! tea*+ ( ! practical arts4 ,we fancy we are do+ some?+ new to-day :5 we e/abli% s*ool museums4 8,ea* s*ool10 says ,condorcet1 8%all h a small libr>y1 & a small cab9et 9 :i* %all be plac$ "s meteorological in/rum5ts or "s specim5s ( natural hi/ory40 #ddj4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom54--,condorcet may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ ard5t apo/les ( ! education ( wom54 ,he wi%es education to be common & equal4 ,he is evid5tly wrong :5 he dreams ( a p]fect id5tity ( in/ruction = ! two sexes1 :5 he =gets ! p>ticul> de/9ation ( wom51 & ! special "* ( _! education4 ,b we h f\nd s _m educators dispos$ to depreciate ! abilities ( woman1 t we are happy to f9d at la/ "o voice t exalts !m1 ev5 beyond measure4 ,let u recall1 h[ev]1 ! excell5t reasons :i* he gives 9 support ( 8 !sis on ! equality ( education4 ,x is necess>y t wom5 %\ld be in/ruct$3 #a4 9 ord] t !y may be able to br+ up _! *ildr51 ( :om !y are ! natural in/ructors2 #b4 9 ord] t !y may be ! wor?y companions1 ! equals ( _! husb&s1 t !y may feel an int]e/ 9 _! pursuits1 %>e 9 _! preoccupations1 &1 f9ally1 p>ticipate 9 _! life1 su* be+ ! condition ( conjugal happ9ess2 #c4 9 ord]1 fur!r1 by an analog\s reason1 t !y may n qu5*1 by _! ignorance1 t inspiration ( he>t & m9d :i* previ\s /udies h develop$ 9 _! husb&s1 b t !y may n\ri% ?is flame by conv]sation & read+ 9 common2 #d4 f9ally1 because ?is is j1--because ! two sexes h an equal "r to in/ruction4 #dda4 ,,res]vations ,,to ,,be ,,made4--,all is n equally wor?y ( comm5dation 9 ! "w ( ,condorcet4 ,"s faults & "s omissions m> ?is f9e piece ( political p$agogy4 ,! faults are1 fir/1 ! exagg]at$ idea ( lib]ty & ( equality4 ,f ,condorcet's ardors = lib]ty !re issues1 9 8 plan = education1 a grave error1--! idea ( mak+ ( ! tea*+ body a sort ( ,/ate )9 ! ,/ate1 an indep5d5t au?ority1 a f\r? p[]1 releas$ f all ext]ior au?ority1 gov]n+ itself & adm9i/]+ its own affairs1 ! ,/ate int]v5+ only z treasur] to pay = ! s]vices :i* x nei!r regulates nor sup]vises4 ,! lib]al ,daun\1 :ile expla9+ ! sy/em ( our au?or1 has criticis$ x on ?is po9t4#bjg 8,condorcet10 he said1 8! enemy ( corporations1 has sanction$ "o 9 8 s*eme ( national in/ruction2 he e/abli%$1 z x 71 an academic *ur*4 ,?is is because ,condorcet1 ! enemy ( k+s1 w\ld add 9 ! balance ( public p[]s "o c\nt]balance m to t royal p[] ^: mon/r\s exi/5ce1 9 a free con/itution1 is suffici5tly atte/$ by ! al>ms & fe>s ( all ! fri5ds ( lib]ty40 ,! passion = equality l$ ,condorcet into ano!r *im]a1--t ( ! absolute gratuity ( in/ruction ( all grades4 ,f9ally1 9 8 dreams ( inf9ite p]fectibility1 ,condorcet all[s himself to be c>ri$ s f> away z to imag9e = man1 & to expect f in/ruction1 results t are utt]ly unatta9able4 ,in/ruction1 accord+ to him1 ought to be s complete 8z to cause ! disappe>ance ( e inequality :i* induces dep5d5ce40 #ddb4 ,,prejudices ,,( ,,! ,,ma!matician4--,f ano!r po9t ( view1 ,condorcet 0 l$ a/ray by 8 pr$ilection = ! sci5ces4 ,he s f> =got t he 0 a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy z to obey only 8 t5d5cies1 a little too exclusive1 z a ma!matician & a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,by a reaction1 natural en\gh1 aga9/ ^? long c5turies 9 :i* an abuse 0 made ( lit]>y culture1 ,condorcet is too prompt to und]rate ! influ5ce ( lett]s 9 education1 & to inve/ ! sci5ces ) ! place ( honor4 ,! reasons :i* he invokes to ju/ify 8 pref]5ce are n all conclusive4 #ddc4 ,,omissions4--,! idea ( obligatory in/ruction is /ill want+ 9 ! s*eme we are exam9+4 ,we %all be surpris$1 p]haps1 t ,condorcet1 :o has s cle>ly proclaim$ ! necessity ( univ]sal in/ruction1 did n ?9k to impose obligatory att5dance1 :i* is ! only means ( e/abli%+ x4 ,?is is because ! e>ly revolutioni/s1 9 ! ardor ( _! en?usiasm1 did n suspect ! opposition to ! accompli%m5t ( _! plans t 0 to come f ! indiff]5ce ( ! great] numb]1 & f ! prejudices ( ^? :o1 z ,condorcet has eloqu5tly said1 8?\ght !y 7 obey+ ,god :ile betray+ _! c\ntry40 ,x seem$ to !m t :5 c5tres ( light _h be5 made to gl[ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! c\ntry1 citiz5s w\ld ha/5 aft] !m1 impell$ by a natural appetite1 spontane\sly ?ir/+ = enlight5m5t4 ,!y 7 deceiv$4 ,^! hopes1 a little artless1 7 de/9$ to be disprov$ by facts2 & x 0 to triumph ov] ! neglect ( "s1 & ! resi/ance ( o!rs1 t ! ,conv5tion1 supply+ "o ( ! r>e defects 9 ,condorcet's plan1 decre$1 on sev]al occasions1 in/ruction 8imp]ative & =c$10 z 0 !n said4 ,on /ill ano!r po9t1 ,condorcet rema9$ inf]ior to 8 successors2 9 8 report !re 0 no m5tion made ( ! organization ( normal s*ools4 ,9 ?is grave & fundam5tal "q ( ! education ( ! tea*+ body1 ,condorcet cont5t$ himself ) a provisional exp$i5t1 :i* consi/$ 9 entru/+ to ! pr(essors ( ! grade imm$iately high] ! c>e ( prep>+ tea*]s = ! grade l[]4 #ddd4 ,,f9al ,,conclusion4--,b ev5 ) ^! res]vations1 ! "w ( ,condorcet des]ves sc>cely any?+ b praise4 ,we h comm5d$ its new & exalt$ conceptions4 ,its beautiful & exact arrangem5t & its ma/]ly /yle also des]ve praise4 ,condorcet's p]iods are symmetrical 9 _! fullness1 & ! expression is precise & vigor\s4 ,d\btless !re is "s monotony & "s frigidity 9 t /yle s concise & /rong4 ,b at int]vals !re are outbur/s ( passion4 ,! man :om 8 contempor>ies comp>$ to 8an enrag$ lamb10 or to a 8volcano cov]$ ) sn[10 is pa9t$ to ! life 9 8 writ+s4 ,8 ,rapport is l a beautiful & f9i%$ /atue ( m>ble1 cold to ! t\*1 b ^u :i* ! h& might feel beat+ 9 places a ve9 w>m ) life4 #dde4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,! m important lessons to be d]iv$ f ?is /udy are ! foll[+3 ! necessity ( mak+ in/ruction univ]sal & ( hav+ x adm9i/]$ by ! ,/ate2 ! ne$ ( mak+ in/ruction obligatory1 &1 9 c]ta9 grades1 gratuit\s2 ! value ( intellectual culture z a moral safegu>d4 #b4 ,! "r ( ! ,/ate to self-pres]vation c>ries ) x ! "r to orda9 ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools = giv+ a c]ta9 k9d & degree ( in/ruction4 ,?is con/itutes ! fir/ =m ( compulsion4 #c4 ,:5 !re is n a volunt>y & g5]al att5dance on ! s*ools orda9$ by ! ,/ate1 x may avail itself ( ! supplem5t>y "r to make att5dance obligatory4 ,?is con/itutes ! second =m ( compulsion4 #d4 ,gratuity is ! logical sequ5ce to compulsion4 ,if ! ,/ate may require all *ildr5 to p>take ( a c]ta9 degree ( in/ruction1 x mu/ make su* in/ruction free4 #e4 ,%\ld in/ruction t is above ! compulsory grade be free8 ,?is dep5ds on ! "q :e!r ! ,/ate ne$s a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! high] culture1 & :e!r ?is requir$ am\nt w be secur$ at ! pupils' own exp5se4 ,monsieur ,compayr decides1 z aga9/ ,condorcet 7p>agraph #dda71 t ! high] grades ( in/ruction %\ld n be gratuit\s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! prevail+ !ory is t ! high] education %\ld be end[$ by ! ,/ate4 #f4 ,! relation ( in/ruction to morality has nev] be5 m ju/ly & po9t$ly /at$ ?an 9 p>agraph #dcc4 ,?is is n only good s5se b s\nd philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 #aih ,?ry1 ,hi/oire de l'ducation en ,france1 ,p>is1 #ahfa1 ,tome ,,ii4 p4 #ahh4 #aii ,alb]t ,duruy1 ,l'in/ruction publique et la ,rvolution1 p4 #hj4 #bjj ,j4 ,simon1 ,dieu1 patrie1 et lib]t1 p4 #aa4 #bja ,alb]t ,duruy1 op4 cit41 p4 #af4 #bjb ,dolances pres5t$ to ! ,/ates-,g5]al by ! tea*]s ( ! small] cities1 hamlets1 & villages ( ,b\rgogne4 #bjc ,a4 ,duruy1 op4 cit41 p4 #aj4 #bjd ,see ! ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie1 ,article ,,france4 #bje ,:at is meant by 8lib]ty ( tea*+0 w be bett] und]/ood f ! foll[+ quotations f ! ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie1 ,premire ,p>tie1 p4 #aege et seq43-- 8,lib]ty ( tea*+1 9 a c\ntry :i* has proclaim$ obligatory in/ruction1 is ! equal "r ( all to give t in/ruction1 or ! prohibition ( e monopoly :i* w\ld put t in/ruction into ! h&s ei!r ( privileg$ individuals1 or ( corporations1 or ev5 ( ! ,/ate1 to ! exclusion ( e o!r tea*+ body40 8,"u ! old rgime1 ! education ( ! masses 0 committ$ to ! h&s ( ! ,*ur*2 ! colleges1 direct$ by a body ( m5 :o 7 all ecclesia/ics1 gave #8a va9 pret5ce ( an education1 :]e ! memory alone 0 ex]cis$1 & :]e ! reason 0 insult$ 9 ! =ms ( reason+4'0 8,! purpose ( ! m5 ( ! ,revolution 01 !n1 above all else1 to emancipate sci5ce1 & to gu>antee ! "r ( free inquiry2 & :ile rescu+ in/ruction f ! tyranny ( ! ,*ur*1 to assure to citiz5s 9 g5]al ! opportunity to acquire ! k t is ess5tial to man4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y w\ld take precautions aga9/ ! abuse ( p[] by a gov]nm5t :i* _h always %[n itself ho/ile to free ?\ght 4442 on ! o!r1 9 opposition to ! old doctr9e :i* condemn$ ! p to ignorance1 !y proclaim$ ! duty ( ! ,/ate to create a sy/em ( public in/ruction1 common to all citiz5s40 8,x is at ?is po9t ( view t we mu/ place ourselves 9 ord] to ga9 a correct notion ( ! plans t 7 submitt$ to ! ,con/itu5t ,conv5tion & ! ,legislative ,assembly4 ,:at ,talleyr& & ,condorcet desir$ 01 fir/1 to organize1 "u ! =m ( a public s]vice1 a sy/em ( national education 9 :i* all might p>ticipate2 & 9 ! second place1 to take precautions aga9/ ! ,*ur* & ! royal au?ority1 & s prev5t despotic p[] f attempt+ to prev5t ! developm5t ( new tru?s & ! tea*+ ( !ories :i* x judg$ contr>y to its policy & int]e/s4 ,= !m1 lib]ty ( tea*+ is ! dem& ( philosophic lib]ty aga9/ ecclesia/ical & secul> au?ority40 7,p47 #bjf ,public in/ruction z n[ organiz$ 9 ,france is ( ?ree grades1 z foll[s3-- 8,prim>y in/ruction1 :i* gives ! elem5ts ( k1 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,second>y in/ruction1 embrac+ ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages1 ( rhetoric1 & ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! ma!matical & physical sci5ces1 & ( philosophy4 ,?is is giv5 9 ! lyces & colleges1 z well z 9 ! small] sem9>ies4 ,sup]ior in/ruction1 design$ to tea* 9 all _! complet5ess lett]s1 ! languages1 ! sci5ces1 & philosophy4 ,?is is giv5 9 ! ,faculties1 9 ! ,college ( ,france1 & 9 ! l>g] sem9>ies40--,,littr4 7,p47 #bjg ,see ! ,rapport ( ,daun\ pres5t$ to ! ,national ,conv5tion1 #bg ,v5dmiaire1 ye> ,,iv4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,conv5tion4--,,lepelleti] ,,sa9t-,,f>geau1 ,,lakanal1 ,,daun\4 ,,! ,,conv5tion2 ,,successive ,,measures2 ,,! ,,bill ,,( ,,lan!nas2 ,,! ,,bill ,,( ,,romme2 ,,! ,,national ,,holidays2 ,,elem5t>y ,,books2 ,,decree ,,( ,,may #cj1 #agic2 ,,lakanal 7#agfb-ahde72 ,,daun\ 7#agfa-ahdj72 ,,! ,,bill ,,( ,,lakanal1 ,,siey,s1 ,,& ,,daun\2 ,,lepelleti] ,,sa9t-,,f>geau 7#agfj-agic72 ,,8 ,,s*eme ,,( ,,education 7,,july #ac1 #agic72 ,,lepelleti] ,,& ,,condorcet2 ,,compulsory ,,education ,,9 ,,bo>d+-,,s*ools2 ,,! ,,*ild ,,belongs ,,to ,,! ,,republic2 ,,s*ool ,,occupations2 ,,absolute ,,gratuity2 ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,! ,,family2 ,,sa9t-,,j2 ,,! ,,romme ,,law2 ,,! ,,b\qui] ,,law2 ,,! ,,lakanal ,,law2 ,,educational ,,me?ods2 ,,elem5t>y ,,books2 ,,geography2 ,,lett]s ,,& ,,sci5ces2 ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,normal ,,s*ools2 ,,! ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,( ,,p>is2 ,,c5tral ,,s*ools2 ,,_! ,,defects2 ,,positive ,,& ,,practical ,,_s2 ,,great ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,conv5tion2 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,octob] #bg1 #agie2 ,,insuffici5cy ,,( ,,daun\',s ,,s*eme2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #ddf4 ,,! ,,conv5tion4--,! ,con/itu5t ,assembly & ! ,legislative ,assembly _h done no?+ m ?an to prep>e reports & project$ decrees1 )\t ei!r discuss+ !m or br++ !m to a vote4 ,! ,conv5tion w5t s f> z to vote1 b x did n h ! "t to execute ! resolutions1 contradictory & incoh]5t1 :i* x 0 =c$ to adopt1 "o aft] ano!r1 by ! fluctuation ( political curr5ts4 #ddg4 ,,successive ,,measures4--,no?+ def9ite 9 ! way ( execution issu$ f ! en?usia/ic passion :i* ! ,conv5tion exhibit$ = ! organization ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,fir/ !re 0 a triumph ( mod]n ideas 9 ! bill ( ,lan!nas1 ! fir/ article ( :i* 0 adopt$ ,decemb] #ab1 #agib2 & !y appe>$ aga9 9 ! bill ( ,sieys1 ,daun\1 & ,lakanal1 pres5t$ ,june #bf1 #agic1 & defeat$ aft] an excit+ discussion4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! ,girondi/s 0 succe$$ by ! dom9ation ( ! ,montagn>ds#bjh ^: dictatorial & viol5t _s is indicat$3 #a4 9 ! bill ( ,lepelleti]1 adopt$ ?r\gh ! support ( ,robespi]re1 ,augu/ #ac1 #agic2 #b4 9 ! bill project$ & pres5t$ by ,romme 9 behalf ( ! commission ( public in/ruction1 ,octob] #bj1 #agic1 & pass$ on ! foll[+ day2 #c4 & la/ly 9 ! bill ( ,b\qui]1 :i*1 pres5t$ ,decemb] #ai1 #agic1 became ! decree ( ,decemb] #bf4 ,! reaction :i* foll[$ result$ 9 ! legislative acts by :i* ! ,conv5tion f9i%$ its educational "w4 ,! bill ( ,sieys1 ,daun\1 & ,lakanal 0 reconsid]$1 & ,novemb] #ag1 #agic1 x 0 sub/itut$ = ! bill ( ,b\qui]4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! con/itution ( #agid 0 sub/itut$ = ! con/itution ( #agic1 a new law ( public in/ruction 0 pass$ on ! report ( ,daun\1 ,octob] #bg1 #agie1 & x is ?is law :i* presid$ ov] ! organization ( s*ools "u ! ,directory4 ,9 ?is confusion1 ?is *aos ( bills & c\nt]-bills1 x is difficult to e/abli% any clew t is :olly tru/wor?y4 ,we %all re/rict ourselves to not+ ! po9ts t seem ess5tial4#bji ,impati5t to f9i% its bus9ess1 ! committee on public in/ruction1 :i* ! ,conv5tion _h appo9t$ ,octob] #b1 #agib1 decid$ to put aside1 = ! pres5t1 ! o!r bran*es ( public in/ruction1 & propos$ = imm$iate action only ! organization ( prim>y s*ools1 by tak+1 z a po9t ( dep>ture1 ! bill :i* ,condorcet _h pres5t$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly4 ,! report ( ,lan!nas & a propos$ decree 7 )9 a few weeks ! results ( ^! delib]ations2 b 9 all its p>ts ?is result is sc>cely m ?an ! reproduction ( ,condorcet's "w1 & pres5ts no?+ orig9al4 ,let u note1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( associat+ ! pupil ) 8 tea*] 9 ! "w ( in/ruction3-- 8,tea*]s w call to _! aid ! pupils ^: intellig5ce %all h made ! mo/ rapid progress2 & !y w ?us be able1 v easily1 to give to f\r classes ( pupils1 9 ! same session1 all ! att5tion ne$$ = _! progress4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ef=ts made by ! mo/ compet5t to tea* :at !y "k to _! s*oolmates1 w be mu* m in/ructive to !mselves ?an ! lessons !y receive f _! ma/]s40 ,fur!r1 let u notice title ,,iii4 ( ! propos$ decree relative to ! measures to be tak5 9 ord] to make obligatory ! use ( ! ,fr5* language1 & to aboli% ! patois1 or p>ticul> idioms4 ,! m9imum sal>y ( m5 tea*]s 0 fix$ at six hundr$ francs4 ,! appo9tm5t ( tea*]s 0 entru/$ to ! heads ( families1 :o 7 to elect "o f a li/ prep>$ by a 8commission ( educat$ p]sons0 appo9t$ by ! ,c\ncils-,g5]al ( ! communes & ! ,directories ( dep>tm5ts4 #ddh4 ,,! ,,bill ,,( ,,lan!nas4--,! discussion ( ! bill ( ,lan!nas began on ,decemb] #ab1 #agib1 b only article fir/ 0 c>ri$1 & ! bill itself did n become a law4 ,on ,decemb] #bj1 ano!r memb] ( ! ,conv5tion1 ,romme1 ma!matician1 deputy f ,puy-de-,dme1 read a new report on public in/ruction4 #ddi4 ,,! ,,bill ,,( ,,romme4--,! bill ( ,lan!nas aim$ at only ! fir/ grade ( in/ruction1 b ! report ( ,romme embrac$ ! f\r grades ( in/ruction1 & 0 b little m ?an a reproduction ( ,condorcet's "w4 ,b no legislative measure foll[$ ! read+ ( 8 bill1 & up to ! #cj? ( ,may1 #agic1 !re is sc>cely any?+ to be not$1 z ! educational "w ( ! ,conv5tion1 save ! bill ( ,rabaud ,sa9t-ti5ne on public fe/ivals1 & ! report ( ,arboga/ on elem5t>y books4 #dej4 ,,national ,,holidays4--,x is difficult to =m an idea ( ! importance :i* ! m5 ( ?is p]iod attribut$ to ! educational influ5ce ( national holidays4 ,at v>iance on s _m po9ts1 !y all agree 9 ?9k+ t ! ,fr5* p c\ld be in/ruct$ & reg5]at$ simply by e/abli%+ popul> solemnities4 8,x is a k9d ( in/itution10 said ,robespi]re1 8:i* ought to be consid]$ z an ess5tial "p ( public education1--,i mean national holidays40 ,daun\ also p]si/$ 9 consid]+ national holidays z ! mo/ c]ta9 & ! mo/ compreh5sive means ( public in/ruction4 ,! decree pass$ at 8 reque/ e/abli%$ sev5 national holidays3 t ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,republic1 ( "y m51 ( husb&s1 ( ?anksgiv+1 ( agriculture1 ( lib]ty1 ( old m54 #dea4 ,,elem5t>y ,,books4--,an important po9t 9 ! p$agogy ( ! ,revolution 0 ! att5tion giv5 to ! composition ( elem5t>y books4 ,on sev]al occasions ! ,conv5tion put up = competition ^! mode/ works int5d$ to aid p>5ts or tea*]s 9 _! task4 ,x 0 "o ( ! happie/ ?\ghts ( t p]iod to desire t !re %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( p>5ts simple me?ods & well-arrang$ books :i* might tea* !m h[ to br+ up _! *ildr54 ,! difficulty ( ?is k9d ( composition 0 und]/ood1 & s application 0 made to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ writ]s4 ,b]n>d9 de ,sa9t ,pi]re 0 employ$ to edit ! ,elem5ts ( ,morality4 ,decemb] #bd1 #agib1 ,arboga/ _h submitt$ to ! ,conv5tion a propos$ decree 9 :i* x 0 said3-- 8,x is only ! sup]ior m5 9 a sci5ce1 or 9 an art1 ^? :o h s\nd$ all its dep?s1 & h c>ri$ x to its f>!/ limits1 :o are capable ( compos+ su* elem5t>y treatises z are desirable40 #deb4 ,,decree ,,( ,,may #cj1 #agic4--,! fir/ decree ( ! ,conv5tion relative to prim>y s*ools 0 pass$ ,may #cj1 #agic4 ,b ?is laconic law conta9$ no?+ v new4 ,besides1 x 0 =gott5 9 ! /orm :i* on ! next day1 ,may #ca1 swept away ! ,girondi/s1 & gave to ! ,montagn>ds ! political supremacy4 #dec4 ,,lakanal 7#agfb-ahde74--;,aft] ! revolution ( ,may #ca1 among ! m5 :o1 9 ! committee on public in/ruction & 9 ! assembly itself1 7 occupi$ ) ! educational organization ( ,france1 we mu/ assign ! fir/ place to ,lakanal & ,daun\4 ,on ,june #bf1 #agic1 ?ree days aft] ! adoption ( ! new con/itution1 ,lakanal br\ght to ! tribune ! bill :i* he _h drawn up 9 conjunction ) ,daun\ & ,sieys4 ,lakanal is "o ( ! pure/ & mo/ rem>kable *>act]s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4#baj 8,lakanal10 said ,m>at1 to :om "s "o _h d5\nc$ him1 8works too mu* to h ! "t to conspire40 ,indu/ri\s & ?\ghtful1 aft] hav+ taught philosophy ) ! 8,doctr9aires10 ( :om he 0 ! pupil1 he became ! fir/1 aft] ,condorcet1 ( ! educators ( ! ,revolution4 8,8 appe>ance10 says ,paul ,b]t1 8has always p>ticul>ly attract$ me4 ,x unites g5tl5ess ) =ce1 en]gy ) s]5ity4 ,we feel t ?is au/]e citiz5 has nev] kn[n any o!r passion ?an t ( well-do+1 & has nei!r desir$ nor obta9$ any o!r rew>d ?an t ( hav+ done 8 duty4 ,he despises viol5ce ( language1 & hates t ( acts2 & s we d n f9d him1 "u ! ,empire1 a b>on l ,jean-,bon ,sa9t ,&r1 a m9i/] l ,f\*1 or a s5ator l a :ole h]d40 #ded4 ,,daun\ 7#agfa-ahdj74--;,at an e>ly p]iod 9 8 life1 ,daun\ _h taught philosophy 9 ! colleges ( ! ,oratorians1 ( :om he 0 a memb]4 ,9 #aghi he publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ,encyclopdique1 a plan ( national education :i* 0 approv$ by ! ,oratory1 & :i* he pres5t$ to ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 9 #agij4 ,9 ! ,conv5tion he took an active "p 9 ! "w ( ! committee on public in/ruction1 & assi/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,lakanal's fir/ bill4 ,9 ! same ye> he publi%$ an ,essay on ,public ,in/ruction4 ,9 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,five ,hundr$ he 0 appo9t$ to make a report on ! organization ( special s*ools4 ,"u ! ,empire he accept$ ! managem5t ( ! national ar*ives4 ,"u ! ,re/oration he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( hi/ory 9 ! ,college ( ,france4 ,f9ally1 aft] #ahcj1 we f9d him once m 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 giv+ pro( ( unusual en]gy & vitality1 & pres5t+ 9 opposition to ! m9i/] ( public in/ruction1 de ,montalivet1 a c\nt]-bill1 ! pr9cipal aim ( :i* 0 to lodge ) ! municipal au?orities ! adm9i/ration ( s*ools1 a p[] :i* ! gov]nm5t wi%$ to leave 9 ! h&s ( ! inspectors4 #dee4 ,,! ,,bill ,,( ,,lakanal1 ,,siey,s1 ,,& ,,daun\4--,^! are ! pr9cipal provisions ( ?is bill3 a s*ool = ea* ?\s& inhabitants2 sep>ate s*ools = girls & boys2 ! election ( tea*]s entru/$ to a bo>d ( inspectors compos$ ( ?ree memb]s1 & locat$ at ! gov]nm5t c5tre ( ea* di/rict2 ! g5]al organization ( me?ods1 regulations1 & s*ool rgime plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a c5tral commission sitt+ ) ! ,corps ,lgislatif1 & plac$ "u its au?ority2 an education :i* embraces ! :ole man1 at once intellectual1 physical1 moral1 & indu/rial2 ! fir/ lessons 9 read+ giv5 to boys z to girls by a woman tea*]2 ari?metic1 geometry1 physics1 & morals includ$ 9 ! programme ( in/ruction2 visits to hospitals1 prisons1 & work%ops2 f9ally1 lib]ty grant$ to private initiative to f\nd s*ools4 8,! law c put no veto on ! "r :i* all citiz5s h to op5 private c\rses & s*ools1 free 9 all grades ( in/ruction1 & to direct !m z %all seem to !m be/40 7,art4 #fa47 ,?is 0 pu%+ lib]ality r f>4 ,ano!r di/9ctive feature ( ?is bill1 :i* is n )\t value1 is ! respect %[n ! "* & functions ( ! tea*]4 ,on public occasions ! s*oolma/] %all we> a m$al ) ?is inscription3 ,he :o in/ructs is a second fa!r4 ,! =m is r pret5ti\s1 b ! s5tim5t is good4 ,o!r articles d n m]it ! same comm5dation1 p>ticul>ly ! "o :i* e/abli%$ !atres 9 ea* canton1 9 :i* m5 & wom5 w\ld take "p 9 music & danc+4 ,! bill ( ,lakanal1 vigor\sly oppos$ by a "p ( ! ,assembly1 0 n adopt$4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,robespi]re1 ! ,conv5tion gave pref]5ce to ! dictatorial & viol5t measure ( ,lepelleti] ,sa9t-,f>geau4 #def4 ,,lepelleti] ,,sa9t-,,f>geau 7#agfj-agic74--;,assass9at$ 9 #agic1 ,lepelleti] ,sa9t-,f>geau left among 8 pap]s an educational bill :i* ,robespi]re took up1 & :i* he pres5t$ to ! ,assembly ,july #ac1 #agic1 on ! occasion ( ! debate op5$ on ! motion ( ,b>rre4 ,a mon? lat] ! bill 0 pass$ by ! ,conv5tion1 b be=e be+ c>ri$ into op]ation1 ! decree 0 revok$4 ,! ,assembly rec$$ f ! accompli%m5t ( a re=m 9 :i* "s good int5tions c\ld n atone = measures t1 on ! :ole1 7 mis*iev\s & tyrannical4 #deg4 ,,8 ,,s*eme ,,( ,,education4--,! plan ( ,lepelleti] sc>cely des]ves ! admiration :i* ,mi*elet gives x1 :o salutes 9 ?is "w ! 8revolution ( *ildhood10 & :o decl>es t x is 8admirable 9 _s1 & 9 no respect *im]ical40 ,an imitation ) b little orig9ality ( ! in/itutions ( ,lycurgus & ! rev]ies ( ,plato1 ! plan ( ,lepelleti] is sc>cely m ?an an hi/orical curiosity4 #deh4 ,,lepelleti] ,,& ,,condorcet4--,lepelleti] accept$ ,condorcet's plan 9 all t relates to second>y s*ools1 in/itutes1 & lyces1 t is to say1 high] prim>y in/ruction1 second>y in/ruction1 & sup]ior in/ruction4 8,i f9d10 he said1 89 ^! ?ree c\rses a plan :i* seems to me wisely conceiv$40 ,b ,lepelleti] foll[s only 8 own fancy 9 ! conception ( ^? curi\s bo>d+-s*ools1 little b>racks = *ildhood1 9 :i* he conf9$ all *ildr5 by =ce1 wre/+ !m f _! p>5ts1 & plac+ at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate _! moral tra9+1 z well z _! mat]ial support4 #dei4 ,,obligatory ,,att5dance ,,9 ,,bo>d+-,,s*ools4--,9 education1 ,lepelleti] repres5ts ! doctr9e ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,9 ord] to make ,france republican1 he w\ld employ radical & absolute measures4 8,let u orda910 he says1 8t all *ildr51 girls z well z boys1 girls f five to elev51 & boys f five to twelve1 %all be educat$ 9 common1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate1 & %all receive1 = six or sev5 ye>s1 ! same education40 ,9 ord] t !re may be complete equality1 _! food1 l _! in/ruction1 %all be ! same2 ev5 m1 _! dress %all be id5tical4 ,does ,lepelleti] !n desire1 9 8 craze = equality1 t girls %all be dress$ l boys8 #dfj4 ,,! ,,*ild ,,belongs ,,to ,,! ,,republic4--,! idea ( ,lepelleti] is t ! *ild is ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 a *attel ( ! ,republic4 ,! ,/ate mu/ make ! *ild 9 its own image4 8,9 our sy/em10 he says1 8! entire be+ ( ! *ild belongs to u2 ! mat]ial nev] leaves ! m\ld40 ,& he adds1 8,:atev] is to compose ! ,republic ought to be ca/ 9 ! republican m\ld40 ,lepelleti] imposes on all *ildr51 girls & boys1 ! same /udies1--read+1 writ+1 numb]s1 natural morality1 dome/ic economy4 ,?is is almo/ ! programme ( ,condorcet4 ,b he adds to x manual labor4 ,all *ildr5 %all be employ$ 9 work+ ! soil4 ,if ! college has n at its disposal en\gh l& to cultivate1 ! *ildr5 %all be tak5 out on ! roads1 !re to pick up /ones or to scatt] !m4 ,c we imag9e1 )\t smil+1 a sy/em ( education1 9 :i* our future advocates & writ]s are to sp5d six ye>s 9 transport+ mat]ial ^u ! highways8 #dfa4 ,,absolute ,,gratuity4--,! colleges 9 :i* ,lepelleti] seque/]s & qu>t]s all ! *ildr5 are to be absolutely free4 ,?ree measures 7 propos$ = cov]+ ! exp5se3 #a4 tuition paid by p>5ts 9 easy circum/ances2 #b4 ! labor ( ! *ildr52 #c4 ! balance ne$$ furni%$ by ! ,/ate4 ,b is !re n j a little ( ! *im]ical 9 c\nt+ mu* on ! "w ( *ildr5 ( t age8 #dfb4 ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,! ,,family4--,lepelleti] takes b little acc\nt ( ! rights ( ! family4 ,h[ev]1 notice mu/ be tak5 ( t idea :i* ,robespi]re ?\ght 8sublime10--! creation1 at ea* college1 ( a c\ncil ( heads ( families1 entru/$ ) ! ov]sight ( tea*]s & _! *ildr54 #dfc4 ,,sa9t-,,j4--,sa9t-,j1 9 8 ,in/itutions rpublica9es1 ma9ta9s op9ions analog\s to ^? ( ,lepelleti]4 ,he admits t ! *ild belongs to 8 "m till ! age ( five2 b f ! age ( five till dea? he belongs to ! ,republic4 ,till ! age ( sixte5 boys are f$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is true t _! food is n exp5sive4 ,x is compos$ ( grapes1 fruit1 vegetables1 milk-diet1 bread1 & wat]4 ,_! dress is ( cotton 9 all seasons4 ,h[ev]1 ,sa9t-,j did n subject girls to ! same rgime4 ,m lib]al on ?is po9t ?an ,lepelleti]1 he w\ld h !m br\ght up at home4 #dfd4 ,,! ,,romme ,,law 7,oct4 #cj1 #agic74--,romme 0 "o ( ! mo/ active memb]s ( ! committee on public in/ruction4 ,he 0 ! pr9cipal au?or ( ! bill :i* ! ,conv5tion pass$ 9 ,octob]1 #agic1 ! pr9cipal articles ( :i* 7 conceiv$ z foll[s3-- 8,art4 #a4 ,!re are prim>y s*ools di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,republic 9 proportion to ! population4 8,art4 #b4 ,9 ^! s*ools *ildr5 receive _! e>lie/ physical1 moral1 & intellectual education1 ! be/ adapt$ to develop 9 !m republican mann]s1 love ( c\ntry1 & ta/e = labor4 8,art4 #c4 ,!y le>n to speak1 read1 & write ! ,fr5* language4 8,!y are taught ! acts ( virtue :i* mo/ honor free m51 & p>ticul>ly ! acts ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution mo/ fit to give !m elevation ( s\l1 & to make !m wor?y ( lib]ty & equality4 8,!y acquire "s notions ( ! geography ( ,france4 8,! k ( ! rights & duties ( ! man & ! citiz5 is br\ght )9 _! compreh5sion ?r\gh examples & _! own exp]i5ce4 8,!y are giv5 ! fir/ notions ( ! natural objects t surr\nd !m1 & ( ! natural action ( ! elem5ts4 8,!y h practice 9 ! use ( numb]s1 ( ! compass1 ! level1 weights & measures1 ! lev]1 ! pulley1 & 9 ! measurem5t ( "t4 8,!y are (t5 all[$ to witness :at is done 9 ! fields & 9 work%ops2 & !y take "p 9 ^! employm5ts z f> z _! age p]mits40 ,b ! bill ( ,romme 0 n put 9 op]ation4 ,! ,conv5tion pres5tly decid$ on a revision ( ! decree x _h pass$1 & ! bill ( ,b\qui] 0 sub/itut$ = ! bill ( ,romme4 #dfe4 ,,! ,,b\qui] ,,law 7,dec4 #ai1 #agic74--;,b\qui] 0 a man ( lett]s1 deputy f ,dordogne1 & belong$ to ! ,jacob9ic p>ty4 ,he spoke ( 8 bill z foll[s3-- 8,x is a simple & natural s*eme1 & "o easy to execute2 a plan :i* =ev] proscribes all idea ( an academic body1 ( a sci5tific society1 ( an educational hi]>*y2 a plan1 f9ally1 ^: bases are ! same z ^? ( ! con/itution1 lib]ty1 equality1 & simplicity40 ,! ,b\qui] bill 0 adopt$ ,decemb] #ai1 & rema9$ 9 =ce till x 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,lakanal law4 ,^! are its pr9cipal provisions3-- 8,! "r to tea* is op5 to all40 8,citiz5s1 m5 & wom51 :o w\ld use ! lib]ty to tea*1 %all be requir$ to produce a c]tificate ( citiz5%ip & good morals1 & to fulfill c]ta9 =malities40 8,!y %all be designat$ z in/ituteurs & in/itutrices40 ,!y %all be plac$ 8"u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! municipality1 ( p>5ts1 & ( all ! citiz5s40 8,!y are =bidd5 to tea* any?+ contr>y to ! laws & to republican morality40 ,on ! o!r h&1 p>5ts are requir$ to s5d _! *ildr5 to ! prim>y s*ools4 ,p>5ts :o d n obey ?is ord] are s5t5c$1 = ! fir/ (f5ce1 to pay a f9e equal to a f\r? ( _! s*ool tax4 ,9 case ( a second (f5ce1 ! f9e is to be d\bl$ & ! *ildr5 to be susp5d$ = t5 ye>s f _! rights z citiz5s4 ,f9ally1 "y p :o1 on leav+ ! prim>y s*ools1 8d n busy !mselves ) ! cultivation ( ! soil1 %all be requir$ to le>n a trade useful to society40 ,en=c$ s*ool att5dance1 & :at is an entirely diff]5t ?+1 ! obligation ( citiz5s to "w1 7 ?us e/abli%$ by ! ,b\qui] law4 ,let u add t ! au?or ( ?is bill1 :i*1 l s _m o!rs1 0 n execut$1 _h /range notions on ! sci5ces & on in/ruction4 8,! speculative sci5ces10 he says1 8deta* f society ! individuals :o cultivate !m4444 ,free nations h no ne$ ( speculative s*ol>s1 ^: m9ds are con/antly travell+ ov] des]t pa?s40 ,h5ce1 no sci5tific in/ruction4 ,! real s*ools1 8! noble/1 ! mo/ useful1 ! mo/ simple1 are ! meet+s ( committees4 ,! ,revolution1 9 e/abli%+ national holidays1 9 creat+ popul> associations & clubs1 has plac$ 9 all qu>t]s inexhau/ible s\rces ( in/ruction4 ,!n let u n g & sub/itute = ?is organization1 z simple & sublime z ! p t creates x1 an artificial organization1 bas$ on academic /atutes :i* %\ld no long] infect a reg5]at$ nation40 #dff4 ,,! ,,lakanal ,,law 7,nov4 #ag1 #agid74--,!re /ill rema9$ some?+ ( ! _s ( ,lepelleti] 9 ! ,b\qui] law1 ?\gh ! idea ( an education 9 common _h be5 ab&on$2 b ! ,lakanal law op5ly breaks ) ! t5d5cies ( ,robespi]re & 8 fri5ds4 ,! law :i* 0 pass$ ,novemb] #ag1 #agid1 ^u ! report ( ,lakanal1 reproduc$ 9 its _s & 9 its pr9cipal provisions ! orig9al bill :i* ! influ5ce ( ,robespi]re _h defeat$4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! programme ( in/ruction conta9$ 9 ?is law4 ,! in/ructor %all tea*3-- 8#a4 ,read+ & writ+2 #b4 ! decl>ation ( ! rights ( man & ! con/itution2 #c4 elem5t>y lessons on republican morals2 #d4 ! elem5ts ( ! ,fr5* language bo? spok5 & writt52 #e4 ! rules ( simple calculation & ( survey+2 #f4 lessons on ! pr9cipal ph5om5a & ! mo/ common productions ( nature2 !re %all be taught a collection ( h]oic actions & songs ( triumph40 ,at ! same "t ! bill requir$ t ! s*ools be divid$ into two sections1 "o = ! girls & ! o!r = ! boys1 & di/ribut$ 9 ! proportion ( "o to ea* ?\s& inhabitants4 ,! tea*]s1 nom9at$ by ! p & confirm$ by a jury ( in/ruction1 are to receive sal>ies z foll[s3 m51 twelve hundr$ francs2 wom51 "o ?\s& francs4 #dfg4 ,,p$agogical ,,me?ods4--,lakanal _h giv5 mu* ?\ght to p$agogical me?ods4 ,x is ! int]ior ( ! s*ool1 n less ?an its ext]ior organization1 t preoccupi$ 8 g5]\s _s4 ,l ! mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 a p>tisan ( ,condillac's doctr9e1 he believ$ t ! idea c\ld n rea* ! und]/&+ except ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! s5ses4 ,consequ5tly1 he recomm5d$ ! me?od :i* consi/s 89 fir/ appeal+ to ! eyes ( pupils1 444 9 creat+ ! und]/&+ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 444 9 develop+ morals out ( ! s5sibility1 j z und]/&+ out ( s5sation40 ,?is is an excell5t me?od if we add to x a corrective1 if we d n =get to excite ! intellig5ce itself1 & to make an appeal to ! int]ior =ces ( ! s\l4 #dfh4 ,,elem5t>y ,,books4--,a few o!r quotations w suffice to prove ) :at acut5ess ( p$agogic s5se ,lakanal 0 end[$4#baa ,v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! composition ( works = popul> in/ruction1 he %>ply di/+ui%$ ! elem5t>y book1 :i* br+s k )9 ! rea* ( *ildr51 f ! abridgm5t1 :i* does no m ?an cond5se a long "w4 8,! abridg$10 he said1 8is exactly oppos$ to ! elem5t>y40 ,no "o has bett] compreh5d$ ?an he ! difficulty ( writ+ a treatise on morals = ! use ( *ildr53-- 8,x requires special g5ius4 ,simplicity 9 =m & artless grace %\ld !re be m+l$ ) accuracy ( ideas2 ! art ( reason+ ought nev] to be sep>at$ f t ( int]e/+ ! imag9ation2 su* a "w %\ld be conceiv$ by a pr(\nd logician & execut$ by a man ( feel+4 ,!re %\ld be f\nd 9 x1 s to speak1 ! analytical m9d ( ,condillac & ! s\l ( ,fnelon40 #dfi4 ,,geography4--,lakanal has def9$ ) ! same exactness ! me?od to be foll[$ 9 ! tea*+ ( geography4 8,fir/ let !re be %[n10 he says1 89 e s*ool1 ! plan ( ! commune 9 :i* x is situat$1 & !n let ! *ildr5 see a map ( ! canton ( :i* ! commune =ms a "p2 !n a map ( ! dep>tm5t1 & !n a map ( ,france2 aft] :i* w come ! map ( ,europe & ( o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & la/ly a map ( ! _w40#bab #dgj4 ,,lett]s ,,& ,,sci5ces4--,m j ?an ,condorcet1 ,lakanal did n wi% sci5tific culture to d prejudice to lit]>y culture3-- 8,= a long "t we h neglect$ ! belles-lettres1 & "s m5 :o wi% to be consid]$ pr(\nd reg>d ?is /udy z useless4 ,x is lett]s1 h[ev]1 :i* op5 ! intellig5ce to ! light ( reason1 & ! he>t to impressions ( s5tim5t4 ,!y sub/itute morality = int]e/1 give pupils poli%1 ex]cise _! judgm5t1 make !m m s5sitive & at ! same "t m ob$i5t to ! laws1 m capable ( gr& virtues40 #dga4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,normal ,,s*ools4--,lakanal's highe/ title to glory is t he has associat$ 8 "n ) ! f\ndation ( normal s*ools4 ,! idea ( e/abli%+ p$agogical sem9>ies 0 n absolutely new4 ,a numb] ( ! fri5ds ( in/ruction1 bo? 9 ! sev5te5? & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1#bac _h se5 t x w\ld be useless to op5 s*ools1 if good tea*]s _h n be5 previ\sly tra9$2 b ! ,conv5tion has ! honor ( hav+ = ! fir/ "t giv5 practical effect to ?is vague aspiration4 ,decre$ ,june #b1 #agic1 ! f\ndation ( normal s*ools 0 ! object ( a report by ,lakanal on ,octob] #bf1 #agid4 ,9 a /yle :i* 0 inf]ior to 8 ideas1 & :i* w\ld h be5 m effective _h x be5 simpl]1 ,lakanal sets =? ! necessity ( tea*+ ! tea*]s !mselves be=e s5d+ !m to tea* _! pupils3-- 8,are !re 9 ,france1 are !re 9 ,europe1 are !re 9 ! :ole _w1 two or ?ree hundr$ m5 7& we ne$ m ?an ?is numb]7 compet5t to tea* ! useful arts & ! necess>y bran*es ( k1 accord+ to me?ods :i* make m9ds m acute1 & tru?s m cle>1--me?ods :i*1 :ile tea*+ y to "k "o ?+1 tea* y to reason ^u all ?+s8 ,no1 t numb] ( m51 h[ev] small x may appe>1 exi/s n[h]e on ! e>?4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 t !y be tra9$4 ,9 be+ ! fir/ to decree normal s*ools1 y h resolv$ to create 9 advance a v l>ge numb] ( tea*]s1 capable ( be+ ! executors ( a plan ^: purpose is ! reg5]ation ( ! human und]/&+1 9 a republic ( tw5ty-five millions ( m51 all ( :om democracy r5d]s equal40 ,! t]m normal s*ools 7f ! ,lat9 ^w norma1 a rule7 0 n less new ?an ! ?+4 ,lakanal expla9s t x 0 design$ by ?is expression to *>act]ize ) exactness ! s*ools :i* 7 to be ! type & ! /&>d ( all ! o!rs4 #dgb4 ,,! ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,( ,,p>is4--,to accompli% 8 purpose1 ,lakanal propos$ to assemble at ,p>is1 "u ! direction ( em95t ma/]s1 su* z ,lagrange1 ,b]?ollet1 & ,daub5ton1 a consid]able numb] ( "y m51 call$ f all qu>t]s ( ! ,republic1 & designat$ 8by _! tal5ts z by _! /ate ( citiz5%ip40 ,! ma/]s ( ?is great normal s*ool 7 to give _! pupils 8lessons on ! art ( tea*+ morals1 444 & tea* !m to apply to ! tea*+ ( read+ & writ+1 ( ! fir/ elem5ts ( calculation1 ( practical geometry1 ( hi/ory & ( ,fr5* gramm>1 ! me?ods outl9$ 9 ! elem5t>y c\rses adopt$ by ! ,national ,conv5tion & publi%$ by its ord]s40 ,once in/ruct$ 89 ! art ( tea*+ human k10 ! pupils ( ! ,normal ,s*ool ( ,p>is 7 to g & repeat 9 all p>ts ( ! ,republic ! 8gr& lectures0 !y _h he>d1 & !re =m ! nucleus ( prov9cial normal s*ools4 ,& ?us1 says ,lakanal ) exagg]ation1 8t f\nta9 ( enlight5m5t1 s pure & s abundant1 s9ce x w proce$ f ! =emo/ m5 ( ! ,republic ( e class1 p\r$ out f res]voir to res]voir1 w diffuse itself f place to place ?r\gh\t all ,france1 )\t los+ any?+ ( its purity 9 its c\rse40 ,octob] #cj1 #agid1 ! ,conv5tion adopt$ ! proposals ( ,lakanal4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool op5$ ,janu>y #bj1 #agie4 ,its organization 0 defective & impracticable4 ,fir/1 !re 7 too _m pupils1--f\r hundr$ "y m5 admitt$ )\t competitive te/s1 & ab&on$ to !mselves 9 ,p>is2 pr(essors :o 7 d\btless illu/ri\s1 b ^: lit]>y tal5t or sci5tific g5ius did n p]haps adapt itself suffici5tly to ! ne$s ( a normal c\rse ( in/ruction & ( a practical p$agogy2 lectures insuffici5t 9 numb]1 :i* la/$ = only f\r mon?s1 & :i*1 on ! te/imony ( ,daun\1 87 direct$ r t[>ds ! heights ( sci5ce ?an t[>ds ! art ( tea*+40 ,?us ! exp]im5t1 :i* t]m9at$ ,may #f1 #agie1 did n fulfill ! hopes t _h be5 =m$ ( x3 ! idea ( e/abli%+ prov9cial normal s*ools 0 n c>ri$ out4 ,b no matt]2 a memorable example _h be5 giv51 & ! fruitful pr9ciple ( ! e/abli%m5t ( normal s*ools _h made a />t 9 actual practice4 #dgc4 ,,c5tral ,,s*ools4--,! c5tral s*ools1 design$ to replace ! colleges ( second>y in/ruction1 7 e/abli%$ by decree ( ,febru>y #be1 #agie1 on ! report ( ,lakanal4 ,daun\ modifi$ !m 9 ! law ( ,octob] #be1 #agie4 ,!y cont9u$1 )\t great success1 till ! law ( ,may #a1 #ahjb1 :i* suppress$ !m4 #dgd4 ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,s*ools4--,! ,c5tral ,s*ools ( ,lakanal resembl$1 trait = trait1 ! ,in/itutes ( ,condorcet4 ,& x mu/ be confess$ t "h ! imitation is n happy4 ,lakanal made ! mi/ake ( borr[+ f ,condorcet ! plan ( ^! poorly def9$ e/abli%m5ts1 9 :i* ! in/ruction 0 on too va/ a scale1 & ! programmes too cr[d$1 :]e ! pupil1 x seems1 0 to le>n to discuss de omni re scibili4 ,condorcet w5t s f> z to introduce into 8 ,in/itutes a c\rse ( lectures on midwif]y6 ,! ,c5tral ,s*ools1 9 :i* ! in/ruction 0 a m$ley ( /udies indiscreetly pres5t$ to an ov]driv5 auditory1 d honor nei!r to ! ,conv5tion t organiz$ !m1 nor to ,condorcet :o _h trac$ ! fir/ sket* ( !m4 #dge4 ,,positive ,,& ,,practical ,,_s4--,h[ev]1 !re 0 some?+ correct 9 ! idea :i* presid$ ov] ! f\ndation ( ! ,c5tral ,s*ools4 ,we f9d ?is express$ 9 ! ,essays on ,in/ruction1 by ! ma!matician1 ,lacroix4#bad ,lacroix calls att5tion to ! fact t ! progress ( ! sci5ces & ! necessity ( le>n+ a great numb] ( new ?+s1 impose on ! educator ! obligation to take "s acc\nt ( space2 &1 if ,i may s speak1 ( clipp+ ! w+s ( /udies :i*1 l ,lat91 _h ?us f> be5 ! unique & exclusive object ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,s*ools1 9 fact1 ! classical languages held only ! second place4 ,n only 7 ! ma!matical sci5ces1 & ^? bran*es ( k f :i* ! pupil c d]ive ! mo/ imm$iate pr(it1 associat$ ) ! classics1 b ! pref]5ce 0 giv5 to !m4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o organiz$ ^! s*ools1 ! positive & practical idea ( success 9 life 0 sub/itut$ = ! speculative & dis9t]e/$ idea ( m5tal developm5t = its own sake4 ,9 reality1 ^! two ideas ought to complete ea* o!r1 & n to exclude ea* o!r4 ,! ideal ( education consi/s 9 f9d+ a sy/em :i* welcomes bo?4 ,b 9 ! ,c5tral ,s*ools ! fir/ po9t ( view absorb$ ! second4 ,^! e/abli%m5ts resembl$ ! indu/rial s*ools ( our day1 b ) ?is p>ticul> defect1 t !re 0 a det]m9ation to include ev]y?+ 9 !m1 & to give a place to new /udies )\t :olly sacrific+ ! old4 ,let !re be creat$ colleges ( practical & special in/ruction2 no?+ c be bett]1 = provision w\ld ?us be made = ! ne$s ( mod]n society4 ,b let no "o =ce lit]>y /udies & ! indu/rial arts to live toge!r "u ! same ro(4 #dgf4 ,,great ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,conv5tion4--,9 ! fir/ ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 ! ,conv5tion _h giv5 its att5tion only to prim>y s*ools4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh tea*+ ! illit]ate to read 0 ! "o ne$ ( society4 ,9 ! end ! ,conv5tion rose above ^! n>r[ & exclusive views1 & turn$ its att5tion t[>ds second>y in/ruction & t[>ds sup]ior in/ruction4 ,x is p>ticul>ly by ! e/abli%m5t ( sev]al special s*ools = sup]ior in/ruction t ! ,conv5tion gave pro( ( its v]satility & intellig5ce4 ,9 quick succession x decre$ & f\nd$ ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 "u ! "n ( ! ,c5tral ,s*ool ( ,public ,works 7,m>* #aa1 #agid72 ! ,normal ,s*ool 7,octob] #cj1 #agid72 ! ,s*ool ( ,m>s 7,june #a1 #agid72 ! ,cons]vatory ( ,arts & ,trades 7,septemb] #bi1 #agid74 ,! next ye> x organiz$ ! ,bureau ( ,longitudes1 & f9ally ! ,national ,in/itute4 ,:at a magnific5t ef=t to repair ! ru9s :i* an>*y _h made1 or to supply ! omissions :i* ! old rgime _h pati5tly suff]$6 ,( ^! multipli$ creations ! great] numb] rema9 & /ill fl\ri%4 #dgg4 ,,law ,,( ,,octob] #bg1 #agie4--,^? :o ask u to see 9 ! decree ( ,octob] #bg1 #agie1 8! capital "w ( ! ,conv5tion 9 ! matt] ( in/ruction1 ! syn!sis ( all its previ\s labors & proposals1 ! mo/ s]i\s ef=t ( ! ,revolution10#bae evid5tly put =w>d a p>adox4 ,lakanal & 8 fri5ds w\ld c]ta9ly h disav[$ a law :i* cancels ) a few /rokes ( ! p5 ! gr& revolution>y pr9ciples 9 ! matt] ( education1--! gratuity1 ! obligation1 & ! univ]sality ( in/ruction4 ,! de/9ies ( public in/ruction are alli$ to ! fate ( con/itutions4 ,to *anges ( policy !re correspond1 by an inevitable recoil1 analog\s *anges 9 ! organization ( in/ruction4 ,out ( ! slightly retrograde con/itution ( #agic !re issu$ ! educational legislation ( #agid1 ( :i* x c\ld be said t 8! _s ( reaction made itself pa9fully felt 9 x40 ,daun\1 :o 0 ! pr9cipal au?or ( x1 d\btless _h high compet5ce 9 que/ions ( public in/ruction2 b ) a secret connivance ( 8 own temp]am5t he yield$ to ! t5d5cies ( ! times4 ,he volunt>ily condesc5d$ to ! timidities ( a s5ile & worn-out ,assembly1 :i*1 hav+ become impov]i%$ by a s]ies ( suicides1 _h sc>cely any sup]ior m9ds left )9 x4 #dgh4 ,,insuffici5cy ,,( ,,daun\',s ,,s*eme4--,no?+ c\ld be m defective ?an ,daun\'s plan4 ,! numb] ( prim>y s*ools 0 r$uc$4 ,x is no long] propos$ to proportion !m to ! population4 ,daun\ goes back to ! cantonal s*ools ( ,talleyr&3 8,!re %all be e/abli%$ 9 ea* canton ( ! ,republic "o or m prim>y s*ools40 ,we are f> f ,condorcet1 :o requir$ a s*ool = ea* gr\p ( f\r hundr$ s\ls1 & f ,lakanal1 :o dem&$ "o = ea* ?\s& inhabitants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 tea*]s no long] receive a sal>y f ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate m]ely assures to !m a place = a class-room & lodg+1 & also a g>d56 8,!re %all likewise be furni%$ ! tea*] ! g>d5 :i* happ5s to lie ne> ^! premises40 ,!re is no o!r remun]ation save ! annual tuition paid by ea* pupil to ! tea*]4 ,at ! same /roke ! tea*] 0 made ! hirel+ ( 8 pupils1 & gratuity ( in/ruction 0 aboli%$4 ,only ! indig5t pupils1 a f\r? ( ! :ole numb]1 c\ld be exempt$ by ! municipal adm9i/ration f ! paym5t ( s*ool fees4 ,f9ally1 ! programme ( /udies 0 r$uc$ to ! humble/ proportions3 read+1 writ+1 numb]1 & ! elem5ts ( republican morality4 ,aft] s _m noble & g5]\s ambitions1 aft] s _m en?usia/ic decl>ations 9 favor ( ! absolute gratuity ( prim>y in/ruction1 aft] s _m praisewor?y ef=ts to raise ! mat]ial & moral condition ( tea*]s1 & to cause in/ruction to circulate to ! m9ute/ fibres ( ! social tissue1 ! ,conv5tion t]m9at$ its "w 9 a mean conception :i* ?9n$ out ! s*ools1 :i* impov]i%$ ! programmes1 :i* plung$ ! tea*] anew into a prec>i\s /ate ( exi/5ce1 :i* put him anew at ! m]cy ( 8 pupils1 )\t1 h[ev]1 tak+ c>e to assure him ( patronage1 & :i*1 = 8 sole comp5sation 9 case he _h no pupils to in/ruct1 gu>ante$ him ! "r to cultivate a g>d51 if1 inde$1 !re %\ld be "o 9 ! neighborhood ( ! s*ool6 ,_h ! law ( #agie be5 9 fact ! educational w ( ! ,conv5tion1 is x n true1 at lea/1 t x is aft] ! mann] ( ^? wills extort$ by undue means1 :]e a man by 8 f9al beque/s recalls 8 =m] acts1 & proves himself fai?less to all ! aspirations ( 8 life8 ,no1 x is n f ,daun\1 b f ,talleyr&1 f ,condorcet1 & f ,lakanal t we mu/ seek ! real educational ?\ght ( ! ,revolution4 ,d\btless ! measure ( ,daun\ _h ov] all previ\s measures ! advantages ( be+ appli$1 & ( n rema9+ a dead lett]2 b ! glory ( ! e>ly ,revolutioni/s %\ld n be belittl$ by ! fact t circum/ances arre/$ ! execution ( _! plans1 & t a c5tury 0 necess>y 9 ord] t society might atta9 ! ideal :i* !y _h conceiv$4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ to proclaim ! "r & ! duty ( ea* citiz5 to be in/ruct$ & enlight5$4 ,we are ceaselessly urg$ to admire ! pa/ & to respect ! "w ( our fa!rs4 ,we d n 9 ! lea/ object to ?is1 b ! ,revolution itself also =ms a "p ( t pa/1 & we regret t ! m5 :o s eloqu5tly prea* ! wor%ip ( traditions & respect = ance/ors1 are precisely ^? :o ! mo/ h>%ly disp>age ! ef=ts ( ! ,revolution4 #dgi4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,! educational legislation ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 app>5tly s inconsid]ate1 s vacillat+1 & s fruitless1 betrays ! in/9ctive feel+ ( a nation 9 p]il1 t ! only con/itutional means ( reg5]ation is univ]sal in/ruction1 intellectual & moral4 #b4 ,out ( ! same in/9ct grew ! conception t ! />t+-po9t 9 educational re=m is ! in/ruction & inspiration ( ! tea*+ body4 ,! normal s*ool lies at ! v basis ( national safety & prosp]ity4 #c4 ,! imm$iate fruitlessness ( ! educational legislation ( ! ,revolution1 is ano!r illu/ration ( ! g5]al fact t no re=m is op]ative1 :i* 9 any consid]able degree ant$ates ! exi/+ /ate ( public op9ion4 ,c\ld !re be a revelation ( ! ideal education1 human society c\ld gr[ into x only by sl[ & almo/ ins5sible degrees4 ,:ile !re c be rational gr[? only ?r\gh "s degree ( anticipation1 x is p]haps be/ t educators h only t prevision :i* is provisional4 ,,footnotes3 #bjh ,a t]m appli$ to ! mo/ pron\nc$ revolutioni/s ( ! ,conv5tion & ( ! ,national ,assembly4 #bji ,x is impossible1 )9 ! limits prescrib$ by ! "* & plan ( ?is "w1 to ent] into detail & enum]ate all ! decrees & c\nt]-decrees ( ! ,conv5tion on ! subject ( public in/ruction4 ,to see cle>ly into ?is *aos & ?is confusion1 x is necess>y to read ! excell5t article ( ,monsieur ,guillaume 9 ! ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie1 article ,,conv5tion4 #baj ,see a rec5t sket*1 ,lakanal1 by ,paul ,leg5dre 7,p>is1 #ahhb71 ) a ,preface by ,paul ,b]t4 #baa ,see 9 ! ,revue politique et littraire1 = ,oct4 #g1 #ahhb1 an excell5t article on ,lakanal1 by ,monsieur ,janet4 #bab ,if ! cons5sus ( philosophic op9ion is tru/wor?y1 !re is no basis :atev] 9 psy*ology = ?is sequ5ce4 ,on ! almo/ uni=m te/imony ( psy*ologi/s1 ! organic m5tal sequ5ce is f aggregates to p>ts2 s t if ! me?od ( pres5tation is to be 9 h>mony ) ! organic mode ( ! m9d's activities1 ! sequ5ce %\ld be z foll[s3 ! globe2 ! ea/]n cont95t2 ,europe2 ,france2 ! dep>tm5t2 ! canton2 ! commune4 ,on ! m5tal sequ5ce1 see ,hamilton's ,lectures1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #fi1 #gj1 #cfh1 #cga1 #dfi1 #dih1 #ejj1 #ejb1 #ejc4 7,p47 #bac ,dumon/i]1 rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 9 #afde1 ,la ,salle1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,abb ,c\rtalon4 #bad ,essais sur l'enseignem5t4 ,p>is1 #ahje4 #bae ,alb]t ,duruy1 op4 cit4 p4 #acg4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,pe/alozzi4 ,,g]man ,,p$agogy2 ,,! ,,pieti/s ,,& ,,francke 7#affc-agbg72 ,,! ,,philan?ropi/s ,,& ,,bas$[ 7#agbc-agij72 ,,! ,,p',s ,,s*ools2 ,,pe/alozzi 7#agdf-ahbg72 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,pe/alozzi2 ,,pe/alozzi ,,z ,,an ,,agriculturi/2 ,,h[ ,,pe/alozzi ,,became ,a ,,tea*]2 ,,education ,,( ,,8 ,,son2 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,at ,,neuh( 7#agge-aghj72 ,,pe/alozzi ,,z ,a ,,writ] 7#aghj-aghg72 ,,leon>d ,,& ,,g]trude 7#agha72 ,,new ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,agriculture2 ,,o!r ,,works2 ,,! ,,orphan ,,asylum ,,at ,,/anz 7#agih-agii72 ,,me?ods ,,foll[$ ,,at ,,/anz2 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,at ,,burgdorf 7#agii-ahja72 ,,h[ ,,g]trude ,,tea*es ,,h] ,,*ildr5 7#ahja72 ,,pe/alozzi',s ,,/yle2 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,g]trude2 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,at ,,burgdorf 7#ahja-ahjd72 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,at ,,yv]dun 7#ahje-ahbe72 ,,t5tatives ,,( ,,pe/alozzi2 ,,ess5tial ,,pr9ciples2 ,,educational ,,processes2 ,,simplification ,,( ,,me?ods2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #dhj4 ,,g]man ,,p$agogy4--,= two c5turies ,g]many has be5 ! classical l& ( p$agogy2 & to r5d] an acc\nt ( all ! ef=ts put =? 9 t c\ntry 9 ! doma9 ( education x w\ld be necess>y to write sev]al volumes4 ,f ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 says ,dittes1 8a *ange = ! bett] takes place4 ,ideas become facts4 ,! importance ( education is m & m recogniz$2 p$agogy %akes (f ! anci5t du/ ( ! s*ool & int]e/s itself 9 actual life2 x is no long] will+ to be a collat]al function ( ! ,*ur*1 b beg9s to become an indep5d5t art & sci5ce4 ,a few !ologians w /ill r5d] x important s]vice1 b 9 g5]al !y w d ?is outside ! ,*ur*1 & (t5 9 opposition to x40 ,:ile await+ ! gr& & fruitful impulsion ( ,pe/alozzi1 ! hi/ory ( p$agogy ought to m5tion at lea/ ! ,pieti/s1 8^: educational e/abli%m5ts contribut$ to prep>e ! way = ! new me?ods10 & aft] !m1 ! ,philan?ropi/s1 ( :om ,bas$[ is ! mo/ celebrat$ repres5tative4 #dha4 ,,! ,,pieti/s ,,& ,,francke 7#affc-agbg74--;,francke play$ ne>ly ! same "p 9 ,g]many t ,la ,salle did 9 ,france4 ,he f\nd$ two e/abli%m5ts at ,halle1 ! ,pdagogium & ! ,orphan ,asylum1 :i*1 9 #agbg1 conta9$ m ?an two ?\s& pupils4 ,he belong$ to ! sect ( ,pieti/s1 ,lu!rans :o pr(ess$ an au/]e morality1 &1 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples ( 8 d5om9ation1 he made piety ! supreme end ( education4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es & comm5ds ,francke1 is 8 tal5t = organization4 ,he 0 "r 9 giv+ m>k$ att5tion to ! mat]ial condition ( s*ools & to ne$$ supplies ( app>atus4 ,! ,pdagogium 0 in/all$ 9 #agae 9 com=table qu>t]s1 & !re 7 annex$ to x a botanical g>d51 a museum ( natural hi/ory1 physical app>atus1 a *emical & an anatomical laboratory1 & a %op = ! cutt+ & poli%+ ( glass4 ,aft] him 8 disciples1 ,niemey]1 ,seml]1 & ,heck]1 cont9u$ 8 "w1 &1 9 c]ta9 respects1 re=m$ x4 ,!y f\nd$ ! fir/ real s*ools ( ,g]many4 ,!y kept up ! practical _s1 ! pr(essional p$agogy ( _! ma/]1 & assur$ ! developm5t ( ^? educational e/abli%m5ts :i* /ill exi/ to-day "u ! "n ( ! ,in/itutions ( ,francke4 #dhb4 ,,! ,,philan?ropi/s ,,& ,,bas$[ 7#agbc-agij74--,) ,bas$[1 a m lib]al _s1 borr[$ 9 "p f ,r\sseau1 ga9$ entrance into ,g]man p$agogy4 ,bas$[ f\nd$ at ,dessau a s*ool :i* receiv$ ! praise ( ! philosoph] ,kant1 & ( ! cl]gyman ,ob]l94 ,he designat$ x by a "n :i* reflects 8 humanit>ian int5tions1 ! ,philan?rop9um4 ,9 ! me?ods :i* he employ$ 9 x he seems always to h _h be=e 8 eyes ! exclamation ( ,r\sseau3 8,?+s1 ?+s6 ,too _m words60 ,! intuitive me?od1 or t ( tea*+ by sight1 0 practis$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,dessau4 ,! pr9cipal "w ( ,bas$[1 8 ,elem5t>y ,book1 is sc>cely m ?an ! ,orbis ,pictus ( ,com5ius recon/ruct$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,r\sseau4 ,at ,dessau1 ! pret5ce 0 made ( tea*+ a language 9 six mon?s4 8,our me?ods10 says ,bas$[1 8make /udies only "o-?ird z long & ?rice z agreeable40 ,an abuse 0 made ( me*anical ex]cises4 ,! *ildr51 at ! comm& ( ! ma/]3 ,imitam9i s>torem1--,imitam9i sutorem1--all began to imitate ! motions ( a tailor :o is sew+1 or ( a %oemak] :o is us+ 8 awl4 ,grav] /ill1 ,bas$[ made su* an abuse ( object lessons z to repres5t to *ildr5 c]ta9 sc5es )9 ! sick-*amb]1 = ! purpose ( tea*+ !m _! duties & obligations to _! mo!rs4#baf #dhc4 ,,s*ools ,,= ,,! ,,p4--,great ef=ts 7 made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ! ,ca?olic1 z well z 9 ! ,prote/ant c\ntries ( ,g]many1 t[>ds ! developm5t ( popul> in/ruction4 ,m>ia ,!resa & ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 consid]$ public in/ruction z an affair ( ! ,/ate4 ,private ent]prise 0 add$ to ! ef=ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,prussia1 a nobleman1 ,ro*[ 7#agcd-ahje71 f\nd$ village s*ools2 & 9 ,au/ria1 two ecclesia/ics1 ,felbig] 7#agbd-aghh7 & ,k9d]mann 7#agdj-ahja71 contribut$ by _! activity 9 education to ! re=m ( s*ools4 ,nev]!less1 ! results 7 /ill v poor1 & ! public s*ool1 especially ! village s*ool1 rema9$ 9 a sorry condition4 8,almo/ ev]y:]e10 says ,dittes1 8!re 7 employ$ z tea*]s1 dome/ics1 corrupt artisans1 dis*>g$ soldi]s1 degrad$ /ud5ts1 &1 9 g5]al1 p]sons ( que/ionable morality & education4 ,_! pay 0 mean1 & _! au?ority slight4 ,att5dance at s*ool1 g5]ally v irregul>1 0 almo/ ev]y:]e entirely susp5d$ 9 summ]4 ,_m villages _h no s*ool1 & sc>cely any:]e 0 ! s*ool att5d$ by all ! *ildr54 ,9 _m c\ntries1 mo/ ( ! *ildr51 especially ! girls1 7 :olly )\t in/ruction4 ,! p1 especially ! peasantry1 reg>d$ ! s*ool z a burd54 ,! cl]gy1 x is true1 always reg>d$ !mselves z ! proprietors ( ! s*ool1 b on ! :ole !y did b v little = x1 & ev5 arre/$ its progress4 ,! nobility 0 b little favorable1 9 g5]al1 to intellectual culture = ! p4444 ,in/ruction rema9$ me*anical & ! discipl9e rude4 ,x is report$ t a ,suabian s*oolma/]1 :o di$ 9 #aghb1 _h inflict$ dur+ 8 exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ #iaa1ebg can+s1 #abd1jaj :ipp+s1 #aj1bce boxes on ! e>1 & #a1aae1hjj ?umps on ! head4 ,moreov]1 he _h made boys kneel #ggg times on triangul> /icks1 _h caus$ ! fool's cap to be worn #ejjabag times1 & ! /ick to be held 9 air #agjg times4 ,he _h us$ some?+ l #cjjj words ( abuse44440 #dhd4 ,,pe/alozzi 7#agdf-ahbg74--;,9 ,switz]l&1 ! situation ( prim>y in/ruction 0 sc>cely bett]4 ,! tea*]s 7 ga!r$ up at haz>d2 _! pay 0 wret*$2 9 g5]al !y _h no lodg+s ( _! own1 & !y 7 oblig$ to hire !mselves out = dome/ic s]vice among ! well-(f inhabitants ( ! villages1 9 ord] to f9d food & lodg+ among !m4 ,a mean _s ( ca/e /ill dom9at$ in/ruction1 & ! poor rema9$ sunk 9 ignorance4 ,x 0 9 ! v mid/ ( ?is wret*$ & unpropiti\s /ate ( affairs t !re appe>$1 t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( mod]n educators1 a man :o1 we may be sure1 0 n exempt f faults1 ^: m9d _h defici5cies & weaknesses1 & :om we h no int5tion ( %ield+ f criticism1 by cov]+ him ) ! praises ( a sup]/iti\s admiration2 b :o is pre-em95tly great by reason ( 8 unqu5*able love = ! p1 8 ard5t self-sacrifice1 & 8 p$agogic in/9ct4 ,dur+ ! eighty ye>s ( 8 tr\bl$ life1 ,pe/alozzi nev] ceas$ to "w = *ildr51 & to devote himself to _! in/ruction4 ,w> or ! ill-w ( 8 c\ntrym5 de/roy$ 8 s*ools to no purpose4 ,)\t ev] despair+1 he /raightway rebuilt !m f>!r away1 sometimes succe$+1 ?r\gh ! gift ( ard5t spee*1 :i* nev] des]t$ him1 9 communicat+ ! inspiration to ^? ab\t him2 ga!r+ up 9 all places orphans & vagabonds1 l a kidnapp] ( a new species2 =gett+ t he 0 poor1 :5 he saw an occasion to be *>itable1 & t he 0 ill1 :5 x 0 necess>y to tea*2 &1 f9ally1 pursu+ ) an unconqu]able en]gy1 ?r\gh h9drances & ob/acles ( e description1 8 educational apo/le%ip4 8,x is dea? or success60 he wrote4 8,my zeal to accompli% ! dream ( my life w\ld h c>ri$ me ?r\gh air or ?r\gh fire1 no matt] h[1 to ! highe/ peak ( ! ,alps60 #dhe4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,pe/alozzi4--,! life ( ,pe/alozzi is intimately relat$ to 8 educational "w4 ,to compreh5d ! educator1 x is fir/ necess>y to h become acqua9t$ ) ! man4 ,born at ,zuri* 9 #agdf1 ,pe/alozzi di$ at ,brugg 9 ,argovia 9 #ahbg4 ,?is un=tunate great man always felt ! effects ( ! s5tim5tal & unpractical education giv5 him by 8 "m1 :o 0 left a wid[ ) ?ree *ildr5 9 #agea4 ,he e>ly =m$ ! habit ( feel+ & ( be+ t\*$ ) emotion1 r ?an ( reason+ & ( reflect+4 ,! laugh+-/ock ( 8 companions1 :o made sport ( 8 awkw>dness1 ! little s*ol> ( ,zuri* accu/om$ himself to live alone & to become a dream]4 ,lat]1 t[>ds #agfj1 ! /ud5t ( ! academy di/+ui%$ himself by 8 political en?usiasm & 8 revolution>y d>+4 ,at t e>ly p]iod he _h conceiv$ a pr(\nd feel+ = ! mis]ies & ! ne$s ( ! p1 & he already propos$ z ! purpose ( 8 life ! heal+ ( ! diseases ( society4 ,at ! same "t !re 0 develop$ 9 him an irresi/ible ta/e = a simple1 frugal1 & almo/ ascetic life4 ,to re/ra9 8 desires _h become ! ess5tial rule ( 8 conduct1 &1 to put x 9 practice1 he =c$ himself to sleep on a plank1 & to subsi/ on bread & vegetables4 ,life 9 ! op5 air _h an especial attraction = him4 ,ea* ye> he sp5t 8 vacations 9 ! c\ntry at 8 gr&fa!r's1 :o 0 a m9i/] at ,hngg4 ,omne malum ex urbe 0 8 favorite ?\ght4 #dhf4 ,,pe/alozzi ,,an ,,agriculturi/ 7#agfe-agge74--,pe/alozzi's call to be a tea*] manife/$ itself at fir/ only by "s vague aspirations1 ( :i* x w\ld be easy to f9d ! trace 9 ! %ort essays ( 8 y\?1 & 9 ! articles :i* he contribut$ 9 8 tw5tie? ye> to a /ud5ts' j\rnal publi%$ at ,zuri*4 ,aft] hav+ tri$ 8 h& unsuccessfully at !ology & law1 he became an agriculturi/4 ,:5 he e/abli%$ at ,neuh( an agricultural ent]prise1 he ?\ght less ( enri*+ himself ?an ( rais+ ! mat]ial condition ( ! ,swiss peasantry by organiz+ new indu/ries4 ,b not)/&+ 8 good int5t1 & ! assi/ance ( ! devot$ woman :om he _h m>ri$ 9 #agfi1 ,anna ,s*ultess1 ,pe/alozzi1 m ent]pris+ ?an skillful1 fail$ 9 8 indu/rial e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 #agge he _h exhau/$ 8 res\rces4 ,x is !n t he =m$ an h]oic resolution :i* typifies 8 indiscreet g5]osity4 ,poor1 & sc>cely m ?an able to support himself1 he op5$ on 8 f>m an asylum = poor *ildr54 #dhg4 ,,h[ ,,pe/alozzi ,,became ,,an ,,educator4--,! asylum = poor *ildr5 at ,neuh( 7#agge-aghj7 is1 s to speak1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! p$agogical c>e] ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,! o!rs w be ! orphan asylum at ,/anz 7#agih-agii71 ! prim>y s*ools at ,burgdorf 7#agii71 ! in/itute at ,burgdorf 7#ahja-ahjd71 &1 f9ally1 ! in/itute at ,yv]dun 7#ahje-ahbe74 ,! fir/ "q t is rais$ :5 we /udy sy/ems ( education1 is1 h[ ! au?ors ( ^? sy/ems became tea*]s4 ,! be/1 p]haps1 are ^? :o became su* because ( _! great love = humanity1 or because ( _! t5d] love = _! *ildr54 ,pe/alozzi is ( ?is class4 ,x is because he has ard5tly dream$ f 8 y\? ( ! moral amelioration ( ! p2 & x is also because he has foll[$ ) a t5d] solicitude ! fir/ /eps ( 8 little son ,jacob on life's j\rney1 t he became a great tea*]4 #dhh4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,8 ,,son4--,! ,fa!r's ,j\rnal1#bah :]e ,pe/alozzi not$ f day to day ! progress ( 8 *ild1 %[s him int5t on apply+ ! pr9ciples ( ,r\sseau4 ,at ! age ( elev51 ,jacob1 l mile1 did n yet "k h[ to read or to write4 ,?+s be=e words1 ! intuition ( s5sible objects1 few ex]cises 9 judgm5t1 respect = ! p[]s ( ! *ild1 an equal anxiety to husb& 8 lib]ty & to secure 8 ob$i5ce1 ! con/ant endeavor to diffuse joy & good humor ov] education1--su* 7 ! pr9cipal traits ( ! education :i* ,pe/alozzi gave 8 son1 an education :i* 0 a real exp]im5t 9 p$agogy1 f :i* ! pupil p]haps suff]$ some:at1 b f :i* humanity 0 to d]ive pr(it4 ,f ?is p]iod ,pe/alozzi conceiv$ "s ( ! ideas :i* became ! pr9ciples ( 8 me?od4 ,! fa!r _h made ! educator4 ,"o ( ! sup]iorities ( ,pe/alozzi ov] ,r\sseau is1 t he lov$ & educat$ 8 own *ild4 #dhi4 ,,! ,,asylum ,,at ,,neuh(4--,madame de ,/al 0 "r 9 say+ t 8we mu/ consid] ,pe/alozzi's s*ool z limit$ to *ildhood4 ,! education :i* x gives is design$ only = ! common p40 ,&1 9 fact1 ! fir/ & ! la/ e/abli%m5ts ( ,pe/alozzi 7 s*ools = small *ildr54 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 :5 he 0 oblig$ to leave ! in/itute ( ,yv]dun1 he return$ to ,neuh(1 & !re _h con/ruct$ a s*ool = poor *ildr54 ,! s*ool at ,neuh( 0 to be above all else1 9 ,pe/alozzi's ?\ght1 an exp]im5t 9 moral & mat]ial reg5]ation ?r\gh labor1 ?r\gh ord]1 & ?r\gh in/ruction4 ,_m ex]cises 9 language1 s++1 read+ ( ! ,bible1--su* 7 ! intellectual occupations4 ,b ! great] "p ( ! "t 0 devot$ to agricultural labor1 to ! cultivation ( madd]4 ,not)/&+ 8 admirable devotion1 ,pe/alozzi did n long succe$ 9 8 philan?ropic plans4 ,he _h to cont5d aga9/ ! prejudices ( p>5ts1 & ! +ratitude ( ! *ildr54 ,v (t5 ! little begg>s :om he _h ga!r$ up wait$ only till !y _h receiv$ f him new clo?+1 & !n ran away & resum$ _! vagabond life4 ,besides1 he lack$ res\rces4 ,he became poor1 & fell m & m into debt4 ,8 fri5ds1 :o _h aid$ him on ! />t1 w>n$ him t he w\ld die 9 a hospital or 9 a mad-h\se4 8,= ?irty ye>s10 he says himself1 8my life 0 a desp]ate /ruggle aga9/ ! mo/ frightful pov]ty4444 ,m ?an a ?\s& times ,i 0 oblig$ to g )\t d9n]1 & at noon1 :5 ev5 ! poore/ 7 seat$ ar\nd a table1 ,i dev\r$ a morsel ( bread ^u ! highway 4442 & all ?is t ,i might m9i/] to ! ne$s ( ! poor1 by ! realization ( my pr9ciples40 #dij4 ,,pe/alozzi ,a ,,writ]4--,aft] ! *eck to 8 und]tak+ at ,neuh(1 ,pe/alozzi r5\nc$ = "s "t all practical activity1 & x 0 by 8 writ+s t he manife/$1 f #aghj to #aghg1 8 zeal 9 education4 ,9 #aghj appe>$ ! ,ev5+ ,h\rs ( a ,recluse1 a s]ies ( aphorisms on ! rise ( a p ?r\gh education4 ,9 ?is1 ,pe/alozzi %>ply criticis$ ! artificial me?od ( ! s*ool1 & insi/$ on ! necessity ( develop+ ! s\l ?r\gh :at is )91--?r\gh int]ior culture3-- 8,! s*ool ev]y:]e puts ! ord] ( words be=e ! ord] ( free nature40 8,! home is ! basis ( ! education ( humanity40 8,man1 x is )9 y\rself1 x is 9 ! inn] s5se ( y\r p[]1 t resides nature's in/rum5t = y\r developm5t40 #dia4 ,,leon>d ,,& ,,g]trude4--,9 #agha ,pe/alozzi publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( ,leon>d & ,g]trude4 ,he _h writt5 x )9 ! blank spaces ( an old acc\nt book4 ,?is book1 ! mo/ celebrat$ p]haps ( all ,pe/alozzi's writ+s1 is a sort ( popul> romance 9 :i* ! au?or br+s ^u ! /age a family ( work+-p4 ,g]trude "h repres5ts ! ideas ( ,pe/alozzi on ! education ( *ildr54 ,! ?ree o!r volumes 7#aghc1 #aghe1 #aghg7 relate ! reg5]ation ( a village ?r\gh ! conc]t$ action ( legislation1 adm9i/ration1 religion1 & ! s*ool1 & especially ! s*ool1 8:i* is ! c5tre :5ce ev]y?+ %\ld proce$40 ,leon>d & ,g]trude is ! only "o ( ,pe/alozzi's works :i* ,die/]weg#bai recomm5ds to practical tea*]s4 8,x 0 my fir/ ^w10 says ,pe/alozzi1 8to ! he>t ( ! poor & ( ! ab&on$ ( ! l&40 ,9 mak+ ,g]trude ! pr9cipal "* ( 8 romance1 ,pe/alozzi wi%$ to emphasize "o ( 8 fundam5tal ideas1 :i* 0 to place ! in/ruction & ! education ( ! p 9 ! h&s ( mo!rs4 #dib4 ,,new ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,agriculture4--,f #aghg to #agig ,pe/alozzi return$ to f>m+4 ,x is f ?is p]iod t date 8 relations ) ,fell5b]g1 ! celebrat$ f\nd] ( ,agricultural ,in/itutes1 & ) ! philosoph] ,fi*te1 :o %[$ him ! agreem5t ( 8 ideas ) ! doctr9e ( ,kant4 ,8 "n began to become celebrat$1 &1 9 #agib1 ! ,legislative ,assembly proclaim$ him a ,fr5* citiz51 9 company ) ,wa%+ton & ,klop/ock4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ( f>m labor1 ,pe/alozzi _h m$itat$ diff]5t works :i* appe>$ 9 #agig4 #dic4 ,,o!r ,,works ,,( ,,pe/alozzi4--,educational ?\ght p]vades all ! lit]>y works ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,?us 8 ,fables1 %ort compositions 9 prose1 all h a moral & educational t5d5cy4 ,also1 9 8 ,rese>*es on ! ,c\rse ( ,nature 9 ! ,developm5t ( ! ,human ,race1 he s\ght to ju/ify ! prepond]ant (fice :i* he accord$ to nature 9 ! education ( man4 ,b ,pe/alozzi 0 n successful 9 philosophical diss]tations4 8,?is book10 he says himself1 8is to me only ano!r pro( ( my lack ( ability2 x is simply a div]sion ( my imag9ative faculty1 a "w relatively weak4444 ,no "o10 he adds1 8und]/&s me1 & x has be5 h9t$ t ! :ole "w has be5 tak5 = nons5se40 ,?is judgm5t is sev]e1 b x is only j4 ,pe/alozzi _h an intuition ( tru?1 b he 0 incapable ( giv+ a !oretical demon/ration ( x4 ,8 ?\ght all agl[1 & 8 language all imag]y1 did n submit to ! concise & me?odical exposition ( ab/ract tru?s4 #did4 ,,! ,,orphan ,,asylum ,,at ,,/anz 7#agih-agii74--,up to #agih ,pe/alozzi _h sc>cely f\nd ! occasion to put 9 practice 8 pr9ciples & 8 dreams4 ,! ,helvetic ,revolution1 :i* he hail$ ) en?usiasm z ! signal ( a social reg5]ation = 8 c\ntry1 f9ally gave him ! means ( mak+ a trial ( 8 !ories1 :i*1 by a /range de/9y1 _h be5 appli$ by o!r h&s be=e hav+ be5 appli$ by 8 own4 ,! ,helvetic gov]nm5t1 ^: s5tim5ts 7 9 h>mony ) ! democratic s5tim5ts ( ,pe/alozzi1 (f]$ him ! direction ( a normal s*ool4 ,b he decl9$1 9 ord] t he might rema9 a tea*]4 ,he 0 ab\t to take *>ge ( a s*ool1 ! plan ( :i* he _h organiz$1 :5 ev5ts call$ him to direct an orphan asylum at ,/anz4 #die4 ,,me?ods ,,foll[$ ,,at ,,/anz4--,f six to eight o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & f f\r to eight 9 ! aft]noon1 ,pe/alozzi he>d ! lessons ( 8 pupils4 ,! re/ ( ! "t 0 devot$ to manual labor4 ,ev5 dur+ ! lesson1 ! *ild at ,/anz 8drew1 wrote1 & work$40 ,to e/abli% ord] 9 a s*ool :i* conta9$ eighty pupils1 ,pe/alozzi _h ! idea ( resort+ to rhy?m2 8& x 0 f\nd10 he says1 8t ! rhy?mical pronunciation increas$ ! impression produc$ by ! lesson40 ,hav+ to d ) pupils absolutely ignorant1 he kept !m = a long "t on ! elem5ts2 he practis$ !m on ! fir/ elem5ts till !y _h ma/]$ !m4 ,he simplifi$ ! me?ods1 & s\ght 9 ea* bran* ( in/ruction a po9t ( dep>ture adapt$ to ! nasc5t faculties ( ! *ild4 ,! mode ( tea*+ 0 simultane\s4 ,all ! pupils repeat$ 9 a high tone ( voice ! words ( ! tea*]2 b ! in/ruction 0 also mutual3-- 8,*ildr5 in/ruct$ *ildr52 !y !mselves tri$ ! exp]im5t2 all ,i did 0 to sugge/ x4 ,"h aga9 ,i obey$ necessity4 ,n hav+ a s+le assi/ant1 ,i _h ! idea ( putt+ "o ( ! mo/ advanc$ pupils betwe5 two o!rs :o 7 less advanc$40 ,read+ 0 comb9$ ) writ+4 ,natural hi/ory & geography 7 taught to *ildr5 "u ! =m ( conv]sational lessons4 ,b :at engross$ ,pe/alozzi above all else 0 to develop ! moral s5tim5ts & ! int]ior =ces ( ! consci5ce4 ,he wi%$ to make himself lov$ by 8 pupils1 to awak5 among !m1 9 _! daily association1 s5tim5ts ( frat]nal affection1 to excite ! conception ( ea* virtue be=e =mulat+ its precept1 & to give ! *ildr5 moral lessons ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( nature :i* surr\nd$ !m & ?r\gh ! activity :i* 0 impos$ on !m4 ,pe/alozzi's *im]a1 9 ! organization at ,/anz1 0 to transport into ! s*ool ! conditions ( dome/ic life--! desire to be a fa!r to a hundr$ *ildr54 8,i 0 conv9c$ t my he>t w\ld *ange ! condition ( my *ildr5 j z promptly z ! sun ( spr+ w\ld reanimate ! e>? b5umb$ by ! w9t]40 8,x 0 necess>y t my *ildr5 %\ld obs]ve1 f dawn to ev5+1 at e mom5t ( ! day1 ^u my br[ & on my lips1 t my affections 7 fix$ on !m1 t _! happ9ess 0 my happ9ess1 & t _! pleasures 7 my pleasures40 8,i 0 ev]y?+ to my *ildr54 ,i 0 alone ) !m f morn+ till night4444 ,_! h&s 7 9 my h&s4 ,_! eyes 7 fix$ on my eyes40 #dif4 ,,results ,,accompli%$4--,)\t plan1 )\t app>5t ord]2 m]ely by ! action & incessant communication ( 8 ard5t s\l ) *ildr5 ignorant & p]v]t$ by mis]y2 r$uc$ to 8 own res\rces 9 a h\se :]e he 0 himself 8/ew>d1 acc\ntant1 footman1 & almo/ s]vant all 9 "o10 ,pe/alozzi obta9$ surpris+ results4 8,i saw at ,/anz10 he says1 8! p[] ( ! human faculties4444 ,my pupils develop$ rapidly2 x 0 ano!r race4444 ,! *ildr5 v soon felt t !re exi/$ 9 !m =ces :i* !y did n "k1 & 9 p>ticul> !y acquir$ a g5]al s5tim5t ( ord] & beauty4 ,!y 7 self-consci\s1 & ! impression ( we>9ess :i* habitually reigns 9 s*ools vani%$ l a %ad[ f my class-room4 ,!y will$1 !y _h p[]1 !y p]sev]$1 !y succe$$1 & !y 7 happy4 ,!y 7 n s*ol>s :o 7 le>n+1 b *ildr5 :o felt unkn[n =ces awak5+ )9 !m1 & :o und]/ood :]e ^! =ces c\ld & w\ld lead !m1 & ?is feel+ gave elevation to _! m9d & he>t40 8,x is out ( ! folly ( ,/anz10 says ,rog] de ,guimps1 8t has come ! prim>y s*ool ( ! n9ete5? c5tury40 ,:ile ! pupils prosp]$1 ! ma/] fell sick ( ov]work4 ,:5 ! ev5ts ( ! w> clos$ ! orphan asylum1 x 0 q "t = ! heal? ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,he rais$ blood & 0 at ! limit ( 8 /r5g?4 #dig4 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,burgdorf 7#agii-ahjb74--;,z soon z he _h recov]$ 8 heal?1 ,pe/alozzi resum$ ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,n )\t difficulty he succe$$ 9 hav+ entru/$ to him a small class 9 a prim>y s*ool ( ,burgdorf4 ,he pass$ = an ignoramus4 8,x 0 :isp]$ t ,i c\ld nei!r write1 nor compute1 nor ev5 read dec5tly40 ,pe/alozzi does n def5d himself aga9/ ! *>ge1 b ackn[l$ges 8 incapacity1 & ev5 ass]ts t x is to 8 advantage4 8,my incapacity 9 ^! respects 0 c]ta9ly an indisp5sable condition = my discov]y ( ! simple/ me?od ( tea*+40 ,:at tr\bl$ him mo/ 9 ! s*ool at ,burgdorf 80 t x 0 subject$ to rules40 8,nev] 9 my life _h ,i borne su* a burd54 ,i 0 disc\rag$4 ,i cr+$ "u ! r\t9e yoke ( ! s*ool40 ,nev]!less1 ,pe/alozzi succe$$ admirably 9 8 little s*ool4 ,!n m advanc$ pupils 7 giv5 him1 b "h 8 success 0 less4 ,he always proce$$ )\t a plan1 & he gave himself great tr\ble 9 obta9+ results t he might h atta9$ mu* m easily ) a little m sy/em4 ,blund]s1 irregul>ities1 & :imsicalities 7 ev] compromis+ ! action ( 8 good w4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is1 x suffices to read ! books :i* he publi%$ at ?is p]iod1 & 9 p>ticul> ! mo/ celebrat$1 ( :i* we %all proce$ to give a brief analysis4 #dih4 ,,h[ ,,g]trude ,,tea*es ,,h] ,,*ildr54--,x is "u ?is title t 9 #ahja ,pe/alozzi publi%$ an exposition ( 8 doctr9e4#bbj 8,x is ! mo/ important & ! mo/ pr(\nd ( all 8 p$agogical writ+s10 says "o ( 8 biograph]s4 ,we %all n dispute ?is2 b ?is book also proves h[ ! m9d ( ,pe/alozzi 0 inf]ior to 8 he>t1 h[ ! writ] 0 ( less wor? ?an ! tea*]4 ,compos$ "u ! =m ( lett]s address$ to ,gessn]1 ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi is too (t5 a tissue ( declamations1 ( rambl+ ?\ghts1 & ( p]sonal grievances4 ,x is ! "w ( a bra9 t is 9 a /ate ( f]m5t1 & ( a he>t t is ov]fl[+4 ,! ?\ght is pa9fully dis5tangl$ f out a ?\s& repetitions4 ,:y ne$ we be a/oni%$ at ?is lit]>y incompet5ce ( ,pe/alozzi :5 he himself makes ! foll[+ confession3 8,= ?irty ye>s ,i _h n read a s+le book2 ,i c\ld n long] read !m40 #dii4 ,,pe/alozzi',s ,,/yle4--,! /yle ( ,pe/alozzi is ! v man himself3 desultory1 obscure1 confus$1 b ) sudd5 fla%es & brilliant illum9ations 9 :i* ! w>m? ( 8 he>t is exhibit$4 ,!re are also too _m comp>isons2 ! imag]y ov]:elms ! idea4 ,)9 a few pages he w comp>e himself1 9 succession1 8to a sailor1 :o1 hav+ lo/ 8 h>poon1 w\ld try to cat* a :ale ) a hook10 to depict ! disproportion betwe5 8 res\rces & 8 purpose2 !n to a /raw1 :i* ev5 a cat w\ld n lay hold (1 to tell h[ he 0 despis$2 to an owl1 to express 8 isolation2 to a re$1 to indicate 8 feebl5ess2 to a m\se :i* fe>s a cat1 to *>act]ize 8 timidity4 #ejj4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,g]trude4--,x is n easy to analyze "o ( ,pe/alozzi's books4 ,to beg9 )1 ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] ,*ildr5 is a v bad title1 = ,g]trude is n once m5tion$ 9 x4 ,?is prop] "n became = ,pe/alozzi an allegorical t]m by :i* he p]sonifies himself4 ,! fir/ ?ree lett]s are r autobiographical memoirs ?an an exposition ( doctr9e4 ,pe/alozzi "h relates 8 fir/ exp]im5ts1 & makes u acqua9t$ ) 8 assi/ants at ,burgdorf1--,krsi1 ,tobl]1 & ,buss4 ,9 ! lett]s :i* foll[1 ! au?or attempts to set =? ! g5]al pr9ciples ( 8 me?od4 ,! sev5? treats ( language2 ! eigh?1 ( ! intuition ( =ms1 ( writ+1 & ( draw+2 ! n9?1 ( ! intuition ( numb]s & ( computation2 ! t5? & twelf?1 ( intuition 9 g5]al4 ,= ,pe/alozzi1 intuition 01 z we "k1 direct & exp]im5tal p]ception1 ei!r 9 ! doma9 ( s5se1 or 9 ! int]ior regions ( ! consci\sness4 ,f9ally1 ! la/ lett]s are devot$ to moral & religi\s developm5t4 ,)\t design+ to foll[1 9 all its rambl+s & 9 all its digressions1 ! mobile ?\ght ( ,pe/alozzi1 we %all ga!r up "s ( ! g5]al ideas :i* ab\nd 9 ?is ov]*>g$ & badly compos$ "w4 #eja4 ,,me?ods ,,simplifi$4--,! purpose ( ,pe/alozzi 0 inde$1 9 "o s5se1 z he 0 told by "o ( 8 fri5ds1 to me*anize in/ruction4 ,he wi%$1 9 fact1 to simplify & det]m9e me?ods to su* a degree t !y might be employ$ by ! mo/ ord9>y tea*]1 & by ! mo/ ignorant fa!r & "m4 ,9 a ^w1 he hop$ to organize a p$agogical ma*9e s well set up t x c\ld 9 a mann] run alone4 8,i believe10 he says1 8t we mu/ n dream ( mak+ progress 9 ! in/ruction ( ! p z long z we h n f\nd ! =ms ( in/ruction :i* make ( ! tea*]1 at lea/ s f> z ! completion ( ! elem5t>y /udies is conc]n$1 ! simple me*anical in/rum5t ( a me?od :i* owes its results to ! nature ( its processes1 & n to ! ability ( ! "o :o uses x4 ,i ass]t t a s*ool-book has no value1 save z x c be employ$ by a ma/] )\t in/ruction z well z by "o :o has be5 taught40 ,?is 0 %e] exagg]ation1 & 0 putt+ too little value on ! p]sonal ef=t & m]it ( tea*]s4 ,on ?is score1 x w\ld be useless to f\nd normal s*ools4 ,pe/alozzi1 moreov]1 has giv5 9 8 own p]son a /rik+ contradiction to ?is s+ul> !ory2 = he ow$ 8 success 9 tea*+ mu* m to ! influ5ce ( 8 liv+ spee*1 & to ! ard5t communication ( ! passion by :i* 8 he>t 0 animat$1 ?an to ! me?odical processes :i* he nev] succe$$ 9 comb9+ 9 an effici5t mann]4 #ejb4 ,,! ,,socratic ,,me?od4--,pe/alozzi recomm5ds ! ,socratic me?od1 & he indicates ) exactness "s ( ! conditions necess>y = ! employm5t ( t me?od4 ,he fir/ obs]ves t x requires on ! "p ( ! tea*] uncommon ability4 8,a sup]ficial & uncultivat$ intellig5ce10 he says1 8does n s\nd ! dep?s :5ce a ,socrates made spr+ up intellig5ce & tru?40 ,besides1 ! ,socratic me?od c be employ$ only ) pupils :o already h "s in/ruction4 ,x is absolutely impracticable ) *ildr5 :o lack bo? ! po9t ( dep>ture1 t is1 prelim9>y notions1 & ! means ( express+ ^! notions1 t is1 a k ( language4 ,& z x is always necess>y t ,pe/alozzi's ?\ght %\ld w9d up ) a figure ( spee*1 he adds3-- 8,9 ord] t ! go%awk & ! eagle may plund] eggs f o!r birds1 x is fir/ necess>y t ! latt] %\ld deposit eggs 9 _! ne/s40 #ejc4 ,,^w1 ,,=m1 ,,& ,,numb]4--,a favorite idea ( ,pe/alozzi1 :i* rema9$ at ,yv]dun1 z at ,burgdorf1 ! pr9ciple ( 8 ex]cises 9 tea*+1 is t all elem5t>y k c & %\ld be relat$ to ?ree pr9ciples1--^w1 =m1 & numb]4 ,to ! ^w he atta*$ language1 to =m1 writ+ & draw+1 & to numb]1 computation4 8,?is 010 he says1 8l a ray ( light 9 my rese>*es1 l a ,deus ex ma*9a60 ,no?+ ju/ifies su* en?usiasm4 ,x w\ld be v easy to %[ t ,pe/alozzi's classification1 besides t x (f]s no practical int]e/1 is n ju/ifiable f ! !oretical po9t ( view1 fir/ because "o ( ! elem5ts ( 8 trilogy1 ! ^w1 or language1 comprises ! o!r two2 & !n because a l>ge "p ( k1 = example1 all physical qualities1 does n p]mit ! di/9ction ( :i* he 0 sup]/iti\sly fond4 #ejd4 ,,intuitive ,,ex]cises4--,:at is ( m value is ! importance :i* ,pe/alozzi ascribes to intuition4 ,an incid5t wor?y ( note is t x is n ,pe/alozzi himself1 b "o ( ! *ildr5 ( 8 s*ool1 :o fir/ _h ! idea ( ! direct obs]vation ( ! objects :i* s]ve z ! text = ! lesson4 ,"o day z1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 he 0 giv+ 8 pupils a long description ( :at !y obs]v$ 9 a draw+ :]e a w9d[ 0 repres5t$1 he notic$ t "o ( 8 little auditors1 in/ead ( look+ at ! picture1 0 att5tively /udy+ ! real w9d[ ( ! s*ool-room4 ,f t mom5t ,pe/alozzi put aside all 8 draw+s1 & took ! objects !mselves = subjects ( obs]vation4 8,! *ild10 he said1 8wi%es no?+ to int]v5e betwe5 nature & himself40 ,ramsau]1 a pupil at ,burgdorf1 has describ$1 n )\t "s inaccuracy p]haps1 ! intuitive ex]cises :i* ,pe/alozzi (f]$ to 8 pupils3-- 8,! ex]cises 9 language 7 ! be/ we _h1 especially ^? :i* _h ref]5ce to ! wa9scot+ ( ! s*ool-room4 ,he sp5t :ole h\rs be=e t wa9scot+1 v old & torn1 busy 9 exam9+ ! holes & r5ts1 ) respect to numb]1 =m1 position1 & color1 & 9 =mulat+ our obs]vations 9 s5t5ces m or less develop$4 ,!n ,pe/alozzi w\ld ask u1 ,boys1 :at d y see8 7,he nev] m5tion$ ! girls47 ,pupil3 ,i see a hole 9 ! wa9scot+4 ,pe/alozzi3 ,v well2 repeat aft] me3-- ,i see a hole 9 ! wa9scot+4 ,i see a l>ge hole 9 ! wa9scot+4 ,?r\gh ! hole ,i see ! wall1 etc41 etc40 #eje4 ,,! ,,book ,,= ,,mo!rs4--,9 #ahjc ,pe/alozzi publi%$ a "w on elem5t>y in/ruction1 :i* rema9$ unf9i%$1 entitl$ ,! ,book = ,mo!rs4 ,?is 0 ano!r ,orbis ,pictus )\t pictures4 ,pe/alozzi's int5tion 0 to introduce ! *ild to a k ( ! objects ( nature or ( art :i* fall "u 8 obs]vation4 ,9 ?is he t>ri$ too long ov] ! description ( ! organs ( ! body & ( _! functions4 ,a ,fr5* critic1 ,dussault1 said1 ) ref]5ce to ?is3-- 8,pe/alozzi gives himself mu* tr\ble to tea* *ildr5 t _! nose is 9 ! middle ( _! face40 ,9 8 anxiety to be simple & elem5t>y1 ,pe/alozzi (t5 succe$s 9 reality 9 mak+ in/ruction pu]ile4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,pre ,gir>d compla9s t ! ex]cises 9 language :i* compose ,! ,book = ,mo!rs1 8really v well arrang$1 are also v dry & monoton\s40 #ejf4 ,a ,,swiss ,,tea*] ,,9 #agic4--,to =m a j e/imate ( ! ef=ts ( ,pe/alozzi & 8 assi/ants1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! wret*$ /ate ( in/ruction at ! p]iod :5 !y attempt$ to re=m ! me?ods ( tea*+4 ,krsi1 ,pe/alozzi's fir/ assi/ant1 "o ( ^? :o 7 p]haps ! ne>e/ 8 he>t1 has himself relat$ h[ he became a tea*]4 ,he 0 eighte51 & till !n 8 only employm5t _h be5 t ( a p$dl] = 8 fa!r4 ,"o day1 z he 0 go+ ab\t 8 bus9ess ) a heavy load ( m]*&ise on 8 %\ld]s1 he meets on ! road a rev5ue (fic] ( ! ,/ate1 & !y ent] into conv]sation4 8,d y "k10 said ! (fic]1 8t ! tea*] ( ,gais is ab\t to leave 8 s*ool8 ,w\ld y n l to succe$ him8--,x is n a "q ( :at ,i w\ld l2 a s*ool-ma/] %\ld h k1 9 :i* ,i am absolutely lack+4--,:at a s*ool-ma/] c & %\ld "k ) u1 y might easily le>n at y\r age40--,krsi reflect$1 w5t to "w1 & copi$ m ?an a hundr$ times a specim5 ( writ+ :i* he _h procur$2 & he decl>es t ?is 0 8 only prep>ation4 ,he regi/]$ = exam9ation4 ,! day = ! trial arriv$4 8,!re 7 b two competitors ( u10 he says4 8,! pr9cipal te/ consi/$ 9 writ+ ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & to ?is ,i gave my close/ att5tion4 ,i _h obs]v$ t 9 ,g]man1 use 0 made ( capital lett]s2 b ,i did n "k ! rule = _! use1 & took !m = ornam5ts4 ,s ,i di/ribut$ m9e 9 a symmetrical mann]1 s t "s 7 f\nd ev5 9 ! middle ( words4 ,9 fact1 nei!r ( u knew any?+4 8,:5 ! exam9ation _h be5 e/imat$1 ,i 0 summon$1 & ,capta9 ,s*pf] in=m$ me t ! exam9]s _h f\nd u bo? defici5t2 t my competitor read ! bett]1 b t ,i excell$ him 9 writ+2 444 t1 besides1 my ap>tm5t1 be+ l>g] ?an t ( ! o!r c&idate1 0 bett] fitt$ = hold+ a s*ool1 &1 f9ally1 t ,i 0 elect$ to ! vacant place40 ,is x n well to be indulg5t to tea*]s :om we meet on ! highway1 :o sc>cely "k h[ to write1 & :om a capta9 commissions8 #ejg4 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,at ,,burgdorf 7#ahjb74--,:5 ,pe/alozzi publi%$ ! ,g]trude & ,! ,book = ,mo!rs1 he 0 n simply a s*ool-ma/] at ,burgdorf2 he _h tak5 *>ge ( an in/itute1 t is1 ( a bo>d+-s*ool ( high] prim>y in/ruction4 ,!re also he appli$ ! natural me?od1 8:i* makes ! *ild proce$ f 8 own intuitions1 & leads him by degrees1 & ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts1 to ab/ract ideas40 ,! in/itute succe$$4 ,! pupils ( ,burgdorf 7 di/+ui%$ especially by _! skill 9 draw+ & 9 m5tal ari?metic4 ,visitors 7 /ruck ) _! air ( *e]fulness4 ,s++ & gymna/ics 7 held 9 honor1 & also ex]cises on natural hi/ory1 le>n$ 9 ! op5 field1 & dur+ walks4 ,mildness & lib]ty *>act]iz$ ! int]nal managem5t4 8,x is n a s*ool t y h "h10 said a visitor1 8b a family60 #ejh4 ,,j\rney ,,to ,,p>is4--,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ,pe/alozzi made a j\rney to ,p>is1 z a memb] ( ! consulta call$ by ,bonap>te to decide ! fate ( ,switz]l&4 ,he hop$ to take advantage ( 8 /ay 9 ,france to dissem9ate 8 p$agogical ideas4 ,b ,bonap>te refus$ to see him1 say+ t he _h some?+ else to d besides discuss+ que/ions ( a b c4 ,monge1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 0 m cordial1 & k9dly li/5$ to ! explanations ( ! ,swiss p$agogue4 ,b he conclud$ by say+1 8,x is too mu* = u60 ,m disda9ful /ill1 ,talleyr& _h said1 8,x is too mu* = ! p60 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! same p]iod1 ! philosoph] ,ma9e de ,biran1 !n sub-prefect at ,b]g]ac1 call$ a disciple ( ,pe/alozzi1 ,b>raud1 to f\nd s*ools 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,dordogne1 & he enc\rag$ ) all 8 influ5ce ! application ( ! ,pe/alozzian me?od4 #eji4 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,at ,,yv]dun 7#ahje-ahbe74--;,9 #ahjc ,pe/alozzi 0 oblig$ to leave ! ca/le ( ,burgdorf4 ,! ,swiss gov]nm5t gave him 9 ex*ange ! conv5t ( ,mn*5-,bu*see4 ,pe/alozzi transf]r$ 8 in/itute to ?is place1 b only = a little "t4 ,9 #ahje he e/abli%$ himself at ,yv]dun1 at ! foot ( ,lake ,neuf*tel1 9 ,fr5* ,switz]l&2 & "h1 ) ! aid ( sev]al ( 8 colleagues1 he develop$ 8 me?ods anew1 ) brilliant success at fir/1 b aft]w>ds ?r\gh all sorts ( vicissitudes1 difficulties1 & mis]ies4 ,! in/itute at ,yv]dun 0 r a s*ool ( second>y in/ruction1 devot$ to ! middle classes1 ?an a prim>y s*ool prop]4 ,pupils p\r$ 9 f all sides4 ,! "* ( ! /udies1 h[ev]1 0 poorly def9$1 & ,pe/alozzi f\nd himself some:at out ( 8 elem5t 9 8 new in/itution1 s9ce he excell$ only 9 elem5t>y me?ods & 9 ! education ( little *ildr54 #eaj4 ,,success ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute4--,num]\s visitors betook !mselves to ,yv]dun1 "s ?r\gh simple love ( /roll+4 ,! in/itute ( ,yv]dun made a "p1 s to speak1 ( ! curiosities ( ,switz]l&4 ,p visit$ ,pe/alozzi z !y w5t to see a lake or a glaci]4 ,z soon z notice 0 giv5 ( ! arrival ( a di/+ui%$ p]sonage1 ,pe/alozzi summon$ "o ( 8 be/ ma/]s1 ,ramsau] or ,s*mid4 8,take y\r be/ pupils10 he said1 8& %[ ! ,pr9ce :at we are do+4 ,he has num]\s s]fs1 & :5 he is conv9c$1 he w h !m in/ruct$40 ,^! frequ5t exhibitions entail$ a great loss ( "t4 ,disord] reign$ 9 ! in/ruction4 ,! "y ma/]s :om ,pe/alozzi _h atta*$ to 8 =tunes 7 ov]:elm$ ) "w1 & c\ld n give suffici5t att5tion to ! prep>ation ( _! lessons4 ,pe/alozzi 0 gr[+ old1 & did n succe$ 9 complet+ 8 me?ods4 #eaa4 ,,! ,,t5tatives ,,( ,,pe/alozzi4--,! tea*+ ( ,pe/alozzi 0 9 reality b a long grop+1 an exp]im5t ceaselessly r5ew$4 ,d n require ( him articulate ideas1 & me?ods def9itely e/abli%$4 ,always on ! al]t1 & always 9 que/ ( some?+ bett]1 8 admirable p$agogic in/9ct nev] came to full satisfaction4 ,8 m]it 0 t he 0 always on ! se>* = tru?4 ,8 !ories almo/ always foll[$1 r ?an prec$$1 8 exp]im5ts4 ,a man ( intuition r ?an ( reason+1 he ackn[l$ges t he w5t =w>d )\t consid]+ :at he 0 do+4 ,he _h ! m]it ( mak+ _m innovations1 b he 0 wrong 9 tak+ c\nsel ( no "o b himself1 & ( 8 p]sonal feel+s4 8,we ought to read no?+10 he said2 8we ought to discov] ev]y?+40 ,pe/alozzi nev] knew h[ to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,he nev] arriv$ at complete precision 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 me?ods4 ,he compla9$ ( n be+ und]/ood1 & he 0 n 9 fact4 ,"o ( 8 pupils at ,yv]dun1 ,vulliem91 ?us expresses himself3-- 8,t :i* 0 call$1 n )\t pret5se1 ! me?od ( ,pe/alozzi 0 an enigma = u4 ,x 0 = our tea*]s !mselves4 ,ea* ( !m int]pret$ ! doctr9e ( ! ma/] 9 8 own way2 b we 7 /ill f> f ! "t :5 ^! div]g5cies eng5d]$ discord2 :5 our pr9cipal tea*]s1 aft] ea* _h giv5 out t he alone _h compreh5d$ ,pe/alozzi1 end$ by ass]t+ t ,pe/alozzi himself 0 n und]/ood2 t he _h n be5 und]/ood except by ,s*mid1 said ,s*mid1 & by ,ni$]]1 said ,ni$]]40 #eab4 ,,me?ods ,,at ,,yv]dun4--,! writ] :om we h j quot$ gives u valuable in=mation on ! me?ods :i* 7 9 use at ,yv]dun3-- 8,in/ruction 0 address$ to ! intellig5ce r ?an to ! memory4 ,attempt1 said ,pe/alozzi to 8 colleagues1 to develop ! *ild1 & n to tra9 him z "o tra9s a dog40 8,language 0 taught u by ! aid ( intuition2 we le>n$ to see correctly1 & ?r\gh ?is v process to =m = ourselves a correct idea ( ! relations ( ?+s4 ,:at we _h conceiv$ cle>ly we _h no difficulty 9 express+ cle>ly40 8,! fir/ elem5ts ( geography 7 taught u on ! spot4444 ,!n we reproduc$ 9 relief ) clay ! valley ( :i* we _h j made a /udy40 8,we 7 made to inv5t geometry by hav+ m>k$ out = u ! end to rea*1 & by be+ put on ! r\te4 ,! same c\rse 0 foll[$ 9 ari?metic2 our computations 7 made 9 ! head & viva voce1 )\t ! aid ( pap]40 #eac4 ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute4--,yv]dun enjoy$ an extraord9>y notoriety = "s ye>s4 ,b little by little ! faults ( ! me?od became app>5t4 ,int]nal discords & ! misund]/&+ ( ,pe/alozzi's colleagues1 ( ,ni$]]1 8! philosoph] ( ! me?od10 & ( ,s*mid1 ! ma!matician1 ha/5$ ! decad5ce ( an e/abli%m5t 9 :i* ord] & discipl9e _h nev] reign$4 ,pe/alozzi 0 cont5t ) be+ ! spur ( ! in/itute4 ,he became m & m unfit = practical affairs4 ,he all[$ all lib]ty to 8 assi/ants1 & also to 8 pupils4 ,at ,yv]dun ! pupils address$ _! tea*]s 9 famili> /yle4 ,! t\*+ fiction ( pat]nity transport$ into ! s*ool1 :i* 0 successful ) ,pe/alozzi 9 8 fir/ exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 & ) a small numb] ( pupils1 0 no long] practicable at ,yv]dun1 ) a mass ( pupils ( e age & ( e disposition4 #ead4 ,,judgm5t ,,( ,p,,re ,,gir>d4--,9 #ahji ! ,pre ,gir>d#bba 0 commission$ by ! ,swiss gov]nm5t to inspect ! in/itute4 ,! result 0 n favorable1 ?\gh ,gir>d ackn[l$ges t he conceiv$ ! idea ( 8 own me?od f /udy+ at fir/ h& t ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,! pr9cipal criticism ( ,gir>d be>s on ! abuse ( ma!matics1 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,s*mid1 became 9 fact m & m ! pr9cipal occupation ( tea*]s & pupils4 8,i made ! rem>k10 he says1 8to my old fri5d ,pe/alozzi1 t ! ma!matics ex]cis$ an unju/ifiable sway 9 8 e/abli%m5t1 & t ,i fe>$ ! results ( ?is on ! education t 0 giv54 ,:]eupon he repli$ to me ) _s1 z 0 8 mann]3 #8,?is is because ,i wi% my *ildr5 to believe no?+ :i* _c be demon/rat$ z cle>ly to !m z t two & two make f\r4' ,my reply 0 9 ! same /ra93 #8,9 t case1 if ,i _h ?irty sons1 ,i w\ld n entru/ "o ( !m to y1 = x w\ld be impossible = y to demon/rate to him1 z y c t two & two make f\r1 t ,i am 8 fa!r1 & t ,i h a "r to 8 ob$i5ce4'0 ,x is evid5t t ,pe/alozzi 0 deviat+ f 8 own incl9ations4 ,! g5]al "* ( 8 p$agogy is 9 fact to avoid ab/raction1 & 9 all ?+s to aim at concrete & liv+ intuition4 ,ev5 9 religion1 he delib]ately exclud$ dogmatic tea*+1 precise & lit]al =m1 & s\ght only to awak5 9 ! s\l a religi\s s5tim5t1 s9c]e & pr(\nd4 ,! ,pre ,gir>d _h rem>k$ to him t ! religi\s in/ruction ( 8 pupils 0 vague & indet]m9ate1 & t _! aspirations lack$ ! doctr9al =m4 8,! =m10 repli$ ,pe/alozzi1 8,i am /ill look+ = x60 #eae4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,pe/alozzi4--,di%e>t5$ by ! decad5ce ( 8 in/itute1 ,pe/alozzi left ,yv]dun 9 #ahbd1 & s\ght a retreat at ,neuh(1 on ! f>m :]e he _h tri$ 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 9 popul> education4 ,x is "h t he wrote 8 la/ two works1--,! ,swan's ,song & ,my ,de/9ies4 ,janu>y #be1 #ahbg1 he 0 tak5 to ,brugg to consult a physician4 ,he di$ !re ,febru>y #ag2 & two days aft] he 0 buri$ at ,birr4 ,x is !re t ! ,canton ( ,argovia erect$ a monum5t to him 9 #ahdf1 ) ! foll[+ inscription3-- 8,"h lies ,h5ry ,pe/alozzi1 born at ,zuri*1 ,janu>y #ab1 #agdf1 di$ at ,brugg1 ,febru>y #ag1 #ahbg1 savior ( ! poor at ,neuh(1 prea*] ( ! p 9 ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 fa!r ( orphans at ,/anz1 f\nd] ( ! new p's s*ool at ,burgdorf & at ,mn*5-,bu*see1 educator ( humanity at ,yv]dun1 man1 ,*ri/ian1 citiz53 ev]y?+ = o!rs1 no?+ = himself4 ,bless$ be 8 "n40 #eaf4 ,,ess5tial ,,pr9ciples4--,pe/alozzi nev] took ! tr\ble to =mulate ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( 8 p$agogy4 ,incapable ( all labor 9 ab/ract reflection1 he borr[$ f 8 fri5ds1 on e possible occasion1 ! logical exposition ( 8 own me?ods4 ,9 8 fir/ lett] to ,gessn]1 he is only too happy to reproduce ! obs]vations ( ! philan?ropi/ ,fis*]1 :o di/+ui%$ five ess5tial pr9ciples 9 8 sy/em3-- #a4 ,to give ! m9d an int5sive culture1 & n simply ext5sive3 to =m ! m9d1 & n to cont5t "o's self ) furni%+ x2 #b4 ,to connect all in/ruction ) ! /udy ( language2 #c4 ,to furni% ! m9d = all its op]ations ) fundam5tal data1 "m ideas2 #d4 ,to simplify ! me*anism ( in/ruction & /udy2 #e4 ,to popul>ize sci5ce4 ,on sev]al po9ts1 inde$1 ,pe/alozzi calls 9 "q ! translation :i* ,fis*] has giv5 ( 8 ?\ght2 b1 not)/&+ ^! res]vations1 p[]less to f9d a m exact =mula1 he accepts z a f9ality ?is int]pretation ( 8 doctr9e4 ,lat]1 ano!r witness ( ! life ( ,pe/alozzi1 ,morf1 also cond5s$ into a few maxims ! p$agogy ( ! great tea*]3-- #a4 ,intuition is ! basis ( in/ruction2 #b4 ,language ought to be associat$ ) intuition2 #c4 ,! "t to le>n is n t ( judg+ & ( criticis+2 #d4 ,9 ea* bran*1 in/ruction ought to beg9 ) ! simple/ elem5ts1 & to progress by degrees :ile foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! *ild1 t is to say1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( /eps psy*ologically connect$2 #e4 ,we %\ld dwell long en\gh on ea* "p ( ! in/ruction = ! pupil to ga9 a complete ma/]y ( x2 #f4 ,in/ruction ought to foll[ ! ord] ( natural developm5t1 & n t ( syn!tic exposition2 #g4 ,! individuality ( ! *ild is sacr$2 #h4 ,! pr9cipal end ( elem5t>y in/ruction is n to cause ! *ild to acquire k & tal5ts1 b to develop & increase ! =ces ( 8 intellig5ce2 #i4 ,to wisdom !re mu/ be jo9$ p[]2 to !oretical k1 practical skill2 #aj4 ,! relations betwe5 ma/] & pupil ought to be bas$ on love2 #aa4 ,in/ruction prop] ought to be made subord9ate to ! high] purpose ( education4 ,ea* "o ( ^! aphorisms w\ld ne$ a long comm5t>y4 ,x is suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to /udy !m 9 ! aggregate1 9 ord] to =m an almo/ exact idea ( t truly humane p$agogy :i* reposes on psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,krsi c\ld say ( 8 ma/]3 8,) respect to ! ord9>y k & practices ( ! s*ool1 ,pe/alozzi 0 f> bel[ a good village magi/]2 b he possess$ some?+ inf9itely sup]ior to t :i* c be giv5 by a c\rse ( in/ruction1 :atev] x may be4 ,he knew t :i* rema9s conceal$ f a great numb] ( tea*]s1--! human _s & ! laws ( its developm5t & culture1 ! human he>t & ! means ( vivify+ x & ennobl+ x40 #eag4 ,,p$agogical ,,processes4--,! p$agogy ( ,pe/alozzi is no less valid 9 its processes ?an 9 its pr9ciples4 ,)\t presum+ to enum]ate ev]y?+1 we w indicate succ9ctly "s ( ! s*ola/ic practices :i* he employ$ & recomm5d$3-- ,! *ild %\ld "k h[ to speak be=e le>n+ to read4 ,= read+1 use %\ld be made ( movable lett]s glu$ on pa/ebo>d4 ,be=e writ+1 ! pupil %\ld draw4 ,! fir/ ex]cises 9 writ+ %\ld be ^u slates4 ,9 ! /udy ( language1 ! evolution ( nature %\ld be foll[$1 fir/ /udy+ n\ns1 !n qualificatives1 & f9ally propositions4 ,! elem5ts ( computation %all be taught by ! aid ( mat]ial objects tak5 z units1 or at lea/ by means ( /rokes drawn on a bo>d4 ,oral computation %all be ! mo/ employ$4 ,! pupil ought1 9 ord] to =m an accurate & exact idea ( numb]s1 to conceive !m always z a collection ( /rokes or ( concrete ?+s1 & n z ab/ract figures4 ,a small table divid$ into squ>es 9 :i* po9ts are repres5t$1 s]ves to tea* addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division4 ,!re 0 nei!r book nor copy-book 9 ! s*ools ( ,burgdorf4 ,! *ildr5 _h no?+ to le>n by he>t4 ,!y _h to repeat all at once & 9 accord ! in/ructions ( ! ma/]4 ,ea* lesson la/$ b an h\r1 & 0 foll[$ by a %ort int]val devot$ to recreation4 ,manual labor1 mak+ pap] boxes1 work+ 9 ! g>d51 gymna/ics1 7 associat$ ) m5tal labor4 ,! la/ h\r ( ea* day 0 devot$ to optional labor4 ,! pupils said1 8,we are work+ = ourselves40 ,a few h\rs a week 7 devot$ to milit>y ex]cises4 ,surely ev]y?+ is n to be comm5d$ 9 ! processes :i* we h j indicat$4 ,x is n necess>y1 = example1 t ! *ild conceive1 :5 he computes1 ! cont5t ( numb]s1 & ,pe/alozzi sometimes makes an abuse ( s5se intuition4 ,he introduces analysis1 & an analysis too subtile & too m9ute1 into /udies :]e nature alone does h] "w4 8,my me?od10 he said1 8is b a ref9em5t ( ! processes ( nature40 ,he ref9es too mu*4 #eah4 ,,pe/alozzi ,,& ,,r\sseau4--,pe/alozzi has (t5 ackn[l$g$ :at he ow$ to ,r\sseau4 8,my *im]ical & unpractical _s 0 tak510 he said1 8) t *im]ical & impracticable book4444 ,! sy/em ( lib]ty ideally e/abli%$ by ,r\sseau1 excit$ 9 me an inf9ite long+ = a wid] & m b\nte\s sph]e ( activity40 ,! great sup]iority ( ,pe/alozzi ov] ,r\sseau1 is t he work$ = ! p1--t he appli$ to a great numb] ( *ildr5 ! pr9ciples :i* ,r\sseau embodi$ only 9 an individual & privileg$ education4 mile1 aft] all1 is an ari/ocrat4 ,he is ri*1 & ( good ance/ry2 & is end[$ ) all ! gifts ( nature & =tune4 ,real pupils d n (f]1 9 g5]al1 to ! action ( tea*]s1 mat]ial z docile & complaisant4 ,pe/alozzi _h to d only ) *ildr5 ( ! common p1 :o h ev]y?+ to le>n at s*ool1 because !y h f\nd at home1 ) busy or c>eless p>5ts1 nei!r enc\ragem5t nor example1--because _! e>ly ye>s h be5 only a long intellectual slumb]4 ,= ^! b5umb$ natures1 _m ex]cises are necess>y :i* w\ld prop]ly be reg>d$ z useless if x 7 a "q ( in/ruct+ *ildr5 ( ano!r condition4 ,be=e condemn+1 be=e ridicul+1 ! trifl+ practices ( ,pe/alozzi1 & ( tea*]s ( ! same s*ool1 we %\ld consid] ! use to :i* ^! processes 7 appli$4 ,! real organiz] ( ! education ( *ildhood & ( ! p1 ,pe/alozzi has a "r to ! plaudits ( all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! future ( ! masses ( ! p4 #eai4 ,,conclusion4--,we %\ld n flatt] ourselves t m]ely by means ( an analysis ( ,pe/alozzi's me?ods1 we c compreh5d ! s]vice ( a man :o excell$ 9 ! w>m? ( 8 *>ity1 9 8 ardor ( devotion & ( propag&ism1 & 9 ,i "k n :at t makes a gr& p]sonality1 m ?an by ! cle>ness & ! exactness ( 8 !ories4 ,x is some:at ) ,pe/alozzi z ) ^? great actors :o c>ry ) !m to _! tomb a "p ( ! secret ( _! art4 ,he 0 especially great 9 he>t & 9 love4 ,to read "s ( 8 writ+s1 we w\ld sometimes be tempt$ to say t 8 intellect 0 f> inf]ior to ! expectation excit$ by 8 "n2 b :at a spl5did rev5ge he takes 9 ! doma9 ( s5tim5t6 ,he passionately lov$ ! p4 ,he knew _! suff]+s1 & no?+ turn$ him f 8 anxiety to cure !m4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a beautiful l&scape1 he ?\ght less ( ! *>m+ sc5e t 0 display$ be=e 8 eyes ?an ( ! poor p :o1 "u ^? spl5dors ( nature1 l$ a life ( mis]y4 ,t :i* assures him an immortal glory is ! high purpose t he set be=e himself1--8 ardor to reg5]ate humanity ?r\gh in/ruction4 ,( :at consequ5ce is x t ! results obta9$ 7 s disproportionate to 8 ef=ts1 & t he c\ld say1 8,! contra/ betwe5 :at ,i w\ld & :at ,i c\ld is s great t x _c be express$08 ,ev5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution did n succe$ 9 ! matt] ( in/ruction1 9 mak+ its works comm5surate ) its aspirations4 ,! love & ! admiration ( all ! fri5ds ( in/ruction are =ev] secur$ to ,pe/alozzi4 ,he 0 ! mo/ sugge/ive1 ! mo/ /imulat+1 ( mod]n educators4 ,if x 0 n giv5 him to act suffici5tly on ,fr5* p$agogy1 he 0 9 ,g]many ! great inspir] ( re=m 9 popul> education4 ,:ile he 0 despis$ by ,bonap>te1 he obta9$1 9 #ahjb1 f ! philosoph] ,fi*te1 ?is f9e complim5t1 8,x is f ! in/itute ( ,pe/alozzi t ,i expect ! reg5]ation ( ! ,g]man nation40 #ebj4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,inv5iam viam aut faciam4 ,to "k ! end is to f9d ! way2 & to be possess$ ( an impulse to rea* an end is to make a way4 ,!re are ?us two categories ( educational re=m]s4 ,"s see a goal by ! light ( reason & reflection1 & !n lay out a logical r\te to x :i* !y may or may n trav]se1 b :i* "s "o w ultimately trav]se4 ,o!rs are dom9at$ by an int5se feel+1 & grope _! unc]ta9 way t[>ds a goal ^: outl9e & position are only dimly disc]n$ ?r\gh ! mi/s ( emotion4 ,) "s1 ! motive is intellectual1 ) o!rs1 x is emotional2 & 9 _! high] manife/ations ^! end[m5ts are mutually exclusive4 #b4 ,pe/alozzi belongs pre-em95tly to ! emotional re=m]s4 ,he felt int5sely1 b he saw vaguely4 ,8 impulses 7 ! highe/ & ! noble/ t c animate ! human s\l1 b at e /age 9 8 c>e] 8 success 0 compromis$ by 8 inability to see ?+s 9 _! normal relations & proportions4 ,consci\s ( 8 inability to frame a rational def5ce ( 8 sy/em1 he 0 glad to borr[ philosophic insight f abroad2 b he c\ld n live ) colleagues :o w\ld te/ ! logic ( 8 me?ods4 #c4 ,te/$ by ! simple/ rules ( ord]1 symmetry1 & economy1 ! s*ools organiz$ by ,pe/alozzi 7 failures2 b te/$ by ! exalt$ humanity1 ! h]oic devotion1 & self-sacrifice ( _! f\nd]1 & by ! new life :i*1 ?r\gh 8 example1 0 h5ce=? to animate ! tea*+ pr(ession1 8 s*ools 7 successful beyond all prec$5t4 ,judg$ by mod]n /&>ds1 ,pe/alozzi 0 a poor tea*]1 b an unsurpass$ educator4 #d4 ,! conception :i* ! humanit>ian w>m? ( ,pe/alozzi's nature conv]t$ into a motive1 0 t true education is a gr[?1 ! outw>d evolution ( an inw>d life4 ,! conception itself 0 z old z ,david & ,socrates1 b x _h ceas$ to h ! p[] ( a liv+ tru?4 #e4 ,! hi/ory ( human ?\ght %[s t !re has ev] be5 a t5d5cy to sep>ate =m f cont5t1 or lett] f _s1 & z con/ant a pr$ilection = =m or lett]1 z di/+ui%$ f cont5t or _s2 & ! ess5tial "w ( re=m has consi/$ 9 reanimation4 ,?is illu/rates & def9es ,pe/alozzi's mission z an educator4 ,! /ory ( 8 devotion & suff]+ is ! mo/ pa!tic 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 & x %\ld be unnecess>y to repeat ! lesson t 0 taught at su* co/4 ,,footnotes3 #baf ,besides ,bas$[1 !re %\ld be m5tion$ among ! educators :o h become not$ 9 ,g]many "u ! "n ( ,philan?ropi/s1 ,salzman 7#agdd-ahaa7 & ,campe 7#agdf-ahah74 #bag ,:at a pa9/ak+ s\l to be s exact 9 8 acc\nts6 ,d\btless he _h an eye to ! future publication ( 8 record z a matre de f\et6 ,?is acc\nt is r too exact to be tru/wor?y4 7,p47 #bah ,see int]e/+ quotations f ! 8,j\rnal d'un pre10 9 ! excell5t biography ( ,pe/alozzi1 by ,rog] de ,guimps4 #bai ,see ,*ap4 ,,xix4 #bbj ,a second edition appe>$ 9 ! lifetime ( ! au?or1 9 #ahbj1 ) "s important modifications4 ,! ,fr5* translation publi%$ 9 #ahhb by ,dr4 ,d>9 0 made f ! fir/ edition4 #bba ,see ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,pe/alozzi4--,,fr,,bel ,,& ,,! ,p,,re ,,gir>d4 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury2 ,,fr,,bel 7#aghb-aheb72 ,,y\? ,,( ,,fr,,bel2 ,,diff]5t ,,employm5ts2 ,,call ,,to ,,tea*2 ,,fr,,bel ,,& ,,pe/alozzi2 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,sph]ical2 ,,new ,,/udies2 ,,in/itute ,,( ,,keilhau2 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,man2 ,,analysis ,,( ,,t ,,"w2 ,,love ,,= ,,*ildr52 ,,unity ,,( ,,education2 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,man2 ,,naturalism ,,( ,,fr,,bel2 ,,new ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,tea*+2 ,,k9d]g>t5s2 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,k9d]g>t5s2 ,,! ,,gifts ,,( ,,fr,,bel2 ,,appeal ,,to ,,! ,,in/9cts ,,( ,,! ,,*ild2 ,,importance ,,( ,,sports2 ,,pr9cipal ,,ne$s ,,( ,,! ,,*ild2 ,,faults ,,9 ,,fr,,bel',s ,,me?od2 ,,! ,,la/ ,,e/abli%m5ts ,,( ,,fr,,bel2 ,,fr,,bel ,,& ,,die/]weg2 ,,popul>ity ,,( ,,fr,,bel2 ,,! ,p,,re ,,gir>d 7#agfe-ahej72 ,,life ,,( ,,! ,p,,re ,,gir>d2 ,,plan ,,( ,,education ,,= ,,helvetia2 ,,la/ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,! ,p,,re ,,gir>d2 ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,"m ,,tongue2 ,,gramm> ,,( ,,ideas2 ,,discreet ,,use ,,( ,,rules2 ,,educative ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,"m ,,tongue2 ,,analysis ,,( ,,t ,,"w2 ,,moral ,,ari?metic2 ,,moral ,,geography2 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,gir>d2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #eba4 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4--,pe/alozzi really belongs to our c5tury by ! close ( 8 c>e]1 & especially by ! po/hum\s glory ( 8 "n4 ,) ,frbel & ! ,pre ,gir>d1 we ent] completely ^u ! n9ete5? c5tury2 bo?1 9 diff]5t degrees & ) *>act]i/ics ( _! own1 cont9ue ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi4 #ebb4 ,,fr,,bel 7#aghb-aheb74--;,x may be said ( ,frbel z ( ,pe/alozzi1 t 9 ,france at lea/1 he is m prais$ ?an kn[n1 m celebrat$ ?an /udi$4 ,we h be5 t>dy 9 speak+ ( him1--x is sc>cely tw5ty ye>s s9ce2 b x seems t our admiration has s\ght to atone = ! sl[ness ( its manife/ation by its vivacity & its ardor4 ,! "n ( ! f\nd] ( ,k9d]g>t5s has become almo/ popul>1 :ile 8 writ+s h rema9$ almo/ unkn[n4 ,an imp>tial & ?or\gh /udy ( ,frbel's "w w abate r ?an enc\rage ?is excessive infatuation & ?is some:at artificial en?usiasm4 ,assur$ly1 ,frbel _h gr& qualities z a tea*]2 b he lack$ a pr(\nd classical culture & also ! s5se ( proportion4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,g]mans ( ?is c5tury1 he has v5tur$ on ! conceptions ( a nebul\s philosophy1 & foll[+ ! /eps ( ,hegel1 he has too (t5 des]t$ ! r\te ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 to /rike out into metaphysical divagations4 ,frbel's imag9ation magnifies & di/orts ev]y?+4 ,he _c see objects z !y are1 b l5ds !m a symbolical mean+1 & w&]s (f into transc5d5tal & obscure consid]ations4 ,b 8 practical "w is wor? m ?an 8 writ+s1 & he _c be d5i$ ! glory ( hav+ be5 a bold & happy innovator 9 ! field ( e>ly education4 #ebc4 ,,! ,,y\? ,,( ,,fr,,bel4--,frbel 0 born 9 ,?ur+ia 9 #aghb4 ,he lo/ 8 "m almo/ at bir?1 & 0 educat$ by 8 fa!r & 8 uncle1 bo? village pa/ors4 ,we recollect t by a contr>y de/9y1 ,pe/alozzi 0 br\ght up by 8 "m4 ,f 8 e>lie/ ye>s he manife/$ rem>kable traits ( "*1 & also m5tal t5d5cies :i* 7 a little s+ul>4 ,he 0 dreamy & :olly p5etrat$ ) a pr(\nd religi\s s5tim5t4 ,?us1 ! day :5 he believ$ t he 0 assur$ by p]emptory reason+ t he 0 n doom$ to et]nal flames1 0 an ev5t 9 8 life4 ,ard5tly enamor$ ( nature1 he consid]s h] z ! true inspir] ( humanity4 ,?is _h also be5 ! conception ( ,r\sseau & ( ,pe/alozzi1 b x exhibits itself ) mu* m p[] 9 ! case ( ,frbel4 ,x is difficult to compreh5d ! exagg]ation ( 8 ?\ght :5 he says t nature1 att5tively obs]v$1 appe>s to u z ! symbol ( ! highe/ aspirations ( human life4 8,entire nature1 ev5 ! _w ( cry/als & /ones1 tea*es u to recognize good & evil1 b n[h]e 9 a m liv+1 tranquil1 cle>1 & evid5t way ?an 9 ! _w ( plants & fl[]s40 ,morality1 ?us und]/ood1 is a little vague4 ,we d n d5y t ! calm life ( ! fields contributes to surr\nd u ) a pure atmosph]e1 & to beget )9 u :olesome & elevat$ aspirations2 b "o mu/ h a s+ul>ly s5tim5tal temp]am5t to believe t nature c give u 8! cle>e/ & ! mo/ obvi\s0 lessons 9 morals4 #ebd4 ,,diff]5t ,,occupations4--,! fir/ "p ( ,frbel's life gives evid5ce ( a c]ta9 un/ead9ess ( m9d4 ,incon/ant 9 8 ta/es1 he _c settle on a fix$ mode ( life4 ,improvid5t & poor1 l ,pe/alozzi1 he is 9 turn =e/]1 int5dant1 ar*itect1 preceptor2 he feels 8 way up to ! day :5 8 vocation z a tea*] is sudd5ly reveal$ to him4 ,moreov]1 he /udies ev]y?+1--law1 m9]alogy1 agriculture1 ma!matics4 #ebe4 ,,vocation ,,to ,,tea*4--,x 0 9 #ahje1 at ,frank=t1 t ,frbel began to tea*4 ,he 0 !n tw5ty-?ree4 ,! tea*] ,grun] (f]$ him a position z in/ructor 9 ! model s*ool :i* he direct$2 ,frbel accept$1 b he 0 ( t numb] :o d no?+ artlessly4 8,an accid5tal circum/ance det]m9$ my decision4 ,i receiv$ news t my c]tificates 7 lo/ c]tificates t he _h s5t to an ar*itect to secure a position ) him4 ,i !n conclud$ t ,provid5ce _h int5d$1 by ?is incid5t1 to take f me ! possibility ( a return backw>d40 ,at ! end ( a few days he wrote to 8 bro!r ,*ri/oph]3-- 8,x is a/oni%+ h[ my duties please me4 ,f ! fir/ lesson x seem$ to me t ,i _h nev] done any?+ else1 & t ,i 0 born = t v ?+4 ,i c\ld no long] make x seem to me t ,i _h previ\sly ?\ght ( foll[+ any occupation b ?is1 & yet ,i confess t ! idea ( becom+ a tea*] _h nev] occurr$ to me40 #ebf4 ,,fr,,bel ,,& ,,pe/alozzi4--,at ! s*ool 9 ,frank=t1 ,frbel1 /ill a novice 9 ! art ( tea*+1 attempt$ sc>cely m ?an scrupul\sly to apply ! ,pe/alozzian me?ods4 ,& ^u _m po9ts ,frbel rema9$ to ! end a fai?ful disciple ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,intuition is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 me?od1 & we might say t 8 ef=t 9 p$agogy consi/s *iefly 9 organiz+ into a sy/em ! s5se intuitions :i* ,pe/alozzi propos$ to ! *ild some:at at r&om & )\t plan4 ,frbel _h _h direct relations ) ,pe/alozzi4 ,9 #ahjh he w5t to ,yv]dun ) ?ree ( 8 pupils1 & !re sp5t two ye>s1 tak+ "p 9 ! "w ( ! in/itute1 & becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! me?ods ( ! ma/]4 ,he decl>es t x 0 a 8decisive0 epo* 9 8 life4 ,b let u note1 9 pass+1 ! diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ,pe/alozzi & ,frbel4 ,:ile ,pe/alozzi is ev] ready to accuse himself ) a t\*+ humility1 ,frbel reg>ds himself z almo/ infallible4 ,he nev] attributes failure to 8 own insuffici5cy1 b lays ! blame on de/9y or on ! ill-w ( o!rs4 ,pe/alozzi is ev] =gett+ himself1 & he is s neglectful z to be unc\? 9 8 attire4 8,he nev] knew h[ to dress10 say 8 biograph]s2 88 di/raction made him =get sometimes 8 cravat1 & at o!rs 8 g>t]s40 ,frbel1 on ! contr>y1 affect$ an elegant & !atrical be>+4 ,he /udi$ effect4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods1 z we are told1 he wore ,hessian boots & a ,tyrolese cap ) high plumes4 #ebg4 ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,sph]icity 7#ahaa74--;,x 0 ab\t #ahaa t ! peculi> orig9ality ( ,frbel manife/$ itself1 & ?is 0 done1 x mu/ be confess$1 9 an un=tunate way1 by ! publication ( 8 ,treatise on ,sph]icity4 ,pe/alozzi some:]e wrote3 8,if my life is entitl$ to any cr$it1 x is t ( hav+ plac$ ! squ>e at ! basis ( an intuitive in/ruction :i* has nev] yet be5 giv5 to a p40#bbb ,?is language com+ f ,pe/alozzi is c]ta9ly calculat$ to surprise u2 b at lea/ ,pe/alozzi meant squ>e 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 z a geometrical figure1 or z a =m = draw+4 ,:5 ,frbel speaks to u ( ! sph]e1 & makes ( x ! basis ( education1 x is a :olly diff]5t ?+4 ,9 read+ ! ,treatise on ,sph]icity1 we are sometimes tempt$ to inquire :e!r we h to d ) a well-balanc$ m9d1 or :e!r an exub]ant imag9ation has n caus$ ! au?or to lose ! consci\sness ( reality4 ,accord+ to ,frbel1 ! sph]e is ! ideal =m3-- 8,! sph]e seems l ! prototype or ! unity ( all bodies & ( all =ms4 ,n an angle1 n a l9e1 n a plane1 n a surface1 is %[n 9 x1 & yet x has all po9ts & all surfaces40 ,let ?is pass2 b besides ?is1 ! sph]e has my/]i\s relations ) spiritual ?+s2 x tea*es ! p]fection ( ! moral life4 8,to labor consci5ti\sly at ! developm5t ( ! sph]ical nature ( a be+1 is to effect ! education ( a be+40 ,an incid5t borr[$ f ! life ( ,frbel w complete ! picture4 ,he enli/$ z a volunte] 9 #ahab1 & made ! campaigns ( #ahab-ahac1 ) ,lange?al & ,midd5dorf1 :o 7 aft]w>d to be 8 colleagues4 ,aft] ! w>1 he return$ to ,b]l91 pass+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,g]many4 ,dur+ ! :ole j\rney1 he says1 8,i 0 seek+ some?+1 b )\t rea*+ a def9ite idea ( :at ,i 0 9 que/ (1 & no?+ c\ld satisfy me4 ,:olly engross$ 9 ?is ?\ght1 ,i ent]$ "o day into a v beautiful g>d51 ornam5t$ ) plants ! mo/ v>i\s4 ,i admir$ !m1 & yet none ( !m br\ght relief to my inmo/ feel+4 8,pass+ !m 9 review1 at a glance1 9 my s\l1 ,i sudd5ly discov]$ t among !m !re 0 no lily4444 ,!n ,i knew :at 0 lack+ 9 t g>d51 & :at ,i 0 look+ =4 ,h[ c\ld my inmo/ feel+ h manife/$ itself to me 9 a m beautiful way8 ,y seek1 ,i said to myself1 tranquil peace ( he>t1 h>mony ( life1 & purity ( s\l1 9 ! image ( ! lily1 t peaceful fl[]1 simple & pure4 ,! g>d51 ) all its v>i$ fl[]s1 b )\t ! blossoms ( ! lily1 0 = me l life agitat$ & v>iegat$1 b )\t h>mony & )\t unity40 #ebh4 ,,new ,,/udies4--,frbel return$ to ,b]l9 9 #ahad1 & !re obta9$ an assi/ant's place 9 ! m9]alogical museum4 ,he !re /udi$ at leisure ! geometrical =ms ( cry/als1 & reflect$ anew on _! symbolical mean+4 ,p]haps he d]iv$ f ^! /udies ! idea ( ! fir/ gifts :i* he aft]w>ds introduc$ into 8 ,k9d]g>t5s4 ,x 0 n till two ye>s aft]w>ds t he =m$ ! def9ite resolution to devote himself to ! education ( y\? 7#ahaf74 ,he fir/ e/abli%$ himself at ,grie%eim1 & !n at ,keilhau 7a league's di/ance f ,rudol/adt71 :]e1 ) five pupils1 all 8 nephews1 he op5$ a s*ool :i* he call$ by a pomp\s title1 & "o h>dly ju/ifiable at ! beg9n+1 ! ,g5]al ,g]man ,in/itute ( ,education4 ,he succe$$ 9 associat+ ) himself ,lange?al & ,midd5dorf4 ,! e/abli%m5t 0 adm9i/]$ at fir/ on a v mode/ scale1 z ! res\rces 7 sl5d]2 b x prosp]$ little by little1 & 9 #ahbf x numb]$ m ?an fifty pupils4 #ebi4 ,,in/itute ,,at ,,keilhau4--,! pr9ciples ( ,pe/alozzi 7 appli$ at ,keilhau4 ,lange?al & ,midd5dorf pass$ _! appr5tice%ip 9 ! ,pe/alozzian me?od "u ! direction ( ,frbel4 ,! ?ree pr(essors met 9 ! common hall1 & !re 7 frequ5tly he>d z e*oes f _! discussion ! words3 intuition1 p]sonal initiative1 proce$+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 8,!y are le>n+ ! sy/em10 said ! *ildr5 :o he>d !m4 ,at ,keilhau1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral education m>*$ abrea/4 ,! ma/] 0 to attempt to p5etrate ! individuality ( ea* *ild1 to ! end t he might !nce provoke ! free developm5t ( t individuality4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 au/]e & ! f>e frugal4 ,! sy/em ( physical h>d5+ 0 c>ri$ to an extreme4 ,! pupils1 w9t] & summ]1 wore a bl\se & cotton tr\s]s4 ,a consid]able "t 0 devot$ to religi\s ex]cises4 ,frbel always rema9$ atta*$ to ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 ?\gh 8 or?odoxy might h seem$ op5 to suspicion1 & he always ?\ght t education ought to be ess5tially religi\s4 8,all education t is n f\nd$ on religion is /]ile40 ,& he adds1 8,all education t is n f\nd$ on ! ,*ri/ian religion is defective & incomplete40#bbc #ecj4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,man4--,x 0 at ,keilhau 9 #ahbf1 t ,frbel publi%$ 8 pr9cipal "w1 ,! ,education ( ,man4#bbd ,at t date1 ! idea ( ,k9d]g>t5s _h n yet tak5 =m 9 8 m9d2 & ,! ,education ( ,man 0 n s mu* ! exposition ( ! practical applications ( ,frbel's me?od1 z a nebul\s & tumid developm5t ( 8 metaphysical pr9ciples4 ,x is a book little read1 &1 let x be confess$1 p>tly illegible6 ,we h v5tur$ to speak ( ! nons5se writt5 by ,pe/alozzi4 ,:at %all be said ( ! my/ical dreams ( ,frbel8 ,! p$agogy ( ! ,g]mans1 l _! philosophy1 has = a c5tury (t5 lo/ its way 9 /range !ories :i* absolutely surpass ! compreh5sion ( ! ,fr5* m9d4 ,f a mass ( vague & pret5ti\s speculations on univ]sal nature1 !re are cull$ ) difficulty "s ideas :i* are well f\nd$4 ,h[ev]1 let u try to ga!r up ! obscure idea ( ,frbel1 made /ill m obscure by ! ext]ior =m ( ! "w4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ,frbel _h omitt$ to introduce into ! text any division into *apt]s & p>agraphs4 ,! read+ ( ?is un9t]rupt$ text c\ld n fail to be labori\s2 ev5 ) ! some:at artificial divisions :i* 7 subsequ5tly introduc$1 ,! ,education ( ,man rema9s difficult to read & to analyze4 #eca4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,"w4--,! introduction is ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! "w4 ,we might r$uce ! some:at confus$ ideas :i* x conta9s to ?ree ess5tial po9ts1 to ?ree g5]al ideas1 ( philosophy1 ( psy*ology1 & ( p$agogy4 ,! idea ( g5]al philosophy is ?is3 8,ev]y?+ comes solely f ,god4 ,9 ,god is ! unique pr9ciple ( all ?+s40 ,x is a vague pan!ism :i* consi/s 9 believ+ t all ! objects ( nature are ! direct manife/ations ( ! div9e activity4 8,! end1 ! de/9y ( ea* ?+1 is to publi% abroad its be+1 ! activity ( ,god :i* op]ates 9 x1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ?is activity is comb9$ ) ! ?+40 ,f ^! premises ,frbel is logically br\ght to ?is psy*ological /atem5t1 t ev]y?+ is good 9 man1 = x is ,god :o acts 9 him4 ,he pu%es 8 optimism s f> z to say3-- 8,f 8 e>lie/ age ! *ild yields himself to ju/ice & "r ) a surpris+ tact1 = we r>ely see him avoid+ !m volunt>ily40 ,! p$agogical conclusion is easy to guess3 ,education %all be ess5tially a "w ( lib]ty & ( spontaneity4 ,x ought to be indulg5t1 flexible1 supple1 & re/rict$ to protect+ & ov]see+4 8,! vocation ( man1 consid]$ z a reasonable intellig5ce1 is to let 8 nature act 9 manife/+ ! action ( ,god1 :o op]ates 9 him2 to publi% ,god outw>dly1 to acquire ! k ( 8 real de/9y1 & to accompli% x 9 all lib]ty & spontaneity40 ,^! la/ two words are repeat$ ad nauseam4 ,frbel goes s f> z to say t !re c be no g5]al =m ( education to impose or ev5 to recomm5d1 because acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! nature ( ea* *ild1 & ! free developm5t ( 8 individuality provok$ by invit+ him to action & to p]sonal ex]tion4 ,! *oice 9 ! manife/ation ( ! ext]ior =m ( education ought to be left to ! intellig5ce ( ! educator1 & !re ought to be almo/ z _m ways ( educat+ m5 z !re are individuals1 ) _! own natures aspir+ to a p]sonal developm5t4 #ecb4 ,,love ,,= ,,*ildr54--,frbel1 & ?is is p]haps 8 be/ quality1 loves *ildr5 t5d]ly4 ,he speaks ( !m ) t\*+ acc5ts1 b he does n fail to m+le ) 8 affection = !m 8 habitual symbolism4 ,! *ild is n = him simply ! little real be+ t he has "u 8 eyes4 ,he sees him ?r\gh my/ic veils1 s to speak1 &1 z x 71 cr[n$ ) an aureole3-- 8,let ! *ild always appe> to u z a liv+ pl$ge ( ! pres5ce1 ( ! goodness1 & ( ! love ( ,god40 #ecc4 ,,unity ,,( ,,education4--,frbel is always bitt]ly compla9+ ( ! fragm5t>y & scrappy "* ( ! ord9>y education4 ,8 dream 0 to introduce unity into x4 ,9 ?is respect he sep>ates himself squ>ely f ,r\sseau4 ,! diff]5t /ages ( life =m an un9t]rupt$ *a94 8,let life be consid]$ z be+ b "o 9 all its phases1 z =m+ "o complete :ole40 #ecd4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,man4--,frbel1 9 ,! ,education ( ,man1 consid]s 9 succession ! diff]5t p]iods ( life4 ,! fir/ ?ree *apt]s treat ( ! fir/ /ages ( developm5t 9 man1--! nursel+1 ! *ild1 ! "y boy4 ,we "h f9d pages full ( *>m1 ^u ! education ( ! *ild by ! "m1 & ^u ! progress ( ! faculties2 b pret5ti\s consid]ations & :imsical int]pretations too (t5 come to spoil ! psy*ology ( ,frbel4 8,! *ild10 he says1 8sc>cely kn[s :e!r he loves ! fl[]s = !mselves1 = ! delight :i* !y give him1 444 or = ! vague intuition :i* !y give him ( ! ,creator40 ,f>!r on he speaks ( introduc+ ! *ild to colors1 & f ?is ex]cise he at once draws moral conclusions3 ! *ild loves colors because he comes by means ( !m 8to ! k ( an int]ior unity40 #ece4 ,,! ,,naturalism ,,( ,,fr,,bel4--,! elem5ts ( education accord+ to ,frbel are1 ) religion2 ! arti/ic /udies1 ma!matics1 language1 &1 above all1 nature4 8,tea*]s %\ld sc>cely let a week pass )\t tak+ to ! c\ntry a "p ( _! pupils4 ,!y %all n drive !m be=e !m l a flock ( %eep4444 ,!y %all walk ) !m z a fa!r among 8 *ildr51 or a bro!r among 8 bro!rs1 9 mak+ !m obs]ve & admire ! v>i$ ri*ness :i* nature displays to _! eyes at ea* season ( ! ye>40 #ecf4 ,,new ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,tea*+4--,! in/itute ( ,keilhau did n long prosp]4 ,9 #ahbi x 0 necess>y to close x = lack ( pupils4 ,frbel lack$ ! practical qualities ( an adm9i/rator4 ,9 #ahca he tri$ 9 va9 to op5 a new s*ool at ,w>t5see 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! attacks ( ! cl]ical p>ty oblig$ him to ab&on 8 project4 ,aft] sev]al o!r attempts he 0 elect$ director ( an orphan asylum at ,burgdorf2 & x 0 !re t he resolv$ to devote 8 p$agogical ef=ts to ! education ( e>ly *ildhood4 ,! little village ( ,burgdorf _h ! honor1 )9 a p]iod ( ?irty-five ye>s1 ( (f]+ an asylum to ,pe/alozzi & to ,frbel1 & ( be+ ! sc5e ( _! exp]im5ts 9 p$agogy4 #ecg4 ,,! ,,k9d]g>t5s4--,! ma/] conception ( ,frbel1 ! creation ( ! ,k9d]g>t51 0 only sl[ly develop$ 9 8 m9d4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahdj t he inv5t$ ! t]m4 ,( c\rse1 giv5 ! imag9ation ( ,frbel1 & 8 t5d5cy to symbolism1 *ildr5's g>d5 ought to be tak5 9 its allegorical s5se4 ,! *ild is a plant1 ! s*ool a g>d51 & ,frbel calls tea*]s 8g>d5]s ( *ildr540#bbe ,b be=e giv+ a "n to 8 s*ool = e>ly *ildhood1 ,frbel _h long *]i%$ ! idea ( x4 ,9 #ahce1 at ,burgdorf1 he attempt$ to realize x2 9 #ahcg1 at ,blank5burg1 ne> ,rudol/adt1 he f\nd$ 8 fir/ infant s*ool4 #ech4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,k9d]g>t54--,)\t wi%+ to belittle ! orig9ality ( ,frbel's creation1 x is "r to say t x 0 sugge/$ to him 9 "p by ,com5ius4 ,! philosoph] ,krause _h po9t$ out to him ! importance ( ! writ+s ( ! ,slavic educator4 ,he /udi$ !m1 & ! ,k9d]g>t5 c]ta9ly has "s relations ( p>5?ood ) ! s*ola mat]ni gremii4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! idea ( ,com5ius & t ( ,frbel1--! fir/ confid$ to ! "m ! c>es :i* ! second relegates to ! tea*]s ( ! *ildr5's g>d5s4 ,x is said t x 0 f see+ a *ild play+ at ball t ,frbel conceiv$ ! fir/ idea ( 8 sy/em4 ,we "k :at importance he atta*$ to ! sph]ical =m & to play4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( 8 ,k9d]g>t5 0 !n t ! *ild ought to play1 & to play at ball4 ,b ,frbel envelop$ ! simple/ ideas 9 prolix & :imsical !ories4 ,if he recomm5ds ! ball1 x is n = positive reasons1 nor because x is an in(f5sive play1 v appropriate to ! ne$ ( movem5t :i* *>act]izes ! *ild4 ,x is because ! ball is ! symbol ( unity4 ,! cube1 :i* 0 to succe$ ! ball1 repres5ts div]sity 9 unity4 ,x is also because ! ^w ball is a symbolic ^w1 =m$ f lett]s borr[$ f ! ,g]man words ,bild von all1 picture ( ! :ole4 ,frbel came to attribute an occult mean+ to ! diff]5t lett]s ( words4 ,he ?\ght he f\nd 9 ! figures ( ! ye> #ahcf1 ! date ( 8 fir/ conception ( ! ,k9d]g>t51 ! pro( t t ye> 0 to op5 to humanity a new era1 & he express$ 8 views 9 an essay entitl$3 ,! ,ye> #ahcf requires a ,r5ovation ( ,life4 ,9 ?is we read su* ?+s z ^!3 8,! ^w m>riage 7,g]man ,ehe7 repres5ts by its two v[els e-e1 life2 ^! two v[els are unit$ by ! consonant h1 ?us symboliz+ a d\ble life :i* ! _s unites2 aga91 ! two halves ?us unit$ are simil> & equal ea* to ea*3 e-h-e40 ,& f>!r on3 8,:at does ! ^w ,g]man 7,deuts*7 signify8 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ^w deut5 7signify+ to manife/71 :i* designates ! act by :i* self-consci\s ?\ght is cle>ly manife/$ outw>dly4444 ,to be a ,g]man is !n to raise "o's self z an individual & z a :ole1 by a cle> manife/ation ( "o's self1 to a cle> consci\sness ( self40 #eci4 ,,! ,,gifts ,,( ,,fr,,bel4--,"u ! graceful "n ( gifts1 ,frbel pres5ts to ! *ild a c]ta9 numb] ( objects :i* are to s]ve z mat]ial = 8 ex]cises4 ,! five gifts are conta9$ 9 a box f :i* !y are tak5 9 succession1 z ! *ildr5 are 9 a condition to receive !m4 ,9 ! orig9al plan ( ,frbel1 ^! gifts 73 #a4 ! ball2 #b4 ! sph]e & ! cube2 #c4 ! cube divid$ into eight equal p>ts2 #d4 ! cube divid$ into eight rectangul> p>allelopip$s1 9 ! =m ( build+-bricks1 :i* ! *ild w use z mat]ial = little con/ructions2 #e4 ! cube divid$ 9 ea* ( its dim5sions1 t is1 cut into tw5ty-sev5 equal cubes2 ?ree ( !m are subdivid$ into two prisms1 & ?ree o!rs into f\r prisms1 by means ( an oblique section1 s+le or d\ble4#bbf ,& to ^! gifts ,frbel add$ o!r objects1 su* z ?9 /rips ( wood & little /icks = con/ruct+ figures2 & bits ( pap] = braid+1 fold+1 dott+1 etc4 ,! conception ( ,frbel does n re/1 z "o might ?9k1 on ! adaptation ( ! objects :i* he *ooses 9 succession1 to ! faculties ( ! *ild4 ,x is n ?is at all :i* int]e/s him4 ,! ord] :i* he has adopt$ is d]iv$ f ano!r pr9ciple4 ,accord+ to him1 ! =m ( bodies has an intimate relation ) ! g5]al laws ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is1 consequ5tly1 a me?odical gradation to be obs]v$1 accord+ to ! intr9sic "* ( ! objects !mselves1 = ! purpose ( initiat+ ! *ild into ! laws ( ! div9e ?\ght symboliz$ 9 ! sph]e1 9 ! cube1 9 ! cyl9d]1 etc4 ,frbel 0 greatly irritat$ at ^? ( 8 s*ol>s :o misund]/ood ! philosophical import ( 8 8gifts10 & :o saw 9 !m only plays4 8,if my mat]ial = in/ruction possesses "s utility10 he said1 8x does n owe x to its ext]ior appe>ance1 :i* has no?+ /rik+ & (f]s no novelty4 ,x owes x simply to ! way 9 :i* ,i use x1 t is1 to my me?od & to ! philosophical law on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,! ju/ification ( my sy/em ( education is entirely 9 ?is law2 accord+ z ?is law is reject$ or admitt$1 ! sy/em falls or cont9ues ) x4 ,all ! re/ is b mat]ial )\t any value ( its own40 ,x is ?is 8mat]ial10 h[ev]1 :i* = ,frbel _h no value1 t 8 admir]s h above all pres]v$ ( 8 me?od1 )\t long] c>+ = ! allegorical s5se :i* he atta*$ to x4 #edj4 ,,appeal ,,to ,,! ,,in/9cts ,,( ,,! ,,*ild4--,t :i* makes1 not)/&+ s mu* t is :imsical1 ! la/+ m]it ( ,frbel's "w1 t :i* ju/ifies 9 "p ! admiration :i* x has excit$1 is t he organiz$ ! salle d'asile1 ! infant s*ool1 & t he realiz$ = x t :i* ,pe/alozzi _h attempt$ = ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,he knew h[ to make an appeal to ! in/9cts ( ! y\nge/ *ild1 to comb9e a sy/em ( ex]cises = ! tra9+ ( ! h&1 = ! education ( ! s5ses1 to satisfy ! ne$ ( movem5t & activity :i* develops itself f ! fir/ day ( life1 &1 f9ally1 to make ( ! *ild a creator1 a little arti/ always at "w4 ,= ! old education1 :i* he calls 8a hot-h\se education10 & 9 :i* ! in/ruction1 premature ?r\gh language1 smo!rs 9 _! g]ms ! native p[]s ( ! *ild1 9 ord] to excite 8 memory & 8 judgm5t by artificial means1--= ?is education he sub/itutes a free & *e]ful education :i* cultivates ! faculties ( ! *ild by love1 & :i* makes a j e/imate ( 8 in/9cts4 ,books are suppress$1 & lessons also4 ,! *ild freely exp&s 9 play4 #eda4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,play4--,) ,frbel1 play became an ess5tial elem5t ( education4 ,?is +5i\s tea*] knew h[ to make ( x an art1 an in/rum5t = ! developm5t ( ! infant faculties4 8,! plays ( ! *ild10 he said1 8are1 z x 71 ! g]m ( ! :ole life :i* is to foll[1 = ! :ole man develops & manife/s itself 9 x2 9 x he reveals 8 noble/ aptitudes & ! deepe/ elem5ts ( 8 be+4 ,! :ole life ( man has its s\rce 9 t epo* ( exi/5ce1 & :e!r t life is s]5e or sad1 tranquil or agitat$1 fruitful or /]ile1 :e!r x br+s peace or w>1 t dep5ds on ! c>e1 m or less judici\s1 giv5 to ! beg9n+s ( exi/5ce40 #edb4 ,,pr9cipal ,,ne$s ,,( ,,! ,,*ild4--,grard1 9 a rem>kable /udy on ! me?od ( ,frbel1 r$uces ! aspirations ( ! *ild to ?ree ess5tial in/9cts3-- #a4 ,! ta/e = obs]vation3-- 8,all ! s5ses ( ! *ild are on ! al]t2 all ! objects :i* 8 sight or 8 h& enc\nt]s attract him1 int]e/ him1 delight him40 #b4 ,! ne$ ( activity1 ! ta/e = con/ruction3-- 8,x is n en\gh t we %[ him objects2 x is necess>y t he t\* !m1 t he h&le !m1 t he appropriate !m to himself4444 ,he takes delight 9 con/ruct+2 he is naturally geometrician & arti/40 #c4 ,f9ally1 ! s5tim5t ( p]sonality3-- 8,he wi%es to h 8 own place1 8 own occupation1 8 own tea*]40 ,n[ ,frbel's me?od has precisely = its object ! satisfaction ( ^! diff]5t in/9cts4 8,to place ! *ild be=e a common table10 says ,grard1 8b ) 8 own *air & a place t belongs to him1 s t he feels t he is ! own] ( 8 little doma92 to excite at ! v beg9n+ 8 good w by ! promise ( an int]e/+ game2 to develop 9 succession "u 8 v eyes ! m>vels ( ! five gifts3 to tea* him 9 ! fir/ place1 f concrete objects expos$ to 8 sight1 balls ( color$ wor/$ & geometrical solids1 to di/+ui% color1 =m1 mat]ial1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( a body1 s z to accu/om him to see1 t is1 to seize ! aspects1 ! figures1 ! resemblances1 ! diff]5ces1 ! relations ( ?+s2 !n to place ! objects 9 8 h&s1 & to tea* him to make ) ! balls ( color$ wor/$ comb9ations ( colors agreeable to ! eye1 to arrange1 ) mat*es unit$ by balls ( cork1 squ>es1 angles1 triangles ( all sorts1 to set up little cubes 9 ! =m ( crosses1 pyramids1 etc42--!n1 ei!r by means ( /rips ( color$ pap] plac$ 9 diff]5t directions1 int]lac$ into "o ano!r1 braid$ z a weav] w\ld make a fabric1 or ) ! crayon1 to drill him 9 reproduc+1 9 creat+1 designs repres5t+ all ! geometrical =ms1 s t to ! habit ( obs]vation is gradually jo9$ t ( inv5tion2 f9ally1 :ile 8 h& is busy 9 conc]t ) 8 intellig5ce1 & :ile 8 ne$ ( activity is satisfi$1 to take advantage ( ?is awak5$ & satisfi$ att5tion to fix 9 8 m9d by appropriate que/ions "s notions ( ! prop]ties & uses ( =ms1 by relat+ !m to "s great pr9ciple ( g5]al ord]1 simple & fruitful1 to m+le ! practical lesson ) moral obs]vations1 drawn 9 p>ticul> f ! incid5ts ( ! s*ool--?is1 9 its natural progress & its normal developm5t1 is ! me?od ( ,frbel40 #edc4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,fr,,bel',s ,,me?od4--,!re is gr\nd = ?9k+1 not)/&+ all1 t ,frbel's me?od is a little complicat$1 a little artificial1 & t x sometimes proce$s 9 opposition to ! natural disposition ( *ildr54 ,_! s\l1 he said1 _c 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( its developm5t1 recognize itself1 appreh5d itself1 save 9 ! p]ception ( ! simple/ =ms ( ! ext]ior _w1 pres5t$ 9 a concrete mann]4 ,n[ nature ( h]self does n (f] ^! elem5t>y =ms2 x is necess>y to "k h[ to extract !m f ! inf9ite div]sity ( ?+s4 ,& ,frbel f\nd ^! simple =ms 9 ! sph]e1 ! cube1 & ! cyl9d]4 ,b ^! =ms1 we reply1 are b ab/ractions2 x does n suffice to say t ! cube & ! sph]e are mat]ial & palpable1--!y are none ! less ! product ( ab/ract ?\ght on ?is acc\nt2 nature does n pres5t ^! simple geometrical =ms2 ev]y?+ 9 !m is complex4 ,n[ ! nasc5t ?\ght is employ$ at fir/ on real ?+s1 on ! liv+ & irregul> =ms ( animals & vegetables2 !n 9 ?is case1 ! m9d proce$s naturally f ! complex to ! simple1 f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,x seems1 on ! contr>y1 t ,frbel beg9s ) ! ab/ract 9 ord] to arrive at ! concrete4 ,9 ! s*ool ( ,frbel o!r defects h be5 develop$4 ,an abuse has be5 made ( ! ex]cises 9 imitation & inv5tion4 ,! *ild has be5 made to produce m>vels ( con/ruction :i* take too mu* ( 8 "t & dem& ( him too mu* ef=t4 ,x has be5 =gott5 t ^! employm5ts %\ld be prep>atory ex]cises1--means1 & n ! end ( education4 #edd4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,e/abli%m5ts ,,( ,,fr,,bel4--,t[>ds #ahdj1 ! ideas ( ,frbel began to become popul>4 ,8 me?ods attract$ att5tion4 ,!n he wi%$ to trans=m 8 s*ool at ,blank5burg into a model e/abli%m5t4 ,he address$ an appeal to ! ,g]man nation 9 favor ( 8 "w1 b x 0 only slightly successful4 ,oblig$ 9 #ahdd to close 8 in/itute1 ?r\gh lack ( res\rces1 he !n travell$ ?r\gh ,g]many 9 ord] to make kn[n 8 me?ods4 ,he did n d]ive f 8 j\rney ! pr(it t he expect$ f x1 &1 disc\rag$1 he return$ once m to ,keilhau1 :]e he op5$ a c\rse 9 me?od1 or a normal c\rse1 = ! use ( "y wom5 :o 7 prep>+ !mselves = ! education ( infants4 ,?is association ) wom51 9 :i* ,frbel liv$ till 8 dea?1 ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! developm5t ( 8 sy/em4 ,a mu* great] %>e ( att5tion 0 giv5 to ! practical ex]cises1 & ! ma!matics 0 put 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 #ahej he obta9$ ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! ,b>oness von ,m>5holtz1 "o ( 8 mo/ ard5t admir]s1 ! lease ( ! ,ca/le ( ,m>i5?al1 & to ?is he transf]r$ 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,a long p]iod ( activity seem$ op5+ be=e him4 ,he p]sonally direct$ ! games ( ! *ildr51 & tra9$ ! tea*]s2 b he di$ sudd5ly 9 #aheb4 #ede4 ,,fr,,bel ,,& ,,die/]weg4--,h[ev]1 be=e 8 dea?1 ,frbel 0 able to witness ! gr[+ success ( 8 "w4 ,ea* day he receiv$ em95t adhesions2 = example1 t ( ,die/]weg4#bbg ,x 0 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,b>oness von ,m>5holtz t ,frbel & ,die/]weg1 ! celebrat$ director ( ! normal s*ool ( ,b]l91 became acqua9t$4 ,die/]weg 0 a /rong & practical _s1 :o contribut$ mu* to ! developm5t ( in/ruction 9 ,prussia4 ,at fir/ he _h a contempt = ,frbel1 :om he treat$ z a *>latan2 b on 8 fir/ conv]sation ) him he *ang$ 8 op9ion4 ,he 0 tak5 to ! s*ool-room 9 :i* ,frbel 0 tea*+2 b :olly int5t on 8 "w1 ,frbel did n obs]ve ! pres5ce ( ! visitor4 ,die/]weg 0 impress$ by see+ ?is old man devot+ himself entirely to 8 little pupils1 & 8 prejudices disappe>$4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t he became ! propagator ( ,frbel's ideas4 ,he agre$ ) him on 8 g5]al conception ( ! ne$s ( ! *ild1 & ( ! prov9ce ( woman z ! e>lie/ educator4 #edf4 ,,success ,,( ,,fr,,bel',s ,,"w4--,frbel _h o!r imitators4 ,l ,pe/alozzi1 he inspir$ a l>ge numb] ( m9ds by 8 writ+s1 & ?r\gh ! zeal ( ,madame von ,m>5holtz1 & ( "s o!r disciples1 8 practical "w prosp]$4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5s h be5 multipli$ 9 _m places1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,au/ria4 #edg4 ,,! ,p,,re ,,gir>d 7#agfe-ahej74--,! ,pre ,gir>d is ! mo/ em95t educator ( mod]n ,switz]l&4 ,less celebrat$ ?an ,pe/alozzi & ,frbel1 he yet has ?is advantage ov] !m1 ( hav+ be5 bett] prep>$ = 8 pr(ession z an educator4 ,aft] hav+ f9i%$ a ?or\gh & complete c\rse ( classical /udy1 he = a long "t taught ! same subjects 9 ! same s*ool4 ,he acquir$ exp]i5ce & wrote 8 treatises only 9 an advanc$ age1 at a "t :5 he 0 9 complete possession ( 8 ideas4 ,he 0 9 fact sev5ty-n9e ye>s old :5 he publi%$ 8 book ,on ! ,sy/ematic ,tea*+ ( ! ,"m ,tongue4 ,x is a "w ( mature ?\ght1 & sums up a :ole lifetime ( labor4 ,less addict$ to sy/em ?an ,frbel & ,pe/alozzi1 ! ,pre ,gir>d /ill c>ries m]e sy/em too f>1 & makes a misuse ( ! pr9ciple :i* consi/$ 9 mak+ ( all ! p>ts ( in/ruction ! elem5ts ( moral education4 #edh4 ,,life ,,( ,,! ,p,,re ,,gir>d4--,gir>d 0 born 9 ,friburg 9 #agfe4 ,8 p$agogic in/9ct manife/$ itself at an e>ly h\r4 ,:ile /ill v "y he aid$ 8 "m 9 in/ruct+ 8 f\rte5 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,l ,frbel1 he 0 passionately fond ( religi\s que/ions4 ,"o day z he _h he>d 8 preceptor say t !re 0 no salvation outside ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 he s\ght 8 "m 9 te>s1 & ask$ h] if ! ,prote/ant tradesman :o br\ght h] fruit ea* day w\ld be damn$4 ,8 "m reassur$ him1 & he always rema9$ fai?ful to :at he call$ 8! !ology ( 8 "m10--a tol]ant & broad !ology :i* br\ght on him ! hatr$ ( ! ,jesuits4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 he ent]$ ! ord] ( ! ,gray ,fri>s1 & complet$ 8 novitiate at ,luc]ne4 ,he !n taught 9 sev]al conv5ts1 9 p>ticul> at ,wurtzburg1 :]e he rema9$ f\r ye>s 7#aghe-aghh74 ,he return$ to ,friburg 9 #aghi1 & = t5 ye>s he devot$ himself almo/ exclusively to 8 ecclesia/ical functions4 ,b 8 vocation z an educator 0 ev5 !n indicat$ by "s ?+s t he _h writt54 ,9 #agih1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ideas ( ,kant1 ^: philosophical doctr9e he _h ard5tly /udi$1 he publi%$ a ,s*eme ( ,education = all ,helvetia1 address$ to ! ,swiss m9i/] ,/apf]1 :o 0 also ! patron ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahjd1 t ,gir>d devot$ himself entirely to tea*+1 ! v ye> 9 :i* ,frbel began 8 "w4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to direct ! prim>y s*ool at ,friburg1 :i* _h j be5 entru/$ to ! ,gray ,fri>s4 ,gir>d receiv$ ! title ( 8prefect ( /udies10 & = n9ete5 ye>s1 f #ahje to #ahbc1 he ex]cis$ 8 functions z a tea*] 9 t s*ool4 ,v small 9 ! beg9n+1 ! s*ool _h a rem>kable gr[?4 ,!re 0 add$ to x ev5 a s*ool = girls4 ,at fir/ ,gir>d _h ,gray ,fri>s = colleagues2 b he soon replac$ !m ) lay tea*]s1 :o obey$ him bett] & devot$ !mselves m entirely to _! task4 ,! tea*] ( draw+ 0 a ,prote/ant4 #edi4 ,,success ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,at ,,friburg4--,a disciple & an admir] ( ,gir>d1 ! pa/or ,naville1 has relat$ 9 8 "w on ,public ,education#bbh ! brilliant results obta9$ by ,gir>d 9 8 s*ool at ,friburg4 8,he _h tra9$ a body ( y\? ! l ( :i* p]haps no city 9 ! _w c\ld furni%4 ,x 0 n )\t a pr(\nd emotion t ! fri5ds ( humanity contemplat$ a spectacle s new & s t\*+4 ,t ignorant & boori% class1 full ( prejudices1 :i* ev]y:]e ab\nds1 0 no long] met ) at ,friburg4444 ,! "y !re develop$ graces ( an amiable deportm5t :i* 7 nev] m>r$ by any?+ disagreeable 9 tone1 spee*1 or mann]4 ,if1 see+ *ildr5 approa*+ y cov]$ ) rags1 y approa*$ !m ?9k+ t y 7 ab\t to enc\nt] little ruffians1 y 7 :olly surpris$ to h !m reply to y ) polit5ess1 ) judgm5t1 & ) t acc5t :i* bespeaks g5teel mann]s & a c>eful education4444 ,y w f9d ! explanation 9 ! s*ool1 :5 y obs]ve ! gr\ps :]e ^! same *ildr5 ex]cise by turns1 z 9 play+1 _! judgm5t & _! consci5ce4 ,?ree or f\r h\rs a day employ$ 9 ?is "w gave ! "y t intellig5ce1 ^? s5tim5ts1 & ^? mann]s :i* delight$ y40 #eej4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,! ,p,,re ,,gir>d4--,not)/&+ ! success ( 8 in/ruction1 ! ,pre ,gir>d 0 oblig$ to ab&on ! *>ge ( 8 s*ool 9 #ahbc4 ,8 loss ( position 0 ! result ( ! intrigues ( ! ,jesuits1 ^: college _h be5 re-e/abli%$ 9 #ahah4 ,he left ,friburg amid univ]sal regrets1 & retir$ to ,luc]ne1 :]e he taught philosophy till #ahcd4 ,at t date he return$ to 8 native city & liv$ a life ( seclusion4 ,x 0 !n t he wrote 8 p$agogical works4 ,b ?r\gh 8 disciples1 & p>ticul>ly ?r\gh ! pa/or ,naville1 ! me?ods ( ! ,pre ,gir>d 7 kn[n be=e he _h publi%$ any?+4 #eea4 ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,"m ,,tongue4--,let u n[ exam9e ! g5]al _s ( ! p$agogy ( ,gir>d4 ,x is 9 ! !oretical "w :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahdd1 & :i* 0 cr[n$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 ! same ye>1 t we mu/ look = ! pr9ciples ( 8 me?od4 ,x consi/$ 9 8*oos+ a /udy :i* may be consid]$ z "o ess5tial "p ( ! in/ruction common to all ! classes ( society1 & :i* nev]!less is fit = call+ into ex]cise all ! intellectual p[]s40 ,?is /udy 0 ! "m tongue1 :i* ,gir>d employ$ = ! moral & religi\s developm5t ( *ildr54 ,villema91 9 8 report on ! books ( ,gir>d1 has cle>ly def9$ ! purpose ( ! common s*ool z conceiv$ by ! educator ( ,friburg3-- 8,:]e ! p]iod ( in/ruction is necess>ily %ort & its object limit$1 a wise *oice ( me?od is ! ?+ ( fir/ importance1 = ^u ?is *oice w dep5d ! education itself4 ,if t me?od is purely te*nical1 if its exclusive object is read+1 writ+1 & ! rules ( gramm> & computation1 ! *ild ( ! common p w be poorly in/ruct$ & w n be educat$ at all4 ,a difficult task burd5s 8 memory )\t develop+ 8 s\l4 ,a new process is plac$ at 8 disposal1 "o work%op m is op5 to him1 s to speak2 b ! trace left by t in/ruction w n be deep1 w sometimes ev5 be lo/ ?r\gh lack ( application & ex]cise1 & w n h act$ on ! moral nature1 too (t5 absorb$ ev5tually by a monoton\s devotion to duty or ! excessive fatigue ( bodily labor4 ,! only1 ! real p's s*ool1 is !n t 9 :i* all ! elem5ts ( /udy s]ve = ! culture ( ! s\l1 & 9 :i* ! *ild gr[s bett] by ! ?+s :i* he le>ns & by ! mann] 9 :i* he le>ns !m40 #eeb4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,?is ,,"w4--,! book ( ,gir>d is divid$ into f\r p>ts4 ,! fir/ conta9s g5]al consid]ations on ! mann] 9 :i* ! "m tea*es h] *ildr5 to speak1 ^u ! purpose ( a c\rse ( in/ruction on ! "m tongue1 & on ! elem5ts :i* %\ld compose x4 ,! second "p is entitl$3 ,! ,sy/ematic ,tea*+ ( ! ,"m ,tongue consid]$ solely z ! ,expression ( ,?\ght4 ,x is language consid]$ 9 itself2 b ,gir>d desires t ! ^w %\ld always be unit$ to ! ?\ght4 ,x is n necess>y t ! tea*+ ( gramm> %\ld be r$uc$ to v]bal in/ruction2 x %\ld also s]ve to develop ! ?\ght ( pupils4 ,9 ! ?ird "p1 ! ,sy/ematic ,tea*+ ( ! ,"m ,tongue consid]$ z ! ,means ( ,intellectual ,culture1 ,gir>d consid]s ev]y?+ :i* c contribute to ! developm5t ( ! faculties4 ,9 ! f\r? "p1 ! ,sy/ematic ,tea*+ ( ,language employ$ = ! ,culture ( ! ,he>t1 ,gir>d %[s h[ ! tea*+ ( language may assi/ 9 moral education4 ,a fif? "p1 ,use ( ! ,c\rse 9 ! ,"m ,tongue1 is1 s to speak1 ! mat]ial "p ( ! book1 &1 z x 71 ! outl9e ( ! great practical "w ( ,gir>d1 ! ,educative#bbi ,c\rse 9 ! ,"m ,tongue4 #eec4 ,,! ,,gramm>ian1 ,,! ,,logician1 ,,! ,,educator4--,9 o!r t]ms1 ,gir>d places himself 9 succession at f\r diff]5t po9ts ( view 9 ! tea*+ ( language3-- 8,f\r p]sons10 he says1 8ought to concur 9 con/ruct+ ! c\rse 9 ! "m tongue3 ! gramm>ian1 ! logician1 ! educator1 &1 f9ally1 ! man ( lett]s40 ,! task ( ! gramm>ian is to furni% ! mat]ial ( ! language & its prop] =ms4 ,! logician w tea* u :at mu/ be done 9 ord] to cultivate ! intellig5ce ( ! "y4 ,! educator w ev] be inspir$ by ?is gr& tru?3 8,man acts z he loves1 & he loves z he ?9ks40 ,he w try to grave 9 ! s\ls ( *ildr5 all ! beautiful & gr& tru?s :i* c awak5 & n\ri% pure & noble affections4 ,f9ally1 ! man ( lett]s has also 8 "p 9 ! c\rse 9 language1 9 ! s5se t pupils1 besides be+ requir$ f ! beg9n+ ( _! /udies to inv5t propositions & s5t5ces1 w h a little lat] to compose n>ratives1 lett]s1 dialogues1 etc4 #eed4 ,,! ,,gramm> ,,( ,,ideas4--,elem5t>y in/ruction %\ld h = its purpose ! developm5t ( ! m9d & ! judgm5t4 ,x is no long] a "q ( cultivat+ ! memory alone & ( caus+ words to be le>n$4 ,! ,pre ,gir>d w\ld h gramm> made an ex]cise 9 ?9k+4 8,! gramm>s 9 use10 he says1 8are int5d$ simply to tea* correctness 9 speak+ & writ+4 ,by _! aid we are able f9ally to avoid a c]ta9 numb] ( faults 9 /yle & or?ography4444 ,?is in/ruction becomes a pure affair ( memory1 & ! *ild becomes accu/om$ to pron\nce s\nds to :i* he atta*es no mean+4 ,! *ild ne$s a gramm> ( ideas4444 ,our gramm>s ( words are ! plague ( education40 ,9 o!r t]ms1 gramm> %\ld be made above all else an ex]cise 9 ?9k+1 &1 z x 71 8! logic ( *ildhood40 #eee4 ,,discreet ,,use ,,( ,,rules4--,! ,pre ,gir>d does n proscribe rules4 ,! tea*+ ( language _c d )\t !m2 8b !re is10 he says1 8a prop] mann] ( pres5t+ !m to *ildr51 & a j m$ium to hold40 ,9 ! tea*+ ( gramm> we mu/ foll[ ! c\rse :i* ! gramm>ians !mselves h foll[$ 9 ord] to con/ruct _! sci5ce3 8,! rules 7 e/abli%$ on facts4 ,x is !n to facts t !y mu/ be ref]r$ 9 in/ruction1 9 ord] t by ?is means *ildr5 may be taught to d intellig5tly :at !y h hi!rto done ?r\gh bl9d imitation4444 ,few rules1 _m ex]cises4 ,rules are always ab/ract1 dry1 & = ?is v reason poorly adapt$ to please *ildr51 ev5 :5 !y c compreh5d !m4 ,we ought1 !n1 9 g5]al1 to make a v sp>+ use ( !m40 ,s ! ,pre ,gir>d p>ticul>ly recomm5ds practical ex]cises1 oral in/ruction1 ! cont9ual use ( ! blackbo>d1 ! active & animat$ co-op]ation ( all ! memb]s ( ! class1 rapid int]rogation1 ! ,socratic me?od1 ! abuse ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he criticises4#bcj #eef4 ,,moral ,,ari?metic4#bca--,! ,pre ,gir>d1 l almo/ all ! m5 :o h conceiv$ an orig9al idea1 has fall5 into ! love ( sy/ematiz+4 ,he believ$ t n only language1 b all ! bran*es ( /udy might contribute to moral education4 8,he conceiv$10 says ,naville1 8t by means ( a selection ( problems adapt$ to ! developm5t ( ! social affections 9 ! family1 ! commune1 & ! ,/ate1 "o might give to ari?metic su* a :olesome direction t x might be made to contribute1 n only to mak+ ! *ild prud5t & economical1 b ev5 m to ext5d 8 views beyond ! n>r[ circle ( selfi%ness1 & to cultivate 9 him b5efic5t dispositions40#bcb #eeg4 ,,moral ,,geography4--,x is 9 ! same _s t he claim$ to f9d 9 ! /udy ( geography a means ( contribut+ to ! developm5t ( ! moral nature4 8,accord+ to my hone/ conviction1 e elem5t>y "w = *ildr5 ought to be a means ( education4 ,if x is limit$ to giv+ k1 if x is limit$ to develop+ ! faculties ( ! pupil1 ,i c approve ! ord] & ! life :i* ! au?or has kn[n h[ to put into 8 "w2 b ,i am n satisfi$ ) x4 ,i am ev5 (f5d$ to f9d only a tea*] ( language1 ( natural hi/ory1 ( geography1 etc41 :5 ,i expect$ some?+ mu* great]1--an in/ructor ( ! "y1 tra9+ ! m9d 9 ord] to tra9 ! he>t4444 ,geography l5ds itself z m>vell\sly to ?is sublime purpose1 al?\gh 9 a sph]e a little n>r[]40#bcc #eeh4 ,,educative ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,"m ,,tongue4--,gir>d is n cont5t to /ate 8 doctr9e 9 8 book ,on ! ,sy/ematic ,tea*+ ( ! ,"m ,tongue2 b 9 ! f\r volumes ( 8 ,educative ,c\rse 7#ahdd-ahdf7 he has appli$ 8 me?od4 ,full ( new & radical views1 orig9al 9 ! arrangem5t ( mat]ial z 9 its sy/em ( exposition1 revolution>y ev5 9 its grammatical t]m9ology1 ?is book is a m9e f :i* we may borr[ )\t /9t1 only we %all n advise :olesale adoption3 !re is matt] to take & to leave4#bcd #eei4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,?is ,,"w4--,! title indicates ! g5]al "* ( ! "w4 ,9 8 ,c\rs ducatif1 ,gir>d does n sep>ate education f in/ruction4 ,! purpose is to develop ! moral & religi\s s5tim5ts ( ! *ild1 no less ?an to tea* him 8 native language4 ,! fir/ lessons 9 gramm> ought to be lessons 9 ?+s4 ,! *ild is made to "n ! objects :i* he kn[s1--p]sons1 animals1 ?+s1--& ?r\gh ^! he is made to acquire notions ( n\ns1 common & prop]1 ( g5d] & numb]4 ,he is !n induc$ to f9d = himself ! physical1 intellectual1 & moral qualities ( objects1 & by ?is means is made famili> ) qualify+ adjectives4 ,c>e is tak51 moreov]1 :ile caus+ ea* quality to be nam$1 z f>!r on :ile caus+ ea* judgm5t to be express$1 to ask ! *ild1 8,is ?is "r8 ,is ?is wrong80 ,! agreem5t ( adjective ) n\n is le>n$ by practice4 ,! *ild is drill$ 9 apply+ adjectives to ! n\ns :i* he has f\nd1 & vice v]sa4 ,once 9 possession ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! proposition1 ! *ild beg9s ! /udy ( ! proposition itself1 & f9ally ! /udy ( ! v]b4 ,gir>d makes x a pr9ciple always to h ! conjugations made by means ( propositions4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 he employs 9 simple propositions only ! indicative1 ! inf9itive1 ! imp]ative1 & ! p>ticiple2 he po/pones till lat] ! /udy ( ! conditional & ! subjunctive4 ,x is to be not$1 9 addition1 t he br+s =w>d simultane\sly ! simple t5ses ( all ! conjugations4 ,! ord] foll[$ by ,gir>d is :olly diff]5t f t ( ! ord9>y gramm>s4 ,?is is h[ he expla9s x3-- 8,9 _! fir/ "p1 ! gramm>s set out 9 a r[ ! n9e sorts ( words1 & ?us give 9 rapid succession _! def9itions1 di/9ctions1 & v>iable =ms1 :i* introduces a legion ( t]ms :olly unkn[n to ! *ild4 ,! second "p ( ^! gramm>s takes up ^! words aga9 9 ! same ord]1 s z1 9 an un9t]e/+ way1 to regulate _! use 9 con/ruction1--a t$i\s & arid sy/em1 :i* af=ds ! *ild no int]e/40 ,else:]e1 speak+ ( 8 own "w1 he writes3-- 8,my "w diff]s ess5tially f ! gramm>s :i* are put 9 ! h&s ( *ildr54 ,:5 we write on language = adults1 we may adh]e to def9itions1 di/9ctions1 rules1 & exceptions1 & =mulate /atem5ts reg>d+ _! prop] use2 b he :o writes = *ildr5 ought to h ! education ( ! m9d & he>t 9 view1 & regulate on t basis ! c\rse & =m ( in/ruction4 ,! c\rse ought to be rigor\sly progressive1 & ! pupils ought1 f beg9n+ to end1 to assi/ !mselves 9 con/ruct+ a gramm> ( _! own40 8,s1 in/ead ( mak+ g5]alizations on ! n\n1 adjective1 v]b1 etc41 & ( connect+ ) ^! p>ts ( spee* all t relates to !m1 we mu/ apply ourselves to ! sub/ance ( language1 pass+ /ep by /ep f ! simple to ! complex1 & tea*+ *ildr5 to ?9k1 9 ord] to tea* !m to compreh5d & to speak ! language ( man4 ,! little details _c appe> till lat]1 & z occasion requires4 ,f ?is !re necess>ily results a displacem5t ( grammatical mat]ial :i* has be5 indu/ri\sly collect$ & arrang$4 ,h5ce1 also1 a great p>simony 9 def9itions & ab/ract di/9ctions :i* repel *ildr540 #efj4 ,,educational ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,p,,re ,,gir>d4--,! influ5ce ( ! ,pre ,gir>d 0 n ext5d$ simply to ,switz]l&4 ,x has radiat$ abroad4 ,8 ideas h be5 dissem9at$ 9 ,italy1 propagat$ by ! ,abb ,lambrus*9i & by ,enrico ,may]4 ,a j\rnal ev5 has be5 f\nd$ to s]ve z ! organ ( ! 8,gir>di/s0 ( ! ,p59sula4 ,9 ,france1 ,mi*el1 9 ! ,j\rnal de l'ducation pratique1 & ,rapet 9 diff]5t works1#bce h comm5d$ to public att5tion ! me?ods ( ! ,swiss educator4 ,f9ally1 x may be rem>k$ t ! pr9ciples v rec5tly set =? by ! ,conseil suprieur de l'in/ruction publique 7#ahhj71 on ! tea*+ ( ,fr5* 9 ! elem5t>y classes ( ! lyces1 are 9 great "p ! e*o ( ! p$agogical doctr9e ( ! ,pre ,gir>d4 #efa4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,9 ?is /udy we h ! ?ird exposition1 9 hi/orical ord]1--,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,frbel1--( ! doctr9e ( nature z appli$ to education4 ,?is doctr9e may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3-- ,! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s is conceiv$ z an animat$ organism1 & is p]sonifi$ "u ! t]m ,nature4 ,all liv+ ?+s1 su* z plants1 animals1 & m51 are products ( ! creative p[] t is imman5t 9 nature1 & ea* is pr$et]m9$ to an upw>d developm5t 9 ! l9e ( gr[?4 ,?is gr[? is an unfold+ f )9 outw>d1 & ea* individual ?+1 z a *ild1 has rea*$ ! t]m ( its developm5t :5 x has gr[n into ! type ( its k9d4 ,9 ! case ( ! human species1 ?is gr[? is be/ :5 x is natural1 & x is natural to ! degree 9 :i* x takes place )\t ! delib]ate int]v5tion ( art4 ,?is process ( developm5t is ,nature's "w1 & its synonym is education4 ,education is be/ :5 x is mo/ natural1 t is1 :5 x suff]s lea/ f human int]f]5ce4 ,! "q ( ! relative p>ts to be play$ by ,nature & by ,art 9 education has giv5 rise to two s*ools ( educators4 #b4 ,9 ,frbel's application ( ?is doctr9e1 ! orig9al conception is obscur$ by ?ree circum/ances3 #a4 8 deism2 #b4 8 my/icism or symbolism2 #c4 8 dep5d5ce on artificial ag5ts1 8 8gifts10 & 8 belief 9 ! pot5cy ( ab/ractions4 #c4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 has introduc$ _m ameliorations into prim>y in/ruction1 & its t5d5cy is to make *ild-life happy ?r\gh self-activity4 ,its %ortcom+s are t x und]values ! acquisition ( second-h& k1 obscures ! di/9ction betwe5 "w & play1 & indisposes1 & p]haps unfits1 ! pupil to cont5d ) real difficulties4#bcf #d4 ,! effect ( ?is new movem5t 9 prim>y in/ruction ^u educational sci5ce has be5 :olesome4 ,x has induc$ a clos] /udy ( *ild nature1 has enli/$ ! sympa?ies & affections 9 support ( elem5t>y in/ruction1 & has pr(\ndly modifi$ ! conception ( ! prim>y s*ool4 #e4 ,:e!r ! ,k9d]g>t5 is to be ma9ta9$ ap>t1 z an in/itution sui g5]is1 or :e!r x is to lose its id5tity by ! absorption ( its _s into ! prim>y s*ool1 is a "q = ! future4 ,probably ! latt] result w foll[4 #f4 ,! misuse ( a good ?\ght is se5 9 ! attempt ( ! ,pre ,gir>d to give a di/9ct moral value to e s*ool ex]cise4 ,x is ! v]dict ( exp]i5ce t ! moral value ( sci5ce is greate/ :5 x is taught simply z sci5ce1 & t ! direct tea*+ ( e?ics %\ld be conduct$ on an indep5d5t basis4 ,,footnotes3 #bbb ,comm5t ,g]trude in/ruit ses enfants1 translat$ by ,d>91 p4 #bjd4 #bbc ,see ! ,aphorisms publi%$ by ,frbel 9 #ahba4 #bbd ,see ! ,fr5* translation by ,madame de ,crombrugghe1 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,also1 ! ,engli% translation by ,joseph9e ,j>vis1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4 #bbe ,consequ5tly x is wrong to take ,frbel's expression 9 ! s5se t he wi%$ to e/abli% by ! side ( ea* s*ool a g>d51 a lawn plant$ ) trees & adorn$ ) fl[]-b$s4 ,see ,grard1 ,l'in/ruction primaire ,p>is1 #ahgg1 p4 #gc4 #bbf ,! disciples ( ,frbel h modifi$ 9 diff]5t mann]s 8 sy/em ( gifts4 ,see1 = example1 ! ,j>d9 d'enfants1 by ,goldamm]1 ,fr5* translation by ,l\is ,f\rni]1 #ahgg4 #bbg ,see on ,die/]weg ! article by ,pcaut1 9 ! ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie4 #bbh ,de l'ducation publique4 ,p>is1 #ahcc1 p4 #aeh4 ,naville 7#aghd-ahdf7 f\nd$ 9 #ahag1 at ,v]ni]1 ne> ,g5eva1 an in/itute :]e he appli$ ) success ! educative me?od ( ! ,pre ,gir>d4 #bbi ,i am aw>e t ?is t]m is n f\nd 9 ! late/ ,web/]1 b ,i see no o!r way ( express+ ! =ce ( ! ^w ducatif1 :i* seems to signify ! discipl9>y1 or r ! culture1 value ( a /udy4 7,p47 #bcj ,see ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ( ,book ,,iii4 p>agraph #a/4 ,j m$ium betwe5 two extremes4 #bca ,"h is an example f ,pre ,gir>d's ari?metic3-- 8,a fa!r _h ! habit ( go+ e ev5+ to ! dram-%op1 & (t5 left 8 family at home )\t bread4 ,dur+ ! five ye>s t he l$ ?is life1 he sp5t1 ! fir/ ye>1 #aig francs1 ! second1 #bjd francs1 ! ?ird1 #bab francs1 & ! f\r?1 #abi francs4 ,h[ _m francs w\ld ?is un=tunate fa!r h sav$ if he _h n _h a ta/e = dr9k80 7,p47 #bcb ,naville1 ,de l'ducation publique1 p4 #daa4 #bcc ,explication du plan de ,frib\rg en ,suisse1 #ahag4 #bcd ,see ! int]e/+ articles ( ,laf>gue 9 ! ,bullet9 pdagogique de l'enseignem5t secondaire1 #ahhb4 #bce ,messieurs ,rapet & ,mi*el 7 associat$ 9 ! publication ( ! ,c\rs ducatif de la langue mat]nelle4 #bcf 8,man owes 8 gr[?1 8 en]gy1 *iefly to t /riv+ ( ! w1 t conflict ) difficulty1 :i* we call ef=t4 ,easy1 pleasant "w does n make robu/ m9ds1 does n give m5 a consci\sness ( _! p[]s1 does n tra9 !m to endurance1 to p]sev]ance1 to /eady =ce ( w1 t =ce )\t :i* all o!r acquisitions avail no?+40 ,dr4 ,*ann+4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,wom5 ,,z ,,educators4 ,,wom5 ,,z ,,educators2 ,,madame ,,de ,,g5lis 7#agdf-ahcj72 ,,p$agogical ,,works2 ,,encyclop,,dic ,,education2 ,,imitation ,,( ,,r\sseau2 ,,miss ,,edgewor? 7#agfg-ahdi72 ,,miss ,,hamilton 7#ageh-ahaf72 ,,madame ,,campan 7#ageb-ahbb72 ,,comm5dation ,,( ,,home ,,education2 ,,progress ,,9 ,,in/ruction2 ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,popul> ,,education2 ,,madame ,,de ,r,,musat 7#aghj-ahba72 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,fem99e ,,psy*ology2 ,,! ,,s]i\s ,,9 ,,education2 ,,philosophical ,,_s2 ,,madame ,,guizot 7#aggc-ahbg72 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,education2 ,,psy*ological ,,optimism2 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,*ild2 ,,philosophical ,,rationalism2 ,,madame ,,neck] ,,de ,,saussure 7#agfe-ahda72 ,,madame ,,neck] ,,de ,,saussure ,,& ,,madame ,,de ,,/a,l2 ,,progressive ,,education ,,& ,,r\sseau2 ,,orig9ality ,,( ,,madame ,,neck] ,,de ,,saussure2 ,,division ,,( ,,progressive ,,education2 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,faculties2 ,,culture ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation2 ,,education ,,( ,,wom52 ,,madame ,,pape-,,c>p5ti] 7#ahae-ahgh72 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,h] ,,works2 ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,( ,,madame ,,pape-,,c>p5ti]2 ,,object ,,lessons2 ,,o!r ,,wom5 ,,:o ,,7 ,,educators2 ,,dupanl\p ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom52 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #efb4 ,,wom5 ,,z ,,educators4--,"o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! p$agogy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is ! con/ant progress 9 ! education ( wom54 ,woman w be bett] in/ruct$1 & at ! same "t %e w play a m important "p 9 in/ruction4 ,prim>y s*ools = girls did n exi/1 s to speak1 9 ,france1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury4 ,f\rcroy1 :o report$ ! bill ( ,may #a1 #ahjb1 decl>$ t 8! law makes no m5tion ( girls40 ,b ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! mon>*y ( ,july1 & /ill m ( ! lib]al laws ( ! second & ( ! ?ird ,republic1 ! prim>y in/ruction ( girls w become m & m g5]al4 ,second>y public in/ruction w be creat$ = wom5 by ! law ( ,decemb] #bj1 #ahhj1 & ! equality ( ! two sexes1 9 respect ( education1 w t5d m & m to become a reality1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( gov]nm5tal action z well z t ( private initiative4 ,b n less rem>kable is ! important "p :i* wom51 by _! ab/ract reflections or by _! practical ef=ts1 h tak5 9 ! progress ( p$agogy4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( education1 ! n9ete5? c5tury w be not$ = ! great numb] ( its wom5 :o 7 educators1 "s :o 7 real philosoph]s & di/+ui%$ writ]s1 & o!rs1 zeal\s & en?usia/ic tea*]s4 #efc4 ,,madame ,,de ,,g5lis 7#agdf-ahcj74--,:ile %e does n belong to ! n9ete5? c5tury by h] p$agogical writ+s1 ,madame de ,g5lis has c]ta9 rights to a =emo/ place 9 ! li/ ( ! educational wom5 ( our "t4 ,%e _h 9 ! highe/ degree ! p$agogic vocation2 only1 t vocation became a mania & 0 squ&]$ on ev]y?+4 ,madame de ,g5lis wi%$ to "k ev]y?+ 9 ord] t %e might tea* ev]y?+4 8,%e 0 m ?an a woman au?or10 says ,sa9te-,beuve1 wittily2 8%e 0 a woman tea*]2 %e 0 born ) ! sign on h] =ehead40 ,"y girls ( _! own accord play mamma ) _! dolls4 ,f ! age ( sev51 ,madame de ,g5lis play$ tea*]4 8,i _h a ta/e = tea*+ *ildr51 & ,i became s*ool-mi/ress 9 a curi\s way4444 ,little boys f ! village came "u ! w9d[ ( my p>5ts' c\ntry-seat to play4 ,i amus$ myself 9 wat*+ !m1 & ,i soon took x into my head to give !m lessons40 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ! village tea*] became ! gov]ness ( ! daught]s ( ! ,du*esse de ,*>tres1 & ! gov]nor ( ! sons ( ! ,duke de ,*>tres 7,philippe-galit74 #efd4 ,,p$agogical ,,works4--,! pr9cipal "w ( ,madame de ,g5lis1 ,lett]s on ,education 7#aghb71 treats ( ! education ( pr9ces & also ( 8t ( "y p]sons & ( m540 ,9 giv+ x t o!r title1 ,adle & ,?odore1 ! au?or indicat$ h] int5tion ( rival+ ,r\sseau1 & ( educat+ a man & a woman m p]fect ?an mile & ,sophie4 ,al?\gh %e _h a pr(\ndly ari/ocratic nature1 ,madame de ,g5lis1 aft] ! revolution ( #aghi1 seem$ = an in/ant to foll[ ! lib]al curr5t :i* 0 sweep+ m9ds along4 ,x 0 !n t %e publi%$ ! ,c\nsels on ! ,education ( ! ,dauph91 & "s p>ts ( h] educational j\rnal1 entitl$ ,lessons ( a ,gov]ness4 ,%e nev] ceas$ to prea* love ( ! p to sov]eigns1 & 9 ju/ice ?is mu/ be said to h] cr$it1 t %e did n write m]ely = c\rtly p4 ,%e prote/s1 & ) _s1 8t %e is ! fir/ au?or :o has conc]n$ h]self ) ! education ( ! p4 ,?is glory10 %e adds1 8is de> to my he>t40 ,9 support ( ^! ass]tions1 ,madame de ,g5lis cites ! f\r? volume ( h] ,?tre d'ducation1 :i* is1 %e says1 8solely int5d$ = ! *ildr5 ( tradesm5 & artisans2 dome/ics & peasants w !re see a detail$ acc\nt ( _! obligations & _! duties40 #efe4 ,,encyclop,,dic ,,education4--,x has be5 said ) reason t ,madame de ,g5lis 0 ! p]sonification ( encyclopdic in/ruction4#bcg 8,h] programme ( in/ruction _h no limits4 ,%e favors ,lat91 )\t1 h[ev]1 ?9k+ ! k ( x indisp5sable4 ,%e gives a l>ge place to ! liv+ languages4 ,at ,sa9t ,leu1 h] pupils g>d5 9 ,g]man1 d9e 9 ,engli%1 & sup 9 ,italian4 ,at ! same "t %e inv5ts gymna/ic app>atus1--pulleys1 baskets1 wood5 b$s1 lead %oes4 ,no?+ takes h] at unaw>es1 h] ov]-facile p5 /ops at no?+2 %e is univ]sal4 ,a plan = a rural s*ool = *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry is want$1 & %e furni%es x40 #eff4 ,,imitation ,,( ,,r\sseau4--,madame de ,g5lis nev] ceas$ to criticise ,r\sseau1 & yet1 9 h] educational romances1 ! inspiration ( ,r\sseau is ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,h[ c we fail to recognize a pupil ( ,r\sseau 9 ! fa!r ( ,adle & ,?odore1 :o leaves ,p>is 9 ord] to devote himself entirely to ! education ( 8 *ildr51 to make himself 8_! gov]nor & _! fri5d1 & f9ally1 to scre5 ! infancy ( 8 son & daught] f ! examples ( vice08 ,& ! me?ods manufactur$ by ,r\sseau1 ! un=ese5 lessons1 ! indirect means employ$ to in/ruct )\t hav+ ! appe>ance ( do+ s1--,madame de ,g5lis desires no o!rs4 ,no?+ is m amus+ ?an ! description ( ! c\ntry-seat ( ! ,b>on d',almane1 ! fa!r ( ,adle & ,?odore4 ,x is no long] a c\ntry-seat2 x is a s*ool-h\se4 ,! walls are no long] walls2 !y are *>ts ( hi/ory & maps ( geography4 8,:5 we w\ld h our *ildr5 /udy hi/ory accord+ to a *ronological ord]1 we />t f my b$-*amb]1 :i* repres5ts sacr$ hi/ory2 f !re we ent] my gall]y1 :]e we f9d anci5t hi/ory2 we rea* ! p>lor1 :i* conta9s ,roman hi/ory1 & we end ) ! gall]y ( ,monsieur d',almane 7x is ! ,b>oness :o speaks71 :]e is f\nd ! hi/ory ( ,france40 ,9 h] p$agogic fairyl&1 ,madame de ,g5lis does n wi% ! *ild to meet a s+le object :i* may n be trans=m$ into an in/rum5t ( in/ruction4 ,adle & ,?odore _c take a h&-scre5 )\t f9d+ a geography lesson repres5t$ on x1 & drawn out at full l5g?4 ,"h are pictures work$ 9 tape/ry2 !y are hi/orical sc5es2 on ! back ( !m c>e has be5 tak5 to write an explanation ( :at !y repres5t4 ,at lea/1 ^? five or six movable p>titions :i* are display$ 9 ! ap>tm5t on cold days h no in/ructive purposes8 ,y are mi/ak54 ,!re is pa9t$ & writt5 on !m ! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ( ,spa91 ( ,g]many1 & t ( ! ,moors & ! ,turks4 ,ev5 9 ! d9+-room1 my?ology encumb]s ! panels ( ! room1 & 8x usually =ms ! subject ( conv]sation dur+ ! d9n]40 ,9 t ca/le1 bewit*$1 s to speak1 by ! elf ( hi/ory1 !re is n a glance t is lo/1 n a m9ute )\t its lesson1 n a corn] :]e "o may wa/e 8 "t 9 dream+4 ,hi/ory pursues y l a gho/1 l a nightm>e1 along ! corridors1 on ! /airs1 ev5 on ! c>pet on :i* y tread1 & on ! *airs ^u :i* y sit4 ,! true way to disgu/ a *ild =ev] ) hi/orical /udies is to condemn him to live = eight days 9 ?is h\se-s*ool ( ,madame de ,g5lis4 #efg4 ,,miss ,,edgewor? 7#agfg-ahdi74--;,x is ) ! ,scot* philosophy & ! psy*ological !ories ( ,reid & ,dugald ,/ew>t1 t 7 inspir$ 9 diff]5t degrees two di/+ui%$ wom51 :o honor$ ,engli% p$agogy at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1--,miss ,edgewor? & ,miss ,hamilton4 ,9 h] book on ,practical ,education1 publi%$ 9 #agih1bch ,miss ,edgewor? does n lose h]self 9 !oretical diss]tations4 ,h] book is a collection ( facts1 obs]vations1 & precepts4 ,! fir/ *apt] treats ( toys1 & ! au?or ju/ifies ?is beg9n+ by say+ t 9 education !re is no?+ trivial & m9ute4 ,x is fir/ by conv]sations1 & !n by ! use ( ! inv5tive1 analytical1 & intuitive me?od1 t ,miss ,edgewor? proposes to tra9 h] pupils2 & h] reflections on intellectual education des]ve to be consid]$4 ,9 moral education %e agrees ) ,locke1 & seems to place great reliance on ! s5tim5t ( honor1 & on ! love ( reputation4 ,9 e case %e absolutely ignores ! religi\s feel+4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( h] sy/em is t x makes 8a total ab/raction ( religi\s ideas40 #efh4 ,,miss ,,hamilton 7#ageh-ahaf74--,miss ,hamilton is at once m philosophical & m ,*ri/ian ?an ,miss ,edgewor?4 ,x is f ! psy*ologi/ ,h>tley t %e borr[s h] ess5tial pr9ciple1 :i* consi/s 9 mak+ ( ! association ( ideas ! basis ( education4 ,h>tley saw 9 ?is ! sov]eign law ( intellectual developm5t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 %e decl>es 8t %e foll[s no o!r guide ?an ! precepts ( ! ,gospel40 ,! pr9cipal "w ( ,miss ,hamilton1 h] ,lett]s on ! ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,education 7#ahja71bci has a m !oretical "* ?an ! book ( ,miss ,edgewor?4 ,) h] x is above all else a "q ( pr9ciples1 :i*1 %e says1 are m necess>y ?an rules4 ,we f9d b few reflections on tea*+ prop]4 ,%e borr[s ! v words ( ,dugald ,/ew>t to def9e ! object ( education3-- 8,! mo/ ess5tial objects ( education are ! foll[+3 fir/1 to cultivate all ! v>i\s pr9ciples ( our nature1 bo? speculative & active1 9 su* a mann] z to br+ !m to ! greate/ p]fection ( :i* !y are susceptible2 & secondly1 by wat*+ ov] ! impressions & associations :i* ! m9d receives 9 e>ly life1 to secure x aga9/ ! influ5ce ( prevail+ errors2 &1 z f> z possible1 to engage its prepossessions on ! side ( tru?40#bdj ,to cultivate ! intellectual & moral faculties1 ,miss ,hamilton places h] *ief dep5d5ce1 z we h said1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! association ( ideas4 ,we mu/ break up1 or1 r1 prev5t f be+ =m$1 all false associations1 t is1 all inaccurate judgm5ts4 ,ord] once re-e/abli%$ among ideas1 ! w w be upright1 & ! conduct well regulat$4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ?is 0 to subord9ate1 p]haps too completely1 ! developm5t ( ! moral faculties to ! culture ( ! intellectual faculties4 8,x is evid5t10 says ,miss ,hamilton1 8t all our desires are 9 accord ) ideas ( pleasure1 & all our av]sions ) ideas ( pa940 ,! educator w !n try to associate ! idea ( pleasure ) :at is good & useful = ! *ild & = ! man4 ,let u also note1 9 pass+1 ! solicitude ( ,miss ,hamilton = ! education ( ! p3-- 8,f mo/ ( ! writ]s on education x w\ld appe> t x is only to p ( rank & =tune t education is a matt] ( any importance4444 ,my plan has = its object ! cultivation ( ! faculties t are common to ! :ole human race40#bda ,on ?is po9t h] ?\ght 0 ! same z t ( ,miss ,edgewor?1 ^: fa!r1 9 #agii1 9 ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t1 _h caus$ ! adoption ( ! fir/ law on prim>y in/ruction4 #efi4 ,,madame ,,campan 7#ageb-ahbb74--,tw5ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ei!r at ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xv41 or 9 ! s*ool at ,sa9t-,g]ma91 :i* %e f\nd$ "u ! ,revolution1 or f9ally 9 ! in/itution at c\51 ! direction ( :i* 0 entru/$ to h] by ,napoleon ,i41 9 #ahjg1--su* are ! claims :i* at once assure to ,madame ,campan "s au?ority on p$agogical que/ions4#bdb ,let u add t good s5se1 a me?odical & prud5t m9d1--9 a ^w1 qualities :i* 7 reasonable r ?an brilliant1--direct$ t long p]sonal exp]i5ce4 8,fir/ ,i saw10 %e said1 8!n ,i reflect$1 & f9ally ,i wrote40 #egj4 ,,eulogy ,,on ,,home ,,education4--,f a tea*]1 f ! directress ( a s*ool1 we w\ld expect prejudices 9 favor ( public education 9 bo>d+-s*ools4 ,t :i* secures our ready confid5ce1 is t ,madame ,campan1 on ! contr>y1 appreciates bett] ?an any "o else ! advantages ( mat]nal education3-- 8,to create mo!rs10 %e said1 8?is is ! :ole education ( wom540 ,no?+ seems to h] sup]ior to a "m gov]ness 8:o does n keep late h\rs1 :o rises betimes10 :o1 f9ally1 devotes h]self resolutely to ! important duty ) :i* %e is *>g$4 8,!re is no bo>d+-s*ool1 h[ev] well x may be conduct$1 !re is no conv5t1 h[ev] pi\s its gov]nm5t may be1 :i* c give an education comp>able to t :i* a "y girl receives f a "m :o is educat$1 & :o f9ds h] sweete/ occupation & h] true glory 9 ! education ( h] daught]40 ,madame ,campan1 moreov]1 rem9ds mo!rs :o w\ld be ! tea*]s ( _! own daught]s1 ( all ! obligations :i* are involv$ 9 su* a *>ge4 ,too (t5 ! "m :o jeal\sly keeps h] daught] ne> h]1 is n capable ( educat+ h]4 ,9 ?is case !re is only ! appe>ance ( home education1 & z ,madame ,campan wittily says1 8?is is no long] mat]nal education2 x is b education at home40 #ega4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,in/ruction4--,fnelon 0 ,madame ,campan's favorite au?or4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 "s resemblance betwe5 ! rules ( ! s*ool at c\5 & ^? ( ,sa9t ,cyr4 ,! _s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury lives aga9 9 ! educational in/itutions ( ! n9ete5?1 & ,madame ,campan cont9ues ! "w ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,h[ev]1 !re is progress 9 m ?an "o respect1 & ! in/ruction is m solid & m complete4 8,! purpose ( education10 wrote ,madame ,campan to ! ,emp]or1 8ought to be direct$3 #a4 t[>ds ! dome/ic virtues2 #b4 t[>ds in/ruction1 to su* a degree ( p]fection 9 ! k ( language1 computation1 hi/ory1 writ+1 & geography1 t all pupils %all be assur$ ( ! happ9ess ( be+ able to in/ruct _! own daught]s40 ,madame ,campan desir$1 moreov]1 to ext5d h] "w4 ,%e dem&$ ( ! ,emp]or ! creation ( sev]al public e/abli%m5ts 8= educat+ ! daught]s ( c]ta9 classes ( ! s]vants ( ! ,/ate40 ,%e desir$ t ! gov]nm5t %\ld take "u its sup]vision private in/itutions1 & contemplat$ = wom5 z = m5 a sort ( univ]sity 8:i* might replace ! conv5ts & ! colleges40 ,b ,napoleon 0 n ! man to ent] into ^! s*emes4 ,! s*ools ( 8wom5-logicians0 7 sc>cely to 8 ta/e1 & ! tea*+ congregations1 :i* he re/or$ to _! privileges1 ! bett] s]v$ 8 purpose4 #egb4 ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,popul> ,,education4--,"o might believe t ,madame ,campan1 :o _h begun by be+ ! tea*] ( ! ?ree daught]s ( ,l\is ,,xv41 & :o associat$ ) sc>cely any save ! weal?y or ! titl$1 _h nev] _h ! ta/e or ! leisure to ?9k ( popul> in/ruction4 ,x is no?+ ( ! sort1 z is prov$ by h] ,c\nsels to ,"y ,girls1 a "w int5d$ = ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 8,!re is no gr\nd = fe>+ t ! daught]s ( ! ri* w ev] be 9 want ( books to in/ruct !m or ( gov]nesses to direct !m4 ,x is n at all s ) ! *ildr5 :o belong to ! less =tunate classes4444 ,i h se5 ) my own eyes h[ incomplete & neglect$ is ! education ( ! daught]s ( c\ntry p4444 ,x is = !m t ,i h p5n$ ?is little "w40 ,! "w itself has n p]haps ! tone t c\ld be desir$1 nor all ! simplicity t ! au?or w\ld h wi%$ to give x2 b we mu/ ?ank ,madame ,campan = h] int5tions1 & we c\nt among h] highe/ claims to ! e/eem ( po/]ity ! ef=t :i* %e made 9 h] old age to become1 at lea/ 9 h] writ+s1 a simple s*ool-mi/ress & a village tea*]4 #egc4 ,,madame ,,de ,r,,musat 7#aghj-ahba74--,madame de ,rmusat has writt5 only = wom5 ( ! _w4 ,h]self a woman ( ! _w1 lady ( ! palace ( ! ,empress ,joseph9e1 %e _h no p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! way ( tea*+4 ,%e _h no?+ to d ) ! practice ( education save 9 sup]vis+ ! /udies ( h] two sons1 "o ( :om became a philosoph] & an illu/ri\s /atesman1 ,*>les de ,rmusat4 ,! noble book ( ,madame de ,rmusat1 h] ,essay on ! ,education ( ,wom51 does n comm5d itself by reason ( its detail$ precepts & s*ola/ic me?ods1 b by its l(ty reflections & g5]al pr9ciples4#bdc #egd4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,fem99e ,,psy*ology4--,let u fir/ notice diff]5t passages 9 :i* ! au?or sket*es by a few t\*es ! psy*ology ( woman1 & det]m9es h] sph]e 9 life3-- 8,woman is ! companion ( man ^u ! e>?1 b yet %e exi/s on h] own acc\nt2 %e is inf]ior1 b n subord9ate40 ,! expression "h betrays ,madame de ,rmusat1 & x w\ld be m accurate to say t woman is n inf]ior to man1 t %e is 8 equal1 b t 9 exi/+ civil & social conditions %e necess>ily rema9s subord9ate to him4 ,b ) :at p]fect ju/ness ! amiable writ] *>act]izes ! peculi> qualities ( woman6 8,we lack cont9uity & dep? :5 we w\ld apply ourselves to g5]al que/ions4 ,end[$ ) a quick intellig5ce1 we he> promptly1 we ev5 div9e & see j z well z m52 b too easily mov$ to rema9 imp>tial1 too mobile to be pr(\nd1 p]ceiv+ is easi] = u ?an obs]v+4 ,prolong$ att5tion we>ies u2 we are1 9 %ort1 m mild ?an pati5t4 ,m s5sitive & m devot$ ?an m51 wom5 are ignorant ( t sort ( selfi%ness :i* an indep5d5t be+ exhibits outw>dly z a consci\sness ( 8 own p[]4 ,to obta9 f !m any activity :atev]1 x is almo/ always necess>y to int]e/ !m 9 ! happ9ess ( ano!r4 ,_! v faults are ! outgr[?s ( _! condition4 ,! same cause w excite 9 man emotions ( pride1 & 9 woman only ^? ( vanity40 #ege4 ,,! ,,s]i\s ,,9 ,,education4--,madame de ,rmusat1 /ill m ?an ,madame ,campan1 belongs to ! mod]n s*ool4 ,%e desires = woman an education s]i\s & grave4 8,i see no reason = treat+ wom5 less s]i\sly ?an m51 = misrepres5t+ tru? to !m "u ! =m ( a prejudice1 duty "u ! appe>ance ( a sup]/ition1 9 ord] t !y may accept bo? ! duty & ! tru?40 ,%e does n 9 ! lea/ incl9e to ! op9ion ( ! ov]-c\rte\s morali/ ,j\b]t1 :o1 ) m gallantry ?an real respect = wom51 said3 8,no?+ too e>?ly or too mat]ial ought to employ "y ladies2 only delicate mat]ial %\ld busy _! h&s4444 ,!y resemble ! imag9ation1 & l x !y %\ld t\* only ! surface ( ?+s40#bdd ,madame de ,rmusat ent]s into ! _s ( h] "t1 & h] admiration = ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 does n make h] =get :at %e owes to ! new society1 trans=m$ by great political re=ms4 8,we are draw+ ne> ! "t :5 e ,fr5*man %all be a citiz54 ,9 h] turn1 ! de/9y ( woman is compris$ 9 ^! two t]ms3 wife & "m ( a citiz54 ,!re is mu* morality1 & a v sev]e & t\*+ morality1 9 ! idea :i* ought to be atta*$ to t ^w citiz54 ,aft] religion1 ,i d n "k a m p[]ful motive ?an ! patriotic _s = direct+ ! "y t[>ds ! good40 ,x is no long] a "q1 !n1 ( tra9+ ! woman & ! man = !mselves1 = _! individual de/9y4 ,!y mu/ be educat$ = ! public good1 = _! duties 9 society4 ,madame de ,rmusat is n "o ( ^? timid & fright5$ wom5 :o feel a homesickness = ! pa/1 :om ! pres5t t]rifies4 ,lib]al & c\rage\s1 %e manfully accepts ! new rgime2 %e proclaims its advantages1 &1 if %e writes l a woman ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 almo/ ) ! p]fection ( ,madame de ,svign1 h] *os5 model1 %e at lea/ ?9ks l a daught] ( ! ,revolution4 #egf4 ,,philosophical ,,_s4--,t :i* is n less rem>kable is ! philosophical "* ( h] reflections4 ,%e believes 9 lib]ty & 9 consci5ce4 ,x is consci5ce :i* %e purposes to sub/itute1 z a moral rule1 8= despotic & sup]ficial caprices40 ,x is no long] by ! imp]ative t]m1 y mu/1 b by ! obligatory t]m1 y ought1 t ! "m %\ld lead & gov]n h] daught]4 8,on e occasion let ^! words1 ,i ought1 re-appe> 9 ! conv]sation ( ! "m40 ,?is is say+ t ! *ild ought to be treat$ z a free be+4 ,! end1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ effici5t means1 ( education1 is ! wise employm5t ( lib]ty4 ,:ile keep+ ! ov]sight ( ! *ild1 he mu/ be left to take c>e ( himself1 & on _m occasions to foll[ ! c\rse t he w4 ,by ?is means 8 w w be develop$1 & 8 "* /r5g!n$2 & ?is is an ess5tial po9t accord+ to ,madame de ,rmusat4 8,if "u ,l\is ,,xiv410 %e says1 8! education ( woman's m9d 0 grave & (t5 sub/antial1 t ( h] "* rema9$ imp]fect40 #egg4 ,,madame ,,guizot 7#aggc-ahbg74--,madame ,guizot fir/ became kn[n "u h] maid5 "n1 ,paul9e de ,meulan4 ,9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury %e _h writt5 sev]al romances1 & _h contribut$ to ! review ( ,su>d1 ! ,publici/e4 ,9 #ahab %e m>ri$ ,guizot1 ! future au?or ( ! law ( #ahcc1 :o _h j f\nd$ ! ,annals ( ,education4#bde ,f ?is p]iod1 all h] ideas & all h] writ+s 7 direct$ almo/ exclusively t[>ds e?ics & education4 ,%e publi%$ 9 succession1 ,*ildr5 7#ahab71 ,ra\l & ,victor 7#ahba71 &1 f9ally1 h] ma/]piece1 ! ,family ,lett]s on ,education 7#ahbf74 #egh4 ,,! ,,lett]s ,,on ,,education4--,to give at once an idea ( ! m]it ( ?is book1#bdf we %all quote ! op9ion ( ,sa9te-,beuve3-- 8,! "w ( ,madame ,guizot w survive ! mile1 m>k+ 9 ?is l9e ! progress ( ! s\nd1 temp]ate1 & ref9$ reason ( our times1 ov] ! v5turesome g5ius ( ,r\sseau1 j z 9 politics ! ,dmocratie ( ,de ,tocqueville is an advance ov] ! ,contrat ,social4 ,ess5tial to m$itate ^u1 z advice1 9 all education :i* w\ld prep>e /rong m5 = ! difficulties ( our mod]n society1 ?is book also conta9s1 9 ! way ( exposition1 ! noble/ moral pages1 ! mo/ s9c]e & ! mo/ conv9c+1 :i*1 ) a few pages f ,j\ffroy1 h be5 sugge/$ to ! philosophy ( our age by ! doctr9es ( a spirituali/ic rationalism40 #egi4 ,,psy*ological ,,optimism4--,! philosophical _s is n lack+ 9 ! ,lett]s on ,education4 ,! :ole ( ,lett] ,,xii4 is a plea 9 behalf ( ! relative innoc5ce ( ! *ild4 ,t :i* is bad 9 ! disord]ly incl9ation1 says ! au?or1 is n ! incl9ation1 b ! disord]3-- 8,! incl9ations ( a s5ti5t be+ are 9 !mselves :at !y ought to be4 ,x has be5 said t a man c\ld n be virtu\s if he did n conqu] 8 incl9ations2 h5ce1 8 incl9ations are evil4 ,?is is an error4 ,no m c\ld ! tree produce good fruit1 if1 9 prun+ x1 ! disord]ly fl[ ( ! sap 7 n arre/$4 ,does ?is prove t ! sap is h>mful to ! tree80 ,x foll[s f ^! pr9ciples t discipl9e ought n to be sev]e4 8,d y n ?9k x /range10 exclaims ,madame ,guizot1 8t = c5turies education has be51 s to speak1 a sy/ematic ho/ility aga9/ human nature2 t to correct & to puni% h be5 synonym\s2 & t we h he>d only ( dispositions to break1 & natures to ov]come1 j z ?\gh x 7 a "q ( tak+ away f *ildr5 ! nature :i* ,god has giv5 !m 9 ord] to give !m ano!r su* z tea*]s w\ld h x80 #ehj4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,*ild4--,t :i* gives a great value to ! "w ( ,madame ,guizot is1 t besides ! g5]al consid]ations & ! philosophical reflections1 we !re f9d a great numb] ( circum/antial exp]i5ces & detail$ obs]vations :i* are admissible 9 a s\nd treatise on p$agogy4 ,l ! psy*ology ( ! *ild1 p$agogy itself1 at lea/ 9 its fir/ *apt]s1 ought to be conceiv$ & writt5 ne> a cradle4 ,madame ,guizot =cibly indicates ! importance ( ! fir/ ye>s1 :]e ! future de/9y ( ! *ild is det]m9$3 8,9 ^? imp]fect organs1 9 t incomplete intellig5ce1 are conta9$1 f ! fir/ mom5t ( exi/5ce1 ! g]ms ( t :i* is ev] m to proce$ f !m ei!r = bett] or = worse4 ,! man w nev] h1 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 an impulse :i* does n belong to t nature1 all ! features ( :i* are already =e%ad[$ 9 ! infant4 ,! infant w nev] receive a ke5 & durable impression1 h[ev] slight1 an impress ( :atev] k9d1 ^: effects are n to influ5ce ! life ( ! man40 ,at ! same "t t %e sees 9 ! infant ! r\gh draft ( ! man1 ,madame ,guizot recognizes ) a rem>kable delicacy ( psy*ologic s5se1 t :i* di/+ui%es1 t :i* *>act]izes1 ! irreflective & inconsid]ate nature ( ! *ild4 ,:at is m j ?an ?is obs]vation8 8,we (t5 deceive ourselves 9 attribut+ to ! conduct ( *ildr51 because x is analog\s to our own1 motives simil> to ^? :i* guide ourselves40 ,:at bett] obs]vation ?an ! example :i* ,madame ,guizot cites 9 support ( ?is /atem5t6 8,l\ise1 by a sudd5 impulse1 drops h] toys1 ?r[s h]self ^u my neck1 & _c cease kiss+ me4 ,x seems t all my "m's he>t c\ld n suffici5tly respond to ! w>m? ( h] c>esses2 b by ! same playful impulse %e leaves me to kiss h] doll or ! arm ( ! *air :i* %e meets on h] way40 #eha4 ,,philosophic ,,rationalism4--,madame ,guizot pu%es rationalism mu* f>!r ?an ,madame de ,rmusat1 & /ill f>!r ?an ,madame ,neck] de ,saussure4 ,%e is fir/ a philosoph]1 !n a ,*ri/ian4 ,%e m ne>ly approa*es ,r\sseau4 ,%e w\ld fir/ =m 9 ! m9ds ( *ildr5 ! univ]sal idea ( ,god be=e initiat+ !m into ! p>ticul> dogmas ( positive religions4 ,%e bases morals on ! idea ( duty1 :i* is 8! only basis ( a complete education40 8,i w\ld place10 %e says1 8ea* act ( ! *ild "u ! protection ( an idea or ( a moral s5tim5t40 ,recall+ ! di/9ction made by ,dupont de ,nem\rs betwe5 pat]nal comm&s & milit>y comm&s1 ! fir/ address+ !mselves to ! reason1 ! o!rs to be obs]v$ )\t prote/ & ) a passive ob$i5ce1 %e does n conceal h] pref]5ce = ! use ( ! fir/1 because %e w\ld =m 9 ! woman1 z 9 ! man1 a _s ( reason & ( lib]ty4 ,%e absolutely proscribes p]sonal int]e/1 & h5ce decl>es t 8rew>ds h always seem$ to h] contr>y to ! true pr9ciple ( education40 ,let u say1 la/ly1 )\t be+ able to ent] into detail1 t ! book ( ,madame ,guizot des]ves to be read ) c>e4 ,!re w be f\nd 9 x a great numb] ( excell5t reflections on in/ruction :i* ought to be sub/antial r ?an ext5sive2 ^u ! read+ ( romances1 & ^u ! !atre1 :i* %e does n =bid2 ^u easy me?ods1 :i* %e condemns2 &1 f9ally1 on almo/ all p$agogical que/ions4#bdg #ehb4 ,,madame ,,neck] ,,de ,,saussure 7#agfe-ahda74--,!re are 9 ! hi/ory ( education privileg$ mom5ts1 p]iods t are p>ticul>ly & happily fruitful4 ,x is ?us t )9 ! space ( a few ye>s !re appe>$ 9 succession ! books ( ,madame de ,rmusat1 ( ,madame ,guizot1 &1 ! mo/ important ( all1 ! ,progressive ,education ( ,madame ,neck] de ,saussure4#bdh ,a native ( ,g5eva1 l ,r\sseau1 ,madame ,neck] de ,saussure has end[$ ,fr5* lit]ature ) an educational ma/]piece1 :i* = elevation ( view & nobl5ess ( inspiration1 c take rank by ! side ( ! mile4 ,?\gh %e may sometimes be too logical & too au/]e1 & :ile 9 g5]al %e is lack+ 9 good humor1 & :ile %e looks ^u life only ?r\gh a veil ( sadness1 ,madame ,neck] is an incomp>able guide 9 educational affairs4 ,%e br+s to ! subject rem>kable qualities ( p]spicacity & p5etration1 & a _s ( m>k$ gravity4 ,%e takes a s]i\s view ( life1 & applies h]self to tra9+ ! noble/ qualities ( ! human s\l4 ,pr(\ndly religi\s1 %e unites a 8philosophical boldness to ! submission ( fai?40 ,%e is1 9 "s measure1 a ,*ri/ian ,r\sseau4 #ehc4 ,,madame ,,neck] ,,de ,,saussure ,,& ,,madame ,,de ,,/a,l4--,! fir/ "w ( ,madame ,neck]1 ,notice ( ! ,"* & ! ,writ+s ( ,madame de ,/al1 already gives pro( ( h] int]e/ 9 education4 ,! au?or ( ! ,progressive ,education "h /udies ) c>e ! ideas ( h] h]o9e on education & in/ruction4 ,x is pla9 t %e has pr(it$ by "s ( ! solid reflections 9 ! noble book on ,g]many1 & p>ticul>ly by ?is op9ion on ! gradual & progressive me?od ( ,r\sseau & ( ,pe/alozzi3-- 8,r\sseau calls *ildr5 into activity by degrees4 ,he w\ld h !m d = !mselves all t _! little p[]s p]mit !m to d4 ,he does n 9 ! lea/ =ce _! intellig5ce2 he does n make !m rea* ! result )\t pass+ ov] ! r\te4 ,he wi%es ! faculties to be develop$ be=e ! sci5ces are taught40 8,:at we>ies *ildr5 is to make !m jump ov] int]m$iate p>ts1 to make !m advance )\t _! really kn[+ :at !y ?9k !y h le>n$4 ,) ,pe/alozzi !re is no trace ( ^! difficulties4 ,) him1 *ildr5 take delight 9 _! /udies1 because ev5 9 infancy1 !y ta/e ! pleasure ( gr[n m51 namely1 compreh5d+ & complet+ t on :i* !y h be5 engag$40 ,moreov]1 ,madame ,neck] mu/ h recogniz$ h] own _s1 h] pref]5ce = a sev]e & pa9/ak+ education1 9 ?is passage :]e ,madame de ,/al vigor\sly prote/$ aga9/ amus+ & easy me?ods ( in/ruction3-- 8,! education t takes place ?r\gh amusem5t dissipates ?\ght2 labor ( "s sort is "o ( ! great aids ( nature2 ! m9d ( ! *ild ought to accu/om itself to ! labor ( /udy1 j z our s\l to suff]+4444 ,y w tea* a multitude ( ?+s to y\r *ild by means ( pictures & c>ds1 b y w n tea* him h[ to le>n40 #ehd4 ,,progressive ,,education ,,& ,,r\sseau4--,x is und5iable t ,madame ,neck] owes mu* to ,r\sseau2 b %e is f> f always agree+ ) him4 ,= ,r\sseau1 man is good2 = h]1 man is bad4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! tea*] %\ld be to re=m him1 to raise him f 8 fall2 ! purpose ( life is n happ9ess1 z an immoral doctr9e ma9ta9s1 b x is improvem5t2 ! basis ( education ought to be religion4 ,ev5 :5 %e is inspir$ by ,r\sseau1 ,madame ,neck] is n long 9 sep>at+ f him4 ,?us we may believe t %e borr[s f him ! fundam5tal idea ( h] book1 ! idea ( a successive developm5t ( ! faculties1 to :i* %\ld correspond a p>allel movem5t 9 educational me?ods4 ,l ! au?or ( ! mile1 %e foll[s ! awak5+ ( ! s5ses 9 ! infant4 ,%e consid]s ! infant z a be+ sui g5]is 8:o lives only on s5sations & desires40 ,%e sees 9 ! infant a di/9ct p]iod ( life1 an age ^: education has its own special rules4 ,b at t po9t ! resemblances /op2 = ,madame ,neck] de ,saussure ha/5s to add t1 f ! fif? ye>1 ! *ild is 9 possession ( all 8 intellectual faculties4 ,he is no long] simply a s5ti5t be+1 a robu/ animal l mile2 b he is a complete be+1 s\l & body4 ,consequ5tly1 education %\ld take acc\nt ( 8 d\ble nature4 ,moral education ought n to be sep>at$ f physical education1 & _c beg9 too soon4 8,x is a great error to believe t nature proce$s 9 ! sy/ematic ord] imag9$ by ,r\sseau4 ,) h]1 we n[h]e disc]n a comm5cem5t2 we d n surprise h] at creat+1 & x always seems t %e is develop+40 ,s1 9 education1 we mu/ "k h[ to appeal1 at ! same "t & z soon z possible1 to ! diff]5t motives1 in/9ctive or reflective1 selfi% or affectionate1 :i* sway ! w4 ,(t51 9 practice1 ! two ?9k]s approa* ea* o!r1 &1 ev5 9 h] prote/ations aga9/ h] c\ntryman1 ,madame ,neck] de ,saussure pres]ves some?+ ( ,r\sseau's _s4 ,?us1 %e does n desire ! negative education :i* leaves ev]y?+ to nature4 ,! tea*] ought n to all[ ! *ild to d 7laiss] faire71 b cause him to d 7faire faire74 ,b1 at ! same "t1 %e dem&s t ! w be /r5g!n$1 s t education may f9d 9 x a po9t ( support2 t ! "* be h>d5$2 t "s degree ( indep5d5ce be accord$ to ! *ild2 8t 9 p]missible cases he be all[$ to come to 8 own decision2 & t half-ord]s1 half-obligations1 tacit entreaties1 & ins9uations1 be avoid$40 ,is n ?is reta9+ all t is j & practical 9 ,r\sseau's !ory1 namely1 ! necessity ( associat+ ! special & spontane\s p[]s ( ! *ild ) ! "w ( education8 ,madame de ,saussure adopts a j m$ium betwe5 ! active education :i* makes a misuse ( ! ma/]'s in/ruction1 & ! passive education :i* makes a misuse ( ! pupil's lib]ty4 ,%e w\ld will+ly h accept$ ?is precept ( ,frbel1 8,let tea*]s n lose sight ( ?is tru?3 x is necess>y t always & at ! same "t !y give & take1 t !y prec$e & foll[1 t !y act & let act40 #ehe4 ,,orig9ality ,,( ,,madame ,,neck]4--,?\gh %e _h reflect$ mu* on ! writ+s ( h] pr$ecessors1 x is nev]!less to h] p]sonal exp]i5ce & to h] orig9al inve/igations t ,madame ,neck] owes ! be/ ( h] ?\ght4 ,%e _h h]self foll[$ ! advice :i* %e gives to mo!rs1 ( 8obs]v+ _! *ildr51 & ( keep+ a j\rnal1 9 :i* a record %\ld be made ( ea* /ep ( progress1 & 9 :i* all ! vicissitudes ( physical & moral heal? %\ld be not$40 ,x is a ri* psy*ological fund1 & at ! same "t a p]petual aspiration aft] ! ideal1 :i* makes ! /r5g? & ! beauty ( ! ,progressive ,education4 ,) :at p5etrat+ insight ,madame ,neck] has po9t$ out ! difficulty & also ! *>m ( ! /udy ( *ildr56 8,x 7 s delightful to fix ! fugitive image ( *ildhood1 to prolong indef9itely ! happ9ess ( contemplat+ _! features1 & to be sure ( ev] f9d+ aga9 ^? de> creatures :om1 alas1 we are always los+ z *ildr51 ev5 :5 we /ill h ! happ9ess ( keep+ !m60 8,we mu/ love *ildr5 9 ord] to "k !m1 & we div9e !m less by ! intellig5ce ?an by ! he>t40 ,?anks to ! pron\nc$ ta/e = ! /udy ( *ild nature1 ! mo/ j psy*ological obs]vations are ev] m+l$1 9 ! ,progressive ,education1 ) ! precepts ( education1 & x has be5 truly said t 8?is book is almo/ a j\rnal ( dome/ic education :i* takes ! proportions ( a !ory40 #ehf4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,progressive ,,education4--,! ,progressive ,education appe>$ 9 #ahcf & #ahch 9 ?ree volumes4 ,! fir/ ?ree books treat ( ! hi/ory ( ! s\l 9 infancy2 ! f\r? exam9es ! g5]al pr9ciples ( tea*+1 indep5d5tly ( ! age ( ! pupil2 ! fif? /udies ! *ild ( f five to sev5 ye>s ( age2 ! six? takes u to ! t5? ye>2 ! sev5? %[s 8! di/9ctive m>ks ( ! "* & ! intellectual developm5t ( boys1 dur+ ! ye>s :i* imm$iately prec$e adolesc5ce40 ,f9ally1 ! la/ f\r books =m a complete :ole1 & treat ( ! education ( wom5 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( life4 #ehg4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,faculties4--,we _c attempt 9 ?is place to analyze a "w s ri* 9 ideas z ! "w ( ,madame ,neck]4 ,let u limit ourselves to indicat+ ! ess5tial po9ts 9 h] sy/em ( education4 ,fir/1 x is ! preoccupation ( tra9+ ! w1 a faculty :i* is too mu* neglect$ by tea*]s1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 is ! end[m5t :i* dom9ates life4 ,madame ,neck] treats ?is subject 9 a ma/]ly way 9 a *apt] to :i* %e prefixes ^! words z a sup]scription3-- 8,ob$i5ce to law con/ra9s ! w )\t enfeebl+ x1 :ile ob$i5ce to man injures x or en]vates x4 8,x is1 above all1 to place ! int]ior education ( ! s\l above sup]ficial & =mal in/ruction4 8,to in/ruct a *ild is to con/ruct him )92 x is to make him become a man40 #ehh4 ,,culture ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation4--,:atev] importance %e atta*es to ! active p[]s1 ,madame ,neck] does n neglect ! contemplative faculties4 ,! imag9ation1 next to ! w1 is ! faculty ( ! s\l :i* has mo/ (t5 engross$ h] att5tion4 8,%e has made x appe>10 says a di/+ui%$ writ]1 8t ?is irresi/ible p[]1 :5 we believe x to h be5 conqu]$1 takes ! mo/ div]se =ms2 t x disguises its p[] & ar\ses ) a secret fire ! mo/ mis]able passions4 ,if y refuse x space & lib]ty1 x sl9ks away 9 ! dep?s ( selfi%ness1 & "u vulg> features x becomes av>ice1 c[>dice1 & vanity40 8,s x is necess>y to see ) :at t5d] anxiety ,madame ,neck] wat*es its fir/ movem5ts 9 ! s\l ( ! *ild2 ) :at intellig5t c>e %e seeks to make ( x f entrance ^u life1 ! companion ( tru?2 h[ %e surr\nds x ) ev]y?+ :i* c e/abli% x )9 ! circle ( ! good4 ,! /udies :i* ext5d our intellectual horizon1 ! spectacle ( nature 9 h] m>vel\s div]sities1 ! emotions ( ! arts1--no?+ seems to h] sup]flu\s or dang]\s = direct+ ! imag9ation 9 ! way t is good4 ,%e fe>s to see x escape1 ?r\gh ! lack ( pleasures t are int5se en\gh1 9 ! direction ( o!r r\tes40#bdi ,9 o!r t]ms1 x is n propos$ to repress ! imag9ation1 /ill less to de/roy x2 b m]ely to guide x g5tly1 to associate x ) reason & virtue1 to awak5 x to a ta/e = ! good1 & to an admiration = nature4 8,%[ him a beautiful sunset1 9 ord] t no?+ :i* c en*ant him may pass unnotic$40 #ehi4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom54--,9 h] special /udies on ! education ( wom51 ,madame ,neck]1 :o 9 o!r p>ts ( h] "w sometimes makes an improp] use ( vague decl>ations ( pr9ciples1 )\t ent]+ suffici5tly into ! details ( practical processes1 has _h ! d\ble m]it ( assign+ to ! de/9y ( wom5 an elevat$ ideal1 & ( det]m9+ ) precision ! means ( atta9+ x4 ,%e compla9s t we too (t5 adh]e to ,r\sseau's programme1 t ( an education :i* relates exclusively to ! conjugal duties ( ! woman4 ,%e recomm5ds t ! m>riage ( "y girls be delay$1 s t !y may h "t to become 8enlight5$ spirits & intellig5t creatures02 s t !y may acquire1 n 8an assortm5t ( all petty kn[l$ges10 b a solid in/ruction1 :i* prep>es !m = ! duties ( society & ( mat]nity1 :i* make ( !m ! fir/ tea*]s ( _! *ildr51 :i*1 9 a ^w1 />ts !m on ! way t[>ds t p]sonal p]fection :i* !y w nev] completely atta9 except by ! ef=ts ( _! :ole life4#bej #eij4 ,,madame ,,pape-,,c>p5ti] 7#ahae-ahgh74--,) ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti]1 we leave ! region ( !ories to ent] ! doma9 ( facts2 we h to d ) a practical tea*]4 ,9 #ahdf1 aft] sev]al trials at tea*+ at ,la ,fl*e1 h] native city1 & at ,mans1 %e publi%$ h] ,c\nsels on ! ,managem5t ( ,infant ,s*ools4 ,9 #ahdg %e f\nd$ at ,p>is a ,mo!rs' ,normal ,s*ool1 :i* ! next ye>1 "u ! m9i/ry ( ,c>not1 became a public e/abli%m5t1 & :i*1 9 #aheb1 "u ! m9i/ry ( ,=t\l1 took ! di/9ctive title ,practical ,c\rses on ,infant ,s*ools4 ,x is !re t dur+ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] appli$ h] me?ods & tra9$ a l>ge numb] ( pupils1 m ?an fifte5 hundr$1 :o h propagat$ 9 ,france & abroad h] tea*+ & h] ideas4 ,9 #ahdg %e 0 remov$ f ! managem5t ( h] normal s*ool ?r\gh intrigues2 b h] loss ( position 0 n ( long duration4 ,a little lat] %e 0 appo9t$ inspector-g5]al ( infant s*ools4 #eia4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,h] ,,works4--,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] may be consid]$ z a pupil ( ,pe/alozzi & ( ,frbel4 ,%e 0 specially occupi$ ) elem5t>y education1 & c>ri$ into h] "w a _s ( great simplicity4 ,we mu/ n dem& ( h] ambiti\s g5]alities nor views on ab/ract metaphysics2 b %e excels 9 practical wisdom1 & speaks ! language ( *ildhood to p]fection4 #eib4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,( ,,madame ,,pape-,,c>p5ti]4--,among ! important works ( ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] we %all recomm5d ! foll[+ 9 p>ticul>3-- #a4 ,advice on ! ,managem5t ( ,infant ,s*ools 7#ahde74 ,9 h] preface ! au?or excuses h]self = und]tak+ 8a subject ( su* gravity40 ,b %e goes on to say t 8no in/ruction has yet be5 giv5 ! tea*] on ! education ( ! poor *ild10 & %e asks ! privilege ( speak+ 9 ! "n ( h] p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,?is book1 (t5 repr9t$1 has become ,enseignem5t pratique dans les salles d'asile4#bea #b4 ,n>ratives & ,lessons on ,objects 7#aheh74 ,?is is a collection ( little /ories1 8simple z *ildhood10 :i* 7 te/$ be=e *ildr5 be=e be+ writt51 & 9 :i* ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] attempts to tea* !m ?+s :i* are good3 8,i mean10 %e says1 8?+s really1 s]i\sly good40 #c4 ,p$agogical ,discussions held at ! ,sorbonne 7#ahfg74 ,dur+ ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( #ahfg1 ,monsieur ,duruy _h assembl$ at ,p>is a c]ta9 numb] ( tea*]s be=e :om p$agogical discussions 7 held4 ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] took ^u h]self ! special task ( expla9+ to !m h[ ! me?ods ( ! infant s*ool might be introduc$ into ! prim>y s*ool4 #d4 ,read+ & ,"w = ,*ildr5 & ,mo!rs 7#ahgc74 ,"h ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] is especially int5t on popul>iz+ ! me?ods ( ,frbel2 %e sugge/s +5i\s ex]cises :i* c be appli$ to *ildr5 to give !m skill 9 ! use ( _! f+]s1 & to inspire !m ) a ta/e = ord] & symmetry4 #e4 ,complete ,c\rse ( ,education 7#ahgd74 ,?is book1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! g5]al /atem5t ( ! p$agogical pr9ciples ( ! au?or1 0 left incomplete4 ,only ?ree volumes h appe>$4 ,a few quotations w make kn[n _! _s4 8,to co-op]ate ) nature 9 h] "w1 to ext5d x1 to correct h] :5 %e goes wrong1--su* is ! task ( ! educator4 ,9 all grades ( education1 nature mu/ be respect$4 8,! *ild %\ld live 9 ! mid/ ( fre% & soo?+ impressions2 ! objects :i* surr\nd him 9 ! s*ool %\ld be graceful & *e]ful4 8,socrates has admirably said1 #8,! duty ( education is to give ! idea bir? r ?an to communicate x4'0 #f4 ,note on ! ,education ( ! ,s5ses1 & "s ,p$agogical ,appliances 7#ahgh74 ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] is v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! education ( ! s5ses1 because1 %e says1 8e *ild born into ! _w is a workman 9 prospect1 a future appr5tice to an occupation /ill unkn[n40 ,x is !n necess>y to p]fect at an e>ly h\r ! natural tools he w ne$ 9 ord] to fulfill 8 task4 ,! education ( ! s5ses w h its place "s day or o!r 9 ! (ficial programmes1 &1 = ?is s5se-tra9+1 in/rum5ts are j z necess>y z books are = ! culture ( ! intellect4 #eic4 ,,lessons ,,on ,,objects4--8,! object-lesson is ! new cont95t on :i* ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] has plant$ h] /&>d40 ,%e h]self wrote a numb] ( works :i* conta9 models ( object-lessons2 %e has /at$ ! !ory ( !m1 notably 9 h] discussions ( #ahfg4 ,x is ev5 p]missible to ?9k t %e has made a wrong use ( !m4 ,) h]1 ! object-lesson becomes a univ]sal process :i* %e applies to all subjects1 to *emi/ry1 to physics1 to gramm>1 to geography1 & to e?ics4 ,h[ev] x may be1 ?is is ! c\rse to foll[ accord+ to h]3 x is necess>y to con=m to ! ord] 9 :i* ! p]ceptions ( ! intellig5ce succe$ ea* o!r4 ,! *ild's att5tion is fir/ /ruck by color4 ,!n he w di/+ui% ! =m ( ! object1 & w\ld "k its use1 its mat]ial1 & mode ( production4 ,x is accord+ to ?is natural developm5t ( ! *ild's curiosity t ! object-lesson %\ld proce$4 ,moreov]1 x c be giv5 ) ref]5ce to ev]y?+4 ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] admits :at %e calls 8occasional lessons02 b %e also ?9ks t object-lessons c be giv5 accord+ to a plan1 a fix$ programme4 ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti] des]ves1 !n1 to be he>d z an exp]i5c$ advis] 9 :atev] relates to elem5t>y in/ruction2 b t :i* we mu/ admire 9 h] /ill m ?an h] pr(essional skill & h] p$agogical k1 is an elevat$ conception ( ! tea*]'s "w1 & a l(ty inspiration com+ f h] devotion to *ildr5 & h] love = !m4 8,to educate *ildr5 prop]ly10 %e said1 8ought to be = ! tea*] only ! second "p ( 8 und]tak+2 ! fir/1 & ! mo/ difficult1 is to p]fect himself40 8,:at we are able to d = *ildr5 is measur$ by ! love we be> !m40 #eid4 ,,o!r ,,wom5 ,,:o ,,7 ,,educators4--,if ! education ( wom5 has receiv$ an important developm5t 9 our day1 x is due1 !n1 9 great "p to ! wom5 :o h %[n :at !y 7 wor? & :at !y c\ld d1 ei!r z tea*]s or z educators4 ,& yet ! hi/ory ^: pr9cipal features we h j trac$ rema9s v incomplete4 ,by ! side ( ! celebrat$ wom5 ^: works we h /udi$1 we %\ld m5tion ,mademoiselle ,sauvan1 :o1 9 #ahaa1 f\nd$ at ,*aillot an educational e/abli%m5t :i* %e did n leave till ab\t #ahcj1 to take ! intellectual & moral direction ( ! girls' s*ools ( ,p>is2#beb ,madame de ,maisonneuve1 au?or ( an ,essay on ! ,in/ruction ( ,wom51#bec 9 :i* %e sums up ! results ( a long exp]i5ce acquir$ 9 ! managem5t ( a private bo>d+-s*ool4 ,b m5 h also contribut$ by _! !oretical objections1 or by _! practical ef=ts1 to ! progress ( ! education ( wom54 ,x w\ld be ( int]e/1 = example1 to /udy ! c\rses 9 second>y in/ruction ( ,l\rm& 7#ahcd71 & ! ,c\rses 9 ,mat]nal ,education1 ( ,lvi ,alv>s 7#ahbj74 8,monsieur ,lvi10 says ,grard1 8makes ! "m tongue & hi/ory ! basis ( in/ruction4 ,he himself sums up 8 me?ods 9 ?is =mula ( progressive education3 ,facts1 comp>ison ( facts1 moral or philosophical consequ5ce ( facts2 t is1 see+1 comp>+1 judg+4 ,?is is ! v ord] ( nature40 ,let u m5tion also ! "w ( ,aim ,m>t91 ,! ,education ( ,mo!rs1#bed :i* = sev]al ye>s enjoy$ an extraord9>y reputation t x w\ld be r difficult to ju/ify4 #eie4 ,,dupanl\p ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom54--,a bi%op ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,dupanl\p1 has assum$ to rival ,fnelon 9 ! delicate "q ( ! education ( wom54 ,diff]5t works1 & 9 p>ticul> ! "o :i* he e/eem$ mo/1 8 ,lett]s on ! ,education ( ,girls1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahgi1 give pro( ( ! int]e/ :i* he took 9 ^! que/ions4 ,^! lett]s are = ! mo/ "p real lett]s :i* 7 address$ to wom5 ( ! "t4 ,not)/&+ ! v>iety & ! fre$om ( ! epi/ol>y =m1 ! "w may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 #a4 ! pr9ciples ( education2 #b4 ! education ( "y wom52 #c4 free & p]sonal /udy 9 ! _w4 ,dupanl\p %\ld be ?ank$ = hav+ summon$ woman to a true intellectual culture1 & = n cons5t+ to h h] faculties rema9 8smo!r$ & useless40 ,?r\gh ! revelations ( ! confessional & ! spiritual direction ( a great numb] ( wom51 ,dupanl\p knew exactly :at a void an incomplete education ( ! m9d & he>t leaves 9 ! s\l4 ,he is inde$ will+ to ackn[l$ge t piety is n en\gh1 & ) a c]ta9 bread? ( _s :i* drew ^u him ! c5sure ( ! ultramontane press1 he recomm5ds ! s]i\s /udies to wom54 ,8 c\nsels1 h[ev]1 are address$ only to wom5 ( ! middle classes1 to ^? :o1 he says1 8occupy ! ?ird /ory ( h\ses 9 ,p>is40 ,8 book is r a rem9isc5ce ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ( its mann]s & its habits ( ?9k+1 ?an a liv+ "w ( to-day1 adapt$ to ! ne$s ( mod]n society4 #eif4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,! =mal discussion ( woman's education by wom5 m>ks an important epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,_h ! education ( m5 be5 :olly1 or ev5 *iefly1 discuss$ by wom51 x _c be d\bt$ t x w\ld h be5 m or less p>tial & imp]fect4 #b4 ,! =mal discussion ( infant education by wom5 is sc>cely less important2 = no?+ less ?an mat]nal in/9ct & affection c div9e ! nature & ! ne$s ( ! *ild4 #c4 ,?is /udy calls att5tion to ! ne$ ( mak+ ! education ( wom5 s]i\s in/ead ( ornam5tal4 ,plato bas$ 8 recomm5dation ( ! equal education ( m5 & wom5 on equality ( civil functions4 ,9 mod]n ?\ght x is ! conception ( equal rights & ( equal abilities t t5ds to prescribe ! same c\rse ( intellectual tra9+ = bo? sexes4 #d4 ,! educational "w ( ! two ,engli%wom51 ,miss ,edgewor? & ,miss ,hamilton1 c be /udi$ ) great pr(it4 ,! fir/ excels 9 practical wisdom1 & ! second 9 philosophic insight4 #e4 ,! ,progressive ,education ( ,madame ,neck] is a classic :i* fairly ranks ) ! mile ( ,r\sseau1 & ! ,education ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,,footnotes3 #bcg ,grard1 ,mmoire sur l'enseignem5t secondaire des filles1 p4 #gh4 #bch ,fr5* translation by ,pictet1 #ahja4 #bci ,fr5* translation by ,*ron1 #b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahjd4 #bdj ,/ew>t1 ,elem5ts1 p4 #aa4 #bda ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aa4 #bdb ,see ! two volumes publi%$ 9 #ahbd by ,b>rire1 on ! ducation1 p> ,madame ,campan1 foll[$ by ! ,conseils aux jeunes filles4 #bdc ,! "w ( ,madame de ,rmusat 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbd1 aft] ! au?or's dea?1 "u ! direction ( ,*>les de ,rmusat4 #bdd ,j\b]t1 ,p5ses4 #bde ,! ,annales de l'ducation appe>$ f #ahaa to #ahad4 ,x is an int]e/+ collection to consult4 ,9 x ,guizot publi%$ among o!r p$agogical works1 8 /udies on ! ideas ( ,rabelais & ,montaigne1 aft]w>ds repr9t$ 9 ! volume1 tudes ,morales4 #bdf ducation dome/ique ou ,lettres de famille sur l'ducation4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 #bdg ,see 9 ! ,revue pdagogique1 #ahhc1 ,no4 #f1 an int]e/+ /udy on ,madame ,guizot1 by ,b]n>d ,p]ez4 #bdh ,l'ducation progressive ou tude du c\rs de la nature huma9e4 #c vols4 #ahcf-ahch4 #bdi ,preface to ! fif? edition ( ! ,progressive ,education4 ,p>is4 ,g>ni]4 #bej ,we mu/ include 9 ! educational s*ool ( ,madame ,neck] de ,saussure "o ( h] c\ntrym51 ! celebrat$ ,v9et 7#agii-ahdg71 :o1 9 8 excell5t book1 ,l'ducation1 la famille et la socit 7,p>is1 #ahee71 has vigor\sly discuss$ c]ta9 educational que/ions4 #bea ,see ! six? edition1 ,p>is1 ,ha*ette1 #ahgg4 #beb ,see ! "w entitl$ ,mademoiselle ,sauvan1 premire inspectrice des coles de ,p>is1 sa vie1 son uvre1 p> ,e4 ,gossot4 ,p>is1 #ahhj4 #bec ,essai sur l'in/ruction des femmes4 ,t\rs1 #ahda4 #bed ,! fir/ edition is dat$ #ahcd4 ,! n9? 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury2 ,,votes ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncils-,,g5]al 7#ahja72 ,,f\rcroy ,,& ,,! ,,law ,,( #ahjb2 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity 7#ahjf72 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,univ]sity2 ,,int5tions ,,( ,,! ,,dyna/y2 ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction ,,neglect$2 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,mutual ,,in/ruction2 ,,bell ,,& ,,lanca/]2 ,,success ,,( ,,mutual ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,france2 ,,moral ,,advantages2 ,,economical ,,advantages2 ,,organization ,,( ,,s*ools ,,on ,,! ,,mutual ,,sy/em2 ,,vices ,,( ,,?is ,,sy/em2 ,,/ate ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction2 ,,guizot ,,& ,,! ,,law ,,( #ahcc2 ,,high] ,,prim>y ,,s*ools2 ,,circul> ,,( ,,guizot2 ,,progress ,,9 ,,popul> ,,in/ruction2 ,,programmes ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction2 ,,! ,,!ori/s ,,( ,,education2 ,,jacotot 7#aggj-ahdj72 ,,! ,,p>adoxes ,,( ,,jacotot2 ,,all ,,is ,,9 ,,all2 ,,! ,,sa9t-,,simonians ,,& ,,! ,,phalan/]ians2 ,,f\ri] 7#aggb-ahcg72 ,,augu/e ,,comte 7#agih-aheg7 ,,& ,,! ,,positivi/s2 ,,dupanl\p 7#ahjb-ahgh72 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,education2 ,,errors ,,& ,,prejudices2 ,,! ,,spirituali/ic ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,m52 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #eig4 ,,! ,,p$agogy ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4--,an ef=t m & m m>k$ to organize education 9 accordance ) ! data ( psy*ology & on a sci5tific basis1 & to co-ord9ate p$agogical me?ods 9 accordance ) a rational plan2 a manife/ t5d5cy to take ! control ( education f ! h&s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ord] to re/ore x to ! ,/ate & to lay society2 a l>g] "p accord$ ! family 9 ! managem5t ( *ildr52 a fai? m & m sangu9e 9 ! efficacy ( in/ruction1 & an ev]-gr[+ purpose to h e memb] ( ! human family p>ticipate 9 its b5efits1--su* are "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p$agogy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,education t5ds m & m to become a social problem2 x is to be an affair ( univ]sal int]e/4 ,x is no long] to be m]ely a "q ( regulat+ select /udies = ! use ( a few :o are ! favorites ( bir? & =tune2 b sci5ce mu/ be plac$ )9 ! rea* ( all1 & ?r\gh ! simplification ( me?ods & ! univ]sal di/ribution ( k1 x mu/ be adapt$ to ! democratic _s ( ! new society4 ,we h no int5tion to foll[ 9 ?is place1 9 all its details1 & 9 ! div]sity ( its curr5ts1 ?is educational movem5t ( a c5tury :i* has n yet said its la/ ^w2 b we mu/ limit ourselves to call+ att5tion to ! po9ts :i* seem to u ess5tial4 #eih4 ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncils-,,g5]al ,,( #ahja4--,not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ! ,revolution1 public in/ruction 9 ,france1 dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 f> f be+ fl\ri%+4 ,!re 0 urg5t ne$ ( introduc+ re=ms4 ,! ,c\ncils-,g5]al 7 summon$ 9 #ahja to give _! advice on ! organization ( /udies4 ,t :i* is v noticeable 9 ! ,/ate pap]s ( ! ,c\ncils-,g5]al ( #ahja1 is t ! dep>tm5tal assemblies agree 9 dem&+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,national ,univ]sity4 ,! ,c\ncils-,g5]al compla9 t ! pr(essors1 be+ no long] unit$ by ! ties ( solid>ity1 z 7 ! memb]s ( ! religi\s tea*+ congregations ( ! old rgime1 m>* at r&om1 )\t unity1 )\t conc]t$ direction4 ,!y solicit1 !n1 a uni=m organization ( in/ruction4 ,!y ev5 conceive ! idea ( an (ficial in/ruction adm9i/]$ exclusively by ! ,/ate4 #eii4 ,,f\rcroy#bee ,,& ,,! ,,law ,,( #ahjb4--,we h n ! space to dwell long on ! bill ( ,f\rcroy1 :i* became ! law ( #ahjb1 al?\gh ?is measure1 x has be5 said1 0 am5d$ tw5ty-?ree times be=e be+ submitt$ to ! ,corps ,lgislatif & to ! ,tribunate4 ,f\rcroy did n suffici5tly recognize ! rights ( ! ,/ate4 ,d\btless he did n g s f> z to ass]t1 ) ,adam ,smi?1 t education %\ld be ab&on$ entirely to private ent]prise2 b he ?9ks t ! task ( organiz+ ! prim>y s*ools mu/ be left to ! communes4 ,9 8 op9ion1 t :i* prev5t$ ! success ( ^! s*ools 0 ! attempt to impose too great a uni=mity on !m4 ,he dem&s t ! tea*]s be *os5 by ! mayors1 or by ! municipal c\ncillors1 :o alone are cognizant ( ! local int]e/s4 ,! prim>y s*ool is ! ne$ ( all4 ,!n let x be ! affair ( all4 ,f\rcroy 0 mi/ak54 ,prim>y in/ruction became a reality 9 ,france only on ! day :5 ! ,/ate vigor\sly put its h& on x4 ,on c]ta9 po9ts1 h[ev]1 ! law ( #ahjb prep>$ ! way = ! approa*+ creation ( ,napoleon2 = example1 9 giv+ to ! ,fir/ ,consul ! appo9tm5t ( ! pr(essors ( ! colleges1 & 9 plac+ ! prim>y s*ools "u ! sup]vision ( ! prefects4 #fjj4 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity 7#ahjf74--,! law ( ,may #aa1 #ahjf1 complet$ by ! decrees ( ,m>* #ag1 #ahjh1 & ( #ahaa1 e/abli%$ ! ,univ]sity1 t is1 a tea*+ corporation1 unique & entirely dep5d5t on ! ,/ate3-- 8,!re %all be con/itut$ a body *>g$ exclusively ) in/ruction & public education ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,empire40 ,in/ruction ?us became a function ( ! ,/ate1 on ! same basis z ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice or ! organization ( ! army4 ,at ! same "t t x lo/ all autonomy1 all indep5d5ce1 ! ,univ]sity ga9$ ! =midable privilege ( be+ alone *>g$ ) ! national in/ruction4 8,no "o c op5 a s*ool or tea* publicly1 )\t be+ a memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity & )\t hav+ be5 graduat$ f "o ( its ,faculties40 8,no s*ool c be e/abli%$ outside ( ! ,univ]sity1 & )\t ! au?orization ( its head40 ,we "k :at prote/ations 7 excit$1 ev5 on ! />t1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is ,univ]sity monopoly4 8,x 0 n en\gh to en*a9 p>5ts2 x 0 /ill necess>y to dispose ( ! *ildr54 ,mo!rs h be5 se5 ha/5+ f ! extremities ( ! ,empire1 com+ to reclaim1 9 an agony ( te>s1 ! sons :om ! gov]nm5t _h c>ri$ (f f !m40 ,?us spoke ,*ateaubri&1 be=e lavi%+ 8 adulations on ! re/or] ( alt>s1 & he add$1 ) an extravagance ( imag9ation :i* recoils on itself1 8,*ildr5 7 plac$ 9 s*ools :]e !y 7 taught at ! s\nd ( ! drum1 irreligion1 debau*]y1 & contempt = ! dome/ic virtues60 ,joseph de ,mai/re 0 m j3 8,fontanes10#bef he said1 8has l>ge views & excell5t int5tions4 ,! plan ( 8 ,univ]sity is gr& & compreh5sive4 ,x is a noble body4 ,! s\l w come to x :5 x c4 ,celibacy1 subord9ation1 devotion ( ! :ole life )\t religi\s motive1 are requir$4 ,w !y be obta9$80#beg #fja4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,univ]sity4--,! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity compris$1 l ! pres5t ,univ]sity1 ,colleges1 ,lyces1 & ,faculties4 ,! ,colleges furni%$ second>y in/ruction1 l ! ,lyces1 b less complete4 ,!re 7 a ,faculty ( ,lett]s & a ,faculty ( ,sci5ces = ea* academic c5tre2 b ^! ,faculties 7 v poorly equipp$1 ) _! end[m5t ( f five to t5 ?\s& francs at mo/1 & ) _! few pr(essors4 ,! pr(essors ( ! neighbor+ ,lyce 7pr(essors ( rhetoric & ma!matics7 =m$ a "p ( ! e/abli%m5t1 & ea* ,faculty includ$ at mo/ b two or ?ree o!r *airs4 ,lat9 & ma!matics =m$ ! basis ( ! in/ruction 9 ! ,lyces4 ,! ,revolution _h n come 9 va91 s9ce t :i* x _h vigor\sly dem&$ 0 n[ realiz$2 ! sci5ces & ! classical languages 7 put on a foot+ ( equality4 #fjb4 ,,dyna/ic ,,prepossessions4--,t :i* absorb$ ! att5tion ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity 0 less ! s*emes ( /udy ?an ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! ris+ g5]ations 7 to be n\ri%$4 ,9 ?is respect ! ?\ght ( ! ,emp]or is n obscure4 ,he does n dissemble x4 ,god & ! ,emp]or are ! two words :i* mu/ be grav5 into ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 8,all ! s*ools ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity w make z ! basis ( _! in/ruction3 #a4 ! precepts ( ! ,ca?olic religion2 #b4 fidelity to ! ,emp]or1 to ! imp]ial mon>*y1 ! depository ( ! happ9ess ( ! p1 & to ! ,napoleonic dyna/y1 ! cons]vator ( ! unity ( ,france1 & ( all ! ideas proclaim$ by ! ,con/itution40 8,napoleon10 z ,guizot says1 8attempt$ to conv]t into an in/rum5t ( despotism an in/itution :i* t5d$ to be only a c5tre ( light40 #fjc4 ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction ,,neglect$4--,prim>y in/ruction nev] occupi$ ! att5tion ( ,napoleon ,i4 ,! decree ( #ahje cont5t$ itself ) promis+ measures int5d$ to assure ! recruitm5t ( tea*]s1 especially ! creation ( "o or m normal classes )9 ! colleges & lyces4 ,moreov]1 ! ,gr& ,ma/] 0 to enc\rage & to lic5se ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 :ile sup]vis+ _! e/abli%m5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! "r to e/abli% s*ools 0 left to families or to religi\s corporations1 ! budget ( ! ,empire conta9+ no item ( appropriation = ! cause ( popul> in/ruction4 ,! ,re/oration 0 sc>cely m g5]\s t[>ds ! in/ruction ( ! p4 ,by ! ord9ance ( ,febru>y #bi1 #ahae1 x grant$ fifty ?\s& francs z enc\ragem5t to ! prim>y s*ools4 ,0 ?is d]isive lib]ality any bett] ?an complete sil5ce & neglect8 ,a m important measure 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( cantonal committees *>g$ ) ! sup]vision ( prim>y s*ools4 ,^! committees 7 plac$1 sometimes "u ! direction ( ! rector1 & at o!rs "u ! au?ority ( ! bi%op1 at ! pleasure ( ! vicissitudes ( politics4 ,c]tificates ( qualification 7 deliv]$ to ! memb]s ( ! au?oriz$ congregations1 on ! simple pres5tation ( _! lett]s ( p]mission4 ,we c imag9e :at a body ( tea*]s c\ld be assur$ by su* a mode ( recruitm5t4 ,9 anticipation ( ! mon>*y ( ,july1 :i* 9 its lib]al dispositions 0 to appe> m reg>dful ( popul> education1 private initiative signaliz$ itself "u ! ,re/oration by ! f\ndation ( ! ,society = ,elem5t>y ,in/ruction1 & also by ! enc\ragem5t x gave to ! fir/ attempts at mutual in/ruction4 #fjd4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,mutual ,,in/ruction4--,two ,engli%m51 ,bell & ,lanca/]1 h claim$ ! honor ( hav+ inv5t$ mutual in/ruction4 ,! fact is1 nei!r ( !m inv5t$ x2 !y simply gave x curr5cy4 ,x is 9 ,france1 if n 9 ,india1 t we mu/ look = ! real orig9 ( mutual in/ruction4 ,we h se5 t ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 ,roll91 ,la ,salle1 & ,pe/alozzi1 practis$ x1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t gave x curr5cy4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,h]bault _h employ$ x 9 ! hospital ( ,la ,piti 7#agdg71 ! ,*evali] ,paulet at ,v9c5nes 7#aggd71 &1 f9ally1 ! ,abb ,gaulti]1#beh also a ,fr5*man1 _h introduc$ ! use ( x into ,london1 9 #agib1 "s ye>s be=e ,bell br\ght x f ,india4 #fje4 ,,bell 7#agec-ahcb7 ,,& ,,lanca/] 7#aggh-ahch74--;,bell & ,lanca/] are none ! less ! fir/ au?oriz$ propagators ( ! mutual me?od1 or1 z ! ,engli% say1 ( ! monitorial sy/em4 ,bell _h us$ x at ,madras1 9 imitation ( ! ,h9doo tea*]s1 & 9 #agih he introduc$ x into ,engl&4 ,b at ! same p]iod1 a "y ,engli% tea*]1 ,lanca/]1 appli$ ! same me?ods ) success1 &1 s f> z x appe>s1 ?r\gh a sugge/ion absolutely p]sonal & orig9al4 ,lanca/] 0 a ,quak]1 & ,bell a ,*ur*man1 s t public op9ion 9 ,engl& 0 divid$ betwe5 ! two rivals4 ,! tru? is t !y _h appli$ at ! same "t a sy/em :i* 0 kn[n be=e _! day1 & :i* mu/ naturally h be5 sugge/$ to all tea*]s :o h too l>ge a numb] ( *ildr5 to in/ruct1 z a result ( ! inadequacy ( _! res\rces & ! lack ( a tea*+ =ce suffici5tly l>ge4 #fjf4 ,,success ,,( ,,mutual ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,france4--,mutual in/ruction1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ 9 c]ta9 s*ools ( ,p>is till #ahfg1 = a long "t enjoy$ an extraord9>y cr$it 9 ,france4 ,"u ! ,re/oration1 its success 0 s great t x became ! fa%ion1 & ev5 a craze4 ,patroniz$ by ! mo/ em95t m5 ( t day1 by ,roy]-,coll>d1 by ,laisn1 by ! ,duke ,decazes1 by ! ,duke ,pasqui]1 mutual in/ruction became ! flag ( ! lib]al p>ty 9 ! matt] ( in/ruction4 ,political passions became involv$ 9 x4 ,! new sy/em came into competition ) ! traditional in/ruction ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 & 0 f\ght & d5\nc$ z immoral by all ! p>tisans ( r\t9e4 8,mutual in/ruction 0 *>g$ ) de/roy+ ! f\ndation ( social ord] by delegat+ to *ildr5 a p[] :i* ought to belong only to m54444 ,m5 held = or aga9/ simultane\s in/ruction1 its rival1 z if x 7 a "q ( an article ( ! ,*>t]40#bei #fjg4 ,,moral ,,advantages4--,! fri5ds ( mutual in/ruction1 9 ord] to ju/ify _! en?usiasm1 made ! mo/ ( moral reasons4 ,:at c be m t\*+1 !y said1 ?an to see *ildr5 communicat+ to "o ano!r ! little t !y "k8 ,:at an excell5t lesson ( *>ity & ( mutual aid6 ,! ,gospel has said1 ,love "o ano!r4 ,0 x n giv+ to ! div9e precept a happy translation to add1 ,in/ruct "o ano!r6 ,an attempt 0 made1 moreov]1 to introduce mutuality into discipl9e & into ! repression ( s*ool faults4 ,! s*ool1 on c]ta9 solemn occasions1 0 conv]t$ into a c\rt = try+ crim9als4 8,all ?is 0 done v s]i\sly1 & x 0 also v s]i\sly felt t ^! practices1 pass+ f a class ( *ildr5 to a class ( adults1 w\ld contribute to introduce into society ! habits ( a true & useful frat]nity40 #fjh4 ,,economical ,,advantages4--,to tell ! tru?1 mutual in/ruction 0 above all else 8a useful exp$i5t10 accord+ to ,roll9's expression4 ,at a p]iod :5 tea*]s 7 sc>ce1 :5 ! budget ( public in/ruction did n exi/1 x 0 natural t an economic sy/em :i* disp5s$ ) tea*]s1 & :i* r$uc$ to almo/ no?+ ! co/ ( in/ruction1 %\ld be hail$ ) en?usiasm4 ,let u add t !re 0 also an economy 9 books1 s9ce 8!re 0 ne$ ( only "o book1 :i* pupils nev] us$1 & :i* w\ld ?us la/ = sev]al ye>s40 ,jom>d calculat$ t !re 7 #c1jjj1jjj *ildr5 to in/ruct1 & t1 accord+ to ! ord9>y sy/em1 ?is w\ld require ! exp5diture ( m ?an #de1jjj1jjj francs4#bfj ,n[1 accord+ to ! calculations ( ! ,comte de ,laborde1#bfa #ajjj pupils be+ able to be educat$ by "o s+le tea*]1 by ! sy/em ( mutual in/ruction1 m easily ?an #cj c\ld h be5 by ! old sy/em1 a sum ( #aj1jjj francs grant$ annually by ! ,/ate w\ld suffice to educate 9 twelve ye>s ! entire g5]ation ( poor *ildr54#bfb #fji4 ,,organization ,,( ,,s*ools ,,on ,,! ,,mutual ,,plan4--,bell def9$ mutual in/ruction z 8! me?od by means ( :i* a :ole s*ool may in/ruct itself1 "u ! sup]vision ( "o s+le ma/]40 ,"h is ! picture ( a mutual s*ool1 z describ$ by ,grard3-- 8,t 0 a /rik+ spectacle at ! fir/ glance1--^? long & va/ /ructures :i* conta9$ a :ole s*ool1 su* z ! old] g5]ations ( our tea*]s recollect /ill to h se5 at ! ,halle aux ,draps4 ,9 ! middle ( ! room1 ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 7 r[s ( tables hav+ f five to tw5ty places ea*1 hav+ at "o end1 at ! "r1 ! desk ( ! monitor1 & ! bo>d hav+ models ( writ+1 itself surm\nt$ by a /&>d or telegraph :i* s]v$ to secure1 by means ( directions easy to read1 regul>ity ( movem5ts2 at ! side ( ! room1 & all along ! walls1 !re 7 r[s ( semi-circles1 ab\t :i* 7 arrang$ gr\ps ( *ildr52 on ! walls1 on a l9e ) ! eye1 !re 0 a blackbo>d on :i* 7 p]=m$ ! ex]cises 9 computation1 & f :i* 7 susp5d$ ! *>ts = read+ & gramm>2 "r at 8 side1 )9 rea* ( 8 h&1 0 ! /ick ) :i* ! tea*] 0 provid$ = conduct+ ! lesson2 f9ally1 at ! l[] "p ( ! room1 on a wide & high plat=m1 accessible by /eps & surr\nd$ by a balu/rade1 0 ! *air ( ! ma/]1 :o1 employ+ 9 succession1 accord+ to fix$ rules1 voice1 bton1 or :i/le1 survey$ ! tables & gr\ps1 di/ribut+ comm5dation or repro(1 & direct+1 9 a ^w1 l a capta9 on ! deck ( 8 vessel1 ! :ole ma*9]y ( in/ruction40 ,9 respect ( sy/ematic movem5ts & ext]ior ord]1 no?+ is m *>m+ ?an ! appe>ance ( a s*ool conduct$ on ! mutual plan4 ,x rema9s to inquire :at 7 ! educational results ( ! sy/em1 & :e!r ! fa%ion :i* br\ght x into favor 0 ju/ifi$ by real advantages4 #faj4 ,,vices ,,( ,,mutual ,,in/ruction4--,! monitor 0 ! ma9spr+ ( ! mutual me?od4 ,b :at 0 ! monitor8 ,a *ild1 m intellig5t1 d\btless1 ?an 8 comrades1 b too little in/ruct$ to be equal to 8 task4 ,! mutual s*ool did n op5 till t5 o'clock4 ,f eight to t5 !re 0 a class = ! monitors4 ,!re !y le>n$ 9 ha/e :at !y 71 = ! re/ ( ! day1 to tea* to ! o!r *ildr54 ,! purpose ( ! ma/] be+ to =m good in/rum5ts z quickly z possible1 !y 7 fitt$ up = _! trade by ! mo/ exp$iti\s me?ods4 8,:at sort ( tea*]s c\ld su* a prep>ation produce8 ,to tea* is to le>n twice1 x has be5 truly said2 b on ! condition ( hav+ reflect$ on t :i* has be5 le>n$ & ^u t :i* is to be taught4 ,to convey light into ! intellig5ce ( ano!r1 x is fir/ necess>y to h produc$ ! light )9 "o's self1 a ?+ :i* supposes ! enlight5$1 p5etrat+1 & p]sev]+ action ( a m9d relatively mature & tra9$4 ,f ! class :]e !y h j be5 sitt+ z pupils1 ! monitors--ma/]s improvis$ z by ! wave ( a w&1--pass$ to ! classes ( *ildr5 :om !y 7 to indoctr9ate0 7,grard74 ,! in/ruction1 consequ5tly1 became purely me*anical4 ,! monitor fai?fully repeat$ :at he _h be5 taught4 ,ev]y?+ 0 r$uc$ to me*anical processes4 ,let u obs]ve1 besides1 t f ! moral po9t ( view1 ! mutual sy/em left mu* to be desir$4 ,! monitors1 we are told1 did n escape ! intoxications ( pride4 ,ev5 9 ! family !y became petty tyrants4 ,p>5ts compla9$ ( _! dictatorial habits & _! tone ( au?ority4 ,h[ev] x may be1 mutual in/ruction has r5d]$ und5iable s]vices1 ?anks to ! zeal ( su* tea*]s z ,mademoiselle ,sauvan & ,monsieur ,s>az92 b its reputation w5t on dim9i%+ 9 proportion z ! ,/ate became m & m dispos$ to make sacrifices1 & z x 0 possible to multiply ! s]vices ( tea*]s4#bfc #faa4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4--,"u ! title1 ,exhibit ( ,prim>y ,in/ruction 9 ,france1 a memb] ( ! ,univ]sity1 ,p4 ,lora91 publi%$ 9 #ahcg a rsum ( ! inquiry1 :i*1 by ! ord]s ( ,guizot1 _h be5 made 9 #ahcc ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ,france1 by ! labors ( m ?an #djj inspectors4 ,"h are "s ( ! sad results ( ?is inquiry3 all ! tea*]s did n "k h[ to write2 a l>ge numb] employ$ ! me*anism ( ! ?ree fundam5tal rules )\t be+ able to give any !oretical reason = ^! op]ations4 8,! ignorance 0 g5]al40 ,z "u ! old rgime1 ! tea*] practic$ all ! trades2 he 0 day-labor]1 %oemak]1 innkeep]4 8,he _h 8 wife supply 8 place :ile he w5t hunt+ 9 ! fields40 ,! functions ( ! tea*]1 poorly rew>d$1 expos$ to ! risk ( a v sl5d] tuition1 enjoy$ no consid]ation4 8,! tea*] 0 (t5 reg>d$ 9 ! community on ! same foot+ z a m5dicant1 & betwe5 ! h]dsman & himself1 ! pref]5ce 0 = ! h]dsman40 ,consequ5tly1 ! situation ( s*ool-ma/] 0 ! mo/ (t5 s\ght aft] by m5 :o 7 infirm1 crippl$1 unfit = any o!r k9d ( "w4 8,f ! tea*] )\t arms1 to ! epileptic1 h[ _m infirmities to pass ?r\gh60 #fab4 ,,guizot ,,& ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,june #bh1 #ahcc4--,prim>y in/ruction1 s (t5 decre$ by ! ,revolution1 0 n really organiz$ 9 ,france till by ! law ( ,june #bh1 #ahcc1 ! honor ( :i* is due 9 p>ticul> to ,guizot1 !n m9i/] ( public in/ruction4#bfd ,prim>y in/ruction 0 divid$ into two grades1--elem5t>y & high]4 ,h5ce=? !re 0 to be a s*ool = ea* commune1 or at lea/ = ea* gr\p ( two or ?ree communes4 ,! ,/ate res]v$ ! "r ( appo9t+ tea*]s1 & ( det]m9+ _! sal>y1 :i*1 x is true1 9 c]ta9 places1 did n exce$ two hundr$ francs4 ,poor *ildr5 7 to be receiv$ )\t pay4 #fac4 ,,high] ,,prim>y ,,s*ools4--,"o ( ! mo/ praisewor?y purposes ( ! legislator ( #ahcc 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( high] prim>y in/ruction4 8,high] prim>y in/ruction10 he said1 8necess>ily includes1 9 addition to all ! bran*es ( elem5t>y prim>y in/ruction1 ! elem5ts ( geometry1 & its common applications1 especially l9e> draw+ & survey+1 in=mation on ! physical sci5ces & natural hi/ory1 applicable to ! uses ( life1 s++1 ! elem5ts ( hi/ory & geography1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! hi/ory & geography ( ,france4 ,accord+ to ! ne$s & ! res\rces ( localities1 ! in/ruction %all receive su* developm5ts z %all be deem$ prop]40 ,a high] prim>y s*ool 0 to be e/abli%$ 9 ! *ief t[ns ( ! dep>tm5t & 9 all ! communes :i* _h a population ( m ?an six ?\s& s\ls4 ,! law 0 execut$ 9 "p4 ,9 #ahda1 "o hundr$ & sixty-"o s*ools 7 f\nd$4 ,b little by little1 ! indiff]5ce ( ! gov]nm5t1 &1 above all1 ! vanity ( p>5ts :o pref]r$ = _! *ildr5 wor?less ,lat9 /udies to a good & ?or\gh prim>y in/ruction1 disc\rag$ ^! fir/ ef=ts4 ,! legislator ( #ahcc _h good reason = ?9k+ t a good ve/ 0 wor? m ?an a poor coat4 ,8 mi/ake 0 9 ?9k+ t p w\ld be p]suad$ to ab&on ! coat 9 ord] to take ! ve/4#bfe ,! high] s*ools 7 almo/ ev]y:]e annex$ to ! colleges ( second>y in/ruction4 ,to suppress _! indep5d5ce & _! own di/9ctive features 0 to de/roy !m4 ,! f9al bl[ 0 giv5 !m by ! law ( #ahej1 :i* ab/a9$ f pron\nc+ _! "n1 & :i* condemn$ !m by its sil5ce4 #fad4 ,,circul> ,,( ,,guizot4--,9 transmitt+ to tea*]s ! law ( ,june #bh1 #ahcc1 ,guizot _h x foll[$ by a celebrat$ circul>1 :i* eloqu5tly /at$ ! prop] (fice ( ! tea*]1 8 duties & 8 rights4 ,"h are "s passages f x3 8,d n make a mi/ake "h1 ,sir4 ,:ile ! c>e] ( prim>y in/ruction may be )\t r5[n1 its duties int]e/ ! :ole ( society1 & x is an occupation :i* %>es ! importance atta*$ to public functions4444 ,univ]sal prim>y in/ruction is h5ce=? to be "o ( ! gu>antees ( ord] & social /ability40 ,! circul> next exam9es ! mat]ial advantages :i* ! new law assur$ to tea*]s1 & x cont9ues ?us3-- 8,h[ev]1 ,sir1 z ,i well "k1 ! =esight ( ! law & ! res\rces at ! disposal ( public au?ority1 w nev] succe$ 9 r5d]+ ! humble pr(ession ( a communal tea*] z attractive z x is useful4 ,society c\ld n rew>d him :o devotes himself to ?is s]vice = all t he does = x4 ,!re is no =tune to ga92 !re is sc>cely any reputation to acquire 9 ! difficult duties :i* he p]=ms4 ,de/9$ to see 8 life sp5t 9 a monoton\s occupation1 sometimes ev5 to enc\nt] ab\t him ! inju/ice & ! +ratitude ( ignorance1 he w\ld (t5 gr[ di%e>t5$1 & w\ld p]haps succumb did he n draw 8 /r5g? & 8 c\rage f o!r s\rces ?an f ! prospect ( an int]e/ imm$iate & purely p]sonal4 ,x is necess>y t a pr(\nd s5se ( ! moral importance ( 8 "w su/a9 & animate him1 & t ! au/]e pleasure ( hav+ s]v$ m5 & secretly contribut$ to ! public good1 become ! noble rew>d :i* 8 consci5ce alone c give4 ,x is 8 glory to aim at no?+ beyond 8 obscure & labori\s condition1 to sp5d himself 9 sacrifices sc>cely c\nt$ by ^? :o pr(it by !m1 &1 9 a ^w1 to "w = m5 & to look = 8 rew>d only f ,god40 #fae4 ,,progress ,,( ,,popul> ,,in/ruction4--,x w\ld be an int]e/+ hi/ory to relate 9 detail ! progress ( popul> education 9 ,france f ! law ( #ahcc to our day4 ,! public bills ( ! ,republic ( #ahdh1 ! lib]al propositions ( ,c>not & ( ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ! recoil ( ! law ( ,m>* #ae1 #ahej1 ! /atu quo ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,second ,empire1 !n t[>ds ! end ! praisewor?y ef=ts & t5tatives ( ,duruy1 &1 f9ally1 "u ! ,?ird ,republic1 ! def9ite & triumphant organization1--all ?is is suffici5tly kn[n & too rec5t to ju/ify u 9 dwell+ on x "h4 ,= successfully introduc+ anew into ! laws ! pr9ciples ( gratuity1 obligation1 & secul>ization1 z proclaim$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 n less ?an a c5tury 0 necess>y4 ,& 9 p>ticul>1 ! bett] spirits all[$ !mselves to be conv9c$ ( ! ne$ ( obligatory in/ruction only by sl[ degrees4 ,h[ev]1 9 #ahcc1 ,c\s91 :o report$ ! law ( ,guizot to ! ,*amb] ( ,pe]s1 express$ himself z foll[s3-- 8,a law :i* %\ld make ( prim>y in/ruction a legal obligation seems to me to be no m above ! p[]s ( ! legislator ?an ! law on ! national gu>d1 & t :i* y h j made on a =c$ appropriation = ! public good4 ,if reasons ( public utility ju/ify ! legislator 9 appropriat+ private prop]ty1 :y d n reasons ( a mu* high] utility ju/ify him 9 do+ less1--9 requir+ t *ildr5 receive ! in/ruction indisp5sable to e human creature1 to ! end t he may n become dang]\s to himself or to society z a :ole80 ,c\s9 add$ t ! commission ( :i* he 0 ! *airman w\ld n h rec$$ f measures wisely comb9$ to make in/ruction obligatory1 _h x n be5 afraid ( provok+ difficulties1 &1 9 ?is way1 ( po/pon+ a law t 0 await$ ) impati5ce4 ,! evid5t necessity ( in/ruct+ ! p1 ! int]e/s ( society1 ! int]e/s ( families & individuals1--all ^! consid]ations h ins5sibly ov]come ! scruples or ! illusions ( a false lib]ality1 & x is no long] necess>y1 to-day1 to repeat ! eloqu5t pleas ( ,c>not 9 8 bill ( #ahdh1 ( ,duruy1 & ( ,jules ,simon4 ,9 #ahgc ,guizot express$ himself z foll[s3-- 8,! lib]ty ( consci5ce & t ( families are facts & rights :i*1 9 ?is "q1 ought to be scrupul\sly respect$ & gu>ante$2 b1 "u ! condition ( ?is respect & ( ^! gu>antees1 x may happ5 t ! /ate ( society & ! /ate ( m9ds may r5d] legal obligation1 9 respect ( prim>y in/ruction1 legitimate1 salut>y1 & necess>y4 ,?is is ! condition ( ?+s to-day4 ,! movem5t 9 favor ( obligatory in/ruction is s9c]e1 s]i\s1 national4 ,p[]ful examples au?orize & enc\rage x4 ,9 ,g]many1 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ,d5m>k1 9 mo/ ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 prim>y in/ruction has ?is "*1 & civilization has reap$ excell5t fruits f x4 ,france & its gov]nm5t h reason to welcome ?is pr9ciple40 #faf4 ,,programmes ,,( ,,prim>y ,,in/ruction4--,at ! same "t t prim>y in/ruction made progress by its ev]-gr[+ ext5sion1 & by ! p>ticipation 9 x ( a great] numb] ( individuals1 its programmes 7 also ext5d$1 & x is int]e/+ to comp>e 9 ?is respect ! diff]5t laws :i* h regulat$ ! matt] ( in/ruction 9 our c5tury4 ,! law ( #ahcc said3 8,elem5t>y prim>y in/ruction necess>ily comprises moral & religi\s in/ruction1 read+1 writ+1 ! elem5ts ( ! ,fr5* language & ( computation1 ! legal sy/em ( weights & measures40 ,! bill pres5t$1 ,june #cj1 #ahdh1 by ,c>not1 m9i/] ( public in/ruction1 expresses itself ?us3-- 8,prim>y in/ruction comprises3 #a4 read+1 writ+1 ! elem5ts ( ! ,fr5* language1 ! elem5ts ( computation1 ! metric sy/em1 ! measure ( di/ances1 elem5t>y notions ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & ! pr9cipal facts ( agriculture & ( indu/ry1 l9e> draw+1 s++1 elem5t>y notions on ! hi/ory & geography ( ,france2 #b4 a k ( ! duties & ! rights ( man & citiz51 ! developm5t ( ! s5tim5ts ( lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity2 #c4 ! elem5t>y rules ( hygi5e1 & useful ex]cises 9 physical developm5t40 8,! religi\s in/ruction is giv5 by ! m9i/]s ( ! diff]5t communions40 ,accord+ to ! bill ( ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire 7,april #aj1 #ahdi71 elem5t>y in/ruction = boys1 necess>ily compris$ 8moral1 religi\s1 & civic in/ruction1 read+1 writ+1 ! elem5ts ( ! ,fr5* language1 ! elem5ts ( computation1 ! legal sy/em ( weights & measures1 l9e> draw+1 elem5t>y notions ( agriculture & ( hygi5e1 s++ & gymna/ic ex]cises4 8,accord+ to ! ne$s & res\rces ( localities1 elem5t>y prim>y in/ruction %all receive ! developm5ts :i* %all be ?\ght prop]1 & %all comprise1 9 p>ticul>1 notions on ! hi/ory & geography ( ,france40 ,f9ally1 ! law ( ,m>* #ae1 #ahej1 is word$ ?us3-- 8,art4 #bc4 ,prim>y in/ruction comprises moral & religi\s in/ruction1 read+1 writ+1 ! elem5ts ( ! ,fr5* language1 computation1 & ! legal sy/em ( weights & measures4 ,x may comprise 9 addition1 ari?metic appli$ to practical op]ations1 ! elem5ts ( hi/ory & geography1 notions ( ! physical sci5ces & ( natural hi/ory applicable to ! ord9>y purposes ( life1 elem5t>y in/ruction on agriculture1 trade1 & hygi5e1 survey+1 level+1 l9e> draw+1 s++ & gymna/ics40 ,progress has especially consi/$1 s9ce #ahej1 9 r5d]+ obligatory t :i* 0 simply optional4 ,hi/ory1 = example1 did n become a subject ( in/ruction till #ahfg4 #fag4 ,,! ,,!ori/s ,,( ,,education4--,along ) ! progress ( prim>y in/ruction1 ! hi/orian ( ! p$agogy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld h also to foll[ ! developm5t ( second>y in/ruction & ( sup]ior in/ruction4 ,he w\ld h to write ! hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity1 re=m+ ! me?ods ( its lyces & its colleges1 & ev] enl>g+ 9 a noble _s ( lib]ty ! /udies ( its faculties4 ,b we %\ld dep>t f ! limits ( our plan1 7 we to und]take ?is ord] ( inquiries1 & 7 we to ent] into details :i* p]ta9 to contempor>y hi/ory4 ,t :i* %\ld engage our att5tion is ! !oretical reflections ( ! diff]5t ?9k]s :o1 9 our c5tury1 h discuss$ ! pr9ciples & ! laws ( education1 ( ^? at lea/ :o h become celebrat$ = _! novel views4 #fah4 ,,jacotot 7#aggj-ahdj74--;,jacotot1 :o has ma9ta9$ sc>cely any celebrity 9 ,france except = ! s+ul>ity ( 8 p>adoxes1 is p]haps ( all ,fr5* educators ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! "o :o has receiv$ mo/ att5tion abroad1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many4 8,jacotot10 says ,doctor ,dittes1 8has incit$ a la/+ improvem5t 9 ! public in/ruction ( ,g]many4 ,! re=m :i* he introduc$ into ! tea*+ ( read+ is important4 ,he />t$ ) an entire s5t5ce1 :i* 0 pron\nc$1 expla9$1 & le>n$ by he>t by ! *ildr51 & aft]w>d analyz$ into its con/itu5t p>ts40#bff ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,fr5* critic1 ,b]n>d ,p]ez1 has drawn ! foll[+ portrait ( ,jacotot3-- 8,he 0 ! be/ & ! mo/ lovable ( m54 ,he _h ! firmness1 pati5ce1 hone/y1 & c&or ( sup]ior m9ds1 an inexhau/ible goodness & a univ]sal *>ity :i* make him close all 8 lett]s ) ?is =mula1 #8,i especially comm5d to y ! poor4' ,?is ard5t philan?ropy1 z well z 8 en?usiasm & 8 zeal = in/ruction1 p]vades ev5 8 writ+s1 ?\gh full ( inequalities & v]bal ecc5tricities40#bfg #fai4 ,,p>adoxes ,,( ,,jacotot4--,9 8 pr9cipal "w1 ,univ]sal ,in/ruction1#bfh ,jacotot has set =? 8 pr9ciples1 :i* are s _m p>adoxes1 8,all intellig5ces are equal02 8,e man c tea*1 & ev5 tea* t :i* he himself does n "k02 8,"o c in/ruct himself all alone02 8,all is 9 all40 ,d\btless at ! basis ( ,jacotot's p>adoxes !re is an elem5t ( tru?2 = example1 ! v j idea t ! be/ tea*+ is t :i* enc\rages "y m9ds to ?9k = !mselves4 ,d\btless also he qualifi$ ! exagg]ation ( 8 /atem5t :5 he said t ! inequality ( wills at once de/roys ! equality ( intellig5ces4 ,b ! viol5t & unreasonable =m :i* he gave to 8 ideas has compromis$ !m 9 public op9ion4 ,t :i* is true & fruitful 9 8 sy/em has be5 =gott51 & we recall only ! :imsical =mulas 9 :i* he delight$4 #fbj4 ,,all ,,is ,,9 ,,all4--,! mo/ fam\s ( ,jacotot's p>adoxes is ! =mula1 8,all is 9 all40 ,! :ole ( ,lat9 is 9 a page ( ,lat92 ! :ole ( music is 9 a piece ( music2 ! :ole ( ari?metic1 9 a rule ( computation4 ,9 practice1 ,jacotot made 8 pupils le>n ! fir/ six books ( ! ,telema*us4 ,^u ?is text1 once le>n$1 & recit$ twice a week1 !re 7 con/ruct$ all sorts ( ex]cises1 & ^! suffic$ = ! complete k ( ! ,fr5* language4 ,9 ! same way ! ,epitome ,hi/ori ,sacr1 put 9 ! h&s ( pupils1 & le>n$ 9 two mon?s1 0 almo/ ! sole in/rum5t = ! /udy ( ,lat94 ,9 fact1 & aside f evid5t exagg]ations1 ,jacotot rightly ?\ght t x is necess>y1 z he said1 8to le>n some?+ well1 & to connect ) ?is all ! re/40 #fba4 ,,! ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,sa9t ,,simon ,,& ,,( ,,f\ri]4--,!re is little ( practical value to be ga!r$ f ! writ+s ( ! celebrat$ utopi/s1 :o1 at ! op5+ ( ?is c5tury1 became kn[n by _! plans ( social organization4 ,x is ! *im]ical :i* *>act]izes _! sy/ems4 ,cabet dem&$ among o!r absurdities t all anci5t books be burn$1 & t no new books be writt5 except by comm& ( ! ,/ate4 ,besides1 he w\ld h ! s*ool-code e/abli%$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves4#bfi ,victor ,consid]ant suppress$1 n books1 b discipl9e & au?ority4 8,! *ild10 he said1 8%all no long] be disob$i5t1 because he %all no long] be comm&$40#bgj ,sa9t ,simon1 9 #ahaf1 communicat$ to ! ,society = ,elem5t>y ,in/ruction1 a brief essay :i* gave pro( ( 8 int]e/ 9 education4 ,= him & 8 disciples1 education is 8! aggregate ( ef=ts to be employ$ 9 ord] to adapt ea* new g5]ation to ! social ord] to :i* x is call$ by ! m>* ( humanity40 ,?is 0 to m>k ! contra/ betwe5 mod]n t5d5cies :i* aspire above all else to an e>?ly & a social end1 ) anci5t t5d5cies :i* 7 subs]vi5t to sup]natural ideas4 /hetic s5tim5ts1 sci5tific me?ods1 indu/rial activity1--su* is ! triple developm5t :i* special & pr(essional education %\ld consid]4 ,b above ?is ! ,sa9t-,simonians place moral education1 too mu* neglect$1 z !y ?9k1 :i* %\ld consi/ p>ticul>ly 9 develop+ 9 ! "y ! sympa!tic & affectionate faculties4 ,! ,sa9t-,simonians plac$ b little dep5d5ce on sci5ce & ab/ract pr9ciples = assur+ among m5 ! reign ( morality4 ,s5tim5t1 9 _! view1 is ! true moral pr9ciple1 & education1 consequ5tly1 ought to be ess5tially ! education ( ! he>t4 #fbb4 ,,f\ri] 7#aggb-ahcg74--;,f\ri]1 l ,sa9t ,simon1 _h educational pret5sions4 ,!re is no?+ m curi\s ?an 8 treatise on ,natural ,education4 ,9 x !re is only "h & !re a fla% ( good s5se m+l$ ) a multitude ( grotesque fancies4 ,f\ri] r5ews ! utopias ( ,plato1 & confides infants to public nurses4 ,he is m reasonable :51 9 spite ( 8 declamations on ! excell5ce ( nature1 he is really will+ to recognize 9 *ildr5 a div]sity ( *>act]s1 & divides 8! nursl+s & ! babies0 into ?ree classes1--8! b5ign1 ! malign1 & ! devilk9s40 ,we mu/ also comm5d ,f\ri] = 8 ef=ts to enc\rage indu/rial activity4 ,!re is p]haps a valuable h9t 9 ^? walks :i* he recomm5ds *ildr5 to take ?r\gh manufactories & %ops1 s t at ! sight ( su* or su* a tool1 _! p>ticul> vocation may be sugge/$ to !m6 ,! in/9cts ( ! *ild are sacr$ 9 ! eyes ( ,f\ri]1 ev5 ! wor/1 _! incl9ation to de/roy1 = example1 or _! contempt = ! rights ( prop]ty4 ,f> f oppos+ !m1 he turns !m to acc\nt & utilizes !m1 by employ+ de/ructive & slov5ly *ildr5 9 occupations 9 accord ) _! ta/es2 = example1 9 ! pursuit ( reptiles1 & 9 ! cleans+ ( sew]s4 ,b x is useless to ent] into long] details4 ,! education ( ! ,f\ri]ites is nei!r a discipl9e nor a rule ( life2 x is simply a sy/em ( complaisant adh]5ce1 & ev5 ( ard5t provocation1 to ! in/9cts :i* ! *ild inh]its f nature4 ,x is no long] a "q ei!r ( direct+ or ( tra9+2 x is simply necess>y to emancipate & to excite4 #fbc4 ,,augu/e ,,comte 7#agih-aheg7 ,,& ,,! ,,positivi/s4--,! positivi/ s*ool1 & its illu/ri\s f\nd]1 ,augu/e ,comte1 c\ld n omit1 9 _! encyclopdic works1 a "q s important z t ( education4 ,! au?or ( ! ,c\rse 9 ,positive ,philosophy _h ev5 ann\nc$ a special treatise on p$agogy1 8a great subject10 he said1 8:i* has n yet be5 und]tak5 9 a mann] suffici5tly sy/ematic40#bga ,! promise 0 n kept1 b f diff]5t passages 9 ! writ+s ( ,augu/e ,comte x is possible to recon/ruct1 9 its pr9cipal features1 ! education :i* w\ld be d]iv$ f 8 sy/em4 ,comte took = 8 guide ! natural & specific evolution ( humanity4 8,individual education c be adequately e/imat$ only accord+ to its necess>y con=mity ) collective evolution40 ,z positivism repres5ts1 9 ! view ( ,comte1 ! supreme degree ( ! evolution ( humanity1 ! new education ought to be positive4 8,"r-m9d$ m5 univ]sally recognize ! necessity ( replac+ our ,european education1 a sy/em ess5tially !ological1 metaphysical1 & lit]>y1 by a positive education1 con=m$ to ! _s ( our epo*1 & adapt$ to ! ne$s ( mod]n civilization40 ,! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 !n1 %all be ! basis ( education2 b ?is tea*+ w be> its fruits only on "o condition1 & ?is is1 t at la/ we r5\nce 8! exclusive specialty1 ! too pron\nc$ isolation1 :i* /ill *>act]izes our mann] ( conceiv+ & cultivat+ ! sci5ces40 ,! precise purpose ( ! ,c\rse 9 ,positive ,philosophy 0 to rem$y ! delet]i\s influ5ce ( a too great specialization ( rese>*1 by e/abli%+ ! relations & ! hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces4 ,comte made ( ma!matics ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 sci5tific in/ruction4 ,?is 0 ! v rev]se ( ! mod]n t5d5cy1 :i* consi/s 9 beg9n+ ) ! concrete & physical /udies4 ,augu/e ,comte1 9 8 project = social re=m1 dem&$ univ]sal in/ruction1 & he bitt]ly compla9s ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! rul+ classes = ! in/ruction ( ! poor4 8,no?+ is m pr(\ndly *>act]i/ic ( ! exi/+ an>*y ?an ! %ameful indiff]5ce ) :i* ! high] classes ( to-day habitually reg>d ! total abs5ce ( popul> education1 ! exagg]at$ prolongation ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ?reat5s to ex]t on _! approa*+ de/9y a frightful reaction40 ,comte does n g s f>1 h[ev]1 z to dream ( an id5tical education = all m51 an integral education1 z x has be5 call$4 ,he admits degrees 9 in/ruction1 8:i*10 he says1 8w all[ v>ieties ( ext5sion 9 a sy/em con/antly simil> & id5tical40 #fbd4 ,,dupanl\p 7#ahjc-ahgh74--,( all ! ecclesia/ical writ]s ( our c5tury1 he :o has ! mo/ ard5tly /udi$ ! problems ( education is c]ta9ly ,bi%op ,dupanl\p4 ,important works give pro( ( ! educational zeal ( ! eloqu5t prelate4 ,b !y 7 compos$ ) m _s ?an wisdom1 & !y betray ! zeal ( ! ,*ri/ian apologi/ m ?an ! inspiration ( an imp>tial love = ! tru?4 ,extravagances ( language & exagg]ations ( ?\ght too (t5 prev5t ! read] f feel+1 z he ought1 ! moral & religi\s inspiration out ( :i* proce$$ ^? books ( ard5t & pr(\nd fai?1 b ( fai? m ?an ( *>ity4 ,not)/&+ _! l5g? & _! va/ proportions1 ^! books are pamphlets1 works ( combat4 ,"o %\ld be on 8 gu>d aga9/ tak+ !m = sci5tific treatises4 ,s]5ity is lack+ 9 !m1 & f ! v fir/1 we feel ourselves envelop$ 9 an atmosph]e ( tr\ble & /orm4 #fbe4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,education4--,h[ev]1 ! ?ree volumes ( ! ,education w be read ) pr(it4 ,! fir/ volume treats ( education 9 g5]al1 & conta9s ?ree books4 ,9 ! fir/ book ! au?or det]m9es ! "* ( education1 :i* has = its purpose to cultivate ! faculties1 to ex]cise !m1 to develop !m1 to /r5g!n !m1 &1 f9ally1 to poli% !m4 ,9 ! foll[+ books ! au?or /udies ! nature ( ! *ild1 ( :om he sometimes speaks ) a t\*+ t5d]ness2 & exam9es ! means ( education1 :i* are 8religion1 in/ruction1 discipl9e1 & physical culture40 ,discipl9e consi/s 9 support+1 prev5t+1 & repress+4 ,discipl9e is to education 8t :i* ! b>k is to ! tree :i* x surr\nds4 ,x is ! b>k :i* holds ! sap1 & =ces x to asc5d to ! he>t ( ! tree40 ,! g5]al title ( ! second volume is1 ,on ,au?ority & ,respect 9 ,education4 ,au?ority & respect1 9 ! eyes ( ! au?or1 are ! two fundam5tal ?+s4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 he /udies :at he calls ! p]sonnel ( education2 t is1 ,god1 ! p>5ts1 ! tea*]1 ! *ild1 & ! s*oolmate4 ,! ?ird volume1 entitl$ ,educational ,m51 treats ( ! qualities befitt+ ! head ma/] ( an educational e/abli%m5t1 & ( 8 diff]5t colleagues4#bgb #fbf4 ,,errors ,,& ,,prejudices4--,al?\gh he wrote a beautiful *apt] entitl$1 ,( ! ,respect due ! ,dignity ( ! ,*ild & ! ,lib]ty ( 8 ,nature1 ,dupanl\p is /ill m /ruck ) ! faults ?an ) ! virtues ( *ildhood4 ,he %udd]s 9 ?9k+ ( 8 ?\ghtlessness1 ( 8 curiosity1 ( 8 s5suality1 & especially ( 8 pride4 ,s he di/ru/s comm5dation & rew>ds4 8,9 prais+ y\r pupils10 he says to ! tea*]1 8d y n fe> to excite _! pride8 ,! pride ( s*ol>s is a t]rible evil2 x beg9s 9 ! #8?ird1' develops 9 ! #8second1' blossoms 9 #8rhetoric1' & becomes e/abli%$ 9 #8philosophy4'0#bgc ,to ?is mi/ru/ ( human nature is jo9$ a s+ul> pessimism ) respect to ! functions ( ! tea*]4 8,!re is f\nd10 he says1 89 ?is s]vice1 grave tr\bles4 ,sometimes1 if we are wor?y ( ?is s]vice1 if we sacrifice ourselves to x1 we c f9d consolations 9 x1 b pleasure1 nev]60 ,! v]dict is sev]e & absolute1 b x recoils 9 "p on him :o pron\nces x4 ,h[ n mi/ru/ an educator :o decl>es t !re is no sweetness m+l$ ) ! fatigues ( tea*+1 & :o condemns ! tea*]s ( y\? to a life ( complete sacrifice & bitt]ness8 ,! greate/ fault 9 ! educational _s ( ,dupanl\p is t he does n cross ! n>r[ limits ( an education 9 small sem9>ies4 ,dupanl\p wrote only = ! middle classes4 ,he _h no int]e/ 9 popul> education2 he does n love ! lay tea*]2 he dete/s ! ,univ]sity4 ,f9ally1 he is ! man :o inspir$ ! law ( ,may #ae1 #ahej4 #fbg4 ,,! ,,spirituali/ic ,,s*ool ,,& ,,univ]sity ,,m54--,! philosoph]s ( ! ,fr5* spirituali/ic s*ool h n 9 g5]al paid great att5tion to ! !ory ( education4 ,! mo/ illu/ri\s ( !m1 ,c\s9 7#agib-ahfh71 at ! same "t t he aid$ 9 organiz+ ,univ]sity in/ruction1 c>efully /udi$ educational in/itutions abroad1 especially 9 8 two works1 ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,holl& 7#ahcg71 & ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,g]many 7#ahdj74 ,! works ( ,jules ,simon h ! same practical "*1 b ) a m>k$ t5d5cy to treat by pref]5ce ! que/ions ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,! ,s*ool 7#ahfd7 is a manife/o 9 favor ( gratuity & obligation4 ,! ,univ]sity m51 on _! "p1 h1 9 ?is c5tury1 act$ r ?an speculat$4 ,!y h be5 int5t r on mak+ good pupils ?an on compos+ !ories4 ,!re w\ld1 h[ev]1 be valuable tru?s to cull f ! works ( ,c\rnot1#bgd ( ,b]sot1#bge & especially ( ,mi*el ,bral4#bgf #fbh4 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4--#a4 ,"o ( ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! educational ?\ght ( ?is c5tury is d\btless ! ef=t to d$uce ! rules ( practice f c]ta9 fir/ pr9ciples4 ,! pr9ciples ( in/ruction are to be f\nd1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! sci5ce ( psy*ology1 & ! pr9ciples ( education1 9 "p1 9 social sci5ce & ev5 9 jurisprud5ce4 #b4 ,! purpose ( ,napoleon to secure ! p]petuity ( 8 dyna/y ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 ,imp]ial ,univ]sity1 is a /rik+ pro( ( ! belief 9 ! pot5cy ( ideas1 & ( ! belief 9 ! pot5cy ( popul> in/ruction z a means ( national /r5g?4 #c4 ,! hi/ory ( mutual in/ruction exhibits ?ree important facts3 #a4 ! effect ( agitation 9 ar\s+ public int]e/ 9 educational que/ions2 #b4 ! mann] 9 :i* peculi> circum/ances sugge/ an exp$i5t :i* c be ju/ifi$ on no absolute gr\nds2 #c4 ! dang] ( conv]t+ su* an exp$i5t into a 8sy/em0 = univ]sal adoption4 #d4 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,jacotot1 attempt$ to make in/ruction univ]sal by simplify+ its processes to su* a degree t e "m might be a tea*] & e h\sehold a s*ool4 #e4 ,9 ,comte we see ! re-appe>ance ( ,condillac's doctr9e1 t ! hi/oric education ( ! race is ! type ( individual education4 ,! same hypo!sis w re-appe> 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,education4 ,,footnotes3 #bee ,f\rcroy 7#agee-ahji71 a celebrat$ *emi/1 0 director-g5]al ( public in/ruction 9 #ahja4 ,he prep>$1 9 ! foll[+ ye>s1 ! decrees relative to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,univ]sity4 #bef ,fontanes 7#ageg-ahba71 fir/ ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,univ]sity4 #beg ,mmoire politique ( ,joseph de ,mai/re1 ,p>is1 #aheh1 p4 #cj4 #beh ,! ,abb ,gaulti] 7#agdf-ahah71 au?or ( a l>ge numb] ( works on elem5t>y in/ruction1 & almo/ a re=m] 9 8 way4 ,he employ$ tea*+ by sight1 & recomm5d$ v>i$ ex]cises1 su* z games :]e he introduc$ c\nt]s1 tickets1 int]rogations 9 ! =m ( lott]ies4 #bei ,see ,grard1 ,l'enseignem5t primaire ,p>is de #ahfg #ahgg4 ,a memoir publi%$ 9 #ahgg1 pp4 #ge-ij4 ,see also an int]e/+ /udy full ( p]sonal recollections ( ,e4 ,des*amps1 ,l'enseignem5t mutual4 ,t\l\se1 #ahhc4 #bfj ,jom>d 7#aggg-ahfb71 memb] ( ! ,society = ,elem5t>y ,in/ruction1 au?or ( ,tableaux des coles lm5taires4 #bfa ,! ,comte de ,laborde 7#agga-ahdb71 au?or ( a plan d'ducation p\r les enfants4 #bfb ,among ! o!r propagators ( mutual in/ruction1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ! ,abb ,gaulti]1 ,l>o*ef\cauld-,lianc\rt1 ,de ,la/eyrie1 etc4 #bfc ,two not$ attempts to ext5d & popul>ize ! monitorial sy/em are exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ works3 ,pillans1 ,! ,rationale ( ,discipl9e 7,ed9burgh1 #aheb72 ,b5?am1 ,*re/oma?ia 7,london1 #ahaf74 #bfd ,x is at ! same p]iod1 9 #ahcb1 t ,gr&o publi%$ 8 ,c\rs normal des in/ituteurs4 #bfe ,c\rnot1 ,des in/itutions d'in/ruction publique1 p4 #cae4 #bff ,dittes1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgb4 #bfg ,see ,jacotot et sa m?ode d'mancipation intellectuelle1 by ,b]n>d ,p]ez4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 #bfh ,enseignem5t univ]sel4 ,p>is1 #ahbc4 #bfi ,cabet1 ,voyage en ,ic>ie4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 #bgj ,consid]ant1 ,?orie d'ducation rationnelle et attrayante du dix-neuvime sicle4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 #bga ,c\rs de philosophie positive1 second edition1 #ahfd4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #gga4 #bgb ,! pr9cipal educational works ( ,dupanl\p are ducation1 #ahea1 ?ree volumes2 ,de la haute ducation intellectuelle1 #ahee1 ?ree volumes2 ,lettres sur l'ducation des filles1 #ahgi1 "o volume4 #bgc ,see note to page #aca4 #bgd ,c\rnot publi%$ 9 #ahfd a rem>kable book "u ?is title3 ,des in/itutions d'in/ruction publique4 #bge ,see ! ,essais de philosophie et de morale1 by ,e4 ,b]sot1 & also tudes et disc\rs 7#ahgi74 #bgf ,see especially ! well-kn[n book ( ,bral1 ,quelques mots sur l'in/ruction publique en ,france4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,education4--,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] ,,& ,,alex&] ,,ba94 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,education2 ,,! ,,g]man ,,philosoph]s2 ,,! ,,engli% ,,philosoph]s2 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,education2 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,"w2 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,education2 ,,human ,,de/9y2 ,,utilit>ian ,,t5d5cies2 ,,diff]5t ,,categories ,,( ,,activities2 ,,criticism ,,( ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,classification2 ,,effects ,,on ,,education2 ,,sci5ce ,,is ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,education2 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,heal? ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,activity2 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,family ,,life2 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,/hetic ,,activity2 ,,exagg]ations ,,& ,,prejudices2 ,,intellectual ,,education2 ,,laws ,,( ,,m5tal ,,evolution2 ,,p]sonal ,,education2 ,,moral ,,education2 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,natural ,,puni%m5ts2 ,,difficulties ,,9 ,,application2 ,,return ,,to ,,nature2 ,,physical ,,education2 ,,g5]al ,,judgm5t2 ,,mr4 ,,ba9 ,,& ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,education2 ,,g5]al ,,impressions2 ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,book2 ,,psy*ological ,,ord] ,,& ,,logical ,,ord]2 ,,mod]n ,,education2 ,,errors ,,9 ,,!ory2 ,,utilit>ian ,,t5d5cies2 ,,f9al ,,judgm5t2 ,,am]ican ,,educators2 ,,*ann+2 ,,horace ,,mann2 ,,conclusion2 ,,analytical ,,summ>y4 #fbi4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,education4--,to-day1 ?anks to important works1 ! sci5ce ( education is no long] an empty t]m1 an object ( vague aspirations = philosoph]s1 ( easy ridicule = wits4 ,d\btless x is f> f be+ def9itely e/abli%$2 b x no long] conceals its "n & its pret5sions2 x def9es its purpose & its me?ods2 & manife/s its y\?ful vitality 9 all directions4 ,up to ! pres5t p]iod1 philosoph]s _h sc>cely ?\ght ( organiz+ p$agogy1 ( con/ruct+ x on a rational basis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! practice ( education is /ill less advanc$ ?an ! conceptions ( philosoph]s4 ,"h we ! m (t5 foll[ a ?\ghtless r\t9e1 or ! vague inspirations ( in/9ct4 ,! me?ods 9 use are n co-ord9at$4 ,!y pres5t a curi\s mixture ( old traditions & mod]n sur*>ges4 ,x is ?is lack ( def9it5ess1 ( co-ord9ation ( ideas1 & ! spectacle ( ^! contradictions1 :i* caus$ ,ri*t]#bgg to say3 8,! education ( ! day resembles ! ,h>lequ9 ( ! ,italian com$y :o comes on ! /age ) a bundle ( pap]s "u ea* arm4 #8,:at d y c>ry "u y\r "r arm8' he is ask$4 #8,ord]s1' he replies4 #8,& "u y\r left arm8' #8,c\nt]-ord]s6'0 ,q a numb] ( ! philosoph]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h attempt$ to rem$y ?is incoh]5ce1 &1 by appeal+ to ! sci5tific _s1 to regulate educational processes t h fall5 into excesses ( empiricism or ( r\t9e4 ,x is ^! attempts :i* we are summ>ily to recite4 #fcj4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,philosoph]s4--,s9ce ,kant1 & by 8 example1 ! mo/ ( ,g]man philosoph]s h associat$ ! !ory ( education ) _! speculations on human nature4 ,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad71 9 8 ,disc\rse to ! ,g]man ,nation1 proclaim$ ! necessity ( a national education to secure ! reg5]ation ( 8 c\ntry & its re/oration to its =m] /&+4 ,! advocate ( a public & common education1 because he w\ld fight aga9/ ! selfi%ness :i* family life enc\rages1 he contribut$ by 8 eloqu5t appeals to re/ore ! intellectual & moral gr&eur1 & consequ5tly1 ! mat]ial gr&eur1 ( ,g]many4 ,s*lei]ma*] 7#agfh-ahcd7 wrote a ,doctr9e ( ,education1 :i* 0 n publi%$ till #ahdi4 ,9 ?is he develops1 among o!r ideas1 ?is proposition1 t religi\s education does n belong to ! s*ool1 b t x is ! affair ( ! family & ! ,*ur*4 ,h]b>t 7#aggf-ahda7 has compos$ a s]ies ( p$agogical writ+s :i* assign him a special place 9 ! li/ ( educational philosoph]s4 ,let u call att5tion1 9 p>ticul>1 to 8 ,g5]al ,p$agogy 7#ahjf71 & ! ,outl9e ( my ,lessons on ,p$agogy 7#ahdj74 ,t :i* di/+ui%es ,h]b>t is 8 attempt to r$uce to a sy/em all ! rules ( p$agogy by giv+ !m = a basis 8 own psy*ological !ory4 ,he inaugurat$ a new me?od 9 psy*ology1 :i* does n seem1 h[ev]1 to h giv5 ! results t 7 expect$ f x1--! ma!matical me?od4 ,= him1 psy*ology is only ! me*anism ( ! m9d1 & by means ( ma!matical =mula calculation may be appli$ to measure ! =ce ( ideas4 ,! s\l does n possess innate faculties2 x is develop$ progressively4 ,b x w\ld require long ef=ts to ent] into ! secrets ( ,h]b>t's orig9al ?\ght4 ,let x suffice to say1 t nurtur$ f an e>ly p]iod on ! ideas ( ,pe/alozzi1 ^: fri5d he 01 he has f\nd$ a real s*ool ( p$agogy4 ,b5eke 7#agih-ahed7 is ! au?or ( a ,doctr9e ( ,education & ,in/ruction1 :i* is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,doctor ,dittes1 a ma/]piece ( psy*ological p$agogy4 ,b5eke agrees ) ,h]b>t on a great numb] ( po9ts4 ,8 p$agogical me?ods h be5 popul>iz$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,dressl]1 director ( ! normal s*ool at ,bauz51 :o di$ 9 #ahfj4bgh ,*>les ,s*midt1 :o di$ 9 #ahfd1 wrote a l>ge numb] ( works on p$agogy1 9 :i* he is inspir$ by ! phr5ology ( ,gall & 8 fanta/ical hypo!ses4 ,d\btless ?is inspiration is n happy1 & ! works ( ,s*midt are m valuable = _! details1 = _! special reflections1 ?an = _! g5]al doctr9e4 ,b f 8 und]tak+ !re issues at lea/ ?is tru?1 t ! sci5ce ( education %\ld h = its basis1 n only psy*ology1 b physiology also1 ! sci5ce ( ! :ole man1 body & m9d4 ,!re is no c\ntry :]e p$agogy has receiv$ a m philosophical & a high] developm5t ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,ev5 ! great poets1 ,less+1 ,h]d]1 ,g!1 & ,s*ill]1 h contribut$ ?r\gh c]ta9 gr& ideas to ! con/ruction ( a sci5ce ( education4 #fca4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,philosoph]s4--,engli% philosophy1 ) its exp]im5tal & practical "*1 & ) its positive & utilit>ian t5d5cies1 0 naturally call$ to ex]cise a great influ5ce on p$agogy4 ,!re are m tru?s to ga!r f ! ?9k]s :o1 9 diff]5t degrees1 h foll[$ ,locke & ,ba91 & :o h pres]v$ a ta/e = prud5t obs]vation & c>eful exp]im5ts1 ?an f ! ,g]man ideali/s1 enamor$ ( hypo!sis & sy/ematic con/ructions4 ,)\t d\bt ?is expla9s ! consid]able success :i* ! rec5t books ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,alex&] ,ba9 h obta9$ ev5 9 ,france4 #fcb4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4--,if x 7 suffici5t to def9e ) exactness ! end to be atta9$1 & to discov] ! true me?od = con/ruct+ ! sci5ce1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s book on ,education1 ,intellectual1 ,moral1 & ,physical1#bgi w\ld be a satisfactory treatise2 b x is "o ?+ to compreh5d t psy*ology is ! only solid basis ( a complete & exact p$agogy1 & ano!r ?+ to det]m9e ! real laws ( psy*ology4 8,education w n be def9itely sy/ematiz$10 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 8till ! day :5 sci5ce %all be 9 possession ( a rational psy*ology40 ,?is day has n yet come1 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o is ! fir/ to recognize ! fact1 mode/ly pres5ts 8 "w only z an essay4 ,b if x does n yet conta9 a p]fect & fully work$ out !ory ( education1 ! essay ( ! ,engli% philosoph] is at lea/ a vigor\s ef=t1 & a notable /ep t[>ds a rational p$agogy1 t[>ds ! sci5ce ( education1 :i*1 z ,vir*[ expresses x1 8ought =ev] to proscribe ! grop+s ( an ignorant education ^: exp]im5ts are ev] to be gone ov] anew40 #fcc4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,"w4--,e sy/em ( education supposes at ! same "t an e?ics1--,i mean a c]ta9 conception ( life & ( human de/9y1 & a psy*ology1--t is1 a k m or less exact ( our faculties & ( ! laws :i* preside ov] _! developm5t4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 9 education1 two ess5tial que/ions3 #a4 ,:at are ! subjects ( /udy & in/ruction1 prop] to create ! qualities1 ! aggregate ( :i* con/itutes ! type ( ! well-educat$ man8 #b4 ,by :at me?ods %all we tea* ! *ild rapidly & well t :i* x is prop] = him to le>n8 ,!re are1 9 o!r t]ms1 ! "q ( end & ! "q ( means4 ,e?ics is necess>y to resolve ! fir/1 & psy*ology1 to illu/rate ! second4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ?is plan t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has arrang$ ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 "w4 ,! fir/ *apt]1 entitl$ ,:at ,k is ( ,mo/ ,wor?8 is 9 sub/ance b a s]ies ( reflections on ! f9al purpose1 on ! diff]5t =ms1 ( human activity1 &1 consequ5tly1 on ! relative importance1 on ! rank1 :i* %\ld be assign$ to ! /udies :i* g to compose a complete education4 ,9 ! ?ree o!r *apt]s1 ,intellectual1 ,moral1 & ,physical ,education1 ! au?or exam9es ! me?ods :i* are deem$ ! be/ = in/ruct+ ! intellig5ce1 p]fect+ ! moral "*1 & =tify+ ! body4 #fcd4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,education4--,h]b]t ,sp5c] beg9s ) a def9ition ( education3-- 8,education10 he says1 8is all t we d = ourselves1 & all t o!rs d = u1 = ! purpose ( br++ u ne>] ! p]fection ( our nature4444 ,! ideal ( education w\ld be to furni% man ) a complete prep>ation = life z a :ole4444 ,d n attempt to give an exclusive developm5t ( "o ord] ( k at ! exp5se ( ! re/1 h[ev] important x may be4 ,let u di/ribute our att5tion ov] ! :ole1 & ju/ly proportion our ef=ts to _! relative value4444 ,9 g5]al1 ! object ( education ought to be to acquire z completely z possible ! k t is be/ adapt$ to develop individual & social life "u all its aspects1 & to d no m ?an glance at ! subjects :i* contribute ! lea/ to ?is developm5t40#bhj ,?is def9ition is wrong 9 be+ a little pret5ti\s & 9 n adapt+ itself to all ! =ms ( education4 ,x is true1 p]haps1 if x is a "q ( ! ideal to be atta9$ 9 a complete in/ruction1 accessible to a few privileg$ m51 b x c\ld n be appli$ to popul> education4 ,x so>s too high above human conditions & social realities4 #fce4 ,,human ,,de/9y4--,! conception ( human de/9y1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] outl9es x 9 ! op5+ ( 8 book1 has v m>k$ utilit>ian t5d5cies4 ,8 fir/ compla9t aga9/ ! curr5t education is t x sacrifices ! useful to ! agreeable2 t z matt]s n[ g1 ev]y?+ :i* p]ta9s to m5tal adornm5t & display has prec$5ce ov] ! k :i* might increase our well-be+ & assure our happ9ess4 ,z 9 ! hi/ory ( dress1 ) savages = example1 x is prov$ t ! ornam5tal 9 dress prec$es ! useful2 s 9 in/ruction1 ornam5tal /udies are pref]r$ to useful /udies4 ,?is is especially ! case ) wom51 :o h a decid$ pref]5ce = ! qualities ( pure decoration4#bha ,9 8 r vigor\s reaction aga9/ ! luxuries :i* 9 classical in/ruction w\ld wrongly sub/itute !mselves = m necess>y /udies1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] goes s f> z to say3-- 8,j z ! ,or9oco ,indian pa9ts & tattooes himself1 s ! *ild 9 ?is c\ntry le>ns ,lat9 because x =ms a "p ( ! education ( a g5tleman40 ,h[ev]1 we d n con/rue ?is lit]ally4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n g s f> z to suppress ! dis9t]e/$ /udies :i* are z mu* ! m necess>y z !y seem to be ! m sup]flu\s4 ,he m]ely dem&s t in/ruction be n r$uc$ to a tra9+ 9 ! trivial elegancies ( a dead language1 or to a /udy ( trifles 9 hi/ory1 su* z ! dates ( battles1 & ! bir? & dea? ( pr9ces4 #fcf4 ,,utilit>ian ,,t5d5cies4--,utility1 t is1 ! influ5ce on happ9ess1--su* is ! true crit]ion by :i* are to be e/imat$1 admitt$ or exclud$1 & f9ally classifi$1 ! subjects propos$ = ! /udy ( man z ! elem5ts ( 8 education4 ,x is und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t happ9ess is to be consid]$ 9 its wide/ & highe/ s5se4 ,happ9ess does n consi/ 9 ! satisfaction ( su* or su* a privileg$ incl9ation4 ,x consi/s 9 be+ all t x is possible to be1--9 complete liv+4 ,to prep>e u = a complete life1--su* is ! function ( education4 #fcg4 ,,diff]5t ,,categories ,,( ,,activity4--,complete life supposes diff]5t k9ds ( activity1 :i* ought to be subord9at$ "o to ano!r accord+ to _! importance & dignity4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t %[s h[ ,mr4 ,sp5c] proposes to classify ^! diff]5t categories ( activities accord+ to an asc5d+ scale ( progress3-- #a4 ,9 ! fir/ rank is plac$ ! activity :i* m9i/]s simply to self-pres]vation4 ,x w\ld be ( no consequ5ce to be an em95t s*ol>1 or a citiz5 & a patriot1 or a devot$ fa!r2 or r1 all ?is w\ld be impossible1 if "o did n fir/ "k h[ to assure 8 safety & 8 life4 #b4 ,!n comes ! s]ies ( activities :i* t5d indirectly to ! same end ( physical well-be+1 by ! acquisition & production ( ! mat]ial goods necess>y = exi/5ce1 t is1 indu/ry & ! diff]5t occupations4 #c4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 man employs 8 activities 9 ! s]vice ( 8 family1--he has *ildr5 to support & to br+ up4 #d4 ,social & political life is ! f\r? object ( 8 ef=ts4 ,?is supposes1 z a previ\s condition1 ! accompli%m5t ( family duties1 j z family life itself supposes ! normal developm5t ( ! individual life4 #e4 ,f9ally1 human exi/5ce is consummat$ & cr[n$1 s to speak1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! activities :i*1 9 a s+le ^w1 we might call /hetic1 & :i*1 tak+ advantage ( ! leisure left f c>e & bus9ess1 w f9d satisfaction 9 ! culture ( lett]s & ! arts4 #fch4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,?is ,,classification4--,:at exceptions c be tak5 to ?is exact & me?odical table ( ! diff]5t elem5ts ( an exi/5ce complete1 normal1 & consequ5tly human8 ,is x necess>y to rem>k t ! happ9ess ?us und]/ood does n diff] f :at we call virtue8 ,none ( ! five elem5ts di/+ui%$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] c be safely omitt$4 ,! fir/ c\ld n be neglect$ )\t endang]+ ! mat]ial reality ( life2 nor ! la/1 )\t impair+ its moral dignity4 ,9 "s degree !y are mutually necess>y1 9 ?is s5se1 t ! l[]1 or selfi% activities1 are ! conditions :i* make possible ! o!r p>ts ( human duty2 & t ! high]1 or dis9t]e/$ activities1 become1 z x 71 ! ju/ification ( ! toil we endure 9 ord] to exi/ & to satisfy mat]ial necessities4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 "o grave res]ve to make4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is wrong 9 putt+ into ! la/ category ( activities t :i* is ! cr[n ( ! o!rs1 all t :i* conc]ns ! moral developm5t ( ! individual4 ,betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird class ( activities we ask to int]polate ano!r =m ( activity1--t :i* con/itutes ! individual moral life1 t :i*1 9 e man1 ev5 ! humble/ & ! poore/1 calls into ex]cise ! consci5ce1 ! reason1 & ! w4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em is decid$ly too ari/ocratic4 ,x seems to res]ve ! moral life = m5 ( leisure4 ,9 a democratic society1 :i* believes 9 equality & :i* w\ld n h ?is an empty t]m1 !re are ef=ts :i* mu/ be made = ! moral developm5t ( ! human be+ 9 all conditions1 & x w\ld be wrong to r$uce p]sonal activity to ! c>e ( heal? & mat]ial well-be+4 #fci4 ,,effects ,,on ,,education4--,x is n[ easy to compreh5d ! duties ( education4 ,con=m+ its ef=ts to nature1 di/ribut+ its lessons accord+ to ! exact division ( human functions1 x w seek ! bran*es ( k ! mo/ fit = mak+ ( ! pupil1 fir/1 a s\nd & heal?y man1 !n a toil]1 a workman1--a man1 9 a ^w1 capable ( e>n+ 8 livelihood2 !n x w tra9 him = ! family & ! ,/ate1 by end[+ him ) all ! dome/ic & civic virtues2 f9ally1 x w op5 to him ! brilliant doma9 ( art "u all its =ms4 #fdj4 ,,sci5ce ,,is ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,education4--,:5 we h once divid$ human life into a c]ta9 numb] ( sup]impos$ /ages :i* education %\ld tea* u to asc5d "o aft] ano!r1 x becomes necess>y to "k :at are ! facts & ! bran*es ( k :i* correspond to ea* "o ( ^! diff]5t /eps4 ,to ?is "q ,mr4 ,sp5c] replies t 9 all ! grades ( human developm5t t :i* is pre-em95tly necess>y1 t :i* is ! basis ( education1 is sci5ce4 #fda4 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,heal? ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,activity4--,x is 9 ! fir/ "p ( education1 t :i* has = its object self-pres]vation1 t sci5ce is ! lea/ useful4 ,s f>1 education may be 9 great "p negative1 because nature has tak5 x ^u h]self to lead u to our de/9ation4 ,! *ild cries at ! sight ( a /rang]1 & ?r[s himself into ! arms ( 8 "m :5 he feels ! slighte/ sorr[4 ,h[ev]1 9 proportion to 8 gr[?1 man has m & m ne$ ( sci5ce1 & he c\ld n d )\t physiology & hygi5e4 ,by ?is means w he %un all ^? little acts ( imprud5ce1 all ^? physical faults1 :i* %ort5 life1 or pave ! way = infirmities 9 old age4 ,by ?is means he w dim9i% ! int]val1 :i* is s consid]able1 betwe5 ! l5g? ( life z x might be & ! brevity ( life z x is4 ,evid5t tru?s1 b too (t5 unhe$$6 8,h[ _m s*ol>s10 exclaims ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 8:o w\ld blu% if caught say+ ,iphignia in/ead ( ,iphig5a1 %[ n ! slighte/ %ame 9 confess+ t !y d n "k :]e ! ,eu/a*ian tubes are1 & :at are ! actions ( ! sp9al cord60 ,) respect to ! activities :i* might be call$ lucrative1 & to ! k9d ( in/ruction :i* !y require1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] /ill %[s ! utility ( sci5ce4 ,he kn[s h[ great a disposition !re is 9 mod]n society to promote pr(essional or indu/rial in/ruction2 b he ?9ks1 n )\t reason1 t we d n proce$ z we %\ld 9 ord] to be completely successful 9 ?is direction4 ,all ! sci5ces1 ma!matics ?r\gh its applications to ! arts1 me*anics ?r\gh its connection ) indu/ries :]e ma*9es play s great a "p1 physics & *emi/ry ?r\gh ! k !y furni% on matt] & its prop]ties1 ev5 ! social sci5ces by reason ( ! relations ( comm]ce ) politics1--all ! sci5ces1 9 a ^w1 contribute to develop ! skill & ! prud5ce ( ! man :o is employ$ 9 any trade or occupation :atev]4 #fdb4 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,family ,,life4--,a po9t 9 :i* ! orig9ality ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ?\ght is di/9ctly m>k$1 & :i* he develops ) an eloqu5t e>ne/ness1 is ! necessity ( enlight5+ p>5ts1 & p>ticul>ly mo!rs1 ^u _! obligations & duties1 & ( putt+ !m 9 a condition to direct ! education ( _! *ildr5 by tea*+ !m ! natural laws ( body & m9d3 8,is x n mon/r\s10 he says1 8t ! fate ( a new g5]ation %\ld be left to ! *ances ( unreason+ cu/om1 impulse1 fancy1--jo9$ ) ! sugge/ions ( ignorant nurses & ! prejudic$ c\nsel ( gr&mo!rs4444 ,9 ! actual /ate ( ?+s ! be/ in/ruction1 ev5 among ! favor$ by =tune1 is sc>cely m ?an an in/ruction ( celibates40 ,we are ev] say+ t ! vocation ( woman is to br+ up h] *ildr51 & yet we tea* h] no?+ ( t :i* %e ought to "k 9 ord] to fulfill wor?ily ?is great task4 ,ignorant z %e is ( ! laws ( life & ( ! ph5om5a ( ! s\l1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! nature ( ! moral emotions or ( physical disord]s1 h] int]v5tion 9 ! education ( ! *ild is (t5 m disa/r\s ?an h] absolute inaction w\ld be4 #fdc4 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,/hetic ,,education4--,mr4 ,sp5c] next %[s t social & political activity also has ne$ ( be+ enlight5$ by sci5ce4 ,"o is a citiz5 only on ! condition ( kn[+ ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry4 ,t :i* x is m difficult to grant ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 is t /hetic education1 9 its turn1 is bas$ on sci5ce4 ,is !re n "s exagg]ation1 = example1 9 ass]t+ t poor musical compositions are poor because !y are lack+ 9 tru?8 & t !y are lack+ 9 tru? 8because !y are lack+ 9 sci5ce08 ,does "o become a man ( lett]s & an arti/ z "o becomes a geometrician8 ,to cultivate ) success ^? arts :i* are z ! fl[] ( civilization1 is !re n requir$1 besides tal5t & natural gifts1 a long practice1 a sl[ initiation1 some?+1 9 a ^w1 m delicate ?an ! att5tion :i* suffices = be+ in/ruct$ 9 sci5ce8 #fdd4 ,,exagg]ations ,,& ,,prejudices4--,we believe z ?or\ghly z any "o c 9 ! effici5cy & 9 ! educational virtues ( sci5ce1 & we w\ld will+ly make x1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] does1 ! basis ( education4 ,we mu/ be on our gu>d1 h[ev]1 aga9/ cultivat+ ?is religion ( sci5ce until x becomes a sup]/ition4 ,our au?or is n completely exempt f ?is dang]4 ,t sci5ce develops ! intellectual qualities1 su* z judgm5t1 memory1 reason+1 we admit2 t x develops !m bett] ?an ! /udy ( ! languages1 let ev5 ?is be grant$6 ,b x is impossible = u n to prote/ :5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] repres5ts sci5ce z end[$ ) ! same efficacy = inspir+ moral qualities1 su* z p]sev]ance1 s9c]ity1 activity1 resignation to ! w ( nature1 piety ev51 & religion4 ,sci5ce appe>s to u an infallible means ( animat+ & excit+ ! diff]5t en]gies ( ! s\l2 b w x also h ! quality ( discipl9+ !m8 ,?anks to sci5ce1 man w "k t :i* x is prop] to d1 if he wi%es to be a workman1 a p>5t1 or a citiz51 b on ?is express condition1 t he wills2 & ?is education ( ! w1 is x /ill sci5ce :i* %all be *>g$ ) x8 ,we may be all[$ to d\bt x4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself n[ seems to %>e ?is d\bt1 if we may tru/ "o ( 8 rec5t works4#bhb 8,fai? 9 books & 9 nature10 x is !re said1 8is "o ( ! sup]/itions ( our times40 ,we deceive ourselves1 says ! au?or1 :5 we e/abli% a connection betwe5 ! intellig5ce & ! w1 = conduct is det]m9$ n by k b by emotion4 8,he :o w\ld hope to tea* geometry by giv+ lessons 9 ,lat91 w\ld sc>cely be m unreasonable ?an ^? :o c\nt on produc+ bett] s5tim5ts by means ( a discipl9e ( ! intellectual faculties40 ,to tell ! tru?1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has "h fall5 into ano!r extreme1 & he seems to u at "o "t to h grant$ too mu*1 & at ano!r too little1 to ! influ5ce ( in/ruction on morality4 #fde4 ,,intellectual ,,education4--,s f> we h exam9$ along ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] only ! nature ( ! objects & ( ! k :i* befit ! education ( man4 ,x rema9s to inquire h[ ! m9d c assimilate ?is k4 ,p$agogy has n only to draw up 9 !ory a brilliant programme ( necess>y /udies1 b x also se>*es out ! means & ! me?ods to be employ$1 9 ord] t ^! /udies may be pres5t$ to ! m9d1 & may h ! great] *ance ( be+ ?us pres5t$ ) pr(it4 ,9 ?is some:at m practical "p ( 8 "w1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?9ks t p$agogy %\ld be guid$ by ! idea ( evolution2 t is1 ( ! progressive c\rse ( a be+ :o makes himself1 :o creates himself little by little1 & :o develops 9 succession1 accord+ to fix$ laws1 p[]s orig9ally envelop$ 9 ! g]ms t he has receiv$ f nature1 or t h be5 transmitt$ to him by h]$ity4 #fdf4 ,,laws ,,( ,,intellectual ,,evolution4--,9 o!r t]ms1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] %[s t ! precepts ( p$agogy _c be def9itely d$uc$ until ! laws ( m5tal evolution h be5 accurately e/abli%$1 & he attempts to det]m9e "s ( ^! laws4 ,he proves t ! m9d passes naturally f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 f ! empirical to ! rational2 t ! g5esis ( ! individual is ! same z ! g5esis ( ! race2 t ! intellig5ce assimilates by pref]5ce t :i* x discov]s = itself2 f9ally1 t all culture :i* pr(its ! pupil is1 at ! same "t1 an ex]cise :i* /imulates him & delights him4 ,f ?is !re result ^! practical consequ5ces3 t x is necess>y fir/ to pres5t to ! *ild simple subjects ( /udy1 individual ?+s1 s5sible objects1 = ! purpose ( />t+ him gradually on 8 way t[>ds complex tru?s1 ab/ract g5]alities1 conceptions ( ! reason2 t no?+ c be exact$ ( ! *ild's intellig5ce b vague & incomplete notions :i* ! travail ( ! m9d w gradually cl>ify & elaborate2 t education ought to be 9 petto1 = ea* individual1 a repetition & a copy ( ! g5]al m>* ( civilization & ( ! progress ( humanity2 t x is necess>y to c\nt m on ! p]sonal ef=t ( ! pupil ?an ^u ! action ( ! tea*]2 t1 f9ally1 x is necess>y to f9d ! me?ods :i* int]e/1 & ev5 ^? :i* amuse4 ,h5ce ! educator1 in/ead ( oppos+ nature1 in/ead ( disconc]t+ h] 9 h] c\rse & 9 ! ins5sible /eps ( h] real developm5t1 w re/rict himself to foll[+ h] /ep by /ep1 & education w be no long] a =ce :i* ob/ructs1 :i* represses1 :i* smo!rs2 b1 on ! contr>y1 a =ce :i* su/a9s & /imulates by associat+ ) itself ! "w ( ! spontane\s p[]s ( ! s\l4 #fdg4 ,,self-,,education4--,mr4 ,sp5c] atta*es great importance to t maxim :i* recomm5ds u to enc\rage above all else self-education3-- 8,9 education ! process ( self-developm5t %\ld be enc\rag$ to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be l$ to make _! own inve/igations1 & to draw _! own inf]5ces4 ,!y %\ld be told z little z possible1 & induc$ to discov] z mu* z possible4 ,humanity has progress$ solely by self-in/ruction2 & t to a*ieve ! be/ results1 ea* m9d mu/ progress some:at aft] ! same fa%ion1 is cont9ually prov$ by ! m>k$ success ( self-made m54 ,^? :o h be5 br\ght up "u ! ord9>y s*ool-drill1 & h c>ri$ away ) !m ! idea t education is practicable only 9 t /yle1 w ?9k x hopeless to make *ildr5 _! own tea*]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y w call to m9d t ! all-important k ( surr\nd+ objects :i* a *ild gets 9 its e>ly ye>s is n )\t help1--if !y w rememb] t ! *ild is self-taught 9 ! use ( its "m tongue1--if !y w e/imate ! am\nt ( t exp]i5ce ( life1 t out-(-s*ool wisdom :i* e boy ga!rs = himself1--if !y w m>k ! unusual intellig5ce ( ! unc>$-= ,london gam91 z %[n 9 all ! directions 9 :i* 8 faculties h be5 task$1--if fur!r1 !y w ?9k h[ _m m9ds h /ruggl$ up unaid$1 n only ?r\gh ! my/]ies ( our irrationally-plann$ curriculum1 b ?r\gh ho/s ( o!r ob/acles besides2 !y w f9d x a n unreasonable conclusion1 t if ! subjects be put be=e him 9 "r ord] & "r =m1 any pupil ( ord9>y capacity w surm\nt 8 successive difficulties ) b little assi/ance40 #fdh4 ,,moral ,,education4--,moral education1 )\t furni%+ occasion = z complete a !ory z intellectual education1 has1 nev]!less1 sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,sp5c] "s important reflections4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] expressly decl>es t he does n accept ! dogma ( ,"l ,palm]/on1 or :at w\ld be call$ 9 ,france ! dogma ( ,r\sseau1 namely1 t all *ildr5 are born good4 ,he w\ld incl9e ! r t[>d ! contr>y op9ion1 :i*1 8?\gh unt5able10 he says1 8seems to u less wide ( ! tru?06 ,d\btless1 we mu/ n expect too mu* moral goodness ( *ildr52 b x may be f\nd t ,mr4 ,sp5c] exagg]ates a little1 & draws too d>k a portrait ( ! *ild :5 he says1 8,! *ild resembles ! savage2 8 physical features1 l 8 moral in/9cts1 recall ! savage40 ,tak5 lit]ally1 su* pessimism w\ld lead logically to an ov]-sev]e moral discipl9e1 :olly repressive & re/ra9+4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! conclusion ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :o recomm5ds a c\rse ( tol]ance & mildness1 a sy/em ( relative lett+ alone :i* we might almo/ ?9k dictat$ by ! optimism ( ,r\sseau4 ,he c5sures ! brutal discipl9e ( ! ,engli% s*ools4 ,f9ally1 he w\ld h ! *ild treat$1 n z an incorrigible rebel :o is ob$i5t only to =ce1 b z a reasonable be+ capable ( readily compreh5d+ ! reasons & ! advantages ( ob$i5ce1 f ! simple fact t he takes into acc\nt ! connection ( cause & effect4 #fdi4 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,natural ,,puni%m5ts4--,! true moral discipl9e1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 is t :i* puts ! *ild 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce on nature1 :o tea*es him to dete/ 8 faults by reason ( ! natural consequ5ces :i* !y involve4 ,x is necess>y to r5\nce artificial puni%m5ts1 :i* are almo/ always irritat+ & tak5 amiss1 & to h rec\rse1 z a rule1 only to ! privations & ! inconv5i5cies :i* are ! necess>y consequ5ces1 &1 z x 71 ! inevitable reactions1 ( ! acts :i* h be5 committ$4 ,a boy1 = example1 puts 8 room 9 disord]4 ,9 ?is case1 ! me?od ( natural puni%m5t requires t he himself %all repair ! mis*ief2 & 9 ?is way he w soon correct himself ( a turbul5ce f :i* he w be ! fir/ to suff]4 ,a little girl1 ?r\gh indol5ce1 or ?r\gh t>ry+ too long ov] h] toilet1 has made h]self late = a walk4 ,let h] be puni%$ by n wait+ = h]1 by leav+ h] at home4 ,?is is ! be/ means ( cur+ h] 9 ! future ( h] indol5ce & coquetry4 ,! sy/em :i* t5ds ?us to sub/itute ! lessons ( nature = artificial p5alties1 c]ta9ly (f]s great advantages4 ,x subjects ! *ild1 n to ! au?ority ( a pass+ tea*]1 or ( p>5ts :o w "o day die1 b to a law ^: action nei!r ceases nor ev] rel5ts4 ,artificial puni%m5ts (t5 provoke ! resi/ance ( ! *ild because he does n compreh5d _! mean+1 & because1 proce$+ f ! human w1 !y c be tax$ ) inju/ice & caprice4 ,c\ld "o z easily refuse to b[ be=e ! imp]sonal =ce ( nature1--a =ce :i* exactly adju/s ! puni%m5t to ! fault1#bhc :i* accepts no excuse1 aga9/ :i* !re is no appeal1 & :i*1 )\t ?reats1 )\t ang]1 rigor\sly & sil5tly executes ! law8 #fej4 ,,difficulties ,,9 ,,application4--,mr4 ,sp5c]'s pr9ciple is excell5t1 b ! opportunities = apply+ x are f> less frequ5t ?an our philosoph] believes4 ,! *ild1 9 mo/ cases1 is too little reflective1 too little reasonable1 to compreh5d1 & especially to he$1 ! sugge/ions ( p]sonal int]e/4 ,let u add t ?is pr9ciple is :olly negative1 t x furni%es at mo/ only ! means ( %unn+ evil2 t ev5 9 accord+ to x an efficacy x does n h1 x w\ld /ill be necess>y to reproa* x ) n>r[+ moral culture by r$uc+ x to ! r mean solicitude = simple utility2 f9ally1 t x ex]cises no influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! positive virtues1 on ! dis9t]e/$ education ( morality 9 :at is noble & exalt$4 ,f9ally1 ! sy/em ( natural puni%m5ts w\ld incur ! dang] ( (t5 be+ cruel1 & ( caus+ ! *ild an irrep>able injury4 ,let pass ! p9-cu%ion1 ! boil+ wat]1 & ! c&le-flame1--examples :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] proposes2 b :at %all we say ( ! b> ( r$-hot iron :i* he lets ! *ild pick up8 ,:at %all be said1 above all1 ( ! grave consequ5ces entail$ by ! faults ( a "y man left to himself8 8,w\ld x n be10 says ,grard ju/ly1 8to condemn ! *ild to a rgime s sev]e z to be an inju/ice1 to c\nt solely on ! effects ( natural reactions & inevitable consequ5ces1 = ! purpose ( discipl9+ 8 w8 ,! p5alty :i* !y provoke is ! mo/ (t5 enorm\s z comp>$ ) ! fault :i* has produc$ !m1 & man himself dem&s = 8 conduct o!r sanctions ?an ^? ( a h>% reality4 ,he desires t we judge ! int5tion z well z ! fact2 t he be comm5d$ = 8 ef=ts2 t 9 ! fir/ in/ance extreme measures be n tak5 aga9/ him2 t ! bl[ fall on him if ne$s be1 b )\t cru%+ him1 & :ile ext5d+ to him a h& to help him up40#bhd #fea4 ,,return ,,to ,,nature4--,h[ev] x may be1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is to be comm5d$ = hav+ %[n t = moral education z = intellectual education1 ! me?od :i* approa*es nature ! ne>e/ is also ! be/4 ,! return to nature :i* 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( ,r\sseau's !ories & ( ,pe/alozzi's practice1 is also ! dom9ant trait ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s p$agogy4 ,if we look closely into ! matt]1 ?is decid$ purpose to foll[ nature implicates some?+ besides ! sup]ficial condemnation ( me?ods introduc$ by art & human device4 ,x supposes a fundam5tal belief1--! belief 9 ! b5efic5t purpose ( natural in/9cts4 ,to h confid5ce 9 nature1 to fall back on ! spontane\s =ces ( ! s\l1 because we disc]n beh9d !m or 9 !m a high] provid5ce or an int]nal =esight1 is a belief g5]ally useful & sugge/ive = conduct+ human affairs1 b p>ticul>ly necess>y = direct+ ! education ( man4 ,x is n )\t "s surprise t we discov] ?is belief at ! basis ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s p$agogy1 z ?\gh1 by a contradiction :i* is n new1 ! evolutioni/ philosophy1 :i* seems to exclude f9al causes f ! conception ( ! univ]se1 _h be5 practically con/ra9$ to b[ be=e !m1 & to proclaim1 at lea/ 9 ! matt] ( education1 ! salut>y efficacy ( ! !ory :i* admits !m4 ,?us1 9 speak+ ( physical education1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] rem>ks t ! s5sations are ! natural guides1 :i* x w\ld be dang]\s n to foll[4 8,happily1 t all-important "p ( education :i* goes to secure direct self-pres]vation1 is 9 great "p already provid$ =4 ,too mom5t\s to be left to our own blund]+1 ,nature takes x into h] own h&s40 ,speak+ 9 ano!r place ( ! in/9cts :i* induce ! *ild to move himself & to seek 9 physical ex]cise ! basis ( physical well-be+1 he decl>es t to oppose ^! in/9cts w\ld be to g c\nt] to ! means 8div9ely arrang$0 = assur+ ! developm5t ( ! body4 #feb4 ,,physical ,,education4--,! *apt] devot$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] to physical education1 is su* z might be expect$ f a ?9k] :o is :olly exempt f ideali/ic prejudices & :o does n hesitate to write3-- 8,! hi/ory ( ! _w %[s t ! well-f$ races h be5 ! en]getic & dom9ant races40 ,x is necess>y fir/ & above all to e/abli% physical =ce 9 man1 & to create )9 him 8a robu/ animal40 8,! actual education ( *ildr5 is defective 9 sev]al p>ticul>s3 9 an insuffici5cy ( food1 9 an insuffici5cy ( clo?+1 9 an insuffici5cy ( ex]cise1 & 9 an excess ( m5tal application40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] compla9s t mod]n education has become :olly intellectual1 & t x neglects ! body4 ,he rem9ds u t 8! pres]vation ( heal? is "o ( our duties10 & t !re exi/s a ?+ :i* might be call$ 8physical morality40 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] dem&s t we foll[ ! indications ( nature4 ,he expla9s on physiological gr\nds ! app>5tly inord9ate appetite :i* *ildr5 %[ = c]ta9 foods1--sug>1 = example4 ,he urg5tly entreats t pref]5ce %all be giv5 to play & to free & spontane\s ex]cise1 ov] gymna/ics4 #fec4 ,,g5]al ,,judgm5t4--,t :i*1 9 our op9ion1 atte/s ! tru? ( ! p$agogical laws :i* we h j discuss$1 is t !y are 9 agreem5t ) ! g5]al op9ions ( ! great mod]n re=m]s 9 education4 ,x is ?us t ,sp5c]'s ideas are 9 close h>mony ) ^? :i* ,pe/alozzi _h employ$ at ,/anz4 ,! success :i* he obta9$ !re1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] has rem>k$1 dep5d$ on two ?+s3 fir/1 on ! att5tion :i* he us$ 9 det]m9+ :at k9d ( in/ruction ! *ildr5 _h ne$ (1 & next1 on ! pa9s he took to associate ! new k ) t :i* !y already possess$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s essay1 !n1 des]ves ! att5tion ( educators4 ,!re is sc>cely a book 9 :i* a ke5 sc5t = details comes m agreeably to animate a fund ( solid argum5ts1 & f :i* x is m useful to extract ! sub/ance4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ n be read save ) precaution4 ,! brilliant ,engli% ?9k] sometimes fails 9 ju/ness & measure1 & 8 bold g5]alizations ne$ to be te/$ ) c>e4 #fed4 ,,alex&] ,,ba9 ,,& ,,education ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce4--,less brilliant ?an ! "w ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ! book ( ,mr4 ,ba91 ,education z a ,sci5ce1 recomm5ds itself by m]its ( /udi$ analysis & s*ol>ly m9ut5ess4 ,o!rs surpass ,mr4 ,ba9 9 brilliancy ( imag9ation1 9 orig9ality & 9 en?usiasm2 b no "o equals him 9 ri*ness ( details1 9 acut5ess & abundance ( obs]vations4 ,aft] ! m v5turesome h tak5 ! lead & h publi%$ ! orig9al sket*1 ,mr4 ,ba9 appe>s & writes ! me?odical & complete manual4 ,8 own "w resembles t ( a consci5ti\s gu>d :o m>*es 9 ! re> ( a victori\s army1 & by a wise organization makes sure ! positions conqu]$ by ! m>* ( an impetu\s comm&]-9-*ief4 ,8 book1 9 o!r t]ms1 is b ! /udi\s & ?or\gh developm5t ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s pr9ciples4 #fee4 ,,g5]al ,,impression4--,x is impossible 9 an analysis to br+ out ! m]it ( a book :i* is especially valuable = ! multiplicity ( ! que/ions :i* ! au?or discusses 9 x1 & = ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! solutions :i* he proposes4 ,!re are l&scapes :i* disc\rage ! pa9t]1 because1 not)/&+ _! beauty1 !y are too va/1 too full ( details1 to admit ( be+ cr[d$ into a frame4 ,we may say ! same ( ,mr4 ,ba9's book4 ,"o mu/ h /udi$ x himself 9 ord] to =m an e/imate ( its value4 ,pr(essors ( all classes w "h f9d pages ( well-consid]$ c\nsels1 & judici\s reflections ^u educational me?ods4 ,! nature ( /udies1 ! sequ5ce ( subjects1 ! gradation ( difficulties1 ! *oice ( ex]cises1 ! comp>ison ( oral in/ruction ) text-book in/ruction1 modes ( discipl9e1--no?+ escapes a ?9k] :o is n a m]e !ori/ or an amateur educator1 b a pr(essional man1 a compet5t tea*]1 an exp]i5c$ pr(essor4 ,inde$1 no "o %\ld all[ himself to be deceiv$ by ?is f9e phrase1 ,education z a ,sci5ce1 :i* might disconc]t & turn aside :ole classes ( read]s1 su* z ^? :o1 9 works on education1 especially desire a guide = practice4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y w h e reason to comm5d a book :i* passes v quickly f g5]alities to applications1 & :i* is above all else a manual ( practical & te*nical p$agogy4 ,! /udy ( x w be pr(itable n m]ely to pr(essors :o are tea*+ ! high] bran*es ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 b ev5 to ! humble/ in/ructors1 & ev5--= ,mr4 ,ba9 ov]looks no detail--to tea*]s ( read+ & writ+4 #fef4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,"w4--,education z a ,sci5ce comprises ?ree p>ts3 #a4 psy*ological data2 #b4 me?ods2 #c4 mod]n education4 ,! au?or fir/ inquires 9 :at ord] ! faculties are develop$1 & :at effect ?is ord] %\ld h on ! di/ribution ( /udies4 ,?is is ! psy*ological "p4 ,!n foll[s a discussion ( :at ,mr4 ,ba9 calls ! logical ord]1 t is1 ( ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! /udies !mselves & _! diff]5t p>ts4 ,?is is ! 8analytical problem0 ( education4#bhe ,^! prelim9>ies be+ e/abli%$1 ,mr4 ,ba9 ent]s ^u ! pr9cipal !me1--! me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,he discusses "o aft] ano!r ! fir/ elem5ts ( read+1 object-lessons1 8:i*1 m ?an any o!r means ( in/ruction1 require to be practis$ ) c>e1 = )\t ?is1 an admirable process might1 9 unskillful h&s1 be no?+ m ?an a ?+ ( s$uctive appe>ance1 b )\t value02 !n me?ods relat+ to hi/ory1 geography1 ! sci5ces1 & ! languages4 ,f9ally1 9 8 ?ird book1 ,mr4 ,ba9 exhibits a new plan ( /udy1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to second>y in/ruction4 #feg4 ,,psy*ological ,,ord] ,,& ,,logical ,,ord]4--,9 8 reflections on ! developm5t ( ! m9d & ^u ! di/ribution ( /udies1 ,mr4 ,ba9 is inspir$ by ! pr9ciples :i* h guid$ ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 8,obs]vation prec$es reflection4 ,! concrete comes be=e ! ab/ract40 ,9 education1 !n1 ! sequ5ce %\ld be f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 f ! empirical to ! rational1 f analysis to syn!sis1 f ! outl9e to details2 f9ally1 f ! mat]ial to ! immat]ial4 ,su* w\ld be ! ideal ord] 9 education2 b ,mr4 ,ba9 rem>ks t 9 practice all sorts ( ob/acles come to di/urb ?is rigor\s sequ5ce4 #feh4 ,,mod]n ,,education4--,! plan ( second>y /udies :i* ,mr4 ,ba9 recomm5ds to ! re=m]s ( tea*+ is ! result & ! rsum ( all ^! obs]vations4 ,intellectual education1 common to all "y p :o receive a lib]al in/ruction1 w\ld h5ce=? comprise ?ree ess5tial p>ts3 #a4 ! sci5ces2 #b4 ! humanities2 #c4 rhetoric & ! national lit]ature4 ,we see at once :at is to be und]/ood by ?is la/ item2 b ! two o!rs h ne$ ( "s explanations4 ,! sci5ces are divid$ into two gr\ps3 ^? :i* are to be ma/]$1--ari?metic1 geometry1 algebra1 physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 psy*ology2 & ! natural sci5ces1 :i* %\ld be /udi$ only sup]ficially because !y w\ld ov]:elm ! memory "u ! weight ( too l>ge a numb] ( facts4 ,geography1 :i*1 "o does n "k :y1 is includ$ 9 ! sci5ces1 :ile hi/ory is atta*$ to ! humanities1 w complete ! programme ( sci5tific /udies4 ,z to ! humanities1 ,mr4 ,ba9 pres]ves sc>cely m ?an ! "n :ile suppress+ ! ?+2 = 9 ! curtail$ & disfigur$ doma9 :i* he p]si/s 9 call+ by ?is "n1 he cuts (f precisely t :i* has always be5 consid]$ z con/itut+ its ess5ce1--! /udy ( ! dead languages4 ,he excludes f x ev5 ! liv+ languages1 & t :i* he /ill decorates ) ! f9e title ( humanities1 is /ill sci5ce1--moral sci5ce1 x is true1--8hi/ory & sociology ) political economy & jurisprud5ce40 ,a c\rse 9 univ]sal lit]ature1 b1 be x und]/ood1 )\t orig9al texts1 might aft]w>ds be add$ to ?is pret5d$ tea*+ ( ! humanities4 ,two or ?ree h\rs a week w\ld be devot$ p>allelly1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( /udy1 :i* w\ld la/ six ye>s1 to ea* ( ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( in/ruction :i* ,mr4 ,ba9 ?9ks equally important4 ,z to ! real humanities1 dead or liv+ languages1 !y %\ld no long] be includ$ 9 education save z optional & extra /udies1 on ! same basis z ! accompli%m5ts4 ,&1 appeal+ to ! future1 ,mr4 ,ba9 ev5 pr$icts t 8a day w come :5 x w be f\nd t ?is is /ill grant+ !m too l>ge a place 9 education40 ,mr4 ,ba91 !n1 gives all 8 pref]5ces to sci5tific /udies1 & 8 book might prop]ly be entitl$1 n only ,education z a ,sci5ce1 b also ,sci5ce 9 ,education4 #fei4 ,,!oretical ,,errors4--,mr4 ,ba9 reproa*es lett]s ) giv+ ! m9d ! habit ( s]vility4 ,by :at s+ul> revulsion ( ?\ght c ! lib]al /udies p> excell5ce be repres5t$ z a s*ool ( intellectual s]vitude8 ,x is r to sci5tific in/ruction t we may prop]ly return ! accusation ( enslav+ ! _s4 ,by _! inexorable evid5ce & by _! v exactness1 d n ! sci5ces sometimes smo!r ! orig9ality & ! free flight ( ! imag9ation8 ,?is defect1 h[ev]1 does n cut !m (f f a "r to a place1 & to a l>ge place1 9 ! programme ( intellectual education4 ,let u accept ) favor _! alliance1 let u admit !m to a c]ta9 degree ( fell[%ip1 b d n let u tol]ate _! encroa*m5ts4 ,9 a ^w1 ! object ( ! sci5ces is ei!r pure ab/ractions or mat]ial realities4 ,he :o /udies ma!matics & physics fir/ acquires real k ( high value2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he /r5g!ns 8 m9d ?r\gh ! habits eng5d]$ by ! rigor\s me?ods :i* ! sci5ces employ4 ,we *e]fully grant to ,mr4 ,ba9 t ! sci5ces are at ! same "t admirable s\rces ( useful tru?s & valuable in/rum5ts ( m5tal discipl9e4 ,by cultivat+ !m we ga9 n only ! positive k :i* !y tea* respect+ ! _w1 b also ! p[]1 rigor1 & exactness :i* !y impose on _! adepts4 #ffj4 ,,insuffici5cy ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces4--,b ! "q is to "k :e!r ! sci5ces1 s useful & s necess>y = enri*+ & discipl9+ ! m9d1 are also ! be/ ag5ts = tra9+ x4 ,! educator is n 9 ! situation ( ! f>m] :o has only two ?+s to d1--to pl[ & s[ ! field :i* he cultivates4 ,! "w ( education is va/ 9 ano!r direction4 ,x has to d ) develop+ ! aptitudes or lat5t en]gies1 t :i* ! philosophy ( ! day h>dly all[s u long] to call faculties1 b t :i* !y re-e/abli% "u ano!r "n1 t ( ! unconsci\s =ces ( ! s\l2 x has to d1 n ) labor+ on a soil almo/ entirely prep>$ by nature1 b 9 great "p ) creat+ ! soil itself4 ,n[1 ! sci5ces are inde$ ! se$ :i* x w be prop] by & by to s[ on ! field1 b !y are n ! sub/ance :i* n\ri%es & f]tilizes x4 #ffa4 ,,s5suali/ic ,,t5d5cies4--,if we g to ! bottom ( ,mr4 ,ba9's ?\ght & doctr9e on ! m9d1 we %all f9d ! secret ( 8 ard5t pref]5ce = ! tea*+ ( ! sci5ces4 ,8 errors 9 practical p$agogy proce$ f !oretical errors on human nature4 ,= him1 z = ,locke1 !re are n1 prop]ly speak+1 intellectual =ces indep5d5t ( ! facts :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! consci\sness4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is n an education ( ! faculties4 ,memory or imag9ation1 consid]$ z a di/9ct p[]1 z an aptitude m or less happy1 is b a ^w4 ,x is no?+ ap>t f ! recollections or ! images :i* are successively grav5 9 ! m9d4 ,= ,mr4 ,ba91 z = ,locke1 ! be/ education is t :i* places items ( k side by side 9 ! m9d1 :i* accumulates facts !re1 b n t :i* seeks to enk9dle 9 ! s\l a flame ( intellig5ce4 ,t :i* also w>ps ! !oretical views ( ,mr4 ,ba9 is t he accords no indep5d5ce1 no individual life1 to ! m9d2 & t = him1 back ( ! facts ( consci\sness1 !re come to view1 )\t any int]m$ium1 ! c]ebral organs4 ,n[ ! bra9 is develop$ ( itself2 x acquires fatally1 ) ! progress ( ye>s1 m weight & m volume2 x passes f ! age ( concrete ?+s to ! age ( ab/ractions4 ,h5ce a r$uction1 an inevitable contraction1 ( ! sph]e ( education4 ,!re is no?+ m to d ?an to let nature h h] way1 & to fill ! vase :i* %e *>ges h]self ) con/ruct+4 #ffb4 ,,utilit>ian ,,t5d5cies4--,f9ally1 to conclude ?is indication ( ! g5]al ideas :i* dom9ate & :i* m> ! p$agogy ( ,mr4 ,ba91 let u obs]ve t a positive & practical utility1 a vulg> utility1 m+les too _m ( its inspirations ) x4 ,! crit]ion ( utility is sometimes appli$ to x ) an artless extravagance4 ,?us1 9 ! languages1 only ^? words %\ld be le>n$ :i* occur ! mo/ (t51 & 9 ! sci5ces1 only ! p>ts :i* are ( ! mo/ frequ5t use4 ,ev5 9 moral education1 z x is conceiv$ by ! ,engli% philosoph]1 are to be f\nd1 z we might expect1 ^! utilit>ian & n>r[ views4 ,w\ld "o believe1 = example1 t ,mr4 ,ba9 makes ! fe> ( ! p5al code ! ma9spr+ ( ! tea*+ ( virtue8#bhf ,"h1 at lea/1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t sci5ce is insuffici5t4 8,to pret5d1 = example1 t physiology c tea* u mod]ation 9 ! sexual appetite is to attribute to x a result :i* no sci5ce has yet be5 able to give40 ,b mu/ we c\nt any m1 z ,mr4 ,ba9 w\ld h u1 = example1 on social influ5ces & on p]sonal exp]i5ce8 ,9 ?is truly exp]im5tal education 9 virtue1 e?ics w\ld be le>n$ j z ! "m tongue is le>n$1 by use1 by ! imitation ( o!rs2 & moral in/ruction1 prop]ly s call$1 w\ld be a sort ( gramm> :i* is to rectify vici\s practices4 #ffc4 ,,f9al ,,judgm5t4--,b our criticisms on ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ,mr4 ,ba9's p$agogy subtract no?+ f our admiration ( ! /]l+ qualities ( 8 ,education z a ,sci5ce4 ,d\btless !re w\ld also be errors ( detail to notice1 or "s p>ticul> me?ods to discuss2 = example1 t ( nev] do+ m ?an "o ?+ at a "t1 or ! propriety ( fir/ tea*+ to *ildr5 ! hi/ory ( _! c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,ba9 =gets t my?ological hi/ory & sacr$ hi/ory1 by _! leg5d>y & fabul\s "*1 (f] a p>ticul> attraction to ! *ildi% imag9ation1 & are bett] adapt$ ?an hi/ory prop] to infant m9ds4 ,b1 aside f ! portions :i* are debatable1 h[ _m wise obs]vations to ga!r on ! diff]5t processes ( in/ruction1 on ! transition f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 on ! discretion :i* mu/ be employ$ 9 object-lessons1 ! use ( :i* s easily deg5]ates into abuse6 ,ev5 ?r\gh its absolute !ories1 ,education z a ,sci5ce w r5d] great s]vices2 =1 to illu/rate ! m>* ( ?\ght1 no?+ is s valuable z op9ions :i* are exclusive & s9c]e4 ,x 7 ev5 desirable1 if "o did n fe> to exp]im5t on human s\ls1 9 anima sublimi1 t accord+ to ,mr4 ,ba9's plan1 ! exp]im5t %\ld be tri$ ( an education exclusively sci5tific4 #ffd4 ,,am]ican ,,educators4 ,,*ann+ 7#aghj-ahdb74--,! g5]al fault ( ,engli% p$agogy is its ari/ocratic "*4 ,= ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,ba91 z = ,locke1 x is simply a "q ( ! education ( a g5tleman4 ,x is 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! writ+s ( ,*ann+ & ,horace ,mann1 t we mu/ seek ! elem5ts ( a !ory ( democratic education1 & ( popul> in/ruction4#bhg ,*ann+1 a ,unit>ian m9i/]1 associat$ religi\s s5tim5t & philosophic reason1 & desir$ t 9 !ology itself ev]y?+ %\ld issue 9 ! supremacy ( ! human judgm5t4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( 8 writ+s are ! public lectures :i* he gave 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahch1 & ! object ( :i* is ! education "o gives himself1 & ! elevation ( ! work+ classes4 ,we lack ! space to give an analysis ( ^! lectures1 b a few quotations w make kn[n ! g5]al _s ( ! ,am]ican re=m]3-- 8,i am n disc\rag$ by ! objection t ! labor]1 if enc\rag$ to give "t & /r5g? to ! elevation ( 8 m9d1 w />ve himself & impov]i% ! c\ntry1 :5 ,i consid] ! en]gy1 & ! effici5cy ( ,m9d40 8,! highe/ =ce 9 ! univ]se is ,m9d4 ,?is creat$ ! heav5s & e>?4 ,?is has *ang$ ! wild]ness into fruitfulness1 & l9k$ di/ant c\ntries 9 a b5efic5t m9i/ry to "o ano!r's wants4 ,x is n to brute =ce1 to physical /r5g?1 s mu* z to art1 to skill1 to intellectual & moral en]gy1 t m5 owe _! ma/]y ov] ! _w4 ,x is m9d :i* has conqu]$ matt]4 ,to fe>1 !n1 t by call+ =? a p's m9d1 we %all impov]i% & />ve !m1 is to be fright5$ at a %ad[40 8,x is *iefly ?r\gh books t we enjoy int]c\rse ) sup]ior m9ds1 & ^! invaluable means ( communication are 9 ! rea* ( all4 ,9 ! be/ books1 great m5 talk to u1 give u _! mo/ preci\s ?\ghts1 & p\r _! s\ls into ours4 ,god be ?ank$ = books4 ,!y are ! voices ( ! di/ant & ! dead1 & make u heirs ( ! spiritual life ( pa/ ages4 ,books are ! true levell]s4 ,!y give to all1 :o w fai?fully use !m1 ! society1 ! spiritual pres5ce1 ( ! be/ & greate/ ( our race4 ,no matt] h[ poor ,i am2 no matt] ?\gh ! prosp]\s ( my own "t w n ent] my obscure dwell+2 if ! sacr$ writ]s w ent] & take up _! abode "u my ro(1 if ,milton w cross my ?re%old to s+ to me ( ,p>adise1 & ,%akespe>e to op5 to me ! worlds ( imag9ation & ! work+s ( ! human he>t1 & ,frankl9 to enri* me ) 8 practical wisdom1 ,i %all n p9e = want ( intellectual companion%ip1 & ,i may become a cultivat$ man ?\gh exclud$ f :at is call$ ! be/ society 9 ! place :]e ,i live40 #ffe4 ,,horace ,,mann 7#agif-ahei74--;,horace ,mann is n a philosoph] :o discusses education1 b a politician :o re=m$ & develop$ ! education ( 8 c\ntry4 ,secret>y ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,education1 he op5$ s*ools1 f\nd$ libr>ies1 & pron\nc$ a great numb] ( disc\rses1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* is ,! ,necessity ( ,education 9 a ,republican ,gov]nm5t4 8,:51 !n10 he (t5 said1 8w m5 give _! ?\ght to infancy8 ,we wat* ! se$ :i* we confide to ! e>?1 b we d n conc]n ourselves ) ! human s\l till ! sun ( y\? has set4 ,7 x 9 my p[]1 ,i w\ld scatt] books ov] all ! e>? z m5 s[ :eat on ! pl[$ fields40 ,speak+ to ,am]icans1 to work+ p1 & to tradesm51 he made app>5t ! positive advantages ( in/ruction3-- 8,if to-morr[ "s "o 7 to tell y t a coal m9e _h be5 discov]$ :i* w\ld pay t5 p] c5t1 y w\ld all ru% to x2 & yet !re are m5 :om y let grovel 9 ignorance :5 y might realize f =ty to fifty p] c5t on !m4 ,y are ev] giv+ y\r ?\ght to capital & to ma*9es2 b ! fir/ ma*9e is man1 & ! fir/ capital1 man1 & y neglect him40 ,b he also int]e/$ himself 9 ! moral effects ( education1 especially 9 a democratic society1 :]e ea* citiz5 is a sov]eign3-- 8,! education :i* has already be5 giv5 a p makes x necess>y to give !m m4 ,by in/ruct+ !m1 new p[]s h be5 awak5$ 9 !m1 & ?is intellectual & moral en]gy mu/ be regulat$4 ,9 ?is case we h n to d ) me*anical =ces1 :i*1 once put 9 action1 accompli% _! purpose & !n /op4 ,no2 ^! are spiritual =ces end[$ ) a pr9ciple ( life & ( progress :i* no?+ c qu5*40 #fff4 ,,conclusion4--,! labors ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,ba91 ! works ( ,*ann+ & ,mann1 & o!rs /ill1 w contribute1 we hope1 to prep>e ! def9ite solutions dem&$ by our times 9 ! matt] ( education4 ,^! solutions are important = ! security & ! greatness ( our c\ntry4 ,m ?an ev] x is necess>y t education become some?+ else ?an an affair ( inspiration1 ab&on$ to caprice & haz>d1 b t x be a "w ( reflection4 ,x is said t ! future is unc]ta91 t ev5ts are lead+ ,fr5* society no "o kn[s :]e1 & t our de/9ies are at ! m]cy ( ! mo/ un=ese5 /orms4 ,we d n believe ?is1 s9ce x is )9 our p[] t x %all be o!rwise4 ,!re is a means1 9 fact1 ( assur+ ! future ( peoples1 & ?is is to give !m an intellectual & moral education :i* purifies ! s\l & /r5g!ns "*4 ,d n let u look = reg5]ation & progress f a sudd5 & miracul\s trans=mation2 d n let u dem& !m ev5 ( ! imm$iate effici5cy ( su* or su* a political in/itution4 ,ev]y?+ "h bel[ is accompli%$ accord+ to ! laws ( a sl[ progression1 by trifl+ & successive modifications4 ,j z = ! *ild !re is no abridgm5t :i* all[s u to suppress ! sl[ /eps ( ! ins5sible gr[? :i* ea* ye> br+s =w>d1 s = nations !re is no o!r process ?an ! action1 sl[ b sure1 ( a wise & vigor\s education1 = caus+ !m to pass f vice to virtue1 f abasem5t to gr&eur4 ,! p>tisans ( evolution sometimes seem to ann\nce to u ! ne> app>ition ( a race sup]ior to our own1 call$ to supplant u1 z we %all h supplant$ ! inf]ior races4 ,"o day or ano!r we %all be liable1 x seems1 to meet 8at ! angle ( a rock0 ! successor ( ! human race4 ,we c\nt b little on su* promises1 & ! com+ ( ?is hypo!tical race ( m51 sudd5ly evok$ by a wave ( ! magic w& ( natural selection1 leaves u v incr$ul\s4 ,happily1 we "k ano!r means1 a mu* sur] process1 = caus+ to appe>1 n a /range race1 until n[ unkn[n1 b g5]ations ( m wor? ?an our own1 :i* are sup]ior to x 9 physical =ce1 z 9 qualities ( m9d or virtues ( "*4 ,?is means is to e/abli%1 ?r\gh reflection & reason1 an education bett] adapt$ to our de/9ation2 an education broad] & m complete1 at once m sev]e & m lib]al1 s9ce x w at ! same "t exact m toil & p]mit m scope2 9 :i* ! *ild w le>n to c\nt m on himself2 9 :i* 8 indol5ce w no long] be enc\rag$ by accu/om+ him inopportunely to invoke sup]natural aid2 9 :i* in/ruction w no long] be a =mul>y recit$ z lip-s]vice1 b an inn] & pr(\nd acquisition ( ! s\l1 9 :i* ! fe> ( ! consci5ce w be sub/itut$ = ! o!r rules ( conduct1 & 9 :i* ?\ght & free reflection w no long] be di/ru/$2 f9ally1 an education m sci5tific & m rational1 because x w neglect no?+ :i* c develop a human s\l & br+ x into lik5ess ) its ideal4 ,n[ t education to :i* ! future belongs1 not)/&+ ! ob/acles :i* ! _s ( ! pa/ w /ill /ir up aga9/ x1--t education is n possible1 its laws _c be e/abli%$1 its me?ods _c be practis$1 except on "o condition2 ?is is1 t ! psy*ology ( ! *ild be writt51 & well writt51 & t reflection draw f ?is psy*ology all ! consequ5ces :i* x p]mits4 #ffg4 ,,comm5t ,,on ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,education4--,monsieur ,compayr might h emphasiz$ 8 cautions4 ,read ) caution1 & ) a purpose to weigh ! tru?1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,education is inspir+ & :olesome2 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re has be5 writt51 s9ce ! mile1 a book on education :i* is s well fitt$ to deceive an unw>y read] by its rhetoric & philosophic plausibility4 ,! air ( bread? & c&or ) :i* ! writ] sets out is em95tly prepossess+1 & ! read] is almo/ oblig$ to assume t he is be+ l$ to =egone conclusions4 ,! fir/ *apt]1 9 p>ticul>1 is a piece ( lit]>y art1 9 :i* !re is su* a deft h&l+ ( s5tim5t & pa?os z to unfit ! susceptible read] = ex]cis+ 8 own critical judgm5t4 ,9 ?is place ,i c only indicate 9 ! briefe/ mann] :at seem to be ! fundam5tal errors conta9$ 9 ! book3-- #a4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! imm$iate & ! m$iate practical value ( kn[l$ges4 ,we may admit ) him t sci5ce is ( ine/imable value to ! human race2 b x does n foll[ by any means t e p]son mu/ be v]s$ 9 sci5ce4 ,z we ne$ n own ev]y?+ t is ess5tial to our com=t1 s we ne$ n h z a p]sonal possession all ! k t we ne$ = guidance4 #b4 ,x is a v l[ conception ( education t w\ld limit its function to adapt+ a man m]ely to t /ate 9 life into :i* he *ances to be born4 ,! ,bu%man1 ! ,r$ ,indian1 & ! acc\ntant1 are un=tunate illu/rations ( ! prov9ce ( education4 ,(t5 ! highe/ function ( education is to lift a man out ( 8 ance/ral /ate4 #c4 ,t ! value ( a subject = guidance is ! same z its value = discipl9e1 is true "u only "o assumption1--t ! ,bu%man is always to rema9 a ,bu%man1 & ! ,r$ ,indian always a ,r$ ,indian1 z by ! new philosophy ( c\rse !y %\ld4 ,practical tea*]s v well "k t1 z a rule1 ! /udies t are ! mo/ valuable = practical use are ! lea/ valuable = discipl9e4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] quotes no bett] pro( ( 8 assumption ?an 8! beautiful economy ( ,nature40 #d4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s propos$ education is sordid 9 its utilit>ianism4 ,he is preoccupi$ ) man z an in/rum5t r ?an ) a human be+ aspir+ t[>ds ! highe/ type ( 8 k9d4 ,a lib]al education %\ld be preoccupi$ fir/ ) ! tra9+ ( ! man1 !n ) ! tra9+ ( ! in/rum5t4 #e4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s re/atem5t ( ,condillac's & ,comte's doctr9e1 t individual education %\ld be a repetition ( civilization 9 petto1 is at be/ b a speci\s g5]alization4 ,! doctr9e _c be appli$ to practice1 9 any consid]able degree1 if we w\ld1 & %\ld n be1 if we c\ld1 = x ignores "o ess5tial factor 9 progress1--inh]itance4 #f4 ,! "p assign$ to 8,nature0 9 ! "w ( education is s ov]/ra9$ z to be unnatural & absurd4 ,physical sci5ce has long s9ce disc>d$ ?is my? ( ,nature p]sonifi$4 ,x is only 9 educational sci5ce t ?is fiction is /ill employ$ to eke out an argum5t4 #g4 ,! doctr9e ( consequ5ces :i* und]lies ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em ( moral education is applicable to b a limit$ numb] ( cases1 or1 if appli$ ) ?or\ghness1 is inhuman4 ,n ev5 all ! fit w\ld survive if !y 7 n %ield$ f ! consequ5ces ( _! acts by human sympa?y & ov]sight4 ,,footnotes3 #bgg ,j4 ,p4 ,ri*t]1 bett] kn[n "u ! "n ,jean ,paul 7#agfc-ahbe71 ! au?or ( a spirit$ & s*ol>ly book1 ,levana1 or ! ,doctr9e ( ,education1 #ahjc4 #bgh ,see ,! ,elem5ts ( ,psy*ology1 on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,b5eke 7,london1 #ahga74 #bgi ,! fir/ ,fr5* translation appe>$ 9 #ahgh4 #bhj ,9 ?is1 z 9 sev]al o!r in/ances1 ,monsieur ,compayr gives a summ>y ( ! au?or's ?\ght r ?an an exact quotation4 7,p47 #bha ,z1 hi/orically1 ornam5t prec$es dress1 on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ma9 pr9ciple1 x ne$ n be till late 9 life t wom5 dress s5sibly4 ,or ought n ! g5esis ( dress 9 ! individual to foll[ ! same ord] z ! g5esis ( dress 9 ! race8 7,p47 #bhb ,introduction to ,social ,sci5ce1 p4 #cij4 #bhc ,s f> z exp]i5ce c te/ify1 ?is is a pure assumption4 ,! mo/ trifl+ injuries are (t5 ! mo/ pa9ful1 & ! mo/ s]i\s ! mo/ pa9less4 7,p47 #bhd ,see ! ,esprit de discipl9e dans l'ducation1 a memoir ( ,grard1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,pdagogique1 #ahhc1 ,no4 #aa4 #bhe ,by ! 8analytical problem0 ( education1 ,mr4 ,ba9 means ! det]m9+ ( ! education value ( subjects4 ,see ,education z a ,sci5ce1 ,*apt] ,v4 7,p47 #bhf ,we might dwell on ,mr4 ,ba9's obs]vations relative to puni%m5ts4 ,"h is :at ,grard says ( !m3 8,mr4 ,ba91 ) inf9ite good s5se & discipl9>y tact1 is mu* less conc]n$ ) apply+ ! rule ?an ) ! conditions accord+ to :i* x %\ld be appli$4 ,on ?is po9t he ent]s into details full ( scruples4 ,he does n hesitate to call to 8 aid ! k ( ! ma/]s ( p5al jurisprud5ce1 & 8 recomm5dations1 add$ to ^? ( ,b5?am1 comprise n less ?an ?irty articles40 #bhg ,!re %\ld be add$ to ^! ! works ( ,swiss1 ,italian1 & ,fr5* educators1 p>ticul>ly ( ,siciliani1 & ! orig9al & em95tly sugge/ive /udies ( ,b]n>d ,p]ez4 ,,app5dix4 ,a4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p$agogy4 ,! two aims to be kept 9 view 9 ! tea*+ ( ?is subject are culture & guidance4 ,! purpose %\ld be to ext5d ! intellectual horizon ( ! tea*]1 or1 to use ,plato's phrase1 to make him 8! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce02 &1 9 ! second place1 to furni% ! tea*] ) a clew :i* w safely conduct him ?r\gh ! mazes ( sy/ems1 me?ods1 & doctr9es4 ,!re is no o!r pr(ession t has d]iv$ s little pr(it f capitaliz$ exp]i5ces2 & !re is no pr(ession 9 :i* culture & bread? are m necess>y4 ,= secur+ ! ends "h propos$1 x is recomm5d$ t a plan some:at l ! foll[+ be pursu$ 9 ! use ( ?is volume3-- #a4 ,if !re are ?ree recitations a week1 assign "o *apt] = ea* ( ! fir/ two recitations1 to be c>efully & ?\ghtfully read1 & require ea* pupil to select "o special topic to pres5t & discuss :5 he is call$ ^u 9 ! recitation2 & = ! ?ird recitation 9 ea* week1 require ea* pupil to select a topic f any "p ( ! book :i* has ?us f> be5 /udi$4 ,! purpose ( ?is plan is to br+ be=e ! class1 9 %>p outl9e1 ! sali5t po9ts ( ! subject2 &1 at ! same "t1 to create a s5se ( ! organic unity ( ! !me z a compreh5sive :ole4 ,:5 !re are m ?an ?ree recitations a week1 only a "p ( a *apt] ne$ be assign$ = an advance lesson4 #b4 ,:5 ! fir/ survey ( ! subject has be5 made 9 ! way j sugge/$1 a review may be conduct$ z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,biographical4 ,foll[+ a *ronological ord]1 divide ! :ole treatise into z _m sections z !re are recitations to be devot$ to ?is purpose1 & require ea* pupil to make a c>eful /udy ( "s educator1 z ,socrates1 ,montaigne1 or ,pe/alozzi1 & to pres5t ?is !me :5 call$ ^u 9 recitation4 ,:5 !re is opportunity1 enc\rage pupils to amplify _! !mes ) in=mation d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 7#b47 ,topical4 ,require ea* pupil to select "s doctr9e1 sy/em1 or me?od1 & to %[1 9 a sy/ematic way1 its orig91 progress1 & t]m9ation4 ,9 ?is review1 enc\rage ! critical _s1 & make ! recitation to consi/1 9 "p1 ( a free discussion ( pr9ciples & doctr9es4 ,! value ( ?is subject = guidance w appe> 9 ?is "p ( ! /udy4 7#c47 ,by ,*apt]s4 ,require ea* pupil to prep>e a summ>y ( "s *apt] 9 ! book1 emphasiz+ ! m important tru?s t are taught 9 x1 & %[+ ! t5d5cy or drift ( educational ?\ght4 ,! culture value ( ! subject w appe> 9 ?is "p ( ! /udy4 ,by ?is mode ( treatm5t1 ! subject c be compass$1 ) good results1 9 tw5ty weeks4 #c4 ,:]e no m ?an twelve or f\rte5 weeks c be giv5 to ?is subject1 x is recomm5d$ t ! foll[+ *apt]s be select$3 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,vii41 ,x41 ,,xii41 ,,xiii41 ,,xviii41 ,,xix41 ,,xx41 ,,xxi41 ,,xxii4 ,= use 9 ,tea*]s' ,meet+s held by sup]9t5d5ts1 ! foll[+ *apt]s are sugge/$3 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,vii41 ,x41 ,,xiii41 ,,xviii41 ,,xx41 ,,xxii4 ,= use 9 ,tea*]s' ,read+ ,circles1 ei!r ( ! above selections w s]ve a good purpose4 ,b4 ,a ,,select ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,supplem5t>y ,,to 8,,compayr',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p$agogy40 #a4 ,! ,cyclopdia ( ,education4 ,new ,york4 #b4 ,buisson4 ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie4 ,p>ts #a-aef4 ,p>is4 #c4 ,l9dn]4 ,h&bu* d] ,erziehungskunde4 ,wi5 & ,leipzig4 #d4 ,k4 ,s*midt4 ,die ,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik4 ,c!n4 #e4 ,g4 ,compayr4 ,hi/oire ,critique des ,doctr9es de l'ducation en ,france4 ,p>is4 #f4 ,b>n>d4 ,g]man ,tea*]s & ,educational ,re=m]s4 #g4 ,b>n>d4 ,fr5* ,tea*]s1 ,s*ools1 & ,p$agogy4 #h4 ,b>n>d4 ,engli% ,tea*]s1 ,educators1 & ,promot]s ( ,education4 #i4 ,b>n>d4 ,am]ican ,tea*]s1 ,educators1 & ,b5efactors ( ,education4 #aj4 ,b>n>d4 ,pe/alozzi & ,swiss ,p$agogy4 #aa4 ,bib]4 ,pe/alozzi & 8 ,plan ( ,education4 ,london4 #ab4 ,donaldson4 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,ed9burgh4 #ac4 ,krsi4 ,pe/alozzi3 8 ,life1 ,"w1 & ,influ5ce4 ,c9c9nati4 #ad4 ,lor5z4 ,life ( ,alcu94 ,london4 #ae4 ,mrs4 ,mann4 ,life ( ,horace ,mann4 ,bo/on4 #af4 ,meiklejohn4 ,dr4 ,&rew ,bell4 ,london4 #ag4 ,morley1 ,j4 ,r\sseau4 ,london4 #ah4 ,mull+]4 ,! ,s*ools ( ,*>les ! ,great4 ,london4 #ai4 ,quick4 ,essays on ,educational ,re=m]s4 ,c9c9nati4 #bj4 ,%uttlewor?4 ,f\r ,p]iods ( ,public ,education4 ,london4 #ba4 ,arnold4 ,high] ,s*ools & ,univ]sities ( ,g]many4 ,london4 #bb4 ,h>t4 ,g]man ,univ]sities4 ,new ,york4 #bc4 ,de ,guimps4 ,hi/oire de ,pe/alozzi4 ,lausanne4 #bd4 ,de ,guimps4 ,la ,philosophie et la ,pratique de l'ducation4 ,p>is4 #be4 ,meuni]4 ,lutte du ,pr9cipe ,clrical et du ,pr9cipe ,laque dans l',enseignem5t4 ,p>is4 #bf4 ,gaufrs4 ,claude ,baduel et la ,r=me des tudes au ,,xvie ,sicle4 ,p>is4 #bg4 ,b5?am4 ,*re/oma?ia4 ,london4 #bh4 ,drane4 ,*ri/ian ,s*ools & ,s*ol>s4 ,london4 #bi4 ,as*am4 ,! ,s*olema/]4 ,notes by ,mayor4 ,london4 #cj4 ,locke4 ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education4 ,notes by ,quick4 ,cambridge4 #ca4 ,laurie4 ,john ,amos ,com5ius4 ,bo/on4 #cb4 ,lancelot4 ,n>rative ( a ,t\r to ,la ,gr&e ,*>treuse4 ,london4 #cc4 ,s*immelp5n9ck4 ,n>rative ( ! ,demolition ( ,port ,royal4 ,london4 #cd4 ,hamilton1 ,elizabe?4 ,lett]s on ! ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,education4 ,london4 #ce4 ,sp5c]4 ,education3 ,intellectual1 ,moral1 & ,physical4 ,n4 ,y4 #cf4 ,r\sseau1 mile4 ,extracts4 ,bo/on4 #cg4 ,blackie4 ,f\r ,phases ( ,morals4 ,n4 ,y4 #ch4 ,ari/otle4 ,! ,politics & ,economics4 ,london4 #ci4 ,craik4 ,! ,/ate 9 its ,relation to ,education4 ,london4 #dj4 ,c\s94 ,report on ! ,/ate ( ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,prussia4 #da4 ,gill4 ,sy/ems ( ,education4 ,bo/on4 #db4 ,s\quet4 ,les ,ecriva9s ,pdagogues du ,,xvie ,sicle4 ,p>is4 #dc4 ,mann4 ,lectures on ,education4 ,bo/on4 #dd4 ,qu9tilian4 ,in/itutes ( ,oratory4 ,london4 #de4 ,plato4 ,! ,republic & ! ,laws4 ,london4 #df4 ,x5ophon4 ,! ,memorabilia ( ,socrates4 ,n4 ,y4 #dg4 ,plut>*4 ,morals4 ,bo/on4 #dh4 ,mac,alister4 ,montaigne on ,education4 ,bo/on4 #di4 ,pe/alozzi4 ,leon>d & ,g]trude4 ,bo/on4 #ej4 ,neck] de ,saussure4 ducation ,progressive4 ,p>is4 #ea4 ,co*94 ,pe/alozzi3 sa ,vie1 ses uvres1 ses ,m?odes4 ,p>is4 #eb4 ,compayr4 ,c\rs de ,pdagogie4 ,p>is4 #ec4 ,milton4 ,tractate on ,education4 ,cambridge4 #ed4 ,fnelon4 ,fables4 ,p>is4 #ee4 ,fnelon4 ,! ,education ( a ,daught]4 ,dubl94 #ef4 ,m>t94 ,les ,doctr9es ,pdagogiques des ,grecs4 ,p>is4 #eg4 ,jacotot4 ,enseignem5t ,univ]sel4 ,p>is4 #eh4 ,adams4 ,! ,free ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,london4 #ei4 ,conrad4 ,! ,g]man ,univ]sities = ! la/ ,fifty ,ye>s4 ,glasg[4 #fj4 ,capes4 ,univ]sity ,life 9 ,anci5t ,a!ns4 ,n4 ,y4 #fa4 ,mahaffy4 ,old ,greek ,education4 #fb4 ,*assiotis4 ,l',in/ruction ,publique *ez les ,grecs4 ,p>is4 #fc4 ,spi]s4 ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ! ,talmud4 ,london4 #fd4 ,simon4 ,l'ducation et l',in/ruction des ,enfants *ez les ,anci5s ,juifs4 ,p>is4 #fe4 ,edgewor?4 ,practical ,education4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,note4--,= o!r supplem5t>y works1 & = a m complete description ( ! books 9 ! above li/1 consult ! ,bibliography ( ,g4 ,/anley ,hall 7,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co474 ,,index4 ,abel>d1 #ge4 ,academy1 #bb2 ,fr5*1 #bai1 #cja1 #chf4 ,a*illes1 #df4 ,activity1 #eg1 #gb1 #ib1 #ic1 #aga1 #aia1 #bjg1 #dfa1 #dgf2 categories (1 #edb2 ! div9e1 #ded2 indu/rial1 #edd4 ,adalb]ic1 #fh4 ,adaptation1 #bg1 #ca1 #gi1 #ij1 #ib1 #aeh1 #bjj1 #bid1 #cbc1 #cbi1 #ced1 #dfa1 #ecj1 #eec4 ,adle & ,?odore1 ( ,madame de ,g5lis1 #dhj4 ,age1 = public in/ruction1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #ai1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ch1 #di1 #ej1 #ee1 #bhg1 #cbc1 #cdg1 #cdh4 ,agricola1 ,rudolph1 #hg4 ,agriculture1 #dbj4 ,ahriman1 #ad4 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,c\ncil (1 #gc4 ,alcu91 #gb4 ,alex&]1 #aa1 #cf1 #bid4 ,alex&]1 #aah4 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 #gc4 ,all is 9 ,all1 #ebg4 ,amusem5ts1 #cc1 #id1 #if1 #ih1 #aah1 #aai1 #adf1 #afa1 #bdh1 #bid1 #cjf1 #cdh1 #deh1 #dfj4 ,amyot1 #ec1 #ed4 ,analysis1 #bb1 #bc1 #cb1 #db1 #if1 #ahh1 #bhd1 #cad1 #eeh4 ,anselm1 ,sa9t1 #gf1 #gg1 #aai4 ,antiquity1 education 91 #a-af1 #ah1 #cg1 #cbj4 ,arabic1 #ajb4 ,arabs1 #gg4 ,arboga/1 #cic1 #cid4 ,argovia1 #dah1 #dch4 ,argum5t1 #ai1 #eb1 #gd1 #hj1 #ade4 ,ari/ophanes1 #bj1 #hg4 ,ari/otle1 #aj1 #aa1 #bb1 #db1 #df1 #eb1 #ei1 #ff1 #gd1 #cba2 plan ( education1 #cf-da2 ( music1 #bj1 #ci4 ,ari?metic1 #gf1 #hj1 #ih1 #aad1 #abi1 #bje1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #dda2 moral1 #dga4 ,arnauld1 #aed2 ,g5]al ,gramm>1 #aee4 ,art1 #cj1 #ca1 #fj1 #aaf1 #agi1 #cji1 #caj1 #cbg1 #edf2 ( education1 #bb1 #ci1 #fj1 #he1 #ia1 #abb1 #caj1 #dgf2 indu/rial1 #cca1 #cea1 #chd1 #ebh1 #ede2 ( creat+ ?\ght1 #bc1 #ia1 #aef1 #aeg1 #cae1 #caf1 #dga4 ,artisans1 #ae1 #bh1 #dj1 #ih1 #aah1 #acd1 #ace1 #bji1 #cjj1 #efe4 ,arts1 ,faculty (1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #cba1 #cda1 #eab2 ! ,sev5 ,lib]al1 #ge1 #aai4 ,asceticism1 #d1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff1 #afj1 #afa1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,assembly1 ,con/itu5t1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cij1 #cie2 ,legislative1 #cga1 #cgc1 #cij2 ,national1 #cfi1 #cia4 ,assi/ant1 #aj1 #aca1 #bfg1 #cbg1 #dbd4 ,a/ronomy1 #f1 #aa1 #cb1 #ga1 #gd1 #gf1 #ih1 #abi1 #aeg1 #bje4 ,a!ns1 education at1 #ag1 #dj1 #dc4 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 #caj4 d',aubign1 #ec4 ,augu/9e1 ,sa9t1 #dg1 #fd1 #fh1 #ga1 #bai1 #bbe4 ,augu/us1 #df1 #dg4 ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 #ec1 #eh4 ,au/ria1 #dfe4 ,au?ority1 #ae1 #gd1 #ha1 #aaj1 #abb1 #acf1 #agb1 #aia1 #bfd1 #cji1 #eah1 #ebh1 #ecb2 basis (1 #ac1 #cb1 #gd1 #adi1 #afa4 ,aux]re1 #cdb4 ,avignon1 #aci1 #bfc4 ,bacon1 #cb1 #abc1 #abd1 #acc1 #acf1 #aib1 #baa4 ,ba91 #abd1 #aid1 #ech1 #eef-efc2 errors (1 #eei-efc4 ,b>raud1 #dcd4 ,b>rre1 #cig4 ,b>rire1 #dhe4 ,bas$[1 #dad4 ,basil1 ,sa9t1 #fd4 ,bausset1 ,c>d9al de1 #agh4 ,bauz51 #ecg4 ,beauty1 #cj1 #ca1 #hd1 #ih1 #edf4 ,beauvilli]s1 #afe1 #aff4 ,beckx1 #adb1 #ade4 ,belief1 #gd1 #adc1 #aia1 #cjd1 #cha4 ,bell1 ,&rew1 #f1 #eac-eag4 ,belles-lettres1 #aac1 #aej1 #aeb1 #bcf1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbd1 #djd4 ,b5$ict1 ,sa9t1 #fi4 ,b5$ict9es1 #fh1 #gf1 #bgi4 ,b5?am1 ,*re/oma?ia1 #ajj1 #eai1 #efb4 ,b]l91 #dea1 #dfd4 ,b]n>d9 de ,sa9t ,pi]re1 #cid4 ,b]sot1 #adi1 #ecd4 ,b]t1 ,paul1 #cie4 ,b]?ollet1 #dje4 ,burgdorf1 #dai1 #dbf1 #dcc1 #def1 #deg4 ,brulle1 #aej4 ,bias1 #cb4 ,bible1 #g1 #fe1 #ha1 #hf1 #ii1 #aac1 #abj1 #bdh1 #cjd1 #cbd1 #cdb1 #dbj4 ,billom1 ,college (1 #ada4 ,bills1 ,educational1 #cij-daa1 #eji-eab1 #eai-ebe4 ,birr1 #dch4 ,blackie1 ,f\r ,phases ( ,morals1 #ba4 ,blank5burg1 #deg1 #dfc4 ,bo>d+-s*ools1 #bhb1 #cbg1 #cig1 #dcc1 #dhe4 ,body1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #ch1 #fe1 #id1 #aif-aii1 #bib-cae2 ex]cises =1 #ah1 #ai1 #bh1 #id1 #ace1 #bhi-bib4 ,botia1 #ec4 ,bohemia1 #abe4 ,boileau1 #ahb1 #bai1 #bdc4 ,bonneval1 #bhc4 ,book = ,mo!rs1 ,pe/alozzi's1 #dca4 ,books1 #gj1 #hf1 #aje1 #acb1 #bdj1 #bih1 #cfi1 #cic1 #ebh2 use (1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #bah1 #bih1 #ceb1 #dbi1 #dda1 #eaf1 #efd4 ,bossuet1 #ada1 #ahb-ahe1 #bdc4 ,b\ffl]s1 ,m>quis de1 #adh4 ,b\qui]1 #cgi1 #cia1 #djj2 ,law (1 #djj1 #dja4 ,b\rgogne1 #cff2 ,duke (1 #aff1 #agg-ahb4 ,boys1 education (1 #f1 #h1 #cd1 #dh1 #ed1 #id1 #aad1 #bhd-cjb1 #cih4 ,boze1 de1 #bdc4 ,brahm9s1 #d1 #e4 ,bral1 ,mi*el1 #aac1 #cdc1 #ecd4 ,bretagne1 #cdd4 ,bre?r5 ( ,sa9t ,*>les1 #bee4 ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 #aab1 #ach1 #adg1 #bec-bgg1 #cec1 #cfe1 #eac1 #eae4 ,br9on1 ,madame de1 #bbh4 ,br[n+1 #ed4 ,brugg1 #dah1 #dch4 ,buddha1 #d4 ,buisson1 ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie1 #ac1 #acj1 #cfi4 8,bureau ( ,correspond5ce10 #ceh4 ,burni]1 #afc4 ,burn\f1 ,hi/oire du ,b\ddhisme1 #e4 ,buss1 #dbh4 ,cabanis1 #cfi4 ,cabet1 #ebg4 ,cab9et1 s*ool1 #che4 ,cab9et ( du ,mas1 #bci4 ,cadet1 #bdf4 ,cs>1 #ea1 #ajf4 ,cs> de ,bus1 #aci4 ,cajet1 ,dom ,joseph1 #bhj4 ,calv91 #aac4 ,cambridge1 ,univ]sity (1 #gg4 ,campan1 ,madame1 #dhe-dhg4 ,campe1 #dae4 ,campus ,m>tius1 #dd4 ,c>not1 #eja1 #eba1 #ebd4 ,c>r1 #aec4 ,c>?age1 #aje4 ,ca/e1 #b1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #bh1 #cc1 #db1 #adc1 #bef1 #efd4 ,casui/ry1 #fe1 #fg1 #cdc4 ,cate*ism1 #dd1 #ha1 #aac1 #bgb1 #cba1 #cch1 #cfd4 ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 ( ,russia1 #cbj4 ,ca?olicism1 #aci1 #bec-bgg4 ,cav]n1 ,plato's1 #cb4 ,c5tralization1 #ceh1 #cfa1 #chf1 #cie1 #cif1 #eab2 oppos$1 #cgb4 ,c5tral ,s*ools1 #djg4 ,c]emonies1 #ab1 #cj1 #cf1 #adf1 #aii1 #bhg1 #cic4 ,*aillot1 #ejd4 ,*aldee1 #ie4 ,*ance1 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,*ann+1 #ei1 #dgf1 #efc-efe4 ,"*1 #dij1 #dig4 ,*>icles1 #be4 ,*>ity1 #cg1 #fa1 #bha2 condemn$1 #bi1 #aec4 ,*>lemagne1 #ga-gc1 #ajf4 ,*>les ! ,bold1 #fh1 #gc4 ,*>ron1 ,wisdom1 #aaj4 ,*a/ani]1 #bfc4 ,*ateaubri&1 #bde1 #eaa4 ,*evali] de la ,t\r-,l&ry1 #gi4 ,*ild1 #ch1 #ci1 #df1 #gi1 #afi1 #aie1 #aif2 age = /udy1 #aa1 #ci1 #di1 #bhg2 developm5t (1 #ca1 #ch1 #ej1 #aie1 #dee1 #def1 #dih2 education (1 #df1 #dh1 #hj1 #hf1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #abb1 #abi1 #aec1 #afi1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bhd-cjd1 #cah1 #dbj1 #ddb1 #eja-ejd1 #ebj-ebe2 etiquette1 #hh1 #hi1 #aii1 #bgj2 incl9ation (1 #c1 #cc1 #gi1 #aei1 #afi1 #bjg1 #beg1 #bia1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cdf1 #ded1 #dfj1 #dib1 #edg1 #edi2 indulg5ce (1 #ej1 #agb1 #agc1 #bjf1 #eea2 moral protection (1 #ci1 #di1 #ej1 #gh1 #hh1 #agc1 #bdh1 #dgj-dge2 puni%m5t (1 #f1 #g1 #ab1 #cc1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #ajb1 #bga-bgf1 #eea2 ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 #bg1 #cig1 #cih4 ,*9ese1 #aa-ac2 civil s]vice (1 #af4 ,*ri1 #ea4 ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 ,! ,ord] ( !1 #aci4 ,*ri/ianity1 #h1 #fa1 #aaf1 #agd1 #bbh1 #bdh1 #cjd4 ,*ri/ian ,m>riage1 ( ,erasmus1 #ij4 ,*ri/ians1 ,! ,e>ly1 #fa-fg4 ,*rysale1 #bab1 #bac4 ,*rysippus1 #dh1 #ea4 ,*ur*1 ,!1 #fh1 #fi1 #ha1 #aci1 #bcc1 #cai1 #ccj1 #cfe1 #cga1 #dac4 ,cic]o1 #df1 #dg1 #gj1 #ie1 #aja4 ,cic]omania1 #he4 ,circul> ( ,guizot1 #eba4 ,ci?>i/1 #bj4 ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 #cfj1 #cgd1 #djj1 #dhi4 ,cl>ke1 #aif4 ,classes1 #bfg1 #eja4 ,cleanl9ess1 #fe1 #ij1 #ic1 #id4 ,cl]gy1 #ajc1 #afd4 ,cl]mont1 #ada4 ,cloi/]1 #ff1 #fi1 #bag1 #cdf4 ,co-education1 #abh1 #bca1 #bef1 #cfi1 #cgh1 #cih4 ,colleges1 #he1 #ada1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bdi1 #cba1 #chb1 #eab4 ,colloquy ( ! ,abb1 ( ,erasmus1 #ij4 ,com$y1 #cj1 #ci4 ,com5ius1 #ajf1 #aab1 #aah1 #aba-acf1 #aee1 #bhb1 #dae1 #deg4 ,communication1 #ac1 #ec1 #ajf2 lack (1 #gj1 #afa1 #bag1 #bff2 ( k1 #da1 #ec1 #ga1 #aac1 #aca1 #adg1 #efe4 ,compayr1 #aij1 #aid1 #bjc1 #cji1 #ccf1 #chi1 #efh4 ,compulsion1 #abj1 #acf1 #ahb1 #bee1 #bfc1 #cba1 #cgj1 #chg1 #cig1 #cih1 #djj1 #ebc1 #ecc4 ,comte1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #ebi-eca4 ,cond1 #ada4 ,condillac1 #abd1 #aid1 #cab-cai1 #cdf1 #djc1 #ecd2 ,grammaire1 #abd4 ,condorcet1 #bhb1 #cbc1 #cgi-chi1 #cib1 #cig1 #djg4 ,conduct ( ,s*ools1 ,la ,salle's1 #bfb-bgf4 ,confucius1 #ab4 ,conjugal ,precepts1 ,plut>*'s1 #ee4 ,consci5ce1 #bd1 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #aje1 #afc1 #bjj1 #bja1 #cjc1 #ccj1 #dbd1 #ebb1 #edc4 ,consid]ant1 ,victor1 #ebh4 ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 #cgb1 #cij1 #cie4 ,con/ruction1 #dei1 #dfa1 #dii4 ,conv5tion1 ,!1 #cij-daa4 ,conv5ts1 #fb-gj1 #bad-bah1 #cgh1 #dhe4 ,conv]sation1 #ajf1 #bje1 #bii2 ) ,ari/odemus1 #bf2 ,art (1 #bb1 #ajf1 #ajg2 ( ,buddha & ,purna1 #d1 #e4 ,conv]sations1 ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 #bbb-bbi4 ,cordova1 #gg4 ,coriolanus1 #de4 ,corneille1 #ada1 #bac4 ,cornelia1 #de4 ,corporal puni%m5t1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #ab1 #cc1 #ea1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #ajb1 #adg1 #adh1 #aeb1 #afj1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bea1 #bga-bgf1 #ccf1 #eea4 ,co/e1 ,p41 #aif4 ,cotton1 ,montaigne1 #ajb4 ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 #fd4 ,c\ncil ( public in/ruction1 #cei1 #cfi1 #cib1 #cif4 ,c\ncils-,g5]al1 #cib1 #eji4 ,c\nsels to h] ,daught]1 ( ,madame de ,lamb]t1 #agf4 ,c\rage1 #ae1 #ah1 #cf1 #bid1 #ebb4 ,c\rnot1 #ecd4 ,c\rse ( ,/udy1 ,condillac's1 #bad-bai4 ,c\rses = adults1 #chc1 #chd4 ,c\rses ( /udy1 #cba1 #cbf1 #cdh1 #cfe1 #cgg1 #chc1 #cih1 #djb1 #dgb1 #dhf1 #ebj-ebe1 #eei4 ,c\rtalon1 #djd4 ,c\s91 #aef1 #ebc1 #ecc4 ,c\/el1 ,education ( ,*ildr51 #aed4 ,critias1 #be4 ,cr\saz1 #bhb4 ,culture1 #h1 #ca1 #da1 #dg1 #ee1 #fj1 #fi1 #aaa1 #aeh1 #cbe1 #chh1 #edc1 #efe2 ,a!nian1 #ah1 #cj1 #ca1 #dc2 ,*9ese1 #ac2 ,egyptian1 #ad2 ( ! imag9ation1 #dii1 #ejj2 ( ! ,middle ,age1 #fi2 self1 #eg1 #ei1 #hg1 #cja1 #chc1 #dba1 #dci1 #dgf1 #ejd1 #edi1 #efd2 /udies1 #dj1 #fj1 #aeg1 #cbd-cbf1 #cce1 #cci4 ,curiosity1 #ajf1 #acj1 #agj1 #ahd1 #bdg1 #cdg1 #ejc4 ,cyropdia1 ,x5ophon's1 #ad1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,cze*1 #abe1 #abf4 ,daci]1 ,madame1 #bac4 ,d',alemb]t1 #bgh1 #cai1 #cca4 ,danc+1 #aah1 #afa1 #aha1 #bad1 #cjf1 #cif4 ,d>91 #dbg4 ,daub5ton1 #dje4 ,daun\1 #chf1 #cia1 #cie1 #daj1 #daa4 ,dauph91 ,!1 #ahb-ahe4 ,david1 #ff4 ,decazes1 #eae4 ,deism1 #ii1 #cjd1 #cje1 #ded1 #dgf4 ,de ,la/eyrie1 #eaf4 ,dmia1 #bed-beh4 ,demogeot1 #bjc4 ,demo/h5es1 #aad4 ,de ,ratione ,/udii1 ( ,erasmus1 #hh4 ,de ,sacy1 #aed4 ,desc>tes1 #ada1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #ahg-aib1 #bac1 #bcd4 ,des*amps1 #eae4 ,dessau1 #dae4 ,de/9y1 ( man1 #fb1 #aji1 #ace1 #acf1 #afc1 #ahh1 #bci1 #ded1 #dib1 #eci1 #edb1 #efg2 ( woman1 #ejj4 ,de ,tocqueville1 #dia4 ,developm5t1 #ac1 #bc1 #ca1 #ch1 #di1 #ia1 #ic1 #aaa1 #abi1 #aeh1 #bjh1 #bhh1 #cac1 #cha1 #dab1 #dba1 #dbc1 #dcf1 #dci1 #dee1 #dgf1 #die1 #ejc1 #edb2 precoci\s1 #ej1 #bdj4 ,dev5t]1 #hf4 ,devotion1 #bad-bag1 #bbh1 #bfi1 #cje1 #cah1 #ddb4 ,dialectics1 #cb1 #db1 #de1 #eb1 #ge1 #gf1 #aah4 ,dialogue1 #bb1 #bd4 ,dialogues ( ! ,dead1 ,fnelon's1 #aff1 #agi4 ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie1 #aa1 #ac1 #acj1 #cfi1 #cga1 #cia1 #dfd4 ,didactica ,magna1 #abd1 #abf4 ,didactics1 #bb1 #ej1 #ec1 #ff1 #gh1 #ig1 #aba1 #bjf4 ,did]ot1 #aba1 #bgh1 #cai-cbg1 #cdd4 ,die/]weg1 #dbb1 #dfd1 #dfe4 ,dignity1 ( "m1 #bia1 #chd2 ( p]sons1 #ah1 #ce1 #eg1 #fb1 #gh1 #afb1 #bja1 #bjg1 #bgc1 #cjd1 #cch4 ,diog5es1 #bib4 ,diog5es ,lartius1 #cg4 ,discipl9e1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #bj1 #cc1 #cf1 #ch1 #da1 #dd1 #ej1 #ea1 #gf1 #gg1 #ha1 #hh1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #aai1 #ade-adh1 #aei-afb1 #ahj1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bch1 #bdi-beb1 #bfc-bff1 #bgj-bgf1 #ccf1 #cff1 #daf1 #eea2 ( consequ5ces1 #ccf1 #eea4 ,disc\rse on ,me?od1 ( ,desc>tes1 #ahh4 ,discov]y1 #abd1 #aeg1 #dce1 #edi4 ,dittes1 ,hi/oire de l'ducation1 #c1 #f1 #ac1 #aad1 #dac1 #daf1 #ebf1 #ecg4 ,division ( labor1 #aca1 #aeb1 #bff1 #ced1 #efi4 ,doctors1 ( ! ,*ur*1 #fc1 #fg1 #fh1 #gd1 #ge4 ,doctr9>ies1 ,!1 #aci1 #cie4 ,domitian1 #dg1 #ec4 ,donatus1 #aah4 ,dordogne1 #djj1 #dcd4 ,drama1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bdb1 #caf1 #cgh4 ,drane1 ,augu/a ,f41 ,*ri/ian ,s*ools & ,s*ol>s1 #gb4 ,draw+1 #ci1 #acj1 #bjd1 #cbf4 ,dressl]1 #ecg4 ,dualism1 #ad2 ,socratic1 #bc1 #bd4 ,dubois1 #cef4 ,duclos1 #cde4 ,dum>sais1 #cca4 ,dumon/i]1 #djd4 ,dupanl\p1 #eje1 #eca1 #ecb4 ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 #dic4 ,duruy1 #cfb1 #cff1 #dji1 #ejb1 #ebb1 #ebc4 ,dussault1 #dca4 ,duty1 #bjj1 #ccc1 #ccg1 #cch1 #dij1 #dic2 ( tea*]1 #ej1 #aii1 #beg1 #bia4 ,economics1 #cd1 #ee4 ,economy1 #cf1 #cih2 9 education1 #eaf2 ( nature1 #c1 #ca1 #bhf1 #bij1 #eec4 c\51 #dhe4 ,edgwor?1 ,miss1 #dhb4 ,education1 #cj-cc1 #da1 #db1 #dh1 #hj1 #efe2 9 antiquity1 #a-af2 ,a!nian1 #ah1 #bh1 #dc2 by ! ,*ur*1 #fc1 #fi1 #ha1 #adc1 #bcc1 #bgg2 def9ition (1 #cc1 #cg1 #ajc1 #edj2 dome/ic1 #g1 #h1 #ce1 #dh1 #ed1 #ee1 #abg1 #bbg1 #cgh1 #dbb1 #dhe1 #dih2 ext5t (1 #ca1 #cd1 #ea1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #abh1 #aeh1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #efc1 #efg2 =mal1 #ab1 #ade-adg1 #cdg2 among ! ,greeks1 #ag-db2 high]1 #f1 #bh1 #ca1 #ee1 #ge1 #hj1 #aac1 #abh1 #bcc1 #eab2 intellectual1 #bi1 #ca1 #ci1 #da1 #aaj1 #aef1 #aeg1 #bjc1 #dfh-dge1 #dif1 #edh2 moral1 #ci1 #da1 #dh1 #ei1 #ii1 #acf1 #aei-afb1 #agg-ahb1 #aii-bjc1 #bde-beb1 #bhj1 #chj1 #cha1 #dfe1 #eej1 #efg2 national1 #cdj-chi1 #ebc1 #ecj1 #ecf1 #efd-efh2 negative1 #bhg-caj1 #ccd1 #cdh1 #dig1 #edb-eee2 ! new1 #ic1 #abc1 #aib1 #bjh1 #baj1 #bhd-caj1 #cdc1 #cdg1 #def1 #dfj1 #edb2 obligatory1 #h1 #ac1 #af1 #db1 #aae1 #abj1 #acf1 #ahb1 #bee1 #bfc1 #cba1 #cgj1 #cga1 #chg1 #djj1 #dji1 #daa1 #ebc2 ! old1 #ib1 #add1 #aib1 #bhc1 #cfd1 #dfj1 #edg2 physical1 #ai1 #bi1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #gj1 #ic1 #aai1 #ace1 #aif-aii1 #bhc1 #dif1 #eed1 #eee2 p[] (1 #f1 #hj1 #afc1 #aha1 #ahf1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccc1 #edd1 #efe2 public1 #h1 #ac1 #bg1 #cg1 #di1 #aac-acf1 #ahb1 #bji1 #bej1 #bgi1 #dhd1 #efe2 purpose (1 #ih1 #ajd1 #acf1 #aeh1 #aha1 #bch1 #caf1 #cah1 #cdf1 #cdg1 #chc1 #ded1 #dhc1 #dif1 #eca1 #ecf1 #efd1 #efg2 ,roman1 #dc-fj2 sci5ce (1 #bb1 #dh1 #ec1 #ei1 #ece-ega2 sci5tific1 #bh1 #cb1 #dj1 #ia1 #aea1 #aeg1 #ece-eee2 self1 #eg1 #ei1 #hg1 #bii1 #chc1 #dba1 #dci1 #dgf1 #ejd1 #edi1 #efd2 ,sp>tan1 #ah1 #cd1 #cg1 #dc2 sy/ematic1 #b1 #ch1 #da1 #ia1 #abh1 #bhh1 #ebe1 #eca1 #edg2 treatises on1 #i1 #ad1 #bg1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #dj1 #dg1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #fd1 #hj1 #hh1 #ib1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #abf1 #aed1 #aff1 #aie1 #bbc1 #bce1 #cai1 #dba1 #dbb1 #dca1 #dch1 #dhj1 #eja-ejc2 univ]sal1 #h1 #ac1 #af1 #fb1 #ajj1 #aae1 #aah1 #abi1 #acf1 #big1 #cgd1 #daa1 #dfh1 #dhj1 #dha1 #eaj1 #ebf-eca1 #ecd1 #efe2 a univ]sal "r1 #af1 #cc1 #cg1 #ee1 #aeh1 #cbe1 #cef1 #dhd1 #ecj2 ( wom51 #cd1 #ee1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abh1 #afh1 #agd-agf1 #bab-bca1 #bda1 #bhb1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cgh1 #che1 #dgh-ejg4 ,education1 ,sp5c]'s1 #c1 #ajj1 #abd1 #ejg1 #ecd1 #ech-eee4 ,education z a ,sci5ce1 ,ba9's1 #abd1 #aid1 #eef-efc4 ,education ( ,girls1 ,fnelon's1 #afe-afi1 #agd-agg1 #ahd1 #bab1 #bbi4 ,education ( ,man1 ,frbel's1 #dec-def4 ,education ( a ,pr9ce1 ,nicole's1 #aed4 ,education ( ,wom51 ( ,madame de ,rmusat1 #dhg-dij4 ,egypt1 #ad4 ,elocution1 #ba1 #ea1 #eb1 #ajg4 mile1 ,!1 #bg1 #ih1 #abf1 #baj1 #bce1 #bgh-caj4 ,emotions1 #db1 #ff1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bhe1 #cjc1 #eej1 #eea4 ,emulation1 #fg1 #adf1 #afb1 #ahc1 #bii4 ,encyclopdie1 ,!1 #cai4 ,encyclopdi/s1 #ccg1 #dhj4 ,engl&1 #gb1 #efd4 ,entreti5s sur les ,sci5ces1 ,lamy's1 #aej1 #aea4 ,environm5t1 #c1 #ci1 #eh1 #gj1 #aid1 #beh1 #caj1 #cci4 ,epicureans1 #eb1 #ajh1 #ada4 ,equality1 #fa1 #aij1 #cbh1 #cgd1 #chj1 #djj1 #efe2 ( sex1 #bda1 #bef1 #chd1 #dgi1 #ejf4 ,erasmus1 #he-ia1 #id2 works (1 #hf1 #che4 ,espionage1 #adg1 #beh1 #bgf4 ,e/h]1 #bai1 #bdb4 ,e/\teville1 ,c>d9al d'1 #bcb4 ,e?ics1 #bd1 #cg1 #ci1 #db1 #ej1 #eg1 #gf1 #bjf1 #bdg1 #bgj1 #bib1 #cbb1 #cbf1 #cea1 #dgj1 #dgg1 #dia1 #eci4 ,e?nology1 #b4 ,etiquette1 #hh1 #id1 #afa1 #aii1 #bbg1 #bgj2 ( ladies1 #ij1 #bbg4 ,eudemon ( ,rabelais1 #ib-ajj4 ,eu?ydemus1 ,!1 #bd4 ,evil1 #ad1 #ca1 #fe1 #ff1 #aei1 #afi2 cause (1 #d1 #ad1 #aei1 #bag1 #bhg1 #ccc1 #cha1 #dib2 h[ ov]come1 #ef1 #ff1 #afj1 #bag1 #ccc1 #cha1 #efe4 ,evolution1 #ecj4 ,exam9ations1 #af2 ( tea*]s1 #bee1 #bfa1 #cba1 #ceh1 #cfg1 #dcb1 #eac4 ,example1 #ec4 ,exclusiv5ess1 #ab1 #ad1 #dj1 #ed1 #gj1 #adc1 #bag1 #bbd1 #ceb1 #edj4 ,excursions1 #ig1 #ih1 #cdh1 #def4 ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,fnelon's1 #aff4 ,exp]i5ce1 #aj1 #cb1 #ec1 #ib1 #ic1 #ig1 #ajf1 #acf1 #dhe4 ,explanation1 #aa1 #acc1 #aef1 #bii4 ,expulsion1 #bga4 ,fables1 #aij1 #bdj1 #bdd1 #bie1 #cae1 #cce1 #cdh1 #did4 ,fables1 ,fnelon's1 #aff1 #agc1 #agg-ahj1 #ahf4 ,faculties1 ,!1 #bcc1 #cba1 #chc1 #eaa-eac4 ,faire faire1 #dig4 ,fai?1 #gd1 #aac1 #adc1 #cjd1 #cha4 ,family1 #g1 #ab1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #de1 #ed1 #fj1 #abh1 #abi1 #bia1 #cgh1 #eji1 #ecd1 #edb1 #ede2 sacrific$1 #bg1 #adf1 #bbd1 #cig1 #cih1 #cii4 ,f>r>1 ,ar*deacon1 #ad4 ,fa!rs1 ,! e>ly1 #fc1 #fg1 #fh4 ,fa!rs1 #ij1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aji1 #cde1 #dbd1 #ede4 ,faults1 9 education1 #dj1 #df1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gd1 #ib1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaf1 #acc1 #adc1 #ade1 #adi1 #afa1 #afg1 #afh1 #aga1 #aha1 #ahi1 #bja1 #bbf1 #bgj-bgf1 #bib1 #cjb-cjg1 #cbb1 #cbi1 #cda1 #cdb1 #dcb1 #dcg1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dgj1 #eah1 #ecd1 #eeb1 #efh2 ( ,greek p$agogy1 #dj2 ( wom51 #dhh1 #dhi4 ,fe>1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,feel+s1 #cc1 #ahj1 #bge1 #bie1 #cjj1 #ddd4 ,felbig]1 #daf4 ,fell5b]g1 ,agricultural ,in/itutes1 #dbb4 ,f5c+1 #gj1 #ih1 #aad4 ,fnelon1 #gh1 #afd-ahf1 #aih1 #bab1 #bad1 #bbi1 #bda1 #bhb1 #djc1 #dhf4 ,f]ri]1 ,greek ,philosophy1 #ba4 ,f]ule1 #ajb1 #bgb4 ,fi*te1 #dbb1 #ddc2 ,disc\rse to ! ,g]man ,nation1 #ecf4 ,firmness1 #cc1 #aja1 #bgd4 ,fis*]1 #dci4 ,fit*1 #ccf4 ,fl*i]1 #ada4 ,fleury1 ,! ,abb1 #gd1 #ge1 #aed1 #aff1 #bad1 #bdj4 ,fonta9e1 ,madame de1 #bbj4 ,fontanes1 #eaa4 ,=m1 #dcj4 ,=malism1 #ab1 #cf1 #gd1 #ia1 #ade1 #baa1 #bfc1 #cdb1 #dde4 ,=t\l1 #eja4 ,f\rcroy1 #dgh1 #eaj4 ,f\ri]1 #ebg1 #ebi4 ,f\rni]1 #dei4 ,france1 #gb1 #bah-bbd2 ,college (1 #he4 ,francke1 #dad4 ,frank=t1 #ddh4 ,fre$om1 #dj1 #fa1 #aja1 #aff1 #caj1 #efe2 annihilat$1 #c1 #d1 #gd1 #ib1 #djc2 ( intellig5ce1 #gb1 #gg1 #ia1 #aia1 #cid1 #efd4 ,fr5*1 #ajb1 #aed1 #bcd1 #bdb1 #cdb1 #ceg1 #cib4 ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,!1 #ga1 #cjh1 #cfj1 #cfb-chi1 #ebb4 ,friburg1 #dfe1 #dfg4 ,frbel1 #ddf-dfe1 #eja4 ,fronto1 #eh4 ,frugality1 #ad1 #ae1 #cf1 #fe1 #afi1 #aig1 #aii1 #bbi1 #beh1 #dah1 #deb4 ,fulneck1 #abe4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 #fa4 ,gall1 #ech4 ,gamala1 ,jo%ua ,b51 #i4 ,gamaliel1 #aa4 ,g>gantua ( ,rabelais1 #ia-ajj4 ,g>ni]1 #ejj4 ,g>ot1 #bdj4 ,gaud5tius1 ,lett] to1 #fd4 ,gaulti]1 ,! ,abb1 #ead1 #eaf4 ,g5esis1 ( k1 #cac1 #eeh4 ,g5eva1 ,college (1 #aac4 ,g5lis1 ,madame de1 #agf1 #dgi-dhb4 ,geography1 #bd1 #hj1 #abi1 #aea1 #aei1 #ahc1 #bje1 #bdj1 #big1 #cbb1 #cdb1 #cdi1 #djj1 #djc1 #dcf1 #dha2 moral1 #dgb4 ,geometry1 #aa1 #ca1 #dg1 #ea1 #gf1 #hj1 #ih1 #abi1 #bje1 #dcf4 ,gr&o1 #ebj4 ,g]man1 #cea4 ,g]many1 #aad1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #dac1 #ebd1 #ebf4 ,g]many ( ,madame de ,/al1 #die4 ,g]son1 #gg1 #gh4 ,gessn]1 #dbg4 8,gifts0 ( ,frbel1 #deb1 #deh1 #dei1 #dgf4 ,gir>d1 ,! ,pre1 #dca1 #dcg1 #ddf1 #dfe-dge4 ,girls1 de/9y (1 #ejj2 education (1 #e1 #h1 #aa1 #ce1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #gi1 #hj1 #ij1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aag1 #abh1 #afh1 #agd1 #age1 #bab-bca1 #bcg1 #bda1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #chd1 #cih1 #cii1 #dgh-ejg4 ,girondi/s1 #cia4 ,god1 #fa1 #fc1 #ii1 #agd1 #ahb1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #ded1 #ebb2 belief 91 #bf1 #bg1 #agc1 #cjd1 #ccg2 duty to1 #cj1 #ff1 #adi1 #ahb1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbj1 #bgj1 #cjd1 #eab2 k (1 #cae1 #ccg2 omnipres5ce (1 #c1 #aib1 #ded4 ,g!1 #ech4 ,goldamm]1 #dei4 ,gold5 rule1 example (1 #e1 #gh4 ,gonzagas1 ,pr9ce (1 #gi4 ,good1 ,!1 #cj1 #ca1 #bhf4 ,goodw91 ,plut>*'s ,morals1 #ed4 ,gorgias1 ,!1 #bd4 ,gossot1 #ejd4 ,g\rnay1 ,mademoiselle1 #aaj4 ,gov]nm5t1 #bch1 #bfd1 #bgj-bgf4 ,grac*us1 #de4 ,grades1 #abg1 #abh1 #acg1 #bbd1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bfg1 #bhh1 #cbc1 #cdh1 #cgf1 #chb1 #cic1 #dif1 #edh1 #eei4 ,gramm>1 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #ci1 #dg1 #ea1 #ga1 #ij1 #acj1 #acc1 #add1 #aed1 #aee1 #aga1 #ahc1 #bdc1 #caf1 #cbc1 #dgj-dge4 ,gramm>ian1 #bj1 #ea1 #ajc1 #dgj4 ,gratuity1 #abj1 #bed1 #bfb1 #cba1 #cfg1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #cgf1 #chf1 #chh1 #cih1 #ebb1 #ebc1 #ecc1 #eff4 ,gray ,fri>s1 #dff4 ,grard1 #baf1 #bbc1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #cjf1 #ced1 #deg1 #dfa1 #dhj1 #eje1 #eae1 #eaf1 #eah1 #eec1 #efb4 ,greek1 ! /udy (1 #dh1 #ga1 #hf1 #ie1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aba1 #adc1 #add1 #ahc1 #ahi1 #bje1 #bcg1 #bdd1 #beg1 #bhc1 #cag1 #cba1 #cbd-cbf1 #cea1 #ceb1 #dha1 #eab1 #edg1 #eei4 ,greek p$agogy1 #aa1 #ag-db4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,sa9t1 #fh4 ,grie%eim1 #deb4 ,grignan1 ,madame de1 #bad4 ,grimm1 #cdd4 ,groot1 ,g]>d1 #hf4 ,grossel91 #ace4 ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 #ba4 ,grun]1 #ddh4 ,gui5ne1 ,college (1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,guidance1 z object ( in/ruction1 #af1 #di1 #eg1 #bja1 #bia1 #bic1 #cah4 ,guillaume1 #cia4 ,guizot1 #dij1 #eab1 #eai-ebb2 ,madame1 #dij-did4 ,guyon1 ,madame1 #agd4 ,guyot1 #aed4 ,guyton de ,morveau1 #cdc4 ,gymnasium1 #abh1 #ade2 ,greek1 #ai4 ,gymna/ics1 #ai1 #bh1 #bi1 #ci1 #dd1 #gi1 #id1 #ace1 #aie-aii1 #bib1 #dcc2 intellectual1 #cbd1 #cbf2 int]dict$1 #ff4 ,habits1 #bic1 #cae1 #ccd4 ,halle1 #dad4 ,halle aux ,draps1 mutual s*ool1 #eag4 ,hamilton1 #aid1 #djd4 ,hamilton1 ,miss1 #dhb-dhd4 ,hannibal1 #aje4 ,happ9ess1 #c1 #bid1 #cbh4 8,h>d5+ process10 #aif-aih1 #bia1 #bib1 #deb4 ,h>mony1 #bj1 #bi1 #ca1 #ci1 #da1 #eb1 #gi1 #aaj1 #dea4 ,h>tley1 #dhc4 ,h>v>d ,college1 #abe4 ,heal?1 #bi1 #ci1 #fe1 #gi1 #id1 #afi1 #bbb1 #edb4 ,he>t1 #ab1 #ef1 #ff1 #aaj1 #cjc1 #ddc1 #dfi1 #dga-dge1 #dih4 ,hebrew1 #ie1 #ii1 #aah1 #aba4 ,hebrews1 #g-aa4 ,heck]1 #dad4 ,hegel1 #ddg4 ,heidelb]g1 ,univ]sity (1 #gg4 ,helvetius1 #aif1 #cai1 #cbg-ccj1 #cdd4 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ( ,france1 #ec1 #adg1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,h]b>t1 #aid1 #ecg4 ,h]bault1 #ead4 ,h]d]1 #ech4 ,h]$ity1 #cac4 ,h]odotus1 #cb4 ,h]san1 #bce4 ,h9doos1 #b-d4 ,hi/ory1 #ab1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf1 #dg1 #ec1 #gf1 #hj1 #ia1 #aje1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abi1 #add1 #ade1 #aea1 #agc1 #age1 #agi1 #aij1 #bjf2 ( education1 #he1 #abf4 ,holidays1 #cic4 ,hol9ess1 #fc1 #fh1 #ajj1 #bad-bag1 #bbh4 ,holl&1 #hf1 #bhb1 #bhc4 ,holl&1 ,philemon1 ,plut>*'s ,morals1 #ed4 ,hom]1 #bj1 #fd1 #cbj1 #cbd4 ,honor1 #aif1 #aii1 #bjj1 #cjb4 ,horace1 #de1 #ei1 #hg1 #cbd4 ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] ,*ildr51 ,pe/alozzi's1 #dbg4 ,huc1 #ac4 ,humani/1 #ia1 #ajj1 #afc1 #aie1 #bac1 #cbd4 ,humanities1 ,!1 #gc1 #hj1 #ia1 #add1 #aea1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cea1 #eeh-efa4 ,humanities1 ,arnauld's1 #aed4 ,human ,und]/&+1 ,locke's1 #aif4 ,hume1 #aid4 ,hygi5e1 #ci1 #gi1 #hd1 #id1 #aig1 #bib1 #edd4 ,ideal1 #ff1 #ajd1 #aea1 #bgi2 ,*9ese1 #ab1 #ac2 ( ! ,fa!rs1 #ff2 ,greek1 #da2 ,hebrew1 #g2 ,h9doo1 #c-e2 ,roman1 #dd1 #eg2 ,p]sian1 #ad1 #ae4 ,ideali/s1 #aic1 #cfc4 ,ideas1 #cae1 #cha2 bir? (1 #bc1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cha1 #dci1 #dga1 #ejc2 gramm> (1 #dga2 innate1 #dci2 religi\s1 #c1 #db1 #fb2 made significant1 #ajg1 #acc1 #aeg1 #bic4 ,id5tity1 loss (1 #c4 ,ignorance1 #ac1 #ah1 #bi1 #fh1 #gj1 #gb1 #aaf1 #adc1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #cjj1 #cfd1 #cfi1 #eai2 le>n$1 #ib1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aag1 #ahi2 ,socratic1 #bb1 #bd4 ,imag9ation1 #db1 #ig1 #ih1 #acc1 #ace1 #agd1 #agf1 #aia1 #bhe1 #cdg1 #djc1 #dii1 #ejj4 ,imitation1 #ab1 #di1 #ej1 #hd1 #add1 #dfb1 #dfg4 ,imitation1 ,g]son's1 #gg1 #gh4 ,immobility1 #af1 #ah1 #ade1 #cdb4 ,impressions1 #bjh1 #bie1 #cbh1 #ccd1 #dfa1 #dhd1 #dib1 #ejc4 ,india1 education 91 #f1 #ead4 ,individuality1 #c1 #ae1 #cg1 #eg1 #hd1 #he1 #abc1 #acf1 #aeh1 #bjg1 #caj1 #cac1 #cch1 #cha1 #dci1 #deb1 #dfa1 #dhi1 #edi2 loss (1 #d1 #bg1 #bi1 #eg1 #fc1 #ih1 #ade1 #adf1 #bgd1 #cdf4 ,induction1 #bf1 #bg1 #cf1 #if1 #ajg1 #aba1 #abc1 #acc1 #aeg1 #bie1 #cac1 #edh4 ,indulg5ce1 #ej2 ( tea*]s1 #ij1 #adf4 ,in]tness1 intellectual1 #b1 #bi1 #dd1 #fh1 #gj1 #ib1 #add1 #bbh1 #cbi1 #eah4 ,in/9ct1 #bd1 #ca1 #ic1 #acc1 #bij1 #dfj1 #ebi1 #ecf4 ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r51 #aab1 #ach1 #aec-afc1 #beb-bgg4 ,in/itutes1 #chb4 ,in/itutes ( ,oratory1 #dh1 #fj1 #hi4 ,in/ruction1 #ac1 #ci1 #df1 #gi1 #aii1 #bhj1 #cgi2 ,*ri/ian1 #fb1 #bfi2 dome/ic1 #g1 #bg1 #de1 #df1 #ee1 #abg1 #abi1 #bbg1 #cgh1 #chd1 #dhe2 ecclesia/ical1 #fc1 #fi1 #ha1 #aci1 #afg1 #bah1 #bcc1 #cde2 gratuit\s1 #fi1 #gc1 #gh1 #abj1 #bed1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #cba1 #cfg1 #cgj1 #cgf1 #chf1 #cih1 #dji1 #ebc1 #eff2 indirect1 #agj1 #agg-ahb1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bbc1 #bhg-caj1 #dha2 mutual1 #f1 #ec1 #aca1 #bfg1 #cib1 #dbd1 #eac-eai1 #ecd2 national1 #cdj-chi1 #ebc1 #efe2 ne$ (1 #gj1 #ga1 #aae1 #aaf1 #cbj1 #cef1 #cfi1 #ebc1 #eff2 popul>1 #h1 #acj1 #dae1 #dch1 #dhj1 #dhg1 #ebb2 prim>y1 #ac1 #bj1 #dj1 #ee1 #ha1 #hf1 #aab-acf1 #aci1 #adb1 #aec1 #agg1 #bji1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bec-bgg1 #cba1 #cec1 #cef1 #cfj1 #cfd1 #chd1 #dag1 #dcc1 #dee-dfe1 #dfh-dge1 #ejf1 #ebd1 #ebe2 public1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #bj1 #bg1 #ch1 #df1 #di1 #gc1 #gh1 #aad1 #abh1 #ahb1 #bji1 #cba1 #ccj1 #ebb-ebe2 religi\s1 #ih1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aae1 #aah1 #beg1 #cjc1 #ccf1 #cdf1 #chj1 #dch1 #deb1 #dff1 #eed2 second>y1 #hf1 #aac1 #abh1 #aci1 #adc1 #bje1 #bcc1 #bhb2 self1 #eg1 #hg1 #acf1 #aef1 #cah1 #chc1 #dba1 #dci1 #dgf1 #ejd1 #edi1 #efd2 s5se1 #aic1 #bhc1 #djc2 simultane\s1 #ea1 #aeb1 #bdj1 #bff1 #bgg1 #dbd1 #eae2 te*nical1 #aic1 #bjf1 #bfc1 #bha1 #cca1 #cgf1 #chd1 #djh1 #dad1 #dai1 #ede4 ,intellig5ce1 #ch1 #eh1 #ga1 #gb1 #hj1 #ic1 #aja1 #aia1 #aib1 #bif1 #caf1 #cbj1 #ced1 #cgj1 #dcf1 #ddj1 #dee1 #dih2 disreg>d =1 #dd1 #fh1 #gj1 #ib1 #adc1 #aga1 #djc2 works (1 #bf1 #bg1 #aji1 #aef1 #aeg1 #cid1 #efd4 ,int]pretation1 #ae1 #aeh1 #bic4 ,intuition1 #abi1 #acb1 #acc1 #bij-caj1 #djc1 #dae1 #dbc1 #dbh1 #dch1 #ddi1 #deb1 #edh-eee4 ,irony1 ,socratic1 #bc4 ,israelites1 #f-aa4 ,italy1 #hd1 #dge4 ,jacotot1 #aij1 #ebf1 #ebg4 ,janet1 #djc4 ,jans5i/s1 #aaj1 #aec-afc1 #bcd4 ,janua l+u>um res]ata1 ( ,com5ius1 #abf1 #abg1 #acd4 ,jeal\sy1 #ab1 #be1 #aec1 #bei4 ,j5a1 ,prussians at1 #h4 ,j]ome1 ,sa9t1 #fd1 #ga4 ,j]omites1 #hf4 ,jesuits1 #he1 #aci-aej1 #ahi1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #beh1 #bgi1 #cdj-cdd1 #dfh2 ( ! ,ea/1 #ab4 ,jewess1 education (1 #h1 #aa4 ,jews1 #h-aa1 #af4 ,john ( ,wessel1 #hf1 #hg4 ,joly1 ,claude1 #bef1 #bfa4 ,jom>d1 #eaf4 ,joseph9e1 ,! ,empress1 #dfg4 ,j\b]t1 #dhi4 ,j\ffroy1 #fb1 #dia4 ,judgm5t1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aef1 #afc1 #aia1 #bha1 #bie1 #bif1 #dfj1 #dfg1 #dgj4 ,juilly1 ,college (1 #aej4 ,ju/ice1 #ae1 #cj1 #dj1 #bhj1 #bha1 #cjc4 ,juv5al1 #ei4 ,kant1 #bjj1 #cji1 #ccb-cch1 #dae1 #dbb1 #ecf4 ,keilhau1 #deb1 #dfd4 ,khung-tsze1 #ab1 #ac4 ,k9d]g>t5s1 #ddg1 #deb1 #deg-dfe1 #dgf1 #dgg4 ,k9d]mann1 #daf4 ,klop/ock1 #dbb4 ,k1 #ae1 #ec1 #hj1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aac1 #aib1 #cgj1 #edg2 cle>ness (1 #ec2 ( facts1 #ge1 #abi1 #bij2 a means1 #da1 #eg1 #ia1 #ajd2 ( nature1 #ia1 #if1 #abi1 #bie1 #ddj2 s\rce (1 #eh1 #acd1 #cac1 #edh2 be=e practice1 #cb1 #eg1 #ga1 #ace2 value1 #fj2 = wom51 #afh1 #age1 #beb1 #bhb1 #cjg1 #chd1 #dhh1 #die1 #ejj1 #eje4 ,knigsb]g1 ,univ]sity (1 #ccb4 ,krause1 #deg4 ,krsi1 #dbh1 #dcb4 ,labor1 #dgf1 #die2 manual1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bfc1 #cjj1 #cih1 #cii1 #dbd1 #dda1 #eff4 ,laborde1 ,comte de1 #eaf4 ,la ,bruyre1 #cbi4 ,la ,*alotais1 #bgh1 #cdc-cee1 #cfc4 ,la ,condam9e1 #bhc4 ,lacroix1 #djg4 ,lta1 ,lett] to1 #fd-fg4 ,laf>gue1 #dgc4 ,lafayette1 ,madame de1 #bac4 ,la ,fl*e1 #eja2 ,college (1 #ahi4 ,la ,fonta9e1 #bdj1 #bhc1 #bie1 #cce4 ,lagrange1 #dje4 ,laisn1 #eae4 ,laissez faire1 #afj1 #bjh1 #bic4 ,lakanal1 #aci1 #cgi1 #cid2 ,law (1 #djb-djh4 ,lamb]t1 ,madame de1 #agf4 ,lambrus*9i1 ,! ,abb1 #dge4 ,lamoignon1 #ada4 ,lamy1 ,! ,pre1 #aej4 ,lanca/]1 #eac1 #ead4 ,lancelot1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef1 #bag4 ,lange?al1 #dea1 #deb4 ,language1 #b1 #gj1 #hb1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abf1 #acd1 #ahi1 #cbc-cbf1 #dbh1 #dca1 #dda1 #dha1 #edg2 native1 #dh1 #gj1 #aac1 #aah1 #aba1 #abf1 #aee1 #ahc1 #bfh1 #ceg1 #djj1 #dfi-dga4 ,lan!nas1 #cia1 #cib4 ,lo-tsze1 #ab1 #ac4 ,la ,piti1 #ead4 ,l>o*ef\cauld-,lianc\rt1 #eaf4 ,l>omiguire1 #aci4 ,la ,salle1 #aab1 #adg1 #bed-bgg1 #ceg1 #djd1 #dad1 #ead4 ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 #fi4 ,lat91 ! /udy (1 #dh1 #gj1 #ga1 #ij1 #ia1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aah1 #aba1 #aca1 #adj1 #add1 #aed1 #ahc1 #ahi1 #bje1 #bcg1 #bdd1 #beg1 #bha1 #cag1 #cbd1 #cbf1 #dha1 #eab1 #edg4 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s41 ,com5ius1 #abf4 ,lavalle1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbf1 #bcj4 ,laws1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #ahb1 #ccc1 #dii2 educational1 #cii-djb1 #dhd1 #eji2 ,plato's1 #cj1 #cc1 #cd4 ,lay tea*]s1 #cdj-cde1 #dff1 #ejh1 #ecc4 ,leco9te1 ,! ,pre1 #aej4 ,leg5dre1 #cid4 ,legislative ,assembly1 #cga1 #cgc1 #cgi1 #cij1 #dbb4 ,leibnitz1 #acf1 #ada1 #aif4 ,leisure1 #hg1 #cgg1 #cha1 #edc4 ,lelong1 ,! ,pre1 #aej4 ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 ,pe/alozzi's1 #dba4 ,lepelleti] ,sa9t-,f>geau1 #cia1 #cig4 ,less+1 #ech4 ,lett]s to ,lucilius1 #eb4 ,lett]s to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi41 ,bossuet's1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,lvi ,alv>s1 #eje4 ,lewes1 ,george ,h5ry1 #da4 ,l',hpital1 #ec4 ,lib]al ,education ( ,*ildr51 ( ,erasmus1 #hh4 ,lib]ty1 #fb1 #gj1 #gb1 #ic1 #aai1 #aea1 #agb1 #bja1 #bjg1 #bfc1 #bhe1 #bid1 #cjh1 #cgd1 #djj1 #dbj1 #dcf1 #dda1 #ded1 #dij1 #dic1 #dii1 #efe2 ( tea*+1 #cga-cif1 #dja1 #eaa1 #eac4 ,life1 family1 #fj1 #dbd1 #ejj1 #edf2 mona/ic1 #ff1 #adf2 practical1 #dd1 #ec1 #fj1 #ib1 #ic1 #aje1 #aae1 #bjd1 #bgi1 #bif1 #djh1 #ebi1 #eda1 #efb2 public1 #cb1 #aae1 #acj1 #bgi1 #cfj1 #cgd1 #djj1 #dhi2 /ages (1 #dee1 #def1 #edb4 ,lissa1 #abe4 ,lit]ature1 #aa1 #cj1 #gh1 #ajj1 #aff1 #agi1 #bie1 #cea1 #djd1 #eeh1 #efe2 classical1 #gc1 #hj1 #hf1 #ie1 #ahi1 #cbd-cbf1 #cea1 #dha1 #edg1 #eei2 ,greek1 #aa1 #dh1 #hj1 #hd1 #eei2 ,lat91 #df1 #ei1 #hd1 #cbd-cbf2 pr(ane1 #fd1 #hf1 #hg1 #age1 #bai4 ,little ,s*ools ( ,port ,royal1 #adj1 #aec1 #bed4 ,littr1 #fi1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #chc4 ,lives1 ,plut>*'s1 #ec4 ,locke1 #di1 #aaj1 #abf1 #ahg1 #aid-baj1 #bdi1 #bhj1 #bif1 #cdf1 #cfc1 #ech1 #efa4 ,logic1 #f1 #bd1 #ca1 #eb1 #ge1 #gf1 #cae1 #caf1 #cba1 #cea1 #dgj1 #eeh4 ,logic1 ,port ,royal1 #aed1 #bdc4 ,lora91 ,p41 #eai4 ,lor5z1 ,life ( ,alcu91 #gb4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 #adg1 #ahb1 #bcf1 #bgi1 #cfe1 #dhi4 ,l\is-le-,gr&1 ,college (1 #cee4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 #fh1 #gc4 ,l\rm&1 #eje4 ,love1 #ca1 #cg1 #ff1 #hi1 #afb1 #baf1 #cjb1 #ddj1 #ddc1 #dee1 #ejd1 #eae2 ( c\ntry1 #h1 #dd1 #ahb1 #cjh1 #cii1 #dhi4 ,loyola1 #adj1 #afc2 ,con/itutions1 #adb4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john1 #b4 ,lucc>d1 #bfg4 ,luc]ne1 #dff1 #dfh4 ,lupus ( ,f]rires1 #fh1 #gj4 ,lu!r1 #hf1 #aac-abj4 ,luxemb\rg1 #ada4 ,luxury1 effect (1 #cf1 #ej1 #ahb4 ,lyce1 #aca1 #bje1 #cbg1 #cgb1 #chb1 #eab4 ,lyceum1 #bb1 #dj4 ,lycurgus1 #cd1 #ef1 #cig4 ,lyons1 #bed1 #bee1 #bhe1 #cfh4 ,macaulay1 #add4 ,madras1 #ead4 ,magdala1 #ij4 ,magi/rates1 #be1 #bh1 #ca1 #ga1 #gb4 ,maieutics1 #bc1 #db1 #gb1 #aef1 #cbf1 #cha1 #dci1 #dga1 #ejc4 ,ma9e de ,biran1 #aci1 #dcd4 ,ma9t5on1 ,madame de1 #agf1 #bah-bca1 #cjg1 #dhf1 #ead4 ,maisonneuve1 ,madame de1 #ejd4 ,mai/re1 ,joseph de1 #adi1 #eaa4 ,malebran*e1 #ahg1 #aib-aid1 #baa4 ,man1 #fa1 #fb1 #ajd2 conception (1 #d1 #ahh1 #dii1 #eci2 ! p]fect1 #g1 #cj1 #ca1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fb1 #ih1 #ajd1 #agb1 #bgh1 #chf1 #dea1 #dhc1 #ejj1 #edj4 ,mann1 ,horace1 #eff1 #efg4 ,mann]s1 #bi1 #ei1 #fe1 #ha1 #hh1 #hi1 #id1 #aaa1 #aii1 #bgj2 ( ,*9ese1 #ab2 ( ,greeks1 #ba4 ,mansel1 #aid4 ,m>at1 #cid4 ,m>cellus1 #aje4 ,m>5holtz1 ,b>oness von1 #dfd1 #dfe4 ,m>ia ,!resa1 #dae4 ,m>i5?al1 #dfd4 ,m>ion1 ,h41 #aif4 ,m>montel1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cci4 ,m>riages1 #ch1 #ee1 #chd1 #ejj4 ,m>soli]1 #bdc4 ,m>t91 ,aim1 #eje4 ,m>t91 ,alex&]1 ,les ,doctr9es ,pdagogiques des ,grecs1 #ah4 ,m>t91 ,h5ry1 #ahc4 ,masc>on1 #aej4 ,massillon1 #aej4 ,ma!matics1 #f1 #bd1 #ca1 #fh1 #gf1 #ih1 #aah1 #ahi1 #aic1 #cbc1 #chf1 #dcg1 #ecj2 = wom51 #ef4 ,ma!r1 ,cotton1 #abe4 ,maturity1 #aj1 #dj1 #bhh4 ,mauriac1 ,college (1 #ada4 ,may]1 ,enrico1 #dge4 ,mean1 ,!1 #ic1 #aej1 #aea4 ,m$itations1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #eh4 ,melanc?on1 #aac4 ,melmo?1 ,pl9y1 #ba4 ,memorabilia1 ,!1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #cb4 ,memorit]1 #aa1 #af1 #di1 #ib1 #aje1 #aba1 #acc1 #bje1 #bjg4 ,memory1 #af1 #db1 #di1 #eh1 #gb1 #ha1 #hh1 #ib1 #aje1 #ace1 #aia1 #bjh1 #cag1 #cce1 #cga1 #dfj4 ,me?od1 #ae1 #bj1 #bb1 #db1 #di1 #ec1 #ei1 #gb1 #hh1 #ij1 #aai1 #abf1 #acb1 #bfi1 #bih1 #cgb1 #dfh1 #ecf1 #eci1 #eeg2 attractive1 #cc1 #ij1 #ig1 #ih1 #aja1 #aai1 #bjf1 #dae1 #did1 #die1 #eda2 ,*9ese1 #ac2 dialectic1 #cb1 #db1 #gd1 #gf2 didactic1 #bb1 #gb1 #ig1 #aaa2 educative1 #dfg1 #dfi2 intuitive1 #abg1 #acb1 #bie-caj1 #cab1 #cdf1 #djb-djd1 #dae-dde1 #deb1 #dfa-dfc2 among ! ,jews1 #aa2 ,port ,royal1 #aef1 #afb1 #bce2 ( read+1 #di1 #ajg1 #bdj1 #bda1 #ejb2 repulsive1 #cc1 #aai1 #did1 #die2 ,socratic1 #bb-bg1 #gb1 #baa1 #cce1 #dbi1 #dga2 syn!tic1 #cac1 #dfi4 ,me?ods1 ,lancelot's1 #aed4 ,meuni]1 #bgg4 ,mi*el1 #dge4 ,mi*elet1 #abb1 #cjf1 #cib4 ,midd5dorf1 #dea1 #deb4 ,middle ,age1 ,!1 #fg-ha1 #aaj1 #aga2 ignorance 91 #fh1 #gj4 ,mildness1 #aj1 #cc1 #ef1 #hi1 #afj1 #bej1 #bea1 #dcc2 sev]e1 #aja1 #afa1 #bjb1 #baf1 #bfd1 #deb1 #dib4 ,milton1 #ed4 ,m9d1 #ie1 #aeg1 #dgj1 #ecg1 #efd2 n tabula rasa1 #eh1 #bjh4 ,mirabeau1 #cfi-cgb4 ,mod]ation1 #aa1 #cc1 #hb1 #aji1 #agj4 ,mode/y1 #ba1 #cd1 #eh1 #ib1 #aec1 #afb4 ,molire1 #ada1 #agf1 #bac4 ,mona/]ies1 #fi1 #ga1 #afg4 ,monge1 #dcc4 ,monitors1 #aca1 #adg1 #beh1 #bgf1 #ead-eai4 ,montagn>ds1 #cia1 #cid4 ,montaigne1 #he1 #aja-aaj1 #ahc1 #bjb1 #bhj1 #cja1 #dij2 ( ,greek education1 #ah1 #ai1 #bi1 #ce4 ,montaigu1 ,college (1 #hg4 ,montalivet1 #cie4 ,montausi]1 #adg1 #bai4 ,montbrison1 #cdb4 ,monteil1 #gf4 ,montesquieu1 #bj1 #bde1 #cbi1 #cgc4 ,montpelli]1 #cff4 ,morality1 #ajj1 #aje1 #ace1 #cgj1 #cge2 good conduct1 #ae1 #da1 #eg2 ,platonic1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd2 utilit>ian1 #ab1 #cjb-cje1 #eed4 ,morals1 #e1 #h1 #ad1 #ci1 #db1 #dh1 #ej-fj1 #aje1 #agg1 #ahf1 #bbg1 #beb1 #bfi1 #cbj1 #ccg1 #cgj1 #cge1 #chj1 #chd1 #dga-dge1 #edg1 #efe4 ,moravian ,bre?r51 #abe4 ,moreau1 ,m>ie1 #bfa4 ,mo!rs1 #ci1 #dd1 #dh1 #ee1 #ij1 #ajh1 #abg1 #abi1 #ecd2 duties (1 #bia1 #chd1 #dbb1 #def1 #deg1 #dfi1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #ejj1 #edf4 ,"m-tongue1 #aba1 #add1 #aee1 #bjd1 #bdc1 #dfe-dga4 ,motives1 #cjj1 #dic4 ,m\l9s1 #cdb4 ,mn*5-,bu*see1 #dcd4 ,museum1 #chd1 #dad1 #deb4 ,music1 #ah1 #bj1 #bh1 #ca1 #ea1 #eb1 #gf1 #ih1 #aai1 #cbf1 #cif2 int]dict$1 #fe1 #age4 ,mutual in/ruction1 #aca1 #bfg1 #cib1 #dbd1 #eac-eai1 #ecd4 ,my/icism1 #fc1 #abe1 #ace1 #aic1 #deh1 #dgf2 criticism (1 #id1 #ddg1 #dec4 ,my?ology1 #bj1 #efc4 ,naples1 ,univ]sity (1 #gg4 ,napoleon ,i41 #cfj1 #dcc1 #ddc1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #eaj-eac4 ,national ,assembly1 #cfi4 ,national ,education1 ( ,la ,*alotais1 #cdd-cee4 ,national holidays1 #cic4 ,native tongue1 #dh1 #he1 #hi1 #aai1 #aba1 #add1 #aee1 #bjd1 #bdc1 #cea4 ,natural hi/ory1 #aa1 #dj1 #if1 #ig1 #aad1 #cbb1 #cej1 #dbd1 #dcc4 ,nature1 #bd1 #ca1 #cb1 #dh1 #ic1 #agj1 #bij1 #cji1 #caj1 #ddh1 #def1 #dge1 #dgf1 #eec2 no comm5cem5t 91 #dif2 economy (1 #c1 #bhf1 #dbc1 #ddh1 #dif2 foll[+1 #b1 #cf1 #bij1 #cab1 #cdg1 #cdi1 #dja1 #dcc1 #ejc1 #ebi1 #efa2 human1 #df1 #dh1 #aei1 #afi1 #bag1 #bhf1 #ccc1 #ded1 #dia1 #ecb1 #ecf1 #eej2 morality 91 #ddh2 return to1 #eec2 /udy (1 #ia1 #ic1 #if1 #aah1 #aba1 #acb1 #acc1 #bij4 ,naville1 #gd1 #dfg4 ,neck] de ,saussure1 ,madame1 #dic-ejj4 ,neuf*tel1 #dcd4 ,neuh(1 #dai1 #dbj4 ,new ,education1 ,!1 #ic1 #abc1 #acc1 #aij1 #bjh1 #bhd-caj1 #cdc1 #cdg1 #def1 #dfj1 #edb4 ,newspap]s1 #cca4 ,nicole1 #fe1 #aed-aei1 #bag2 ,logic1 #aed2 ,education ( a ,pr9ce1 #aed4 ,ni$]]1 #dcf4 ,niemey]1 #dad4 ,nirvna1 #e4 ,nis>d1 #bcg4 ,normal ,s*ools1 #bee1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #ceg1 #cfg1 #chg1 #djd1 #dje1 #djf1 #dab1 #dbc1 #dbi1 #dfd1 #eja4 ,nor?1 ,sir ,?omas1 ,plut>*1 #ed4 ,novum ,organum1 #abc4 ,numb]1 #dbh1 #dcj1 #dda2 ( pupils1 #aj4 ,ob]l91 #dae4 ,object-lessons1 #ig1 #ih1 #aaa1 #acc1 #agj1 #aib1 #bdg1 #bic1 #bie1 #djj1 #dae1 #dcj1 #dgc1 #ejb1 #ejc1 #eeh1 #efc4 ,obligation4 ,see ,compulsion1 ,education1 ,/ate4 ,obs]vation1 #ge1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #abc1 #acc1 #acf1 #aib1 #bic1 #dfa1 #eeh4 ,old ,education1 ,!1 #ib1 #aaf1 #add1 #aib1 #bhc1 #cfd1 #dfj1 #edg4 ,olyn?iacs1 #aac4 ,optimism1 #afi1 #bja1 #bhe1 #ccc1 #ded1 #dia1 #eea4 ,oratorians1 #aej-aec1 #aib1 #cfi1 #cie4 ,oratory1 #dg1 #eb4 ,oratory1 ,!1 #aej4 ,orbis s5sualium pictus1 ( ,com5ius1 #abg1 #acd1 #ace1 #dae4 ,ord] ( ,/udy1 ( ,erasmus1 #hh4 ,organization1 #dad1 #def2 ( ,*ri/ian education1 #fb1 #aae1 #bei2 ( in/ruction1 #cfc1 #cfh1 #eaj2 ( s*ools1 #i1 #bg1 #cg1 #fi1 #ga1 #gg1 #aag1 #abg1 #abh1 #bfe1 #cif2 ( ! ,/ate1 #bg1 #ce4 ,orleans1 #ajc1 #abj1 #cdb4 ,ormuzd1 #ad4 ,orphan ,asylum1 ,francke's1 #dad4 ,ovid1 #hg4 ,ox5/i]n1 #abe4 ,ox=d1 ,univ]sity (1 #gg1 #aie4 ,pacatula1 #fd4 ,padua1 ,univ]sity (1 #gh4 ,pdagogium1 #dad4 ,pa9t+1 #ah1 #ih1 #bjd4 ,palat9e s*ool1 #gb4 ,pale/ra1 #ai4 ,pami]s1 ,college (1 #ada4 ,pansophia1 #ajj1 #abe1 #abi1 #big1 #cgd1 #daa1 #dfh1 #dhj1 #eca1 #efe4 ,pantagruel1 #if4 ,pan!ism1 #dec2 ( ,h9doos1 #b-d4 ,pape-,c>p5ti]1 ,madame1 #eja-ejd4 ,pap9ian1 #ie4 ,p>is1 #ceh1 #dcc2 ,normal ,s*ool at1 #dje1 #djf2 ,univ]sity (1 #ge1 #gi1 #ada1 #bcb1 #bcc-bce1 #cef1 #djd4 ,p>i% ,s*ool1 ,!1 #beg1 #beh4 ,p>liam5ts1 ,fr5*1 #cdj1 #cdc4 ,pascal1 #aef1 #afb4 ,pascal1 ,jacquel9e1 #aed1 #bad-bag2 ,regulations = ,*ildr51 #aed1 #bae1 #baf4 ,pasqui]1 #fi1 #eae4 ,patak1 #abe4 ,pati5ce1 #aj1 #eh1 #gi1 #afj1 #bea1 #eba4 ,paul ,,iii41 ,pope1 #ada4 ,paula1 #fd-fg4 ,paulet1 #ead4 ,paul9e de ,meulan1 ,madame ,guizot1 #dij-did4 ,pcaut1 #dfd4 ,p$agogics1 #ceh1 #cgb4 ,p$agogue1 #ai1 #de1 #df1 #ajb1 #bib4 ,p$agogy1 #df1 #eb1 #ec1 #gc1 #hc1 #he1 #ia1 #ajc1 #aba1 #afe1 #aij1 #bgh1 #caa1 #ceh1 #ded2 ,engli%1 #ahg1 #bjg1 #ece-egj2 ,g]man1 #dac2 ( ! ,jans5i/s1 #aeh2 ( ! ,jesuits1 #adh2 mod]n1 #aij1 #aib1 #bgh1 #def1 #eeh4 ,p$ants1 #gd1 #ib1 #aje1 #adf1 #afh1 #bjd1 #cbh4 ,p5ances1 #bfj1 #bgb4 ,p1 ,!1 #ad1 #af1 #ba1 #cc1 #ee1 #gh1 #aac1 #aad1 #acj1 #bji1 #bec1 #cjh1 #cbj1 #cgb1 #chj1 #dae1 #dbj1 #dda1 #dhj1 #dhd1 #efe2 exclusion (1 #ae1 #bh1 #dj1 #ed1 #gj1 #hj1 #adc1 #ceb1 #edj4 ,p]ez1 #did1 #ebf1 #efd4 ,p]fection1 #g1 #ad1 #cc1 #ei1 #fc1 #ii1 #ajd1 #agb1 #bgh1 #chf1 #dea1 #dhc1 #ejj1 #edj4 ,p]icles1 #bb1 #dj1 #df4 ,p]igordian1 #ajb4 ,p]sia1 #ad2 education by ! ,/ate1 #af1 #ce1 #cf4 ,p]sonality1 #dea4 ,pessimism1 #aei-afb1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #eee4 ,pe/alozzi1 #abb1 #abe1 #dac-dde1 #ddh1 #eja1 #ead1 #ecg1 #eec1 #eee4 ,pet] ! ,great1 #aih4 ,philan?ropi/s1 #dad4 ,philip ( ,mac$on1 #aa4 ,philosoph]s1 #ba1 #bb1 #de1 #ee1 #eg1 #caa1 #dgi4 ,philosophy1 #bh1 #dg1 #ea1 #eb1 #gd1 #gg1 #ii1 #ajc1 #aje1 #abi1 #ade1 #aea1 #aeb1 #agi1 #ahc1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bdg1 #cae1 #cbf1 #cdb1 #cea1 #ded1 #ech2 def9ition1 #ajf2 ( education1 #abf1 #acf1 #aeh1 #afc1 #ahh1 #bgi1 #caj1 #dei1 #dig1 #ece-egj2 ,greek1 #aa1 #cj1 #dj1 #baa2 = magi/rates1 #bh4 ,phnix1 #df4 ,physics1 #eb1 #abi1 #bjf1 #bdg1 #bib1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #cej1 #cif4 ,piccolom9i1 neas ,sylvius1 #gi1 #hj4 ,pictet1 #dhb4 ,pieti/s1 #dad4 ,pillans1 #eai4 ,plan ( a ,univ]sity1 ,did]ot's1 #cbj4 ,plato1 #aa1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #db1 #df1 #eb1 #ef1 #ei1 #ia1 #ie1 #cbd1 #cig1 #ebi2 aim (1 #cd2 ca/e 91 #bh2 ( ! drama1 #cj1 #ef2 ( music1 #bj1 #ca4 ,platt]1 ,?omas1 #acb4 ,play1 #deh1 #dfj1 #dfa4 ,pleasures1 #bid1 #cbh4 ,plessi]1 #bfa4 ,plessis1 ,college (1 #bhf4 ,pl9y1 ,lett]s1 #ba1 #ei4 ,plu*e1 ,! ,abb1 #bhc4 ,plut>*1 #de1 #ec-eh1 #bhe2 education ( wom51 #cd1 #ce1 #ee2 tra9+ ( *ildr51 #ed1 #hi4 ,poetry1 #cj1 #ef1 #hg4 ,poiti]s1 #cdb4 ,pol&1 #abe1 #cjh4 ,polit5ess1 #bi1 #hh1 #hi1 #afa1 #bbg1 #bgj1 #dfg4 ,politics1 #cb1 #cg1 #db1 #acj1 #cfj1 #cgd1 #dhi1 #edb2 ,ari/otle's1 #cg1 #dj2 ,plato's1 #bh2 v]satility 91 #cgc4 ,polybius1 #dg4 ,ponocrates ( ,rabelais1 #ic-ajj4 ,pont*>tra91 de1 #bag4 ,port ,royal1 #aeb-afc1 #bae-bag2 demolition (1 #aec4 ,portugal1 ,! ,k+ (1 #cda4 ,positivi/s1 #ebi-eca4 ,p\r*ot1 #bce1 #bfa4 ,practice1 #aje1 #acd1 #ace1 #aef1 #cee1 #dga2 ( education1 #he4 ,prague1 ,univ]sity (1 #gg4 ,praise1 #di1 #ej1 #fg1 #adf1 #afb1 #afi1 #ecb4 ,precision1 #ahh1 #bdj1 #bfd1 #cbe4 ,prie/s1 #aaf2 z educators1 #e1 #f1 #ae1 #adj-afc4 ,pr9ciples1 #ag1 #ded2 ( education1 #cc1 #cg1 #df1 #hc1 #aba1 #ace1 #aeh1 #aij1 #aia1 #cji1 #cac1 #cdf1 #dcj1 #dci-dda1 #dhc1 #ebb1 #ebf1 #ecd1 #eff-egj4 ,pr(essors1 #ba1 #bb1 #ge1 #bcc1 #ceh1 #cgg1 #eab4 ,progress1 #cha2 popul> in/ruction1 #h1 #ab1 #ch1 #aab-acf1 #cfc1 #dgi4 ,progressive ,education1 ( ,madame ,neck]1 #did-ejj4 ,pronunciation1 #aa1 #ea4 ,prote/antism1 #aab-acf4 ,prote/ants1 #he4 ,prov]bs1 #g4 ,prud5ce1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajh1 #afa1 #aii1 #bhj1 #bha1 #ede4 ,psy*ology1 #bd1 #db1 #df1 #ej1 #ace1 #aid1 #bea1 #bhd1 #cab1 #cad1 #cce1 #dci1 #ded1 #dhh1 #dib1 #dig1 #ejh1 #ecd1 #ecg1 #eci1 #eeh4 ,public s*ools1 #aag1 #acj1 #bed1 #dae4 ,puni%m5t1 #aeb1 #afj1 #ahj1 #bjj1 #bdi-beb1 #bgj-bgf1 #ccf1 #eea-eec2 corporal1 #f1 #ba1 #ea1 #ajb1 #abb1 #adg1 #adh1 #aid1 #bja-bjc1 #bga-bge4 ,purity1 #cj1 #dh1 #ff1 #dea4 ,purna1 #d1 #e4 ,py?agoras1 #eb4 ,quadrivium1 #ge1 #gf4 ,que/ion+1 ,! art (1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #db1 #gb1 #agj1 #bfg4 ,quick1 ,r4 ,h41 #bjh2 ,educational ,re=m]s1 #aba4 ,qu9tilian1 #df1 #dg-eb1 #hi1 #bci1 #bda2 ( indulg5ce1 #ej4 ,rabaud ,sa9t-ti5ne1 #cic4 ,rabb9s1 #aj1 #aa4 ,rabelais1 #ia-ajj1 #aig1 #big1 #dij4 ,rac9e1 #agf1 #bac1 #bai1 #bdc1 #caf4 ,ramb\illet1 ,htel de1 #bai4 ,ramsau]1 #dca1 #dcd4 ,ramus1 #he1 #aef1 #bcb4 ,rapet1 #dge4 ,rati*1 #aba4 ,rationalism1 philosophic1 #dij1 #dic4 ,ratio ,/udiorum1 ( ! ,jesuits1 #adb4 ,read+1 #aa1 #di1 #ea1 #fg1 #fi1 #ge1 #hf1 #ij1 #ajg1 #aef1 #bjd1 #bbe1 #bci1 #bfh1 #cbf1 #dbd1 #ddj4 ,realism1 #ia1 #bjd1 #baa1 #cjh1 #cji4 ,reason1 #ca1 #cb1 #ch1 #db1 #eg1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #abb1 #ace1 #acf1 #agd1 #aij1 #bhd1 #cad1 #ccc1 #cce1 #ddd1 #ded1 #dia1 #dic4 ,reason+1 #bc1 #gd1 #hb1 #abc1 #afe1 #aia1 #bfg1 #bif1 #caf1 #djc4 ,recreation1 #hg1 #ic1 #id1 #aai1 #adf1 #bdh1 #bea1 #bid1 #cic1 #dda1 #deh1 #dfj1 #dfa2 ma!matical1 #cdh1 #cej2 physical1 #cej1 #cif4 ,recruitm5t ( tea*]s1 #cfg1 #eac4 ,r$olfi1 #c4 ,ref9em5t1 conv5tional1 #ab1 #cf1 #hi1 #adc1 #bbg4 ,reflection1 #aia1 #bjh1 #cag1 #cah1 #ddd1 #eeh4 ,re=m1 #d1 #cf1 #gc1 #hc1 #bbj1 #bce1 #bgi1 #cbb1 #cha1 #daf1 #dif4 ,re=mation1 ,!1 #hj1 #hd1 #ic1 #ii1 #aac-acf4 ,refutation ( ,helvetius on ,man1 ,did]ot's1 #cai4 ,reid1 #dhb4 ,reims1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,religion1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #cj1 #db1 #dd1 #eh1 #fb1 #gc1 #ih1 #ii1 #aah1 #bbh1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cbf1 #ccg1 #cge1 #cha1 #dec1 #dhi1 #eed4 ,rmusat1 ,madame de1 #dhg-dij4 ,r5aissance1 #ga1 #hj1 #ha1 #hc-aaa1 #bcd4 ,r5an1 #cbe2 ,vie de ,jsus1 #aa2 education ( wom51 #cd4 ,repetition1 #aa1 #aba1 #ace1 #agc4 ,republic1 ,plato's1 #bg-cc4 ,respect1 = tea*]1 #f1 #aj1 #aha1 #ahd1 #bjj1 #ecb4 ,rew>ds1 #fg1 #adg1 #aid1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bgf1 #ceb1 #dic1 #ebb1 #ecb4 ,rhetoric1 #f1 #ah1 #ba1 #dg1 #dh1 #ea1 #ga1 #he1 #aji1 #add1 #aga1 #ahi1 #caf1 #cba4 ,rhy?m1 #bj4 ,ri*t]1 #ecf4 ,rights ( ,man1 ,talleyr&'s1 #cge4 ,robespi]re1 #cia1 #cic1 #cig1 #djb4 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 #bih4 ,ro*ef\cault1 #ajc4 ,ro*[1 #dae4 ,rod1 ,!1 #f1 #g1 #ea1 #gf1 #ajb1 #adg1 #adh1 #bjb1 #bgc4 ,rodez1 #ada1 #cfh4 ,rog] de ,guimps1 #dai1 #dbe4 ,roll&1 #bgi1 #cdc1 #cee-cei2 ,law (1 #cii1 #djj4 ,roll91 #ej1 #ahh1 #bjb1 #bcb-beb1 #bhc1 #cag1 #cdi1 #ceg1 #ead4 ,roman ,law1 #dd4 ,rome1 #dc-fj4 ,romme1 #cgi1 #cia1 #cic1 #cii2 ,law (1 #cii1 #djj4 ,r\51 #bfc1 #bgj1 #cfd4 ,r\sseau1 #bg1 #cf1 #ch1 #ig1 #ih1 #aaj1 #abf1 #aga1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjb1 #bji1 #baj1 #bgh-caj1 #ccb-ccg1 #cdh1 #cfc1 #cfh1 #dae1 #dbf1 #ddb1 #ddh1 #dha1 #dif1 #eec4 ,r\t9e1 #c1 #ab1 #gd1 #ib1 #adj1 #aia1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bfe1 #ccc1 #ecf4 ,roy]-,coll>d1 #eae4 ,rudol/adt1 #deb1 #deg4 ,rules1 #acd1 #aef1 #bfd1 #dga4 ,russell1 ,doctor1 #bjb4 ,sacrifices1 #d1 #cj1 #bei1 #bfj1 #dag4 ,sa9t ,cyr1 #bah-bca1 #cjg1 #dhf4 ,sa9t ,cyran1 #aec1 #afj4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 #aee1 #dgi1 #dia4 ,sa9t ,franois de ,salles1 #bbe4 ,sa9t ,gall1 #fh4 ,sa9t-,g]ma91 #dhe4 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,b>?lemy1 #ebb1 #ebd4 ,sa9t-,j1 #cii4 ,sa9t ,leu1 #dha4 ,sa9t ,malo1 #cdd4 ,sa9t ,pi]re1 ,! ,abb1 #bhj-bhb1 #big4 ,sa9t ,pi]re1 ,b]n>d9 de1 #cid4 ,sa9t ,simon1 #adh1 #aff1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ebg1 #ebh4 ,sa9t ,yon1 #bfc4 ,salamanca1 #gg4 ,sal>y1 ( tea*]s1 #cff1 #cfg1 #cib1 #djb1 #daj1 #dag1 #eai1 #ebj4 ,salian hymns1 #dd4 ,salzman1 #dae4 ,sauvan1 ,mademoiselle1 #ejd1 #eah4 ,savages1 education (1 #a1 #ac1 #bib1 #eda4 ,savoy>d ,vic>'s ,pr(ession ( ,fai?1 ,r\sseau's1 #cje4 ,s>az91 #eah4 ,s*ill]1 #ech4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 #ecg4 ,s*mid1 #dcd1 #dcf4 ,s*midt1 ,*>les1 #ech4 ,s*ola/icism1 #ga1 #gd2 criticism (1 #ib1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #adi1 #bce4 ,s*ool-h\se1 #aca1 #acb1 #cfg4 ,s*ools1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #dja1 #dbb2 adornm5t (1 #ajc1 #aca2 at ,a!ns1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba2 c5tral1 #djg1 #djh2 9 ,*9a1 #ac2 clau/ral1 #fi1 #ge1 #gf1 #aaf1 #bhb1 #cde2 etymology ( ! ^w1 #hg2 ,european type (1 #aca2 infant1 #deg-dfe1 #eja-ejd2 9 ,india1 #f1 #ead2 ,jewi%1 #i2 ,lat91 #aai1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca1 #add1 #cdf2 ( ! ,middle ,age1 #fi1 #gg1 #gh2 ,palat9e1 #gb2 prim>y1 #abj1 #abh1 #aij1 #bcd1 #bed-bgg1 #cfe1 #chc1 #dbf1 #dgg1 #eaj1 #ebj-ebe2 public1 #aad1 #abh1 #ace1 #dae2 real1 #dad2 at ,rome1 #de1 #eb2 secul>1 #aad1 #acj1 #bcc1 #bed1 #bgh1 #big1 #cah1 #cch1 #eji1 #ebb4 ,s*pf]1 ,capta91 #dcc4 ,s*ultaus1 #adf4 ,s*ultess1 ,anna1 #dai4 ,sci5ce1 #dj1 #ea1 #gf1 #gg1 #if1 #ig1 #ajj1 #aje1 #aea1 #ahc1 #bdg1 #bha1 #big1 #cbc1 #chf1 #djd1 #dca1 #eab1 #eeh1 #eei2 ( education1 #bb1 #cc1 #cg-da1 #db1 #ed1 #he1 #ie1 #ajd1 #cfc1 #dji1 #dce-dgj2 neglect (1 #gd1 #hf1 #ia1 #ade1 #dja4 ,scipio1 #aje4 ,scudry1 ,mademoiselle de1 #bbf4 ,sculpture1 #ih4 ,secul>ization1 #aad1 #acj1 #bcc1 #bed1 #bgh1 #big1 #cah1 #cai1 #cch1 #cdj-cdd1 #eji1 #ebb4 ,sgui]1 #ada4 ,self-abasem5t1 #d1 #fe1 #afa1 #bba1 #bfj4 ,self-consci\sness1 #d1 #bd1 #db1 #eg1 #acc1 #aeh1 #cag1 #cah1 #dbh1 #deh4 ,self-control1 #eg1 #eh1 #aeb1 #aif1 #dii4 ,selfi%ness1 #d1 #ajh1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #dii1 #ecf1 #edb4 ,self-r5unciation1 #d1 #e1 #fc1 #adh1 #adi1 #bae1 #bei1 #cdf4 ,sem9>y = ,s*oolma/]s1 #bfa1 #bgg1 #ceg1 #cfg1 #chg1 #djd4 ,seml]1 #dad4 ,s5eca1 #eb1 #ec1 #ei1 #ia4 ,s5sationalism1 #acc1 #ahg1 #aic1 #bjh1 #bie1 #cbh1 #cdf1 #cha1 #djc1 #eed1 #efa4 ,s5ses1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #aeh1 #aic1 #aid1 #bhc-caj2 education (1 #bie1 #cad1 #cbh1 #ddi1 #dif1 #ejc1 #edb-eee4 ,s5sibilities1 #bhe1 #ccj2 tra9+ (1 #b1 #ch1 #acc1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bja1 #cja1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #djc1 #ejc1 #eed4 ,s5t5is1 #cjd4 ,s5tim5ts1 #cjb-cje4 ,sequ5ce ( /udies1 #aeg1 #cbc1 #djc1 #djd1 #deb1 #dfc1 #dgd1 #edh1 #eeh4 ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 ,!1 #ge1 #gf1 #aai4 ,svign1 ,madame de1 #aeb1 #aih1 #bac1 #dhi4 ,sexes1 equality (1 #bda1 #bef1 #chd1 #dgi1 #dhh2 sep>ation (1 #h1 #cd1 #bef1 #cgh1 #cif1 #djb1 #dff4 ,%aftesbury1 ,"l1 #aie4 ,%akespe>e1 #ed1 #cbj4 ,siciliani1 #efd4 ,sidonius1 ,apoll9>is1 #fh4 ,sieys1 #cia-cif4 ,signal1 #bff1 #bgc4 ,sil5ce1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,sill1 ,miss ,e4 ,r41 #caj4 ,simon1 ,j41 #g1 #cfd1 #ebc1 #ecc4 ,simplicity1 #aba1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #djc1 #dci1 #dgd4 ,s++1 #ea1 #aai1 #bad1 #dbj1 #dcc4 ,site1 = s*ools1 #f1 #bj1 #aca1 #acb4 ,slaves1 #ci1 #dj2 z tea*]s1 #de4 ,smi?1 ,adam1 #eaj4 ,society1 #c1 #ed1 #fa1 #gj1 #ih1 #bhg1 #bih1 #dhi1 #ejj1 #eji1 #ebc2 unity (1 #ah1 #cg1 #gc1 #ih1 #aae1 #abe1 #bhb1 #cei1 #eae1 #eff4 ,socrates1 #bb1 #db1 #eb4 ,socratic me?od1 #bb-bg1 #cb1 #baa1 #dbi1 #dga4 ,solomon1 #i1 #ii1 #aai4 ,solon1 #ai1 #ba4 ,sophie1 #cje-cjg4 ,sophi/s1 #ba4 ,s\l1 #c1 #ch1 #cae1 #dea2 culture (1 #eh1 #hd1 #aic1 #dfi1 #edf2 developm5t (1 #ah1 #ai1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #ch1 #eg1 #ia1 #ii1 #acf1 #aib1 #bhh1 #cbi1 #dfh1 #die-ejj1 #efe4 ,spa91 #gg1 #acb4 ,sp>ta1 #ag1 #cde4 ,speciali/s1 #ajc1 #bji1 #cjj1 #cbe4 ,spell+1 #aee4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #bi1 #ff1 #ajj1 #aid1 #bjg1 #cac1 #cbb1 #cbe1 #ejg1 #ech-eee2 ( ca/e1 #c2 prejudices (1 #edf1 #edg1 #eeb1 #eec-eee4 ,sph]icity1 ( ,frbel1 #dej1 #dea1 #dei4 ,_s1 #ab1 #ac1 #ib1 #aja1 #cbe1 #edg2 ( ,*ri/ianity1 #fa1 #fb2 national1 #cei1 #dja1 #dhi1 #dij1 #ebc1 #efe2 ( ,prote/antism1 #aac1 #abj4 ,spiritual life1 #ah1 #ch1 #eg1 #bjh1 #bgi1 #caf4 ,spirituali/ic ,s*ool1 #ebc1 #ecc4 ,spontaneity1 #d1 #bd1 #bjh2 9 education1 #ag1 #ca1 #cc1 #eg1 #aja1 #aad1 #acj1 #bhd-cji1 #deb1 #ded1 #dig1 #edg2 suppress$1 #ab1 #aad1 #adc1 #bga4 ,/al1 ,madame de1 #dbj1 #die4 ,/anz1 #dai1 #dbc4 ,/apf]1 #dff4 ,/ate1 ,!1 #ab1 #bg1 #ed1 #fa1 #ccj1 #cda2 duty to educate1 #ac1 #af1 #bg1 #ch1 #db1 #ej1 #ha1 #aae1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bch1 #bej1 #beb1 #bee1 #bgg1 #bhb1 #cba1 #cde1 #cec1 #cfj1 #cfc-chi1 #cih1 #dae1 #eji1 #ebj-ebe1 #efe2 physical education by1 #ai1 #bi4 ,/ates-,g5]al1 #abj1 #cff1 #cfh4 ,/ew>t1 ,dugald1 #cbe1 #dhb1 #dhd4 ,/oics1 #eb1 #eh1 #ada1 #bib4 ,/rasburg1 ,college (1 #he4 ,/udies1 #bj1 #ca1 #cd1 #di1 #ea1 #gf1 #hh1 #aje1 #aah1 #aai1 #bif1 #djb1 #eci1 #eeh2 ,baconian1 #cb1 #abc2 classical1 #adc1 #afb1 #afc1 #bjd1 #baa1 #beb1 #bhc1 #cag1 #cba1 #cbd-cbf1 #cea1 #ceb1 #dha1 #eab1 #edg2 discipl9>y1 #dj1 #fj1 #hj1 #ih1 #aah1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #baa1 #bif-bih1 #eci1 #efb2 div]sity (1 #abi1 #aha1 #ddh2 gradation (1 #ch1 #hj1 #hh1 #ij1 #abb1 #acj1 #aca1 #bjd1 #bcc1 #bfg1 #die1 #ebj1 #ebe1 #eeh1 #eei2 ,jewi%1 #aa2 pa9ful1 #cc1 #aga1 #bjg1 #bag1 #beb1 #cdf1 #dgf1 #die2 pleasurable1 #cc1 #di1 #gi1 #aga1 #aha1 #bjf1 #bdj1 #cdh1 #deg-dfe1 #die1 #eda1 #edi2 sequ5ce (1 #aeg1 #cbc1 #djc1 #deb1 #dfc1 #dgd1 #edh1 #eeh2 simultane\s1 #ea1 #aeb1 #bdj1 #bff1 #bfg1 #dbd1 #eae2 utilit>ian1 #dj1 #fj1 #hj1 #ih1 #aah1 #bjc1 #baa1 #bif-bih1 #eci1 #efb2 educational value (1 #fj1 #aje1 #bjd1 #cbc-cbf1 #cci1 #chh1 #dfi1 #eeg1 #eeh2 = wom51 #agd1 #chd1 #dhf1 #die1 #ejj1 #eje4 ,/urm1 #he4 ,sw$51 #abe1 #cec4 ,switz]l&1 #dfe1 #ebd4 ,summ>ies1 #ae1 #da1 #ei1 #ha1 #aaj1 #acf1 #afc1 #ahe1 #baj1 #bcj1 #beb1 #bgg1 #caj1 #cch1 #cfj1 #chh1 #daa1 #ddd1 #dge1 #ejf1 #ecd1 #efh4 ,sup]vision1 #cei1 #cfi1 #cib1 #cif1 #cii1 #dja1 #dhf1 #eaj4 ,syllogism1 #gd1 #hj1 #he1 #adi4 ,symmetry1 #ca1 #ch1 #ci1 #hb1 #hd1 #ic1 #afc1 #cid1 #cif1 #ddd1 #deh1 #edg4 ,syn!sis1 #cac4 ,tabula rasa1 #eh1 #bjh4 ,tal5t1 #c1 #db1 #eg1 #ic1 #aeh1 #bhf1 #cbh2 enc\ragem5t (1 #cgg4 ,talleyr&1 #cfi1 #cgb-cgi1 #dcd4 ,talmud1 #aj1 #aa4 ,tea*]s1 #ac1 #ej1 #ec1 #fi1 #aag1 #bea1 #beg1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bib1 #cfe1 #cfg1 #cib1 #dgj1 #dgi1 #ejj1 #eac1 #ebb1 #ebg2 ,ari/otle1 #cf1 #da2 faults (1 #bfb2 respect =1 #f1 #aj1 #ajj1 #abj1 #cif1 #ejd1 #eba1 #ebb1 #ecb2 z tradesm51 #cfg1 #eai2 tra9+ (1 #dje1 #ejd2 virtues (1 #aj1 #ej1 #bea1 #bee1 #dee1 #ecb2 wom5 z1 #dd1 #chd1 #deh1 #dgh-ejg4 8,tea*]s' fairs10 #cfg4 ,tea*+1 #da1 #df1 #di1 #ec1 #gi1 #hh1 #ij1 #aad1 #abb1 #bbf1 #bdf1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #ceb1 #dbf1 #dbg2 ( geography1 #djc1 #djd2 ( hi/ory1 #cbf1 #cdi2 ( objects1 #ig1 #acb1 #bic4 ,tea*+ ,congregations1 ,!1 #ach-afc1 #aib1 #bec1 #dhf1 #eji4 ,telema*us1 ,fnelon's1 #aff1 #age1 #ahb1 #cjf4 ,temp]ance1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah1 #ce1 #cf1 #aid1 #aig1 #bib1 #cha4 ,t5nis1 #id1 #ajd4 ,t]5ce1 #hg1 #ahc1 #cbd4 ,t]m1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #acc1 #cbf4 ,t]tullian1 #fd4 ,text-books1 #acb1 #agc1 #ceb1 #cfj1 #cfh1 #cic1 #djc1 #dbi1 #dda2 uni=mity 91 #aba4 ,!me1 #aeh1 #bdd4 ,!mi/ocles1 #bj4 ,!ology1 #fi1 #gd1 #gg1 #agd1 #bcd1 #ccg4 ,!ory1 #ag1 #fj1 #gd1 #acd2 ( education1 #he1 #cdj1 #eji1 #ebe-egj4 ,!resa1 ,sa9t1 #fd4 ,?ry1 #cfb4 ,?+s1 #he1 #ig1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #acb1 #acc1 #bic1 #dae4 ,?omass91 ,! ,pre1 #aej1 #aeb4 ,?\ght1 #c1 #eg1 #gd1 #ig1 #ajg1 #aeg1 #caf1 #dfi2 life (1 #da1 #fc1 #aic1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cha1 #dfh1 #dge1 #efe4 ,?\ghts1 ,locke's1 #aie-bjh4 ,?ucydides1 #cc1 #dc1 #bde4 ,?ur+ia1 #ddg4 ,tobl]1 #dbh4 ,t\rnon1 ,college (1 #ada4 ,trades1 #aah1 #aai1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bfc1 #cjj1 #chd1 #djj1 #dja1 #eai4 ,tradition1 #ac1 #adc1 #ccc4 ,trag$y1 #cj1 #bhe4 ,tra9+1 #da1 #aaa2 ( *ildr51 #ed1 #abi2 m5tal1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #eh1 #ie1 #aeg1 #bjc1 #cbd-cbf1 #cha1 #dfh-dge1 #dif1 #edh2 physical1 #ah1 #ai1 #ci1 #da1 #gi1 #hj1 #id1 #aig1 #bhc1 #dif1 #eed1 #eee2 ( ! s5ses1 #ch1 #if1 #ig1 #acc1 #aic1 #bjh1 #bhc1 #bhi-cjh1 #ejc2 ( w1 #dii1 #edg4 ,translation1 value (1 #cbg1 #ccj4 ,treatise on ,p$agogy1 ,kant's1 #ccb-cch4 ,treatise on ,/udies1 ,roll9's1 #bce4 ,trivium1 #ge1 #gf4 ,tru?1 #bd1 #aea1 #aic1 #cja4 ,turgot1 #cei4 ,tutor1 #fi1 #cbg1 #eah4 ,twelve ,tables1 #dd4 ,uni=mity1 #bfd1 #bha4 ,unity1 #ah1 #dej2 ( education1 #dee2 9 tea*+1 #abi1 #aeb1 #bhh1 #cei1 #eji4 ,univ]sal ,in/ruction1 ,jacotot's1 #ebf1 #ebg4 ,univ]sals1 #cb1 #dec1 #ebg4 ,univ]sity1 #bb1 #ge1 #gg1 #abh1 #beb2 ,did]ot's1 #cbf1 #cbg2 = wom51 #dhf4 ,univ]sity ( ,france1 #bcc1 #bdc1 #cba1 #cda1 #cdc1 #cef1 #cfj1 #eji-eab1 #ecc4 ,unselfi%ness1 #aj1 #gh1 #acf1 #ebb4 ,utility1 #dj1 #dd1 #fj1 #aae1 #acf1 #ahi1 #aif1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bif-caj1 #djh1 #ebi1 #ech1 #eda1 #efb2 ( culture1 #cbd-cbf1 #cha1 #ebc4 ,ursul9es1 #bad4 ,values1 educational1 #fj1 #cbc-cbf1 #cci1 #chh1 #dfi1 #eeg4 ,van ,laun1 #bac4 ,v>et1 #aed1 #aei2 ,*ri/ian ,education1 #aed4 ,v>ro1 #dg4 ,vaughan & ,davies1 ,republic1 #ca4 ,v5ice1 #gi4 ,v]ni]1 #dfg4 ,v]sion1 #aeh1 #bdd4 ,veturia1 #de4 ,vice1 cause (1 #ej1 #aaf1 #cha2 h[ ov]come1 #ef1 #aah1 #afj1 #ahe1 #cha4 ,vi5na1 ,univ]sity (1 #gg4 ,villema91 #bcf1 #cjd1 #dfh4 ,v9c5nes1 #ead4 ,v9et1 #ejj4 ,vir*[1 #eci4 ,virgil1 #fd1 #hg1 #ig1 #cbd4 ,virtue1 #bf1 #cj1 #ce1 #ci1 #ajd1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bcj1 #cha2 moral1 #bhj2 passive1 #e1 #ee1 #hj1 #bbf2 ,roman1 #dd1 #eb4 ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 #gh4 ,vives1 #ia1 #acb4 ,vivonne1 ,ca!r9e de1 #bai4 ,voltaire1 #hf1 #ada1 #bcf1 #bgi1 #cbi1 #cca1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cfh4 ,vulliem91 #dce4 ,w>riors1 #ae1 #bh1 #ca1 #gj4 ,w>t5see1 #def4 ,wa%+ton1 #dbb4 ,watson1 ,qu9tilian1 #ej4 ,wessel1 ,john (1 #hg4 ,witt5b]g1 ,univ]sity (1 #aac4 ,:ipp+1 #f1 #g1 #ea1 #gf1 #ajb1 #adg1 #adh4 ,w1 #ac1 #fa1 #aid1 #bja1 #ccd1 #cgb1 #dgf1 #dhd1 #edc1 #edg1 #eeb1 #eec4 ,w9e1 #aid1 #bib1 #cha4 ,wisdom1 #ae1 #da1 #dh1 #eg2 ! highe/1 #c1 #eg1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ace1 #bie1 #cha4 ,wolk]1 ,doctor1 #bdf4 ,wom51 #e1 #af1 #cd1 #dd1 #dh1 #fj1 #ij1 #dhh1 #ejf2 education (1 #e1 #ae1 #af1 #bg1 #cd1 #ce1 #dh1 #ee1 #ef1 #gi1 #hj1 #ij1 #ia1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aag1 #abh1 #afh1 #agd-agf1 #bab-bca1 #beb1 #bhb1 #cje-cjg1 #cbh1 #chd1 #dfd2 unsex$1 #bg1 #ejf4 ,words1 #he1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #acb1 #acd1 #add1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #dae1 #dcj4 ,wordswor?1 #ed4 ,works1 ( ,com5ius1 #abe-abg2 ( ,did]ot1 #cai2 ( ,erasmus1 #hg-ij2 ( ,fnelon1 #aff2 ( ,madame de ,g5lis1 #dhj2 ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 #bbb2 ( ,madame ,pape-,c>p5ti]1 #eja-ejc2 ( ,pe/alozzi1 #dba1 #dbb1 #dca1 #dch2 ( ,plut>*1 #ec-eh4 ,wor?+ton1 ,miss1 #aga1 #ccf4 ,writ+1 #f1 #aa1 #di1 #fg1 #hf1 #hh1 #ij1 #bjd1 #bfh2 s*ools1 #abj1 #bed4 ,wurtzburg1 #dff4 ,x5ophon1 #ad1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #ee4 ,yv]dun1 #dai1 #dbj1 #dcd1 #ddi4 ,zuri*1 #dah4 ,zw+li1 #aac1 #aad4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,footnote#he is ref]5c$ twice1 f #aaf & #aag4 ,footnote#aec has no an*or 9 ! text1 b is ref]5c$ f ! previ\s ,footnote#aeb4 ,obvi\s 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