,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold face text betwe5 equal signs4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,texts betwe5 tildes h be5 transcrib$ f illu/rations1 & h be5 includ$ "h = ! sake ( consi/5cy ) ! illu/rat$ v]sions4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,/oneh5ge ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,by ,,sir ,,norman ,,locky]4 ,,prim] ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,,elem5t>y ,,lessons ,,9 ,,a/ronomy4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,contributions ,,to ,,sol> ,,physics4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,,! ,,meteoritic ,,hypo!sis4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,place ,,9 ,,nature4 ,,inorganic ,,evolution4 ,,rec5t ,,& ,,com+ ,,eclipses4 ,,/>gaz+1 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t4 7,9 conjunction ) ,g4 ,m4 ,seabroke47 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,,/oneh5ge ,,& ,,o!r ,,briti% ,,/one ,,monum5ts4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,spectrum ,,analysis4 ,,! ,,spectroscope ,,& ,,its ,,applications4 ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,golf4 7,9 conjunction ) ,w4 ,ru!r=d47 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,education ,,& ,,national ,,progress4 ,,/oneh5ge ,,& ,,o!r ,,briti% ,,/one ,,monum5ts ,a/ronomically ,consid]$ ,,by ,,sir ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,physics ,,obs]vatory ,,hon4 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,glasg[2 ,,hon4 ,,sc4,d41 ,,cambridge2 ,,correspond5t ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france2 ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]sburg2 ,,! ,,society ,,= ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,,national ,,indu/ry ,,( ,,france2 ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,g,,tt+52 ,,! ,,frankl9 ,,in/itute1 ,,philadelphia2 ,,! ,,royal ,,m$ical ,,society ,,( ,,brussels2 ,,society ,,( ,,italian ,,spectroscopi/s2 ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,pal]mo2 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,society ,,( ,,g5eva2 ,,( ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,society ,,( ,,mexico2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,lyncei1 ,,rome2 ,,& ,,! ,,am]ican ,,philosophical ,,society1 ,,philadelphia2 ,,honor>y ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,catania2 ,,philosophical ,,society ,,( ,,york2 ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,philosophical ,,society ,,( ,,man*e/]2 ,,royal ,,cornwall ,,polyte*nic ,,in/itution2 ,,& ,,lehigh ,,univ]sity ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ #aijf ,all rights res]v$ ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$ ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,,preface ,9 cont9uation ( my "w on ! a/ronomical uses ( ! ,egyptian ,temples1 ,i h f "t to "t1 :5 leisure has p]mitt$1 giv5 att5tion to "s ( ! /one circles & o!r /one monum5ts erect$1 z ,i believ$1 = simil> uses 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"o reason = do+ s 0 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! sup95ess ( successive ,gov]nm5ts1 & ! neglect & wanton de/ruction by individuals1 ! ,briti% monum5ts are rapidly disappe>+4 ,al?\gh1 & inde$ because1 ^! inquiries are /ill incomplete1 ,i n[ br+ toge!r "s ( ! notes ,i h collect$1 z !y may induce o!r inquir]s to g on ) ! "w4 ,"s ( ! results already obta9$ h be5 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 & o!rs h appe>$ 9 articles publi%$ 9 ,nature1 b only a small p]c5tage ( ! monum5ts available has s f> be5 exam9$4 ,fur!r obs]vations are requir$ 9 ord] t ! hypo!sis set =? 9 ?is book may be reject$ or confirm$4 ,9 ! obs]vations made at ,/oneh5ge ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,i _h ! ine/imable advantage ( ! collaboration ( ! late ,mr4 ,p5rose4 ,our "w !re w\ld n h be5 possible )\t ! sympa!tic assi/ance ( ,sir ,edmund ,antrobus1 ,b>t42 ,colonel ,duncan ,a4 ,john/on1 ,r4,e41 ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 also 0 good en\gh on sev]al occasions to furni% u ) mu* valuable in=mation :i* is ref]r$ to 9 its place4 ,messrs4 ,h[>d ,payn & ,f[l] skilfully & zeal\sly help$ 9 ! obs]vations & computations4 ,to all ^! ,i am glad to take ?is opportunity ( express+ my obligations4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r monum5ts besides ,/oneh5ge1 ,i h to t5d] my ?anks to ! foll[+ g5tlem5 = mo/ valuable local assi/ance3-- ,brittany--,lieut4 de ,vaisseau ,devoir4 ,/5ness--,mr4 ,sp5ce4 ,/anton ,drew--,pr(essor ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,mr4 ,morr[1 & ,mr4 ,dymond4 ,! ,hurl]s1 & ! ,m]ry ,maid5s--! ,"r ,hon4 ,visc\nt ,falm\?1 ,capt4 ,h5d]son1 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o & ,mr4 ,wallis4 ,tregaseal--,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o & ,mr4 ,?omas4 ,! ,d>tmoor ,av5ues--,mr4 ,wor?4 ,! foll[+ h help$ me 9 _m ways1 among !m ) advice & criticism3--,pr9cipal ,rhys1 ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,lewis4 ,! assi/ance s g5]\sly af=d$ 9 ! case ( ,/oneh5ge by ,colonel ,john/on1 ,r4,e41 9 furni%+ me ) accurate azimu?s 0 cont9u$ = ! monum5ts subsequ5tly inve/igat$ till 8 retirem5t4 ,to 8 successor1 ,colonel ,r4 ,c4 ,hell>d1 ,r4,e41 ,i am already "u deep obligations4 ,= ! use ( "s ( ! ,illu/rations my ?anks are due to ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 ,messrs4 ,macmillan1 & ,mr4 ,john ,murray4 ,i h to ?ank ,mr4 ,rol/on1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 "o ( my /aff1 = assi/ance 9 ! computations involv$4 ,,norman ,,locky]4 ,,sol> ,,physics ,,obs]vatory1 #ag? ,may1 #aijf4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,ye> #ab ,,iii4 ,,! ,,agricultural ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,ye> #ag ,,iv4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,new-,,ye> ,,days #be ,v4 ,,conditions ,,& ,,traditions ,,at ,,/oneh5ge #cd ,,vi4 ,,g5]al ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,/oneh5ge #ee ,,vii4 ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,/oneh5ge ,,9 #aija #fb ,,viii4 ,,ar*,,ological ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,/oneh5ge1 #aija #fi ,,ix4 ,,0 ,,!re ,,an ,,e>li] ,,circle8 #hh ,x4 ,,! ,,may ,,& ,,june ,,wor%ips ,,9 ,,brittany #if ,,xi4 ,,a/ronomical ,,h9ts ,,= ,,ar*,,ologi/s #ajg ,,xii4 ,,a/ronomical ,,h9ts ,,= ,,ar*,,ologi/s 7,cont9u$7 #aah ,,xiii4 ,,/5ness 7,lat4 #ei ,n47 #abc ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,hurl]s 7,lat4 #ej #ca ,n47 #acc ,,xv4 ,,! ,,d>tmoor ,,av5ues #ade ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,d>tmoor ,,av5ues 7,cont9u$7 #aeg ,,xvii4 ,,/anton ,,drew 7,lat4 #ea #aj ,n47 #aff ,,xviii4 ,,folklore ,,& ,,tradition #agh ,,xix4 ,,sacr$ ,,fires #ahi ,,xx4 ,,sacr$ ,,trees #bjj ,,xxi4 ,,holy ,,wells ,,& ,,/reams #bac ,,xxii4 ,,:]e ,,did ,,! ,,briti% ,,wor%ip ,,orig9ate8 #bcb ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,simil>ity ,,( ,,! ,,semitic ,,& ,,briti% ,,wor%ips #beb ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,may ,,ye> ,,9 ,,s\?-,,we/ ,,cornwall #bfa ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,m]ry ,,maid5s ,,circle 7,lat4 #ej #d ,n47 #bfe ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,tregaseal ,,circles #bgg ,,xxvii4 ,,"s ,,o!r ,,corni% ,,monum5ts #bhg ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,clock-,,/>s ,,9 ,,egypt ,,& ,,brita9 #bid ,,xxix4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sun-,,temples #cjd ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,a/ronom]-,,prie/s #caf ,,app5dices4 ,i4 ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,!odolite ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,/oneh5ge #cbe ,,ii4 ,,sugge/ions ,,on ,,field ,,obs]vations #cbi ,,index #ccc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,pres5t ,sun ,wor%ip 9 ,japan #d #b4 ,! ,cele/ial ,sph]e1 ,conditions at ! ,nor? ,pole #e #c4 ,! ,cele/ial ,sph]e1 ,conditions at ! ,equator #f #d4 ,! ,cele/ial ,sph]e1 ,conditions 9 a ,middle ,latitude #f #e4 ,! ,f\r ,a/ronomical ,divisions ( ! ,ye> #ad #f4 ,! ,v>i\s ,be>+s ( ! ,sun ,ris+s & ,sett+s 9 ,n4 latitude #ea #ad #g4 ,! ,a/ronomical & ,vegetation ,divisions ( ! ,ye> #bc #h4 ,orig9al ,tool+ ( ! ,/ones at ,/oneh5ge #dd #i4 ,view ( ,/oneh5ge f ! ,we/ #de #aj4 ,copy ( ,ho>e's ,plan ( ,/oneh5ge1 #ahaj #df #aa4 ,! ,lean+ ,/one 9 #aija #dh #ab4 ,! ,axis ( ! ,temple ( ,k>nak #ef #ac4 ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,ramses ,,ii4 9 ! ,memnonia at ,!bes #eg #ad4 ,"o ( ! rema9+ ,trili?ons at ,/oneh5ge #ei #ae4 ,g5]al ,plan ( ,/oneh5ge #fj #af4 ,! ,arrangem5ts = rais+ ! ,/one #gj #ag4 ,! ,cradle & ,supports #ga #ah4 ,! ,frame us$ to locate ! ,f9ds #gc #ai4 ,"s ( ! ,fl9t ,implem5ts #gg #bj4 ,%[+ ! c>eful ,tool+ ( ! ,s>s5s #hb #ba4 ,face ( ,rock aga9/ :i* a ,/one 0 made to re/ #hc #bb4 ,! ,lean+ ,/one ,upright #he #bc4 ,/oneh5ge1 #aije #hf #bd4 ,map ( ! ,/ones made by ! ,ordnance ,survey #hi #be4 ,rod plac$ 9 ! ,common ,axis ( ! ,circle & ,av5ue #id #bf4 ,alignm5ts at ,le ,mnec #ii #bg4 ,m5hir on ,melon ,isl& #ajj #bh4 ,melon ,isl&1 %[+ ,m5hir & ,cromle* #aja #bi4 ,m5hirs ( ,/4 ,d\rzal #ajb #cj4 ,alignm5t at ,lagatj> 7photograph7 #ajc #ca4 ,alignm5ts at ,lagatj> 7plan7 #ajd #cb4 ,m5hirs on ,sol/itial & ,may ,alignm5ts #aje #cc4 ,diagram = f9d+ ,decl9ation f giv5 ,amplitudes or ,azimu?s 9 ,briti% ,latitudes #aac #cd4 ,decl9ations ( ,nor!rn ,/>s f #bej ,a4,d4 to #baej ,b4,c4 #aae #ce4 ,decl9ations ( ,s\!rn ,/>s f #bej ,a4,d4 to #baej ,b4,c4 #aaf #cf4 ,! ,conditions ( ,sunrise at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice 9 ,lat4 #ei ,n4 #aai #cg4 ,! ,azimu?s ( ! ,sunrise 7upp] limb7 at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,lats4 ,n4 #ei-dg #aba #ch4 ,mae%[e & ! ,/ones ( ,/5ness #abd #ci4 ,*ief ,sight-,l9es f ! ,/ones ( ,/5ness #abf #dj4 ,v>iation ( ! ,obliquity ( ! ,ecliptic #ajj ,a4,d4-#djjj ,b4,c4 #acj #da4 ,! ,sight-,l9es at ! ,hurl]s #acf #db4 ,! ,s\!rn ,av5ue at ,m]rivale1 look+ ,ea/ #adg #dc4 ,av5ues1 ,circle & ,/ones at ,m]rivale1 ) _! ,azimu?s #aed #dd4 ,cursus at ,/oneh5ge1 ne>ly p>allel to ! ,m]rivale ,av5ue #aee #de4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,*allacombe ,av5ue #aei #df4 ,! ,sight-,l9es at ,tr[leswor?y #afb #dg4 ,! ,circles & ,av5ues at ,/anton ,drew #afi #dh4 ,! ,c>ro1 ,flor5ce #aid #di4 ,cresset-,/one1 ,lewannick #beg #ej4 ,fir/ ,appe>ance ( ,may ,sun 9 ,briti% ,latitudes #bfc #ea4 ,azimu?s ( ! ,may ,sunrise #bfd #eb4 ,! ,m]ry ,maid5s #bfi #ec4 #be-;in* ,ordnance ,map ( ,m]ry ,maid5s %[+ ,alignm5ts #bge #ed4 ,! ,ea/]n ,circle at ,tregaseal #bgi #ee4 ,photograph ( ,ordnance ,map %[+ ,sight-l9es #bha #ef4 ,plan ( ! ,mn-an-,tol #bhc #eg4 ,photograph ( ! ,mn-an-,tol #bhd #eh4 ,! ,mn-an-,tol4 ,front ,view & ,section #bhe #ei4 ,photograph ( ! ,ordnance ,map ( ,boscaw5-un #bhh #fj4 ,diagram %[+ ,azimu?s ( ,sunrise #afhj ,b4,c4 & #aije ,a4,d4 #bij #fa4 ,arcturus & ,capella z ,clock-,/>s 9 ,brita9 #cjj #fb4 ,a ,night-,dial #cjc #fc4 ,lay>d's ,plan ( ! ,palace ( ,s5na*]ib #cje #fd4 ,lay>d's ,plan ( ! ,m\nd at ,nimrood #cjf #fe4 ,! ,temples at ,*i*5 ,itza #cjg ,,/oneh5ge ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,9 ! book ,i publi%$ t5 ye>s ago1 entitl$ 8,! ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy10 ,i gave a pretty full acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples & ! me?ods ( obs]vation :i* enable u to trace ! ideas :i* 7 9 ! m9ds ( ! anci5t ,egyptians :5 !y set out ! l9e ( a temple !y propos$ to build4 ,num]\s ref]5ces to ! c]emonial ( lay+ ! f\ndation-/ones ( temples exi/1 & we le>n f ! works ( ,*abas1 ,brugs*1 ,dmi*5#a & o!rs1 t ! f\ndation ( an ,egyptian temple 0 associat$ ) a s]ies ( c]emonies :i* are repeat$ly describ$ ) great m9ut5ess4 ,among/ ^! c]emonies1 "o especially ref]s to ! fix+ ( ! temple-axis2 x is call$1 te*nically1 8! /ret*+ ( ! cord10 & is n only illu/rat$ by inscriptions on ! walls ( ! temples ( ,k>nak1 ,d5d]ah & ,edfu--to m5tion ! be/-kn[n cases--b is ref]r$ to else:]e4 ,dur+ ! c]emony ! k+ proce$$ to ! site :]e ! temple 0 to be built1 accompani$ my?ically by ! goddess ,se%eta1 :o is /yl$ 8! mi/ress ( ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one40 ,ea* 0 arm$ ) a /ake4 ,! two /akes 7 connect$ by a cord4 ,next ! cord 0 align$ t[>ds ! sun on "s day ( ! ye>1 or a />1 z ! case might be2 :5 ! alignm5t 0 p]fect ! two /akes 7 driv5 into ! gr\nd by means ( a wood5 mallet4 ,"o b\nd>y wall p>allel to ! ma9 axis ( ! temple 0 built along ! l9e m>k$ out by ?is /ret*$ cord4 ,if ! mom5t ( ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! sun or /> 7 *os51 z we h e reason to believe 0 ! case1 see+ t all ! e>ly obs]vations 7 made on ! horizon1 x is obvi\s t ! light f ! body t[>ds :i* ! temple 0 ?us align$ w\ld p5etrate ! axis ( ! temple f "o end to ! o!r 9 ! orig9al direction ( ! cord4 ,we le>n f ,*abas t ! ,egyptian ^w :i* expresses ! idea ( f\nd+ or lay+ ! f\ndation-/one ( a temple is ,s5ti--a ^w :i* /ill exi/s 9 ,coptic4 ,b 9 ! old language ano!r ^w ,pet-s]1 :i* no long] rema9s 9 ,coptic1 has be5 trac$4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ t pet means to /ret*1 & s] means cord1 s t t "p ( ! c]emonial :i* consi/$ 9 /ret*+ a cord 9 ! direction ( a /> 0 consid]$ ( s great an importance t x gave its "n to ! :ole c]emonial4 ,deal+ ) ! exi/+ rema9s ( ,egyptian temples1 x may be said t ! mo/ maje/ic among !m 0 t ( ,am5-,r at ,k>nak1 d$icat$ to ! ,sun-,god1 & ori5t$ to cat* ! light ( ! sun sett+ at ! summ] sol/ice1 ! "t ( ! ye> at :i* ! all-important rise ( ! ,nile began4 ,al?\gh ! sun is no long] wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt or ,brita91 sun-wor%ip has n yet disappe>$ f ! _w4 ,pr(essor ,g[l& has rec5tly#b br\ght to notice a surviv+ =m ( sun-wor%ip 9 ,japan4 ,i quote 8 /atem5t3-- 8,!re on ! sea%ore at ,fta-mi-ga-ura 7z w be se5 9 a copy ( a pr9t :i* ,i obta9$ at t anci5t place7 ! ori5tation ( ! %r9e ( adoration is giv5 by two gigantic rocks :i* rise f ! sea z natural pill>s4 ,! sun z x rises ov] ! m\nta9s ( ! di/ant %ore is obs]v$ betwe5 !m1 & ! cu/om>y pray]s & (f]+s made 9 t direction 7,fig4 #a74 8,x is1 too1 specially wor?y ( note t ! po9t f :i* ! sun is rev]$ is m>k$ by a /ructure ( ! =m ( a trili?on1 b made ( wood1 plac$ imm$iately beh9d ! alt>4 ,?is repres5tative ( ! trili?on is ( v remote date 9 ,japan1 & has be5 9 use !re f ! e>lie/ times 9 connection ) ! obs]vances ( ! anci5t ,%9t cult 9 :i* ! ,sun-,goddess is ! *ief deity4 ,"o ( its important uses1 :i* /ill survives1 0 to indicate ! direction ( ! position ( "s sacr$ place or object ( v5]ation1 9 ord] t wor%ipp]s might make _! pray]s & oblations t[>ds ! prop] qu>t]40 ,! table ( (f]+s mu/ also be not$4 ,9 ! book to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ,i also endeav\r$ to %[ t a k ( ev5 elem5t>y a/ronomy may be ( v great assi/ance to /ud5ts ( ar*ology1 hi/ory1 folk-lore & all t le>n+ :i* deals ) man's fir/ attempts to grasp ! mean+ & ph5om5a ( ! univ]se 9 :i* he f\nd himself be=e any sci5tific me?ods 7 available to him2 be=e he _h any idea ( ! orig9s or ! condition+s ( ! ?+s ar\nd him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,pres5t sun wor%ip 9 ,japan4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t book to re/ate ! und]ly+ a/ronomical pr9ciples 9 ! briefe/ possible mann]2 & ?is is ! m easily done because1 9 ! abs5ce ( measur+ in/rum5ts1 ! horizon 0 ! only circle :i* ! anci5t peoples c\ld employ effectively1 & we ne$ only !re=e consid] x4 ,inde$1 :e!r we reg>d ! ,rig-,v$a or ! ,egyptian monum5ts f an a/ronomical po9t ( view1 we are /ruck by ! fact t ! e>ly wor%ip & all ! e>ly obs]vations relat$ to ! horizon4 ,?is 0 true n only = ! sun1 b = all ! />s :i* /udd$ ! g5]al expanse ( sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! cele/ial sph]e1 conditions at ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,a p>allel sph]e4 ,n4,p41 ,nor? cele/ial ,pole2 ,n1 position ( obs]v]4 ,we h !re=e *iefly to consid] ! relation ( ! horizon ( any place to ! app>5t movem5ts ( cele/ial bodies at t place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! cele/ial sph]e1 conditions at ! ,equator4 ,a "r sph]e4 ,q1 /&po9t ( obs]v]2 ,,pp1 ! cele/ial poles2 ,,ew1 ea/ & we/ po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,! cele/ial sph]e1 conditions 9 a middle latitude4 ,an oblique sph]e4 ,9 ?is woodcut ,,dd %[s ! app>5t pa? ( a circumpol> />2 ,,bb,b ! pa? & ris+ & sett+ po9ts ( an equatorial />2 ,,cc,c & ,,aa,a1 ^? ( />s ( mid decl9ation1 "o nor? & ! o!r s\?2 ,o1 /&po9t ( obs]v]4 ,we n[ "k t ! e>? rotates on its axis1 b ?is idea 0 ( c\rse q unkn[n to ^! e>ly peoples4 ,s9ce ! e>? rotates1 ) />s inf9itely remov$ surr\nd+ x on all sides1 ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! />s w dep5d v mu* ^u ! position we happ5 to occupy on ! e>?4 ,an obs]v] at ! ,nor? ,pole ( ! e>?1 = in/ance1 w\ld see ! />s mov+ r\nd 9 circles p>allel to ! horizon 7,fig4 #b74 ,no /> c\ld !re=e ei!r rise or set--"o half ( ! heav5s w\ld be always visible above 8 horizon1 & ! o!r half invisible4 ,an obs]v] at ! ,s\? ,pole w\ld ( c\rse see t half ( ! />s invisible to ! obs]v] at ! nor!rn "o4 ,if ! obs]v] be on ! equator1 ! movem5ts ( ! />s w appe> to be z indicat$ 9 ?is diagram 7,fig4 #c7--t is1 all ! />s w rise & set1 & ea* /> w be1 9 turn1 twelve h\rs above ! horizon1 & ! same "t bel[ x4 ,b if we consid] ! position ( an obs]v] 9 a middle latitude1 say at ,/oneh5ge1 we f9d t "s />s w always be above ! horizon1 "s always bel[--t is1 !y w nei!r rise nor set4 ,all o!r />s w bo? rise & set1 b "s ( !m w be above ! horizon = a long "t & bel[ = a %ort "t1 :]eas o!rs w be a v %ort "t above ! horizon & a long "t bel[ x1 ea* /> complet+ a circle 9 a day 7,fig4 #d74 ,:]ev] we are ^u ! e>? we always imag9e t we are on ! top ( x4 ,! idea held by all ! e>ly peoples 0 t ! surface ( ! e>? ne> !m 0 an ext5d$ pla93 !y imag9$ t ! l& t !y knew & j ! surr\nd+ l&s 7 really 9 ! c5tre ( ! ext5d$ pla94 ,plato1 = in/ance1 0 cont5t to ?9k ! ,m$it]ranean & ,greece ^u ! top ( a cube1 & ,anaxim&] plac$ ! same region at ! top ( a cyl9d]4 ,by ! use ( a t]re/rial globe we c be/ /udy ! conditions ( obs]vation at ! poles ( ! e>?1 ! equator & "s place 9 middle latitude4 ,! wood5 horizon ( ! globe is p>allel to ! horizon ( a place at ! top ( ! globe1 :i* horizon we c repres5t by a waf]4 ,by incl9+ ! axis ( ! globe & wat*+ ! movem5t ( ! waf] z ! globe is turn$ r\nd1 we c get a v concrete idea ( ! diff]5t relations ( ! obs]v]'s horizon to ! app>5t pa?s ( ! />s 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,we h next to deal ) ! a/ronomical relations ( ! horizon ( any place1 9 connection ) ! obs]vation ( ! sun & />s at ! times ( ris+ or sett+1 :5 ( c\rse !y are on or ne> ! horizon2 & 9 ord] to br+ ?is matt] ne>] to ! anci5t monum5ts1 we w /udy ?is "q = bo? ,!bes & ,/oneh5ge4 ,we may take ! latitude ( ,!bes z #be1 ,/oneh5ge z #ea1 & we w beg9 ) ,!bes4 ,to consid] an obs]v] on ! ,nile at ,!bes & to adju/ ?+s prop]ly we mu/ rectify a cele/ial globe to ! latitude ( #be ,n41 or1 9 o!r words1 incl9e ! axis ( ! globe at t angle to ! wood5 horizon4 ,s9ce all ! />s :i* pass betwe5 ! ,nor? ,pole & ! horizon _c set1 all _! app>5t movem5ts w take place above ! horizon4 ,all ! />s betwe5 ! horizon & ! ,s\? ,pole w nev] rise4 ,h5ce1 />s )9 ! di/ance ( #be f ! ,nor? ,pole w nev] set at ,!bes1 & ^? />s )9 #be ( ! ,s\? ,pole w nev] be visible !re4 ,at any place ! latitude & ! elevation ( ! pole are ! same4 ,x s happ5s t _m ( ^? places ) :i* ar*ologi/s h to d 9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( e>ly peoples--,*alda1 ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 c4--are 9 l[ middle latitudes1 !re=e we h to deal ) bodies 9 ! skies :i* d set & bodies :i* d n1 & ! elevation ( ! pole is nei!r v great nor v small4 ,b al?\gh 9 ea* diff]5t latitude ! incl9ation ( ! equator to ! horizon z well z ! elevation ( ! pole w v>y1 !re w be a /rict relation%ip betwe5 ! incl9ation ( ! equator at ea* place & ! elevation ( ! pole4 ,except at ! poles !mselves ! equator w cut ! horizon due ea/ & due we/2 !re=e e cele/ial body to ! nor? ( ! cele/ial equator :i* rises & sets w cut ! horizon betwe5 ! ea/ & we/ po9t & ! nor? po9t2 ^? bodies :i* d n rise w ( c\rse n cut ! horizon at all4 ,! />s ne> ! equator1 & ! sun1 9 su* a latitude z t ( ,!bes1 w appe> to rise or set at no v consid]able angle f ! v]tical2 b :5 we deal ) />s v ne> to ! nor? or s\? po9ts ( ! horizon !y w seem to skim along ! horizon in/ead ( ris+ directly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ pass on to ,/oneh5ge4 ,to repres5t ! new condition ! axis ( ! globe w n[ require to be incl9$ #ea to ! horizon4 ,! numb] ( nor!rn />s :i* d n set & ( s\!rn />s :i* d n rise w be mu* great] ?an at ,!bes4 ,! mo/ nor!rn & s\!rn />s visible w 9 _! movem5t hug ! horizon m closely ?an 0 obs]v$ "u ! ,!bes condition4 ,! sun1 bo? at ,!bes & ,/oneh5ge1 s9ce x moves among ! />s f #bc ,n4 to #bc ,s4 ea* ye>1 w *ange its place ( ris+ & sett+ at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,n[ x w at once be obvi\s t !re mu/ be a /rict law connect+ ! position ( a /> ) its place ( ris+ or sett+4 ,/>s at ! same di/ance f ! cele/ial pole or equator w rise or set at ! same po9t ( ! horizon1 & if a /> does n *ange its place 9 ! heav5s x w always rise or set 9 ! same place4 ,! sun z x *anges its position ea* day1 9 its sw+ ,n4 & ,s4 ( ! equator1 w rise & set on any day 9 ! same place z a /> :i* p]man5tly has ! same di/ance f ! equator z t tempor>ily occupi$ by ! sun4 ,"h x w be conv5i5t to introduce "o or two te*nical t]ms3 we g5]ally def9e a />'s place by giv+1 z "o ord9ate1 its di/ance 9 degrees f ! equator3 ?is di/ance is call$ its decl9ation4 ,fur!r1 we g5]ally def9e po9ts on ! horizon by divid+ its :ole circumf]5ce into #cfj1 s t we c h azimu?s up to #ij f ! nor? & s\? po9ts to ! ea/ & we/ po9ts4 ,we also h amplitudes f ! ea/ & we/ po9ts t[>ds ! nor? & s\? po9ts4 ,we c say1 !n1 t a /> ( a c]ta9 decl9ation1 or ! sun :5 x occupies t decl9ation1 w rise or set at su* an azimu?1 or at su* an amplitude4 ,?is w apply to bo? nor? & s\? decl9ations4 ,!n suppos+ ! azimu? to be #ci 9 ! ,n4,e4 quadrant1 x is writt5 ,n4 #ci ,e4 ,= ! o!r quadrants we h ,n4 #ci ,w41 ,s4 #ci ,e41 & ,s4 #ci ,w41 respectively4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! amplitudes ( ris+ or sett+ 7nor? or s\?7 ( cele/ial bodies hav+ decl9ations f #j to #fd1 at ,!bes & ,/oneh5ge respectively4 ,,amplitudes ,,at ,,!bes ,,& ,,/oneh5ge4 -------------------------------- ,amplitude4 ,decl9ation4------------------ ,!bes4,/oneh5ge4 ------------------------------ #j #j #j #j #j #a #a #g #a #cf #b #b #ac #c #aa #c #c #bj #d #df #d #d #bf #f #bb #e #e #cc #g #eh #f #f #dj #i #cd #g #g #dg #aa #aj #h #h #ec #ab #dg #i #i #ei #ad #bc #aj #aa #f #af #a #aa #ab #ac #ag #ci #ab #ac #bj #ai #ah #ac #ad #bg #bj #eg #ad #ae #cd #bb #cf #ae #af #da #bd #ag #af #ag #di #be #eh #ag #ah #ef #bg #de #ah #bj #c #bi #bd #ai #ba #aj #ca #aj #bj #bb #ag #cb #ee #ba #bc #be #cd #dc #bb #bd #cc #cf #cb #bc #be #da #ch #bc #bd #bf #di #dj #af #be #bg #eh #db #aa #bf #bi #f #dd #aj #bg #cj #ae #df #aj #bh #ca #bc #dh #ae #bi #cb #cb #ej #bb #cj #cc #da #eb #cf #ca #cd #ea #ed #ee #cb #cf #a #eg #ba #cc #cg #aa #ei #ef #cd #ch #ba #fb #db #ce #ci #ca #fe #dd #cf #dj #db #fi #d #cg #da #ec #gc #j #ch #dc #e #gh #d #ci #dd #ag #ij #j #dj #de #cj #da #df #dc #db #dg #ef #dc #di #aj #dd #ej #be #de #ea #da #df #eb #eg #dg #ed #ad #dh #ee #cb #di #ef #ea #ej #eh #ab #ea #ei #cd #eb #fj #eh #ec #fb #bc #ed #fc #ea #ee #fe #ba #ef #ff #ed #eg #fh #ca #eh #gj #ab #ei #ga #ei #fj #gc #ee #fa #gf #a #fb #gh #be #fc #ha #ai #fd #he #db ------------------------------- ,! amplitude is always ! complem5t ( ! azimu?1 s t amplitude azimu? #ij4 ,lat] on ,i %all give amplitudes = latitudes high] ?an t ( ,/oneh5ge1 s t /ill m nor!rly monum5ts c be consid]$4 #a 8,bauges*i*te des ,d5d]a-,tempels40 #ahgg4 #b 8,ar*ologia10 vol4 lviii4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,ye> ,x is next important to deal ) ! ye>ly pa? ( ! sun1 ) a view ( /udy+ ! relation ( ! v>i\s po9ts ( ! horizon occupi$ by ! sun at diff]5t times 9 ! ye>4 ,9 ! v e>ly obs]vations t 7 made 9 ,egypt1 ,*alda & else:]e1 :5 ! sun 0 consid]$ to be a god :o e morn+ got into 8 boat & float$ across space1 !re 0 no p>ticul> reason = consid]+ ! amplitude at :i* ! boat left1 or came to1 %ore4 ,b a few c5turies %[$ t ?is ris+ or sett+ ( ! sun 9 widely v>y+ amplitudes at diff]5t times ( ! ye> at ! same place obey$ a v def9ite law4 ,9 its nor?w>d passage x rea*es ! highe/ po9t at our summ] sol/ice1 & !n goes d[n aga9 till x rea*es its greate/ s\!rn decl9ation1 z x does 9 our w9t]4 ,at bo? ^! po9ts ! sun appe>s to /& /ill 9 its nor? or s\? movem5t1 & ! ,lat9 ^w sol/ice exactly expresses t idea4 ,! *ange ( decl9ation br\ght ab\t by ^! movem5ts w affect ! place ( ! sun's ris+ & sett+2 ?is is :y ! sun sets mo/ to ! nor? 9 summ] & mo/ to ! s\? 9 w9t]4 ,at ! equ9oxes ! sun has always #j ,decl41 s x rises & sets due ea/ & we/ all ov] ! _w4 ,b at ! sol/ices x has its greate/ decl9ation ( #bc ,n4 or ,s42 x w rise & set !re=e fur!/ f ! ea/ & we/ po9ts2 h[ f>1 w dep5d ^u ! latitude ( ! place1 z w h be5 ga!r$ f ! prec$+ table 7p4 #aa74 ,^! sol/ices & _! accompanim5ts are among ! /rik+ ?+s 9 ! natural _w4 ,9 ! w9t] sol/ice we h ! dep? ( w9t]1 9 ! summ] sol/ice we h ! height ( summ]1 :ile at ! equ9oxes we h b transitional *anges2 9 o!r words1 :ile ! sol/ices po9t out = u ! conditions ( greate/ heat & greate/ cold1 ! equ9oxes po9t out = u ^? two times ( ! ye> at :i* ! temp]ature conditions are v ne>ly equal1 al?\gh ( c\rse 9 ! "o case we are say+ good-bye to summ] & 9 ! o!r to w9t]4 ,did ! anci5ts "k any?+ ab\t ^! sol/ices & ^! equ9oxes8 ,deal+ ) ! monum5tal evid5ce 9 ,egypt alone1 ! answ] is absolutely ov]:elm+4 ,_m ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,egyptians 7 p]fectly famili> ) ! sol/ices1 & !re=e ) ! ye>ly pa? ( ! sun4 ,?is fundam5tal division ( ! sun's app>5t revolution & c\rse :i* def9e our ye> into f\r ne>ly equal p>ts may be indicat$ z 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! highe/ po9t rea*$ by ! sun 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e be+ repres5t$ at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,! f\r ,a/ronomical ,divisions ( ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,! v>i\s be>+s ( ! sun ris+s & sett+s 9 a place ) a ,n4 latitude ( #ea4 ,9 ord] bett] to consid] ! problem z x 0 pres5t$ to ! e>ly a/ronom]s :o built obs]vatories 7temples7 to m>k ^! po9ts1 we may deal ) ! be>+s ( ! po9ts occupi$ by ! sun on ! horizon 7ei!r at ris+ or sett+7 at ! times indicat$4 ,^! po9ts are def9$1 z we h se51 by _! 8amplitude0 or _! di/ance 9 degrees f ! ,e4 or ,w4 po9ts ( ! horizon4 ,9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #f7 ,i repres5t ! conditions ( our *ief ,briti% sun-temple1 ,/oneh5ge1 9 latitude #ea ,n4 approximately4 ,tak+ ! a/ronomical facts reg>d+ ! sol/ices & equ9oxes = ! fir/ ye> 7#aija7 ( ! pres5t c5tury1 we f9d-- ,sun ent]s ,aries1 ,spr+ equ9ox1 ,m>* #ba4 ,gem9i1 ,summ] sol/ice1 ,june #ba4 ,libra1 ,autumn equ9ox1 ,septemb] #bc4 ,sagitt>ius1 ,w9t] sol/ice1 ,decemb] #bc4 ,^! po9ts1 !n1 are approximately n9ety-"o days ap>t 7#ia #d #cfd74 ,9 ,fig4 #f ,i deal ) ! 8amplitudes0 at ,/oneh5ge1 t is1 ! angul> di/ance along ! horizon f ! ,e4 & ,w4 po9ts1 at :i* ! sunrise & sunset are se5 at ! sol/ices2 at ! equ9oxes !y are se5 at ! ,e4 & ,w4 po9ts4 ,b z ^! amplitudes v>y ) ! latitude & !re=e dep5d ^u ! place ( obs]vation1 a m g5]al treatm5t is possible if we deal ) ! decl9ation ( ! sun itself1 t is1 its angul> di/ance f ! equator4 ,! maximum decl9ation dep5ds ^u ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 t is1 ! angle betwe5 ! plane ( ! ecliptic & t ( ! equator at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,:5 ! ,/oneh5ge ,s>s5 ,/ones 7 erect$ ?is angle 01 z ,i %all %[ lat] on1 #bc #ed #cj4 ,its mean value = ! pres5t ye> 7#aijf7 is #bc #bg #e2 x is decreas+ v sl[ly4 ,x w be obvi\s f ,fig4 #f t 9 temples built to obs]ve ! sol/ices or equ9oxes1 if !y 7 op5 f end to end1 look+ 9 "o direction we %\ld see ! sun ris+ at a sol/ice or equ9ox1 & look+ 9 ! o!r we %\ld see ! sun sett+ at ! opposite "o4 ,i %all %[ lat] on t ?is /atem5t requires a slight modification4 ,b temples s built int]f]$ ) ! c]emonial1 :i* requir$ t ! light %\ld illum9ate a naos--t is1 ! ,sanctu>y or ,holy ( ,holies1 only ent]$ by ! ,high ,prie/1 & g5]ally kept d>k4 ,usually1 !re=e1 two temples 7 built back to back1 ) a common axis1 z at ,k>nak4 ,& "h a v important po9t comes 92 :i* "t ( ! ye> & day ( ! ye> are mo/ easy to fix by a/ronomical obs]vation8 ,z a matt] ( fact ! summ] sol/ice1 ! position ( ! sun on ! longe/ day1 is a po9t easily fix$4 ,all we h to d is to obs]ve ! sun ris+ m & m to ! nor? z ! summ] approa*es1 until at ! v height ( ! summ] we h ! extreme nor?-ea/]ly po9t ( ! horizon rea*$1 & ! sun /&s /ill4 ,we h ! sol/ice4 ,we c !n put a r[ ( /akes up1 & s fix ! sol/itial l9e4 ,( c\rse we f9d1 z mank9d has f\nd g5]ally1 t ! sun comes back next ye> to t same sol/itial place ( ris+ or sett+4 ,s t :5 we h once got su* an alignm5t = ! ris+ ( ! sun at midsumm]1 we c det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! ye> 9 days1 & !re=e ! beg9n+ ( ea* ye> z x comes r\nd4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! *ief po9ts 9 :at we may t]m ! a/ronomical ye>1 ^? at :i* ! sun's decl9ation is greate/ & lea/4 ,we see t !y are approximately n9ety-"o days ap>t--say ?ree mon?s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,agricultural ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,ye> ,! e>ly peoples h be5 v mu* misrepres5t$1 & held to h be5 un9/ruct$1 by sev]al writ]s :o h n consid]$ :at !y 7 really driv+ at4 ,x 0 absolutely ess5tial = e>ly man1 includ+ ! inhabitants ( ,brita9 z x 0 !n--t[nless1 uncivilis$--t ! p %\ld "k some?+ ab\t ! prop] "t = p]=m+ _! agricultural op]ations4 ,we n[ g into a %op & = a p5ny buy an almanack :i* gives u ev]y?+ we want to "k ab\t ! ye>1 ! mon? & ! day1 & t is ! reason :y s few ( u c>e ab\t a/ronomy3 we c get all we want f a/ronomy = a p5ny or twop5ce4 ,b ^! poor p1 unless !y f\nd out ! "t ( ! ye> & ! mon? & ! day = !mselves1 or got "s "o to tell !m--& _! prie/s 7 ! m5 :o knew1 & !y 7 prie/s because !y knew--_h absolutely no means ( det]m9+ :5 _! v>i\s agricultural op]ations %\ld take place4 ,s t we f9d all ov] ! _w temples erect$ 9 ! v fir/ flu% ( civilisation4 ,on ?is a po9t comes 9 ( v consid]able int]e/4 ,if we /udy ! civilisations 9 ,egypt1 we f9d t1 s f> z we "k1 "o ( ! fir/ peoples :o us$ ?is pr9ciple ( ori5tation = agricultural purposes 0 "s tribe t came d[n ! ,nile ab\t #fdjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,!y us$ ! /> ,canopus1 & _! det]m9ation 0 t ( ! autumnal equ9ox1 :i* practically 0 ! "t :5 ! ,nile began to g d[n1 & :5 _! s[+ might beg94 ,!re 0 ano!r race :o1 in/ead ( be+ int]e/$ 9 ! sun1 & !re=e 9 agriculture1 at ! "t ( ! autumnal equ9ox1 7 int]e/$ 9 ! ye> ab\t ! "t ( ,ea/] z well4 ,?is race built ! ,pyramids ab\t f\r ?\s& ye>s ,b4,c4 ,!re 0 an int]val ( ab\t two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s betwe5 ^! races4 ,z we %all see !re 7 o!rs1 :o at ,!bes />t$ ! sol/itial wor%ip--t is to say1 ! wor%ip ( ! sun at midsumm]--& at ,memphis 9 ,may1 s z to enable !m to g on ) _! agricultural op]ations ) great] c]ta9ty4 ,we mu/ n =get t fir/ ( all ! f>m]s tri$ to pl\gh & s[ by ! moon4 ,we c see h[ hopeless agriculture mu/ h be5 "u su* conditions4 ,! mon?1 inde$1 0 ! only unit ( "t employ$1 ev5 ( human life4 ,we he> ( p :o liv$ #abjj ye>s2 t means #abjj mon?s--!re is no "q :atev] ab\t t n[4 ,:5 we /udy ! hi/ory ( our own c\ntry--:5 we come back f ,egypt to ,brita91 leav+ alone ,greece & ,rome--we f9d t 9 v>i\s times 9 our c\ntry we h _h a ye>1 a f>m]'s ye>1 beg9n+ 9 ! mon? ( ,may2 we h _h ano!r f>m]'s ye> beg9n+ 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/2 we h _h ano!r f>m]'s ye> beg9n+ at ! longe/ day2 & x appe>s t ! ye> beg9n+ at ! longe/ day 0 really ! la/ ye> to be introduc$4 ,s t :ile we h 9 ,/oneh5ge a sol/itial temple--t is to say1 a temple to make obs]vations ( ! l5g? ( ! ye> by obs]v+ ! rise ( ! sun on ! longe/ day ( ! ye>--9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl& !re 7 o!r temples obs]v+ ! sun1 n on ! #ba/ ( ,june1 b e>ly 9 ,may & e>ly 9 ,augu/4 ,n[1 z ,i h indicat$1 ! prie/-a/ronom]s 9 ^! temples c\ld only h won & kept ! respect ( ! agricultural population ) :om alone !y 7 surr\nd$ 9 e>ly times1 & by :om !y 7 support$1 by be+ useful to !m 9 "s way or ano!r4 ,?is c\ld only h be5 9 connection ) :at we may t]m g5]ally ! f>m+ op]ations necess>y at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( prep>+ ! gr\nd or ga!r+ ! produce4 ,= ?is !y mu/ h wat*$ ! />s4 ,a v l>ge "p ( my?ology has sprung out ( ! temple cults1 pray]1 sacrifices & ?anksgiv+ connect$ ) ^! f>m+ op]ations 9 diff]5t l&s & ages4 ,i wi% to %[ next t by /udy+ ! ori5tation ( temples erect$ to wat* ! />s & sunrise & sunset at times o!r ?an ! sol/ices or equ9oxes1 an imm5se am\nt ( in=mation may be ga9$ if we endeav\r to f9d ! way 9 :i* ! problem mu/ h be5 attack$ be=e ! ye> 0 ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 & :5 x 0 /ill a "q ( grass- or corn-k+s or gods :o _h to be propitiat$2 & we may ev5 be enabl$ to und]/& :y ! p>ticul> divisions ( ! ye> 7 *os54 ,9 a sol/itial temple ! sun makes its appe>ance only once a ye>1 :5 x rea*es its greate/ nor? or s\? decl9ation2 b 9 ! temples deal+ ) l[] decl9ations ! sun appe>s twice1 once on its j\rney f ! summ] to ! w9t] sol/ice1 & aga9 on its return4 ,! fir/ difficulty ( ! inquiry 9 ! direction ,i h indicat$ arises f ! fact t ! products ( diff]5t c\ntries v>y1 & t id5tical f>m+ op]ations h to be c>ri$ on at diff]5t times 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,we mu/1 !n1 beg9 ) "s "o c\ntry1 & z ! record is fulle/ = ,greece ,i w beg9 ) x4 ,! fir/ ?+ we f9d is t ! *ief po9ts 9 ! f>m]'s ye> 9 ,greece are ab\t z f> f ! fix$ po9ts 9 ! a/ronomical ye> z !y well c be4 ,9 ! ,greek in=mation s admirably collat$ by ,m4 ,ruelle 9 ! article on ! cal5d> 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio's monum5tal 8,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es10 ! e>li] ,gregorian dates on :i* ! seasons 7 reckon$ to comm5ce 9 anci5t ,greece 7 z foll[s3-- ,summ] ,may #f4 ,autumn 77 ,augu/ #aa4 ,w9t] ,novemb] #aj4 ,spr+ ,febru>y #g4 ,i may also add f ! same s\rce t 9 ! cal5d>s ( ! ,lat9s ! dates become3-- ,summ] ,may #i4 ,autumn ,augu/ #h4 ,w9t] ,novemb] #i4 ,spr+ ,febru>y #g4 ,n[ we see at once t ^! dates are1 r\ghly1 half-way betwe5 ! sol/ices & equ9oxes4 ,?is1 !n1 at once br+s u back to ! ori5tation problem1 :i* 0 to fix by means ( a temple 9 ! ord9>y way dates ne>] to ^! turn+-po9ts 9 ! local f>m]'s ye>s ?an ^? fix$ by ! sol/itial & equ9octial temples4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is n m]ely a "q ( /ately piles su* z ,k>nak & ! ,p>!non 9 popul\s c5tres1 b ( ! humble/ dolm5 or /one circle1 9 scatt]$ agricultural communities1 :i* 0 z c]ta9ly us$ = ori5tation purposes1 t is1 = record+ ! lapse ( "t at night or return ( "s season important to ! till] ( ! soil4 ,! adv5t ( ! season ?us det]m9$ c\ld be ann\nc$ to outly+ di/ricts by fire signals at night4 ,i h already po9t$ out t any temple1 dolm5 or cromle* ori5t$ to a sunrise or sunset at any dates betwe5 ! sol/ices w receive ! sunlight twice a ye>4 ,if ! temple is po9t$ ne>ly sol/itially ! two dates at :i* ! sun appe>s 9 x w be ne> ! sol/ice2 simil>ly1 = a temple po9t$ ne>ly equ9octially ! dates w be ne> ! equ9ox2 b if ! anci5ts wi%$ to divide ! n9ety-"o days' int]val betwe5 ! sol/ice & equ9ox1 a conv5i5t me?od ( do+ ?is w\ld be to obs]ve ! sun at ! half-"t int]val1 su* t ! same temple w\ld s]ve on bo? occasions4 ,?is c\ld be done by ori5t+ ! temple to ! sun's place on ! horizon :5 x _h ! decl9ation #af #bj on its upw>d & d[nw>d j\rney1 or1 9 o!r words1 01 9 days1 half-way betwe5 ! equ9ox & sol/ice4 ,?us1 = ! #de days 7 #ia days 7 7 ------- 7 7 #b 7 f ,m>* #bb1 we h 9-- ,m>* #i ,april #cj ,may #f --- #de ,:at1 !n1 are ! non-equ9octial1 non-sol/itial days ( ! ye> :5 ! sun has ?is decl9ation8 ,!y are1 9 ! sun's j\rney f ! v]nal equ9ox to ! summ] sol/ice & back aga91 ,may #f & ,augu/ #h ,sun's decl4 ,n4 #af #bj4 ,simil>ly1 = ! j\rney to ! w9t] sol/ice & return we h ,novemb] #h & ,febru>y #d ,sun's decl4 ,s4 #af #bj4 ,we get1 !n1 a ye> symmetrical ) ! a/ronomical ye>1 :i* c be indicat$ ) x z 9 ,fig4 #g2 a ye> r\ghly halv+ ! int]vals betwe5 ! *ief dates ( ! a/ronomical ye>4 ,) reg>d to ! dates %[n ,i h already po9t$ out t f>m+ op]ations w\ld n occur at ! same "t 9 diff]5t l&s2 t pl\gh+ & se$ "t & h>ve/ w\ld v>y ) crops & latitudes2 & ,i mu/ n[ add t :5 we wi% to det]m9e ! exact days ( ! mon? we h to /ruggle ) all ! difficulties introduc$ by ! v>i\s sy/ems adopt$ by diff]5t anci5t nations to br+ toge!r ! reckon+ ( mon?s by ! moon & ( ye>s by ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,! a/ronomical & vegetation divisions ( ! ye>4 ,9 m rec5t times !re is an additional difficulty ow+ to ! incomplete recon/ruction ( ! cal5d> by ,julius ,cs>1 :o gave u ! ,julian ye>4 ,?us1 :ile ! spr+ equ9ox occurr$ on ,m>* #ba at ! "t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 9 #cbe ,a4,d41 by ! ye> #agea ! dat+ ( ! ye> on :i* x took place _h slipp$ back to ! #aj?4 ,h5ce ! ,act #bd ,george ,,ii4 c4 #bc1 by :i* ,septemb] #b1 #ageb1 0 foll[$ by ,septemb] #ad in/ead ( by ! #crd1 ?us rega9+ ! elev5 days lo/4 ,?is *ange f ! s-call$ 8old /yle0 to ! 8new /yle0 is responsible = a great deal ( confusion4 ,ano!r cause ( tr\ble 0 ! =sak+ by ! ,jews ( ! sol> ye>1 ) :i* !y comm5c$1 9 fav\r ( ! ,babylonian lun> ye>1 :i* has be5 cont9u$ = ! purposes ( wor%ip by ,*ri/ians1 giv+ u 8movable fea/s0 to su* an ext5t t ,ea/] ,day1 :i* once inv>iably m>k$ ! spr+ equ9ox1 may v>y f ,m>* #bb to ,april #be1 & ,:it ,sunday f ,may #aj to ,june #ac4 ,x is at once obvi\s t no fix$ op]ations ( ,nature c be indicat$ by su* v>iable dates z ^!4 ,h5ce 9 :at foll[s ,i %all only deal ) ! mon?s involv$2 ^! amply suffice = a g5]al /atem5t1 b a discussion z to exact dates may come lat]4 ,to sum up1 !n1 ! a/ronom]-prie/s _h 7#a7 to wat* ! "t at night by obs]v+ a /> ris+ ne> ! nor? po9t ( ! horizon4 ,?is /> w\ld act z a w>n] ( sunrise at "s "t ( ! ye>4 7#b7 ,to wat* = ! ris+ or sett+ ( o!r />s 9 v>i\s azimu?s w>n+ sunrise at ! o!r critical times ( ! ,may or ,sol/itial ye>s4 7#c7 ,to wat* ! sunrise & sunset4 7#d7 ,to m>k all ris+ or sett+ places ( ! w>n+ />s & sun by sight-l9es f ! circle4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,new-,,ye> ,,days ,) reg>d to ! a/ronomical ye> x may be /at$ t ea* sol/ice & equ9ox has 9 turn 9 "s c\ntry or ano!r1 & ev5 9 ! same c\ntry at diff]5t times1 be5 tak5 z ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,we h1 !n1 to beg9 )1 ! foll[+ :i* may be call$ a/ronomical ye>s3-- ,sol/itial ,june ,decemb] ,june4 ye>4 ,decemb] ,june ,decemb]4 ,equ9octial ,m>* ,septemb] ,m>*4 ye>4 ,septemb] ,m>* ,septemb]4 ,next1 if we treat ! int]m$iate po9ts we h f\nd 9 ! same way1 we h ! foll[+ vegetation ye>s3-- ,fl[] ,may ,novemb] ,may4 ye>4 ,novemb] ,may ,novemb]4 ,h>ve/ ,augu/ ,febru>y ,augu/4 ye>4 ,febru>y ,augu/ ,febru>y4 ,x w h be5 ga!r$ f ,fig4 #g t ! temples or cromle*s erect$ to wat* ! fir/ sunrise ( ! ,may-,novemb]-,may ye> c\ld also p]=m ! same (fice = ! ,augu/-,febru>y-,augu/ ye>2 & 9 a /one circle ! prie/s1 by look+ along ! axis almo/ 9 an opposite direction1 c\ld note ! sunsets m>k+ ! completion ( ! half ( ! sun's ye>ly r\nd 9 ,novemb] & ,febru>y4 ,n[ to ^? :o "k any?+ ( ! important contributions ( ,grimm1 ,rhs1 ,fraz]1 & _m o!rs we might "n1 to our k ( ! my?ology1 wor%ips1 & cu/oms 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 & we/]n ,europe1 an inspection ( ! fir/ columns 9 ! above tables w %[ t "h we h a common meet+-gr\nd = temple ori5tation1 vegetation & cu/oms dep5d+ on x1 religi\s fe/ivals1 & my?ology4 ,f ! ,egyptian times at lea/ to our own a g5]ic sun-god has be5 specifically commemorat$ 9 ea* ( ! nam$ mon?s4 ,g5]ic cu/oms ) specific diff]5ces are z easily trac$ 9 ! same mon?s2 :ile g5]ic vegetation ) specific repres5tatives prop] to ! season ( ! ye> has be5 s c>efully reg>d$ t ev5 ,decemb]1 ?\gh )\t ,may fl[]s or ,augu/ h>ve/s1 n to be outdone1 br+s =w>d its (f]+ 9 ! %ape ( ! b]ries ( ! mi/letoe & holly4 ,ab\t ! mi/letoe !re is ?is difficulty4 ,innum]able traditions associate x ) wor%ip & ! oak tree4 ,und\bt$ly ! ye> 9 "q 0 ! sol/itial ye>1 s t s f> z ?is goes ! association is ju/ifi$4 ,b z a rule ! mi/letoe does n gr[ on oaks4 ,?is po9t has be5 frequ5tly inquir$ into1 especially by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,ball 7,j\rnal ( ,botany1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfa1 #ahfd7 9 relation to ! gr[? ( ! plant 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 & by a writ] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review 7vol4 cxiv471 :o spoke ( ! mi/letoe 8des]t+ ! oak0 9 mod]n times & /at$1 8x is n[ s r>ely f\nd on t tree z to h l$ to ! sugge/ion t we mu/ look = ! mi/letoe ( ! ,druids1 n 9 ! ,viscum album ( our own trees & or*>ds1 b 9 ! ,loran?us ,europaeus :i* is frequ5tly f\nd on oaks 9 ! s\? ( ,europe40 ,on ?is po9t ,i consult$ two em95t botanical fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,murray1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ,pr(4 ,f>m]1 f :om ,i h le>n$ t ! di/ribution ( ,v4 album is 9 ,europe univ]sal except nor? ( ,norway & nor? ( ,russia2 9 ,india 9 ! temp]ate ,himalayas f ,ka%mir to ,nepaul1 altitude #cjjj to #gjjj feet4 ,! ,viscum aureum1 o!rwise call$ ,loran?us ,europaeus1 is a ne> relation ( ! famili> mi/letoe1 & 9 ,italy gr[s on ! oak almo/ exclusively4 ,!re are fifty species ( ,loran?us 9 ! ,indian flora1 b ,l4 ,europaeus does n occur4 ,9 ! ,viscum aureum we h ! 8gold5 b\gh10 ! oak-borne ,aurum frond5s & ,ramus aureus ( ,virgil2 & x c easily be imag9$ t :5 ! ,druids rea*$ our %ores f a c\ntry :i* _h suppli$ !m ) ! ,viscum aureum1 ?is w\ld be replac$ by ! ,v4 album gr[+ *iefly on apple trees & n on oaks2 inde$1 ,mr4 ,davies1 9 8 8,celtic ,rese>*es10 tells u t ! apple 0 ! next sacr$ tree to ! oak1 & t apple or*>ds 7 plant$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sacr$ groves4 ,! transplant+ ( ! mi/letoe f ! apple to ! oak tree be=e ! my/ic c]emonies began 0 n beyond ! res\rces ( prie/craft4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! c]emonies took place at bo? sol/ices--once 9 ,june1 :5 ! oak 0 9 full leaf1 & aga9 9 ,decemb]1 :5 ! p>asitic plant 0 bett] visible 9 ! light ( ! "y moon4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 8 8,gold5 ,b\gh0 7iii4 p4 #cbh71 po9ts out t at ! summ] sol/ice n only 0 mi/letoe ga!r$1 b _m o!r 8magic plants1 ^: evanesc5t virtue c be secur$ at ?is my/ic season alone40 ,x is ! rip5+ ( ! b]ries at ! w9t] sol/ice :i* secur$ = ! mi/letoe ! p>am\nt importance ! c]emonials connect$ ) x possess$ at t "t1 :5 ! re/ ( ! vegetable _w 0 dormant4 ,) reg>d especially to ! p>ticul> "t ( ! ye> *os5 = sun-wor%ip & ! wor%ip ( ! gods & sol> h]oes connect$ ) ! ye>s to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ,i may add t ! vague ye> 9 ,egyptian *ronology makes x a v difficult matt] to det]m9e ! exact ,gregorian dates = ! anci5t ,egyptian fe/ivals1 b1 =tunately1 !re is ano!r way ( gett+ at !m4 ,mr4 ,rol& ,mit*ell1 :5 compil+ 8 valuable 8,egyptian ,cal5d>0 7,luzac & ,co41 #aijj71 f\nd t ! ,koptic cal5d> really pres5ts to u ! old ,egyptian ye>1 8:i* has be5 9 use = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & has surviv$ all ! revolutions40 ,( ! _m fe/ivals includ$ 9 ! cal5d>1 ! great ,tanta fair1 :i* is also a ,mohamm$an fea/4 8is ! mo/ important ( all held 9 ,egypt4 ,religion1 comm]ce1 & pleasure (f] comb9$ attractions40 ,z _m z #fjj1jjj or #gjj1jjj (t5 att5d ?is great fair1 8no d\bt ! survival ( "o ( ! anci5t ,egyptian national fe/ivals40 ,x is held s z to end on a ,friday1 & 9 #aija ! ,friday 0 ,augu/ #i6 ,?is naturally sugge/s t we %\ld look = a fea/ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,may4 ,we f9d ! ,fe/ival ( ,al-,khidr1 or ,elias 9 ! middle ( ! :eat h>ve/ 9 ,l[] ,egypt2 ( ?is we read3-- 8,al-,khidr is a my/]i\s p]sonage1 :o1 accord+ to le>n$ op9ion1 0 a j man1 or sa9t1 ! ,visr ( ,dhu'l-,k>nn 7:o 0 a great conqu]or1 contempor>y ) ,ibrahm--,abraham--& id5tifi$ 9 o!r leg5ds ) ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,/4 ,george1 c474 ,al-,khidr1 x is believ$1 /ill lives1 & w live until ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,he is clad 9 gre5 g>m5ts1 :5ce probably ! "n4 ,he is commonly id5tifi$ ) ,elias 7,elijah71 & ?is confusion seems due to a confusion or simil>ity ( "s ( ! attributes t tradition assigns to bo?40 8,! #8,fe/ival ( ,el-,khidr & ( ,elias1' fall+ g5]ally on ,may #f1 m>ks ! two-fold division ( ! ye>1 9 ! ,turki% & ,arm5ian cal5d>s1 into ! ,rz ,ksim & ! ,rz ,khidr 7( #agi-hj & #ahe-f days respectively740 ,?is la/ p>agraph is important1 z x po9ts to anci5t sun-wor%ip1 ,helios be+ read = ,elias2 & #agi days f ,may #f br+ u to ,novemb] #a4 ,s we f9d t ! mod]n ,turks & ,arm5ians h ! old ,may-,novemb] ye> z well z ! anci5t ,egyptians :o celebrat$ x 9 ! ,temple ( ,m5u at ,!bes4 ,! traces ( ! ,ptah wor%ip are n s obvi\s4 ,f9ally1 x may be /at$ t ! second ,tanta fair occurs at ! spr+ equ9ox1 s t ! pyramid wor%ip c /ill be trac$ 9 ! mod]n ,egyptian cal5d>4 ,! pro( t ?is 0 an exotic#c is e/abli%$1 ,i ?9k1 by ! fact t no important agricultural op]ations occur at ?is p]iod 9 ,egypt1 :ile 9 ,may we h ! h>ve/1 9 ,augu/ & ,novemb] s[+1 go+ on4 ,a cursory exam9ation ( ,pr(4 ,rhs' book conta9+ ! ,hibb]t ,lectures ( #ahhf1 9 ! light ( ^! ye>s1 us$ z clues1 sugge/s t 9 ,irel& ! sequ5ce 0 ,may-,novemb] 7,fomori & ,fir ,bolg71 ,augu/-,febru>y 7,lug & ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann71 &1 la/ly1 ,june-,decemb] 7,c*ula9n74 ,%\ld ?is be confirm$ we see t ! f>m]s' ye>s 7 ! fir/ to be e/abli%$1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! agricultural r5t ye> 9 _m p>ts ( ,irel& /ill runs f ,may to ,novemb]4 ,x is well also to be> 9 m9d1 if x be e/abli%$ t ! sol/itial ye> did really arrive la/1 t ! facts record$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] 9 8 8,gold5 ,b\gh0 indicate t ! cu/om ( light+ fires on hills has be5 9 hi/oric times mo/ preval5t at ! summ] sol/ice2 evid5tly maps %[+ ! geographical di/ribution ( ! ,may1 ,june1 & ,augu/ fires w\ld be ( great value4 ,"s cu/oms ( ! ,may & ,augu/ ye>s are common to ! sol/itial & equ9octial ye>s4 ,ea* 0 u%]$ 9 by fires on hills & ! l2 fl[]s 9 ,may & ! fruits ( ! e>? 9 ,augu/ are associat$ ) !m2 !re are also special cu/oms 9 ! case ( ,novemb]4 ,9 we/]n ,europe1 h[ev]1 x does n seem t su* traditions exi/ ov] su* a l>ge area z t ov] :i* ! remnants ( ! sol/itial practices h be5 trac$4 ,i h po9t$ out t bo? ! ,may & ,augu/ ye>s began :5 ! sun _h ! same decl9ation 7#af ,n4 or !reab\ts72 once1 on its asc5t f ,m>* to ! summ] sol/ice 9 ,june1 aga9 9 its decl9e f ! sol/ice to ,septemb]4 ,h5ce x may be m difficult 9 ?is case to dis5tangle & foll[ ! my?ology1 b ! two ye>s /& out "h & !re4 ,) reg>d to ,augu/1 ,mr4 ,p5rose's ori5tation data = ! ,pana!na fix ! #ai? day 7,gregorian7 = ! fe/ival 9 ! ,hecatomp$on2 simil> celebrations 7 n peculi> to we/]n ,europe & ,greece1 z a comp>ison ( dates ( wor%ip w %[4 ,hecatomp$on ,april #bh & ,augu/ #af4 ,old] ,ere*!um ,april #bi ,augu/ #ac4 ,temple ( ,diana1 ,ephesus ,april #bi ,augu/ #ac4 ,m91 ,!bes ,may #a ,augu/ #ab4 ,ptah1 ,memphis ,april #ah ,augu/ #bd4 ,annu ,april #ah ,augu/ #bd4 ,sol> ,disc1 ,tell el-,am>na ,april #ah ,augu/ #bd4 ,9 ! above table ,i h giv5 bo? ! dates on :i* ! sunlight 7at ris+ or sett+7 ent]$ ! temple1 b we d n "k = c]ta91 except 9 ! case ( ! ,hecatomp$on1 on :i* ( ! two days ! temples 7 us$2 x is likely !y 7 all us$ on bo? days1 & t ! v>iation f ! dates prop] to ! sun's decl9ation ( ,n4 #af indicates t !y 7 v accurately ori5t$ to fit ! local vegetation conditions 9 ! mo/ important & ext5sive temple fields 9 ! _w4 ,?is is ! m probable because ! ,jews also1 aft] !y _h left ,egypt1 e/abli%$ _! fea/ ( ,p5teco/ fifty days aft] ,ea/] ,may #aj1 on :i* day loaves made ( newly h>ve/$ corn =m$ ! *ief (f]+4 ,) reg>d to ! equ9octial ye>1 ! mo/ complete acc\nt ( ! temple arrangem5ts is to be f\nd 9 ,josephus t\*+ t at ,j]usalem4 ,! temple _h to be s erect$ t at ! spr+ equ9ox ! sunrise light %\ld fall on1 & be reflect$ to1 ! wor%ipp]s by ! s>donyx /ones on ! high prie/'s g>m5t4 ,at ?is fe/ival ! fir/ b>ley 0 laid ^u ! alt>4 ,b ?is wor%ip 0 9 full sw+ 9 ,egypt = ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e we he> ( x 9 connection ) ! ,jews4 ,x has left its temples at ,ephesus1 ,a!ns1 & o!r places1 & ) ! op5+ ( ?is ye> z well z ( ! sol/itial "o ! cu/om ( light+ fires is associat$1 n only on hills1 b also 9 *ur*es4 ,"h ! sequ5ce ( cult _c be mi/ak54 ,we beg9 ) ,isis & ! "y ,sun-god ,horus at ! ,pyramids1 & we end ) 8,lady ,day10 a ,briti% legal date2 :ile ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome is z truly ori5t$ to ! equ9ox z ! ,pyramids !mselves1 s t we h a di/9ct *ange ( cult ) no *ange ( ori5tation4 ,if su* consid]ations z ^! help u to connect ,egyptian ) ,briti% wor%ips we may hope t !y w be no less useful :5 we g fur!r afield4 ,i ga!r f a /udy ( ,mr4 ,maudslay's admirable plans ( ,pal5que & ,*i*n-,itz t ! sol/itial & f>m]s' ye>s' wor%ips 7 provid$ = !re4 ,h[ did ^! wor%ips & associat$ temples ) naos & sph9xes#d get f ,egypt to ,yucatan8 ,! m we "k ( anci5t travel ! m we are conv9c$ t x 0 coa/wise1 t is1 f "o po9t ( visible l& to ! next4 ,are ! cults z old z diff]5ces 9 ! coa/-l9es :i* w\ld mo/ easily expla9 _! wide di/ribution8 #c ,9 ,babylonia ! spr+ equ9ox 0 ! critical "t ( ! ye> because ! ,tigris & ,euphrates !n began to rise4 #d ,see ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 ,plate fac+ p4 #ahb1 = ! l9es ( sph9xes at ,k>nak4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,conditions ,,& ,,traditions ,,at ,,/oneh5ge ,aft] ,mr4 ,p5rose1 by 8 admirable obs]vations 9 ,greece1 _h %[n t ! ori5tation !ory acc\nt$ z satisfactorily = ! directions 9 :i* ! *ief temples 9 ,greece _h be5 built z ,i _h %[n x did = "s 9 ,egypt1 x seem$ important to apply ! same me?ods ( inquiry ) all available accuracy to "s example1 at all ev5ts1 ( ! v>i\s /one circles 9 ,brita9 :i* h s f> escap$ de/ruction4 ,_m attempts _h be5 previ\sly made to secure data1 b ! in/rum5ts & me?ods employ$ did n seem to be suffici5t4 ,mu* "t has1 inde$1 be5 lo/ 9 ! inve/igation ( a great _m ( ^! circles1 = ! reason t 9 _m cases ! relations ( ! monum5ts to ! *ief po9ts ( ! horizon h n be5 consid]$2 & :5 !y 71 ! obs]vations 7 made only ) ref]5ce to ! magnetic nor?1 :i* is diff]5t at diff]5t places1 & besides is always v>y+2 few inde$ h tri$ to get at ! a/ronomical conditions ( ! problem4 ,! fir/1 ,i ?9k1 0 ,mr4 ,jona?an ,otley1 :o 9 #ahdi %[$ ! 8,ori5tation0 ( ! ,keswick ,circle 8accord+ to ! sol> m]idian10 giv+ true sol> be>+s ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,i wrote a good deal 9 ,nature#e on sun & /> temples 9 #ahia1 & ,mr4 ,lewis ! next ye> express$ ! op9ion t ! ,briti% ,/one ,monum5ts1 or "s ( !m1 7 sun & /> temples4 ,mr4 ,magnus ,sp5ce ( ,de]ness 9 ,orkney publi%$ a pamphlet1 8,/&+ ,/ones & ,mae%[e ( ,/5ness1#f0 9 #ahid2 x is a repr9t ( an article 9 ! ,scotti% ,review1 ,oct4 #ahic4 ,mr4 ,cursit]1 ,f4,s4,a41 ( ,kirkwall1 9 a lett] to me dat$ #ae ,m>* #ahid1 a lett] sugge/$ by my ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy :i* appe>$ 9 t ye> & 9 :i* ! articles :i* _h appe>$ 9 ,nature 9 #ahia _h be5 exp&$1 drew my att5tion to ! pamphlet2 ! obs]vations _h no pret5sion to sci5tific accuracy1 & al?\gh "s ( ! sight-l9es 7 incorrectly %[n 9 an accompany+ map1 ,may ye> & sol/itial alignm5ts 7 indicat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f> z ,i "k1 !re has nev] be5 a complete inquiry into ! /one circles 9 ,brita91 b ,mr4 ,lewis1 :o has paid great att5tion to ^! matt]s1 has dealt 9 a g5]al mann] ) !m 7,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 vol4 xlix4 p4 #acf71 & has fur!r describ$ 7,j\rnal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 n4s41 iii41 #aijj7 ! obs]vations made by him ( /one circles 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,f an exam9ation ( ! latt] he concludes t !y may be divid$ into diff]5t types1 ea* ( :i* has its c5tre 9 a diff]5t locality4 ,! types are--7#a7 ! ,we/]n ,scotti% type1 consi/+ ( a r irregul> s+le r+ or sometimes ( two conc5tric r+s2 7#b7 ! ,inv]ness type1 consi/+ ( a m regul> r+ ( bett]-%ap$ /ones1 surr\nd+ a tumulus ) a reta9+ wall1 conta9+ a built-up *amb] & passage lead+ to x1 or a ki/ )\t a passage2 7#c7 ! ,ab]de5 type1 consi/+ ( a simil> r+ ) ! addition ( a s-call$ 8alt>-/one0 & usually hav+ traces ( a tumulus & ki/ 9 ! middle4 ,9 addition to ^! ?ree types ( circles1 !re are 9 ,brita9 g5]ally :at ,mr4 ,lewis calls sun & /> circles1 ) _! alignm5ts ( /ones1 & app>5tly proportion$ measurem5ts4 ,he has %[n t !re is a great prepond]ance ( outly+ /ones & hill-tops ly+ betwe5 ! circles & ! ,n4,e4 qu>t] ( ! horizon4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii ) reg>d to ! nightly obs]vations ( />s x w be ga!r$ t ^! may h be5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives "s ( ! be>+s ( outly+ /ones & o!r circles f ! c5tres ( ! nam$ circles3-- ,roll-ri*1 ,oxon4--,k+/one ,n4 #bg ,e4 ,/ripple ,/ones1 ,cornwall--,ba/ion on bank ,n4 #bf ,e4 ,long ,meg1 ,cumb]l&--,small circle ,n4 #bg ,e4 ,! ,hurl]s1 ,cornwall--,two outly+ circles ,n4 #ac-af ,e4 ,trippet ,/ones--,leaze circle ,n4 #aa ,e4 ,if ^! alignm5ts mean any?+ !y mu/ ( c\rse ref] to ! ris+ ( />s1 z ! position on ! horizon is outside ! sun's pa?4 ,! _m circles 9 ,cornwall h be5 dealt ) by ,mr4 ,lukis 9 a volume publi%$ by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 9 #ahie4g ,a c>efully prep>$ li/ ( circles w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,w9dle's rec5tly publi%$ "w entitl$ 8,rema9s ( ! ,prehi/oric ,age 9 ,engl&40 ,x may be useful "h to /ate1 ) reg>d to megali?ic rema9s g5]ally1 t !y may be class$ z foll[s2 "s details w be discuss$ lat] on4 7a7 ,circles4 ,^! may be s+le1 d\ble1 or multiple1 & ei!r conc5tric or n4 7b7 ,m5hirs1 l>ge s+le /ones1 us$ to m>k sight-l9es f circles4 7c7 ,alignm5ts1 i4e41 l9es ( /ones 9 s+le1 d\ble1 or 9 _m p>allel l9es4 ,if ^! alignm5ts are %ort !y are t]m$ av5ues4 7d7 ,hol$-/ones1 d\btless us$ = obs]v+ sight-l9es1 sometimes ov] a circle4 7e7 ,coves4 ,a t]m appli$ by ,dr4 ,/ukeley & o!rs to :at !y consid]$ %r9es =m$ by ?ree upright /ones1 ?us leav+ "o side op54 ,i take !m to be p>tially protect$ obs]v+ places4 ,!re are well-m>k$ examples at ,avebury1 ,/anton ,drew & ,kit's ,coity ,h\se4 7f7 ,cromle*s4 ,?is t]m g5]ally means a gr\p+ ( upright /ones2 x is appli$ to irregul> circles 9 ,brittany4 ,x also applies to a /one or /ones rais$ on ! summits ( ?ree or m pill> /ones =m+ ! end & sides ( an irregul> vault g5]ally op5 at "o end 78,dolm5s ( ,irel&10 ,borlase1 p4 #dbi74 ,! top /one is call$ 9 ,s4,w4 ,engl& a 8quoit40 ,cromle*s 9 mo/ cases h be5 cov]$ by b>r[s or cairns4 7g7 ,dolm5s1 f ,dol ,m51 a table /one4 ,^! consi/ ( /ones1 re/+ on two or m upright /ones =m+ a m or less complete *amb]1 "s ( :i* are ( great l5g?4 ,i note ! foll[+ subdivisions3 8,dolm5 gal]ie0 hav+ an entrance way ( suffici5t height1 & 8,galgal10 simil> b small]4 ,9 ! 8,dolm5 l'alle c\v]te0 !re is a cov]$ passage way to ! c5tre4 ,x is a m elaborate cove4 ,= ! relation betwe5 cromle*s & dolm5s1 see ,borlase 7loc4 cit4 & p4 #dbd et seq474 ,) reg>d to dolm5s1 ,i give ! foll[+ quotation f ,mr4 ,p5rose 7,nature1 vol4 lxiv41 ,septemb] #ab1 #aija73-- 8,ne> ,locm>iaqu] 9 ! e/u>y nam$ ,rivire d',auray1 !re is an isl& nam$ ,gavr' ,inis1 or ,goat ,isl&1 :i* conta9s a good specim5 ( ! k9d ( dolm5 :i* has be5 nam$ #8,galgal4' 8,at ! entrance our att5tion is at once arre/$ by ! pr(usion ( trac]y :i* cov]s ! walls4 ,f ! entrance to ! wall fac+ u ! di/ance is betwe5 #ej & #fj feet4 ,! squ>e *amb] to :i* ! gall]y leads is compos$ ( two huge slabs1 ! sides ( ! room & gall]y be+ compos$ ( upright /ones1 ab\t a doz5 on ea* side4 ,! my/ic l9es & hi]oglyphics simil> to ^? above m5tion$ appe> to h a decorative "*4 8,an int]e/+ feature ( ,gavr' ,inis is its rem>kable resemblance to ! ,new ,grange tumulus at ,mea?4 ,9 con/ruction !re is aga9 a /rong resemblance to ,ms-,h[e1 9 ! isl& ( ,orkney4 ,!re is also "s resemblance 9 small] details40 ,:ile we g5]ally h circles 9 ,brita9 )\t1 or ) small1 alignm5ts2 9 ,brittany we h alignm5ts )\t circles1 "s ( !m be+ on an enorm\s scale2#h ?us at ,m5ec 7! place ( /ones7 we h elev5 l9es ( m5hirs1 t]m9at+ t[>ds ! we/ 9 a cromle*1 &1 not)/&+ t great numb]s h be5 conv]t$ to o!r uses1 #aafi m5hirs /ill rema91 "s rea*+ z mu* z #ah feet 9 height4 ,! alignm5ts ( ,k]m>io 7! place ( ! dead7 conta9 #ihi m5hirs 9 t5 l9es4 ,^? ( ,k]lescant 7! place ( burn+71 :i* beg9n+ ) elev5 r[s are aft]w>ds increas$ to ?irte51 conta9 altoge!r #egi /ones & ?irty-n9e 9 ! cromle*1 ) "s additional /ones4 ,! adoration paid ^! /ones yield$ v sl[ly to ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! *ur* hi/ory ( ,brittany ! ,cultus ,lapidum 0 d5\nc$ 9 #feh ,a4,d4 ,_m ( ! fall5 m5hirs 9 ^! alignm5ts h be5 re/or$ to _! upright position by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,"s ( !m may h be5 ov]turn$ 9 compliance ) ! decree ( #feh ,a4,d4 above ref]r$ to4 ,sev]al ( ! l(ti] m5hirs are surm\nt$ by crosses ( /one or iron4 ,bo? circles & alignm5ts are associat$ ) holidays & ! light+ ( fires on c]ta9 days ( ! ye>4 ,?is cu/om has rema9$ m g5]al 9 ,brittany ?an 9 ,brita94 ,at ,m\nt ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ne> ,c>nac1 ! cu/om /ill prevails ( light+ a l>ge bonfire on its summit at ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice2 o!rs1 k9dl$ on prom95t em95ces = a di/ance ( tw5ty or ?irty miles r\nd1 reply to x4 ,^! fires are locally call$ 8,tan ,heol10 & also by a lat] use1 ,tan ,/4 ,jean4 ,9 ,scotl& !re 0 a simil> cu/om 9 ! fir/ week 9 ,may "u ! "n ( ,bel ,tan1 or ,baal's ,fire2 ! synonym = summ] us$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott 9 ! 8,lady ( ! ,lake03-- ,ours is no sapl+ *ance-s[n by ! f\nta91 ,bloom+ at ,beltane 9 w9t] to fade4 ,at ,k]lescant ! w9t] sol/ice is celebrat$ by a holiday1 :il/ ,m5ec greets ! summ] sol/ice1 & ,k]m>io ! equ9oxes1 ) fe/ivals4 ,conc]n+ ^! fires & ! associat$ cu/oms ,mr4 ,fraz]'s 8,gold5 ,b\gh0 is a p]fect m9e ( in=mation & %\ld be consult$4 ,x may simply be said "h t ! ,may & ,novemb]1 & ,june & ,decemb] fires seem to be ! mo/ anci5t4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,bald] bale fires on ,mayday ,eve 7 recognis$ by ! primitive race1 & ,i %all prove ?is 9 ! sequel :5 ,briti% cu/oms are ref]r$ to4 ,on ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity ! v>i\s cu/oms 7 ei!r transf]r$ to or reorganis$ 9 association ) *ur* fe/ivals2 b z "s ( ^!1 su* z ,ea/]1 are movable fea/s1 x is difficult to foll[ ! dates4 ,reg>d+ bo? circles & alignm5ts 9 ! light ( ! ori5tation !ory1 we may consid] simple circles ) a c5tral /one z a collection ( sight-l9es f ! c5tral /one to "o or m ( ! out] ones1 or ! int]val betwe5 any two2 indicat+ ! place ( ! rise or sett+ ( ei!r ! sun or a /> on "s p>ticul> day ( ! ye>1 :i* day1 9 ! case ( ! sun1 w be a new ye>'s day4 ,alignm5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 w play ! same "p z ! sight-l9es 9 ! circles4 ,sometimes ! sight-l9e may be indicat$ by a m5hir outside1 & ev5 at a consid]able di/ance f1 ! circle2 lat] on tumuli replac$ m5hirs4 ,! dolm5s h1 ,i am conv9c$1 be5 9 _m cases n graves orig9ally1 b d>k5$ obs]v+ places :5ce to obs]ve along a sight-l9e2 ?is w\ld be be/ done by means ( an alle c\v]te1 ! pr$ecessor ( ! d>k5$ naos at ,/oneh5ge1 %ield$ by its cov]$ trili?ons4 ,9 ord] to obta9 "s measurem5ts to te/ ! ori5tation !ory 9 ,brita91 ,i f\nd t ,/oneh5ge is ! anci5t monum5t 9 ?is c\ntry :i* l5ds itself to accurate !odolite "w bett] ?an any o!r4 ,mr4 ,sp5ce's excell5t "w on a/ronomical l9es at ,/5ness1 :]e ! /ones1 till "s ye>s ago at all ev5ts1 h be5 m respect$ ?an fur!r s\?1 sugge/$ a beg9n+ !re1 b ! di/ance f ,london made x impossible4 ,avebury & ,/anton ,drew are well kn[n to a great _m ar*ologi/s2 !re are also o!r v wond]ful /one circles ne> ,keswick & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl&2 b un=tunately x is v mu* m difficult to get a/ronomical data f ^! anci5t monum5ts ?an x is 9 ! case ( ,/oneh5ge1 "o reason be+ t ,/oneh5ge itself lies high1 & ! horizon r\nd x 9 all directions is pretty ne>ly ! same height1 s t ! important "q ( ! heights ( ! hills along ! sight-l9e--a matt] :i* is fundam5tal f an a/ronomical po9t ( view1 al?\gh x has be5 neglect$1 s f> z ,i c make out1 by mo/ :o h made obs]vations on ^! anci5t monum5ts--is q a simple "o at ,/oneh5ge4 ,h5ce x 0 mu* easi] to det]m9e a date !re ?an by work+ at any ( ! o!r anci5t rema9s to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,9 ori5tation g5]ally--su* ori5tation z has be5 dealt ) by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself 9 ,egypt & 9 ,greece--! "q frequ5tly 0 a *ange 9 direction 9 ! axis ( a temple1 or ! lay+ d[n ( ! axis ( a temple1 by means ( obs]vations ( />s4 ,un=tunately = u z ar*ologi/s1 n z a/ronom]s1 ! *anges ( position ( ! />s1 ow+ to c]ta9 causes1 *iefly ! precessional movem5t1 are v consid]able2 s t if a temple po9t$ to a /> 9 "o ye>1 9 two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s x w\ld no long] po9t to ! same />1 b to ano!r4 ,^! /> obs]vations 7 requisite 9 ord] to w>n ! prie/s ab\t an h\r be=e sunrise s t !y might prep>e = ! morn+ sacrifice :i* always took place at ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! sun4 ,h5ce ! morn+ /> to be visible 9 ! dawn mu/ be a bright "o1 & ! fur!r nor? or s\? ( ! sun's ris+ place x rose1 ! m easily x w\ld be se54 ,"s />s s *os5 rose n f> f ! nor? po9t ( ! horizon4 ,! alignm5ts ) small azimu?s ref]r$ to 9 ! ,briti% circles 7p4 #cf7 ,i believe to be connect$ ) ! ,egyptian & ,greek practice4 ,act+ on a v old tradition1 "s p f ,salisbury & o!r surr\nd+ places g to obs]ve ! sunrise on ! longe/ day ( ! ye> at ,/oneh5ge4 ,we !re=e are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t x 0 a sol> temple us$ = obs]vation 9 ! height ( midsumm]4 ,b at dawn 9 midsumm] 9 ^! latitudes ! sky is s bright t x is n easy to see />s ev5 if we get up 9 ! morn+ to look = !m2 />s1 !re=e1 7 n 9 "q1 s t "s o!r pr9ciple _h to be adopt$1 & t 0 to po9t ! temple directly to ! position on ! horizon at :i* ! sun rose on t p>ticul> day ( ! ye>1 & no o!r4 ,n[1 if !re 7 no *ange 9 ! position ( ! sun1 t1 ( c\rse1 w\ld g on = ev] & ev]2 b1 =tunately = ar*ologi/s1 !re is a slight *ange 9 ! position ( ! sun1 z !re is 9 ! case ( a />1 b = a diff]5t reason2 ! planes ( ! ecliptic & ( ! equator und]go a slight *ange 9 ! angle includ$ betwe5 !m4 ,s f> z we "k1 t angle has be5 gradually gett+ less = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 s t1 9 ! case ( ,/oneh5ge1 if we wi% to det]m9e ! date1 hav+ no />s to help u1 ! only ?+ t we c hope to get any in=mation f is ! v sl[ *ange ( ?is angle2 t1 !re=e1 0 ! special po9t :i* ,mr4 ,p5rose & ,i 7 anxi\s to /udy at ,/oneh5ge1 = ! reason t we seem$ 9 a position to d x !re m conv5i5tly ?an any:]e else 9 ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,! orig9al tool+ ( ! /one protect$ f ! action ( ! wea!r4 ,b :ile ! a/ronomical conditions are bett] at ,/oneh5ge ?an else:]e1 ! ru9$ /ate ( ! monum5t makes accurate measurem5ts v difficult4 ,great age & ! action ( wea!r are responsible = mu* havoc1 s t v _m ( ! /ones are n[ recumb5t1 z w be ga!r$ f an article by ,mr4 ,lewis1 :o describ$ ! condition ( ! monum5t 9 #aija1 9 ,man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,view ( ,/oneh5ge f ! we/4 ,a1 /one :i* fell 9 #aijj2 ,,bb1 /ones :i* fell 9 #agig4 7,reproduc$ f an article on ! fall5 /ones by ,mr4 ,lewis 9 ,man47 ,pr(essor ,g[l& 9 8 excavations at ,/oneh5ge1 to :i* ,i %all ref] 9 ! sequel1 f\nd ! orig9al tool$ surface ne> ! bottom ( "o ( ! l>ge s>s5s :i* _h be5 protect$ f ! action ( ! wea!r by hav+ be5 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x enables u to imag9e ! appe>ance ( ! monum5t z x left ! h&s ( ! build]s 7,fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,copy ( ,ho>e's plan ( #ahaj1 %[+ ! unbrok5 ,vallum & its relation ) ! ,av5ue4 ,b ! real de/ructive ag5t has be5 man himself2 savages c\ld n h play$ m havoc ) ! monum5t ?an ! ,engli% :o h visit$ x at diff]5t times = diff]5t purposes4 ,x is said ! fall ( "o great /one 0 caus$ 9 #afbj by "s excavations1 b ?is has be5 d\bt$2 ! fall ( ano!r 9 #agig 0 caus$ by gipsies digg+ a hole 9 :i* to %elt]1 & boil _! kettle2 _m ( ! /ones h be5 us$ = build+ walls & bridges2 masses weigh+ f #ef lb4 d[nw>ds h be5 brok5 (f by hamm]s or crack$ (f z a result ( fires light$ by excursioni/s4 ,x appe>s t ! tem5os wall or vallum1 :i* is %[n complete 9 ,ho>e's plan ( #ahaj1 is n[ brok5 d[n 9 _m places by vehicles indiscrim9ately driv5 ov] x4 ,inde$1 its orig9al importance has n[ become s oblit]at$ t _m d n notice x z "p ( ! /ructure--t1 9 fact1 x be>s ! same relation to ! int]ior /one circle z ! nave ( ,/4 ,paul's does to ! ,lady ,*apel 7,fig4 #aj74 ,x is )9 ! k ( all int]e/$ 9 ar*ology t n long ago ,sir ,edmund ,antrobus1 ! own] ( ,/oneh5ge1 advis$ by ! fam\s ,wilt%ire local society1 ! ,society = ! ,protection ( ,anci5t ,build+s1 & ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 enclos$ ! monum5t 9 ord] to pres]ve x f fur!r wanton de/ruction1 &--a fir/ /ep 9 ! way ( re/oration--) ! skill$ assi/ance ( ,pr(4 ,g[l& & ,messrs4 ,c>ru!rs1 ,detm> ,bl[ & ,/allybrass1 set upright ! mo/ important m5hir1 :i* ?reat5$ to fall or else break (f at "o ( ! cracks4 ,?is m5hir1 ! s-call$ 8lean+ /one10 once =m$ "o ( ! uprights ( ! trili?on ! fall ( ! o!r memb] ( :i* is /at$ by ,mr4 ,lewis to h occurr$ be=e #aegd4 ,! latt]1 brok5 9 two pieces1 & ! support$ impo/1 n[ lie pro/rate across ! alt> /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,! ,lean+ ,/one 9 #aija4 ,?is piece ( "w 0 c>ri$ out ) consummate skill & c>e1 & mo/ important conclusions1 z we %all see 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 7 d]iv$ f ! m9ute inquiry into ! conditions reveal$ 9 ! excavations :i* 7 necess>y = ! prop] conduct ( ! "w4 ,let u hope t we h he>d ! la/ ( ! "w ( deva/ators1 & ev5 t1 be=e long1 "s ( ! o!r l>g] /ones1 n[ incl9$ or pro/rate1 may be set upright4 ,s9ce ,sir ,edmund ,antrobus1 ! pres5t own]1 has act$ on ! advice ( ! societies ,i h nam$ to enclose ! monum5t1 ) a view to gu>d x f de/ruction & desecration1 he has be5 assail$ on all sides4 ,x is n a little surpris+ t ! 8unclimbable wire f5ce0 recomm5d$ by ! societies 9 "q 7! ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol be+ ! presid5t ( ! ,wilt%ire society at ! "t7 is by "s reg>d$ z a sugge/ion t ! prop]ty is n national1 ! fact be+ t ! nation has n b\ght ! prop]ty1 & t x has be5 private prop]ty = c5turies1 & treat$ 9 ! way we h se54 ,let u hope also t be=e long ! gaps 9 ! vallum may be fill$ up4 ,^!1 z ,i h already /at$1 take away f ! mean+ ( an important "p ( "o ( ! mo/ impos+ monum5ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is com=t+ to "k t1 ?anks to :at ,sir ,edmund ,antrobus has done1 no m /ones w be /ol51 or brok5 by sl$ge-hamm]s2 t fires2 t excavations su* z 7 app>5tly ! prime cause ( ! disa/r\s fall ( "o ( ! maje/ic trili?ons 9 #agig2 t litt]1 brok5 bottles & ! l1 ) :i* too _m ,briti% sightse]s m>k _! progress1 besides mu* indec5t desecration1 are ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,if ,/oneh5ge _h be5 built 9 ,italy1 or ,france1 or ,g]many1 x w\ld h be5 9 *>ge ( ! ,/ate long ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i n[ pass f ! monum5t itself to a ref]5ce to "s ( ! traditions & hi/orical /atem5ts conc]n+ x4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ^! matt]s %\ld ?ank ! ,wilt%ire ,ar*ological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 :i* is to be w>mly congratulat$ on its p]si/5t & admirable ef=ts to d all 9 its p[] to enable ! :ole nation to le>n ab\t ! v5]able monum5ts ( antiquity :i* x has practically tak5 "u its sci5tific *>ge4 ,x has publi%$ two mo/ important volumes#i deal+ specially ) ,/oneh5ge1 includ+ bo? its traditions & hi/ory4 ,) reg>d to ,mr4 ,long's memoir1 x may be /at$ t x includes important extracts f notices ( ,/oneh5ge f ! "t ( ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don 7twelf? c5tury7 to ,ho>e 7#ahab71 & t all extant in=mation is giv5 t\*+ on ! que/ions by :om ! /ones 7 erect$1 :5ce !y came1 & :at 0 ! object ( ! /ructure4 ,f ,mr4 ,h>rison's m rec5tly publi%$ bibliography1 no ref]5ce to ,/oneh5ge by any anci5t au?or1 no lett] to ! ,times = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s deal+ ) any "q t\*+ ! monum5ts1 seems to be omitt$4 ,x is v sad to read1 bo? 9 ,mr4 ,long's volume & ! bibliography1 ( ! deva/ation :i* has be5 all[$ to g on = s _m ye>s & ( ! v>i\s =ms x has tak54 99 99 99 99 99 ,z almo/ ! :ole ( ! notes :i* foll[ deal ) ! assumption ( ,/oneh5ge hav+ be5 a sol> temple1 a %ort ref]5ce to ! e>lie/ /atem5ts conc]n+ ?is view is desirable2 &1 aga91 z ! approximate date arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself 9 #aija is an e>ly "o1 a few words may be add$ indicat+ ! pres5ce 9 ,brita9 at t "t ( a race ( m5 capable ( design+ & execut+ su* "w4 ,i quote f ! pap] communicat$ by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself to ! ,royal ,society3-- 8,z to ! fir/ po9t1 ,diodorus ,siculus 7ii41 #dg1 ed4 ,didot1 p4 #aaf7 has pres]v$ a /atem5t ( ,hecatu 9 :i* ,/oneh5ge alone c by any probability be ref]r$ to4 8#8,we ?9k t no "o w consid] x =eign to our subject to say a ^w respect+ ! ,hyp]boreans4 8#8,among/ ! writ]s :o h occupi$ !mselves ) ! my?ology ( ! anci5ts1 ,hecatu & "s o!rs tell u t opposite ! l& ( ! ,celts !re exi/s 9 ! ,ocean an isl& n small] ?an ,sicily1 & :i*1 situat$ "u ! con/ellation ( ,! ,be>1 is inhabit$ by ! ,hyp]boreans2 s call$ because !y live beyond ! po9t f :i* ! ,nor? w9d bl[s4444 ,if "o may believe ! same my?ology1 ,latona 0 born 9 ?is isl&1 & = t reason ! inhabitants hon\r ,apollo m ?an any o!r deity4 ,a sacr$ enclosure is d$icat$ to him 9 ! isl&1 z well z a magnific5t circul> temple adorn$ ) _m ri* (f]+s4444 ,! ,hyp]boreans are 9 g5]al v fri5dly to ! ,greeks4'0 8,! ,hecatu above ref]r$ to 0 probably ,hecatu ( ,abd]a1 9 ,?race1 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c42 a fri5d ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,?is ,hecatu is said to h writt5 a hi/ory ( ! ,hyp]boreans3 t x 0 ,hecatu ( ,miletus1 an hi/orian ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 is less likely4 8,z to ! second po9t1 al?\gh we _c g s f> back 9 evid5ce ( ! p[] & civilisation ( ! ,britons1 !re is an argum5t ( "s value to be drawn f ! f9e "* ( ! co9age issu$ by ,briti% k+s e>ly 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & f ! /atem5t ( ,julius ,cs> 7#8,de ,bello ,gallico1' vi41 c4 #ad7 t 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,druids ! subjects taught includ$ ! movem5ts ( ! />s1 ! size ( ! e>?1 & ! nature ( ?+s 7multa prt]ea de sid]ibus et eorum motu1 de mundi magnitud9e1 de r]um natura1 de deorum immortalium vi ac pote/ate disputant et juv5tuti tradunt74 8,/udies ( su* a "* seem q consi/5t )1 & to dem&1 a long antec$5t p]iod ( civilisation40 ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don is ! fir/ ,engli% writ] to ref] to ,/oneh5ge1 :i* he calls ,/an5ges4 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\? 7#aach7 & ,giraldus ,cambr5sis come next4 ,9 #agga1 ,dr4 ,john ,smi?1 9 a "w entitl$ 8,*oir ,gawr1 ! ,gr& ,orr]y ( ! ,anci5t ,druids1 call$ ,/oneh5ge1 ,a/ronomically ,expla9$1 & prov$ to be a ,temple = ,obs]v+ ! ,motions ( ! ,heav5ly ,bodies10 wrote z foll[s3-- 8,f _m & repeat$ visits1 ,i conceiv$ x to be an a/ronomical temple2 & f :at ,i c\ld recollect to h read ( x1 no au?or _h z yet inve/igat$ its uses4 ,)\t an in/rum5t or any assi/ance :atev]1 b ,:ite's #8,ephem]is1' ,i began my survey4 ,i suspect$ ! /one call$ ,! ,fri>'s ,heel to be ! index t w\ld disclose ! uses ( ?is /ructure2 nor 0 ,i deceiv$4 ,?is /one /&s 9 a "r l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! temple1 po9t+ to ! nor?-ea/4 ,i fir/ drew a circle r\nd ! vallum ( ! dit* & divid$ x into #cfj equal p>ts2 & !n a "r l9e ?r\gh ! body ( ! temple to ! ,fri>'s ,heel2 at ! int]section ( ^! l9es ,i reckon$ ! sun's greate/ amplitude at ! summ] sol/ice1 9 ?is latitude1 to be ab\t #fj degrees1 & fix$ ! ea/]n po9ts accord+ly4 ,pursu+ ?is plan1 ,i soon discov]$ ! uses ( all ! deta*$ /ones1 z well z ^? t =m$ ! body ( ! temple40 ,) reg>d to ?is 8,*oir ,gawr10 translat$ ,*orea ,gigantum1 ,lel&'s op9ion is quot$ 7,long1 p4 #ea7 t we %\ld read ,*oir vawr1 ! equival5t ( :i* is ,*orea nobilis or magna4#aj ,9 spite ( ,inigo ,jones's 7#afjj7 dictum t ,/oneh5ge 0 ( ,roman orig91 ,/ukeley came to ! conclusion 9 #agbc t ! ,druids 7 responsible = its build+2 & ,halley1 :o visit$ x 9 #agbj--probably ) ,/ukeley--conclud$ f ! wea!r+ ( ! /ones t x 0 at lea/ #cjjj ye>s old2 if he only _h tak5 8 !odolite ) him1 h[ mu* 8 int]e/ 9 ! monum5t w\ld h be5 increas$6 #e ,see especially ,nature1 ,july #b1 #ahia p4 #bja4 #f ,g>dn]1 ,paisley & ,london4 #g 8,! ,prehi/oric ,/one ,monum5ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles--,cornwall40 #h 8,! ,fr5* ,/oneh5ge3 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,pr9cipal ,megali?ic ,rema9s 9 ! ,morbihan ,ar*ipelago40 ,by ,t4 ,cato ,worsfold1 ,f4 ,r4 ,hi/4 ,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,i4 7,london3 ,bemrose & ,sons1 ,ltd47 #i ,! ,wilt%ire ,ar*aeological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,magaz9e3 8,/oneh5ge & its ,b>r[s40 ,by ,william ,long1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #ahgf4 ,! ,wilt%ire ,ar*aeological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,magaz9e3 8,/oneh5ge ,bibliography ,numb]40 ,by ,w4 ,j]ome ,h>rison4 #aijb4 #aj ,mr4 ,mori5 ,morgan in=ms me t ,cor y ,gawres is correct1 & means ,*oir ( ! ,giantess ,c>iadw51 ! ,wel% ,nei?1 ,ny? 7,nydd74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,g5]al ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,/oneh5ge ,al?\gh ,i h be=e h9t$ t ! a/ronomical use ( ! ,egyptian temples & ,briti% circles 0 ! same1 !re is at fir/ sight a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! g5]al plan ( /ructure4 ,?is has *iefly dep5d$ ^u ! fact t ! ri*es & population ( anci5t ,egypt 7 s great t t p c\ld af=d to build a temple to a p>ticul> />1 or to ! sun's position on any p>ticul> day ( ! ye>4 ,! temple axis along ! l9e po9t+ to ! cele/ial body involv$1 !n became ! *ief feature1 & t5s ( ye>s 7 sp5t 9 l5g!n+1 con/rict+ & embelli%+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,! axis ( ! ,temple ( ,k>nak1 look+ s\?-ea/1 f outside ! nor?-we/ pylon 7f a photograph by ! au?or74 ,f "o end ( an ,egyptian temple to ! o!r we f9d ! axis m>k$ out by n>r[ ap]tures 9 ! v>i\s pylons1 & _m walls ) doors cross+ ! axis4 ,!re are sev5te5 or eighte5 ( ^! ap]tures 9 ! sol> temple ( ,am5-,r at ,k>nak1 limit+ ! light :i* falls into ! ,holy ( ,holies or ,sanctu>y4 ,?is con/ruction gives "o a v def9ite impression t e "p ( ! temple 0 built to subs]ve a special object1 viz41 to limit ! sunlight :i* fell on its front into a n>r[ beam1 & to c>ry x to ! o!r extremity ( ! temple--into ! sanctu>y1 :]e ! high prie/ p]=m$ 8 functions4 ,! sanctu>y 0 always block$4 ,!re is no case 9 :i* ! beam ( light c pass absolutely ?r\gh a temple 7,figs4 #ab & #ac74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,ramses ,,ii4 9 ! ,memnonia at ,!bes 7f ,lepsius71 %[+ ! pylon at ! op5 end1 ! v>i\s doors along ! axis1 ! sanctu>y at ! clos$ end1 & ! temple at "r angles4 ,9 ,brita9 ! case 0 diff]5t1 !re 0 nei!r skill nor work]s suffici5t to erect su* /ately piles1 & z a consequ5ce "o /ructure _h to d ! "w ( sev]al & x _h to be done 9 ! mo/ economical way4 ,h5ce ! circle ) ! obs]v] at ! c5tre & practically a temple axis 9 e direction among :i* c\ld be *os5 ! *ief directions requir$1 ea* alignm5t be+ def9$ by /ones1 m or less di/ant1 or op5+s 9 ! circle itself4 ,n[ = "s p>ticul>s ) reg>d to ^? p>ts ( ,/oneh5ge :i* l5d !mselves to ! inquiry4 ,! ma9 ar*itecture ( ,/oneh5ge consi/$ ( an ext]nal circle ( ab\t #ajj feet 9 diamet]1 compos$ ( ?irty l>ge upright /ones1 nam$ s>s5s1 connect$ by cont9u\s l9tels4 ,! upright /ones =m]ly /ood #ad feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y h nobs or t5ons on ! top :i* fit into mortice holes 9 ! l9tels4 ,)9 ?is p]i/yle !re 0 orig9ally an inn] /ructure ( t5 /ill l>g] upright /ones1 arrang$ 9 ! %ape ( a horse%oe1 =m$ by five isolat$ trili?ons :i* rose progressively f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w41 ! l(tie/ /ones be+ #be feet above ! gr\nd4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ^! uprights h fall51 & a /ill great] numb] ( ! impo/s :i* !y orig9ally c>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,"o ( ! rema9+ ,trili?ons4 ,!re is also ano!r circle ( small] upright /ones1 respect+ :i* ! only po9t requir+ notice n[ is t none ( !m w\ld h int]rupt$ ! l9e ( ! axis ( ! av5ue4 ,! circul> temple 0 also surr\nd$ by ! e>!n bank1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 ( ab\t #cjj feet 9 diamet]1 int]rupt$ t[>ds ! nor?-ea/ by receiv+ into itself ! banks =m+ ! av5ue be=e m5tion$1 :i* is ab\t #ej feet across4 ,)9 ?is av5ue1 no d\bt an old via sacra1 & look+ nor?-ea/ f ! c5tre ( ! temple1 at ab\t #bej feet di/ance & consid]ably to ! "r h& ( ! axis1 /&s an isolat$ /one1 :i* f a m$ival leg5d has be5 nam$ ! ,fri>'s ,heel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,g5]al plan2 ! out] circle1 naos & av5ue ( ,/oneh5ge4 ,f4,h4 ,fri>'s ,heel4 ,! axis passes v ne>ly c5trally ?r\gh an int]columniation 7s to call x7 betwe5 two uprights ( ! ext]nal circle & betwe5 ! uprights ( ! we/]nmo/ trili?on z x orig9ally /ood4 ,( ?is trili?on ! s\!rnmo/ upright ) ! l9tel /one fell 9 #afbj1 b ! companion surviv$ z ! lean+ /one :i* =m$ a conspicu\s & picturesque object = _m ye>s1 b happily n[ re/or$ to its orig9al m dignifi$ & saf] condition ( v]tically4 ,! incl9ation ( ?is /one1 h[ev]1 took place 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! av5ue1 & z ! di/ance betwe5 x & its orig9al companion is kn[n bo? by ! analogy ( ! two p]fect trili?ons & by ! measure ( ! mortice holes on ! l9tel !y =m]ly support$1 we obta9 by bisection ! di/ance1 #aa in*es1 f its edge1 ( a po9t 9 ! cont9uation ( ! c5tral axis ( ! av5ue & temple4 ,! banks :i* =m ! av5ue h suff]$ mu* degradation4 ,x appe>s f ,sir ,ri*>d ,colt ,ho>e's acc\nt t at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury !y 7 di/+ui%able = a mu* great] di/ance ?an at pres5t1 b !y are /ill disc]nible1 especially on ! nor!rn side1 = m ?an #acjj feet f ! c5tre ( ! temple1 & p>ticul>ly ! l9e ( ! bottom ( ! dit* f :i* ! e>? 0 tak5 to =m ! bank1 & :i* runs p>allel to x4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,/oneh5ge ,,9 #aijaaa ,an inve/igation 0 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself 9 ! spr+ ( #aija1 z a sequel to analog\s "w 9 ,egypt & ,greece1 ) a view to det]m9e :e!r ! ori5tation !ory c\ld ?r[ any light ^u ! date ( ! f\ndation ( ,/oneh5ge1 conc]n+ :i* au?orities v>y 9 _! e/imates by "s ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,ours 0 n ! fir/ attempt to obta9 ! date ( ,/oneh5ge by means ( a/ronomical consid]ations4 ,9 ,mr4 ,godfrey ,higg9s' "w#ab he ref]s to a me?od ( attack connect$ ) precession4 ,?is furni%$ him ) ! date #djjj ,b4,c4 ,m rec5tly1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1#ac ^: plan ( ! /ones is a valuable contribution to ! /udy ( ,/oneh5ge1 0 l$ by 8 measures ( ! ori5tation to a date v greatly 9 ! opposite direction1 b1 ow+ to an error 9 8 application ( ! *ange ( obliquity1 cle>ly a mi/ak5 "o4 ,! *ief a/ronomical evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! sol> temple !ory lies 9 ! fact t ! 8av5ue10 z x is call$1 =m$ by two anci5t e>!n banks1 ext5ds = a consid]able di/ance f ! /ructure1 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! sunrise at ! summ] sol/ice1 precisely 9 ! same way z 9 ,egypt a long av5ue ( sph9xes indicates ! pr9cipal outlook ( a temple4 ,^! e>!n banks def9+ ! av5ue d n exi/ alone4 ,z w be se5 f ! sket* plan 7,fig4 #ae71 !re is a g5]al common l9e ( direction = ! av5ue & ! pr9cipal axis ( ! /ructure2 & ! g5]al design ( ! build+1 toge!r ) ! position & %ape ( ! naos1 indicates a close connection ( ! :ole temple /ructure ) ! direction ( ! av5ue4 ,!re may h be5 o!r pylon & scre5 equival5ts z 9 o!r anci5t temples1 :i* h disappe>$1 ! object be+ to conf9e ! illum9ation to a small "p ( ! naos4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 also1 t ! temple 0 orig9ally ro($ 91 & t ! sun's fir/ ray1 sudd5ly %9+ into ! d>kness1 =m$ a fundam5tal "p ( ! cultus4 ,) reg>d to ! "q ( ! ro(1 h[ev]1 ! above sugge/ion1 ,i n[ f9d1 is n new1 ! view hav+ be5 held by no less an au?ority ?an ,dr4 ,?urnham1 :o app>5tly 0 l$ to x by ! repres5tations ( ! ,sc&9avian temples z cov]$ & enclos$ /ructures4 ,s9ce ! actual obs]vation ( sunrise 0 d\btless made )9 ! sanctu>y itself1 we seem ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ! ori5tation ( ! axis to be ! same z t ( ! av5ue1 & s9ce 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,s4,w4 trili?on ! direction ( ! av5ue c probably be det]m9$ ) great] accuracy ?an t ( ! temple axis itself1 ! e/imate ( date mu/ be bas$ ^u ! ori5tation ( ! av5ue4 ,fur!r evid5ce w be giv51 h[ev]1 to %[ t ! direction ( ! axis ( ! temple1 s f> z x c n[ be det]m9$1 is suffici5tly accordant ) ! direction ( ! av5ue4 ,! ori5tation ( ?is av5ue may be exam9$ ^u ! same pr9ciples t h be5 f\nd successful 9 ! case ( ,greek & ,egyptian temples--t is1 on ! assumption t ,/oneh5ge 0 a sol> temple1 & t ! greate/ function took place at sunrise on ! longe/ day ( ! ye>4 ,?is n only _h a religi\s motive2 x _h also ! economic value ( m>k+ (ficially & di/9ctly t "t ( ! ye> & ! beg9n+ ( an annual p]iod4 ,x is1 inde$1 possible t ! pres5t /ructure may h _h o!r capabilities1 su* z be+ connect$ ) ! ,may ye>1 ! equ9oxes or ! w9t] sol/ice2 b x is ) its uses at ! summ] sol/ice alone t we n[ deal4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 treatm5t betwe5 ! obs]vations requir$ = ,/oneh5ge & ^? :i* are available = ,greek or ,egyptian sol> temples4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt]1 ! effect ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes ^u ! />s1 :i* z w>n+ clock />s 7 almo/ inv>iably connect$ ) ^? temples1 (f]s ! be/ measure ( ! dates ( f\ndation2 b 9 ,brita91 ow+ to ! brightness ( ! dawn at ! summ] sol/ice1 su* a /> c\ld n h be5 employ$1 s t we c rely only on ! secul> *ange ( ! obliquity z affect+ ! azimu? ( ! po9t ( sunrise4 ,?is requires ! measurem5ts to be tak5 ) v great precision1 & z ! azimu? ( ! place ( sunrise v>ies ) ! latitude1 & z a datum po9t on ! horizon 9 a kn[n position 0 also requir$1 ,colonel ,john/on1 ,r4,e41 ! ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 0 ask$ = & oblig+ly suppli$ ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,lat4 #ea #aj #db ,c5tre ( /one circle1 ,/oneh5ge ,long4 ,w4 #a #di #ii ,lat4 #ea #c #eb ,c5tre ( spire1 ,salisbury ,ca!dral ,long4 #a #dg #de ,! real po9t 0 to det]m9e ! direction ( ! s-call$ av5ue4 ,measurem5ts tak5 f ! l9e ( ! bottom ( ! dit* assi/$ mat]ially ^? tak5 f ! cr[n ( ! bank itself4 ,) ?is help & by us+ ! s\!rn bank & dit* :5ev] x admitt$ ( recognition1 a fair e/imate ( ! c5tral l9e c\ld be arriv$ at4 ,to v]ify ?is1 two pegs 7 plac$ at po9ts #adj feet ap>t along ! l9e ne> ! comm5cem5t ( ! av5ue1 & f\r o!rs at di/ances av]ag+ #ajj feet ap>t ne>] ! fur!r recognisable extremity1 & _! directions 7 measur$ ) ! !odolite1 indep5d5tly by two obs]v]s1 ! ref]5ce po9t be+ ,salisbury ,spire1 ( :i* ! exact be>+ _h be5 communicat$ by ,colonel ,john/on4 ,?is be>+ 0 also measur$ locally by obs]vations ( ! ,sun & ( ,pol>is1 ! mean ( :i* diff]$ by less ?an #bj f ! ,ordnance value4 ,! result+ obs]vations gave = ! axis ( ! av5ue ne>e/ ! comm5cem5t an azimu? ( #di #ch #dh1 & = t ( ! m di/ant "p #di #cb #ed4 ,! mean ( ^! two l9es drawn f ! c5tral int]val ( ! great trili?on1 already ref]r$ to1 passes betwe5 two ( ! s>s5s ( ! ext]ior circle1 :i* h an op5+ ( ab\t #d feet1 )9 a few in*es ( _! middle po9t1 ! deviation be+ nor?w>ds4 ,?is may be consid]$ to prove ! close co9cid5ce ( ! orig9al axis ( ! temple ) ! direction ( ! av5ue4 ,?is value ( ! azimu?1 ! mean ( :i* is #di #ce #ea1 is confirm$ by ! in=mation1 also suppli$ f ! ,ordnance ,survey1 t f ! c5tre ( ! temple1 ! be>+ to ! ,n4,e4 ( ! pr9cipal b5* m>k on a hill1 ab\t #h miles di/ant1 ! b5* m>k be+ v ne> a well-kn[n anci5t =tifi$ ,briti% encampm5t nam$ ,silbury or ,sidbury1 is #di #cd #ah2 & t ! same l9e cont9u$ ?r\gh ,/oneh5ge1 to ! s\?-we/1 /rikes ano!r anci5t =tification1 namely1 ,grovely ,ca/le1 ab\t #f miles di/ant1 & at practically ! same azimu?1 viz41 #di #ce #ea4 ,= ! above reasons #di #cd #ah has be5 adopt$ = ! azimu? ( ! av5ue4 ,! summ] sol/ice sunrise 9 #aija 0 also wat*$ = by ,mr4 ,h[>d ,payn on five successive morn+s1 viz41 ,june #ba to #be1 & 0 successfully obs]v$ on ! la/ occasion4 ,z soon z ! ,sun's limb 0 suffici5tly above ! horizon = its bisection to be well measur$1 x 0 f\nd to be #h #dj nor?w>ds ( ! peak ( ! ,fri>'s ,heel1 :i* 0 us$ z ! ref]5ce po9t2 ! altitude ( ! horizon be+ #ce #dh4 ,! azimu? ( ?is peak f ! po9t ( obs]vation _h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ to be #ej #ci #e1 giv+ = t ( ! ,sun :5 measur$1 #ej #cj #be2 by calculation t ( ! ,sun1 ) ! limb #b above ! horizon1 %\ld be #ej #cj #ed4 ,?is obs]vation 0 !re=e completely 9 accordance ) ! results :i* _h be5 obta9$ o!rwise4 ,! "t :i* w\ld elapse betwe5 geometrical sunrise1 t is1 ) ! upp] limb tang5tial ) ! horizon1 & t :i* is "h suppos$1 w\ld be ab\t #ag seconds1 & ! diff]5ce ( azimu? w\ld be #c #ae4 ,! rema9+ po9t 0 to f9d :at value %\ld be giv5 to ! ,sun's decl9ation :5 x appe>$ %[+ itself #b above ! horizon1 ! azimu? be+ #di #cd #ah4 ,! data obta9$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! requir$ epo* 7 z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,! elevation ( ! local horizon at ! sunrise po9t se5 by a man /&+ betwe5 ! uprights ( ! great trili?on 7a di/ance ( ab\t #hjjj feet7 is ab\t #ce #cj1 & #b additional = ,sun's upp] limb makes #cg #cj4 7#b47 -,refraction p>allax1 #bg #bj4 7#c47 ,sun's semi-diamet]1 all[ance be+ made = great] ecc5tricity ?an at pres5t1 #ae #de4 7#d47 ,sun's azimu?1 #di #cd #ah1 & ,n4 latitude1 #ea #aj #db4 ,f ! above data ! ,sun's decl9ation works out #bc #ed #cj ,n41 & by ,/ockwell's tables ( ! obliquity1 :i* are bas$ ^u mod]n det]m9ations ( ! elem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em1#ad ! date is f\nd to be #afhj ,b4,c4 ,x is to be und]/ood t on acc\nt ( ! slight unc]ta9ty z to ! orig9al l9e ( obs]vation & ! v sl[ rate ( *ange 9 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 ! date ?us d]iv$ may possibly be 9 error by #bjj ye>s m or less2 ?is gives u a date ( con/ruction ly+ betwe5 say #aijj & #aejj ,b4,c4 ,9 ?is inve/igation ! s-call$ ,fri>'s ,heel 0 us$ only z a conv5i5t po9t = ref]5ce & v]ification 9 measurem5t1 & no !ory 0 =m$ z to its purpose4 ,x is plac$ at "s di/ance1 z be=e m5tion$1 to ! s\? ( ! axis ( ! av5ue1 s t at ! date arriv$ at = ! erection ( ! temple ! ,sun mu/ h completely ris5 be=e x 0 v]tically ov] ! summit ( ! /one4 ,x may be rem>k$1 fur!r1 t m ?an #ejj ye>s mu/ yet elapse be=e su* a co9cid5ce c take place at ! beg9n+ ( sunrise4 ,9 an ,app5dix c]ta9 details ( ! obs]vations are giv54 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i propose to %[ t an indep5d5t ar*ological inquiry c>ri$ out1 9 a mo/ complete & admirable way1 j aft] ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself _h obta9$ our conclusion1 entirely corroborates ! date at :i* we _h arriv$4 #aa ,?is *apt] & ! end ( ! previ\s "o are ma9ly bas$ on ! pap] communicat$ by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself to ! ,royal ,society 7see ,proce$+s1 ,royal ,society1 vol4 #fi1 p4 #acg et seq474 #ab ,! ,celtic ,druids4 #dto4 ,london4 #ahbg4 #ac ,/oneh5ge1 c4 #ahhj4 #ad ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 vol4 xviii4 ,no4 #bcb1 table #i4 ,wa%+ton4 #ahgc4 ,= curve1 see page #acj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ar*,,ological ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,/oneh5ge1 #aija ,soon aft] ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself _h made our a/ronomical survey ( ,/oneh5ge 9 #aija1 "s ar*ological results ( ! highe/ importance 7 obta9$ by ,pr(essor ,g[l&4 ,! op]ations :i* secur$ !m 7 design$ & c>ri$ out 9 ord] to re-erect ! lean+ /one :i* ?reat5$ to fall1 a piece ( "w recomm5d$ to ,sir ,edmund ,antrobus by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,london & o!r le>n$ bodies1 & conduct$ at 8 desire & exp5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,! arrangem5ts = rais+ ! /one1 look+ nor?-ea/4 ,!y 7 necess>ily on a l>ge scale1 = ! great monoli?1 8! lean+ /one10 is ! l>ge/ 9 ,engl&1 ! ,rud/on monoli? except$4 ,x /ood beh9d ! alt> /one1 ov] :i* x leant at an angle ( #fe degrees1 re/+ at "o po9t aga9/ a small /one ( sy5ite4 ,half-way up x _h a fracture "o-?ird across x2 ! weight ( /one above ?is fracture 0 a dang]\s /ra9 on x1 s t bo? p[]ful ma*9]y & great c>e & precautions _h to be us$4 ,pr(essor ,g[l& 0 *>g$ by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ) ! conduct ( ! excavations necess>y 9 ! "w4 ,! eng9e]+ op]ations 7 plann$ by ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs1 & ,mr4 ,detm> ,bl[ 0 responsible = ! local sup]9t5d5ce4 ,mr4 ,bl[ ?us describes ! arrangem5ts 7,j\rnal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 #crd s]ies1 ix41 ,janu>y1 #aijb73-- 8,a /rong cradle ( #ab-;in* squ>e baulks ( timb] 0 bolt$ r\nd ! /one1 ) pack+ & felt1 to prev5t any m>k+ ( ! /one4 ,to ! cradle 7 fix$ two #a-;in* /eel eyebolts to receive ! blocks = two six-folds ( #f-;in* ropes4 ,^! 7 secur$ & w\nd on to two /rong w9*es fifty feet away1 ) f\r m5 at ea* w9*4 ,:5 ! ropes 7 ?or\ghly tight1 ! fir/ excavation 0 made z ! /one 0 rais$ on its we/ side40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,! cradle & supports1 look+ we/4 ,! me?od employ$ by ,pr(essor ,g[l& 9 ! excavation %\ld be a model = all future "w ( ! k9d4 ,above ea* space to be excavat$ 0 plac$ a frame ( wood1 be>+ on its long sides ! lett]s ,a to ,h1 & on its %ort sides ! lett]s ,r ,m ,l1 ea* lett] be+ on a l9e "o foot di/ant f ! next4 ,by ?is means ! area to be excavat$ 0 divid$ into squ>es ea* hav+ ! dim5sion ( a squ>e foot4 ,a long rod divid$ into #f-;in* spaces1 numb]$ f #a to #af1 0 also provid$ = indicat+ ! dep? f ! datum l9e ( any?+ f\nd4 ,9 ?is way a lett] on ! long sides ( ! frame1 toge!r ) "o on ! %ort sides1 & a numb] on ! v]tical rod1 indicat$ ! position ( any object f\nd 9 any "p ( ! excavation4 ,excavations 7 necess>y because to secure ! /one = ! future ! :ole ( ! adjac5t soil _h to be remov$ d[n to ! rock level1 s t x c\ld be replac$ by concrete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,! frame us$ to locate ! f9ds4 ,all results 7 regi/]$ by ,pr(essor ,g[l& 9 relation to a datum l9e #ccgd feet above sea level4 ,! mat]ial 0 remov$ 9 buckets1 & c>efully sift$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( sieves #a-;in*1 -in*1 -in*1 & -in* me%1 9 ord] t ! smalle/ object might n be ov]look$4 ,f ! exhau/ive acc\nt ( 8 "w giv5 by ,pr(essor ,g[l& to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 7,ar*aeologia1 lviii471 ,i ga!r ?ree results ( ! highe/ importance f ! po9t ( view ,i am consid]+4 ,^! 71 fir/1 ! f9d+ ( an enorm\s numb] ( implem5ts2 secondly1 ! disposition & relative quantities ( ! *ipp+s ( ! s>s5 & blue /ones2 & ?irdly1 ! discov]y ( ! me?od by :i* ! /ones 7 orig9ally erect$4 ,i w take ! implem5ts fir/4 ,?is1 9 a cond5s$ =m1 is :at ,pr(essor ,g[l& says ab\t !m3-- ,m ?an a hundr$ fl9t implem5ts 7 f\nd1 & ! great] numb] occurr$ 9 ! /ratum ( *alk rubble :i* ei!r directly ov]laid or 0 on a level ) ! b$ rock4 ,!y may all be arrang$ g5]ally 9 ! foll[+ classes3-- ,class ,i4--,axes r\ghly *ipp$ & ( rude =ms1 b hav+ well-def9$1 m or less %>p cutt+ edges4 ,class ,,ii4--,hamm]/ones1 ) m or less well-*ipp$1 %>p curv$ edges4 ,mo/ may be correctly t]m$ hamm]-axes4 ,!y are *ipp$ to an edge at "o end1 b at ! o!r are broad & ?ick1 & 9 _m examples t]m9at$ !re by a m or less flat surface4 ,9 "s ! natural coat+ ( ! fl9t is left unt\*$ at ! ?ick end4 ,class ,,iii4--,hamm]/ones1 m or less r\nd$4 ,"s specim5s appe> to h once _h di/9ct work+ edges1 b !y are n[ mu* blunt$ & batt]$ by use4 ,9 addition to ! above fl9t implem5ts 7 f\nd ab\t ?irty hamm]/ones1 consi/+ ( l>ge pebbles or small b\ld]s ( ! h>d qu>tzite v>iety ( s>s54 ,"s h be5 r\ghly brok5 into conv5i5t =ms = hold+ 9 ! h&1 :il/ a few h be5 rudely trimm$ into m regul> %apes4 ,!y v>y 9 weight f ab\t a p\nd up to six & a half p\nds4 ,to ^! we h to add mauls1 a m rem>kable k9d ( hamm]/one ?an ^? j enum]at$4 ,!y are pond]\s b\ld]s ( ! qu>tzite v>iety ( s>s5 ) _! broade/ sides m or less flat4 ,_! weights range f ab\t #dj lb4 to #fd lb4 ,h[ came ^! fl9ts & /ones :]e !y 7 f\nd8 ,pr(4 ,g[l& gives an answ] :i* ev]ybody w accept4 ,! implem5ts mu/ be reg>d$ z ! disc>d$ tools ( ! build]s ( ,/oneh5ge1 dump$ d[n into ! holes z !y became unfit = use1 &1 9 fact1 us$ to pack ! monoli?s z !y 7 erect$4 ,we read3--8,deal+ ) ! cavity occupi$ by ,no4 #ee be=e its fall1 ! mauls 7 f\nd w$g$ 9 bel[ ! front ( its base to act toge!r ) ! l>ge blocks ( s>s5 z supports0 7p4 #ed74 ,ne>ly all be> evid5ce ( extremely r\gh usage1 _! edges be+ jagg$ & brok51 j z we %\ld expect to f9d aft] su* r\gh employm5t4 ,we evid5tly h to deal ) build]s do+ _! "w 9 ! ,/one & n 9 ! ,bronze age4 ,b 0 ! age ,paloli?ic or ,neoli?ic8 ,pr(4 ,g[l& writes3-- 8,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! fl9t implem5ts is _! extreme rud5ess1 & t !re is n a s+le gr\nd or poli%$ specim5 among !m4 ,?is1 at fir/ sight & )\t due consid]ation1 might be tak5 to indicate an extremely remote age4 ,b 9 ?is connection x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 ! build+ ( su* a /up5d\s /ructure z ,/oneh5ge1 ! tools requir$ mu/ h be5 numb]$ by ?\s&s4 ,! "w1 too1 0 ( ! r\ghe/ "*1 & = su* only rude tools 7 requir$4 ,! highly f9i%$ & poli%$ implem5ts :i* we are accu/om$ to consid]1 & rightly s1 z *>act]i/ic ( ,neoli?ic man1 w\ld f9d no place 9 su* "w4 ,!y requir$ too mu* lab\r & "t = _! manufacture1 &1 :5 made1 c\ld n h be5 m effective ?an ! hamm]-axes & hamm]/ones f\nd 9 ! excavations1 :i* c\ld be s easily fa%ion$ by m]ely rudely %ap+ ! natural fl9ts1 ) :i* ! di/rict ab\nds1 by a few well direct$ bl[s ( a s>s5 pebble40 ,on ?is gr\nd ,pr(4 ,g[l& is ( op9ion t1 not)/&+ _! rud5ess1 !y may be legitimately ascrib$ to ! ,neoli?ic age1 &1 x may be1 ne> its t]m9ation1 t is1 be=e ! ,bronze age1 ! comm5cem5t ( :i* has be5 plac$ at #adjj ,b4,c4 by ,sir ,john ,evans = ,brita91 ?\gh he is incl9$ to ?9k t e/imate too l[1 & #bjjj ,b4,c4 by ,montelius = ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,"s ( ! ,fl9t ,implem5ts4 ,pr(4 ,g[l& gu>d$ly writes3-- 8,! occurr5ce ( /one tools does n alone prove ) absolute c]ta9ty t ,/oneh5ge belongs to ! ,neoli?ic age1 al?\gh x af=ds a /rong presumption 9 fav\r ( t view4 ,b1 & ?is is important1 _h bronze be5 9 g5]al or ev5 mod]ately ext5sive use :5 ! /ones 7 set up1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t "s implem5t ( t metal w\ld h be5 lo/ )9 ! area ( ! excavations1 & if s lo/1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 f\nd toge!r ) ! /one tools4 ,fur!r1 ! employm5t ( de]'s horn picks = ! ext5sive excavations made 9 ! *alk ar\nd ! base ( ! monoli?s also t5ds to support ! view t bronze implem5ts _c h be5 9 common use4 ,if !y _h x w\ld seem n unreasonable to assume t !y w\ld h be5 employ$1 z !y w\ld h be5 s mu* m effective = su* "w ?an ! picks ( de]'s horn4 8,aga91 ! *ipp+s ( ! /ones ( ,/oneh5ge 9 two ( ! ,bronze age b>r[s#ae 9 its neighb\rhood %[ t x is ( e>li] date ?an !y40 ,& f9ally3-- 8,9 my op9ion1 ! date :5 copp] or bronze 0 fir/ kn[n 9 ,brita9 is a v remote "o1 z no c\ntry 9 ! _w pres5t$ great] facilities = _! discov]y4 ,! beg9n+ ( _! application to practical uses %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be plac$ at lea/ z f> back z #ahjj ,b4,c41 & t date ,i am incl9$ to give1 until fur!r evid5ce is =?com+1 z ! approximate date ( ! erection ( ,/oneh5ge40 ,n[ ! date arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself on a/ronomical gr\nds 0 ab\t #agjj ,b4,c4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t indep5d5t a/ronomical & ar*ological inquiries conduct$ 9 ! same ye> %\ld h come s ne>ly to ! same conclusion4 ,if a g5]al agreem5t be arriv$ at reg>d+ x1 we h a firm basis = ! /udy ( o!r simil> anci5t monum5ts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i h previ\sly 9 ?is book ref]r$ to ! fact t ! trili?ons ( ! naos & ! /ones ( ! out] circle are all built up ( s-call$ 8s>s50 /ones4 ,to describe _! geological "*1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote1 f ,mr4 ,cunn+ton's 8,geology ( ,/oneh5ge10#af _! orig9 accord+ to ,pre/wi*4 8,among ! ,l[] ,t]ti>ies 7! ,eoc5e ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell7 are c]ta9 s&s & mottl$ clays1 nam$ by ,mr4 ,pre/wi* ! ,woolwi* & ,read+ b$s1 f _! be+ l>gely develop$ at ^! places1 & f ^! he proves ! s>s5s to h be5 d]iv$2 al?\gh !y are seldom f\nd 9 situ1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( ! /ratum to :i* !y belong$4 ,!y are l>ge masses ( s& concret$ toge!r by a silice\s cem5t1 & :5 ! loos] portions ( ! /ratum 7 wa%$ away1 ! blocks ( s&y rocks 7 left scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 8,at ,/&51 ne> ,hung]=d1 l>ge masses ( s>s5 are f\nd1 consi/+ almo/ entirely ( fl9ts1 =m$ into conglom]ate ) ! s&4 ,fl9ts are also common 9 "s ( ! l>ge /ones =m+ ! anci5t temple ( ,avebury4 8,! abundance ( ^! rema9s1 especially 9 "s ( ! valleys ( ,nor? ,wilts1 is v rem>kable4 ,few p]sons :o h n se5 !m c =m an adequate idea ( ! extraord9>y sc5e pres5t$ to ! eye ( ! spectator1 :o /&+ on ! br[ ( "o ( ! hills ne> ,clat=d1 sees /ret*+ = miles be=e him1 c\ntless numb]s ( ^! enorm\s /ones1 occupy+ ! middle ( ! valley1 & w9d+ l a mighty /ream t[>ds ! s\?40 ,^! /ones1 !n1 may be reg>d$ z closely associat$ ) ! local geology4 ,! exact nature ( ! /ones1 call$ 8blue /ones10 c be/ be ga!r$ f a valuable 8,note0 by ,pr(4 ,judd :i* accompanies ,pr(4 ,g[l&'s pap]4 ,^! blue /ones are entirely unconnect$ ) ! local geology2 !y mu/1 !re=e1 repres5t b\ld]s ( ! ,glacial drift1 or !y mu/ h be5 br\ght by man1 f di/ant localities4 ,pr(4 ,judd incl9es to ! fir/ op9ion4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( /one are well %[n by ,pr(4 ,g[l&3-- 8,! l>ge monoli?s ( ! out] circle1 & ! trili?ons ( ! horse-%oe are all s>s5s4 ,see g5]al plan1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,^! s>s5s 9 _! composition are s&/ones1 consi/+ ( qu>tz-s&1 ei!r f9e or co>se1 occasionally mix$ ) pebbles & angul> bits ( fl9t1 all m or less firmly cem5t$ toge!r ) silica4 ,!y are ! relics ( ! concretion>y masses :i* _h become consolidat$ 9 ! s&/one b$s t once ov]laid ! *alk ( ! di/rict1 & _h resi/$ ! de/ructive ag5cies by :i* ! s(t] p>ts ( ! b$s 7 remov$ 9 geological times4 ,!y range 9 /ructure f a granul> rock resembl+ loaf sug> 9 int]nal appe>ance to "o ( great compactness simil> to & sometimes pass+ into qu>tzite4 8,! monoli?s & trili?ons all consi/ ( ! granul> rock4 ,! examples ( ! compact qu>tzite v>iety1 ( :i* _m 7 f\nd 9 ! excavations1 7 almo/ )\t exception ei!r hamm]/ones t _h be5 us$ 9 %ap+ & dress+ ! monoli?s1 or fragm5ts :i* _h be5 brok5 f (f !m 9 ^! op]ations4 8,! small monoli?s1 ! s-call$ #8blue /ones1' :i* =m ! inn] circle & ! inn] horse-%oe1 are1 ) ! und]m5tion$ exceptions1 all ( diabase m or less porphyritic4 ,two are porphyrite 7=m]ly kn[n z fel/one or horn/one74 ,two are argillace\s s&/one4 8,mr4 ,william ,cunn+ton1 9 8 valuable pap]1 #8,/oneh5ge ,notes1' records ! discov]y ( two /umps ( #8blue /ones' n[ cov]$ by ! turf4 ,"o ( ^! lies 9 ! inn] horse%oe betwe5 ,nos4 #fa & #fb1 & #i feet di/ant f ! latt]4 ,x is diabase4 ,! o!r is 9 ! inn] circle betwe5 ,nos4 #cb & #cc1 #aj feet f ! =m]1 & consi/s ( a s(t calc>e\s alt]$ tuff1 aft]w>ds designat$ = ! sake ( brevity fissile rock4 8,! alt> /one is ( micace\s s&/one40 ,i n[ come to ! second po9t1 to :i* ,i %all return 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 /udy+ ! mat]ial obta9$ f ! excavations1 x 0 f\nd 9 almo/ e case t ! numb] ( *ipp+s & fragm5ts ( blue /one l>gely exce$$ t ( ! s>s5s2 m ?an ?is1 diabase 7blue /one7 & s>s5 7 f\nd toge!r 9 ! lay] ov]ly+ ! solid *alk 7p4 #ae74 ,*ipp+s ( diabase 7 ! mo/ abundant1 b !re 7 few l>ge pieces ( x4 ,s>s51 on ! o!r h&1 occurr$ mo/ abundantly 9 lumps 7p4 #bj72 v few small *ips ( s>s5 7 f\nd 7p4 #db74 ,h5ce ,pr(4 ,g[l& is ( op9ion t ! s>s5 blocks 7 r\ghly hewn :]e !y 7 f\nd 7p4 #dj72 ! local tool+1 execut$ ) ! small qu>tzite hamm]s & mauls1 w\ld produce n *ips b du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,%[+ ! c>eful tool+ ( ! ,s>s5s4 ,f9ally1 ,i rea* ! ?ird po9t ( importance f ! pres5t /&po9t2 ! excavations produc$ cle> evid5ce t\*+ ! mode ( erection4 ,pr(4 ,g[l&'s memoir deals only ) ! lean+ /one1 b ,i take x = grant$ t ! same me?od 0 employ$ ?r\gh\t3 ! me?od 0 ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,face ( rock aga9/ :i* a /one 0 made to re/4 7#a7 ,! gr\nd 9 ! site a /one 0 to occupy 0 remov$1 ! *alk rock be+ cut into 9 su* a mann] z to leave a l$ge1 on :i* ! base ( ! /one 0 to re/1 & a p]p5dicul> face ris+ f x1 aga9/ :i* z a buttress "o side w\ld be> :5 set up4 ,f ! bottom ( ?is hole an incl9$ plane 0 cut to ! surface d[n :i* ! monoli? :i* _h already be5 dress$ 0 slid until its base re/$ on ! l$ge4 7#b7 ,x 0 !n gradually rais$ into a v]tical position by means fir/ ( lev]s & aft]w>ds ( ropes4 ,! lev]s w\ld be long trunks ( trees1 to "o end ( :i* a numb] ( ropes 0 atta*$ 7?is me?od is /ill employ$ 9 ,japan72 s t ! weights & pull+ =ce ( _m m5 might be ex]t$ on !m4 ,! /rong] ropes 7 probably ( hide or hair1 b o!rs ( /raw1 or ( )es ( hazel or will[1 may h be5 9 use = m9or purposes4 7#c7 ,z ! /one 0 rais$1 x 0 pack$ up ) logs ( timb] & probably also ) blocks ( /one plac$ b5ea? x4 7#d7 ,aft] its upp] end _h rea*$ a c]ta9 elevation1 ropes 7 atta*$ to x1 & x 0 !n haul$ by num]\s m5 into a v]tical position1 s t its back re/$ aga9/ ! p]p5dicul> face ( ! *alk :i* _h be5 prep>$ = x4 ,dur+ ?is "p ( ! op]ation1 /ruts ( timb] w\ld probably be plac$ aga9/ its sides to gu>d aga9/ slip1 a precaution tak5 :5 ! lean+ /one 0 rais$ & until ! f\ndation 0 prop]ly set4 ,z reg>ds ! rais+ ( ! l9tels1 & impo/s1 & ! plac+ ( !m on ! tops ( ! uprights1 !re w\ld be ev5 less difficulty ?an 9 ! erection ( ! uprights !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,! lean+ /one upright be=e ! /ruts 7 remov$4 ,x c\ld be easily effect$ by ! simple me?od practis$ 9 ,japan = plac+ heavy blocks ( /one 9 position4 ,! /one1 :5 ly+ on ! gr\nd1 w\ld be rais$ a little at "o end by means ( long wood5 lev]s4 ,a pack+ ( logs w\ld !n be plac$ "u ! end s rais$1 ! o!r extremity ( ! /one w\ld be simil>ly rais$ & pack$1 & ! rais+ & pack+ at alt]nate ends w\ld be cont9u$ until ! block _h gradually rea*$ ! height ( ! uprights4 ,x w\ld !n be simply pu%$ =w>d by lev]s until x re/$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,/oneh5ge1 #aije4 ,x is n (t5 t an eng9e]+ op]ation has be5 made s subs]vi5t to ! int]e/s ( sci5ce z ! "o we h dealt ) 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x is satisfactory to "k n only t mu* new k has be5 acquir$ by ,pr(essor ,g[l& & 8 coadjutors1 b t ! fam\s lean+ /one has n[ be5 set upright 9 su* fa%ion t x w rema9 upright = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,may ! o!r lean+ /ones soon receive ! same treatm5t4 #ae ,sir ,ri*>d ,colt ,ho>e1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ,s\? ,wilt%ire1 p4 #abg4 7,london1 #ahab72 ,w4 ,/ukeley1 ,/oneh5ge1 p4 #df4 7,london1 #agdj74 #af ,wilts ,ar*aeological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,magaz9e1 xxi4 pp4 #ada-adi4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,0 ,,!re ,,an ,,e>li] ,,circle8 ,:5 we come to exam9e ,/oneh5ge c>efully 9 relation to ! ori5tation !ory1 x soon becomes cle> t its out] circle ( upright /ones ) l9tels1 & ! inn] naos1 built ( trili?ons1 ori5t$ 9 ! l9e ( ! 8av5ue0 & ! summ] sol/ice sunrise1 are n ! only ?+s to be consid]$4 ,^! /ones1 all compos$ ( s>s51 :i*1 be x rem>k$1 h be5 trimm$ & tool$1 are n alone 9 "q4 ,we h3-- 7#a7 ,an int]ior circle brok5 9 _m places1 & o!r /ones ne> ! naos1 compos$ ( /ones1 8blue /ones10 :i*1 z we h se51 are ( an entirely diff]5t orig9 & composition4 7#b7 ,two small] untrimm$ s>s5 /ones ly+ ne> ! vallum1 n at ! same di/ance f x1 ! l9e jo9+ !m pass+ ne>ly1 b n q1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! s>s5 circle4 ,! amplitude ( ! l9e jo9+ !m is approximately #bf ,s4 ( ,e4 & #bf ,n4 ( ,w4 ,( ^! /ones1 ! /ump ( ! ,n4,w4 "o is situat$ #bb feet f ! top ( ! vallum accord+ to ! ,ordnance plan4 ,! ,s4,e4 /one has fall51 b accord+ to c>eful obs]vations & measurem5ts by ,mr4 ,p5rose1 :5 erect its c5tre 0 #ad feet f ! top ( ! vallum4 ,! c5tre ( ! l9e jo9+ ! /ones is !re=e ab\t #d feet to ! ,s4,e4 ( ! axis ( ! pres5t circles1 :i*1 x may be /at$1 passes #c feet to ! ,n4,w4 ( ! ,n4,w4 edge ( ! ,fri>'s ,heel 7see ,fig4 #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,map ( ! ,/ones made by ! ,ordnance ,survey4#ag ,a1 ,n4,w4 /one2 ,b1 ,s4,e4 /one2 ,c1 ,fri>'s ,heel2 ,d1 ,slaught] /one4 ,!re are besides ^! two l>ge untrimm$ s>s5 /ones1 "o /&+ "s di/ance outside ! vallum1 "o recumb5t ly+ on ! vallum2 bo? ne>ly1 b n q1 9 ! sunrise l9e z view$ f ! c5tre ( ! s>s5 circle4 ,^! are t]m$ ! 8,fri>'s ,heel0 & 8,slaught] ,/one0 respectively4 ,i w deal ) 7#a7 fir/1 & beg9 by ano!r quotation f ,mr4 ,cunn+ton1 :o display$ great acum5 9 deal+ ) ! small] /ones n s>s5s4 8,! mo/ important consid]ation connect$ ) ! small] /ones1 & "o :i* 9 its ar*ological be>+ has be5 too mu* ov]look$1 is ! fact ( _! hav+ be5 br\ght f a great di/ance4 ,i express$ an op9ion on ?is subject 9 a lecture deliv]$ at ,devizes m ?an eighte5 ye>s ago1 & ,i h be5 increas+ly impress$ ) x s9ce4 ,i believe t ^! /ones w\ld n h be5 br\ght f su* a di/ance to a spot :]e an abundance ( build+ /ones equally suitable 9 e respect already exi/$1 unless "s special or religi\s value _h be5 atta*$ to !m4 ,?is goes f> to prove t ,/oneh5ge 0 orig9ally a temple1 & nei!r a monum5t rais$ to ! memory ( ! dead1 nor an a/ronomical cal5d> or almanac4 8,x has be5 sugge/$ t !y 7 ,danams1 or ! (f]+s ( successive vot>ies4 ,w\ld !re 9 su* case h be5 su* uni=mity ( design1 or w\ld !y h be5 all alike ( =eign mat]ials8 ,i w\ld make "o rem>k ab\t ! small impo/ ( a trili?on ( sy5ite1 n[ ly+ pro/rate )9 ! circle4 ,"o writ] has foll[$ ano!r 9 tak+ x = grant$ t !re mu/ h be5 a second1 correspond+ ) x1 on ! opposite side4 ,( ?is !re is nei!r pro( nor record1 n a trace ( "o hav+ be5 se5 by any p]son :o has writt5 on ! subject4 ,?is small impo/1 n be+ ( s>s51 b sy5ite1 mu/ h belong$ to ! orig9al old circle2 x may ev5 h sugge/$ to ! build]s ( ! pres5t ,/oneh5ge ! idea ( ! l>ge impo/s1 & trili?ons ) _! t5ons & mortices40 ,9 ,pr(4 ,g[l&'s exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ! holes necess>ily dug 9 8 op]ations1 x 0 f\nd ov] & ov] aga91 inde$ almo/ univ]sally1 t ! quantity ( blue /one *ipp+s 0 mu* great] ?an t f ! s>s5 /ones4 ,:ile ! s>s5 /ones _h only be5 work$ or tool$ on _! surface1 ! blue /ones _h be5 hew$ & trimm$ 9 extraord9>y fa%ion2 inde$ x is /at$ by ,pr(4 ,judd t !y _h be5 r$uc$ to half _! orig9al dim5sions 9 ?is process1 ! *ipp+s almo/ equall+ ! volume ( ! /ones !mselves4 ,x seems1 !n1 t :5 ! s>s5 /ones 7 set up1 ! s>s5 & blue /ones 7 treat$ v diff]5tly4 ,?is be+ s1 ! foll[+ quotation f ,pr(4 ,judd's 8,note0 is int]e/+ 7,ar*aeologia1 lviii41 p4 #ha73-- 8,i may repeat my conviction t if ! preval5t beliefs & traditions conc]n+ ,/oneh5ge 7 true1 & ! 8blue/one0 circles 7 transport$ f "s di/ant locality1 ei!r z trophies ( w> or z ! sacr$ treasures ( a w&]+ tribe1 x is q inconceivable t !y %\ld h be5 hew$ & *ipp$1 z we n[ "k !m to h be51 & r$uc$ 9 "s cases to half _! dim5sions1 aft] hav+ be5 c>ri$ ) enorm\s difficulty ov] l& & wat]1 & ov] hills & valleys4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! glacial drift1 :i* once probably ?9ly cov]$ ! di/rict1 ! glacial deposits dy+ out v gradually z we proce$ s\?w>ds1 we h a s\rce f :i* su* /ones might probably h be5 d]iv$4 ,x is q a well-kn[n peculi>ity ( ! glacial drift to exhibit consid]able assemblages ( /ones ( a p>ticul> "* at c]ta9 spots1 ea* ( ^! assemblages hav+ probably be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 8,i w\ld !re=e sugge/ z probable t :5 ! e>ly inhabitants ( ?is isl& comm5c$ ! erection ( ,/oneh5ge1 ,salisbury ,pla9 0 spr9kl$ ov] ?ickly ) ! great :ite masses ( ! s>s5-/ones 7#8grey we!rs'71 & mu* m sp>+ly ) d>k] col\r$ b\ld]s 7! s-call$ #8blue-/ones'71 ! la/ relics ( ! glacial drift1 :i* h be5 ne>ly d5ud$ away4 ,f ^! two k9ds ( mat]ials ! /ones suitable = ! contemplat$ temple 7 select$4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! abundance & association ( ^! two k9ds ( mat]ials s /rik+ly contra/$ 9 col\r & appe>ance1 at a p>ticul> spot1 may n only h decid$ ! site1 b to "s ext5t h sugge/$ ! ar*itectural features ( ! noble /ructure ( ,/oneh5ge40 ,if we grant ev]y?+ t ,pr(4 ,judd /ates1 ! "q rema9s--:y did ! same m5 9 ! same place at ! same "t treat ! s>s5 & blue /ones s diff]5tly8 ,i %all %[ subsequ5tly t !re is a def9ite answ] to ! "q on "o assumption4 ,i next come to 7#b74 ,! important po9t ab\t ^! /ones is t ) ! amplitude #bf1 at ,/oneh5ge1 a l9e f ! c5tre ( ! circle ov] ! ,n4,w4 /one w\ld m>k ! sunset place 9 ! fir/ week 9 ,may1 & a l9e ov] ! ,s4,e4 /one w\ld simil>ly deal ) ! ,novemb] sunrise4 ,we are ?us br\ght 9 pres5ce ( ! ,may-,novemb] ye>4 ,ano!r po9t ab\t ^! /ones is t !y are n at ! same di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! s>s5 /one circle1 :i* itself is conc5tric ) ! tem5os m\nd2 ?is is :y !y lie at diff]5t di/ances f ! m\nd4 ,fur!r1 a l9e drawn f ! po9t ( ! ,fri>'s ,heel ov] ! n[ recumb5t ,slaught] ,/one ) ! amplitude det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself = ! summ] sol/ice sunrise 9 #afhj ,b4,c4 cuts ! l9e jo9+ ! /ones at ! middle po9t1 sugge/+ t ! f\r untrimm$ s>s5 /ones provid$ alignm5ts bo? = ! ,may & ,june ye>s at ab\t t date4 ,nor is ?is all2 ! s-call$ tumuli )9 ! vallum 7,fig4 #aj7 may h be5 obs]vation m\nds1 = ! l9es pass+ f ! nor!rn tumulus ov] ! ,n4,w4 /one & f ! s\!rn tumulus ov] ! ,s4,e4 "o are p>allel to ! av5ue1 & !re=e repres5t ! sol/itial ori5tation4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! /ones4 ,we see t1 deal+ only ) ! untrimm$ s>s5s t rema91 ! places ( ! ,may sunset & ,june & ,novemb] sunrises 7 m>k$ f ! same c5tral po9t4 ,/atem5ts h be5 made t !re 0 ! /ump ( ano!r /one ne> ! vallum to ! ,s4,w41 9 ! l9e ( ! ,fri>'s ,heel & ,slaught] ,/one1 produc$ backw>ds1 at ! same di/ance f ! old c5tre z ! ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 /ones4 ,?is /one 0 n f\nd 9 an exploration by ,sir ,edmund ,antrobus1 ,mr4 ,p5rose & ,mr4 ,h[>d ,payn by means ( a sword & an aug]4 ,b ! "q w n be settl$ until surface digg+ is p]mitt$1 z a 8road0 ab\t :i* !re is a pres5t cont5tion passes ne> ! spot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,! rod on ! recumb5t /one is plac$ 9 & along ! common axis ( ! pres5t circle & av5ue4 ,x is se5 t ! ,fri>'s ,heel1 ! top ( :i* is %[n 9 ! di/ance1 w\ld hide ! sunrise place if ! axis 7 a little fur!r to ! ,s4,e4 ,b ev5 ?is is n ! only evid5ce we h = ! ,may wor%ip 9 e>ly times4 ,!re is an old tradition ( ! slaught] ( ,britons by ! ,saxons at ,/oneh5ge1 kn[n z 8,! ,trea*]y ( ! ,long ,knives02 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 #dfj ,briti% *iefta9s 7 kill$ :ile att5d+ a banquet & conf]5ce4 ,n[ at :at "t ( ! ye> did ?is take place8 ,0 x at ! summ] sol/ice on ,june #ba8 ,i h ga!r$ f ,gue/'s 8,mab9ogion10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc1 & ,davies's 8,my?ology ( ! ,briti% ,druids10 p4 #ccc1 t ! banquet took place on ,may eve 8,me9ve?ydd40 ,is x likely t ?is date w\ld h be5 *os5 9 a sol> temple d$icat$ exclusively to ! sol/ice8 ,n[ ! !ory to :i* my "w & ?\ght h l$ me is t ! megali?ic /ructures at ,/oneh5ge--! work$ s>s5s ) _! mortices & l9tels1 & above all ! trili?ons ( ! magnific5t naos--repres5t a re-d$ication & a recon/ruction1 on a m impos+ plan & scale1 ( a mu* old] temple1 :i* 0 orig9ally us$ = wor%ip 9 connection ) ! ,may ye>4 #ag ,plans & photographs ( ,/oneh5ge1 c41 by ,colonel ,sir ,h5ry ,james1 ,r4,e41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 #ahfg4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,may ,,& ,,june ,,wor%ips ,,9 ,,brittany ,i purpose next to inquire :e!r 9 ! wond]ful s]ies ( ,megali?ic rema9s 9 ,brittany1 rema9s m ext5sive ?an any 9 ,brita91 any light is ?r[n on ! sugge/ion ,i h made t ! ,may ,wor%ip prec$$ ! ,sol/itial ,wor%ip at ,/oneh5ge4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! /ones :i* compose ! prehi/oric rema9s 9 ,brittany are g5]ally simil> 9 size & %ape to ^? at ,/oneh5ge1 b1 z ,i h already /at$1 9 "o respect !re is a va/ diff]5ce4 ,in/ead ( a few1 arrang$ 9 circles z at ,/oneh5ge1 we h an enorm\s multitude ( ! s-call$ m5hirs arrang$ 9 _m p>allel l9es = great di/ances4 ,"s ( ^! are unhewn l ! ,fri>'s ,heel1 "s h z c]ta9ly be5 trimm$4 ,! lit]ature :i* has be5 devot$ to !m is v consid]able1 b ! au?ors ( x1 = ! mo/ "p1 h tak5 little or no pa9s to ma/] ! few elem5t>y a/ronomical pr9ciples :i* are necess>y to reg>d ! monum5ts f ! po9t ( view ( ori5tation4 ,x is consol+ to "k t ?is _c be said ( ! la/ publi%$ contribution to our k ( ?is region1 :i* we owe to ,monsieur ,f4 ,gaill>d1 a memb] ( ! ,p>is ,an?ropological ,society & ( ! ,polyma?ic ,society ( ,morbihan at ,pl\h>nel4#ah ,m4 ,gaill>d is a firm believ] 9 ! ori5tation !ory1 & accepts ! view t a v consid]able numb] ( ! alignm5ts are sol/itial4 ,b al?\gh he gives ! correct azimu?s = ! sol/itial po9ts & also figures %[+ ! values ( ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic z f> z #bbjj ,b4,c41 8 obs]vations are n suffici5tly precise to enable a f9al conclusion to be drawn1 & 8 me?od ( fix+ ! alignm5ts & ! selection ( ! index m5hir are difficult to ga!r f 8 memoir & ! small plans :i* accompany x1 :i*1 alas6 deal ) compass be>+s only4 ,all ! same1 ^? int]e/$ 9 su* rese>*es owe a debt ( gratitude to ,m4 ,gaill>d = 8 labori\s ef=ts to increase our k1 & w sympa?ise ) him at ! mann] 9 :i* 8 conclusions 7 treat$ by ! ,p>is an?ropologi/s4 ,"o ( !m1 app>5tly ?9k+ t ! place ( sun ris+ is affect$ by ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 us$ ?is conv9c+ argum5t3--8,si1 l'orig9e les alignem5ts tai5t ori5ts1 comme le p5se ,m4 ,gaill>d1 ils ne le p\rrai5t plus tre auj\rd'hui2 au contraire1 s'ils le sont actuellem5t1 on peut affirm] qu'ils ne l'tai5t pas alors60 ,m4 ,gaill>d is n only conv9c$ ( ! sol/itial ori5tation ( ! av5ues1 b f9ds ! same result 9 ! case ( ! dolm5s4 ,i _c f9d any ref]5ce 9 ! text to any ori5tations deal+ ) ! f>m]s' ye>s1 t is ) amplitudes ( ab\t #be ,n4 & ,s4 ( ! ,e4 & ,w4 po9ts2 b 9 ! diagrams on pp4 #gh & #abg ,i f9d bo? av5ue & dolm5 alignm5ts1 :i* )9 ! limits ( accuracy app>5tly employ$ may p]haps ) ju/ice be ref]r$ to !m2 b obs]vations ( great] accuracy mu/ be made1 & details ( ! heights ( ! horizon at ! v>i\s po9ts giv51 be=e any?+ c]ta9 c be said ab\t !m4 ,i app5d a reproduction ( "o ( ,m4 ,gaill>d's plans1 :i* w give an idea ( 8 use ( ! index m5hir4 ,x %[s ! alignm5ts at ,le ,mnec1 lat4 #dg 7,fig4 #bf74 ,! l9e ,a--,soleil runs across ! /one alignm5ts & is fix$ f ,a by ! m5hir ,b1 b !re does n seem any good reason = select+ ,b except t x appe>s to fall 9 ! l9e ( ! sol/itial azimu? accord+ to ,m4 ,gaill>d4 ,b if we take ?is azimu? z ,n4 #ed ,e41 !n we f9d ! alignm5ts to h an azimu? r\ghly ( ,n4 #ff ,e41 :i* gives u ! amplitude ( #bd ,n4 m>k+ ! place ( sunrise at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,may & ,novemb] ye>s1 & ! alignm5ts may h dealt pr9cipally ) ^? times ( ! ye>4 ,i e/eem x a mo/ =tunate ?+ t :ile ,i h be5 ca/+ ab\t z to ! be/ way ( gett+ m accurate data1 ,lieut5ant ,devoir1 ( ! ,fr5* ,navy & !re=e fully equipp$ ) all ! a/ronomical k necess>y2 :o resides at ,bre/ & has be5 /udy+ ! prehi/oric monum5ts 9 8 neighb\rhood = _m ye>s1 has be5 good en\gh to give me ! results ( 8 "w 9 t region1 9 :i* ! problems seem to be simpl] ?an fur!r s\?2 = :ile 9 ! vic9ity ( ,c>nac ! m5hirs 7 erect$ 9 gr\ps numb]+ five or six ?\s&1 ne> ,bre/1 lat4 #dh1 !y are mu* m re/rict$ 9 numb]4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to him = p]mission to use & publi% 8 results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,alignm5ts at ,le ,mnec4 ,lieut5ant ,devoir1 by 8 _m well-plann$ & approximately accurate obs]vations1 has put ! sol/itial ori5tation beyond "q1 &1 fur!r1 has made important obs]vations :i* prove t ! ,may & ,augu/ sunrises 7 also provid$ = 9 ! sy/ems ( alignm5ts4 ,i give ! foll[+ extracts f 8 lett]3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,m5hir 7,a7 on ,melon ,isl&4 8,x is ab\t twelve ye>s ago t ,i rem>k$ 9 ! we/ "p ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,morbihan 7ne> ,lori5t7 ! p>allelism ( ! l9es m>k$ out by monum5ts ( all sorts1 & frequ5tly ori5t$ to ! ,n4,e41 or r betwe5 ,n4 #ej ,e4 & ,n4 #ee ,e4 ,i _h asc]ta9$1 moreov]1 ! exi/5ce ( l9es p]p5dicul> to ! fir/ nam$1 ! "r angle be+ v well measur$4 8,! plans1 :i* ref] to ! cantons ( ,pl\dalmzeau & ( ,/4 ,r5an 7di/rict ( ,bre/7 & ( ,crozon 7di/rict ( ,*ateaul971 h be5 made on a plane-table2 ! ori5tations are exact to "o or two degrees4 8,9 ! cantons ( ,pl\dalmzeau & ( ,/4 ,r5an1 ! monum5ts are g5]ally simple2 sev5 m5hirs are visible ( enorm\s dim5sions1 rem>kable by ! poli% ( _! surface & ! regul>ity ( _! section4 ,! r\ghnesses h>dly ev] rea* a c5timetre2 ! sections are m (t5 ovals1 sometimes rectangles ) ! angles r\nd$ or t]m9at$ by semicircles4 ,9 ! canton ( ,crozon ! monum5ts are1 on ! contr>y1 complex2 we f9d a cromle* ) an av5ue lead+ to x ( a l5g? ( #hjj metres1 ano!r ( #cjj metres4 ,un=tunately1 ! rocks employ$ 7s&/one & s*i/ f ,plunga/el & ,crozon7 h resi/$ less well ?an ! granulite f ! nor? "p ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,! monum5ts are = ! mo/ "p 9 a v bad condition2 ! :ole mu/1 nev]!less1 =m]ly h be5 comp>able ) t ( ,c>nac-,leom>iaqu]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,melon ,isl&1 %[+ ,m5hir 7,a7 & ,cromle* 7,b & ,c74 8,= ! two regions1 granitic & s*i/ose1 ! results ( ! obs]vations are id5tical4 8,! monum5ts lie along l9es ori5t$ ,s4 #ed ,w4 ,n4 #ed ,e4 7#ed azimu? at ! sol/ices = ,l #dh #cj & i #bc #cj7 & ,n4 #ed ,w4 ,s4 #ed ,e4 ,"s ( !m det]m9e l9es p]p5dicul> to ! m]idian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,m5hirs ( ,/4 ,d\rzal1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f4 8,"o m5hir 7,a71 #fm4 #ij 9 height & #im4 #bj 9 circumf]5ce1 erect$ 9 ! small isl& ( ,melon 7canton ( ,pl\dalmzeau1 latitude #dh #bi #je7 a few metres f a tumulus surr\nd$ by ! ru9s ( a cromle* 7,b & ,c71 has ! section su* t ! faces1 p>allel & rem>kably plane1 are ori5t$ ,n4 #ed ,e4 7,figs4 #bg & #bh74 8,at #acjj metres 9 ! same azimu? !re is a l9e ( ?ree l>ge m5hirs 7,d1 ,e1 ,f71 ( :i* "o 7,e7 is ov]?r[n4 ,! direction ( ! l9e passes exactly by ! m5hir ,a4 ,prolong$ t[>ds ! ,n4,e4 x meets at #ck4 #gjjm4 an ov]turn$ block ( #bm4 #ej 9 height1 :i* is )\t d\bt a m5hir2 t[>ds ! ,s4,w4 x passes a little to ! s\? "s l9es ( ! isl& ( ,molne4444 7,fig4 #bi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,alignm5t at ,lagatj>1 ,g ,g4 8,!re exi/s 9 ! neighb\rhood o!r gr\ps1 =m+ also l9es ( ! same ori5tation & t ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,x is advisable to rem>k t ori5tations well det]m9$ = ! sol/ices are mu* less s = ! equ9oxes1 :i* is natural1 ! ris+ amplitude v>y+ v rapidly at ?is "t ( ye>4 8,! same g5]al dispositions are to be f\nd 9 ! complex monum5ts ( ! p59sula ( ,crozon4 ,i take = example ! alignm5ts ( ,lagatj>4 ,two p>allel l9es ( m5hirs1 ,g ,g ,h ,h1 are ori5t$ to ,s4 #ed ,e4 & cut p]p5dicul>ly by a ?ird l9e1 ,i ,i4 ,!re exi/$ less ?an fifty ye>s ago a m5hir at ,k1 #f metres high1 :i* is to-day brok5 & ov]turn$4 ,?is megali?1 kn[n 9 ! c\ntry by ! "n ( #8pi]re du ,conseil' 7a bronze axe 0 f\nd und]nea? x7 gives ) a dolm5 situat$ ne> ,cam>et ! direction ( ! sunrise on ,june #ba 7,fig4 #ca74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,alignm5ts at ,lagatj>1 %[+ ! pi]re du ,conseil & ! direction ( ! dolm54 ,f ! pi]re du ,conseil ! dolm5 m>ks ! sunrise place at ! summ] sol/ice1 & ! av5ue ,g ,g ,h ,h ! sunset place on ! same day4 8,i h j spok5 ( ! l9es p]p5dicul> to ! sol/itial "o2 !re exi/s m especially 9 ! complex monum5ts ano!r p>ticul>ity :i* m]its att5tion4 ,betwe5 two monum5ts1 ,m & ,n1 on a sol/itial l9e1 sometimes o!r m5hirs are notic$1 ! l9e jo9+ !m be+ incl9$ #ab to ! sol/itial l9e1 always t[>ds ! ea/0 7,fig4 #cb74 ,i mu/ call p>ticul> att5tion to ?is important obs]vation ( ,lieut5ant ,devoir1 = x gives u ! amplitude #bd ,n41 ! direction ( sunrise at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,may & ,augu/ ye>s4 ,x %[s1 moreov]1 t1 z at ,le ,mnec accord+ to ,m4 ,gaill>d1 ! sol/itial & ,may-,augu/ directions 7 bo? provid$ = at ! monum5ts 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bre/ s c>efully /udi$ by ,lieut5ant ,devoir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,m5hirs1 ,m ,n on ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 sol/itial alignm5t4 ,m5hirs #a1 #b1 on ,may-,augu/ ye>s alignm5t1 sunrise ,may-,augu/1 sunset ,novemb]-,febru>y4 ,lieut5ant ,devoir po9ts out ! wond]ful regul>ity ( =m & ! f9e poli% ( _m ( ! m5hirs4 ,x w h be5 ga!r$ f 8 acc\nt t ^? mo/ c>efully trimm$ & tool$ belong to ! sol/itial alignm5ts4 ,! "o at ,k]loas 7#aa metres high7 heads ! li/ 9 po9t ( size2 o!rs 9 ! isl& ( ,melon 7#g metres71 at ,k]gadion 7#h metres & #aj metres71 ,k]5neur1 ,k]vaon & ,k]mabion foll[ suit4 ,he consid]s !m to h be5 erect$ at ! "t ( ! highe/ civilisation ( ! ,megali?ic peoples4 ,he also /ates t ^! regul>ly =m$ m5hirs d n exi/ at ,c>nac1 or 9 ! region ( ,pont l',abb1 s ri* 9 o!r rema9s :i* c]ta9ly ref] *iefly to ! ,may-,novemb] ye>4 ,x seems1 !n1 t 9 ^! localities ! ,may-,augu/ wor%ip fir/ *iefly pr$om9at$1 & t ! index m5hirs ( ,m4 ,gaill>d :i* indicate ! sol/ice & :i* d n =m "p ( ! alignm5ts 7 erect$ subsequ5tly4 ,f9ally1 !n1 ! appeal to ,brittany is entirely 9 fav\r ( ! ,may-,novemb] ye> wor%ip hav+ prec$$ ! sol/itial "o4 ,i h already /at$ ! evid5ce at ,/oneh5ge t ! sunrise at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,may & ,augu/ ye>s 0 obs]v$ 9 an e>li] temple :i* exi/$ be=e ! pres5t /ructure exi/$4 ,7 ?is s we h ano!r po9t common to ! ,briti% & ,breton monum5ts4 ,i !re=e ?9k t ,i may ju/ly claim ! ,brittany evid5ce z entirely 9 fav\r ( ! sugge/ion put =w>d 9 ,*ap4 ,,ix ) reg>d to ,/oneh5ge4 #ah 8,l',a/ronomie ,prhi/orique40 ,publi%$ 9 8,les ,sci5ces ,populaires1 revue m5suelle int]nationale10 & issu$ sep>ately by ! adm9i/ration des 8,sci5ces populaires10 #ae ,rue ,lebrun1 ,p>is4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,a/ronomical ,,h9ts ,,= ,,ar*,,ologi/s ,! =ego+ *apt]s w h %[n t 9 deal+ ) ! anci5t monum5ts f an a/ronomical po9t ( view1 we h to consid] *iefly ! direction ( ! sight-l9es1 :e!r !y are m>k$ z 9 ,brittany by long r[s ( /ones--alignm5ts2 z at ,/oneh5ge by an av5ue2 z 9 "s ( our ,briti% circles1 by two or m circles ! direction be+ indicat$ f ! c5tral /one ( "o to ! c5tral /one ( ! o!r1 or f9ally by a s+le /&+ /one or b>r[4 ,x is important !n t be=e we proce$ fur!r 9 our inquiries we %\ld consid] h[ a mean+ is got out ( ^! directions1 & ,i propose to devote ?is *apt] to ?is "q1 s t ! full use ( ! 8azimu?s0 already ref]r$ to & o!rs :i* are to foll[ may be fully und]/ood4 ,!re is ano!r matt]1 at :i* ,i h9t$ on pp4 #cf & #db4 ,we h to inquire :e!r !re are any /ones or b>r[s m>k+ ! direction ( ! ris+ or sett+ ( />s1 z well z ^? :i* deal ) ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 :i* we h already f\nd at ,/oneh5ge & 9 ,brittany4 ,to face ?is "q we h to consid] ! /ell> z well z sol> conditions ( obs]vations1 & z ! =m] are ! simpl] ,i w beg9 ) !m1 especially z n[ !re is no "q :atev] t ! ris+ & sett+ ( />s 7 provid$ =4 ,9 cont9uation ( my "w 9 ,egypt 9 #ahia1 & ,mr4 ,p5rose's 9 ,greece 9 #ahib1 ,i h rec5tly endeav\r$ to see :e!r !re are any traces 9 ,brita9 ( /> obs]vations1 includ+ ^? connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>4 ,we bo? discov]$ t />s1 f> out ( ! sun's c\rse1 especially 9 ,egypt1 7 obs]v$ 9 ! dawn z h]alds ( sunrise--8w>n+-/>s0--s t ! prie/s might h "t to prep>e ! sunrise sacrifice4 ,to d ?is prop]ly ! /> %\ld rise :ile ! sun is /ill ab\t #aj bel[ ! horizon4 ,!re is also reason to believe t />s ris+ n f> f ! nor? po9t 7 also us$ z clock-/>s to enable ! "t to be e/imat$ dur+ ! night 9 ! same way z ! "t dur+ ! day c\ld be e/imat$ by ! position ( ! sun4 ,i /at$ 7,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 p4 #cai7 t ,spica 0 ! /> ! heliacal ris+ ( :i* h]ald$ ! sun on ,may-day #cbjj ,b4,c4 9 ! temple ( ,m5u at ,!bes4 ,sirius 0 associat$ ) ! summ] sol/ice at ab\t ! same "t4 ,mr4 ,p5rose f\nd ?is ,may-day wor%ip cont9u$ at ,a!ns on f\ndations built 9 #adie ,b4,c4 & #bjbj ,b4,c41 on :i* ! ,hecatomp$on & old] ,ere*!um respectively 7 subsequ5tly built1 ! w>n+ /> be+ n[ no long] ,spica1 b ! clu/] ( ! ,pleiades ris+1 or ,ant>es sett+1 9 ! dawn4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t ,/oneh5ge is associat$ ) ! sol/itial ye>1 & ,i h sugge/$ t x 0 orig9ally connect$ ) ! ,may ye>2 b ! probable date ( its re-d$ication1 #afhj ,b4,c41 0 det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself by ! *ange ( obliquity4 ,n[ if ,/oneh5ge or any o!r ,briti% /one circle c\ld be prov$ to h us$ obs]vations ( w>n+ />s1 ! det]m9ation ( ! date :5 su* obs]vations 7 made w\ld be enorm\sly facilitat$4 ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself 7 cont5t to ?9k t our date might be )9 #bjj ye>s ( ! tru?1 :]eas if we c\ld use ! rapid movem5t ( />s 9 decl9ation br\ght ab\t by ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 in/ead ( ! sl[ *ange ( ! sun's decl9ation br\ght ab\t by ! *ange ( ! value ( ! obliquity1 a possible error ( #bjj ye>s w\ld be r$uc$ to "o ( #aj ye>s4 ,9 spite ( ?is enorm\s advantage1 no "o s f> z ,i "k has yet made any inquiry to connect /> obs]vations ) any ( ! ,briti% circles4 ,i h rec5tly obta9$ cle> evid5ce t "s circles 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,brita9 7 us$ = night "w & also 9 relation to ! ,may ye>1 :i* we "k 0 g5]al ov] ! :ole ( ,europe 9 e>ly times1 & :i* /ill det]m9es ! qu>t]-days 9 ,scotl&4 ,if ! ,egyptian & ,greek practice 7 cont9u$ "h1 we %\ld expect !n to f9d "s indications ( ! /> obs]vations utilis$ at ! temple ( ,m9 & at ! ,hecatomp$on = ! beg9n+1 or ! o!r *ief mon?s1 ( ! ,may ye>4 ,i h f\nd !m1 & ,i w n[ %[ ! me?od employ$4 ,to beg9 )1 if we assume t ! a/ronom]-prie/s "h did attempt su* obs]vations1 :at is ! mo/ likely way 9 :i* !y w\ld h gone to "w8 ,! easie/ way = ! a/ronom]-prie/s to conduct su* obs]vations 9 a /one circle w\ld be to erect a /one or b>r[ indicat+ ! direction ( ! place on ! horizon at :i* ! /> w\ld rise z se5 f ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,if ! dawn ! /> 0 to h]ald occurr$ 9 ! summ]1 ! /one or b>r[ itself might be visible if n too f> away1 b !re 0 a reason :y !y %\ld n be too close2 9 a solemn c]emonial ! less se5 ( ! ma*9]y ! bett]4 ,d\btless su* /ones & b>r[s w\ld be r5d]$ obvi\s 9 ! d>k by a light plac$ on or ne> !m4 ,cups :i* c\ld hold oil or grease are kn[n 9 connection ) su* /ones1 & a light ?us f$ w\ld suffice 9 ! op5 if !re 7 no w9d2 b 9 w9dy wea!r a cromle* or "s simil> %elt] mu/ h be5 provid$ = x4 ,n[ if ^! /&+ /ones or b>r[s 7 ev] erect$ & /ill rema91 accurate plans--n ! slov5ly plans ) :i* ,f]guson & too _m o!rs h provid$ u1 giv+ u ei!r no indication ( ! nor? or any o!r po9t1 or else a r\gh compass be>+ )\t tak+ ! tr\ble to /ate ! v>iation at ! "t & place--w help u4 ,i h already po9t$ out t mu* "t has be5 lo/ 9 ! inve/igation ( our /one circles1 = ! reason t 9 _m cases ! exact relations ( ! monum5ts to ! *ief po9ts ( ! horizon1 & !re=e to ! place ( sunrise at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 h n be5 consid]$2 & :5 !y 71 ! obs]vations 7 made only ) ref]5ce to ! magnetic nor?1 :i* is diff]5t at diff]5t places1 & besides is always v>y+2 few inde$ h tri$ to get at ! real a/ronomical conditions ( ! problem4 ,! fir/1 ,i ?9k1 0 ,mr4 ,jona?an ,otley1 :o 9 #ahdi %[$ ! 8ori5tation0 ( ! ,keswick circle 8accord+ to ! sol> m]idian10 giv+ true sol> be>+s ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 my op9ion ! mo/ accurate plans conceivable1 9 ! abs5ce ( a long & m9ute local inquiry1 are ! #be-;in* maps ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 on :i*1 ,i h x on ! au?ority ( ,colonel ,john/on ! di/+ui%$ ,director1 ea* /one may be tak5 to be %[n ) a limit ( error ( #f feet4 ,) a l>ge circul> protractor azimu?s c be read to "o m9ute ( arc1 & 9 critical cases ! true azimu? ( ! side l9es1 :i* are n necess>ily m]idians z latitudes are n m>k$1 c be f\nd on inquiry at ! ,ordnance ,(fice1 ,s\?ampton4 ,hav+ !n true azimu?s1 ! next "q conc]ns ! decl9ations ( ! />s :i* may h be5 obs]v$4 ,! "w ( ,/ockwell 9 ,am]ica1 ,danckwor? 9 ,g]many1#ai & ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,s4 ,locky] 9 ,engl&1 has provid$ u ) tables ( ! *ang+ decl9ations ( />s ?r\gh\t pa/ "t1 or en\gh ( x = our purpose4 ,an accurate det]m9ation on ! #be-;in* map ( ei!r ! azimu? 7angul> di/ance f ! ,n4 or ,s4 po9ts7 or amplitude 7angul> di/ance f ! ,e4 or ,w4 po9ts7 ( ! /one or b>r[ z se5 f ! c5tre ( ! /one circle w enable u to det]m9e ! decl9ation ( ! /> at ! "t :5 x 0 obs]v$4 ,i give a diagram :i* enables ?is det]m9ation to be made ) ! greate/ ease = any monum5ts betwe5 ,l&'s ,end & ,john o' ,groats1 :e!r ! direction is record$ by amplitude or azimu?2 ! decl9ation is read at ! side f ! value ( ei!r indicat$1 say1 by a dot1 at ! prop] latitude4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 only gives u a fir/ approximation4 ,! angul> height ( ! po9t on ! horizon to :i* ! alignm5t or sight-l9e is direct$ by ! /one or b>r[ f ! c5tre ( ! circle mu/ be mo/ accurately det]m9$1 o!rwise ! decl9ations may be "o or two degrees out4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( measurem5ts x is conv5i5t to assume1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t ! horizon is half a degree high1 z ) ?is elevation refraction is comp5sat$1 z ! foll[+ table w %[3 ,elevation ( actual ,bessel's horizon4 refraction4 ,comb9$ effect4 #jjj #cded -#cded #jaj #cbdi -#bbdi #bj #cjeb -#ajeb #cj #bice #jefe #dj #bgbbg #abcgc #ej #bedih #bdajb #aj #bdbdf #ceced ,9 ! abs5ce ( !odolite obs]vations ! actual elevation ( ! horizon c be r\ghly f\nd by a /udy ( ! cont\r l9es on ! #a-;in* map4 ,! foll[+ heights w agree ) ! previ\s assumption ( hills high3 ,di/ance #a mile ,height #df feet #b miles #ib #d #ahd #h #cfh #aj #dfj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,diagram = f9d+ decl9ation f giv5 amplitudes or azimu?s 9 ,briti% latitudes4 ,curves repres5t 7f top7 ,lat4 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee1 #eg & #ei4 ,i also give o!r diagrams %[+ ! *ang+ decl9ations ( ! brighte/ />s1 ^? :i* w\ld naturally be obs]v$1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aej ,a4,d4 & #baej ,b4,c4 ,^! h be5 plott$ f ! calculations ( ! au?orities ,i h nam$4 ,fig4 #cd deals ) ! ,nor!rn />s4 ,! />s are numb]$ z foll[s3-- ,numb]4 ,"n ( />4 #a ,ursae ,m9oris4 #b ,ursae ,m9oris 7,pol>is74 #c ,draconis4 #d ,ursae ,majoris 7,dubhe74 #e ,ursae ,majoris4 #f ,ursae ,majoris 7,b5etnas*74 #g ,draconis4 #h ,cassiopeiae4 #i ,cassiopeiae4 #aj ,p]sei4 #aa ,aurigae 7,capella74 #ab ,cygni4 #ac ,lyrae 7,vega74 #ad ,coronae4 #ae ,gem9orum 7,ca/or74 #af ,gem9orum 7,pollux74 #ag ,botes 7,arcturus74 #ah ,leonis4 #ai ,leonis 7,regulus74 #bj ,&rom$ae4 #ba ,tauri 7,alcyone74 #bb ,tauri 7,aldeb>an74 #bc ,canis ,m9oris 7,procyon74 #bd ,aquilae4 #be ,orionis 7,betelgeuse74 #bf ,virg9is 7,spica74 ,on ,fig4 #ce1 deal+ ) ! ,s\!rn />s1 ! names are giv5 along ! curves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ suppos+ t we h our plans2 t we h det]m9$ ! azimu? ( ! sight l9es2 & h f\nd ! decl9ation ( ! /> obs]v$2 we may f9d m ?an "o /> occupy+ t decl9ation at v>i\s dates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,decl9ations ( ,nor!rn ,/>s f #bej ,a4,d4 to #baej ,b4,c4 ,:i* ( ^! />s1 !n1 mu/ we consid]8 ,obvi\sly ^? mo/ conv5i5tly situat$ = enabl+ ! "t to be e/imat$ dur+ ! night1 or ^? :i* c\ld h be5 us$ z w>n+ />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,decl9ations ( ,s\!rn ,/>s f #bej ,a4,d4 to #baej ,b4,c4 ,ceti1 ,aqu>ii1 ,orionis1 ,capricorni1 ,canis ,majoris1 ,scorpii1 ,columb1 ,pisces ,au/r41 ,args1 ,c5tauri1 ,args1 ,crucis1 ,gruis1 & ,eridani4 ,! w>n+ />s c be conv5i5tly pick$ up by us+ a precessional globe4 ,f x we ga!r t ab\t #aijj1 #adjj & #hjj ,b4,c4 !y 7 z foll[s = ! critical times ( ! ,may ye>1 i4e4 ,may1 ,augu/1 ,novemb]1 ,febru>y3-- #aijj ,b4,c4 #adjj ,b4,c4 #hjj ,b4,c4 ,may ,ca/or ris+ ,pleiades ris+ ,pleiades ris+ ,n4 #da ,e4 ,n4 #gg ,e4 ,n4 #ga ,e4 ,ant>es sett+ ,ant>es sett+ ,s4 #ge ,w4 ,s4 #gb ,w4 ,augu/ ,arcturus ,arcturus ris+ ,sirius ris+ circumpol>4 ,n4 #ag ,e4 ,s4 #fc ,e4 ,) hill #c high3-- ,ris+4 ,date #bagj ,b4,c4 ,n4 #aaae ,e4 #bjij ,b4,c4 ,n4 #adah ,e4 #aijj ,b4,c4 ,n4 #ahdd ,e4 ,novemb] ,betelgeuse sett+ ,n4 #hg ,w4 ,febru>y ,capella ris+ ,capella ris+ ,capella ris+ ,n4 #cf ,e4 ,n4 #bh ,e4 ,n4 #ba ,e4 ,= ! sol/ices1 t is1 ,june & ,decemb]1 ! foll[+ />s might be us$ z w>n]s3-- #aijj ,b4,c4 #adjj ,b4,c4 #hjj ,b4,c4 ,summ] ,sol/ice ,betelgeuse ris+ ,betelgeuse ,gem9orum ,n4 #hg ,e4 ris+ ,n4 #ij ,e4 ris+ ,arcturus sett+ ,arcturus sett+ ,n4 #fh ,e4 ) hill #c high 7late7 ,n4 #af ,w4 78,alh5a0 ,n4 #ah ,w4 ,s]p5tis mag4 #ai47 sett+ ,n4 #ec ,w4 ,w9t] ,sol/ice ,%eat ris+ 7e>ly7 ,ca/or ,capricorni ,n4 #gb ,e4 sett+ ,n4 #cg ,w4 ris+ ,m>kab ris+ 7late7 ,pollux ,s4 #ff ,e4 ,s4 #hi ,e4 sett+ ,n4 #db ,w4 ,x is obvi\s t a /> us$ all ! ye> r\nd = night "w w w>n ! sunrise at "s "o ( ! ye>ly fe/ivals4 ,:5 ! />s hav+ ! same decl9ations are consid]$ f ?is po9t ( view1 ! /> actually us$1 & !re=e ! date ( its use1 may g5]ally be ga!r$4 ,i %all %[ subsequ5tly t "s ( ! />s 9 ! above li/s 7 actually obs]v$ 9 ,briti% z well z 9 ,grecian temples4 #ai ,dr4 ,o4 ,danckwor?1 ,vi]teljahrs*rift d] ,a/ronomis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #af4 ,jahrgang #ahha1 p4 #i4 ,dr4 ,/ockwell's results h be5 communicat$ to me by lett]4 ,"s1 b n all1 ( ,dr4 ,locky]'s calculations appe>$ 9 ,! ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,a/ronomical ,,h9ts ,,= ,,ar*,,ologi/s--,cont9u$4 ,i next come to ! sun obs]vations4 ,fir/ we mu/ consid] ! a/ronomical diff]5ces betwe5 ! ris+ ( a /> & ( ! sun1 by :i* we g5]ally mean t small "p ( ! sun's limb fir/ visible4 ,x is frequ5tly imag9$ t = det]m9+ ! exact place ( sunrise or sunset 9 connection ) ^! anci5t monum5ts we h to deal ) ! sun's c5tre1 z we %\ld d ) ! sun half ris54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we mu/ consid] t "p ( ! sun's limb :i* fir/ makes its appe>ance above ! horizon2 ! fir/ glimpse ( ! upp] limb ( ! sun is 9 "q1 say1 :5 ! visible limb is #b high2 & we mu/ c>efully take ! height ( ! hills ov] :i* x rises into acc\nt4 ,! accompany+ diagram w at once %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ris+ conditions we h n[ to consid]4 ,x deals ) ! summ] sol/ice1 z be+ ! mo/ precise case1 9 ,lat4 #ei ,n4 ,at ?is "t ! position ( ! sun1 t is ( ! sun's c5tre1 z giv5 9 ! 8,nautical ,almanac10 is repres5t$ by ! d\ble circle on ! sea horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,! ,conditions ( 8,sunrise0 at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice 9 ,lat4 #ei ,n4 ,v]tical axis f bottom3 ,altitudes ,,sea ,,horizon1 ,,hill ,,high1 ,,hill #a ,,high1 ,,hill #a ,,high4 ,horizontal axis f left3 ,azimu?s ,n #cg-db ,e4 ,! azimu? ( ?is position is ,n4 #ci #af ,e4 ,?is is ! equival5t ( ! decl9ation ( a />1 b x w be se5 t ! real azimu?s we want are v diff]5t4 ,! dott$ circles repres5t ! actual position ( ! sun ) reg>d to ! horizon1 ! cont9u\s circles ! app>5t positions caus$ by ! lift+-up effect ( refraction4 ,we h ! positions 9 azimu? ( ! app>5t sun z x appe>s on a sea horizon1 & :5 ! horizon is =m$ by hills up to #a 9 v]tical height4 ,to make ?is q cle> ,i give a table :i* has be5 comput$ by ,mr4 ,rol/on1 ( ! ,sol> ,physics ,obs]vatory1 %[+ azimu?s ) hills up to #a high = lat4 #ei ,n41 & #ea ,n4 ne>ly ! latitude ( ,/oneh5ge1 ( ! sun's upp] limb = ! summ] sol/ice3-- ,lat4 #ei ,lat4 #ea ,,summ] ,ris+ ,n-,e or ,ris+ ,n-,e or ,,sol/ice4 ,sett+ ,n-,w4 ,sett+ ,n-,w4 ,sun's c5tre2 uncorrect$ #ci #af #ej #dj sea horizon #cg #a #di #bj ,sun's upp] limb2 correct$hill high #ch #cd #ej #af = semi-diamet] & #a #dj #h #ea #ab refraction #a #da #cj #eb #d ,,w9t] ,ris+ ,s-,e or ,ris+ ,s-,e or ,,sol/ice4 ,sett+ ,s-,w4 ,sett+ ,s-,w4 ,sun's c5tre2 uncorrect$ #ci #af #ej #dj sea horizon #da #bd #eb #j ,sun's upp] limb2 correct$hill high #ci #ed #ea #d = semi-diamet] & #a #ch #bc #ej #h refraction #a #cf #ed #di #ad ,! fir/ important ?+ we le>n f ! table is t al?\gh at bo? sol/ices ! azimu?s ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun's c5tre are ! same1 ^! azimu?s ( ! upp] limb at ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices diff] 9 a high nor!rn latitude by "s #e4 ,! diff]5ce arises1 ( c\rse1 f ! fact t ! limb is "s #af f ! sun's c5tre1 s t consid]+ ! sun's c5tre z a /> ) fix$ decl9ation1 at ris+ ! limb appe>s be=e ! c5tre1 & at sett+ x lags beh9d x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,! ,azimu?s ( ! ,sunrise 7upp] limb7 at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,! values giv5 9 ! table h be5 plott$1 & ! effect ( ! height ( hills on ! azimu? is %[n4 ,! range ( latitude giv5 enables ! diagram to be us$ 9 connection ) ! sol/itial alignm5ts at ,c>nak1 ,le ,mnac1 & o!r monum5ts 9 ,brittany4 ,v]tical axis f bottom3 ,,lat4 #dg-ei4 ,horizontal axis f left3 ,,azimu?s #cg-ef4 ,curves f left3 ,,sea ,,horizon1 ,,hills 1 #a1 #a ,x w also be se5 t at sunrise hills increase ! azimu? f ,n41 & refraction r$uces x2 :ile at sett+1 hills r$uce ! azimu? f ,s4 & refraction increases x4 ,?is diagram & table %\ld fully expla9 ! v>iation ( azimu? at sunrise caus$ by ! fact t f our pres5t po9t ( view we d n deal ) ! sun z a />4 ,to make ! =ego+ applicable = monum5ts 9 all latitudes betwe5 ,brittany & ! ,orkneys1 ,i give /ill ano!r diagram1 ,fig4 #cg1 also prep>$ = me by ,mr4 ,rol/on :i* w enable any ar*ologi/ to det]m9e approximately1 = ! pres5t "t1 ! azimu? ( sunrise at ! summ] sol/ice1 )\t wait+ = ! #ba/ ( ,june 9 any ye> actually to obs]ve x4 ,z be=e /at$1 ,i h dealt ) ! sol/ice 9 ?is *apt] because x af=ds u ! mo/ precise case4 ,i hope to be able to deal ) ! ,may ye> sun 9 ! same way lat] on4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,/5ness 7,lat4 #ei ,n474 ,i wrote a good deal 9 ,nature#bj on sun & /> temples 9 #ahia1 & ,mr4 ,lewis ! next ye> express$ ! op9ion t ! ,briti% /one monum5ts1 or "s ( !m1 7 sun & /> temples4 ,mr4 ,magnus ,sp5ce1 ( ,de]ness1 9 ,orkney1 publi%$ a pamphlet1 8,/&+ ,/ones & ,mae%[e ( ,/5ness10#ba 9 #ahid2 x is a repr9t ( an article 9 ! ,scotti% ,review1 ,octob]1 #ahic1 %[+ t ! /ones 7 set up = sol> wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,cursit]1 ,f4,s4,a41 ( ,kirkwall1 9 a lett] to me dat$ ,m>* #ae1 #ahid1 a lett] sugge/$ by my 8,dawn ( ,a/ronomy10 :i* appe>$ 9 t ye>1 & 9 :i* ! articles :i* _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,nature 9 #ahia _h be5 exp&$1 direct$ my att5tion to ! pamphlet4 ,i began ! consid]ation ( ! ,/5ness circles & alignm5ts 9 #aija1 b o!r press+ calls on my "t !n caus$ me to break (f ! inquiry4 ,q rec5tly x occurr$ to me t a complete /udy ( ! ,/5ness circles might ?r[ light on ! "q ( an e>li] ,/oneh5ge1 s ,i h gone ov] ! old pap]s1 plott+ ! results on ! ,ordnance map4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,mae%[e1 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ! ,/ones ( ,/5ness4 ,f 8,notice ( ,runic ,inscriptions10 by ,james ,f>r]1 ,m4,p4 7#ahfb74 ,n[ t ! inquiry is z complete z ,i c make x )\t sp5d+ "s "t 9 ,orkney ) a !odolite1 ,i w beg9 my ref]5ce to o!r circles besides ,/oneh5ge by /at+ ! conclusions at :i* ,i h arriv$ ) reg>d to ! /ones ( ,/5ness4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i may /ate t al?\gh _m ( ! alignm5ts to :i* ,mr4 ,sp5ce ref]s 9 8 pamphlet on ,mae%[e prove to be v diff]5t f ^? he suppos$ & drew on ! map :i* accompanies 8 pap]1 ! ma9 po9t ( 8 cont5tion is amply confirm$4 ,i give a copy ( ! ,ordnance map %[+ ! true ori5tation ( ^! & ( o!r sight-l9es ,i h made out4 ,! alignm5ts on :i* ,mr4 ,sp5ce *iefly dep5d$ 7 two1 "o runn+ f ! /one circle pa/ ! entrance ( ,mae%[e to ! place ( sunrise at ,hall[e'en 7,novemb] #a71 ano!r f ! same circle by ! ,b>nh\se /&+ /one to ! mid-w9t] sunrise at ! sol/ice4 ,al?\gh ! map gives ^! sight-l9es1 ,i %all %[ t !y _h n ! use ,mr4 ,sp5ce attributes to !m2 b /ill obs]vations ( ! sun 7 provid$ = on ! days 9 "q1 & ! circles & out/&+ /ones 7 und\bt$ly set up to guide a/ronomical obs]vations relat+ to ! diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,( c\rse1 z ,i h %[n else:]e1 su* a/ronomical obs]vations 7 always associat$ ) religi\s celebrations ( "o k9d or ano!r1 z ! a/ronom] & ! prie/ 7 "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,copy ( ,ordnance ,map %[+ *ief sight-l9es f ! /ones ( ,/5ness4 ,i %all n ref] to all ! sight-l9es indicat$1 b deal only ) ^? :i* ,i h )\t local k be5 able to te/ & ju/ify by means ( ! #be-;in* ,ordnance map4 ,n only does calculation prove ! wor%ip ( ! ,may & ,june ye>s1 b ,i ?9k ! facts n[ be=e u really g to %[ t 9 ,orkney ! ,may ye> 0 ! fir/ e/abli%$1 & t ! sol/itial 7,june7 ye> came aft]w>ds1 & ?is 0 "o ( ! *ief que/ions ,i _h 9 view4 ,i w beg9 ) ! ,may ye>4 ,i h already %[n1 p4 #bb1 t ! half-way "t betwe5 an equ9ox & a sol/ice is :5 ! sun's c5tre has a decl9ation approximately #af #bj ,n4 or ,s4 ,9 ,orkney1 ) ! latitude ( #ei1 assum+ a sea horizon1 ! approximate amplitude ( sunrise or sunset is #cc #f1 ! correspond+ azimu? be+ #ef #ed4 ,n[ ! mo/ int]e/+ & be/ def9$ l9e ne> ?is azimu? on ! ,ordnance map is ! "o /ret*+ ,s4,e4 f ! c5tre ( ! ,/5ness circle to ! ,b>n/one1 ) an azimu? ( #eg #ae4 ,! l9e conta9s betwe5 ! two po9ts ,i h nam$ ano!r /one1 ! ,wat*/one1 #ah feet high1 9 ! precise alignm5t2 & f ! /atem5ts made & measures giv5 x is to be inf]r$ t a /ill m fam\s & p]=at$ /one1 ! 8,/one ( ,od910 demoli%$ sev5ty ye>s s9ce1 0 also 9 ! same l9e )9 ! extremities nam$4 ,if we may accept ?is we le>n some?+ ab\t p]=at$ /ones1 & c und]/& mo/ ( ! folk lore associat$ ) !m1 & few h m connect$ ) !m ?an ! "o at ,/5ness4 ,i sugge/ t ! p]=ation1 :i* 0 9 ?is case #e feet f ! gr\nd1 0 us$ by ! a/ronom]-prie/ to view ! sunrise 9 ,novemb] ov] ! ,b>nh\se /one 9 "o direction1 & ! sunset 9 ,may ov] ! circle 9 ! o!r4 ,i hope to be able to return to ?is "q subsequ5tly4 ,!re is ano!r e*o ( ?is fundam5tal l9e2 t jo9+ ! ,r+ ( ,bookan & ! ,/ones ( ,via has ! same azimu? & d\btless s]v$ ! same purpose = ! ,may ye>4 ,b ?is l9e1 giv+ u ! ,may sunset & ,novemb] sunrise1 n ! ,decemb] sol/itial sunrise z ,mr4 ,sp5ce %[s x1 is n ! only ori5tation connect$ ) ! ,may ye> at ! /ones ( ,/5ness4 ,! ,novemb] sunset is provid$ = by a sight-l9e f ! circle to a /one across ! ,lo* ( ,/5ness ) an azimu? ( ,s4 #ec #cj ,w4 ,to apply ! table1 giv5 on p4 #abj1 to ! sol/itial ris+s & sett+s at ,/5ness1 & ! sight-l9es :i* ,i h plott$ on ! map1 x w be se5 t ! table %[s u t ! l9es m>k$ ,s4 #da #j ,e4 ,n4 #da #af ,e4 ,s4 #cf #cj ,w4 are sol/itial l9es2 to get exact agreem5t ) ! table ! heights ( ! hills mu/ be f\nd & all[$ =4 ,i h r\ghly det]m9$ ?is height f ! #a-;in* map 9 ! case ( ! ,b>n/one-,mae%[e alignm5t4 ,on ! ,n4,e4 horizon are ! ,burri5 ,hills1 f\r miles away1 #fjj feet high at ! sunrise place1 gradually asc5d+ to ! ,e41 v]tical angle #a #cf #cj4 ,! ne> alignm5t is on & ov] ! c5tre ( ,mae%[e4 ,colonel ,john/on1 ! ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 has in=m$ me t ! true azimu? ( ?is be>+ is ,n4 #da #af ,e41 & 9 all probability x repres5ts ! place ( sunrise z se5 f ! ,b>n/one :5 ,mae%[e 0 erect$4 ,:at is mo/ requir$ 9 ,orkney n[ is t "s "o ) a good #f-;in* !odolite %\ld obs]ve ! sun's place ( ris+ & ! angul> height ( ! hills at ! next summ] sol/ice 9 ord] to det]m9e ! date ( ! erection ( ,mae%[e4 ,mr4 ,sp5ce & o!rs made an attempt to det]m9e ?is value ) a sextant 9 #ahii1 b n f ! ,b>n/one4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is obs]vation we may use ! diagram giv5 on p4 #aba4 ,) ! height ( hill previ\sly giv5 ! sun %\ld rise accord+ to calculation at ab\t ! azimu? ,n4 #da #ej ,e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! new & old azimu? !n1 on ! assumption t az4 ,n4 #da #af ,e4 really repres5ts an obs]vation ov] ,mae%[e1 gives u ! diff]5ce ( date4 ,treat+ ^! figures !n z we h done 9 ! case ( ,/oneh5ge 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 ! result is z foll[s4 ,! ,b>nh\se-,mae%[e l9e 0 e/abli%$ ab\t #gjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! obliquity _h a value ( #bc #dh accord+ to ,/ockwell's tables4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,i confess ! late date does n surprise me4 ,! masonry ( ,mae%[e diff]s widely f t ( o!r simil> /ructures 9 t ! sides ( ! gall]y & *amb]1 in/ead ( be+ compos$ ( upright /ones1 are built 9 regul> c\rses4 ,i d n believe t ! ,mae%[e /ructure 0 built to obs]ve a w9t] sunrise tw5ty days f ! sol/ice1 nor c ,i ?9k x 0 set up at midsumm] by someone :o _h only dealt ) a high sun & a sea horizon1 & imag9$ t ! sunrise & sunset po9ts 7 exactly opposite to ea* o!r4 ,x 0 a prie/'s h\se1 & ! alignm5t ( ! passage to ! ,b>n/one 0 = ! ex*ange ( signals1 probably by lights 9 ,mae%[e itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,v>iation ( ! ,obliquity ( ! ,ecliptic1 #ajj ,a4,d4-#djjj ,b4,c4 7,/ockwell's ,values47 ,horizontal axis3 ,ye>s4 ,f left3 ,,ad #j-;,,bc #djjj4 ,v]tical axis3 ,obliquity4 ,f bottom3 #bc4dj-bd4aj4 ,! ,ordnance maps give no indication ( /ones1 c41 by :i* ! direction ( ! midsumm] sett+ or ! midw9t] ris+ & sett+ might h be5 indicat$ f ei!r ! ,mae%[e or ! ,b>n/one4 ,to sum up ! sol> alignm5ts f ! circle4 ,we h ! ,may sunrise m>k$ by ! top ( ,burri5 ,hill1 f #fjj to #gjj feet high1 ,az4 #ei #cj4 ,we h ! ,novemb] sunset m>k$ by a /&+ /one on ! o!r side ( ! ,lo* ( ,/5ness1 ,az4 #ec #cj4 ,june ris+1 ,l9e f ,b>n/one ov] ,mae%[e tumulus4 ,decemb] ris+1 tumulus 7,az4 #da7 on ,w>d ,hill4 ,decemb] sett+1 tumulus ,on/on #cf #cj4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t ! summ] sol/ice ris+ & ! w9t] sol/ice ris+ & sett+ seem to h be5 provid$ = at ! ,/5ness circle by alignm5t on ! c5tres ( tumuli1 two ( !m1 across ! ,lo*1 "o ! ,on/on tumulus to ! ,s4,w4 7,az4 #cf #cj71 ! o!r tumulus be+ on ,w>d ,hill to ! ,s4,e41 ,az4 #da 7r\gh measurem5t74 ,if ! ,mae%[e tumulus 0 a /ructure erect$ at ! "t ,i h sugge/$ to use ! ,b>n/one = ! summ] sol/ice ris+2 !n ^! two o!r tumuli1 to deal ) ! w9t] sol/ice at ,/5ness circle1 may h be5 built at ! same "t4 ,all ^! provid$ = a new cult4 ,!re are also tumuli ne> ! l9e 7:i* _c be exactly det]m9$ because ! heights ( ! hills are unkn[n7 ( ! summ] sol/ice sett+2 none 0 requir$ = ! sunrise at ?is date1 z ! l9e passes ov] ! highe/ po9t ( ,h9d]a fiold1 a natural tumulus m ?an #ejj feet high1 & on t acc\nt a triangulation /ation4 ,ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! tumuli be+ additions to ! orig9al design is t ! place ( ! ,novemb] sett+ f ! ,/5ness circle is m>k$1 n by a tumulus1 b by a /&+ /one4 ,z ?is /one1 ne> ,deepdale1 & ! tumulus at ,on/on are only ab\t #abjj y>ds ap>t1 ! sugge/ion may be made t "u c]ta9 unkn[n conditions & possibly 9 lat] times tumuli 9 "s cases replac$ /ones z collimation m>ks4 ,) reg>d to ! clock-/>1 x is to be fe>$ t ! /ones 9 ! ,n4,e4 quadrant z view$ f ! circle :i* might h giv5 u a clue h be5 remov$4 ,z ! latitude ( ,/5ness is ,n4 #ei1 "s /> ) a less decl9ation ?an ,n4 #ca w\ld h be5 *os51 assum+ t ! sky-l9e t[>ds ! ,n4 po9t is n v high4 #bj ,see especially ,nature1 ,july #b1 #ahia1 p4 #bja4 #ba ,g>dn]3 ,paisley & ,london4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,hurl]s 7,lat4 #ej #ca ,n47 ,! sight-l9es to :i* ,i h drawn att5tion 9 relation to ! /ones ( ,/5ness _h to d ) ! places ( sunrise & sunset 9 ! ,may & ,sol/itial ye>s4 ,i n[ pass to ano!r gr\p ( circles 9 :i* we deal *iefly ) ! places ( />-rise & />-set1 "s ( ! />s be+ us$ z w>n]s = sunrise at ! critical times ( ! two ye>s 9 "q4 ,foll[+ ! clue giv5 me 9 ! case ( ! ,egyptian temples1 su* z ,luxor1 by successive small *anges ( ! axis necessitat$ by ! *ange 9 a />'s place due to precession1 ,i began ?is /ell> bran* ( ! inquiry by look+ out = ?is peculi>ity 9 an exam9ation ( _m maps & plans ( circles4 ,i v soon came across two examples 9 :i* ! sight-l9e _h be5 *ang$ 9 ! ,egyptian mann]4 ,! fir/ is ! ?ree circles ( ! ,hurl]s1 "s #e miles to ! nor? ( ,liske>d1 a plan ( :i* is giv5 9 8,prehi/oric ,/one ,monum5ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles3 ,cornwall10 by ,w4 ,c4 ,lukis1 ,rector ( ,wa?1 ,york%ire1 publi%$ by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 :o 7 s good z to furni% me ) a copy1 & also "s unfold$ plans on :i* sight-l9es c\ld be accurately drawn & _! azimu?s det]m9$4 ,i am anxi\s to express my obligations to ! c\ncil & (fic]s ( ! society = ! help ?us af=d$ me4 ,! ?ree circles are ?us ref]r$ to by ,lukis 9 ! valuable monograph :i* ,i h already m5tion$4 8,on ! moor1 ab\t a mile to ! s\? ( ! s+ul> pile ( granite slabs1 :i* re/ ^u & ov]lap ea* o!r1 & is vulg>ly call$ ! ,*eesewr+1 !re are ?ree l>ge circles ( granite /ones plac$ 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e 9 a nor?-nor?-ea/1 & s\?-s\?-we/ direction1 ( :i* ! middle "o is ! l>ge/1 be+ #ace feet 9 diamet]1 ! nor? #aaj feet1 & ! s\? #aje feet4 8,! nor? ,circle is #ih feet1 & ! s\? #hb feet f ! c5tral "o4 ,if a l9e be drawn unit+ ! c5tres ( ! extreme ,circles1 ! c5tre ( ! middle r+ is f\nd to be #ab feet #f in*es to ! we/ ( x4 8,^! ,circles h be5 greatly injur$4 ,! l>ge/ consi/s ( #i erect & #e pro/rate /ones2 ! nor? ,circle has #f erect & #f pro/rate1 & a fragm5t ( a sev5?2 & ! s\? has #c erect & #h pro/rate4 ,9 ,dr4 ,borlase's "t !y 7 9 a slightly bett] condition4 ,a p5-&-ink sket* made by him1 :i* is extant 9 "o ( ,dr4 ,/ukeley's volumes ( orig9al draw+s1 repres5ts ! middle ,circle z consi/+ ( #g erect & #aj pro/rate /ones2 ! nor? ( #aj erect & #f pro/rate2 & ! s\? ( #c erect & #i pro/rate4 ,! /one to ! ea/ ( t m>k$ ,c 9 ! plan ( ! middle ,circle is ! highe/1 & is #e feet #h in*es out ( ! gr\nd1 & appe>s to h be5 wantonly mutilat$ rec5tly4 ,two ( ! pro/rate /ones ( ! nor? ,circle are #f feet #f in*es 9 l5g?4 8,ab\t #ag feet s\? f ! c5tre ( ! middle ,circle !re is a pro/rate /one #d feet long & #ae in*es wide at "o end4 ,x may possibly h be5 ( l>g] dim5sions =m]ly1 & be5 erect$ on ! spot :]e x n[ lies1 b z ,dr4 ,borlase has omitt$ x 9 8 sket* x is probably a displac$ /one ( ! r+4 8,if we all[1 z be=e1 an av]age int]val ( #ab feet betwe5 ! /ones1 !re w h be5 ab\t #bh pill>s 9 ! nor?1 #bf 9 ! s\?1 & #cc 9 ! middle ,circle4 8,at a di/ance ( #dji feet we/w>ds f ,k 9 ! middle ,circle !re are #b /ones1 #g feet ap>t1 bo? incl9$ nor?w>ds4 ,"o is #d feet #aa in*es 9 height out ( ! gr\nd1 & ov]hangs its base #b feet #g in*es2 ! o!r is #e feet #d in*es high1 & ov]hangs #ah in*es40 ,i n[ pass f a g5]al description ( ! circles to ! azimu?s ( ! sight-l9es already ref]r$ to1 s f> z !y c be det]m9$ f ! publi%$ ,ordnance maps4 ,to inve/igate !m z completely z possible )\t local obs]vations 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,i begg$ ,colonel ,john/on1 ,r4,e41 ,c4,b41 ! ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 to s5d me ! #be-;in* maps ( ! site giv+ ! exact azimu? ( ! side l9es4 ,?is he oblig+ly did1 & ,i h to express my great indebt$ness to him4 ,9 ,fig4 #da ,i %[ ! sight-l9es f ! s\? & nor? ,circles z det]m9$ by ! /ones & b>r[s m>k$ on ! map4 ,! sight-l9es on ,arcturus are f ! c5tres ( ! ?ree circles 9 succession4 ,i %all po9t out lat] ! significance ( ! fact t ! ,novemb] alignm5ts are f ! s\?1 ! sol/itial ones f ! nor? ,circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,! ,sight-l9es at ! ,hurl]s4 ,( ! v>i\s sight-l9es f\nd1 ^? to :i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & :i* l$ me to ! o!rs1 are approximately1 read+ ! azimu?s to ! ne>e/ degree1 ,lat4 #ej #ca ,n4 ,az4 ,s4 circle to c5tral circle ,n4 #ab ,e4 ,c5tral to ,n4 circle ,n4 #ae ,e4 ,n4 circle to tumulus ,n4 #ai ,e4 ,9 a prelim9>y inquiry 9 anticipation ( ! necess>y local obs]vations ) a !odolite1 ,i assum$ hills half a degree high1 = ! reason giv5 on p4 #aab4 ,we h ! foll[+ decl9ations approximately3-- ,dec4 ,n4 #ch #ch #cg ,"h1 !n1 we h decl9ations to "w on1 b decl9ations ( :at />8 ,to endeav\r to answ] ?is "q ,i /udi$ ! decl9ations ( ! ?ree brighte/ />s 9 ! nor!rn heav5s1 hav+ approximately ! decl9ations 9 "q "s "t or o!r dur+ ! p]iod #j to #bejj ,b4,c4 ,vega is rul$ out z its decl9ation 0 too high4 ,! rema9+ />s ,capella & ,arcturus may h be5 obs]v$ s f> z ! decl9ations g4 ,= "t limits we h3-- ,dec4 ,n4 ,capella4 ,arcturus4 #ch #ejj ,b4,c4 #afjj ,b4,c4 #cf #ajej #aaej ,n[ !re is no "q z to :i* ( ^! two />s we h to deal )1 = ! nor!rn circle is evid5tly less anci5t ?an ! o!rs1 = "s ( ! /ones are squ>$ & ! o!rs are less irregul> ?an ^? 9 ! ,s4 circle4 ,?is be+ s1 ! approximate dates ( ! use ( ! ?ree circles at ! ,hurl]s c be d]iv$4 ,!y are1 ) ! above assumption3-- ,b4,c4 ,s\!rn circle align+ ,arcturus ov] c5tre ( c5tral circle #afjj ,c5tral ,n4 circle #aejj ,nor!rn tumulus #acjj ,! next /ep 0 to obta91 by means ( a l>ge circul> protractor1 m accurate read+s ( ! ,ordnance ,map4 ,?is ,i c\ld d1 b ! all important "q ( ! angul> height ( ! horizon rema9$4 ,z x 0 impossible = me to leave ,london :5 ! significance ( ! alignm5ts 0 made out1 ,i appeal$ to ! au?orities ( ! ,royal ,cornwall ,polyte*nic ,society = aid 9 obta9+ ! necess>y angles1 & z a result1 ,capta9 ,j4 ,s4 ,h5d]son1 ( ,falm\?1 an accompli%$ surveyor1 volunte]$ 8 aid & %ortly s5t me ! angul> heights along "s ( ! alignm5ts1 ! means ( eight read+s obta9$ ) a #f-;in* !odolite1 bo? v]ni]s & rev]s$ telescopes be+ employ$4 ,o!r /ud5ts ( sci5ce besides myself w1 ,i am sure1 feel _! indebt$ness = su* opportune help4 ,! comb9ation ( ! l>ge protractor & !odolite "w gives ! foll[+ f9al values4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! provisional ones giv5 above speaks volumes z to ! necessity ( a local /udy ( ! height ( ! horizon1 a po9t ,i believe inv>iably neglect$ by ar*ologi/s4 ,,f9al ,,values4 ,arcturus f ,s4 circle to c5tral circle4 ,az4 ,n4 #aa #ae ,e4 ,hills1 #c #bc #eb high4 ,dec4 #da #ch ,,date1 #bagj ,b4,c4 ,arcturus f c5tral circle to ,n4 circle4 ,az4 ,n4 #ad #ah ,e4 ,same hills4 ,dec4 #da #i ,,date1 #bjij ,b4,c4 ,arcturus f ,n4 circle to ,b>r[4 ,az4 ,n4 #ah #ad ,e4 ,same hills4 ,dec4 #dj #f ,,date1 #aijj ,b4,c4 ,n[ be=e ?is evid5ce ( /> wor%ip1 s important if x c be dep5d$ on1 c\ld be accept$1 x 0 necess>y to make a special inquiry z to ! exi/5ce ( simil> /> obs]vations 9 o!r places4 ,_m h be5 f\nd ( :i* m 9 ! sequel4 ,! next po9t :i* arose 0 t ,arcturus us$ z a clock-/> 7p4 #ajh7 w\ld s]ve z a w>n] = ,augu/4 ,?is necessitat$ ano!r inquiry into ! *ief fe/ivals 9 ,cornwall3 among ^! ! ,augu/ 7,h>ve/7 fe/ival is "o4 ,ano!r po9t to consid] 0 :e!r !re 0 any evid5ce ( a local ,augu/ fe/ival4 ,x happ5s t ! ,hurl]s are 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,cle]1 & "s ( ! o!r ,arcturus sight-l9es are 9 t ( ,/4 ,j4 ,n[1 a local fe/ival 9 old days 0 (t5 associat$ ) ! local ,sa9t4 ,z mo/ ( ! ,corni% ,sa9ts are common to ,cornwall & ,brittany1 ,i look$ up ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,annuaire ( ! ,in/itut de ,france1 & f\nd t ! days d$icat$ to ,,ss4 ,ju/9 & ,claire are ! #i? & #ab? ( ,augu/4 ,x seems1 !n1 t at ! ,hurl]s x 0 really a "q ( a clock-/> also us$ z a w>n+ /> = ! ,augu/ fe/ival4 ,i ?9k we h at la/1 !n1 run to e>? ! orig9 ( "s ( ! nor!rly alignm5ts ref]r$ to on pages #cf & #dc4 ,x w h be5 not$ t ! la/ sight-l9e on ,arcturus 0 m>k$ by a b>r[4 ,capta9 ,h5d]son inspect$ x & f\nd x mu* ru9$ by explor]s1 rema9s ( a *amb] inside be+ visible4 ,9 a subsequ5t visit1 9 :i* ,capta9 ,h5d]son 0 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o1 my wife & myself1 we n only visit$ ?is b>r[1 b f\nd t ! :ole hill _h be5 honeycomb$ to su* an ext5t by m9+ op]ations t x 0 v difficult to discrim9ate betwe5 8inve/igat$0 b>r[s & o!r heaps & holes1 unless ! b>r[ %[$ ! rema9s ( a *amb]4 ,our exam9ation 0 n limit$ to b>r[s4 ,capta9 ,h5d]son _h sp5t a long bleak day 9 exam9+ & measur+ ! /ones m>k$ on ! ,ordnance ,map1 to :i* ,i _h call$ 8 special att5tion4 ,we w5t ov] "p ( ! gr\nd ) him1 & came to ! conclusion t ! :ole "q ( ! ,corni% treatm5t ( 8anci5t /ones0 w\ld h to be gone into--an inquiry :i* ,mr4 ,boli?o is n[ c>ry+ on4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t any /one or b>r[ us$ 9 ! sight-l9es we are n[ consid]+ mu/ h be5 put up ne>ly #d1jjj ye>s ago1 s long ago1 9 fact1 t _m ( ! *ief b>r[s h be5 r$uc$ to ! skeletons ( _! =m] selves1 ! enclos$ /one *amb]1 built ( mighty /ones1 alone rema9+4 ,cromle*s & /&+ /ones !n =m$ important po9ts 9 ! l&scape long be=e ecclesia/ical divisions 7 ?\ght (1 or any attempt 0 made to indicate ! b\nd>ies ( private prop]ty4 ,we %\ld expect !n to f9d ^! anci5t monum5ts freely made use ( to m>k :at we n[ t]m 8p>i% b\nd>ies40 ,?is is s4 ,f\r p>i%es h ?us us$ "o ( ! l>g] cromle*s1 & x is m ?an probable t some?+ beside ! d5unciation ( ! cultus lapidum1 :i* we h se5 at "w 9 ,brittany 7p4 #ci71 has be5 responsible = ! _m /one crosses 9 ,cornwall4 ,( "s ( !m ne> circles ,i h ga!r$ ! a/ronomical use1 :ile n[ !y 8m>k ! b\nds10 z d "s ( ! /one r[s 9 ,d>tmoor4 ,i believe t 9 lat] times ?is practice ( ! ,*ur* 0 foll[$ by ^? among :om ! l& 0 di/ribut$1 & ?is has gone on till at la/ !re are _m anci5t /ones trimm$ on "o side & be>+ initials & s hav+ a mod]n appe>ance4 ,! a/ronom]1 & ev5 ! ar*ologi/1 may regret ?is practice1 b z ! habit 9 ,cornwall appe>s to be = anybody to use ! ne>e/ uncross$ & un9itiall$ /one = a wall or a pig/y1 ,mr4 ,boli?o's inquiry may %[ t 9 "s cases1 at all ev5ts1 x has be5 a bless+ 9 disguise1 = ! /ones are /ill !re4 ,9 ! case ( a long *amb]$ b>r[1 ! top ( :i* ne>ly t\*es ! horizon1 z se5 f a circle ne> x1 !re is less dang] ( be+ misl$4 ,9 my notes on ! /ones ( ,/5ness 7,*apt] ,,xiii7 ,i po9t$ out t ! *amb]$ ,cairns at ,on/on & ,mae%[e sugge/$ t su* /ructures 7 lat] v>iants ( ! m anci5t /&+ /ones4 ,"s b>r[s at ! ,hurl]s l5d fur!r confirmation ( ?is view4 ,i w deal ) !m fir/4 ,( "o ! data are ,az4 f ,n4 ,circle ,s4 #gb #di ,w41 height ( horizon #ab 7,capt4 ,h5d]son74 ,! result+ decl9ation is ,s4 #aa #e1 ! decl9ation ( ,ant>es #agbj ,b4,c4 ,b :y %\ld ,ant>es be ?us s+l$ out8 ,! table on page #aag %[s ! reason4 ,at ! date involv$ ! sett+ ( ,ant>es 9 ! dawn 0 ! w>n] ( ! sunrise on ,may morn+1 ! greate/ day 9 all ! ye>4 ,is !re any prec$5t = ?is use ( ,ant>es8 ,i h already po9t$ out 7p4 #ajh7 t ,mr4 ,p5rose f\nd ! w>n+ />s = ,may morn+ at ! dates ( f\ndation ( ! ,hecatomp$on1 & ! old] ,ere*!um1 to be ! gr\p ( ! ,pleiades ris+ & ,ant>es sett+4 ,z ! f\ndations ( ! ,hecatomp$on 7 built only "s few ye>s aft] ! /ones ( ! c5tral circle ( ! ,hurl]s 7 us$1 we ought to f9d traces ( ! obs]vations ( ! same ,may-morn+ />s4 ,we h1 !n1 n[ a ?ird t]m 9 ! a/ronomical use ( />s to h]ald ! sunrise on ,may morn+4 ,temple ( ,m9 ,!bes #cbjj ,b4,c4 ,spica4 ,temple at ! ,hurl]s ,liske>d #agbj ,ant>es4 ,old] ,ere*!um ,a!ns #ajgj ,! next b>r[ to be ref]r$ to--x is %[n to be a long "o on ! ,ordnance ,map--is situat$ ne> ! top ( ,c>adon ,hill1 & is visible on ! sky-l9e f ! circles4 ,data3 ,az4 f ,n4 ,circle ,s4 #fe ,e41 height ( horizon #a #ch 7,h5d]son74 ,?is corresponds almo/ exactly ) ! azimu? ( ! rise ( ! sun's upp] limb ) decl9ation ,s4 #af #bj on ! two critical dates 9 ,novemb] & ,febru>y ( ! ,may-ye> 7,hall[e5 & ,c&lemas1 see p4 #bc71 s ,i am incl9$ to consid] x m ?an a m]e co9cid5ce t ! azimu?s co9cide s closely4 ,x1 h[ev]1 may be urg$ t !re are o!r b>r[s on ,c>adon ,hill1 b judg+ f ! ,ordnance ,map !y seem to be ( ! r\nd v>iety us$ = burials1 p]haps a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! circles 7 9 use1 & 9 my op9ion by a diff]5t race ( m52 b ?is matt] mu/ n deta9 u n[1 ,i hope to return to x lat]4 ,/ill "o m b>r[ & a /one1 uncross$ & un9itiall$1 9 ! same sight-l9e1 data3 ,az4 f ,n4 circle ,s4 #ei #ce ,e4 ,height ( horizon #a #ch #bc 7,h5d]son71 result+ decl9ation ,s4 #ai #ej4 ,?is 0 ! decl9ation ( ,sirius #afij ,b4,c4 ,:y ,sirius8 ,! table on p4 #aag gives u ! answ]4 ,sirius replac$ ,arcturus z a w>n+ /> = ! ,augu/ fe/ival1 & we h se5 t ! la/ use ( ,arcturus 0 connect$ ) ! sight-l9e to ! b>r[ ab\t #aijj ,b4,c4 ,i pass n[ f b>r[s to /ones4 ,!re is "o ab\t :i* !re c be no "q4 ,x is a fam\s ,cross1 a 8,long/one0 at :i* all travell]s /op on _! way f ,/4 ,cle] to ! ,hurl]s4 ,x occupies ne>ly ! same position on ! ,s4,w4 horizon z does ! long tumulus on ,c>adon ,hill 9 ! ,s4,e4 quadrant4 ,f ! ,s\? ,circle1 & ?is is important1 its ,azimu?1 ,s4 #fd ,w41 is ne>ly ! same2 x m>k$1 & /ill m>ks1 ! sunset po9t on ! critical days ( ! ,may ye> 9 ,novemb] & ,febru>y4 ,!re is ano!r /one m>k$ on ! ,ordnance ,map ,az4 ,n4 #hh ,e4 f ! ,n4 circle4 ,x has be5 remov$1 s ,i may fairly assume t x 0 really an anci5t /one4 ,capta9 ,h5d]son's value = ! height ( ! horizon is #aa #ca4 ,! table on p4 #aag w %[ t 9 ?is direction we h to deal ) ,betelgeuse z a w>n] = ! summ] sol/ice4 ,! result+ date is #agcj ,b4,c4 ,x w\ld appe> t possibly ?is is n ! only /one deal+ ) 7lat]7 sol/itial alignm5ts4 ,lukis gives two /ones on ! we/ side ( ! circles :i* on ! ,ordnance ,map are class$ z b\nd>y /ones3 !y lie on a b\nd>y beyond all "q1 b also beyond all "q !y are z anci5t z ! /ones ( ! circles !mselves4 ,f ! ,n4 circle !y are almo/ b n q 9 a l9e1 & ! azimu? ( ! s\? /one is ,s4 #di ,w4 ,?is is a sol/itial azimu?4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t we may accept ?is z ano!r evid5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ! sett+ sun at ! w9t] sol/ice1 f ! ,n4 circle1 & 9 ?is we h /ill fur!r evid5ce t to ! wor%ip ( ! ,may ye> 9 ! s\? circle 0 add$ lat] "o deal+ ) ! sol/itial ye> :i* 0 *iefly c>ri$ on 9 ! ,n4 circle4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,d>tmoor ,,av5ues ,9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,i ref]r$ to ! v num]\s alignm5ts ( /ones 9 ,brittany1 & ,i 0 all[$ by ,lieut5ant ,devoir1 ( ! ,fr5* ,navy1 to give "s ( 8 !odolite obs]vations ( ! directions along :i* ! /ones _h be5 set up4 ,! conclusion 0 t we 7 really deal+ ) monum5ts connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun ( ! ,may ye>1 a ye> :i* ! rec5t evid5ce has %[n to h be5 ! fir/ us$ aft] ! l5g? ( ! ye> _h be5 det]m9$2 ?us replac+ ! lun> unit ( "t :i* 0 9 vogue previ\sly1 & ! use ( :i* is br\ght home to u by ! reput$ ages ( ,me?uselah & o!r biblical p]sonages1 :o knew no o!r measur] ( "t ?an ! moon4 ,!re 0 also evid5ce to ! effect t 9 lat] times sol/itial alignm5ts _h be5 add$1 s t ! idea t we 7 deal+ ) a/ronomically ori5t$ r[s ( /ones 0 greatly /r5g!n$1 n to say e/abli%$4 ,s long z ! ,brittany alignm5ts 7 ?+s ( my/]y1 _! orig91 z well z t ( ! m or less simil> monum5ts 9 ,brita91 0 v>i\sly expla9$2 !y 7 models 9 /one ( armies 9 battle array1 or !y repres5t$ fun]al processions1 to m5tion only two sugge/ions4 ,i %\ld add t ,mr4 ,h4 ,wor?1 :o has devot$ mu* "t to _! /udy1 consid]s t "s sepul*ral int]e/ atta*es to !m1 ?\gh he ?9ks x may be argu$ t t 0 second>y1 ev5 z are int]m5ts 9 ca!drals & *ur*es4 ,ab\t burials associat$ ) !m1 ( c\rse1 !re is no "q1 = ! ki/va5s & cairns are !re2 b my obs]vations sugge/ t !y 7 add$ long aft] ! av5ues 7 built1 because "s cairns block av5ues4 ,p]haps a c>eful /udy ( ! modes ( burial adopt$ may ?r[ light on ?is po9t4 ,! equival5ts ( ! ,brittany alignm5ts are n common 9 ,brita92 !y exi/ 9 ! greate/ numb] on ,d>tmoor1 :i!r ,i w5t rec5tly to /udy !m4 ,! conditions on high ,d>tmoor are peculi>2 d5se bl9d+ mi/s are common1 &1 moreov]1 sometimes come on almo/ )\t w>n+4 ,f its con=mation ! l& is full ( /reams4 ,!re are /ones ev]y:]e4 ,:at ,i f\nd1 !re=e1 z _h o!rs be=e me1 0 t z a consequ5ce ( ! conditions to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 directions _h be5 indicat$ by r[s ( /ones = q o!r ?an c]emonial purposes4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ano!r possible orig94 ,x 0 a matt] ( great importance to discrim9ate mo/ c>efully betwe5 ^! alignm5ts1 & to endeav\r to sort !m out4 ,my special inquiry1 ( c\rse1 0 to see if !y1 l _! app>5t equival5ts 9 ,brittany1 c\ld h _h an a/ronomical orig94 ,! fir/ ?+ to d1 !n1 0 to see :i* might h be5 erect$ = wor%ip or :i* = practical purposes4 ,9 do+ ?is !re is no difficulty 9 deal+ ) extremes4 ,?us "o notable l9e ( l>ge flat /ones has be5 claim$ by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,n4 ,wor? & ,r4 ,burn>d z a portion ( ! ,great ,fosseway 7,r[e's ,p]ambulation1 ?ird edition1 p4 #fc72 x has be5 trac$ = eighte5 miles f beyond ,hameldon ne>ly to ,tavi/ock1 ! /ones be+ ab\t #b feet ?ick & ! road #aj feet wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 by ,lady ,locky]4 ,,fig4 #db4--,! ,s\!rn ,av5ue at ,m]rivale1 look+ ,ea/4 ,!re are two notable av5ues ( upright /ones at ,m]rivale2 !y are 9 close connection ) a circle1 & c\ld h _h no practical use4 ,^! /ones1 !n1 we may claim z repres5t+ ! opposite extreme ( ! ,fosseway & z sugge/+ an a/ronomical1 z oppos$ to a practical1 use2 ! adjac5t circle1 ( c\rse greatly /r5g!ns ?is view4 ,x is betwe5 ^! extremes t difficulties may arise1 b ! v]dict c1 9 a great _m cases at all ev5ts1 be settl$ )\t any v great hesitation1 especially :]e practical or a/ronomical uselessness c be e/abli%$4 ,b ev5 "h c>e is necess>y1 z ,i %all %[4 ,! /ones n[ 9 "q1 orig9ally upright1 are v>i\sly call$ av5ues1 r[s1 alignm5ts or p>alleli?ons4 ,_! /udy dates f #ahbg1 :5 ,r[e & ,colonel ,hamilton ,smi? exam9$ ^? at ,m]rivale 7,r[e1 op4 cit41 p4 #ca74 ,_! numb] has increas$ ) e c>eful /udy ( any "p ( ! moor1 & d\btless _m are /ill unmapp$4#bb ,! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,n4 ,wor?1 ( ,plym\?1 & 8 son1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,wor?1 h giv5 great att5tion to ^! monum5ts1 & ! =m] communicat$ a pap] on !m to ! ,devon%ire ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahib 7,trans41 xxv4 pp4 #chg-dag74 ,a ^w ( caution mu/ be said be=e ,i proce$4 ,we mu/ n take = grant$ t ! /one-r[s are n[ z !y left ! h&s ( ! build]s4 ,! disa/r\s c>elessness ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! matt] ( our national antiquities is1 ,i am locally in=m$1 admirably imitat$ by ! ,devon%ire ,c\nty & o!r less] c\ncils1 &1 inde$1 by anybody :o has a road to m5d or a wall to build4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 any ( ! r[s may once h be5 mu* long] & ) an obvi\s practical use2 & ^? :i* n[ appe> to be f> remov$ f circles may once h be5 us$ = sacr$ processions at %r9es :i* h disappe>$4 ,aga91 ! r[s ( /ones we are n[ consid]+ mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! 8track l9es0 or 8b\nd>y banks0 :i* are s num]\s on ,d>tmoor1 & are repres5t$ 9 ,wilt%ire accord+ to ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,ho>e2 ^! s]ve = b\nds & pa?ways1 & = connect+ & enclos+ fields or h\ses4 ,deal+1 !n1 ) /one r[s or av5ues1 :i* may be s+le1 d\ble1 or multiple2 any :i* are v long & crook$1 foll[+ sev]al directions1 are c]ta9ly n a/ronomical2 & x is easy to see 9 "s cases t !y might h be5 useful guides at night or 9 mi/ 9 difficult c\ntry ) /reams to cross4 ,?is possible utility mu/ n be judg$ :olly by ! pres5t con=mation ( ! gr\nd or ! pres5t b$s ( /reams4 ,= multiple av5ues x is h>d to f9d practical uses su* z ! above1 & we "k h[ su* av5ues 7 us$ 9 ,brittany = sun wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,b>+ ,g\ld consid]s !re 7 eight r[s 9 an av5ue on ,*allacombe ,d[n #ebh feet long2 ( ^! only ?ree r[s rema91 ! o!rs be+ repres5t$ by s+le /ones "h & !re 7,r[e1 p4 #cc74 ,i %all h some?+ to say ab\t ?is av5ue fur!r on4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 long r[s b5d+ 9 v>i\s directions are n likely to h _h an a/ronomical orig91 x mu/ n be assum$ t all a/ronomical av5ues mu/ be exactly /raight4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be true = level gr\nd1 b if ! av5ue has to pass ov] ridges & furr[s1 ! v>y+ height ( ! horizon mu/ be reckon$ )1 & !re=e ! azimu? ( ! av5ue at any po9t along x4 ,i ?9k x possible t 9 ! ,/alldon ,moor r[ we h ! mixture ( religi\s & practical int5tion at :i* ,i h be=e h9t$4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,lukis & ,mr4 ,hans=d ,wor? h /udi$ ?is monum5t1 :i* is two miles & a qu>t] long4 ,!re is a circle at ! s\? end ab\t #fj feet 9 diamet]1 :ile at its nor!rn end !re is a cairn4 ,:]e ! l9e />ts f ! circle ! direction ( ! r[ is p>allel to _m sight-l9es 9 ,cornwall1 & ,arcturus w\ld rise 9 ! azimu? indicat$4 ,b ?is direction is aft]w>ds giv5 up = "o :i* leads t[>ds an important collection ( hut circles1 & x crosses ! ,erme1 no d\bt at ! mo/ conv5i5t spot4 ,m to ! nor? x crosses ano!r /ream & ! bog ( ,r$ ,lake4 ,all ?is is surely practical en\gh1 al?\gh ! way indicat$ might h be5 foll[$ by ! prie/s ( ! hut circles to ! /one circle to prep>e ! morn+ sacrifice & g ?r\gh ! ritual4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r me?od ( discrim9ation4 ,if any ( ^! av5ues 7 us$ at all = purposes ( wor%ip1 _! azimu?s %\ld agree ) ^? already f\nd 9 connection ) circles 9 o!r p>ts ( ,brita91 = we ne$ n po/ulate a special race ) a special cult limit$ to ,d>tmoor2 & 9 my inquiries :at ,i h to d is to consid] ! g5]al "q ( ori5tation :]ev] traces ( x c be f\nd4 ,! m ! evid5ces co9cide ! bett] x is = ! argum5t1 :ile v>iations af=d valuable te/s4 ,n[1 speak+ v g5]ally 7,i h n yet comp>$ all my num]\s notes71 9 ,cornwall ! *ief alignm5ts f ! circles !re are ) azimu?s ,n4 #aj-bj ,e4 wat*+ ! rise ( ! clock-/>1 ,n4 #fd-fh ,e4 wat*+ ! rise ( ! ,may sun1 ,n4 #ge-hb ,e4 wat*+ ! rise ( ! ,pleiades4 ,! v>iation 9 ! azimu?s is l>gely due to ! diff]5t heights ( ! horizon t[>ds :i* ! sight-l9es are direct$4 ,! conclusion ,i h come to is t ^! alignm5ts1 dep5d+ ^u circles & m5hirs 9 ,cornwall1 are all well repres5t$ on ,d>tmoor associat$ ) ! av5ues2 & fur!r1 s f> z ,i h le>n$ at pres5t1 9 ! case ( ! av5ues connect$ ) circles1 !re are n _m alignm5ts ,i h n met ) 9 connection ) circles 9 ,cornwall & else:]e4 ,?is is n only a prima facie argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! a/ronomical use und]ly+ ! /ructures1 b x is aga9/ ! burial !ory1 = c]ta9ly !re mu/ h be5 burials 9 ,cornwall4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to proce$ ) ! utmo/ caution1 ,i limit myself 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! above azimu?s1 & w beg9 by apply+ a te/ :i* %\ld be a rigid "o4 ,if ! av5ues on ,d>tmoor _h to deal ) ! same practices & cults z did ! circles 9 ,cornwall1 !y ought to prove !mselves to h be5 9 use at ab\t ! same "t1 & f ?is po9t ( view ! inve/igation ( ! av5ues becomes ( v great importance1 because ( ! de/ruction ( circles & m5hirs :i* has be5 go+ on1 & is /ill go+ on1 on ,d>tmoor4 ,we h circles )\t m5hirs & m5hirs )\t circles1 s t ! azimu?s ( ! av5ues alone rema9 to give u any *ance ( dat+ ! monum5ts if !y 7 us$ 9 connection ) /> wor%ip4 ,! case is f> diff]5t 9 ,cornwall1 :]e bo? circles & m5hirs h 9 _m cases be5 sp>$4 ,on ,d>tmoor1 :]e 9 "s cases ! m5hirs /ill rema91 !y h be5 annex$ z crosses & p]haps z b\nd>y /ones1 & squ>$ & initial$2 h5ce ! ,ordnance surveyors h be5 misl$1 & !y are n %[n z anci5t /ones on ! map4 ,9 "s cases ! azimu? ( ! /ones sugge/s t ?is has be5 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,x w be se5 f ! above t ,i h n tackl$ a "q full ( pitfalls )\t due caution1 & ?is c>e 0 all ! m necess>y z ! av5ues h = long be5 ! meet+ gr\nd ( ! fri5ds & foes ( :at ,r[e calls 8,druidical speculations02 ev5 yet ! w> rages1 & my writ+ & ,lieut4 ,devoir's obs]v+ t\*+ ! simil> b gr&] av5ues ( ,brittany h s f> be5 all 9 va92 *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 because no discrim9ation has be5 consid]$ possible betwe5 diff]5t uses ( av5ues1 & because ! /atem5ts made by ar*ologi/s z to _! direction h be5 q useless to anybody 9 consequ5ce ( _! vagu5ess1 & la/ ( all because ! rec5t "w on ! ,brittany rema9s is little kn[n4 ,i began my acqua9tance ) ! ,d>tmoor monum5ts by visit+ ,m]rivale1 & ! result ( my inquiries !re left absolutely no d\bt :atev] on my m9d4 ,i 0 arm$1 ?anks to ! k9dness ( ,colonel ,john/on1 ! ,director ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 ) ! #be-;in* map1 :ile ,mr4 ,hans=d ,wor? _h be5 s good z to s5d me "o %[+ 8 special survey4 ,! ,m]rivale av5ues 7lat4 #ej #cc #ae7 are compos$ ( two d\ble r[s1 r\ghly ) ! azimu? ,n4 #hb ,e42 ! nor!rn r[ is %ort] ?an ! o!r4 ,r[e1 9 8 orig9al description 7#ahcj71 makes ! nor!rn #aadc feet long2 !y are n q p>allel1 & ! s\!rn r[ has a di/9ct 8k9k0 or *ange ( direction 9 x at ab\t ! c5tre4 ,! /ones are mo/ly #b or #c feet high1 & 9 ea* r[ !y are ab\t #c feet ap>t2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! r[s is ab\t #hj feet4 ,i h be=e po9t$ out 7p4 #adi7 t an av5ue direct$ to ! ris+ place ( a />1 if x is erect$ ov] undulat+ gr\nd1 _c be /raight4 ,i may n[ m5tion ano!r app>5t p>adox4 ,if two av5ues are direct$ to ! ris+ place ( ! same /> at diff]5t times1 !y _c be p>allel4 ,x is n a little curi\s t abs5ce ( p>allelism has be5 us$ aga9/ av5ues hav+ _h an a/ronomical use6 ,bo? ! ,ordnance surveyors & ,mr4 ,wor? h %[n ! want ( p>allelism ( ! two av5ues1 & ,mr4 ,wor? has not$ ! k9k 9 ! s\!rn "o4 ,! height ( ! horizon1 z det]m9$ f my measures1 is #c #ah4 ,! results ( ^! inquiries1 assum+ ! ,pleiades to h be5 obs]v$ w>n+ ,may morn+1 are z foll[s3-- ,azimu?4 ,au?ority4 ,n4 ,decl9ation4 ,date ,b4,c4 ,n4 #hcae ,e4 ,wor? #f #dg #dg #agaj #hbcj ,wor? #g #af #bj #afcj #hbaj ,ordnance #g #cb #j #aehj #hjdj ,wor? #h #bf #j #adbj #hjcj ,ordnance #h #cj #j #adjj ,to simplify matt]s we may deal ) ! ,ordnance values & neglect ! small *ange ( direction 9 ! s\!rn av5ue4 ,we h1 !n1 ! two dates #aehj ,b4,c4 & #adbj ,b4,c4 = ! two av5ues4 ,! argum5t = ! ,pleiades is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t at ,a!ns ! ,hecatomp$on 0 ori5t$ to ^! />s 9 #adie ,b4,c4 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p5rose's det]m9ation ( ! azimu?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,plan1 f ! ,ordnance ,map1 %[+ ! av5ues1 circle & /ones at ,m]rivale1 ) _! azimu?s4 ,n[ ?is is n ! fir/ "t ,i h ref]r$ to av5ues 9 ^! notes4 ,! azimu? ( "o at ,/oneh5ge 0 us$ to fix ! date at :i* sun wor%ip w5t on !re4 ,t av5ue1 unlike ! ,d>tmoor ones1 0 built ( e>?1 & x is n alone4 ,!re is ano!r ne>ly two miles long call$ ! ,cursus4 ,s f>1 ,i h f\nd no sol/itial wor%ip on ,d>tmoor1 s !re are no av5ues p>allel to ! "o at ,/oneh5ge lead+ ,n4,e4 f ! temple4 ,b h[ ab\t ! o!r8 ,x is r\ghly p>allel to ! av5ues at ,m]rivale1 & ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 01 l !m1 us$ z a processional road1 a via sacra1 to wat* ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,repr9t ( ,ordnance ,map %[+ t ! ,cursus at ,/oneh5ge is ne>ly p>allel to ! ,m]rivale ,av5ue4 ,! azimu? is #hb & n #hd z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,i said r\ghly p>allel2 its azimu? is ab\t ! same 7,n4 #hb ,e4 r\ghly72 b ! horizon is only ab\t #a high2 x 0 !re=e 9 use be=e ^? at ,m]rivale2 ! exact date ( use mu/ wait = !odolite values ( ! height ( ! horizon1 b 9 ! meantime we c see f ! above e/imates t ! decl9ation ( ! ,pleiades 0 ab\t ,n4 #e #bh #cj & ! date ( use #aiej ,b4,c41 t is "s #cjj ye>s be=e ! sol/itial re/oration4 ,mr4 ,wor?'s survey gives ano!r l9e ( /ones4 ,x is und\bt$ly1 ,i ?9k1 an anci5t l9e1 al?\gh x is n %[n 9 ! ,ordnance map1 a cle> indication ( ! difficulty ( discrim9at+ ^! av5ues on l& cumb]$ ) /ones 9 all directions4 ,its azimu? is ,n4 #bd #be ,e41 & ! height ( ! horizon #e #aj4 ,?is gives u ,arcturus at ! date #ahfj ,b4,c41 %[+ t1 z at ! ,hurl]s1 ,arcturus 0 us$ z a clock-/>4 ,h5ce a possible a/ronomical use is evid5t1 :ile ?is r[1 l ! o!rs1 c\ld h be5 ( no practical use to anybody4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is s+le r[ ( /ones is old] ?an ! d\ble ones2 ?is seems natural4 ,x is wor? :ile to say a ^w z to ! diff]5t treatm5t ( ! ends ( ! s\? av5ue n[ t x seems probable t x 0 us$ to wat* ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,at ! ea/ end !re is :at ar*ologi/s t]m a 8block+ /one02 ^! obs]vations sugge/ t x 0 really a sight+ /one4 ,at ! we/ end su* a /one is abs5t1 b ! f9al /ones 9 ! av5ue are long] ?an ! re/4 ,?is may help u 9 ! true direction ( ! sight-l9es 9 o!r av5ues2 &1 inde$1 ,i %all %[ 9 ! sequel t ?is consid]ation af=ds a crit]ion :i*1 9 ! cases ,i h come across1 is entirely 9 h>mony ) o!rs4 #bb ,on ,june #ae1 #aije1 t excell5t guide ( ! ,*ag=d "p ( ! moor1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,p]rott1 %[$ me an av5ue 7,azimu? ,n4 #bj ,e4 true7 ne> ,hur/on ,ridge :i* is n giv5 9 ! #a-;in* map4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,d>tmoor ,,av5ues 7cont9u$7 ,my inquiries began at ,m]rivale because !re is a circle associat$ ) ! av5ues a little to ! s\? ( ! we/ end ( ! longe/2 & aga9 ne>ly1 or q1 s\? ( ?is !re is a f9e m5hir1 possibly us$ to give a nor?-s\? l9e4 ,!re is ano!r m5hir giv5 on ! ,ordnance map1 azimu? ,n4 #gj #cj ,e41 :i*1 ) hills #c high1 po9ts out r\ghly ! place ( sunrise f ! circle 9 ,may 7,april #bi74 ,al?\gh ?is /one has be5 squ>$ & initial$1 ,i ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ x z an anci5t monum5t4 ,!re is /ill ano!r1 azimu? ,n4 #hc ,e41 giv+ a l9e f ! circle almo/ p>allel to ! av5ue4 ,i hope "s local ar*ologi/ w exam9e x1 = if anci5t x w tell u :e!r ! ,n4 av5ue or ! circle 0 built fir/1 a po9t ( :i* x is difficult to ov]rate ! importance1 z x w %[ ! /rict relation%ip betwe5 ! a/ronomy ( ! av5ues & t ( ! circle1 & we c n[1 ,i ?9k1 deal ) ! a/ronomical use ( circles aft] ! results obta9$ at ,/oneh5ge1 ,/5ness & ! ,hurl]s z an accept$ fact4 ,) ! above approximate values ! date comes out #agej ,b4,c41 ! decl9ation ( ! ,pleiades be+ ,n4 #f #ce4 ,i n[ pass on f ,m]rivale z an example ( ^? av5ues ! direction ( :i* lies some:]e 9 ! ,e4-,w4 direction4 ,o!rs :i* ,i h n se51 giv5 by ,r[e1 are at ,assacombe1 ,drizzlecombe & ,tr[leswor?y2 to ^! ,mr4 ,wor? adds ,h>t] or ,h> ,tor 7or ,black ,tor74 ,! av5ues :i* lie ne>ly ,n4 & ,s4 are m num]\s4 ,r[e gives ! foll[+3--,f]nwor?y1 ,*allacombe1 ,tr[leswor?y1 ,/alldon ,moor1 ,batt5don1 ,hook ,lake1 & ,tri/is ,rock4 ,( ^! ,i h visit$ ! fir/ two1 z well z "o on ,%ovel ,d[n n nam$ by ,r[e1 & ! next two ,i h /udi$ on ! #f-;in* ,ordnance map4 ,f]nwor?y 7lat4 #ej #ch74--;,"h are two av5ues1 "o ) azimu? ,n4 #ae #de ,e41 hills #a #ae4 ,!re is a sight+ /one at ! ,n4 end4 ,we appe> to be deal+ ) ,arcturus z clock-/> #afaj ,b4,c4 ,?is is ab\t ! date ( ! erection ( ! ,n4 av5ue at ,m]rivale4 ,! second av5ue has its sight+ /one built into a wall at ! s\? end4 ,look+ s\? along ! av5ue1 ! conditions are azimu? ,s4 #h #db ,w41 hills #c #cj4 ,bo? ^! av5ues are align$ on po9ts )91 b n at ! c5tre (1 ! circle4 ,*allacombe 7lat4 #ej #cf74--,?is is a case ( a triple av5ue1 probably ! rema9s ( eight r[s1 9 a depression betwe5 two hills1 ,*allacombe ,d[n & ,w>r+ton4 ,!re is no circle4 ,! azimu? is #bc #cg ,n4,w4 or ,s4,e41 accord+ to direction4 ,! nor!rn end has be5 de/roy$ by an old /ream "w2 !re is no block+ /one to ! s\? on ei!r ( ! rema9+ av5ues1 b "o l>ge m5hir t]m9ates "o r[ ( /ones4 ,! o!rs may h be5 remov$4 ,s x is probable t ! alignm5t 0 to ! nor?4 ,if s1 we are deal+ ) ! sett+ ( ,arcturus1 w>n+ ! summ] sol/ice sunrise 9 #ahfj ,b4,c4 ,to ! ,s4 ! hills are #d #dh1 to ! ,n4 #d #ej4 ,to ?is result "s importance mu/ be atta*$1 fir/1 because x br+s u into pres5ce ( ! cult ( ! sol/itial ye>1 secondly1 because x %[s u t ! sy/em mo/ 9 vogue 9 ,brittany 0 introduc$ 9 relation to t ye>4 ,9 ,brittany1 z ,i h be=e %[n1 ! complicat$ alignm5ts1 !re are #aa p>allel r[s at ,le ,mnac 7p4 #ii7 7!re 7 #h p>allel r[s at ,*allacombe71 7 set up to wat* ! ,may & ,augu/ sunrises1 & ! sol/itial alignm5ts came aft]w>ds4 ,! ,brittany ,may alignm5ts1 !re=e1 7 probably us$ long be=e #ahfj ,b4,c41 ! date we h f\nd = ,*allacombe1 :]e n ! sunrise b ! sett+ /> :i* gave w>n+ ( x 0 obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,! rema9s ( ! eight r[s ( ! ,*allacombe ,av5ue4 ,look+ ,nor? ( ,ea/4 ,t]m9al ,m5hir on ! extreme "r4 ,x is wor? :ile to po9t out t at ,*allacombe1 z else:]e1 ! prie/-a/ronom]s s locat$ _! monum5ts t ! ne>ly circumpol> />s :i* 7 s useful to !m %\ld rise ov] an horizon ( "s angul> height4 ,9 ?is way ! direction-l9es w\ld be available = a long] p]iod ( "t1 = ne> ! nor? po9t ! *ange ( azimu? ) *ange 9 ! decl9ation ( ! /> obs]v$ is v rapid4 ,%ovel ,d[n1 ne> ,batwor?y 7lat4 #ej #ci #bj74--;,a gr\p ( five r[s ( /ones1 f\r d\ble1 "o s+le1 ) two sets ( azimu?s4 ,"o set gives az4 #bb #be1 & #bh4 ,!y seem to be associat$4 ,i w call !m ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,a is direct$ to ! circle on ,godleigh ,common4 ,its ends are free4 ,b is a s+le l9e ( /ones to ! ,e4 ( ! triple circle1 ab\t :i* m pres5tly4 ,x is n m>k$ on ! ,ordnance map2 its ends are also free4 ,c has its s\? end block$1 ,i ?9k 9 lat] times1 by a ki/va54 ,! a/ronomical direction may be1 !re=e1 ei!r ,n4,w4 or ,s4,e4 ,we f9d a probable use 9 ! ,n4,w4 quadrant1 z at ,*allacombe1 ,arcturus sett+ at daybreak z a w>n] ( ! summ] sol/ice4 ,! height ( hills is #df2 we h !n3-- ,az4 ,n4 ,dec4 ,/>4 ,date4 ,n4 #bb ,w4 #cf #ai #dj ,arcturus #abaj ,b4,c4 ,n4 #be ,w4 #ce #bc #bj #ajdj ,n4 #bh ,w4 #cd #ai #cj #hej ,adjac5t to ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 is ano!r av5ue1 :i* ,i w call ,d4 ,unlike ! o!rs1 its nor!rn end po9ts #b ,e4 ( ,n4 ,its s\!rn end is block$ by a rem>kable triple circle1 ! end ( ! av5ue close to x be+ def9$ by two tall t]m9al /ones4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !n1 9 ?9k+ t its ori5tation 0 t[>ds ! nor?2 ! height ( ! horizon ,i measur$ z #de4 ,x may h be5 an attempt to m>k ! ,n4 po9t ( ! horizon4 ,! triple circle to :i* ,i h ref]r$ is n an ord9>y circle4 ,i believe x to be a lat] add$1 mu* embelli%$1 cairn4 ,accord+ to ,orm]od1 ! diamet]s are #bf1 #bj1 & #c feet1 & !re are ?ree small /ones at ! c5tre4 ,all ! above av5ues are on ! slope ( ! hill to ! nor?4 ,on ! s\? slope we f9d ! longe/ ( all1 z %[n on ! ,ordnance map survey ( #ahhe4 ,!re is a 8long /one0 9 its c5tre1 & at ! s\!rn end 0 =m]ly a cromle*1 ! 8?ree boys40 ,"p ( ?is av5ue1 & two ( ! ?ree 8boys10 h be5 tak5 to build a wall4 ,! long /one rema9s1 because x is a b\nd>y /one6 ,! azimu? is #b #cj ,w4 ( nor? or ,e4 ( s\?4 ,look+ ,n4 f ! long /one1 ! height ( ! horizon is #b #cj4 ,i ?9k ?is av5ue 0 an attempt to m>k ! ,s4 po9t4 ,tr[leswor?y 7lat4 #ej #bg #cj74--,! rema9s "h are mo/ int]e/+4 ,?is is ! only monum5t on ,d>tmoor 9 :i* ,i h s f> trac$ any attempt to locate ! sun's place at ris+ ei!r = ! ,may or sol/itial ye>4 ,b ,i w deal ) ! ,n4-,s4 av5ue fir/1 z x is ?is feature :i* associates x ) ,f]nwor?y & ,*allacombe4 ,z at ,m]rivale1 ! av5ue has a decid$ 8k9k0 or *ange ( direction4 ,! facts z ga!r$ f ! #f-;in* map are z foll[s3-- ,az4 ,hills4 ,dec4 ,n4 ,/>4 ,date4 ,s4 "p ( ,av5ue ,n4 #g ,e4 #b #eb #da #bi #aj ,arcturus #bacj ,b4,c4 ,n4 ,n4 #ab ,e4 #b #eb #da #f #bj #bjhj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,! sight-l9es at ,tr[leswor?y1 %[+ high nor!rn azimu?s4 ,f ! ,ordnance map4 ,?is date is v ne>ly t ( ! use ( ! ,s4 circle at ! ,hurl]s1 & x is e>ly = ,d>tmoor2 b x is q possible t local obs]vations on an associat$ av5ue a little to ! we/ ( ! circle :i* t]m9ates ! ,n4-,s4 av5ue w ju/ify x4 ,?is is n f> f p>allel to t at ,m]rivale1 b its nor!rn azimu? is great]1 s t if x turns out to h be5 align$ on ! ,pleiades its date w be "s "t be=e t ( ,m]rivale1 t is1 be=e #aehj ,b4,c4 ,i c say no?+ m ab\t x till ,i h visit$ x4 ,! new features to :i* ,i h ref]r$ are two tumuli :i* 9 all probability repres5t m rec5t additions to ! orig9al s*eme ( obs]vation1 z we h f\nd at ,/5ness1 & %[ t ,tr[leswor?y 0 = long "o ( ! *ief c5tres ( wor%ip on ,d>tmoor4 ,_! azimu?s are ,s4 #fd ,e4 & ,s4 #di ,w41 deal+1 !re=e1 ) ! ,may ye> sunrises 9 ,novemb] & ,febru>y & ! sol/itial sunset 9 ,decemb]4 ,x is probable t1 z at ! ,hurl]s1 tumuli 7 us$ in/ead ( /ones n e>li] ?an #aijj ,b4,c4 ,/alldon ,moor 7lat4 #ej #bg #de7 ,i h already incid5tally ref]r$ to4 ,! azimu? ( ! /one r[ z x leaves ! circle1 n f its c5tre z ,i read ! #f-;in* map1 is ,n4 #c ,e42 z ! azimu? gradually increases = a "t1 we may be deal+ ) ,arcturus1 b local obs]vation is necess>y4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,corni% & ,d>tmoor monum5ts give mu* food = ?\ght1 & x is to be hop$ t !y w be c>efully /udi$ by future /ud5ts ( ori5tation1 z s _m que/ions are sugge/$4 ,i w ref] to "s ( !m4 7#a7 ,are ! av5ues1 *iefly consi/+ ( two r[s ( /ones1 a reflection ( ! sph9x av5ues ( ,egypt8 &1 if s1 h[ c ! int5sification ( !m on ,d>tmoor be expla9$8 7#b7 ,0 !re a d\ble wor%ip go+ on 9 ! av5ues & ! circles at ! same "t8 ,if n1 :y 7 ! =m] n align$ on ! circles8 ,on a dead level1 ( c\rse1 if ! av5ues 7 align$ on ! c5tre ( ! circle t[>ds ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! sun or a />1 ! procession 9 ! via sacra w\ld block ! view ( ^? 9 ! circle4 ,we h ! av5ue at ,/oneh5ge und\bt$ly align$ on ! c5tre ( ! circle1 b !re ! naos 0 on an em95ce1 s t ! procession 9 ! av5ue 0 always bel[ ! level ( ! horizon1 & s did n block ! view4 7#c7 ,d all ! cairns & ci/s 9 ! av5ues repres5t lat] additions1 s late1 inde$1 t !y may h be5 add$ aft] ! av5ues _h ceas$ to be us$ = c]emonial purposes8 ,! cairn at ne>ly ! c5tral po9t ( ! ,s4 av5ue at ,m]rivale 0 c]ta9ly n !re z a "p ( ! /ructure :5 ! av5ue 0 fir/ us$ z a via sacra = obs]v+ ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,i h always held t ^! anci5t temples1 & ev5 _! att5dant long & *amb]$ b>r[s1 7 = ! liv+ & n = ! dead1 & ?is view has be5 /r5g!n$ by :at ,i h obs]v$ on ,d>tmoor4 ,!re 0 good reason = burials aft] ! sacr$ nature ( ! spot _h be5 e/abli%$1 & !y may h tak5 place at any "t s9ce2 ! mo/ probable "t be+ aft] #ajjj ,b4,c4 up to a date z rec5t z ar*ologi/s may consid] probable4 ,mr4 ,wor?1 ^: long lab\rs on ! ,d>tmoor av5ues give su* importance to 8 op9ions1 objects to ! a/ronomical use ( ^? av5ues because !re are s _m ( !m2 he in=ms me t he kn[s ( #ej2 ,i ?9k ?is objection may be consid]$ less valid if ! av5ues %[ t !y 7 d$icat$ to diff]5t uses1 "s practical & o!rs sacr$1 at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,= in/ance1 ,*allacombe is n a duplicate ( ,m]rivale2 "o is sol/itial1 ! o!r deals ) ! ,may ye>2 & a complete exam9ation ( !m--,i h only work$ on ! fr+e--may %[ o!r diff]5ces hav+ ! same be>+4 ,9 fav\r ( ! a/ronomical view x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! results obta9$ 9 ,devon & ,cornwall are rem>kably simil>1 & ! dates are r\ghly ! same4 ,among ! :ole ho/ ( heav5 f :i* objectors urge x is free = me to select any /> ,i *oose1 at pres5t only six />s h be5 consid]$1 two ( :i* 7 c]ta9ly us$1 z 9 ,egypt1 z clock-/>s z !y j dipp$ bel[ ! nor!rn horizon1 & o!r two aft]w>ds at ,a!ns2 & ^! six />s are %[n by no?+ m recondite ?an an inspection ( a precessional globe to h be5 precisely ! />s1 ! 8morn+ />s10 want$ by ! prie/-a/ronom]s :o wi%$ to be prep>$ = ! in/ant ( sunrise at ! critical po9ts ( ! ,may or sol/itial ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,/anton ,,drew 7,lat4 #ea #aj ,n47 ,o!r circles to :i* ,i h giv5 "s att5tion are at ,/anton ,drew 9 ,som]set4 ,i regret to say t ,i h n z yet _h an opportunity ( visit+ !m4 ,b a cursory inspection on ! ,ordnance map ( ! possible sight-l9es f circle to circle1 = !re are ?ree1 sugge/$ at once t we 7 deal+ ) ! same problem z t work$ out1 if some:at diff]5tly1 at ! ,hurl]s4 ,! ?ree circles1 two av5ues lead+ f two ( ! circles t[>ds ! riv]1 & "s out/&+ /ones 7 mo/ c>efully survey$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,dymond "s ye>s ago4 ,he 0 good en\gh to s5d me copies ( 8 plans & levell+ sections4 ,i h n _h ! advantage ( p]us+ 8 memoir1 b ,i h /udi$ ! monum5ts z well z ,i c\ld by means ( ! #be-;in* ,ordnance map4 ,?is1 comb9$ ) an azimu? :i* ,colonel ,john/on1 ! ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 0 k9d en\gh to s5d me1 %\ld give me be>+s )9 a degree4 ,i w beg9 by giv+ a %ort acc\nt ( ! /ones :i* rema91 abridg$ f ! conv5i5t pamphlet prep>$ = ! ,briti% ,association meet+ at ,bri/ol 9 #ahih by ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan4 ,! circles at ,/anton ,drew1 ?\gh f> less impos+ ?an ^? ( ,avebury & ,/oneh5ge1 are ?\ght to be m anci5t ?an are ! latt]1 = ! r\gh-hewn uprights & pl9?s ( ,/oneh5ge be> ! m>ks ( a high] & presumably lat] /age ( me*anical developm5t4 ,tak5 z a gr\p1 ! ,som]set%ire circles are 9 "s respects m complex ?an _! bett] kn[n rivals 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,!re are ?ree circles1 f two ( :i* 8av5ues0 proce$ = a %ort di/ance 9 a m or less ea/]ly direction2 !re is a %att]$ b l>ge dolm5--if we may s reg>d ! set ( /ones call$ 8! cove02 & !re are outly+ /ones--! 8quoit10 & ^? 9 ,middle ,ham--:i* be> su* relations to ! circles z to sugge/ t !y too =m$ p>ts ( "s g5]al s*eme ( con/ruction4 ,f ! photograph ( ! ,ordnance map 7,fig4 #dg7 x w be se51 z po9t$ out by ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan1 7#a7 ,t ! c5tre ( ! great circle1 t ( ! ,s4,w4 circle1 & t ( ! quoit1 are ne>ly 9 ! same /raight l9e4 7#b7 ,t ! cove1 ! c5tre ( ! great circle1 & t ( ! ,n4,e4 circle1 are ne>ly 9 ! same /raight l9e4 ,! quoit1 :i* g5]ally means ! cov]+ /one ( a cromle*--8,hautville's ,quoit10 z x is nam$ on ! ,ordnance map--looms l>ge 9 ,/anton ,drew tradition2 x is locally z mu* respect$ z ! circles !mselves4 ,x is po9t$ to mo/ unmi/akably by ! fact t a l9e f x to ! ,s4,w4 circle passes ne>ly ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! great circle4 ,if ! obs]vation l9e1 !n1 meant any?+ a/ronomically1 x c only h _h to d ) ! ris+ ( a /> f> to ! nor?1 9 a position f> m nor!rly ?an ! sun ev] rea*es4 ,! 8quoit10 ly+ 9 an or*>d by ! roadside1 has no?+ v impressive ab\t its appe>ance--a recumb5t mass ( greyi% s&/one2 b x seems to be a brick 9 ! ,/anton ,drew build+4 ,by "s reg>d$ z a s>s5 block f ,wilt%ire1 x is1 9 ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan's op9ion1 m probably d]iv$ f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,m5dip4 ,9 any case x is n1 geologically speak+1 9 situ2 nor has x rea*$ its pres5t position by natural ag5cy4 ,) reg>d to two ( ! megali?ic circles1 at fir/ sight ! con/itu5t /ones seem irregul>ly dott$ ab\t ! field2 b z we approa* !m ! unev5ly spac$ /ones gr\p !mselves4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! great] numb] ( ! rude blocks is compos$ is peculi> & wor?y ( c>eful exam9ation4 ,x is a mu* alt]$ rock consi/+1 9 mo/ ( ! /ones1 ( an extremely h>d silice\s breccia ) angul> fragm5ts emb$d$ 9 a r$ or deep br[n matrix1 & ) num]\s cavities :i* give x a r\gh slaggy appe>ance4 ,_m ( ^! holl[s are coat$ int]nally ) a jasp]-l mat]ial1 ! c5tral cavity be+ l9$ ) gleam+ qu>tz-cry/als4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,! ,circles & ,av5ues at ,/anton ,drew4 ,photograph ( #be-;in* ,ordnance map1 %ew+ approximate azimu?s ( sight-l9es4 ,! majority ( ! /ones 7 probably br\ght f ,h>ptree ,ridge on ,m5dip1 di/ant "s six miles4 ,wea!r$ blocks ( ,triassic breccia1 %[+ v>i\s /ages ( silicification1 !re lie on ! surface2 & !re probably lay ! wea!r$ monoli?s :i* h be5 transport$ to ,/anton ,drew4 ,x is important to note t !y 7 erect$ unhewn & unt\*$ by ! tool4 ,a few /ones are ( o!r mat]ial--s&/one1 l ! 8quoit10 or oolite f ,dundry4 ,9 ! great circle1 ( ! visible /ones "s reta9 _! erect position1 o!rs are recumb5t1 sev]al are p>tially cov]$ by accumulation ( grass-gr[n soil4 ,o!rs are completely buri$1 _! position be+ reveal$ 9 dry seasons by ! )]+ ( ! grass above !m4 ,to ! ea/ ( ?is circle a %ort av5ue leads out1 !re be+ ?ree visible /ones & "o buri$ block on ! "o h&1 & two visible /ones on ! o!r4 ,b "o's att5tion is apt to be div]t$ f ^! to ! v l>ge & massive megali?s ( ! small ,n4,e4 circle4 ,?is is compos$ ( eight wea!r$ masses1 "o ( :i* 7if inde$ x d n repres5t m ?an "o71 ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan tells u1 is recumb5t & %att]$4 ,f ?is circle1 all ! /ones ( :i* are ( ! silice\s breccia1 a %ort av5ue ( small /ones also op5s out ea/w>ds4 ,! ?ird or ,s4,w4 circle lies at "s little di/ance f ! o!rs4 ,! av]age size ( ! /ones is small] ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r circles1 & n all are compos$ ( ! same mat]ial4 8,! ,cove10 :i* has be5 v>i\sly reg>d$ z a dolm51 a druidical *air ( /ate1 & a %elt] = sacrificial fire1 is close to ! *ur*4 ,! dim5sions & numb]s ( ! /ones are z foll[3 ,great circle1 diamet] #cfh feet1 #cj /ones4 ,n4,e4 #ig #h ,s4,w4 #ade #ab ,z ,i 0 n able to visit ,/anton ,drew :5 ! significance ( ! nor!rly alignm5ts /ruck me1 ,i made an appeal to ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ( ^: pamphlet ,i h s l>gely made use1 to obta9 "s !odolite obs]vations4 ,z a result su* obs]vations h be5 made by himself & ,mr4 ,morr[1 f :om ,i h rec5tly receiv$ a report ) full p]mission to make use ( x 9 ?is place4 ,! monum5ts are n easy to measure1 z ! c5tres ( ! circles are n readily det]m9$1 z s _m ( ! /ones are ei!r abs5t1 recumb5t or buri$4 ,9 my r\gh read+ ( ! ,ordnance map giv5 9 ,fig4 #dg1 ,i ?\ght ,i might be guid$ by tak+ c5tres1 su* t ! av5ues w\ld be align$ on !m z at ,/oneh5ge4 ,i _h n !n se5 ! ,d>tmoor av5ues1 :i* 9 "s cases are n align$ on ! c5tres4 ,9 ?is x is possible t ,i 0 wrong1 z bo? ,mr4 ,dymond's & ,mr4 ,morr['s obs]vations sugge/ t ! av5ues are really ( ! ,d>tmoor patt]n4 ,mr4 ,morr[ writes3 8,! c5tres ( ! circles are 7to a c]ta9 small ext5t7 a matt] ( *oice1 a diff]5ce ( a few m9utes may easily occur4 ,9 deal+ ) ! av5ues a l>g] discrepancy may occur4 ,i h tak5 :at1 9 my op9ion1 0 ! be/ c5tre l9e ( ea* av5ue & ?us det]m9$ its azimu?4 ,b ,i believe t orig9ally ! s\!rn l9e ( /ones =m+ ea* av5ue 0 direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! correspond+ circle1 & t ! av5ue 0 !n complet$ by ! erection ( a p>allel l9e ( /ones4 ,a diff]5ce ( a few degrees may ?us be acc\nt$ = 9 ! azimu? suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally m>k$ out40 ,ab\t ,mr4 ,morr['s azimu?s !re c be no "q4 ,he writes3 8,! in/rum5ts us$ 71 fir/1 a #f !odolite1 & second1 a #f transit !odolite4 ,! f9al results 7 obta9$ ) ! latt]4 ,x _c be rev]s$ :5 measur+ elevations4 ,i te/$ x v c>efully = ! adju/m5ts ( 7a7 l9e ( collimation at "r angles to ! horizontal axis1 7b7 horizontal axis p]p5dicul> to v]tical axis1 & 7c7 l9e ( collimation & _s level p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,! in/rum5t 0 9 fir/-rate ord]1 ! error 9 elevation1 = example1 be+ )9 t correspond+ to a slope ( #a 9 #dj1jjj2 t is well )9 ! limit ( #bj to :i* v]tical angles c be read4 8,! m]idian 0 obta9$ by two diff]5t me?ods appli$ sev]al times1 ! results agree+ v closely4 ,read+s ( azimu?s & altitude ( sun 7 tak5 betwe5 ?ree & f\r h\rs aft] noon1 correct$ = semi-diamet]1 c41 & ! true be>+ obta9$ ) ! aid ( ! latitude & ! decl9ation giv5 9 ,nautical ,almanac 7correct$ = "t74 8,) reg>d to ! elevations ( ! horizon1 ! exi/5ce ( trees on or j bel[ ! sky-l9e r5d]s read+s to ! ne>e/ m9ute unc]ta94 ,9 all cases ,i h tri$ to give ! mo/ probable value1 suppos+ ! trees to be abs5t4 ,9 "s places ! heights w h alt]$ slightly dur+ rec5t ye>s ow+ to ! con/ruction ( railways4 8,! values giv5 are ! means ( obs]vations4 ,!y are n correct$ = height ( in/rum5t above gr\nd1 :i* might increase ! angles by ab\t #e m9s4 ,trees on ! sky-l9e appe> to make a diff]5ce ( "s #ce m9s40 ,! azimu?s z f\nd by ,mr4 ,morr[ & myself are z "u3 ,height ( horizon 7exclud+ trees74 ,morr[4 ,locky]4 ,morr[4 #bc;,f c5tre ( great circle to ,hauteville's quoit ,n4 #ag #ei ,e4 #ag #b #bc ,f c5tre ( great circle to ,n4,e4 circle #ec #j #ea #a #e ,f c5tre ( great circle along great circle av5ue #fh #dc #fe #j #ch ,f c5tre ( ,n4,e4 circle along ,n4,e4 circle av5ue ,s4 #hc #eb ,e4 #gi #a #dj ,f c5tre ( ,s4,w4 circle to c5tre ( great circle ,n4 #ai #ea ,e4 #bj #a #dd ,! azimu?s to :i* ,i fir/ direct att5tion are ^!3 ,az4 ,great circle to quoit ,n4 #ag ,e4 ,s4,w4 circle to great circle ,n4 #bj ,e4 ,^! azimu?s indicate t at ,/anton ,drew z at ! ,hurl]s & else:]e we are deal+ ) ,arcturus z a clock-/>4 ,! facts are3 ,az4 ,n4 ,decln4 ,height ,/>4 ,date4 ( hills4 ,n4 #ag ,e4 #ch #ei #j #b #bc ,arcturus #afij #bj #cg #bf #ej #a #dd #adaj ,"o ( ! greate/ diff]5ces betwe5 ,mr4 ,morr['s local obs]vation & my read+ ( ! #be-;in* ,ordnance map occurs 9 ! case ( ! direction ( ! av5ue f ! great circle4 ,x may be sugge/$ t ! use ( ?is av5ue 0 to obs]ve ! ,may & ,augu/ sunrises ( ! ,may ye>4 ,if we take ! sun's decl9ation at #af #bj ,n41 see p4 #bb1 ! azimu? %\ld be ab\t ,n4 #fd ,e42 ?is is #a f my value & #e f t giv5 by ,mr4 ,morr[1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! *oice ( a day 9 ,may & ,augu/ slightly diff]+ f ! normal date might easily produce su* a v>iation4 ,x seems probable t ! great circle 0 "o ( ! fir/ erect$1 & ! fact t1 l ,/oneh5ge1 x _h an av5ue1 b t1 unlike ,/oneh5ge1 ! av5ue 0 direct$ t[>ds ! ,may & n ! ,june 7sol/itial7 sunrise fur!r1 ,i ?9k1 sugge/s t ! ,may wor%ip 0 consid]$ ! mo/ important & 0 ! fir/ provid$ =4 ,!re is reason = suppos+ t ! great circle 0 at all ev5ts built be=e ! ,s4,w4 "o4 ,! great circle is situat$ at a l[] level ?an ! ,s4,w4 "o4 ,! angul> elevation ( ! hills ov] :i* ,arcturus rose w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 to be high] f ! great ?an f ! ,s4,w4 circle4 ,arcturus has be5 r$uc+ its decl9ation = c5turies 9 consequ5ce ( ! precessional movem5t4 ,x w\ld !re=e rise gradually 9 a great] azimu?1 t is1 ne>] ! ea/4 ,an obs]v] 9 ! c5tre ( ! great circle1 to foll[ ?is m ea/]ly ris+ ov] ! quoit1 w\ld h to *ange 8 position gradually to ! we/w>d4 ,b !re 0 ano!r way4 ,! orig9al direction c\ld be ne>ly ma9ta9$ if ! obs]vation 7 made at a high] level ne> ! orig9al l9e1 z !n ! relative elevation ( ! ris+-place w\ld be r$uc$4 ,?is is :at possibly 0 done1 & ?is inde$ may be ! v]a causa ( ! build+ ( ! ,s4,w4 circle4 ,?is view ( ! possible function ( ! 8quoit0 is1 ( c\rse1 /r5g!n$ by ! fact t we f9d traces ( high nor!rly alignm5t 9 o!r /one circles4 ,i h already %[n t !re are su* alignm5ts 9 ,cornwall4 ,! 8quoit0 is ne>ly on a level ) ! great circle1 :ile ! hills rise beh9d x4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t x w\ld h be5 m useful on ! top ( ! hill1 b ?is sugge/ion _c be accept$ = a mom5t if x 7 us$ 9 ! way ,i h indicat$4 ,on a d>k night x w\ld h be5 invisible1 & x also w\ld h prev5t$ ! obs]vation ( />-rise if x 7 truly align$4 ,be+ comp>atively ne> ! circle x c\ld easily h be5 illum9at$ at ! critical "t1 & ?us h anticipat$ ! bright l9e micromet] ( m mod]n times4 ,s f> ,i h f\nd no obvi\s use = ! av5ue atta*$ to ! ,n4,e4 circle4 ,! conditions are3 ,az4 ,height ( ,dec4 ,hills4 ,morr[4 ,locky]4 ,morr[4 ,morr[4 ,locky]4 ,s4 #hc #eb ,e4 ,s4 #gi ,e4 #a #dj #c #eb #cj ,s4 #e #di #cj ,s4 ,) reg>d to ?is ,n4,e4 circle1 9 relation to ! l>ge circle1 ! data are z foll[s3 ,az4 ,height ( ,dec4 ,n4 ,hills4 ,morr[4 ,locky]4 ,morr[4 ,morr[4 ,locky]4 ,n4 #ec ,e4 ,n4 #ea ,e4 #a #e #bb #dc #ej #bc #dh #df ,z ,mr4 ,morr[ /ates1 ! *oice ( c5tre ( ! circle may alt] ! azimu? obta9$ by z mu* z 8a few degrees10 b ! value obta9$ f ! ,ordnance map is1 def9itely1 ,n4 #ea ,e41 & ) ! height ( hills det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,morr[ ?is w\ld sugge/ t ! ,n4,e4 circle 0 really erect$ to provide ! alignm5t1 f ! c5tre ( ! great circle1 or f ! ,cove1 to ! summ] sol/itial sun1 ab\t ! ye> #hgj ,b4,c41 ,/ockwell's values = ! obliquity be+ tak54 ,?is result is ! m /rik+ z x gives a date = ! sub/itution ( ! ,june = ! ,may wor%ip at ,/anton ,drew1 :i* is 9 full accordance ) t obta9$ = ! simil> *ange at ,/5ness4 ,!re is o!r evid5ce1 to :i* ,i atta* importance1 z x deals ) a me?od & policy f\nd 9 _m temple fields 9 ,egypt1 t ( block+ ! alignm5t ( an old] />- or sun-cult1 :i* ! a/ronom]-prie/s replac$ by _! own4 ,! /ones ( ! av5ue ( ! sol/itial ,n4,e4 circle ,i expect once block$ ! ,may sunrise l9e f ! great circle2 judg+ f ! ,ordnance map1 & rememb]+ ! numb] ( /ones t h disappe>$1 ?is is probable if n c]ta94 ,if ?is 7 s1 !n ! ,n4,e4 circle 0 ! la/ to be erect$1 & ?is sugge/ion is /r5g!n$ by ,mr4 ,lewis's /atem5t t x is ! mo/ p]fect ( ! ?ree4 ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan concludes 8 int]e/+ acc\nt ( :i* ,i h made s mu* use ) ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,9 :at ord] ! circles 7 con/ruct$ we d n "k4 ,:e!r ! small ,n4,e4 circle ) its m massive megali?s prec$$ or succe$$ ! great circle ) its m num]\s b1 on ! av]age1 less massive /ones1 is a matt] ( m]e conjecture4 ,!y may h be5 contemporane\s3 b x is m likely t s l>ge a "w took a long "t 9 execution2 nor does ! unity ( plan ( ! f9al product preclude a gradual process ( developm5t4 ,f9ally z to ! purpose ( ! erection1 & its hidd5 a/ronomical1 my?ological1 or social mean+ 7if x h "o71 we are once m at ! m]cy ( m or less plausible conjecture4 ,!re /& ! circles 9 a quiet ,som]set%ire valley1 sil5t memorials ( a race conc]n+ ^: modes ( life1 ( lab\r1 & ( ?\ght we c b speculate40 ,x is to be hop$ t be=e ! monum5t has disappe>$ l s _m ( its fell[s1 "s /ud5t ) m k & "t to devote to ! inquiry ?an myself w endeav\r to answ] m ( ! que/ions rais$ by x4 #bc ,) reg>d to ^! values ,mr4 ,morr[ writes3 8,at pres5t ,hauteville's quoit is n visible f ! c5tre ( great circle4 ,if ! /one 7 erect1 h[ev]1 & any int]v5+ trees & walls remov$1 ! top ( ! /one w\ld no d\bt be )9 view4 ,! ,hauteville quoit l9e is ?us r a difficult "o to obta9 ) accuracy1 b ! azimu? giv5 %\ld be correct to ! ne>e/ m9ute40 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,folklore ,,& ,,tradition ,we h s f> consid]$ ! circles at ,/oneh5ge1 ,/5ness1 ! ,hurl]s & ,/anton ,drew1 & ! av5ues 9 ,brittany & on ,d>tmoor4 ,be=e ,i ref] to my lat] "w 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,engl& or attempt to pres5t a summ>y ( ! results ( ! inquiry1 ,i ?9k x w be conv5i5t to turn = a "t to ano!r bran* ( x1 = t !re is ano!r closely connect$ s]ies ( facts to be consid]$ 9 relation to ! monum5ts folklore & tradition abundantly prove4 ,s f> 9 ?is book ,i h dealt *iefly ) /ones--z ,i hold1 associat$ )1 or !mselves compos+1 sanctu>ies4 ,we h become acqua9t$ ) circles1 m5hirs1 dolm5s1 alt>s1 vi sacr1 v>i\s /ructures built up ( /ones4 ,b>r[s & e>!rn banks repres5t$ !m lat]4 ,! view :i* ,i h be5 l$ to br+ =w>d s f> is t ^! /ructures _h 9 "o way or ano!r to d ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun & />s2 t !y _h = ! mo/ "p an a/ronomical use 9 connection ) religi\s c]emonials4 ,! next "q :i* conc]ns u 9 an attempt to get at ! bottom ( ! matt] is to see :e!r !re are any concomitant ph5om5a1 &1 if !re be any1 to classify !m & /udy ! comb9$ results4 ,tradition & folklore1 :i* give dim ref]5ces to ! anci5t uses ( ! /ones1 %[ 9 mo/ unmi/akable fa%ion t ! /ones 7 n alone2 associat$ ) !m almo/ univ]sally 7 _m practices ref]r$ to on p4 #bf1 su* z ! light+ ( fires1 pass+ ?r\gh !m1 & danc+ r\nd !m2 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! /ones & associat$ ) ! fire practices 7 also sacr$ trees & sacr$ wells or /reams4 ,folklore & tradition n only ?us may help u1 b ,i ?9k !y w be help$ by su* a g5]al survey1 brief ?\gh x mu/ be4 ,s f> z my read+ has gone ea* special tradition has be5 consid]$ by itself2 !re has be5 no g5]al inquiry hav+ = its object ! /udy ( ! possible orig9 & connection ( _m ( ! anci5t practices & ideas :i* h s dimly come d[n to u 9 _m cases & :i* we c only completely recon/ruct by piec+ toge!r ! in=mation d]iv$ f v>i\s s\rces4 ,i n[ propose to ref] to all ^! matt]s ) ! view ( see+ :e!r !re be any relation betwe5 practices app>5tly disconnect$ 9 s _m cases if we foll[ ! lit]ature 9 :i* !y are *ronicl$4 ,we mu/ n blame ! lit]ature1 s9ce ! facts :i* rema9 to be record$ n[ "h1 n[ !re1 are b a small fraction ( ^? t h be5 =gott54 ,=tunately1 ! practices =gott5 9 "o locality h be5 rememb]$ 9 ano!r1 s t x is possible ! picture c be re/or$ m completely ?an "o might h ?\ght at fir/4 ,x w be se5 at once t f ! po9t ( view ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$1 "o ( ! *ief relations we mu/ look = is t ( "t1 see+ t my *ief affirmation ) reg>d to ! /one monum5ts is t !y 7 us$ = c]emonial purposes at c]ta9 seasons1 ^? seasons be+ bas$ fir/ ^u ! agricultural1 & lat] ^u ! a/ronomical divisions ( ! ye>1 to :i* ,i drew att5tion 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 :5 ref]r+ to ! agricultural & a/ronomical new ye>s' days1 ,i indicat$ a possible relation betwe5 ! temple wor%ip & ! floral celebrations ( t "t1 & lat] on 7p4 #dj71 9 connection ) ! monum5ts 9 ,brittany1 ,i po9t$ out ! co9cid5ce ( fire cu/oms at ! same "t ( ! ye>4 ,b 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d x w n d to dep5d ^u isolat$ cases2 ! g5]al tr5d ( all ! facts available along sev]al l9es ( inquiry mu/ be f\nd & /udi$1 fir/ sep>ately & !n int] se1 if any f9al conclusion is to be rea*$4 ,?is is :at ,i n[ propose to d 9 a v summ>y mann]4 ,x is n my task to arrange ! facts ( folklore & tradition1 b simply to cull f ! available s\rces precise /atem5ts :i* be> ^u ! que/ions be=e u4 ,^! /atem5ts1 ,i ?9k1 may be accept$ z tru/wor?y1 & all ! m s z _m ( ! v>i\s record]s h _h no idea ei!r ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,may ye> at all or ( ! connection betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( ! ph5om5a :i* ought to exi/ if my !ory ( _! common orig9 9 connection ) anci5t wor%ip & ! monum5ts is any:]e ne> ! tru?4 ,?is "q ( "t relations is surr\nd$ by difficulties4 ,i gave 9 ,fig4 #g ! ,gregorian dates ( ! beg9n+ ( ! qu>t]s ( ! ,may ye>1 if no?+ b ! sun's decl9ation ( #af #bj ,n4 or ,s41 f\r times 9 its ye>ly pa?1 be consid]$4 ,^! 73-- ,may ,greek ,roman ,ye>4 ,cal5d>4 ,cal5d>4 ,end ( ,w9t] ,feb4 #d ,feb4 #g ,feb4 #g ,beg9n+ ( ,spr+ ,summ] ,may #f ,may #f ,may #i ,end ( ,summ] ,aug4 #h ,aug4 #aa ,aug4 #h ,beg9n+ ( ,autumn ,w9t] ,nov4 #h ,nov4 #aj ,nov4 #i ,9 ! table ,i also give1 = comp>ison1 ! dates 9 ! ,greek & ,roman cal5d>s 7p4 #bj74 ,!re is no "q t on or ab\t ! above days fe/ivals 7 anci5tly celebrat$ 9 ^! isl&s2 possibly n all at all holy places1 b "s at "o & "s at ano!r2 ?is1 p]haps1 may help to expla9 ! v>iation 9 ! local traditions & ev5 "s ( ! gr\p+s ( ori5tations4 ,! e>lie/ in=mation on ?is po9t comes f ,irel&4 ,cormac1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,ca%el 9 ! t5? c5tury1 /ates1 accord+ to ,vallancey1 t 89 8 "t f\r great fires 7 light$ up on ! f\r great fe/ivals ( ! ,druids1 viz41 9 ,febru>y1 ,may1 ,augu/ & ,novemb]40#bd ,i am n aw>e ( any su* g5]al /atem5t z e>ly z ?is 9 relation to ! f\r fe/ivals ( ! ,may ye> 9 ,great ,brita91 b 9 spite ( its abs5ce ! fact is und\bt$ t fe/ivals 7 held1 & _m v>i\s =ms ( celebration us$1 dur+ ^? mon?s4 ,f ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity attempts ( diff]5t k9ds 7 made to de/roy ?is anci5t "t sy/em & to aboli% ! s-call$ 8pagan0 wor%ips & practices connect$ ) x4 ,ef=ts 7 made to *ange ! date & s oblit]ate gradually ! old traditions2 ano!r way1 & ?is turn$ out to be ! m efficaci\s1 0 to *ange ! v5ue ( ! fe/ival1 s to speak1 9 fav\r ( "s ,*ri/ian celebration or sa9t's day4 ,! old fe/ivals took no acc\nt ( week-days1 s x 0 rul$ t ! fe/ivals 7 to take place on ! fir/ day ( ! week2 lat] on "s ( !m 7 rul$ to beg9 on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,:5 ,ea/] became a movable fea/1 ! ef=ts ( ! prie/s 7 greatly facilitat$1 & inde$ x w\ld seem z if ?is result ( su* a *ange 0 n abs5t f ! m9ds ( ^? :o fav\r$ x4 ,! *ange ( /yle 01 z ,i h be=e /at$1 a fruitful s\rce ( confusion1 & ?is 0 /ill fur!r complicat$ by ano!r difficulty4 ,pi]s#be tells u t consequ5t ^u ! *ange 8! ,roman ,ca?olics light _! fires by ! new /yle1 z ! correction orig9at$ f a pope2 & = t v same reason ! ,prote/ants adh]e to ! old40 ,i w ref] to ea* ( ! fe/ivals & _! *anges ( date4 ,febru>y #d4 ,be=e ! movable ,ea/] ! ,febru>y fe/ival _h be5 trans=m$ into ,a% ,w$nesday 7,febru>y #d74 ,! eve ( ! fe/ival 0 ,%rove ,tuesday1 & x is q possible t ! a%es us$ by ! prie/s on ,w$nesday 7 connect$ ) ! bonfires ( ! previ\s night4 ,x w\ld seem t initially ! fe/ival1 ) its accompany+ bonfire1 0 transf]r$ to ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 ,febru>y #h4 ,i quote ! foll[+ f ,hazlitt#bf3-- 8,dur&us1 9 8 #8,rationale1' tells u1 ,l5t 0 c\nt$ to beg9 on t :i* is n[ ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 & to end on ,ea/] ,eve2 :i* "t1 sai? he1 conta9+ =ty-two days1 if y take out ( !m ! six ,sundays 7on :i* x 0 c\nt$ n lawful at any "t ( ! ye> to fa/71 !n !re w rema9 only ?irty-six days3 &1 !re=e1 t ! numb] ( days :i* ,*ri/ fa/$ might be p]fect$1 ,pope ,gregory add$ to ,l5t f\r days ( ! week be=e-go+1 viz41 t :i* we n[ call ,a% ,w$nesday1 & ! ?ree days foll[+ x4 ,s t we see ! fir/ obs]vation ( ,l5t began f a sup]/iti\s1 unw>rantable1 & inde$ pr(ane1 conceit ( imitat+ ,our ,savi\r's miracul\s ab/95ce4 ,l5t is s call$ f ! "t ( ! ye> :]e9 x is obs]v$3 ,l5t 9 ! ,saxon language signify+ ,spr+40 ,:e!r ?is be ! orig9 ( ! l5t5 fa/ or n x is c]ta9 t ! connection ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 an old pagan fea/ & a new ,*ri/ian "o is v +5i\s3 #bd days 9 ,febru>y plus #bb days 9 ,m>* 7,m>* #bb be+ orig9ally ! fix$ date = ,ea/]7 gives u #df days 7#f #g7 #d1 & f ! po9t ( view ( prie/craft ! result 0 em95tly satisfactory1 = ?\s&s ( p /ill light fires on ,%rove ,tuesday or on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t1 :e!r ^? days occur 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,!y are "u ! impression t !y are do+ homage to a *ur* fe/ival1 & ! pagan orig9 is entirely =gott5 n only by !m b ev5 by ^? :o *ronicle ! practices z 8,l5t cu/oms40#bg ,f9ally1 aft] ! introduction ( ! movable ,ea/]1 ! prie/s at ,rome1 in/ead ( us+ ! 8pagan0 a%es produc$ on ! eve ( ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t or ,a% ,w$nesday 9 ea* ye>1 utilis$ ^? d]iv$ f ! burn+ ( ! palms us$ on ,palm ,sunday ( ! ye> be=e4 ,fur!r /eps 7 tak5 to conceal f future g5]ations ! orig9 ( ! 8pagan0 cu/om due on ,febru>y #d4 ,febru>y #c 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 8,blaze40 ,h[ well ?is answ]$ is %[n by ! foll[+ quotation f ,p]cy4#bh 8,! anniv]s>y ( ,/4 ,blazeus is ! #crd ,febru>y1 :5 x is /ill ! cu/om 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& to light up fires on ! hills on ,/4 ,blayse night3 a cu/om anti5tly tak5 up p]haps = no bett] reason ?an ! j+l+ resemblance ( 8 "n to ! ^w ,blaze40 ,?is ev5 did n suffice4 ,a great c&le *ur* fe/ival 0 e/abli%$ on ,febru>y #b4 ,?is 0 call$ 8,c&lemas10 & ,c&lemas is /ill ! common "n ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,scot* legal ye>4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,durham :5 ,cos5s 0 bi%op he 8busi$ himself f two ( ! clocke 9 ! aft]noone till f\re1 9 climb+ long ladd]s to /ick up wax c&les 9 ! said ,ca!dral ,*ur*2 ! numb] ( all ! c&les burnt t ev5+ 0 #bbj1 besides #af tor*es2 #fj ( ^? burn+ tap]s & tor*es /&+ ^u & ne> ! high alt>40#bi ,!re is evid5ce t ! pagan fires at o!r times ( ! ye> 7 also gradually replac$ by c&les 9 ! *ur*es4 ,may #f4 ,! ,may fe/ival has be5 treat$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ! same way z ! ,febru>y "o4 ,) a fix$ ,ea/] ,sunday on ,m>* #bb1 #df days aft] br\ght u to a ,?ursday 7,may #g71 h5ce ,holy ,?ursday#cj & ,asc5sion ,day4 ,) ,ea/] movable !re ( c\rse 0 m confusion4 ,:it ,sunday1 ! ,fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 0 only n9e days aft] ,holy ,?ursday1 & x occurr$1 9 "s ye>s1 on ! same day ( ! mon? z ,asc5sion ,day 9 o!rs4 ,9 ,scotl& ! fe/ival n[ is ascrib$ to ,:it ,sunday4 ,x is possibly 9 consequ5ce ( ?is t ! fe/ival be=e ev5 ! *ange ( /yle 0 held on ! #a/ ( ! mon?4 ,9 ,cornwall1 :]e ! celebrations /ill survive1 ! day *os5 is ,may #h4 ,augu/ #h4 ,= ! migrations ( ! dates ( ! 8pagan0 fe/ival 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ f ! #a/ to ! #ab?1 migrations complicat$ by ! old & new /yle1 ,i ref] to ,pr(4 ,rhys' ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #dah1 9 :i* "w a full acc\nt ( ! =m] practices 9 ,irel& & ,wales is giv54 ,! old fe/ival 9 ,irel& 0 associat$ ) ,lug1 a =m ( ! ,sun-,god2 ! mo/ celebrat$ "o 0 held at ,tailet94 ,?is fea/--,lugnassad--0 *ang$ into ! *ur* celebration ,lammas1 f ,a4,s4 hl'fmaesse--t is loaf-mass or bread-mass1 s nam$ z a mass or fea/ ( ?anksgiv+ = ! fir/ fruits ( ! corn h>ve/4 ,! old cu/oms 9 ,wales & ! ,isle ( ,alan includ$ ! asc5t ( hills 9 ! e>ly morn+1 b s f> ,i h f\nd no record ( fires 9 connection ) ?is date4#ca ,novemb] #h4 ,! facts t ,novemb] #aa is qu>t] day 9 ,scotl&1 t mayors are elect$ on or ab\t t date1 %[1 ,i ?9k1 pretty cle>ly t we are "h deal+ ) ! old 8pagan0 date4 ,! fact t ! ,*ur* anticipat$ x by ! fea/ ( ,all ,s\ls' on ,novemb] #a rem9ds u ( :at happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,febru>y celebration2 lat] ,i give a ref]5ce to ! *ange ( date2 & p]haps ?is date 0 also det]m9$ by ! natural gravitation to ! fir/ ( ! mon?1 z 9 ! case ( ,may1 & because x m>k$ at "o "t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,celtic ye>4 ,b :at seems q c]ta9 is t ! fea/ :i* %\ld h be5 held on ,novemb] #h on a/ronomical gr\nds 0 fir/ conv]t$ by ! ,*ur* into ! fea/ ( ,/4 ,m>t9 on ,novemb] #aa4 ,! ,encyclopdia ,britannica tells u3 8,! fea/ ( ,/4 ,m>t9 7,m>t9mas7 took ! place ( an old pagan fe/ival1 & inh]it$ "s ( its usages1 su* z ! ,m>t9smnn*51 ,m>t9sfeu]1 ,m>t9%orn1 & ! l1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many40 ,/4 ,m>t9 liv$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #cjj4 ,z ! numb] ( sa9ts increas$1 x became impossible to d$icate a fea/-day to ea*4 ,h5ce x 0 f\nd exp$i5t to h an annual aggregate commemoration ( su* z _h n special days = !mselves4 ,s a *ur* fe/ival 8,all ,hall[s10 or 8,hall[mass10 0 in/itut$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #faj 9 memory ( ! m>tyrs1 & x 0 to take place on ,may #a4 ,= "s reason or ano!r ?is 0 *ang$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hcd2 ,may 0 giv5 up1 & ! date fix$ z ,novemb] #a4 ,?is 0 a commemoration ( all ! sa9ts1 s we get ! new "n 8,all ,sa9ts' ,day40 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! int5tion ( ! ,*ur* 0 to anticipate1 & !re=e gradually to oblit]ate ! pagan fe/ival /ill held at ,m>t9mas1 & x has be5 successful 9 _m places4 ,9 ,irel&1 = in/ance2 at ,samha91#cb ,novemb] #a1 8! prop] "t = prophecy & ! unveil+ ( my/]ies40444 ,x 0 !n t fire 0 light$ at a place call$ aft] ,mog ,rui?'s daught] ,tla*tga4 ,f ,tla*tga all ! he>?s 9 ,irel& are said to h be5 annually suppli$1 j z ! ,lemnians _h once a ye> to put _! fires out & light !m anew f t br\ght 9 ! sacr$ %ip f ,delos4 ,! habit ( celebrat+ ,nos ,galan-galaf 9 ,wales by light+ bonfires on ! hills is possibly n yet ext9ct4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d ! pagan fires transf]r$ f ! #h? to ! #a/ ( ,novemb] 9 ,irel&1 b 9 ! ,isle ( ,man ?is is n s4 ,i w anticipate ano!r ref]5ce to ,rhys by /at+ t ,m>t9mas _h progress$ f ! #aa? to ! #bd? be=e ! *ange ( /yle br\ght x back1 8old ,m>t9mas10 ,novemb] #bd1 be+ "o ( ! be/ recognis$ 8old ,engli% holidays10 8old ,c&lemas0 be+ ano!r1 at ! o!r end ( ! ,may ye>2 ?is la/ _h slipp$ f ,febru>y #b to ,febru>y #ae be=e x 0 put back aga94 ,) reg>d to ! ,isle ( ,man ,rhys writes#cc t ! fea/ is !re call$ ,hollantide1 & is kept on ,novemb] #ab1 a reckon+ :i* he /ates 8is accord+ to ! old /yle40 ,! "q is1 are we n deal+ "h ) ! ,m>t9mas fe/ival n ant$at$ to ,novemb] #a8 ,he adds1 8t is ! day :5 ! t5ure ( l& t]m9ates1 & :5 s]v+ m5 g to _! places4 ,9 o!r words x is ! beg9n+ ( a new ye>40 ,?is is exactly :at happ5s 9 ,scotl&1 & ! day is /ill call$ ,m>t9mas4 ,!re is a cu/om 9 mid-,engl& :i* /rik+ly rem9ds u ( ! importance ( ,m>t9mas 9 relation to old t5ures1 if ev5 ! cu/om does n c>ry u /ill fur!r back4 ,?is is ! curi\s & int]e/+ c]emony ( collect+ ! wro? silv]1 due & payable to 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,buccleu* & ,que5sbury on 8,m>t9mas ,eve40 ,! paym5t is made on an anci5t m\nd on ! summit ( ,knightl[ ,hill1 ab\t five miles out ( ,cov5try1 & 9 ! p>i% ( ,ryton-on-,dunsmore4 ,"o feature ab\t ?is s+ul> c]emonial is t x mu/ take place be=e sun-ris+4 #bd ,hazlitt1 ,diction>y ( ,fai?s & ,folklore1 "u ,gule ( ,augu/4 #be ,survey ( ! ,s\? ( ,irel&1 p4 #bcb4 #bf ,"u ,a% ,w$nesday4 #bg ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii41 #bch et seq4 #bh ,notes to ,nor?umb]l& ,h\sehold ,book1 #aggj1 p4 #ccc4 #bi ,quot$ by ,hazlitt4 #cj ,mu* confusion has aris5 ) reg>d to ! ,holy ,?ursday 9 ,rogation week because !re is ano!r ,holy or ,maundy ,?ursday 9 ,ea/] week4 ,ar*ologi/s h also be5 (t5 misl$ by ! practice ( _m writ]s ( describ+ ! ,may fe/ivals z midsumm] fe/ivals4 ,! fir/ ( ,may1 ( c\rse1 m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( summ]4 #ca ,mr4 ,fraz] in=ms me t ! #ac? ,augu/ 0 ,diana's day at ,nemi & !re 0 a fire fe/ival4 #cb ,rhys' ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ead4 #cc ,celtic ,folklore1 p4 #cae4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,sacr$ ,,fires ,! magnific5t collection ( facts be>+ on ?is subject :i* has be5 br\ght toge!r by ,mr4 ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh r5d]s x unnecess>y = me to deal ) ! details ( ?is "p ( my subject at any great l5g?4 ,we h ^! records ( fires3-- 7#a7 ,9 ,febru>y1 ,may1 ,augu/ & ,novemb] ( ! orig9al ,may ye>4 7#b7 ,9 ,june & ,decemb] on ! longe/ & %orte/ days ( ! sol/itial ye>1 conc]n+ :i* !re c\ld n be1 & has n be51 any su* *ange ( date z has occurr$ 9 relation to ! ,may ye> fe/ivals4 7#c7 ,a fire at ,ea/]1 9 all probability add$ n long be=e or at ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i f9d no traces ( a fire fe/ival at ! correspond+ equ9ox 9 ,septemb]4 ,we le>n f ,cormac t ! fires 7 g5]ally d\ble & t cattle 7 driv5 betwe5 !m4 ,conc]n+ ?is "q ( fire1 bo? ,mr4 ,fraz] & ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld#cd sugge/ t we are ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ ! ,*ri/ian treatm5t ( ! sacr$ fire z a survival ( pagan times4 ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld writes z foll[s3--8,:5 ,*ri/ianity became dom9ant1 x 0 necess>y to dissociate ! ideas ( ! p f ! c5tral fire z mix$ up ) ! old gods2 at ! same "t ! c5tral fire 0 an absolute ne$4 ,accord+ly ! ,*ur* 0 conv]t$ into ! sacr$ depository ( ! p]petual fire40 ,he fur!r po9ts out t !re /ill rema9 9 "s ( our *ur*es 79 ,cornwall1 ,york1 & ,dorset7 ! contrivances--n[ call$ cresset-/ones--us$4 ,!y are blocks ( /one ) cups holl[$ out4 ,"s are plac$ 9 lamp-ni*es furni%$ ) flues4 ,on ^! he rem>ks 7p4 #abb73-- 8,n[ al?\gh ^! lamps & cressets _h _! religi\s signification1 yet ?is religi\s signification 0 an aft]?\ght4 ,! orig9 ( !m lay 9 ! necessity ( !re be+ 9 e place a c5tral light1 f :i* light c\ld at any "t be borr[$2 & ! reason :y ?is c5tral light 0 put 9 ! *ur* 0 to dissociate x f ! hea!n ideas atta*$ =m]ly to x4 ,z x 01 ! good p ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 n q satisfi$ ) ! c5tral *ur* fire1 & !y _h rec\rse 9 times ( em]g5cy to o!r1 & z ! ,*ur* deem$ !m unholy1 fires4 ,:5 a plague & murra9 appe>$ among cattle1 !n !y light$ ne$-fires f two pieces ( dry wood1 & drove ! cattle betwe5 ! flames1 believ+ t ?is new flame 0 :olesome to ! purg+ away ( ! disease4 ,= k9dl+ ! ne$-fires ! employm5t ( fl9t & /eel 0 =bidd54 ,! fire 0 only efficaci\s :5 extract$ 9 prehi/oric fa%ion1 out ( wood4 ,! light+ ( ^! ne$-fires 0 =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,:at %[s t ?is ne$-fire 0 di/9ctly hea!n is t 9 ! ,*ur* new fire 0 obta9$ at ,ea/] annually by /rik+ fl9t & /eel toge!r4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! old fire 9 a twelvemon? _h got exhau/$1 or p]haps t all light expir$ ) ,*ri/1 & t new fire mu/ be obta9$4 ,accord+ly ! prie/ solemnly /ruck new fire out ( fl9t & /eel4 ,b fire f fl9t & /eel 0 a novelty2 & ! p1 ,pagan at he>t1 _h no confid5ce 9 x1 & 9 "t ( adv]sity w5t back to ! ne$-fire k9dl$ 9 ! "t-hon\r$ way f wood by friction1 be=e ?is new-fangl$ way ( draw+ x out ( /one & iron 0 inv5t$40 ,! same au?ority in=ms u t be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ into ,irel& by ,/4 ,patrick !re 0 a temple at ,t>a 8:]e fire burn$ ev]1 & 0 on no acc\nt suff]$ to g out40 ,mr4 ,fraz]1#ce quot+ ,c]bi$1 %[s t 9 ! anci5t religion ( ,arm5ia ! new fire 0 k9dl$ at ! ,febru>y fe/ival ( ! ,may ye>1 9 hon\r ( ! fire-god ,mihr4 8,a bonfire 0 made 9 a public place1 & lamps k9dl$ at x 7 kept burn+ ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 ea* ( ! fire-god's temples40 ,?is fe/ival n[ takes place at ,c&lemas1 ,febru>y #b4 ,we mu/ assume1 !n1 t ! pagan fires 7 produc$ by ! friction ( dry wood1 & possibly 9 connection ) an ev]-burn+ fire4 ,9 ei!r case ! prie/s (ficiat+ at ! v>i\s circles mu/ h _h a place h&y :]e ! wood 0 kept dry or ! fire kept burn+1 & on ?is gr\nd alone we may aga9 inquire :e!r su* /ructures z ,mae%[e at ! ,/5ness circle1 ! ,f\g\ at t ( ! ,m]ry ,maid5s1 & inde$ *amb]$ b>r[s & cairns g5]ally1 7 n us$ = ^! purposes among/ o!rs2 :e!r inde$ !y 7 n prim>ily built = ! liv+ & n = ! dead1 & :e!r ?is w expla9 ! f9d+ ( traces ( fires & ( holl[$ /ones 9 !m1 z well z "s po9ts 9 _! /ructure4 ,mr4 ,mac,ritchie#cf has br\ght toge!r sev]al ( ^! po9ts1 among !m fireplaces & flues = c>ry+ away smoke4 ,at bo? sol/ices x w\ld appe> t a special fire-rite 0 practis$4 ,?is consi/$ ( ty+ /raw on a :eel & roll+ x :5 light$ d[n a hill4 ,!re is mu* evid5ce = ! :eel at ! summ]1 b less at ! w9t]1 sol/ice2 /ill1 we le>n f ! old ,runic fa/i t a :eel 0 us$ to d5ote ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas4 ,) reg>d to ! summ] sol/ice ,i quote ! foll[+ f ,hazlitt 7"u ,john1 ,/473-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,! ,c>ro1 ,flor5ce4 ,f ,b>+-,g\ld's ,/range ,survivals4 8,dur&us1 speak+ ( ! rites ( ! ,fea/ ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 in=ms u ( ?is curi\s circum/ance1 t 9 "s places !y roll a :eel ab\t to signify t ! sun1 !n occupy+ ! highe/ place 9 ! ,zodiac1 is beg9n+ to desc5d4 #8,rotam quoque hoc die 9 quibusdam locis volvunt1 ad signific&um quod ,sol altissimum tunc locum 9 ,clo occupet1 et desc5d]e incipiat 9 ,zodiaco4' ,h>l4 ,,mss4 #bcde 7on vellum71 ,art4 #ajj1 is an acc\nt ( ! rites ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/'s ,eve1 9 :i* ! :eel is also m5tion$4 ,9 ! amplifi$ acc\nt ( ^! c]emonies giv5 by ,naogeorgus1 we read t ?is :eel 0 tak5 up to ! top ( a m\nta9 & roll$ d[n !nce2 & t1 z x _h previ\sly be5 cov]$ ) /raw1 twi/$ ab\t x & set on fire1 x appe>$ at a di/ance z if ! sun _h be5 fall+ f ! sky4 ,& he fur!r obs]ves1 t ! p imag9e t all _! ill-luck rolls away f !m toge!r ) ?is :eel4 ,at ,norwi*1 says a writ] 9 ,curr5t ,notes = ,m>*1 #ahed1 ! rites ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7 anci5tly obs]v$1 #8:5 x 0 ! cu/om to turn or roll a :eel ab\t1 9 signification ( ! sun's annual c\rse1 or ! sun1 !n occupy+ ! highe/ place 9 ! ,zodiac1 0 ab\t desc5d+4'0 ,at ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 ! ,may & ,june ye>s are cle>ly diff]5tiat$4 ,!re is a vocal s]vice at sunrise on ,may morn+1 foll[$ by boys bl[+ horns4 ,at ! summ] sol/ice !re is a s]mon prea*$ dur+ ! day 9 ! quadrangle4 ,"o ( ! mo/ picturesque survivals ( ?is anci5t cu/om takes place at ,flor5ce ea* ye> at ,ea/]4 ,?is is fully describ$ by ,b>+-,g\ld4 ,! mom5t ! sacr$ fire is produc$ at ! high alt> a dove 79 pla/]7 c>ries x along a rope ab\t #bjj y>ds long to a c> 9 ! squ>e outside ! we/ door ( ! ca!dral & sets fire to a fuse1 ?us caus+ ! explosion ( fireworks4 ,! c> ) its explosives is ! survival ( ! anci5t bonfire4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! light+ ( ^! fires on a l>ge scale l+]$ longe/ 9 ,irel& & ,brittany4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e 7,febru>y1 #agie7 ?us describes ! ,iri% ,beltane fires 9 #aghb1 8! mo/ s+ul> sight 9 ,irel&03-- 8,exactly at midnight1 ! fires began to appe>1 & tak+ ! advantage ( go+ up to ! leads ( ! h\se1 :i* _h a widely ext5d$ view1 ,i saw on a radius ( ?irty miles1 all ar\nd1 ! fires burn+ on e em95ce :i* ! c\ntry af=d$4 ,i _h a f>!r satisfaction 9 le>n+1 f und\bt$ au?ority1 t ! p danc$ r\nd ! fires1 & at ! close w5t ?r\gh ^! fires1 & made _! sons & daught]s1 toge!r ) _! cattle1 pass ?r\gh ! fire2 & ! :ole 0 conduct$ ) religi\s solemnity40 ,x w h be5 obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to ^! fire fe/ivals t al?\gh !re 7 und\bt$ly f\r1 9 ,may1 ,augu/1 ,novemb] & ,febru>y1 ^? 9 ,may & ,novemb] 7 m important ?an ! o!rs4 ,?is no d\bt arose f ! fact t at diff]5t times ! ,may & ,novemb] celebrations 7 ,new ,ye> fe/ivals4 ,) reg>d to ! ,new ,ye> 9 ,novemb] 9 ,celtic & lat] times4 ,rhys writes z foll[s 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ead73-- 8,! ,celts 7 9 ! habit =m]ly ( c\nt+ w9t]s1 & ( giv+ prec$5ce 9 _! reckon+ to night & w9t] ov] day & summ] 7p4 #cfj72 ,i %\ld argue t ! la/ day ( ! ye> 9 ! ,iri% /ory ( ,di>mait's dea? meant ! eve ( ,novemb] or ,all-hall[e51 ! night be=e ! ,iri% ,samha91 & kn[n 9 ,wel% z ,nos ,galan-gaeaf1 or ! ,night ( ! ,w9t] ,cal5ds4 ,b !re is no occasion to re/ on ?is alone1 z we h ! evid5ce ( ,cormac's ,gloss>y t ! mon? be=e ! beg9n+ ( w9t] 0 ! la/ mon?2 s t ! fir/ day ( ! fir/ mon? ( w9t] 0 also ! fir/ day ( ! ye>40 ,t ! ,novemb] bonfire 0 recognis$ z h]ald+ ! dom9ion ( ! gods & spirits ( d>kness1#cg t ! old ideas surr\nd+ ,horus & ,set 9 ,egypt 7 n =gott51 is evid5c$ by ! fact t :5 x 0 ext9ct ! :ole company r\nd x w\ld sudd5ly take to _! heels1 %\t+ at ! top ( _! voices3-- ,yr hw* u gwta ,! cropp$ black s[ ,a gipio 'r ola'6 ,seize ! h9dmo/6 ,a piec+ toge!r ( ! folklore & traditions ( diff]5t di/ricts sugge/s t sacrifices 7 made 9 connection ) ! fire fe/ivals1 9 fact t ! fire at "o ( ! critical times ( ! ,may ye> at lea/ 0 a sacrificial "o4 ,i w quote two cases giv5 by ,gomme#ch = ,may ,day & ,all ,s\ls' ,day respectively3-- 8,at ! village ( ,holne1 situat$ on "o ( ! spurs ( ,d>tmoor1 is a field ( ab\t two acres1 ! prop]ty ( ! p>i%1 & call$ ! ,ploy ,field4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is field /&s a granite pill> 7,m5hir7 six or sev5 feet high4 ,on ,may-morn+1 be=e daybreak1 ! "y m5 ( ! village us$ to assemble !re1 & !n proce$ to ! moor1 :]e !y select$ a ram lamb1 & aft] runn+ x d[n1 br\ght x 9 triumph to ! ,ploy ,field1 fa/5$ x to ! pill>1 cut its ?roat & !n roa/$ x :ole1 sk91 wool1 c4 ,at midday a /ruggle took place1 at ! risk ( cut h&s1 = a slice1 x be+ suppos$ to conf] luck = ! ensu+ ye> on ! =tunate dev\r]4 ,z an act ( gallantry ! "y m5 sometimes f\ght _! way ?r\gh ! cr[d to get a slice = ! *os5 among/ ! "y wom51 all ( :om1 9 _! be/ dresses1 att5d$ ! ,ram ,fea/1 z x 0 call$4 ,danc+1 wre/l+1 & o!r games1 assi/$ by copi\s libations ( cid] dur+ ! aft]noon1 prolong$ ! fe/ivity till midnight40 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,k+'s ,teignton1 ,devon%ire1 8a lamb is drawn ab\t ! p>i% on ,:itsun ,monday 9 a c>t cov]$ ) g>l&s ( lilac1 laburnum & o!r fl[]s1 :5 p]sons are reque/$ to give some?+ t[>ds ! animal & att5dant exp5ses2 on ,tuesday x is !n kill$ & roa/$ :ole 9 ! middle ( ! village4 ,! lamb is !n sold 9 slices to ! poor at a *eap rate40 ,! popul> leg5d conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ?is cu/om introduces two important elem5ts--a ref]5ce to 8hea!n days0 & ! title ( 8sacrifice0 ascrib$ to ! kill+ ( ! lamb 7p4 #ca74 8,at ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,a?lone1 e family ( a village on ,/4 ,m>t9's ,day kills an animal ( "s k9d or o!r2 ^? :o are ri* kill a c[ or %eep1 o!rs a goose or turkey1 :ile ^? :o are poor kill a h5 or cock2 ) ! blood ( ! animal !y spr9kle ! ?re%old & also ! f\r corn]s ( ! h\se1 & #8?is p]=mance is done to exclude e k9d ( evil _s f ! dwell+ :]e ! sacrifice is made till ! return ( ! same day ! foll[+ ye>'0 7p4 #afc74 ,o!r traditions indicate t human sacrifices 7 9 "q1 & t lots 7 drawn1 or "s o!r me?od ( ! *oice ( a victim 0 adopt$4 ,i quote f ,hazlitt 7i41 #dd7 ! foll[+ report ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,call5d] 9 #agid3-- 8,! p ( ?is di/rict h two cu/oms1 :i* are fa/ we>+ out1 n only "h1 b all ov] ! ,highl&s1 & !re=e ought to be tak5 notice (1 :ile !y rema94 ,^u ! fir/ day ( ,may1 :i* is call$ ,beltan1 or ,bl-te9-day1 all ! boys 9 a t[n%ip or hamlet meet 9 ! moors4 ,!y cut a table 9 ! gre5 sod1 ( a r\nd figure1 by ca/+ a tr5* 9 ! gr\nd ( su* a circumf]5ce z to hold ! :ole company4 ,!y k9dle a fire1 & dress a repa/ ( eggs & milk 9 ! consi/5ce ( a cu/>d4 ,!y knead a cake ( oatmeal1 :i* is toa/$ at ! emb]s aga9/ a /one4 ,aft] ! cu/>d is eat5 up1 !y divide ! cake into s _m portions1 z simil> z possible to "o ano!r 9 size & %ape1 z !re are p]sons 9 ! company4 ,!y daub "o ( ^! portions all ov] ) *>coal1 until x be p]fectly black4 ,!y put all ! bits ( ! cake into a bonnet4 ,ev]yone1 bl9dfold1 draws out a portion4 ,he :o holds ! bonnet is entitl$ to ! la/ bit4 ,:oev] draws ! black bit is ! devot$ p]son1 :o is to be sacrific$ to ,baal1 ^: fav\r !y mean to implore 9 r5d]+ ! ye> productive ( ! su/5ance ( man & bea/4 ,!re is little d\bt ( ^! inhuman sacrifices hav+ be5 once (f]$ 9 ?is c\ntry z well z 9 ! ,ea/1 al?\gh !y n[ pass f ! act ( sacrific+1 & only compel ! devot$ p]son to leap ?ree times ?r\gh ! flames2 ) :i* ! c]emonies ( ! fe/ival are clos$40 ,i may conclude ?is *apt] by ref]r+ to simil> practices 9 ,brittany1 :]e ,b>+-,g\ld#ci has s successfully /udi$ !m4 ,! pres5t remnants ( ! old cult 9 ! diff]5t p>i%es are n[ call$ 8p>dons02#dj !y are /ill num]\s4 ,i give ^? = ! ,may & ,augu/ fe/ivals 7p4 #hc74 ,may4 ,asc5sion ,day4 ,bodilis1 ,p5h>s1 ,spezet 7at ! well ( ,s4 ,g\z5\71 ,l&ev5nec1 ,pl\gonnec4 ,sunday aft] ,asc5sion ,day4 ,trgoat1 ,s4 ,divy4 ,:it ,sunday4 ,k]nilis2 ,pl\id]2 ,ed]n2 ,coray2 ,spezet 7,*apel ( ,cran74 ,:it ,monday4 ,quimp]l 7,p>don des ,oiseaux72 ,pont l',abb 7,p>don des ,enfants72 ,ergu-,armel1 ,la ,=t1 ,l&udal1 ,ploneis1 ,l&eleau1 ,c>antec4 ,:it ,?ursday4 ,g\ezec 7,les ,fonta9es74 ,augu/4 #a/ ,sunday 9 ,augu/4 ,pleyb5 7horse races72 ,plbannalec2 ,p\ldreuzic2 ,pl\gomel92 ,huelgot2 ,s4 ,nicodme 9 ,plumeliau 7,m47 7,cattle bless$2 second day horse fair1 & girls sell _! tresses to hair m]*ants74 ,judg+ by ! 8p>dons10 ! sol/itial celebrations are n s num]\s z ^? connect$ ) ! ,may ye>2 ! bonfire is built up by ! head ( a family 9 :i* ! "r is h]$it>y4 ,! fire has to be light$ only by a pure virg91 & ! sick & feeble are c>ri$ to ! spot1 z ! bonfire flames are held to be gift$ ) miracul\s heal+ p[]s4 ,:5 ! flames are abat$1 /ones are plac$ = ! s\ls ( ! dead to sit !re ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! night & enjoy ! heat4 8,e memb] ( ! community c>ries away a h&ful ( a%es z a sov]eign cure = sundry maladies4 ,! :ole proce$+ is in/9ct ) paganism0 7p4 #ge74 ,) reg>d to ! accompany+ sacrifices we read3 8,9 anci5t times sacrifices 7 made ( cocks & ox5 at c]ta9 %r9es--n[ !y are /ill pres5t$1 b x is to ! *apels ( sa9ts4 ,s4 ,h]bot receives c['s tails1 & ^! may be se5 heap$ ^u 8 alt> 9 ,loqeffret4 ,at ,coadret z _m z sev5 hundr$ are (f]$ on ! day ( ! 8p>don40 ,at ,s4 ,nicolas-des-,eaux1 x is ,s4 ,nicodemus :o 9 8 *apel receives gifts ( :ole ox51 & mu* ! same takes place at ,c>nac40 #cd ,/range ,survivals1 p4 #abj et seq4 #ce ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #bdh4 #cf ,! ,te/imony ( ,tradition4 #cg ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #eaf2 ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 p4 #bae4 #ch ,e?nology 9 ,folklore1 pp4 #cb & #afc4 #ci ,a ,book ( ,brittany4 #dj ,^! 8p>dons0 run /rangely p>allel ) ! 8,fea/ ,days0 9 ,e4 & ,w4 ,p5ri?1 9 ,cornwall1 :]e ( #bf fea/s1 #ac occur ar\nd ! *ief days ( ! ,may ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,sacr$ ,,trees ,! subject ( tree-wor%ip is a va/ "o1 z anyone may ga!r :o w read ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,=tunately = my read]s x is n necess>y to discuss ! :ole or ev5 any great "p ( x 9 connection ) ! inquiry :i* n[ conc]ns u4 ,i may say t only r>ely is ! old tree-wor%ip consid]$ ) its concomitant ( temple-wor%ip1 s t ,i n[ h to br+ toge!r in=mation widely sep>at$ because ! connection :i* ,i h to %[ 0 intimate has n be5 enl>g$ ^u2 inde$1 9 _m cases x has n be5 suspect$4 ,!re is ano!r limitation ( ! inquiry4 ,we h only to deal *iefly ) ^? plants & trees record$ z wor%ipp$ at ! *ief fe/ival times ( ! ye>1 :i* h already be5 m>k$ out = u by ! fire c]emonials4 ,^! fires 7 l ! *ron(] in/all$ 9 mod]n days at ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice1 _! practical function be+ to give ! "t2 !y ann\nc$ ! beg9n+ ( a new season4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,i ref]r$ to ! association ( ,mi/letoe ) ! ,sol/itial wor%ip4 ,:5 we deal ) ! ,may ye> we meet con/antly ) ref]5ces to ! ,r[an & ! ,haw?orn 9 ! folklore connect$ ) x4 ,we seem 9 pres5ce1 !n1 n only ( tree cult g5]ally1 b ( sacr$ trees special to ea* ( ! two wor%ips we h be5 consid]+4 ,i propose n[1 !re=e1 to br+ toge!r "s ( ! in=mation to be ga!r$ f a v cursory ref]5ce to ! va/ lit]ature :i* exi/s on ! subject4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ,i begg$ my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,bayley ,balf\r1 ,keep] ( ! ,k+'s ,g>d5 at ,ed9burgh1 to give me "s p>ticul>s ( ! ,r[an ,tree1 :i* ,i imag9$ 7#a7 to h be5 *os5 on acc\nt ( its fl[]s be+ prom95t ab\t ,may ,day 7,beltane7 & its b]ries 9 e>ly ,novemb] 7,hall[e'en71 & 7#b7 to h a diff]5t habitat f ! ,mi/letoe4 ,i h to ?ank my fri5d = mu* valuable in=mation4 ,! ,r[an ,tree1 call$ also ! ,m\nta9 ,a% 7,pyrus ,aucup>ia71 seems to gr[ pretty freely all ov] ! ,nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,pr(essor ,balf\r tells me3 8,r[an is ess5tially a ,nor!rn plant--an immigrant to ,europe f ,n4,w4 ,asia--& n[ is spread all ov] ,nor? & ,c5tral ,europe 9 abundance1 ) only "s #8feel]s' pass+ s\? into ! ,m$it]ranean ,bas94 ,x does n g s\? ( ,cappadocia 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,x does n rea* ,greece4 ,9 ,italy x occurs on ! ,ea/]n ,ap5n9es1 & also 9 ,n4,e4 ,sicily4 ,9 ,spa9 x runs ov] ! high] regions 9 ! ,n4 & into ! c5tre1 pass+ j into ,portugal4 ,its occurr5ce 9 ,madeira is n c]ta9ly e/abli%$ z a natural ph5om5on2 p]haps x is only introduc$ !re4 ,9 all ^! ,s\!rn outruns ! tree _c be said to h any dom9ance1 & its area & abundance are inf9itely less ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,sc&9avia is "o ( its be/ homes4 ,ev]y:]e x is f\nd "r nor? to #ga1 !re becom+ a bu% only1 b yet rip5+ se$4 ,x rea*es ,icel&1 :]e trees ( "s size occur4 ,all ov] ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& x is g5]ally spread4 ,y may c]ta9ly say !re is mu* 9 ,norway1 & !re is equally c]ta9ly less1 ev5 little1 9 ,italy40 ,9 ,pratt's ,fl[]+ ,plants ( ,great ,brita9 7vol4 #b1 p4 #bfj7 x is /at$1 8,! fl[]s1 :i* gr[ 9 d5se clu/]s1 & are gre5i%-:ite1 appe> 9 ,may4444 ,9 autumn1 h[ev]1 ! tree is m beautiful ?an 9 summ]1 = at t season ! ri* clu/] ( r$ fruits gleams among ! foliage1 ea* b]ry hav+ ! =m ( a t9y apple1 & conta9+ a little core & se$s )940 ,at ,*ri/iania ! mean ( t5 ye>s' fl[]+ is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,s*bel]#da z--fir/ fl[]s1 ,june #ai2 g5]al fl[]+1 ,june #cj4 ,?is1 !n1 is lat] ?an 9 ,brita94 ,on high gr\nds ! fruit is conspicu\s "h on ,novemb] #a2 on l[] levels ! birds attack x & r$uce its /rik+ appe>ance be=e t date4 ,associat$ ) ! ,r[an 9 ! folklore connect$ ) temple wor%ip is ! ,haw?orn1 ,:ite?orn or 8,may0 7,crategus oxyocan?a71 :i* also fl[]s at ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 :ile its b]ries or 8haws10 l ^? ( ! ,r[an1 are conspicu\s 9 ,novemb]4 ,we see1 !n1 t !re is a mo/ obvi\s reason 9 ?is = ! association ( ! two trees4 ,accord+ to ,rhys1#db ! ,engli% "n appe>s to be ( ,sc&9avian orig91 ! ,old ,norse be+ reynir1 ,dani% rnne1 ,sw$i% rnn2 & ! old ,norsem5 treat$ ! tree z holy & sacr$ to ,?or4 ,^! two trees int]e/ u f ?ree po9ts ( view4 ,we f9d !m connect$ )3-- #a4 ,may & ,novemb] celebrations4 #b4 ,sup]/itions conc]n+ wit*craft1 c4 #c4 ,holy wells4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all deal ) ! two =m]4 ,i4 ,! ,may ,celebrations4 ,see+ t ! ye> beg9n+ 9 ,may 0 e/abli%$ because t mon? really op5$ ! vegetation ye>1 x is little to be wond]$ at t among ! *ief features ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day 0 :at we may t]m a fl[] wor%ip2 x is probable t we are "h deal+ ) ! sacr$-tree side ( ! g5]al fe/ival at all ! monum5ts erect$ 9 connection ) ! ,may ye> wor%ip4 ,! old traditions h l+]$ longe/ ar\nd ! ?+s we h /ill ) u1 ! trees & fl[]s2 & x is 9 connection ) ?is side ( ! wor%ip t mo/ in=mation is available4 ,f ! facts ,i h already /at$1 = ,brita9 ! ,r[an & ,haw?orn 7 mo/ naturally select$ z ! typical =ms4#dc ,_m poets h writt5 ( ?is fe/ival#dd3 ,*auc]1 ,%aksp]e1 ,milton1 ,b\rne1 ,h]rick & o!rs4 ,*auc] writes3 8,f\r? goe? al ! ,c\rt bo? mo/ & le/1 ,to fet* ! fl\ris fre% & bran*e & blome10 :5 n ! c\rti]s only1 b l[lie/ ( m5 & maid5s salli$ =? 8,to d obs]vaunce to a morn ( ,may40 ,!re is a va/ lit]ature connect$ ) ,may ,day celebrations1 among x ref]5ces to ,celtic cu/oms1 & ,i may add t1 besides ,may ,day1 ,augu/1 ,novemb] & ,febru>y _h _! fl[] fe/ivals also4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 deal *iefly ) ,may 9 ?is book to keep x )9 b\nds4 ,may ,day 9 ,manx 0 t]m$ ,%5n ,laa ,boaldyn2 x is ! bellta9e ( ,cormac's ,gloss>y1 ! ,scot* ,gaelic equival5t ( :i* is bealtu9n4 ,! traditions & cu/oms connect$ ) ,may ,day 9 ,great ,brita9 h surviv$ longe/ 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&2 ev5 n[1 z w be se5 by ! acc\nt ( rec5t celebrations at ,hel/on 9 ,cornwall1 giv5 bel[1 !y are /ill cont9u$4 ,altoge!r ! cu/oms1 anci5t & mod]n1 ( :i* ! fl[] wor%ip =m$ a "p1 may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,light+ ( bonfires1#de &1 9 ! ev5+1 h\ses illum9at$ ) c&les1 tor*es c>ri$ ab\t1 & fireballs play$ )4 #b4 ,man & bea/ pass$ ?r\gh ! fire or betwe5 two fires4 #c4 ,go+ out at daybreak to ga!r ,:ite?orn or ,may 7,sycamore 9 ,cornwall71 & mak+ :i/les ( ! bran*es = ! ,may-music & m]ry-mak+4 ,bl[+ ( t9 horns at daybreak by boys1 & f money receiv$ gett+ breakfa/ at a f>mh\se4 #d4 ,fl[]-b$eck$ girls dance r\nd a ,maypole1 & "o *os5 z 8,que5 ( ! ,may40 #e4 ,9 ,cornwall ! cu/om prevail$ till lately ( go+ out ) buckets or any available vessels full ( wat] & ?or\ghly wett+ anyone :o 0 n we>+ a piece ( ,may4 #f4 ,! 8,furry ,dance0 79 ,cornwall71 :i* consi/s 9 danc+ ?r\gh ! t[n & also ?r\gh z _m h\ses z desir$4 ,if resi/ance is (f]$ x is p]mitt$ to break op5 ! door1 & no p5alty c be impos$4 #g4 ,sacrifices made 7,isle ( ,man7 at a v anci5t date1 & probably human ones /ill e>li] 7,scotl&74 #h4 ,special wor%ip at holy wells4 ,fl[]s are public prop]ty on ,flora ,day1 & ?is cu/om ( danc+ ?r\gh ! h\ses is suppos$ to h orig9at$ probably = ! purpose ( pick+ ! fl[]s 9 ! g>d5s beh9d4 ,! foll[+ is a %ort ab/ract ( a v int]e/+ acc\nt giv5 9 ,! ,we/]n ,weekly ,news1 ,may #ac?1 #aije1 ( ! 8,flora ,day0 at ,hel/on1 ,cornwall1 :i* took place ?is ye>4 ,x gives u an idea ( =m] fe/ivals :i* are s quickly dy+ out3-- ,! ,furry ,dance is always ! feature ( ! day4 ,! fir/ "p took place at sev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 at :i* h\r two c\ples />t$ out & danc$ ?r\gh ! /reets & ?r\gh "s h\ses ( resid5ts4 ,! great dance 0 at noon1 & ^? tak+ "p 9 x assembl$ 9 ! ,corn ,ex*ange4 ,:5 all 0 ready ! :ole company1 head$ by a b& play+ ! old ,furry ,dance1 />t$ out & danc$ ?r\gh ! t[n & ?r\gh _m h\ses4 ,! re/ ( ! day 0 giv5 ov] to a ,horse ,%[ & to mu* m]ry-mak+4 ,excursions _h be5 run f all p>ts4 ,,ii4 ,! ,r[an ,tree & ,wit*craft4 ,!re is little d\bt t 9 ! con/ant association ( ! ,r[an ) ! ,may wor%ip & ! holy wells :i* 7 adjac5t to ! /one circles :]e ! wor%ip 0 conduct$1 we f9d ! reason ( ! selection ( ! wood ( ! ,r[an ,tree z an antidote to all ! ills :i* wit*craft 0 suppos$ to br+ ab\t4 ,rhys tells u t 8,! tree has also ! old names ( ,quick5-tree1 ,roddon1 & ,wit*5-tree40 ,to quote aga9 f ,pratt 7op4 cit4 vol4 #b1 p4 #bfa73 8,! old notion t ! ,m\nta9 ,a%1 or ,r[an ,tree1 z x is call$ 9 ! ,nor?1 0 efficaci\s aga9/ wit*craft & ! evil eye1 /ill prevails 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & ! ,scotti% ,highl&s4 ,p5nant rem>ks1 9 8 ,t\r ( ,scotl&1 t ! f>m]s c>efully pres]ve _! cattle aga9/ wit*craft by plac+ bran*es ( ,honeysuckle & ,m\nta9 ,a% 9 _! c[h\ses on ! #bnd ( ,may4 ,! milkmaid 9 ,we/morl& may (t5 be se51 ev5 n[1 ) a bran* ( ?is tree ei!r 9 h] h& or ti$ to h] milk+-pail1 f a simil> sup]/ition2 & 9 e>li] days crosses cut out ( its wood 7 worn ab\t ! p]son4 ,9 an old song call$ 8,laidley ,wood10 9 ! ,nor?umb]l& ,g>l&1 we f9d a ref]5ce to ?is3 8,! spells 7 va91 ! hag return'd ,to ! ,que5 9 sorr[ful mood1 ,cry+1 t wit*es h no p[] ,:]e !re is ,r[n-tree wood40 ,rhys1 ref]r+ to ,may ,day cu/oms 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 writes#df3 8,?is 0 a day :5 sy/ematic ef=ts 7 made to protect man & bea/ aga9/ elves & wit*es2 = x 0 !n t p c>ri$ crosses ( r[an 9 _! hats & plac$ may-fl[]s ov] ! tops ( _! doors & else:]e z pres]vatives aga9/ all malignant influ5ces4 ,) ! same object 9 view1 crosses ( r[an 7 likewise fa/5$ to ! tails ( ! cattle1 small crosses :i* _h to be made )\t ! help ( a knife40 ,9 connection ) ?is la/ ref]5ce1 ,rhys quotes a passage %[+ t a simil> ?+ is done 9 ,wales on ,may ,eve4#dg 8,ano!r bad papi/ic habit :i* prevails among "s ,wel% p is t ( plac+ "s ( ! wood ( ! r[an-tree 7co$ c]d9 or criafol7 9 _! corn l&s 7ttafyrieu7 & _! fields on ,may-eve 7,nos ,glamau7 ) ! idea t su* a cu/om br+s a bless+ on _! fields1 a proce$+ :i* w\ld bett] become a!i/s & pagans ?an ,*ri/ians40 ,rhys also tells u t 9 ,l9coln%ire1#dh 8a twig ( ! r[an-tree1 or wick51 z x is call$1 0 effective aga9/ all evil ?+s1 includ+ wit*es4 ,x is useful 9 _m ways to gu>d ! welf>e ( ! h\sehold1 & to pres]ve bo? ! live /ock & ! crops2 :ile plac$ on ! *urn x prev5ts any malign influ5ce f ret>d+ ! com+ ( ! butt]40 ,we also read 7p4 #ceh73 8,n only ! ,celts1 b "s also ( ! ,teutons1 h be5 9 ! habit ( atta*+ great importance to ! r[an or roan tree1 & reg>d+ x z a pres]vative aga9/ ! malignant influ5ce ( wit*es & all ?+s uncanny4444 ,moreov]1 ! ,sw$e ( mod]n times believes ! r[an a safegu>d aga9/ wit*craft1 & likes to h on bo>d 8 %ip some?+ or o!r made ( its wood1 to protect him aga9/ tempe/s & ! demons ( ! wat] _w40 ,9 ! ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhf1 we h ano!r int]e/+ ref]5ce to ?is tree4 ,rhys fir/ relates an old ,iri% fairy /ory1 ! sc5e ( :i* is suppos$ to h be5 8on ! pla9 ne> ! ,lake ( ,le9 ( ! ,crook$ ,tee?1 t is to say1 ! ,lake ( ,kill>ney40 ,9 x we are told t ! sc>let quick5-b]ries 7 fir/ br\ght f ! 8,l& ( ,promise10 t "o 0 accid5tally dropp$ & took root1 & 8f ! b]ry !re grew up a tree :i* _h ! virtues ( ! quick5-tree gr[+ 9 fairy-l&1 = all ! b]ries on x _h _m virtues40 ,!n we le>n 7page #ceh7 t ^! b]ries 8=m$ "p ( ! su/5ance ( ! gods1 accord+ to ,goidelic notions2 & ! description :i* has be5 quot$ ( ! b]ries makes !m a sort ( ,celtic c\nt]p>t to ! soma-plant ( ,h9du my?ology40 ,?is sugge/s t at ! ,novemb] ,celebration a decoction or brew ( ,r[an b]ries 0 us$ = curative or sup]/iti\s purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h ?\ght x desirable to ent] at "s l5g? into ! use ( ! ,r[an z a protection aga9/ wit*craft & z ! basis ( a brew us$ = diff]5t purposes1 because ! ,mi/letoe has be5 dealt ) 9 exactly ! same mann]2 inde$1 x 0 to ! lat] ,sol/itial wor%ip :at ! ,r[an & ,may?orn 7 to ! e>li] ,may wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has collect$ 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh#di mu* in=mation be>+ on ^! po9ts4 ,9 ,sw$51 on ,midsumm] ,eve1 ,mi/letoe is s\ght aft]1 ! p 8believ+ x to be1 9 a high degree1 possess$ ( my/ic qualities2 & t if a sprig ( x be atta*$ to ! ceil+ ( ! dwell+-h\se1 ! horse's /all1 or ! c['s crib1 ! #8,troll' w !n be p[]less to injure ei!r man or bea/40 ,! ,oak ,mi/letoe1 we are told1 is 8held 9 ! highe/ repute 9 ,sw$51 & is commonly se5 9 f>mh\ses hang+ f ! ceil+ to protect ! dwell+ f all h>m1 b especially f fire2 & p]sons afflict$ ) ! fall+ sickness ?9k !y c w>d (f attacks ( ! malady by c>ry+ ab\t ) !m a knife :i* has a h&le ( ,oak ,mi/letoe4 8,a ,sw$i% rem$y = o!r compla9ts is to hang a sprig ( ,mi/letoe r\nd ! suff]]'s neck1 or to make him we> on 8 f+] a r+ made f ! plant40 ,x w\ld appe> f ,mr4 ,fraz]'s inquiries t ! ,mi/letoe 0 en vid5ce at bo? ! summ] & w9t] sol/ice--precisely z ! ,r[an & ,haw?orn 7 associat$ ) ! ,may & ,novemb] fe/ivals4 ,he writes3-- 8,! sacr$ mi/letoe may h acquir$1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,druids1 a d\ble portion ( its my/ic qualities at ! sol/ice 9 ,june1 & accord+ly !y may h regul>ly cut x ) solemn c]emony on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,! conjecture is confirm$ :5 we f9d x to be /ill a rule ( folklore t ! mi/letoe %\ld be cut on ?is day4 ,fur!r1 ! peasants ( ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy /ill g out on ,midsumm]-morn+ to se>* ! oak-leaves = ! #8oil ( ,/4 ,john1' :i* is suppos$ to heal all w\nds made ) cutt+ in/rum5ts4 ,orig9ally1 p]haps1 ! #8oil ( ,/4 ,john' 0 simply ! mi/letoe1 or a decoction made f x4 ,= 9 ,hol/e9 ! mi/letoe1 especially oak-mi/letoe1 is /ill reg>d$ z a panacea = gre5 w\nds2 & if1 z is alleg$1 #8all-heal]' is ! "n ( ! plant 9 ! mod]n ,celtic spee* ( ,brittany1 ,wales1 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 ?is c be no?+ b a survival ( ! "n by :i*1 z we h se51 ! ,druids address$ ! oak1 or r1 p]haps1 ! mi/letoe4 ,at ,lacaune1 9 ,france1 ! old ,druidical belief 9 ! mi/letoe z an antidote to all poisons /ill survives among ! p2 !y apply ! plant to ! /oma* ( ! suff]]1 or give him a decoction ( x to dr9k40 ,if we attempt to collate ! diff]5t fe/ivals ) ! vegetation mo/ /rik+ or abundant at ea*1 9 diff]5t c\ntries naturally possess+ diff]5t floras1 a great v>iety ( plants & trees has to be consid]$4 ,x is probable t ! ,r[an-tree 0 *iefly tak5 "h z ! repres5tative ( ! a% 9 m s\!rn & ea/]n l&s1 & ! a% inde$ did n always take second rank1 especially 9 ! wor%ip connect$ ) wells1 z we %all see4 ,grimm#ej calls ! a% 8a _w tree :i* l9ks heav51 e>? & hell toge!r2 ( all trees ! greate/ & holie/40 ,9 ! same way at ! lat] e/abli%$ ,v]nal ,equ9ox fe/ival1 ! palm :i* gr[s 9 l[] latitudes 0 replac$ "h by ! will[4 ,coles1 9 8 ,adam 9 ,ed51#ea writes3 8,! will[ blossoms come =? be=e any leaves appe>1 & are 9 _! mo/ fl\ri%+ /ate usually be=e ,ea/]1 div]s ga!r+ !m to deck up _! h\ses on ,palm ,sunday1 & !re=e ! said fl[]s are call$ palme40 ,will[s are /ill us$ to deck *ur*es at ?is "t4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,r[an1 ! will[ 7or palm7 0 a protection aga9/ wit*craft2 small crosses & palm 7 c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! purses & plac$ ^u doors4 ,^! crosses _h to be made on ,palm ,sunday out ( ! wood us$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,sometimes box replac$ ! will[4 ,we are driv5 to ! conclusion t practices connect$ ) magic1 ! precursor ( ! lat] 8wit*craft10 7 associat$ ) ! fe/ivals n[ 9 "q1 & t ! products ( ! vegetable _w at ! diff]5t seasons 7 utiliz$ = ^! purposes4 ,! putt+ on ( a special g>b by ! vegetable _w at ea* season 9 turn w\ld be "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to be manife/$1 & ! close association ( x ) ! />s & ! sun 9 _! ye>ly c\rse w\ld cause ! repres5tatives ( x to be wor%ipp$ toge!r ) !m1 & x w\ld appe> f ! records t ! a/ronom] prie/s did n neglect ^? magical arts :i* 7 practis$ by man 9 ! e>ly /ages ( civilisation4 ,inde$1 ^! magical practices seem to h tak5 su* firm root t x 0 difficult to get rid ( !m ev5 9 mu* lat] times4 ,newton#eb writes3 8,i once knew a fooli% cock-bra9$ prie/ :i* m9i/]$ to a c]ta9e "y man ! a%es ( boxe1 be+ 7=soo?7 hall[$ on ,palme ,sunday1 accord+ to ! sup]/iti\s ord] & doctr9e ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 :i* a%es he m+l$ ) _! unholie holie wat] us+ to ! same a k9d (444 exorcisme2 :i*444 m$ic9e 7z he p]suad$ ! /&]s by7 _h v]tue to drive away any ague40 ,among ! virtues attribut$ to ! ,may ?orn 0 t ( pres]v+ ! beauty ( ^? maid5s :o at daybreak on ,may morn+ ea* ye> w\ld wa% !mselves 9 haw?orn dew4 ,z late z #aeae x 0 record$ t ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon1 accompani$ by tw5ty-five ( h] ladies1 salli$ out on ,may morn+ = ?is purpose4 #da ,s*bel]1 ,die ,pflanz5welt ,norweg5s1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahgc-ge1 p4 #dci4 #db ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ceh4 #dc ,! ,r[an _h to be cut on ,asc5sion ,day1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,,iii1 p4 #ddh4 #dd ,pratt's ,briti% ,fl[]+ ,plants1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bff4 #de ,! ^w bonfire1 accord+ to ! ,c5tury ,diction>y1 comes f ! 8e>ly mod]n ,engli%1 boonfire1 bondfire1 b\nfire1 lat] burnfire2 ,scot*1 banefire2 ! e>lie/ kn[n in/ance is banefyre4 #8ignis ossium1' 9 ! ,ca?olicon ,anglicum1 ,a4,d4 #adhc2 f bone 7,scot*1 bane1 ,middle ,engli%1 bone1 bon1 bane1 c47 fire40 ,h5ce ! ^w seems =m]ly to h meant a fire ( bones2 a fun]al pile1 a pyre4 ,& x has gradually develop$ into a fire out 9 ! op51 :atev] its object4 #df ,celtic ,folklore1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjh4 #dg ,vol4 ii4 p4 #fia4 #dh ,celtic ,folklore1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbe4 #di ,second ,edition1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cdc et seq4 #ej ,teutonic ,my?ology1 ,/allybrass's translation1 ii4 #gif4 #ea ,quot$ by ,hazlitt "u ,palm ,sunday4 #eb ,h]bal = ! ,bible1 p4 #bjg4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,holy ,,wells ,,& ,,/reams ,i h ?\ght x mo/ important to look up ?is subject ) a view ( see+ :e!r any clues 7 available :i* c\ld help u to associate ! introduction ( ! well c]emonials ) ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,may or ( ! ,sol/itial ye>4 ,= %ortness ,i w call ! c]emonial 8baptism10 n necess>ily baptism 9 ! mod]n s5se1 b z imply+ ! use ( wat] = purify+ or o!r religi\s purpose4 ,t baptism 0 pre-,*ri/ian is %[n by ,john ! ,bapti/ us+ ! ,jordan = ?is purpose be=e ,*ri/'s m9i/ration began4 7,matt4 #c4 #f47 ,!re is a trem5d\s lit]ature#ec deal+ ) ! folklore ( holy wells & /reams4 ,! numb] ( holy wells & /reams 9 ,brita9 is legion2 !re are #c1jjj 9 ,irel& alone1 & ! fir/ ?+ :i* /rikes u 9 a casual /udy ( ! folklore is ! close association ( ! wells ) sacr$ trees4 ,almo/ equally di/9ctly we ga!r t bo? 7 situat$ ne> holy /ones1 & t ! wor%ip includ$ c]emonials connect$ ) all ?ree4 ,! folklore deal+ ) holy wells & well-wor%ip is s v>i\s t x w be useful = our pres5t purpose to classify ! portions we ne$ "u ! foll[+ head+s4 #a4 ,well-wor%ip outcome ( pre-,*ri/ian days & cu/oms4 #b4 ,wells g5]ally situat$ ne> circles1 dolm5s1 cromle*s or cairns1 or *ur*es :i* h replac$ !m4 #c4 ,association ) sacr$ trees4 #d4 ,well-wor%ip & (f]+s4 #e4 ,"t ( ! *ief fe/ivals4 #a4 ,pagan orig94--,x seems to be accept$ n[ t well-wor%ip 9 ,brita9 orig9at$ long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 t x 0 n introduc$ by ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 b r !y f\nd x 9 vogue on _! arrival1 & tol]at$ x at fir/ & utiliz$ x aft]w>ds1 z !y did a great _m o!r ,pagan cu/oms4 ,) reg>d to ?is po9t ,wood-,m>t9 writes3#ed 8,9 _m ,iri% ,,mss4 !re are allusions to ?is pre-,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,= example1 ,tirehan relates t ,/4 ,patrick1 9 8 progress ?r\gh ,irel&1 came to a f\nta9 call$ ,slaun1 to :i* ! ,druids (f]$ sacrifices1 & :i* !y wor%ipp$ z a ,god2 & 9 ,adamnan's ,life ( ,/4 ,columkille x is rec\nt$ t ?is sa9t1 :5 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,picts1 he>d ( a notable f\nta9 to :i* ! ,pagans paid div9e hon\r40 ,he adds 7p4 #ej73 8,x evid5tly did n orig9ate 9 ! bless+ ( wells by e>ly sa9ts & ?us spread d[nw>ds1 until x became almo/1 if n q1 univ]sal2 on ! contr>y1 x began f ! p1 :o 7 be+ ,*ri/ianiz$1 & !nce p]meat$ ! entire sy/em ( ,iri% ,*ri/ianity40 ,b>+-,g\ld tells u mu* conc]n+ ! transitional /ate 7pp4 #bh et seq474 ,wood-,m>t9 divides holy wells into ?ree classes3 7#a7 ^? :i* 8d]ive _! reput$ virtues f ,pagan sup]/ition02 7#b7 ^? :i* 7 8transf]r$ f ,pagan to s-call$ ,*ri/ian uses10 & 7#c7 8a few :i* may lay claim to a m]ely ,*ri/ian orig940#ee ,x is v easy to und]/& h[ ! purely dev\t cu/om develop$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 9 ! case ( "s wells at any rate1 into a m sup]/iti\s "o1 h[ "s wells came to be call$ 8wi%+-wells0 & o!rs 7 reg>d$ z prophetic4 ,rhys gives u sev]al in/ances ( ^! two classes 9 ,wales4#ef ,wi%+-wells are kn[n all ov] ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 _m au?ors give acc\nts ( !m4#eg ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ! mo/ anci5t times magical practices 7 c>ri$ on at wells or at ! religi\s c5tre ( :i* ! well =m$ a con/itu5t "p4 ,local practices ( wit*craft w\ld be a natural survival ( ^!4 ,gomme 7p4 #hg7 ?us ref]s to ! well ( ,/4 ,aelian1 n f> f ,bettws ,ab]geley1 9 ,d5bigh%ire4 8,ne> ! well resid$ a woman :o (ficiat$ z a k9d ( prie/ess4 ,anyone :o wi%$ to inflict a curse ^u an enemy resort$ to ?is prie/ess1 & = a trifl+ sum %e regi/]$1 9 a book kept = ! purpose1 ! "n ( ! p]son on :om ! curse 0 wi%$ to fall4 ,a p9 0 !n dropp$ into ! well 9 ! "n ( ! victim1 & ! curse 0 complete40 ,! magical associations ) wells appe> 9 ! foll[+ extract 7giv5 by ,quill]-,c\*1 p4 #acd7 ( a lett] f ,dr4 ,o',connor1 ! au?or ( ! lett]s ( ,columbanus1 to 8 bro!r4 8,i h (t5 inquir$ ( y\r t5ants :at !y !mselves ?\ght ( _! pilgrimages to ! wells ( ,kill-,ara*t1 ,tobb> ,brighde1 ,tobb> ,muir1 ne> ,elph91 ,moor1 ne> ,ca/l]eagh1 :]e multitudes annually assembl$ to celebrate :at !y1 9 brok5 ,engli%1 t]m$ ,patt]ns 7,patron's days72 & :5 ,i press$ a v old man1 ,ow5 ,he/]1 to /ate :at possible advantage he expect$ to d]ive f ! s+ul> cu/om ( frequ5t+ 9 p>ticul> su* wells z 7 contigu\s to an old bla/$ oak1 or an upright hewn /one1 & :at ! mean+ 0 ( ! yet m s+ul> cu/om ( /ick+ rags on ! bran*es ( su* trees & spitt+ on !m1 8 answ]1 & ! answ] ( ! olde/ m51 0 t _! ance/ors always did x1 & t x 0 a pres]vation aga9/ ,geasa ,draoide*t1 i4e41 ! sorc]ies ( ! ,druids1 & t _! cattle 7 pres]v$ by x f infecti\s disord]s2 t ! dao9i mai!1 i4e41 ! fairies1 7 kept 9 good hum\r by x2 & s ?or\ghly p]suad$ 7 !y ( ! sanctity ( ^! ,pagan practices t !y w\ld travel b>ehead$ & b>efoot$ f t5 to tw5ty miles = ! purpose ( crawl+ on _! knees r\nd ^! wells1 upright /ones1 & oak trees1 we/w>d1 z ! sun travels1 "s ?ree times1 "s six1 "s n9e1 & s on 9 unev5 numb]s until _! volunt>y p5ances 7 completely fulfill$40 #b4 ,wells g5]ally situat$ ne> /one monum5ts or *ur*es :i* h replac$ !m4--,we f9d _m in/ances ( wells ne> /one circles & dolm5s4 ,x may ev5 be t ! exi/5ce ( ! spr+ det]m9$ ! position ( ! circle1 = ! (ficiat+ a/ronom]-prie/ mu/ l o!r mortals h _h a wat] supply available4 8,:]e a spr+ or a riv] fl[s10 says ,s5eca1 8!re %\ld we build alt>s & (f] sacrifices0 7,hope1 p4 #dg74 ,! foll[+ %[s h[ closely connect$ !y 74#eh 8,closely associat$ ) ! circles1 & occupy+ an equally important position 9 ! religi\s rites & c]emonies ( ! anci5t inhabitants1 7 sacr$ wells4 ,^! 7 m num]\s ?an circles1 no d\bt ow+ to ! fact t _! acquisition 0 m easily accompli%$3 b among/ sacr$ wells we f9d "s1 z we f9d c]ta9 circles1 occupy+ a position ( pre-em95ce 9 ! religi\s cult ( _! vot>ies1 & ^!1 z a rule1 9 close proximity to sun & moon temples4 ,at ,tillie ,beltane1 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 9 close proximity to ! rema9s ( a l>g] & small] circle1 is a well :i* 0 held sacr$ by ! p4 ,accord+ to ,col4 ,leslie1 on ,beltane & ,midsumm] days1 ^? on :om ! dire h& ( disease _h fall51 or ^? desir\s ( av]t+ t calamity1 w5t sev5 times r\nd ! sacr$ wells sunwise 7deasil7#ei & !n proce$$ to ! circles1 :]e a l c]emony 0 p]=m$40 8,9 ,/5ness we f9d ! same association ( ! well & ! circles4 ,b 9 h>mony ) ! unrivall$ complet5ess ( ^! monum5ts444 we f9d ! sacr$ well "h 9 a clos] & deep] connection ) ! circles ?an else:]e40 8,9 ! p>i% ( ,/5ness !re is a di/rict call$ ,bigswell1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a sacr$ well1 & f :i* ! di/rict takes its "n1 ,big7s7well4444 ,be t z x may1 we "k f tradition t d[n to ! "t :5 ! ,/one ( ,od9 0 demoli%$1 p>5ts came to ! well ) *ildr51 on ,beltane & ,midsumm]1 pass$ r\nd x sunwise1 & hav+ ba!d _! little ones 7a heal?y ordeal71 c>ri$ !m !nce to ! ,/one ( ,od91 & pass$ !m ?r\gh ! hole z a div9e protection aga9/ ! malignant influ5ces ( ! evil "o40 ,borlase records an in/ance ( a well ne> a /one-circle 9 ,irel& 9 ! ,t[nl& ( ,ballyf]rit]1 9 ,c\nty ,k]ry4#fj ,! same au?or also gives examples 9 ,irel& ( wells ne> dolm5s1 & ( wells cov]$ by dolm5s4#fa ,x may be rem>k$ t 9 ,cornwall ,*apel ,euny well is associat$ ) ! circles at ,b>t9n & ,c>n ,euny2 ,/4 ,cle] ) ! ?ree circles at ! ,hurl]s1 & ,alsia well is ne> ! ,bolleit circle4 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o is my au?ority = ^! /atem5ts4 ,a well is (t5 f\nd ne> a cell1 cairn or keeill4 ,rhys gives u two examples 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4#fb ,at ,ardmore ,bay ! holy well is )9 ! ru9$ *apel ( ! sa9t4#fc ,a va/ pile ( /ones surr\nds ! holy well 9 ,gl5columbkille 9 ,donegal4#fd ,x might be useful to add "h t x is a v common ?+ to f9d a well by a s-call$ tomb ( a sa9t4 ,let u turn n[ to wells situat$ ne> *ur*es4 ,x is v g5]ally kn[n t _m *ur*es h be5 built on ! sites ( /one-circles1 m5hirs1 c4 ,?is leads u to ?9k t "s =m ( wor%ip mu/ h tak5 place at ! 8anci5t-/ones0 orig9ally4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,wilson's ,ar*ology 7page #aaj7 is giv5 9 ,/oneh5ge by ,sir ,h5ry ,james 7page #ag73 8,! common ,gaelic phrase--,am bheil ?u dol don *la*an--,are y go+ to ! /ones8--by :i* ! ,scotti% ,highl&] /ill enquires at a neighb\r if he is b\nd = *ur*1 seems 9 itself no d\btful tradition ( anci5t wor%ip )9 ! monoli?ic r+40 ,rhys#fe gives u _m in/ances ( wells ne> *ur*es1 & "h x may be useful to add t ! ,wel% = well is ,ffynnon4 ,ffynnon ,faglan is describ$ z be+ ne> a *ur*1 also ,ffynnon ,fair1 a wi%+-well4 ,criccie? ,*ur* is suppos$ to h _h a well ne> x at "o "t4 ,aga91 ,ffynnon ,b]is is ne> ! p>i% *ur* ( ,llanb]is 7p4 #cff71 & ,ffynnon ,elian ne> to ! *ur* ( ,llanelian1 ,d5bigh%ire4 ,!n !re are ,/4 ,teilo's ,*ur* & ,well at ,ll&eilo ,llwyd>?1 ne> ,ma5 ,clo*og1 ,nor? ,pembroke%ire4 ,wood-,m>t9#ff ref]s to ! rites at ! well ( ,tubb]patrick1 "p ( ! c]emony tak+ place 9 ! *ur* ne> by4 #c4 ,association ( sacr$ wells ) sacr$ trees4--,rhys1 & _m o!r au?ors1 give u sev]al in/ances ( a tree by ! side ( a well4#fg ,:5 we come to deal ) well (f]+s we %all f9d1 9 fact1 t 9 almo/ e case a tree has be5 a necess>y companion ( ! well1 z ! well (f]+s 7 hung on !m4 ,9 _m cases1 ( c\rse1 ! k9d ( tree is n specifi$4 ,:5 x is1 x is almo/ inv>iably ! r[an or haw?orn4 ,rhys tells u3 8,! tree to expect by a sacr$ well is d\btless "s k9d ( ?orn40#fh ,!n aga91 ) ref]5ce to ,irel&1 ,rhys1 p4 #cce1 quotes a passage f a lett] by ! late ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,borlase1 on ,rag ,(f]+s & ,primitive ,pilgrimages 9 ,irel&1 to ! effect t a haw?orn almo/ inv>iably /&s by ! br9k ( ! typical ,iri% 8holy well40 ,!re are also _m ref]5ces to ?orn trees 9 ! same position 9 ,wales4 ,!re are ?orn trees at ,/4 ,madron's well 9 ,cornwall1 & at ,*apel well ,/4 ,brew>d 9 ! same c\nty ne> ,bodm91 !re is a ?orn tree ov] ! well4 ,n only are wells (t5 record$ z ne> sacr$ trees1 b 9 ! case ( "s we le>n t at ! *ief annual fe/ival !y 7 deck$ ) fl[]s & g>l&s1 & 8encircl$ ) a jovial b& ( "y p celebrat+ ! day ) song & dance40 ,?is is record$ ( ! 8bless+ ( ! ,br9e0 at ,nantwi* 7,hope1 p4 #g74 #d4 ,well wor%ip & (f]+s4--,al?\gh ! traditions & sup]/itions connect$ ) wells are fa/ becom+ ?+s ( ! pa/1 9 c]ta9 p>ts !y are /ill believ$ & practis$4 ,gomme#fi in=ms u t well-wor%ip prevails 9 e c\nty ( ! ?ree k+doms4 ,he f9ds x 8mo/ vital 9 ! ,gaelic c\ntries1 some:at less s 9 ! ,briti%1 & almo/ entirely want+ 9 ! ,teutonic s\?-ea/4 ,9 "s cases wells 7 resort$ to = ! cure ( diseases2 9 o!rs to obta9 *ange ( wea!r or good luck4 ,(f]+s 7 made to !m to propitiate _! gu>dian gods & nymphs4 ,p5nant tells u t 9 old5 times ! ri* w\ld sacrifice "o ( _! horses at a well ne> ,ab]gel5 to secure a bless+ ^u ! re/4#gj ,f[ls 7 (f]$ at ,/4 ,tegla's ,well1 ne> ,wrexham1 by epileptic pati5ts1#ga b ( late ye>s ! well spirits h _h to be cont5t ) mu* small] tributes--su* trifles z p9s1 rags1 col\r$ pebbles & small co9s40 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is dw9dl+ d[n ( ! (f]+ we h *iefly to d ) rags1 b ,i ?9k we may le>n f ! traditions t orig9ally x 0 an (f]+ ( a g>m5t1 & to ! (ficiat+ prie/1 at ! well1 or temple ) :i* ! well 0 connect$4 ,x is also a "q :e!r ! almo/ univ]sal association ( p9s ) ! g>m5t or "p ( x might n h orig9at$ at a "t :5 su* an (f]+--x 0 probably orig9ally a sk9--to a prie/ )\t a p9 7( bone7 to fa/5 x on w\ld n h be5 complete4 ,9 ,k5t's cav]n p9s ( bone h be5 f\nd associat$ ) bones ( paloli?ic mammals4 ,mr4 ,gomme tells u1#gb 8,9 ! case ( "s wells1 especially 9 ,scotl&1 at "o "t ! :ole g>m5t 0 put d[n z an (f]+4 ,gradually ^! (f]+s ( clo!s became less & less till !y came d[n to rags40 ,he also po9ts out1 z we h already se51 t 8! geographical di/ribution ( rag-(f]+s co9cides ) ! exi/5ce ( monoli?s & dolm5s40 ,z has be5 not$1 almo/ inv>iably by ! side ( e well !re gr[s ! 8sacr$ tree10 a r[an or ?orn = ! mo/ "p2 on ?is tree ! rags are hung1 !n ! b5t p9 is dropp$ 94 ,if !re happ5s to be no tree1 or if x is s old t only ! /ump is left1 !n ! rags may sometimes be se5 w$g$ 9 betwe5 ! /ones ( ! well4 ,quill]-,c\* 7p4 #ace7 tells u t at ,ahag\r 9 ,mayo is a well mu* frequ5t$ by pilgrims1 = p5ance *iefly1 :]e among o!r (f]+s !y cut up _! clo!s1 be !y ev] s new1 & tie !m to ! two old trees gr[+ ne>1 8le/1 on ! day ( judgm5t10 ?9ks ! sup]/iti\s peasant1 8! ,almighty %\ld =get t he came !re1 & 9 ord] t ! tok5s %\ld be kn[n1 :5 ,/4 ,patrick %\ld lay !m be=e ! tribunal40 ,:5 ! orig9al well-wor%ip 9 relation ) ! temples became dise/abli%$1 if ! well-wor%ip 7 kept up at all1 reasons o!r ?an ! old "o w\ld soon be inv5t$1 & _m ( ^! w\ld naturally be connect$ ) magic & sorc]y4 ,9 ! olde/ days ! prie/ w\ld be a physician z well z an a/ronom] & a magician1 & 8 advice might be good = v>i\s disord]s1 b aft] he _h disappe>$ !re 0 only magic to dep5d ^u2 & ?is atmosph]e is reflect$ 9 ! traditions4 ,i w n[ give a few extracts to %[ :at goes on at pres5t 9 c]ta9 localities ) reg>d to ! (f]+s1 & ! frame ( m9d ( ! devotees4 ,) ref]5ce to ! reasons = ! (f]+s made 9 ! pres5t day1 ,wood-,m>t9 writes3#gc 8,wells 7 ! haunts ( spirits t prov$ to be propiti\s if rememb]$1 b 7 v9dictive if neglect$1 & h5ce no devotee approa*$ ! sacr$ prec9cts empty-h&$1 ! pr9ciple be+ no gift no cure2 !re=e ! mod]n devotee1 :5 ty+ up a fragm5t f ! clo?+1 or dropp+ a cake1 a small co91 or a crook$ p9 into ! well1 is unconsci\sly wor%ipp+ ! old presid+ _s ( ! place40 ,rhys#gd gives u a great deal ( in=mation on ?is4 ,! ritual v>ies at "s ( !m4 ,p came f f> & ne>2 x is ! cu/om to make "s sort ( (f]+1 rags & p9s be+ ! mo/ mod]n1 & ab\t ^! we h mo/ in=mation z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,rhys quotes /atem5ts he has receiv$ ab\t ?ree wells 9 ! c\nty ( ,glamorgan 7,vol4 #a1 p4 #cef74 ,at ! fir/ x 0 ! cu/om 8t ! p]son :o wi%es 8 heal? to be b5efit$ %\ld wa% 9 ! wat] ( ! well1 & ?r[ a p9 into x aft]w>ds40 ,at ano!r 8! cu/om prevails ( ty+ rags to ! bran*es ( a tree gr[+ close at h&02 & at ! ?ird1 8x is ! cu/om = ^? :o are heal$ 9 x to tie a %r$ ( l95 or cotton to ! bran*es ( a tree t /&s close by2 & !re ! %r$s are almo/ z num]\s z ! leaves40 ,fur!r 7p4 #cfc7 we read ( ano!r ,ffynnon ,faglan1 & ( ?is ,rhys says1 8,"o told me 8 "m us$ to take him to x :5 he 0 a *ild = sore eyes1 ba! !m ) ! wat]1 & !n drop 9 a p94 ,! o!r man1 :5 he 0 "y1 ba!d 9 x = rheumatism40 ,( ?is well x is record$ t :5 x 0 clean$ out ab\t fifty ye>s ago 8two bas9fuls ( p9s 7 tak5 out10 :i* 7 all b5t1 b no co9s 7 f\nd 9 x4 ,wood-,m>t9#ge also gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! rite p]=m$ at a c]ta9 well 9 ,irel&2 x is a little m elaborate ?an at "s1 b af=ds an idea ( :at 0 probably at "o "t a v usual c]emony 9 connection ) /ones 9 o!r places4 8,9 a /ati/ical acc\nt ( ! p>i% ( ,dungiv51 writt5 9 #ahac1 x is /at$ t at ! well ( ,tubb]patrick1 aft] p]=m+ ! usual r\nds1 devotees wa% _! h&s & feet ) ! wat] & te> (f a small rag f _! clo!s1 :i* !y tie on a bu% ov]hang+ ! well2 f :5ce !y all proce$ to a l>ge /one 9 ! ,riv] ,roe1 imm$iately bel[ ! old *ur*1 & hav+ p]=m$ an oblation !y walk r\nd ! /one1 b[+ to x1 & repeat+ pray]s z at ! well4 ,_! next movem5t is to ! old *ur*1 )9 :i* a simil> c]emony goes on1 & !y f9i% ?is rite by a procession & pray]s r\nd ! upright /one40 #e4 ,"t ( ! *ief fe/ival4--,on ?is po9t !re is n a great quantity ( precise in=mation1 b :at we h po9ts to ,may #a z be+ ab\t ! "t :5 ! holy wells are mo/ frequ5t$ & consid]$ mo/ efficaci\s4 ,?is lack ( in=mation arises f ! fact t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,may ye> 9 prehi/oric times has n be5 ev5 dreamt ( by ^? :o h compil$ ! v>i\s acc\nts ( ! fa/ fad+ traditions1 & 9 v _m in/ances a ref]5ce to an unkn[n sa9t's day is ! only in=mation giv5 z to ! "t ( ! annual celebration4 ,wide g5]alisation1 !re=e1 f ! mat]ial at h& is risky4 ,i w ref] 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! ,may wor%ip1 & beg9 ) ! fam\s ,madron well 9 ,cornwall1 ! walls ( :i* ,i f\nd to be ori5t$ to ! ,may sunrise1 s t ! prie/ (ficiat+ at ! alt> w\ld face ! sunrise4 ,quill]-,c\* 7p4 #acg7 ?us ref]s to :at happ5$ !re4 8,*ildr5 us$ to be tak5 to ?is well on ! fir/ ?ree ,sunday morn+s 9 ,may to be dipp$ 9 ! wat]1 t !y might be cur$ ( ! rickets1 or any o!r disord] ) :i* !y 7 tr\bl$4 ,?ree times !y 7 plung$ into ! wat]1 aft] hav+ be5 /ripp$ nak$2 ! p>5t1 or p]son dipp+ !m1 /&+ fac+ ! sun2 aft] ! dipp+ !y 7 pass$ n9e times r\nd ! well f ea/ to we/2 !n !y 7 dress$ & laid on ,/4 ,mad]n's b$2 %\ld !y sleep1 & ! wat] 9 ! well bubble1 x 0 consid]$ a good om54 ,/rict sil5ce _h to be kept dur+ ! entire p]=mance1 or ! spell 0 brok54 ,at ! pres5t "t ! p g to ! well 9 cr[ds on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,may1 :5 ! ,wesleyans hold a s]vice !re1 & a s]mon is prea*$2 aft] :i* ! p ?r[ 9 two p9s or pebbles to consult ! _s1 or try = swee!>ts2 if ! two articles s9k toge!r1 !y w soon be m>ri$4 8,"h div9ation is p]=m$ on ,may morn+ by ru/ic maid5s anxi\s to "k :5 !y are to be m>ri$4 ,two pieces ( /raw ab\t an in* long are cross$ & transfix$ ) a p94 ,?is1 float$ on ! wat]s1 elicits bubbles1 ! numb] ( :i*1 c>efully c\nt$1 d5otes ! ye>s be=e ! happy day40 ,*apel ,euny 9 ,cornwall1 ne> ! ,b>t9n circle1 has a wi%+ 7lucky7 well ne> x4 ,x 0 us$ on "o ( ! ?ree fir/ ,w$nesdays 9 ,may4 ,*ildr5 suff]+ f mes5t]ic disease are dipp$ ?ree times 8widd]s*ynnes10 t is contr>y to ! sun's motion1 & dragg$ r\nd ! well ?ree times 9 ! same direction4#gf ,edmunds#gg ?us ref]s to ?is well3-- 8,"s ye>s s9ce ,i _h ! curiosity to g ) a fri5d to ,*apel ,euny on "o ( ^! ,w$nesdays1 &1 :il/ wat*+ at a di/ance1 we saw two wom5 come to ! well at ! appo9t$ h\r1 & p]=m ?is c]emony on an infant40 ,alsia ,well1 9 ! p>i% ( ,buryan1 same p>i% z ,bolleit circle1 has its well c]emonials on ! fir/ ?ree ,w$nesdays 9 ,may4 ,9 ,cornwall ! ,may ba?+ c]emonial is ev5 c>ri$ out 9 salt wat]4#gh ,! "t *os5 is ! same z t at ,madron & ,*apel ,euny1 ! fir/ ?ree ,sundays 9 ,may4 ,?is ,sunday 9 ,may celebration is n conf9$ to ,cornwall4 ,at ,ed5 ,hall1 ,giant's ,cave1 wat] ) sug> is drunk on ! ?ird ,sunday 9 ,may4 ,a va/ conc\rse ( bo? sexes is pres5t4#gi ,at ,rorr+ton1 a t[n%ip 9 ! p>i% ( ,*irbury1 0 a holy well at :i* a wake 0 celebrat$ on ,asc5sion ,day4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ?is well giv5 by ,gomme 7p4 #hb7 we get a glimpse ( _m associat$ usages4 8,! well 0 adorn$ ) a b[] ( gre5 b\ghs1 ru%es1 & fl[]s1 & a may-pole 0 set up4 ,! p walk$ r\nd ! well1 danc+ & frolick+ z !y w5t4 ,!y ?rew p9s into ! well to br+ good luck & to pres]ve !m f be+ bewit*$1 & !y also drank "s ( ! wat]4 ,cakes 7 also eat52 !y 7 r\nd flat buns f ?ree to f\r in*es across1 sweet5$1 spic$1 & m>k$ ) a cross1 & !y 7 suppos$ to br+ good luck if kept40 ,! leg5d giv5 by ,quill]-,c\* 7p4 #ee7 respect+ ,/4 ,cu?b]t's well 9 ,nor? ,cornwall is t 89 old5 times mo!rs on ,asc5sion ,day br\ght _! de=m$ or sickly *ildr5 "h1 & dipp$ !m 91 at ! same "t pass+ !m ?r\gh ! ap]ture connect+ ! two ci/]ns2 & ?us1 x is said1 !y became heal$ ( _! disease or de=mity4 ,x w\ld seem t o!r classes also believ$ virtue to reside 9 its wat]2 = x is said t ! cripples 7 accu/om$ to leave _! crut*es 9 ! hole at ! head ( ! well40 ,at ! village ( ,tiss+ton1 ne> ,a%b\rne1 9 ,d]by%ire1 ! cu/om ( well-fl[]+ is /ill obs]v$ on e anniv]s>y ( ! ,asc5sion 7,hope1 p4 #dh74 ,we may ga!r f ^! associat$ obs]vances at diff]5t places t ! wells !mselves 7 situat$ ne> circles1 = ! wor%ipp]s w\ld n be di/ribut$ at su* a "t4 ,?is argum5t is /r5g!n$ by ! cu/om ( 8wak+ ! well0 :i* took place on ! patron sa9t's day4 ,) reg>d to ! "t ( ! day or night at :i* well-wor%ip took place1 !re seems little d\bt t = ! mo/ "p x 0 c>ri$ on at night4 ,! practices connect$ ) ! 8wak+ ( ! well0 indicate ?is cle>ly1 & :5 x is rememb]$ t ^! anci5t wor%ips 7 c>ri$ on at a "t :5 m>riage _h n be5 in/itut$1 we c und]/& t _m #8pagan' rituals sav\r$ ( s5sualism z we %\ld n[ ?9k & call x4 ,! p>ticul> times :5 x 0 consid]$ mo/ propiti\s = ! sick to visit ! wells appe> anci5tly to h be5 at daybreak or sunrise4 ,at ! well at ,f>r1 9 ,su!rl&%ire1 x is held t ! pati5t1 aft] und]go+ 8 plunge1 dr9k+ ( ! wat]1 & mak+ 8 (f]+1 8mu/ be away f ! banks s z to be fairly out ( sight ( ! wat] be=e ! sun rises1 else no cure is effect$40 ,at ,ro*e ,holywell1 9 ,cornwall1 be=e sunrise on holy ,?ursday 0 ! appo9t$ "t4 ,sometimes ! mom5t ( sunrise is *os54 ,to ba! 9 ! well ( ,/4 ,m$an1 at ,kirkmaid5 9 ,wigton%ire1 z ! sun rose on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,may 0 consid]$ an infallible cure = almo/ any disease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "s cases1 z at ,/4 ,madron's well1 noon is *os5 on ! fir/ ?ree ,sundays 9 ,may1 8n believ+ t ^! wat]s h any virtue if resort$ to on any o!r days ( ! ye>1 or at any o!r h\r ( ! day40 ,) reg>d to ! ,augu/ fe/ival1 !re is a holy well at ,/4 ,cle]1 ne> ! ,hurl]s2 ! fe/ival is held on ,augu/ #i?4#hj ,i h no special ref]5ces to ,augu/ wells 9 ,irel&1 b !re is evid5ce giv5 by ,pi]s#ha t at t "t cattle 7 ba!d4 8,on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 h>ve/1 viz41 9 ,augu/1 !y w be sure to drive _! cattle into "s pool or riv] & !re9 swim !m2 ?is !y obs]ve z inviolable z if x 7 a po9t ( religion1 = !y ?9k no bea/ w live ! :ole ye> ?ro' unless !y be ?us dr5*$4 ,i d5y n b t swimm+ cattle1 & *iefly 9 ?is season ( ! ye>1 is heal?ful unto !m1 z ! poet ha? obs]v$3-- 8,balantemque gregem fluvio m]s>e salubri40--,virg4 ,9 ?' heal?ful flood to plunge ! bleat+ flock4 b precisely to d ?is on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 h>ve/1 ,i look on z n only sup]/iti\s b pr(ane40 ,i next come to ! sol/ice 9 ,june4 ,!re is evid5ce conc]n+ wells q ak9 to t furni%$ by ! a/ronomical use ( ! circles1 t ! ,may ye> fe/ivals 7 subsequ5tly *ang$ to sol/itial dates4 ,! well wor%ip does n appe> to h be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! cold wea!r--h5ce ! abs5ce ( ref]5ces to ,febru>y & ,novemb]2 = ! same reason we h only n[ to d ) ! summ] sol/ice4 ,hazlitt quotes ! foll[+ f ! ,iri% ,hudibras 7#afhi7 conc]n+ ,june wor%ip at a well 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel&3-- 8,h y beheld1 :5 p pray ,at ,/4 ,john's well on ,patron-,day1 ,by *>m ( prie/ & miracle1 ,to cure diseases at ?is well2 ,! valleys fill$ ) bl9d & lame1 ,& g z limp+ z !y came40 ,at ,b>nwell 7,beirna-well y\?s' well71 ne> ,cambridge1 ! fe/ival took place on ,/4 ,john's ,day4#hb ,br&1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,newca/le 7ii4 #ed71 ref]s to a well /ill call$ ,b$e's ,well1 ne> ,j>r[4 8,z late z #agdj x 0 a prevail+ cu/om to br+ *ildr5 tr\bl$ ) any disease or infirmity2 a crook$ p9 0 put 91 & ! well lav$ dry betwe5 ea* dipp+4 ,my in=mant has se5 tw5ty *ildr5 br\ght toge!r on a ,sunday1 to be dipp$ 9 ?is well1 at :i* also1 on ,midsumm] ,eve1 !re 0 a great resort ( neighb\r+ p1 ) bonfires1 music1 etc40 ,hope gives ref]5ces to sev5 wells d$icat$ to 8,/4 ,john10 "o to 8,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/10 & f\r to ,/4 ,pet]4 ,^! may h be5 sol/itial wells1 b ! in=mation giv5 is v slight & n to ! pres5t po9t4 ,he /ates 7xxii7 t ! mo/ important celebrations 7 fir/ held 9 ,may & at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,he !n adds1 8lat] ,ea/] & ,asc5siontide 7 ! fav\r$ seasons40 ,may1 ,summ] ,sol/ice & ,ea/] 01 ,i ?9k1 ! true ord]4 ,f9ally1 ,i may ref] to ! e>lie/ holy well kn[n to hi/ory4 ,?is is ! fam\s well at ,heliopolis :]e ,r us$ to wa% himself1 & ,piankhi1 ,b4,c4 #gdj1 w5t & wa%$ 8 face 9 x4 ,at ?is same well ! ,virg9 sat & wa%$ h] ,son's swaddl+ b&s 9 x4 ,its wat] made ! balsam trees to gr[4 ,x is n[ call$ by ! ,arabs 8,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,sun0 #8yn a%-,%ems4 #ec ,! lit]ature t ,i h *iefly consult$ is z foll[s3-- ,r4 ,c4 ,hope ,holy ,wells2 _! ,leg5ds & ,traditions4 ,r4 ,l4 ,quill]-,c\* ,anci5t & ,holy ,wells ( ,cornwall4 ,w4 ,g4 ,wood-,m>t9 ,traces ( ! ,eld] ,fai?s ( ,irel&4 ,g4 ,l4 ,gomme ,e?nology 9 ,folklore4 ,pr(4 ,rhys ,celtic ,folklore1 ,manx & ,wel%4 ,w4 ,c4 ,borlase ,dolm5s ( ,irel&4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld ,a ,book ( ! ,we/4 #ed ,traces ( ! ,eld] ,fai?s ( ,irel&1 ,a ,folklore ,sket*1 ii41 p4 #dg4 #ee ,pp4 #aa1 #dg4 #ef ,celtic ,folklore1 ,manx & ,wel%1 ii41 p4 #cff4 #eg ,wood-,m>t91 loc4 cit41 ii41 p4 #hj4 #eh ,/&+ ,/ones & ,mae%[e ( ,/5ness1 by ,magnus ,sp5ce1 p4 #ac4 #ei ,t is f ,w4 to ,e4 ?r\gh ,n41 or ,e4 to ,w4 ?r\gh ,s42 9 ! same direction z ! h&s ( a clock4 #fj ,! ,dolm5s ( ,irel&1 i41 p4 #c4 #fa ,ibid41 pp4 #ie1 #gfe4 #fb ,celtic ,folklore1 ,manx & ,wel%1 i41 p4 #ccb4 #fc ,borlase1 loc4 cit41 p4 #gfj4 #fd ,ibid41 p4 #dbf4 #fe ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folklore1 ,manx & ,wel%1 p4 #cfc4 #ff ,pagan ,irel&1 p4 #afj4 #fg ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folklore1 ,manx & ,wel%1 i41 pp4 #ced1 #cef1 #ceg1 c4 #fh ,rhys1 ibid41 p4 #ccb4 #fi ,e?nology 9 ,folklore1 p4 #gh4 #gj ,sikes3 ,briti% ,gobl9s1 p4 #cea4 #ga ,sikes1 idem41 p4 #cbi4 #gb ,folklore1 #ahib1 p4 #hi4 #gc ,pagan ,irel&1 p4 #ade4 #gd ,celtic ,folklore1 ,manx & ,wel%4 #ge ,pagan ,irel&1 p4 #afj4 #gf ,hope1 p4 #ad4 #gg ,! ,l&'s ,end ,di/rict1 p4 #gb4 #gh ,edmunds1 p4 #gb4 #gi ,hope1 p4 #dj4 #hj ,/4 ,cle] ,/4 ,cl$od1 ,a4,d4 #dhb4 ,! arms ( ,/4 ,cle] are ! ,sun 9 its glory4 #ha ,description ( ,we/mea?1 #afhb1 quot$ by ,vall5cey1 i41 #aba4 #hb ,hazlitt1 ii41 #faf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,:]e ,,did ,,! ,,briti% ,,wor%ip ,,orig9ate8 ,! rec5t *apt]s h1 ,i ?9k1 e/abli%$1 by ! evid5ce d]iv$ f folklore & tradition1 t !re 0 9 ! long pa/ a comb9$ wor%ip ( trees1 wells & /reams 9 ! neighb\rhood ( sacr$ places1 ! sacr$ place be+ a /one circle or "s o!r monum5t built up ( /ones4 ,we h ga!r$ also t ! *ief times ( wor%ip 7 on or ne> ! mo/ important dates def9$ = u by ! ,may ye>1 ! orig9al ye> m>k$ out by ! v>i\s agricultural & o!r op]ations prop] to ! v>i\s seasons4 ,x is aga9 imp]ative t ,i %\ld po9t out t if ! basis ( ?is wor%ip 0 n utility x mu/ h be5 />t$ by m5 suffici5tly skill$ to indicate by _! a/ronomical k ! prop] times = ! v>i\s op]ations to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,9 ?is we see ! reason = ! local comb9ation ( ! wor%ip 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! /ones1 = ! /ones 7 really ! in/rum5ts :i* enabl$ ! a/ronom]-prie/ to be useful to ! community2 t he 9 process ( "t became p[]ful & sacr$ because he 0 wise1 & add$ m$ic9e & magic to 8 o!r qualifications1 0 only :at 0 to be expect$4 ,i am n ! fir/ to h be5 driv5 by ! facts to note ! close association to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 t ! cults 7 n sep>ate b 7 p>ts ( "o :ole4 ,wood-,m>t9 speaks ) ! mo/ c]ta9 s\nd on ?is po9t4 8,x w be se5 t1 f a review ( ! :ole subject1 /one1 wat]1 tree1 & animal-wor%ip are intimately connect$40#hc ,:at ! analysis 9 ! rec5t *apt]s1 tak5 9 connection ) ! a/ronomical results previ\sly /at$1 has done is p]haps to give a cle> reason = ! connection4 ,n only 7 ! cults />t$ toge!r1 b !y rema9$ toge!r = a long "t2 x is only 9 q late ye>s t ! traditions h become s dim t practices once closely connect$ are n[ dealt ) ap>t f ! re/4 ,hope po9ts out 7p4 xxii7 t ! #af? ( ! canons ( ! reign ( ,edg>1 ,a4,d4 #ifc1 :i* enjo9s ! cl]gy to be dilig5t1 advance ,*ri/ianity1 & ext+ui% hea!nism1 m5tions especially ! wor%ip ( /ones1 trees1 & f\nta9s4 ,! laws ( ,knut 7,a4,d4 #ajah7 specify ! wor%ip 8( hea!n gods1 ! sun1 moon1 fire1 riv]s1 f\nta9s1 rocks1 or trees40 ,n[1 al?\gh ! folklore evid5ce ,i h br\ght toge!r has be5 ga!r$ = ! mo/ "p f ! ,briti% ,isles1 my inquiries h n be5 limit$ to t area4 ,x 0 natural t :5 ! /udy ( folklore _h sugge/$ t !re 0 a close connection betwe5 ! wor%ip c>ri$ on 9 ,brita9 at /one monum5ts1 sacr$ trees1 & sacr$ wells an attempt %\ld h be5 made to see :e!r ^! ?ree cults _h be5 associat$ out ( ,brita9 ) ! c]emonials ( any ( ! e>ly peoples = :i* complete & tru/wor?y in=mation is available4 ,on ?is po9t ! traditions ( widely sund]$ c\ntries is amaz+ly /rong4 ,! folklore ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ,france1 ,spa9 & ,portugal reg>d+ sacr$ wells is v simil> to t ( ,irel&4 ,borlase writes3#hd 8,x is int]e/+ to notice t ! pre-,*ri/ian cu/om call$ dessil1 or circuit ar\nd a v5]at$ spot1 :i* is practis$ 9 ,irel& 9 ! case ( "o dolm5 at lea/1 z well z at wells & ,*ur*es innum]able1 is f\nd also 9 ,portugal40 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees1 too1 fairies & spirits are ?\ght mu* ( 9 ?is connection4 ,borlase tells u3#he 8,!y are ! presid+ g5ii ( c]ta9 wells40 ,he adds3 8,x is n 9 ,irel& alone t dolm5s are associat$ ) ! notion ( wells & wat] spr+s4 ,! ,portuguese names1 ,anta d ,fontao1 ,fonte ,cob]ta1 ,anta d ,fonte-de ,m\ratao1 & ! ,fr5* names1 ,fonte de ,r\rre1 & ,fonte nay le ,m>mion1 %[ ?is to be ! case40#hf ,9 ,p]sia ,sir ,wm4 ,ouseley saw a tree cov]$ ) rags1 & simil> trees 9 ! ,himalayas are associat$ ) l>ge heaps ( /ones 7,gomme1 p4 #aje74 ,! late ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s affirms t ! cu/oms ( well-(f]+s ,i ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt] are inv>iably associat$ ) cairns1 megali?ic monum5ts or "s su* e>ly ,pagan in/itutions1 & he adds t ! area 9 :i* traces ( well-(f]+s are f\nd is cont]m9\s ) ! area ( ! megali?ic monum5ts4#hg ,! idea t ! wat]s ( c]ta9 wells h m>vell\s heal+ p[]s is also n conf9$ to ! ,briti% ,isles1 = 9 a great _m p>ts ( ,europe1 p]haps m especially 9 ,france1 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 we f9d in/ances4 ,! practice ( wor%ipp+ 9 connection ) wells & ! sacr$ /ones & sacr$ trees :i* 7 associat$ ) !m1 z we h se51 0 inde$ 9 anci5t days almo/1 if n q1 univ]sal :]ev] man exi/$4 ,! traditions ( ! pa/1 !re=e1 are to be ga!r$ ov] a v wide area4 ,i quote a summ>y ( ! univ]sality ( ?is practice giv5 by ! late ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s 9 ! pap] already notic$3 8,burton says x ext5ds ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,africa f we/ to ea/2 ,mungo ,p>k m5tions x 9 we/]n ,africa2 ,sir ,samuel ,bak] speaks ( x on ! conf9es ( ,abyss9ia1 & says t ! p :o practis$ x 7 unable to assign a reason = do+ s2 ,burton also f\nd ! same cu/om 9 ,arabia dur+ 8 pilgrimage to ,mecca2 9 ,p]sia ,sir ,william ,ouseley saw a tree close to a l>ge monoli? cov]$ ) ^! rags1 & he describes x z a practice app]ta9+ to a religion long s9ce proscrib$ 9 t c\ntry2 9 ! ,dekkan & ,ceylon ,colonel ,leslie says t ! trees 9 ! neighb\rhood ( wells may be se5 cov]$ ) simil> scraps ( cotton3 ,dr4 ,a4 ,campbell speaks ( x z be+ practis$ by ! ,limboos ne> ,d>jeel+ 9 ! ,himalaya1 :]e x is associat$1 z 9 ,irel&1 ) l>ge heaps ( /ones2 & ,huc 9 8 travels m5tions x among ! ,t>t>s40 ,! a/ronomical facts giv5 9 ?is book1 ga!r$ f a /udy ( ! monum5ts 9 ^! isl&s1 c only give u in=mation t\*+ ! introduction ( ! comb9$ wor%ip "h4 ,my inve/igations h /rongly sugge/$1 to say ! lea/1 t !re 7 m5 "h ) k en\gh to utilise ! movem5ts ( ! sun & />s = temple1 & no d\bt practical purposes be=e #bjjj ,b4,c41 t is1 a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,solomon 0 born1 & at ab\t ! "t t ! ,hecatomp$on 0 f\nd$ at ,a!ns4 ,if ?is is any:]e ne> ! tru?1 ^! m5 mu/ h be5 repres5tatives ( a v old civilisation4 ,n[ ! civilisation pr9cipally consid]$ by ar*ologi/s 9 connection ) ! build+ ( ! monum5ts :i* ,i h /udi$ is ! ,aryan1 ( :i* ! ,celts =m$ a bran*4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is n univ]sally held2 ! late ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s1 & ,i "k ( no high] au?ority1 /at$ 8 op9ion t 8,! megali?ic monum5ts444 take u back to pre-,aryan p1 & sugge/ ! spread ( ?is p ov] ! area cov]$ by _! rema9s40#hh ,mr4 ,gomme is ( ! same op9ion 7p4 #bg73 8,c]emonies :i* are demon/rably non-,aryan 9 ,india1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( ,aryan p1 mu/ 9 orig9 h be5 non-,aryan 9 ,europe1 ?\gh ! race f :om !y h desc5d$ is n at pres5t id5tifi$ by e?nologi/s40 ,s]gi also po9ts out3-- 8,indo-,g]manism l$ to almo/ entire =getfulness ( ! mo/ anci5t civilisations ( ! e>?1 ^? born 9 ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 & 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile2 no influ5ce 0 grant$ to !m ov] ,greco-,roman classic civilisation1 almo/ none any:]e 9 ! ,m$it]ranean40#hi ,x is n necess>y = me to deal at l5g? ) ! great ,aryan controv]sy 9 ?is book1 ev5 if ! subject 7 )9 my compet5ce1 :i* x is n2 b n[ t we h a l>ge numb] ( monum5ts dat$1 say1 )9 tw5ty ye>s ( _! use1 x is important to br+ =w>d "s dates arriv$ at by ar*ologi/s & philologi/s to comp>e ) ^? :i* ! a/ronomical me?od ( inquiry has reveal$4 ,hall#ij gives evid5ce to %[ t ! ,aryans did n rea* ,greece till aft] ! e>li] p]iod ( ! ,myc5an age1 :i* he dates at ab\t #agjj ,b4,c4 ,) reg>d to ! date ( ! ,aryan invasion ( ,brita91 ,mr4 ,read1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,e?nography1 ,briti% ,museum1 in=ms me t x may be tak5 z ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c42 x 0 associat$ ) cremation4 ,x is highly probable t ^! ,aryans 7 ! ,goidels or ! ,gael4 ,^! 7 foll[$ "s #gjj ye>s lat] by ano!r ,aryan sept--! ,bry?ons4 ,mr4 ,read is also ( op9ion t ! ,goidels rea*$ ,brita9 f ! c\ntry r\nd ! ,s\? ,baltic1 & ! ,bry?ons f or ?r\gh nor?-ea/ ,france4 ,ar*ologi/s1 h[ev]1 recognise a pre-,aryan invasion1 ab\t #ahjj ,b4,c4 7a date det]m9$ by ! introduction ( bronze71 ( a bra*ycephalic folk :o built cov]$ b>r[s1 diff]5t 9 ^! respects f ! neoli?ic folk1 :o 7 long-skull$ & built long b>r[s4 ,n[1 9 relation to ! /one /ructures to :i* ?is book especially ref]s1 ! "q arises1 are we !n deal+ ) ?is sw>m or ! p :om !y f\nd on ! soil8 ,!re are "s indications 9 ! traditions :i* imply t we are really deal+ ) an e>ly /one age1 :5 fl9ts 7 ! only weapons1 & !re 7 no clo!s to speak (4 ,i w give "o or two examples ( ^! traditions4 ,gomme 7p4 #ec7 ref]s to a s+ul> fact pres]v$ among ! c]emonies ( wit*craft 9 ,scotl&3 8,9 ord] to injure ! wax5 image ( ! int5d$ victim1 ! implem5ts us$ 9 "s cases by ! wit*es 7 /one arr[heads1 or elf-%ots1 z !y 7 call$1 & _! use 0 accompani$ by an incantation4 ,"h we h1 9 ! und\bt$ =m ( a prehi/oric implem5t1 ! olde/ unt\*$ detail ( e>ly life :i* has be5 pres]v$ by wit*craft40 ,gomme 7p4 #ci7 also tells u t "o ( ! ,may practices at ,/irl+ is = boys ( t5 & twelve ye>s old to dive/ !mselves ( _! clo?+1 & 9 a /ate ( nudity to run r\nd c]ta9 natural or artificial circles4 8,=m]ly ! r\nd$ summit ( ,demyat1 an em95ce 9 ! ,o*il range1 0 a fav\rite sc5e ( ?is /range pa/ime1 b = _m ye>s x has be5 p]=m$ at ! ,k+'s ,knot1 9 ,/irl+1 an octagonal m\nd 9 ! ,royal ,g>d5s4 ,! p]=mances are n infrequ5tly repeat$ at ,midsumm] & ,lammas40 ,he adds1 8,! fact t 9 ?is in/ance ! practice is cont9u$ only by #8boys ( t5 & twelve ye>s old1' %[s t we h "h "o ( ! la/ /ages ( an old rite be=e its f9al abolition40 ,b>+-,g\ld 7p4 #ba7 provides u ) a practice 9 ,brittany :i* w\ld seem to be a remnant ( a pre-clo?+ age4 ,ne> ,c>nac is a m5hir1 at :i* a s+ul> 8c]emony took place till comp>atively rec5tly1 & may p]haps /ill be practis$ 9 secret4 ,a m>ri$ c\ple t h no family repair to ?is /one :5 ! moon is full1 /rip !mselves />k nak$ & c\rse "o ano!r r\nd x a prescrib$ numb] ( times1 :il/ _! relations keep gu>d aga9/ intrusion at a respectful di/ance40 ,n[ x is 9 connection ) ?is "q t ,i am 9 hopes t "s help may be got f ! a/ronomical results record$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,! dates reveal$ by ! ori5tation ( ! circles & out/&+ /ones already dealt ) 7& !re is a l>ge numb] to foll[7 indicate t x is among ! records ( "s p ( :om ! civilisation is v anci5t t we mu/ look 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) a view ( trac+ ! orig9 ( our ,briti% monum5ts4 ,fur!r1 n[ t we h be5 able to foll[ _! a/ronomical me?ods1 to note h[ s\nd !y 71 & to ga!r ! purposes ( utility !y 7 int5d$ to s]ve1 x is simply common s5se to inquire1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 if !y may h be5 connect$ ) ^! anci5t peoples ^: a/ronomical skill is univ]sally recognis$1 & ^: records & ev5 obs]vations h come d[n to u4 ,n[1 :ile we "k no?+ ( ! a/ronomy ( ! ,aryans g5]ally1 or t ( ! ,celts 9 p>ticul>1 ! a/ronomical k ( ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians is "o ( ! wond]s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,h5ce ,babylonia & ,egypt are at once sugge/$1 & ! sugge/ion is n r5d]$ a less probable "o :5 we rememb] t bo? ^! peoples /udi$ & utilis$ a/ronomy at lea/ "s #h1jjj ye>s ago4 ,b "h we are deal+ ) two peoples4 ,x is m ?an probable t !y bo? 7 associat$ m or less ne> ! orig9 ) "o race1 ! ideas ( :i* p]meat$ bo? civilisations4 ,i h x on ! highe/ au?ority1 t ( ,dr4 ,budge1 t 9 ,babylonia !re 7 orig9ally ! ,sum]ians & ! ,semites4 ,! primitive race :i* conqu]$ ! ,egyptians seems to h be5 connect$ ) ! =m] z reg>ds civilisation1 & ) ! latt] z reg>ds "s aspects ( ! ,egyptian language4 ,?is race 0 ,semitic1 & z ! pyramids1 built "s #f1jjj ye>s ago1 are a pro( ( ! int]action ( ! two civilisations at t "t1 = ! ,ea/] fe/ival celebrat$ on ! banks ( ! ,nile came f ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 we may omit ! pre-,semites f our consid]ation4 ,!re is o!r evid5ce t ! connection betwe5 ! ,semites & ,egyptians 0 close a/ronomically1 s t any ,semitic influ5ce 9 lat] times or 9 o!r l&s w\ld be sure to %[ traces ( ?is connection1 & 9 temple wor%ip x w\ld be traceable4 ,:ile ! c>efully ori5t$ ,egyptian temples built ( /one rema9 & h be5 c>efully /udi$1 ^? erect$ 9 ! c5tres ( ,semitic p[]1 built ( unbak$ brick1 h = ! mo/ "p disappe>$1 b = ! mo/ "p only2 "s /one /ructures rema91 b 9 reg>d to !m !re has be5 no ,lepsius2 ( _! ori5tation1 too1 little is kn[n4 ,?is is all ! m to be regrett$ s9ce ,lay>d1 9 addition to _m ,e4 & ,n4 build+s f\nd at ,nimrood1 not$ at ! m\nd ( ,k\yunjik1 ! site ( ,n9eveh1 lat4 #cf #bj ,n41 t ,s5na*]ib's palace1 :i* appe>s to h be5 built r\nd a c5tral temple1 0 ori5t$ to ! ,may ye>4#ia 7,az4 ,n4 #fh #cj ,e4 ,dec4 ,n4 #af47 ,n[1 call+ 9 ! ,babylonians z ! orig9ators ( :at w5t on 9 ,brita9 #d1jjj ye>s ago may seem to "s to be f>-fet*$ 9 m ways ?an "o2 b ! ,babylonians 7 a rem>kable p2 accord+ to "s !y orig9at$ all ! voyag+ ( ! e>ly _w1 ?\gh o!r au?orities po9t out t ! fir/ %ips 9 ! ea/]n seas mu/ h be5 ,indian4 ,ih]+#ib adduces a s]ies ( facts :i* indicate cle>ly t ! ,babylonians c>ri$ on m>itime navigation at lea/ z e>ly z ab\t #cejj ,b4,c4 ,b1 :atev] ?is "t 01 ! ,semites & ,egyptians _h already a ri* culture beh9d !m at a "t :5 ! ,aryans1 :atev] or :]ev] _! orig91 _h n made !mselves a place 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,an anci5t sea connection betwe5 ,babylonia & ,india may expla9 ! simil>ity ( ! ,briti% & ,indian folklore4 ,"s facts ) reg>d to long di/ance anci5t travel are ! foll[+4 ,our />t-po9t may be t ,gudea1 a ,babylonian k+ :o reign$ ab\t #bejj ,b4,c41 br\ght /ones f ,melukhkha & ,makan1 t is1 ,egypt & ,s9ai 7,budge1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ii41 #acj74 ,n[ ^! /ones 7 tak5 coa/wise ,s9ai to ,eridu1 at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 a di/ance ( #d1jjj miles1 & x is also said t !n1 or ev5 be=e !n1 !re 0 a coa/-wise traffic to & f ,malab>1 :]e teak 0 got to be us$ 9 h\se- & boat-build+4 ,! di/ance f ,eridu coa/wise to ,malab>1 say ! pres5t ,cannanore1 is #b1djj miles4 ,! di/ance1 coa/wise1 f ,alex&ria to ,s&wi*1 :]e we le>n t ,phnicians & o!rs %ipp$ ! t9 extract$ f ! m9es 9 ,cornwall1 is only #e1cjj miles1 s t a voyage ( ?is l5g? 0 q )9 ! p[]s ( ! compassless navigators ( #bejj ,b4,c4 ,! old idea t ! anci5t m]*ants c\ld make a c\rse f ,u%ant to1 say1 ,falm\? or ,p5zance ne$ no long] be ent]ta9$2 ! cross+ f ,africa to ,gibralt> & f ,cape ,grisnez to ,s&wi* 7 bo? to visible l&1 i4e4 coa/wise4 ,! cliffs on ! opposite l& are easily se5 on a cle> day4 ,h5ce x w\ld h be5 easi] be=e ! days ( a/ronomical k & compasses to h rea*$ ,engl&1 & !re=e ,irel& & ! ,orkneys1 ?an to get to "s ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean itself4#ic ,x is se5 !n t x is possible t ,semites might h built our /one monum5ts betwe5 #bjjj & #abjj ,b4,c41 :ile x is q c]ta9 t ! ,aryans did n build !m1 if ! ar*ologi/s are n widely wrong 9 _! dates4 ,let u1 !n1 beg9 our inquiries by consid]+ ! in=mation available ) reg>d to ! ,semites4 ,let u see 9 ! fir/ in/ance :e!r !y _h /one monum5ts1 & sacr$ trees & sacr$ wells2 a sy/em ( wor%ip2 & :e!r ?is wor%ip 0 connect$ ) ! sun & />s4 ,x is =tunate = u 9 ?is matt] t "o ( ! mo/ fully equipp$ s*ol>s :i* ! la/ c5tury produc$1 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 devot$ 8 /udies = _m ye>s to ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 & in=mation on ! po9ts rais$ is to our h&2 all ,i ne$ d is to give z %ortly z possible a /atem5t ( ! v>i\s conclusions he _h rea*$ on ! po9ts to :i* our att5tion may 9 ! fir/ in/ance be conf9$4 ,i quote f 8 book ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,! ,semites include ! ,babylonians1 :o spoke a ,semitic dialect1 = !re 7 ,sum]ian speak+ peoples among !m1 ,assyrians1 ,phnicians1 ,hebrews1 ,arabs & ,aramans1 :o 9 anci5t times occupi$ ! f]tile l&s ( ,syria1 ,mesopotamia & ,irak f ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ to ! base ( ! m\nta9s ( ,iran & ,arm5ia4 ,!y also embrace ! inhabitants ( ! great ,arabian p59sula1 :i* is believ$ to h be5 ! c5tre ( disp]sion4 ,! ord9>y artificial m>k ( a ,semitic sanctu>y 0 ! sacrificial pill>1 cairn1 or rude alt> 7p4 #ahc73 x 0 a fix$ po9t :]e1 accord+ to primitive rule1 ! blood ( ! (f]+ 0 appli$ to ! sacr$ /ones2 or :]e a sacr$ tree1 z we %all see pres5tly1 0 hung ) gifts2 ! /ones & tree be+ symbols ( ! ,god 7p4 #aea74 ,fur!r1 x is c]ta9 t ! orig9al alt> among ! nor!rn ,semites 0 a great unhewn#id /one1 or a cairn1 at :i* ! blood ( ! victim 0 %$ 7p4 #ahe74 ,monoli?ic pill>s or cairns ( /ones are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! m anci5t p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z m>k+ sanctu>ies2 ,%e*em1 ,be!l1 ,gilead1 ,gilgal1 ,mizpah1 ,gibeon1 & ,en-,rogel are ref]r$ to 7p4 #ahf74 ,!re is evid5ce t 9 v e>ly times ! sanctu>y 0 a cave 7p4 #ahc74 ,! obvi\s successors ( a natural cave are1 7#a7 an artificial cave made 9 ! e>? l ! natural "o1 & 7#b7 a model or repres5tation ( a cave built ( /one1 ) a small entrance :i* w\ld be b>r$1 & cov]$ ov] ) e>?1 ?us protect+ ! prie/s f wild animals & ! wea!r4 ,! dolm5s & cromle*s :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,semitic area :]e !re are /ones d\btless _h ?is orig94 ,! use ( a cave 0 probably borr[$ bo? by ! ,egyptians & ,greeks 7!re is a cave1 = in/ance1 at ,eleusis7 f ! ,semites4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 caves or _! equival5ts 7 no long] 9 vogue & temples 7 erect$1 !y enclos$ a ,bit-ili or ,be?-el1 an upright /one1 consecrat$ by oil4#ie ,we next le>n 7pp4 #agj & #ahc7 t no ,canaanite high place 0 complete )\t its sacr$ tree /&+ beside ! alt>4 ,9 tree-wor%ip pure & simple z 9 ,arabia1 ! tree is ador$ at an annual fea/ 78 ,may71 :5 x is hung ) clo!s & wom5's ornam5ts 7p4 #afi74 ,! tree at ,mecca to :i* (f]+s are made is spok5 ( z a 8tree to hang ?+s on40 ,! ref]5ces to 8groves0 giv5 9 ! ,bible z associat$ ) temple wor%ip are mislead+1 8groves0 be+ a wrong translation ( ! ^w ,a%]ah1 :i* 0 a pole made ( wood :i* ! ,jews adopt$ f ! ,canaanites4 ,x 0 ornam5t$ & p]haps drap$1 & 0 mo/ probably orig9ally a tree4 ,x may h be5 us$ 9 ! 8high places0 because s+le trees w\ld n gr[ !re 9 ! ,ea/ any m ?an on ! moors 9 ,devon & ,cornwall4 ,! antiquity ( ?is emblem is prov$ by ,smi?'s /atem5t 7p4 #aga7 t 9 an ,assyrian monum5t f ,khorsbd an ornam5tal pole is %[n beside a portable alt>4 8,prie/s /& be=e x engag$ 9 an act ( wor%ip & t\* ! pole ) _! h&s or p]haps ano9t x ) "s liquid sub/ance40 ,! drap+ ( ! tree seems to be prov$ by ! passage :i* sugge/$ ! mi/ranslation to me be=e ,i wrote to "s ,hebrew s*ol>s among my fri5ds :o all[$ me to consult !m4 ,! passage is z foll[s 7,,ii4 ,k+s1 xxiii41 #f1 #g73-- 8,& he br\ght out ! grove f ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 )\t ,j]usalem1 unto ! brook ,kidron1 & burn$ x at ! brook ,kidron1 & /amp$ x small to p[d]1 & ca/ ! p[d] !re( ^u ! graves ( ! *ildr5 ( ! p4 8,& he brake d[n ! h\ses ( ! ,sodomites1 t 7 by ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 :]e ! wom5 wove hang+s = ! grove40 ,to %[ h[ little v>iation !re 0 9 ! ,semitic practices to ^? record$ 9 ,briti% folklore ,i may /ate t "o ( my fri5ds--"o ( ! revision committee--in=m$ me t 8 impression 0 t ! ,a%]ah 0 furni%$ ) pegs or hooks1 s t ! g>m5ts1 c41 might be easily hung on x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i next come to ! sacr$ wat]s4 ,a sacr$ f\nta91 z well z ! sacr$ tree1 0 a common symbol at ,semitic sanctu>ies 7p4 #ahc74 ,nev]!less1 !y 7 sometimes abs5t1 ! ma9 place be+ giv5 to alt> wor%ip4 ,fur!r1 ,rob]tson ,smi? 0 ( op9ion t ?is alt> wor%ip did n orig9ate ) tree 8 or wat] wor%ip 7p4 #agj72 b /ill1 sacr$ wells are among ! olde/ & mo/ in]adicable objects ( rev]5ce among all ! ,semites1 & 7 cr$it$ ) oracul> p[]s 7pp4 #abh1 #aed74 ,! f\nta9 or /ream 0 n a m]e adjunct to ! temple1 b 0 itself "o ( ! pr9cipal sacra ( ! spot 7p4 #aee74 ,und\bt$ly !re 7 ordeals among o!r ?+s at ^! wells 7p4 #afc74 ,"o case is giv5 9 ,numb]s1 v41 #ag1 :]e ! words 8holy wat]0 occur1 & o!r wat] 8t cause? ! curse0 is ref]r$ to4 ,ordeal by wat] is n unkn[n among ,briti% cu/oms4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t special sanctity 0 atta*$ to gr\ps ( sev5 wells 7p4 #afg71 & t "o su* gr\p 0 call$ ,?orayga,pleiades 7p4 #aec74if ,we may ga!r f ?is t "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ times = ,semitic wor%ip 0 at ! ,may fe/ival1 m>k$ by ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,al?\gh ,i d n f9d _m ref]5ces 9 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s book z to great fe/ival days1 !re is o!r evid5ce :i* %[s t ! ,may fe/ival 0 ! greate/1 & repres5t$ ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,i h already %[n t ! ,may-,novemb] ye> is ! "o recognis$ 9 ! pres5t ,turki%1 ,arm5ian & ,i believe ,p]sian cal5d>s 7p4 #bi74 ,z ?is 0 ! ye> us$ at ,!bes #cbjj ,b4,c41 we may take x t at t "t x 0 univ]sal 9 ,w4 ,asia & ! adjac5t l&s4 ,! ,jews aft]w>ds adopt$ ! equ9octial ye>4 ,x seems highly probable t we may le>n f _m passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :at ! ,semitic temple practices 7 g5]ally4 ,!re 7 sacrifices ( m5 & bea/s1 burnt (f]+s1 & light+ ( fires1 ?r\gh :i* ! *ildr5 7 made to pass4 ,i give "s ref]5ces to ^! fire practices4 8,& ?\ %alt n let any ( ?y se$ pass ?r\gh ! fire to ,mole*40--,leviticus1 xviii41 #ba4 8,!re %all n be f\nd among y any "o t make? 8 son or 8 daught] to pass ?r\gh ! fire1 or t use? div9ation1 or an obs]v] ( times1 or an en*ant]1 or a wit*1 8,or a *>m]1 or a consult] ) famili> spirits1 or a wiz>d1 or a necromanc]40--,deut]onomy1 xviii41 #aj1 #aa4 8,he walk$ 9 ! way ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 yea1 & made 8 son to pass ?r\gh ! fire40--,,ii4 ,k+s1 xvi41 #c4 8,& !y caus$ _! sons & _! daught]s to pass ?r\gh ! fire1 & us$ div9ation & en*antm5ts40--,,ii4 ,k+s1 xvii41 #ag4 8,& he defil$ ,tophe?1 :i* is 9 ! valley ( ! *ildr5 ( ,h9nom1 t no man might make 8 son or 8 daught] to pass ?r\gh ! fire to ,mole*40--,,ii4 ,k+s1 xxiii41 #aj4 7,see also #d & #e47 ,fire sacrifices :i* 7 int]pret$ z (f]+s ( fragrant smoke 7 preval5t among ! settl$ ,semites 7p4 #bah74 ,sacrificial fat 0 burn$ on ! alt>4 ,smi? rem>ks3 8,?is c\ld be done )\t any fundam5tal modification ( ! old type ( sacr$ /one or alt> pill>1 simply by mak+ a holl[ on ! top to receive ! grease1 & !re is "s reason to ?9k t fire-alt>s ( ?is simple k9d1 :i* 9 c]ta9 ,phnician types are develop$ into alt> c&le/icks1 are old] ?an ! broad plat=m alt> prop] = receiv+ a burnt (f]+0 7p4 #cfd74 99 99 99 99 99 ,) reg>d to ! wor%ip ( ! sun & />s by ! ,semites1 we read t ! ,semite address$ 8 ,god z ,baal or ,bal4 ,! simple =m ( ,baal 0 ! sun4#ig ,by ! ,semites ! />s 71 on acc\nt ( _! movem5ts1 held to be alive2 !y 7 !re=e gods1 & x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ?is widespread belief t ! />s 7 wor%ipp$ 7p4 #abg74 ,! wor%ipp]s 8burn$ inc5se unto ,baal1 to ! sun1 to ! moon & to ! planets1 & to all ! ho/s ( heav50 7,,ii4 ,k+s1 xxiii41 #e74 ,job congratulat$ himself t 88 he>t _h n be5 entic$1 nor 8 m\? kiss$ 8 h&1 if he beheld ! sun :5 x %9$1 or ! moon walk+ 9 h] brightness0 7,job1 xxxi41 #bf-bg74 ,! wor%ip ( ! morn+ /> z a god is ! old ,semitic conception 7,isa41 xiv41 #ab71 8,lucif] son ( ! ,dawn40 ,we ga!r f ! lat] practices ( ! ,s>ac5s t ! sacrifices to ! morn+ /> c\ld n be made aft] ! /> _h disappe>$ 9 ! dawn4#ih ,! ,god _h to be 9 ! pres5ce ( ! wor%ipp]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,semitic wor%ip 0 g5]ally c>ri$ on 9 8high places02 9 ! ,babylonian temples built 9 a riv] valley ! 8high places0 7 secur$ by build+ t[]s ) ! sanctu>y on ! top4 ,^! high places 7 necess>y because exact obs]vations ( ! ris+s ( ! heav5ly bodies =m$ "p ( ! c]emonial1 & a cle> horizon 0 absolutely imp]ative4 ,t ?is 0 g5]ally und]/ood & act$ on is well evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! m5tion ( high places is ne>ly always associat$ ) ! ref]5ces to ! religion ( ! ,canaanites & o!r ,semitic nations z if ! high places 7 among ! mo/ important po9ts 9 x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r argum5ts may be f\nd$ ^u l+ui/ic consid]ations4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,morris ,jones#ii f9ds t ! syntax ( ,wel% & ,iri% diff]s f t ( o!r ,aryan languages 9 _m important respects1 e4g4 ! v]b is put fir/ 9 e simple s5t5ce4 ,pr(4 ,rhys _h sugge/$ t ^! diff]5ces repres5t$ ! p]si/5ce 9 ,wel% & ,iri% ( ! syntax ( a pre-,aryan dialect1 & z ! an?ropologi/s hold t ! pre-,aryan population ( ^! isl&s came f ,nor? ,africa1 x seem$ to ,pr(4 ,jones t t 0 ! obvi\s place to look = ! orig9 ( ^! syntactical peculi>ities4 ,he f9ds ! simil>ities betwe5 ,old ,egyptian & neo-,celtic syntax to be a/oni%+2 he %[s t practically all ! peculi>ities ( ,wel% & ,iri% syntax are f\nd 9 ! ,hamitic languages4 ,?is conclusion practically implies t ! bulk ( ! population ( ^! isl&s1 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,celts1 spoke dialects alli$ to ^? ( ,nor? ,africa4 ,! syntactical peculi>ities mu/ h repres5t$ ! habits ( ?\ght ( ! p1 :i* surviv$ 9 ! ,celtic vocabul>y impos$ ^u !m4 ,^! conclusions 7 n kn[n to me :5 ,i began to see ! necessity ( sep>at+ ! cult ( ! ,june f t ( ! ,may ye>1 & ! id5tity ( ! conclusions drawn f a/ronomical & l+ui/ic data is to me v /rik+ & also sugge/s fur!r special inquiries4 ,x is also wor? :ile to /ate t ! ,semites1 includ+ ! ,hebrews & ,phnicians1 did n burn _! dead4 ,f9ally1 ,i may quote a rem>k made by ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s 9 ! pap] already ref]r$ to3--8,if we d n accept "o old civilization z ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s practices1 !n we mu/ assume accid5tal orig9s 9 ea* c\ntry40 #hc ,wood-,m>t91 p4 #bfe4 #hd ,dolm5s ( ,irel&1 ii41 p4 #fif4 #he ,ibid41 ii41 p4 #ehj4 #hf ,ibid41 p4 #ggb4 #hg ,j\rnal ,e?4 ,soc41 ,n4,s41 i41 #fd4 #hh ,j\rn4 ,e?4 ,soc41 ,n4,s4 i41 #fd4 #hi ,! ,m$it]ranean ,races1 p4 #d4 #ij ,! ,olde/ ,civilisation ( ,greece1 p4 #aje4 #ia ,?is ,i ga!r f ! plan prep>$ by ,lieut4 ,glascott1 ,r4,n41 :o app>5tly accompani$ ,mr4 ,lay>d4 ,he indicates ! true nor? po9t ) a sailor's precision 9 su* matt]s4 7,see p4 #cje74 #ib ,evolution ( ! ,aryan1 ,translation by ,druck]1 #cb4 #ic ,! preval5ce ( sol/itial cu/oms 9 ,s>d9ia & ,corsica1 ) app>5tly no trace ( ! ,may ye>1 t5ds to support ?is view1 :i* is also /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! sol/itial cu/oms 9 ,morocco are v simil> to ^? we read ( 9 ,brita93 ! ,may ye> is unnotic$1 & !re is a second fea/ at ,ea/] 7,m>* #af?74 ,see ,we/]m>ck 9 ,folk-lore1 vol4 xxi41 p4 #bg4 #id ,& if ?\ wilt make me an alt> ( /one1 ?\ %alt n build x ( hewn /one3 = if ?\ lift up ?y tool ^u x1 ?\ ha/ pollut$ x4--,exodus1 xx41 #be4 #ie ,& ,jacob rose up e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & took ! /one t he _h put = 8 pill[s1 & set x up = a pill>1 & p\r$ oil ^u ! top ( x4 ,& ?is /one1 :i* ,i h set = a pill>1 %all be ,god's h\se2 & ( all t ?\ %alt give me ,i w surely give ! t5? unto !e4--,g5esis1 xxviii41 #ah1 #bb4 #if ,h]odotus1 iii41 #h1 ref]s to an ,arabian rite 9 :i* sev5 /ones are sme>$ ) blood among peoples ^: only gods 7 ,dionysos & ,urania1 :om !y call$ ,orotalt & ,alilat4 #ig ,sayce1 ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 p4 #bcd4 #ih ,nili op4 qua$am 7,p>is1 #afci71 pp4 #bh1 #aag1 quot$ by ,rob]tson ,smi?1 p4 #aea4 #ii 8,pre-,aryan ,syntax 9 ,insul> ,celtic10 9 ! ,wel% ,p1 by ,rhys & ,brynmor-,jones1 pp4 #fag-fda4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,simil>ity ,,( ,,! ,,semitic ,,& ,,briti% ,,wor%ips ,i propose 9 ?is *apt] to br+ into juxtaposition ! v>i\s ,briti% & ,semitic-,egyptian practices :i* we h s f> consid]$4 ,i confess ,i am amaz$ at ! simil>ities we h come across 9 ! fir/ ca/ ( ! net2 we h f\nd s mu* t is common to bo? wor%ips 9 connection ) all ! po9ts we consid]$ sep>ately4 ,i w1 = conv5i5ce1 deal ) ! v>i\s po9ts s]iatim4 #a4 ,! cult ( sacr$ /ones or cairns4 ,! only objection :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 may be rais$ to ^! practices be+ absolutely common is ! idea among _m ,briti% ar*ologi/s t ! cairns1 9 :i* t]m ,i include *amb]$ b>r[s or dolm5s & _! skeletons1 ! cromle*s & /one passages1 7 set up = burial & n = wor%ip4 ,?is idea has aris5 because "s ( !m h be5 us$ = burials4 ,b ,i _c accept ?is argum5t1 because s9ce ! burials might h tak5 place at any "t subsequ5t to _! erection !y prove no?+ z to ! reason ( ! erection2 & fur!r1 if ^! *amb]$ cairns 7 meant = burials1 !re %\ld be burials 9 all ( !m1 & yet !re are none 9 ! mo/ maje/ic ( !m all1 ,mae%[e4 ,let u consid] a few facts 9 relation to ! ,semitic use ( cairns ref]r$ to on p4 #bdd4 ,t ! cromle*s f\nd bo? 9 ,brita9 & ,syria--!re are #ghj 9 ,irel& & #gjj 9 ,moab--are ! rema9s ( *amb]$ cairns is pretty cle> f ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d by ,borlase4#ajj ,mr4 ,john ,bell1 ( ,dundalk1 dis9t]r$ ov] sixty cromle*s f cairns 9 ,ul/]4 ,all dolm5s 7 cov]$ by tumuli accord+ to ,mr4 ,bell & ,mr4 ,lukis4 ,monum5ts call$ cairns 9 ! e>lie/ ,ordnance ,survey h be5 m>k$ dolm5s 9 subsequ5t surveys 7e4g4 ,t[nl& ( ,leana 9 ,cl>e7 because ! e>? cov]+ ! /ones _h disappe>$ 9 ! meantime4 ,among ! evid5ces ( natural & artificial caves prec$+ cairns :i* replac$ !m are ! tw5ty-f\r caves :i* h be5 explor$ 9 ,france 7op4 cit41 p4 #efh74aja ,borlase po9ts out ) reg>d to ! ,iri% dolm5s t l>ge tumuli 7 n ess5tial2 all t 0 necess>y 0 t ! walls ( ! cell or crypt %\ld be imp]vi\s to ! elem5ts & to wild animals4 ,a creep or passage communicat+ ) ! edge ( ! m\nd is common to ,irel&1 ,wales1 ,portugal & ,brittany 7op4 cit41 p4 #dbh74 ,! facts t ! cairns s (t5 _h _! op5 ends fac+ ! ,n4,e4 or ,s4,e41 & t ! we/ end 0 g5]ally high]1 l ! naos trili?ons at ,/oneh5ge1 mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,mo/ ( :at we "k ( e>lie/ man has be5 obta9$ f _! lives 9 caves2 :at !y ate1 ! contempor>y fauna & _! art are ?us kn[n to u1 b caves h n be5 consid]$ z tombs1 ?\gh m5 h di$ & left _! rema9s 9 !m4 ,9 ! case ( a dolm51 h[ev]1 an artificial cave1 z we %all see1 ! possibility ( p liv+ 9 !m appe>s nev] to h be5 consid]$ s]i\sly1 & ! tomb !ory has l$ to bad reason+ & =c$ argum5t4 ,:5 burials are abs5t x has be5 sugge/$ t 8ow+ to "s peculi>ity ( ! soil1 ! entire ( ! human rema9s h become decompos$1 only ! imp]i%able /one implem5ts entomb$ ) ! body rema9+40#ajb ,mr4 ,sp5ce has po9t$ out ! extreme improbability ( ,mae%[e be+ any?+ b a temple1 & ,i may n[ add on ! ,semitic model4 ,!re 7 a l>ge c5tral hall & side rooms = sleep+1 a /one door :i* c\ld h be5 op5$ or %ut f ! inside1 & a ni*e = a gu>d1 janitor or hall port]6 ,s high an au?ority z ,colonel ,leslie has po9t$ out t nei!r ,mae%[e1 ,new ,grange & ,d[? on ! ,boyne1 nor ,gavr ,innis 9 ,brittany be> any int]nal pro( ( be+ specially prep>$ z tombs4#ajc ,!re is ano!r po9t connect$ ) ^! dolm5s & cromle*s4 ,an orig9 9 ! ,semitic area easily expla9s :y 9 ,asia & ,brita9 ! dolm5s are s alike1 d[n to small details1 su* z ! p]=ation ( "o ( ! side /ones4 ,borlase has rem>k$ also ^u ! simil>ity ( ,indian & ,iri% dolm5s 7op4 cit41 p4 #gee71 simil> holes also be+ common to !m4 ,! curi\s conc5tric circles1 c41 f\nd on "s dolm5 /ones are common to ,assyrian vessels4#ajd ,! mo/ philosophical /udy ( ?is "q ,i h se5#aje c]ta9ly sugge/s t mu* light may be expect$ f ?is s\rce4 ,"p ( ! cult ( ! sacr$ /ones 0 ! c]emony ( ano9t+ !m4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 7p4 #bad7 gives u ! mean+ & hi/ory ( ano9t+ among ! ,semites1 & notes its cont9uation f ,jacob's p\r+ oil on sacr$ /ones at ,be!l1 ?r\gh ! "t ( ,pausanias to t ( ! ,pilgrims ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! ano9t+ ( /ones 0 c]ta9ly c>ri$ on 9 anci5t times 9 ,brita9 & ,brittany4 ,b>+-,g\ld tells u3#ajf 8,=m]ly ! m5hir 0 bepla/]$ ) oil & honey & wax1 & ?is ano9t+ ( ! /ones 0 condemn$ by ! bi%ops4 ,9 c]ta9 places ! local cl]gy succe$$ 9 div]t+ ! practice to ! ,*ur*es4 ,!re are /ill "s 9 ,l[] ,brittany ^: ext]ior walls are /rung ) wax l9es arrang$ 9 fe/oons & patt]ns4 8,9 "s places *ildless wom5 /ill rub !mselves aga9/ m5hirs1 expect+ !reby to be cur$ ( b>r5ness1 b 9 o!rs1 in/ead1 !y rub !mselves aga9/ /one images ( sa9ts40 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! ,cave ( ,elephanta 9 #ahga ,i 0 told t ! b>r5 wom5 ( ,bombay visit ! cave once a ye> & ano9t ! /&+ /one 9 ! *ief *amb]4 ,9 ,egypt !y /ill rub _! bodies on ! ,colossi4 #b4 ,sacr$ fires4 ,among ! ,semites ! sacrificial fat 0 burn$ on ! alt>4 ,& we h se5 t 8?is c\ld be done )\t any fundam5tal modification ( ! old type ( sacr$ /one or alt> pill>1 simply by mak+ a holl[ on ! top to receive ! grease40#ajg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,cresset-/one1 ,lewannick4 ,f ,b>+-,g\ld's ,/range ,survivals4 ,b>+-,g\ld#ajh has writt5 on ! "q ( sacrificial & sacr$ fires 9 anci5t times 9 ,brita91 & po9ts out t !re /ill rema9 9 "s ( our *ur*es 79 ,cornwall1 ,york & ,dorset7 ! contrivances--n[ call$ cresset-/ones--us$4 ,!y are blocks ( /one ) cups holl[$ out precisely z describ$ by ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,"s are plac$ 9 lamp-ni*es furni%$ ) flues4 ,on ^! he rem>ks 7p4 #abb73-- 8,n[ al?\gh ^! lamps & cressets _h _! religi\s signification1 yet ?is religi\s signification 0 an aft]?\ght4 ,! orig9 ( !m lay 9 ! necessity ( !re be+ 9 e place a c5tral light1 f :i* light c\ld at any "t be borr[$40 #c4 ,! cult ( ! sacr$ tree4 ,i h %[n t ! sacr$ trees 9 ,brita91 :e!r r[an1 ?orn or mi/letoe1 7 at _! be/ at ! times ( ! fe/ivals at :i* !y 7 *iefly wor%ipp$4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,philpot1 9 h] valuable book on 8! sacr$ tree10 gives u ! names ( "s us$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 x w\ld be int]e/+ to inquire :e!r ! same consid]ation applies to !m 9 ! ,semitic & o!r areas4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ! ,semitic ,a%]ah 0 ! precursor ( ! ,briti% ,maypole1 ev5 to its dress+ ( _m col\r$ rib&s1 & f ! ,maypole cu/oms we may inf] some?+ ( ! ,semitic practices :i* h n come d[n to u4 ,ev5 8,jack o' ! ,gre50 may ev5tually be trac$ to ,al-,khidr 7p4 #bi7 ( ! old ,may fe/ivals4 #d4 ,! cult ( ! sacr$ well4 ,"h we f9d only trifl+ diff]5ces4 ,! *ief "o is ! use ( p9s 9 ,brita94 ,if we knew m ab\t ! ,a%]ah ) its hooks ?is diff]5ce might disappe>4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by sev]al au?ors t ! wor%ip ( wells & wat] w\ld be mo/ likely to arise 9 a dry & ?ir/y l&4 #e4 ,! "t ( ! *ief fe/ivals4 ,"h we f9d beyond all "q t ! fe/ival times 7 ! same to beg9 )4 ,may is ! *ief mon? bo? 9 ,we/ ,asia & ,we/ ,europe4 ,x 0 n till a subsequ5t "t t ,june & ,decemb] 7 add$ 9 ,egypt & ,brita91 & ,april & ,septemb] among ! ,jews4 #f4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! fe/ivals4 ,"h aga9 is precise agreem5t4 ,! li/ ,i gave on p4 #bje ( :at c be ga!r$ f ,briti% folklore is id5tical ) ! /atem5ts z to ,semitic practices :i* ,i quot$ f ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ! la/ *apt]4 #g4 ,! wor%ip 9 high places4 ,absolute id5tity2 & f ?is we c ga!r t ! anci5t condition ( ! high places :]ev] select$ = temple wor%ip 0 z treeless z x is n[2 o!rwise ! obs]vations ( sun- & />-rise & -set w\ld be greatly int]f]$ )4 ,( c\rse1 !re may h be5 8groves0 associat$ )1 b away f1 sanctu>ies 9 bo? ,semitic & ,briti% areas3 b x is n impossible t mu* :i* has be5 writt5 on ?is subject ) reg>d to ,brita9 & ! 8,druids0 may h be5 sugge/$ 9 "p by ! errone\s translation ( ,a%]ah to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,x has also be5 /at$ t an e>ly transcrib] :o1 9 error1 sub/itut$ lucus = locus may also be held p>tly responsible1 ev5 if lucus does n mean a cle>+ 9 a grove1 z "s ma9ta94 #h4 ,! god or gods wor%ipp$4 ,! ye>-gods 9 ,babylonia & ,egypt respectively 7 ,baal & ,?o?4 ,x is wor? :ile to inquire :e!r ei!r "n has made its appe>ance z a loan-^w 9 ! traditions ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,ab\t ,baal !re c be no "q z to ! co9cid5ce1 :e!r accid5tal1 z "s philologi/s affirm1 or n4 ,we f9d ,bel or ,baal common to ! two areas4 ,mr4 ,borlase in=ms u 7op4 cit41 p4 #aafd7 t 9 ,we/]n ,europe ,bel1 ,beal1 ,balor1 ,bald]1 & ,phol1 ,fal1 ,fil are ! equival5ts ( ! ,semitic ,baal4 ,balus1 inde$1 is nam$ z ! fir/ k+ ( ,orkney4 ,a ,may wor%ip is connect$ ) all ! above4 ,belta9e & _m v>iants describe ! fires light$ at ! fe/ival1 & x is wor?y ( note t al?\gh ?is fire wor%ip has be5 ext5d$ to ! sol/itial c]emonials 9 ,june1 ! "n ,balta9e has nev] be5 appli$ to x at t "t except by writ]s :o ?9k t ! t]m 8midsumm]0 may be appli$ indiscrim9ately to ! beg9n+ ( ,may & ! end ( ,june4 ,i next deal ) ! ,egyptian ye>-god ,?o?4 ,9 ,greece he became ,h]mes1 among ! ,romans ,m]cury4 ,9 ?is connection ,i c mo/ usefully ref] to ,rhys's ,hibb]t ,lectures & 8 *apt] on ! ,gauli% ,pan!on4 ,he tells u 7p4 #e7 t 8,m]cury is ! god ) :om ! monum5ts lead "o to beg940 ,!re is also m5tion ( a god ,t\tates or ,teutates1 & a ,t\tius1 :o might h be5 a public (ficial 78 prie/ ( ,t\tates74 ,only ,celtic or o!r lat] orig9s ( ! words are sugge/$2 x is n said :e!r ! possible ,egyptian root has be5 consid]$4 ,we may ev51 ,i ?9k1 g fur!r & ask :e!r "s ( ! con/ellations 7 n figur$ z 9 ,egypt1 o!rwise x is difficult to acc\nt = ! horror ( ! black pig 7p4 #aie7 at ,hall[e'en4 ,! :ole ,egyptian /ory is told 9 my ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy#aji 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ,set1 t is ! />s visible at night1 blott$ out at dawn by ! ris+ sun1 or becom+ pr$om9ant aft] sunset4 #i4 ,! wor%ip ( ! sun & />s4 ,"h also1 z ,i h %[n1 is complete agreem5t4 ,! same a/ronomical me?ods h be5 employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,! *ief diff]5ce lies 9 ! fact t by lapse ( "t ! precessional movem5t caus$ diff]5t />s to be obs]v$ z clock />s or to h]ald ! sunrise on ! *ief c]emonial days4 #ajj ,dolm5s ( ,irel&1 p4 #dbf4 #aja 8,france1 inde$1 furni%es u ) a /epp+-/one1 z x 71 betwe5 ! natural cave & ! dolm5 9 c]ta9 artificial caves :i* (f] comp>ison bo? ) ! =m] & ! latt]444 ! natural cave 0 scoop$ out into a l>ge *amb] or *amb]s ei!r by ! swirl+ ( wat] p5t up 9 ! lime/one or o!r yield+ rock & f9d+ its way out ?r\gh "s n>r[ crevice4 ,! gr\nd plan & section1 !re=e1 is t ( an alle c\v]te ) a ve/ibule444 ! artificial cave is modell$ on ! natural "o1 & yet be>s1 z ,m4 ,mortillet po9ts out1 a close resemblance to ! dolm540 #ajb ,w&le1 ,rema9s ( ,prehi/oric ,age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #adg4 #ajc ,x is int]e/+ to po9t out 9 relation to ! fact t diff]5t sw>ms successively introduc$ ! ,may & sol/itial ye>s t ! 8sleep+ rooms0 ( ! ,may ye> cairns at ,new ,grange are ab\t #c feet squ>e1 :ile at ! sol/itial ,mae%[e1 built v mu* lat]1 ! dim5sions are #f feet #d feet4 ,!re 7 diff]5ces ( sleep+ po/ure 9 ! old days among diff]5t peoples z well z diff]5t me?ods ( burial4 #ajd ,borlase1 p4 #fag4 #aje 8,! ,build]s & ! ,antiquity ( our ,corni% ,dolm5s10 by ,rev4 ,d4 ,ga? ,:itley 7,j\rnal ,r4,i4 ,cornwall1 ,no4 #d74 #ajf ,book ( ,brittany1 p4 #ba4 #ajg ,hi/ory ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cfd4 #ajh ,/range ,survivals1 p4 #abb4 #aji ,pp4 #adf1 #bae1 & else:]e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,may-,,ye> ,,9 ,,s\?-,,we/ ,,cornwall ,! previ\s pages ( ?is volume h app>5tly dealt ) two di/9ct subjects2 ! use ( ! ,briti% monum5ts on ! ori5tation !ory1 & ! folklore & tradition :i* enable u to get "s glimpses into ! lives1 actions1 habits & beliefs ( ! e>ly inhabitants ( ^! isl&s1 & ! region :5ce ^! e>ly inhabitants _h migrat$4 ,b al?\gh ^! subjects are app>5tly di/9ct1 ,i ?9k my read]s w agree t ! /udy ( ea* has l$ to an id5tical result1 namely1 t 9 e>ly times x 0 a "q ( ! ,may ye>1 & t ! sol/itial ye> 0 introduc$ aft]w>ds4 ,?is 0 ! *ief revelation ( ! monum5ts :5 !y 7 /udi$ f ! a/ronomical po9t ( view4 ,)\t confirmation f "s o!r s\rces ?is result might h be5 consid]$ z d\btful1 & ! ori5tation !ory might h be5 ?\ght valueless4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 se5 t folklore & tradition confirm x up to ! hilt4 ,i ?9k x may be said1 !re=e1 t ! !ory ,i put =w>d 9 ?is book t\*+ ! a/ronomical use ( our anci5t temples is s f> ju/ifi$4 ,! ,briti% monum5ts ,i _h consid]$ be=e ?is appeal to tradition 0 made 7 ! circles at ,/oneh5ge1 ,/5ness1 ,! ,hurl]s & ,/anton ,drew1 & ! av5ues on ,d>tmoor4 ,^! 7 /udi$ g5]ally1 ! ma9 special result be+ t to :i* ,i h ref]r$2 we n only f\nd alignm5ts to sunrise & sunset on ! critical qu>t]-days ( ! ,may ye>s1 b we f\nd alignm5ts to ! />s :i* %\ld h be5 obs]v$ ei!r at ris+ or sett+ to control ! morn+ sacrifices4 ,b ?is inquiry _h left out ( acc\nt sev]al circles 9 s\?-we/ ,cornwall1 ( :i* ,i _h vaguely he>d b nev] se54 ,:5 ,i _h writt5 ! previ\s *apt]s %[+ h[ fully ,may-ye> practices are ref]r$ to 9 ! folklore ( t "p ( ! c\ntry1 ,i det]m9$ to visit ! circles1 deal+ ) !m z te/ objects 9 reg>d to ?is special bran* ( ori5tation4 ,i _h n "t to make a complete survey2 ?is ,i mu/ leave to o!rs2 b ) ! help s readily af=d$ me1 :i* ,i %all ackn[l$ge 9 its prop] place1 ,i ?\ght x possible 9 a brief visit to see :e!r or n !re 7 any ,may-ye> alignm5ts4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ,i w give an acc\nt ( ! obs]vations made1 b be=e do+ s1 9 ord] to prove h[ solid ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,corni% monum5ts is1 ,i w /ate ! details ( ! local a/ronomical conditions dep5d+ ^u ! latitude ( ! ,l&'s ,end region1 ,n4 #ej4 ,9 ! *apt] conta9+ "s a/ronomical h9ts to ar*ologi/s ,i ref]r$ 7p4 #abb7 to ! sol/ice conditions = ,/5ness beyond ,john o' ,groat's1 because ^? conditions af=d$ a special case1 ! sol/ice be+ det]m9$ by ! arrival ( ! sun at its highe/ or l[e/ decl9ation1 :i* happ5s on p>ticul> dates :i* recur ea* ye>4 ,b ) reg>d to ! ,may ye>1 dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,may ! sun's decl9ation is *ang+ by ov] a qu>t] ( a degree daily1 s t we mu/ n expect to f9d ! decl9ation ( #af #bj 7see p4 #bb7 rigidly adh]$ to4 ,z ,i h %[n 7p4 #bc71 ! sun's passage ?r\gh ?is decl9ation f\r times on its annual pa? on ! dates /at$ accurately divides ! ye> into f\r equal p>ts4 ,b ?is accuracy might h be5 neglect$ by ! e>ly obs]v]s1 s t1 = in/ance1 ! sun's position on ! #d? or #h? ( ,may in/ead ( t on ! #f? might h be5 *os5 z be+ 9 great] h>mony ) ! agricultural conditions at ! place4 ,! conditions ( ! sunrise f ,john o' ,groat's to ,l&'s ,end1 #b ( ! sun be+ visible above ! sky-l9e1 c be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ diagram3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,place ( fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,may sun1 9 ,briti% latitudes4 ,v]tical axis3 ,n4 ,,lat4 ,f bottom3 #dh-ei4 ,horizontal axis3 ,,azimu?s4 ,f left3 #ee-fg4 ,curves1 f left3 ,,horizon1 #j ,,hill1 #b;,,hill4 ,! exact azimu?s = ?is sunrise 9 ! ,l&'s ,end region 7,lat4 #ej7 9 relation to ! place ( ! sunrise :5 half ! sun has ris51 ) a sea horizon1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,%[+ ! influ5ce ( ! height ( ! sky-l9e on ! app>5t place ( sunrise 9 ,may & ,augu/4 ,! d\ble circle %[s ! tabul> place ( sun's c5tre4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,m]ry ,,maid5s ,,circle 7,,lat4 #ej #d ,n47 ,"o ( ! be/ pres]v$ circles t ,i "k ( is ne> ,p5zance4 ,x is call$ ! ,m]ry ,maid5s#aaj 7,dawns-,ma571 & is ?us describ$ by ,lukis#aaa 7p4 #a73-- 8,?is v p]fect ,circle1 :i* is #ge feet #h in*es 9 diamet]1 /&s 9 a cultivat$ field :i* slopes g5tly to ! s\?4 8,x consi/s ( #ai granite /ones plac$ at tol]ably regul> di/ances f ea* o!r1 b !re is a gap on ! ea/ side1 :]e ano!r /one 0 mo/ probably once erect$4 8,_m ( ! /ones are rectangul> 9 plan at ! gr\nd level1 v>y f #c feet #c in*es to #d feet 9 height1 & are sep>at$ by a space ( f #aj to #ab feet4 ,!re is a some:at %ort] int]val betwe5 f\r ( ! /ones on ! s\? side4 8,9 ! vic9ity ( ?is monum5t are two monoli?s call$ ! ,pip]s2 ano!r call$ ,goon-,ri?2 a hol$ /one 7n long ago !re 7 two o!rs72 & sev]al #e ,cairns40 ,lukis ?us describes ! 8,pip]s03-- 8,two rude /one pill>s ( granite /& erect1 #cag feet ap>t1 & ab\t #djj y>ds to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,circle ( ,dawns-,ma54 ,no4 #a is #ae feet high1 #d feet #f in*es 9 bread?1 & has an av]age ?ickness ( #bb in*es1 & is #b feet #i in*es out ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! /one is ( a lam9at$ nature1 & a ?9 fragm5t has flak$ (f f ! upp] "p4 ,no4 #b is #ac feet #f in*es high1 & is mu* split p]p5dicul>ly4 ,at ! gr\nd level its plan 9 section is ne>ly a squ>e ( ab\t #c feet40 ,goon-,ri? is next describ$3--8,no4 #c is naturally ( a rectangul> =m 9 plan1 & is #aj feet #f in*es 9 height4 ,! l& on :i* x /&s is call$ ,goon-,ri?1 or ,r$ ,d[ns4 ,! upp] "p ( ! /one is ( irregul> %ape40 ,borlase1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall 7#agfi71 only m5tions ! circle1 b ,w4 ,c4 ,borlase1 9 8 ,nnia ,cornubi 7#ahgb71 gives a v r\gh plan includ+ ! /ones be=e m5tion$ & sev]al b>r[s1 "s ( :i* h be5 pl\gh$ up4 ,at v>y+ di/ances f ! circle & 9 widely diff]5t azimu?s are o!r /&+ /ones1 anci5t crosses & hol$ /ones1 :ile "s ( ! b>r[s c /ill be trac$4 ,! descriptions ( ! locality giv5 by ,borlase & ,lukis1 h[ev]1 d n exhau/ ! po9ts ( int]e/4 ,edmonds#aab writes z foll[s3-- 8,a cave /ill p]fect444 is on an em95ce 9 ! t5em5t ( ,boleit 7,boleigh7 9 ,/4 ,buryan1 & ab\t a furlong s\?-we/ ( ! village ( ,trewo(e 7,trove74 ,x is call$ ! #8,f[g[1' & consi/s ( a tr5* #f feet deep & #cf long1 fac$ on ea* side ) unhewn & uncem5t$ /ones1 across :i*1 to s]ve z a ro(1 long /one po/s or slabs are laid cov]$ ) ?ick turf1 plant$ ) furze4 ,! bread? ( ! cave is ab\t #e feet4 ,on its nor?-we/ side1 ne> ! s\?-we/ end1 a n>r[ passage leads into a bran* cave ( consid]able ext5t1 con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,at ! s\?-we/ end is an entrance by a desc5d+ pa?2 b ?is1 z well z ! cave itself1 is s well conceal$ by ! furze t ! :ole looks l an ord9>y furze break )\t any way into x4 ,! direction ( ! l9e ( ?is cave is ab\t nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 :i* l9e1 if cont9u$ t[>ds ! s\?-we/1 w\ld pass close to ! two anci5t pill>s call$ ! ,pip]s1 & ! ,druidical temple ( ,dawns ,my91 all )9 half ( a mile40 ,?is f\g\ is situat$ on a hill on ! o!r side ( ! ,lamorna ,valley1 ne> ! village ( ,ca/allack1 & ! site ( ! ,r\ndago %[n 9 ! #a-;in* ,ordnance map4 ,borlase#aac says t _m simil> caves 7 to be se5 89 ^! p>ts0 9 8 "t1 & o!rs _h be5 de/roy$ by conv]t+ ! /ones to o!r uses4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! circle conditions at ! ,m]ry ,maid5s 7 once simil> to ^? at ,/5ness1 ,/anton ,drew1 ! ,hurl]s1 ,tregaseal & ,botallack1 t is t !re 0 m ?an "o1 ! numb]s runn+ f #b to #g4 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o1 )\t ^: aid 9 local inve/igations ?is *apt] 9 all probability w\ld nev] h be5 writt51 9 "o ( 8 visits came across 8! olde/ inhabitant10 :o rememb]$ a second circle4 ,he said1 8,x 0 cov]$ ) furze & nev] %[n to antiqu>ians02 ultimately ! field 9 :i* x /ood 0 pl\gh$ up & ! /ones remov$4 ,x is to prev5t a simil> fate happ5+ to ! 8,m]ry ,maid5s0 !mselves t ,"l ,falm\? w n all[ ! field 9 :i* !y /& to be pl\gh$1 & all antiqu>ians c]ta9ly owe him a debt ( gratitude = ?is & o!r pro(s ( 8 int]e/ 9 antiquities4 ,mr4 ,boli?o c>efully m>k$ ! site ?us indicat$ on a copy ( ! #be-;in* map4 ,i %all subsequ5tly %[ t ! circle :i* =m]ly exi/$ "h1 l ! o!rs nam$1 0 locat$ on an important sight-l9e4 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o 0 good en\gh to make a c>eful exam9ation ( ! b>r[s ,a & ,b ( ,borlase4#aad ,9 ,a 7,s4 #fi ,w47 he f\nd a long /one /ill ly+ 9 ! b>r[1 sugge/+ t ! b>r[ _h be5 built r\nd x1 & t ! apex ( ! b>r[ =m$ a new alignm5t4 ,9 ,b !re is ei!r ano!r recumb5t long /one or ! cap/one ( a dolm54 ,?is sugge/s "w = ! local antiqu>ians4 ,i %\ld /ate t !re may be "s d\bt ab\t b>r[ ,a1 = !re are two n f> f ea* o!r ) approximate azimu?s ,s4 #fi ,w4 & ,s4 #fd ,w4 ,! de/ruction ( ^! & o!r b>r[s 0 probably ! accompanim5t ( ! reclamation ( wa/e l&s & ! consequ5t int]f]5ce ) antiquities :i* 9 ,cornwall has mo/ly tak5 place s9ce #ahjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 by ,lady ,locki]4 ,,fig4 #eb4--,! ,m]ry ,maid5s 7look+ ,ea/74 ,b x did n beg9 !n1 nor has x be5 conf9$ to b>r[s4 ,dr4 ,borlase1 9 8 p>o*ial memor&a "u date ,septemb] #bi1 #ageb1 describes a monoli? #bj feet above gr\nd1 & plant$ #d feet 9 x1 ! 8,m5 ,p]u0 7/one ( sorr[7 9 ! p>i% ( ,con/ant9e4 ,a f>m] ackn[l$g$ t he _h cut x up1 & _h made tw5ty gate-po/s out ( x4 ,my wife & ,i visit$ ! ,m]ry ,maid5s at ,ea/]1 #aije1 = ! purpose ( mak+ a reconnaissance4 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o & ,mr4 ,corni% 7 good en\gh to accompany u4 ,on my return to ,london ,i began "w on ! #be-;in* ,ordnance map1 & subsequ5tly ,colonel ,r4 ,c4 ,hell>d1 ,r4,e41 director ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 0 k9d en\gh to s5d me ! true azimu?s ( ! ,pip]s4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aije1 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o & ,capta9 ,h5d]son1 ^: help at ! ,hurl]s ,i h already _h an opportunity ( ackn[l$g+1 made a mu* m complete survey ( ! adjac5t /&+ /ones & b>r[s4 ,9 ?is survey !y n only made use ( ! #be-;in* map1 b ( ! old plan giv5 by ,w4 ,c4 ,borlase dat+ f ab\t #ahgj4 ,al?\gh ! out/&+ /ones %[n by ,borlase rema91 "s ( ! b>r[s indicat$ by him h disappe>$4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aijf1 my wife & ,i paid o!r visits to ! monum5ts1 & ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o 0 aga9 good en\gh to accompany u4 ,?anks to him p]mission _h be5 obta9$ to break an op5+ 9 ! high wall-b\nd>y :i* prev5t$ any view along ! 8,pip]s0 sight-l9e4 ,i may "h add t un=tunately 9 ,cornwall ! field b\nd>ies (t5 consi/ ( high /one walls topp$ by furze1 s t ! out/&+ /ones once visible f ! circles c n[ no long] be se5 f !m2 ano!r tr\ble is t f ?is cause ! angul> height ( ! sky-l9e along ! alignm5t _c be measur$ 9 _m cases4 ,i w n[ proce$ to ref] to ! *ief sight-l9es s]iatim4 ,! fir/ is t connect+ ! circle :i* /ill exi/s ) ! site ( ! anci5t "o4 ,on ?is l9e exactly ,i f\nd f\r po9ts1 a b>r[ 7,l7 :i* ,borlase _h miss$ 7fur!r f ! circle ?an 8 b>r[ ,a71 ! site1 ! pres5t circle1 & ! f\g\2 azimu? f c5tre ( circle ,n4 #fd ,e4 & ,s4 #fd ,w4 ,?is is ! ,may-ye> l9e f\nd at ,/oneh5ge1 ,/5ness1 ! ,hurl]s & ,/anton ,drew4 ,9 connection ) ?is !re is ano!r sight-l9e :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov]2 f ! circle ! be>+ ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,burian is ab\t ,n4 #fd ,w42 l ! f\g\ x is situat$ on a hill1 & ne> x are anci5t crosses :i* ,i suspect 7 m5hirs fir/ & crosses aft]w>ds4#aae ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we see 9 ?is azimu? ( #fd ?ree times repeat$ t ! ,may & ,augu/ sunrises & sunsets & ! ,febru>y & ,novemb] sunsets 7 provid$ =4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r sight-l9es ,i w beg9 ) t ( ! ,pip]s1 z x is q obvi\sly connect$ ) ! ea/]n circle only2 ! /ones c\ld n h be5 se5 f ! o!r on acc\nt ( ris+ gr\nd4 ,! b>r[ %[n 9 ?is direction by ,borlase has n[ entirely disappe>$1 & ! e>? has evid5tly be5 spread ov] ! surr\nd+ field2 its surface is !re=e high] ?an =m]ly1 s t :5 ! op5+ 0 made 9 ! wall ! top ( ! ne>e/ pip] c\ld n be se5 f ! c5tre ( ! circle2 an elevation ( ab\t #b feet f ! gr\nd level 0 necess>y4 ,walk+ /raight f ! circle to ! fir/ pip]1 ! second pip] 0 exactly 9 a l9e1 ?\gh at a mu* l[] level4 ,?is %[$ t ! ,ordnance values 7 n q accurate1 :i* 0 n to be wond]$ at z no direct obs]vation _h be5 possible4 ,i !re=e adopt$ ! mean ( ! ,ordnance values z ! true azimu?3-- ,pip] #a4--,n4 #cg #eh #cf ,e4 ,pip] #b4-- #ch #eb #cf ---------- ,mean #ch #be #cf ,! sky-l9e f ! c5tre ( ! circle 0 def9$ by ! site ( ! vani%$ b>r[1 angul> elevation #bj1 & x is highly probable t ! function ( ! b>r[ :5 built 0 to provide a new sight-l9e :5 ! />-rise place 0 no long] exactly po9t$ out by ! pip] l9e4 ,) ^! data ! /> 9 "q 0 ,capella1 dec4 #bi #eh ,n41 h]ald+ ! ,febru>y sunrise1 #bafj ,b4,c4 ,i next come to ! fam\s m5hir ,goon-,ri?4 ,! conditions are z foll[s3--f ! circle ,az4 ,s4 #ha #ce ,w4 ,altitude ( sky-l9e #cd4 ,conc]n+ ?is alignm5t f ! circle1 x may be /at$ t x cuts across _m anci5t /ones1 includ+ "o resembl+ a rock bas9 or lav]1 & ano!r ei!r a hol$ /one or ! socket ( a /one cross4 ,i suspect also ! pres5ce 9 old days ( a holy well atta*$ to ! circle1 = !re is a pool ( wat] 9 a depression :i* is %[n 9 ! #be-;in* map4 ,i reg>d x z q possible t we are "h 9 pres5ce ( ! rema9s ( a cursus1 an old via sacra1 = processions betwe5 ! circle & ! monoli?4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d any a/ronomical use = ?is /one f ! circle or f ! site ( ! old "o1 b if we suppose x to h be5 us$ l ! ,b>n/one at ,/5ness = obs]vations ov] ! circle its object at once becomes obvi\s4 ,f ! azimu? giv51 ! decl9ation ( ! /> 0 #e #bd ,n4 ,n[ ?is 0 ! position ( ! ,pleiades ,b4,c4 #aifj1 :5 !y w\ld h w>n$ ! ris+ ( ! ,may sun4 ,s t x is possible t ! erection ( ! ,pip]s & ( ,goon-,ri? took place at ab\t ! same "t1 & repres5t ! fir/ op]ations4 ,! next alignm5t has an azimu? ( ,s4 #fi ,w4 f ! circle2 x w\ld be ! same )9 a degree f ! site ( ! "o :i* has disappe>$2 altitude ( sky-l9e #cb2 ?is l9e is to a /one cross on ris+ gr\nd1#aaf d\btless a re-dress+ ( an old m5hir1 & on ! l9e ne>] ! circle are ! rema9s ( a b>r[4 ,) ^! data ! /> 9 "q 0 ,ant>es1 dec4 ,s4 #ac #ah1 h]ald+ ! ,may sunrise #acaj ,b4,c4 ,!re is ano!r /one cross def9+ a l9e az4 ,n4 #aa #de ,e4 f ! circle1 altitude ( sky-l9e ab\t ! same z along ! ,pip] azimu?2 an int]v5+ h\se prev5ts measurem5t4 ,^! values give u ,n4 dec4 #ch #df1 ref]r+ to ,arcturus w>n+ ! ,augu/ sunrise 9 #afdj ,b4,c4 ,! ?ree alignm5ts already ref]r$ to1 !n1 give u ! w>n+ />s = ?ree out ( ! f\r qu>t]-days ( ! ,may ye>4 ,!re is /ill ano!r /one cross1 ,az4 ,n4 #hb #e ,w41 hills ab\t #cd4 ,?is has no connection ) ! ,may ye>1 b may ref] to ! equ9octial "o4 ,w4 ,c4 ,borlase ref]s to sev]al hol$ /ones4 ,! data = two ( ^!1 suppli$ by ,capt4 ,h5d]son1 are z foll[s3-- ,az4 ,alt4 ( sky-l9e ,/one 9 h$ge ,n4 ( road ,s4 #ejcc ,e4 #de ,/one1 half /ill /&+ ,s4 #gi #be ,w4 #di ,azimu?s ne> ^! h be5 not$ be=e at o!r circles1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t z ! hol$ /ones on my view 7 us$ = obs]vation1 ^! azimu?s mu/ be rev]s$1 s9ce x is probable t ! obs]vations 7 made ov] ! circle4 ,if ?is 7 s1 !n ,s4,e4 w\ld be *ang$ into ,n4,w41 & we %\ld get ,n4 #ej #cc ,w4 indicat+ ! sol/itial sunset4 ,simil>ly1 ,s4,w4 w\ld become ,n4,e41 & we %\ld h ,n4 #gi #be ,e41 possibly a ,pleiades alignm5t4 ,i h br\ght toge!r 9 ! foll[+ table all ! sight-l9es s f> ref]r$ to4 ,:]e ! altitude ( ! sky-l9e has be5 measur$ x is m>k$ ) a 994 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--be-;in* ,ordnance ,map ( ,m]ry ,maid5s1 %[+ alignm5ts4 ,9 ! map ! probable site ( ! second circle & ! b>r[s h special m>ks atta*$ to !m4 ,! numb]s ( ! alignm5ts 9 ! table are also %[n 9 ! map4 ,,table ,,( ,,alignm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,align- ,azimu?4 ,hill4 ,decl4 ,sun or ,/>4 ,date4 ,m>k4 m5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,b4,c4 #a ,n4 #aa #de ,e4 #bj #ch #df ,n4,arcturus #afej ,/one 9 7w>n+ road4 ,augu/7 #b ,n4 #ch #be ,e4 #bj99bi #eh ,n4,capella #bafj ,! ,pip]s 7w>n+ & b>r[4 ,febru>y7 #c ,n4 #fd ,e4 #af #ba ,n4,may ye> -- ,f\g\4 #d ,s4 #ch #bb ,n4 #bj #cj #bg ,s4,pip]s l9e -- ,b>rr[ ,b4 #e ,s4 #fd ,w4 #bj #af #bf ,s4,may ye> -- ,b>r[ ,l4 7,febru>y- ,novemb] sett+7 #f ,s4 #fi ,w4 #cb99ac #ah ,s4,ant>es #acaj ,/one cross 7w>n+ on hill & ,may7 ,b>r[ ,a4 #g ,s4 #ha #ce ,w4 #cb99 #e #bd ,n4,rev]s$ #aifj ,goon-,ri?4 l9e4 ,pleiades elev4 7w>n+ ,may7 #h ,n4 #fd ,w4 #db #af ,n4,may ye> -- ,/4 ,burian 7,may eve ,*ur*4 sett+7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aaj ,i may "h rem>k t 8#i maid5s0 is v common z a "n = a circle 9 ,cornwall4 ,x is a %ort title = #ai maid5s4 ,lukis implies t ,dawns-,ma5 once consi/$ ( #bj /ones4 ,if all ! circles foll[$ suit x w\ld be int]e/+ to note if ! pres5t numb] ( #ai is always associat$ ) a gap on ! ea/]n side4 ,! 8pip]s0 are1 ( c\rse1 ! musicians :o keep ! maid5s m]ry1 z does ! 8bl9d fiddl]0 at ,bosc[5-un ,circle4 #aaa ,prehi/oric ,/one ,monum5ts1 ,cornwall4 #aab ,! ,l&'s ,end ,di/rict1 p4 #df4 #aac ,antiquities1 p4 #bgd4 #aad ,nnia1 p4 #bad4 #aae ,9 ,a4,d4 #feh a c\ncil assembl$ at ,nantes decre$3--8,z 9 remote places & 9 woodl&s !re /& c]ta9 /ones :i* ! p (t5 wor%ip1 & at :i* v[s are made1 & to :i* oblations are pres5t$--we decree t !y be all ca/ d[n & conceal$ 9 su* a place t _! wor%ipp]s may n be able to f9d !m40 8,n[ ! c>ry+ out ( _! ord] 0 left to ! c\ntry p>sons1 & p>tly because !y _h !mselves be5 br\ght up to respect ^! /ones1 & p>tly because ! execution ( ! decree w\ld h br\ght d[n a /orm ^u _! heads1 !y cont5t$ !mselves ) putt+ a cross on top ( ! /ones40--,book ( ,brittany1 by ,b>+-,g\ld1 p4 #bj4 #aaf ,) reg>d to ?is ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o has s5t me ! foll[+ note3--8,! ris+ gr\nd "h is call$ locally #8,lan9e ,hill' 7spelt ,lanyon & pron\nc$ ,lan9e72 ?is is wor? notic+1 z x is ! same "n z ! dolm5 six or sev5 miles away f ,boleit1 & 9 ! same di/rict z ! ,m5 an ,tl & ,bosk$nan ,circle1 to say no?+ ( ,lannion 9 ,brittany4 ,lan signifies some?+ sacr$1 ! place ( ! sa9t1 or belong+ to ! sa9t40 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,tregaseal ,,circles 7,,lat4 #ej #h #be ,n41 ,,long4 #e #ci #be ,w47 ,!re are two circles situat$ on ,tru?wall ,common ne> to ,tregaseal & n f> f ,/4 ,j2 ! "o is ne>ly to ! ea/ ( ! o!r1 & !re are out/&+ /ones1 includ+ f\r hol$ /ones1 & sev]al b>r[s4 ,! ea/]n temple has a diamet] ( #fi feet1 & includes1 at ! pres5t "t1 n9e erect & f\r pro/rate /ones2 ! orig9al /ructure seems to h conta9$ tw5ty-eight /ones accord+ to ,lukis4 ,my wife & ,i visit$ ! region 9 ,janu>y1 #aijf1 b previ\sly to our go+ ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,?omas1 ^: k ( ! local antiquities is v great1 _h explor$ ! region & taught u :at to obs]ve4 ,! *ief int]e/ appe>s to lie on ! ,n4,e4 quadrant1 :]e1 9 addition to a fam\s long/one on a hill ab\t a mile away1 ! ne/ ( hol$ /ones & sev]al ( ! b>r[s are locat$4 ,c>n ,k5idjack1 a fam\s l&m>k1 lies to ! nor?4 ,( ! two circles1 ,i conf9$ my att5tion almo/ exclusively to ! ea/]n "o1 z ! o!r is 9 a fragm5t>y condition1 ?\gh x is /ill traceable4 ,x is hidd5 almo/ entirely f ! ea/]n circle by a mod]n h$ge4 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o1 :o accompani$ u 9 ,janu>y1 has aga9 visit$ ! spot1 ) ,mr4 ,?omas1 = ! purpose ( fur!r exploration1 & det]m9+ ! angul> height ( ! sky-l9e along ! diff]5t alignm5ts1 :i* ,i h plott$ f ! #f-;in* & #be-;in* maps4 ,my read]s w !re=e see t my "p ( ! "w has be5 a small "o1 & t !y are *iefly indebt$ to ^? ,i h nam$4 ,no !odolite survey has z yet be5 made = det]m9+ ! azimu?s & ! height ( ! hills4 ,! foll[+ approximate azimu?s h be5 det]m9$ by myself f a #be-;in* map1 & ! elevations by ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o by means ( a m9]'s dial4 ,alignm5ts4 ,azimu?4 ,elevation4 #a4 ,apex ( ,c>n ,n4 #ab #h;,e4 #d #j #b4 ,b>r[ #hjj di/ant ,n4 #bj #h ,e4 #c #ej #c4 ,two b>r[s #ijj di/ant ,n4 #ej #h ,e4 #a #ej #d4 ,hol$ /ones ,n4 #ec #bj ,e4 #a #ae #e4 ,long/one ,n4 #ff #ch ,e4 #b #aj #f4 ,/one ,n4 #gf #ac ,e4 ,! c>n ref]r$ to 9 ! above table is ,c>n ,k5idjack1 call$ 8! hoot+ cairn40 ,! rocks on ! summit1 9 :i* !re is a rem>kable depression1 are /ill by local sup]/ition suppos$ to emit evil s\nds by night4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 by ,lady ,locky]4 ,,fig4 #ed4--,! ,ea/]n ,circle at ,tregaseal4 ,( ! sight-l9es /udi$ s f>1 ^? to & f ! ,long/one & ! hol$ /ones seem ! mo/ important4 ,! ,long/one1#aag #a miles to ! ,n4,e41 is a monoli? #aj feet high on ! we/]n side ( a hill2 x is visible f ! circle ?\gh furze has gr[n r\nd & p>tly hidd5 x4 ,! mean+s ( ! v>i\s alignm5ts seem to be z foll[s3-- ,decl4 ,n4 ,/>4 ,date4 #a4 ,apex ( ,c>n #db #cc #j ,arcturus #bccj ,b4,c4 #b4 ,b>r[ #hjj di/ant #dj #bi #j #aigj #c4 ,two b>r[s #ijj di/ant #be #bj #ba 8 ,sol/itial #d4 ,hol$ /ones #bc #b #bj 8 #e4 ,long/one #af #b #j ,may sun #f4 ,/one #i #ae #j ,pleiades #abgj ,b4,c4 ,reg>d+ ! possible sol/itial alignm5ts1 ! decl9ations obta9$ may be neglect$ until ! azimu?s & angul> heights ( ! hills h be5 det]m9$ ) a good !odolite4 ,a *ange ( -#aj 9 ! angul> elevation1 & h5ce ab\t t 9 ! result+ decl9ation1 w\ld br+ ! date giv5 by ! b>r[s to ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,! position ( ! ,long/one is well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,sev]al v f9e monum5ts :i* m>k ! surr\nd+ horizon are visible f x 9 azimu?s ) :i* o!r monum5ts h made u famili>4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,alignm5t4 ,az4 ,hills4 ,long/one to ,mn-an-tol ,n4 #ej #cj ,e4 #j #cd ,n9e ,maid5s 7,bosk$nan7 ,n4 #ed #j ,e4 #a #j ,w4 ,lanyon ,quoit ,n4 #fg #j ,e4 #j #j ,lanyon ,quoit ,n4 #gb #de ,e4 #j #j ,^! values1 ( :i* ! angul> heights ( ! hills 7 det]m9$ approximately f ! cont\rs on ! #a-;in* ,ordnance map1 lead u to ! foll[+ decl9ations3-- ,alignm5t4 ,decl4 ,/>4 ,date4 ,long/one to ,mn-an-tol #bd #g ,n4 ,sol/itial sun4 ,n9e ,maid5s #bb #cg ,n4 7,bosk$nan7 ,w4 ,lanyon ,quoit #ad #c ,n4 ,may sun4 ,lanyon ,quoit #aj #cj ,n4 ,pleiades #ajcj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,photograph ( ,ordnance ,map1 %[+ sight-l9es4 ,! ,may-sun alignm5t1 x may be not$1 diff]s f t f ! circle4 ,! heights ( hills :5 det]m9$ may give u ! same sol> decl9ation2 t n[ us$ gives ! decl9ation = ,april #bh & ,augu/ #ae 9 our pres5t cal5d>4 ,reg>d+ ! alignm5t on ,lanyon ,quoit1 x ne$ only be po9t$ out t ! ,pleiades date obta9$ is "s #bjj ye>s aft] ! date obta9$ = ! analag\s alignm5t f ! circle1 %[+ t if ^! two monum5ts--! ,tregaseal circle & ! ,long/one--h any relation%ip1 ! removal to ! high pla91 n[ kn[n z ,woon ,gumpus & ,bosw5 ,commons1 0 an aft]?\ght improvem5t4 ,i next come to ! hol$ /ones1 n only ! ne/ ( !m n f> f ! circle1 b ! fam\s ,mn-an-tol itself4 ,i _h he>d be=e go+ to ,tregaseal t ! f\r hol$ /ones %[n on ! ,ordnance map _h be5 knock$ d[n & set up aga9 7n necess>ily 9 _! old places7 two or ?ree times4 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o & ,mr4 ,?omas1 h[ev]1 9 _! exam9ation 7 conv9c$ t ! l>ge/ ( !m has nev] be5 mov$4 ,!y also express ! belief t ! o!rs are n m ?an a foot or s f _! orig9al positions1 & t ?is *ange is only due to _! re-erection by ,mr4 ,corni% aft] !y _h fall5 d[n4 ,s f> ,i h he>d no?+ ( ! direction ( ! hole 9 ! /one :i* reta9s its orig9al position4 ,ano!r int]e/+ matt] is t ! explor]s 9 "q 7 able to trace an anci5t /one alignm5t f ! circle to ! hol$ /ones4 ,i h long held t ^! hol$ /ones 7 arrangem5ts = det]m9+ an alignm5t4 ,! fam\s ,od9 /one at ,/5ness1 long s9ce disappe>$1 01 if we may tru/ ! v def9ite /atem5ts made ab\t its position1 us$ to obs]ve ! ,b>n/one 9 "o direction & ! *ief circle 9 ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,plan ( ! ,mn-an-tol f ,lukis1 %[+ t x 0 an app>atus = obs]v+ ! sunrise 9 ,may & ,augu/ 9 "o direction & ! sunset 9 ,febru>y & ,novemb] 9 ! o!r4 ,sun's decl9ation1 #af ,n4 or ,s4 ,! azimu?s sugge/ t !odolite measures may %[ t ! ,tregaseal /ones might h be5 us$ 9 ! same way2 !y1 ! ,long/one & ,lanyon ,quoit1 are 9 ne>ly ! same /raight l9e1 ! alignm5t1 hol$ /ones to ,long/one & ,lanyon ,quoit1 be+ ,n4 #fg ,e41 s t ! ,may sunrise may h be5 not$ 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 by ,lady ,locky]4 ,,fig4 #eg4--,! ,mn-an-tol4 ,sev]al o!r monum5ts1 e4g41 ,*n ,ca/le & ,cromle*1 are to be f\nd 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! ,tregaseal circle & ! ,long/one1 b ^! w h to await fur!r inve/igation z to _! "* & antiquity be=e any conclusions conc]n+ _! a/ronomical use c be d$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,! ,mn-an-tol4 ,front view & section1 f ,lukis4 ,front view3 ,d4 ,,look+ ,s4,w41 ,,scale #a ,,in* ,,to #a ,,foot4 ,section3 ,,section ,,( ,d4 ,n only d we f9d 9 ?is neighb\rhood ! ne/ ( hol$ /ones to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 b ! ,mn-an-tol1 ! mo/ fam\s ( !m all1 9 ,engl& at all ev5ts4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! place to say a few words ab\t !m4 ,i h be=e /at$ my op9ion t ^! /ones1 in/ead ( be+ us$ z slaught] /ones or po/s at :i* to tie up ! victim be=e sacrifice1 or 9 any o!r simil> employm5t1 7 really sight+ /ones to enable an alignm5t to be easily pick$ up4 ,z su* ^! 71 ( c\rse1 treat$ z sacr$1 & h5ce ! folk-lore connect$ ) !m4 ,?is folk-lore seems to be mo/ complete 9 ! case ( ! fam\s /one ( ,od9 at ,/5ness1 s ,i cond5se ,mr4 ,sp5ce's acc\nt ( x4 ,*ildr5 br\ght to ! /one at ,belta9e & ,midsumm]1 aft] be+ c>ri$ sunwise r\nd ! holy well 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! hole z a protection aga9/ ! p[]s ( ! evil "o4 ,m>riage c]emony consi/$ ( jo9+ h&s ?r\gh ! hole1 a v[ held z sacr$ z ! legal m>riage ( to-day4 ,pa9s 9 ! head cur$ by ins]t+ ! head 9 ! cavity1 cure ( palsy 9 *ildr54 ,*ildr5 & adults travell$ _m miles to secure relief 9 ?is way4 ,at ! ,mn-an-tol ! curative effects c\ld only be obta9$ by crawl+ ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 :i* is ( consid]able size4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! ap]ture is mu* m re/rict$4 ,! g5]al size ( ! hol$ /one & ! position ( ! ap]ture 9 x may be well ga!r$ f ! fact t almo/ all ( !m h be5 us$ = gatepo/s1 & are n[ to be se5 fulfill+ t function4 ,9 "s cases ! old special use c be inf]r$1 b 9 o!rs ?is is m difficult1 z ! /ones h be5 %ift$ or slew$ r\nd1 or ! anci5t monum5t to :i* ! sight+ /one 0 direct$ has disappe>$4 ,! a/ronomical orig9 ( ! ,mn-an-tol1 :i* obvi\sly has nev] be5 di/urb$1 is q obvi\s4 ,fig4 #ef 7f ,lukis7 %ews t x 0 arrang$ along ! ,may ye> alignm5t1 ! adv5t ( ,may & ,augu/1 ,febru>y & ,novemb] be+ indicat$ by ! %ad[s ca/ by ! /ones ?r\gh ! ap]ture on to ! opposite ones4 ,to ! s\?-we/ ! alignm5t = ! ,febru>y & ,novemb] sunsets passes exactly ov] ,*n ,ca/le4 ,! 8,tolm50 ne> ,gweek1 ,con/ant9e1 ano!r fam\s hol$ /one #g feet #i in*es high & ) an ap]ture ( #ag in*es1 is accord+ to a magnetic be>+ ,i took la/ ,ea/] p>allel to ! ,mn-an-tol1 & d\btless 0 us$ = ! same purpose4 #aag ,9 ,cornwall ?is is ! "n g5]ally giv5 to a monoli?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,"s ,,o!r ,,corni% ,,monum5ts ,boscaw5-un1 ,n4 ,lat4 #ej #e #bj ,my wife & ,i visit$ ,boscaw5-un on a p\r+ day1 :5 x 0 impossible to make any obs]vations4 ,mr4 ,horton ,boli?o1 :o 0 ) u1 introduc$ u to ! t5ant ( ,boscaw5-noon--,mr4 ,hannibal ,r[e--:o v k9dly1 9 spite ( ! bad wea!r1 took u to ! circle & ! /one cross to ! ,n4,e4 ( x4 ,lukis ?us describ$ ?is monum5t3#aah-- 8,! enclos$ gr\nd on :i* ?is circle /&s is uncultivat$ & hea?y1 & slopes g5tly to ! s\?4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago a h$ge ran across x & bisect$ ! circle4 8,?is monum5t is compos$ ( n9ete5 /&+ /ones1 & is ( an oval =m1 ! long] diamet] be+ #hj feet & ! %ort] #ga feet #f in*es4 ,"o ( ! /ones is a block ( qu>tz #d feet high1 & ! re/1 :i* are ( granite1 v>y f #b feet #i in*es to #d feet #g in*es 9 height4 ,on ! we/ side !re is a gap1 :5ce x is probable t a /one has be5 remov$4 ,)9 ! area1 #i feet to ! s\?-we/ f ! c5tre1 is a tall monoli?1 #h feet out ( ! gr\nd1 :i* incl9es to ! nor?-ea/1 & is #c feet #c in*es out ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,photograph ( ! ,ordnance ,map4 8,9 #aeid ,camd5 describes ?is monum5t z consi/+ ( n9ete5 /ones1 #ab feet f ea* o!r1 ) "o mu* l>g] ?an ! re/ 9 ! c5tre4 ,x mu/ h be5 mu* 9 ! same condition !n z n[4 ,z he does n say t ! monoli? enclos$ )9 x 0 incl9$1 x is possible t x 0 upright at t "t4 8,dr4 ,/ukeley's supposition 0 t x orig9ally /ood upright1 & t #8somebody digg+ by x to f9d treasure di/urb$ x4' 8,on ! nor?-ea/ side !re are two fall5 /ones :i* ,dr4 ,borlase1 9 #agdi1 imag9$ to h =m$ "p ( a ,cromle*4 ,x is m probable t !y are ! fragm5ts ( a second pill> :i* 0 plac$ to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! c5tre1 & z f> f x z ! exi/+ "o is4 ,!re are in/ances1 ,i believe1 ( two pill>s occupy+ simil> positions )9 a circle4 ,"o ( ! /ones1 t m>k$ ,c 9 my plan1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! r+1 0 pro/rate 9 ! ,doctor's "t4 8,at a %ort di/ance to ! s\?-ea/ & s\?-we/ !re are cairns1 :i* h be5 explor$40 ,= ?is monum5t ,i h us$ ! #f-;in* map1 z ! circle lies ne>ly at ! c5tre1 & all ! out/&+ /ones are )9 its limits4 ,! heights ( ! sky-l9e 7 measur$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,boli?o at a subsequ5t visit ) a m9]'s dial2 ! result+ decl9ations h be5 calculat$ by ,mr4 ,rol/on4 ,a !odolite survey w d\btless revise "s ( !m3-- ,m>ks4 ,az4 ,hills4 ,dec4 ,/>4 ,date4 #a4 ,f4 ,/one cross ,n4 #dc #ae ,e4 #b #g #bi #bf ,capella #bbej #b4 ,p4 ,f9e m5hir ,n4 #ec #cj ,e4 #a #ae #bb #eh ,sol/itial -- sun #c4 ,b4 ,bl9d ,n4 #ed #cj ,e4 #a #ae #bb #bd ,sol/itial -- ,fiddl] sun #d4 ,two l>ge ,n4 #ff #ej ,e4 #a #j #ad #ee ,may sun -- m5hirs #e4 ,/one cross ,n4 #gh #j ,e4 #a #j787 #h #h ,pleiades #adhj 7,may7 #f4 ,/one ,s4 #ff #cj ,e4 #a #j787 -#ad #cb ,novemb] -- sun #g4 ,/one ,n4 #hc #cj ,w4 #a #j787 #d #cf ,pleiades #babj 7,septemb]7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,%[+ azimu?s 9 ,lat4 ,n4 #ej = ! summ] sol/ice sunrise1 ) diff]5t heights ( hills = #aije ,a4,d4 & #afhj ,b4,c4 ,v]tical axis f bottom3 ,,sea ,,level1 1 #a1 #a1 #b4 ,horizontal axis1 top1 f left3 #aije ,a4,d41 #di #bj-ed #bj4 ,horizontal axis1 bottom1 f left3 #afhj ,b4,c4 7,,date ,,( ,,/oneh5ge71 #dh #dj-ec #dj4 ,i ga!r f a report :i* ,mr4 ,h4 ,boli?o has be5 good en\gh to s5d me t mod]n h$ges & f>m+ op]ations h *ang$ ! conditions ( ! sight-l9es1 s t #a & #c are j invisible f ! circle4 ,?is is by no means ! only case 9 :i* ! sight+ /one has j be5 hidd5 ov] ! br[ ( a hill & 9 :i* signals f an obs]v] on ! br[ itself h be5 sugge/$1 or a via sacra to ! br[ f ! circle2 !re are _m monoli?s 9 ?is direction :i* c]ta9ly nev] belong$ to ! circle4 ,f ! m5hir ,p 7,no4 #b7 a f9e view is obta9$ f ,n4 to ,s4 ?r\gh ,e41 s t ! ,bl9d ,fiddl] & ! two l>ge m5hirs1 & almo/ ! circle1 are visible4 ,! curi\s %apes ( #a & #b are not$1 ! ea/ face v]tical & ! we/ b\nd>y curv$1 l sev]al sight+ /ones on ,d>tmoor4 ,! circle itself has sev]al peculi>ities4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z %[n by ,lukis1 x is n circul>1 ! diamet]s be+ ab\t #he & #fe feet2 ! m9or axis runs ?r\gh ! pill> /one 9 ! c5tre & ! 8fall5 /ones0 ( ,dr4 ,borlase t[>ds ! 8/one cross0 7:i* is no cross b a f9e m5hir7 9 ,az4 ,n4 #dc #ae ,e4 ,?is w\ld sugge/ t ?is 0 ! orig9al alignm5t 9 #bbej ,b4,c41 b aga9/ ?is is ! fact t ! two /ones ( ! circle betwe5 :i* ! 8fall5 /ones0 lie are m c>efully squ>$ ?an ! re/4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ?is might h be5 done aft]w>ds1 & ?is seems probable1 = !y are clos] toge!r ?an ! o!r circle /ones4 ,! "o qu>tz /one occupies an azimu? ,s4 #ff ,w4 ,x 0 obvi\sly plac$ 9 a po/ ( hon\r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 f x ! ,may sun 0 se5 to rise ov] ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,z !re are bo? at ,tregaseal & ,boscaw5-un alignm5ts sugge/+ ! obs]vation ( ! summ] sol/ice sunrise1 x is desirable "h to ref] to ! azimu?s z calculat$4 ,= ?is purpose ,fig4 #fj has be5 prep>$1 :i* %[s ^! = lat4 #ej bo? at ! pres5t day & at ! date ( ! re/oration at ,/oneh5ge4 ,my read]s %\ld comp>e ?is ) ,fig4 #cf1 :i* gives ! sol/ice sunrise conditions ( ,/5ness 9 ,lat4 ,n4 #ei4 ,su* a comp>ison w %[ h[ useless x is to pursue ^! inquiries )\t tak+ ! latitude & ! height ( ! sky-l9e into acc\nt4 8,/ripple ,/ones0 7lat4 #ej #cb #ej ,n41 long4 #d #cg ,w47 ,?is is a v rem>kable circle consi/+ ( #e erect & #aa pro/rate /ones situat$ on a circul> level plat=m #age feet 9 diamet] on ! boggy s\? slope ( ,hawk's ,tor on ! ,hawk/or ,d[ns 9 ! p>i% ( ,blisl&4 ,! circle itself is ab\t #adh feet 9 diamet]1 & ! :ole monum5t is1 9 ,lukis's op9ion1 ! mo/ int]e/+ & rem>kable 9 ! c\ntry4 ,surr\nd+ ! plat=m is a dit* #aa feet wide1 & beyond t a p5annul> vallum ab\t #aj feet 9 wid?4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! vallum is t x has ?ree ba/ions situate on ! nor?-ea/1 nor?-we/1 & ea/ sides4 ,x is to ! nor?-ea/ ba/ion t ,i wi% to ref]4 ,sight+ f ! huge monoli?1 :i* is n[ pro/rate b orig9ally m>k$ ! c5tre ( ! circle1 along a l9e bisect+ ! arc ( ?is ba/ion we f9d t ! azimu? ( ! sight-l9e is ,n4 #be ,e42 ! angul> elevation ( ! horizon f ! #a-;in* ,ordnance map appe>s to be ab\t #j #bb4 ,f ^! values1 proce$+ z 9 ! =m] cases1 we f9d ,alignm5t4 ,decl4 ,/>4 ,date4 ,c5tre ( circle to c5tre ( ba/ion #ce #a ,n4 ,capella #abej ,b4,c4 indicat+ t ?is alignm5t 0 =m$ = ! same purpose z t :i* dom9at$ ! erection ( ! 8,pip]s40 8,n9e ,maid5s0 7lat4 #ej #bh #bj ,n41 long4 #d #ed #ce ,w47 ,9 ?is monum5t we f9d a v diff]5t type f ^? consid]$ previ\sly4 ,! ,n9e ,maid5s are simply #i /ones 9 a /raight l9e #bfb feet 9 l5g? at ! pres5t day2 possibly1 z sugge/$ by ,lukis1 x may h ext5d$ orig9ally to ! monoli? kn[n z 8,! ,fiddl]10 situat$ "s #hjj y>ds away 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction4 ,measur+ ! azimu? ( ! alignm5t on ,lukis's plan1 & f9d+ ! horizon elevations f ! #a-;in* ,ordnance map1 we h ! foll[+3-- ,az4 ,hills4 ,decl4 ,/>4 ,date4 ,n4 #bh ,e4 #j #j #cg #dg ,n4 ,capella #adhj ,b4,c4 ,x may be rem>k$ t "h we h a date = ! use ( ,capella int]m$iate betwe5 ^? obta9$ = ! 8,pip]s0 & ! 8,/rippie ,/ones0 respectively4 #aah ,prehi/oric ,/one ,monum5ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles3 ,cornwall4 ,w4 ,c4 ,lukis4 ,p4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,clock-,,/>s ,,9 ,,egypt ,,& ,,brita94 ,i h n[ f9i%$ my a/ronomical reconnaissance ( ! ,briti% monum5ts4 ,i tru/ ,i h %[n h[ important x is t my holiday task %\ld be foll[$ by a s]i\s inquiry by o!r work]s s t ! approximate values ) :i* ,i h _h to cont5t myself = want ( "t may be replac$ by o!rs to :i* ! highe/ weight c be atta*$4 ,?is means at ea* circle rev]s$ obs]vations ) a six-in* !odolite & det]m9ation ( azimu?s by means ( obs]vations ( ! sun if necess>y4 ,i propose 9 ! pres5t *apt] to br+ toge!r ! g5]al results already obta9$ 9 cases :]e ! inquiry has be5 complete en\gh to w>rant def9ite conclusions to be drawn4 ,! fir/ result to be ga!r$ f ! obs]vations1 & "o to :i* ,i atta* ! highe/ importance1 is t ! practice1 s long employ$ 9 ,egypt1 ( det]m9+ "t at night by ! revolution ( a /> r\nd ! pole1 0 almo/ univ]sally foll[$ 9 ! ,briti% circles4 ,?is practice 0 to wat* a fir/-magnitude />1 :i* ,i nam$ a 8clock-/>10#aai ( su* a decl9ation t x j dipp$ bel[ ! nor!rn horizon s t x 0 visible = almo/ ! :ole ( its pa?4 ,d\btless ?is same me?od ( det]m9+ ! fl[ ( "t dur+ ! night wat*es 0 also employ$ 9 ,babylonia1#abj b !re1 alas6 ! temples1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! a/ronomical obs]vatories1 h disappe>$1 s t only ! ,egyptian practice rema9s = u to /udy4 ,egypt4 ,let u1 be=e we proce$1 consid] "s results :i* h be5 ga!r$ f ! /udy ( ! ,egyptian obs]vations4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ temples 9 ,egypt conc]n+ :i* we h hi/orical ref]5ces to *eck ! ori5tation results 0 built to c>ry on ^! night obs]vations at ,d5d]ah1 lat4 ,n4 #bf #aj4 ,! /> obs]v$ 0 ,ursae ,majoris1 decl4 ,n4 #eh #eb1 pass+ #e bel[ ! nor!rn horizon2 date 7assum+ horizon #a high7 ab\t #diej ,b4,c41 i4e41 9 ! times ( ! ,%emsu ,h]u1 be=e ,m5a1 z is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! inscriptions4 ,aft] ,ursae ,majoris _h become circumpol> 9 ! latitude ( ,d5d]ah1 ,draconis1 :i* _h ceas$ to be circumpol>1 & s fulfill$ ! conditions to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 replac$ x4 ,its decl9ation 0 #eh #eb ,n4 ab\t #cajj ,b4,c41 & x1 !re=e1 c\ld h be5 wat*$ ris+ 9 ! axis prolong$ ( ! old temple 9 ! "t ( ,pepi1 :o re/or$ x !n1 no d\bt on acc\nt ( ! adv5t ( ! new />1 & is /at$ to h deposit$ a copy ( ! old plan 9 a cavity 9 ! new walls4 ,"h1 !n1 we h two dates giv5 by ori5tation ( a clock-/> temple entirely agree+ ) ! mo/ rec5t views ( ,egyptian *ronology4 ,9 ,dr4 ,budge's ,hi/ory ( ,egypt 7iii4 #ad7 ! /ory ( ! rebuild+ ( ! temple at ,annu by ,us]ts5 7#bdcc ,b4,c41 ,brugs*7 is giv5 f an anci5t roll4 ,suppos+ ?is temple built p>allel ) ! faces ( ! rema9+ obelisk1 ,draconis w\ld rise 9 its axis prolong$ #bejj ,b4,c41 prov+ t ,us]ts5 did at ,annu :at ,pepi previ\sly did at ,d5d]ah1 & t ! same reason = re/oration & ev5 ! same /> 7 9 "q4#aba ,:5 ! clock-/> ceas$ to be visible 9 ! *ief temple o!r subsidi>y temples 7 subsequ5tly built to wat* x4 ,?us ,draconis 0 wat*$ at ,!bes f #cejj ,b4,c4 to ! times ( ! ,ptolemys by temples ori5t$ successively f t ( ,mut ,az4 ,n4 #gb #cj ,e4 to #fh #cj1 #fc #cj1 & #fb4abb ,x is wor? :ile to %[ t :at we "k n[ ( ! ,egyptian me?ods ( obs]vation enables u to c>ry ! matt] fur!r1 :ile we ga!r at ! same "t t 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( latitude ! me?od employ$ 9 ,egypt c\ld n be foll[$ 9 ,brita94 ,i %[$ 9 ! ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy t sev]al anci5t %r9es consi/$ ( two temples at "r angles to ea* o!r 7see ,fig4 #ac71 "o axis po9t+ high ,n4,e4 to obs]ve ! clock-/>--! wor%ip ( ,set--! o!r l[ ,n4,w4 to obs]ve ei!r ! sun by itself1 or 9 association ) "s important /> ( ! same decl9ation z ! sun4 ,! temples ( ,mut & ,m5u 7or ,m971 & ( ,am51 ) ! associat$ temple ,m4 ( ,lepsius1 at ,k>nak1 are ! be/ extant examples ( ?is pr9ciple ( temple build+4 ,!re is evid5ce t bo? at ,annu & ,memphis ! same pr9ciple 0 foll[$1 b at ,annu "o obelisk alone rema9s1 & at ,memphis "o temple2 f ^!1 h[ev]1 ,capta9 ,lyons & myself h obta9$ suffici5t data to enable ! orig9al directions ( ! temple-sy/ems to be ga!r$4 ,at ,d5d]ah1 if su* a ,n4,w4 temple ev] exi/$ x has disappe>$1 b z ! monum5t /&s !re are /ill two temples at "r angles to ea* o!r1 b ! second "o faces ,s4,e4 in/ead ( ,n4,w4 ,?is premis$1 ,i w n[ give1 9 anticipation ( ano!r "o deal+ ) ! ,briti% monum5ts1 a li/ ( ! mo/ anci5t /> temples 9 ,egypt1 ) _! azimu?s & ! fir/-magnitude clock-/>s :i* c\ld h be5 obs]v$ 9 !m at diff]5t dates4 ,^! dates h be5 approximately det]m9$ by ! use ( a precessional globe1 an horizon ( #a elevation be+ assum$4 ,z ,i h %[n1 ! pres5t views ( ,egyptian *ronology & ! inscriptions c>ry u back to ,ursae ,majoris1 at ,d5d]ah4 ,b !re is a sugge/ion at ,luxor1 & p]haps also at ,abydos1 t ,vega 0 us$ be=e t />1 ?\gh !re are1 s f> z ,i "k1 no temple traces ( ,arcturus4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,temple4 ,n4 ,lat4 ,az4 ,n4 ,vega4 ,arc- ,ursae ,n4,e4 ,decl4 turus4,majoris4,draconis4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,annu #cj #ajad #jeg #be #fbej #eeej 99#ebjj 99#bejj ,memphis #bi #ej #ab #de #eh #bj #fdej #fjjj #ejjj #bhej ,d5d]ah #bf #aj #ah #cj #eh #eb #feej #fbjj 99#diej 99#cajj ,!bes 7,mut7 #be #dj #ag #cj #ei #df #fgjj #fgjj #dhjj 99#cejj ,tell-el-,am>na#bg #dj #ac #j #fj #ab #fhjj #fhjj #dgej #cgjj ,nagada #bf #aj #ab #j #fa #af #gjjj #gdjj #dfjj #djjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,!re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 det]m9+ ! date ( a temple erect$ to ! ris+ or sett+ ( a p>ticul> />1 & ( "o erect$ to ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! sun on a p>ticul> day ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! latt] case no date c be giv5 unless we h reason to believe t bo? ! sun & a /> rose or set at ! same po9t ( ! horizon at ! same date2 9 o!r words1 ! sun & /> _h ! same decl9ation1 & ! ris+ or sett+ ( bo? c\ld be se5 9 ! same temple4 ,i assum$1 )\t hi/orical data1 t ?is view 0 act$ on 9 ,egypt1 at ! temple ( ,m5u2 ,mr4 ,p5rose f\nd1 ) hi/orical data1 t x 0 actually act$ on 9 ,greece at ! ,p>!non4 ,to %[ t we are at all ju/ifi$ 9 ?is view we mu/ /udy ! association ( gods ) temple wor%ip1 & look = temples 9 diff]5t azimu?s erect$ at diff]5t times if ! god is a />2 & we c run ! /> home if ! dates fall 9 ) ! />'s precessional *ange4 ,?us !re is reason = suppos+ t ! god ,ptah & ! /> ,capella 7 associat$4 ,!re is a temple ( ,ptah at ,memphis1 ,az4 ,n4 #gg #ae ,w41 hills #ej1 decl4 ,n4 #aa1 /> ,capella1 date #ebjj4 ,9 ! rectangul> sy/em at ,memphis1 !n1 ,ursae ,majoris 0 wat*$ 9 "o temple & ,capella 9 ! o!r at t date4 ,!re is also evid5ce t ! god ,m5u 0 associat$ ) ! /> ,spica4 ,9 ! temple sy/em ( ,mut at ,!bes1 9 #cbjj ,b4,c41 ,draconis 0 us$ z a clock-/> 9 "o temple1 :ile ! sett+ ( ,spica 0 wat*$ 9 ! o!r4 ,if a temple is erect$ to ! sun ) no specially nam$ cult1 x may be a sun-temple pure & simple1 n connect$ ) /> wor%ip because !re 0 no /> ) ! prop] decl9ation at ! "t4 ,9 ,greece temple-build+ 0 c>ri$ on at a mu* lat] "t1 s late t p]haps wat] clocks 7 available1 s t we %\ld n expect to f9d _m clock-/> temples 9 t c\ntry4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re is only "o1 ( :i* ! data1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p5rose1 are z foll[s3-- ,n4 ,decl4 ,/>4 ,date4 ,!bes1 ,! ,city ( ! ,dragon #ed #bh ,draconis #aafj ,x w be se5 t ! /> us$ 9 ,greece 0 ! la/ clock-/> trac$ 9 ! ,egyptian temples4 ,brita94 ,i n[ come to ,brita94 ,s f> z my inquiries h gone1 ^! clock-/> obs]vations 7 introduc$ into ^! isl&s ab\t #bcjj ,b4,c4 ,9 my /atem5t conc]n+ !m ,i w deal ) ! a/ronomical conditions = lat4 #ej ,n41 z x is 9 ,cornwall t ! evid5ce is mo/ pl5tiful & conclusive4 ,9 t latitude & at t "t ,arcturus1 decl4 ,n4 #da1 0 j circumpol> ) a sea horizon1 & !re=e nei!r rose nor set4 ,capella1 decl4 ,n4 #ca1 :5 nor?+ 0 #i bel[ ! horizon1 s t x rose & set 9 azimu?s ,n4 #cg ,e4 & ,n4 #cg ,w4 respectively2 x 0 !re=e invisible = a long "t & 0 an awkw>d clock-/> 9 consequ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,arcturus & ,capella z clock-/>s 9 ,brita94 ,,ab sea horizon4 ,a,b horizon #c high4 ,fig4 #fa repres5ts diagrammatically ! conditions nam$1 ! circumpol> pa?s ( ,arcturus & ,capella be+ %[n by ! small] & l>g] circle respectively4 ,a ,b repres5ts ! actual sea horizon & ,a ,b a locally rais$ horizon #c high1 :il/ ! dott$ portion ( ! l>g] circle repres5ts ! non-visible "p ( ,capella's app>5t pa?4 ,:at ! ,briti% a/ronom]-prie/s did1 !re=e1 9 ! majority ( cases 0 to set up _! temples 9 a locality :]e ! ,n4,e4 horizon 0 high1 s t ,arcturus rose & set ov] x & 0 invisible = only a %ort "t1 z %[n 9 ! diagram by ! rais$ horizon ,a ,b4 ,! two li/s foll[+ conta9 ! names ( ! monum5ts :]e ,i sugge/ ,arcturus 0 us$ z a clock-/>4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! angul> elevation ( ! sky-l9e z se5 f ! circle 9 ea* case has be5 actually measur$1 & ! date ( ! alignm5t is1 !re=e1 fairly tru/wor?y2 b 9 ! second li/ ! elevations h be5 e/imat$ f ! diff]5ces ( cont\r %[n on ! "o-in* ,ordnance map1 & ! dates mu/ be accept$ z op5 to future revision4 ,,arcturus ,,z ,a ,,clock-,,/>4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,position4 ,monum5t4 ------------------ ,alignm5t4 ,lat4 ,n4 ,long4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,tregaseal #ej #h #j #ecibj;,circ4 to ,c>n ,k5idjack ,! ,hurl]s #ej #ca #j #d #bg #bj ,s4 circ4 ov] c5t4 circ4 ,c5t4 circ4 ov] ,n4 circ4 ,n4 circ4 ov] ,n4,e4 b>r[ ,m]rivale #ej #cc #ae #d #b #cj ,circ4 to rema9s ( cromle* ,direction ( small] av5ue ,f]nwor?y #ej #ch #cj #c #ed #aj ,direction ( ,av5ue ,/anton ,drew #ea #bb #j #b #cd #bj ,c5t4 ( ,gt4 ,circ4 to ,quoit ,f]nwor?y #ej #ch #cj #c #ed #aj ,direction ( ,av5ue ,m]ry ,maid5s#ej #c #dj #e #ce #be ,circ4 to /one 9 ! road ,/anton ,drew #ea #bb #j #b #cd #bj ,s4,w4 circ4 to c5tre ( ,gt4 ,circ4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -- ,monum5t4 ,az4 ,hills4 ,decl4 ,date ,n4 ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,tregaseal ,n4 #ab #h ,e4 #d #jdb #ccbccj ,! ,hurl]s ,n4 #aa #ae ,e4 #c #bd #da #ch #bagj ,n4 #ad #ah ,e4 #c #bd #da #i #bjij ,n4 #ah #dd ,e4 #c #bd #dj #f #aijj ,m]rivale ,n4 #ae #j ,e4 #c #a #dj #cf #aiij ,n4 #bd #be ,e4 #e #j #ci #ee #ahfj ,f]nwor?y ,n4 #ac #j ,e4 #a #ae #ci #g #agbj ,n4 #ad #bj ,e4 #a #ae #ch #ea #afgj ,/anton ,drew ,n4 #ag #ei ,e4 #b #cc #ch #ch #afbj ,f]nwor?y ,n4 #ae #de ,e4 #a #ae #ch #cd #afaj ,m]ry ,maid5s,n4 #aa #de ,e4 #j #ab #ch #bg #aeij ,/anton ,drew ,n4 #ai #ea ,e4 #a #dd #cg #cj #adbj ---------------------------------------- -- ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,position4 ,monum5t4 ------------------ ,alignm5t4 ,lat4 ,n4 ,long4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,tr[leswor?y#ejbgcj #d #jbj;,direction ( prim>y av5ue ,direction ( f9al av5ue ,long/one #ej #h #aj #e #ch #bj ,long/one to ,*n ,cromle* 7,tregaseal7 ,lee ,moor #ej #bf #cj #c #ei #dj ,direction ( av5ue ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- -- ,monum5t4 ,az4 ,hills4 ,decl4 ,date ,n4 ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,tr[leswor?y,n4 #g #j ,e4#b #ebda #bdbacj ,n4 #ab #j ,e4#b #eb #da #f #bjhj ,long/one ,n4 #i #j ,e4#a #dc #dj #ci #bjjj 7,tregaseal7 ,lee ,moor ,n4 #bb #j ,e4#b #bh #ch #ag #aejj ---------------------------------------- -- ,9 "s cases1 = "o reason or ano!r1 ?is arrangem5t 0 n c>ri$ out1 & ,capella1 9 spite ( ! objection ,i h /at$1 0 us$ 9 ! foll[+ circles3-- ,,capella ,,z ,a ,,clock-,,/>4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,position4 ,monum5t4 ------------------ ,alignm5t4 ,lat4 ,n4 ,long4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,i4 ,boscaw5-un #ej #ebj #ecg #j;,circ4 to ,/one ,cross ,m]ry ,maid5s#ej #c #dj #e #ce #be ,circ4 ov] ! 8,pip]s0 ,,ii4 ,! ,n9e #ej #bh #bj #d #ed #cj ,direction ( ,n9e ,maid5s r[ ,maid5s ,/ripple #ej #cb #ea #d #cg #ce ,c5tre to ,n4,e4 ba/ion ,/ones ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,monum5t4 ,az4 ,hills4 ,decl4 ,date ,n4 ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,i4 ,boscaw5-un ,n4 #dcae ,e4#b #gbi #cfbbej ,m]ry ,maid5s,n4 #ch #bf ,e4#j #bj #bi #eh #bajj ,,ii4 ,! ,n9e ,n4 #bh #j ,e4#j #j #cc #dg #adhj ,maid5s ,/ripple ,n4 #bf #j ,e4#j #bb #cd #ch #acbj ,/ones ---------------------------------------- -- ,at ! ,m]ry ,maid5s1 h[ev]1 ) ne>ly a sea horizon1 :5 ,arcturus ceas$ to be circumpol> & rose 9 ,azimu? ,n4 #aa #de ,e41 x replac$ ,capella1 & 0 us$ z a clock-/> aft] #afjj ,b4,c4 ,9 ?is sy/em ( night obs]vation we h ! g]m ( ! use 9 lat] times ( an in/rum5t call$ ! 8night-dial10 specim5s ( :i*1 dat+ f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 c be se5 9 our museums4 ,! introduction ( graduat$ circles p]mitt$ ! employm5t ( circumpol> />s1 & ! 8gu>ds0 ( ! ,little ,be> or ! 8po9t]s0 ( ! ,great ,be> 7 ?us us$4 ,!re 0 a disc ) a c5tral ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! pole /> c\ld be obs]v$2 ! disc c\ld be adju/$ = e night 9 ! ye>2 an arm 0 !n mov$ r\nd s t ! direction ( ! po9t]s 7or ! gu>ds7 ) reg>d to ! v]tical c\ld be measur$2 on a second conc5tric circle ! "t ( night c\ld be read (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,a 8night-dial40 #aai ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 #ahid1 p4 #cdc4 #abj ,j5s51 ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 p4 #adg4 #aba ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 p4 #bae4 #abb ,ibid41 p4 #bad4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sun ,,temples ,! ,orig9al ,cult ,i h giv5 detail$ evid5ce %[+ t ! fir/ circle build]s 9 ,brita9 wor%ipp$ ! ,may-ye> sun1 :e!r !y br\ght x ) !m or n4 ,?is ye> 0 us$ 9 ,babylon1 ,egypt1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,greece4 ,9 ! two =m] c\ntries ,may 0 ! h>ve/ mon?1 & ?us became ! *ief mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,! dates 7 apt to v>y ) ! local h>ve/ "t4 ,! e>lie/ extant temple align$ to ! sun at ?is fe/ival seems to h be5 t ( ,ptah at ,memphis1 #ebjj ,b4,c4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ?is temple 9 relation to ! clock-/> obs]vations c>ri$ on 9 x4 ,?is approximate date ( ! build+ ( ! temple is obta9$ by ! evid5ce af=d$ 7#a7 by ! associat$ clock-/> 7see p4 #bih71 & 7#b7 by ! fact t ! god ,ptah repres5t$ ! /> ,capella1 s9ce !re is a ,ptah temple at ,!bes align$ on ,capella at a lat] "t1 :5 by ! processional movem5t x _h be5 c>ri$ outside ! sol> limit4 ,!re 0 also a simil> temple at ,annu 7,heliopolis1 lat4 ,n4 #cj #aj71 b x has disappe>$4 ,! light ( ! sun fell along ! axis :5 ! sun _h ! decl9ation ,n4 #aa1 ! ,gregorian dates be+ ,april #ah & ,augu/ #bd4 ,ano!r ,may-ye> temple 0 t ( ,m5u at ,!bes1 ,az4 ,n4 #gb #cj ,w4 7lat4 ,n4 #be2 sun's decl9ation ,n4 #ae2 ,gregorian date1 ,may #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,lay>d's plan ( ! ,palace ( ,s5na*]ib discov]$ 9 ! m\nd ( ,k\yunjik4 ,! temple axis1 ,,xxxvi41 ,,xxxiv41 ,,xxix41 ,,xix4 7,,xxii4 is on a l[] level71 faces ! ris+ ( ! ,may sun4 ,z we h se5 7p4 #bii71 ,spica _h ?is decl9ation 9 #cbjj ,b4,c41 & ! co9cid5ce may h be5 ! reason = ! erection1 or1 m probably1 ! re/oration1 ( ! temple1#abc especially z ,draconis came into play z a new clock-/> at ! same date4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,lay>d's plan ( ! ,m\nd at ,nimrood %[+ its equ9octial ori5tation4 ,! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,p5rose 9 ,greece h provid$ u ) temples ori5t$ to ! ,may-ye> sun4 ,i %all return to !m aft]w>ds1 z !y are lat] 9 "t ?an ! ,briti% monum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,! ,temples at ,*i*5 ,itza4 ,! explorations ( ,sir ,h4 ,lay>d at ,n9eveh1 lat4 #cf ,n41 h %[n t ! temple 9 ,s5na*]ib's palace1 :i* may h be5 a re/oration ( a mu* old] temple1 0 also ori5t$ to ! ,may sun4 ,x is a pity t our pres5t-day ar*ologi/s d n m /rictly foll[ ! f9e example set by ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d 9 8 explorations ( ,k\yunjik4 ,:5 he _h une>!d ,s5na*]ib's palace 7#gjj ,b4,c47 he 0 c>eful to give ! a/ronomical & magnetic be>+s ( ! build+s & ( ! temple :i* seem$ to =m ! core ( !m4 ,! be>+ is ,az4 ,n4 #fh #cj ,e41 giv+ ! sun's decl9ation z ,n4 #af4 ,i am enabl$ by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,john ,murray to give copies ( ! plans :i* ,sir ,h4 ,lay>d prep>$ ( ! excavations bo? at ,k\yunjik & ,nimrood1 %[+ ! c>eful ori5tation :i* enables u to claim ,s5na*]ib's temple z "o consecrat$ to ! ,may ye>1 :ile at ,nimrood 7,babylon7 ! equ9octial wor%ip 0 9 vogue z at ! pyramids4 ,9 association ) ^! plans ( ,lay>d's1 ,i give ano!r by ,mr4 ,maudslay ( ! z c>efully ori5t$ temples at ,*i*5 ,itza 7,n4 lat4 #bj7 explor$ by him4 ,9 ^! temples1 ( unkn[n date & orig91 ! azimu?s ( two %[ t ! ,may ye> 0 wor%ipp$4#abd ,! ,may-,ye> ,monum5ts 9 ,brita94 ,9 ! fir/ glimpses ( ! ,may ye> 9 ,egypt we h dates f #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,x does n foll[ t x did n rea* ,great ,brita9 be=e ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4 because monum5ts made _! appe>ance ab\t t "t4 ,x is cle>1 also1 t ) ! possibilities ( coa/wise traffic z we h f\nd x1 x might z easily h rea*$ ,irel& by !n2 #bjjj ,b4,c41 !re=e1 is a probable date = ! ,may wor%ip to h rea*$ ,brita9 argu+ on g5]al pr9ciples2 we n[ come to a detail$ summ>y ( ! facts %[+ t x really rea*$ ,brita9 e>li]4 ,alignm5ts 9 ,briti% monum5ts design$ to m>k ! place ( ! sun's ris+ or sett+ on ! qu>t]-days ( ! ,may ye> h be5 f\nd z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,position4 ,may & ,aug4 ,feb4 & ,nov4 ,monum5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,lat4 ,n4 ,long4 ,w4 ,ris+4,sett+4,ris+4,sett+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,m]ry ,maid5s#ej #c #dj #e #ce #be 99 99 99 ,boscaw5-un #ej #e #bj #e #cg #j 99 99 ,tregaseal #ej #g #ej #e #ci #bj 99 ,long/one #ej #h #aj #e #ch #bj 99 7,tregaseal7 ,d[n ,tor #ej #cj #aj #c #ei #cj 99 ,m]rivale #ej #cc #ae #d #b #cj 99 ,! ,hurl]s #ej #ca #j #d #bg #bj 99 ,/oneh5ge #ea #aj #dj #a #di #cj 99 99 ,/anton ,drew #ea #bb #j #b #cd #cj 99 8 circle av5ue along to av5ue circle 99 ,/5ness #ei #j #aj #c #ac #dj 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i h already %[n t x 0 ! practice 9 anci5t times = ! a/ronom]-prie/s n only to wat* ! clock-/>s dur+ ! night1 b also o!r />s :i* rose or set ab\t an h\r be=e sunrise1 to give w>n+ ( its approa* on ! days ( ! pr9cipal fe/ivals4 ,ea* clock-/>1 if x rose & set v ne> ! nor? po9t1 might be dep5d$ on to h]ald ! sunrise on "o ( ! critical days ( ! ye>1 b = ! o!rs o!r />s w\ld require to be obs]v$4 ,?is practice 0 fully employ$ 9 ,brita94 ,may ,w>n+s4--,! foll[+ table gives ! />s ,i h s f> not$ :i* 7 us$ z w>n]s = ! ,may fe/ival4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,date or dates ,monum5t4 ,/>4 ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,/oneh5ge ,pleiades 7,r7 #aiej ,m]ry ,maid5s ,pleiades 7,r7 #aicj ,ant>es 7,s7 #acaj ,! ,hurl]s ,ant>es 7,s7 #agbj ,pleiades 7,r7 #afaj ,m]rivale ,pleiades 7,r7 #afaj #adbj ,boscaw5-un ,pleiades 7,r7 #adhj ,tregaseal ,pleiades 7,r7 #abgj ,/5ness ,pleiades 7,r7 #abcj ,long/one 7,tregaseal7,pleiades 7,r7 #ajcj ---------------------------------------- ------ 7,r7 ris+4 7,s7 sett+4 ,x is conv5i5t "h to give a li/ ( ! ,may w>n+ />s f\nd by ,mr4 ,p5rose 9 ,greece1 z x %[s t ! same />s 7 obs]v$ = ! same purpose4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,decl4 ,day4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,b4,c4 ,ar*aic temple ( ,m9]va ,pleiades 7,r7 #g #ej;,april #bjbjbj ,hi]o ( ,epidaurus1 ,asclepieion 7,r7 #i #ae #bhabge ,hecatomp$on 7,r7 #i #eh #bfaaej ,old] ,ere*!um ,ant>es 7,s7-#ad #ca #biajgj ,temple ( ,bac*us ,pleiades 7,r7#aj #ce #biajcj ,cor9? ,ant>es 7,s7-#af #j ,may #f #ggj ,aeg9a 7,s7-#af #de #g #fcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! w>n+ />s at ,a!ns 7 ! ,pleiades = temples fac+ ! ea/1 & ,ant>es = temples us+ ! we/]n horizon4 ,augu/ w>n+s4--,sunrise at ! ,augu/ fe/ival 0 h]ald$ by ! ris+ ( ,arcturus1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 also us$ z a clock-/>4 ,! alignm5ts & dates giv5 9 ! ,arcturus table !re=e hold good = ,augu/4 ,at ! ,hurl]s1 :]e ! hill ov] :i* ,arcturus 0 obs]v$ fell away abruptly1 we f9d ,sirius supplant+ ,arcturus z ! w>n+ /> = ,augu/ 9 #afij ,b4,c4 ,novemb] w>n+s4--,s f> ,i h discov]$ no evid5ce t any /> 0 employ$ to h]ald ! ,novemb] sun4 ,!re may be two reasons = ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,novemb] fe/ival 8,hall[e50 took place at sunset & ! sun itself c\ld be wat*$1 no h]ald+ /> be+ necess>y4 ,secondly1 ! atmosph]ic conditions :i* prevail 9 ,brita9 dur+ ,novemb] w\ld n be conducive to ! mak+ ( /ell> obs]vations at ! horizon1 & only ris+s or sett+s 7 obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! qu>t]-days4 ,febru>y ,w>n+s4--,9 ! same way t ,arcturus s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( clock-/> & h]ald = ! ,augu/ sun1 s did ,capella s]ve to w>n ! ,febru>y sun 9 addition to its use at night4 ,! alignm5ts & dates giv5 9 ! ,capella table w !re=e hold good = its employm5t at ! ,febru>y qu>t]-day4 ,! ,sol/itial ,ye> ,monum5ts4 ,9 ,egypt g5]ally1 ! sol/itial wor%ip foll[$ t ( ! ,may & equ9octial ye>s4 ,! religion ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 & ! ,rameses 0 9 greate/ vogue #bbjj-aejj ,b4,c4 ,we f9d little trace ( x 9 ,greece prop]1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,p5rose has trac$ x 9 ,calabria & ,pompeii1 & 9 "s ( ! isl&s4 ,! sol/itial cult 0 born 9 ,egypt2 x is a *ild ( ! ,nile-rise4 ,i h %[n 9 my ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy t ! long s]ies ( temples connect$ ) ! sol/ice may h comm5c$ ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c42 b = long x 0 a second>y cult2 x 0 p>o*ial until ! twelf? dyna/y1 say #bcjj ,b4,c4 ,egypt's sol/itial 8gold5 age0 may be giv5 z #agjj ,b4,c41 & h] influ5ce abroad 0 v great1 s t mu* travel1 8coa/wise0 & o!r1 may be anticipat$4 ,x is = "s c5turies aft] ! fir/ date t ! introduction ( ! sol/itial wor%ip into ,brita9 may be anticipat$4 ,x1 = in/ance1 is q probable t ! pione]s ( ?is wor%ip %\ld h rea*$ ,/oneh5ge 9 #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,! sol/itial alignm5ts f\nd by ,mr4 ,p5rose 9 ,greece are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,temples4 ,decl4 ,day4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,b4,c4 ,,june4 ,a!ns1 ,dionysus,ant>es 7sett+7-#aa #b;,june #bjagjj 7,upp] ,temple7 ,pompeii 7,isis7 -,gem9orum -#af #dd #ai #gej ,,decemb]4 ,metapontum -,gem9orum #bi #ch;,dec4 #ba #faj 7sett+7 ,locri #bi #dj #ba #faj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,we f9d pl5tiful evid5ce t ! wor%ip ( ! sol/itial sun su* z 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,egypt at ,k>nak & at o!r places#abe 0 introduc$ into ,brita9 "s "t aft] ! ,may-ye> wor%ip 0 provid$ = 9 ! monum5ts4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! alignm5ts already discov]$ are 9 all probability sol/itial1 ! v>iation ( ! sun's sol/itial decl9ation is s sl[ & takes place betwe5 su* n>r[ limits t a mo/ c>eful det]m9ation ( ! actual azimu?s & ( ! angul> heights ( ! v>i\s horizons mu/ be made be=e any def9ite conclusion z to dates c be arriv$ at4 ,! necessity = ?is c>e is illu/rat$ 9 ! pap] on ,/oneh5ge#abf communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,mr4 ,p5rose & myself 9 #ahia1 :]e1 aft] tak+ ! greate/ precautions1 ! result+ date 0 9 d\bt to ! am\nt ( #bjj ye>s 9 ei!r direction4 ,s f> ,/oneh5ge is ! only temple at :i* ^! obs]vations h be5 made1 s t = ! o!r alignm5ts conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ li/ no dates c yet be giv54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,monum5t4 ,alignm5t4 ,az4 ,decl4 ,season4 ,date 7provi- ,b4,c4 sional74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,/oneh5ge ,direction ( ,n4#dicdah ,e4#bcedcj ,n4,summ]7,r7#afhj av5ue ,boscaw5- ,circ4 to f9e ,n4#ec #cj #j ,e4#bb #eh #ac ,summ]7,r7 un m5hir ,circ4 to ,bl9d ,n4#ed #cj #j ,e4#bb #bd #ab ,fiddl] ,tregaseal ,circ4 to r[ (,n4#ec #bj #be ,e4#bb #ec #bf ,summ]7,r7 hol$ /ones ,circ4 to two ,n4#ej #j #j ,e4#bd #g #j b>r[s #ijj di/ant ,long/one ,mn-an-tol to ,s4#ej #cj #j ,w4#bd #cc #j ,s4,w9t]7,s7 7,tregaseal7,long/one ,! ,n4 circ4 to ,s4#ej #ej #j ,e4#bd #ag #bj ,s4,w9t]7,s7 ,hurl]s ,s4,e4 /one ,/anton ,gt4 ,circle to ,n4#ea #j #j ,e4#bc #dh #df ,n4,summ]7,r7 ,drew ,n4,e4 circle ,/5ness ,circle to ,n4#ci #cj #j ,e4#bd #c #ae ,n4,summ]7,r7 ,h9d]a ,fiold ,b>n/one to ,n4#da #af #j ,e4 -- ,mae%[e ,circ4 to ,w>d ,s4#da #j #j ,e4 -- ,w9t]7,r7 ,hill tumulus ,circ4 to ,on/on,s4#cf #cj #j ,w4 -- 7,s7 tumulus ,circ4 to tumuli,n4#cg #j #j ,w4 -- ,summ]7,s7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7,r7 ris+4 7,s7 sett+4 ,i cit$ an alignm5t at ! ,hurl]s :i* m>k$ ! ris+ po9t ( ,betelgeuse4 ,?is /> w>n$ ! summ] sol/ice sunrise at ab\t ! ,hurl]s' date4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 ,i h n yet f\nd any sugge/ion ( its use else:]e4 ,at ,%ovel ,d[n & ,*allacombe on ,d>tmoor !re are av5ues po9t+ a few degrees we/ ( nor?4 ,! sight-l9es along ^! av5ues w\ld m>k ! sett+-po9t ( ,arcturus at ! "t t t /> 7sett+7 w>n$ ! ris+ ( ! sun at ! summ] sol/ice2 b ?is use _c be consid]$ z e/abli%$1 z ,arcturus w\ld sc>cely set be=e its light 0 dr[n$ 9 t ( ! ris+ sun4 ,! abs5ce ( d>kness 9 high summ] 9 ^! latitudes & ! bad wea!r 9 ! w9t] may bo? be responsible = s few alignm5ts = ! sol/ices4 ,! ,equ9octial ,ye> ,monum5ts4 ,! equ9octial pyramid & ,babylonian cult 9 vogue 9 ,egypt 9 ! e>ly dyna/ies 7#djjj ,b4,c471 ) ! w>n+ />s ,aldeb>an 7,m>*7 & ,vega 7,septemb]71 0 repres5t$ 9 ,greece at a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,! facts = ,greece1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p5rose1 are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,decl4 ,day4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b4,c4 ,,m>*4 ,nike ,apt]os ,spica 7sett+7#faj,m>4 #agaacj ,juno ,lac9ia 7ne> ,croton7 -,arietis #g #bg #bhajjj ,pae/um 7,neptune7 ,spica 7sett+7#c #e #bb #ece ,g]g5ti 7,h]cules7 #b #cj #cj #dgj ,,septemb]4 ,rhamnus 7,!mis7 ,spica 7ris+7 #f #j,sept4 #agajib ,tegea 7,m9]va7 #e #ea #ahajge ,syracuse 78 ,m9]va7 #d #cj #bj #hae ,a!ns 7d$ication unkn[n7 #d #ag #bc #ghj ,rhamnus 7,nemesis7 #d #e #bb #gdg ,bass 7,apollo7 #c #eg #bb #gbh ,ephesus 7,diana7 #c #eg #be #gae ,syracuse 7,diana7 #b #bb #bf #dej ,ephesus 7,diana7 -- ,oct4 #f #cee 7re-ori5tation7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,9 ,brita9 equ9octial alignm5ts are n want+1 b s few h be5 trac$ t ,i h res]v$ !m = future inquiry4 #abc ,see ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 p4 #cah4 #abd ,! temple conditions are approximately z foll[s3-- ,,pal5que4 ,azimu?s4 ,decl4 ,n4 #ba #cj ,e4 #fj #ae ,n4 #ah #j ,e4 #fb #cf ,/ell> temples4 ,clock-/>s4 ,s4 #bg #j ,w4 #ef #ag ,s4 #ff #j ,e4 #bc #j ,sol/ice,sol> temples4 ,s4 #gc #j ,e4 #af #j ,may ,,*i*5 ,,itza4 ,azimu?s4 ,decl4 ,n4 #bf #j ,e4 #ei #j ,/ell> temple4 ,clock-/>4 ,s4 #gj #j ,e4 #ai #j 787 ,n4 #gj #j ,w4 #ai #j 787 ,n4 #fg #j ,w4 #bb #j ,sol/itial,sol> temples4 ,n4 #gb #cj #af #j ,may #abe ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 p4 #gh4 #abf ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 #fi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,a/ronom]-,,prie/s ,! facts conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s h sugge/$1 at all ev5ts1 t :atev] else w5t on "s f\r ?\s& ye>s ago 9 ! ,briti% circles !re 0 mu* a/ronomical obs]vation & a great deal ( prep>ation = x4 ,9 a colony ( ! a/ronom]-prie/s :o built & us$ ! anci5t temples we _h ( necessity3-- 7#a7 ,obs]vatories1 i4e41 circles 9 ! fir/ place2 next some?+ to m>k ! sight-l9es to ! clock-/> = night "w1 to ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! w>n+ />s1 & to ! places ( sunrise & sunset at ! *ief fe/ivals4 ,?is some?+1 we h le>n$1 might be ano!r circle1 a /&+ /one1 a dolm51 a cove1 or a hol$ /one4 ,a /udy ( ! sight-l9es %[s u t ^! collimation m>ks1 z we may call !m1 7 ( set purpose1 g5]ally plac$ "s di/ance away f ! circles1 s f> t !y w\ld require to be illum9at$ 9 "s way = ! night & dawn obs]vations4 ,:5 !re 0 no w9d1 "o or m holl[s 9 a /one1 :e!r a m5hir or a quoit1 might h held grease to fe$ a wick or a p9e-wood tor*4 ,b 9 a w9d "s %elt] w\ld be necess>y1 & ! light might h be5 us$ 9 a cromle* or alle c\v]te4 ,/ones h be5 f\nd ) su* cups1 & dbris ( fires h be5 f\nd 9 cromle*s4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t "h !re 0 no oil z 9 ! ,semitic c\ntries :5ce1 z we h se51 ! immigrants came2 & x 0 n a "q ( a light on ! sight-l9e alone4 ,if wood 7 us$1 x mu/ h be5 kept dry = use1 & :e!r wood or animal fat 7 employ$ ! mo/ practical & conv5i5t way ( light+ up w\ld h be5 to keep a fire ev] burn+ 9 "s %elt]$ place4 7#b7 ,dwell+s1 :i* w\ld be cromle*s or _m-*amb]$ b>r[s1 accord+ to ! numb] ( a/ronom]-prie/s at ! /ation4 ,^! dwell+s w\ld require to be protect$ aga9/ ! invasions ( ! local fauna1 v diff]5t f :at x is n[1 & = ?is a small1 & on t acc\nt easily block$1 entrance w\ld be an ess5tial4 ,^! dwell+s w\ld naturally sugge/ !mselves z ! %elt] place = ! ev]-burn+ fire or ! supply ( dry wood4 ,tradition po9ts ) no unc]ta9 s\nd to ! =m] exi/5ce ( life & light 9 ^! 8holl[ hills40 ,mr4 ,mac,ritchie's book#abg conta9s a m9e ( mo/ valuable & int]e/+ in=mation on ?is subject4 7#c7 ,a wat] supply = dr9k+ & ba?+1 :i* might be a spr+1 riv] or lake1 accord+ to ! locality4 ,giv5 a supply ( food we h n[ provid$ = ! %elt] & protection ( ! a/ronom] & ! man4 ,b ! man :o br\ght ?is new a/ronomical k 01 be=e he came1 a/rolog] & magician z well1 &1 fur!r1 he 0 a prie/2 h5ce on acc\nt ( 8 k ( ! seasons1 he c\ld n only help ! aborig9al till] ( ! soil z he _h nev] be5 help$ be=e1 by 8 k2 b he c\ld appeal 9 ! /ronge/ way to 8 sup]/iti\s fe>s & feel+s1 by 8 function z ! *ief sacrific] & gu>dian ( ! sacrificial alt>s & fires4 ,h5ce x 0 t ev]y?+ relat+ to ! ?ree diff]5t classes ( ?+s to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 0 reg>d$ z v holy because !y 7 closely associat$ ) ! a/ronom]-prie/s1 on :om ! e>ly peoples dep5d$ = guidance 9 all ?+s1 n only ( economic1 b ( religi\s1 m$ical & sup]/iti\s value4 ,! p]=at$ /ones 7 reg>d$ z sacr$1 s t pass+ ?r\gh !m 0 suppos$ to cure disease4 ,:e!r m5 & wom51 or *ildr5 only1 pass$ ?r\gh ! hole dep5d$ ^u its size4 ,b a hole l>ge en\gh = a head to be ins]t$ 0 good = head compla9ts4 ,! wells1 riv]s1 & lakes us$ by ! prie/s 71 z holy places1 also inve/$ ) curative prop]ties1 & (f]+s ( g>m5ts 7sk9s871 & p9s to fa/5 !m on1 z well z bread & w9e & *eese1 7 made at ^! places to ! prie/s4 ,! fact t ! tree on :i* ! g>m5t 0 hung 0 ei!r a r[an or a ?orn %[s t ^! (f]+s comm5c$ z e>ly z ! ,may-,novemb] wor%ip4 ,! hol$ /ones1 besides be+ curative1 7 9 long aft] ye>s1 :5 m>riage _h be5 in/itut$1 us$ = ! int]*ange ( m>riage v[s by clasp+ h&s ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,! cups = ! light w\ld also be sacr$ objects2 & _m ( !m h be5 s9ce us$ = holy wat]4 ,! cursus at ,/oneh5ge & ! av5ues on ,d>tmoor may be reg>d$ z evid5ces t sacr$ processions =m$ "p ( ! c]emonial on ! holy days1 b sacrifices & sacr$ c]emonials 7 n alone 9 "q2 _m au?ors h told u t fea/s1 games & races 7 n =gott54 ,?is1 s f> z rac+ is conc]n$1 is prov$1 ,i ?9k1 by ! facts t ! cursus at ,/oneh5ge is #aj1jjj feet long & #cej feet broad1 t x occupies a valley betwe5 two hills1 ?us p]mitt+ ( ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s ( spectators1 & t our horses are /ill deck$ 9 gaudy trapp+s on ,may ,day4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,x is h>d to und]/& "s ( ! folklore & tradition unless we recognise t at a "t be=e m>riage 0 in/itut$1 at "s ( ! sacr$ fe/ivals ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes 0 p]mitt$ if n enc\rag$4 ,?is view is /r5g!n$ by ! rese>*es ( ,we/]m>ck#abh & ,rhys4#abi ,giv5 su* a practice1 ! orig9 ( matri>*al cu/oms & ( ! c\vade is at once expla9$2 & x is cle> t ! *>ges aga9/ ! ,druids ( special cruelty & impurity mu/ be )drawn4 ,_! sacrifices & cu/oms 7 ^? common to all prie/hoods 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,i h %[n t "s circles us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,may ye> 7 9 op]ation #bbjj ,b4,c41 & t !re 0 ! introduction ( a new cult ab\t #afjj ,b4,c41 or %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 s\!rn ,brita91 s def9ite t ! *anges 9 ! *ief ori5tation l9es 9 ! /one circles c be trac$4 ,to ! wor%ip ( ! sun 9 ,may1 ,augu/1 ,novemb] & ,febru>y 0 add$ a sol/itial wor%ip 9 ,june & ,decemb]4 ,! associat$ ph5om5a are t ! ,may-,novemb] ,bald] & ,belta9e cult made mu* ( ! r[an & may ?orn4 ,! ,june-,decemb] cult br\ght ! wor%ip ( ! mi/letoe4 ,! fl[]+ ( ! r[an & ?orntree 9 ,may1 & _! b]ries 9 e>ly ,novemb]1 made !m ! mo/ appropriate & /rik+ floral accompanim5ts ( ! ,may & ,novemb] wor%ips1 & ! same ideas w\ld po9t to a simil> use ( ! mi/letoe 9 ,june & ,decemb]4 ,! fact t ! ,june-,decemb] cult succe$$ & l>gely replac$ ! ,may-,novemb] "o c\ld h>dly h be5 put 9 a cryptic & poetic /atem5t m happily ?an x appe>s 9 folklore3 ,bald] 0 kill$ by mi/letoe4 ,?is *ange ( cult may be due to ! intrusion ( a new tribe1 b ,i am incl9$ to attribute x to a new view tak5 by ! prie/s !mselves due to a great] k1 among x be+ ! det]m9ation1 9 ,egypt1 ( ! true l5g? ( ! ye> :i* c\ld be obs]v$ by ! recurr5ce ( ! sol/ices1 & ( ! int]vals betwe5 ! fe/ivals reckon$ 9 days4 ,h[ev] ?is may h be51 all ! old practices & sup]/itions 7 reta9$1 only ! "t ( ye> at :i* !y took place 0 *ang$4 ,z ! *ange ( cult 0 sl[1 9 any "o locality ! celebrations w\ld be cont9u$ at bo? times ( ! ye>1 & = long bo? sets ( holidays 7 reta9$4 ,s9ce ,i h %ewn t ! sol/itial wor%ip came la/1 traces ( ?is1 z a rule1 w\ld be mo/ obvi\s 9 places :]e x ev5tually prevail$ ov] ! cult ( ! ,may ye>4 ,9 su* places ! abs5ce ( traces ( ! ,may fe/ival w\ld be no valid argum5t aga9/ its =m] preval5ce4 ,9 o!r places1 l ,scotl&1 :]e ! sol/itial cult 0 app>5tly introduc$ late & 0 nev] preval5t1 we %\ld expect /rong traces ( ! ,may wor%ip1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is v evid5t 9 ! folk lore & cu/oms ( ,scotl&2 ev5 ! old ,may ye> qu>t] days are /ill ma9ta9$4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #bcjj ,b4,c4 & #afjj ,b4,c41 :e!r we are deal+ ) ! same race ( immigrants or n1 we pass f unhewn to work$ /ones4 ,! me?od ( ?is work+ & its results h be5 admirably %[n to u by ,pr(4 ,g[l&'s explorations at ,/oneh5ge4 ,f ! tables1 giv5 9 ,*ap4 ,,xxviii1 x c be se5 t1 s f> z ! pres5t evid5ce goes1 !re 0 a pretty def9ite "t--ab\t #bcjj ,b4,c4--( beg9n+ ! a/ronomical "w at ! *ief monum5ts2 ,cornwall came fir/1 ,d>tmoor 0 next4 ,almo/ z m>k$ z ! simultane\s beg9n+ are ! dates ( end+ ! obs]vations1 if we may judge ( ! "t ( end+ by ! fact t ! precessional *anges 9 ! /> places 7 no long] m>k$ by ! m>k+ out ( new sight l9es4 ,! clock-/> "w 0 ! fir/ to g1 ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4 ,! ,may-w>n+ />s foll[$ pretty quickly4 ,we may say1 !n1 t we h full evid5ce ( a/ronomical activity ( all k9ds at ! circles = a p]iod ( "s #gjj ye>s4 ,:at prev5t$ its cont9uance on ! old l9es8 ,x may h be5 t ! inv5tion ( "s o!r me?od ( tell+ "t by night _h r5d]$ ! old me?ods ( obs]vation1 & !re=e ! app>atus to c>ry !m on1 no long] necess>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may h be5 t "s new race1 less a/ronomically incl9$1 _h swept ov] ! l&4 ,i am incl9$ to take ! =m] view4 ,x is q c]ta9 t = ! clock-/>s o!r obs]vations besides ^? on ! horizon w\ld soon h sugge/$ !mselves = det]m9+ ! lapse ( "t dur+ ! night4 ,! old1 high1 bleak1 treeless moorl&s might !n 9 process ( "t h be5 gradually =sak51 & life may h gone on 9 valleys & ev5 9 %elt]$ woods1 except on ! *ief fe/ivals4 ,:5 ?is 0 s a/ronomy & sup]/ition w\ld give way to politics & o!r new human int]e/s1 & ! prie/s w\ld become 9 a wid] s5se ! lead]s & ! tea*]s ( ! m highly organis$ community4 ,x is cle> t 9 lat] days z at ! comm5cem5t !y 7 /ill ahead 9 ! k ( ! "t4 8,hi t]rae mundique magnitud9em et =mam1 motus coeli ac sid]um1 ac quod dii velunt sci]e pr(it5tur0 is ,pomponius ,mela's /atem5t conc]n+ !m4#acj ,f #aejj ,b4,c4 to ,cs>'s "t is a long int]val1 & yet ! a/ronomical skill ( ! s-call$ ,druids1 :o beyond all "q 7 ! desc5dants ( our a/ronomical-prie/s1 0 !n a matt] ( common repute4 ,cs>'s acc\nt ( ! ,druids 9 ,gaul 7,bello ,gallico1 vi4 c4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae7 is extremely int]e/+ because x indicates1 ,i ?9k1 t ! ,druid culture _h n pass$ ?r\gh ,gaul & _h !re=e be5 wat]borne to ,brita91 :i!r ! ,gauls !re=e w5t to /udy x4#aca ,simultane\sly ) ! non-use ( ! anci5t /ones1 we may imag9e t ! prie/s--( ev]-increas+ importance--no long] dwelt 9 _! cromle*s1 b1 r1 occupi$ su* build+s z ^? :i* rema9 at ,*ysoi/]1 & f ?is date x is possible t burials may h tak5 place 9 "s ( ! m\nds !n giv5 up z dwell+ places4 ,z sacr$ places !y 7 subsequ5tly us$ = burials1 z ,we/m9/] ,abbey has be52 b burials 7 n ! object ( _! erection4#acb ,?is new habit may h />t$ ! practice ( ci/ burial by lat] p 9 b>r[s ?r[n up = t special purpose4 ,i _c close ?is ,*apt] )\t express+ my admiration ( ! le>n+ & acum5 display$ by ,dr4 ,borlase 9 8 treatm5t ( ! subject ( ! ,druids 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall1 publi%$ 9 #agfi2 ,i f9d he has anticipat$ me 9 sugge/+ t ! holl[$ /ones 7 us$ = fires4 ,x is cle>1 n[ t ! monum5ts h be5 dat$1 t ! a/ronomical k ref]r$ to by ,cs> & ,pomponius ,mela 0 no new importation2 if1 !re=e1 ! pres5t view ( e?nologi/s t ! ,celtic intrusion took place ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 is correct1 x is c]ta9 ! ,celts br\ght no high] intellig5ce ) !m ?an 0 possess$ by ^? :om !y f\nd "h2 nor is ?is to be expect$ if1 z ! inquiry has sugge/$1 ! latt] 7 ! repres5tatives ( ! highe/ civilisation ( ! ,ea/ ) :i* possibly ! =m] _h nev] be5 br\ght into contact4 #abg ,! ,te/imony ( ,tradition4 #abh ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #abi ,celtic ,folklore1 ii41 #fed4 #acj ,pomp4 ,mela1 ,lib4 ,,ii4 c4 #b4 ,i h already 7p4 #eb7 quot$ ,cs>'s te/imony to ! same effect4 #aca 8,discipl9a 9 ,britannia rep]ta1 atque 9 ,galliam translata esse exi/imatur40--,c4 ,bell4 ,gall4 lib4 vi4 c4 #ac4 ,?is 8discipl9e0 also includ$ magic accord+ to ,pl9y4 8,britannia hodie eam 7i4e4 ,magiam7 attonite celebrat tantis c]emoniis1 ut eam ,p]sis d$isse vid]i possit0 7lib4 xxx4 c4 #a47 #acb ,b]tr& & ,re9a*1 ,les ,celtes et les ,gaulois dans les ,valles du ,p et du ,danube1 p4 #hb4 ,tregellis1 8,/one ,circles 9 ,cornwall40 ,trans4 ,p5zance ,natural ,hi/ory & ,antiqu>ian ,society1 #ahic-d4 ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,!odolite ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,/oneh5ge ,! in/rum5t *iefly employ$ 0 a six-in* transit !odolite by ,cooke ) v]ni]s read+ to #bj 9 altitude & azimu?4 ,mo/ ( ! obs]vations 7 made at two po9ts v ne> ! axis1 :i* may be designat$ by a1 b4 ,/ation a 0 at a di/ance ( #fa feet to ! s\?-we/ ( ! c5tre ( ! temple1 & b #cfd feet to ! nor?-ea/4 ,! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ,/oneh5ge to ,salisbury ,spire be+ #da1iha feet1 ! calculat$ corrections = p>allax at ! po9ts ( obs]vation ) ref]5ce to ,salisbury ,spire are3-- ,/ation a #d #ab4 b - #be #bj4 7#a7 ,relative ,azimu?s4--,!odolite at /ation a-- ,salisbury ,spire #j #j #j ,n4 side ( op5+ 9 ,n4,e4 trili?on ( ! ext]nal r+ #bcg #bg #dj ,tree 9 middle ( clump on ,sidbury ,hill #bcg #dj #bj ,highe/ po9t ( ,fri>'s ,heel #bci #dg #be ,s4 side ( op5+ 9 ,n4,e4 trili?on #bdj #ad #dj ,middle #bch #ea #aj 7#b7 ,absolute ,azimu?s4--,all ! azimu?s 7 ref]r$ to t ( ,salisbury ,spire1 ! azimu? ( :i* 0 det]m9$ by obs]vations ( ! ,sun & ,pol>is4 7a7 ,obs]vation ( ,sun1 ,june #bc1 #aija1 #c4cj-c4dj ,p4,m4 ,mean ( obs]v$ altitudes ( ,sun #da #bf #ce ,refraction -#a #d #j #j #eh ,p>allax #f ----------- ,true altitude ( ,sun's c5tre #da #be #cg ,latitude #ea #aj #db4 ,sun's decl9ation #bc #bf #dc4 ,us+ ! =mula s9 7 c - z7 s9 7 z - c7 cos ,a ---------------------------------------- ---- s9 c 4 s9 z :]e ,a azimu? f s\?1 pol> di/ance1 c co-latitude1 & z z5i? di/ance1 we get ,azimu? ( ,sun ,s4 #ge #cj #cj ,w4 ,mean circle read+ on ,sun #hd #ch #ce ---------- ,azimu? ( ,salisbury ,spire ,s4 #i #h #e ,e4 7b7 ,obs]vations ( ,pol>is4--,june #bc1 #aija4 ,"t ( greate/ ea/]ly elongation1 calculat$ by =mula cos h tan cot 1 is ,g4,m4,t4 #a4cd ,a4,m4 ,azimu? at greate/ ea/]ly elongation1 calculat$ by ! =mula s9 ,a cos sec is #aha #eg #j f s\?4 ,obs]v$ maximum read+ ( circle #bef #cc #j ,true azimu? ( /> #aha #eg #j ---------- ,m]idian 7,s47 read+ ( circle #gd #cf #j ,circle read+ on ,salisbury ,spire #fe #bh #j --------- ,azimu? ( ,salisbury ,spire ,s4 #i #h #j ,e4 ,! mean ( ! two det]m9ations gives = ! azimu? ( ,salisbury ,spire ,s4 #i #h #b ,e4 ,?is result agrees well ) ! value ( ! azimu? communicat$ by ! ,ordnance ,survey ,(fice1 namely1 #i #d #h f ! c5tre ( ! circle1 :i* be+ correct$ by #d #ab = ! position ( /ation a1 is increas$ to #i #h #bj4 ,h5ce1 f ! po9t ( obs]vation a1 #i #h #bj has be5 adopt$ z ! azimu? ( ,salisbury ,spire4 ,we ?us get ! foll[+ absolute values ( ! pr9cipal azimu?s f ! po9t a3 ,highe/ po9t ( ,fri>'s ,heel #bci #dg #be -#i #h #bj -------------- #bcj #ci #e or ,n4 #ej #ci #e ,e4 ,middle ( op5+ 9 ,n4,e4 trili?on #bch #ea #aj -#i #h #bj -------------- #bbi #db #ej or ,n4 #di #db #ej ,e4 ,! diff]5ce ( #h betwe5 ?is & ! assum$ axis #di #cd #ah is s slight t consid]+ ! indirect me?od :i* has necess>ily be5 employ$ 9 det]m9+ ! axis ( ! temple f ! position ( ! lean+ /one1 & ! want ( v]ticality1 p>allelism & /raightness ( ! inn] surfaces ( ! op5+ 9 ! ,n4,e4 trili?on1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ ! azimu? ( ! av5ue z t ( ! temple4 ,next1 ) reg>d to ! det]m9ation ( ! azimu? ( ! av5ue z indicat$ by ! l9e ( pegs to :i* ref]5ce is made on p4 #fe4 ,! small angle betwe5 ! ne>e/ pegs ,a & ,b 7:i* are suppos$ to be p>allel to ! axis ( ! av5ue71 obs]v$ f /ation a1 0 measur$1 & ! correspond+ calculat$ correction 0 appli$ to ! asc]ta9$ true be>+ ( ! m di/ant peg ,b4 ,?us ,true be>+ ( peg ,b #bch #ce #j ,calculat$ correction to peg ,a #j #ab #h ------------ ,true be>+ ( l9e ,,ab #bch #dg #h ,be>+ ( ,salisbury ,spire #ahi #h #bj ------------ ,true be>+ ( a l9e p>allel to ! axis ( ne> "p ( av5ue ,n4 #di #ch #dh ,e4 ,! mean ( ! ?ree indep5d5t det]m9ations by ano!r obs]v] 0 #di #ci #f4 ,! calculat$ be>+ ( ! m di/ant "p ( ! axis ( ! av5ue det]m9$ 9 ! same mann] by obs]vations f /ation b is #di #cb #ed4 ,! mean ( ! two1 namely1 #di #ce #ea1 ju/ifies ! adoption ( ! value #di #cd #ah z giv5 by ! ,ordnance ,survey = ! /raight l9e f ,/oneh5ge to ,sidbury ,hill4 7#c7 ,obs]vation ( ,sunrise4--,on ! morn+ ( ,june #be1 #aija1 sunrise 0 obs]v$ f /ation a1 & a sett+ made z ne>ly z possible on ! middle ( ! visible segm5t z soon z c\ld be done aft] ! ,sun appe>$4 ,! telescope 0 !n set on ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,fri>'s ,heel1 & ! latt] 0 f\nd to be #h #dj s\? ( ! ,sun4 ,sun's decl9ation at "t ( obs]vation #bc #be #e ,elevation ( horizon at po9t ( sunrise #j #ce #dh ,assum+ #b v]tical ( ,sun to h be5 visible at obs]vation1 we h app>5t altitude ( ,sun's upp] limb #j #cg #dh ,refraction - #bg #bg -#j #bg #ah ,p>allax #j #i ----------- ,true altitude ( upp] limb #j #aj #cj ,sun's semi-diamet] #j #ae #df ----------- ,true altitude ( ,sun's c5tre -#j #e #af ,f ?is x results t ! true azimu? ( ! ,sun at ! "t ( obs]vation ,n4 #ej #cj #ed ,e4 ,& s9ce azimu? ( ,fri>'s ,heel #ej #ci #e ----------- #b ( sunrise %\ld be ,n4 ( ,fri>'s ,heel #j #h #aa ,obs]v$ diff]5ce ( azimu? #j #h #dj ----------- ,obs]v$ - calculat$ #j #j #bi ,! obs]vation ?us agrees ) calculation1 if we suppose ab\t #b ( ! ,sun's limb to h be5 above ! horizon :5 x 0 made1 & !re=e sub/antially confirms ! azimu? above giv5 ( ! ,fri>'s ,heel & g5]ally ! data adopt$4 ,,ii4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,mak+1 ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,r$uc+1 ,,! ,,field ,,obs]vations4 ,x w probably be f\nd useful if ,i give "h a few h9ts z to ! precautions :i* mu/ be tak5 9 mak+ ! field obs]vations & an example ( _! r$uction to an a/ronomical basis4 ,= ! azimu?s ( ! sight-l9es ! inve/igator ( ^! monum5ts _c d bett] ?an use ! #be-;in*1 or #f-;in*1 maps publi%$ by ! ,ordnance ,survey4 ,_! accuracy is ( a v high ord] & is n likely to be exce$$1 ev5 if approa*$1 by any casual obs]v] hav+ to make 8 own special arrangem5ts = correct "t be=e he c beg9 8 survey+ "w4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x may be f\nd t ! ,survey has n includ$ e out/&+ /one :i* may be f\nd by an inve/igator on mak+ a c>eful se>*2 _m ( ! /ones are cov]$ by gorse1 c41 & are n1 !re=e1 easily f\nd4 ,9 su* cases ! azimu? ( "s object t is m>k$ on ! map %\ld be tak5 z a ref]5ce l9e & ! diff]5ce ( azimu? betwe5 t & ! unm>k$ objects det]m9$4 ,by ?is means ! azimu?s ( all ! sight-l9es may be obta9$4 ,:5 us+ ! #be-;in* maps = det]m9+ azimu?s x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! side-l9es are n1 necess>ily1 due nor? & s\?4 ,! ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 ,s\?ampton1 w probably on application /ate ! correction to be appli$ to ! azimu?s on ?is acc\nt1 & ?is %\ld be appli$1 ( c\rse1 to ea* ( ! values obta9$4 ,if = any reason x is f\nd necess>y or desirable to make obs]vations ( ! azimu?s indep5d5tly ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 full in/ructions z to ! me?od ( proc$ure may be f\nd 9 an inexp5sive in/ruction book#acc issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! in/ructions giv5 on p4 #di1 #c1 are mo/ g5]ally applicable1 & ! =m on p4 #gf w be f\nd v h&y = record+ & r$uc+ ! obs]vations4 ,9 mak+ obs]vations ( ! angul> elevation ( ! horizon a good !odolite is ess5tial4 ,bo? v]ni]s %\ld be read1 ! mean tak51 & !n ! telescope %\ld be rev]s$ 9 its ,ys1 reset1 & bo? read+s tak5 aga94 ,"o sett+ & read+ are ( little use4 ,! ,ordnance ,survey maps may also be employ$ 9 a prelim9>y reconnaissance to obta9 approximate values ( ! horizon elevations4 ,?is may be done by measur+ ! di/ances & cont\r-l9es %[n on ! "o-in* maps4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is only v r\ghly approximate ow+ to ! fact t %>p b v local elevations close to ! monum5ts may n appe> on ^! maps & yet be ( suffici5t magnitude to cause l>ge errors 9 ! results4 ,:]e trees1 h\ses1 c41 top ! horizon1 !y %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be neglect$ & ! elevation ( ! gr\nd level1 at t spot1 tak54 ,%\ld ! top ( ! azimu? m>k 7/one1 c47 %[ above ! actual horizon1 its elevation %\ld be record$ & n t ( ! horizon4 ,hav+ measur$ ! angul> elevation ( ! horizon along ! sight-l9e1 x is necess>y to conv]t ?is into actual z5i? di/ance & to apply ! refraction correction be=e ! computations ( decl9ation c be made4 ,! process ( do+ ?is & ( calculat+ ! decl9ation w be ga!r$ f ! examples giv5 bel[3-- ,data4 ,monum5t3--,e4 circle ,tregeseal1 lat4 #ej #h ,n4 i4e4 colat #ci #eb4 ,alignm5t4 ,c5tre ( circle to ,long/one4 ,az4 7f #be ,ordnance ,map74 ,n4 #ff #ch ,e4 ,elevation ( horizon 7measur$7 #b #aj4 ,ref]5ce to ! ,may-,sun curve1 giv5 on p4 #bfc1 indicates t ?is is probably an alignm5t to ! sunrise on ,may morn+4 ,!re=e1 9 det]m9+ ! z5i? di/ance1 ! correction = ! sun's semi-diamet] 7#af7 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 all[+ t #b ( ! sun's disc 0 above ! horizon :5 ! obs]vation 0 made4 ,z5i? ,di/ance3-- ,z5i? di/ance ( true horizon #ij local #ij - #b #aj #hg #ej ,bessel's tables %[ t refraction1 at altitude #b #aj1 raises sun #ag4 ,if #b ( sun's limb is above horizon1 sun's c5tre is #ad bel[4 ,true z5i? di/ance ( sun's c5tre #hg #ej #ag #ad #hh #ba4 ,decl9ation3-- ,hav+ obta9$ ! z5i? di/ance1 & ! azimu?1 ! latitude be+ kn[n1 ! ,n4,p4,d4 7,nor? ,pol> ,di/ance7 ( ! sun may be f\nd by ! foll[+ equations3-- 7#a7 tan tan z4 cos ,a1 :]e is ! subsidi>y angle :i* mu/ be det]m9$ = ! purpose ( computation1 z is ! true z5i? di/ance1 & ,a is ! di/ance f ! ,nor? po9t4 cos z4 cos 7c - 7#acd 7#b7 cos -------------------------1 cos :]e is ! ,n4,p4,d4 ( ! cele/ial object1 & c is ! colatitude 7#ij - lat47 ( ! place ( obs]vation4 ,9 ! example tak5 ?is gives u-- 7#a7 tan tan #hh #ba4 cos #ff #ch #he #ej #de cos #hh #ba4 cos 7#ci #eb - #he #ej #de7 7#b7 cos ---------------------------------------- cos #he #ej #de #gc #eg #ej ,decl9ation1 1 7#ij - 7 #af #b #aj ,n4 ,ref]5ce to ! ,nautical ,almanac %[s t ?is is ! sun's decl9ation on ,may #e & ,augu/ #i4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! ,long-/one 0 erect$ to m>k ! ,may sunrise1 z se5 f ! ,tregeseal ,circle4 ,_h we be5 deal+ ) a />1 in/ead ( ! sun1 ! only modification necess>y 9 ! process ( calculat+ ! decl9ation w\ld h be5 to omit ! semi-diamet] correction ( #ad4 ,hav+ obta9$ a decl9ation1 we mu/ ref] to ! curves giv5 on pp4 #aae-f 9 ord] to see if !re is any /> :i* fits x1 & to f9d ! date4 ,take1 = example1 ! case ( ! apex ( ,c>n ,k5idjack1 z se5 f ! ,tregeseal circle-- ,az4 ,n4 #ab #h ,e42 hill #d #j4 lat4 #ej #h4 ,?is gives u a decl9ation ( #db #cc ,n41 & a ref]5ce to ! /ell>-decl9ation curves 7p4 #aae-f7 %[s t ,arcturus _h t decl9ation 9 #bccj ,b4,c4 ,f ! table giv5 on p4 #aag1 we see t at t epo* ,arcturus act$ z w>n+-/> = ! ,augu/ sun4 ,9 cases :]e ! elevation ( ! horizon is #cj1 or 9 prelim9>y exam9ations1 :]e x may be assum$ z #cj1 ! refraction exactly c\nt]balances ! hill1 & !re=e ! true z5i? di/ance at ! mom5t ( />-rise is #ij4 ,h5ce ! ,n4,p4,d4 ( ! /> may be f\nd f ! foll[+ simple equation-- 7#c7 cos cos ,a cos :]e & ,a h ! same significance z be=e & is ! latitude ( ! place ( obs]vation4 #acc ,demon/rations & ,practical ,"w 9 ,a/ronomical ,physics at ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,wyman & ,sons1 #as4 #acd cos 7c - 7 cos -7c - 74 ,,index ,a4 ,abydos1 clock /> at1 #big4 ,africa1 sacr$ /ones & trees1 #bce4 ,aldeb>an1 see ,tauri 4 8,alle c\v]te10 #da1 #cag4 8,all ,hall[s10 #ahg2 ,iri% & ,wel% equival5ts1 #aie4 8,all ,s\ls10 *ange ( date1 #ahf4 ,alsia well1 #bbg4 ,alt> /one1 ,/oneh5ge1 #ha2 ,ab]de5 type1 #cf4 ,am5-,r1 #b2 temple (1 #ee1 #big4 ,amplitude1 #aj1 #aaa4 ,animals1 sacrifices (1 #aig4 ,annu1 temples at1 #bif1 #big1 #cjd4 ,ant>es1 see ,scorpionis 4 ,antiqu>ies1 ,society (1 #fi1 #acc4 ,antrobus1 ,sir ,edw>d1 #di1 #fi1 #id4 ,apollo1 #eb4 ,arabia1 sacr$ /ones & trees 91 #bce4 ,ar*ology1 relation to a/ronomy1 #d4 ,arcturus1 see ,botis 4 ,aries1 #ae1 #cae4 ,arm5ia1 cal5d> 91 #bi2 fire fe/ival 91 #aia4 ,aryans1 #dj1 #bcf4 ,asc5sion ,day1 #ahe1 #bca4 ,a%]ah1 #bde1 #beg4 ,a% ,w$nesday1 #ahb4 ,assacombe1 #aeh4 ,assyria1 sacr$ trees1 c41 #bde4 ,a/ronom]-prie/s1 proc$ure (1 #aaj1 #caf4 ,a!ns1 ,may-day wor%ip1 #ajh2 temples at1 #cb2 w>n+ />s at1 #caa4 ,augu/-fe/ival1 dates (1 #ahe2 9 ,brittany1 #aii2 9 ,irel& & ,wales1 #ahf2 w>n+-/>s1 #caa4 ,aurigae 7,capella71 clock- & w>n+-/>1 #aag1 #bgb1 #bij1 #bib1 #bic1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjd1 #cab2 associat$ ) ,ptah1 #cjd4 ,avebury1 cove at1 #cg4 ,av5ue1 at ,/oneh5ge1 #fc1 #fe4 ,av5ues1 9 ,brittany1 #adi2 on ,d>tmoor1 #adf1 #cai2 def9ition (1 #cg4 ,axis 7( temple71 ,/oneh5ge1 #ee1 #fj2 ,k>nak1 #ef2 ,k\yunjik1 #cje2 ,annu1 #cje2 *ange (1 #db4 ,azimu?1 def9$1 #aj1 #aaa2 *anges 91 #abb2 ( ,may sunrise1 #bfd4 ,azimu?-m>ks1 illum9ation (1 #aaj4 ,b4 ,baal1 #aig1 #bdi1 #bei4 8,baal's ,fire0 7,beltan71 #dj4 ,babylon1 #bd1 #bdj1 #bei1 #bie1 #cjh2 ,may ye> 91 #cjd4 ,babylonians1 a/ronomical k (1 #bdj2 e>ly navigators1 #bda4 ,bak]1 ,sir ,samuel1 #bce4 ,bald]1 #cbj4 ,balf\r1 ,pr(4 ,bayley1 #bja4 ,ball1 ,dr4 ,h5ry1 #bf4 ,balus1 fir/ k+ ( ,orkney1 #bei4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,rev4 ,s41 #adi1 #aij1 #aid1 #aih1 #bac1 #bae1 #bci1 #bef4 ,b>n/one-,mae%[e 7,orkney71 #abi4 ,b>r[s1 burials 91 #cbc2 *amb]$1 #afd1 #aib1 #cag2 date (1 #gh1 #bch2 employm5t (1 #ch1 #aaj1 #adj1 #bfh2 v>ieties (1 #adc4 ,b>t9n1 ,cornwall1 #bai4 ,batt5don1 #aeh4 ,batwor?y1 av5ues ne>1 #afj4 ,b$e's well1 ne> ,j>r[1 #bcj4 ,beirna-well 7,b>nwell71 #bcj4 ,bell1 ,mr4 ,j41 ( ,dundalk1 #bec4 ,belta9e1 c]emonies at1 #dj1 #aig1 #bhe1 #cbj2 v>iations (1 #bja1 #bjd1 #bah1 #bei4 ,betelgeuse1 see ,orionis 4 ,be!l1 #bde1 #bee4 ,bigswell1 #bah4 8,bl9d ,fiddl]10 ,!1 #bia4 ,blisl&1 ,cornwall1 #bia4 ,block+-/ones1 #aef1 #agf4 ,bl[1 ,mr41 #fi4 8,blue /ones10 at ,/oneh5ge1 #hj1 #ia4 ,boli?o1 ,mr4 ,horton1 #adj1 #bai1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bgg1 #bhb1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #bia4 ,bonfires1 see ,fires4 ,bookan1 ,r+ (1 #abh4 ,botis 7,arcturus71 #aag1 #acg1 #aej1 #aea1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afc1 #agd1 #bgc1 #bhj1 #bii1 #cja1 #caa1 #cad4 ,borlase1 ,dr41 #acd1 #bah1 #bai1 #bcd1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfg1 #bhi1 #cbc4 ,borlase1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c41 #cg1 #bac1 #bff1 #bgd4 ,boscaw5-,un1 #bhg1 #bij1 #cji1 #cad4 ,bosw5s ,common1 #bhb4 ,brita91 introduction ( clock-/>s1 #bii2 ,may-ye> temples1 #cji2 pre-,celtic inhabitants1 #bej4 ,brittany1 fe/ivals1 #aih2 megali?ic rema9s1 #if2 sol/itial fires1 #aid4 ,britons1 ,saxon slaught] (1 #ie4 ,bronze-age1 #ge1 #gh4 ,brugs*1 #a1 #bif4 ,budge1 ,dr41 #bif4 ,burials1 #adf1 #afd2 9 m\nds1 #cbc4 ,burton1 ,capta91 #bce4 ,c4 ,cs>1 #eb1 #cbc1 #cbd4 ,cairns1 employm5t (1 #ch1 #adb1 #afd1 #aib1 #bhi2 ,biblical ref]5ces to1 #bdd2 burials 91 #beb2 ori5tation (1 #bed4 ,calabria1 #cab4 ,cal5ds1 ! w9t]1 #aie4 ,cal5d>1 *anges 9 !1 #bc2 ,arm5ian & ,turki%1 #bi2 ,celtic1 #ahf2 ,koptic1 #bh4 ,camd51 #bhi4 ,canaan1 sacr$ /ones & trees 91 #bde4 ,canis ,majoris 7,sirius71 #ajh1 #aag1 #adc1 #caa4 ,c&lemas1 #adc1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aia4 ,canopus1 #ah4 ,capella1 see ,aurigae 4 ,capricorni 1 #aag4 ,c>adon ,hill1 #adc4 ,c>n ,k5idjack1 #bgh4 ,c>nac1 bonfires at1 #dj2 m5hirs at1 #ih1 #aje1 #bci2 sacrifices at1 #aii4 ,c>ru!rs1 ,mr41 #fi4 ,ca/allack1 ,cornwall1 #bfg4 ,ca/or1 see ,gem9orum4 ,cattle1 dr5*+ 9 holy wells1 #bcj4 ,caves1 purpose (1 #bdd1 #bed4 8,cave ( ,elephanta10 #bef4 ,celts1 cal5d> ( !1 #ahf1 #aie2 intrusion (1 #cbd2 wor%ip1 #cb4 ,ceylon1 #bce4 ,*abas1 #a4 ,*aldea1 #ab4 ,*allacombe1 #aeh2 multiple av5ue1 #adi1 #aei2 sol/itial wor%ip1 #cad4 ,*apel ,euny1 ,cornwall1 #bai1 #bbf4 ,*auc]1 #bjc4 8,*eesewr+1 ,!10 #acd4 ,*i*n-,itz1 #cb1 #cjh4 8,*oir ,gawr10 #ec4 ,*n ,ca/le1 ,cornwall1 #bhd1 #bhf4 ,*n ,cromle*1 ,cornwall1 #bhd4 ,*ur*es1 replac$ /one circles1 #bai4 ,*ysoi/]1 #cbc4 ,circles 7/one71 employm5t (1 #bcb1 #caf2 associat$ ) wells1 #bbh2 classification (1 #cf1 #cg2 /> obs]vations 91 #aji4 ,ci/s1 #afd2 burials 91 #cbc4 ,clock-/>s1 employm5t (1 #ajh1 #bid1 #bif1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjd1 #cjh2 fall into disuse1 #cbb4 ,co9age1 e>ly ,briti%1 #eb4 ,collimation-m>ks1 #caf4 ,con/ant9e1 ,cornwall1 #bfi4 ,cord1 ,! /ret*+ ( !1 #a4 ,cormac1 ,ar*bi%op1 #aha1 #ahi1 #aie1 #bjd4 ,corni%1 ,mr41 #bgj1 #bhb4 ,cornwall1 a/ronomical conditions 91 #bfb2 azimu?s ( ,may sunrise1 #bfd2 clock-/>s 91 #bii2 ,may ba?+ 91 #bbg2 /one circles 91 #cf1 #bfb2 wells & circles 91 #bai4 ,cos5s1 ,bi%op1 ( ,durham1 #ahd4 ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 #bc4 ,c\vade1 #cai4 ,coves1 #cg1 #caf4 ,cresset-/ones1 #aij1 #bef4 ,cromle*s1 def9$1 #cg2 employ$1 #aja1 #ajb1 #afa1 #bec2 9 cairns1 #bec2 uses (1 #aaj1 #ada1 #bde1 #beb1 #cag4 ,crosses 7/one71 old monoli?s1 #ada1 #bgc4 ,crozon1 monum5ts at1 #aja4 ,cult1 *ange (1 #cbj4 8,cultus ,lapidum10 d5\ncem5t (1 #ci4 ,cumb]l&1 /one circle 91 #cf4 ,cunn+ton1 ,mr41 #gi1 #ha1 #ij4 ,cups1 = conta9+ lamps1 #cai4 ,cursit]1 ,mr41 #ce1 #abc4 ,cursus1 ,!1 at ,/oneh5ge1 #aed1 #aee1 #cai4 ,d4 ,danams1 #ij4 ,danckwor?1 ,dr41 #aaa4 ,d>tmoor1 av5ues on1 #adf1 #aea1 #cai4 ,davies1 ,mr41 #bg1 #ie4 ,decl9ation1 def9$1 #aj2 *ange (1 #aaa4 ,deepdale1 #acb4 ,dekkan1 sacr$ /ones & trees 9 !1 #bce4 ,d5d]ah1 #bie1 #big4 ,dessil1 pre-,*ri/ian cu/om1 #bcd4 ,devoir1 ,lieut41 #ih1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ade1 #aeb4 ,diana1 temple (1 #ca4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 #ea4 ,diseases1 cure (1 #cah4 ,div9ation1 at holy well1 #bbf4 ,dolm5s1 #bee1 #caf2 d]ivation ( "n1 #ch2 gal]ie1 describ$1 #ch2 l'alle c\v]te1 describ$1 #ch2 9 tumuli1 #bec2 9 ,irel&1 #cg2 purpose (1 #da1 #beb1 #bed2 ,semitic orig9 (1 #bde4 ,d[n ,tor1 ,may-ye> at1 #cji4 ,draconis 1 #bie1 #bif1 #bii1 #cje4 ,drizzlecombe1 #aeh4 ,druids1 arrival (1 #bg2 cu/oms (1 #bei1 #cai1 #cbc2 mi/letoe & !1 #baj2 tea*+s (1 #eb4 ,dmi*51 #a4 ,dur&us1 #ahc1 #aib4 ,durham1 ca!dral cu/oms at1 #ahd4 ,dwell+s ( prie/s1 #cag1 #cbc4 ,dymond1 ,mr41 #aff1 #aga4 ,e4 ,ea/]1 #dj1 #ahb1 #ahc2 ,may fe/ival replac$ by1 #bca2 v>iation ( date1 #bd4 ,ecliptic1 *ange ( obliquity1 #ae4 ,ed5 ,hall1 #bbg4 ,edg> 7,a4,d4 #ifc71 #bcc4 ,edmonds1 ,mr41 #bfg4 ,egypt1 a/ronomy 91 #bdi2 cal5d>1 #bh2 clock-/>s1 #bie2 equ9oxes 9 ,l[]1 #ajh2 ,may-ye>1 #cjd2 sequ5ce ( wor%ips1 #cab2 sol/ices1 #beh2 temple azimu?s1 #bih2 ye>-gods1 (1 #bei4 ,elias 7,elijah71 or ,al-,khidr or ,el-,khidr1 #bi1 #beg4 ,ephesus1 #cb4 ,equator1 app>5t pa? ( />s at1 #g4 ,equ9oxes1 !1 #ac1 #ah1 #ajh1 #baa2 temples =1 #cb2 9 ,brita91 #fd1 #cae4 ,ere*!um1 ! old]1 #ca1 #ajh1 #adb4 ,euphrates1 rise ( !1 #cj4 ,evans1 ,sir ,john1 #gf4 ,f4 ,falm\?1 ,"l1 #bfh4 ,f>r1 ,su!rl&%ire1 #bbi4 ,f>m]1 ,pr(41 #bg4 ,fea/s1 #ahg1 #cai4 ,febru>y1 w>n+-/>s 9 ,brita91 #cab4 ,f]guson1 ,dr41 #aaj4 ,f]nwor?y1 av5ues at1 #aeh4 ,fe/ivals1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #beh2 ,corni%1 #aci2 ,may1 #dj1 #ahe1 #aif1 #aih1 #bbf1 #bdg1 #beh4 ,fires1 at v>i\s seasons1 #cj1 #cb1 #ci1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aid1 #bjd2 ,druidical1 #aha2 9 cromle*s1 #cag2 9 holl[$ /ones1 #cbc2 pagan1 #aia2 ,roman ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 #ahb2 sacr$1 #aie1 #bdh1 #bef2 cu/oms1 #aij1 #aii2 fe/ivals1 #aid2 rites1 #aib2 signals1 #ba2 :eels1 #aic4 ,fl9ts1 #gi4 ,flor5ce1 fire cu/oms1 #aic4 ,folklore1 #agi2 ,babylonian & ,indian1 #bdb2 ,semitic & ,briti%1 #bdf4 ,fosseway1 ! ,great1 #adg4 ,f\g\1 #aib1 #bfg4 ,f\nta9s1 #bdf4 ,france1 place names d]iv$ f wells1 #bcd4 ,fraz]1 ,dr41 #bf1 #bh1 #dj1 #ahi1 #bji4 ,fri>'s ,heel1 ! 7,/oneh5ge71 #ec1 #fj1 #fh1 #ij1 #ic4 8,furry ,dance10 !1 #bjf4 ,g4 ,gaill>d1 #if1 #ajd4 8,galgal10 description (1 #ch4 ,games1 #cai4 ,g>m5ts1 (f]+s (1 #cah4 ,gauls1 #cbc4 ,gavr ,innis1 #ch1 #bee4 ,gem9i1 #ae4 ,gem9orum1 1 & 1 #aag4 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 #eb4 ,glamorgan1 rites at holy wells1 #bbc4 ,globe1 cele/ial1 #h2 precessional1 #aad4 ,goidels1 #bcg4 ,gomme1 ,mr41 #aie1 #bac1 #baf1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbg1 #bcf1 #bch4 8,goon-,ri?10 #bff4 ,g\ld1 ,b>+-1 see ,b>+-,g\ld4 ,g[l&1 ,pr(41 #c1 #de1 #fi1 #gb1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #hj1 #hb1 #hg1 #ia1 #cba4 ,greece1 a/ronomical obs]vations 91 #cd1 #bih1 #caa2 divisions ( ye> 91 #bj1 #cjd2 temples 91 #cd1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cac1 #cae2 temple build+ 91 #bii4 ,grimm1 #bf1 #baa4 ,grovely ,ca/le1 #ff4 ,groves1 ,biblical ref]5ce to1 #bde2 sacr$1 #bg1 #beh4 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 #eb4 ,gudea 7#bejj ,b4,c471 #bdb4 ,gue/1 ,dr41 #ie4 ,h4 ,hall1 ,mr41 #bcg4 ,halley1 #ed4 ,hall[e'en1 #abe1 #adc1 #bja1 #caa4 ,hall[mass1 #ahg4 ,hameldon1 #adg4 ,hamm]/ones1 & axes1 #gd4 ,h>rison1 ,mr41 #ej4 ,h>-,tor1 #aeh4 ,h>ve/1 season (1 #aci1 #cjd4 8,hautville's ,quoit10 #afg1 #afh4 ,haw?orn1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bba4 ,hawk's ,tor1 #bia4 ,hazlitt1 #ahc1 #aig1 #bci4 ,hecatu1 ( ,abd]a1 #ea4 ,hecatomp$on1 !1 #ca1 #ajh1 #aed4 ,helios1 #bi4 ,hell>d1 ,colonel1 #bgj4 ,hel/on1 ,may-day at1 #bje4 ,h5d]son1 ,capt41 #adj1 #bgj1 #bgd4 ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don1 #eb4 ,h]mes1 #bei4 ,hi]oglyphics1 #ch4 ,higg9s1 ,mr41 #fb4 ,hills1 actual & angul> heights1 #aab2 effects (1 #abj1 #bfd1 #bia4 ,ho>e1 ,sir ,r4 ,c41 #fa1 #adi4 ,hol$ /ones1 see /ones4 ,hollantide1 #ahh4 ,holne 7,d>tmoor71 #aie4 ,holy ( ,holies1 #af1 #ee4 ,holy ,?ursday1 #ahe4 ,honeysuckle1 #bjg4 ,hook ,lake1 #aeh4 ,hope1 #bac1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bcc4 ,horizon1 angul> elevation (1 #aab2 e>ly employm5t (1 #b1 #e1 #bej4 ,horses1 at ,may-day fe/ivals1 #cai4 ,horus1 #cb1 #aie4 ,huc1 #bcf4 8,hurl]s1 ,!0 7,cornwall71 #cf1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace2 alignm5ts at1 #acg2 *ange ( w>n+ /> at1 #caa2 dates ( con/ruction1 #aci2 ,may-ye> at1 #cji2 sol/ices at1 #cad4 ,hyp]boreans1 #ea4 ,i4 ,ih]+1 #bda4 ,illum9ations1 collimation-m>k1 #cag2 ,may-day1 #bjd4 ,implem5ts1 fl9t1 #gd4 ,inv]ness1 type ( circle at1 #cf4 ,irel&1 division ( ! ye> 91 #cj2 fe/ivals 91 #ahg1 #aig1 #cji4 ,isis1 #cb4 ,isle-(-,man1 fe/ivals 9 !1 #ahg1 #bjg2 wells & circles 9 !1 #bai4 ,j4 ,james1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #bai4 ,japan1 #c1 #hd4 ,jews1 equ9octial fe/ivals among !1 #beh4 ,john/on1 ,colonel1 #aaa1 #abi1 #ace1 #aeb1 #aff4 ,jones1 ,inigo1 #ec4 ,jones1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m41 #bej4 ,josephus1 #cb4 ,judd1 ,pr(41 #hj1 #ia4 ,june-,ye>1 #ic1 #bea4 ,k4 ,k>nak1 temples at1 #ee1 #big4 ,k5idjack1 ,c>n1 #bgh4 ,k]5neur1 #aje4 ,k]lescant1 #ci4 ,k]loas1 #aje4 ,keswick1 #ce1 #aaa4 ,k+'s ,teignton1 #aif4 ,k+/one1 ,!1 at ,roll-,ri* 7,oxon471 #cf4 ,kit's ,coity ,h\se1 #cg4 ,knightl[ ,hill 7,cov5try71 #ahh4 ,knut 7,a4,d4 #ajah71 #bcc4 ,k\yunjik1 #cjh1 #cbb4 ,l4 8,lammas10 #ahf4 ,lanyon1 #bgc4 ,lanyon ,quoit1 #bhj4 ,latitude1 results (1 #bia4 ,lay>d1 ,sir ,h41 #bda1 #cjg1 #cjh4 ,l5t1 orig9 & cu/oms (1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,leslie1 ,colonel1 #bah1 #bce1 #bee4 ,lewis1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l41 #ce1 #abc1 #agf4 ,locky]1 ,dr41 #aaa4 ,long/ones1 f\nd 9 b>r[s1 #bfh4 ,long/one1 ,! 7,tregeseal71 #bgh1 #bhj1 #cji1 #cad4 8,lug10 ! ,iri% ,sun-,god1 #ahf4 ,lugnassad1 ,iri% fea/1 #ahf4 ,lukis1 ,dr41 #cg1 #acc1 #add1 #aej1 #bec1 #bfe1 #bhg1 #bia1 #bib4 ,luxor1 #big4 ,lyrae1 7,vega71 #big1 #cae4 ,m4 ,mac,ritchie1 ,mr41 #aib1 #cag4 ,madron 7,cornwall71 #bbe4 ,mae%[e 7,orkney71 #ce1 #abc1 #abe1 #bec1 #bed2 date (1 #abi2 use (1 #aib4 ,m>kab1 see ,pegasi 4 ,m>riage1 cu/oms1 #bhe1 #cai4 ,m>t91 ,/41 9 ,g]many1 #ahg4 ,m>t9mas1 old1 #ahh4 ,maudslay1 ,mr41 #cb1 #cjh4 ,mauls1 #ge4 ,may-day1 #ajh1 #bja1 #bjd4 ,may-eve1 #ie1 #bjg4 ,may-fe/ivals1 #dj1 #ahe1 #aif1 #aih1 #bbf1 #bdg1 #beh4 ,maypole1 #bje1 #bbg4 ,may-sun1 #cf1 #aea1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,may-?orn1 #bjb1 #bab1 #cbj4 ,may-ye>1 !1 #ai1 #aha1 #bcb1 #cjd1 #cbj2 divisions (1 #bfc1 #cjd2 provid$ =1 #ah1 #ce1 #fd1 #ic1 #ih1 #ajd1 #aje1 #abg1 #agd1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bga1 #bhj1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bij1 #cjd1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cba2 relation to ,june-ye>1 #ajf1 #bcj1 #bea1 #bfa2 w>n+-/>s1 #aag1 #adb2 wor%ip1 #ie1 #if1 #aji4 ,mecca1 #bde4 ,me9re?ydd 7,may-eve71 #ie4 ,melon1 isl& (1 #ajb4 ,memphis1 ,capella at1 #cjd2 ,may-wor%ip1 #ah2 temples at1 #big1 #bih4 ,mn-an-tol1 #bhd1 #bhf4 ,mnec 7,le71 #ci1 #ih1 #aei4 ,m5hirs1 #cg1 #aje2 c]emonies at1 #bef2 9 ,brittany1 #if2 ne> holy wells1 #bbe2 v>i\s1 #ci1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aeb1 #aeg4 ,m5-,p]u1 #bfi4 ,m5u or ,m91 temple (1 #bi1 #ca1 #ajh1 #adb1 #big1 #bih1 #cje2 associat$ ) ,spica1 #bii4 ,m]cury1 #bei4 ,m]rivale1 av5ues at1 #adg1 #aec1 #aed2 ,may-ye> at1 #cji4 ,m]ry ,maid5s1 #bfe2 alignm5ts at1 #bga1 #bgf2 clock-/>s at1 #cjb2 ,may-ye> at1 #cji4 ,midsumm]1 c]emonies at1 #bca1 #bhe4 ,midsumm] eve1 mi/letoe on1 #baj4 ,mihr1 ,arm5ian fire-god1 #aia4 ,mi/letoe1 #bf1 #bg1 #bja1 #baj1 #cbj2 z a m$ic9e1 #baj2 8,oil ( ,/4 ,john10 #baj2 ,sw$i% notions conc]n+1 #bji4 ,mit*ell's ,egyptian ,cal5d>1 #bh4 ,mole*1 #bdh4 ,mol5e ,isl&1 #ajc4 ,monoli?s1 #ha1 #baf1 #bdd4 ,montelius1 #gf4 ,moon1 employm5t ( !1 #ah2 wor%ip ( !1 #bdi4 ,morbihan1 alignm5ts at1 #ajj4 ,morgan1 ,lloyd1 ,pr(41 #afg1 #agj1 #agf4 ,morgan1 ,mr41 #ec4 ,morr[1 ,mr41 #aga1 #agd4 ,m\nta9-a%1 #bjf4 ,mungo-,p>k1 #bce4 ,murray1 ,mr4 ,george1 #bg4 ,murray1 ,mr4 ,john1 #cjh4 ,mut1 temple (1 #big4 ,my?ology1 orig9 (1 #ai4 ,n4 ,nantwi*1 #bba4 ,naos1 ,!1 at ,/oneh5ge1 #af1 #da1 #fc1 #ie4 ,ne$ fires1 #aij4 ,neoli?ic-age1 #ge1 #gf4 ,new-,grange 7,mea?71 #ch4 ,newton's h]bal1 #bab4 ,new-ye>1 *ange ( date1 #aid4 ,night-dial1 use (1 #cjb4 ,nile1 #c1 #ah1 #cab4 ,nimrood1 temples at1 #bda1 #cjh4 8,n9e ,maid5s0 7,!71 #bib1 #bic4 ,n9eveh1 ,may temple at1 #cjg4 ,norwi*1 sun-:eel at1 #aic4 ,nos ,galan-galaf1 #ahg4 ,nos ,glamau1 #bjg4 ,novemb]1 fe/ival1 #ahf1 #aie1 #bij1 #caa4 ,o4 ,oak1 contigu\s to sacr$ wells1 #baf4 ,obliquity ( ! ,ecliptic1 *ange ( !1 #ae1 #dc4 ,obs]vations1 a/ronomical & religi\s1 #abe1 #cbb4 ,o',connor1 ,dr41 #baf4 ,od9 /one1 ,/5ness1 #abg1 #bah1 #bhc1 #bhe4 ,(f]+s1 at holy places1 #bbb1 #cah4 ,on/on1 #acb4 ,ordeals1 #bdg4 ,ordnance ,survey1 #aaa1 #bec4 ,ori5tation1 fir/ use (1 #ah4 ,orionis1 7,betelgeuse71 #aag1 #add1 #cad4 ,orkney1 #abe1 #bei4 ,otley1 ,mr4 ,jona?an1 #ce1 #aaa4 ,ouseley1 ,sir ,william1 #bcd4 ,p4 ,pal5que1 #cb1 #cjh4 ,paloli?ic age1 #ge4 ,palm1 at v]nal equ9ox1 #baa4 ,palm ,sunday1 #ahd1 #baa4 ,pana!na1 #ca4 ,p>alleli?ons1 #adh4 8,p>dons10 9 ,brittany1 #aih4 ,p>!non1 #bih4 ,payn1 ,mr4 ,h[>d1 #ff1 #id4 ,pegasi1 & 1 #aag4 ,p5nant1 t\r ( ,scotl&1 #bjf4 ,p5rose1 ,mr41 #ca1 #cd1 #ch1 #db1 #ea1 #fb1 #gh1 #hi1 #ic1 #id1 #aji1 #adb1 #aed1 #bih1 #cjf1 #caj1 #cab1 #cac1 #cae4 ,p5teco/1 fea/ (1 #cb1 #ahe4 ,pepi1 #bie4 ,p]cy's ,nor?umb]l& ,notes1 #ahd4 ,p]rott1 ,mr41 #adh4 ,p]sia1 rag-(f]+s 91 #bcd4 ,petrie1 ,fl9d]s1 ,pr(41 #fb4 ,pet-s]1 #b4 ,philpot1 ,mrs41 #beg4 ,picks1 ( de]'s-horn1 #gh4 8,pi]re du ,conseil0 7,lagatj>71 #ajd4 ,pi]s' ,survey ( ,s4 ,irel&1 #ahb1 #bbi4 ,p9s1 z (f]+s at sacr$ wells1 #bbb1 #bbg1 #beh1 #cah4 8,pip]s1 ,!10 #bff1 #bga4 ,pitt-,riv]s1 ,g5]al1 #bce1 #bcf4 ,plato1 #g4 ,pleiades1 at ,briti% monum5ts1 #aec1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bhj1 #bij2 employ$ by ,semites1 #bdg2 else:]e1 #ajh1 #aag1 #aea1 #aee1 #afb1 #caj1 #caa4 ,pl\dalmezeau1 monum5ts at1 #ajj4 ,ploy-field1 !1 at ,holne1 #aif4 ,pole1 app>5t pa? ( />s at ! nor?1 #f2 elevation ( !1 #i2 motion ( />s1 r\nd1 #cjj1 #cjc4 ,pollux1 see ,gem9orum4 ,pompeii1 #cab4 ,pomponius ,mela1 #cbb1 #cbd4 ,pont l',abb1 m5hirs at1 #aje4 ,portugal1 place-names f wells1 #bcd4 ,pratt's fl[]+ plants1 #bjb1 #bjf4 ,precession1 effects (1 #fd1 #bie4 ,pre/wi*1 ,pr(41 #gi4 ,prie/s1 #caf1 #cag4 ,processions1 sacr$1 #cai4 ,ptah1 #bi1 #ca1 #bih1 #cjd4 ,pylons1 use (1 #ee4 ,pyramids1 build+ (1 #ah2 wor%ip at1 #bi4 ,pyr5ees1 g5ii at holy-wells1 #bcd4 ,pyrus aucup>ia1 #bja4 ,q4 ,quick5-tree1 #bjf1 #bjh4 ,quill]-,c\*1 holy wells1 #bac1 #baf1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #bbh4 ,quoit1 def9ition (1 #ch4 ,r4 ,rac+1 at fe/ivals1 #cai4 ,rags1 z (f]+s 9 sacr$ places1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbe4 ,ram ,fea/1 at ,holne 7,d>tmoor71 #aif4 ,read1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h41 #bcg4 ,refraction1 effect (1 #aab1 #abj4 ,r5t-day1 date (1 9 ,irel&1 #cj4 ,rhys1 ,pr(41 #bf1 #cj1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bac1 #bae1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bej1 #bfj1 #cai4 ,roddon1 ,r[an1 #bjf4 ,roll-,ri*1 ,oxon41 #cf4 ,rol/on1 ,sir4 ,w4 ,e41 #abj1 #abb1 #bij4 ,rorr+ton1 ,*irbury1 #bbg4 ,r[an-tree1 #bja1 #baa1 #cah1 #cbj2 & wit*craft1 #bjf1 #bjh2 ne> sacr$ wells1 #bbj4 ,r[e's p]ambulation ( ,d>tmoor1 #adg1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aeh1 #bhg4 ,rz ,ksim1 #bi4 ,rs ,khidr1 #bi4 ,s4 ,sacr$-fires1 see fires4 ,sacrifices1 #aig1 #bje1 #cai4 ,sagitt>ius1 #ae4 ,sa9ha91 fea/ (1 #ahg4 ,sanctu>y1 at ,/oneh5ge1 #ee4 ,/4 ,aelian1 ,d]by%ire1 #baf4 ,/4 ,blaze 78,blayse10 8,blazeus071 anniv]s>y (1 #ahd4 ,/4 ,burian1 ,cornwall1 #bfg1 #bga4 ,/4 ,claire1 #adj4 ,/4 ,cle]1 holy well at1 #bbi4 ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 ,cornwall1 #bbh4 ,/4 ,h]bot1 sacrifices to1 #aii4 ,/4 ,john's ,day1 fe/ivals on1 #bcj4 ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 fire cu/oms1 #aib4 ,/4 ,j1 ,cornwall1 /one circle at1 #bgg4 ,/4 ,ju/91 #adj4 ,/4 ,m>t91 fea/ (1 #ahf4 ,/4 ,m$an1 holy well at ,kirkmaid51 #bbi4 ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 #dj4 ,/4 ,nicodemus1 sacrifices to1 #aii4 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome1 #cb4 ,/4 ,r5an1 monum5ts at1 #ajj4 ,salisbury1 position ( ca!dral1 #fe2 sol/itial cu/om at1 #dc4 ,s>ac5s1 />-wor%ip among !1 #bdi4 ,s>donyx1 employm5t (1 #cb4 ,s>s5s1 /ones1 #ae1 #de1 #gi1 #ia4 ,sc&9avia1 temples 91 #fc4 ,s*bel]1 ,pr(41 #bjb4 ,scorpionis 7,ant>es71 #aag1 #adb1 #bgc1 #caj1 #caa4 ,scotl&1 ,may-ye> 91 #aji1 #ahf1 #cba2 types ( /one circles 91 #cf4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 #dj4 ,seasons1 a/ronomical & vegetational1 #bab4 ,semites1 beliefs conc]n+ ! />s1 #bdi2 9 ,brita91 #bdc1 #bdf2 temple practices among !1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bef4 ,s5na*]ib1 ,may temple (1 #cjh4 ,s]gi1 ,pr(41 #bcg4 ,s]p5tis 1 #aag4 ,se%eta1 #b4 ,set1 ,briti% equival5t (1 #aie4 ,%akspe>e1 #bjd4 ,%eat1 see ,pegasi 4 ,%5n ,laa ,boaldyn 7,manx ,may-day71 #bjd4 ,%9to1 cult (1 #c4 ,%ovel ,d[n1 ,devon1 #aeh1 #afj1 #cad4 ,%r9es1 trili?ons z1 #cg4 ,%rove ,tuesday1 #ahb4 ,sight-l9es1 #caf2 diff]5t me?ods ( m>k+1 #ajg2 me?ods ( us+1 #da4 ,silbury 7or ,sidbury71 #ff4 ,sirius1 see ,canis ,majoris 4 ,sk9s1 (f]+s (1 #cah4 8,slaught] ,/one10 !1 #ij1 #ic4 ,smi?1 ,colonel ,hamilton1 #adh4 ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,j41 #eb4 ,smi?1 ,rob]tson1 ,pr(41 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bee1 #beg4 ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #fi4 ,sol/ices1 !1 #ac1 #ajh1 #abj2 azimu?s ( sunrise at1 #dc1 #bia2 at ,pal5que & ,*i*n ,itza1 #cjh2 celebration (1 #dj1 #aic2 date ( introduction into ,brita91 #cac2 det]m9ation (1 #af2 9 ,egypt1 #c1 #ac2 9 ,france1 #ii1 #ajc1 #ajd2 9 ,morocco & ,brita91 #bdc2 provid$ = at ,briti% monum5ts1 #ic1 #abi1 #agf1 #bgd1 #bhj1 #bij1 #cab1 #cad2 sunrise at1 #cf2 w>n+ />s =1 #aag1 #cad2 wor%ip at1 #bei1 #cbj4 ,sp5ce1 ,mr41 #ce1 #abc1 #abh1 #bed1 #bhe4 ,spica1 see ,virg9is 4 ,/alldon ,moor1 #aej1 #afc4 ,/&5 7ne> ,hung]=d71 #gi4 ,/anton ,drew1 #aff1 #afg1 #agj1 #agc2 cove at1 #cg2 dates (1 #agd2 dim5sions ( circles at1 #aga2 ,may-ye> at1 #cji2 sol/itial wor%ip at1 #cad4 ,/>s1 *anges 9 decl9ation (1 #db1 #aji2 nor!rn1 #aad2 heliacal ris+s (1 #ajh2 reason = obs]vations (1 #db2 wor%ip (1 #aci1 #bdi4 ,see clock-/>s4 ,/5ness1 #ce1 #abc1 #bah2 azimu?s ( sunrise at1 #abj2 obs]vations requir$ at1 #abi2 seasons provid$ = at1 #abg1 #aca1 #cji1 #cad4 ,/]ility1 #bci1 #bef4 ,/irl+1 fe/ivals at1 #bch4 ,/ockwell1 #fg1 #aaa1 #abi1 #agf4 ,/one-age1 #ge4 ,/oneh5ge1 #da1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #eh1 #hh1 #ia2 amplitudes ( />s at1 #aa2 app>5t pa?s ( />s at1 #g2 ar*itecture (1 #hc2 av5ue1 #fc1 #fe2 axis1 #ee1 #fj2 azimu? ( sunrise at1 #abj2 ! 8,cursus0 at1 #cai2 cu/om at1 #dc2 date (1 #fb1 #fg1 #ic2 desecration (1 #dg2 erection (1 #hd2 8,lean+ ,/one0 at1 #fi1 #hd2 ,may-ye> at1 #aji2 orig9 ( /ones1 #ij2 position (1 #fe2 r$$ication (1 #aji2 sol/itial temple1 #ajh1 #cad2 8,/an5ges10 #eb2 tools f\nd at1 #gd4 ,/ones1 z azimu? m>ks1 #aaj2 ano9t+ (1 #bee2 cresset-1 #aij1 #bef2 hol$1 #cg1 #abh1 #bhb1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #caf1 #cah2 holl[$1 #aib1 #bdh1 #cbc2 ,semitic1 sacr$1 #bdd2 unhewn & work$1 #cba4 ,/one-wor%ip1 proscrib$1 #bga4 ,/ripple ,/ones1 ,cornwall1 #cf1 #bib4 ,/ukeley1 ,dr41 #cg1 #ec1 #acd1 #bhi4 ,sunrise1 app>5t1 #abj2 azimu? (1 #fd2 det]m9ation (1 #aah2 obs]vation (1 #fc1 #ff1 #ii2 ,novemb]1 #ic4 ,sunset1 det]m9ation (1 #aah2 ! ,may-1 #ic4 ,sycamore1 #bjd4 ,t4 8,tan ,heol10 #dj4 8,tan ,/4 ,jean10 #dj4 ,tanta ,fair1 #bh1 #bi4 ,t>a1 p]petual fire at temple (1 #aia4 ,tauri 1 ,aldeb>an1 #cae4 ,tavi/ock1 #adg4 ,tem5os m\nd1 at ,/oneh5ge1 #dg1 #ic4 ,temple-axis1 fix+ (1 #a4 ,temples1 associat$1 #big2 ,egyptian1 #ee2 sol/itial1 #cac4 ,!bes 7,egypt71 #h1 #ajh2 amplitudes at1 #aa2 />s us$ at1 #bii1 #cjd2 ,may-ye> at1 #bdg1 #cje4 ,!bes 7,greece71 #bii4 ,!odolite1 adju/m5ts (1 #agb1 #cbi4 ,?omas1 ,mr41 #bgg1 #bhb4 ,?orn-trees1 associat$ ) holy wells1 #bba4 ,?o?1 #bei4 ,?urnham1 ,dr41 #fc4 ,tigris1 rise ( !1 #cj4 ,tirehan1 #bad4 ,tiss+ton1 ,d]by%ire1 #bbh4 ,tla*taga1 ! fire (1 #ahg4 ,tombs1 dolm5s n int5d$ =1 #bed4 ,tor*es1 #cag4 ,t\tates1 #bfj4 ,track-l9es1 #adi4 ,tradition1 #agi4 8,trea*]y ( ! ,long ,knives10 #ie4 ,trees1 sacr$1 #bjj1 #bbj1 #beg2 ,arabian wor%ip (1 #bde2 ,semitic1 #bdd1 #bdf4 ,tregaseal1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #cji1 #cad4 ,trili?ons1 #ha2 at ,/oneh5ge1 #eh2 functions (1 #cg1 #da2 9 ,japan1 #c4 ,trippet /ones1 #cf4 ,tri/is rock1 #aeh4 ,tr[leswor?y1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb4 ,tru?wall ,common1 #bgg4 ,tubb]patrick1 well at1 #bbe4 ,tumuli1 #ic1 #ajb1 #bed2 at ,/5ness1 #aca4 ,turkey1 cal5d> 91 #bi4 ,u4 ,ursae ,majoris 1 #bie1 #bih4 ,v4 ,vallum1 #dg1 #bia4 ,vega1 see ,lyrae 4 8,via ,sacra10 #fj1 #aee1 #afc4 ,via1 /ones (1 #abh4 ,virg9is 1 7,spica71 #ajh1 #adb1 #bii1 #cje1 #cae4 ,w4 ,wales1 wells ne> *ur*es1 #bbi4 ,w>n+-/>s1 #ajh2 9 ,brita91 #caj2 9 ,greece1 #caa4 ,wat]1 ne> holy places1 #bdf1 #cag4 ,wells1 associat$ ) trees1 #bai1 #bbj2 curative p[]s1 #bce2 sacr$ associations1 #bjf1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #beg1 #bgc2 8,wak+ ! ,well10 #bbh2 wi%+1 #bae2 wor%ip at1 #bae1 #bcc2 wor%ip1 mod]n1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,mr41 #cai4 ,we/morl&1 ,may-day cu/oms1 #bjg4 ,:ite?orn1 #bjb4 ,:itley1 ,rev4 ,d41 #bee4 ,:itsuntide1 #ahe1 #aif4 ,will[1 blossoms us$ on ,palm ,sunday1 #baa4 ,wilt%ire ,ar*ological ,society1 #ej4 ,w9dle1 ,mr41 #cg4 ,wit*craft1 #bjf1 #bab1 #baf4 ,wit*5-tree1 #bjf4 ,wood-,m>t91 ,mr41 #bac1 #bad1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bcc4 ,woon ,gumpus ,common1 #bhb4 ,wor%ip1 ,briti% & ,semitic1 #beb2 fl[]-1 #bjc2 sun- & />-1 #bfj2 well-1 #bbh4 ,wor?1 ,mr4 ,hans=d1 #adf1 #adh1 #aej1 #aec1 #afd4 ,wor?1 ,mr41 ,r4,n41 #adg1 #adh4 8,wro? silv]10 paym5t (1 #ahh4 ,y4 ,ye>1 ! a/ronomical1 #af1 #be2 ! ,celtic1 #ahf2 division ( !1 #ah2 ! ,julian1 #bc2 ! lun>-1 9 ,babylon1 #bd2 ! sol/itial-1 #ai1 #aci1 #bfa2 ! vegetation-1 #ah1 #ai1 #be1 #ig1 #aji1 #bjc4 ,yucatan1 ! temples (1 #cc4 ,,! ,,end ,r4 ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t1 ar*aic & unusual spell+1 hyph5ation & capitalisation h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,?is includes prop] & geographical names4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,"s tables are be/ view$ 9 a wide br[s] w9d[4 ,index3 ! occasional error 9 ! ord] ( entries has n be5 correct$4 ,= ! illu/rat$ v]sions3 ,:]e ! quality ( ! illu/ration 9 ! s\rce docum5t p]mits & :]e ! visibility ( details 9 or ! legibility ( ! illu/ration requires1 l>g] v]sions ( illu/rations h be5 provid$4 ,availability ( ^! l>g] illu/rations dep5ds on ! v]sion us$4 ,page #ajj1 ,fig4 #bg1 ,m5hir 7,a73 ! ref]5ce lett] is miss+ f ! illu/ration4 ,page #aja1 ,c>nac-,leom>iaqu]3 probably ,c>nac-,locm>iaqu] 7z on ,page #ch74 ,footnote #abd1 table ,*i*5 ,itza1 la/ l9e3 ! ,e4 or ,w4 is miss+ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,*anges made ,illu/rations & tables h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs2 footnotes 7 mov$ to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,"s tables h be5 re-arrang$4 ,ditto m>ks h occasionally be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly2 "s m9or =matt+ inconsi/5cies h be5 /&>dis$ sil5tly4 ,"s ,greek acc5ts & diacritics h be5 ignor$4 ,page #bi3 clos+ bracket ins]t$ aft] #ahe-f days respectively ,page #ij1 ,fig4 #bd3 ref]5ce lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ,d inside ! illu/ration h be5 enl>g$ = bett] visibility4 ,page #ig3 alignm5ts *ang$ to alignem5ts2 auj\rdhui *ang$ to auj\rd'hui ,page #agc1 fir/ table3 #ai #ea ,e4 *ang$ to ,n4 #ai #ea ,e4 ,page #bbj3 footnote m>k] #fe ins]t$ aft] ,rhys :]e x seems to fit be/ 7lack+ 9 s\rce docum5t74