,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! adv]tisem5ts betwe5 pages #dh & #di 9 ! orig9al text h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! text4 ,a ,reque/ ,%\ld y f9d ?is book helpful 9 build+ ) concrete1 we w\ld consid] x a favor to h y s in=m u4 ,likewise1 we w\ld appreciate a description 7& a photograph if possible7 ( :atev] y h built 9 concrete4 ,9 ?is way y w assi/ u 9 aid+ o!rs 9 ! same way we hope we h help$ y4 ,if y d n fully und]/& any "p ( ?is book1 or if y desire fur!r in=mation1 write u & we %all be glad to d any?+ else we c4 ,,concrete ,,con/ruction = ! ,,home & ! ,,f>m 8,,concrete ,,= ,,p]man5ce0 #aiaf ,,! ,,atlas ,,portl& ,,cem5t ,,company #cj ,broad ,/reet1 ,new ,york #acd ,s4 ,la,salle ,/reet1 ,*icago ,philadelphia ,bo/on ,/4 ,l\is ,m9neapolis ,des ,mo9es ,,index ,special ,index to ,directions ,,page ,bank-run gravel1 #ac ,clean+ =ms1 #bd ,def9ition ( concrete1 #i ,dry mixture1 #ac ,=ms1 #bb-bd ,gravel1 #aj1 #ac ,h& mix+1 #ag-ba ,mat]ials1 #i1 #aj ,measur+ boxes1 #ab ,measur+ mat]ials1 #aa-ac ,m$ium mixture1 #ac ,mix+1 #ae-bb ,natural mixture1 #ac-bj ,plac+1 #be1 #bf ,portl& cem5t1 #i ,proportions1 #aa-ac ,protection ( concrete aft] plac+1 #bf ,publications issu$ by ! ,association1 #h ,quantities ( mat]ials1 #ba1 #bb ,re9=cem5t1 #bf1 #bg ,runs1 #ae ,s& z an aggregate1 #i ,select+ lumb] = =ms1 #bc ,/one z an aggregate1 #aj ,tools1 #ae ,wet mixture1 #ac ,g5]al ,index ,,page ,acetyl5e gas h\se1 #hc-hg ,alleyways1 #da ,b>ns1 #fb ,b>n approa*1 #fj ,b>n floors1 #ed-ei ,b>n f\ndations1 #fa1 #fb ,b>ny>d pavem5ts1 #dg1 #dh ,base = ma*9]y1 #hg-hi ,bee cell>s1 #ib1 #ic ,c>riage h\se entrance1 #ci ,c>riage wa%+ floor1 #db ,cell> /eps & hat*way1 #ij1 #ia ,*imney1 #ej1 #ea ,*imney caps1 #ig ,ci/]n cov]s1 #fi ,ci/]ns1 #fh-gj1 #gb-gc ,coal h\se1 #hc-hg ,cold-frame1 #ii1 #ajj ,concrete 9 ! c\ntry1 #e-h ,corn crib floor1 #ec ,corn] /ones1 #aje ,c[ b>n floors1 #ee-eh ,culv]ts1 #ajh1 #aji ,cyclone cell>1 #ib-ic ,dairy1 #hc-hg ,dipp+ vats & tanks1 #gf-hj ,dog k5nel1 #hc-hg ,dra9 tile outlet1 #ajf ,dr9k+ tr\ghs & tanks1 #gd1 #ge ,driveway ( concrete1 #dj1 #da ,drop gutt]s1 #ed-ei ,duck pond1 #ie ,eng9e base f\ndation1 #hg1 #hh ,eng9e h\se1 #hb-hi ,entrance floor1 #ci ,f>m build+s1 #hb-hi ,fe$ cook]1 #ej1 #ea ,fe$+ floors1 #dc-de ,fe$+ tr\ghs1 racks & mang]s1 #di1 #ej ,f5ce po/s1 #ajd ,field roll]s1 #ajb ,field spr+ improvem5t1 #gj1 #ga ,floors1 #ci1 #db1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #ec-ef1 #eh1 #gi1 #hb1 #hc1 #hg1 #ih ,f\ndation gutt]1 #ce ,fruit cell>s1 #ib1 #ic ,g>bage receiv]1 #ajc ,gasol9e eng9e base1 #hg1 #hh ,gate po/s1 #ajd1 #aje ,gran>y floors1 #ec ,gutt]s1 #ce ,hat*way = cell> /eps1 #ij1 #ia ,hay cap weights1 #ajc ,h5 h\se1 #id ,h5s' ne/s1 #id ,hit*+ po/1 #ajd ,hog wall[s1 #eb ,horse b>n floors1 #eh1 #ei ,hot-b$1 #ii1 #ajj ,h\s+ = driv5 well1 #fg1 #fh ,hydraulic ram h\se1 #hi ,ice h\se1 #hc-hg ,lawn roll]1 #ajb ,mang]s1 #di1 #ej1 #eg1 #ei ,manure pits & ci/]ns1 #de ,milk h\se1 #hc-hg ,milk vat1 #ha1 #hb ,ne/s = h5s1 #id ,old build+s & _! repair1 #cf-ch ,por* floor1 #ih1 #ii ,po/s = f5ces & gates1 #ajd ,po/s1 hit*+1 #ajd ,p\ltry h\se1 #id ,ram h\se1 #hi ,repairs to f>m build+s1 #cf-ch ,reta9+ wall & /eps1 #if1 #ig ,roadways1 #dj1 #da ,root cell>1 #ib1 #ic ,roll]s1 #ajb ,sanit>y wat] supply1 #fg-ge ,septic tanks1 #aaj1 #aaa ,sidewalks1 #bh-cd ,silos1 #fe1 #ff ,small f>m build+s1 #hb-hi ,smoke h\se1 #hc-hg ,sn[ f5ces1 #fc1 #fd ,spray+ tanks1 #ajg ,spr+ improvem5ts1 #gj1 #ga ,/eps1 #ij1 #ia1 #if1 #ig ,/ones1 corn]1 #aje ,survey monum5ts1 #aje ,swimm+ pool1 #aab ,tanks1 #gd1 #ge ,t>paul9 weights1 #ajc ,tool h\se1 #hc-hg ,tra% burn]1 #ajc ,tree repair1 #aja ,tr\ghs1 #gd1 #ge ,vegetable cell>1 #ib1 #ic ,walks1 #bh-cd ,walk specifications1 #bi ,wat]+ tr\ghs1 #gd1 #ge ,weights = hay caps & t>paul9s1 #ajc ,well cov]1 #fi ,well protection1 #fg-gj ,w9d walls1 #fc1 #fd ,w9d[ hat*1 #aab ,wir+ =ms1 #bc ,concrete 9 ! ,c\ntry ,h[ ! ,am]ican ,f>m] is ,solv+ ,8 ,cons]vation ,problem ,cons]vation is no new problem--x is z old z life itself4 ,x becomes a highly important "q to ! p]son or ! nation only :5 ! res\rces sc>cely supply ! dem&s4 ,su* is ! situation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! removal ( ! =e/s 0 necess>y t mu* gra9 might be gr[n4 ,! "y ,nation _h to h money1 & z f>m+ 0 ! only means at h& to furni% x1 ! natural f]tility ( ! fields 0 r$uc$4 ,b ! money ?us suppli$ 0 m]ely a long-"t loan on ! ,bank ( ,natural ,res\rces4 ,to-day ! vani%+ =e/s & ! fail+ f]tility ( ! fields be> witness t ! loan is n[ due4 ,h5ce ! problem ( cons]vation4 ,/range z x may seem1 ! f>m] is us+ "o mat]ial n only to replace lumb] b also1 9 a way1 to re/ore ! f]tility ( 8 fields--t mat]ial is concrete4 ,! national & /ate gov]nm5ts & ! railroads 7 ! fir/ to make ext5sive use ( concrete4 ,n only did ! beauty & my/]y ( ?is new con/ruction naturally appeal to ! f>m]1 b he conclud$ t ! railroads did n use x1 9 pref]5ce to wood1 /eel & /one1 m]ely to decorate ! l&scape4 ,he knew too mu* ab\t railroads4 ,s /rongly did ! railroads' idea ( economy 7! doll> argum5t7 appeal to him t ! f>m] ( ! ,we/ is n[ build+ practically ev]y?+ ab\t ! f>m ( concrete4 ,at fir/1 & q naturally1 l&-own]s 9 ! rock & gravel regions began us+ ?is new =m ( con/ruction2 b1 s9ce its *eapness 9 fir/ co/ & value 9 la/+ qualities h become g5]ally kn[n1 a wave ( en?usiasm = f>m /ructures ( concrete has swept ! entire c\ntry4 ,a gravel pit is n[ m valuable ?an _m a gold m9e4 ,) little help o!r ?an look+ & li/5+1 ! f>m] grasp$ ! idea ( a concrete walk1 & be+ a natural inv5tor & jack-(-all-trades1 improv$ on ! me?od by add+ a small curb next to 8 fl[] b$ to keep ! dirt f wa%+ on ! :ite walk4 ,?is walk 0 a bless+ to ! boy--all ! "t =m]ly giv5 to scrubb+ & we$+ ! old brick walk c\ld n[ be devot$ to fi%+4 ,! y>d walk 0 ext5d$ to ! b>ns & outly+ build+s4 ,wad+ ?r\gh seas ( mud & result+ track$-up kit*5 floors became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,by simply increas+ ! wid? ( ! walk1 a cell> floor 0 provid$ & ! f>m] _h a dry cell>4 ,?is 0 s clean & s odorless t he consid]$ su* a floor fit = t mo/ immaculate ( all places--! milk h\se4 ,concrete cell> hat*way & /eps1 safe "u ! heavie/ b>rel ( v9eg>1 & wat]-tight1 7 made 9 a mann] simil> to walks4 ,brick "w _h long be5 laid up 9 a mixture ( ,portl& cem5t & s&4 ,z ?is kept ! wat] out1 ! f>m] reason$ t x w\ld keep ! wat] 91 & he />t$ to build ci/]n floors1 walls & cov] ( ,portl& cem5t concrete at "o-?ird to "o-half ! co/ ( ! old brick ci/]n4 ,aft] a little m obs]vation1 he quit digg+ deep ci/]n-pits1 ) ! necess>y annoyance ( ?aw+ out froz5 pumps & c>ry+ wat]--he built a concrete ci/]n on top ( ! gr\nd & made ! pump+ & c>ry+ ( ! wat] a m]e matt] ( turn+ a faucet 9 ! kit*5 & ! ba? room4 ,sev]al ye>s ago corn 0 s *eap t 9 "s sections x 0 burn$ = fuel in/ead ( coal4 ,no consid]ation 0 !n giv5 to ! bu%els wa/$ 9 muddy fe$ lots4 ,if ! mud became too deep1 ! fe$+ 0 transf]r$ to ! blue grass pa/ure4 ,to be sure1 z ! sod wore out1 ! fe$+-place _h to be *ang$2 b somebody _h advanc$ ! idea t ?is p>ticul> me?od ( fe$+ 0 good = ! soil4 ,_m f>m]s _h tri$ wood5 fe$+ floors & _h f\nd !m a pay+ proposition z f> z ! sav+ ( fe$ 0 conc]n$1 9 ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal1 & 9 ! %ort5$ "t ( fatt5+4 ,b two great drawbacks 7 ! rats t infe/$ !m & ! con/ant ne$ ( repairs4 ,9 concrete ! ?\ghtful f>m] saw ! possibilities ( an ideal floor--an easily clean$1 rat-pro(1 disease-pro( surface ^u :i* 8 hogs1 %eep1 cattle & p\ltry might consume ! fe$ ev5 to ! smalle/ p>ticle4 ,s satisfactory did ! fe$+ floor prove t ! same treatm5t sugge/$ itself z a rem$y = ! fly-bre$+1 muddy holes 9 ! e>!n floors & ! rat-infe/$ wood5 floors ( ! b>ns4 ,b ! c>eful horseman held up a bit3 he 0 afraid t /amp+ at ! flies1 8 valuable ,p]*]ons1 ,%ires & ,morgans might /iff5 up _! legs4 ,he exp]im5t$ by plac+ concrete floors 9 8 op5 %$s1 :i* 7 usually too muddy = ! /ock to lie d[n 9 /ormy wea!r1 j :5 ! /raw /acks af=d$ no protection & :5 he ne$$ ! %$s mo/1 & f\nd su* floors satisfactory4 ,to-day ! manure "q is "o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations ( ! "t4 ,! virg9 soil ( ! prairies1 ( ! cle>$ woodl&s & ( ! brok5-up ranges1 = a few ye>s produc$ imm5se crops ( cotton & gra94 ,to build up ! decreas+ productiv5ess ( ! fields ! f>m] soon le>n$ t b>ny>d manure 0 ! be/ ?+ at h&4 ,! pass+ ( ! cattle ran* & ! result+ high] price ( meats made /ock rais+ v pr(itable ev5 to ! small f>m]1 especially s9ce fe$+ floors made x possible = him to return to ! soil1 9 ! =m ( manure1 all ! f]tility :i* _h be5 remov$ 9 ! gr[+ ( gra94 ,leav+ out ! matt] ( foods1 ! /r5g? ( manure is dep5d5t directly ^u its mann] ( /orage4 ,manure pil$ on ! b>e gr\nd or 9 wood5 p5s loses "o-?ird to "o-half ( its f]tiliz+ prop]ties on acc\nt ( lea*+1 due to heavy ra9s & tramp+ ( ! /ock1 & lat] because ( f]m5tation or 8fir+0 br\ght ab\t by ! lack ( suffici5t moi/ure4 ,?is f]tiliz] usually sells at f #ge c5ts to #a4jj p] load4 ,! f>m] ( to-day builds a wat]-tight concrete ci/]n or pit 9 :i* he /ores ! manure & keeps x z moi/ z ne$ be4 ,he ext5d$ ! concrete floors to ! dairy b>ns ) ! result t !y 7 s clean1 s odorless & s sanit>y t /ate inspection is n[ (t5 insi/+ & w soon =ce c>eless dairym5 to put 9 su* floors z a means ( protect+ ! public heal? f disease g]ms c>ri$ 9 unclean milk4 ,! drop gutt]s c>ry all ! liquids1 ! ri*e/ "p ( ! manure1 =m]ly wa/$1 to ! manure pits4 ,consequ5tly1 "o load ( manure1 ?us prop]ly pres]v$1 is easily wor? two loads z ord9>ily /or$4 ,by conf9+ ! manure 9 pits & by pav+ ! b>n lot ) concrete1 ! f>m has be5 rid ( ! *ief bre$+-place ( flies1 gnats1 mosquitos & disease4 ,moreov]1 su* an int]ior c\rt1 surr\nd$ by build+s & concrete w9d walls1 =ms an excell5t fe$ & w9t] ex]cise lot4 ,gov]nm5t /ati/ics %[ t ! human dea?-rate on ! f>m1 9 spite ( ! fre% food & pure air1 is great] ?an ! dea?-rate 9 ! city4 ,/ate ,univ]sity te/s ( dr9k+-wat] h %[n beyond a d\bt t ! wat]s ( _m ord9>y %all[ & unprotect$ wells conta9 ! g]ms ( su* dang]\s diseases z typhoid fev]4 ,to prev5t ! pollut$ surface wat]s f seep+ into ! well1 _m p are cov]+ _! wells & wall+ !m up ) wat]-tight concrete4 ,o!rs are s9k+ 8driv50 wells & protect+ !m ) concrete h\s+s4 ,! pr9ciple ( deep wells = pure wat]1 among o!r ?+s1 has made gasol9e eng9es a necessity on ! f>m4 ,^! eng9es & hydraulic rams at spr+s1 firmly set & h\s$ 9 concrete1 supply an abundance ( wat] = ! concrete res]voirs or elevat$1 re9=c$ pressure tanks4 ,f ^! places ( /orage wat] is di/ribut$ to float-controll$1 rot-pro( wat]+ tanks & tr\ghs ( ! same mat]ial4 ,) su* a wat] supply animals nev] suff] = wat]4 ,ev5 spr+s & m\?s ( dra9 tile are improv$ & ! wat] made clean & :olesome by ! use ( concrete4 ,?us ! cons]vative f>m] ( ! pres5t "t gives c>eful att5tion to ! heal?1 com=t & conv5i5ce ( 8 family4 ,moreov]1 ! c>e ( ! animals is n neglect$4 ,a concrete dipp+ vat holds ! liquids :i* free horses1 cattle1 %eep & hogs ( mange1 lice1 mites1 ticks & fleas4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is /amp+ out ! ,texas fev] & %eep scab by insi/+ on ! use ( dipp+ tanks ?r\gh\t all qu>ant9$ di/ricts4 ,a hog wall[ ) concrete sides & bottoms gives ! hog ! pleasure af=d$ by runn+ /reams & at ! same "t protects him f ! *ol]a (t5 c>ri$ d[n f animals affect$ fur!r up /ream4 ,! cont9ual rott+ (f ( wood5 f5ce po/s1 ! con/antly increas+ co/ ( new ones1 & ! annual exp5se ( f5ce repairs1 call$ = ! introduction ( "s sub/itute4 ,l& is entirely too valuable & life too %ort to attempt gr[+ wood5 po/s4 ,ev5 be=e ! telephone & telegraph companies _h ?\ght ( ! possibilities ( concrete 9 ?is l9e1 a few v5turesome f>m]s _h giv5 re9=c$ concrete po/s a trial & f\nd _! use n only advisable f ! /&po9t ( *eapness 9 fir/ co/1 b m pr(itable on acc\nt ( _! ev]la/+ qualities4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at ,wa%+ton has ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! use & me?ods ( mak+ concrete po/s & is furni%+ a free bullet9 describ+ ! process4 ,su* po/s are also valuable 9 ! culture ( grapes & hops4#a #a ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #djc1 ,concrete ,f5ce ,po/s4 ,s5t free on application4 ,! use ( concrete 9 f>m build+s has gradually develop$ f ! gr\nd upw>d4 ,! drip soon rots out timb] ne> ! gr\nd & ev5tually crumbles away ! brick f\ndation4 ,at fir/1 uselessly mak+ ! walls z heavy z ^? ( brick1 ! f>m] gave concrete a trial 9 f\ndations4 ,concrete is /rong] ?an brick4 ,z a wall x kept ! basem5t & back b>n dry4 ,! height ( ! f\ndation wall increas$ until x support$ ! joi/s ( ! hay l(t4 ,f9ally1 aft] a /udy ( me?ods1 ( re9=c+1 ! entire b>n--basem5t1 walls1 floors1 mang]s1 tr\ghs1 gutt]s1 beams & ev5 ! %+les--became concrete4 ,mat*es or lant]ns accid5tally dropp$ on concrete floors 9 concrete b>ns d n cause ! t]ror ( =m] times4 ,! oil w burn until smo!r$ out ) a horse blanket1 b no fur!r damage w be done4 ,p\ltry rais+ on _m f>ms has become well-nigh impossible on acc\nt ( rats4 ,to free ! f>m ( ^! de/ructive animals1 z a la/ resort & 9 spite ( ! ass]tions t ! gra9 w\ld spoil1 ! ?or\ghly provok$ f>m] put concrete floors "u 8 cribs & gran>ies4 ,corn matur$ en\gh n to spoil on o!r floors kept p]fectly on concrete4 ,! rats _h to g2 !y c\ld n get ?r\gh su* floors4 ,& s we might cont9ue1 describ+ h[ f>m]s h successfully us$ concrete 9 build+ e class ( /ructure f a /epp+ /one to ! entire gr\p ( f>m build+s4 ,j z !re are "r & wrong me?ods ( f>m+1 s1 too1 are !re "r & wrong ways ( us+ concrete4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is book to give su* directions & in=mation z w enable ! read] to build ) concrete surely & successfully4 8,,concrete ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry0 does n pret5d to fully cov] ! subject--! field is too l>ge to be exhau/$ 9 "o su* volume4 ,b ! publi%]s h attempt$ to deal ) z wide a v>iety ( types ( concrete con/ruction z is possible 9 ! space available4 ,full] details are giv5 9 o!r pamphlets1 :i* w be furni%$ free to anyone :o w write to ! address giv5 on ! fir/ page ( ?is book4 ,publications issu$ by ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,portl& ,cem5t ,manufactur]s1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,at ! (fice ( ! above ,association !re are available books deal+ ) concrete con/ruction ( all classes4 ,^! books describe ! con/ruction ( silos1 f5ce po/s1 tanks1 tr\ghs1 concrete roads1 & _m o!r works4 ,^u reque/ !re w be s5t a li/ ( ! publications 9 pr9t4 ,! books1 ) "o or two exceptions1 are s5t free ( co/4 ,:at is 8,concrete08 ,concrete--a manufactur$ /one--is made by mix+ toge!r ,portl& cem5t1 s& & /one 7or gravel74 ,v>i\s proportions ( ea* are us$1 dep5d+ ^u ! use to :i* ! concrete is put4 ,ab\t half an h\r aft] mix+ ^! mat]ials toge!r1 ! mass beg9s to /iff51 until1 9 f half-a-day to a day1 x becomes s h>d t y _c d5t x ) ! h&4 ,by a mon? ! mass is h>d l /one--inde$1 h>d] ?an mo/ /ones4 ,mat]ials ,be=e attempt+ to describe ! actual process ( mix+ & plac+ concrete1 x w be well = u to h a pretty cle> und]/&+ z to ! nature ( ! mat]ials ) :i* we are to "w1 & h[ be/ ^! may be select$4 ,portl& ,cem5t ,= dome/ic use1 ,portl& ,cem5t is furni%$ 9 clo? sacks & pap] bags4 ,:5 furni%$ 9 clo? sacks1 ! price p] b>rel includes ! co/ ( ! sacks 7f\r sacks mak+ a b>rel74 ,:5 ! sacks are return$ 9 good condition1 ! am\nt *>g$ is rebat$ to ! cu/om]4 ,:]e cem5t is furni%$ 9 pap] bags1 ! price also includes ! co/ ( ! pap] bags :i*1 h[ev]1 are n returnable4 ,_m cem5t us]s pref] _! cem5t furni%$ 9 pap] bags1 z x does away ) ! bo!r ( keep+ acc\nt ( ! clo? sacks & s5d+ !m bade to ! deal] = cr$it4 ,! pap] bag or clo? sack ( cem5t weighs #id p\nds1 & f\r su* make a b>rel ( #cgf p\nds4 ,! /orage ( cem5t is v important4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 a dry place4 ,once wet1 x becomes h>d & lumpy1 & 9 su* condition is useless4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! lumps are caus$ by pressure 9 ! /ore h\se1 ! cem5t may be us$ ) safety4 ,lumps ?us =m$ c be easily brok5 by a bl[ f ! back ( a %ovel4 ,9 /or+ cem5t1 ?r[ wood5 blocks on ! floor4 ,place bo>ds ov] !m & pile ! cem5t on ! bo>ds1 cov]+ ! pile ) a canvas or a piece ( ro(+ pap]4 ,nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 keep cem5t on ! b>e gr\nd1 or pile x directly aga9/ ! outside walls ( build+s4 ,s& ,d n use v f9e s&4 ,if !re is a l>ge quantity ( f9e s& h&y1 obta9 a co>se s& & mix ! two s&s toge!r 9 equal p>ts2 ?is mixture is z good z co>se s& alone4 ,sometimes f9e s& mu/ be us$1 because no o!r c be obta9$2 b 9 su* an ev5t an additional am\nt ( cem5t mu/ be us$--sometimes z mu* z d\ble ! am\nt ord9>ily requir$4 ,= example1 9 su* a case1 in/ead ( us+ a concrete #a "p cem5t1 #b p>ts s&1 & #d p>ts /one1 use a concrete #a "p cem5t1 ,i "p s&1 & #b p>ts /one4 ,besides be+ co>se1 ! s& %\ld be clean1 i4 e41 free f vegetable matt]4 8,b10 y say1 8h[ %all ,i tell :e!r ! s& is :at y call clean80 ,! pres5ce ( dirt 9 ! s& is easily asc]ta9$ by rubb+ a little 9 ! palm ( ! h&4 ,if a little is empti$ into a pail ( wat]1 ! pres5ce ( dirt w be %[n by ! discoloration ( ! wat]4 ,?is c be discov]$ also by fill+ a fruit j> to ! dep? ( #d in*es ) s& & !n add+ wat] until x is )9 an in* ( ! top4 ,aft] ! j> has be5 well %ak51 ! cont5ts %\ld be all[$ to settle = a c\ple ( h\rs4 ,! s& w s9k to ! bottom1 b ! mud1 :i* c be easily recogniz$ by its color1 w =m a di/9ct lay] on top ( ! s&1 & above bo? w be a cle> dep? ( wat]4 ,if ! lay] ( mud is m ?an "o-half in* 9 ?ickness1 ! s& %\ld n be us$ unless x is fir/ wa%$4 ,hav+ discov]$ t ! s& y contemplate us+ is n clean1 & provid$ y _c readily obta9 any t is clean1 y may use :at y h1 provid$ y wa% x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,build a loose bo>d plat=m f #aj to #ae feet long1 ) "o end a foot high] ?an ! o!r4 ,on ! l[] end & on ! sides1 nail a bo>d #b by #f in*es on edge1 to hold ! s&4 ,spread ! s& ov] ?is plat=m 9 a lay] ?ree or f\r in*es ?ick1 & wa% x ) a hose4 ,! wa%+ %\ld be />t$ at ! high end1 & ! wat] all[$ to run ?r\gh ! s& & ov] ! #b by #f-;in* piece at ! bottom4 ,a small quantity ( clay or loam does n injure ! s&1 b any am\nt ov] #e p] c5t4 does4 ,/one or ,gravel ,?is is kn[n z ! 8co>se aggregate0 ( concrete4 ,great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 its selection4 ,! pebbles %\ld be closely inspect$ to see t !re is no clay on _! surface4 ,a lay] ( su* clay prev5ts ! 8b9d+0 ( ! cem5t4 ,if necess>y /one or gravel may be wa%$ 9 ! same way z above describ$ = s&4 ,inde$1 x is m easily done ?an s&1 z ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! l>g] voids 9 ! gravel m readily ?an ?r\gh ! voids 9 ! s&4 ,du/ may be left 9 ! cru%$ /one )\t fe> ( its int]f]+ ) ! /r5g? ( ! cem5t1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t su* du/ is di/ribut$ ev5ly ?r\gh ! :ole mass1 & :5 du/ is f\nd 9 /one1 slightly less s& %\ld be us$ ?an ord9>ily4 ,z to ! size ( /one or gravel1 ?is mu/ be det]m9$ by ! =m ( con/ruction contemplat$4 ,= f\ndations or any l>ge ?ick /ructure1 use any?+ f to #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,= ?9 walls use to #a-;in* /one4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ by ! use ( a mixture ( sizes grad$ f small to l>ge4 ,by ?is means ! spaces or voids betwe5 ! /ones or pebbles are r$uc$ & a m compact concrete is obta9$4 ,moreov]1 ?is me?od makes x possible to get along ) less s& & less cem5t4 ,pure ,wat] ,necess>y 9 ,mix+ ,wat] = concrete %\ld be clean & free f /rong acids & alkalies4 ,x may be readily /or$ 9 a b>rel beside ! mix+ bo>d & plac$ on ! concrete ) a bucket4 ,if y are at all 9 d\bt ab\t ! purity ( ! wat] t y contemplate us+1 x w\ld be well to make up a block ( concrete z a te/1 & see :e!r ! cem5t 8sets0 prop]ly4 ,proportion+ ! ,mixture ,t mixture 9 :i* all ! spaces 7call$ 8voids07 betwe5 ! /one or gravel are fill$ ) s&1 & all ! spaces betwe5 ! s& are fill$ ) cem5t1 is ! ideal mixture4 ,?is mixture is r>ely atta9$1 z ! voids 9 ea* load ( gravel & s& v>y slightly1 & 9 ord] to be absolutely safe1 x is well to use a little m cem5t ?an w j fill ! voids4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,quantities ( cem5t1 s&1 & gravel 9 #a3 #b3 #d concrete mixture1 :i* means #a "p cem5t1 #b p>ts s&1 #d p>ts cru%$ /one or gravel1 & ! result+ quantity ( concrete1 :i* is only slightly great] 9 size ?an ! gravel1 ! s& & cem5t fill+ ! voids 9 ! gravel4 ,,table ,i4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,quantities ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,! ,,result+ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,concrete ,,= ,,two-,,bag ,,bat*4 ,leg5d3 ,,aa ,cem5t ,,bb ,s& ,,cc ,/one or ,gravel ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,proportions ,,by ,,p>ts4 ,,two-,,bag ,,bat*4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,size ( ,wat] ,measur+ 9 ,,k9d ,,( ,mat]ials4 ,boxes4 ,gal- ,,concrete ,inside lons ,,mixture4 ,measurem5ts4 = ----------------- ------------,m$ium ,con- ,wet ,,aa ,,bb ,,cc ,,aa ,,bb ,,cc crete4 ,,bb ,,cc ,mix- ture4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,bags4,cu4ft4,cu4ft4,cu4ft4 ,gal- lons4 #a3b3d #a #b #d #b #c #g #h #bb #bd #aj ,concrete #aa #aa #a3b3e #a #b #e #e #d #i #aj #bb #be #ab ,concrete #aa #aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,z above expla9$1 concrete is compos$ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( cem5t1 a l>g] am\nt ( s&1 & a /ill l>g] am\nt ( /one 7or gravel74 ,to det]m9e h[ mu* ( ea* ( ^! mat]ials to use1 we mu/ fir/ consid] ! type ( "w we wi% to und]take4 ,= ord9>y "w ab\t ! f>m 7silos1 tanks1 ci/]ns1 f5ce po/s1 well curbs1 etc41 etc47 use twice z mu* /one z s&1 & twice z mu* s& z cem5t4 ,?is is call$ a #a3 #b3 #d mixture--mean+ t !re are 9 t mixture3 #a "p ( cem5t1 #b p>ts ( s&1 #d p>ts ( /one or gravel4 ,= sidewalks1 gutt]s1 etc41 a 8weak]0 mixture is sometimes us$1 consi/+ (3 #a "p ( cem5t1 #b p>ts ( s&1 #e p>ts ( /one or gravel4 ,! proportions %\ld always be measur$ by volume1 & ! be/ way to d ! measur+ is by ! use ( a home-made 8measur+ box10 ( any k9d ( r\gh bo>ds hav+ /raight sides1 b ) no top or bottom4 ,! size ( ^! measur+ boxes is det]m9$ by ! proportion desir$ = y\r mixture4 ,= su* boxes y ne$ ! foll[+ siz$ lumb]3 #d pieces #a in* by #aa in*es by #b feet r\gh 7ends ( s& & /one boxes74 #b pieces #a in* by #aa in*es by #d feet r\gh 7sides ( s& box74 #b pieces #a in* by #aa in*es by #f feet r\gh 7sides ( /one box74 ,note3 ,! two pieces #d feet long & ! two pieces #f feet long h an extra foot 9 l5g? at ea* end to be made into a h&le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,= a #a3 #b3 #e mixture1 y require ! foll[+ siz$ lumb]3 #d pieces #a in* by #aa in*es by #b feet 7ends ( s& & /one boxes74 #b pieces #a in* by #aa in*es by #d feet #f in*es 7sides ( s& box74 #b pieces #a in* by #aa in*es by #g feet 7sides ( /one box74 ,note3 ,! two pieces #d feet #f in*es long & ! two pieces #g feet long h an extra foot 9 l5g? at ea* end to be made into a h&le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,to illu/rate ! use ( ! measur+ box1 let u once m assume t a #a3 #b3 #d mixture is requir$1 & t ! am\nt ( f9i%$ concrete ne$$ is #h cubic feet4 ,by ref]r+ to ! table on page #aa x w be not$ t two bags ( cem5t are requir$1 also #c cubic feet ( s& & #g cubic feet ( /one or gravel4 ,"u 8size ( measur+ box0 x is f\nd t ! s& %\ld j fill a box #b feet by #b feet by #aa in*es1 & t ! /one %\ld fill a box #b feet by #d feet by #aa in*es4 ,lay ! s& box1 or frame1 on ! mix+ plat=m & fill x4 ,!n raise ! box4 ,empty two bags ( cem5t on ! s& & mix z describ$ "u 8,mix+10 see pages #ad-bb4 ,ev5 (f ! mixture ?us obta9$ ) y\r %ovel1 place ! /one measur+ box on top ( ! mixture & fill x4 ,raise ! measur+ box--& y h ! correct am\nt ( /one all ready to be mix$ ) ! cem5t & s&4 ,x is important to measure bo? ! s& & /one loose 9 ! box--nev] 8pack0 !m4 ,= purposes ( explanation1 size ( mixture w be ref]r$ to z a 8bat*0 ( s _m bags ( cem5t4 ,?us1 a 8two-bag bat* ( concrete0 w\ld mean "o requir+ two bags ( cem5t1 ) ! s& & /one proportion$ accord+ly1 z %[n above4 ,= a 8f\r-bag bat* ( concrete0 x w\ld be necess>y to multiply ! am\nt ( /one & gravel by #b1 also multiply+ ! cubic cont5ts ( ! measur+ box by #b1 & us+ f\r bags ( cem5t in/ead ( two4 ,! table previ\sly ref]r$ to also %[s ! am\nt ( wat] = diff]5t siz$ bat*es1 b x is to be not$ t ! quantity ( ?is +r$i5t is only approximat$4 ,use ! am\nt indicat$ 9 ! table = ! fir/ bat*1 & if x proves too wet = ! use desir$1 r$uce ! am\nt ( wat]2 if too dry1 increase ! am\nt ( wat]4 ,always use a bucket 9 measur+ ! am\nt ( wat]1 z ?is secures uni=m results4 ,natural ,mixture ( ,bank ,s& & ,gravel ,naturally mix$ bank s& & gravel are sometimes f\nd 9 ! "r proportions = mak+ concrete4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 !re is f> too mu* s& = ! gravel1 & great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 us+ ?is class ( mat]ial4 ,unless ! mixture runs v ev5 ?r\gh\t ! bank1 & is f\nd to be made up ( "o "p s& to two p>ts gravel1 x is bett] to scre5 ! s& out ( ! gravel & prep>e ! mat]ials 9 ! usual way4 ,h]e) is a table %[+ ! quantities = a natural mixture ( bank s& & gravel4 ,! quantities c be f\nd 9 ! same way z 9 ,table ,i1 on page #aa4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,quantities ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,! ,,result+ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,concrete ,,= ,,two-,,bag ,,bat*1 ,,us+ ,,natural ,,mixture ,,( ,,bank ,,s& ,,& ,,gravel4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,proportions ,,two-,,bag ,,bat* ,,= ,,natural ,,mixture ,,( ,,by ,,p>ts4 ,,bank ,,s& ,,& ,,gravel4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,size ( ,mat]ials4 ,measur+ ,,k9d ,,( ,boxes4 ,,concrete -------------- ----------,wat] 9 ,,mixture4 ,natural ,natural ,con- ,gallons ,cem5t4,mixture,cem5t4,mixturecrete4 ,mixture ( = ( ,s& ( ,s& ,s& & ,m$ium & & ,gravel4 ,wet ,gravel4 ,gravel4 ,mixture4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,bags4 ,cu4 ft4,cu4 ft4 ,gallons #a3b3d #a #d #b #g #h #bdaa #aj ,concrete #a3b3e #a #e #b #i #aj #beaa #ab ,concrete ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( mixtures1 9 g5]al1 on concrete "w3-- #a/4--,v ,wet ,mixture4--,concrete wet en\gh to be mu%y & run (f ! %ovel :5 h&l+1 us$ = ?9 walls or = ?9 sections1 etc4 #b;d4--,m$ium ,mixture4--,concrete j wet en\gh to make x jelly-l1 us$ = f\ndations1 floors1 etc4 ,to bett] describe ?is mixture x may be said t a man %\ld s9k ankle deep if he 7 to /ep on top ( ! pile4 #c;d4--,dry ,mixture4--,concrete l damp e>?1 us$ = f\ndations1 etc41 :]e x is important to h ! concrete 8set0 up z quickly z possible4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mixtures is1 t ! dry] ! mixture ! quick] w ! concrete 8set up0--b 9 ! long run1 :5 c>efully mix$ & 8plac$10 ! results f any ( ! above mixtures w be id5tical4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t a dry mixture is ! h>d] to h&le1 mu/ be protect$ ) great] c>e f ! sun or f dry+ too quickly2 & la/ly1 is likely--unless us$ by mo/ exp]i5c$ h&s--to %[ voids or /one pockets 9 ! face ( ! "w :5 ! 8,=ms0 are remov$4 ,! less ! voids 9 ! /one or gravel1 ! great] w be ! volume ( ! concrete4 ,9 g5]al1 ! am\nt ( concrete w be great] 9 ea* in/ance ?an is %[n 9 ! table--especially :5 gravel is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,concrete ,mix+ ,plant1 %[+ ,concrete ,bo>d1 ,tools1 etc41 ,necess>y = ,mix+ ,concrete by ,h&4 ,tools ,"o great advantage ( concrete1 s f> z ! f>m] is conc]n$1 lies 9 ! fact t1 g5]ally speak+1 x necessitates no outlay = tools1 = x s happ5s t mo/ ( ! tools ne$$ = =ms ( concrete con/ruction are ! v ones e f>m] uses-- ,%ovels--,"o = ea* man on ! job4 ,:eelb>r[s--,at lea/ two1 pref]ably ^? ) %eet iron bodies4 ,rake4 ,wat] ,b>rel4 ,sev]al ,wat] ,buckets4 ,a ,tamp] or ,ramm]--,?is is made ( wood ) h&les nail$ to x1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! measurem5t is #d in*es by #b in*es by #b feet #f in*es4 ,a ,g>d5 ,spade4 ,a ,s& ,scre51 made by nail+ a piece ( -in* me% wire scre51 #b feet by #e feet 9 size1 to a frame made ( #b-;in* by #d-;in* scantl+4 ,9 addition to ! above tools y w require a ,mix+ ,bo>d4 ,?is is simply a wat]-tight plat=m4 ,x %\ld be 7= a two bat* mixture & = two m5 to "w on7 ab\t #aj feet squ>e4 ,make x out ( #a-;in* bo>ds #aj feet long1 surfac$ on "o side1 us+ #e cleats to hold ! bo>ds toge!r4 ,! cleats %\ld measure #b in*es by #d in*es by #i feet4 ,if #a-;in* by #f-;in* tongu$ & groov$ ro(]s c be obta9$1 ^! w answ] v nicely1 provid$ !y are fairly free f knots4 ,! object ( hav+ surfac$ bo>ds is to make ! %ovel+ or turn+ easy4 ,! bo>ds %\ld be s laid z to enable ! %ovel+ to be done ) & n aga9/ ! cracks betwe5 ! bo>ds4 ,! bo>ds mu/ be drawn up close 9 nail+1 s t no cem5t 8gr\t0 w run ?r\gh :ile mix+4 ,= a l>g] job1 a slightly l>g] mix+ bo>d w be ne$$4 ,9 sett+ up y\r mix+ bo>d1 *oose a place giv+ pl5ty ( room ne> ! /orage piles ( s& & /one4 ,block up y\r concrete bo>d level1 s t ! cem5t gr\t w n run (f on "o side1 & s t ! bo>d w n sag 9 ! middle "u ! weight ( ! concrete4 ,:eelb>r[ 8,runs0 ,y w also h to make :eelb>r[ 8runs0 lead+ f y\r mix+ bo>d to ! spot :]e ! concrete is to be plac$4 ,d n use1 = ^! runs1 any old bo>ds t are h&y4 ,make a good run--smoo?1 &1 if mu* above ! gr\nd1 at lea/ #bj in*es wide4 ,?is "o feature w light5 & quick5 ! "w to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,h[ to ,mix ,concrete ,hav+ select$ ! prop] mat]ials & arrang$ ! mix+ bo>d & runs1 ! next /ep is ! actual process ( mix+4 ,! proportions ( mat]ials & ! nature ( same = v>i\s types ( "w h already be5 describ$ on pages #aa-ac4 ,9 foll[+ ! mix+ in/ructions "h giv51 consid]able assi/ance w be obta9$ by ref]r+ to ! illu/rations ) :i* in/ructions are int]sp]s$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,lift+ (f ! ,s& ,measur+ ,box & ,gett+ ,cem5t ,ready4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,spread+ ! ,cem5t ,ov] ! ,s&4 ,! ,h& ,mix+ ,me?od ,!re are _m ways ( 8h& mix+10 all hav+ ! same good results4 ,! way describ$ "h we believe to be ! "o be/ calculat$ to obta9 good results ) a m9imum ( labor4 ,9 ?is description1 & ! accompany+ illu/rations1 we h tak5 z a basis a 8,two-,bag ,bat*0 ( #a3 #b3 #d concrete4 ,fir/ load y\r s& 9 :eelb>r[s f ! s& pile1 :eel on to ! 8,bo>d10 & fill ! s& measur+ box1 :i* is plac$ ab\t two feet f "o ( ! #aj-;foot sides ( ! bo>d1 z %[n by ! diagram 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,:5 ! s& box is fill$1 lift x (f & spread ! s& ov] ! bo>d 9 a lay] #c or #d in*es ?ick1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,take ! two bags ( cem5t & place ! cont5ts z ev5ly z possible ov] ! s& 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,) ! two m5 at po9ts m>k$ 8x0 & 8xx0 on ! sket* bel[ ,fig4 #d1 />t mix+ ! s& & cem5t1 ea* man turn+ ov] ! half on 8 side ( ! l9e ,,aa4 ,/>t+ at 8 feet & %ovel+ away f him1 ea* man takes a full %ovel load1 turn+ ! %ovel ov] at ! po9ts m>k$ #a & #b respectively 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 turn+ ! %ovel1 d n simply dump ! s& & cem5t at ! po9ts m>k$ #a & #b 9 ! diagram "u ! cut1 b %ake ! mat]ials (f ! end & sides ( ! %ovel1 s t ! s& & cem5t are mix$ z !y fall4 ,?is is a great assi/ance 9 mix+ ^! mat]ials4 ,9 ?is way ! mat]ial is %ovel$ f "o side ( ! bo>d to ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! fir/ turn+1 & ,fig4 #f ! second turn+4 ,! s& & cem5t %\ld n[ be well mix$ & ready = ! /one & wat]4 ,aft] ! la/ turn+1 spread ! s& & cem5t out c>efully1 place ! gravel or /one measur+ box beside x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 & fill f ! gravel pile4 ,lift (f ! box & %ovel ! gravel on top ( ! s& & cem5t1 spread+ x z ev5ly z possible4 ,) "s exp]i5ce1 equally good results c be obta9$ by plac+ ! gravel measur+ box on top ( ! c>efully level$ s& & cem5t mixture1 & fill+ x1 ?us plac+ ! gravel on top )\t an extra %ovel+4 ,?is me?od is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,add ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ! requir$ am\nt ( wat]1 us+ a bucket & da%+ ! wat] ov] ! gravel on top ( ! pile z ev5ly z possible4 7,see ,fig4 #i74 ,be c>eful n to let too mu* wat] get ne> ! edges ( ! pile1 z x w run (f1 tak+ "s cem5t ) x4 ,?is caution1 h[ev]1 does n apply to a prop]ly con/ruct$ mix+ bo>d1 z ! cem5t & wat] _c get away4 ,/>t+ ! same z ) ! s& & cem5t1 turn ! mat]ials ov] 9 mu* ! same way1 except t in/ead ( %ak+ ! mat]ials (f ! end ( ! %ovel1 ! :ole %ovel load is dump$ z at po9ts #a or #b 9 ! diagram "u ,fig4 #d & dragg$ back t[>d ! mix] ) ! squ>e po9t ( ! %ovel4 ,?is mixes ! gravel ) ! s& & cem5t1 ! wet gravel pick+ up ! s& & cem5t z x rolls ov] :5 dragg$ back by ! %ovel4 7,see ,fig4 #aj74 ,add wat] to ! dry spots z ! mix+ goes on until all ! requir$ wat] has be5 us$4 ,turn ! mass bade aga91 z 0 done ) ! s& & cem5t4 ,) exp]i5c$ labor]s1 ! concrete %\ld be well mix$ aft] ?ree su* turn+s2 b if x %[s /reaky or dry spots1 x mu/ be turn$ aga94 ,aft] ! f9al turn+1 %ovel into a compact pile4 ,! concrete is n[ ready = plac+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,fir/ ,turn+1 ,s& & ,cem5t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,second ,turn+1 ,s& & ,cem5t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,fill+ ! ,/one 7or ,gravel7 ,measur+ ,box--,fir/ ,me?od4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,fill+ ! ,/one 7or ,gravel7 ,measur+ ,box ,:5 on ,top ( ,mix$ ,s& & ,cem5t--,second ,me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i--,plac+ ! ,wat] on ! ,/one 7or ,gravel7 :i* is on ,top ( ! ,mix$ ,s& & ,cem5t4 ,mix+ ,natural ,mixture ( ,bank ,s& & ,gravel ,spread out ! mixture ( s& & gravel z mu* z ! bo>d w readily p]mit1 add en\gh wat] to wet ! gravel & s& ?or\ghly1 spread ! cem5t ev5ly 9 a ?9 lay] ov] ! s& & gravel1 & turn ov]1 z describ$ previ\sly1 at lea/ ?ree times1 add+ ! re/ ( ! wat] necess>y to get ! requir$ consi/5cy :ile ! mat]ials are be+ turn$4 ,x requires "s exp]i5ce to "w up a natural mixture ( bank s& & gravel1 & if at all d\btful ab\t ! concrete made f x1 fir/ scre5 ! s& f ! gravel1 & !n mix 9 ! regul> way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,mix+ ! ,/one 7or ,gravel7 ) ! ,s& & ,cem5t4 ,numb] ( ,m5 ,= ! above op]ation only two m5 are requir$1 al?\gh m c be us$ to advantage4 ,if ?ree m5 are available1 let two ( !m mix z describ$ above & ! ?ird man supply ! wat]1 help mix ! concrete by rak+ ov] ! dry or unmix$ spots z ! two mix]s turn ! concrete1 help load ! :eelb>r[s ) s& & /one or gravel1 etc4 ,fig4 #e %[s a ?ird man on ! bo>d4 ,9 ?is illu/ration1 he is help+ mix ! s& & cem5t by rak+ x--a mo/ effective practice4 ,if f\r m5 are available1 x is be/ to increase ! size ( ! bat* mix$ to a f\r-bag bat*1 d\bl+ ! quantities ( all mat]ials us$4 ,! cem5t bo>d %\ld also be increas$ to #aj by #ab feet z %[n "u 8,tools40 ,9 ?is case />t ! mix+ 9 ! middle ( ! bo>d1 & ea* pair ( m5 mix+ exactly z if = a two-bag bat*1 except t ! concrete is %ovel$ into "o big mass ea* "t x is turn$ back on to ! c5t] ( ! bo>d4 ,:5 m ?an f\r m5 are available1 ! re/ may place ! concrete1 make new runs1 load :eelb>r[s1 etc41 tak+ ! concrete away f ! bo>d z fa/ z x is mix$4 ,9 ?is case ano!r small concrete bo>d %\ld be plac$ next to ! big 8bo>d10 s t 9 ! la/ turn+ ! bat* c be %ovel$ ov] on to ! small bo>d = plac+1 mak+ room on ! big bo>d to mix ! next bat*4 ,! small plat=m ne$ be only j big en\gh to hold ! pile ( mix$ concrete4 ,h[ to ,det]m9e ,quantities ( ,mat]ials ,ne$$ ,fir/ figure ! numb] ( cubic feet ( concrete t w be requir$ = ! "w 9 "q4 ,!n by multiply+ ?is numb] by ! numb] "u ! prop] column & requir$ mixture %[n 9 ,table ,,iii1 ! am\nts ( cem5t1 s&1 & /one or gravel c be f\nd4 ,,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,quantities ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,9 #a ,,cu4 ,,ft4 ,,( ,,concrete ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,mixture ,cem5t1 ,s&1 ,/one or ,gravel1 ,b>rel ,cu4 ,y>d ,cu4 ,y>d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a 3 #b 3 #d ,concrete 4#jeh 4#jafc 4#jcbf #a 3 #b 3 #e ,concrete 4#jdh 4#jagf 4#jceb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,example ,suppose ! "w consi/s ( a concrete silo requir+ 9 all #ice cubic feet ( concrete1 ( :i* #gej cubic feet is to be #a3 #b3 #d concrete1 & #ahe cubic feet is to be #a3 #b3 #e concrete4 ,also en\gh s& & cem5t is ne$$ to pa9t ! silo inside & outside1 9 all #djj squ>e y>ds ( surface1 ) a #a3 #a mixture ( s& & cem5t4 ,"o cubic foot ( #a3 #a mort> w pa9t ab\t #ae squ>e y>ds ( surface & requires #j4ahef b>rels ( cem5t & #j4jbfc cubic y>ds ( s&4 ,solution1 ,etc4 ,?us ! necess>y quantities ( mat]ials are3-- #eg b>rels ( ,portl& cem5t4 #af cubic y>ds ( s&4 #ca cubic y>ds ( /one or gravel4 ,x is always wise to ord] two or ?ree extra b>rels ( cem5t1 if ! deal] is at consid]able di/ance1 z ?is avoids any possible tr\ble t a %ortage might cause4 ,besides1 any cem5t left ov] always comes 9 h&y = repair "w ar\nd ! h\se or b>n4 ,=ms = ,concrete ,concrete is a pla/ic mat]ial & be=e h>d5+1 takes ! %ape ( any?+ aga9/ :i* or 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,naturally1 ! build+ ( ! ,=m is a mo/ important item 9 ! success ( ! "w4 ,^! ,=ms hold ! concrete 9 place1 support x until x has h>d5$ & give x its %ape1 z well z its orig9al surface f9i%4 ,k9ds ( ,=ms ,almo/ any mat]ial :i* w hold ! concrete 9 place w d = a ,=m4 ,concrete f\ndations = f>m build+s require %all[ tr5*es1 & usually ! e>? walls are firm en\gh to act z a ,=m4 ,molds ( wet s& are us$ = ornam5tal "w4 ,frequ5tly color$ s&s are us$ = ?is purpose1 provid+ bo? ! f9i%$ surface & color to ! concrete ornam5t4 ,ca/1 wr\ght or galvaniz$ iron is us$1 :]e an extremely smoo? f9i% is desir$1 )\t fur!r treatm5t ^u ! removal ( ! ,=ms4 ,=ms made ( iron are m easily clean$1 & c be us$ a great] numb] ( times ?an ^? ( wood4 ,ru/y iron1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be us$4 ,by f> ! greate/ numb] ( ,=ms are made ( wood1 ow+ to ! fact t lumb] 9 small quantities c always be obta9$4 ,requirem5ts ( a ,good ,=m ,plan y\r ,=ms s !re w be no difficult measurem5ts to und]/&4 ,make z few pieces ( lumb] d ! "w z y c1 & d n drive ! ,=ms full ( nails4 ,if y d ! ,=ms w be difficult to take ap>t )\t splitt+4 ,=ms mu/ be /rong en\gh to hold ! weight ( ! concrete )\t bulg+ out ( %ape4 ,:5 !y bulge1 cracks op5 betwe5 ! planks & ! wat] 9 ! concrete1 ) "s cem5t & s&1 w leak out4 ,?is weak5s ! concrete1 & causes holl[s 9 ! surface :i* look badly aft] ! ,=ms are remov$4 ,=ms :i* lose _! %ape aft] be+ us$ once c h>dly be us$ a second "t4 ,a "p ( ! erection co/ ( ,=ms is sav$ if ! ,=ms are built 9 z l>ge a section z is conv5i5t to h&le4 ,?is sav+ applies to _! removal1 z well z to _! sett+4 ,consequ5tly1 ! lighte/ ,=ms possible1 ) ! l>ge/ surface area1 are ! mo/ economical4 ,h[ to ,plan ,=ms ,illu/ration3 ,wir+ ,=ms ,prev5ts ,bulg+4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 plann+ ,=ms is ! use to :i* !y are to be put4 ,neglect ( ?is po9t means wa/e ( money & "t4 ,if !y are = "w aft]w>d to be cov]$ ) a v5e] coat1 ! f9i% ( ! surface is ( small consid]ation1 :ile ! alignm5t ( ! ,=m is all-important4 ,if a tank or reta9+ wall is to be built1 ! fact t ! ,=ms are n 9 exact alignm5t w h>dly be notic$4 ,9 plann+ ,=ms = l>ge /ructures1 ! (t5] ea* section is us$1 ! less ! co/4 ,y save money if !y are rigid 9 alignm5t1 & well surfac$4 ,9 o!r words1 if y c\nt on us+ y\r ,=ms ov] & ov] aga91 ! m ne>ly p]fect !y are1 ! m (t5 !y c be us$1 & ! *eap] !y become4 ,if ,=ms are to be us$ only once1 z is g5]ally ! case on ! f>m1 !y %\ld n be nail$ s securely z to prev5t _! be+ readily tak5 ap>t1 & ! lumb] us$ = some?+ else4 ,if (t5 pays to put !m toge!r ) screws4 ,if nails are us$1 d n drive !m home4 ,c>e ,ne$$ 9 ,select+ ,lumb] = ,=ms ,! selection ( lumb] is ( importance4 ,if ! ,=ms are to be us$ ov] _m times1 surfac$ lumb]1 mat*$1 tongu$1 & groov$ /uff1 free f loose knots1 is an economy4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are to be us$ only once1 almo/ any old plank w d4 ,by nail+ a bo>d on ! outside ( ! cracks or ov] ! bad knot1 & fill+ ) a little clay1 ! ,=m is made tight4 ,gre5 lumb] is pref]able to kiln-dri$ or season$ /uff4 ,season$ /uff1 :5 wet 7ei!r by ?r[+ wat] on ! =m be=e plac+ ! concrete or by absorb+ ! wat] f ! concrete7 w>ps1 & ! %ape & tightness ( ! ,=m are damag$4 ,illu/ration ,orig9ally only surfac$ lumb] 0 us$ = ,=ms1 dep5d5ce be+ plac$ on x = giv+ a f9i% to ! "w4 ,:ile to-day o!r ?an smoo? surfaces = concrete are ! fa%ion1 surfac$ lumb] has "s advantages4 ,! ,=ms fit toge!r bett] & are easi] to erect4 ,!y are m easily clean$4 ,!y are easi] to remove4 ,all ^! items r$uce ! co/ ( ! "w4 ,! sav+ effect$ w ( c\rse dep5d on ! diff]5ce 9 local price betwe5 f9i%$ & r\gh lumb]4 ,h[ to ,clean ,p>ticles ( concrete /ick to ! ,=ms4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is1 give ! surface next ! concrete a coat ( oil or s(t soap4 ,l9se$1 black or cyl9d] oil may be us$4 ,nev] use k]os5e4 ,be=e erect+1 pa9t ! ,=ms ) ! oil or soap4 ,!n c>efully protect !m f du/ or dirt until erect$4 ,^u removal1 imm$iately clean (f all ! p>ticles ( concrete /ick+ to ! surface4 ,a %ort-h&l$ hoe w take (f ! wor/1 :ile a wire bru% is mo/ effective = f9i%+4 ,be c>eful n to g\ge ! wood 9 clean+1 z x w spoil ! surface ( y\r next section ( concrete4 ,x w n be f\nd necess>y to repa9t aft] ea* "t ( use4 ,wat* ! surface & repa9t if x appe>s dry 9 spots4 ,if *ips or blocks ( wood fall inside ! ,=ms :ile erect+1 c>efully remove !m4 ,! space inside ! ,=ms is int5d$ = ! concrete2 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t only concrete is plac$ !re4 ,! necessity ( ,=ms pres5ts a problem call+ = ! use ( t +5uity = :i* ! f>m] is ju/ly fam$4 ,=ms c be economically plac$ 9 s _m ways t only "o example w be giv54 ,a f\ndation ,=m 9 place is %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,note ! simple & easy me?od ( brac+4 ,also note h[ lumb] is sav$ f cutt+ by all[+ ! sides to project1 z well z ! /udd+4 ,= ?is build+1 #ah by #bd feet1 tr5* #ah in*es wide & #b feet deep--total co/ ( sett+ =ms #d4jj4 ,! lumb] 0 all on h& & c be us$ aga94 ,h[ to ,place ,concrete ,no "t %\ld elapse betwe5 ! 8mix+0 & ! 8plac+40 ,directions = plac+ mu/ ( necessity be g5]al1 & ! f>m] mu/ use 8 own judgm5t z to h[ to h&le ?is "p ( ! concrete "w1 9 connection ) :atev] p>ticul> job he has on h&4 ,! important ?+ to rememb] is1 t ! mat]ials %\ld n sep>ate 9 plac+4 ,y may %ovel ! concrete (f ! bo>d directly into ! "w2 y may %ovel x into :eelb>r[s1 :eel x to position & dump1 or y may c>ry x to ! prop] place by buckets & hoi/+ app>atus4 ,directions = ,plac+ ,illu/ration ,ord9>ily speak+1 concrete %\ld be deposit$ 9 lay]s ab\t #f in*es ?ick4 ,aft] plac+ concrete 9 ! ,=m1 x %\ld be 8tamp$0 lightly ) a wood5 or iron tamp] 7or ramm]7 until ! wat] %[s on ! top & no /ones are left uncov]$ by mort>4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a smoo? face on ! concrete1 ! mixture %\ld be c>efully 8spad$0 imm$iately aft] 8plac+0--on ! side next to ! ,=m :]e ! f9i%$ concrete w be expos$ to view4 ,by 8spad+0 is meant ! work+ ( a spade or a bevel$ bo>d betwe5 ! concrete & ! side ( ! ,=m1 mov+ x to & fro1 & up & d[n4 ,?is =ces ! l>ge /ones away f ! bo>d+1 or ,=m1 & br+s a coat+ ( mort> next !reto1 ?us mak+ ! face ( ! "w pres5t an ev51 smoo? appe>ance4 ,! ,necess>y ,tools ,on c]ta9 jobs--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( a #f-;in* silo wall--a spade _c v well be us$1 on acc\nt ( ! n>r[ness ( ! concrete section4 ,9 ?is ev5t1 use = surfac+1 a ?9 wood5 paddle1 made f a bo>d #a in* by #d in*es1 & gradually %>p5$ to a *isel edge at ! end4 ,! %>p5+ %\ld be on "o side only1 & 9 us+ ?is paddle place ! flat side aga9/ ! ,=m1 z %[n 9 illu/ration4 ,:5 ! mixture is a dry "o1 great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 ?is 8spad+0 or surfac+1 9 ord] to obta9 uni=m results1 b 9 ! case ( a wet mixture1 spad+ is only requir$ z an add$ precaution aga9/ ! possibility ( voids 9 ! face ( ! "w1 & 9 _m cases x is n necess>y at all4 ,protection ( ,concrete aft] ,plac+ ,gre5 concrete %\ld n be expos$ to ! sun until aft] x has be5 all[$ to set = five or six days4 ,ea* day dur+ t p]iod ! concrete %\ld be wet d[n by spr9kl+ wat] on x1 bo? 9 ! morn+ & aft]noon4 ,?is is done s t ! concrete on ! outside w n dry out mu* fa/] ?an ! concrete 9 ! c5t] ( ! mass1 & %\ld be c>ri$ out c>efully1 especially dur+ ! hot summ] mon?s4 ,old canvas1 %eet+1 burlap1 etc41 plac$ s z to hang an in* or s away f ! face ( ! concrete w d v well z a protection4 ,wet ?is1 z well z ! concrete4 ,(t5 ! concrete ,=ms c be left 9 place a week or t5 days2 ?is protects ! concrete dur+ ! sett+-up p]iod & ! above precautions are !n unnecess>y4 ,po9ts to ,rememb] ,x may be well1 9 summ+ up1 to emphasize ! foll[+ po9ts3-- #a/4 ,! mat]ials mu/ be p]fectly clean4 #b;d4 ,! mix+ mu/ be 9 proportions c>efully det]m9$4 #c;d4 ,! mixture mu/ be us$ :ile absolutely fre%4 ,good results _c be obta9$ unless y use a good cem5t1 nor w ! "w be at its be/ unless c>e is tak5 9 ! selection ( clean s& & clean /one4 ,among ! un9itiat$1 !re is an all too preval5t idea t any?+ is good en\gh = ! mak+ ( concrete4 ,"s w tell y t sawdu/1 %av+s1 mud1 clay1 etc41 w d to complete ! mixture1 b ! absurdity ( ?is notion w v soon become evid5t to anyone :o neglects ! precautions :i* h be5 above po9t$ out4 ,re9=cem5t ,pr9ciples involv$ ,concrete & /eel r5d] valuable assi/ance to ea* o!r 9 ! support ( heavy burd5s4 ,on a solid f\ndation1 load$ f above & ?us "u direct pressure1 a concrete column w )/& ! /ra9 ( an enorm\s load4 ,a mu* small] load s plac$ z to cause /ret*+ or b5d+ t[>d "o side ( ! same column may cause x to snap (f1 = concrete is /rong1 b brittle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 /eel is t\gh & ela/ic4 ,9 ! =m ( rods or wire1 /eel )/&s massive loads t t5d to /ret* x1 & ?us displays a k9d ( /r5g? directly opposite to t ( ! pla9 concrete column4 ,9 mod]n con/ruction ^! two valuable prop]ties ( concrete & /eel are utiliz$ by comb9+ !m 9 :at is call$ re9=c$ concrete4 ,) /eel prop]ly buri$ 9 ! concrete1 ! column )/&s n only ! load :i* might o!rwise snap x1 b "o _m times l>g]1 & ev5 ?\gh x is appli$ at any place along its l5g?4 ,re9=cem5t1 !re=e1 is /eel 9 ! =m ( rods1 b>s or wires1 buri$ 9 concrete to take up & to )/& ! /ra9s :i* t5d to /ret* or to b5d ! concrete4 ,a concrete f5ce po/ is m]ely a small concrete column4 ,re9=c$1 x easily /&s ! /ra9 f usage 9 a f5ce l9e4 ,illu/ration ,! value ( re9=c+ concrete po/s prop]ly may readily be se5 9 ! figure4 ,if a load 7,l7 is rais$ s t its weight is support$ on "o side by a wood5 po/1 ! po/ w b5d4 ,! fibre 9 ! wood on ! side away f ! load may be t\gh & ela/ic en\gh to prev5t ! po/ f break+1 & :5 releas$ ! po/ w spr+ back into its =m] position4 ,9 ! ?ird figure a ,no4 #i wire 7,w7 is fa/5$ securely to ! wood5 po/ at ! top & at ! gr\nd surface1 & is support$ along its l5g? by ! /ruts 7,s74 ,if ! same load is appli$1 ! po/ w n b5d1 because ! wire takes up ! b5d+ or /ret*+ /ra94 ,?is is precisely ! case ) ! re9=cem5t 9 a concrete po/4 ,support$ along its l5g? by ! concrete1 ! wire 7,w7 or /eel 9 o!r %apes takes up ! b5d+ or /ret*+ /ra9s4 ,s9ce ! load :i* causes b5d+ or /ret*+ may come f any direction1 concrete po/s are re9=c$ on e side2 o!rwise !y might break 9 a mann] some:at simil> to t 9 :i* ! wood5 po/ b5ds :5 ! re9=cem5t is n on ! prop] side ( ! po/4 ,9 ! ef=t to be safe x is a common fault to ins]t m re9=cem5t ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,?is adds ne$lessly to ! co/1 = concrete becomes /rong] z x gr[s old]4 ,k9ds ( ,re9=cem5t ,) reg>d to ! r\ghness ( ! outside1 metallic re9=c+ mat]ials are divid$ into two classes1 smoo? & corrugat$ or de=m$4 ,! g5]al result ( ! _m te/s c>ri$ on 9 te/+ laboratories seems to indicate t 9 /r5g? ( bond1 if ! concrete is suffici5tly ri* & well mix$1 smoo? surfaces give satisfactory results4 ,two k9ds ( re9=cem5t are mu* us$--b>s & wire4 ,b>s4--,r\nd b>s ?ree-sixte5?s or "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet] are ! size & k9d mo/ us$ on ! f>m4 ,! /ock on h& at blacksmi? %ops & h>dw>e /ores is g5]ally f /eel t /ret*es too easily & !re=e is n ! be/ = re9=cem5t4 ,companies :i* make a specialty ( re9=c+ mat]ials c furni% bo? rods & b>s :i* /ret* only "u v l>ge loads4 ,wire4--,! developm5t ( ! wire f5ce has produc$ a mat]ial well suit$ = re9=c+ purposes4 ,( equal size1 su* wire w produce a /rong] re9=cem5t ?an ! mat]ial above describ$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 /raight wire ( ! necess>y l5g?1 ! coils ord9>ily plac$ on ! m>ket %\ld n be /raight5$ out4 ,/raight wire c be obta9$ f deal]s 9 ! same mann] z bal+ wire2 t is1 ei!r s+le or twi/$ into two or ?ree-ply cables1 & ( ! l5g? desir$4 ,! pla91 ungalvaniz$ f5c+ wire is ! prop] k9d1 = galvanization adds no?+ to ! /r5g?1 & ! metal w n ru/ :5 incas$ 9 ! concrete4 ,concrete ,sidewalks & ,floors ,concrete floors are no?+ m ?an sidewalks ( l>ge size1 & are =m$ by ca/+ slabs 9 place4 ,! description giv5 is an economical & practical me?od ( lay+ sidewalks or floors1 easily adapt$ to any use :]e concrete is f\nd advantage\s4 ,?is description w !re=e apply n only to ! build+ ( sidewalks1 b to all flat surfaces ( concrete re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,la/+ ,qualities ,concrete floors mu/ rema9 h>d & 9 position to be p]man5t4 ,to accompli% ?is1 good mat]ials mu/ be us$1 & prop] me?ods ( mix+ & plac+ mu/ be foll[$4 ,only 9 ?is way c settlem5t cracks1 upheaval by fro/ or roots ( trees1 contraction cracks1 crumbl+1 & g5]al failure be avoid$4 ,settlem5t ,cracks ,to avoid settlem5t cracks1 ?or\ghly ram ! gr\nd aft] excavat+ = ! f\ndation4 ,?is gives a solid be>+ to ! concrete slab4 ,upheaval by ,fro/ ,to prev5t upheaval by fro/ a f\ndation =m$ ( cru%$ /one1 h>d furnace c9d]s1 brick bats brok5 to ab\t a #b-;in* size1 brok5 tile or any o!r h>d por\s mat]ial1 %\ld be laid 9 su* a way z to obta9 p]fect dra9age4 ,nev] use a%es4 ,if freez+ occurs1 room is 9 ?is way provid$ betwe5 ! pieces ( /one = ! expansion ( ! ice4 ,illu/ration ,if ?is f\ndation is plac$ 9 clay soil1 side outlets or bl9d dra9s ( tile %\ld be provid$ at po9ts along ! walk :]e !y are necess>y1 lead+ into holes fill$ ) c9d]s or cru%$ /one1 :i* w all[ ! surr\nd+ e>? to soak up ! accumulat$ wat]4 ,clay soil holds ! wat] collect$ 9 ! dra9age f\ndation1 & if x becomes entirely full ( wat]1 ! ice =m$ dur+ freez+ wea!r w upheave ! walk4 ,upheaval by ,tree ,roots ,upheaval by tree roots c be easily avoid$ by cutt+ out all roots :i* run "u ! pavem5t at a less dep? ?an #ah in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,contraction ,cracks ,cem5t concrete exp&s & contracts by *anges ( temp]ature 9 ! same way z /eel4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to cut jo9ts :i* w all[ = ?is expansion & contraction4 ,! concrete mu/ be cut entirely ?r\gh to ! bottom ( ! slab ) a tr[el1 cleav] or o!r in/rum5t1 ! jo9t =m$ be+ f to ( an in* wide4 ,blocks =m$ 9 ?is way %\ld n be great] ?an #f feet squ>e 7#cf squ>e feet74 ,scal+ or ,crumbl+ ( ! ,surface ,! pr9cipal causes ( scal+ or crumbl+ surfaces are improp] mix+1 dry+ out be=e ! cem5t has ?or\ghly h>d5$ & ! use ( bad mat]ials4 ,cem5t ne$s wat] n only :5 mix$1 b aft] be+ plac$ & tamp$1 & until x has entirely h>d5$4 ,if concrete is n kept cont9ually wet until h>d1 x is weak5$1 & ! surface ( su* a walk scales or becomes s(t & *alky4 ,specifications ,,dra9age ,,f\ndation ,/ake out ! l9es ( ! walk1 or dim5sions ( ! floor4 ,excavate to a dep? ( #af in*es1 ram & tamp ! gr\nd ?or\ghly & ev5ly & fill 9 #ab in*es ) clean l>ge c9d]s1 brok5 /one1 pebbles1 brick bats1 brok5 tile or o!r mat]ial select$4 ,place 9 position wood5 =ms made ( #b by #d's1 ^! #b by #d's to be set on edge & held 9 position by /akes firmly driv5 9 ! gr\nd1 ! top edge to be locat$ s z to accurately outl9e ! e/abli%$ grade or slope ( ! walk or floor4 ,a walk %\ld be high] 9 ! c5t]1 or at "o edge1 to insure ! wat] runn+ (f4 ,?is slope %\ld be ( an in* to ! foot4 ,,selection ,,( ,,mat]ials ,p>ticul> att5tion mu/ be paid to ! selection ( ! mat]ials & _! mix+4 ,! concrete %\ld be compos$ ( gravel or cru%$ /one all ( :i* w pass ?r\gh a -in* me% scre51 & be collect$ on a -in* me%2 s&1 free f loam & pref]ably co>se1 & a grade ( ,portl& cem5t gu>ante$ to meet all ! requirem5ts ( ! ,/&>d ,specifications z adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials & ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,,proportions ,! /r5g? ( ! slab is n always gov]n$ by its ?ickness4 ,! great] /r5g? is obta9$ by prop]ly proportion+ ! gravel or cru%$ /one1 s& & ,portl& cem5t1 s t all ! spaces betwe5 ! /one are fill$ ) s& & cem5t4 ,illu/ration ,! ,portl& cem5t1 s& & gravel or cru%$ /one %\ld be mix$ 9 proportions1 if ! s& is n v co>se1 ( #a3 #b3 #d--:i* means1 #a "p ,portl& cem5t1 #b p>ts s&1 #d p>ts gravel or cru%$ /one1 all pass+ a -in* me% & all collect$ on a -in* me%4 ,if ! s& is co>se & ! cru%$ /one or gravel well grad$ 9 size ( p>ticles1 x may be mix$ 9 proportions ( #a "p ,portl& cem5t1 #b p>ts s&1 #e p>ts gravel or brok5 /one4 ,all proportions are measur$ by volume4 ,bank run gravel is (t5 us$ = sidewalk "w1 p>ticul>ly :]e a good bank c be f\nd on ! f>m4 ,x is saf]1 if ?is mat]ial be us$1 to scre5 out ! pebbles1 us+ !m z /one1 measur+ ! quantities ( /one & s& z describ$ above4 ,concrete %\ld n be laid 9 freez+ wea!r4 ,illu/ration ,,consi/5cy ,,( ,,concrete ,mix ! concrete z describ$ on page #ae to a consi/5cy t :5 tamp$1 x w n quake1 b x %\ld be suffici5tly wet s t "s moi/ure w rise to ! surface "u tamp+4 ,,plac+ ,divide ! walk by sett+ =ms at "r angles to ! side =ms4 ,! cross =ms c be made ( #b by #d's4 ,^! provide = expansion & contraction jo9ts4 ,hold ^! =ms 9 place by driv+ /akes ?r\gh ! f\ndation into ! gr\nd on ! opposite side f :]e ! concrete is to be plac$4 ,spread ! concrete ov] ! dra9age f\ndation to ! ?ickness ( ! walk or floor1 & 9 slabs n ov] #f feet squ>e4 ,! ?ickness ( a walk %\ld be #d in*es1 a driveway #f in*es1 a floor ov] :i* a wagon may be driv5 #f in*es1 & all o!r floors #d in*es4 ,fill 9 e o!r slab1 plac+ en\gh =ms to use up all ! concrete mix$ 9 "o bat*4 ,no bat* %\ld /& long] ?an "o half h\r be=e be+ plac$4 ,tamp ! concrete ?or\ghly4 ,use a template1 ) ends re/+ on ! side =ms1 & cut to a curve to give ! walk ! necess>y cr[n4 ,! concrete %\ld be tamp$ s z to con=m to ! curve ( ! template4 ,if "o edge ( ! walk is made high] ?an ! o!r1 use a /raight edge re/+ on ! side =ms4 ,tamp ! concrete to con=m to ! /raight edge4 ,illu/ration ,mix ano!r bat* ( concrete1 remove ! cross =ms & place ! concrete betwe5 ea* slab1 =m+ a cont9u\s walk4 ,use ! template or /raight edge & tamp z be=e4 ,imm$iately aft] plac+ ! clos+ slab1 "w a /raight tr[el or knife d[n ?r\gh ! entire dep? ( ! concrete betwe5 ea* slab1 ?us insur+ a p]fect contraction jo9t4 ,smoo? ! surface ) a wood5 float4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,a neat appe>ance may be giv5 ! contraction jo9ts by runn+ a jo9t] along ! top1 ?us smoo?+ ! edges4 ,d ?is be=e ! concrete gets too h>d4 ,! sides ( ! walk may be smoo!d 9 ! same way by use ( an edg]4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! concrete is ne>ly h>d g ov] ! surface ) a piece ( oakum or a /iff bru%1 remov+ ! m>ks ( ! float & giv+ a good ev5 we>+ surface :i* w n be slipp]y4 ,9 us+ oakum or a bru% be c>eful n to remove ! l>g] pieces ( /one4 ,if surfac+ 9 ?is mann] di/urbs ! p>ticles ( /one & r\gh5s ! walk to too great an ext5t1 all[ ! walk to h>d5 a little m be=e f9i%+ 9 ?is way4 ,at ! end ( ea* day's "w see t ! la/ slab is entirely fill$ & f9i%$4 ,illu/ration ,all int]ior floors1 su* z floors ( cell>1 b>ns & /ables require no contraction jo9ts4 ,!y are made by lay+ a solid cont9u\s %eet ( concrete4 ,all outside floors %\ld h contraction jo9ts =m+ slabs n ov] #f feet squ>e4 ,^! are provid$ ! same z 9 sidewalks4 ,a fe$+ floor is =m$ m]ely by sidewalk pavem5ts set side by side4 ,in/ead ( us+ a template = cr[n+ ! surface1 use a /raight edge1 ea* end re/+ on ! extreme outside =ms to give a slope to ! fe$+ floor4 ,contraction jo9ts = ext]ior floors are =m$ 9 ! same way z = sidewalks4 ,! concrete is also plac$ 9 alt]nate slabs & f9i%$ 9 ! same way z sidewalks4 ,:5 complet$ ! walk or floor mu/ be cont9u\sly protect$ f ! rays ( ! sun & f ! w9d = at lea/ ?ree days1 s t x w n dry out at any "t4 ,?is c be easily done by cov]+ ! concrete :5 x is h>d ) hay1 /raw1 or old c>pet4 ,?is cov]+ %\ld be ?or\ghly soak$ ) wat]1 & kept wet = ?ree or f\r days or long] if economy w p]mit4 ,illu/ration ,:ile ! walk or floor is h>d5+ x %\ld be s protect$ z to prev5t p]sons or animals f disfigur+ ! surface by walk+ on x4 ,illu/ration ,a ,f\ndation ,gutt] & ,walk ,illu/ration ,f\ndation gutt]s cat* ! wat] f (f ! ra9-beat5 side ( ! build+1 quickly c>ry x away1 &1 by prev5t+ 8seepage10 keep ! cell>1 basem5t1 or gr\nd-floor dry4 ,9 sloppy1 muddy wea!r1 !y also s]ve z conv5i5t walks ar\nd ! out-build+s4 ,det]m9e ! grad+ or slop+ ( ! gutt] bottom f obs]vation ( direction ( ! fl[ ( surface wat] dur+ ra9 /orms1 or f local conditions1 su* z location ( outlet into und]gr\nd dra94 ,excavate a tr5* #a foot #f in*es 9 wid?1 #aj in*es deep on ea* side1 & holl[$ out to #ac in*es deep 9 ! middle4 ,use a /raight edge or a grade cord1 toge!r ) a _s level1 to give ! bottom ( ! tr5* ! desir$ slope or 8fall40 ,= ea* foot ( l5g? a slope ( "o-eigh? in* w be suffici5t4 ,clean ! dirt (f ! f\ndation wall ) a /iff broom or bru%4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! tr5* place a #f-;in* f\ndation ( well-8tamp$0 gravel1 brickbats or cru%$ /one4 ,make a "o-bag bat* ( concrete 9 proportions1 #a3 #b3 #e4 ,h ! mixture j wet en\gh to tamp well4 ,illu/ration ,place a #d-;in* ?ickness ( concrete to =m a di%-%ap$ gutt] #c in*es deep 9 ! middle4 ,e five feet1 make an expansion jo9t ( an in* wide by ins]t+ a metal /rip n less ?an #g in*es wide & #ah in*es long1 or by cutt+ a jo9t entirely ?r\gh ! concrete ) a /raight spade4 ,smoo? ! surface ) a wood5 float4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,"o cubic y>d cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel2 cubic y>d s&2 #f bags ( ,portl& cem5t1 = a #ej-;foot section4 ,repairs to ,f>m ,build+s ,s9ce wood always fails fir/ at ! gr\nd1 ! use ( concrete on ! f>m has develop$ f ! gr\nd up4 ,aft] a f>m] has _h to replace sev]al sills or blocks ( wood1 he beg9s to look ab\t him = a new mat]ial :i* w n rot or w n h to be replac$4 ,concrete is 8 natural selection4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,support ! build+ by tempor>y /ruts1 alongside ( ! po/ to be remov$4 ,saw (f po/ entirely above rott5 "p4 ,dig a hole directly "u ! po/ #b feet deep1 & slightly l>g] ?an ! po/ itself4 ,build a box ) sides only1 ) ! same inside measurem5t z ! hole already dug4 ,! box mu/ be long en\gh to rea* f ! gr\nd to a few in*es above ! bottom ( po/4 ,fill hole ) concrete1 mix$ #a3 #b3 #d4 ,!n place ! box 9 position1 & fill x ) concrete until ! bottom ( ! saw$-(f po/ is emb$d$ ab\t an in* 9 ! mixture4 ,leave ! =ms 9 place = "o week & aft] two weeks remove ! /ruts :i* h be5 us$ z tempor>y support = ! build+4 ,! concrete %\ld be mix$ fairly wet1 & *urn$ ) a /ick :ile be+ plac$4 ,! bottom ( ! f\ndation may be made l>g] ?an ! top1 by simply slop+ "o side ( ! box =m--giv+ ! effect %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,:y ,concrete ,%\ld be ,us$ to ,repair ,f>m ,build+s ,repairs to f\ndations ( ?is k9d v>y greatly 9 size & %ape4 ,concrete is ! only mat]ial :i* c be us$ = any purpose1 :e!r l>ge or small1 )\t fir/ hav+ to be cut to ! %ape & size desir$4 ,consequ5tly !re is no *eap] kn[n mat]ial = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,illu/ration ,replac+ an ,entire ,f\ndation ) ,concrete ,! "w c be done by ! f>m]1 ) ! help ( 8 own f>m labor1 at times :5 m important "w is n claim+ 8 att5tion4 ,f\ndations ( concrete are inde/ructible4 ,at necess>y po9ts1 remove a few /ones or bricks1 z ! case may be1 ins]t+ %ort pieces ( heavy timb] to w$ge or jack up ! build+4 ,c>efully raise ! build+1 by ?is means1 until x /&s free ( all f\ndations4 ,remove all ! old /one or brick f\ndation to be replac$1 & set 9 place ! =ms = ! concrete4 ,small build+s c usually be rais$ high en\gh to all[ work+ room1 :]eby ! =m may be fill$ "r up to ! top ) concrete4 ,! mixture %\ld be a wet "o4 7,proportions1 #a3 #b3 #d47 ,:]e build+s are too cumb]some to be rais$ by 8jack+10 to a suffici5t height to give head-room1 x w be f\nd necess>y to make ! f\ndations #c in*es wid] ?an ! sill4 ,c>ry ! =ms to ! desir$ height & utilize ?is extra #c in*es ( wid? = plac+ ! concrete 9 ! =ms4 ,! top bo>d ( ! =ms may also be left (f until y are ready to place ! la/ ( ! concrete4 ,9 ?is case ! la/ bat* ( ! concrete %\ld be v wet4 ,tamp ! concrete until x comes up flu% ) ! bottom ( ! sill1 to ! entire wid? ( ! wall4 ,be sure to leave a space 9 ! concrete wall1 "u & on ! sides ( ! und]p9n+ support1 s t ! build+ may lat] be l[]$ back onto ! new f\ndation & ! timb] remov$4 ,?is op5+ mu/ be slightly l>g] ?an ! und]p9n+ support4 ,aft] ! build+ has be5 l[]$ fill ^! op5+s ) concrete4 ,l[] ! build+ aft] ! f\ndation has be5 9 two weeks4 ,a ,concrete ,entrance ,floor ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,at a po9t #c feet f ! build+1 dig a tr5* #f in*es wide & #ah in*es deep--! l5g? ( ?is tr5* to be #b feet great] ?an ! wid? ( ! doorway ( ! build+4 ,f ! edge ( ! tr5* ne>e/ to ! build+1 dig away ! e>? betwe5 tr5* & build+ to a dep? ( #a foot1 & place "h1 to a dep? ( #f in*es1 a fill ( ei!r co>se gravel or cru%$ rock4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 place any ( ?is gravel fill 9 ! tr5*4 ,mix concrete #a3 #b3 #e1 & lay same1 fir/ 9 ! tr5*1 & !n on top ( ! gravel fill2 slop+ ! surface s t x j meets ! floor level at ! doorway4 ,be=e ! concrete has _h "t to set1 provide a runway slot = ! slid+ doors--or bett]1 build little guides or humps ) ! concrete1 to hold ! doors 9 position4 ,if ! doors happ5 to be sw++ ones1 place a gas pipe or iron socket 9 ! s(t concrete1 = a 8%ove-fa/5]40 ,note ! concrete curb on ! "r ( entrance door4 ,?is prev5ts ! gravel t surr\nds ! build+ f wa%+ d[n onto ! approa* & gett+ 9 ! way ( ! doors4 ,to build ?is curb1 use #a-;in* planks plac$ on top ( ! concrete floor1 to s]ve z =ms to hold concrete 9 place4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,"o cubic y>d ( cru%$ /one or scre5$ gravel2 #b cubic y>ds ( s&2 #e bags ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,?is entrance floor 0 con/ruct$ 9 half a day1 by "o man4 ,illu/ration ,f>m ,build+s ,%\ld be ,connect$ by a ,concrete ,driveway ,by us+ concrete to connect up build+s1 ?is f>m] has a solid1 sub/antial roadway t w la/ = all "t--in/ead ( ! usual muddy1 untidy space t ord9>ily sep>ates su* build+s4 ,to con/ruct a driveway betwe5 ! v>i\s build+s ( a f>m1 fir/ excavate a tr5* #ab in*es deep1 ?is tr5* be+ ! exact wid? t y wi% ! f9i%$ driveway to be4 ,six feet is a conv5i5t wid?2 b ! drive %\ld be made slightly wid] ?an ?is at ! corn]s to provide = turn+ ( vehicles4 ,place 9 ! tr5* a fill ( gravel to a dep? ( #f in*es & tamp x well4 ,on top ( ! gravel fill1 place y\r concrete mixture1 to a dep? ( #f in*es on ! sides1 & #g in*es at ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration ,= ?is "w1 concrete %\ld be mix$ 9 proportions #a3 #b3 #e1 & wet en\gh to pack well4 ,illu/ration ,to f9i%1 no mort> is ne$$4 ,leave ! surface r\gh1 s z to af=d a bett] foot+ = ! horses & cattle4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ #e bags ( ,portl& cem5t cubic y>d ( s& make a section ( roadway #a cubic y>d ( cru%$ /one or #f by #aj feet scre5$ gravel ,approximate co/1 at curr5t prices ( mat]ials1 #f c5ts p] squ>e foot ( surface4 ,alleyways ,betwe5 ,build+s ,! f>m] ( to-day plans = com=t & conv5i5ce4 ,ab\t ! home1 mud is ! greate/ ( all nuisances4 ,9 ! spr+ & w9t]1 ! driveways f ! public road & ! alleyways betwe5 build+s become s muddy t !y are (t5 impassable4 ,z a result ! grassy lawns & lots are driv5 ov]1 cut to pieces1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! f>m is ru9$4 ,moreov]1 9 bad wea!r ! *ores _c be done unless ! 8h&s0 we> rubb] boots4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 are unable to get out to ga!r ! eggs & to see aft] ! p\ltry4 ,muddy feet track up ! h\se walks & floors4 ,alleyways betwe5 build+s are built ( concrete simil> to driveways ) ?is exception--!y are made di%-%ap$ to ! same ext5t t ! driveway is cr[n$4 ,?is c>ries ! ro( wat] away f ! build+s in/ead ( lett+ x soak 9 ar\nd ! f\ndation walls4 ,illu/ration ,c>riage ,wa%+ ,floors ,no?+ w take ! /icky mud (f ! :eels & body ( a rig except wat]4 ,p h at times tri$ to remove ?is mud by scrap+1 b h f\nd t aft] ! mud has once dri$ a l>ge am\nt ( ! v>ni% comes (f ) x & ! 8looks0 ( ! c>riage is ru9$4 ,conv5i5ce 9 wa%+ means t ! wagon is pull$ j outside ( ! b>n & q ne> ! pump or o!r s\rce ( wat] supply4 ,all ( ! c>riages are wa%$ 9 exactly ?is same spot1 &1 z ?is is done day aft] day ! wa%+ place v %ortly becomes no?+ m nor less ?an a mud hole4 ,to avoid ?is a concrete floor %\ld be built4 ,?is floor %\ld be ( ! size to take n only ! :eels ( ! rig b ! %afts or tongue z well4 ,unlike fe$+ & o!r floors1 ?is floor is built ) a slope t[>d ! c5t]1 ) a cat* bas9 "u ! middle1 f :i* a dra9 leads4 ,?us all ( ! wat]1 toge!r ) ! mud com+ (f ! wagon1 fl[s into ! bas94 ,?is bas9 %\ld be protect$ ) a grat+1 ) holes 9 same n less ?an ( an in*4 ,?is grat+ %\ld be removable s t ! mud1 :i* is b\nd to fl[ into ! bas91 c be remov$4 ,a pipe less ?an #f in*es %\ld n be us$ to connect ?is bas9 up ) a sew] or dit* outlet4 ,?is w prev5t ! /oppage ( ! dra9 = _m ye>s4 ,a slope f ! edges ( ! floor to ! dra9 ( ( an in* to ! foot %\ld be made4 ,to lay ! floor proce$ exactly z describ$ 9 8,sidewalks10 &1 z ! floor is expos$ to ! wea!r1 contraction jo9ts mu/ be provid$1 z 9 ,fe$+ ,floors4 ,aft] ! floor is f9i%$ & :ile ! concrete is yet s(t1 make grooves 9 x1 runn+ f ! bas9 to ! edges ( ! floor4 ,?is c be done by tak+ a ,v-%ap$ /rip ( wood & driv+ x into ! concrete at regul> int]vals by means ( a tamp]4 ,?is /rip ( wood %\ld be ?or\ghly greas$ s t x may be remov$ )\t hav+ ! concrete /ick to its surface4 ,illu/ration ,fe$+ ,floors & ,b>ny>d ,pavem5ts ,! sav+ pr9ciple ( fe$+ floors has long be5 recogniz$ by successful bre$]s & fe$]s ( live /ock4 ,! tr\ble1 h]et(ore1 has be5 to obta9 an entirely satisfactory mat]ial = floor con/ruction4 ,disadvantages ( ,wood5 ,floors ,wood5 floors kept ! fe$ out ( ! mud & du/ & n only sav$ e p>ticle ( gra9 b also prev5t$ :eez+ c\ghs & o!rwise tempor>ily improv$ ! heal? ( ! animal4 ,h[ev]1 9 a %ort "t1 ! be/ wood5 floors rott$ out & became infect$ ) disease g]ms4 ,(t5 floors _h to be burn$ to free ! f>m ( hog *ol]a4 ,advantages ( ,concrete ,9 concrete ! f>m] & ran*man h f\nd an ideal floor mat]ial4 ,su* floors n only effect a sav+ 9 fe$1 a %ort5+ 9 ! "t ( fatt5+ & a decrease 9 labor1 b also af=d p]fect protection to ! heal? ( ! animal4 ,concrete floors d n soak up wat] & !re=e _c become infect$ ) disease g]ms4 ,_! surfaces c be easily clean$ & ?or\ghly dis9fect$ ) oils & dips4 ,rats _c ne/ "u !m4 ,c>eful te/s h %[n t concrete floors1 ?r\gh ! sav+ ( gra9 & manure alone1 pay = !mselves 9 ! %ort p]iod ( "o ye>4 ,h[ to ,build ,fe$+ ,floors ,fe$+ floors are m]ely sev]al sidewalks laid side by side1 & ! same g5]al rules ( con/ruction 7giv5 "u ,,sidewalks1 page #bh7 apply to !m4 ,*oose a site 9 ! lot :]e ! gr\nd is slightly slop+1 well dra9$ & w9d protect$1 & conv5i5t to fe$ & wat]4 ,dra9age ,f\ndation ,excavate to a dep? ( #ab in*es = ! dra9age f\ndation1 & ar\nd ! outside edges ( ! entire floor dig a tr5* #ab in*es wide & #ah in*es deep4 7,?is tr5*1 fill$ ) concrete1 prev5ts hog wall[s f und]m9+ ! floor & keeps ! rats f ne/+ "u x47 ,fill all ( ?is space 7except ! tr5*7 to ! natural gr\nd level ) well tamp$ co>se gravel1 cru%$ rock1 tile culls or brickbats4 ,?is fill =ms ! dra9age f\ndation z describ$ = sidewalks4 ,grad+ ! ,floor ,! floor mu/ be grad$ or slop$ s t wat] w n collect on x 9 ! w9t] & s t ! manure wa%+s may be caught by ! gutt]s & run to ! wat]-tight concrete manure pit4 7,to %ape ! gutt]1 make a mold or template by r\nd+ ! corn]s on ! flat side ( a #f-;foot l5g? ( a #d by #f-;in* timb]47 ,a g5tle slope1 t[>d ! l[ corn]1 ( ( an in* = ea* foot ( l5g? or wid? is suffici5t4 ,?is is secur$ by ! use ( a heavy grade /ake at ea* corn] ( ! floor1 a /raight edge or a grade l9e1 & a _s level4 ,x is an advantage to h a fe$+ floor its full ?ickness above gr\nd4 ,make light floors #d in*es & floors subject to heavy loads #f in*es ?ick4 ,= ! =ms use #b-;in* lumb] ( a wid? equal to ! floor ?ickness4 ,beg9 on a l[ side ( ! floor4 ,m>k ! grade height on ea* corn] /ake & set ! =ms to a grade cord /ret*$ f /ake to /ake4 ,use only good mat]ials & mix ! concrete #a3 #b3 #e accord+ to direction on page #ae4 ,plac+ ! ,concrete ,always beg9 plac+ ! concrete on ! l[ side ( ! floor1 s t ! ra9 f sudd5 %[]s w n run f ! h>d onto ! newly plac$ concrete4 ,fill ! tr5* & ! slab section ( ! =ms ) concrete4 ,br+ ! surface to grade by draw+ ov] x a /raight edge ) its ends on ! opposite =ms or ) "o end on ! =m & ! o!r on ! f9i%$ concrete4 ,f\r in*es 9 f ! edge1 on ea* ( ! l[ sides1 tempor>ily emb$ ! r\nd$ #d by #f-;in* gutt] mold & tamp x d[n until its squ>e top is ev5 ) ! surface ( ! slab section ( ! floor4 ,remove ! mold1 f9i% ) a wood5 float & cure ! floor z describ$ on pages #ca-cd4 ,connect ! gutt]s ) ! manure pit by means ( a tr\gh1 ano!r gutt]1 or by l>ge dra9 tile laid und]gr\nd4 ,illu/ration ,on ! next page is giv5 an itemiz$ bill ( mat]ials necess>y = a #f-;in* floor #bd by #cf feet1 amply l>ge to accommodate #ej hogs4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel1 #bj cubic y>ds #a4aj #bb4jj ,s&1 #aj cubic y>ds #a4jj #aj4jj ,portl& cem5t1 #bh b>rels #b4ej #gj4jj ------- #ajb4jj ,mix+ ! concrete by h&1 #e m5 c usually f9i% ?is floor 9 two days4 ,dep5d+ ^u ! price ( labor & mat]ials & ! ?ickness ( ! concrete1 ! floor w co/ #f to #ab c5ts = ea* squ>e foot ( surface4 ,illu/ration ,manure ,pits & ,ci/]ns ,= re/or+ ! f]tility ( ! fields1 !re is no?+ bett] ?an b>ny>d manure4 ,by ! ord9>y me?ods ( pil+ x on ! gr\nd or /or+ x 9 wood5 p5s1 f #cj to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! manure's /r5g? is wa/$4 ,?is loss is br\ght ab\t 9 two ways3 ,fir/--,by 8lea*+0 or wa%+ out1 due to heavy ra9s4 ,second--,by heat+ or 8fir+10 caus$ by lack ( suffici5t moi/ure4 ,s9ce concrete pits are wat]pro(1 manure c be kept 9 !m z moi/ z necess>y4 ,moreov]1 ) concrete pits ! supply ( manure is increas$1 z all ! liquid manure1 f ! gutt]s ( ! b>ns1 b>ny>d pavem5ts & fe$+ floors1 is sav$4 ,h[ to ,build ,locate ! manure pit h&y to ! b>n & s z to cat* ! manure f ! outside floors4 ,two pits may be bett] ?an "o4 ,excavate ! hole to ! desir$ size & dep?4 7,manure pits are seldom ov] #d feet deep47 ,dig a sump hole #c feet squ>e & #b feet deep at "o corn] ( ! pit4 ,slope ! floor t[>d ?is hole1 f :i* a pump w draw ! liquid manure4 ,frame =ms ( #a-;in* sid+ on #b by #d-;in* /udd+ spac$ #b feet1 s z to mold a wall #h in*es ?ick4 ,if ! dirt sides /& firm1 !y w s]ve = ! outside =m & no?+ b an inside =m w be requir$4 ,mix ! concrete #a3 #b3 #d 7see page #aa74 ,lay ! floor s t x w be "o solid piece #f in*es ?ick4 ,no contraction jo9ts w be necess>y4 ,)\t delay1 set up ! =ms1 brace !m firmly & fill !m ) concrete z direct$ "u ,,dipp+ ,,vats1 pages #gf-hj4 ,if a v l>ge pit is ne$$1 build x ) slop+ concrete ends suffici5tly wide to accommodate a manure spread]4 ,let ! incl9es be g5tle1 &1 to give ! horses a firm foot+1 emb$ iron cleats e #ah in*es 9 ! slopes1 ! same z = dipp+ tanks4 ,ci/]ns = liquid manure only1 may be made l ord9>y ,,ci/]ns1 page #fh4 ,h[ev]1 ! solid manure rots m quickly & is bett] = ! fields if bo? solids & liquids are kept 9 ! same pit4 ,an ord9>y pump1 ) a pipe lead+ to ! sump hole1 cov]$ ) a grat+1 is a conv5i5t means ( remov+ ! liquid4 ,liquid manure is especially good = ! vegetable & fl[] g>d51 s9ce x conta9s no we$ se$4 ,cov] ! pits or keep ! manure well soak$ ) wat]1 s z to remove ! pr9cipal bre$+ places ( ! h\se & b>n fly4 ,illu/ration ,! manure pit %[n 9 ! photograph is locat$ 9 ! side ( a little hill4 ,x is #ba feet long1 #ad feet wide1 #aj feet deep on ! hillside & #f feet deep on ! l[ side4 ,! bottom is #f in*es & ! walls #h in*es ?ick4 ,f\r m5 built ! pit 9 two days4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,scre5$ gravel or cru%$ rock #ag cubic y>ds at #a4aj #ah4gj ,s& #h cubic y>ds at #a4jj #h4ej ,portl& cem5t #cj b>rels at #b4ej #ge4jj ------- #ajb4bj ,! ,value ( ,manure ,pits ,rott5 manure n only enri*es ! gr\nd1 b also increases ! wat]-hold+ capacity ( ! soil4 ,"o load ( well rott$ manure f a concrete pit is wor? two loads ( manure z ord9>ily /or$4 ,illu/ration ,concrete ,b>ny>ds ,! advantages ( concrete fe$+ floors s appeal$ to ! f>m]s :o fir/ built !m t !y enl>g$ ! floors until _! entire b>ny>ds 7 surfac$ ) concrete4 ,x is no uncommon sight 9 ! spr+ & w9t] to see an e>!n b>n lot s deep ) mud t animals g ?ir/y r ?an attempt a trip to ! wat] tr\gh4 ,! effect is bad on all k9ds ( live/ock1 especially on fatt5+ animals & dairy cattle4 8,fe$]s0 mu/ h an abundance ( wat] to fatt5 quickly4 ,insuffici5t wat] cuts d[n ! quantity ( milk giv5 by dairy c[s4 ,lack ( en\gh ex]cise fur!r decreases ! yield4 ,an occasional trip ?r\gh ?is mud to ! tr\gh1 s cakes ! c[s' udd]s ) dirt t ! milk] wa/es valuable "t 9 wa%+ !m--& !y mu/ be wa%$1 if "o w\ld h clean1 :olesome milk4 ,cont9ual track+ ?r\gh ! mud n only makes m curry+1 b (t5 produces t irritation on horses' legs kn[n z 8scrat*es40 ,sudd5ly froz51 su* an e>!n lot is s r\gh t x is impassable4 ,moreov]1 ! old b>ny>d--) its surface work$ up ye> aft] ye>--becomes a /orage place1 :i* c>ries ov] ! disease g]ms f "o season to ano!r4 ,! 8dropp+s0 are entirely lo/1 &1 mix$ ) ! e>?1 t5d to make ! lot muddi] ! foll[+ ye>4 ,to keep up ! f]tility ( ! soil1 all ! manure produc$ on a f>m %\ld be sav$ & return$ to ! fields4 ,concrete ,floors ,increase ,pr(its ,a concrete b>ny>d makes a f9e ex]cise lot 9 all k9ds ( wea!r & always af=ds a dry spot = ! animal's b$4 ,e %[] wa%es ! surface clean & flu%es ! dropp+s into ! manure pits4 ,concrete y>ds light5 ! "w ( ! h\sewife1 z !re is no mud to be track$ on ! walks & kit*5 floor4 ,! use ( rubb] boots is unnecess>y4 ,on concrete floors n a p>ticle ( gra9 ne$ be wa/$4 ,! way to ! wat] tr\gh is always dry1 smoo? & passable4 ,concrete floors promote & protect ! heal? ( f>m animals & increase ! pr(its ( f>m+1 /ock rais+ & dairy+4 ,illu/ration ,con/ruction ,! con/ruction ( concrete b>ny>ds is exactly l t ( ,,fe$+ ,,floors1 page #dc1 except t ! "w is on a l>g] scale4 ,(t5 ! entire lot is n pav$ 9 "o season1 b f ye> to ye> z ! f>m] has "t4 ,9 excavat+ = ! dra9age f\ndation 7see ,,sidewalks1 page #bi71 be c>eful to remove all manure & /raw :i* may be tramp$ into ! gr\nd & :i* may be s solid z to resemble e>?4 ,9 "t any k9d ( manure decays1 %r9ks1 causes ! floor to settle & =ms wat] & ice pockets on its surface4 ,dig ! tr5* = ! f\ndation apron z = ,,fe$+ ,,floors--!re is no mat]ial s rat-pro( z concrete4 ,) ! dra9age f\ndation ready1 set ! =ms 9 ! mann] describ$ = ,,sidewalks4 ,ev5 if ! :ole lot is n to be pav$ at "o "t1 plan ! grad+ = ! entire b>ny>d s t ! complet$ pavem5t may h p]fect surface dra9age4 ,build & cure ! pavem5t & make provision = sav+ ! manure ! same z = concrete ,,fe$+ ,,floors4 ,d n be too p>ticul> ab\t giv+ ! surface a smoo? f9i%--a r\gh] f9i% af=ds ! animals a bett] foot+4 ,! co/ p] squ>e foot is no m ?an t ( fe$+ floors--! inve/m5t yields a great] pr(it4 ,fe$+ ,tr\ghs1 ,racks & ,mang]s ,) a progressive f>m]1 ! heal? ( 8 live/ock is second 9 importance only to t ( 8 family4 ,concrete is a great factor 9 promot+ & pres]v+ heal?4 ,) concrete tr\ghs1 animals are seldom 8(f _! fe$03 !re are no sliv]s to /ick into _! gums4 ,ev5 ) wet fe$1 concrete tr\ghs are nev] s\r4 ,concrete does n rot & become infe/$ ) disease g]ms4 ,su* tr\ghs & mang]s c be ?or\ghly dis9fect$ )\t injur+ !m4 ,tr\ghs = ,horses1 ,cattle1 & ,%eep ,9 g5]al1 ! me?od ( con/ruct+ fe$+ tr\ghs & mang]s = horses & cattle is practically ! same z = ,,wat]+ ,,tr\ghs ,,& ,,tanks1 page #gd4 ,an outdoor tr\gh1 suitable = fe$+ gra9 or silage to cattle & horses1 is %[n on page #dh4 7,h[ev]1 mo/ f>m]s w pref] n to locate a fe$+ tr\gh 9 a f5ce corn]47 ,?is tr\gh is #aj feet long & #b feet #b in*es wide1 outside measurem5ts4 ,! bottom is #d in*es ?ick z also are ! side & end walls at ! top1 b ^! walls slope on ! inside to a ?ickness ( #f in*es at ! bottom4 ,?is extra ?ickness makes n only a /rong] fe$+ tr\gh1 b also "o m easily clean$ out4 ,! entire tr\gh is re9=c$ ) heavy wov5 wire f5c+ laid )9 #a in* ( ! bottom & ! same di/ance f ! inside face ( ! side walls4 ,! tr\gh is held #a foot #d in*es above gr\nd by concrete b5*es1 #b feet #b in*es wide1 #a foot ?ick1 & ext5d+ #c feet bel[ ! gr\nd or fe$+ floor surface4 ,9 locat+ tr\ghs1 foll[ ! same pr9ciples laid d[n "u ,,fe$+ ,,floors4 ,dig ! tr5*es = ! concrete supports & c>ry ! concrete 7mix$ #a3 #b3 #d7 to ! necess>y height by means ( op5 box =ms simil> to ! "o %[n on page #cf4 ,use a _s level to get ! tops ( ^! supports ev54 ,imm$iately set ! outside tr\gh =m1 previ\sly made ) op5+s 9 ! bottom bo>d1 to mat* ! concrete supports4 ,provide a #b-;in* dra9 hole1 cork$ ) a greas$1 tap]+ wood5 plug long en\gh to ext5d ?r\gh ! concrete4 ,place #a in* ( concrete ov] ! bottom1 lay ! heavy wov5 wire f5c+ s t x w ext5d up into ! side walls4 ,tamp 9 ! bottom ! rema9+ #c in*es ( concrete4 ,f9i% ?is concrete ) a /eel tr[el4 ,at once set 9 ! slop+ inside mold1 built z "o piece & )\t a bottom4 ,fill ! space betwe5 ! inside & outside =ms ) wet concrete4 ,aft] ! concrete is h>d en\gh to be> consid]able pressure ( ! ?umb 7usually five to sev5 h\rs71 c>efully remove ! inside mold4 ,no pa9t+ ) neat cem5t 7cem5t mix$ ) wat]7 or pla/]+ w be ne$$ if ! inside =m is smoo?4 ,d n take d[n ! outside =ms = two weeks4 ,to make ?is same tr\gh ( suitable height = small calves or %eep1 place ar\nd x a fill ( gravel ( ! necess>y dep?4 ,two m5 c build su* a tr\gh 9 less ?an a day4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel #a cubic y>d at #a4aj #a4aj ,s& cubic y>d at #a4jj 4#ej ,portl& cem5t #a b>rels at #b4ej #c4ge ----- #e4ce ,fe$+ ,tr\ghs = ,hogs ,illu/ration ,fe$+ tr\ghs = hogs are usually built z a "p ( ! fe$+ floor1 accord+ to ! plan %[n1 & simil> to ,,wat]+ ,,tr\ghs1 page #gd4 ,illu/ration ,a ,fire-protect$ ,fe$ ,cook] ,illu/ration ,concrete is a fir/ aid to ! f>m] 9 prev5t+ fires4 ,! photographs %[n "h are ( a wood5 build+ 9 :i* a fe$ cook] = hogs & p\ltry is in/all$4 ,discov]y ( a fire 9 ! build+ a few ye>s ago l$ ?is f>m] to ?or\ghly protect 8 build+ by surr\nd+ 8 cook] ) t mo/ firepro( mat]ial--concrete4 ,! old wood5 floor 0 fir/ torn out1 a fill ( co>se gravel tamp$ 91 & a #e-;in* floor ( concrete laid on top1 mix$ #a3 #b3 #e4 ,imm$iately "u & ar\nd ! cook] ! floor 0 dropp$ d[n #h in*es to prev5t *ance sp>ks f bl[+ ab\t4 ,at ! back ( ! cook]1 on ! #b by #d-;in* /udd+1 heavy wov5 wire 0 securely fa/5$1 & by tempor>ily plac+ a wood5 wall #d in*es 9 front1 to act z a =m1 an #h-;in* concrete wall 0 built4 ,?is wall 0 made #h feet wide & #e feet high4 ,! f\ndation = ! wall ext5ds #c feet bel[ ! floor level4 ,illu/ration ,on ! top ( ?is wall re/s ! *imney4 ,! *imney is #ab by #ad in*es on ! outside1 ) a s+le flue #h in*es r\nd1 & is #aj feet high4 ,?is height is suffici5t to cle> ! ro(4 ,= ! inside =m #h-;in* sew] pipe 0 us$ & left 9 place 7/ovepipe or dra9 tile c\ld also be us$74 ,ord9>y box =ms 7 us$ = ! outside =ms1 made z describ$ on page #cf4 ,! *imney 0 re9=c$ ) a -in* rod runn+ f top to bottom 9 ea* corn]1 #a in*es f ! edge4 ,! l[] ends ( ^! rods are firmly emb$d$ 9 ! concrete wall on :i* ! *imney re/s4 ,z ?is improvem5t 0 made by ! f>m h&s1 ! co/ ( ! floor 0 only #e c5ts a squ>e foot1 :ile ! wall & *imney co/ #e4jj4 ,n only has t dread ( fire :i* keeps _m a man awake at night be5 ov]come1 b ! :ole fe$ cook] h\se c be kept 9 a mo/ cleanly condition at all times4 ,rats1 ! greate/ pe/ kn[n to ! f>m]1 are driv5 away4 ,^! animals _c ne/ 9 concrete4 ,illu/ration ,hog ,wall[s--,automatic ,dipp+ ,tanks ,a wall[ is z necess>y = a hog z a ba?-tub is = a human be+4 ,a clean ba? b5efits ! heal? ( a hog1 especially if ! wall[ is fill$ ) a dipp+ solution4 ,?is comb9ation n only saves ! lives ( fat hogs on hot days1 b also aids greatly 9 prev5t+ *ol]a4 ,see ,,dipp+ ,,tanks1 page #gf4 ,locate ! wall[ 9 a conv5i5t place ne> ! wat] supply4 ,a level1 well dra9$ spot1 :]e ! mud w n wa% into x1 is be/4 7,! wall[ %[n 9 ! photograph is 9 ! hog h\se1 & is a l>ge di% 9 ! concrete floor47 ,make ! wall[ #h by #ab-;feet4 ,dig out ! hole ) /raight sides to ! dep? ( #b feet #b in*es4 ,lay a dra9age f\ndation #aj in*es ?ick--see ,,sidewalks1 page #bi4 ,set a #aj-;in* bo>d ar\nd ! outside ( ! hole to keep ! dirt f crumbl+ 9 on ! concrete4 ,mix ! concrete #a3 #b3 #d & place a #f-;in* floor 9 ! hole4 ,z ! concrete is laid1 emb$ wov5 wire 9 x #a in* f ! bottom4 ,h ! concrete = ! side walls fairly dry & tamp x to ! %ape & dim5sions--#d in*es ?ick at ! top & #aj in*es at ! floor l9e4 ,! slop+ sides make clean+ easy4 ,keep all animals away f ! wall[ = two weeks4 ,?ree m5 built ?is wall[ easily 9 "o day4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,scre5$ gravel or cru%$ rock #b cubic y>ds #a4aj #b4ge ,s& #a cubic y>ds #a4jj #a4be ,portl& cem5t #d b>rels #b4ej #aa4be ------ #ae4be ,illu/ration ,a ,corn ,crib ,floor ( ,concrete ,rats love gra92 & !re=e ! corn crib is usually ! rat headqu>t]s ( ! f>m4 ,by build+ corn cribs & gran>y floors ( concrete ! f>m] takes a long /ep t[>d rat ext]m9ation4 ,lay out ! build+3 = ! f\ndation wall1 dig a tr5* #ab in*es wide & f #b to #c feet bel[ gr\nd level4 ,set box =ms1 s z to br+ ! surface ( ! f9i%$ f\ndation & floor #a to #b feet above gr\nd level1 accord+ to ! height ( ! 8drag0 conveyor us$ by local corn-%ell]s4 ,z ! floor w only be #f in*es ?ick1 fill 9 betwe5 ! f\ndation walls ) gravel to )9 a di/ance ( #f in*es ( top ( =ms4 ,soak ?is fill ?or\ghly1 & tamp & roll x well1 be=e plac+ concrete on top4 ,mix concrete 7#a3 #b3 #d7 & fill ! f\ndation =ms4 ,beg9n+ at "o end ( ! build+1 lay ! concrete floor 9 sections #d feet wide1 & cont9ue until ! entire floor is plac$4 ,9 ord] to fa/5 ! wood5 sill = ! gran>y uprights to ! concrete floor1 ins]t -in* bolts heads d[n or /rap irons b5t l capital ,z's at ! necess>y po9ts 9 ! gre5 concrete ( f\ndation4 ,! bolts are long en\gh to pass ?r\gh holes 9 ! sill & to receive nuts & wa%]s4 ,! /raps are long en\gh to be spik$ to ! uprights4 ,illu/ration ,f9i% ! surface ( ! floor ) a /eel tr[el1 s z to r5d] scoop+ ( ! gra9 an easy matt]4 ,approximate co/ p] squ>e foot ( floor surface1 #ab c5ts4 ,illu/ration ,concrete ,b>n ,floors ,inve/igations ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture h disclos$ ! fact t _m cases ( typhoid fev] & mal>ia1 (t5 consid]$ unacc\ntable 9 _! orig91 are ! result ( ! g]ms be+ c>ri$ by ! h\se-fly4 ,scre5s1 flypap]1 & poisons are all v well1 9 a small way1 b to free ! place ( flies means gett+ rid ( ! conditions :i* produce !m4 ,leav+ out ! manure pile 7see ,,manure ,,pits1 page #de71 ! favorite bre$+-place ( flies is ! f\l floors ( ! c[ & horse b>ns4 ,! b>n c be almo/ entirely rid ( flies by build+ floors & manure pits ( concrete4 ,! ,advantages ( ,concrete ,floors ,!re are no flies to make ! horses /amp4 ,rats h no hid+-place ab\t concrete floors4 ,no o!r floor is z slick z a manure-soak$ wood5 floor4 ,concrete floors may be f9i%$ z r\gh or corrugat$1 z may be desir$4 ,concrete floors d n soak up wat]4 ,! liquids run into ! gutt]s & !nce to ! manure pits4 ,! floor may be flu%$ ) wat] & kept z clean & odorless z a kit*5 floor4 ,all k9ds ( b>n floors mu/ be b$d$ d[n4 ,concrete floors are w>m] & clean] ?an any o!r k9d1 = !y are always dry4 ,besides1 heat & cold d n easily pass ?r\gh concrete4 ,concrete floors af=d good fire protection4 ,no fire c be />t$ on concrete floors by a %iftless f>m 8h&0 dropp+ cig>ette /ubs or mat*es on _! surface4 ,good f>m 8h&s0 pref] to "w :]e !re are concrete floors3 !y light5 ! labor4 ,concrete floors h no unev5 edges to cat* ! scoop & to ruffle ! temp]4 ,illu/ration ,concrete 9 ! ,c[ ,b>n ,) cleanly milk & butt] produc]s1 x is no long] a matt] ( floor or no floor2 x is m]ely a "q ( :i* is ! be/ floor = ! c[ b>n4 ,! be/ dairym5 long ago decid$ 9 favor ( concrete4 ,on acc\nt ( _m epidemics ( 8cat*+0 diseases1 directly traceable to milk1 city au?orities are =c+ ! c>eless dairyman to decide--concrete floors are "o ( ! requirem5ts = c]tifi$ milk4 ,! /alls ( dairy b>ns are arrang$ ) ! c[s 9 ! opposite r[s ( /alls /&+ ) _! heads or _! heels t[>d ea* o!r4 ,! /all plan dep5ds entirely ^u ! arrangem5ts = br++ 9 fe$ & remov+ manure4 ,! plan bel[ is = a b>n ) ! c[s' heads t[>d ea* o!r4 ,if ! dairyman pref]s ! o!r arrangem5t1 ! same plan c easily be adapt$ to x4 ,a wid? ( #h feet #f in*es provides suffici5t room = a manure spread]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,h[ to ,build ,dairy ,b>n ,floors ,consid] a b>n plann$ to h ! two r[s ( c[s fac+ ea* o!r4 ,remove all manure & o!r =eign matt] toge!r ) su* humps ( e>? z may be necess>y to give ! floor a slight slope 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! manure w be tak5 out4 ,beg9 ! con/ruction ( ! floors at ! two sides ( ! b>n s t ! middle & ends may be us$ z work+ space4 ,on ! e>!n floor1 at a di/ance ( #d;feet f ! side walls ( ! b>n1 set on edge a l9e ( #b by #f-;in* bo>ds1 ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( ! build+4 ,support ^! bo>ds by /akes driv5 firmly 9 ! gr\nd on ! side ( ! bo>d away f ! b>n wall4 ,by means ( a c>p5t]'s _s level & a grade l9e1 see t ! tops ( ^! bo>ds h an ev5 slope 7say -in* p] foot7 t[>d ! manure pit4 ,all[+ a cle> int]v5+ space ( #aj in*es1 set up 9 a simil> way a l9e ( #b by #h-;in* bo>ds ) ! support+ /akes inside ( ! #aj-;in* space & ) ! top ( ?is bo>d #b in*es high] ?an ! #f-;in* bo>d4 ,9 ?is space ! drop gutt] w lat] be con/ruct$4 ,! ,alleyway ,betwe5 ! wall & ! #f-;in* bo>d tamp 9 suffici5t gravel to ev5 (f all irregul>ities 9 ! gr\nd surface & to all[ ! build+ ( a #e-;in* ?ickness ( floor1 slop+ in* f ! wall t[>d ! gutt]4 ,mix ! concrete #a3 #b3 #e1 tamp into place1 & f9i% ! surface ) a wood5 float & a wire bru%4 ,! r\gh5$ surface ?us produc$ gives ! c[s a good foot+4 ,! ,/all ,floor ,) ! alley f9i%$1 beg9 ! con/ruction ( ! floor ( ! /alls prop]4 ,= ! av]age siz$ c[1 ! usual l5g? ( /all is #d feet #h in*es f /an*ion to drop gutt] & ! wid? is #c feet #f in*es4 ,! /all floor %\ld slope n less ?an in* t[>d ! drop gutt] to provide = dra9age4 ,if an adju/able /an*ion fa/5] is to be us$1 set x 9 ! c5t] ( ! #f-;in* mang] wall4 ,! l5g? ( ! /all is regulat$ by ?is device4 ,= a /all #d feet #h in*es long1 set ! outside bo>d 7#b by #ab in*es7 ( ! mang] wall #e feet #b in*es f ! drop gutt]4 ,! top ( ?is bo>d w be #g in*es above ! f9i%$ floor4 ,?is extra height provides a =m = ! mang] wall4 ,9 ?is space1 place ! #e-;in* floor 9 ! same mann] z ! alleyway 0 laid4 ,if gas pipe /all divisions are to be us$ lat]1 make mortises 9 ! floor at ! prop] po9ts by tamp+ ! concrete ar\nd a core ( ! "r size1 remov+ ! core :5 ! concrete has /iff5$4 ,illu/ration ,! ,mang] ,illu/ration ,z soon z ! floor ( ?ree /alls has be5 concret$ & :ile ! concrete is yet gre51 build ! concrete mang] wall ^u ! new /all floor4 ,! project+ #g in*es ( ! #b by #ab-;in* bo>d already 9 place s]ves z ! out] wall =m4 8,toe nail0 two #a by #f-;in* bo>ds toge!r at _! edges1 ?us provid+ a #g-;in* height = ! o!r mang] wall =m & a be>+ plate to re/ on ! gre5 /all floor4 ,set ?is wall =m s z to leave a #f-;in* space = ! mang] wall4 ,cross-brace ^! wall =ms ^u ea* o!r & if necess>y drive an occasional nail ?r\gh ! be>+ plate into ! new concrete4 ,fill ! space betwe5 ! =ms ) concrete1 sett+ ! /an*ion fa/5]s at ! same "t4 ,cont9ue 9 ! same mann] until ! /all floors are f9i%$4 ,if desir$1 ! back wall ( ! mang] may be giv5 a di% %ape = a sw++ /an*ion4 ,illu/ration ,!n comm5ce ! "w on ! o!r side ( ! b>n1 con/ruct+ ! floor ( ! alleyway & /all 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,! ,fe$way ,) ! alleys & /alls f9i%$1 beg9 "w on ! fe$way4 ,if possible1 ?is %\ld be at lea/ #h feet wide4 ,z ! bottom ( ! mang] %\ld be on a level ) ! /all floor & s9ce ! top ( ! fe$way floor mu/ be at lea/ #h in*es above ! bottom ( ! mang]1 place suffici5t gravel fill 7well tamp$7 to br+ ab\t ?is result4 ,to hold 9 place ! #e-;in* concrete ( ! fe$way alley floor & to provide = slop+ front walls ( ! mang]s1 set a #b by #aj-;in* bo>d1 spac$ 7f ! o!r wall ( ! mang]7 #a foot #f in*es at ! bottom & #a foot #aj in*es at ! top4 ,^! slop+ walls all[ all fe$ to be swept back into ! mang]s & all tra% to be easily remov$ f !m4 ,build ! #e-;in* floor ( ! fe$way1 cr[n+ x to #f in*es ?ick 9 ! middle4 ,see ,,sidewalks1 page #ca4 ,horse ,b>n ,floors ,concrete floors are equally z valuable = ! horse b>n z = ! c[ /able4 ,! same pr9ciples gov]n ! floor con/ruction4 ,naturally !re mu/ be a few *anges 9 ! dim5sions4 ,s+le /alls are usually #e feet wide & #i feet f ! front wall ( ! mang] to ! drop gutt]4 ,z ! gutt] is g5]ally cov]$ ) a r\gh ca/-iron plate sunk flu% ) ! concrete1 c>ry+ liquids alone1 x ne$ n be s wide & deep z = ! dairy b>n4 ,a cle> wid? ( #aj & a dep? ( #c in*es are suffici5t4 ,concrete ,mang]s ,_m f>m]s are to-day build+ _! mang]s or racks ( concrete4 8,/ump suck]s0 lose ! habit :5 f$ 9 concrete mang]s4 ,illu/ration ,! mang] is con/ruct$ along ! g5]al l9es laid d[n = ,,outdoor ,,fe$+ ,,tr\ghs1 page #dh4 ,a =m satisfactory = build+ horse b>n mang]s is %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,! fe$ tr\gh c be mold$ z a "p ( ! mang] by us+ a box =m l an ord9>y wood5 fe$+ tr\gh1 b #f in*es wid] & )\t end pieces4 ,saw out ! mang] =ms s t ! box w fit ! op5+4 ,:5 ! mang] =ms h be5 fill$ ) concrete to ! fe$ tr\gh level1 place #a in* ( concrete ov] ! bottom ( ! tr\gh =m1 lay 9 a /rip ( heavy wov5 wire f5c+1 & !n place ! rema9+ #b in*es ( ! #c-;in* bottom4 ,imm$iately set ^u ?is concrete a bottomless box ) end pieces1 ( a size to all[ = ! #d-;in* mang] wall & ! #c-;in* side walls ( ! tr\gh4 ,fill bo? mang] & tr\gh =ms & emb$ a -in* rod 9 ! side walls ( ! tr\gh #a in* f ! top4 ,make holes 9 ! mang] wall = ! hit*+ /rap by ins]t+ a #b-;in* greas$ peg 9 ! concrete4 ,imb$ a #a-;foot l5g? ( -in* rod 9 ! concrete above ?is hole4 ,sci5ti/s h f\nd t rats di/ribute m disease ?an any o!r animal4 ,recogniz+ ! dang]1 /ate & city au?orities1 ! _w ov]1 are sp5d+ va/ sums ( money 9 ext]m9at+ ?is pe/4 ,if rats h no ne/+ place1 !y _c /ay on ! f>m4 ,rats & mice _c f9d a home ab\t concrete floors1 nor c !y climb concrete b>n walls4 ,9 a /able floor$ ) concrete1 ! horses c re/ at noontime in/ead ( /amp+ at flies4 ,illu/ration ,f>m]s ,build ,b>n ,approa*es ( ,concrete ,illu/ration ,= purposes ( dra9age1 concrete b>ns are (t5 built on ! side ( a hill1 ! l[] /ory be+ us$ = ! live/ock1 :ile ! second floor is us$ z a wagon h\se & = fe$ & /orage4 ,?is arrangem5t necessitates a 8b>n approa*40 ,orig9ally ^! approa*es 7 simply ( e>?1 pil$ up 9 front ( ! door2 & q (t5 ! e>? ext5d$ beyond ! ends ( ! b>n4 ,by n all[+ ! approa* fill to come "r up to ! b>n1 ! l[] /ory ( ! b>n receives ! full b5efit ( light & v5tilation on all f\r sides4 ,! concrete bridge gives a %elt] = wagons & tools2 :ile a root cell> may be conv5i5tly built "u ! b>n approa*4 ,su* an approa* adds greatly to ! appe>ance ( ! b>n & its surr\nd+s4 ,economy ( space made x desirable to provide a reta9+ wall to hold ! e>? 9 position--& concrete naturally came into use = ! purpose4 ,! e>? fill already 9 place 9 front ( ! b>n door %\ld be cut out to ! desir$ wid? & a tr5* dug along bo? sides bel[ ! gr\nd level to a dep? ( #b or #c feet1 & #a foot wide4 ,only outside =ms are ne$$1 z ! e>? fill 9 ! b>n approa* acts z an inside =m4 ,^! outside =ms may be made up 9 sections z l>ge z desir$1 ( #a-;in* planks1 ) ! necess>y upright /udd+4 ,illu/ration ,mix concrete #a3 #b3 #d4 ,place ! concrete 9 ! f\ndation1 erect ! =ms1 hold+ ^! 9 position by nail+ to /akes driv5 back ( ! =ms 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! concrete c be plac$ ) greate/ conv5i5ce f ! top ( ! e>? fill t =ms ! approa*4 ,9 %ovel+ into ! =m1 be c>eful t ! concrete /rikes ! wood =m in/ead ( ! e>!n side1 z concrete mix$ ) e>? does n give ! fulle/ possible /r5g?4 ,a ,concrete ,b>n ,f\ndation ,illu/ration ,on acc\nt ( conv5i5t arrangem5t1 economy ( space1 & protection to ! /ock1 second /ory b>ns h become v popul>4 ,at fir/ ! use ( concrete = ! walls ( ! fir/ /ory 0 look$ ^u ) d\bt4 ,x might be damp4 ,x might make a cold /able4 ,yet ! "* ( ! mat]ial s well fitt$ ! use t x 0 tri$1 f\nd entirely satisfactory1 & to-day is be+ us$ = ! l[] /ory ( ?\s&s ( b>ns e ye>4 ,z ?is arrangem5t does n give a p]fect fire protection to ! /ock1 a ceil+ ( concrete is provid$1 furni%+ a floor = ! c>riage h\se1 hay l(t & gran>y1 ?r\gh :i* rats _c gnaw4 ,) ?is floor ( concrete1 ! top ( a b>n c burn (f & ! /ock be p]fectly safe4 ,illu/ration ,excavate a f\ndation tr5* to a dep? bel[ ! fro/ l9e1 tw5ty in*es wide4 ,fill ) concrete mix$ #a3 #b3 #e4 ,on ?is f\ndation erect ! =ms = ! side walls1 spac$ 9 su* a way z to make ! wall #ab in*es ?ick4 ,^! =ms are made ( #a-;in* sid+1 ) #b by #d-;in* /uds1 spac$ #ah in*es ap>t4 ,fa/5 ! =ms securely at top & bottom z describ$ 9 =ms = 8,small ,f>m ,build+s10 page #hb4 ,:ile erect+ ! =ms1 place 9 position frames = ! w9d[ & door op5+s4 ,^! frames are remov$ aft] ! concrete has become h>d & ! w9d[s & doors plac$4 ,if ! concrete ext5ds above ! w9d[s1 place ?ree -in* iron rods #c in*es above ea* op5+1 & ext5d+ #ah in*es beyond its sides4 ,ins]t b5t iron rods 9 ! concrete ar\nd ! corn]s1 at int]vals ( e #b feet ( height4 ,hav+ c>ri$ ! wall to ! desir$ height1 provide = atta*+ ! wood5 sup]/ructure to x by plac+ iron bolts e #e feet 9 ! concrete :ile x is yet s(t4 ,^! %\ld be plac$ ) ! head d[n1 all[+ ! nut end to ext5d above ! wall a suffici5t di/ance to pass ?r\gh ! sill & to af=d l5g? = a nut & wa%]4 ,if a concrete ceil+ is to be plac$ ov] ! /able1 erect =ms 9 ! same way z = a ci/]n cov] describ$ on page #fi4 ,?is ceil+ w h to be c>efully re9=c$1 & if !re is any d\bt ab\t ! quantity & position ( ?is re9=c+1 a compet5t eng9e] %\ld be consult$4 ,entire b>ns ( concrete are be+ built 9 ev] increas+ numb]s4 ,if s built1 ! fire dang] = t b>n is =ev] remov$4 ,a b>n ( concrete1 h[ev]1 ) a wood5 ro( is n p]fectly firepro(4 ,if ! hay cat*es fire 9 su* a b>n1 ! ro( is burn$ up4 ,any "o :o has ! +5uity to build an entire b>n ( concrete c build a concrete ro( z well4 ,illu/ration ,w9d ,walls & ,_! ,importance ,illu/ration ,to be heal?y1 /ock ne$ ex]cise--9 w9t] z well z summ]4 ,b few f>ms are provid$ ) an ex]cise lot suffici5tly well protect$ aga9/ w9t] bla/s to provide a safe ex]cis+ place4 ,! ex]cise lot %\ld be locat$ on ! w>m side ( ! build+s4 ,erect ! w9d wall on ! side f :i* ! w9t] /orms mo/ (t5 come4 ,probably ! mo/ conv5i5t way to build ! wall w be 9 sections ( #aj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! wall w be #c in*es ?ick at top1 #ab in*es ?ick at ! base1 #g feet above & #c bel[ gr\nd1 ) ! slope side t[>d ex]cise lot4 ,to securely brace ! sections ( ?is wall1 l>ge po/s 7call$ buttresses7 are ne$$4 ,^! po/s are ! full height ( ! wall & are #ab by #ah in*es squ>e4 ,! n>r[ side is set ) ! l9e ( f5ce1 & ! buttresses are plac$ #aa feet ap>t f c5t] to c5t]4 ,! =ms = ^! buttresses are ! same z = gate po/s1 ) ! exception t a bevel$ #b by #d-;in* timb] is nail$ v]tically to ! inside ( ea* side wall ( ! =m1 #c in*es f ! back bo>d4 ,?is leaves a slot 9 ! f9i%$ buttress1 into :i* ! slab sections ( ! wall are lat] 8key$40 ,?r\gh ^! #b by #d's1 at po9ts #c & #ae in*es bel[ ! tops1 bore -in* holes ?r\gh :i* -in* re9=cem5t rods w be plac$ & all[$ to project into ! wall prop] ab\t #ah in*es4 ,illu/ration ,locate ! po9ts = ! c5t]s ( ! buttresses1 ! fir/ buttress at ! beg9n+ ( ! wall4 ,dig a hole = ea* buttress #ab by #ah in*es & #d feet deep & erect ! buttress =ms4 ,fill ! =ms ) wet concrete1 mix$ #a3 #b3 #d4 ,d n =get to ins]t at ! prop] "t ! #c-;foot l5g?s ( -in* rods 9 ! -in* holes above m5tion$4 ,brace ! =ms securely1 to keep !m 9 position4 ,aft] ! fir/ two buttresses are 9 place1 dig out ! #a by #d-;foot f\ndation tr5* &1 ov] x & betwe5 ! buttresses1 erect ! box =ms = ! slab sections1 ) ! slop+ side next to ! lot4 ,^! =ms are made ( #a-;in* sid+ nail$ to #b by #d-;in* /udd+ securely brac$ at bottom & ti$ toge!r by cross-pieces at ! top4 ,on ! work+ side1 add ! sid+ z ne$$1 s z to facilitate ! plac+ ( ! concrete4 ,remove ! side =ms = buttress j be=e plac+ ! =ms = wall prop]4 ,9 ! c5t] ( wall1 )9 #f in*es ( ! top1 emb$ a #aj-;foot l5g? ( -in* iron rod4 ,aft] ! wall is "o week old1 take d[n ! wall =ms1 erect !m betwe5 ! next two buttresses1 & proce$ ) ! con/ruction 9 ! same mann]4 ,w9d walls are (t5 made ) /raight sides4 ,:ile ?is takes m concrete1 ! sav+ 9 erection ( =ms probably (fsets ?is additional co/4 ,! mat]ials requir$ = ea* #aj-;foot section ( wall & #a buttress are two cubic y>ds cru%$ /one or scre5$ gravel1 #a cubic y>d s&1 #ab bags ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,approximate co/1 #ae4jj4 ,illu/ration ,concrete & ! ,silo ,a silo is a tank = ! pres]vation ( fodd] 9 its gre5 /ate1 = fe$+ /ock at times :5 !re is no natural pa/ure--t is 9 w9t] & 9 ! hot1 dry mon?s ( summ]4 ,by ! use ( silos fodd] is cann$ v mu* z a h\sewife cans fruit or vegetables4 ,concrete fulfils e requirem5t = a fir/-class silo1 provid+ ! add$ advantages ( be+ absolutely firepro( & ev]la/+1 possess$ by silos built ( no o!r mat]ial4 ,= in/ruction 9 build+ silos1 see ,bullet9 ,no4 #ba ( ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,portl& ,cem5t ,manufactur]s1 s5t free on application4 ,space does n p]mit u to g fully into ! con/ruction ( a concrete silo & we c only give ! requirem5ts = a good silo1 & %[ h[ concrete fills !m all4 ,silos mu/ be air-tight4 ,! admission ( air causes ! fodd] to m\ld1 & ! /ock w n eat x4 ,air _c leak ?r\gh a concrete silo4 ,silos mu/ be wat]-tight4 ,if !y are n1 ! juices1 s necess>y to keep ! fodd] gre51 w leak out1 & ! fodd] spoils4 ,illu/ration ,concrete1 prop]ly mix$1 is wat]-tight4 ,silos mu/ be smoo? on ! inside4 ,a silo ) a r\gh inside surface1 cat*es ! corn/alks1 & prev5ts prop] pack+4 ,concrete c be made s smoo? t _m firms build+ silos ( o!r mat]ials f9i% ! inside ) a coat ( cem5t & s&4 ,! fodd] la/s bett] if kept at an ev5 temp]ature4 ,concrete does n conduct heat or cold4 ,x keeps ! heat 9 ! fodd] 9 w9t]1 & keeps ! heat out ( ! fodd] 9 summ]4 ,nature provides ! fodd] ) ! prop] am\nt ( heat to pres]ve x p]fectly4 ,rats ne/+ 9 ! silage ru9 x4 ,concrete is ! greate/ rat-pro( mat]ial kn[n4 ,9 addition to ^! reasons1 concrete silos are n attack$ by ! juices com+ f ! fodd]4 ,!y d n rot by alt]nate wett+ & dry+4 ,fire1 t greate/ ( f>m sc\rges1 _c de/roy ! crop if /or$ 9 a concrete silo4 ,a f>m] may rebuild a b>n1 b ! crops lo/ ?r\gh ! burn+ ( ! build+ are lo/ =ev]4 ,illu/ration ,sanit>y ,wat] ,supply ,z ! laws ( heal? become bett] und]/ood1 great] precautions are tak5 to prev5t sickness4 ,= ye>s all evid5ce has be5 po9t+ to dr9k+ wat] z a common s\rce ( mo/ diseases & ! pr9cipal means ( spread+ sickness4 ,e well1 spr+ & ci/]n1 op5 to surface wat] or wall$ & cov]$ ) mat]ials ?r\gh :i* surface wat] c seep1 is liable to conta9 disease g]ms4 ,concrete walls & cov]s are wat]-tight3 !y af=d p]fect protection = bo? man & bea/4 ,h[ to ,protect ,wells ,_m bor$ & dug wells1 sunk ye>s ago1 af=d su* excell5t wat] t _! own]s pref] to keep !m4 ,?is is (t5 made possible by ! use ( concrete4 ,remove ! brick ( ! wall d[n to d5se clay ?r\gh :i* wat] w n run1 usually n m ?an #f feet4 ,if ! e>!n wall /&s firm1 only "o =m1 fitt+ inside ! brick wall1 is ne$$4 ,make ?is =m ( n>r[ floor+ securely fa/5$ on ! inside to wagon tires or to curv$ wood5 templates1 & long en\gh to ext5d #b feet bel[ ! po9t to :i* ! brick are to be remov$ & #d in*es above ! gr\nd level4 ,if ! e>!n wall %[s signs ( crumbl+1 be=e tak+ out ! brick1 dig back ! gr\nd to ! necess>y dep? & use an outside =m4 ,l[] ! =ms into place & fill !m ) #a3 #b3 #d concrete4 ,9 plac+ ! concrete foll[ ! directions giv5 "u ,,und]gr\nd ,,ci/]ns1 page #fh4 ,! /eel cas+ = driv5 well mu/ end bel[ ! fro/ l9e s z to keep ! und]gr\nd connect+ pipes f freez+4 ,?is con/ruction exposes ! h\se supply to ! dang]s ( surface wat]4 ,concrete walls or h\s+s are ! only means ( protection4 ,make ! =ms & build ! h\s+ accord+ to ! rules laid d[n = ,,und]gr\nd ,,ci/]ns1 pages #fh-gj4 ,! h\s+ %[n 9 ! photograph is #e by #f feet by #d feet deep1 suffici5tly roomy = inspect+1 adju/+ & repair+ pipe connections4 ,! walls & floor are ( #a3 #b3 #d concrete #f in*es ?ick4 ,"o-half in* bolts project #b in*es above ! walls = fa/5+ ! wood5 cov]4 ,a #d-;in* removable cov] ( concrete1 mold$ 9 two pieces1 makes a m sanit>y cov]+4 ,! s]vice pipes 7 laid 9 #d-;in* dra9 tile slightly above ! floor ( ! h\s+4 ,a tile ( ! same size1 laid on a grade1 c>ries away all ! leakage ( ! fitt+s4 ,two m5 built ! h\s+ 9 "o day4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,scre5$ gravel or cru%$ rock #c cubic y>ds at #a4aj #c4cj ,s& #a cubic y>ds at #a4jj #a4ej ,portl& cem5t #e b>rels at #b4ej #ac4ge ------ #ah4ee ,well plat=ms are made l ci/]n cov]s 7see page #fi7 except t !y are n mold$ fix$ 9 place1 b loose & removable1 s t ! well c be clean$ at any "t4 ,concrete well cov]s keep mice & frogs out ( ! well4 ,ev5 scrub wat] _c seep 94 ,und]gr\nd ,ci/]ns & ,ci/]n ,plat=ms ,illu/ration ,und]gr\nd ci/]ns are useless if !y leak4 ,9 dry wea!r !y are empty1 & at o!r times ! gr\nd wat] seeps 9 & makes ! 8s(t0 wat] z 8h>d0 z t f ! well4 ,concrete ci/]ns h no jo9ts to leak3 !y are built 9 "o solid piece4 ,9 plac+ ! ci/]n1 select a site conv5i5t to ! pr9cipal d[n-sp\t & ! kit*54 ,d n =get to make all[ance = #h-;in* walls 9 lay+ out ! plan4 ,if ! gr\nd 9 :i* ! pit is dug is suffici5tly firm to /& alone1 no outside =m w be ne$$4 ,o!rwise ! hole mu/ be dug l>ge en\gh to receive an outside =m built simil> to ! inside "o4 ,make ! inside =m ( #a-;in* bo>ds on #b by #d-;in* /udd+ s t ! sid+ w be t[>d ! e>? walls4 ,mix ! concrete #a3 #b3 #d & lay a #f-;in* floor on ! e>? bottom4 ,imm$iately set ! wall =ms on all sides4 ,9 fill+ ! wall space1 be c>eful n to %ovel ! concrete aga9/ ! e>!n wall3 dirt 9 concrete is liable to make a leaky wall4 ,illu/ration ,aft] ! concrete side walls h be5 br\ght to gr\nd level1 set a #e-;in* bo>d on edge ar\nd ! outside ( ! ci/]n1 s z to hold ! concrete = ! plat=m4 ,saw (f ! uprights ( ! inside =m #f in*es bel[ ! f9i%$ top ( ! concrete cov]1 & nail #b by #d-;in* floor joi/s ev5 ) _! tops4 ,floor ! joi/s ) #a-;in* bo>ds4 ,braces1 to keep ! wood5 plat=m f sagg+1 may be plac$ d[n ! middle ( ! ci/]n z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,to provide = a manhole op5+1 build a bottomless box #e in*es deep1 #b feet squ>e at ! top & #ah in*es squ>e at ! bottom--outside measurem5ts1--or h ! t9smi? make a r\nd bottomless t9 =m #e in*es deep1 #b feet 9 diamet] at ! top & #ah in*es at ! bottom1 j l a l>ge di%pan )\t a bottom4 ,beg9 at "o side ( ! plat=m1 tamp 9 #a in*es ( concrete1 & ^u x lay heavy wov5 wire f5c+4 ,all[ ! edges ( ! wire to ext5d )9 #a in* ( ! outside l9es ( ! plat=m4 ,br+ ! plat=m to its full ?ickness by imm$iately plac+ ! rema9+ #c in*es ( concrete4 ,"w rapidly & d n /op = any reason until ! ci/]n cov] is complet$4 ,z ! "w progresses1 f9i% ! surface ) a wood5 float4 ,grease ! manhole frame & place x :]e ! op5+ is desir$4 ,/r5g!n ! floor ar\nd ! manhole op5+ by lay+ f\r %ort -in* iron rods1 plac$ criss-cross1 #b in*es f ! bottom ( ! slab & ! same di/ance back f ! edges ( ! hole4 ,if ! t9 =m is us$1 ! manhole cov] may be ca/ at ! same "t z ! rema9d] ( ! floor4 ,re9=ce ! cov] ) wov5 wire & also ) f\r %ort l5g?s ( -in* rods laid 9 ! =m ( a squ>e4 ,h on h& an old bridle bit or hit*+ po/ r+1 :i* w s]ve z a lift+-r+ = ! concrete cov]4 ,9 plac+ ! r+ 9 position1 provide x ) a knob ( twi/$ wire1 or ) a nut & l>ge wa%]1 to fix x firmly 9 ! concrete4 ,if ! wood5 manhole =m is us$1 c>efully remove x aft] #e h\rs4 ,aft] #c days build ! manhole cov] ! same z = ! t9 =m1 ) ?is important exception--place heavy pap]1 c>dbo>d or lea!r ar\nd ! edge ( ! op5+ to prev5t ! fre% concrete ( ! cov] f /ick+ to x4 ,set bolts = a pump base accord+ to directions giv5 = ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,bases1 pp4 #hg1 #hh4 ,! necess>y op5+s = d[n sp\ts & = remov+ wat] may be made by emb$d+ tile1 ( ! prop] diamet] & l5g?1 9 ! concrete plat=m or side walls4 ,:5 ! plat=m is two weeks old1 remove ! manhole cov]1 bore a hole 9 ! wood5 floor1 saw an op5+1 desc5d & loos5 ! ro( =m1 pass+ x out ?r\gh ! manhole4 ,illu/ration ,if ! ci/]n wat] is to be us$ = cook+ & dr9k+1 provide a filt] on ! outside ( ! ci/]n wall4 ,con/ruct ! filt] simil> to ! ci/]n1 ( dim5sions #d by #c feet & #d feet deep4 ,:ile build+ ! ci/]n wall1 lay an #h-;in* tile ?r\gh x1 at ! prop] height to connect ) an op5+ ( ! same size 9 ! filt] wall at its floor1 & place a removable scre5 ( -in* me% ov] ! op5+4 ,fill 9 #b feet ( co>se *>coal4 ,cov] ! *>coal ) #a foot ( s& & gravel4 ,lead ! wat] f ! ro( into ! top ( ! filt]4 ,cov] ! filt] ) a loose concrete slab4 ,f\r m5 built a ci/]n #h feet squ>e & #h feet deep1 ) a #f-;in* floor & a #e-;in* plat=m1 9 two days4 ,! ci/]n holds #abb b>rels ( #ca gallons4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,scre5$ gravel or cru%$ rock #h cubic y>ds at #a4aj #h4hj ,s& #d cubic y>ds at #a4jj #d4jj ,portl& cem5t #ac b>rels at #b4ej #cb4ej ------ #de4cj 8,s(t0 wat] is n only bett] = ! ba?1 b also makes ! wa%+ easi] & ! clo!s :it]4 ,mis*iev\s *ildr5 _c remove concrete manhole cov]s4 ,mak+ ,spr+ ,wat] ,sanit>y ,to ! plant] & /ockman1 a fl[+ spr+ is wor? a great deal ( money4 ,prop]ly c>$ =1 x w af=d cold1 sweet wat] = ! h\se1 ! dairy1 & ! wat]+ tanks4 ,improp]ly protect$1 x is n m]ely a mud hole1 a nuisance to ! milk] ( dairy c[s1 b is too frequ5tly ! cause ( disease4 ,illu/ration ,to improve a spr+1 fir/ op5 up ! *annel & dra9 out all ! wat] possible4 ,clean out ! spr+ s z to increase its fl[4 ,lay ! necess>y fe$ pipes to ! h\se & b>n4 ,wall up ! well ( ! spr+ ) concrete blocks1 laid )\t mort> to a po9t j above ! 9-fl[ /reams ( ! spr+4 ,complete ! walls ) blocks laid 9 #a3 #b cem5t-s& mort>1 or1 us+ wood5 =ms1 ) a #f-;in* solid wall ( #a3 #b3 #d concrete4 ,c>ry ^! walls high en\gh to keep surface wat] out ( ! spr+ well4 ,if ! spr+ is to be us$ z a dr9k+ tank = /ock1 make ! walls equal to ! usual dep? ( su* tanks4 7,see ,,wat]+ ,,tr\ghs ,,& ,,tanks1 page #gd47 ,lay a #d-;in* floor ( #a3 #b3 #e concrete 7on a dra9age f\ndation7 #aj feet ar\nd ! field spr+ on all sides4 ,at ! edges ( ! floor1 turn d[n a concrete 8apron0 or f\ndation1 #b feet into ! gr\nd1 ! same z = ,,fe$+ ,,floors1 page #dc4 ,?is prev5ts ! fro/ f gett+ "u ! floor & crack+ x4 ,make provision = ! ov]-fl[ at a po9t :]e x c be c>ri$ to ! /ream by a gutt] 9 ! floor1 or by a dra9 tile "u x4 ,) su* improvem5t1 s9ce !re is no mud1 ! /ock _c mire & ! udd]s ( ! dairy c[s are always clean4 ,to keep rats & rabbits out ( spr+s f :i* ! wat] is drawn = h\se use1 provide a concrete cov] l t describ$ = ,,und]gr\nd ,,ci/]ns1 page #fi4 ,= small spr+s ?is cov] is (t5 made removable z %[n 9 ! photograph on page #gc4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,new ,/yle ,ci/]n ,built on ,top ( ,gr\nd ,! photograph %[s a ci/]n1 #f by #f by #ab feet1 inside dim5sions1 ) #h-;in* walls1 #f-;in* floor1 & #d-;in* ro(4 ,dig a pit #ab in*es deep1 & ( ! size ( ci/]n desir$4 ,cov] ! bottom ) a well tamp$ fill ( gravel to a dep? ( #f in*es4 ,mix concrete #a3 #b3 #d & place x to a dep? ( #b in*es ov] ! surface ( ! fill4 ,on top ( ?is lay sections ( heavy wov5 wire f5c+4 ,?is wire %\ld be laid 9 su* a way z to ext5d #f in*es beyond ! outside edge ( f\ndation--! ends be+ b5t up1 s z to /& upright1 #c in*es back f ! edge ( ! concrete floor+ already plac$4 ,imm$iately lay ! rema9+ #d in*es ( concrete floor4 ,give ! surface a f9i% ) a wood5 float to )9 #f in*es ( edges4 ,)\t delay1 set ! =ms1 made up 9 ! requir$ sections1 re/+ ! inside =m on ! concrete floor & ! outside =m on ! gr\nd4 ,place ! inside =m fir/4 ,aft] sett+ ! inside =m1 place wov5 f5ce wire1 support+ x aga9/ ! inside =m by means ( /aples driv5 lightly into ! =m & hold+ ! wire #d in*es away f x4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 plac+ ! concrete t ! wire is kept ne> ! outside ( ! concrete wall4 ,?is re9=cem5t is c>ri$ #a foot beyond top ( wall4 ,! project+ wire me% w lat] be us$ to tie ! concrete ro( to ! side walls4 ,! timb] requir$ = ! =ms w be #a-;in* sid+ & #b by #d uprights1 spac$ e #ah in*es4 ,9 plac+ ! concrete 9 ! =ms1 x w be easi] to leave (f ! two top feet ( plank+ ( outside =m until ! concrete rea*es its level4 ,!n add ?is plank+ & fill ! two top feet4 ,! concrete w probably h to be pass$ up to a man on top by means ( buckets4 ,! luxury ( s(t wat] = ! ba?1 & its advantages = laundry purposes1 are und]/ood bett] by f>m]s ?an by _! city c\s9s4 ,ci/]ns 7 orig9ally built 9 ! gr\nd1 b a ?9k+ f>m] us$ concrete to build a ci/]n on top ( ! gr\nd1 no d\bt tak+ ! idea f ! old-fa%ion$ ra9 b>rel4 ,:ile x requires m =ms & m re9=cem5t ?an a ci/]n built 9 ! gr\nd1 yet ! l>ge co/ ( digg+ a deep hole is sav$4 ,z ! wat] is pip$ to ! h\se1 direct wat] pressure is provid$1 !reby giv+ ! f>m-h\se all ! advantages ( a city wat] sy/em4 ,illu/ration ,build a wood5 plat=m inside ! ci/]n1 9 ! same mann] z direct$ 9 ,,und]gr\nd ,,ci/]ns1 page #fi4 ,! mat]ials requir$ = ! concrete are #aj y>ds ( cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel1 #e y>ds ( s&1 & #ag b>rels ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,wat]+ ,tr\ghs & ,tanks ,all ?rifty f>m]s are build+ _! tanks & tr\ghs ( concrete4 ,su* tr\ghs nev] rot1 ru/1 or leak4 ,by us+ concrete1 tanks ( any size & %ape c be made4 ,wat]+ ,tank = ,horses & ,cattle ,mo/ /ockm5 pref] to build _! wat]+ tanks oblong 9 %ape4 ,hav+ decid$ ^u ! size1 locate ! tank 9 a h&y1 well dra9$1 w9d-%elt]$ place4 ,to build a tank l ! "o %[n 9 ! picture1 lay out ! tr\gh #e by #af feet4 ,make an excavation = a dra9age f\ndation z direct$ "u ,,sidewalks1 page #bi4 ,ar\nd ! outside dig a #aj-;in* tr5* #b feet #f in*es deep4 ,lay all 9-fl[ & ov]-fl[ pipes 7n less ?an #a in*es 9 diamet]7 s t ! ends1 fitt$ = connections1 w be ev5 ) ! f9i%$ bottom ( ! tank4 ,build ! =ms & h ! necess>y re9=c+ on h& be=e mix+ any concrete4 ,! tank is #e by #af feet by #b feet deep ) an #h-;in* bottom4 ,! walls are #e in*es ?ick at ! top & #aj in*es at ! bottom4 7,! slop+ face all[s ! ice to slip up ! sides in/ead ( pu%+ directly aga9/ !m47 ,consequ5tly ! inside =ms at ! bottom are #e in*es %ort] at ea* end ?an at ! top4 ,! =ms are no?+ m ?an %ell boxes made f odd l5g?s ( #a-;in* sid+ nail$ to #b by #d-;in* /udd+ spac$ n m ?an #b feet ap>t4 ,! sides ( ! =ms may be made sep>ate & put toge!r 9 place2 or1 if !re is suffici5t help1 ea* =m may be entirely complet$ & set up z "o piece4 ,! =ms are held 9 position by #b by #d-;in* l9]s at top & bottom1 & if necess>y by slop+ braces nail$ to /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd4 ,cut /rips ( heavy wov5 wire f5c+ suffici5tly long to cov] ! bottom & to project up into ! walls4 ,illu/ration ,) ! =ms ready1 mix a bat* ( #a3 #b3 #d concrete4 ,beg9n+ at "o end1 fill ! tr5*1 & ^u ! gravel f\ndation place a #b-;in* lay] ( concrete 9 wid? slightly great] ?an a wid? ( wire4 ,^u ?is concrete lay a section ( wire4 ,tamp 9 ! rema9+ #f in*es ( concrete & br+ up ! extra l5g? ( ! wire s t ! ends w project up into ! future side walls4 ,cont9ue lay+ ! concrete 9 sections until ! bottom is complet$4 ,f9i% ! surface ) a wood5 float4 ,imm$iately set ! wall =ms 9 place1 & set !m level by us+ a c>p5t]'s level4 ,fill ! wall space ) concrete4 ,half way up ! side & #a in* f ! outside1 lay a -in* iron rod entirely ar\nd ! tank4 ,aga9 #b in*es f ! top1 & #a in* f bo? inn] & out] edges1 lay two rods ( ! same size4 ,if a tank cov] is desir$1 set bolts 9 ! concrete z direct$ "u ,,corn ,,crib ,,floors1 page #ec4 ,to prev5t mud holes1 surr\nd ! tank ) a concrete floor4 7,see ,,fe$+ ,,floors1 page #dc47 ,protect ! gre5 tank f dry+ out accord+ to in/ructions "u ,,sidewalks1 pages #bh-cd4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel #g cubic y>ds at #a4aj #g4gj ,s& #c cubic y>ds at #a4jj #c4ej ,portl& cem5t #aa b>rels at #b4ej #bh4ge ------ #ci4ie ,wat]+ ,tr\ghs = ,hogs ,tr\ghs = hogs are built 9 two /yles--w$ge-%ap$1 l ! fe$ tr\gh %[n on page #di1 or l tr\ghs = cattle except small]4 ,use %ort l5g?s ( #a-;in* pipe crosswise to keep ! hogs out ( ! tr\gh4 ,set bolts1 prop]ly spac$1 9 ! s(t concrete sides1 s t ! pipes w fit betwe5 !m & c be held firm by a /rap iron ov] ! bolts4 ,illu/ration ,dipp+ ,vats & ,tanks ,! y\ng] g5]ation h no remembrance ( ! epidemic ( ,texas or s\!rn fev] :i* swept ov] ! c\ntry ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 kill$ ?\s&s ( cattle1 & left hundr$s ( bankrupt f>m]s & ran*m5 9 its wake4 ,gov]nm5t exp]ts f\nd t ?is deadly disease is caus$ by ticks1 :i* infe/ cattle 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,!y also discov]$ t ! fev] c be prev5t$ by dipp+ ! animals 9 *emical solutions4#b #b ,= free bullet9s on dipp+ write ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dipp+ cures n only ,texas 7kn[n z 8spl5etic07 fev]1 b also ! lip & leg disease1 mange1 & scab or scabies ( bo? %eep & cattle4 ,c]ta9 solutions free horses1 cattle1 %eep1 & hogs ( lice1 mites1 fleas1 & flies4 ,! only me?od ( apply+ ^! *emicals1 surely & ?or\ghly to all p>ts ( ! animal1 is by giv+ him a plunge 9 a tank conta9+ ! heal+ liquid4 ,s9ce ! dip is ! mo/ co/ly "p ( ! process1 & s9ce x mu/ be appli$ once or twice e ye>1 "s p]man5t =m ( tank is ne$$--"o t w n rot or ru/ out1 leak or heave 9 dur+ w9t]4 ,concrete vats1 built t5 ye>s ago1 )\t "o c5t's wor? ( repair1 are /ill z good z new & are /ill giv+ entire satisfaction4 ,illu/ration ,!re are f\r important po9ts to be consid]$ 9 ! build+ ( a dipp+ tank3 ,fir/--,an ent]+ slide1 /eep en\gh to %oot ! animal 91 )\t a direct drop4 ,a direct drop1 ! entire dep? ( ! tank1 is likely to injure ! animal4 ,second--,! tank mu/ be n>r[ en\gh to prev5t ! animal turn+ ar\nd :5 once 91 long en\gh to keep him 9 f "o to two m9utes1 & deep en\gh n only to make him swim1 b also t he may disappe> entirely :5 he takes ! plunge4 ,?ird--,! slope at ! leav+ end mu/ be g5tle & ! foot+ r\gh5$ or cleat$ s t ! animal may easily scramble to ! dripp+ p5s4 ,f\r?--,z ! liquid dip is ! mo/ exp5sive "p ( dipp+1 !re mu/ be provid$ two dripp+ p5s dra9+ back into ! tank4 ,select a well dra9$ site conv5i5t = a *ute lead+ f a small1 well-f5c$ lot or corral4 ,at ! n>r[ end ( ! *ute & 9 l9e ) x lay out ! dipp+ tank ) ! ent]+ slide next to ! *ute4 ,illu/ration ,(t5 ! *ute is built on a curve1 s t ! animals _c see :]e !y are go+4 ,!y are g5]ally con/ruct$ ) a hump 9 ! floor4 ,?is prev5ts ! animal f jump+ into ! dip1 & gives ! necess>y l5g? to ! slide1 )\t increas+ ! dep? ( ! tank4 ,*oose ! prop] dim5sions f ! diagrams & table accord+ to :e!r ! tank is to be us$ = horses1 cattle1 %eep1 or hogs4 ,! l5g?s giv5 w keep ! animal 9 ! tank "o m9ute1 usually a suffici5t "t to cure mild =ms ( disease4 ,:]e a long] treatm5t is desir$1 mo/ ran*m51 in/ead ( build+ tanks ( great] l5g?1 provide a drop gate work+ 9 a groove1 z %[n 9 ! photograph1 by means ( :i* ! animal is kept 9 ! tank z long z necess>y4 ,likewise1 r ?an build a sep>ate tank = %eep & hogs1 /ockm5 ins]t a tempor>y division f5ce1 runn+ ! full l5g? & dep? ( ! cattle & horse tank4 ,?is f5ce %\ld be solid & s spac$ z to prev5t hogs & %eep f turn+ ar\nd 9 ! tank4 ,9 ?is way a s+le dipp+ tank may be us$ = horses1 cattle1 %eep1 & hogs4 ,dig ! deep "p ( ! hole fir/1 & !n slope ! e>? = ! slide & climb4 ,lay ! outlet dra9 pipe s t ! top ( ! elb[ b5d w be ev5 ) ! surface ( ! f9i%$ concrete bottom4 ,tamp back ! dirt ?or\ghly ab\t ! dra9 tile be=e plac+ concrete4 ,illu/ration ,! side walls only w require =ms4 ,if ! banks /& firm1 inside =ms alone w be ne$$4 ,make ^! ( #a-;in* bo>ds on #b by #d-;in* uprights4 ,/eel re9=c+1 pref]ably wire clo? or hog wire1 is plac$ 9 ! =ms s t x w be emb$d$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! concrete wall4 ,floor1 sides1 & ends %\ld all be ?us re9=c$ to prev5t settlem5t cracks due to any settlem5t ( e>? f\ndations4 ,mix ! concrete #a3 #b3 #d & lay ! floor & slopes directly on ! solid e>?4 ,no fill is necess>y4 ,! concrete = ! slop+ ends %\ld be mix$ fairly dry s t x w tamp well & /ay 9 position )\t ! use ( =ms4 ,) ! bottom & slopes built1 l[] ! side wall =ms into ! pit4 ,take c>e to j> no dirt ^u ! concrete already plac$4 ,space ! =ms prop]ly & cross-brace !m firmly ^u ea* o!r4 ,fill ! wall space ) concrete4 ,9 plac+ ?is concrete1 be sure t x /rikes ! wood =m in/ead ( ! e>!n side1 z concrete mix$ ) e>? makes a weak1 leaky wall4 ,c>ry ! walls #f in*es above ! surr\nd+ gr\nd to prev5t flood wat] f runn+ into ! tank4 ,! entrance slope %\ld be smoo? to slide ! animals into ! tank )\t sk9n+ !m up4 ,f9i% ?is surface ) a wood5 float & /eel tr[el4 ,"s ran*m5 pref] to cov] ! entire slide ) a poli%$ /eel plate1 ! edges ( :i* are sunk into ! concrete :5 ! slide is built4 ,to aid ! animals 9 climb+ out1 emb$ 9 ! concrete ! turn$-up ends ( iron cleats b5t at "r angles simil> to a capital 8,u40 ,old wagon tires1 cut 9 l5g?s n great] ?an #bj in*es & turn$ up #d in*es at ea* end1 w d4 ,leave #a in* cle>ance betwe5 ! flat surface ( ! cleats & ! concrete4 ,space ! cleats #ah in*es = horses & cattle & #aj in*es = %eep & hogs4 ,at ! leav+ end ( ! tank1 lay out ! two dripp+ p5s ) _! division f5ce on a l9e ) ! c5t] l9e ( ! tank1 s t a gate hung to ?is f5ce may close ei!r p51 :5 x is full1 & all[ ! animals f ! tank to pass to ! empty p54 ,use concrete po/s = ! f5ces1 z !y w require no replac+4 ,excavate = ! dra9age f\ndation1 set ! po/s1 & build a #f-;in* concrete floor accord+ to ! directions giv5 "u ,,sidewalks1 page #bh1 & ,,fe$+ ,,floors1 page #dc4 ,slope ! floors1 in* to ea* foot 9 l5g? or wid?1 s t ! dip runn+ (f ! animals w be sav$ & return$ to ! tank4 ,corrugate or groove ! floor to ! dep? ( in*1 e #h in*es1 9 "o direction4 ,dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! floor1 mold ar\nd ! outside a concrete curb1 commonly call$ a spla%bo>d1 #f in*es above ! floor & #d in*es wide4 ,:]e ! dip f ! floor empties into ! tank1 place a removable wire scre5 or /ra9] to keep ! dropp+s & wool tags out ( ! vat4 ,cure ! floors & slopes accord+ to directions "u ,,fe$+ ,,floors1 page #dc4 ,! wall =ms may be remov$ aft] "o week1 b ! tank %\ld n be us$ until x is ?ree weeks old4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,pit ,,= ,,dipp+ ,,tanks ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,k9d ,w ,n ,d ,l ,e ,b ,a ,i ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,horses #e #ajc #dh #hee #jg #fca #jaf #fh #h ,cattle #e #dc #dg #hea #jf #hca #jac #dg #h ,%eep #c #db #de #hdf #je #jca #jaj #je #h ,hogs #c #db #de #hcf #je #jba #jaj #je #h ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,k9d ,o ,t ,cem5t ,s& ,rock ---------------------------------------- ------- ,b>rels ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 ,horses #ah #gj #h #ch #aa #bb ,cattle #ae #dj #h #cf #aj #ba ,%eep #aa #fj #h #bb #f #ac ,hogs #aa #fj #h #ai #e #aa ---------------------------------------- ------- ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,at fir/ /ate & f$]al au?orities _h to =ce ran*m5 to dip1 b s b5eficial has x prov$ t compulsion is n[ seldom necess>y4 ,exp]i5c$ cattle-m5 h f\nd by actual te/s t dipp+ increases ! m>ket value ( _! /e]s #e p] head4 ,! co/ ( dipp+ on ! f>m is only #a to #c c5ts p] head--9 ! /ock y>ds ! *>ge is #ae to #bj c5ts4 ,"o l>ge ran*man1 :o lo/ #bh p] c5t4 ( 8 h]d 7sev]al ?\s&7 9 "o w9t] ) ! mange1 f\nd 8 fir/ trial ( dipp+ s effective 9 cur+ ?is disease t ! foll[+ w9t] he did n lose a s+le /e]4 ,! use ( dips has become s g5]al 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/ t ! ,gov]nm5t has rais$ ! qu>ant9e 9 mo/ sections4 ,illu/ration ,! ,con/ruction ( a ,concrete ,milk ,vat ,dig a pit to a dep? ( #a foot #f in*es & place wood5 =ms 9 su* a way z to provide = tank walls #f in*es ?ick & #a foot #h in*es 9 height4 ,?is w br+ ! walls only #h in*es above gr\nd level--:i* makes x easy to lift ! milk cans 9 & out4 ,illu/ration ,use a wet mixture ( concrete1 ( proportions #a3 #b3 #d4 ,place z describ$ on page #gd2 & be sure to build walls & floor at ! same "t4 ,! floor %\ld be #f in*es ?ick4 ,! vat describ$ has a p>tition #f in*es ?ick1 divid+ ! tank into two *amb]s1 ea* *amb] be+ #f feet #i in*es long4 ,an iron grat+ is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! tank to all[ free circulation ( cool+ wat] ar\nd & "u ! milk cans4 ,arrangem5ts mu/ be made = inlets & outlets4 ,! inlet pipe c be simply plac$ above "o end ( tank4 ,! pipe rail at back ( tank provides a conv5i5t pur*ase :5 lift+ heavy cans f ! tank4 ,a hole mu/ be provid$ at ! o!r end ( tank1 9 ! bottom1 & connect+1 by an iron pipe1 ) ! dra9 tile4 ,into ?is hole a removable upright iron pipe is fitt$1 ! l5g? ( pipe dep5d+ on ! dep? ( wat] desir$ = ! cans4 ,?is all[s ! wat] to come only to ! top ( ! pipe & provides an ov]-fl[ outlet at ! prop] height4 ,! pipe mu/ fit tightly into ! hole4 ,"t requir$ to build3--"o day ) ?ree m5 on ! job4 ,approximate co/1 at curr5t prices ( mat]ials & includ+ labor1 #af4jj4 ,! mat]ials requir$ are #b cubic y>ds ( cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel1 #a cubic y>d ( s&1 & #e b>rels ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,illu/ration ,small ,f>m ,build+s ,num]\s small /ructures are requir$ on ! f>m4 ,dog k5nels1 tool h\ses1 coal h\ses1 ice h\ses1 hydraulic ram h\ses1 smoke h\ses1 acetyl5e gas plant h\ses1 gasol9e /orage h\ses1 milk h\ses & _m simil> build+s are a necessity on e well improv$ f>m4 ,su* /ructures are all ( simple design & c be easily built ( concrete4 ,:5 once con/ruct$ ( ?is mat]ial durability & fre$om f fire are assur$4 ,= su* build+s z milk h\ses built ( concrete in/ead ( wood1 !re is ! add$ advantage ( cleanl9ess4 ,mod]n dairy+ dem&s absolute cleanl9ess4 ,concrete meets ?is dem&4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,milk ,h\ses ,milk spla%$ on wood5 walls soaks 91 caus+ a v disagreeable odor likely to ta9t milk /or$ 9 ! vat4 ,concrete does n absorb milk spla%$ on x4 ,su* walls c be kept free f ta9t+ odors by simply wa%+ !m d[n4 ,9 concrete dairy h\ses1 ) concrete vats1 ! milk w keep sweet long] ?an 9 h\ses built ( any o!r mat]ial4 ,dairy exp]ts all admit t no o!r mat]ial c take ! place ( concrete = su* purposes4 ,! illu/ration %[s a simple =m ( milk h\se ) walls1 floor & vat1 all ( concrete4 ,?is h\se is #af feet long1 #aj feet wide & #h feet high ) a rise to ! ro( peak ( #e feet4 ,,location ,! milk h\se %\ld be locat$ ne> ! b>n & conv5i5t to a clean wat] supply4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to provide = ! outfl[ ( ! wat] f ! vat4 ,?is c be done by lead+ a l9e ( pipe f ! vat to a dis*>ge po9t at a l[] level or to ! dr9k+ tr\ghs = ! /ock4 ,(t5 ! wat] f a fl[+ spr+ c be pip$ sev]al hundr$ feet to ! h\se1 provid+ an excell5t means ( keep+ ! milk cool & sweet4 ,,f\ndation ,to build su* a milk h\se z %[n1 dig a tr5* = ! f\ndation #c feet deep & #ab in*es wide4 ,fill ! tr5* to ! gr\nd level ) #a3 #b3 #e concrete4 ,! f\ndation %\ld be laid out 9 su* a way z to ext5d #c in*es beyond ! inside & #c in*es beyond ! outside ( ! walls ( ! h\se4 ,,walls ,z soon z ! concrete f\ndation has become h>d en\gh to support !m1 erect ! wall =ms4 ,^! =ms consi/ ( #a-;in* sid+ nail$ to #b by #d-;in* /udd+4 ,! /uds %\ld be spac$ #b feet ap>t & ! #a-;in* %ea?+ is nail$ to ! sides ( ! /udd+ t[>d ! concrete4 ,= small build+s x is (t5 easi] to build an entire wall =m flat on ! gr\nd & !n raise x into position4 ,! bottoms ( ! /uds re/ on ! concrete f\ndation & are held 9 position by /rips nail$ to !m & ext5d+ to /akes driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd4 ,! di/ance ! inside & outside =ms are spac$ ap>t dep5ds ^u ! ?ickness ( wall desir$4 ,slop+ braces lead+ f ! /uds to ! gr\nd keep ! side =ms f bulg+ & cross-cleats nail$ at ! top keep ! inside & outside =ms ! correct di/ance ap>t4 ,bulg+ ( =ms c also be prev5t$ by wir+ !m toge!r z %[n on page #bc4 ,on page #bb is a description ( ! g5]al me?od ( build+ =ms4 ,especial c>e mu/ be tak5 to hold ! =ms 9 position :ile plac+ ! concrete4 ,! /uds 9 ! side wall =ms = ?is h\se %\ld be cut (f at ! height ( ! walls4 ,) ! wall =ms secur$ 9 position fill !m ) concrete4 ,,doors ,,& ,,w9d[s ,a space mu/ be left 9 ! walls = ! doors & w9d[s4 ,?is is done by plac+ betwe5 ! wall =ms1 frames or boxes )\t top or bottom made ( #a-;in* bo>ds4 ,:5 ! wall =m has be5 fill$ to ! level ( ! bottom ( ! op5+ a frame1 ! size & %ape ( ! op5+ desir$ is secur$ firmly 9 place & ! concrete p\r$ ar\nd x4 ,aft] ! wall rea*es a level #b in*es above ! frame lay 9 ! fre% concrete two -in* iron b>s4 ,^! pieces %\ld be long en\gh to ext5d #h in*es beyond ea* side ( ! frame4 ,a piece ( old wagon tire c be us$ in/ead4 ,! sill %[n 9 ! sket* c be mold$ by build+ a small box ext5d+ out f ! side =m4 ,! concrete %\ld be plac$ = ! sill at ! same "t t ! wall is be+ built4 ,= build+s su* z we h m5tion$ a sill is unnecess>y4 ,,f9i%+ ,,top ,,( ,,wall ,:5 ! side walls h be5 built to ! top & be=e ! concrete has set1 %ove -in* bolts #ah in*es long d[n into x4 ,space ^! bolts #bd in*es ap>t1 #i in*es ( ! l5g? be+ 9 ! concrete4 ,! end wall =ms ext5d above ! plates to ! peak ( ! ro(1 & are fill$ to ! top4 ,:ile plac+ ! concrete 9 ! walls x %\ld be cont9ually spad$ z describ$ on page #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,doors ,,& ,,w9d[s ,,build+ ,,! ,,ro( ,! ro( is built by nail+ #b by #d raft]s to ! inside /uds ( ! side wall =ms1 on a l9e #a in* l[] ?an ! bottom ( ! ro(4 ,! raft]s are giv5 ! pit* desir$ = ! ro(1 & are securely fa/5$ :]e !y meet at ! ridge4 ,to /iff5 ! ro( =m until ! concrete has become h>d tie ! opposite raft]s toge!r at ! bottom 7) a #a-;in* /rip7 9 ! =m ( a capital 8,a40 ,"o-in* bo>ds are nail$ on ! raft]s4 ,! cornice %[n 9 ! sket* ext5d+ beyond ! wall c be easily built by nail+ a bo>d ! wid? ( ! cornice to ! tops ( ! outside /uds ( bo? side & end walls4 ,to hold ! concrete 9 place z ! ro( is be+ built nail a #e-;in* upright /rip along ! outside edge ( ?is bo>d4 ,b5d ! bolts project+ above ! walls d[n to )9 #a in* ( ! ro( bo>ds4 ,spread a lay] ( heavy wov5 wire f5c+ ov] ! entire ro(1 all[+ x to ext5d to ! outside ( ! cornice4 ,wire ! f5c+ securely to ! b5t bolts4 ,place two -in* /eel rods ne> ! outside ( ! cornice all ! way ar\nd ! ro(1 & fa/5 ^! securely to ! wov5 wire f5c+4 ,! ro( %\ld be made #c in*es ?ick & ! /one us$ = ! concrete %\ld n be l>g] ?an in*4 ,illu/ration ,mix ! concrete fairly /iff & />t plac+ x at ! cornice1 work+ t[>d ! ridge4 ,spread ! concrete out 9 a ?9 lay] & !n lift ! wov5 wire f5c+ & ! two rods 9 ! cornice s t ! concrete is #a in* ?ick bel[ ! wire4 ,cov] ! rods & wire ) m concrete to a dep? ( #b in*es4 ,:5 f9i%$ ! ro( w !n be #c in*es ?ick1 #a in* bel[ ! wire & #b in*es ov] x4 ,always "w f ! l[ edge ( ! ro( & f9i% to ! complete dep? ( #c in*es at once4 ,imb$ a wid? ( wov5 wire f5c+ l5g?wise ov] ! ridge ( ! ro( #a in* b5ea? ! surface4 ,! "w mu/ be c>ri$ on )\t int]ruption4 ,! concrete mu/ n be all[$ to dry along an unf9i%$ edge1 z !re is dang] ( a leak :]e fre% concrete is jo9$ to t already h>d4 ,tamp ! concrete until moi/ure comes to ! surface & smoo? (f ! top ( ! ro( ) a wood5 float & /eel tr[el4 ,! =ms mu/ be left 9 place = at lea/ a week & ! concrete 9 ! ro( mu/ be protect$ f ! sun & w9d :ile x is h>d5+4 ,a me?od = do+ ?is is describ$ on page #bf "u ,,sidewalks4 ,,floor ,illu/ration ,:5 ! =ms h be5 remov$ f ! walls & ro( ! floor c be laid4 ,excavate ! gr\nd to a dep? ( #d in*es bel[ ! f9i%$ floor level4 ,mix & lay ! concrete z describ$ on page #ca4 ,! concrete milk vat %\ld be built at ! same "t & z a "p ( ! floor4 ,see description on page #hb4 ,,eng9e ,,base ,eng9es1 cream sep>ators1 pumps & o!r pieces ( ma*9]y require solid bases4 ,^! bases mu/ be p]man5t1 & free f any vibration4 ,a base con/ruct$ ( concrete possesses ^! advantages4 ,illu/ration ,to =m a base = ! support ( a small eng9e1 fir/ excavate a pit #b feet #d in*es deep1 & #a foot l>g] bo? 9 l5g? & wid? ?an ! dim5sions ( ! eng9e base4 ,fill ! pit ) a mixture ( concrete1 7#a3 #b3 #e71 & !n con/ruct a =m :i* w c>ry ! concrete to a height #d in*es above ! floor level or to ! height desir$4 ,bolts %\ld be set 9 ! concrete be=e x dries1 ^! be+ suffici5tly long to b5d #d in*es at "r angles1 & to ext5d #a foot deep into ! concrete1 ) b5t end d[n4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ ) ! upright "p surr\nd$ by gas pipe ( twice ! diamet] ( ! bolt1 & ( a l5g? suffici5t to come flu% ) ! surface ( ! concrete4 ,! op5 space =m$ ar\nd ! bolt by ! pipe w all[ = slight errors 9 locat+ bolts1 s z to meet ! holes 9 ! eng9e base4 ,keep ! concrete wet = #bd h\rs aft] plac+1 by spr9kl+4 ,aft] six days1 set ! eng9e1 adju/ ! bolts1 & fill ! spaces ar\nd ! bolts ) cem5t mort>1 mix$ #a "p cem5t1 #a "p s&4 ,d n use ! eng9e until ! concrete base is at lea/ two weeks old4 ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,ice ,h\se ,a concrete base adds ye>s ( s]vice to ! life ( a gasol9e eng9e or cream sep>ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,gra9 ,elevator ,approa* & ,eng9e ,h\se ,,me?od ,,applies ,,to ,,all ,,build+s ,! me?od j describ$ = build+ a milk h\se applies equally well to any ( ! small h\ses m5tion$ above4 ,x is n always necess>y to build a peak$ ro(2 sometimes a flat ro( w answ] ! purpose2 b ! g5]al me?od 9 all cases is ! same4 ,! draw+s %[ 9 detail ! way a door c be built & fram$ & also h[ ! w9d[s c be made to slide up & d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,hydraulic ,ram ,h\se ,,advantages ,,( ,,concrete ,concrete alone possesses ! necess>y firepro( qualities = su* build+s z smoke h\ses1 :]e !re is always great dang] f fire4 ,oil lamps are becom+ a ?+ ( ! pa/ on mod]n f>ms4 ,acetyl5e & gasol9e plants furni% a bett] & saf] light4 ,^! plants are built ei!r above or bel[ gr\nd4 ,9 ei!r case concrete is ! ideal mat]ial1 s9ce x is bo? fire & wat]pro(4 ,! durability ( concrete is p>ticul>ly valuable = su* build+s z hydraulic ram h\ses1 :i* mu/ always be locat$ ne> /reams1 & ice h\ses1 :]e !re is always moi/ure4 ,wood quickly rots1 b moi/ure has no effect on concrete4 ,= tool h\ses1 coal h\ses1 & build+s subject$ to r\gh usage1 no?+ equals concrete4 ,concrete1 = small build+s1 meets ! ?ree great dem&s ( ! f>m]--cleanl9ess1 fre$om f fire1 & durability4 ,illu/ration ,concrete ,cell> ,/eps & ,hat*way ,cell>ways are p>ticul>ly liable to leak & cause a damp cell>4 ,?is _c happ5 if !y are made ( concrete4 ,!re are no cracks ?r\gh :i* ! wat] c come4 ,wood5 /eps la/ no "t1 p>ticul>ly :]e heavy b>rels & simil> weighty loads are tak5 up & d[n4 ,z wood5 or brick areaways are always damp1 ! /eps rot quickly1 ?us requir+ con/ant r5ewal4 ,few ?+s are m dang]\s to limb1 & ev5 to life1 ?an a /ep giv+ way "u ! weight ( a heavy b>rel :i* is be+ c>ri$ into ! cell>4 ,illu/ration ,concrete /eps are safe "u any load4 ,ow+ to ! fact t concrete c be mold$ into any desir$ %ape1 x is p>ticul>ly desirable = ?is purpose4 ,"s p l /eps ) a l[ rise & a p>ticul>ly wide tread1 :ile o!rs pref] a high rise & n>r[ tread4 ,concrete c easily be fitt$ to ei!r4 ,! det]m9+ feature is usually ! space to be occupi$4 ,! door into ! cell> limits ! dep? to :i* ! /eps are tak51 & !re=e ! height ( ! ris]s2 :ile ! room ! cell>way is to take outside ! l9e ( ! wall det]m9es ! wid? ( ! tread4 ,if possible1 ! rise ( ea* /ep %\ld be f #f to #h in*es1 :ile ! wid? ( ! tread %\ld be f #i to #ab in*es4 ,note3 ,see page #aab = ,w9d[ ,hat*way4 ,illu/ration ,9 erect+1 fir/ excavate ! hole to ! wid? ( /eps desir$1 plus "o foot4 ,?is all[s = a #f-;in* wall on ei!r side4 ,slope ! gr\nd f #a foot back ( :]e ! top /ep is to come to #a foot back ( :]e ! bottom /ep w be4 ,to =m ! /eps1 saw out a bo>d j z y w\ld a 8horse0 = /eps1 & nail planks :]e ! ris]s come1 hold+ ! two 8horses0 ! prop] di/ance ap>t4 ,?is is plac$ upside d[n1 re/+ on ! top & bottom1 ) ! edge ( ! top & bottom rise :]e ! bottom & top /eps are to come4 ,fill ?is =m & ! space back ( x ) #a3 #b3 #d concrete1 />t+ ) ! bottom /ep1 & cont9u+ upw>d to ! top1 br++ ! concrete 9 ea* /ep to ! top ( rise4 ,side =ms = ! #f-;in* walls may n[ be plac$1 brac$ ap>t 9 ! c5t] prop]ly1 & re/+ on ! back ( ! horses4 ,^! c be c>ri$ to any height desir$ to give ! hat*way doors a prop] slope = %$d+ ra9 & sn[4 ,=ms w h to be built on ! outside ( ^! walls above ! gr\nd l9e to hold ! concrete 9 place4 ,be=e ! concrete sets 9 ! side walls1 bolts %\ld be plac$1 ) heads 9 ! concrete1 by means ( :i* wood5 sills are fix$ to ! walls = fa/5+ ! cell> doors by /rap h+es4 ,if ! bottom /ep does n come to ! wall l9e1 ! flat l&+ 9 ! bottom %\ld be cov]$ ) a #e-;in* ?ickness ( concrete4 ,"h is a conv5i5t place to locate a dra91 to c>ry (f ! wat] us$ 9 sluic+ d[n ! /eps1 & any :i* may leak ?r\gh ! cell> doors4 ,! cell> hat*way %[n 9 ! photograph & 9 ! draw+ is #e feet wide1 built accord+ to directions above4 ,! side walls at ! cell> are #g feet high & #aj feet long4 ,! slope = ! cell> doors is #b feet #d in*es4 ,!re are #g /eps ( #h-;in* rise & #aj-;in* tread & a l&+ #c feet #b in*es wide4 ,two m5 built ?is hat*way 9 #a days4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel #b cubic y>ds at #a4aj #b4dh ,s& #a cubic y>ds at #a4jj #a4ac ,portl& cem5t #c b>rels at #b4ej #i4cg ------ #ab4ih ,illu/ration ,root ,cell>s ( ,concrete ,! increas+ use ( roots1 z w9t] fe$ = animals1 has br\ght ab\t ! con/ruction ( root cell>s z a means ( pres]v+ ?is valuable food4 ,a root cell> mu/ be suffici5tly w>m & dry to keep roots f freez+ or rott+4 ,by build+ ! cell> bel[ gr\nd ! w>m? is greatly increas$4 ,to d ?is1 h[ev]1 a mat]ial mu/ be employ$ :i* is moi/ure-pro( & :i* w n rot4 ,= ^! reasons use concrete4 ,! cell> %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #ia ext5ds #e feet bel[1 & #b feet above gr\nd level4 ,! walls are #e in*es ?ick1 & are made ( concrete proportion$ #a3 #b3 #d4 ,illu/ration ,*oose a well dra9$ site1 & dig a pit 9 ! e>? to ! desir$ dep? & ) an entrance-way s slop$ z to make provision = concrete /eps1 :i* w h a rise ( #g in*es & a tread ( #aj in*es4 ,build a floor ( ! same ?ickness z ! walls4 ,set inside box =m & fill ! space betwe5 ?is =m & ! e>!n side walls ) ! wet concrete1 ! same z = ,,und]gr\nd ,,ci/]ns1 page #fh4 ,above ! gr\nd level an outside =m mu/ be us$4 ,! ro( is built 9 ! way describ$ on page #hf except ! ?ickness is increas$ to #e in*es4 ,v5tilators are provid$ 9 ! ro(1 by imb$d+ l5g?s ( sew] pipe 9 ! concrete4 ,add galvaniz$ t9 hoods to keep out ! ra94 ,by ref]r+ to page #ij1 !re w be f\nd a description ( h[ to build a hat*way & /eps4 ,imm$iately aft] ! side wall =ms h be5 erect$1 ! door frame %\ld be set 9 its requir$ position1 be=e plac+ concrete4 ,simil> /ructures are also us$ z bee1 vegetable1 fruit & cyclone cell>s4 ,concrete cell>s are great favorites ) gr[]s ( apples1 potatoes & cabbage4 ,by adju/+ ! v5tilator op5+s1 ! temp]ature c always be kept at j ! "r po9t4 ,moreov]1 s9ce rats & mice _c ga9 an entrance to a concrete root cell>1 !re is no wa/e caus+ decay1 & ! vegetables keep bett]4 ,9 cold climates bees mu/ be w>mly h\s$ 9 w9t]1 le/ !y freeze to dea?4 ,by no o!r means ?an und]gr\nd cell>s c !y be safely br\ght ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! bee cell> mu/ be dry1 9 ord] t ! bees /ay 9 good heal?4 ,9 no way1 c !re be provid$ s ev5 a temp]ature or s dry an atmosph]e1 z by ! use ( concrete4 ,bees kept 9 concrete cell>s come ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 p]fect condition4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel #aa cubic y>ds at #a4aj #ab4aj ,s& #e cubic y>ds at #a4jj #e4ej ,portl& cem5t #ae b>rels at #b4ej #cg4ej ------ #ee4aj ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,p\ltry ,h\ses ,! high price ( all foods has made p\ltry rais+ pr(itable4 ,b to h lay+ h5s !y mu/ be c>efully t5d$4 ,_! h\ses mu/ be clean1 & free f draughts4 ,"y *ick5s mu/ be protect$ f rats1 skunks & foxes4 ,illu/ration ,concrete h\ses fill e requirem5t ( an ideal p\ltry h\se4 ,to clean a h\se ( concrete1 spray x ) oil & burn x out4 ,concrete is firepro(4 ,rats _c gnaw ?r\gh a concrete floor or sidewalk4 ,9 a concrete h\se !re are no cracks ?r\gh :i* ! sn[ c sift1 or 9 :i* lice & b$bugs c hide4 ,illu/ration ,locate ! p\ltry h\se :]e !re is pl5ty ( sunlight & :]e ! concrete p\ltry y>d 7see ,,fe$+ ,,floors1 page #dc7 may be w9d protect$4 ,build ! h\se z direct$ "u ,,small ,,build+s1 page #hb4 ,z ! walls are be+ plac$1 ins]t %ort pieces ( gas pipe at conv5i5t heights to support ! %elves = ! ne/s 7"o /yle ( ne/ %[n on page #id7 & ! rails = ! roo/s4 ,if desir$1 a "o-way-slope concrete ro( may be made4 ,make ! floor on an #h-;in* fill ( gravel1 or ( slabs built on a smoo? floor & lat] set 9 place4 ,lay heavy wire f5c+ 9 ! concrete slab #a in* f ! "u side4 ,p\ltry ,wat]+ ,tr\ghs ,to rid ! f>m ( *ol]a & r\p1 no?+ aids m ?an concrete dr9k+ tr\ghs4 ,occasionally scrub ! tr\ghs1 spray !m ) oil & burn !m out4 ,duck ,ponds ,ducks & geese ne$ wat]1 yet if !y are all[$ to g to a ne>by /ream1 _m are lo/4 ,p\ltrym5 are build+ ponds ( concrete1 atta*$ to ! wat] supply 9 su* a way z to provide fre% wat] at all times4 ,= build+1 see in/ructions "u ,,hog ,,wall[s1 page #eb4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,reta9+ ,wall & ,/eps ,t]races1 if too /eep1 w n /ay sodd$1 & if too flat1 take up room :i* w\ld o!rwise be a "p ( ! lawn4 ,! neate/ way is to place a reta9+ wall along ! t]race edge4 ,?is wall is built 9 ! same way z ! wall to hold ! e>? 9 a b>n approa* describ$ on page #fj4 ,illu/ration ,if ! wall is ov] "o foot high /eps are necess>y4 ,a mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t is to h ! bottom /ep come flu% ) ! face ( ! wall1 mak+ x impossible to fall ov] "o or two project+ /eps 9 ! d>k4 ,9 build+1 ins]t a /op plank betwe5 ! front & back =ms to prev5t ! concrete f go+ to ! full height ( ! wall4 ,! bottom ( ?is plank %\ld be kept at a height above ! bottom ( ! wall suffici5t to =m ! fir/ /ep4 ,aft] ! concrete = ! wall is plac$1 remove ! section ( ! =m :]e ! /eps are to come1 & dig out ! e>? to a dep? suffici5t to hold !m4 ,! rema9+ /eps are built 9 ! mann] describ$ on page #ij4 ,aft] ! concrete is plac$1 ! /eps %\ld be clos$ to traffic = at lea/ "o week4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( ! photograph on page #gb may be se5 a d\ble t]race wall ( concrete1 ea* wall #e feet high4 ,illu/ration ,concrete ,*imney ,caps ,z a l>ge proportion ( fires 9 resid5ces orig9ate 9 ! *imney1 x is well to h ?is "p ( ! h\se z ne>ly firepro( z possible4 ,x c be made entirely s by build+ x ( concrete4 ,if ?is is n conv5i5t1 at lea/ let ! *imney cap be ( concrete4 ,illu/ration ,^! caps are ca/ 9 "o piece1 on ! gr\nd1 & 9 any %ape desir$4 ,! outside =m is a wood5 box1 ) inside dim5sions correspond+ ) ! outside dim5sions ( ! desir$ cap4 ,usually ! cap is #f in*es ?ick1 & has an 8ov]-hang0 or 8drip0 ext5d+ on all sides beyond ! outside ( ! *imney4#c ,?us1 if top ( *imney1 ov] all1 is #ah in*es squ>e1 make out] =m #bb in*es squ>e1 an extra all[ance ( #b in*es on all sides1 ?us obta9+ a cap t w h an 8ov]-hang0 ( #b in*es all ! way ar\nd4 #c ,a simple me?od = build+ a *imney entirely ( concrete is describ$ on page #ej4 ,! inside =m may consi/ ( a piece ( t]ra-cotta tile4 ,if m ?an "o op5+ is desir$ 9 ! cap1 use two pieces ( tile or z _m z !re are to be op5+s4 ,mix concrete #a3 #b3 #d1 ! mixture to be a ?or\ghly wet "o4 ,place 9 ! =m1 aft] greas+ outside ( t]ra-cotta s t same may be easily remov$4 ,leave undi/urb$ = two days4 ,remove =ms & place cap 9 position1 atta*+ x to ! brick *imney ) a cem5t mort>1 "o "p cem5t to "o "p s&4 ,illu/ration ,concrete ,makes an ,excell5t ,por* ,floor ,:5 ev5 a "p ( a build+ is subject$ to unusual we>1 ei!r f use or exposure to ! elem5ts1 build x ( concrete4 ,illu/ration ,por* floors ( wood rot quickly :5 laid ne> ! gr\nd2 &1 ev5 if !y d n rot1 ?r\gh con/ant use !y become spl9t]$ & faulty4 ,z concrete is a /one :i* c be made into any %ape )\t cutt+1 x is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = por* floors ( any size & %ape4 ,its la/+ qualities "u all conditions ( we> & exposure h be5 s (t5 m5tion$1 x seems useless to ref] to !m aga94 ,illu/ration ,remove ! old wood5 floor1 fir/ plac+ props to support ! por* ro(1 ) _! l[] ends re/+ outside ! l9e ( ! por* floor4 ,! pill>s !mselves mu/ also be support$ if !y are n to be replac$ by concrete4 ,! floor is laid 9 exactly ! same way z a fe$+ floor describ$ on page #dc4 ,z ! size is usually small1 h[ev]1 ! floor c be laid 9 a s+le slab )\t jo9ts4 ,if a smoo? surface is wi%$ =1 f9i% fir/ ) a wood5 float & !n ) a /eel tr[el4 ,d n put too mu* elb[ grease into ! f9i%+4 ,if y d1 small cracks are likely to come on ! surface & spoil ! looks ( ! floor4 ,no mat]ial c\ld be m useful ?an concrete = ! por* ( a s*ool h\se :]e hundr$s ( little feet scuff & /amp daily4 ,a por* ( concrete is free f v]m91 firepro(1 easily scrubb$1 & ne$s no repairs4 ,hot-,b$s & ,cold-,frames ,fre% vegetables may be _h dur+ ! w9t] at small exp5se by e suburbanite1 if he builds a hot-b$ or cold-frame4 ,by _! use e>ly spr+ plants c also be giv5 a good />t4 ,s9ce ! b$ mu/ be plac$ p>tly 9 ! damp gr\nd1 ! only mat]ial to be consid]$ = ?is purpose is concrete1 :i* does n rot out & :i*1 be+ free f cracks & jo9ts1 makes ! w>me/ b$ 9 cold wea!r4 ,locate ! b$ on ! sunny side ( a build+1 if possible1 on ! s\? side4 ,dig ! pit ! wid? & l5g? ( ! hot-b$1 n less ?an #c feet deep4 ,! "o %[n is #ci feet long & divid$ into #c equal comp>tm5ts4 ,make box =ms ( #a-;in* lumb] to c>ry ! s\? 7front7 wall #f in*es & ! nor? 7back7 wall #ae in*es above gr\nd4 ,! end walls slope to ! o!rs4 ,if ! b$ is n ne> a build+1 ext5d ! back wall #b feet high] to s]ve z a w9d-break4 ,be=e fill+ ! =ms ) concrete1 te/ _! wid? by lay+ on a sa%4 ,see t x laps full #b in*es at ea* end4 ,illu/ration ,mix ! concrete mu%y wet 9 proportions #a3 #b3 #e4 ,fill ! =ms )\t /opp+ = any?+4 ,tie ! walls toge!r at ! corn]s by lay+ old iron rods 9 !m b5t at "r angles4 ,dur+ ! plac+ ( ! concrete set -in* bolts ab\t #b feet ap>t to hold ! wood5 fram+ to ! concrete2 or make grooves 9 ! tops ( ! walls = s9k+ ! frames level ) ! top ( ! concrete1 all[+ "o-qu>t] in* at ea* end = cle>ance4 ,?is c be done by tempor>ily emb$d+ 9 ! s(t concrete a wood5 /rip ( ! necess>y wid? & ?ickness4 ,remove ! =ms aft] six days4 ,divisions may be built along ) ! walls or lat] z conv5i5t4 ,"o & "o-half days 7 requir$ = two m5 to build a hot-b$ #e by #ab feet 9 ! cle>4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,scre5$ gravel or brok5 /one #b cubic y>ds at #a4aj #b4ge ,s& #a cubic y>ds at #a4jj #a4be ,portl& cem5t #c b>rels at #b4ej #h4ge ------ #ab4ge ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,tree ,repair ,illu/ration ,no?+ adds s mu* to ! home-l appe>ance ( a place z good %ade trees4 ,b trees are l tee?--!y ne$ att5tion4 ,bor+ insects (t5 cause decay4 ,! holl[ becomes l>g]4 ,! w9d bl[s ! weak5$ tree d[n4 ,! 8looks0 ( ! place is ru9$4 ,x takes at lea/ a lifetime to produce ano!r su* tree4 ,by means ( concrete1 _m fam\s old trees1 seem+ly ab\t gone1 are n[ sav$4 ,op5 up ! cavity ) a h&-axe4 ,) a mallet & *isel cut out e bit ( ! rott5 wood1 & /op ! fl[ ( sap by pa9t+ ! cavity ) liquid asphalt4 ,re9=ce small cavities ) nails z %[n 9 ! photograph1 l>g] cavities ) rods1 wire & spikes4 ,c>efully fill e crevice ) a #a3 #c cem5t-s& mort>4 ,by slightly trimm+ ! edges ( ! b>k ar\nd ! fill+1 once or twice a season1 ! b>k w gr[ entirely ov] ! concrete4 ,illu/ration ,roll]s ( ,concrete ,fro/ com+ out ( ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+ raises ! lawn into humps4 ,if ^! are n roll$ d[n at once1 ! lawn is r\gh all summ]4 ,roll]s 7 orig9ally made by ! f>m] f logs ( wood4 ,^! 7 ab&on$ = ! m exp5sive iron roll]s1 pur*as$ 9 ! ne>e/ t[n4 ,to-day f>m]s are aga9 mak+ roll]s1 b are us+ concrete4 ,an iron roll] ) a cyl9d] f #b to #c feet 9 l5g? w co/ f #ae to #bj1 :]eas "o ( ! same size con/ruct$ ( concrete w co/ practically no?+4 ,obta9 a l5g? ( sew] pipe1 ( ! size ( roll] wi%$ =4 ,a tile f #ab to #bd in*es 9 diamet] w usually suit ! purpose4 ,set ?is tile on end1 small end d[n1 on a wood5 plat=m4 ,?r\gh a hole bor$ 9 ! plat=m ins]t a #a-;in* r\nd iron b>1 long en\gh to project beyond ! ends ( ! roll] a suffici5t di/ance to provide be>+s & atta*m5t = ! h&les4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to get ! b> exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ! tile be=e plac+ concrete1 & to keep x !re :ile ! concrete is be+ plac$4 ,make a wet mixture ( concrete 7#a3 #b3 #d71 & fill ! tile ) ?is mixture1 up to ! 8bell0 ( ! tile4 ,all[ ! concrete to set = t5 days1 :5 ! roll] may be plac$ on side1 & ! bell ( pipe *ipp$ (f ) a cold *isel & hamm]4 ,atta* a =k$ h&le1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,z ! axle is a firmly-fix$ "p ( ! roll]1 ! =k ends ( ! h&le mu/ be provid$ ) holes1 )9 :i* ! axle c turn4 ,a roll] #ah in*es 9 diamet] & #b feet long w weigh ab\t #fjj p\nds4 ,if a light] roll] is desir$1 use a small] siz$ sew] pipe2 or place sev]al small pipes inside ! l>ge "o1 deposit+ ! concrete ar\nd !m on ! outside4 ,!y w =m holl[ spaces inside ! roll] & less5 its weight4 ,by increas+ ! size pipe1 or by us+ a /eel mold & atta*+ a pair ( %afts or a tongue in/ead ( a h&le1 horse roll]s = cru%+ ! clods 9 ! pl\gh$ fields may be made4 ,illu/ration ,hay ,caps & ,t>paul9 ,weights ,) ! usual %ortage ( labor 9 ! h>ve/ season & ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( %[]s1 to secure sweet1 unmold$ hay x has become necess>y to cov] ! hay cocks ) a canvas or musl9 cov]4 ,! be/ weights to hold d[n ! cov]s are made ( concrete4 ,mix ! concrete #a "p ,portl& cem5t to #b p>ts s&1 mold !m l d\ghnuts or z cakes ) a galvaniz$ wire loop1 & set !m aside 9 a damp place = #g days be=e us+4 ,tra% ,burn] or ,g>bage ,receiv] ,illu/ration ,tra% & leaves mu/ be burn$ )\t dang] to ! surr\nd+ prop]ty4 ,a concrete burn] af=ds ! only safe & inexp5sive means4 ,dig out ! dirt to ! dep? ( #f in*es4 ,= =ms *oose two b>rels1 "o ( :i* w set )9 ! o!r ) a cle>ance on all sides ( #f in*es4 ,adju/ ! height by cutt+ (f _! butts4 ,make an op5+ ?r\gh :i* a metal a% box c be ins]t$ or ov] :i* an iron door c be hung4 ,fill ! f\ndation hole & ! =ms ) #a3 #b3 #d concrete4 ,remove ! outside =m aft] two weeks4 ,! fire w lat] take c>e ( ! inn] =m4 ,aft] ?ree weeks ! burn] may be us$4 ,illu/ration ,concrete ,po/s ,:5 a man buys a f>m1 he exam9es fir/ ! condition ( its g5]al improvem5ts4 ,if ! f5ces are 8all run d[n10 he mu/ take into consid]ation ! co/ ( repair+ or replac+ !m--a matt] ( no small importance & exp5se 9 ^! days ( high pric$ labor & lumb]4 ,! *eape/ f5ce is n always ! "o l[e/ 9 fir/ co/4 ,intellig5t pur*ase ( f5c+ mat]ials means buy+ ^? :i* la/ longe/ ) lea/ repairs4 ,a railroad probably has m f5c+ along its "r ( way ?an any s+le prop]ty own]1 & to avoid damage suits1 ! f5ces mu/ at all times be 9 p]fect repair4 ,z fa/ z _! wood5 f5ces rot out & burn d[n1 !y are replac+ !m ) concrete4 ,n only has ! la/+ quality ( concrete recomm5d$ itself1 b ! ev] increas+ %ortage ( ! lumb] supply has made ! pur*ase ( good wood5 po/s impossible1 & ! co/ ( poor po/s high4 ,concrete po/s 9 fir/ co/ are seldom m exp5sive ?an wood5 po/s4 ,! life ( a wood5 po/ is f #c to #e ye>s1 :ile concrete po/s la/ =ev]4 ,wea!r & fire d n injure !m4 ,ev5 =e/ fires _c h>m a l9e ( concrete po/s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 recogniz+ ! importance ( ?is subject1 has issu$ ,f>m ,bullet9 ,no4 #djc1 entitl$ ,concrete ,f5ce ,po/s4 ,?is bullet9 c be obta9$ free ^u application to ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 or to y\r ,congressman4 ,hit*+ po/s1 made 9 a slightly l>g] box =m1 ) a bolt & r+ ins]t$ 9 ! concrete be=e x has h>d5$1 add neatness to ! h\se surr\nd+s4 ,gate po/s ( concrete1 no?+ m ?an heavy f5ce po/s made long en\gh to take ! highe/ f5ce1 prev5t sagg+ gates1 s h>d to op54 ,a concrete clo!s po/ is ready = ! clo!s l9e & ! wa% e ,monday morn+4 ,! weight ( ! wet clo!s does n break !m d[n or cause !m to sag4 ,clo!s nev] h to be rewa%$ due to dragg+ 9 ! dirt4 ,illu/ration ,corn] ,/ones & ,survey ,monum5ts ,illu/ration ,to prop]ty own]s1 z well z eng9e]s1 survey monum5ts :i* la/ =ev] & c be easily di/+ui%$ f surr\nd+ rocks1 are ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,exp5sive re-surveys & legal fights c be avoid$ by mak+ su* monum5ts easily di/+ui%able1 p]man5t1 & 9 su* a way z to avoid confusion ) o!r m>ks4 ,! use ( concrete = ?is purpose fills all ! requirem5ts bett] ?an any o!r mat]ial4 ,get f ! prop] public (ficial 7usually ! c\nty eng9e] or surveyor7 ! exact location ( corn] /ones4 ,drive f\r /akes 9 ! gr\nd s t /r+s /ret*$ betwe5 e o!r /ake w cross ea* o!r directly ov] ! orig9al monum5t4 ,remove ! old monum5t1 &1 ) a po/ aug]1 bore a hole deep en\gh to rea* bel[ ! fro/ l9e 7at lea/ #c feet deep71 :]e ! old monum5t /ood4 ,fill ! hole ) concrete mix$ #a3 #b3 #d1 r\nd+ ! top ) ! h&s s x w ext5d #c or #d in*es above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,:ile plac+ ! la/ foot ( concrete1 imb$ a h>r[ too?1 iron bolt1 or gas pipe1 ) its top j %[+ above ! f9i%$ concrete at a po9t directly "u :]e ! /r+s cross4 ,protect ! monum5t f damage by /ock = "o week1 by plac+ a box ov] x4 ,dra9 ,tile ,outlet ,walls ,9 develop+ ! l[l&s = f>m purposes--& su* l&s are n[ mo/ valuable--imm5se sums are be+ inve/$ 9 concrete dra9 tile4 ,:]e dra9 tile empty into an op5 dit*1 ! banks ( ! dit* ar\nd ! dra9 tile gradually wa% away1 & (t5 two & ?ree l5g?s ( tile become disjo9t$1 all[+ ! wat] f !m to fur!r cut away ! field l&4 ,^! expos$ tile are (t5 cru%$ by live/ock4 ,moreov]1 clay & %ale tile freeze1 crumble1 & mix$ ) ! e>? f ! bank frequ5tly close ! outlet4 ,muskrats1 skunks & m9k use ! tile z a ne/+ place1 & ! dra9 becomes /opp$ up & dr[ns out ! crops4 ,illu/ration ,all ( ?is tr\ble is prev5t$ by a small outlay ( "t & money 9 build+ a concrete reta9+ wall to keep ! end ( ! dra9 tile f wa%+ out & to protect x4 ,*oose ! dry season ( ! ye>1 imm$iately aft] ! lay+ or clean+ ( ! /r+ ( tile1 :5 little wat] is 9 ! dit*4 ,dig a tr5* #ab in*es wide along ! edge ( ! op5 dit* #b feet bel[ its bottom & "u ! end ( ! l9e ( tile4 ,?is tr5* %\ld ext5d along ! bank = f #d to #f feet1 ) w+s turn$ into ! bank at its ends1 suffici5tly long to prev5t wat] f gett+ 9 beh9d ! wall & wa%+ ! dirt out4 ,mix concrete #a3 #b3 #e--wet en\gh to tamp well4 ,fill ! tr5* ) concrete up to ! gr\nd level4 ,%\ld ! tr5* be full ( wat]1 place ?is "p ( ! concrete dry4 ,set box =ms1 made ( #a-;in* sid+ & #b by #d-;in* /udd+4 ,^! =ms mu/ be high en\gh to br+ ! wall up to ! level ( ! top ( ! dit* banks4 ,at ! prop] height to meet ! /r+ ( tile1 place a fir/-class dra9 tile 7at lea/ "o size l>g] ?an ! regul> /r+7 ?r\gh ! =ms s t ! front end w be flu% ) ! outside wall aft] concrete is plac$4 ,bore two small holes 9 ! =ms above ?is tile1 & place 9 !m well greas$ pegs ( wood4 ,aft] ! =ms are fill$ ) concrete1 ^! pegs are remov$1 ! holes receiv+ ! bolts hold+ a flap gate to keep animals out ( ! l9e ( tile4 ,fill ! =ms ) concrete1 & smoo? (f ! top ( wall ) a /eel tr[el4 ,remove ! =ms aft] "o week1 & fill 9 e>? beh9d ! wall to its top4 ,illu/ration ,spray+ ,tanks ,san ,jos scale & insects are ev]y:]e mak+ fruit gr[]s spray _! or*>ds4 ,to get rid ( ! cont9ual nuisance ( leaks & ! h&l+ ( w>m solutions1 or*>dm5 are build+ elevat$ concrete tanks & are heat+ ! spray+ solution ) /eam pipes on ! tank bottoms4 ,) su* a plant1 !re is no delay--& "t c\nts 9 ! spray+ season4 ,! tank %[n /&s on #aj by #ab-;in* columns1 #f feet cle> ( ! gr\nd4 ,x has two comp>tm5ts1 ea* #e by #e feet by #d feet deep hold+ #gej gallons4 ,! side walls are #d in*es ?ick4 ,b5ea? ! #d-;in* bottom1 on all sides1 are #h by #ab-;in* concrete beams4 ,locate ! tank conv5i5t to ! wat] supply4 ,dig ! column holes #ab in*es squ>e1 #c feet deep1 #aa feet out to out on ! long] side & #e feet on ! %ort]4 ,h all =ms ready be=e plac+ any concrete4 ,fill ! holes ) concrete & imb$ 9 ea* hole f\r -in* iron rods #aj feet long s t !y w come "r = ! columns & ext5d ?r\gh !m4 ,set up ! #aj by #ab-;in* by #f-;foot column =ms ) _! tops level ) ea* o!r4 ,jo9 !m toge!r ) ! solidly fram$ #h by #ab-;in* beam =ms4 ,keep+ ! rods #a in* f ! corn]s1 fill concrete 9 ! column =ms up to ! floor beams4 ,spread #a in* ( concrete ov] ! bottom ( ! beam =ms & lay 9 two -in* rods #a in*es f ea* side wall4 ,b5d ^! rods ar\nd ^? 9 ! columns4 ,)\t delay fill ! beam =ms4 ,erect ! =ms = ! tank prop] z = ,,wat]+ ,,tanks1 page #gd4 ,9 ! bottom ( ea* tank set a #a-;in* flange pipe c\pl+4 ,place #a in* ( concrete1 !n /rips ( heavy wov5 wire1 & ! rema9+ #c in*es ( concrete4 ,fill ! side walls &1 #a in* f ! outside1 imb$ simil> wire f5c+4 ,protect ! gre5 concrete accord+ to directions "u wat]+ tanks4 ,! mat]ials requir$ are3 scre5$ gravel or cru%$ rock1 #d cubic y>ds2 s&1 #b cubic y>ds2 & ,portl& cem5t1 #g b>rels4 ,illu/ration ,culv]ts are ,p]man5t ,:5 ,made ( ,concrete ,! secret ( good roads is good dra9age4 ,/&+ wat] soaks into ! road b$1 s(t5s ! road surface & causes ruts4 ,to keep well made roads 9 fir/-class condition1 get ! wat] to ! highway dra9 tile z fa/ z x falls4 ,?is c be accompli%$ only by means ( culv]ts4 ,! p]fect culv]t is "o :i* does n rot or ru/ out1 :i* does n cru% d[n & clog up ! op5+1 :i* la/s =ev]4 ,concrete is ! only mat]ial :i* fills ! bill4 ,! be/ "t to build a culv]t is 9 ! dry mon?s ( summ]4 ,!y c be %ap$ ei!r r\nd or squ>e & ( a size dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( wat] :i* mu/ be remov$ quickly4 ,usually op5+s #ab to #ah in*es are l>ge en\gh4 ,set ! culv]t z deep 9 ! road b$ z possible1 b d n place ! outlet end l[] ?an ! bottom ( ! dit* into :i* ! culv]t dra9s4 ,to keep ! culv]t well b5ea? ! road b$1 if necess>y1 make ! side dit* deep] at ! inlet end4 ,det]m9e ! grade l9e ( ! f9i%$ culv]t bottom4 ,only a little slope is ne$$4 ,dig ! tr5* #f in*es deep] ?an ! grade l9e & z wide & long z necess>y4 ,! wid? ( ! tr5* dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! culv]t to be built1 & its l5g? ^u ! wid? ( roadway "u :i* ! wat] is to be c>ri$4 ,! concrete walls are ea* #f in*es ?ick1 s ! wid? ( ! tr5* w be #a foot great] ?an ! cle> wid? ( ! culv]t4 ,fill ?is tr5* ) concrete mix$ #a3 #b3 #e1 &1 :ile x is /ill wet place 9 ! c5t] ( x a ,u-%ap$ box1 turn$ upside d[n1 ( #a-;in* bo>ds1 ! outside ( :i* is ! size ( ! culv]t desir$4 ,fill concrete into ! space betwe5 ! sides ( ! box & ! sides ( ! tr5* & tamp concrete ov] ! top to a dep? ( #h in*es4 ,road culv]ts %\ld n be less ?an #ah in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! roadway4 ,to prev5t ! mat]ial ( :i* ! road is made f wa%+ d[n into ! culv]t1 small w+ or reta9+ walls mu/ be built at ea* end4 ,to d ?is dig an #h-;in* tr5* #c feet deep1 at ea* end ( ! culv]t along ! end ( ! culv]t b>rel4 ,frame a =m1 ! wid? & height necess>y1 aga9/ ! end ( ! box or pipe4 ,make ano!r =m1 ( ! same size1 b ,u-%ap$1 ) ! op5+ j l>ge en\gh to fit ov] ! outside ( ! concrete culv]t b>rel4 ,set ?is =m #h in*es inside ! fir/4 ,plumb bo? =ms & brace !m securely4 ,nail bo>ds across ! ends ( ^! two =ms & fill !m ) concrete4 ,= "o week %ut (f ! traffic f pass+ ov] ! culv]t4 ,all[ ! =ms to rema9 9 place = two weeks4 ,replace ! road mat]ial ov] ! culv]t & keep ! ruts c>efully fill$ until ! fill has become solid4 ,s9ce !re are usually _m culv]ts to be built1 x is *eap] to use a collapsible =m1 adju/able to sev]al siz$ culv]ts4 ,illu/ration ,! box culv]t %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #ajh has an op5+ #ah in*es wide & #af in*es deep4 ,! l5g? is #bj feet4 ,! reta9+ walls are #h in*es ?ick1 #b feet high 7f ! b>rel op5+71 & d n ext5d beyond ! culv]t walls4 ,! bottom & ! side walls are #f in*es ?ick2 ! top1 #h in*es4 ,?ree m51 ) a highway commission] z sup]9t5d5t1 built ?is culv]t 9 two days4 ,mat]ials ,requir$ ,cru%$ rock or scre5$ gravel #c cubic y>ds at #a4aj #c4cj ,s& #a cubic y>ds at #a4jj #a4ej ,portl& cem5t #d b>rels at #b4ej #aj4jj ------ #ad4hj ,concrete bridges la/ =ev]4 ,) all ! bridges & culv]ts ( concrete1 tax (ficials w no long] ne$ to levy bridge taxes4 ,illu/ration ,septic ,tanks ,! prop] me?od = ! disposal ( h\se sewage is an important "q on ! f>m4 ,cess-pools1 simply pits dug 9 ! gr\nd1 are great disease spread]s4 ,! liquids f !m seep ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 c>ry g]ms f ! pool to ! well1 r5d] 8! be/ dr9k+-wat] 9 ! c\ntry0 unfit = use1 & (t5 cause ! spread ( disease4 ,! mod]n f>m] no long] puts up ) su* b>b>ic practice4 ,cess-pools h long be5 prohibit$ 9 cities1 :]e imm5se sums ( money are sp5t = ! prop] disposal ( sewage4 ,x is n possible to provide f>ms ) ^! exp5sive plants1 nor is x necess>y4 ,?r\gh ! use ( an inexp5sive septic tank all ( ! conv5i5ces ( ! toilet & ba? may be in/all$ 9 ! h\se & ! dang] f sewage remov$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,septic tanks are no?+ b long und]gr\nd1 wat]-tight ci/]ns ?r\gh :i* ! sewage passes v sl[ly & ev5ly4 ,locat$ und]gr\nd1 !y are w>m & d>k--ideal conditions = ! developm5t ( ! bact]ia1 little g]ms :i* eat up ! sewage & r5d] x h>mless 9 mu* ! same way z ano!r k9d causes cid] to f]m5t4 ,to prev5t ! bact]ia 7:i* live 9 ! fro?y sludge7 f be+ di/urb$ cross-walls1 call$ baffle bo>ds1 are plac$ to break up ! curr5t ( ! infl[+ sewage4 ,! purifi$ sewage1 m]ely cle> wat]1 may be dis*>g$ into ! f>m dra9 tile4 ,locate ! septic tank :]e x c be plac$ entirely ) ! side walls und]gr\nd & out ( dang] ( flood wat]s4 ,= a family ( #h to #aj1 plan a tank ) #h-;in* walls1 #e feet wide1 #e feet deep & #aj feet long--all dim5sions 9 ! cle>4 ,lay out ! tank & con/ruct x 9 exactly ! same mann] z ,,und]gr\nd ,,ci/]ns1 page #fh4 ,be=e fill+ ! =ms1 set 9 ! #f-;in* inlet & outlet dra9s at ! same height1 #b feet #f in*es bel[ ! gr\nd level4 ,to aid fur!r 9 break+ up ! curr5ts & keep+ out too mu* air1 use elb[ b5ds1 s t ! sewage 9 ! tank w cov] ! m\?s ( ! tile4 ,9 ! side =ms1 at a di/ance ( #b & #d feet f ! inlet wall1 set -in* bolts to :i* ! baffle bo>ds w lat] be atta*$4 ,^! bo>ds rea* entirely across ! tank1 project above ! sewage1 & ext5d to )9 #a foot ( ! bottom4 ,:ile build+ ! manhole cov]s1 = ! ne$$ v5tilation1 ins]t 9 !m f\r %ort l5g?s ( #a-;in* gas pipe4 ,remove ! =ms ! same z = und]gr\nd ci/]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,hydrant ,s9k ,illu/ration ,w9d[ ,hat*es ,w9d[ hat*es %\ld be protect$ by a flap cov]1 to close 9 times ( heavy ra9 or sn[4 ,illu/ration ,an ,outdoor ,swimm+ ,pool ,^! are built exactly z an und]gr\nd ci/]n4 ,a pool ne> home af=ds a safe 8swimm+ hole0 = ! *ildr54 ,h[ w y "k8 ,y are go+ to build--n[ or "s "t--& y want to build well & economically4 ,y w *oose betwe5 tempor>y & p]man5t con/ruction4 ,:y y %\ld build 9 concrete4 ,fir/1 because ( p]man5ce4 ,x is firepro(1 /rong1 & la/+--pro( aga9/ we>-&-te> & depreciation4 ,x la/s & la/s--aga9/ w9d1 wat]1 & fire4 ,second1 because ( cleanl9ess & sanitation4 ,?is means heal?y /ock & bett] products1 :i* sell at high] prices4 ,?ird1 because ( economy4 ,concrete is l[] 9 ultimate co/ because1 once built1 x requires no pa9t+ or up-keep1 no repairs1 no att5tion4 ,be+ pro( aga9/ fire1 concrete secures ! l[e/ insurance rates4 ,illu/ration 8,! ,/&>d by :i* all o!r makes are measur$40 ,:y y %\ld use ,,atlas4 ,fir/1 because ,atlas ,portl& ,cem5t is ! mo/-us$ cem5t--high 9 quality & always uni=m & reliable4 ,second1 because ,atlas ,portl& ,cem5t has demon/rat$ its wor?4 ,our own gov]nm5t select$ x = ! ,panama ,canal1 aft] c>eful inve/igation & te/s4 ,ne>ly sev5 million b>rels h be5 us$ s f> = ?is project4 ,sev]e gov]nm5t te/s h be5 made ( e hundr$ b>rels1 b n a s+le b>rel has be5 reject$4 ,illu/ration 8,! ,/&>d by :i* all o!r makes are measur$40 ,free help = y4 ,?is book w give mu* valuable in=mation ab\t concrete4 ,b naturally1 y\r p>ticul> ne$s may require fur!r in=mation4 ,let u furni% ?is in=mation y ne$4 ,tell u :at y want to build & :at y w\ld l to "k4 ,we w gladly give y all ! necess>y help4 ,s f>1 we h s5t in=mation to ov] two million f>m]s4 ,:y %\ldn't y avail y\rself ( ?is help1 :i* is (f]$ to y )\t any obligation8 ,:5ev] y buy cem5t1 look = ! ,atlas trade m>k z y\r guide--! black trade m>k ) yell[ lett]s4 ,! ,atlas ,portl& ,cem5t ,company ,new ,york ,*icago ,philadelphia ,bo/on ,/4 ,l\is ,m9neapolis ,des ,mo9es ,illu/ration 8,! ,/&>d by :i* all o!r makes are measur$40 ,w>n+ ,!re are _m br&s ( ,portl& cem5t1 & "s p are confus$1 & z a result accept any cem5t be>+ ! ^w 8,portl&40 ,! ^w 8,portl&0 signifies only ! k9d ( cem5t1 b does n designate ! br& & quality4 ,specify 8,,atlas0 ,portl& ,cem5t :5 y buy1 & y w get ! be/4 ,atlas ,portl& ,cem5t is always uni=m 9 /r5g?1 color & quality4 ,x is ! cem5t t has done mo/ to make concrete & its uses s satisfactory & well kn[n4 ,t is :y ,atlas is 8,! ,/&>d by :i* all o!r makes are measur$40 ,illu/ration 8,! ,/&>d by :i* all o!r makes are measur$40 ,ask ,y\r ,deal] = ,,atlas ,illu/ration 8,! ,/&>d by :i* all o!r makes are measur$0 8,! ,/&>d ,by ,:i* ,all ,o!r ,makes ,are ,measur$40 ,illu/ration ,,atlas us$ exclusively by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t on ! ,panama ,canal ,,atlas us$ exclusively on ! great ,keokuk ,dam across ! ,mississippi ,riv]