,illustration3 ,,kachina ,,dolls ,,kachina ,,dolls ,,by ,w4 ,,ben ,,hunt ,,milwaukee ,,public ,,museum ,,popular ,,science ,,handbook ,,series ,,no4 #g ,,september #aieg ,,published ,,by ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,board ,,of ,,trustees #aiec ,,milwaukee ,,public ,,museum ,,preface by ,,robert ,e4 ,,ritzenthaler ,curator of ,anthropology ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,on the sentinel-like mesas in the semi-desert land of northeastern ,arizona dwell some #c1ejj of one of our most colorful ,indian tribes of today1 the ,hopi4 ,living in their traditional adobe1 multi-storied 8apartment houses10 called 8,pueblos10 they practice many of their old ways and customs1 and remain one of the tribes least affected by the white man4 ,agriculturalists they were and agriculturalists they are1 filling the fields at the base of the mesas1 raising corn1 beans1 and squash1 but above all1 corn4 ,in this area where land is good1 but moisture is all-important1 the ,hopi have developed a religion much concerned with prayers and ceremonies to bring rain and good crops4 ,during the ,snake ,dance1 for example1 snakes are held in the mouths of the dancers and then released into the desert as messengers to the gods to inform them that the ,hopi need rain4 ,less widely known to the world than the ,snake ,dance1 but very important to the ,hopi as a spiritual means of petitioning for rain1 good weather1 bountiful crops1 and other blessings1 is the ,kachina cult4 ,the ,hopi believe that the ,kachinas are a band of supernatural beings who live in the nearby mountains and pay visits to the villages at intervals during the first half of each year4 ,at these times the men don the masks and costumes representing particular ,kachinas1 and perform dances and ceremonies in their honor4 ,by wearing these costumes the men not only physically impersonate the ,kachinas1 but also assume their spirits4 ,the dances and ceremonies take place both in the underground chambers1 called kivas1 where only men are allowed1 and out on the village plazas where all may watch4 ,during the latter1 the dancers follow the leader in single file to the plaza where they line up facing east4 ,the leader1 at the center1 begins the singing to the rhythm of his rattle2 then the others join in1 and the dancing begins4 ,for the next song the dancers face north1 then west1 after which they distribute gifts1 usually a bow and arrow for a boy and a ,kachina doll for a girl4 ,they then retire to a secluded area to unmask1 relax1 and prepare for the next set of songs and dances4 ,in some of the dances #cj or #dj men will be dressed alike2 in others a variety of ,kachinas participate4 ,besides the serious dances there are humorous ones put on by clowns1 or 8mudheads0 as they are popularly called4 ,the mudheads are distinguished by their distinctive1 mud-colored masks and provoke much laughter with their impromptu pranks and burlesquing of both ,indian and white man1 and even of the ,kachina dances4 ,while the term 8,kachina0 refers to the mythological beings1 and to the masked dancers who impersonate them1 it is also used to refer to the dolls1 which are miniature but accurate reproductions of them4 ,kachina dolls are made by the men to be given to the girls during the ,kachina ceremonies4 ,children eagerly await the ,giver ,kachina1 the counterpart of our ,santa ,claus1 who wears a blue mask and carries a bundle of gifts on his back4 ,his arrival is announced by a herald stationed on a roof top4 ,he passes among the crowd distributing gifts to the children1 such as candy1 bows and arrows1 and the especially desired ,kachina dolls4 ,each girl receives at least one1 and some may receive as many as a half dozen4 ,they are played with as dolls1 often being carried about in miniature cradles4 ,they also1 however1 serve a useful purpose in acquainting the ,hopi children with the names1 kinds1 details of costumes1 and religious lore of the ,kachinas4 ,in a very real sense1 then1 they are the educational toys of the ,hopi4 ,the dolls are never worshipped and are not to be considered idols1 but rather serve as constant reminders of the ,kachinas1 especially during the summer and fall when the ,kachinas have returned to their mountain home4 ,they are handled and carried about the village by the girls1 but for the most part they will be seen hanging from the walls or rafters of the pueblo rooms4 ,the dolls described in this booklet are but a few of the many types4 ,not even the ,hopi can tell you how many different ,kachinas there are1 but their number has been estimated at #bej4 ,only about #bjj are in current use1 and these change with the years as new ones are added1 and others disappear from usage4 ,,introduction ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,our ,southwest is a veritable treasure chest of interesting things made by clever ,indian craftsmen4 ,here and there1 at ,indian trading posts or ,indian roadside stands along the way1 among the rugs1 sashes1 pottery1 and silver and turquoise jewelry1 you will find ,kachina dolls4 ,not too many4 ,up until a few years ago they were quite scarce in the trading posts1 but could be bought at the various ,hopi pueblos1 where the best ones are made4 ,while they were originally made for their little girls1 as stated in the preface1 they produced even more of them when it was discovered that tourists prized them4 ,and like everything else1 someone saw a chance to earn a dollar and started to manufacture them4 ,some years ago the ,japanese even went so far as to make them of papier-mache4 ,many of them are machined and given a quick coat of paint4 ,but you can still buy good ,kachina dolls both on the mesas and at trading posts4 ,all in all the ,hopi-made dolls are good1 and usually when you find one a bit worn1 with a cord around its neck1 you can figure that at one time it adorned a pueblo wall4 ,the ,hopi ,kachina makers take great pride in their work4 ,their dolls are made out of cottonwood roots1 which gives them that sort of rough texture that is pleasing to the eye4 ,some of the very old dolls have cloth and buckskin clothing to make them more realistic1 but for the most part they are made entirely of wood with the exception of feathers and fluffs1 as shown in the following pages4 ,as mentioned before1 there are about #bej different ,kachinas1 but the ,hopi do not make that many different dolls4 ,there are certain ,kachinas that lend themselves better to carved dolls1 and it is with these that we will deal4 ,years ago1 when starting out boys and girls in whittling1 ,i made it a practice to give them ,kachina dolls to whittle1 for various reasons4 ,it acquainted them with the feel of wood and the meaning of grain4 ,it taught them how to sharpen a knife1 and how to use it4 ,and best of all1 they whittled figures without having to worry about human faces1 which are the bugaboo of all whittling novices1 and a lot of others1 too4 ,this booklet will mainly show how ,kachina dolls are whittled and painted1 and to what use they can be put4 ,this is not an ethnological thesis1 but is written for the craft-minded who like to whittle1 and who like ,kachina dolls4 ,i do not imagine that anyone will make all of the objects listed and described1 but there may be one or more of them that you will enjoy making4 ,the first thing you will need is a piece of wood4 ,since it would be rather difficult to obtain cottonwood roots1 our next best bet is a piece of straight-grained soft wood4 ,i have used sections of green1 knot-free basswood1 willow1 and poplar saplings or branches with good results4 ,a piece of wood about #a inches in diameter is of a proper size to start out with4 ,the green wood whittles easily and1 due to the short lengths and deep cuts1 it is not likely to check4 ,and of course it is already round4 ,also1 white pine1 sugar pine1 and basswood can usually be bought at a lumber yard or millwork shop4 ,it should be cut in rectangular sections and then rounded4 ,then1 of course1 you will need a knife that holds an edge4 ,a good quality of pocket knife is best1 and all the whittling ,i have ever done has been with a small blade1 from #a to #a inches long4 ,as the knife comes from the store it is not sharp enough for whittling4 ,so get a small abrasive stone1 and a piece of leather to strop it on1 and sharpen it until you cannot see the edge2 as long as you can see a 8white0 line or spot on the edge1 your knife is not sharp4 ,thereafter1 keep it sharp at all times4 ,you will also need sandpaper to sand down the knife cuts in the wood4 ,now for the part that worries most beginners3 painting the dolls4 ,if you have a fairly steady hand1 and use a good brush1 this should not be too much of a problem4 ,i have often said that it a person can pare a potato without wasting it1 and can write fairly well1 he or she can make a ,kachina doll4 ,we use water colors for painting4 ,that is what the ,hopi use1 and water colors are not so messy4 ,while any good brand of water colors will do the trick1 you will have the best success with poster or show-card colors4 ,they are opaque and cover better than transparent water colors4 ,although many of the old ,kachina makers use brushes made out of yucca leaf stems1 chewed and trimmed to the sizes required1 you can pick up a couple or three small brushes that will do a better job4 ,sable-hair brushes are best1 but also more expensive4 ,painting the dolls is not as difficult as one may think4 ,remember--you don't have to paint faces1 and the masks are all more or less abstract or symbolic in design4 ,and furthermore you don't have to do any shading or blending4 ,it is all flat work4 ,there are two methods of painting4 ,most of the old-time ,kachina makers give the entire doll a coat of white paint first1 and the rest is painted over that4 ,but usually1 with good poster colors to work with1 it is easier to lay out and paint each color directly on the bare wood4 ,the colors dry rather rapidly and1 if used rather thick 7not too much water71 they will not be apt to run or bleed where colors overlap4 ,so don't let the painting stop you4 ,i have seen cub scouts make some very nice looking dolls4 ,the ,indian does nothing to preserve the painted surface and the water colors are apt to smudge and wear off4 ,on the other hand1 a glossy surface on a doll looks awful1 and is not in character4 ,so we suggest that you use a light spray coat or two of ,krylon1 or ,spray-fix1 or any other crystal-clear spray1 such as come in bomb cans4 ,krylon is a crystal-clear plastic spray1 and ,spray-fix is a fixative 7in a bomb can7 such as is used by artists to prevent smudging of pencil1 charcoal1 or pastel drawings4 ,but whatever you use to preserve the water color1 it should be 8water white0 and should not be sprayed on to impart a shiny surface1 except where stated otherwise in the following pages4 ,naturally1 questions arise as to where one can get ideas for more difficult kinds of ,kachina dolls1 or ,kachina costumes4 ,here are a couple of good books which contain such information3 ,hopi ,kachinas1 by ,edward ,kemrard2 ,ceremonial ,costumes of the ,pueblo ,indians1 by ,virginia ,roediger4 ,moreover1 ,kachina dolls are shown from time to time in ,arizona ,highways ,magazine and there are many crayon drawings of ,kachinas1 made by a ,hopi ,indian1 in the #ahii-aijj ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology4 ,illustration3 ,,palah',,iko ,,mana ,illustration3 ,,hemis ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,illustration3 ,,pak ,,iokwick ,illustration3 ,,mudhead ,,hopi ,,kachina ,,dolls ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,the dolls shown above were carefully drawn from old specimens in the collection in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum4 ,each one has a cord around the neck with a loop at the back for hanging on a wall4 ,all the bodies were made from cottonwood roots4 ,the tablets are of other woods whittled thin4 ,it is said that the ,kachina doll makers1 and also the makers of the actual ,kachina masks1 pay the most attention as a rule to the masks4 ,while the rest of the costumes may vary1 the masks usually hold true to ancient traditional forms and designs4 ,these dolls will also acquaint the beginner with the different methods of whittling1 particularly the moccasins and arms4 ,colors also vary1 depending on what colors are on hand4 ,today many of the dolls are painted with poster colors because they are easier to obtain than formerly4 ,most of these old dolls are slightly wider than they are thick1 or shall we say1 slightly flattened from front to back4 ,the ,hemis ,kachina is shown here with a green background on the tablet1 whereas recent books show it to be blue3 otherwise1 the traditional characteristics are preserved4 ,indians often confuse these two colors4 ,illustration3 ,,keme ,illustration3 ,,crow ,illustration3 ,,hot',e ,,hopi ,,kachina ,,dolls ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,the ,keme doll shown is an old one brought to me by a trader4 ,it was in rather poor condition4 ,the paint was smeared and rubbed off in places4 ,by carefully matching the original colors1 ,i went over the entire doll4 ,note the feet4 ,they are different from those of any of the five on the preceding page4 ,the ,crow ,kachina is one that ,i selected for a lamp base4 ,in the actual costume there are real crow wings attached to the mask1 but these dolls are also made with wings of wood in several different styles4 ,the ,hot'e ,kachina is often used for doll designs1 and here1 too1 some dolls have small feathers attached to the mask1 while others have wooden symbolic feathers4 ,some ,hot dolls have a miniature concha belt made of tin and a thin strip of black leather4 ,the bow and rattle1 of course1 are slipped respectively into a notch and a hole in the hands4 ,,styles ,illustration3 ,saw out slot for legs ,illustration3 ,this is the simplest way of whittling ,kachina dolls from a round piece of wood4 ,mark as shown at left and cut out piece between the feet and legs4 ,illustration3 ,slot for legs4 ,dotted lines show how block is marked with pencil4 ,illustration3 ,ears and nose are set into mortices4 ,this is an old ,indian method of whittling dolls4 ,note that the upper body is quite flat1 and that the head and skirt are oval in cross-section4 ,,styles ,illustration3 ,for the most part1 ,indians tend to make their doll bodies flat1 especially figures ten inches or more in height4 ,about the only sawing that is done is in cutting the space between the legs4 ,for the beginner we have shown two types1 the round and the flat4 ,the different sections are marked as shown by dotted lines1 and from there on in it is just a case of whittling4 ,arms1 as shown in the lower doll1 are whittled out1 but occasionally they are whittled separately and tacked and glued on4 ,all other appendages1 such as nose1 mouth1 eyes1 ears1 and tablets are set into mortices cut to fit1 and glued4 ,while plastic cements dry quickly1 it is better to use a glue that water color will adhere to4 ,regular hide glue or ,elmer's glue are fine4 ,you will note that there are a great many ways of whittling feet4 ,that seems to be a matter of choice4 ,figures should be sandpapered1 preferably with medium-grit sandpaper4 ,the finish can be made to look very much like the rough texture of cottonwood root4 ,,eagle ,,kachina ,,dolls ,most colors can be gotten from the cover4 ,illustration3 ,ruff of painted feathers4 ,illustration3 ,the tail is merely black-tipped eagle feathers like the wings4 ,illustration3 ,use a quick-drying glue rather than cement to fasten parts together4 ,illustration3 ,the fox skin can be painted a reddish-buff4 ,sash is made separate and glued on4 ,,eagle ,,kachina ,,doll ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,dolls of this type are not found in many of the western trading posts1 and where you do find one it will have quite a price tacked to it4 ,to make this one1 which is about eight inches high1 you'll need for the body a soft wood block about #b by #c by #h inches in dimensions4 ,by enlarging with squares1 the sizes of the various parts can be ascertained4 ,the wings should be of thin wood1 preferably _/ inch thick4 ,if a quick-drying glue is used1 such as ,elmer's ,glue-all1 no brads are required4 ,i like to use glue rather than cement1 because water color paints will stick to places where glue appears1 but will not stick to cement4 ,these dolls are sometimes glued to a base of some sort1 and so make beautiful lamp bases4 ,however1 when used for that purpose1 the doll is not drilled for wiring4 ,instead a piece of -inch brass tubing is used1 bent as shown in the small sketch in the lower left-hand corner4 ,of course1 a suitable shade should be made1 one with a ,pueblo ,indian design4 ,,costume ,,jewelry ,illustration3 ,,ear ,,ornaments ,illustration3 ,,lapel ,,pin half round ,safety-pin set in plastic wood ,illustration3 ,,tie ,,clasp half round ,set in plastic wood ,illustration3 ,,zipper ,,pull half round ,illustration3 ,,necklace ,dolls for necklace are made round4 ,use wood or glass pony beads4 ,,costume ,,jewelry ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,if you want to please a lady or a girl1 make her some of these4 ,they are colorful1 to say the least1 and decorative4 ,the ear ornaments and the necklace are made of birch dowel rod1 which is easy to whittle in miniature4 ,plastic screw clamps can be bought at almost any notion counter1 and they are simply cemented onto the backs of the dolls4 ,do not make them more than #a inch high4 ,the necklaces1 also rather unique1 should be strung with wooden beads if possible to reduce the weight4 ,for these pieces1 several coats of clear nail polish are used1 or clear lacquer4 ,unlike the larger figures1 they should have a good glossy finish4 ,owing to the smallness of some of these figures1 it is best to whittle each on the end of a longer piece of dowel rod1 and then cut it off with a fine coping or jeweler's saw 7,see drawing above74 ,then cement on the clamp in order to have something to hold to while painting it4 ,,lamps ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,illustration3 ,all drilling should be done before starting to whittle4 ,the hole in the doll should be slightly smaller than the nipple4 ,to insert nipple soak the wood around the hole with shellac and screw the nipple in4 ,it will cut its own thread in the wood and the shellac will keep it from turning4 ,illustration3 ,wall bracket wire is concealed in groove4 ,illustration3 ,drill lead holes for screws4 ,use a little glue4 ,it is much simpler to insert the cord before fastening the doll to the base4 ,,lamps ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,i enjoy making lamps1 and have made many ,kachina doll lamps1 each different from the others--different dolls1 different bases1 and different shades4 ,the dolls should be made out of at least #b-;inch wood4 ,a #b-;inch size is better1 the over-all base and doll measuring about #i inches in length4 ,this is a good proportion4 ,in making bracket lamps1 the doll can be set right on the bracket1 as shown at lower left1 and the brackets can be painted to harmonize with the doll1 or stained or painted to match the woodwork of the house4 ,i have also made totem pole lamps on this same principle1 using ,northwest ,coast ,indian designs on base and shade4 ,in making the drum base shown here1 either of two methods may be used4 ,when ,i have a lot of time1 ,i lace rawhide over the block and paint it4 ,usually1 however1 ,i simply paint the circular base to resemble an ,indian tom-tom4 ,,lamp ,,shades ,paper lamp shades are rather easy to make after you know how to go about it4 ,of course a wire frame is required4 ,these can sometimes be bought1 but as a rule a frame can be taken from a discarded shade of the proper size4 ,only the top and bottom rings are required for the round shades4 ,illustration3 ,design taken from pottery4 ,use a round shade with a round base4 ,this is the conventional shape4 ,if you can not get a pattern from the former covering1 a new one can be easily laid out as follows3 ,illustration3 ,,procedure #a4 ,lay out and cut shade4 #b4 ,draw outline with waterproof drawing ink and color with transparent water color4 #c4 ,glue ends together 7be sure shade fits the ring74 #d4 ,punch and lace4 #e4 ,apply clear plastic spray4 ,remember3 ,diameter pi 7#c4adaf7 gives you the circumference4 ,allow inch for gluing4 ,illustration3 ,punch holes about inch from edge and lace with plastic or leather lace4 ,illustration3 ,frames for square shades should have wire uprights at corners4 ,a square shade is the proper thing to use on a lamp with a square base4 ,this is usually covered with four separate pieces laced together at the corners and the top and bottom4 ,,procedure #a4 ,cut four sides4 #b4 ,draw outlines in waterproof ink and color as above4 #c4 ,punch holes inch from edges4 #d4 ,holes on sides should match to make a neat lacing job4 #e4 ,lace all four side pieces to the top4 #f4 ,clamp lower edges and lace the corners4 #g4 ,lace bottom edge4 #h4 ,give entire shade several light coats of clear plastic spray4 ,use a -inch paper punch4 ,,lamp ,,shades ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,since shades1 in order to harmonize with ,kachina doll lamps1 cannot be bought in stores1 they will have to be made4 ,there are three types of shade that will look good3 the cylindrical shade2 the conventional round1 tapered shade2 and the square shade4 ,round shades should be selected for round bases1 and square shades for square bases4 ,use smooth three-ply drawing or bristol board1 and transparent water colors are better than poster colors4 ,shades can be parchmentized by applying a mixture of one part turpentine and two parts mineral oil4 ,apply the mixture to both sides with a wad of absorbent cotton1 and wipe off the surplus4 ,this is done after the shade is painted and glued together1 since glue will not adhere to any oiled surface4 ,i prefer to leave the paper white1 just giving it several light coats of clear plastic spray to prevent soiling4 ,designs for shades should be appropriate4 ,southwest ,pueblo designs fit in well1 such as thunder birds1 rain birds1 ,kachina masks1 etc4 ,your library will no doubt be able to furnish many ideas along these lines4 ,if you object to lacing shades to the wire frame1 you can use passe partout binding tape which is already gummed and only has to be moistened before applying4 ,,ceramic ,,ash ,,trays ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,,ceramic ,,ash ,,trays ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,this is one item that is becoming quite popular through the ,west and there seems to be no limit in what can be done along these lines4 ,you will probably get a lot of ideas when traveling1 but here are a couple that are slightly 8different40 ,the top tray can be made of ,mexican modeling clay or some other clay that does not require firing4 ,in that case the top and inside are not decorated1 and the outside decoration is put on with poster color and covered with several coats of plastic or clear lacquer to give it a kiln-dried ceramic appearance4 ,a cigarette box can also be made in the shape of a ,kachina mask as a companion piece to the tray4 ,while the lower tray has the conventional general shape1 it could also be made with vertical sides4 ,a few years ago it was rather difficult to obtain a good turquoise blue1 but it is now on the market4 ,,tobacco ,,canister ,illustration3 ,a one-pound coffee can is just right4 ,for better painting1 scrape off all printed matter and wipe from can before starting other work4 ,can be painted with enamels1 colored lacquer1 or dope1 but do not try to use both on one job4 ,they do not mix4 ,illustration3 ,fasten together with glue and one screw4 ,the grooves in the cover and the base can be cut on a lathe1 using a face plate4 ,fasten the cover to plywood with tacks4 ,put some thick shellac in the groove4 8,nose0 and 8ears0 should fit snug to can4 ,punch holes in tin and put a coat of thick shellac on the wood when nailing ears to can4 ,fasten base by pulling shellac in groove and fasten with small brads4 ,use a nail set and drive brads into base4 ,,tobacco ,,canister ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,this canister speaks for itself4 ,there is this much to be said for it3 the lady of the house isn't so apt to hide it when she is preparing for guests4 ,as with any ,kachina project1 there is practically no limit to what can be done in regard to design4 ,you can take your pick of masks1 and can select the appendages that you like best4 ,coffee cans have just about the proper shape and proportions for these canisters1 and the covers fit tightly4 ,be sure to smooth down the edges of the can1 using fine emery or other abrasive cloth4 ,the inside of the can should be given a coat of clear lacquer to prevent rust from forming1 since many brands of tobacco are slightly damp4 ,,neckerchief ,,slides ,illustration3 ,mask slides are easily made4 ,bore a -inch hole for the neckerchief first and the proceed as with any other mask4 ,illustration3 ,for a full figure slide1 use only a half round piece of wood1 and glue a loop of leather to the back of it4 ,illustration3 ,,aluminum ,this aluminum slide can be made without welding4 ,the snout is riveted in before bending the mask4 ,illustration3 ,,silver ,beautiful slides can be made of sterling silver1 and since it is easily soldered1 more can be added than with other materials4 ,the eyes are inset with turquoise forced into the bezel and then ground off flush4 ,illustration3 ,when the tablette is forced down over the mask it holds everything securely4 ,,neckerchief ,,slides ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,slides are always in demand in scouting1 and we show here four different methods of making them4 ,those made of wood are very colorful4 ,in making the full figure1 only the vertical1 front half of the form is used1 and a ring of any material may be attached to the back4 ,metal slides require a little more work4 ,aluminum is a good metal for youngsters4 ,this requires no welding1 but the tablet is fastened to the mask with a tight drive fit4 ,silver1 of course1 is for the finished craftsman1 and anyone familiar with silver soldering methods can easily produce one like that shown at the bottom of the page4 ,if turquoise is used1 so much the better4 ,these metal slides are eye-catchers1 since they are not to be found in stores4 ,illustration3 ,,ceiling ,,light ,,fixtures ,illustration3 ,,book ,,ends ,it is necessary to add a metal base such as this on light-weight bookends4 ,be sure there are no sharp edges on it that might scratch the furniture4 ,,ceiling ,,light ,,fixture ,probably your thought on this fixture will be1 8,you can't put that in a living room40 ,not in any or every living room1 but ,i know a beautiful large living room where a similar one is hung and it certainly sets off the ,navaho rugs and ,indian baskets and pottery in that room4 ,this fixture would be ideal in a den or recreation room4 ,a cluster of four light bulbs should light it1 or a socket can be set on each of the four sides4 ,frosted1 or better still1 an opal glass should be used4 ,the side pieces are taken from the woven designs on ,hopi women's dresses1 predominantly black4 ,,book ,,ends ,these can also be made without the back or upright2 that is1 the doll would be set flush with the back edge of the base4 ,but the metal base must be added unless the wooden base is well weighted with lead4 ,i have made them that way1 but prefer the thin metal piece instead4 ,twenty-gauge brass works out nicely4 ,to fasten it1 use small flat-head screws1 countersunk1 and give the metal a coat of thin shellac where it fits into the wood4 ,wood and metal must be flush along the bottom4 ,illustration3 ,,kachina ,,doll ,,posts ,,kachina ,,doll ,,posts ,illustration3 uncaptioned ,these attractive gate posts are rather easy to make4 ,i used sections of old electric-line or telephone poles4 ,they are of cedar and will withstand the weather4 ,after cleaning the surface of the post with a drawknife1 it is worked with a small hand ax1 chisel1 and mallet4 ,note the #b-;foot or #c-;foot projection left on the bottom to set it4 ,paint with ordinary house paint and1 if you wish1 finish with a coat of clear varnish to protect the paint4 ,i used water colors and finished with two coats of clear spar varnish4 ,but house paints are easier to obtain4 ,the hearth posts may be flattened somewhat at the back to fit tightly against the fireplace4 ,telephone poles make the best material as they are well seasoned4 ,the mantel shelf should be at least #b inches thick4 ,three inches would be better1 and could be effected by gluing a #c-;inch piece of -inch lumber around the front and two ends to give it the appearance of a solid #c-;inch plank4 ,,bibliography ,arizona ,highways ,magazine4 ,various issues4 ,cody1 ,bertha ,p4 #aici4 ,kachina ,dolls4 ,the ,masterkey1 ,vol4 #ac4 ,los ,angeles4 ,colton1 ,harold ,s4 #aidi4 ,hopi ,kachina ,dolls4 ,univ4 of ,new ,mexico ,press4 ,albuquerque4 ,dockstader1 ,frederick ,j4 #aied4 ,the ,kachina and the ,white ,man4 ,cranbrook ,bulletin #ce4 ,bloomfield ,hills1 ,mich4 ,earl1 ,edwin4 #aich4 ,hopi ,kachina4 ,waverly ,press4 ,baltimore4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w4 #aijc4 ,hopi ,kachina4 ,bur4 of ,amer4 ,ethnology1 ,ann4 ,rept4 #ba4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mera1 ,h4 ,p4 #aicg4 ,rainbird4 ,lab4 of ,anthropology ,memoir1 ,vol4 #b4 ,santa ,fe4 ,roediger1 ,virginia4 #aida4 ,ceremonial ,costumes of the ,pueblo ,indians4 ,univ4 of ,calif4 ,press4 ,berkeley4 ,underhill1 ,ruth4 #aidd4 ,pueblo ,crafts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,indian ,service1 ,phoenix ,indian ,school4 ,phoenix1 ,ariz4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,adjusted some references to images to fit a reflowable e,book changes are included in brackets4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4