the art and the romance of indian basketry clark field clark field collection philbrook art center tulsa #aifd ,published by ,philbrook ,art ,center ,tulsa1 ,oklahoma #aifd ,,foreword ,the autobiographical information about ,mr4 ,clark ,field1 which appears at the end of this brochure1 briefly tells the inspiring story of well over four decades of dedication to--and sincere belief in--the ,american ,indian as a creative artist4 ,the results of these many years of collecting ,indian baskets 7and pottery7 are on permanent display at ,philbrook ,art ,center1 in the ,clark ,field ,collection2 in addition1 many other specimens are in storage and available to the scholar in the study collection4 ,this brochure is not intended as a catalogue of all of the baskets in the ,clark ,field ,collection1 which includes more than a thousand specimens4 ,rather1 it serves as an introduction to ,indian basketry and tells the story of how baskets were made and used4 ,about #ij of the more important baskets are illustrated1 including the most famous ,american ,indian basket1 woven by ,dotsolalee reproduced in color on the cover4 ,mr4 ,field has combined his enthusiasm for the art of ,indian basketry with a high degree of scientific scholarship4 ,he has kept careful records1 which will become increasingly valuable as old specimens become even more rare and this ,indian skill gradually dies out in this modern world4 ,his daughter1 ,dorothy ,field ,maxwell1 has assisted ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,field in their collection and with the preparation of this brochure4 ,mrs4 ,jeanne ,snodgrass1 ,curator of ,indian ,art at ,philbrook1 has also assisted with the brochure in an editorial capacity4 ,mr4 ,field has performed an invaluable service to humanity in his long dedication to the preservation of this most important facet of the original ,americans1 and ,philbrook ,art ,center will be1 for countless generations1 a mecca for those who wish to enjoy this fascinating utilitarian1 yet esthetically meaningful art form4 ,donald ,g4 ,humphrey ,director ,philbrook ,art ,center ,clark ,field ,,basketry ,the need for food containers in early human communities led to the 8invention0 of basketry4 ,the first baskets may have been made of animal skin or twigs2 but soon evolved into the use of more suitable materials such as vegetable fibres4 ,because of the organic materials used in making baskets1 most of the earliest examples have been lost through decay4 ,a few examples have been preserved but only in areas of extremely dry climate1 such as in ,egypt1 in ,chile and ,peru in ,south ,america1 and in the southwestern ,united ,states4 ,radiocarbon tests of woven artifacts establish the existence and the use of baskets in ,nevada1 ,utah and ,oregon as early as #ijjj to #gjj ,b4,c41 and that ,egyptians of the pre-dynastic period 7c4 #ejjj ,b4,c47 used baskets4 ,early literary sources1 such as the ,bible1 mention baskets and other woven articles such as the 8ark of bulrushes0 in which the infant ,moses was hidden 7,exod4 #b3 #c1 #ec72 baskets were used to bring the tithes to the temple1 and ,matthew talked of 8twelve baskets full40 7,matt4 #ad3 #bj47 ,in the study of ,american ,indian baskets there are three major factors to be considered3 the first is the tribe which produced the basket2 the second is the language1 since inter-marriage among tribes produced varying cultures2 the third factor is the weave of the basket itself4 ,for example1 the five major weaves used by ,american ,indians are3 ,coil1 ,twine1 ,twill1 ,wicker and ,imbricated4 ,to the novice there is the obvious difference in shape1 color and texture of a collection of ,indian baskets viewed in a museum4 ,to the collector there is the hint of the whole pattern of life of the ,indians who produced the basket4 ,the materials used in any particular basket reflect the locale of the tribe which produced it1 for the ,indian used materials that were at hand4 ,in the case of the ,cherokees1 a native variety of red honey suckle produced runners that were used by that tribe in ,virginia in a wicker-type weave4 ,in ,north ,carolina1 the same tribe utilized the ,japanese honeysuckle1 while in ,oklahoma the tribe used buckbrush runners4 ,in ,arizona1 the ,pimas wove split willow twigs and the black ,martyna or 8,devil's ,claw0 of their desert lands4 ,it is the ,indian woman1 not the man1 who makes baskets 7except for few instances1 i4e41 the ,papago carrying basket74 ,they are made either for utilitarian use or for ceremonial use4 ,basket designs are not taught to the craftsman nor are they copied from a pattern book4 ,they are created by the individual weaver who is an artist of great ability4 ,the artist-craftsman must first develop a manner of weaving that will form a shape adequate for the basket's final use4 ,she must then find suitable materials in her area for this weaving project4 ,this step completed1 she mentally creates a decorative design and invents a method of weaving it into the basket4 ,it is known that all ,north ,american ,indian tribes1 at some time in their history1 made and used baskets4 ,however1 the finest and most decorative baskets were made about the middle of the #aith century1 in the ,northwest1 down the ,pacific ,coast states and into the ,southwest through ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 ,in #aice there were more than five hundred ,pima ,indians making baskets for their own use4 ,now there are less than six good weavers on that reservation4 ,today ,papago ,indians make some baskets for tourist trade1 but not nearly as many as they made a few years ago4 ,the ,hopi ,indians bring a few baskets to market places1 but there are fewer and fewer each year4 ,for example3 at the #aifd ,inter-,tribal ,indian ,ceremonials1 ,gallup1 ,new ,mexico1 there were forty classifications in the basketry competition--baskets were submitted to only twenty-seven classifications4 ,there are some basket weavers among other tribes but for the most part1 few tribes today may be called 8basket makers40 ,the influence of other culture groups upon the craft of basket weaving is so great that each year fewer baskets are produced by the regular weavers4 ,the ,indian women have learned that they can secure mass produced articles as a substitute for baskets4 ,only two percent of the types of baskets included in this collection are now being made4 ,it is quite probable that by the year #bjjj there will be ,,no ,indian baskets being woven4 ,,early ,,basketry ,ozark ,mountains of ,arkansas ,very few people are aware that baskets were made by the ,ozark 8,bluff ,dwellers40 ,a special exhibit in the ,university of ,arkansas ,museum1 ,fayetteville1 contains a small basket filled with grasshoppers4 ,the ,university ,museum points out that as long ago as the year #a ,a4,d41 baskets were being made by ,indians in the ,ozark ,area4 ,this provides further evidence of the ,indian's early inhabitance of this country4 ,,baskets ,,which ,,are ,,no ,,longer ,,made--,,and ,,why ,case ,no4 #e3 ,these tightly woven baskets made by ,thlinkits of ,alaska1 were woven from spruce tree roots which were split by hand4 ,the baskets were used to hold boiling water for clam cooking4 ,the fibers swelled to such an extent that water could be retained in the basket for as long as five hours4 ,today this tribe purchases a kettle or bucket for their boiling needs4 7,see ,plate #i;c7 ,case ,no4 #g3 ,these large ,apache baskets used for storing grain1 were made about #ahgd4 ,it required as long as three months to produce this type of specimen and since #aiad very few have been made4 ,the twenty-five cent burlap sack has replaced it4 7,see ,plate #f;c7 ,case ,no4 #i3 ,this ,cochiti bird cage1 made of a yucca plant1 has been replaced by metal bird cages4 ,,ideas ,,copied ,,from ,,indian ,,baskets ,the ,anglo appropriated many ,indian basket ideas for his own use3 ,the ,penobscot colander was found in use as such among the people of this ,maine tribe and was made about #ahda4 ,it is quite possible that we took this as a pattern for our own metal colanders4 7,see ,plate #aj;a7 ,it is also quite possible that we copied the pattern of the ,catawba1 ,north ,carolina1 fish trap for our own minnow trap4 7,see ,plate #d;a7 ,,baskets ,,of ,,unique ,,designs ,,and ,,uses ,the average weaver does not use more than five or six figures in a design4 ,case ,no4 #c3 ,mission of ,california--a quail and flying duck design4 7,see ,plate #aa;b7 ,case ,no4 #c3 ,shoshone 7,panamint71 ,death ,valley ,california--,oriole design food bowl4 7,see ,plate #aa;c7 ,case ,no4 #i3 ,choctaw of ,oklahoma--,wall ,pocket4 7,see ,plate #af;c7 ,case ,no4 #i3 ,niantic of ,connecticut--clothes rinsing basket4 7,see ,plate #ai;d7 ,case ,no4 #aj3 ,chitimacha of ,louisiana--an alligator intestine design4 7,see ,plate #ae;c7 ,case ,no4 #aa3 ,shoshone 7,panamint71 ,death ,valley1 ,california--seventy figures in the design2 including the ,american ,eagle1 crow in a tree1 rocky mountain sheep1 and lizard tracks in the sand4 7,see ,plate #f;b7 ,case ,no4 #aa3 ,quinault of ,washington--,clam gathering basket4 7,see ,plate #ad;b7 ,case ,no4 #ab3 ,cahuilla of ,california--food platter rattlesnake design4 7,see ,plate #ab;a7 ,case ,no4 #ab3 ,chemehueve of ,arizona--a 8stink bug0 design4 7,see ,plate #ab;c7 ,case ,no4 #ab3 ,yavapai ,apache of ,arizona--a tarantula design4 7,see ,plate #ab;d7 ,case ,no4 #ac3 ,paiute of ,nevada--porridge bowl4 7,see ,plate #aj;b7 ,case ,no4 #ac3 ,hoopa of ,california--grinding tray and stone4 7,see ,plate #aj;d7 ,,the ,,vanishing ,,indian8 ,the vanishing ,indian8 ,he is not vanishing6 ,in #ahij1 the ,indian population in ,north ,america numbered about one quarter million and in #aifc1 records reveal there are over one million ,indians4 ,,symbolic ,,designs8 ,there is the mistaken idea that one tribe 8understands0 the designs of another tribe and that there is symbolism1 or meaning1 to every design4 ,actually1 most designs are purely decorative renderings and they have no more symbolism for the ,indian than a fabric design has for the general public4 ,the identification of a basket is made not through the interpretation of a 8mysterious meaning0 of the design but generally from the design motif itself4 ,for instance1 baskets made by tribes of southern ,california are distinguishable to the trained eye since they tend to be of a particularly heavy1 bold and angular style4 ,they seldom have mysterious meanings6 7,see ,plate #ab;b7 ,,basketry ,western ,apache--,arizona and ,new ,mexico ,case ,no4 #ac3 ,at one time it was not difficult to identify ,apache ,basketry by tribal name1 such as3 ,san ,carlos1 ,chiricahua1 ,tonto1 and ,yavapai4 ,today it is not possible to identify baskets as belonging to a particular ,apache tribe4 ,during the nineteenth century these southwest tribes waged continual warfare with the ,anglos and ,spaniards who had settled in the area4 ,attempts were made by the ,united ,states government to establish treaties4 ,however1 newly written treaties were broken before the ink dried6 ,about #ahhj1 the army rounded up all the ,apaches of ,arizona and ,new ,mexico and took them as prisoners to the ,san ,carlos ,reservation4 ,there they remained confined for several years4 ,during this period of confinement the basket weavers copied designs and weaving techniques from one another4 ,when the tribes were released and allowed to return to their respective reservations the 8new0 styles of basketry were continued4 ,as a result of this situation1 today we find baskets woven by these tribes to be so similar in appearance that definite tribal affiliation cannot be determined4 ,they are therefore classified only as ,western ,apache baskets4 7,see ,plate #ac;a7 ,,datsolalee #aiah ,washoe--,western ,nevada ,case ,no4 #c3 ,this basket was made by ,dabuda 7,young ,willow74 ,she was later given the nick-name of ,datsolalee 7,broad in the ,hips7 and is best known by this name since later in life she tipped the scales at #cej pounds4 ,on ,march #bf1 #aiag1 ,datsolalee started weaving this specimen which is fifty-two inches in circumference and has more than #ajj1jjj stitches 7more than thirty to the inch74 ,eleven months later1 on ,february #af1 #aiah1 she completed this basket which is her greatest masterpiece4 ,although made for ceremonial use1 the shape is that of a food bowl4 ,the white background is made of peeled twig from the ,mountain ,willow2 the black color is the root of a ,bracken1 or giant fern2 the reddish-brown is bark from the ,nevada ,redbud4 ,to her the design meant3 ,we assemble to discuss the happy lives of our ancestors4 ,shortly after the completion of this basket the weaver lost her eyesight4 ,she died at the age of #ie in #aibf4 ,in #aieh the ,u4 ,s4 ,indian ,arts and ,crafts ,board1 ,department of the ,interior1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 rated this basket as probably the finest specimen of basketry ever produced4 ,during her lifetime1 ,datsolalee made only forty-six large scale baskets4 ,during the summer months she could often be found at the resort area of ,lake ,tahoe1 ,california1 weaving miniature basketry which she sold to tourists for small sums4 ,in #aiad1 ,mrs4 ,henrietta ,k4 ,burton1 from the ,bureau of ,indian ,affairs in ,washington1 ,d4,c41 visited the artist's home in ,carson ,city1 ,nevada4 ,mrs4 ,burton made numerous photographs of ,datsolalee and her baskets for use in federal publications which dealt with ,indian basketry4 ,since that time these photos have appeared in many other basketry publications4 ,due to the artist's reputation and ability1 as well as the artistry and craftsmanship of this specimen it is valued at #bjjj4 ,it is doubtful such a basket could ever again be produced--no weaver today shows ability such as that of ,datsolalee4 ,her baskets are sought by collectors throughout the world4 ,in #aiad1 ,g4 ,a4 ,steiner1 of ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania1 purchased the finest basket the artist had produced up to that time4 ,it is forty-nine inches in circumference and has more than eighty thousand stitches4 ,it was purchased for #aiej1 and added to the ,carnegie ,library ,collection in ,pittsburgh 7this was the highest price ever paid for a single ,indian basket74 ,philbrook's ,datsolalee basket has received international recognition4 ,it may be seen1 in color1 in ,indian ,art in ,america1 by ,frederick ,j4 ,dockstader 7,new ,york ,graphic ,society1 #aifj7 and in the magazine ,america 7,no4 #fg7 which was distributed by the ,u4 ,s4 ,information ,agency and printed in ,russian4 7,see ,plate #ag;a7 ,,utilitarian--,,historical c4 #ahce ,pennacook--,northern ,massachusetts ,case ,no4 #d3 ,this basket is made of ash splints and is white on the interior4 ,the exterior is decorated with designs painted in native dyes using a swabbing stick which has been pounded at one end to form a brush4 ,this earliest known type of painted-on decoration ceased about #ahgj4 ,an approximate dating for this specimen can be established from an ,april #b1 #ahce1 copy of the ,boston ,daily ,courier1 which lines the basket lid4 7,see ,plate #b;d7 ,,utilitarian--,,historical ,wampanoag--,massachusetts ,case ,no4 #d3 ,this very plain basket1 constructed of brown ash splints1 was authenticated by the late ,frank ,g4 ,speck1 internationally known ,university of ,pennsylvania anthropologist1 as being ,wampanoag4 ,the ,wampanoags1 now extinct1 were a branch of the ,massachusetts ,algonquins4 ,this specimen was made by a direct descendant of ,king ,massasoit1 the ,indian chief who met the ,puritans at their ,plymouth ,rock landing in #afba4 ,massasoit was the father of ,king ,phillip1 for whom the ,king ,phillip's ,indian ,wars of #afgf1 were named4 7,see ,plate #b;c7 ,,ceremonial ,,wine ,,basket c4 #ahcg ,papago--,arizona ,case ,no4 #d3 ,annually1 in ,july when the fruit of the ,saguaro ,cactus is ripe1 the ,papagos hold their ,nahwehteete 7wine drinking7 ceremony4 ,the purpose of this ceremony is to offer a prayer of supplication to bring rain4 ,wine1 made from the ,saguaro 7called ,tizwin7 is passed around in this basket and served from a gourd dipper4 ,between dances the basket is used for storing the sacred ceremonial paraphernalia used in the dance4 ,the 8,keeper of the ,sacred ,basket0 seldom ever parts with the basket4 ,therefore1 not many can be found in public or private collections4 7,see ,plate #ag;b7 ,,mortuary ,pomo--,northern ,california ,case ,no4 #c3 ,the ,pomo ,indians are the only tribe known to have completely and fully decorated baskets with feathers4 ,these baskets were considered to be the tribe's highest artistic achievement4 ,it was a great honor to the memory of a deceased person when this type of basket1 especially made for such an occasion1 was placed on his body at the cremation ceremony4 ,it may be said that the sacrifice of these baskets was the tribe's most profound means of showing respect at the time of cremation4 ,the custom of making and using these baskets no longer prevails4 ,few people today know the art1 and even fewer people are willing to devote the nearly two years to make one feathered basket4 ,at the time this ceremony was active in the ,pomo culture1 each family had several such baskets in reserve4 ,it must therefore be assumed that the women of the tribe devoted a great deal of their time producing these symbols to honor the dead4 ,it is interesting to compare cultures3 ,the ,pomo ,indian sacrificed a work of art which took about two years to make--today's ,anglo society calls the florist and orders a 8ten dollar spray0 of flowers4 ,this basket on the collector's market is valued at about #cjj4 7,see ,plate #ah;c #ah;d7 ,,jumping ,,dance ,hoopa--,california ,case ,no4 #d3 ,the 8,jumping ,dance ,basket0 receives its name from a ceremony in which the participants perform with jumping dance motions4 ,this ceremony is a prayer of supplication for the return of the soil's fertility4 ,it is held in the spring of the year on land that has ceased to bear crops4 ,some people question these customs1 and actually call them mere 8,indian superstitions40 ,it is revealing to note1 however1 that less than a century ago ,anglos believed that the childhood disease1 rickets1 could be cured by splitting an ash tree at dawn1 and passing the stricken child head-first through the opening in the tree4 ,this set of three baskets1 handed down from generation to generation1 was secured from a medicine man4 ,the baskets were made prior to #ahfj and no one living today seems to know how to weave them4 ,as a result1 the baskets are quite rare1 and it is doubtful if another such set could be obtained4 7,see ,plate #ah;a7 ,,mourning ,,bowl c4 #ahgj ,menominee--,wisconsin ,case ,no4 #d3 ,this rare1 small birch bark pail is called a 8,mourning ,bowl40 ,it is used during the ,feast of the ,dead1 a sacred ceremony which is held one year after burial to honor the deceased4 ,during the ,ceremony of the ,mourning ,bowl1 food is placed in the bowl and passed to the mourners4 ,after the ceremony1 the basket containing food is giving a final blessing and is placed on the grave of the deceased4 7,see ,plate #ag;d7 ,,initiation ,,ceremony ,hopi--,arizona ,case ,no4 #d3 ,the ,soyal 7,prayer ,offering ,ceremony7 of the religious organization1 ,kwan ,kwan ,tu 7,one ,horn ,fraternity71 is part of a boy's initiation ceremony at puberty4 ,the ceremony is held mainly in the ,kiva 7underground ceremonial chamber71 from ,december through ,april4 ,here the novice meets his godfather for the first time4 ,the design of the large plaque 7at top of plate7 represents a sand painting which is executed on the floor before the ,kiva altar4 ,the novice wears only a breechcloth as his godfather instructs him to kneel on the painting and rubs him with sacred corn meal1 which has been blessed by the ,cacique or religious leader4 ,the significance of this ritual is that the novice's sins and evil thoughts are washed away4 ,the corn meal is then taken outside and cast to the winds1 thus purifying the boy4 7,center of plate #bj3 basket bowl with corn meal47 ,the wicker basket 7at bottom of plate #bj7 is used in carrying bean sprouts and young corn during the 8,february ,twelve ,day0 ,kiva ceremony4 ,the sprouts and corn1 signifying new life for the initiated1 are eaten by him as he takes the numerous vows of faith4 ,the two small trays 7on either side of the top-center tray7 represent the badges1 which are given to the newly initiated boy4 7,see ,plate #bj7 ,,wedding ,,basket ,navajo--,arizona ,case ,no4 #d3 ,the origin of the ,navajo basket with the 8,spider ,woman's ,cross0 design dates back hundreds of years4 ,it is no longer made4 ,as a substitute for their own basket during marriage ceremonies1 the ,navajo people often use a ,paiute basket of the type shown in the upper right of the case4 7,see ,plate #ai;b7 ,the ,paiute basket is illustrated on ,plate #ai;c4 ,,wedding ,,plaque ,hopi--,arizona ,case ,no4 #d3 ,this plaque is made of yucca4 ,the green color is unbleached yucca1 the white is bleached yucca and the black color is yucca which has been dyed by using black sunflower seeds4 ,the plaque is called ,kochaiinpi 7,white ,meal ,plaque71 and is woven by a prospective bride for use in the wedding procession4 ,it is hung in the newly married couple's home afterwards1 partly to commemorate the occasion4 ,after the wedding the single-file procession proceeds to the new home which has recently been built by the groom4 ,this procession is led by the bride's mother who carries on her head a large pottery bowl filled with baked beans4 ,the bride follows next4 ,with both hands she carries a large basket tray stacked with the piki bread 7a thin wafer of bread--almost like parchment7 which she has made from blue corn meal mixed with sweetened siovi ashes and cooked on a hot stone4 ,next in line are four male relatives of the bridegroom1 each holding a corner of a blanket on which rests the 8,white ,meal ,plaque40 ,the plaque filled and running over with the white meal which the bride had ground earlier4 ,thus1 the young couple start their life together with an ample quantity of food4 ,the spiritual connotation of the basket is this3 ,it is believed that at the time of death an individual's soul stands on the brink of the ,maski 7or after world2 in this case literally the ,grand ,canyon74 ,the soul steps onto the 8,white ,meal ,plaque10 gently soars over the abyss1 and safely descends to the bottom4 ,thus the soul departs to the abiding place of the dead and forever rests in peace4 7,see ,plate #ai;a7 ,,wedding c4 #aicg ,pomo--,california ,case ,no4 #d3 ,this coiled basket is covered with the feathers of about two hundred quail4 ,the feathers which protrude from the basket1 are from the head of the ,valley ,quail1 or ,gambel's ,quail4 ,the dark blue feathers are taken from different quails4 ,the decorative disk-like beads are fashioned in the following manner3 the shells are broken into small pieces and then drilled with a pump drill4 ,they are then strung on a cord and the strand is then rubbed on a wet sandstone until the beads are round and uniform in size4 ,this type of basket was made by the bride's mother and is considered to be the finest example of basketry produced by ,pomo ,indians4 ,the ,chimopika 7,dowry ,basket7 is presented to the bridegroom1 by the weaver1 at the wedding ceremony4 ,sweetmeats1 such as cakes of sugar from sugar sap trees1 are placed in the basket and passed around to the guests4 ,the married couple retains this sacred memento of the marriage ceremony as long as they both live1 but if either of the couple dies the basket is sacrificed in the cremation ceremony4 ,this basket was used in ceremonies prior to about #ahhi4 ,they are no longer made or used4 ,this basket was obtained in #aicg from an ,indian ,agent who at that date stated he had seen only six baskets of this type on the reservation since #aijg4 7,see ,plate #ah;b7 ,,ceremonial--,,carrying #aije ,white ,mountain ,apache--,white ,river1 ,arizona ,case ,no4 #d3 ,this splendid specimen is woven mainly of lemon bush4 ,the white area is yucca plant and the black area is 8,devil's ,claw10 or ,martyna4 ,this basket was made by a ,white ,mountain ,apache for use in the 8,coming ,out ,dance40 ,when an ,indian ,girl reaches the marriageable age1 a 8,coming ,out ,dance0 is given in her honor4 ,the girl's relatives and friends are invited to attend this important traditional ceremony4 ,drummers provide music as the girl and her sponsor 7usually her aunt7 dance on a rug or on the skin of an animal such as the bear or buffalo4 ,these ceremonial baskets are placed for the guests to view--the more guests1 the more baskets required4 ,each basket is filled with a mixture of sweetmeats1 fruits and other foods and is placed on a slope in order to make the contents plainly visible to the guests4 ,after the ceremony the baskets are passed among the guests for the contents to be enjoyed4 ,they are then hung inside the house by the two handles1 until the next 8,coming ,out ,dance40 7,see ,plate #ag;c7 ,,storage c4 #aijj ,pima--,arizona ,case ,no4 #aj3 ,this basket was used for storing mesquite beans after they had been hulled4 ,it is doubtful if this type of basket has been made since #aijj4 7,see ,plate #h;a7 ,for storage baskets of other tribes see3 ,plate #f;a3 ,cherokee ,plate #f;d3 ,ottawa ,plate #g;a3 ,cherokee ,,seed ,,container c4 #cjj ,a4,d4 ,pueblo ,,ii--,colorado ,case ,no4 #d3 ,evidence of the importance of basketry among the southwestern peoples of the ,united ,states in the first few centuries of our era lies in the fact that these peoples and their culture are referred to as the 8,basket ,makers40 ,this basket dates back to approximately #cjj ,a4,d41 about #afjj years ago4 ,it was used as a seed container to store squash and pumpkin seeds until the next planting season4 ,it was found in the cliff dwellings of the ,san ,juan ,river basin near ,mesa ,verde1 ,colorado4 7,see ,plate #g;b7 ,,storage c4 #ahge ,tonto ,apache and ,white ,mountain ,apache--,southeast ,arizona ,case ,no4 #g3 ,this unusually large specimen is almost three feet tall4 ,since about #aiad1 very few1 if any1 as large as this have been made4 ,an ,indian woman would have to devote three to four months to the weaving of a basket of this size4 ,today she can purchase a gunny sack from the nearest trading post for twenty five cents and store the same amount of grain with much less effort4 ,this basket1 valued at #gej4jj on the collector's market today1 is a splendid illustration of a dying art4 ,the forthcoming ,indian generation will not be concerned with the making of baskets for daily use4 ,the beautiful weaving techniques and colorful designs will become a thing of the past4 ,also1 in this show case1 is a fine #ahij basket specimen2 a ,tonto ,apache storage basket from the ,verde ,river area below ,flagstaff1 ,arizona4 7,see ,plate #f;c #ag;c7 ,,household ,chitimacha--,louisiana ,case ,no4 #aj3 ,the unusual decorative design of this basket is commonly referred to as 8alligator intestines40 ,this design motif has been used as far back as history records1 and serves as an excellent example of the weaver's skill4 7,see ,plate #ae;c7 ,for other examples of household baskets see3 ,plate #ae;b3 ,cherokee1 household farm basket ,plate #ae;d3 ,hoopa1 tobacco basket ,plate #af;a3 ,yokut1 general household basket ,plate #af;b3 ,rappahannock1 household farm basket ,plate #af;d3 ,cherokee1 household farm basket ,,food ,,bowl ,hopi--,shongopovi1 #bnd ,mesa--,arizona ,case ,no4 #aa3 ,this food bowl is one of the finest specimens of decorative symbolism ever produced in ,hopi basketry4 ,the decorations represent the knobhead 7or ,mudhead7 ,clown ,kachina called ,koyemsi1 and the ,crow ,wing ,mother 7the mother of all ,kachinas74 ,the four ears of corn1 each in a different color1 represent the four seasons of the year4 ,made by ,lula ,joshongeva1 it received several awards at the #aief ,inter-,tribal ,indian ,ceremonials1 in ,gallup1 ,new ,mexico4 ,further honor was bestowed the basket by a ,navajo medicine man's special blessing at a 8,blessing ,ceremony40 7,see ,plate #h;b7 ,,berry ,,gathering ,choctaw--,mississippi ,case ,no4 #d3 ,the basket with a tall handle was made in #ahag1 fourteen years after the ,louisiana ,purchase4 ,the basket with a shorter handle is a contemporary specimen4 ,the #ahag specimen is of considerable historical significance since it was brought to ,oklahoma sometime between #ahch and #ahdb1 at the time the ,federal ,government removed the ,choctaw tribe from ,mississippi to ,indian ,territory 7,oklahoma74 7,see ,plate #e;b7 ,,water ,,bottle ,chiricahua and ,havasupai--,new ,mexico and ,arizona ,above door of entrance to ,basket ,gallery3 ,these woven specimens are covered with gum from the ,pinon ,pine and subsequently baked over an open fire until they become as hard as shellac4 ,this coating makes the bottles watertight4 ,several ,arizona tribes prefer this type of water bottle to any they can procure from the ,anglo2 they are1 therefore1 still used extensively in this area4 7,see ,plates #b;a #b;b7 ,,carrying 7or ,burden7 ,cases ,no4 #a1 #g1 #h1 #aa and ,overhead--,various ,tribes4 ,this type of basket was used by the ,paiutes of ,nevada and the ,gabrielenos and ,maidus of ,california for carrying acorns2 by the ,quileutes of ,washington for carrying salmon2 by the ,hopis of ,arizona for carrying peaches and corn1 and by the ,zunis of ,new ,mexico for carrying peaches4 7,see ,plates #ad;c #ad;d7 ,case ,no4 #a4 ,examples of burden baskets used by the ,cherokees of the ,smokey ,mountains of ,north ,carolina4 ,case ,no4 #g and #h3 ,examples of baskets used by the ,karocs of ,california1 showing the 8,tump-line0 basket with head band attached4 7,see ,plate #ac;c7 ,case ,no4 #aa3 ,shows a harvest basket of the ,cahuilla of ,california1 used in carrying grains4 7,see ,plate #i;a7 ,,carrying ,cahuilla or ,mission--,california ,case ,no4 #ac3 ,this basket was used to carry grasshoppers to the brush and grass ,wickiup where they were roasted on a long stick over a flame in preparation for eating4 ,there is nothing too unusual about mankind eating insects3 ,the ,holy ,bible tells of the children of ,israel--forty years in the wilderness--in the land of ,canaan1 eating locusts1 as did ,john ,the ,baptist while preaching in the wilderness4 ,today specialty stores retail grasshoppers1 fried worms1 bees and ants--many of which are chocolate coated6 7,see ,plate #ad;a7 ,,grasshopper ,,stewing ,paiute--,nevada ,case ,no4 #ac3 ,this basket was made for cooking grasshoppers4 ,after the grasshoppers were placed in the basket the top was tied with a buckskin thong and submerged in boiling water4 ,the basket was removed from the water when the grasshoppers were sufficiently cooked and ready to be eaten4 7,see ,plate #aj;c7 ,,water ,,tight c4 #ahge ,thlinkit--,alaska ,case ,no4 #e3 ,this water-tight boiling basket is made of spruce roots which have been finely split by hand4 ,it is woven as tightly as commercially woven canvas water bags4 ,these baskets are no longer made for cooking because metal containers are readily available4 ,the design motif of this unusually fine specimen is constructed of mountain grass1 commonly called ,squaw ,grass4 ,the grass is soaked in bog mud all winter1 giving it the black color4 ,the copper color is obtained by boiling the grass with copper ore1 and the white is the same grass1 sun bleached4 7,see ,plate #i;c7 ,,carrying ,,basket c4 #ahij ,papago--,arizona ,case ,no4 #d3 ,this carrying1 or burden1 basket1 referred to by ,papagos as ,kiaha1 is made of stems from the ,cereus ,giganteus ,cactus and the twine from leaves of the ,maguey plant4 ,the ,maguey plant played a major role in ,papago life due to the fact that food1 rope1 twine1 varnish1 needles1 and liquor were obtained from it4 ,the ,papagos taught the ,spaniards to make liquors from the juice of the ,maguey plant more than four hundred years ago4 ,the liquor is still made today in ,mexico4 ,in #aedj1 the ,spaniards1 led by ,coronado1 arrived in the ,southwest and found this basket being used in daily life4 ,such items as ,mesquite beans1 cactus1 wood1 water jars and corn were carried in this basket1 which is equipped with a head band and rests on the shoulders4 ,after the ,spaniards introduced horses and horses became plentiful1 the men ceased to have need for 7or to make7 this basket4 ,it is interesting to note that the weaving technique of this 7one of the few baskets made by men7 may be called the ,american counterpart of ,belgian ,point ,lace4 7,see ,plate #ac;d7 ,,roasting ,,trays c4 #ahij ,yurok--,california ,modoc--,oregon ,case ,no4 #ab3 ,these three trays are used for roasting shelled nuts such as hazel nuts and pinon nuts4 ,the nuts are placed on the tray along with red-hot wood coals4 ,a revolving motion is applied to the tray and the coals are rolled so deftly that they do not burn the tray4 7,see ,plate #i;d7 ,,corn ,,husk 7or 8,sally07 ,,bags c4 #ahej ,umatilla--,oregon ,case ,no4 #aj3 ,this specimen was made of a hemp foundation and false embroidery of twisted corn husks4 ,vegetable dyes were used4 ,the name 8,sally ,bag0 goes back to an older use of the term sally1 meaning 8to go forth10 8to sally forth10 i4e4 to travel4 ,the bags were used as travel bags and were tied to the back of the cantle of the saddle4 ,they were known to have been in use at the time of the ,lewis and ,clark ,expedition of #ahje4 7,see ,plate #ae;a7 ,,effigy--,,trinkets ,alibamu of ,texas1 formerly of ,alabama ,papago of ,arizona ,case ,nos4 #b and #ac3 ,these baskets are unique works of art4 ,each shows considerable creativity4 ,the ,alibamu turkey basket made of pine cones and the ,papago owl made of ,yucca plant are used as trinket baskets4 ,in more recent years1 additional types have been made in the form of birds1 frogs1 turtles1 alligators1 armadillos1 etc4 ,these baskets have proven quite popular and have therefore become an asset to the economy of the craftsman4 7,see ,plates #e;c #e;d7 ,,imbricated ,,weave ,yakima--,toppenish1 ,washington ,case ,no4 #aa3 ,the ,latin word ,imbrex means tile2 imbricated means overlapping like tiles or a decoration resembling tiles4 ,this basket is an excellent example of the imbricated weave4 ,this basket was formerly used for cooking and is now used in berry picking4 ,there are four different materials used in the construction3 the foundation is coiled1 split cedar roots2 the white color is bleached mountain grass2 the dark red is cherry tree bark2 the brown is cedar bark4 7,see ,plate #e;a7 ,,birchbark ,various ,tribes ,case ,no4 #h3 ,many items are made from birch-bark by the ,indians in areas where the birch tree grows in abundance4 ,like many other cultures1 the ,indian used objects for daily use which required the least effort to make4 ,birch-bark lends itself readily to easy construction4 ,shown here are many forms of birch-bark construction3 boxes1 buckets1 creels1 trays1 etc4 ,plate #c;d3 ,algonquin fishing creel ,plate #g;c3 ,algonquin canoe box ,plate #g;d3 ,chippewa storage box ,plate #h;c3 ,chippewa wild rice gathering tray ,,squash ,,blossom ,pima--,arizona ,case ,no4 #g3 ,the decorative motif of these baskets is actually thought of by the ,pima weaver as a 8progressive design10 rather than that of a squash blossom4 ,the design is executed in sequences of three to twelve petals1 one of a sequence to each basket4 ,only two complete sets 7ten baskets to a set7 are known to exist4 ,they are no longer made4 ,these baskets were used for such things as winnowing grain and gathering fruit and vegetables4 7,see ,plate #i;b7 ,,porcupine ,,quill ,,decoration c4 #aijc ,chippewa--,minnesota ,case ,no4 #b3 ,one of the finest examples of the ,indian woman's native creative arts is found in porcupine quill decoration4 ,the artist formerly prepared her own dyes from berries1 roots1 barks1 etc4 ,today1 aniline dyes are used almost exclusively4 ,steps used in the preparation of quills for bark decoration are as follows3 ,the artist usually divides the quills into four lengths and stores them in separate containers because they differ in length and thickness 7one to four inches long and #a_/af to #c_/cb inches thick74 ,the quills are washed well in soap root before being dyed1 and stored4 ,when she is ready to use the quills she softens them in her mouth4 ,the warmth and moisture are most effective and it is thought that the saliva contains some special property that makes them more pliable4 ,she generally keeps a number of the quills of the same size and color in one cheek with the points protruding from her lips1 pulling out a quill as it is needed4 ,small holes are punched in the bark with an awl and the quill is inserted in these holes4 ,the ends are bent over on the back side of the bark to hold them in place4 ,by using quills of the desired length to fit the decoration1 it is not necessary to cut them4 ,the quill swells and stiffens as it dries1 making it even more secure4 ,in most boxes1 so decorated1 a plain undecorated piece of bark is fitted on the inside 7or back side7 to hide the raw ends of the quills4 ,three to four thousand quills are required to cover a box the size of the one shown in ,plate #a;a4 ,vegetable dyes were used on the quills of this box and have not faded in more than fifty years4 7,see ,plate #a;a7 ,,miniatures ,case ,no4 #b3 ,indian women make these to show their skill in weaving4 ,in similar fashion1 the ,anglo has engraved the ,lord's ,prayer on the head of a straight pin in order to illustrate his skill4 ,the principal1 and interesting difference is3 the ,anglo uses a magnifying glass and the ,indian women do not4 ,,moose ,,hair ,,embroidery c4 #ahge ,huron--,province of ,quebec1 ,canada ,case ,no4 #c3 ,this basket and the basket from ,maine are rare examples of the old ,indian art of moose hair embroidery4 ,a cluster of very fine hair grows from the withers of the wild moose and this hair1 dyed in suitable colors1 is used for the embroidery4 ,the art of this type embroidery probably dates back to about #agad1 at which time the natives used this method of decoration for their own buckskin clothing4 ,it is believed that these people were taught the art at convents after the steel needle was introduced into this country from ,europe in the eighteenth century4 ,however1 there is no proof of this theory4 ,it is interesting to note other unique examples of decorative art by these people2 i4e41 the drilling of seed pearls the size of the head of a straight pin and in turn1 sewing these pearls on cloth or fiber4 ,with crude tools1 they created rare and beautiful works of decorative art which would be difficult for us to duplicate with today's precision tooling4 ,after adopting ,anglo-style clothing these ,indians practiced moose hair embroidery art on trinkets such as these until it became almost extinct by #ahij4 ,specimens such as these are rare even in museums4 7,see ,plate #h;d7 ,passamaquoddy--,malecite ,maine ,this is a birch bark box covered with red cloth and decorated with moose hair embroidery4 7,see ,plate #h;d7 ,,whalebone 7,baleen7 ,eskimo--,point ,barrow1 ,alaska ,case ,no4 #c3 ,the ,baleen used in the weaving of this basket is found in the upper jaw of the ,bowhead1 or ,alaskan ,right ,whale4 ,this horny substance is pulled into various sized strips4 ,while it is still fresh it is flexible and can be woven as easily as fiber4 ,the same weaving technique used in making coiled baskets from grass roots is also used in the construction of this basket4 ,an ,alaskan trader is credited with having taught the ,eskimos to use ,baleen as a weaving medium4 ,the art was almost extinct until a few years ago when the ,u4 ,s4 ,indian ,arts and ,crafts ,board gave needed encouragement to the craftsmen4 ,the ,bowhead1 or ,right ,whale1 is not plentiful at ,point ,barrow2 only two or three such whales are caught during a good year4 ,some years none are caught4 ,two factors are predominate in making this type of basketry scarce3 #a7 lack of ,baleen1 #b7 the fifty hours necessary for a skillful craftsman to construct the specimen4 ,the decorative ivory figure on the lid of the basket is made of walrus tusk4 7,see ,plate #a;b7 ,,aleut ,,island ,,basketry c4 #ahfj and c4 #aici-aidd ,attu--,attu ,island1 ,alaska ,case ,no4 #f3 ,the baskets shown in display case no4 #f1 are the finest weave known to have been made in ,north ,america4 ,woven in about thirty days1 the average size basket may have up to #aj1jjj stitches to the square inch4 ,the finest machine made cotton sheeting has #cfjj stitches to the square inch4 ,the dark toned baskets were made about #ahfj and the lighter toned ones were made between #aici and #aidd4 ,these specimens are made by the ,aleut ,indian women of a beach grass 7,wild ,rye7 which grows on ,attu ,island4 ,the stems and blades are about the size of wheat straw1 and the ,aleut women split them with their finger nails4 ,in #agda1 ,russian explorers discovered and settled the ,aleutian ,islands4 ,they later found that the native women were wrapping their dead with finely woven1 narrow strips of grass fiber and placing the bodies in caves4 ,russians then encouraged the ,aleuts to weave baskets of this same product4 ,in the normal course of events1 the ,russians influenced the use of silk and cotton thread decorations on the baskets4 ,in #aidh1 ,edward ,l4 ,keithan1 curator of ,the ,state ,museum of ,alaska1 made a field trip to the ,aleutian ,islands and found only three women still practicing this fine art of basketry4 ,today1 there is no continuance of this art4 7,see ,plates #a;c #a;d7 ,,gambling ,,devices ,case ,no4 #b3 ,illustrated here are several types of gambling devices used by ,north ,american ,indians3 ,pomos of ,california1 used a mat on which they threw their counters4 7,see ,plate #d;b7 ,seneca-,cayuga of ,new ,york1 used a wooden bowl and six flat1 polished peach seeds for their famous 8,peach ,seed ,game40 ,this bowl was brought to ,oklahoma about #ahdj4 7,see ,plate #d;c7 ,cheyennes of ,oklahoma1 used a basket bowl with wooden counters4 ,pawnees of ,nebraska1 used a basket tray4 ,this is the only type of basketry known to have been made by them4 ,this basket was made before they were removed to ,oklahoma4 7,see ,plate #d;d7 ,klamaths of ,oregon1 used a different gambling device in that it was more of a guessing game4 ,the mat covered the hands of the operator4 ,the two bones are held1 one in each hand1 and rotated4 ,the bet was made on the turn of the selected bone4 ,these counters were usually made from the foreleg of a deer or elk4 ,the ,mongolian culture is well known to have a strong interest in gambling games4 ,some anthropologists tell us that the ,north ,american ,indians came to this country many years ago across the ,bering ,sea from ,asia and that they are descendants of the ,mongolians in that area4 ,,manioc ,,press ,carib--,guatemala and ,venezuela ,case ,no4 #ac3 ,indians of ,mexico1 ,central ,america1 northern ,south ,america and the ,caribbean ,islands used this press to remove poison 7,hydrocyanic ,acid7 from the ,manioc root4 ,this root is similar to the root used in the preparation of tapioca4 ,the ,indians process the root to make a flour which is used in a native bread4 ,this type of press was in use by these people as early as #hib ,a4,d4 and in some areas is still being used today4 ,to remove the poison from ,manioc the root is pounded1 then stuffed into the basket1 causing it to expand in girth and to shorten in length4 7,the particular type of diagonal twill weave used in this basket press permits a girth expansion to twice its former size and a reduction in length of about one-half its original size47 ,the press is then submerged in water and soaked until thoroughly saturated4 ,when it is removed from the water the press is hung by the loop end1 usually on a branch4 ,the foot or a weight is put on the closed end of the press and this creates a squeezing action which removes the poison from the root inside4 ,at this point the press changes shape and becomes long and narrow again4 ,this process is repeated several times to assure the removal of the poison4 7,see ,plate #aa;a7 ,,baby ,,cradles ,case ,no4 #e3 ,the art of making basket cradles is almost lost today4 ,however1 the wooden cradle is still made and used extensively by many tribes2 this is especially so in the ,pueblo tribes4 ,the following illustrates the use of baby cradles by some basket making tribes3 ,hoopas1 of ,california1 used a sit-down type cradle--the baby is seated in1 and tied to1 the cradle2 ,hopis1 of ,arizona and ,frazier ,river1 of ,washington1 used the cradle for putting the baby to sleep holding the cradle in their arms2 tribes such as ,mono-,paiute and ,pomo1 of ,california1 and ,ute of ,colorado1 used the cradle by placing it on the mother's back4 ,there are more than six hundred ,indian dialects4 ,the ,ute word for cradle is ,ahcacon4 ,when asked1 what the ,indian word for 8cradle10 or 8baby board0 is1 it is impossible to answer4 ,because of the many dialects it is easily understandable that there are numerous words for this object1 just as the word would be different in ,spanish1 ,swedish1 ,german or ,russian4 7,see ,plates #c;a1 #c;b #c;c7 ,,blow ,,gun ,,and ,,quiver ,cherokee--,north ,carolina4 ,case ,no4 #a3 ,made of wild cane and six feet long1 this type blow gun was used for shooting poison darts4 ,some guns are as long as twenty feet4 ,a blow gun is extraordinary in that it has for example1 the power to shoot a dart a quarter of an inch into a pine door4 ,this power is probably due to the choke bore design of the gun4 ,the darts are fifteen to eighteen inches long and are made of locust wood4 ,they are sharpened and hardened over a flame at one end and1 at the opposite end are wrapped at an angle with the silk from a thistle plant4 ,as the air is blown into the gun the thistle silk fluffs and creates a shoulder to blow against4 ,the dart is retarded in its movement by the taper of the bore4 ,it is not known what implement was employed to produce this tapered bore4 ,many years ago this type blow gun1 with poison darts1 was used in warfare by the ,cherokee1 ,choctaw1 ,catawaba1 and ,houma tribes4 ,displayed with the blow gun and darts is the basket quiver which held the darts4 ,these specimens were brought to ,oklahoma before #ahfj1 by the grandfather of ,jim ,backwater4 7,see ,plate #ba7 ,the ,clark ,field ,collection of ,indian ,baskets is composed of one thousand and ninety six specimens1 as of date 7#aifd71 from throughout ,north ,america and represents almost every basket making tribe of that area4 ,due to the wide scope of tribal representation and the beauty of these outstanding specimens1 this collection is rated by the ,u4 ,s4 ,indian ,arts and ,crafts ,board as the most outstanding ,indian basket collection in ,north ,america4 ,plate ,no4 #a ,illustration3 #a;a ,,household ,chippewa ,minnesota ,size3 #c #h ,illustration3 #a;b ,,trinket ,eskimo ,alaska ,size3 #c #c ,illustration3 #a;c ,,decorative ,attu ,aleutian ,islands1 ,alaska ,size3 #e #f ,illustration3 #a;d ,,decorative ,attu ,aleutian ,islands1 ,alaska ,size3 #c #c ,plate ,no4 #b ,illustration3 #b;a ,,water ,,jug ,chiricahua ,apache ,new ,mexico ,size3 #ac #i ,illustration3 #b;b ,,water ,,jug ,havasupai ,arizona ,size3 #ab #aj ,illustration3 #b;c ,,historical--,,utilitarian ,wampanoag ,massachusetts ,size3 #f #i ,illustration3 #b;d ,,historical--,,utilitarian ,pennacook ,massachusetts ,size3 #ad #bj ,plate ,no4 #c ,illustration3 #c;a ,,cradle ,pomo ,california ,size3 #af #ab #g ,illustration3 #c;b ,,cradle ,hoopa ,california ,size3 #af #i ,illustration3 #c;c ,,cradle ,ute ,colorado ,size3 #cd #ab ,illustration3 #c;d ,,fishing ,,creel ,algonquin ,quebec1 ,canada ,size3 #aj #aj #h ,,plate ,no4 #d ,illustration3 #d;a ,,fish ,,trap ,catawba ,north ,carolina ,size3 #fd #af ,illustration3 #d;b ,,gambling ,,mat ,pomo ,california ,size3 #bh diameter ,illustration3 #d;c ,,gambling ,,tray ,seneca--,cayuga ,new ,york and ,oklahoma ,size3 #ab #c ,illustration3 #d;d ,,gambling ,,tray ,pawnee ,nebraska and ,oklahoma ,size3 #i #b ,plate ,no4 #e ,illustration3 #e;a ,,berry ,,gathering ,yakima ,washington ,size3 #bj #ad ,illustration3 #e;b ,,berry ,,gathering ,choctaw ,mississippi ,size3 #aj #aj ,illustration3 #e;c ,,effigy--,,trinket ,papago ,arizona ,size3 #h #g ,illustration3 #e;d ,,effigy--,,trinket ,alibamu ,alabama and ,texas ,size3 #f #g ,plate ,no4 #f ,illustration3 #f;a ,,storage ,cherokee ,north ,carolina ,size3 #ah #ah ,illustration3 #f;b ,,storage ,shoshone--7,panamint7 ,death ,valley1 ,california ,size3 #bd #i ,illustration3 #f;c ,,storage ,tonto ,apache ,arizona ,size3 #bi #ai ,illustration3 #f;d ,,storage ,ottawa ,michigan ,size3 #aj #ad #aj ,plate ,no4 #g ,illustration3 #g;a ,,storage ,cherokee ,north ,carolina ,size3 #ac #ab #ab ,illustration3 #g;b ,,storage ,basket ,maker ,,ii ,new ,mexico ,size3 #e #d ,illustration3 #g;c ,,storage ,algonquin ,quebec1 ,canada ,size3 #ab #ah #ae ,illustration3 #g;d ,,storage ,chippewa ,wisconsin ,size3 #ag #i #ab ,plate ,no4 #h ,illustration3 #h;a ,,storage ,pima ,arizona ,size3 #ba #ah ,illustration3 #h;b ,,storage ,hopi ,arizona ,size3 #ac #ag ,illustration3 #h;c ,,gathering ,chippewa ,wisconsin ,size3 #cj #bj #g ,illustration3 #h;d ,,household ,,trinket ,passamaquoddy--,malecite ,maine ,size3 #c #e ,illustration3 ,,card ,,case ,huron ,quebec1 ,canada ,size3 #d #b ,plate ,no4 #i ,illustration3 #i;a ,,harvest ,cahuilla 7,mission7 ,california ,size3 #h #bb ,illustration3 #i;b ,,winnowing ,,tray ,pima ,arizona ,size3 #c #ai ,illustration3 #i;c ,,cooking ,thlinkit ,alaska ,size3 #aa #ad ,illustration3 #i;d ,,roasting ,yurok 7#b7 ,california ,size3 #b #aj and #c #ba ,modoc 7#a7 ,oregon ,size3 #c #ad ,plate ,no4 #aj ,illustration3 #aj;a ,,colander ,penobscot ,maine ,size3 #e #aa ,illustration3 #aj;b ,,porridge ,,bowl ,paiute ,california ,size3 #h #ab ,illustration3 #aj;c ,,stewing ,,grasshoppers ,paiute ,california ,size3 #ab #i ,illustration3 #aj;d ,,grinding ,,tray ,hoopa ,california ,size3 #d #af ,plate ,no4 #aa ,illustration3 #aa;a ,,manioc ,,press ,carib ,guatemala and ,venezuela #gb #b not expanded #dj #d expanded 7filled7 ,illustration3 #aa;b ,,food ,,bowl ,mission ,california ,size3 #e #ae ,illustration3 #aa;c ,,food ,,bowl ,shoshone 7,panamint7 ,california ,size3 #c #g ,plate ,no4 #ab ,illustration3 #ab;a ,,food ,,platter ,cahuilla 7,mission7 ,california ,size3 #d #bj ,illustration3 #ab;b ,,food ,,bowl ,shoshone 7,panamint7 ,california ,size3 #d #h ,illustration3 #ab;c ,,food ,,platter ,chemehueve ,arizona ,size3 #c #ae ,illustration3 #ab;d ,,food ,,platter ,yavapai ,apache ,arizona ,size3 #d #ab ,plate ,no4 #ac ,illustration3 #ac;a ,,food ,,platter ,western ,apache ,arizona ,size3 #d #ba ,illustration3 #ac;b ,,food ,,platter ,papago ,arizona ,size3 #b #aa ,illustration3 #ac;c ,,carrying 7,tump-,line7 ,karoc ,california ,size3 #i #ac ,illustration3 #ac;d ,,carrying ,papago ,arizona ,size3 #ab #be #bj ,plate ,no4 #ad ,illustration3 #ad;a ,,carrying 7,grasshopper7 ,cahuilla 7,mission7 ,california ,size3 #ad #i ,illustration3 #ad;b ,,gathering 7,clams7 ,quinault ,washington ,size3 #ab #af #aj ,illustration3 #ad;c ,,carrying ,maidu ,california ,size3 #bi #ai ,illustration3 #ad;d ,,carrying ,gabrielenos 7,mission7 ,california ,size3 #ai #be ,plate ,no4 #ae ,illustration3 #ae;a ,,carrying 7,sally ,bag7 ,umatilla ,oregon ,size3 #ag #ac ,illustration3 #ae;b ,,household 7,farm7 ,cherokee ,oklahoma ,size3 #f #i ,illustration3 #ae;c ,,household ,chitimacha ,louisiana ,size3 #f #i #f ,illustration3 #ae;d ,,household 7,tobacco7 ,hoopa ,california ,size3 #d #d ,plate ,no4 #af ,illustration3 #af;a ,,household ,yokut ,california ,size3 #f #ab ,illustration3 #af;b ,,household 7,farm7 ,rappahannock ,virginia ,size3 #i #bj #ag ,illustration3 #af;c ,,household 7,wall ,pocket7 ,choctaw ,oklahoma ,size3 #ad #ab ,illustration3 #af;d ,,household ,cherokee ,oklahoma ,size3 #i #ab ,plate ,no4 #ag ,illustration3 #ag;a ,,ceremonial ,washoe ,nevada ,circumference #eb #ac hi1 #h orifice ,illustration3 #ag;b ,,ceremonial 7,wine7 ,papago ,arizona ,size3 #g #ae ,illustration3 #ag;c ,,ceremonial 7,carrying7 ,white ,mountain ,apache ,arizona ,size3 #ac #ad #ae ,illustration3 #ag;d ,,mourning ,,bowl ,menominee ,wisconsin ,size3 #g #h ,plate ,no4 #ah ,illustration3 #ah;a ,,ceremonial 7,jumping ,dance7 ,hoopa ,california ,top3 #ae #c ,middle3 #ah #d ,bottom3 #bj #e ,illustration3 #ah;b ,,ceremonial 7,wedding7 ,pomo ,california ,size3 #e #ab ,illustration3 #ah;c ,,mortuary ,pomo ,california ,size3 #e #ad ,illustration3 #ah;d ,,mortuary ,pomo ,california ,size3 #e #i ,plate ,no4 #ai ,illustration3 #ai;a ,,ceremonial 7,wedding7 ,hopi ,arizona ,size3 #b #ae ,illustration3 #ai;b ,,ceremonial 7,wedding7 ,navajo ,arizona ,size3 #d #ac ,illustration3 #ai;c ,,ceremonial 7,medicine ,tray7 ,paiute ,arizona ,size3 #c #ad ,illustration3 #ai;d ,,rinsing 7,clothes7 ,niantic ,connecticut ,size3 #f #aa #aa ,plate ,no4 #bj ,illustration3 ,,soyal ,,initiation ,,ceremony 7,prayer ,offering ,ceremony7 ,hopi ,arizona ,plate ,no4 #ba ,illustration3 ,,blow ,,gun1 ,,quiver and ,,dart ,cherokee ,north ,carolina ,,root ,,runner ,,basketry ,reprint from ,philbrook ,brochure1 #aieb by ,clark ,field ,,introduction ,the purpose that a foreword serves to the reading public is ostensibly to express its writer's endorsement of the material presented and of the mode of treatment4 ,in this instance the purpose is heartily avowed4 ,the monograph in hand forms a contribution to the series of studies being pursued widely among scholars whose aim is to piece together portions of the picture of culture of the ,indians of the ,southeast4 ,our knowledge of the culture properties of native tribes in any area where their development has been going on for centuries in their original seats comes necessarily by gradual steps4 ,these may seem disconnected in the minds of laymen who are in haste to see the whole story completed4 ,perhaps only the pioneer investigator knows how long and intimately a people must be studied by dwelling in their midst before their ways of life become clear enough to be understood and discussed4 ,collections of data1 historical1 descriptive and functional1 have to be made and preserved in the form of notes and actual specimens4 ,when these ends are accomplished1 the picture of tribal life takes definite shape1 and another gap in the history of a people is closed4 ,these are the requirements for carrying on in a somewhat new undertaking in the line of history1 namely ethno-history4 ,studies of a people's physical structure1 their psychology1 language1 religion and government contribute their share4 ,on the material side their crafts developed to supply economic needs and the art involved in the crafts themselves must be illustrated with accumulations of specimens4 ,these requirements the author of the following study has had well in mind for a considerable space of time1 and he has treated them with conservative judgment and a regard for their implications with botany and ecology4 ,such remarks applied to the paper constitute the ethnologist's endorsement4 ,it is a splendid thing for man of the present to take time to stabilize his mind to contemplating the achievements of tribes inhabiting our continent as a prologue to the affairs of the present4 ,where is the brash critic to persist in the claim that the natives of ,america have no original elements of 8civilization0 either from the early or late past1 or in the present8 ,the ,cherokee have provided an answer4 ,contemporary literature has amassed the evidence nor alone in the series of volumes from the ,university of ,oklahoma ,press1 but in prose and poetry known throughout the nation4 ,it offers a compendious chapter in the epic of ,america4 ,each additional study adds a paragraph of importance to the whole4 ,the study to follow contributes a detail of existing knowledge of the art-crafts of the ,cherokee4 ,as such it will prove to be another source reference to the ,cherokee way of life in art and its expression in concrete form4 ,the utilities have been and still are to ,indians a means of finding outlet for their aesthetic urges4 ,art and crafts are merged in the output4 ,other fields lie open for further attempts to perform its functions in national life by issuing successive publications dealing with its cultural material1 thus laying foundations for that basic teaching we fondly call ,americanism4 ,,frank ,g4 ,,speck ,department of ,anthropology1 ,university of ,pennsylvania ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania #aieb ,,root ,,runner ,,basketry ,the association of root-runner basket forms in ,america would show a number of instances of use of a 8,rod0 as a one rod foundation for coiled baskets occurring originally in ,arizona1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico and on the plains4#a ,this technologically simple form of basket building material has implications bearing upon the age and area theory that challenges attention on a wider scale4 ,apart from the coiling process1 a single rod construction appears in the ,southeast in wicker work4 ,what conclusions a broader study of single rod basketry 7to which class the root runner series belongs7 in any of its constructional forms1 whether in coiling or wicker work1 would lead to is quite beyond the purpose of this article4 ,it is the intent of the writer to record a simple phase of basketry technique in the southern middle ,atlantic slope and the northern part of the south and southeast area1 as it applies to the ,cherokee of the ,north ,carolina highlands and of ,oklahoma4 ,in these areal habitats the two subdivisions of the tribe make use of three diverse plant types1 the use of which in basketry construction in some districts does not overlap or coincide4 ,in ,carolina an earlier root-runner style has either passed out of memory or never existed among the ,cherokee ,indians1 but came in later through acculturative changes4 ,as far as has been ascertained1 all fine root runner fibers used in the making of ,indian baskets belong to two family groups1 the botanical names of which are ,caprifoliceae and ,crataegus4 ,to the first family group belong3 ,japanese ,honeysuckle 7,lonicera ,japonica7 ,a vine introduced into ,america from ,asia around #aijf4b ,buckbrush 7,symphoricarpos ,orbiculatus7 ,also called ,indian ,currant and ,coral ,berry4 ,to the second family belong3 ,wild ,hawthorne 7,crataegus ,crus ,galli7 ,the ,yuki ,indians of ,california made a basket out of the stems of a native honeysuckle 7,lonicera ,interrupta74 ,it1 however does not have fine root runners4#c ,,root ,,runner ,,baskets ,,in ,,virginia ,illustration3 ,root ,runner ,basket ,the ,rappahannock ,indians of ,virginia make a basket of ,japanese honeysuckle root runners of a wicker type weave which is crude in weaving technique in comparison with baskets from ,north ,carolina4 7,rappahannock of ,virginia47 ,quoting ,dr4 ,speck1 8,the art was revived by some of the women in #aibb1 when the ,indian ,association was formed4 ,susie and ,lizzie ,nelson1 old ,bob ,nelson and other ,rappahannock ,indians made these baskets at that time4 ,chief ,otto ,nelson1 his wife ,susie1 and ,lizzie ,nelson remember that when they were young about #ahij1 their grandmother ,sallie ,ronnie1 who was then about #fj years old1 had a honeysuckle sewing basket shaped like an oval bowl1 similar in weave to the baskets mentioned above4 8,there is a native local1 variety of ,red ,honeysuckle 7,lonicera sempervirens7 in ,virginia which is not a ground runner but clings for six feet or so to trees and fences2 it is finer stemmed than the ,japanese variety and ,indian women of the ,rappahannock tribe have agreed to weave with it4 ,all honeysuckle runners are kept soaked in water to preserve their pliability for weaving4 ,they can be gathered and woven at any time of the year if treated in this manner40 ,as far as known no other fine root runner is used for basket weaving by the ,indians of this state1 although other fine root runners such as ,devil's ,shoestring and ,london ,pride grow there4 ,comments on honeysuckle wicker-weave baskets among the ,mattaponi ,indians of ,virginia are made by ,dr4 ,frank ,speck in his book 8,at ,mattaponi10 in which he speaks of the girls making baskets of honeysuckle stems1 meticulously neat and with a technique suspiciously ,european in detail4 ,we cannot be too sure that something like this did not exist before as many references to baskets of various forms made in the early days are encountered4#d ,the ,pamunkey ,tribe1 living on a reservation ten miles south of ,mattaponi1 have used honeysuckle runners for over twenty years4 ,in both bands the details of form and weave are identical1 and the historical circumstances may also be4 ,,root ,,runner ,,baskets ,,in ,,north ,,carolina ,illustration3 ,root ,runner ,basket ,the ,cherokee ,indians of ,north ,carolina used ,japanese honeysuckle in basket weaving as early as #ahhj1 when it was introduced by a ,cherokee woman named ,arizona ,blankenship who had been educated at ,hampton ,institute1 ,virginia4 ,it is interesting to note that the ,cherokee ,agency ,indian ,school was founded at ,cherokee1 ,north ,carolina1 that same year4 ,in ,january1 #aidc1 ,dr4 ,speck made an extensive trip into the hill country around ,cherokee1 ,north ,carolina1 visiting the old conservative ,cherokee ,indians of that region4 ,he learned from the old people that honeysuckle basket weaving was not an original ,cherokee ,indian art4 ,making inquiry into their history of basket weaving1 he could find no evidence of their use of hawthorne 7,crataegus7 although it is native to that state1 or any historical evidence of the use of any other fine root runners4 ,it is possible1 of course1 that the ,hawthorne runners could have been used by other ,indian bands in other parts of the state but so far it is not known1 notwithstanding the fact ,dr4 ,speck has spent many years of study of ,cherokee ,indian basketry in ,north ,carolina4#e ,cane and oak splints were used chiefly by the ,cherokee in basket weaving and the use of ,japanese honeysuckle was undoubtedly a later addition to their culture4 ,an illustration of one of the earliest known types of honeysuckle weave is shown in the ,cherokee of ,north ,carolina plate4 ,this basket has no foundation to support the fine root runner fibers although most of their baskets made of honeysuckle runners do have foundations of oak splints4 ,as far as is known no double weaving of fine root runner baskets was done by the ,cherokee of this state4 ,,root ,,runner ,,baskets ,,in ,,oklahoma ,illustration3 ,root ,runner ,basket ,the ,cherokee of ,oklahoma used buckbrush 7,symphoricarpos ,orbiculatus7 in making fine root runner baskets and it appears after careful study and extensive inquiry1 that this type of basket weaving may have originated among the ,indians of ,oklahoma4 ,this conclusion is based on many years of collecting baskets from ,cherokee ,indians in every part of the old ,cherokee nation4 ,interviews with older basket-making women were held through interpreters and it was clearly established that basket making from honeysuckle was not known to them or to their mothers or grandmothers who had lived in ,georgia and ,north ,carolina before their removal in #aich to ,oklahoma4 ,the only type of weaving known to them before coming to ,oklahoma was the cane and oak-splint weaving4 ,from such interviews these facts could be traced back to as early as #ahej4 ,they were certain that the earliest baskets made by their grandparents were out of buckbrush and oak splints2 no cane or honeysuckle was used in the northern part of the ,cherokee nation4 ,in the ,spavinaw hills country of the northern part of the ,cherokee nation the ,indians used only buckbrush runners as cane does not grow in this section4 ,in the southern part of the nation1 in the vicinity of ,gore and ,weber ,falls1 cane grows and is used almost exclusively in basket weaving4 ,in the locality of ,tahlequah and ,stillwell both cane and buckbrush weaving is done4 ,the ,cherokee of this region make both a double and single wicker weave basket of buckbrush runners and no foundation is used in either type although each is strong and serviceable4 ,all of their fine root runner baskets 7buckbrush7 are a wicker type of weave of unexcelled technique4 ,the double weave basket made by ,lucy ,mouse 7shown in the ,oklahoma example7 is a splendid specimen of fine weaving--a strong durable basket4 ,the dye used in this basket is walnut stain from boiled walnut hulls4 ,the buckbrush runners are pulled in the fall of the years and after drying two or three weeks are boiled to remove the bark4 ,the fibers remain flexible enough for weaving all winter which is the basket weaving season4 ,the shapes were formerly market baskets1 fruit trays1 egg baskets and storage baskets1 some of which were used by them as long as fifty years ago4 ,twenty-five years ago vegetable dyes were used for coloring but today commercial dyes are largely used2 the baskets are made1 as a rule1 for sale1 and show considerable white influence4 --,clark ,field ,,autobiography ,i was born in ,dallas1 ,texas1 on ,january #f1 #ahhb4 ,i first became interested in the art work of the ,indians while working as a reporter for an ,oklahoma daily newspaper in #aijj1 at which time ,i covered the opening for settlement of the ,kiowa1 ,comanche and ,apache ,indian reservations in southwest ,oklahoma4 ,after two years of study 7#aijc-aijd7 at the ,university of ,oklahoma1 ,i became a traveling salesman and remained in that profession until #aiag when ,i went into business for myself 7retired from business in #aieg74 ,about #aiah ,i became actively interested in ,indian pottery and basketry and started my collections4 ,since that time1 ,mrs4 ,field1 my daughter ,dorothy ,field ,maxwell 7,mrs4 ,gilbert ,s471 and ,i have traveled more than one hundred and twenty five thousand miles collecting in the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 ,alaska1 ,mexico1 ,central and ,south ,america4 ,to date 7#aifd7 we have spent #df years in trying to collect authentic specimens of baskets made for actual use by all basket-making tribes 7no tourist specimens are included74 ,intent upon maintaining the highest possible quality throughout the collection1 ,i have always insisted upon acquiring the finest representative basket for its particular tribe or use4 ,the collection is completely catalogued and photographed and has been given to the ,philbrook ,art ,center of ,tulsa1 ,oklahoma1 where it is on exhibition4 ,the collection has been rated by members of the ,indian ,arts and ,crafts ,board1 and by members of other museums1 as the most comprehensive in the ,united ,states for its beauty of specimens and unusual method of display4 ,clark ,field ,,footnotes #a,the definitions and boundaries of typology and historical horizons given by ,dr4 ,gene ,weltfish are followed here4 8,prehistoric ,north ,american ,basketry ,techniques and ,modern ,distributions10 ,american ,anthropologist1 ,vol4 #cb1 ,no4 #c1 #aicj and 8,preliminary ,classification of ,prehistoric ,southwestern ,basketry10 ,smithsonian ,miscellaneous ,collection1 ,vol4 #hg1 ,no4 #g1 #aicb1 ,p4 #dj4 #b;,dr4 ,alfred ,rehder1 ,curator of ,herbarium of ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,harvard ,university4 #c;,c4 ,v4 ,morton1 ,assistant 8,curator of ,plants0 ,smithsonian ,institution1 letter to ,a4 ,wetmore1 ,april #ad1 #aidc4 ,also4 8,trees and ,shrubs10 ,chas4 ,sargent1 #aije1 ,vol4 #a1 #aci and 8,manual of ,flowering ,plants of ,california40 ,willis ,linn ,jepson4 #ahbc4 #d;,dr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,speck1 8,chapters in ,ethnology of the ,powhatan ,tribes of ,virginia10 ,indian ,notes and monographs1 ,museum of the ,american ,indian 7,heye ,foundation7 ,new ,york1 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #e1 #aibh1 ,p4 ,p4 #che-chh1 ,f4 ,g4 #hh4 #e,rather extensive discussion and illustration of honeysuckle root baskets by the white mountaineers of the ,south are given by ,a4 ,h4 ,eaton 8,handicrafts of the ,southern ,highlands40 ,russel ,sage ,foundation1 ,n4 ,y4 #aicg1 pp4 #agd-e1 #aae-bji4 ,no dating is attempted4 ,,index ,page ,plate ,ahcacon #be #c;a1 #c;b1 #c;c ,aleut #bb1 #bc #a;c1 #a;d ,algonquin #ai #c;d1 #g;c ,alibamu #ah #e;d ,apache #c #f;c ,chiricahua #e1 #ae #b;a ,san ,carlos #e ,tonto #e1 #ad #f;c ,western #e #ac;a ,white ,mountain #ab1 #ad #ag;c ,yavapai #d1 #e #ab;d ,at the ,landing of the #g ,pilgrims ,attu #bb1 #bc #a;c1 #a;d ,autobiography #ca ,basket3 ,baby ,cradle #bd1 #be #c;a1 #c;b1 #c;c ,bag1 ,corn ,husk #ah #ae;a ,baleen #ba1 #bb #a;b ,berry #ae1 #ai #e;a1 #e;b ,birchbark #ai1 #ba #c;d1 #g;c1 #g;d1 #h;c ,bird ,cage #c ,boiling #ag #i;c ,bowl #d1 #ae1 #bc #h;b1 #aj;b1 #aa;b1 #aa;c1 #ab;b ,canoe #ai #g;c ,burden #af1 #ag #i;a1 #ac;c1 #ac;d1 #ad;a1 #ad;c1 #ad;d ,carrying #ab1 #af1 #ag #i;a1 #ac;c1 #ac;d1 #ad;a1 #ad;c1 #ad;d1 #ag;c ,ceremonial #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac #ag;a1 #ag;b1 #ag;c1 #ah;a1 #ah;b1 #ah;c1 #ah;d1 #ai;a1 #ai;b1 #ai;c1 #bj ,clam #d #i;c1 #ad;b ,colander #c #aj;a ,cooking #c1 #ai #e;a1 #i;c ,corn ,husk #ah #ae;a ,effigy #ah #e;c1 #e;d ,coming ,out ,dance #ab1 #ac #ag;c ,egg #cj ,feathered #h1 #ab #ah;b1 #ah;c1 #ah;d ,fishing ,creel #ai #c;d ,fish ,trap #c #d;a ,food ,bowl #d1 #ae #h;b1 #aj;b1 #aa;b1 #aa;c1 #ab;b ,gambling #bc #d;b1 #d;c1 #d;d ,gathering #d1 #ae1 #ai #e;a1 #e;b1 #h;c1 #ad;a1 #ad;b ,grasshopper #af #aj;c1 #ad;a ,harvest #d1 #af #i;a ,historical #g1 #ae #b;c1 #b;d1 #e;b ,household #ad #ae;b1 #ae;c1 #ae;d1 #af;a1 #af;b1 #af;c1 #af;d ,ideas ,copied #c #d;a1 #aj;a ,initiation ,ceremony #aj #bj ,jumping ,dance #i #ah;a ,kachina #ae #h;b ,manioc ,press #bd #aa;a ,market #cj ,miniatures #bj ,moose ,hair #ba #h;d ,mortuary #h #ah;c1 #ah;d ,mourning ,bowl #i #ag;d ,plaque #aj1 #aa #ai;a1 #bj ,porridge ,bowl #d #aj;b ,quilled #bj #a;a ,quiver #be #ba ,rinsing #d #ai;d ,roasting ,tray #ah #i;d ,root ,runner #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj ,sally ,bag #ah #ae;a ,seed ,container #ac #g;b ,soyal #aj #bj ,squash ,blossom #ai #i;b ,stewing #af #aj;c ,storage #c1 #d1 #ac1 #ad #f;a1 #f;b1 #f;c1 #f;d1 #g;a1 #g;b1 #g;c1 #g;d1 #h;a1 #h;b ,tray #d1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc #d;d1 #h;c1 #i;b1 #i;d1 #aj;d ,trinkets #ah1 #ba #a;b1 #e;c1 #e;d1 #h;d ,tump-line #af #ac;c ,unique ,designs #d #f;b1 #aj;d1 #aa;b1 #aa;c1 #ab;a1 #ab;c1 #ab;d1 #ae;c1 #af;c1 #ai;d ,utilitarian #g #b;c1 #b;d ,wall ,pocket #d #af;c ,watertight #ae1 #ag #b;a1 #b;b1 #i;c ,water ,bottle #ae #b;a1 #b;b ,wedding #aj1 #aa1 #ab #ah;b1 #ai;a1 #ai;b1 #ai;c ,whalebone #ba1 #bb #a;b ,wild ,rice #ai #h;c ,wine #h #ag;b ,winnowing #ai #i;b ,basketry ,aleut ,island #bb1 #bc #a;c1 #a;d ,birchbark #ai1 #ba #c;d1 #g;c1 #g;d1 #h;c1 #h;d ,early #c ,general #a1 #b ,root ,runner #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj ,western ,apache #e #ac;a ,basket ,makers #ac #g;b ,blow ,gun #be #ba ,bluff ,dwellers #c ,bottle #ae #b;a1 #b;b ,bowl #d1 #ae1 #bc #d;c1 #h;b1 #aj;b1 #aa;b1 #aa;c1 #ab;b ,buckbrush #cj ,box ,canoe #ai #g;c ,storage #ai #g;c1 #g;d ,household #bj #a;a ,trinket #ba #h;d ,catawba #c #d;a ,central ,america #bd #aa;a ,cacique #aj ,cahuilla #d1 #af #i;a1 #ab;a1 #ad;a ,carib #bd #aa;a ,chemehueve #d #ab;c ,cherokee #a1 #ad1 #af1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #ae;b1 #af;d1 #ba #bi1 #cj ,cheyenne #bc ,chippewa #ai1 #bj #a;a1 #g;d1 #h;c ,chiricahua #e1 #ae #b;a ,chitimacha #d1 #ad #ae;c ,choctaw #d1 #ae #e;b1 #af;c ,cochiti #c ,coming ,out ,dance #ab1 #ac #ag;c ,decoration ,false ,embroidery #ah #ae;a ,feather #h1 #ab #ah;b1 #ah;c1 #ah;d ,imbricated #ai #e;a ,moose ,hair #ba #h;d ,painted #g #b;d ,quilled #bj #a;a ,dotsolalee #f1 #g #ag;a ,effigy #ah #e;c1 #e;d ,embroidery1 ,moose ,hair #ba #h;d ,eskimo #ba1 #bb #a;b ,feathered #h1 #ab #ah;b1 #ah;c1 #ah;d ,feast of the ,dead #i #ag;d ,frazier ,river #bd ,gabrielenos #af #ad;d ,gambling ,devices #bc #d;b1 #d;c1 #d;d ,grasshopper #af #aj;c1 #ad;a ,gum ,covered #ae #b;a1 #b;b ,havasupai #ae #b;b ,honeysuckle #a1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj ,historical #g #b;c1 #b;d ,hoopa #d1 #i1 #ad1 #bd #c;b1 #aj;d1 #ae;d1 #ah;a ,hopi #b1 #aj1 #ae1 #bd #h;b1 #ai;a1 #bj ,houma #be ,huron #ba #h;d ,imbricated #ai #e;a ,karoc #af #ac;c ,kiaha #ag #ac;d ,kiva #aj ,klamath #bc ,mattaponi #bh ,malecite #ba #h;d ,maidu #af #ad;c ,menominee #i #ag;d ,miniatures #bj ,mission #d1 #af #i;a1 #aa;b1 #ab;a1 #ad;a1 #ad;d ,modoc #ah #i;d ,mono-,paiute #bd ,nahwehteete #h ,navajo #aj1 #ae #ai;b ,niantic #d #ai;d ,ottawa #ac #f;d ,paiute #d1 #aj1 #af #aj;b1 #aj;c1 #ai;c ,papago #b1 #h1 #ag1 #ah #e;c1 #ac;d1 #ag;b ,pamunkey #bh ,panamint #d #f;b1 #aa;c1 #ab;b ,passamaquoddy #ba #h;d ,pawnee #bc #d;d ,pennacook #g #b;d ,penobscot #c #aj;a ,pilgrims #g #b;c ,pima #a1 #ai #i;b ,platter #d #ab;a1 #ab;c1 #ab;d ,plaques #aj1 #aa #ai;a1 #bj ,pomo #h1 #ab1 #bc1 #bd #c;a1 #d;b1 #ah;b1 #ah;c1 #ah;d ,porcupine ,quills #bj #a;a ,pueblo #ac1 #bd #g;b ,quileutes #af ,quill ,decoration #bj #a;a ,quinault #d #ad;b ,quiver #be #ba ,rappahannock #ad1 #bh #af;b ,rinsing ,basket #d #ai;d ,root ,runner ,basketry #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj ,san ,carlos #e ,seneca-,cayuga #bc #d;c ,shoshone #d #f;b1 #aa;c1 #ab;b ,soyal #aj #bj ,specimens ,no ,longer #c #f;c1 #i;c ,made and ,why ,speck1 ,frank ,g4 #bf1 #bh1 #bi ,symbolic ,designs #e #ab;b ,thlinkits #ag #i;c ,tray #d1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc #d;d1 #i;b1 #i;d1 #aj;d ,tonto #e1 #ad #f;c ,umatilla #ah #ae;a ,ute #bd1 #be #c;c ,vanishing ,indian #d ,wampanoag #g #b;c ,whalebone #ba1 #bb #a;b ,white ,mountain ,apache #ab1 #ad #ag;c ,wickiup #af ,washoe #f1 #g #ag;a ,western ,apache #e #ac;a ,yakima #ai #e;a ,yavapai ,apache #d1 #e #ab;d ,yuki #bg ,yokut #ad #af;a ,yurok #ah #i;d ,zuni #af ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,modified some references to plates for more convenient hyperlinking 7e4g41 8,plate #ag;a c0 changed to 8,plate #ag;a1 #ag;c074 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4