,a ,,fir/ ,,book ,,9 ,,writ+ ,,engli% ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,mm ,co4 ,a ,,fir/ ,,book ,,9 ,,writ+ ,,engli% ,,by ,,edw9 ,,h]b]t ,,lewis1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,associate ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,engli% ,,9 ,,lewis ,,in/itute ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #ahig ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #ahig1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,x sometimes happ5s t ! /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( composition is left until ! ov]cr[d$ la/ ye> ( ! high s*ool1 "u ! plea t facts ought to prec$e g5]alizations4 ,is x n bett] to h ! pupil beg9 two or ?ree ye>s e>li] ?an ?is to frame simple g5]alizations = 8 own future guidance8 ,! fir/ ye> /ud5t daily awakes to new exp]i5ces & problems4 ,he dem&s rules & reasons3 8,h[ %all he *oose !me topics8 ,h[ mu* %all he put into a s5t5ce8 ,:y is electrocution 9 bad usage80 ,if ! pr9ciple is ask$ =1 %\ld x n be giv5--z mu* ( x z c be dige/$8 ,:5 su* a c\rse is foll[$1 "t en\gh is left 9 ! high s*ool = composition to become a habit4 ,! complex process :]e9 inv5tion1 z x proce$s1 is rectifi$ by criticism1 involves _m delicate reflexes4 ,! =mulat$ pr9ciple1 invaluable to ! /ud5t 9 revis+1 9 turn gr[s to be an unconsci\s factor 9 e succe$+ act ( composition4 ,! m ess5tial rules ought n to be m]e phantoms to ! boy j complet+ 8 fir/ ye> 9 ! second>y s*ool4 ,9 reg>d to o!r matt]s ( liv+1 great pr9ciples are taught him f infancy1 )\t ! slighte/ fe> ( sett+ up too analytic a /ate ( m9d4 ,if a boy ( ?ree may be told 8always to d "o ?+ at a "t10 mu/ a boy be eighte5 be=e he is told 8always to write ab\t "o ?+ at a "t08 ,at ?ree ! *ild is requir$ to control "s ( 8 /ronge/ emotions2 mu/ he be eighte5 be=e he is ask$ to *eck digressions 9 ! p>agraph8 ,& is x possible to implant a g5u9e habit ( *eck+ digressions except by lead+ ! /ud5t f p>ticul> in/ances to "s g5]alization :i* he may keep 9 m9d z a norm = future self-criticism8 ,syn!sis & analysis _c safely be sep>at$2 a good prescription = mo/ rhetorical disord]s is1 m ( bo?4 ,inde$1 :at seems to be ne$$ to-day 9 tea*+ composition is n "o ?+1 b sev]al3 on ! "o h&1 m utilization ( lit]ature & m appeal to social int]e/s2 on ! o!r h&1 m inductions & g5]alizations by ! /ud5t himself2 on bo? h&s1 m "t = practice & self-criticism4 ,9 ! pres5t book1 orig9ally pr9t$ privately = my own classes & n[ rewritt5 & enl>g$1 ,i h tri$ to pres5t a l>ge numb] ( def9ite situations to be fac$ = con/ructive practice bo? 9 organization & 9 diction2 & to give 9 simple1 ev5 colloquial language1 all ! l>g] g5]alizations :i* a boy pres5t+ himself at college might reasonably be expect$ to h be5 us+ = two or ?ree ye>s z t\*/ones ( 8 own "w4 ,except 9 ! *apt]s on punctuation & gramm>1 ! ord] ( rea*+ g5]alizations is meant to be ess5tially inductive4 ,9 ^! review-*apt]s a "p ( ! pr9ciples come be=e ! illu/rations 9 ord] to get ! help ( all pa/ associations4 ,ev5 "h ! induction is (t5 gone ?r\gh ) a second "t1 lead+ up to a re/atem5t ( ! pr9ciple4 ,x is recomm5d$ t /ud5ts %\ld (t5 be ask$ to frame g5]alizations ( _! own1 ?\gh ! text-book may h l$ up to simil> ones4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,vii4 & ,x41 on words1 ,i h tri$ to pres5t conditions favorable to ! fram+ ( def9itions by ! /ud5t4 ,by v>i\s devices ,i h con/antly tri$ to avoid sep>ation betwe5 ex]cise critical & ex]cise con/ructive4 ,occasionally1 aft] ! correct =m has be5 /udi$1 bad ,engli% is (f]$ = correction1 = ! sake ( ! appeal to ! /ud5t's p]sonal pride & 8 s5se ( ! ridicul\s2 b 9 g5]al x is assum$ t ! /ud5t's correction ( 8 own bad ,engli% w af=d pl5ty ( contact ) faulty =ms4 ,! book is prim>ily int5d$ to be us$ 9 close connection ) ! lit]>y /udies ( ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! second>y c\rse4 ,x may be us$ lat] if ! arrangem5t ( subjects all[s little "t = lit]ature 9 ^! e>li] ye>s4 ,! ord] ( pres5tation %\ld1#a 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 foll[ t ( ! book4 ,/ill1 ,*apt] ,,viii41 on correct *oice ( words1 may be tak5 at ! />t if ! tea*] pref]s4 ,:]e a good deal ( lit]>y /udy is c>ri$ on 9 ! fir/ ye>1 ! fir/ eight *apt]s are p]haps en\gh = ?is ye>4 ,b a rate ( progress _c be prescrib$4 ,a text-book is a m]e help1 & bad 9 proportion z x tries to be any?+ m4 ,its function seems to be to supply ! supplem5t>y appeal to ! eye1 s9ce ! liv+ tea*] c engage to d ?is b to a limit$ ext5t4 ,x appe>s obvi\s t ! book %\ld be read sl[ly en\gh to p]mit two ?+s--mu* p>allel lit]>y /udy1 & mu* revision ( !mes 9 ! light ( prec$+ *apt]s4 ,fir/ drafts are sometimes all t are wor? mak+2 b usually a task requir+ connect$ disc\rse is n f9i%$ until !re h be5 sev]al revisions4 ,if ! /ud5t writes ea* new composition ) a view to "o p>ticul> k9d ( excell5ce1 & !n revises ) ref]5ce to ! k9ds ( excell5ce he has previ\sly /riv5 =1 he w gradually be able to hold sev]al /yli/ic pr9ciples 9 m9d z he composes4 ,_m !mes %\ld be writt5 9 class4 ,a limit$ p]iod %\ld be set = ! fir/ draft2 & half z mu* "t may well be sp5t 9 revis+ be=e ?is is h&$ 94 ,9 ?is revision ! /ud5t may pr(itably read 8 !me z _m times z !re are *apt]s to be m5tally review$4 ,! rem>kable /r5g? ( ! v]bal memory 9 /ud5ts ( ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! second>y s*ool is a fact by :i* e tea*] mu/ h be5 impress$4#b ,add to ?is fact ! o!r1 t ! pupil's social int]e/s are n[ 9 a p]fect r5aissance ( livel9ess1 & y h exactly ! conditions = enl>g+ ! work+ vocabul>y4 ,x is n[ or nev]4 ,! boy1 ?\gh l ! man he hates a f9e di/9ction 9 conv]sation1 is gr[+ out ( ! exagg]at$ retic5ce :i* has ( late seem$ to him ! manly ?+4 ,he is no long] det]m9$ to employ :at ,mrs4 ,meynell1 speak+ ( ! boy ( twelve1 calls 8 8c>efully %ort5$ vocabul>y40#c ,! girl1 ev5 m ?an ! boy1 is full ( new ideas :i* w\ld fl[] into spee* if ! words 7 to be _h4 ,to capture ^! new int]e/s & satisfy !m by lit]ature is ( c\rse ! be/ ?+4 ,/udy ( isolat$ words1 :e!r = k or = p[]1 is b supplem5t>y to ! /udy ( ! vital functions ( words 9 ! liv+ organism4 ,b ev5 ! /udy ( synonyms1 if pursu$ 9 prep>ation = an oral debate1--"o ( ! v be/ ex]cises = fir/-ye> /ud5ts1--or 9 connection ) a page ( spirit$ prose1 rapidly becomes con/ructive & vital4 ,al?\gh ! *apt]s on vocabul>y 7,,ix4 & ,x47 may be giv5 be=e ! /ud5t has begun a =eign language1 ! be/ results ) !m w n be secur$ until he has _h at lea/ six mon?s 9 ,lat94 ,! /udy ( prefixes & suffixes 7p4 #ahf ff47 %\ld n be made burd5some4 ,"s g5]al view ( ! subject seems desirable1 b ! detail$ /udy is be/ giv5 9 connection ) an int]e/+ context4 ,= k9dly criticism or advice ,i h debts ( gratitude to ,pr(essor & ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mc,clintock2 to ,pr(essor ,f4 ,a4 ,m>*1 ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey1 & ,pr(essor ,rob]t ,h]rick2 to sev]al ( my colleagues1 especially ,director ,george ,m4 ,c>man1 ,miss ,jane ,noble1 & ,mr4 ,phil ,b4 ,kohlsaat2 to ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,manny1 to ,mrs4 ,huf=d & ,miss ,dye1 ( ,indianapolis2 to ,sup]9t5d5t ,a4 ,f4 ,night+ale1 ,miss ,jones1 & ,miss ,h]rick1 ( ! ,*icago high s*ools4 ,i h be5 p>ticul>ly indebt$ to ,c>p5t]'s ,advanc$ ,ex]cises1 a book made famili> to me by us+ x ) fre%m5 9 college2 & to ,scott ,d5ney's ,p>agraph-,writ+4 ,= ! index ,i h to ?ank ,miss ,l4 ,e4 ,w4 ,b5$ict1 libr>ian ( ,lewis ,in/itute1 & ,mr4 ,lewis ,gu/afson4 ,e4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,*icago1 ,april #ae1 #ahig4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,introductory ,,explanations #a ,i4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+ ,,engli% #e ,,ii4 ,,on ,,read+ ,,al\d1 ,,& ,,on ,,spell+ #ab ,,iii4 ,a ,,review ,,( ,,punctuation #ba ,,iv4 ,,grammatical ,,phases ,,( ,,writ+ ,,engli% #dc ,v4 ,,on ,,divid+ ,a ,,p>agraph ,,into ,,s5t5ces #gd ,,vi4 ,,on ,,well-,,knit ,,s5t5ces #if ,,vii4 ,,on ,,organiz+ ,,! ,,!me #aad ,,viii4 ,,on ,,correctness ,,9 ,,*oice ,,( ,,words #adg ,,ix4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,vocabul>y #aha ,x4 ,,! ,,ma/]y ,,( ,a ,,writ+ ,,vocabul>y #aid ,,xi4 ,,"r ,,numb] ,,& ,,skilful ,,*oice ,,( ,,words #bbg ,,xii4 ,,lett]-,,writ+ #bee ,,xiii4 ,,reproduction1 ,,ab/ract1 ,,summ>y1 ,,abridgm5t #bfb ,,xiv4 ,,n>ration ,,& ,,description #bga ,,xv4 ,,exposition ,,& ,,argum5t #bgi ,,index #bhc ,,introductory ,,explanations ,our plan provides = a good _m %ort compositions4 ,^!1 z well z all o!r ex]cises1 %\ld be writt5 on uni=m !me-pap]1#d say eight in*es by t51 ) a broad m>g9 at bo? sides4 ,!re are advantages 9 ! d\ble m>g94 ,fir/1 x is easi] = ! read] ( ! !me to jot d[n 8 sugge/ions at ! "r1 s9ce he ne$ n turn ! pap] to d s4 ,secondly1 x is well = ! /ud5t to le>n ! knack ( keep+ a /raight edge at ! left h&4 ,only "o side ( ! pap] %\ld be writt5 on4 ,if a mi/ake is made1 a heavy l9e may be drawn ?r\gh ! ^w4 ,! manuscript ought to pres5t ! neate/ possible appe>ance4 ,blank spaces are to be avoid$ at ! end ( l9es1 except :]e a p>agraph ends4 ,! /raight edge1 ref]r$ to above1 is to be scrupul\sly pres]v$ at ! left ( ! page1 except t :5 a new p>agraph 7t is1 division ( ! !me7 is to beg91 ! fir/ l9e ( x %\ld />t ab\t two in*es f>!r to ! "r ?an ! o!r l9es4 ,! pages %\ld be c>efully numb]$ 9 ! upp] "r-h& corn]1 & kept 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,no?+ is m disconc]t+ to any p]son :o reads a manuscript ?an to op5 ! pap] & f9d be=e him ! la/ page1 r ?an ! fir/4 ,e !me %\ld h a def9ite title4 ,?is %\ld appe> 9 ! blank space at ! top ( ! fir/ page & 9 ! endorsem5t ( ! fold$ pap]1 on ! back ( ! la/ page4 ,! !me %\ld be fold$ once1 l5g?wise4 ,9 ! blank space at ! top %\ld be writt5 ! endorsem5t1 :i* %\ld foll[ ?is model3 7#a7 "n2 7#b7 "n ( c\rse2 7#c7 title2 7#d7 date4 ,ri*>d ,doe4 ,fir/ ye> ,engli%4 ,a ,dialogue on ,politics4 ,oct4 #a1 #ahi-4 ,aft] ! !mes h be5 read1 :e!r by ! in/ructor alone or by ! class & ! in/ructor1 !y w be return$ ) m>g9al comm5ts1 & 7j "u ! endorsem5t7 a summ>y ( ^! comm5ts4 ,9 _m cases ! /ud5t w be expect$ to rewrite1 & ! ^w ,rewrite w appe> ) ! g5]al comm5t4 ,o!rwise he w be expect$ to ,revise1 t is1 to int]l9e corrections & improvem5ts on ! manuscript )\t copy+ x4 ,ea* /ud5t's pap]s w be fil$ & kept4 ,he w (t5 be ask$ to consult ) ! in/ructor conc]n+ 8 own progress1 z %[n by 8 bundle ( !mes4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ive signs#e may be us$ 9 ! m>g9 ( !mes1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( errors1 ! actual errors to be discov]$ by ! pupil = himself4 ,"s tea*]s w pref] a simpl] sy/em ( symbols1 "s a m elaborate sy/em4 ,! sugge/$ li/ c easily be modifi$ or supplant$4 ,,ms4 ,bad manuscript4 4 ,"s obvi\s fault--a m>k :i* w be us$ m & m frequ5tly z ! /ud5t's k increases4 ,! *eck-m>k w frequ5tly indicate bad spell+ or punctuation1 or fault 9 capitaliz+4 ,,sp4 ,bad spell+ 7see "u *eck-m>k74 ,,hy4 ,fault 9 use ( hyph54 ,p4 ,fault 9 punctuation 7see also "u *eck-m>k74 ,,cap4 ,fault 9 ! use ( a capital lett] 7see *eck-m>k74 ,l4 ,too loose2 /ructure rambl+4 ,s4 ,solecism4 ,c4 ,/ructure incoh]5t4 ,e4 ,lack ( emphasis 9 s5t5ce4 ,u4 ,lack ( unity 9 s5t5ce4 ,,tr4 ,transpose ord] ( words4 ,v4 ,vague4 ,a4 ,ambigu\s4 ,u4 ,lack ( unity 9 p>agraph4 4 ,prop] place = a p>agraph4 74 ,run two p>agraphs toge!r4 4 ,passages )9 brackets to be omitt$4 ,deleatur symbol4 ,dele1 take out1 omit2 a m>k us$ 9 correct+ pr9t]'s pro(4 4 ,aga9/ a passage requir+ to be :olly reca/4 ,,ri4 ,unnecess>y repetition ( idea4 84 ,que/ions tru? ( /atem5t4 ,b4 ,b>b>ism4 ,i4 ,impropriety4 ,w4 ,wordy4 ,h4 ,high-fl[n1 inflat$1 or ov]-ambiti\s4 ,d4 ,consult ! diction>y4 ,,hack4 ,hackney$4 ,,bw4 ,bett] ^w ne$$--a m exact or appropriate ^w4 ,,rw4 ,unnecess>y repetition ( a ^w4 ,m4 ,metaphors mix$1 or o!r fault 9 ! use ( figures ( spee*4 ,k4 ,awkw>d1 ugly1 or unpleas+4 ,,bt4 ,bad ta/e4 ,a /rong notebook ( portable size is ne$$ = ! "w 9 spell+ & vocabul>y4 ,x %\ld be us$ f ! fir/ = not+ new words1 etc4 ,see page #aii4 ,a ,,fir/ ,,book ,,9 ,,writ+ ,,engli% ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+ ,,engli% ,an ,art ( ,communication4--,language may be /udi$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x may be sci5tifically inve/igat$ z a hi/orical gr[?1 or z a curi\s revelation ( h[ ! human m9d works4 ,?is k9d ( /udy has pure k = its object2 if x le>ns ! laws :i* gov]n language1 x is satisfi$4 ,aga91 language may be /udi$ ) a view to apply+ its pr9ciples to ! art ( self-expression4 ,! attempt to f9d words = "o's ideas has enliv5$ _m a we>y h\r = _m a p]son :o wrote m]ely = 8 own satisfaction4 ,b ! *ief object = :i* language %\ld be /udi$ is t x may be made a means ( communication4 ,mo/ t is good 9 life comes f m5's ability to make _! fell[s %>e _! ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,b x is n always an easy ?+ to make o!rs see h[ we feel or ?9k4 ,! "y *ild is call$ an infant1 a ^w :i* means n-speak+4 ,half 8 mis]ies arise f 8 inability to communicate 8 notions4 8,m5 are b *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[?10 & mu* ( _! mis]y results f inability to tell :at !y ?9k or feel4 ,9 a s5se ! case is worse = ! man ?an = ! *ild4 ,! latt] makes ge/ures & grimaces to help 8 mean+ out2 & he dep5ds n 9 va9 on pit* & /ress4 ,! gr[n man is p>tly %orn ( ^! helps1 9 t he has to communicate by lett]s & o!r compositions4 ,h[ mu* m "w ! eye does to-day ?an ! e>6 ,be=e ! age ( pr9t+1 ?+s 7 diff]5t4 ,bo? 9 speak+ & 9 writ+ !re are _m special laws t mu/ be obs]v$ if !re is to be real communication4 ,! special laws ( spok5 language are n s num]\s z ^? ( writt5 language4 ,writt5 language has to be mu* m c>eful ?an spok52 ! writ] has no *ance ( correct+ himself on ! spot if n und]/ood4 ,nev]!less a k ( h[ to communicate by writt5 words is a v great help 9 communicat+ orally4 ,! art ( communicat+ by means ( writt5 ,engli% words is call$ ,engli% composition1 or rhetoric4 ,! latt] ^w once meant ! art ( speak+2 & x /ill keeps ?is s5se :5 a composition is writt5 to be deliv]$4 ,rhetoric is a useful art1 l t ( cur+ ! sick1 or t ( build+ bridges4 ,a matt] ( prime importance to ea* man is t1 9 bus9ess or 9 society1 he %\ld be able to say or write exactly :at he means2 rhetoric helps him to d ?is4 ,a bus9ess man may lose money by fail+ to make himself cle>ly und]/ood2 misund]/&+s & qu>rels arise betwe5 fri5ds because "s "o has fail$ to write j :at he meant2 a man is liable to be tak5 = a boor if he abuses ! ,engli% language4 ,rhetoric is an exce$+ly practical art4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be fair to remove all emphasis f ! fact t rhetoric is a f9e art1 an art ( beauty4 ,z soon z ! /ud5t beg9s to ma/] ! use ( words1 he has a *ance to become an arti/ 9 language4 ,9 produc+ a beautiful ?+ he feels ! arti/'s pleasure4 ,mo/ p]sons l to play "s musical in/rum5t1 or exp]im5t 9 color1 or use a cam]a4 ,:y %\ld !y n come to enjoy ! art ( sett+ d[n _! ideas 9 words skilfully *os51 & arrang$ ) delicate precision8 ,! old ,greeks enjoy$ x--^? p :o knew h[ to extract s mu* high pleasure f life4 ,along ) _! musical conte/s & a?letic conte/s1 !y _h trials ( skill 9 poetry & 9 public spee*4 ,!re is no m delightful art ?an t ( writ+1 if ! writ] f9ds words = 8 own fre% impressions4 ,9 ord] to le>n ! m&ol91 a new play] w tra9 8 wri/ till x a*es4 ,b ?rumm+ music is d\btless small pleasure comp>$ ) writ+ music2 & writ+ ,engli% is 9 a way l writ+ music1--a f9e1 high1 creative process1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( a ma/]1 results 9 a p]man5t1 n a fleet+1 product4 ,a tea*] ( ,engli% rec5tly said t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 if a /ud5t likes any /udy at all he c be br\ght to l composition also4#f ,%e 0 "r4 ,if he c>es = ma!matics1 & ! beautiful precision by :i* ev]y?+ 9 ma!matics falls exactly into its place1 he w enjoy %[+ ! exact relations he conceives to exi/ betwe5 ! p>ts ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,if a girl likes music %e w c>e = ! music t is 9 prose4 ,%e w p]ceive t a good s5t5ce is free f ugly s\nds1 & has fur!rmore a music ( rhy?m1 a f9ely modulat$ rise & fall t a ke5 e> readily p]ceives4 ,a lad decl>es himself int]e/$ 9 inv5t+ or 9 build+ ma*9]y4 ,if s1 :y %\ld he n enjoy build+ a !me8 ,to ?9k out a new me*anical device requires mu* ! same k9d ( +5uity1 s5se ( proportion1 p]ception ( cause & effect1 t are requir$ 9 ?9k+ out ! logical framework ( a composition4 ,! /ud5t %\ld "w /eadily t[>d ! po9t :]e he may come to h an abid+ love = t :i* is lucid & beautiful 9 expression by words4 ,he w nev] regret ! "t he sp5ds 9 p]fect+ 8 in/rum5t ( expression4 ,no matt] h[ practical ! life he plans to lead1 ! p[] ( writ+ d[n 8 ideas 9 good ,engli%1 9 a way t w leave no d\bt z to :at he meant & h[ e>ne/ly he meant x1 w always pr(it him4 ,"o meets ev]y:]e m5 :o lam5t t !y gave s little att5tion to our language :5 !y 7 "y en\gh to ma/] x4 ,! ,limitations ( ! ,art4--,x mu/ nev] be suppos$ t1 because to "s ext5t a f9e art1 rhetoric %\ld be /udi$ z an end 9 itself4 ,:at 0 said a mom5t ago ab\t ! prim>y aim ( ! /udy mu/ be kept /eadily 9 view4 ,we /udy ! art ( composition n = ! art's sake1 b to communicate our ideas & feel+s4 ,rhetoric does n pr(ess to supply ! /ud5t ) ideas1 ?\gh x assumes t 8 m9d is /imulat$ to new ?\ght by try+ to express t :i* he already has4 ,! m ideas he br+s to ! /udy1--ideas he has ?\ght out 9 life or 9 8 o!r /udies1 l lit]ature1 hi/ory1 civics1--! m facility he w c>ry away2 = ideas are ! v be/ ( mat]ial to make !mes (4 ,if composition does only "o ?+ = a giv5 p]son1--if1 namely1 x br+s him to a /urdy habit ( f9d+ some?+ to say be=e he asks o!r p to li/5 to him1--x is em95tly wor? :ile4 ,write = an ,audi5ce4--,writ+ is usually good 9 proportion z ! writ] is int]e/$ 9 x4 ,if he c>es = x1 if he is anxi\s to f9d a wor?y ?\ght & make x cle> to ! eyes ( o!rs1 he w be v likely to succe$ 9 do+ s4 ,some?+ ( e /ud5t's weekly "w ought to be good en\gh to come be=e ! eyes ( 8 fri5ds & to comm& 8 fri5ds' respect4 ,! /ud5t w f9d t 8 mates are ke5 critics2 !y w n respect poor "w4 ,b !y are also fair & sympa!tic critics1 ready & will+ to surr5d] on sight to really good "w4 ,a class z a :ole w judge ! compositions ( ea* memb] dis9t]e/$ly & appreciatively4 ,:atev] is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( y1 z diff]5t f o!r p2 :atev] gift is y\rs1 ( imag9ation1 or reason+ p[]1 or emotion1 or humor1--all w f9d its fit expression 9 y\r writ+4 ,e human be+ is p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 some?+1 is peculi>ly apt at some?+4 ,to f9d out :at mo/ appeals to "o's self 9 lit]ature or 9 life1 & to voice "o's ideas ab\t x1 is to "k a ke5 pleasure4 ,x is m4 ,x is to be ( "s use to "o's fell[s4 ,z human be+s we want o!r human be+s to tell u ! be/ t is 9 !m4 ,if a man has ideas we wi% to %>e !m--& wi% him to le>n h[ to express !m t we may %>e !m4 ,if he hasn't ideas1 ! ef=t to express :at he consid]s su* w conv9ce bo? him & u ( ! fact4 ,b !n6--ev]ybody has ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,read+ ,,al\d1 ,,& ,,on ,,spell+ ,read+ ,al\d4--,"o ( ! quicke/ ways ( le>n+ to "k good ,engli%1 is oral read+4 ,= him :o w\ld write ! language x is !re=e a great economy to le>n to read x4 ,x is an invaluable habit to read al\d e day "s piece ( prose ) ! f9e/ feel+ ! read] c l5d to x4 ,9 no o!r way c "o s easily le>n to notice & to rememb] new words4 ,9 no o!r way c "o cat* ! inf9itely v>i$ rhy?m ( prose1 & acquire a s5se ( h[ a good s5t5ce rises gradually f ! beg9n+ & !n desc5ds 9 a cad5ce4 ,?is rise & fall ( ! s5t5ce is n m]ely a matt] ( voice2 x is a matt] ( ?\ght z well4 ,simil>ly1 ! law ( unity 9 ! s5t5ce1 a law :i* prescribes :at %all con/itute a complete ?\ght1 is curi\sly b\nd up ) ! laws ( ! human voice4 ,a clause t is too long to be pron\nc$ 9 a s+le brea? is usually clumsy 9 logic4 ,9 ! next place1 read+ al\d helps "o to spell correctly4 ,fur!rmore1 x is ! be/ means ( detect+ ^? useless repetitions :i* betray pov]ty ( vocabul>y4 ,r\sseau call$ acc5t ! s\l ( language4 ,if ! /ud5t reads al\d f writ]s ^: "w 0 natural1 un=c$1 orig9al1 he w gradually come to see 8 own ideas m cle>ly1 feel 8 own feel+s m ke5ly4 ,be/ ( all1 h[ev]1 let him read 8 own "w al\d1 habitually4 ,?is w help him to see :e!r or n x is correct1 natural1 effective4 ,spell+4#g--;,bad spell+ %\ld practically be a ?+ ( ! pa/ = ea* /ud5t by ! end ( 8 fir/ high s*ool ye>4 ,e "o c le>n to spell1 ?\gh "s m rapidly ?an o!rs4 ,p]haps ! *ief reason :y p]sons fail to spell correctly is t !y d n read correctly4 ,!y h n tra9$ _! eyes to see :at is on ! page2 !y d n notice ! syllables4 ,x is a good practice to read e day a page or two v sl[ly1 exam9+ ! words lett] by lett]4 ,x is equally helpful to read ! page al\d aft] exam9+ x4 ,9 s do+ give e v[el its true value2 cut no syllable %ort t %\ld be s\nd$ di/9ctly4 ,aft] writ+ a !me1 g ?r\gh x1 *all5g+ ! spell+4 ,d n h& 9 y\r "w )\t hav+ consult$ y\r own diction>y4 ,a bad spell] may n be able to w9 9 an oral spell+-mat*2 b !re is no reason :y e page ( 8 writ+ %\ld n be p]fect 9 or?ography4 ,into a little blank-book copy ! correct =m ( e ^w y misspell4 ,ea* day read ov] c>efully sev]al words by syllables1 & !n write !m f memory4 ,! m frequ5tly ! h& writes ! ^w 9 its correct =m1 ! bett]2 = ! h& has a memory ( its own1 & ! m]e act ( writ+ a giv5 =m t5ds to fix x 9 memory4 ,make good spell+ a matt] ( pride4 ,habitual bad spell+ is a slov5ly ?+1 a m>k ( illit]acy4 ,spell+ ( ,comp\nd ,words4--,x may be well to call att5tion "h to ! use ( ! hyph5 9 comp\nd words4 #a4 ,! hyph5 is ne$$ 9 a comp\nd adjective1 if !re is any d\bt z to ! mean+ :5 ! hyph5 is omitt$4 8,r$-hot iron0 may be a diff]5t idea f 8r$ hot iron40 #b4 ,numb]s l ! foll[+ take ! hyph53 sev5ty-?ree1 sev5ty-?ird4 #c4 ,_m a ^w once comp\nd$ is n[ writt5 solid1 t is1 z a s+le ^w3 railroad1 /eamboat1 anybody1 any?+1 ra9drop1 =ev]1 s*oolboy1 s*oolh\se1 s*oolmate1 s*oolfell[ 7b s*ool days1 s*ool tea*]1 s*ool di/rict72 myself1 y\rself 7b "o's self72 *ildlike1 lifelike4 ,all ^! words b two1 x w be se51 h a monosyllable = ! fir/ "p4 ,:5 9 d\bt z to :e!r or n a hyph5 is ne$$1 consult "s special manual l ,bigel['s ,h&book ( ,punctuation4 ,9 all y\r writ+1 jo9 di/9ctly syllables t y wi% to h g toge!r4 ,notice ! absurd & mislead+ effect ( su* c>eless writ+ z ?is3 8,he 0 a glass mak] & work$ d[n at ! glass h\se2 8 gal lant m\/ a*e & 8 l\d voice trai n$ by bl[ + glass mad e him wel come at ! h>ve/ home celebrations40 ,possessives4--,! possessive s+ul> ( a monosyllable end+ 9 s is regul>ly made by add+ 's1 pron\nc$ z an extra syllable4 ,?us3 ,jones's2 ,briggs's4 ,= ! polysyllable end+ 9 s or ! s\nd ( s1 m]ely ! apo/rophe is usually requir$1 z 9 ! plural4 ,?us3 8,moses' seat02 8consci5ce' sake40 ,s+ul>s & ,plurals4--,spell al\d by syllables1 & write f dictation ! plurals ( ! foll[+3 ,analysis1 animalcule1 anti!sis1 app5dix1 b&it1 *]ub1 crisis1 ellipsis1 focus1 fungus1 g5us1 hypo!sis1 madame1 memor&um1 monsieur1 "m-9-law1 mussulman1 nebula1 oasis1 p>5!sis1 radius1 spoonful1 synopsis4 ,:at are ! s+ul>s--if s+ul>s !re are--( data1 errata1 magi1 /rata1 v]tebr8 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,bel[ are giv5 ! correct =m ( c]ta9 words (t5 misspell$ by pupils 9 ! fir/ & second ye>s ( a second>y s*ool4 ,)\t previ\s /udy write ea* ^w f dictation4 ,aft]w>ds spell al\d by syllables ea* ^w t y misspell$ 9 writ+ f dictation4 ,!n write at lea/ tw5ty times ! correct =m4 ,! object is to acquire a k9d ( automatic correctness4 ,9 compos+1 "o %\ld h 8 m9d free = ?\ght2 "o %\ld n h to ?9k mu* m ab\t spell+ ?an ab\t brea?+4 ,accompany2 advisability2 all "r2 anniv]s>y2 appe>ance2 associat$2 b>ga9$2 buri$2 c>riage2 cat>rh2 cemet]y2 *>act]i/ic2 comm&]2 commotion2 conceive2 condesc5sion2 confidants2 confid5ce2 deceive2 describe2 descriptions2 despair2 difficulty2 dilapidate2 disappo9t$2 disappe>$2 ec/asy2 enemies2 enemy2 exagg]ate2 excresc5ce2 exi/5ce2 fasc9ation2 fatigu+2 f9ally2 fur!r2 gramm>2 h&k]*ief2 hat+2 hemorrhage2 immature2 indisp5sable2 irresi/ible2 lightn+2 lit]>y2 liv+2 loa?some2 lose 7! money72 manuvre2 melan*oly2 m9i/]2 m9i/ry2 mis%ap52 necess>y2 niece2 occurr5ce2 (f]$2 opportunity2 outrage\s2 p>allel2 p>alysis2 peaceable2 p]suade2 plann$2 poni>d2 primitive2 pr9cipal 7objection72 pr9ciple 7( action72 privilege2 prom5ad+2 pursuit2 receiv$2 recomm5d2 r$\btable2 ref]r$2 repres5tatives2 rhy?m2 sacrilegi\s2 secret>y2 seize2 seiz$2 sep>ate2 %oe+2 siege2 simile2 /opp$2 /rik+2 /udi$2 sup]9t5d5t2 suppos+2 t5ants2 !atre2 _! 7money72 transf]r$2 until2 veil 7on face72 v5geance2 v2 village2 wasn't2 :e!r2 ,rog] de ,cov]ley2 ,george ,eliot2 ,"l ,macaulay2 ,mi*igan2 ,?ack]ay4 ,^w-,break+4--,at ! end ( a l9e d n divide 7a7 a monosyllable1 7b7 a %ort disyllable1 su* z real1 do+4 ,divide polysyllables accord+ to _! etymological composition 7to be f\nd 9 ! diction>y74 ,"s au?ors disc\nt5ance beg9n+ a second l9e ) -ic1 -al1 -+1 -ly4 ,^! break+s are p]haps p]missible1 if ! hyph5 is made v di/9ct4 ,writt5 & ,oral ,ex]cise4--,! in/ructor %\ld ask ea* pupil 9 turn to recall1 spell1 & pron\nce "s ^w t d\bles ! lett] c4 ,! class %\ld !n be giv5 a few m9utes to write f memory z _m ( ^? giv5 z !y c recall4 ,aft] ?is ! pron\nc+ & spell+ %\ld proce$ z long z possible1 alt]nately ) ! writ+4 ,! li/s %\ld !n be comp>$1 & ! pupil :o has reproduc$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( words %\ld be ask$ to spell & pron\nce ea* "o on 8 li/4 ,! o!r pupils %\ld !n be call$ ^u to read f _! own li/s words t ! fir/ fails to give4 ,ea* %\ld !n be ask$ to add to 8 pap] all words rememb]$ by o!r memb]s ( ! class1 b n by him4#h ,pronunciation4--,a p]son :o reg>ds good usage 9 pronunciation & :o articulates ) unaffect$ nicety1 is receiv$ at once z an educat$ man4 ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ (t5 ,"l ,*e/]field1 ! be/-mann]$ ( ,engli%m51 insi/s t a g5tleman is kn[n by 8 acc5t4 ,*e/]field's lett]s to 8 son are full ( ?is idea4 ,a s5se ( ease & security blesses him :o kn[s h[ to s\nd e ^w t occurs to him z he talks2 x is su* a s5se z a man feels :5 he is sure t 8 clo!s fit him & are cut accord+ to ! accept$ conv5tions4 ,x is accord+ly wor? all ! tr\ble involv$1 to =m a habit ( lett+ no ^w pass un*all5g$ z to its or?opy4 ,look x up 9 ! diction>y1 or 9 a good manual l ,phyfe's ,sev5 ,?\s& ,words (t5 ,mispron\nc$4 ,ex]cise4--,bel[ is giv5 a %ort li/ ( words frequ5tly mispron\nc$4 ,! in/ructor %\ld pron\nce ! words1 & ask ! class to pron\nce !m4 ,abdom51 abject1 abs9!1 ab/ruse1 acacia1 accessory1 acclimate1 ac\/ics1 actor1 adagio1 adult1 adv]tisem5t1 aronaut1 aga91 ag$1 aggr&ize1 aide-de-camp1 allopa?y1 ally1 alma mat]1 alt]nate 7n\n & adjective71 am5able1 apricot1 arbutus1 aroma1 aspirant1 bade1 bell[s1 biography1 bitum51 boatswa91 bravado1 bron*itis1 can9e1 cant1 c't1 cem5t 7n\n71 cemet]y1 c]ebrum1 clematis1 coadjutor1 daunt1 decade1 devil1 diph!ria1 disda91 dislike1 drama1 duke1 dyna/y1 en]vate1 evil1 exhale1 exhau/1 extant1 extempore1 f9ale1 f9ance1 f9anci]1 g>rul\s1 gaunt1 g5u9e1 gibb]1 gibbet1 glaci]1 gratis1 grimace1 half1 hegira1 he9\s1 impi\s1 jugul>1 lam5table1 le>n$ 7adj471 leg5d1 lev]1 lit]ature1 nape1 nomad1 oppon5t1 pageant1 patriot1 patron1 petal1 prec$5ce1 prec$5t1 quay1 revolt1 rise 7n\n71 sacrifice1 squalor1 subtile1 subtle1 vag>y1 wat]1 wra?1 zology4#i ,abl>d1 ,ab]ne?y1 ,ab\t 7,edmond71 ,abydos1 ,a*]on1 ,a*itophel1 ,adonis1 gean1 olus1 s*ylus1 ,afghani/an1 ,ag9c\rt1 ,agnes1 ,aguil> 7,grace71 ,ada1 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,al>ic1 ,alcant>a1 ,alcu91 ,aldeb>an1 ,alighi]i1 ,amphion1 ,&ronicus1 ,ant9\s1 ,aqu9as1 ,arab1 ,aral1 ,arundel1 ,a?os1 ,avon1 ,ayt\n1 ,bajazet1 ,balliol 7college71 ,balmoral1 ,cz]ny1 ,lat91 ,laocon1 ,m$ici1 ,miv>t1 7,/4 ,george71 ,orion1 ,pad]ewski1 ,pepys1 ,pros]p9e1 ,si5kiewicz1 ,s\!y1 ,?alia1 ,ts*aik[sky1 ,volapk1 ,wagn]1 ,ygdrasil4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,a ,,review ,,( ,,punctuation ,punctuation is a sy/em ( disjunctive m>ks by :i* ! eye & e> are help$ to und]/& ! s5se ( :at is writt54 ,x is desirable to reg>d ! subject z gov]n$ to a great ext5t by a few pr9ciples ( common s5se4 ,! pres5t *apt] reviews ^? matt]s ( capitalization & punctuation :i* seem to give mo/ tr\ble to second>y s*ool /ud5ts4 ,capitals4 #a4 ,( c\rse all prop] n\ns %\ld beg9 ) capital lett]s1 & s %\ld adjectives d]iv$ f !m3 examples1 ,russia1 ,russian1 ,jew1 ,jewi%1 ,g5tile1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man4 ,b ! ^w *ri/ian is n always capitaliz$1 especially if x is us$ vaguely z a synonym = good1 righte\s1 etc4 #b4 ,we capitalize ! words ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 ,we/1 :51 because we mean p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 we use ! article ! be=e !m4 ,?us1 8,! extreme ,we/ favors free silv]40 ,b if we speak ( direction m]ely1 we d n capitalize3 8,_m p took ,horace ,greeley's advice & w5t we/40 ,capitalize sections ( ! c\ntry1 b n po9ts ( ! compass4 #c4 ,names ( ! seasons are n capitaliz$4 ,?us1 ?\gh we write ,june1 ,septemb]1 we also write spr+1 autumn4 #d4 ,9 ! salutation ( a lett]1 ! ^w ,sir is capitaliz$1 b n ! prec$+ adjective unless t beg9s ! salutation4 ,?us3 8,my de> ,sir40 ,s 9 ! leave-tak+ only ! fir/ ^w receives a capital4 ,?us3 8,y\rs v truly40 #e4 ,"o valuable device is ! use ( ! capital to introduce ! semblance ( a quotation1 or :at might be call$ a rhetorical quotation4 ,note3 8,i %\ld answ]1 ,no40 ,"h ! quotation ,no is m]ely rhetorical1 or pret5d$1 n real4 ,or ?is3 8,let me give y a %ort rule = success3 ,tru/ 9 ,god & keep y\r p[d] dry40 ,or ?is1 f ,longfell[3 8,p]haps ! greate/ lesson :i* ! lives ( lit]>y m5 tea* u is told 9 a s+le ^w3 ,wait60 #f4 ,9 titles ( books1 essays1 etc41 ! important words are capitaliz$4 ,?us3 8,my !me-title to-day 01 ,a ,description ( a ,p]son40 #g4 ,names ( ,deity beg9 ) a capital1 & _m p]sons pref] to capitalize adjectives ref]r+ directly to ,deity4 ,?us3 8,we crave ,?y grace40 ,b ?is habit %\ld n be c>ri$ s f> z ! capitalization ( words l div9e1 omnisci5t1 :5 ^! are n appli$ to ,deity4 ,r3 8,8 goodness 0 div9e40 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,copy ! foll[+1 capitaliz+ :]e necess>y3-- #a4 ,aft] go+ s\? la/ spr+ ,i und]/ood bett] ?an be=e :at is meant by ! new s\?4 ,! s\!rn]s h tak5 to manufactur+2 ! cotton is no long] all %ipp$ away4 ,weal? has multipli$4 ,immigration has increas$--! fr5* are n ! only =eign]s n[4 ,!re are colleges & ev5 univ]sities1 t comp>e favorably ) ^? ( ! nor?4 ,are ! p wide-awake & ambiti\s8 ,i answ]1 yes4 ,! ,reasons = ,punctuation4--,9 e>ly days manuscripts 7 writt5 8solid10 ?us3-- ,,manuscriptsw]ewritt5solid4 ,x 0 f\nd t bo? eye & e> dem&$ spaces & punctuation4 ,! read]'s tra9 ( ?\ght goes /raight ahead f ^w to ^w until ! punctuation m>k w>ns x t !re is dang] ( misund]/&+ if x does n pause4 ,! m>k %[s t ! words :i* prec$e x are to be und]/ood m5tally z a gr\p1 & to be read orally z a gr\p4 ,if ! ?\ght is kept 9 m9d t a punctuation m>k is a sort ( dang] signal1 _m ( ! difficulties ( ! subject vani%4 8,h5ry rose1 & ,i ) him laugh$ at ! /ory we _h he>d40 ,if t comma be omitt$ betwe5 rose & &1 :at happ5s8 ,! ,comma4 #a4 ,! comma1 ev5 m ?an o!r po9ts1 %[s :at ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce is2 x %\ld set (f ! p>ts ( ! ?\ght4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to spoil a m9or unit ( ?\ght by break+ x 9 two ) a comma4 ,s f> z may be1 ! modifi$ subject ( a s5t5ce %\ld n be cut into by a comma2 nei!r %\ld ! modifi$ pr$icate2 nor %\ld a subject & its pr$icate be sep>at$ any (t5] by commas ?an is necess>y4 ,! foll[+ passage1 writt5 by a lad ( fifte5 f dictation1 %[s ! m9or units ( ?\ght divid$ by too _m commas3-- ,! mean appe>ance ( ! h\ses1 9 old ,bo/on1 01 to "s ext5t1 reliev$ by ! ri* display1 ( pa9t$1 & sculptur$ signs1 :i* adorn$ ! front ( tav]ns1 & /ores4444 ,!y s]v$ sometimes1 z adv]tisem5ts ( ! bus9ess1 sometimes m]ely z designations1 ( ! %ops :i* 7 indicat$ popul>ly1 &1 9 ! newspap]s1 by _! signs4 ,if ?is passage be read al\d1 a pause be+ made :]ev] a comma is plac$1 x w s\nd unnatural1 disconnect$4 ,revis$1 x w read some:at z foll[s3-- ,! mean appe>ance ( ! h\ses 9 old ,bo/on 01 to "s ext5t1 reliev$ by ! ri* display ( pa9t$ & sculptur$ signs :i* adorn$ ! front ( tav]ns & /ores4444 ,!y s]v$ sometimes z adv]tisem5ts ( ! bus9ess1 sometimes m]ely z designations ( ! %ops1 :i* 7 indicat$ popul>ly & 9 ! newspap]s by _! signs4 #b4 ,commas are us$ to set (f matt] t is p>5!tical1 b n suffici5tly s z to ne$ p>5!ses or da%es4 ,su* words z !re=e are n usually to be consid]$ z p>5!tical4 ,a p>5!tical gr\p ( words is n to be brok5 into unnecess>ily by a comma4 ,incorrect =m3 8,! squire rem>k$1 z all we :o live "h1 9 ,smi?boro1 "k1 t1 s f> z ! p :o liv$ ov] !re1 9 ,ed9burgh1 are conc]n$1 we are z happy z !y40 ,correct =m3 8,! squire rem>k$1 z all we :o live "h 9 ,smi?boro' "k1 t s f> z ! p :o live ov] !re 9 ,ed9burgh are conc]n$1 we are z happy z !y40 #c4 ,vocative words1 t is1 words us$ 9 direct address1 are set (f by commas4 8,come1 m51 let's g60 8,well1 sir1 h[ n[80 ,x is curi\s t 9 ! expressions 8,yes1 sir10 8,no1 sir10 9 pron\nc+ :i* we d n pause be=e 8sir10 we /ill place a comma "h4 ,probably no rule ( punctuation is m neglect$ ?an ?is ( vocative words4 ,some?+ l ?is usage is ! plac+ ( a comma aft] ! expletive ,n[4 ,?us3 8,n[1 ,i ?9k t ! case is a little diff]5t40 #d4 7a7 ,words or phrases =m+ a s]ies are sep>at$ by commas :5 conjunctions are omitt$2 & ! comma is us$ betwe5 ! la/ two memb]s ( ! s]ies1 conjunction or no conjunction4 ,?us3 8,burns1 ,b>nes ( ,dorset%ire1 & ,riley are poets ( ! p40 ,if ! la/ comma 7 omitt$1 we %\ld seem n to be consid]+ ea* man sep>ately4 ,exceptions3 8little old man10 8f9e fat h510 etc4 7b7 ,a rapid s]ies ( indep5d5t propositions1 v closely relat$ 9 s5se1 may be punctuat$ by commas4 ,?us3 8,i came1 ,i saw1 ,i conqu]$40 ,?is is ! only /ructure 9 :i* an indep5d5t /atem5t1 n introduc$ by a conjunction1 is ev] po9t$ ) ! comma4 ,if !re is any d\bt :e!r or n ! s]ies is rapid en\gh to admit commas1 semicolons %\ld be us$ in/ead4 #e4 ,relative clauses n re/rictive#aj are set (f by commas4 ,?is is a r important rule4 ,if ,i say1 8,! moon1 :i*1 z ev]ybody is aw>e1 goes r\nd ! e>?1 is cold10 ! :i* clause does n s re/rict or def9e ! ^w 8moon0 t x is necess>y to our und]/&+ :at is meant by 8! moon02 ! relative clause c be pick$ out bodily1 & ! s5t5ce w /ill be intelligible4 8,! moon is cold10 is cle> en\gh to p :o live on ! e>?4 ,!y und]/& t ! e>?'s moon is meant4 ,b suppose ,i say1 8,! moon :i* goes r\nd ! e>? is small] ?an "o ( ,jupit]'s moons02 n[ ! relative clause id5tifies1 re/ricts ! ^w 8moon0--tells :at moon is meant4 ,! clause =ms an integral "p ( ! subject4 ,x is no long] ! moon m]ely1 a ?+ t ev]ybody kn[s ab\t2 x is "o p>ticul> moon3 !-moon-:i*-goes-r\nd-!-e>?4 ,occasionally su* a clause c be id5tifi$ by t1 = _m writ]s save ?is relative = re/rictive clauses4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,copy & punctuate ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 all ( :i*1 except ! fir/1 are f ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son4 ,def5d orally y\r po9t+3-- #a4 ,!re goes ,presid5t ,h>p] :o is s mu* int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ t int]e/s /ud5ts4 #b4 ,m>quis ,i said if y take ano!r /ep ,i fire ^u y4 #c4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! imag9e t natural clumsy un9tellig5t & mir?ful animal ,john4 #d4 ,! t]ms & _s 9 :i* he spoke ( 8 political beliefs 7 9 our eyes suit$ to religi\s beliefs & vice v]s4 #e4 ,oh yes ,i d>e say said ,john4 #f4 ,moy pron\nc$ ,mo 0 a pleasant little village4 #g4 ,we 7 9 a l>ge b>e ap>tm5t adorn$ ) two allegorical pr9ts ( music & pa9t+ & a copy ( ! law aga9/ public drunk5ness #h4 ,n[ :at ,i l s mu* 9 ,france is ! cle> unfl9*+ recognition by ev]ybody ( 8 own luck #i4 ,if x ev] be a good ?+ to take su* despond5cy to he>t ! ,mis]]e is ! "r music & a ca!dral a fit sc5e #aj4 ,b ! sun 0 already d[n ! air 0 *ill & we _h sc>cely a dry /it* betwe5 ! pair ( u #aa4 ,! inn to :i* we _h be5 recomm5d$ at ,qu>tes 0 full4 #ab4 ,mme4 ,gilli>d set h]self to wak5 ! boy :o _h come f> t day & 0 peevi% & dazzl$ by ! light4 #ac4 ,d y rememb] ! ,fr5*man :o 0 put d[n at ,wat]loo ,/ation #ad4 ,! *ildr5 :o play$ toge!r to-day by ! ,sambre & ,oise canal ea* at 8 own fa!r's ?re%old :5 & :]e might !y next meet #ae4 ,i began ) a rem>k ^u _! dog :i* _h some:at ! look ( a po9t] #af4 ,! only build+s t _h any int]e/ = u 7 ! hotel & ! caf #ag4 ,n long aft] ! drums _h pass$ ! caf we began to gr[ sleepy & set out = ! hotel :i* 0 only a door or two away ,! ,semicolon4 #a4 ,! semicolon is a k9d ( weak full-/op1 i4e4 p]iod4 ,ne>ly always x sep>ates clauses t are grammatically able to get along )\t ea* o!r1 b t are closely relat$ 9 s5se4 ,s r>e inde$ are ! cases 9 :i* ! semicolon may be us$ ) a dep5d5t clause1 t a high s*ool /ud5t may prop]ly ignore !m4 ,= ! pres5t1 avoid us+ ! semicolon to po9t a dep5d5t clause4 #b4 ,sometimes ! semicolon punctuates a s]ies ( m]e phrases4 ,?is occurs if "s p>ticul> emphasis is desir$ = !m1 or if !y are too long to be set (f by commas4 ,example3-- ,an enorm\s smoke-/ack blocks my view2 built ( brick1 & massive2 blue 9 ! cold w9t] mi/2 gl[+ l a pill> ( fire z soon z ! sunlight rea*es x2 ! mo/ *ang+1 ! mo/ /able1 ?+ is ?is l&scape4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,:i* /atem5ts 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are indep5d5t8 :i* dep5d5t8 7,x ne$ h>dly be sugge/$ t ! necessity ( und]/&+ a subject or a pr$icate does n make a /atem5t dep5d5t47 #a4 ,if ! sky falls1 we %all cat* l>ks4 #b4 ,faults are ?ick1 :]e love is ?94 #c4 ,happy is he t is happy 9 8 *ildr54 #d4 ,hi/ories make m5 wise2 poets1 witty2 ! ma!matics1 subtile2 natural philosophy1 deep2 morals1 grave2 logic & rhetoric1 able to cont5d4 #e4 ,o1 !re be play]s t ,i h se5 play1--& he>d o!rs praise1 & t highly--n to speak x pr(anely1 t nei!r hav+ ! acc5t ( ,*ri/ians1 nor ! gait ( ,*ri/ian1 pagan1 nor man1 h s /rutt$ & bell[$1 t ,i h ?\ght "s ( nature's j\rneym5 _h made m51 & n made !m well1 !y imitat$ humanity s abom9ably4--,hamlet1 ,act ,,iii4 ,sc4 #b4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces 7 writt5 by a pupil 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! high s*ool4 ,if !re are mi/akes 9 punctuation1 expla9 :at pr9ciple is violat$3-- #a4 ,:5 ! "t came to retire2 my uncle 0 %[n to ! t[]-room4 #b4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>d :5 he 0 travell+ ?r\gh ,norm&y2 he came to an old ca/le /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( a p>k4 #c4 ,! po/ilion 0 ord]$ to drive to ! ca/le2 :]e my uncle receiv$ a welcome f ! little ,m>quis4 #d4 ,?is seem$ ! v night = gho/s2 ) ! w9d h[l+ outside & :i/l+ ?r\gh ! ill-fitt+ casem5t4 ,! ,colon4 #a4 ,! colon is usually a m>k ( specification4 ,?us1 8,! old idea ( education 0 simple3 read+1 writ+1 ari?metic40 ,a f9e di/9ction ( logic c be %[n by us+ x3 a g5]al /atem5t may be foll[$ by a colon1 aft] :i* ! details t expla9 ! /atem5t may be giv54 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce ! colon specifies :at is meant by f9e "*4 8,he 0 a fell[ ( f9e "*3 brave1 honorable1 free f false pret5se40 ,usually ! colon sep>ates clauses t are logically1 if n grammatically1 9 apposition ) ea* o!r4 #b4 ,! colon introduces a =mal or long1 ! comma an in=mal or %ort1 quotation4 8,he answ]$1 #8,i w "w :ile ! day la/s4'0 8,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce beg9s z foll[s3 #8,:51 9 ! c\rse ( human ev5ts4'0 ,! ,da%4 #a4 ,! da% %[s a sudd5 break 9 ! ?\ght4 ,?us3 8,we 7 hurry+ onw>d--b fir/ let me tell :at happ5$ be=e t40 #b4 ,! da% sometimes prec$es a summ+ up4 ,"h x usually foll[s a comma1 s9ce ! memb]s ( ! s]ies are set (f by commas3 8,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,wordswor?1--v _m ( our great poets inde$1 7 at home 9 ! c\ntry40 ,sometimes ! da% is us$ :5 !re is no real summ+ up1 b an appositive phrase is add$1 z a fur!r explanation4 ,= an example1 see ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! next p>agraph1--& ?is s5t5ce also4 #c4 ,! da%1 l ! comma1 is (t5 us$ to set (f a p>5!tical expression4 7,see #b1 "u ! comma47 ,examples3 8,8 fa!r--t iron g5tleman--_h long ago de?ron$ himself40 8,he 0 a man--! read] mu/ already h p]ceiv$--( easy1 n to say famili>1 mann]s40 ,note t 9 ^! examples no commas are us$ ) ! da%es1 because if ! p>5!tical words 7 lift$ out1 ! s5t5ce w\ld close up )\t punctuation4 ,b suppose ! s5t5ce 7 su* t x c\ld n close up )\t punctuation2 !n ! comma w\ld be ne$$4 ,! comma 9 8,8 fa!r be+ angry1 he felt afraid10 rema9s :5 ! p>5!sis is ins]t$3 8,8 fa!r be+ angry1--t iron g5tleman1--he felt afraid40 ,note t 9 su* a case a second comma is us$1--) ! second da%4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,copy & punctuate ! foll[+ s5t5ces f ,/ev5son4 ,9 ! fir/ is !re n a *oice ( punctuation aft] 8difficulties08 #a4 ,all ! way d[n we _h our fill ( difficulties sometimes x 0 a we> :i* c\ld be %ot sometimes "o s %all[ & full ( /akes t we mu/ )draw ! boats f ! wat] & c>ry !m r\nd #b4 ,b ?is is a fa%ion ,i love to kiss ! h& or wave a h&k]*ief to p ,i %all nev] see aga9 to play ) possibility & knock 9 a peg = fancy to hang ^u #c4 ,y see :at x is to be a g5tleman ,i beg y\r p>don :at x is to be a p$l]4 #d4 ,c5tralization said he b ! l&lord 0 at 8 ?roat 9 a m9ute #e4 ,!re %\ld be "s my? b if !re is ,i "k x n f\nd$ on ! %iv]+ ( ! re$s !re are n _m ?+s 9 nature m /rik+ to man's eye #f4 8,! fire %\ld h be5 "h at ?is side0 expla9$ ! husb& 8!n "o might h a writ+ table 9 ! middle books &0 compreh5sively#aa 8all x w\ld be q coquetti% a s]ait t\t--fait coquet40 ,quotation ,m>ks4 #a4 ,m>ks ( quotation1 or1 z ! ,engli% call !m1 inv]t$ commas1 are plac$ ar\nd direct quotations4 ,_m /ud5ts neglect a "p ( ?is little duty3 !y fail to m>k ! end ( ! quotation4 #b4 ,a quotation )9 a quotation /&s betwe5 s+le commas4 ,?us3 8,we 7 ga!r$ on %ore1 wat*+ ! s*oon]4 ,gray spoke up3 #8,%e's c]ta9ly go+ d[n1 & we mu/ let ! sav+ /ation "k x4 ,maybe ! patrol has already se5 h]2 ,i saw a sailor walk+ on ! bea* n long s9ce1 & s++1 8,yeave ho1 my lads1 ! w9d bl[s free40'0 ,note t :5 !re is a quotation )9 ! second quotation1 x receives ! d\ble m>ks4 #c4 ,sometimes a quotation is giv5 9 sub/ance1 ) no attempt at accuracy2 to %[ ?is fact x is quot$ 9 s+le commas4 ,?us3 #8,a fooli% consi/5cy fright5s little m9ds4' ,?is is ! sub/ance ( ,em]son's rem>k1 8,a fooli% consi/5cy is ! bugbe> ( little m9ds40 ,!me4--,write a dialogue a page or two long4 ,%[ ! *ange f speak] to speak] by ! use ( quotation m>ks & p>agraph+4 ,ea* reply ( ea* int]locutor1 ) its ^w or two ( introduction1 if su* !re be1 %\ld g by itself z a p>agraph4 ,*oose y\r own topic2 or take "o ( ^!1 *ang+ ! word+3 7#a7 ,smi? tries to make ,br[n see ! diff]5ce betwe5 relative clauses re/rictive & ^? m]ely cord9ate4 7#b7 ,two girls lam5t ! difficulties ( punctuation4 7#c7 ,two lads or1 m5 talk politics4 ,d n beg9 ea* spee* z 9 ,%akespe>e ea* is begun--) ! speak]'s "n4 ,ref] occasionally to ! speak]s1 if y please1 e4g41 8#8,n by any means1' respond$ ,bangs1 r t>tly02 b d n hesitate to let mo/ ( ! spee*es /& )\t comm5t4 ,punctuate ! dialogue c>efully1 z y write4 ,!n revise x c>efully = punctuation4 ,brackets4 ,brackets indicate t ! includ$ matt] is ins]t$ by ano!r p]son ?an ! orig9al au?or2 t is1 by a p]son :o is quot+ or edit+ ! passage4 ,?us3 8,he ,goe! tells u t "* is develop$ 9 ! busy _w1 ?\gh intellect is develop$ 9 solitude40 ,! ,exclamation ,po9t4 #a4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to punctuate ) ! p]iod s5t5ces t are really exclamatory2 x is bett] to use ! exclamation po9t4 ,?us3 8,i am s delight$ to see y60 ,x is bett] /ill to avoid an excess ( exclamatory s5t5ces1 h[ev] correctly punctuat$4 #b4 ,! ^w oh6 %\ld be foll[$ by an exclamation po9t or by a comma4 ,?is is n ! ^w ,o1 :i* is us$ 9 direct address-- 8,o ?\ t rolle/ above1 ,r\nd z ! %ield ( my fa!rs10 & to express a wi%3 8,o t ,i _h w+s l a dove40 #c4 ,! exclamation po9t may /& 9 ! mid/ ( a s5t5ce1 at ! end ( a clause4 ,! m>k is !n n foll[$ by a capital lett]4 ,?us3 8,is x possible6 is x cr$ible60 exclaim$ ! ,bi%op4 ,! ,int]rogation ,po9t4 #a4 ,plac$ 9 p>5!ses ! int]rogation po9t que/ions ! accuracy ( a /atem5t4 ,ex43 8,x is 9 ,new ,york 787 t ! l>ge/ numb] ( exil$ ,russians is f\nd40 #b4 ,l ! exclamation m>k1 ! "q m>k may /& at ! end ( a clause1 be=e a small lett]4 ,?us3 8,d y believe x8 0 ! way he greet$ me z ,i f9i%$ read+ ! lett]40 ,or1 8,%all we lie "h inactive8 ,%all we plan no?+8 attempt no?+8 d no?+80 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,copy & punctuate ! foll[+ s5t5ces f ,/ev5son3-- #a4 ,su* a d9n] z we 7 go+ to eat su* b$s z we 7 to sleep 9 #b4 ,:]e 7 ! boat+ m5 ( ,belgium :]e ! judge & 8 good w9es & :]e ! graces ( ,origny #c4 ,come back aga9 %e cri$ & all ! hills e*o$ h] #d4 ,all ! gold _h )]$ out ( ! sky & ! balloon _h disappe>$ :i!r ,i ask myself2 caught up into ! sev5? heav5 or come safely to l& some:]e 9 t blue unev5 di/ance into :i* ! roadway dipp$ & melt$ be=e our eyes ,italics4 #a4 ,a good rule = italics is to %un !m--t is1 n to use !m freely to d5ote emphasis4 ,emphasis c be secur$ by "s o!r means2 = in/ance1 by putt+ ! emphatic ^w ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,?us3 8,x 0 su* a v f9e ?+ to sp9 along ov] ! ice0 becomes1 8,a f9e ?+ x 01 to sp9 along ov] ! ice40 #b4 ,use italics to %[ t a ^w is =eign4 ,?us3 8,sophronia likes to int]l>d h] ,engli% ) su* f9e phrases z en passant1 f9 de sicle1 & al fresco40 #c4 ,x is usual to italicize s+le words if !y are specifi$1--spok5 ( z words4 ,?us3 8,a good _m words t pass mu/] ) mo/ p are n really 9 good use2 = example1 burgl>ize40 ,! ,apo/rophe4 #a4 ,"o use ( ! apo/rophe is to m>k ! plural ( s+le lett]s1 or figures4 ,ex43 ,di/+ui% betwe5 y\r #h's & #c's2 dot y\r i's & cross y\r t's4 #b4 ,! common] use ( ! apo/rophe is to m>k ! possessive case4 ,!re is h[ev] no apo/rophe 9 ! ^w its1 :i* is consid]$ an adjective1 n a p]sonal1 pron\n4 ,a/]isks4 ,a r[ ( a/]isks is us$ to %[ an omission4 ,?us1 if a writ] 7 quot+1 & wi%$ to skip a page or two1 he w\ld ins]t ?is sign 99 99 99 99 ,b if he omitt$ only a few words1 he w\ld r use 8lead]s02 ?us4444 ,oral ,ex]cise1 9 ,review4--,read ?is passage ov] c>efully1 & li/5 to ! read+ ( x al\d by "s memb] ( ! class or by ! in/ructor4 ,!n expla9 h[ x %\ld be punctuat$4 ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am tell u ! p>ticul>s ab\t old ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am bawl$ ! mob :at is ! coron]'s v]dict are ! murd]]s appreh5d$ is ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am's niece come out ( h] fa9t+ fits ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am ,! coa*man said n a ^w except to swe> awfully at ! o/l] = n br++ him a fre% team ( horses ! lawy] inside _h g5]ally 8 wits ab\t him ev5 :5 asleep ! fir/ ?+ he did aft] le>n+ ! cause ( ! excitem5t 0 to produce a l>ge r$ pocket-book meantime ,dom9icus ,pike be+ an extremely polite "y man & also suspect+ t a female tongue w\ld tell ! /ory z glibly z a lawy]'s _h h&$ ! lady out ( ! coa* %e 0 a f9e sm>t girl n[ wide awake & bright z a button & _h su* a sweet pretty m\? t ,dom9icus w\ld almo/ z lieves h he>d a love tale f x z a tale ( murd] ,g5tleman & ladies said ! lawy] to ! %opkeep]s ! mill m5 & ! factory girls ,i c assure y t "s unacc\ntable mi/ake or m probably a wilful falsehood malici\sly contriv$ to injure ,mr ,higg9bo?am's cr$it has excit$ ?is s+ul> upro> we pass$ ?r\gh ,kimballton at ?ree o'clock ?is morn+ & mo/ c]ta9ly %\ld h be5 in=m$ ( ! murd] _h any be5 p]petrat$ b ,i h pro( ne>ly z /rong z ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am's own oral te/imony 9 ! negative "h is a note relat+ to a suit ( 8 9 ! ,connecticut c\rts :i* 0 deliv]$ me f t g5tleman himself ,i f9d x dat$ at t5 o'clock la/ ev5+ ,s say+ ! lawy] exhibit$ ! date & signature ( ! note :i* irrefragably prov$ ei!r t ?is p]v]se ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am 0 alive :5 he wrote x or z "s deem$ ! m probable case ( two d\btful ones t he 0 s absorb$ 9 worldly bus9ess z to cont9ue to transact x ev5 aft] 8 dea? b unexpect$ evid5ce 0 =?com+ ! "y lady aft] li/5+ to ! p$l]s explanation m]ely seiz$ a mom5t to smoo? h] g[n & put h] curls 9 ord]1 & !n appe>$ at ! tav]n-door mak+ a mode/ signal to be he>d ,good p said %e ,i am ,mr4 ,higg9bo?am's niece ,writt5 ,ex]cise1 9 ,review4--,copy1 punctuate1 & capitalize ! foll[+1 f ,*>les ,lamb3 ,& fir/ let u rememb] z fir/ 9 importance 9 our *ildi% eyes ! "y m5 z !y almo/ 7 :o "u ! d5om9ation ( ,grecians 7 wait+ ! expiration ( ! p]iod :5 !y %\ld be s5t at ! *>ges ( ! ,hospital to "o or o!r ( our ,univ]sities b m frequ5tly to ,cambridge ^! y\?s f _! sup]ior acquirem5ts _! sup]ior age & /ature & ! fewness ( _! numb]s = seldom above two or ?ree at a "t 7 inaugurat$ into t high ord] drew ! eyes ( all & especially ( ! y\ng] boys into a rev]5t obs]vance & admiration h[ tall !y us$ to seem to u h[ /ately w\ld !y pace along ! cloi/]s :ile ! play ( ! less] boys 0 absolutely susp5d$ or its boi/]\sness at lea/ allay$ at _! pres5ce n t !y ev] beat or /ruck ! boys t w\ld h be5 to h demean$#ab !mselves ! dignity ( _! p]sons alone insur$ !m all respect ! task ( bl[s1 or corporal *a/isem5t !y left to ! common monitors or heads ( w>ds :o x mu/ be confess$ 9 our "t _h r too mu* lic5se all[$ !m to oppress & misuse _! inf]iors & ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,grecian :o may be consid]$ z ! spiritual p[] 0 n unfrequ5tly call$ = to mitigate by its m$iation ! heavy unrel5t+ arm ( ?is temporal p[] or monitor 9 f9e ! ,grecians 7 ! solemn ,muftis ( ! s*ool ras#ac 7 comput$ f _! "t x us$ to be said su* or su* a ?+ 0 done :5 ,s---- or ,t---- 0 ,grecian4 ,common ,abbreviations4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( abbreviations %\ld be le>n$1 ,lat9 words & all4 ,a4 ,b41 ,artium ,baccalaureus4 ,ba*elor ( ,arts4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,b4 ,a4 ,a4 ,d41 ,anno ,dom9i4 ,9 ! ,ye> ( our ,"l4 ,,ad4 ,,lib41 or ad4 lib41 ,ad libitum4 ,at pleasure4 ,t41 tatis4 ,( age2 ag$4 ,a4 ,m41 ,ante ,m]idiem4 ,be=e noon4 ,a4 ,m41 ,artium ,magi/]4 ,ma/] ( ,arts4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,m4 ,a4 ,a4 ,u4 ,c41 ,anno ,urbis ,condit4 ,9 ! ye> f ! ,build+ ( ! ,city 7,rome74 ,d4 ,c4 ,l4 ,doctor ( ,civil ,law4 ,d4 ,d41 ,div9itatis ,doctor4 ,doctor ( ,div9ity4 ,d4 ,d4 ,s4 ,doctor ( ,d5tal ,surg]y4 ,d41 ,ditto4 ,! same4 ,e4 ,e4 ,errors except$4 7,us$ 9 book-keep+47 ,e4 ,o4 ,e4 ,errors & omissions except$4 ,e4 ,g41 or e4 g41 ,exempli gratia4 ,= example4 ,,etc41 or ,c41 ,et ct]a4 ,& s =?2 lit]ally1 ,& o!rs4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,h4 ,m4 ,8 or ,h] ,maje/y4 ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,8 or ,h] ,maje/y's ,%ip or ,s]vice4 ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ,8 or ,h] ,royal ,highness4 ,,ibid41 ,ibidem4 ,9 ! same place4 ,us$ 9 quot+ sev]al selections f "o book1 or mak+ sev]al ref]5ces to "o s\rce4 ,i4 ,e41 or i4 e41 ,id e/4 ,t is4 ,9 read+ al\d1 "o gives ! ,engli% words only4 ,i4 ,h4 ,s41 sometimes expla9$ z ,iesus ,hom9um ,salvator4 ,jesus ! ,savi\r ( ,m54 ,m prop]ly1 ?is abbreviation m]ely means 8,jesus40 ,x is made up ( ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! ,greek ^w = ,jesus--4 ,! ,h1 9 ,i4 ,h4 ,s41 is really ! ,greek lett] ta1 f :i* we get our capital ,e4 ,i4 ,n4 ,r4 ,i41 ,iesus ,naz>5us ,rex ,iudorum4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,l4 ,h4 ,d41 ,litt]>um ,human>um ,doctor4 ,doctor ( ,humane ,lett]s4 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,legum ,doctor4 ,doctor ( ,laws4 ,m41 ,m]idies4 ,mid-day4 ,m4 ,a4 ,ma/] ( ,arts4 ,m4 ,d41 ,m$ic9 ,doctor4 ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e4 ,,messrs4 ,g5tlem54 7,fr5*1 ,messieurs47 ,,mme4 ,madame4 ,,mlle4 ,mademoiselle4 ,,ms41 or ,ms4 ,manuscript4 ,,mss4 ,manuscripts4 ,n4 ,b41 ,nota b5e4 ,m>k well1 or take notice4 ,n4 ,s4 ,new ,/yle 7aft] #ageb74 ,,ob41 ,obiit4 ,he or %e di$4 ,o4 ,s4 ,old ,/yle 7previ\s to #ageb74 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,philosophi ,doctor4 ,doctor ( ,philosophy4 ,,pp4 ,pages4 ,p4 ,p4 ,c41 ,p\r pr5dre cong4 ,to take leave4 ,?is is n an abbreviation = ! ,engli% words3 ,paid p>t+ call4 ,,pro ,,tem41 ,pro tempore4 ,= ! "t be+4 ,,prox41 ,proximo4 ,next1 or ! next mon?4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d41 ,quod erat demon/r&um4 ,:i* 0 to be demon/rat$4 ,r4 ,s4 ,v4 ,p41 or ,r4 s4 v4 p41 ,rpondez1 s'il v\s plat4 ,answ]1 if y please4 ,,viz41 or viz41 ,videlicet4 ,namely1 to wit4 ,videlicet has etymologically ab\t ! =ce ( 8,y see10 or 8,x c be se540 ,,vs41 ,v]sus4 ,aga9/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,grammatical ,,phases ,,( ,,writ+ ,,engli% ,! pres5t *apt] reviews only ^? grammatical pr9ciples t are sometimes violat$ by /ud5ts :o h _h a ye> ( =mal gramm>4 ,cle>ness4--,if composition is ! art ( communicat+ "o's ideas 9 words1 x is c]ta9 t cle>ness is ! fir/ requisite ( good writ+4 ,cle>ness1 p]fect intelligibility1 is secur$ by means innum]able4 ,"o secret h[ev] ( be+ cle> is to reg>d grammatical usages4 ,if a man is to be und]/ood exactly1 he mu/ be grammatical4 ,no "o is except$4 8,gramm>10 said ,molire1 8kn[s h[ to "l x ev5 ov] k+s40 ,ambiguity4--,:5 an expression is op5 to two int]pretations1 x is said to be ambigu\s4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 8,he is a fair man10 fair is an ambigu\s ^w4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 8,he 0 arre/$ by two (fic]s1 :o 7 ab\t to bo>d a ,we/ ,madison /reet c>1 9 possession ( a l>ge am\nt ( /ol5 prop]ty10 ! phrase 9 possession1 etc41 holds an ambigu\s position4 ,grammatical errors (t5 produce ?is fault4 ,solecisms4--,infr+em5ts ( grammatical rules are call$ solecisms4#ad ,nev] los+ sight ( ! fact t writ+ ,engli% is l>gely ! art ( tell+ "s "o else j :at "o means1 let u note a few solecisms t h9d] a writ] f giv+ 8 exact mean+4 ,coh]5ce by plac+ ,modifi]s rightly4--,i4 ,! rhetorics are fond ( quot+ droll s5t5ces 9 :i*1 f be+ wrongly plac$1 ideas fail to coh]e1 /ick toge!r4 ,a favorite s5t5ce is t f an epitaph 9 an ,ul/] *ur*y>d3 8,erect$ to ! memory ( ,john ,phillips1 accid5tly %ot1 z a m>k ( affection by 8 bro!r40 ,mr4 ,b>de5 78,s5t5ce-,mak+07 quotes ! foll[+1 :i* s\nds l a manufactur$ joke1 b is nev]!less to ! po9t4 8,is !re a g5tleman ) "o eye nam$ ,walk] 9 ! club80 8,i don't "k2 :at 0 ! "n ( 8 o!r eye80 ,ano!r mu* quot$ & />tl+ s5t5ce reads ?us3 8,9 "o ev5+ ,i c\nt$ tw5ty-sev5 meteors sitt+ on my back piazza40 ,rem$y ! incoh]5ce ( ^! s5t5ces4 ,put close toge!r on ! pap] ideas t belong close toge!r 9 ! m9d4 ,d n let adv]bs & modify+ clauses /ray f ! ?\ght to :i* !y belong4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,! ord] ( words 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces %\ld s be *ang$ z to increase ! logical coh]5ce ( ! ?\ghts4 #a4 ,! tops ( ! ,fr5* %ips 7 fill$ ) riflem51 l ^? ( ! enemy's %ips4 #b4 ,! kill+ by ,orl&o1 ( ! wre/l]1 0 indirectly due to a plot aga9/ 8 bro!r1 :i* ,oliv] inv5t$4 #c4 ,i h>dly ev] rememb] to h he>d su* music4 #d4 ,i nev] rememb] to h se5 him4 ,"h x is bett] to reca/ ! s5t5ce ?an to *ange ! position ( nev]4 #e4 ,! lad manag$ a bronco pony1 v vici\s & dang]\s1 :5 only ?irte54 #f4 ,want$1 a ho/l] to take c>e ( a horse1 ( a religi\s turn ( m9d4 #g4 ,aft] a brief re/ ,blond9 set out aga9 ) 8,tom ,say]s10 & accompli%$ ! feat he _h und]tak5 )\t a hit*4 ,?is week w see ! la/ times ( 8,! ,rogue's ,com$y10 z next season ,mr4 ,will>d w play ! new play ( ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones entitl$ 8,! ,physician0 exclusively4 ,,ii4 ,only1 & n only1 usually belong directly be=e ! ^w modifi$4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,ins]t only 9 ! prop] blank4 #a4 ,br[n+ ---- wrote ---- a few poems = boys4 #b4 ,%e ---- brea!d ---- ! "n2 b we he>d x4 #c4 ,we ---- receiv$ 8 lett]1 ---- ?is morn+4 #d4 ,he ---- gave ---- five c5ts ---- to ! *ur*4 ,,iii4 ,avoid ! ,janus-clause2 ! ,janus-phrase2 ! ,janus-adv]b or adjective4 ,! ,lat9 god ,janus _h two faces1 "o look+ back1 ! o!r ahead4 ,avoid putt+ a modifi] :]e x becomes d\ble-fac$1--:]e x may be tak5 ei!r ) ! prec$+ idea or ) ! foll[+ idea4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,s *ange ! position ( ! d\ble-fac$ modifi]s t _! allegiance w be kn[n4 #a4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,milton gave ,dryd5 p]mission to p>aphrase ,p>adise ,lo/2 ,dryd5 did imitate ,milton z a matt] ( fact n v clev]ly4 #b4 ,!re c be no d\bt t he qu>rell$1--t he f\ght inde$ vigor\sly4 ,he reappe>$ at lea/ ) a black eye4 #c4 ,%e w s+ 9 any case *>m+ly2 h] tra9+ has be5 admirable4 #d4 ,z ,hazlitt says1 9 8 book ( ,engli% prov]bs1 :]e no fault is1 !re ne$s no p>don4 ,,iv4 ,avoid putt+ an adv]b betwe5 ! p>ts ( an inf9itive1--betwe5 ! to & ! v]b4 ,"s reputable writ]s approve ?is con/ruction2 /ill1 ! bett] ord] is to place ! modifi] be=e or aft] ! :ole inf9itive4 8,cle>ly to see10 or 8,to see cle>ly10 is bett] ?an 8,to cle>ly see40 ,?is error is call$ ! cleft inf9itive4 ,concord ( ,subject & ,pr$icate4 #a4 ,a collective n\n takes a s+ul> v]b if ! gr\p ( objects is ?\ght ( z a :ole3 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates is co9+ gold & silv]40 ,! collective n\n takes a plural v]b if ea* sep>ate memb] ( ! gr\p is ?\ght (3 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates are firmly b\nd toge!r 9 "o union40 #b4 ,:5 two subject n\ns are s closely relat$ 9 ?\ght t !y seem to mean "o ?+1 ! v]b is 9 ! s+ul>3 8,8 c\rage & brav]y is well approv$40 #c4 ,9 writ+ a long s5t5ce1 glance back at ! numb] ( ! subject be=e y write ! v]b4 ,a plural ne> ! v]b (t5 leads "o to =get t ! subject is s+ul>4 ,?us3 8,! great numb] ( ! cr[s t settle nightly 9 ! grove & fill ! air ) _! cries1 makes n make ! place a b$lam40 #d4 ,:5 a s+ul> subject prec$es a p>5!tical phrase1 ! =m] rea*es ov] ! head ( ! latt]1 & makes ! v]b s+ul>4 ,?is rule holds ev5 :5 ! p>5!sis is introduc$ by )4 ,?us3 8,napoleon1 ) all 8 army1 0 on ! m>*40 #e4 ,ei!r1 nei!r1 :5 us$ z di/ributive conjunctions1 take a s+ul> v]b4 ,mr4 ,c>p5t]#ae gives ?is in/ance ( ! error3 8,nei!r ,s5ators ,dawes nor ,ho> 7 9 _! seats to-day40 ,h[ %all ! s5t5ce be *ang$ to di/ribute ! s5ators prop]ly8 #f4 ,if two subjects connect$ by ei!r--or1 etc41 diff] 9 p]son1 x is possible to make ! v]b agree ) ! subject ne>e/2 z 8,nei!r %e nor y are to blame 9 ?is2 ei!r ,i or he is to blame40 ,b ?is con/ruction is awkw>d4 ,avoid ! diff]5ce 9 p]son1 or else say1 8,nei!r %e is to blame1 nor are y2 ei!r he is to blame1 or ,i am40 #g4 ,ea*1 e1 ei!r1 nei!r1 :5 us$ z pron\ns1 always take a s+ul> v]b4 8,ea* ( u kn[s2 nei!r ( u is ignorant40 #h4 ,none takes ei!r a s+ul> or a plural v]b4 ,x is orig9ally no "o1 & _m c>eful writ]s pref] to keep ! s+ul> ) x4 ,concord ( ,adjective 7or ,p>ticiple7 & ,n\n4 #a4 ,!re is an old phrase1 ^! k9d1 :i*1 ?\gh p]mitt$ a c5tury ago1 0 ess5tially ungrammatical1 & is n all[$ to-day4 ,say1 ?is k9d1 t k9d1 etc4 #b4 7a7 ,e p>ticiple1 l e adjective1 mu/ agree ) its n\n 9 p]son & numb]4 ,b fur!rmore1 e p>ticiple has an indisputable "r to h some?+ to agree )4 ,too (t5 ! poor ^w is left dangl+ 9 mid air4 ,%un ! unrelat$ p>ticiple & ! misrelat$ p>ticiple4 ,! be/ ( u are only too prone to su* slips z ?is3 8,com+ up /airs1 x 0 se5 t ! great w9d[ fell10 in/ead (1 8,com+ up /airs1 we saw ! great w9d[ fall40 ,or ?is3 8,com+ up /airs1 ! w9d[ fell on him10 :]e ! com+ may belong to ! w9d[ or to ! him4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! two incorrect s5t5ces ! p>ticiple is unrelat$2 9 ! second x is misrelat$1 or at lea/ ambigu\sly relat$4 7b7 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use a p>ticiple :5 a v]bal n\n 9 + is ne$$4 8,! fact ( ,poe be+ intemp]ate %\ld n bl9d u to ! fact ( 8 g5ius10 is wrong = 8,! fact ( ,poe's be+ intemp]ate10 etc4 #c4 ,p>ticul>ly avoid a s+ul> adjective ) a plural n\n1 9 su* expressions z1 8,a long way0 n ways4 ,note "h t sidewise1 n sideways1 is correct4 ,concord ( ,pron\n & ,antec$5t4 #a4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t e s+ul> antec$5t takes a s+ul> pron\n4 8,ev]ybody came =w>d & laid 8 contribution on ! table0--n 8_! contribution40 #b4 ,be=e writ+ ! v]b ( a relative clause1 ?9k :e!r ! antec$5t is s+ul> or plural4 8,h] voice is "o ( ! sweete/ t h n has be5 he>d 9 ?is t[n40 #c4 ,:5 a numb] ( p]sons1 m5 & wom51 are spok5 ( di/ributively1 ! pron\ns he & 8 are prop] =ms ( ref]5ce--n _!1 n 8 or h]4 8,! audi5ce rose & ea* p]son wav$ 8 applause0 w\ld be correct1 ev5 if !re 7 t5 ladies to ea* man4 ,! he or 8 may "h be call$ ! neutral pron\n4 ,:at pron\ns %\ld fill ! blanks 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce8 8,let e man & woman :o w\ld l to jo9 our picnic betake ---- to ! pi] at ?ree o'clock1 & give ---- no anxiety ab\t ---- lun*2 ---- w f9d pl5ty ( s&wi*es & cake & c(fee on ! picnic-boat40 ,su* expressions z 8e man & woman0 are h[ev] undesirable :5ev] ! neutral pron\n is to be us$4 ,a neutral antec$5t1 l e p]son1 ev]ybody1 e "o1 is pref]able4 #d4 ,:5 ! indef9ite pron\n "o is us$1 !re is (t5 ambiguity 9 ref]r+ to x lat] by he1 81 etc4 ,repeat ! "o4 ,?us1 8,"o does n always "k "o's own m9d40 ,bett] /ill1 use an expression l ! indef9ite y1 or1 a p]son1 :i* has its own repres5tative among ! pron\ns4 ,?us1 8,a p]son doesn't always "k 8 own m9d40 #e4 ,use sp>+ly1 if at all1 ! ,lat9 con/ruction--:i* fact1 :i* idea1 etc4 ,say r1 a fact :i*1 etc4 ,e4g4 8,he 0 slightly deaf1 a mis=tune :i* he bore )\t :imp]+40 #f4 ,avoid ! ,lat9 con/ruction t makes :i* ref] to ! idea ( a :ole clause2 x is a clumsy fa%ion4 ,example1 8,he said t he always dot$ on ,%akespe>e--:i* ,i1 = "o1 didn't believe1 because ,i "k ! fell[40 ,!re is no?+ "h = :i* to tie to2 x is a relative )\t any?+ to :i* to relate4 ,r a bett] way is to disc>d ! relative clause1 sub/itut+ & ) a demon/rative4 ,?us1 8,he b[$ politely1 :i* set u all at ease10 becomes1 8,he b[$ politely1 & ?is set u all at ease40 ,! ?is is all[$ by our idiom to ref] to ! clause1 ?\gh ! con/ruction is /ill vague4 ,x is be/ to hunt up a good synonym = ! idea ( ! prec$+ clause3 8,he b[$ politely1 & ?is c\rtesy set u all at ease40 ,b x is n necess>y to disc>d ! relative clause4 ,a little +5uity w enable "o to f9d & ins]t j be=e ! relative an appositive to ! clause4 ,into ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces slip an appropriate appositive *os5 f ! foll[+ li/3 a fact1 an idea1 a task1 a /atem5t1 an ass]tion1 a notion1 an excuse1 a fancy1 a belief1 a hyp]bole1 a prev>ication1 a rem$y4 7a7 ,mr4 ,ignatius ,donnelly ?9ks t ,bacon wrote ,%akespe>e1 ---- :i* ought n to bo!r ! /ud5t :o likes ,romeo & ,juliet4 7b7 ,mame told fa!r t !re 7 a ?\s& cats 9 ! back y>d1 ---- :i*1 accord+ to fa!r1 meant our cat & ano!r4 7c7 ,he has und]tak5 to le>n two h>d lessons 9 "o h\r1 ---- :i* w probably prove too mu* = ! lad4 7d7 ,he proposes to cut ! h& (f1 ---- :i* seems r cruel4 ,concord ( ,cases4 ,subject & complem5t ( an intransitive v]b agree 9 case4 #a4 ,! complem5t ( an intransitive v]b 9 a f9ite mode is 9 ! nom9ative case4 8,x's ,i0 n me4 8,i am he40 8,i ?\ght x 0 he40 #b4 ,if ! subject ( an inf9itive is 9 ! objective case1 ! complem5t is 9 ! same case4 8,i ?\ght x to be him0 n he4 ,b1 8,x 0 ?\ght to be he40 ,concord ( ,t5ses4 #a4 ,9 writ+ ! v]b ( a subord9ate clause1 be sure t its t5se %all %[ j :at y wi% x to %[--:e!r ! same "t z t ( ! pr9cipal v]b1 or e>li] "t1 or lat] "t4 ,= example3-- ,! same "t4--8,he did n ?9k himself to be mu* ( a poet40 ,e>li] "t4--8,he did n ?9k t he _h be5 mu* ( a poet40 8,he 0 sorry n to h be5 mu* ( a poet40 8,ye/]day1 :5 ,john spoke ( ! matt]1 ,i %\ld h lik$ to h _h "s exp]i5ce t ,i might h us$ 9 advis+ him40 ,lat] "t4--8,i want$ to g0 n to h gone4 8,i _h int5d$ to g40 8,i %\ld h lik$ to g40 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,correct ! errors 9 concord ( t5ses1 expla9+ ea* em5dation4 #a4 ,:]e did y say ,/4 ,pet]'s 08 #b4 ,is x w>m out ( doors8 ,i %\ld say x 04 #c4 ,i fully int5d$ to h met y at ! conc]t4 ,gov]nm5t4 #a4 8,he invit$ him & ,i10 is n an unhe>d-( blund]4 ,p (t5 ne$lessly %r9k f say+ a correct s5t5ce l ?is--8,he invit$ him & me0--& w ev5 ins]t ! full names ( him & me r ?an out ) ! "r case ( ! pron\n4 #b4 ,9 ask+ a "q1 ?9k :e!r :o or :om is requir$4 8,:om did y see80 b1 8,:o 0 x t y saw80 #c4 ,let gov]ns ! objective case1 q z any o!r active v]b4 8,let ,john & me g40 #d4 ,an error (t5 occurs 9 ! case ( ! relative aft] a v]b ( say+1 ?9k+1 tell+1 & ! l4 8,frankl9's ,autobiography is ! "w ( a man :om ,i %\ld ?9k w\ld be kn[n to e ,am]ican40 ,! :om is wrong = :o4 ,_h ! writ] set (f 8,i %\ld ?9k0 by commas1 he w\ld h se5 ! mi/ake4 #e4 ,h[ %\ld ! foll[+ newspap] s5t5ce be correct$8 8,he /at$ t ! (f]+ 0 #aja1ejj1 an am\nt ^u :i* he w\ld /ake 8 honor w\ld all be paid up40 ,on ! ,ref]5ce ( ,pron\ns4 #a4 ,9 ! use ( pron\ns "o _c be too c>eful t ea* ref]s to ! "r p]son4 8,f>m] ,jones call$ on 8 neighbor & told him t 8 c[s 7 9 8 pa/ure10 leaves u 9 d\bt :e!r ,f>m] ,jones came to make a compla9t or an apology4 ,h[ %\ld ! s5t5ce be con/ruct$ to remove ! ambiguity8 ,! foll[+ delici\s error has be5 mu* quot$3 8,if fre% milk does n seem to agree ) ! *ild1 boil x40 ,h[ *ange ! s5t5ce to save ! *ild's life8 #b4 ,sometimes a demon/rative c be us$ to bett] advantage ?an a p]sonal pron\n4 8,!y l5t u _! horses = ! aft]noon & ^! n !y took u a long way out into ! c\ntry40 #c4 ,sometimes x is bett] to repeat ! antec$5t1 v>y+ x by simple synonyms1 ?an to use any pron\n4 ,n1 8,he gave him 8 ^w ( honor1 t :5ev] he %\ld see 8 bro!r 9 ,london1 he w\ld d all = him t he ought to d = an old comrade's bro!r40 ,r ?us3 8,he gave 8 fri5d 8 ^w ( honor1 t :5ev] he %\ld see ! latt]'s bro!r 9 ,london1 he w\ld d = ! boy all t a man ought to d = ! bro!r ( an old comrade40 #d4 ,acquire a habit ( writ+1 8,x is he10 or 8,x's he10 in/ead ( 8,he is ! "o40 ,?is latt] phrase is p]missible 9 colloquial spee*1 :]e its clums9ess is n mu* felt4 ,! correct expression may sometimes seem ov]-precise4 ,b a p]son ( tact ought to be able to speak correctly )\t seem+ affect$4 ,conjunctions & ,prepositions4 #a4 ,%all we say 8z l>ge z10 8n z l>ge z10 etc48 ,! fir/ expression is "r4 ,b aft] a negative1 use s = a correlative to z3 8n s l>ge z40 #b4 ,9 g5]al be c>eful n to omit necess>y conjunctions4 ,:at %\ld be suppli$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce8 & h[ %\ld ! ord] be *ang$8 8,h5ty is bett] kn[n b n s int]e/+ to old] boys z ,/ev5son40 #c4 ,& :i*1 & :o1 etc41 are wrong = :i*1 :o1 etc41 :5 no relative has previ\sly be5 us$4 ,correct ! foll[+3 8,irv+1 ! hi/orian1 & :om we honor z our fir/ writ] ( prose tales1 is a prime favorite ( u all40 #d4 ,l is n a conjunction4 ,x is incorrect to say1 8,d l ,i d40 ,?is wrong use ( l is habitual 9 _m p>ts ( our c\ntry1 & a native ( any "o ( ^! di/ricts has to wat* himself n>r[ly to acquire ! habit ( us+ z = l4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 correct en\gh to say1 8,%e talks l him40 ,"h l is an adjective gov]n+ :at 0 ! dative case1 & ! phrase l him has ! value ( an adv]b4 #e4 ,diff]5t to is wrong = diff]5t f4 ,?is error1 ?\gh r>ely to be f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 is habitual 9 ,engl&4 ,! common] ,am]ican error is diff]5t ?an4 ,?is mi/ake frequ5tly occurs :5 ! comp>ative degree has previ\sly be5 us$4 ,e4g4 8,?is la/ k9d ( apple is diff]5t & sweet] ?an ! fir/40 ,! bett] =m is3 8,?is la/ k9d ( apple is diff]5t f ! fir/1 & sweet]40 ,d n split ! p>ticles1 by say+1 8,?is k9d ( apple is diff]5t f & sweet] ?an ! fir/40 ,adv]b or ,adjective8 #a4 ,!re is a gr\p ( words--v]bs ( s5sation & ! l1 look1 s\nd1 feel1 smell1 ta/e1 appe>1 seem--:i* take an adjective to complete _! mean+4 8,%e looks sweet10 8,x ta/es sweet10 8,%e seems happy10 are common & correct ways ( speak+4 ,notice t "h some?+ ( ! same idea c be giv5 by say+1 8,%e is sweet10 8,x is sweet10 8,%e is happy40 ,! sweet idea or ! happy idea describes ! subject1 ! p]son1 n ! v]b4 ,( c\rse1 "o might write a s5t5ce 9 :i* ! sweet idea w\ld tell ! way a giv5 act 0 done4 8,%e look$ sweetly0 w\ld imply t %e 0 gaz+ sweetly at some?+ or somebody4 ,b "h mu/ be not$ an exception or two4 7a7 ,! ^w bad has two s5ses3 moral badness1 & badness t is n moral--badness ( heal?1 = in/ance4 ,if ,i say 8,i feel bad10 ! bad seems to mean moral badness3 i4e4 8,i am bad40 ,x is !re=e p]missible to break ! rule & apply badly to physical feel+4 8,i feel badly0 is a common expression = 8,i feel sick02 & by ! exception to ! rule is correct4 ,:i* is bett] 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce--bad or badly8 8,x s\nds ---- to he> a "y man swe>40 7b7 ,!re are a few cases :]e ! adv]b is reta9$ :5 ! v]b is n felt z act+4 8,! report s\nds well10 c]ta9ly does n mean t ! report is 9 good heal?2 b x is c]ta9ly good ,engli%4 ,simil>ly we h3 8,%e appe>s well 9 company40 ,x is to be kept 9 m9d t ill & well are n always adv]bs4 ,!y are (t5 adjectives2 & if "o says 8,i feel ill10 or 8,i feel well10 "o is us+ ! adjective ill or ! adjective well4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,:i* ( ! italiciz$ words is pref]able 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces8 7a7 8,?is old /]n-:eel boat rides ov] ! waves q z easy 7easily7 z any propell]1 if n easi] 7m easily740 7b7 8,?is old *aise rides z easy 7easily7 z any mod]n "o40 7c7 8,an old %oe feels easy 7easily740 7d7 8,z ,bill+s read t passage x s\nd$ diff]5t 7diff]5tly7 f ! way 9 :i* ! ,colonel read x40 7e7 8,d y feel good 7well7 aft] y\r night's re/80 7f7 8,i've be5 to *ur* &1 = me1 really feel good 7well740 7g7 8,he vot$ indep5d5tly 7indep5d5t740 7h7 8,home1 sweet home0 s\nds well 7good7 to ! e>s ( ! ,am]ican abroad4 ,%all or ,w4--,mo/ ,am]icans1 l mo/ ,scot*m51 use ! ^w w too frequ5tly1 to ! neglect ( %all4 ,%all is f ,old ,engli% sceal 7skay-al7 & once meant owe1 be oblig$4 ,x /ill may mean ! same ?+1 :5 n us$ z a m]e auxili>y4 ,t is1 %\ld (t5 means ought1 :i* 0 once ! pa/ t5se ( owe4 ,x /ill c mean 8to be oblig$40 8,y %all10 8he %all10 are expressions t imply obligation1 impos$ by ! speak]4 8,i %all at la/ die0 /ill has 9 x ! idea ( be+ compell$4 ,b ?is phrase illu/rates happily "o way by :i* %all ) ! fir/ p]son has come to be felt z a m]e future4 ,ne>ly always to-day ,i %all names a volunt>y act2 b ! volition is usually n emphasiz$2 ! speak] has usually made up 8 m9d be=e he says ,i %all1 & ! words simply =etell ! future act4 8,i %all be !re0 incid5tally ann\nces ! speak]'s int5tion1 b ! *ief ?+ x ann\nces is t ! speak] w be !re4 ,x is probably ! future fact t is ( int]e/ to 8 fri5ds4 ,ord9>ily1 !re=e1 %all 9 ! fir/ p]son means futurity m ?an x means volition4 ,w is f wilian 7wil-yan71 mean+ to wi%1 to w4 ,x frequ5tly means t to-day1 ?\gh 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons x is also us$ = ! simple future4 8,i w0 always implies volition4 ,i w implies ei!r delib]ate int5tion1 di/9ct wi%1 or di/9ct will+ness4 8,i w g0 means 8,i am det]m9$ to g10 or1 8,i wi% to g10 or1 8,i am will+ to g40 ,frequ5tly su* a phrase implies t !re is opposition or an ob/acle4 8,y w10 8!y w10 usually lack ! volitive idea2 !y simply =etell t :i* y1 !y1 are ab\t to d4 ,yet y w1 he w1 !y w may /ill mean y are det]m9$1 etc41 if appli$ to a be+ t has ! p[] ( *oice4 ,"h "o has b to emphasize ! w1 & ! old mean+ is br\ght back4 ,?us3 8,he w p]si/ 9 do+ s1 ?\gh all 8 fri5ds deplore x40 ,our fir/ rule w accord+ly be z foll[s3 ,to indicate m]e futurity1 use %all 9 ! fir/ p]son1 w 9 ! second & ?ird4 ,examples3 8,i %all be glad to come4 ,y & ! o!rs w f9d me on h& at ! pi]40 ,s f>1 s good4 ,b note t ?is rule also applies :5 ! speak] is made to report 8 own words 9 indirect n>rative4 8,abn] says t he %all be glad to come1 & t y & ! o!rs w f9d him on h& at ! pi]40 ,j s if ! indirect disc\rse is 9 ! pa/1 & x is /ill ! speak] :o reports 8 own words4 8,abn] said t he %\ld be glad to come1 & t y & ! o!rs w\ld f9d him at ! pi]40 ,all ?is seems s5sible en\gh1 = ! speak] is m]ely made to =etell 8 own future act4 ,! rule is too (t5 brok54 8,abn] said he 0 afraid he'd miss ! boat40 ,"h ! contraction he'd /&s 7z always7 = he w\ld1 a =m t is wrong 9 ?is place = he %\ld4 ,! same rule applies :5 ! indirect n>rative is m]ely impli$2 t is1 :5 in/ead ( su* a ^w z say we h ?9k1 or fe>1 or believe4 8,luke ?9ks he %all miss 8 boat10 is correct2 s is1 8,luke fe>$ he %\ld miss ! boat40 ,suppose1 n[1 x is no long] :at ,luke said ab\t 8 own future act1 b :at somebody else said ab\t x4 8,ev>ts rem>k$ t ,luke 0 ready & w\ld hurry to ! pi]2 b ,ev>ts fe>$ t ,luke w\ld miss ! boat40 ,! %all gives place naturally en\gh to w4 ,aft] v]bs ( say+1 ?9k+1 tell+1 & ! l1 %all 7or %\ld7 is ! prop] auxili>y if ! future act is =etold by ! actor4 ,n[ we are ready to ask h[ ^! words %\ld be us$ 9 que/ions4 ,a v simple rule is en\gh = mo/ purposes3 ,9 ! second & ?ird p]sons1 use 9 ! "q ! =m y expect 9 ! answ]4 8,%all y be at ! pi] by ?ree1 ,abn]80 ,abn] replies1 8,i c]ta9ly %all40 8,w y k9dly br+ my lun* ) y8 ! cook has x ready40 8,i w1 ) great pleasure40 ,! rule holds :5 appli$ to indirect disc\rse4 ,?us3 8,abn]'s aunt ask$ him :e!r he %\ld be at ! pi] by ?ree4 ,abn] repli$ t he %\ld4 ,!n %e want$ to "k if he w\ld k9dly br+ h] lun* along2 ,abn] promis$ t he w\ld40 ,if a "q is put 9 ! fir/ p]son1 %all (t5 asks = in/ructions4 8,%all ,i g80 ,b if m]e in=mation is ask$1 %all is /ill ! =m3 8,%all ,i be requir$ to d all ?is80 8,yes1 ,i fe> y w40 ,briefly1 !n1 = a "q 9 ! fir/ p]son always use %all4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,:]e blanks appe> 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ins]t ! "r auxili>y4 ,correct any misuse ( auxili>ies4 #a4 ,sometimes an ,iri%man1 sometimes a ,fr5*man1 is cr$it$ ) ?is rem>k3 8,i w be dr[n$2 nobody %all help me40 #b4 ,i ---- be delight$ to see y ) u4 #c4 ,i ---- be oblig$ if y ---- l5d me y\r p5cil4 #d4 ,! director ?9ks he ---- be able to speak well ( t /ud5t1 if ! boy ---- ne$ a good ^w4 #e4 ---- y be cont5t if y get to college8 #f4 ---- ,i be p]mitt$ to say t y ---- see him be=e any?+ is done8 #g4 ,jim ,hawk9s 0 mortally afraid t he ---- be kill$ by ,long ,john ,silv]2 & 9 turn ,long ,john began to fe> t ,jim ---- be ! dea? ( him4 #h4 ---- y l "s bread8 ,"h %\ld is ! "r ^w2 to l is a ^w ( volition1 & x does n ne$ ! volitive auxili>y w\ld4 #i4 ---- y m9d my ask+ :]e y b\ght t j]sey8 #aj4 ,8 fa!r insi/$ t he ---- /ick to ! task2 & ! son aft]w>ds seem$ glad ( ! fact1 & ask$ :e!r he ---- d "s m "w ( ! same sort4 #aa4 ,if we 7 bett]1 we ---- be happi]4 #ab4 ,9 :i* s5t5ce c a contraction ( he w\ld be us$8 7a7 ,he said ---- be glad to accept4 7b7 ,lu!r decl>$ ---- g to a c]ta9 city1 ?\gh !re 7 z _m devils !re z tiles on ! h\setops4 #ac4 ---- ,i be ask$ to g8 ,yes1 y w4 #ad4 ,( :om ---- ,i be afraid8 ,matt]s ( ,etymology4 #a4 ,good usage recomm5ds t we say 8! s*ools ( ,*icago0 r ?an 8,*icago's s*ools02 8! cause ( ! accid5t0 r ?an 8! accid5t's cause40 ,9 o!r words1 x recomm5ds t we save ! possessive 9 's 7or ,saxon g5itive7 = liv+ be+s4 ,= ?+s1 = ab/ract ideas1 = cities--ev]y?+ except be+s--! possessive 9 ( 7or ,norman g5itive7 is pref]r$4 ,?us we say1 8,napoleon's hat10 & 8! rim ( ,napoleon's hat10 in/ead ( 8,napoleon's hat's rim40 ,! newspap]s1 p]haps to save space1 h fall5 into ! habit ( talk+ ab\t 8,*icago's int]e/s10 8,evan/on's wat]-works10 8,am]ica's navy10 etc42 b x is bett] n to imitate ^! expressions4#af ,su* matt]s are matt]s1 n ( "r & wrong1 b ( bett] & worse4 #b4 ,:ile got is usually bett] ?an gott5 z a pa/ p>ticiple1 ! two words h1 9 "o case1 diff]5t mean+s4 8,i h got my lesson0 is p]haps pref]able to 8,i h gott5 my lesson40 ,b 8,i h got to be a s*ol>0 means1 8,i mu/ be a s*ol>02 :ile1 8,i h gott5 to be a s*ol>0 is1 well1--p]haps a boa/4 #c4 ,good use prescribes he drank1 b he has drunk n1 he has drank4 #d4 ,anybody else's1 or anybody's else--:i* is 9 bett] use8 ,= mo/ places1 ! =m]4 ,?us3 8,anybody else's dog w\ld h be5 %ot = 8 %eep-/eal+40 ,b anybody's else is (t5 pref]able at ! end ( ! clause or s5t5ce4 ,?us3 8,if ! dog _h be5 anybody else's x w\ld h be5 %ot2 un=tunately x 0 nobody's else40 ,! di/9ction has ceas$ to be a matt] ( logic1 & become a matt] ( euphony4 ,( c\rse1 else is /rictly an adjective1 & might seem to be exempt f ! possessive case4 ,b adjectives h always _h a way ( gr[+ fa/ to n\ns & becom+ "p ( !m3 e4g4 sweetbri>1 ,r$f]n1 ,goodman4 ,?\gh else is n writt5 z a "p ( ! n\n anybody 7:i* is already long en\gh71 x is (t5 felt z a "p ( ! n\n4 ,:at y ?9k is n always anybody else2 x is (t51 anybodyelse4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ^w anybody itself is really two words gr[n toge!r till we d n ?9k ( !m z adjective n\n4 ,oral ,ex]cise 9 ,review4--,bel[ are giv5 a numb] ( s5t5ces f ,hughes's ,tom ,br[n's ,s*ool ,days1 a book :i* e "o likes = its racy ,saxon /yle1 b :i* is n always beyond reproa* 9 s5t5ce-/ructure4 ,mo/1 h[ev]1 ( ! s5t5ces giv5 bel[ 7 correctly writt54 ,exam9e ! passages1 & decide z to :i* ( ! bracket$ words %\ld be omitt$4 ,:5 sev]al words are italiciz$1 correct ! ord] ( !m4 #a4 ,tom's nurse 0 "o :o took 9 h] in/ruction v sl[ly--%e seem$ to h two left h&s & no head2 & s ,mrs4 ,br[n kept h] on long] ?an usual1 t %e1 ! girl might exp5d h] awkw>dness & =getfulness ^u ^? :o w\ld n judge & puni% h]1 ! girl too /rictly = !m4 #b4 ,x _h be5 ! immemorial habit ( ! village ei!r to ei!r *ri/5 *ildr5 ei!r by ,bible names or by ^? ( ! c>d9al & o!r virtues4 #c4 ,he 0 a he>ty1 /rong boy f ! fir/1 giv5 to fight+ ) & escap+ f 8 nurse1 ) 8 nurse & escap+ f h] & frat]niz+ ) all ( ! village boys1 ) :om he made exp$itions all ar\nd ! neighborhood4 #d4 ,y %all he> at once :at sort ( a folk ! ,br[ns are1 at lea/ my bran* ( !m at lea/2 & !n if y don't l ! sort1 :y cut ! conc]n at once1 & let y & ,i1 me cry quits be=e ei!r ( u c grumble at ! o!r4 #e4 ,= a %ort "t aft] a boy has tak5 up su* a life z1 l ,arnold w\ld h urg$ ^u him1 he has a h>d "t ( x4 ,he f9ds 8 judgm5t (t5 at fault1 8 body & intellect runn+ away ) him into all sorts ( pitfalls1 & he1 himself com+ d[n ) a cra%4 #f4 8,no1 ,pompey1 ,i mu/ prea* :5ev] ,i see a *ance ( be+ li/5$ to1 :i*1 & ?is ,i nev] did be=e40 #g4 ,& n[1 my boys1 y :o1 :om ,i want to get = read]s1 h y _h en\gh8 ,w1 %all y give 9 at once1 & say y're conv9c$1 & let me beg9 my /ory1 or w y h m ( x8 ,rememb]1 ,i've only be5 ov] only a little bit ( a hillside yet--:at y c\ld ride r\nd easily on y\r ponies 9 an h\r4 #h4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 be+1 be+ ! day ( ! s*ool-h\se mat*1 none ( ! s*ool-h\se prpo/ors /ay1 /ays by ! door to wat* = truants ( _! side2 !re is c>te blan*e to ! s*ool-h\se fags to g :]e !y l3 8,!y tru/ to our honor10 z ,ea/ pr\dly in=ms ,tom2 8!y "k v well t no s*ool-h\se boy w\ld cut ! mat* v well4 ,if he did we'd1 we %\ld v soon cut him1 ,i c tell y40 #i4 ,pass+ along ! ,ridgeway to ! we/ = ab\t a mile1 we come to1 appe>s a little clump ( "y bee* & firs1 ) a gr[? ( ?orn & privet und]wood4 #aj4 ,i only "k only two ,engli% neighborhoods ?or\ghly1 & 9 ea* )9 a circle ( five miles1 )9 ea* !re is en\gh ( int]e/ & beauty to la/ any reasonable man 8 life4 ,i believe ?is to be ! case almo/ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry almo/2 b ea* has a special attraction1 & nei!r1 none c be ri*] ?an ! "o ,i am speak+ ( & go+ to v p>ticul>ly introduce to y v p>ticul>ly4 #aa4 ,x's v odd h[1 t almo/ all ,engli% boys love dang]4 #ab4 ,he wore an old full-bottom$ wig1 ! gift ( "s d&y old ,br[n :om he _h 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury valet$ 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 :i* habilim5t1 a habilim5t :i* ,ma/] ,tom look$ ^u ) consid]able respect1 n to say fe>4 #ac4 ,x 0 he1 ,he 0 ! "o :o b5t ! fir/ p9 ) :i* ,tom extract$ 8 fir/ /ickleback out ( 8,pebbly ,brook10 ! little /ream :i* ran ?r\gh ! village1 8,pebbly ,brook04 ,! fir/ /ickleback 0 a spl5did fell[1 ) fabul\s r$ & blue gills4 ,tom kept him 9 a small bas9 till ! day ( 81 ! fi%'s dea?1 & became a fi%]man f t day4 #ad4 ,8 nurse told him t ^? good-natur$ look+ wom5 7 9 ! con/ant habit ( entic+ *ildr5 into ! b>ges & tak+ !m1 ^! up to ,london & sell+ !m1 :i*1 a /ory :i* ,tom w\ldn't believe4 #ae4 8,i say10 said ,ea/1 z soon z he got1 _h gott5 8 w9d1 look+ ) mu* increas$ respect at ,tom1 8y a9't1 y're n1 ar5't1 are n a bad scud1 n by no1 any means40 #af4 ,b :o %all1 w tell ! joy ( ! next morn+1 :5 ! *ur* bells 7 r++ a m]ry peal1 & 9 ! s]vants' hall old ,b5jy appe>$ 9 ! s]vants' hall respl5d5t 9 a long blue coat & brass buttons 9 ! s]vants' hall1 & a pair ( old yell[ bucksk9s & top-boots1 :i* he _h clean$ = & inh]it$ f ,tom's gr&fa!r4 #ag4 ,s1 z we are go+ to at any rate1 at any rate to see ,tom ,br[n ?r\gh 8 boyhood1 suppos+1 if we nev] get any fur!r1 :i*1 ?\gh 7if y %[ a prop] s5se ( ! value ( ?is hi/ory1 !re is no kn[+ b t1 :at we may71 let u h a look at ! life & environm5ts ( ! *ild4 #ah4 ,he felt l1 z if he _h be5 sev]ely beat5 all d[n 8 back1 ! natural result ( 8 p]=mance at 8 fir/ mat*4 #ai4 8,& n[ come 9 & see my /udy2 we %all1 w h j "t be=e d9n]2 & aft]w>ds1 be=e call+ ov]1 we'll1 we %all d ! close40 #bj4 ,x c]ta9ly wasn't v l>ge c]ta9ly1 be+ ab\t six feet long by f\r broad4 ,x c\ldn't be call$ light1 z !re 01 7 b>s & a grat+ to ! w9d[2 :i* little precautions :i* 7 necess>y 9 ! /udies on ! gr\nd floor look+ out into ! close1 to prev5t ! exit ( small boys aft] lock+ up1 & ! entrance ( contrab& articles aft] lock+ up4 #ba4 ,& n[1 hav+ brok5 my resolution nev] to write a ,preface1 !re are j two or ?ree ?+s :i* ,i w\ld1 %\ld l to say a ^w ab\t hav+ brok5 my resolution nev] to write a ,preface4 #bb4 ,my de> boys1 old & "y1 y :o h belong$1 or d belong1 to o!r s*ools & o!r h\ses1 don't beg9 ?r[+ my poor little book ab\t ! room1 & abus+ me & x x & ,i1 & v[+#ag y'll read no m :5 y get to ?is po9t4 ,i all[ y've provocation = x4 ,b1 come n[1 w\ld1 %\ld y1 any ( y1 give a fig = a fell[ :o didn't believe 91 & /& up = 8 own h\se & 8 own s*ool8 ,y "k y w\ldn't1 %\ldn't4 ,!n don't object to my crack+ up ! old s*ool-h\se1 ,rugby4 ,hav5't ,i a "r to d x1 :5 ,i'm tak+ all ! tr\ble ( writ+ ?is true hi/ory = all y\r b5efits8 ,if y're n1 y a9't satisfi$1 g & write ! hi/ory ( y\r own h\ses 9 y\r own times ( y\r own h\ses & say all y "k = y\r own s*ools & h\ses1 provid$ x's true1 & ,i'll1 ,i %all read x )\t abus+ y provid$ x's true4 #bc4 ,all ! way up to ,london he _h pond]$ :at he w\ld1 %\ld say to ,tom by way ( p>t+ advice1 some?+ t ! boy c\ld keep 9 8 head ready = use1 by way ( p>t+ advice4 #bd4 8,i say1 ,gre510 ,snooks began "o night1 8a9't1 isn't t new boy1 ,h>rison1 y\r fag80 8,yes2 :y80 8,oh1 ,i "k some?+ ( him at home1 & w\ld1 %\ld l to excuse him--w y swap80 8,:o1 ,:om w y give me80 8,well1 let's see2 !re's ,willis1 ,johnson--no1 t won't d4 ,yes1 ,i h x--!re's "y ,ea/1 ,i'll give y him40 8,don't y wi% y may get x80 repli$ ,gre54 8,i'll tell y :at ,i'll d--,i'll give y if y l two = ,willis if y l40 8,:om1 ,:o !n80 ask$ ,snooks4 8,hall & ,br[n40 8,%\ldn't1 ,w\ldn't h 'em at a gift40 #be4 ,by keep+ out ( b\nds all day1 or at all ev5ts out ( ! h\se & quadrangle1 all day1 & c>efully b>r+ !mselves c>efully 9 at night1 ,ea/ & ,tom manag$ to hold on )\t feel+ v mis]ably1 mis]able2 b x 0 z mu* z !y c\ld d4 #bf4 ,8 fri5ds at home1 hadn't put him into tails hav+ reg>d1 ,i suppose1 to 8 age1 & n to 8 size & place 9 ! s*ool1 hadn't put him into tails2 & ev5 8 jackets 7 always too small ev52 & he _h a tal5t = de/roy+ clo!s1 & mak+ himself look %abbily1 %abby4 ,oral ,review-,ex]cise4--,correct ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 aft] nam+ ea* fault4 #a4 ,belong+ to ! mod]n reali/ic s*ool ( noveli/s1 8 address 0 an able def5ce ( _! t5ets4 #b4 ,x is n probable t ! s*ol>s w yet give him a v l(ty place1 & !y w be dis9cl9$ to call 8 books lit]ature1 b ! division ( s5tim5t z to _! exact /&+ w n detract f ! brilliancy ( ! future !y promise4 #c4 8,"h y are1 a great1 hulk+ fell[1 end[$ by provid5ce ) magnific5t /r5g?1 in/ead ( :i* y g ab\t /eal+ nuts40 #d4 ,cs> & all 8 legions 0 encamp$ ar\nd ! city1 & ! b>b>ians knew well en\gh x 0 !m !y _h to fight1 !m ! soldi]s ( ! ,roman god-l man4 #e4 8,x wasn't u6 x wasn't u6 ,we wasn't !re1 we w>nt40 #f4 ,nei!r ( ! adv5tur]s1 ,olson & ,lefevre1 saw _! native l& aga94 #g4 ,he sat ! cage d[n2 & ! bird cri$1 betwe5 ea* m\?ful1 8,polly wants a crack]40 #h4 ,l ,lucretius1 8 pleasure 0 9 wat*+ ! sea fight f a secure place4 #i4 ,masqu]ad+ "u ! /age "n ( ,viola ,violet1 !re 0 a gasp ( a/oni%m5t :5 %e made h] fir/ entrance & 0 recogniz$ by h] _m fri5ds 9 ! audi5ce4 #aj4 ,lack+ practice 9 :at might be call$ ! te*nique ( act+1 !re 0 n[ & !n "s re/ra9t 9 pose & ge/ure1 & ! ess5tial elem5t ( arti/ic repose 0 lack+4 #aa4 ,pass5g]s are w>n$ n to get (f ! tra9 :ile 9 motion4 #ab4 ,)\t /opp+ to fully describe ! con/ruction ( ?is aural in/rum5t1 suffice x to say1 t x is small & compact1 & c be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 weigh+ ab\t two ounces1 con/ruct$ mo/ly ( alum9um4 #ac4 ,:5 ,i g back to ,cuba aga9 ,i %\ld l to g ) #aj1jjj int]pret]s in/ead ( "o1 all 9 ,unit$ ,/ates uni=ms1 & :o w\ld talk fa/ & to ! po9t & w\ld n expect or wait = an answ]4 #ad4 ,pass+ a field :]e bro!r ,david 0 s[+ rye1 sev]al m]ry voices call$ out1 8,h[ are y1 ,mr4 ,newton80 #ae4 ,mr4 ,adams positively decl9es to hang c>ds ov] ! edges ( ! boxes at ! gr& op]a ) ! names ( ^? pres5t 9 l>ge type4 #af4 ,eva pick$ up ! lett] f ! hall table1 look$ quickly r\nd at ! clos$ hall door1 at ! clos$ d9+-room door1 & at ! baize door t l$ to ! kit*5 /airs--& kiss$ x4 #ag4 ,talk+ ! o!r day ) a fri5d 7! late ,mr4 ,keats7 ab\t ,dante1 he obs]v$ t :5ev] s great a poet told u any?+ 9 addition or cont9uation ( an anci5t /ory1 he _h a "r to be reg>d$ z classical au?ority4 #ah4 ,alcibiades told ! ,sp>tan envoys t if !y w\ld say to ! ,a!nians t _! p[] 0 limit$ & t !y c\ld only li/5 & !n tell ! ,sp>tans :at !y he>d t he w\ld see t ! ,a!nians did n jo9 ! alliance3 s :5 ! ambassadors w5t !re !y did z ,alcibiades said & ,alcibiades got up & said1 t !y c\ld n tell two ?+s alike & ! ,a!nians w\ld n h any?+ m to d ) !m & !y jo9$ ! alliance4 #ai4 ,hav+ giv5 ?is dep>tm5t-/ore "q mu* c>eful ?\ght ,i h decid$ a m dang]\s monopoly c\ld n be f\nd1 = reasons z foll[s3 ,fir/1 !y t5d to c5tralize bus9ess1 :i* is dang]\s1 & %\ld n exi/ if we wi% our city to gr[ & !reby equalize taxation4 ,second1 ! cont9u\s adv]tis+ ( ! entire /ock ( an un=tunate m]*ant on sale 9 ^! /ores at #cc c5ts on ! doll> is n enc\rag+ to /rang]s :o visit u4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,on ,,divid+ ,a ,,p>agraph ,,into ,,s5t5ces ,! ,s5t5ce n its own ,ma/]4--,ev]ybody le>ns at an e>ly age "s su* def9ition z ?is3 ,a s5t5ce is ! expression ( a complete ?\ght 9 words4 ,b _m /ud5ts :o h j left ! gramm> s*ool are n v cle> 9 _! own m9ds z to :at ! def9ition means4 ,:5 !y come to write s5t5ces !y f9d x h>d to decide :at con/itutes a complete ?\ght4 ,!y "k :at ! te/ ( grammatical complet5ess is--! s5t5ce mu/ h a subject & a pr$icate2 b !y are hazy z to :5 ! s5t5ce is logically complete4 ,frankly1 ! mo/ accompli%$ writ]s are sometimes tr\bl$ to decide ?is "q4 ,hav+ two ideas1 !y are n sure :e!r ^! ought to /& 9 sep>ate s5t5ces1 or 9 semicolon clauses4 ,!re is no magic rule2 b by ! "r k9d ( practice "o may become p]fectly sure1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ( ! be/ c\rse to take4 ,p]haps ! easie/ way to approa* ! matt] is to rememb] t ! s5t5ce is only a "p ( a l>g] unit1--! p>agraph4 ,a p>agraph is ei!r a m9iature composition1 or a ma9 "p ( a %ort composition4 ,9 long works1 ! *apt] is ! %ort composition ( :i* ! p>agraphs are ! divisions4 ,! s5t5ce1 9 turn1 is a ma9 "p ( ! p>agraph4 ,:e!r a s5t5ce %\ld be long or %ort dep5ds on ! "p x plays 9 ! p>agraph4 ,to make ?is /atem5t pla91 we ne$ consid] only ! p>agraph t /&s alone1 a m9iature composition4 ,:atev] be ! numb] ( its s5t5ces1 ea* =ms a ma9 "p or /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! p>agraph-?\ght4 ,all are conc]n$ ) expla9+ ! same ?+2 ea* contributes some?+ to ! idea4 ,if !re is a topic s5t5ce & ?is be lik5$ to a root1 ! o!r s5t5ces are l ! /alks & leaves :i* gr[ f ! root4 ,note h[ ea* ( ! foll[+ m9iature compositions#ah has a root1 f :i* ! re/ ( ! p>agraph spr+s necess>ily4 #a4 ,fl[]s h an expression ( c\nt5ance z mu* z m5 or animals4 ,"s seem to smile2 "s h a sad expression2 "s are p5sive & diffid5t2 o!rs aga9 are pla91 hone/1 & upright1 l ! broad-fac$ sunfl[] & ! hollyhock4--,h4 ,w4 ,,bee*]4 #b4 ,!re are ?ree wicks 444 to ! lamp ( a man's life2 bra91 blood1 & brea?4 ,press ! bra9 a little1 its light goes out1 foll[$ by bo? ! o!rs4 ,/op ! he>t a m9ute1 & out g all ?ree ( ! wicks4 ,*oke ! air out ( ! lungs1 & pres5tly ! fluid ceases to supply ! o!r c5tres ( flame1 & all is soon /agnation1 cold1 & d>kness4--,,dr4 ,,holmes4 ,consid] ! p>ts ( ! p>agraphs j giv54 ,mr4 ,bee*] has two s5t5ces1 ! second gr\p+ toge!r ! details :i* expla9 ! fir/4 ,b ! fir/ s5t5ce is made mu* %ort] ?an ! second1 because1 ^w = ^w1 x is to be m emphatic4 ,! second is ! long]1 because no "o ( ! sep>ate clauses seem$ to ! writ] important en\gh to /& alone4 ,! clauses ( detail tak5 toge!r =m "o ma9 division ( ! p>agraph4 ,! %ort s5t5ce t /ates ! gi/ ( ! p>agraph is ano!r ma9 division4 ,9 ,dr4 ,holmes's brief p>able1 !re are f\r s5t5ces4 ,?ree ( !m develop ! g5]al idea /at$ 9 ! fir/4 ,dr4 ,holmes _c cond5se ^! ?ree into "o explanatory s5t5ce1 z ,bee*] does2 he has too mu* to say4 ,by giv+ a s5t5ce to ea* ( ! ?ree 8wicks10 he %[s t he consid]s !m all approximately equal 9 importance4 ,/udy n[ ano!r p>agraph3-- ,x is say+ less ?an ! tru? to affirm t an excell5t book 7& ! rem>k holds almo/ equally good ( a ,raphael z ( a ,milton7 is l a well-*os5 & well-t5d$ fruit tree4 ,its fruits are n ( "o season only4 ,) ! due & natural int]vals1 we may recur to x ye> aft] ye>1 & x w supply ! same n\ri%m5t & ! same gratification1 if only we ourselves return to x ) ! same heal?ful appetite4--,,col]idge4 ,9 ?is passage f ,col]idge ! fir/ s5t5ce is ! root ( ! p>agraph2 #8a book is l a fruit tree4' ,b ! second s5t5ce is made %ort] ?an ! fir/1 because x is to /ate ! pi? ( ! p>agraph m cle>ly & emphatically ?an did ! fir/4 ,! mean+ ( ! fir/ s5t5ce is a little vague2 h[ a book is l a fruit tree1 x does n say4 ,! second s5t5ce does say h[4 ,note1 !n1 t a %ort s5t5ce is always emphatic1 & t accord+ly x %\ld be us$ to /ate some?+ t is important 9 ! p>agraph4 ,/udy also ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- ,our *ief want 9 life1 is somebody :o %all make u d :at we c4 ,?is is ! s]vice ( a fri5d4 ,) him we are easily great4 ,!re is a sublime attraction 9 him to :atev] virtue is 9 u4 ,h[ he fl+s wide ! doors ( exi/5ce6 ,:at que/ions we ask ( him6 :at an und]/&+ we h6 h[ few words are ne$$6 ,x is ! only real society4--,,em]son4 ,9 ?is p>agraph ( ,em]son's1 ! ma9 ideas are /at$ 9 brief s5t5ces1 & ! summ>y ( ! p>agraph comes 9 a s5t5ce ( six %ort words4 ,b note t 9 ! la/ s5t5ce except "o1 ! writ] gr\ps ?ree clauses1 because ! ?ree con/itute p>ts ( "o ma9 idea ( ! p>agraph4 ,read ! foll[+ r ab/ruse p>agraphs1 & decide z to :i* %[s ! *ief divisions ( ! :ole ?\ght4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! lit]ature ( k2 &1 secondly1 ! lit]ature ( p[]4 ,! function ( ! fir/ is1 to tea*2 ! function ( ! second is1 to move2 ! fir/ is a rudd]1 ! second an o> or a sail4 ,! fir/ speaks to ! m]e discursive und]/&+2 ! second speaks ultimately1 x may happ51 to ! high] und]/&+ or reason1 b always ?r\gh affections ( pleasure & sympa?y4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! lit]ature ( k4 ,&1 secondly1 ! lit]ature ( p[]4 ,! function ( ! fir/ is1 to tea*4 ,! function ( ! second is1 to move4 ,! fir/ is a rudd]4 ,! second1 an o> or a sail4 ,! fir/ speaks to ! m]e discursive und]/&+4 ,! second speaks ultimately1 x may happ51 to ! high] und]/&+ or reason1 b always ?r\gh affections ( pleasure & sympa?y4 ,f a /udy ( ! =ego+ selections1 x becomes cle> t ! s5t5ce is n its own ma/]4 ,x is ! s]vant ( ! p>agraph4 ,! p>agraph1 hav+ an idea to give1 uses s5t5ces to develop ?is idea4 ,a skilful writ] is n 9 ha/e to cr[d into a s5t5ce all ( "o l>ge1 complex ?\ght4 ,! full expression ( t ?\ght is ! task ( ! p>agraph4 ,! s5t5ces are ! means by :i* its p>ts may be made cle>4 ,! long s5t5ces are = explanatory details2 ! %ort ones are = emphatic summ>ies or g5]alizations1 & = rapid n>rative4 ,s5t5ce ,unity4--,i4 ,a s5t5ce t possesses ,unity ( ,sub/ance con/itutes "o ma9 /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! p>agraph-idea4 ,a ma9 /ep1 z ?us employ$1 usually means a s5t5ce giv+ "o ( ! foll[+3 7#a7 ! g5]al subject ( ! p>agraph2 7#b7 ! g5]al ?\ght or ass]tion ( ! p>agraph2 7#c7 ! repetition ( a prec$+ idea 9 new words2 7#d7 an illu/ration2 7#e7 a gr\p ( p>ticul>s or details2 7#f7 "o pro(1 or t]m1 9 a *a9 ( reason+2 7#g7 a brief contra/2 7#h7 a cause & an effect2 7#i7 an ass]tion & a v brief illu/ration4 ,x w\ld be absurd to hold ^! pr9ciples ( unity anxi\sly 9 m9d :5 "o is writ+4 ,hav+ ?\ght !m ov] a little1 & tak5 to he>t ! g5]al doctr9e t ! s5t5ce %\ld be "o ma9 /ep1 ! s*ol> %\ld tru/ 8 own s5se ( unity4 ,! *ief value ( any su* analysis is t x may help ! s*ol> to give ?\ght to 8 own s5t5ces4 ,,ii4 ,a s5t5ce t possesses ,unity ( ,=m keeps "o coh]5t /ructure ?r\gh\t1 & subord9ates unimportant clauses to ! important4 ,unity ( =m does n conc]n ! division ( ! p>agraph into s5t5ces4 ,x w be consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 "u ,well-knit ,s5t5ces4 ,i4 ,unity ( ,sub/ance by ,exclud+ ,irrelevant ,ideas4--,p]haps ! fir/ ?+ t is notic$ 9 read+ ha/y composition1 is t "s s5t5ces are too long4 ,"h is "o1 writt5 by a lad ( f\rte54 ,x w seem to mo/ read]s to be a s5t5ce ( infant9e simplicity1 su* z no high s*ool /ud5t is 9 ! slighte/ dang] ( p]petrat+4 ,my apology = giv+ x is t x r5d]s e het]og5e\s s5t5ce ridicul\s4 ,oliv] ,orl&o's bro!r did n l him & :5 he he>d t ,orl&o :ipp$ ,*>les he 0 v angry & 0 go+ to burn ,orl&o's h\se up ) him 9 x1 b ,adam1 ,orl&o's fai?ful s]vant1 ran out & told him1 s !y got all ! money !y _h & />t$ = ! =e/ ( ,ard51 :5 !y got pretty ne> !re ,adam be+ s old fa9t$ f hung]4 ,! /ud5t :o wrote ?is 0 n ?9k+ ( ! p>ts ( 8 p>agraph2 he 0 ?9k+ m]ely ( ! /ory ( ,z ,y ,l ,x4 ,he plung$ ahead aft] ! /ory1 nev] look+ beh9d him4 ,! result is a long1 rambl+ s5t5ce1 ) sev]al *ief ?\ghts 9 x4 ,^! *ief ?\ghts are f\r3 7#a7 ,oliv] hatefully plots to kill ,orl&o4 7#b7 ,adam foils ,oliv]4 7#c7 ,adam & ,orl&o flee4 7#d7 ,adam at la/ fa9ts4 ,! p>agraph !re=e divides into f\r dec5t1 ?\gh *ildi%1 s5t5ces3-- ,oliv]1 ,orl&o's bro!r1 did n l him2 & :5 he he>d t ,orl&o :ipp$ ,*>les he 0 v angry1 & 0 go+ to burn ,orl&o's h\se up ) him 9 x4 ,b ,adam1 ,orl&o's fai?ful s]vant1 ran out & told him4 ,s !y got toge!r all ! money !y _h1 & />t$ = ! =e/ ( ,ard54 ,:5 !y got pretty ne> !re1 ,adam1 be+ s old1 fa9t$ f hung]4 ,p]iods are n[ sub/itut$ = sev]al ( ! /ud5t's commas4 ,t writ] _h confus$ ^! two m>ks1 ! comma & ! full /op4 ,su* an error may be call$1 = m]e conv5i5ce1 ! comma fault4 ,x is readily se5 t ( all possible mi/akes 9 punctuation1 ! comma fault is ! mo/ s]i\s & elem5t>y4 ,to beg9 a new s5t5ce aft] a comma is an infallible sign ( illit]acy4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,9 ! foll[+ passages1 correct ! comma fault :]ev] x appe>s4 ,*ange ! s5t5ces 9 o!r ways to give a m mature tone to !m4 #a4 ,i don't "k :at to d 9 su* a case1 x is too h>d to decide4 ,*ange comma to semicolon4 #b4 ,romeo fell 9 love at once1 he c\ldn't help himself1 he _h nev] se5 any p]son s lovable4 #c4 ,s !y also />t$ = ! =e/ ( ,ard5 disguis$ z a c\ntryman & woman1 :5 !y got !re !y b\ght a h\se t 0 to be sold at auction1 once :ile w&]+ ar\nd !y met ,orl&o & ,rosal9d ask$ him if x 0 he t 0 spoil+ ! trees by c>v+ love s5t5ces on !m1 & he said x 01 s %e said he c\ld pret5d t %e 0 ,rosal9d1 s he came !re e day until "o day he 0 deta9$ by see+ a lioness j go+ to spr+ on ,oliv]4 ,!me4--,write a p>agraph ( six to t5 %ort s5t5ces4 ,let ! fir/ /ate ! :ole ev5t 9 brief4 ,let ! o!rs give ! /eps ( ! action t]sely1 rapidly1 emphatically4 ,revise = spell+ & punctuation4 ,sugge/$ topics3-- #a4 ,%oot+ ! rapids4 #b4 ,h[ ! wat] comes d[n at ! falls4 #c4 ,h[ ! accid5t happ5$4 #d4 ,h[ a log-jam is brok54 #e4 ,! way to %oot a glass ball4 #f4 ,d[n a hill on a :eel4 #g4 ,sights f a c> w9d[4 #h4 ,a fall on ! ice4 #i4 ,%oot+ ! 8,*utes40 #aj4 ,a runaway4 #aa4 ,a fla%-light photograph4 #ab4 ,h[ ! bird 7or game7 escap$4 #ac4 ,paul ,rev]e's ride4 #ad4 ,an excit+ mom5t4 ,,ii4 ,unity ( ,sub/ance by ,includ+ all ! ,p>ts ( an ,idea4--,x has already be5 said t a p>agraph may be compos$ ( sev]al v %ort s5t5ces1 ea* "o a ma9 /ep ( ! p>agraph1 ea* "o a unit4 ,= example3-- ,a great sil5ce made itself felt4 ,!n1 on a sudd51 a dry s\nd crack$ 9 ! air4 ,! visc\nt _h slapp$ 8 adv]s>y's face4 ,e "o rose to int]f]e4 ,c>ds 7 ex*ang$ betwe5 ! two4 ,"h1 inde$1 x may be t ! second & ?ird s5t5ces are halves ( "o idea1 divid$ to make its p>ts m emphatic4 ,at all ev5ts1 :ile a s5t5ce may be v %ort & /ill con/itute a pr9cipal factor ( ! p>agraph1 s5t5ces %\ld n be s brief t ea* is1 s to speak1 only half a ma9 ?\ght4 ,a ma9 ?\ght may be composite4 ,?us1 x is (t5 effective 7a7 to /ate & to expla9 an idea v briefly1 )9 ! "o s5t5ce2 7b7 to %[ an extremely close relation ( cause & effect1 by /at+ bo? )9 ! "o s5t5ce2 7c7 to contra/ two ?+s v briefly )9 ! "o s5t5ce4 ,n[1 a *ild gives 8 ideas 9 m]e bits2 he _c express ! relations ( ! bits to ea* o!r4 ,= example3-- ,my aunt 0 a v l>ge woman4 ,my uncle 0 a v ?9 man4 ,he 0 v delicate4 ,he dw9dl$4 ,i mean1 he got ?9n] & puni] e day4 ,& my aunt ?\ght a great deal ( him4 ,%e wi%$ him to get well4 ,%e gave him a great deal ( m$ic9e4 ,%e gave him s mu* t he began to get worse4 ,he f9ally di$4 ,?is p>agraph tells ! /ory ( h[ a woman doctor$ h] husb& to dea?4 ,! writ] has made eight /eps 9 ! /ory1 :i* p]haps has n really m ?an f\r ma9 p>ts3 7#a7 ,! contra/ betwe5 my aunt & uncle4 7#b7 ,my uncle 8dw9dl$0--expla9$ by say+ he got puni] daily4 7#c7 ,my aunt's love1 & its consequ5ce--h] wi% = my uncle's recov]y4 7#d7 ,! =m ! wi% took1--giv+ ( m$ic9e4 7#e7 ,! tw(old result1--aggravation ( ! disease1 !n dea?4 ,! orig9al s5t5ces may be comb9$ into f\r4 ,9 comb9+ !m1 :at po9t+ %all be us$ in/ead ( s _m full /ops8 ,we may use commas1 b only if we make "o clause dep5d5t or jo9 two clauses or propositions by a conjunction4 ,we may say1 = example1 8,my aunt 0 a v l>ge woman1 & my uncle a v ?91 delicate man40 ,we h ins]t$ an &2 ?is p]mits ! use ( a comma4 ,! result is a pretty good s5t5ce1 hav+ "o complex idea1--! contra/ betwe5 ! ample lady & h] slight husb&4 ,b ano!r invaluable means ( %[+ ! real factors ( ! s5t5ce is ! semicolon4 ,! semicolon1 z 0 said 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 is a k9d ( weak full /op4 ,ne>ly always x connects /atem5ts t are unrelat$ & indep5d5t grammatically1 b intimately relat$ 9 s5se4 ,9 a way1#ai ! semicolon connects s5t5ces1 a p]iod sep>ates s5t5ces4 ,! =m] sign is priceless to ! writ] :o1 :5 he comes to exp& ea* idea ( 8 p>agraph1 f9ds ! /ructure gr[+ too complicat$4 ,he has m]ely to place a semicolon & g ahead ) a m9iature new s5t5ce1 :i* e read] w und]/& to be a "p ( ! logical unit 9 h&4 ,if we comb9e ! eight s5t5ces by ! help ( ! semicolon1 we get f\r1 some:at l ! foll[+3-- ,my aunt 0 a v l>ge woman2 my uncle1 on ! contr>y1 0 a v ?9 delicate man4 ,he dw9dl$2 t is1 he got ?9n] & puni] e day4 ,my aunt ?\ght a good deal ( him1 & naturally %e wi%$ him to get well4 ,%e gave him1 accord+ly1 a great deal ( m$ic9e4 ,%e gave him s mu* inde$ t he began to get worse2 &1 f9ally1 he di$4 ,mo/ /ud5ts d n use ! semicolon en\gh4 ,two or ?ree semicolon clauses1 h[ev]1 are suffici5t = a v long s5t5ce4 ,if m are writt5 !re is usually dang] ( encroa*+ ^u ! next ma9 ?\ght ( ! p>agraph4 ,x is bett] to write too _m %ort s5t5ces ?an too _m long ones4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,consid] ! foll[+ p>agraph1 & decide :e!r ! ma9 ?\ghts ( x are n9e1 z "h indicat$1 or f\r4 ,if f\r1 ! ?\ghts are3 7#a7 ,contra/ betwe5 light above & d>k bel[4 7#b7 ,! gr[+ d>k4 7#c7 ,! fa9t1 weird sights & s\nds t come to ! n>rator4 7#d7 ,8 retreat f ! abbey4 ,if1 hav+ giv5 ! matt] c>eful ?\ght1 y ?9k !re %\ld be b f\r s5t5ces1 or if y ?9k !re is any o!r fault 9 ! punctuation1 expla9 h[ y w\ld repo9t4 ,! la/ beams ( day 7 n[ fa9tly /ream+ ?r\gh ! pa9t$ w9d[s 9 ! high vaults above me4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ! abbey 7 already wrapp$ 9 ! obscurity ( twilight4 ,! *apels & aisles grew d>k] & d>k]4 ,! effigies ( ! k+s fad$ into %ad[s4 ,! m>ble figures ( ! monum5ts assum$ /range %apes 9 ! unc]ta9 light4 ,! ev5+ breeze crept ?r\gh ! aisles l ! cold brea? ( ! grave4 ,& ev5 ! di/ant footfall ( a v]g]1 trav]s+ ! ,poet's ,corn]1 _h some?+ /range & dre>y 9 its s\nd4 ,i sl[ly retrac$ my morn+'s walk4 ,& z ,i pass$ out at ! portal ( ! cloi/]s1 ! door1 clos+ ) a j>r+ noise beh9d me1 fill$ ! :ole build+ ) e*oes4 ,punctuation = ,emphasis4--,bel[ are giv5 ?ree ways ( punctuat+ ! same words4 ,we may suppose ! same words to be us$ by ?ree diff]5t g5]als4 #a4 ,g5]al ,a4 twirl$ 8 m\/a*e1 & spoke s(tly1 9 8 calm1 unruffl$ way1 z if he 7 expla9+ a ma!matical problem to a cadet2 he said to ! soldi]1 8,y are a c[>d3 y %r9k1 y dodge1 y hide1 y run away :5 ! dang] comes40 ,he spoke m$itatively1 & ) a little drawl1 lett+ 8 voice rise at ea* pause4 #b4 ,g5]al ,b4 look$ at ! soldi] /eadily1 & said 9 a %>p1 decid$ tone3 8,y are a c[>d3 y %r9k2 y dodge2 y hide2 y run away :5 ! dang] comes40 #c4 ,g5]al ,c4 sprang up f 8 camp-/ool1 angry & indignant4 ,he spoke explosively & incoh]5tly4 8,y are a c[>d6 ,y %r9k4 ,y dodge4 ,y hide4 ,y run away :5 ! dang] comes40 ,evid5tly ! punctuation "h is l>gely dep5d5t on ! diff]5t /ates ( m9d4 ,a calm1 logical attitude is reflect$ 9 ! nice di/9ctions convey$ by ! colon & comma4 ,an excit$ mood ov]-emphasizes ea* detail1 & makes x a s5t5ce4 ,!re is sometimes ne$ ( indignant emphasis on ea* detail4 ,p]haps !re=e ! /rict unity ( ! s5t5ce may sometimes be sacrific$ = ! sake ( emphasis4 ,su* a sacrifice h[ev] %\ld v r>ely be made4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,consid] ! foll[+ p>agraph z a :ole1 & decide :e!r ! s5t5ces repres5t ! ma9 factors ( ! p>agraph-?\ght4 ,if y agree t 8! song ( a "y girl's voice0 is z important 9 ! p>agraph z sev]al ( ! o!r songs put toge!r1 h[ c ?is importance be indicat$ by punctuation8 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* ,tom saw 0 ! black c$>s1 high & %>p aga9/ ! rosy dawn4 ,& ,/4 ,br&an's ,isle reflect$ d\ble 9 ! /ill broad silv] sea4 ,! w9d sung s(tly 9 ! c$>s1 & ! wat] sung among ! caves4 ,! sea-birds sung z !y /ream$ out into ! ocean1 & ! l&-birds z !y built among ! b\ghs4 ,& ! air 0 s full ( song t x /irr$ ,/4 ,br&an & 8 h]mits1 z !y slumb]$ 9 ! %ade4 ,& !y mov$ _! good old lips1 & sung _! good old hymn amid _! dreams4 ,b among all ! songs "o came across ! wat] m sweet & cle> ?an all1 = x 0 ! song ( a "y girl's voice4 ,!me4--,write a p>agraph ( f\r s5t5ces on "o ( ! foll[+ subjects4 ,let ! fir/ s5t5ce be a g5]al /atem5t4 ,!n let ea* ( ?ree comp\nd s5t5ces gr\p toge!r details1 & s expla9 ! fir/4 #a4 ,! ?ree p>ts ( a tree1 & _! *>act]i/ics4 #b4 ,! ?ree p>ts ( my t[n4 #c4 ,a picture ,i l3 its backgr\nd1 its figures1 its color+4 #d4 ,! lun*-room4 #e4 ,a sleep+-c>3 ! c> itself1 ! travell]s1 ! port]4 #f4 ,uses ( a jack-knife3 legitimate1 illegitimate1 d\btful4 #g4 ,?ree m5 repres5t+ ?ree k9ds ( true ,am]icanism4 #h4 ,?ree great m51 typically ,engli%4 #i4 ,?ree great m51 typically ,roman4 #aj4 ,?ree types ( philan?ropi/4 #aa4 ,?ree k9ds ( c[>d4 #ab4 ,?ree k9ds ( h]o4 #ac4 ,?ree noble ,am]ican wom54 #ad4 ,?ree wom5 :o write /ories4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 7 _m au?ors ^: m9ds 7 full ( ,lat9 models4 ,^! writ]s tri$ to build up 9 ,engli%1 an un9flect$ language1 s5t5ces z complex z ^? ( ,cic]o4 ,!y tri$ to make ! s5t5ce d ! "w ( ! p>agraph4 ,h[ utt]ly !y fail$ may be se5 9 ! foll[+ passages f ,defoe & ,"l ,cl>5don4 ,consid]+ ea* selection z a p>agraph1 rewrite ) ref]5ce to unity ( sub/ance 9 ! s5t5ce4 #a4 ,!re is "o ?+ m rem>kable 9 ?is p>i%1 & x is ?is3 tw5ty-six %eets ( lead1 hang+ all toge!r1 7 bl[n (f f ! middle isle ( our *ur*1 & 7 c>ri$ ov] ! nor? isle1 :i* is a v l>ge "o1 )\t t\*+ x2 & into ! *ur*y>d t5 y>ds' di/ance f ! *ur*2 & !y 7 took up all jo9$ toge!r z !y 7 on ! ro(2 ! plumb] told me t ! %eets weigh$ ea* ?ree hundr$ & a half1 "o ) ano!r4 ,?is is :at is mo/ obs]vable 9 our p>i%3 b ,i %all give y an acc\nt ( "o ?+ 7:i* p]haps y may h f o!r h&s7 t happ5$ 9 ano!r1 call$ ,k+scote1 a little village ab\t ?ree miles f ,t$bury1 & sev5 f u3 :]e ,william ,k+scote1 ,esq41 has _m woods2 among :i* 0 "o grove ( v tall trees1 be+ ea* ne> eighty foot high2 ! :i* he greatly valu$ = ! tallness & prospect ( !m1 & !re=e resolv$ nev] to cut !m d[n3 b x s happ5$1 t six hundr$ ( !m1 )9 ! compass ( five acres 7 :olly bl[n d[n2 7& suppos$ to be mu* at ! same "t7 ea* tree te>+ up ! gr\nd ) its root2 s t ! roots ( mo/ ( ! trees1 ) ! turf & e>? ab\t !m1 /ood up at lea/ fifte5 or sixte5 foot high2 ! ly+ d[n ( :i* trees is an amaz+ sight to all behold]s4--,defoe4 #b4 ,x is true1 t z he#bj 0 ( a mo/ incomp>able g5tl5ess1 application1 & ev5 submission to good & wor?y & entire m51 s he 0 naturally 7:i* c\ld n be m evid5t 9 8 place1 :i* object$ him to ano!r conv]sation & int]mixture ?an 8 own election w\ld h done7 adv]sus malos injucundus2 & 0 s ill a dissembl] ( 8 dislike & dis9cl9ation to ill m51 t x 0 n possible = su* n to disc]n x4 ,!re 0 once1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 su* a decl>$ acceptation ( ! good s]vice an em95t memb] _h done to !m1 &1 z !y said1 to ! :ole k+dom1 t x 0 mov$1 he be+ pres5t1 8,t ! speak] might1 9 ! "n ( ! :ole h\se1 give him ?anks1 & !n t e memb] might1 z a te/imony ( 8 p>ticul> ackn[l$gm5t1 /ir or move 8 hat t[>ds him20 ! :i* 7?\gh n ord]$7 :5 v _m did1 ! "l ,falkl& 7:o believ$ ! s]vice itself n to be ( t mom5t1 & t an hon\rable & g5]\s p]son c\ld n h /oop$ to x = any recomp5ce7 in/ead ( mov+ 8 hat1 /ret*$ bo? 8 arms out1 & clasp$ 8 h&s toge!r ^u ! cr[n ( 8 hat1 & held x close d[n to 8 head2 t all m5 might see1 h[ odi\s t flatt]y 0 to him1 & t v approbation ( ! p]son1 ?\gh at ! same "t mo/ popul>4--,cl>5don4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! p>agraphs by ,haw?orne 7p4 #ajf71 ,macaulay1 ,web/]1 ,huxley 7pp4 #ajg-h7 to see :e!r ! s5t5ces are units 9 sub/ance4 ,note also ! diff]5t effects produc$ by long & %ort s5t5ces4 ,,iii4 ,a4 ,unity ( ,sub/ance by ,keep+ to ! ,po9t4--,9 a ha/ily writt5 manuscript w (t5 be f\nd unlike ideas jo9$ toge!r 9 "o s5t5ce4 ,"s p]sons are worse ?an o!rs 9 ?is matt]1 b ev]ybody1 9 compos+ rapidly1 is liable to ! fault4 ,x is amus+ly easy to fly (f at a tang5t1 if ! p>ts ( ! p>agraph h n be5 prop]ly ?\ght out4 ,! m9d (t5 works erratically2 x is pursu+ a giv5 idea :5 "s ^w us$ sugge/s a diff]5t l9e ( ?9k+ & ! tra9 is swit*$ (f its track4 ,c>d9al ,newman once wrote a burlesque ( ?is scatt]-bra9$ k9d ( writ+4 ,he pret5ds t ! lad is writ+ a !me on ! topic1 8,=tune favors ! brave40 ,9 ! mid/ ( x ! boy says3-- ,napoleon1 too1 %[s u h[ little we c rely on =tune2 b 8 faults1 great z !y 71 are be+ r$eem$ by 8 nephew1 ,l\is ,napoleon1 :o has %[n himself v diff]5t f :at 0 expect$1 ?\gh he has nev] expla9$ h[ he came to swe> to ! con/itution1 & !n m\nt$ ! imp]ial ?rone4 ,"h ! writ] has n committ$ ! comma fault2 he has n begun an indep5d5t s5t5ce aft] a comma4 ,b he has set d[n ideas irrelevant to ! s5t5ce1 &1 9 ?is case1 irrelevant ev5 to ! !me4 ,?is lack ( unity (t5 arises f putt+ d[n1 z ! s5t5ce proce$s1 ! details t occur p>5!tically to ! writ]2 he empties 8 m9d ^u ! pap]4 ,?us3-- ,my aunt happ5$ to notice1 z %e /ood look+ into ! glass & ?9k+ h[ pretty %e 01 = %e 0 really pretty = "o s old1 t ! eyes ( a portrait or "o ( ! eyes 0 mov+1 = my aunt _h a l>ge picture ( my uncle 9 h] room 9 h] c\ntry-h\se1 :i* 0 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,b4 ,_m a s5t5ce :i* ends 9 an irrelevant clause c be made to %[ unity by ! ins]tion ( "s int]m$iate l9k t occurr$ 9 ! m9d b 0 ov]look$ 9 ! writ+4 8,johnson wrote political articles1 & took c>e t ! ,:igs did n get ! be/ ( x10 becomes a unit if we supply a few words3 8,johnson wrote political articles1 & 9 ^? :i* ref]r$ to p>liam5t>y debates took c>e t ! ,:igs did n get ! be/ ( x40 ,9 o!r words1 a s5t5ce mu/ n m]ely include ! express$ p>ts ( a ma9 ?\ght1 z 9 ! second k9d ( unity ( sub/ance2 x mu/ express e "p ( ! ma9 ?\ght4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,trim ! foll[+ s5t5ces into %ape1 s t ea* %all be a unit4 ,if necess>y1 divide ! s5t5ce4 #a4 ,he 0 "y2 b 8 fooli%ness /ood him 9 good /ead4 #b4 ,! *ol]a 9 ,egypt is assum+ a m loa?some =m1 among ! dead be+ ,major ,roddy ,ow51 ! fam\s ,ug&a explor]4 #c4 ,! delegates1 we>i$ by ! excitem5t ( ! pa/ week1 h hurri$ to _! homes1 a few rema9+ = all ! bus9ess m5 h be5 mak+ unusual displays 9 spite ( ! h>d times4 #d4 ,! new light is plac$ ^u a gas-jet1 :i* supplies ! gas to a curi\s film1 :i* is made ( "s *emically prep>$ sub/ance t becomes inc&esc5t1 n hav+ to be *ang$ (t5] ?an twice a ye>1 if y are c>eful ) x4 #e4 ,! electric lights1 :i* are ( ! ,edison patt]n1 are n burn$ lat] ?an six o'clock4 ,!y are m conv5i5t ?an gas1 & !y come pack$ 9 /raw4 ,oral ,ex]cise1 9 ,review4--,decide :e!r ! foll[+ s5t5ces are units or n4 ,indicate :i* =m ( s5t5ce unity ea* has or lacks4 ,sugge/ improvem5ts4 #a4 ,9 ! mid/ ( life we are 9 dea?1 & x has be5 said t ! t>iff is a tax4 #b4 ,jesu6 ,jesu6 ,dead6--he drew a good b[2--& dead6--he %ot a f9e %oot3--,john ( ,gaunt lov$ him well1 & bett$ mu* money on 8 head4--#b ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,act ,,iii41 ,sc4 #b1 l4 #dh4 #c4 ,he _h "o claw knobb$ & ! o!r jagg$2 & ,tom delight$ 9 wat*+ him hold on to ! sea-we$ ) 8 knobb$ claw1 :ile he cut up salads ) 8 jagg$ "o1 & !n put !m into 8 m\?1 aft] smell+ at !m1 l a monkey1 & always ! little b>nacles ?rew out _! ca/+ nets & swept ! wat]1 & came 9 = _! %>e ( :atev] !re 0 = d9n]4 #d4 ,we 7 n[ ?or\ghly brok5 d[n1 b ! int5se excitem5t ( ! "t d5i$ u repose1 & aft] a unique slumb] ( "s ?ree or f\r h\rs' duration1 we arose1 z if by preconc]t1 to make exam9ation ( our treasure4 #e4 ,?\ did/ swe> to me ^u a p>cel-gilt p>tly-gilt goblet1 sitt+ 9 my ,dolph9-*amb]1 at ! r\nd table1 by a sea-coal fire1 ^u ,w$nesday 9 ,:itsun week1 :5 ! pr9ce broke ?y head = lik5+ 8 fa!r to a s++ man ( ,w9dsor2 ?\ did/ swe> to me !n1 z ,i 0 wa%+ ?y w\nd1 to m>ry me1 & make me my lady ?y wife4--#b ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,act ,,ii41 ,sc4 #a1 l4 #id4 #f4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ! tone ( ?is note :i* gave me great uneas9ess4 ,its :ole /yle diff]$ mat]ially f t ( ,legr&2 :at c\ld he be dream+ (8 :at new crot*et possess$ 8 excitable bra98 :at 8bus9ess ( ! highe/ importance0 c\ld he possibly h to transact8 ,jupit]'s acc\nt ( him bod$ no good2 ,i dread$ le/ ! cont9u$ pressure ( mis=tune _h1 at l5g?1 fairly unsettl$ ! reason ( my fri5d2 )\t a mom5t's hesitation1 !re=e1 ,i prep>$ to accompany ! negro4 #g4 ,& 9 t c\ntry is an old ca/le1 t /&s ^u a rock1 ! :i* is clep$ ! ,ca/le ( ! sp>r[hawk1 t is beyond ! city ( ,layas1 beside ! t[n ( ,p>sipee1 t belonge? to ! lord%ip ( ,cruk2 t#ba is a ri* "l & a good ,*ri/ian man2 :]e m5 f9d a sp>r[hawk ^u a p]* "r fair1 & "r well made2 & a fair ,lady ( ,fayryre1 t keepe? x4--,m&eville4 #h4 ,& ?us w ! city h m lights on ! subject1 & :at w be a ga9 9 light+ to ! city w be a great] loss 9 ca%1 & ! city's loss w be ! ,wat] ,works company's ga91 & we are glad ( x s f> z ! company is conc]n$1 = ! company 0 put (f & 7 refus$ a r5ewal ( its contract ) ! city at t]ms t 7 mo/ reasonable1 & ! company w also make up = lo/ "t n[ 9 good %ape4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,on ,,well-,,knit ,,s5t5ces ,a s5t5ce may be said to be well-knit if x /&s ! foll[+ te/s4 ,x mu/ h unity ( =m2 fre$om f excessive loos5ess2 a due am\nt ( emphasis2 & climax1 if climax is requir$4 ,all ^! te*nical t]ms ne$ explanation4 ,unity ( ,=m4--,to be a unit ( =m1 a s5t5ce mu/ place subord9ate ?\ghts 9 subord9ate clauses1 & mu/ keep "o coh]5t /ructure ?r\gh\t4 ,subord9ation ( ,clauses4--,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( a language1 be=e x has be5 us$ to express philosophy & sci5ce1 ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ces is loose & simple2 x s\nds l ! spee* ( a *ild4 ,"h is a passage f a book :i* appe>$ ab\t #acgj1 z ! ,voyage & ,travels ( ,sir ,john ,m&eville4 ,!re is "s d\bt :e!r or n !re 0 really a ,sir ,john2 b ^! ,travels are v int]e/+ & curi\s read+4 ,& "s m5 say t 9 ! ,isle ( ,lango is yet ! daught] ( ,hippocrates1 9 =m & lik5ess ( a great dragon1 t is a hundr$ fa?om ( l5g?1 z m5 say3 = ,i h n se5 h]4 ,& !y ( ! ,isles call h]1 ,lady ( ! ,l&4 ,& %e lie? 9 an old ca/le1 9 a cave1 & %ewe? twice or ?rice 9 ! ye>4 ,& %e do? no h>m to no man1 b if m5 d h] h>m4 ,& %e 0 ?us *ang$ & trans=m$1 f a fair damsel1 into lik5ess ( a dragon1 by a goddess1 t 0 clep$ ,diana4 ,& m5 say1 t %e %all s endure 9 t =m ( a dragon1 unto ! "t t a knight come1 t is s h>dy1 t d>e come to h] & kiss h] on ! m\?3 & !n %all %e turn aga9 to h] own k9d1 & be a woman aga94 ,b aft] t %e %all n live long4 ,?\gh mu* ( ! nave1 *ildlike quality ( ?is passage is due to ! ar*aic phraseology1 mu* also is due to ! use ( & & b in/ead ( o!r conjunctions4 ,9 c]ta9 k9ds ( writ+ x is natural en\gh t ideas %\ld be /rung toge!r ) &'s4 ,?us3 8,x ra9$1 & hail$1 & blew1 & sn[$1 & froze1 & !y became we>y ( w9t]40 ,b suppose t !y did n we>y ( w9t]4 ,! s5t5ce !n w\ld run1 8,?\gh x ra9$1 & hail$1 & sn[$1 & froze1 !y did n become we>y ( w9t]40 ,"h we h ceas$ ! m]e enum]ation ( ?+s t happ5$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & h /at$ a process ( reason+4 ,! result is a complex s5t5ce4 ,! ability to con/ruct good complex s5t5ces means ability to d c>eful ?9k+4 ,9 e complex s5t5ce !re is "s "o proposition t ought to /& out1 ) ! high light ^u x4 ,?is is ! ?+ we mo/ wi% to say2 to *ange ! comp>ison1 x is ! he>t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,if ! o!r p>ts c be made subord9ate to x1 ! /ronge/ k9d ( s5t5ce unity is secur$4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 8,x ra9$2 x sn[$2 x hail$2 !y did n we>y ( w9t]10 all ! ass]tions are /at$ z equally important4 ,b1 cle>ly en\gh1 ! la/ "o is ! k]nel ( ! s5t5ce4 ,!re=e ! prec$+ clauses ought to be r$uc$ to _! prop] rank by be+ made dep5d5t4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! foll[+ comp\nd s5t5ces1 to decide :e!r or n !re is 9 ea* "s important ?\ght to :i* ! o!rs ought to h be5 subord9at$4 ,!n improve ! unity by r$uc+ ! subord9ate ideas to dep5d5t clauses hav+ a p>ticiple1 or a relative adv]b l :54 #a4 ,love is bl9d2 x is n = want ( eyes4 #b4 ,! soldi]s 7 p]haps some:at sleepy ) ! sultr9ess ( ! aft]noon2 !y _h n[ laid by mu* ( _! vigilance4 #c4 ,i spi$ an hone/ fell[ com+ along a lane1 & ask$ him if he _h ev] he>d ( a h\se call$ ! h\se ( ,%aws4 #d4 ,! next p]son ,i came across 0 a dapp] little man 9 a beautiful :ite wig2 ,i knew well t b>b]s 7 great gossips1 & ,i ask$ him pla9ly :at k9d ( a man 0 ,mr4 ,balf\r ( ! ,%aws4 #e4 ,9 ^! days folk /ill believ$ 9 wit*es & trembl$ at a curse2 & ?is curse fell pat1 l a wayside om51 to arre/ me2 x took ! pi? out ( my legs4 #f4 ,i 0 call$ 9 at la/2 my uncle c\nt$ out into my h& sev5 & ?irty gold5 gu9ea pieces4 #g4 ,i _h come close to "o ( ! turns 9 ! /air2 ,i felt my way z usual2 my h& slipp$ ^u an edge & f\nd no?+ b empt9ess beyond x4 #h4 ,i return$ to ! kit*52 ,i made up su* a blaze z _h n %one !re = _m a long ye>2 ,i wrapp$ myself 9 my plaid2 ,i lay d[n ^u ! *e/s & fell asleep4 ,! ,s ,con/ruction4--,! conjunction s is a useful ^w1 & ! le>n] pref]s x to its synonyms1 !re=e & consequ5tly1 because x is simpl]1 less =mal ?an ei!r4 ,b 9 a n>rative :i* is lib]ally bespr9kl$ ) s's ! read] feels t ! simplicity is ov]done4 ,"h is an extreme example4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>d my uncle di$2 s my aunt w5t to h] c\ntry-h\se 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,%e did n wi% to be alone 9 ! c\ntry2 s %e took h] s]vants4 ,:5 !y got !re !y f\nd ! h\se v lonely2 s ! maids did n want to /ay1 b !y did4 ,exam9e ! s5t5ces j quot$1 & %[ ! relations betwe5 ! clauses by o!r devices ?an ! use ( s4 ,s1 z a conjunction1 %\ld be employ$ v sp>+ly4 ,:5 x is employ$1 x %\ld usually be prec$$ by a semicolon r ?an a comma4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,a c>eful writ] is kn[n by 8 use ( conjunctions3 he does n use & unless ! clauses jo9$ are co-ord9ate2 nor b unless !re is a real opposition2 nor a giv5 subord9ate conjunction unless x is actually requir$ by logic4 ,9 ! subjo9$ selections f ,rusk9 ! orig9al conjunctions h be5 *ang$ to ^? 9 italics4 ,f9d bett] expressions = ^? italiciz$4 #a4 ,9 employ+ all ! muscul> p[] at our disposal we are to make ! employm5ts we *oose z educational z possible4 ,consequ5tly a :olesome human employm5t is ! fir/ & be/ me?od ( education1 m5tal z well z bodily4 ,a man taught to pl\gh1 r[1 or /e] well1 moreov] a woman taught to cook prop]ly1 & make a dress neatly1 are already educat$ 9 _m ess5tial moral habits4 ,lab\r consid]$ z a discipl9e has hi!rto be5 ?\ght ( only = crim9als1 !re=e ! real & noble/ function ( lab\r is to prev5t crime1 b n to be ,re=matory1 b ,=matory4--,,rusk94 #b4 ,we mu/ sp5d our money 9 "s way1 at "s "t1 accord+ly x _c at any "t be sp5t )\t employ+ somebody4 ,:ile we gamble x away1 ! p]son :o w9s x mu/ sp5d x2 :ile we lose x 9 a railroad speculation1 x has gone into "s "o else's pockets1 or m]ely gone to pay navvies = mak+ a useless embankm5t1 b n to pay rib& or button mak]s = mak+ useless rib&s or buttons2 we _c lose x 7unless by actually de/roy+ x7 & n give employm5t ( "s k9d2 nev]!less :atev] quantity ( money exi/s1 ! relative quantity ( employm5t mu/ "s day come out ( x2 & ! di/ress ( ! nation signifies t ! employm5ts giv5 h produc$ no?+ t w support its exi/5ce4 ,m5 _c live on rib&s1 or buttons1 or velvet1 or by go+ quickly f place to place2 b e co9 sp5t 9 useless ornam5t1 or useless motion1 is s mu* )drawn f ! national means ( life4--,,rusk94 ,"o ,coh]5t ,/ructure4--,we h se5 t to be well-knit a s5t5ce mu/ h t unity ( =m :i* gives e ?\ght its prop] clause-rank4 ,x mu/ also be uni=m 9 /ructure4 ,!re %\ld be no sudd51 unnecess>y *ange 9 subject1 or 9 ! =m ( ! v]b4 ,sometimes a s5t5ce is pull$ ab\t by ! m9d z a *ild by a cross nurse4 ,x beg9s 9 ! active voice1 x is twit*$ aside into ! passive4 ,x beg9s z ! act ( "o p]son1 x ends z t ( ano!r4 ,ev5 s admirable a writ] z ,john ,fiske has ?is s5t5ce3 8,b ,h[e c\ld n be> to ackn[l$ge ! defeat ( 8 attempts to /orm1 & accord+ly1 at five o'clock1 ) g5u9e ,briti% p]si/5cy1 a ?ird attack 0 ord]$40 ,?is 8,briti% p]si/5cy0 is evid5tly ,h[e's4 ,:y n give him full cr$it = x1 ?us8--8,b ,h[e c\ld n be> to ackn[l$ge ! defeat ( 8 attempts to /orm1 & accord+ly1 at five o'clock1 ) g5u9e ,briti% p]si/5cy he ord]$ a ?ird attack40 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,*ange ! foll[+ s5t5ces s t ea* %all h unity ( =m4 #a4 ,a blue p5cil8 !re is no?+ s easy = an editor to manage1 s unmi/akable 9 read+1 s :olly impressive to a contributor :5 he sees x4 #b4 ,tom & ,ea/ became good fri5ds1 & ! tyranny ( a c]ta9 insol5t fell[ 0 /urdily resi/$ by !m toge!r4 #c4 ,y w see no sudd5 j]ks ( ! ,/4 ,ambrose rudd]1 nor w any clumsy r\nd+ ( a po9t be se54 #d4 ,mill]1 motionless till n[1 lifts 8 "r h& & ! tassel is :irl$ r\nd 8 head4 #e4 ,?orold _h j read ! acc\nt ( ,john ,+lesant's vision ( ! dead ,k+ ,*>les4 ,he dislik$ ! idea ( sp5d+ ! night 9 ! old c\ntry h\se1 & /ill m to g ?r\gh ! tape/ri$ *amb]2 b x 0 imm$iately det]m9$ by him t su* an invitation mu/ n be refus$4 ,! ,loose ,s5t5ce4--,! passage giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 f ,m&eville1 is writt5 9 :at are call$ loose s5t5ces4 ,loose z appli$ to a s5t5ce1 does n necess>ily mean t ! s5t5ce is bad1--t x is rambl+ or disjo9t$4 ,a loose s5t5ce is "o 9 :i* an indep5d5t /atem5t comes fir/1 foll[$ by o!rs1 dep5d5t or indep5d5t4 ,example3 8,& "s m5 say t 9 ! ,isle ( ,lango is yet ! daught] ( ,hippocrates1 9 =m & lik5ess ( a great dragon1 t is a hundr$ fa?om ( l5g?1 z m5 say3 = ,i h n se5 h]40 ,9 ?is s5t5ce comes fir/ a proposition1--8,& "s m5 say10 foll[$ by sev]al subord9ate clauses1 & by "o indep5d5t clause1--8= ,i h n se5 h]40 ,! te/ ( a loose s5t5ce is a grammatical "o3 ! s5t5ce c be clos$ at "s po9t be=e ! end1 )\t hurt+ ! grammatical /ructure4 ,at :at places 9 ! s5t5ce j quot$ is ! grammatical /ructure complete8 ,! loose s5t5ce is us$ freely 9 conv]sation4 ,! speak] gives 8 ma9 idea fir/1 & qualifies x aft]w>d4 ,!re=e ! legitimate effect ( ! loose s5t5ce is to l5d an air ( simplicity1 a colloquial air1 to ! /yle4 ,! dang] is t x may become a m]e sequ5ce ( clauses1 t dangle insecurely1 ea* f ! prec$+1 l ne$les hang+ f a magnet4 ,avoid long loose s5t5ces4 ,exam9e ! s5t5ce by ,defoe1 p4 #hi4 ,x is a f9e example ( :at a loose s5t5ce %\ld n be4 ,! ,p]iodic ,s5t5ce4--,9 ! s5t5ce1 8,a %ort "t aft]w>d my uncle di$2 s my aunt w5t to h] c\ntry-h\se 9 ,d]by%ire10 ! grammatical /ructure is complete at 8di$40 ,b if ! two clauses be weld$ toge!r by because1 !y w no long] be grammatically free4 ,?us3 8,because my uncle di$ %ortly aft]w>d1 my aunt w5t to h] c\ntry-h\se 9 ,d]by%ire40 ,?is s5t5ce is p]iodic 9 =m4 ,a p]iodic s5t5ce is a complex s5t5ce 9 :i* ! modifi]s ( ! v]b prec$e ! v]b4 ,! effect ( ?is /ructure is to delay ! ma9 idea ( ! s5t5ce until ! la/4#bb ,obvi\sly1 if too _m subord9ate ideas occur be=e ! ma9 "o1 ! m9d ( ! read] w we>y ) ! t5sion ( expectation4 ,%ort p]iodic s5t5ces h[ev] are extremely effective 9 ar\s+ ! read]'s att5tion & hold+ x till ! important idea is /at$4 ,x is pla9 t good p]iodic /ructure is highly conducive to unity 9 ! s5t5ce3 ea* subord9ate idea is held 9 its prop] place ( subord9ation till ! ma9 idea is /at$1 & on ! read] is fla%$ a pleasant s5se t ! /ructure has gr[n naturally into "o complete :ole4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! oral ex]cise on pages #ih1 #ii1 & say :i* s5t5ces 7 made p]iodic 9 ! ef=t to improve _! unity4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,bel[ are giv5 "s good p]iodic s5t5ces4#bc ,give equival5t loose s5t5ces4 ,decide :e!r or n ! loose are bett] ?an ! p]iodic4 #a4 ,at ?is mom5t a l>ge1 com=table :ite h\se1 t _h be5 h]et(ore hidd5 by gre5 trees1 came into view4 ,*ang$1 ?is might read3 8,a l>ge1 com=table :ite h\se _h be5 h]et(ore hidd5 by gre5 trees2 x came into view at ?is mom5t40 #b4 ,(f w5t ,timo?y's hat4 #c4 ,& x 0 to ?is h\sehold t ,timo?y _h br\ght 8 *ild = adoption4 #d4 ,gay1 n be+ us$ to a regul> morn+ toilet1 _h f\ght aga9/ x valiantly at fir/4 #e4 ,if y c>e to feel a w>m gl[ 9 ! region ( y\r he>t1 imag9e little ,timo?y ,jessup s5t to play 9 t g>d54 #f4 ,yet ( an ev5+1 or on ,sunday1 %e 0 no village gossip4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,! foll[+ passage1 f ,haw?orne1 is writt5 9 excell5t loose s5t5ces4 ,*ange to p]iodic all ( !m t c be s *ang$ )\t hurt+ ! ease ( /ructure4 ,:atev] else x be1 a p]iodic s5t5ce %\ld nev] be /ra9$ or unnatural4 ,!n ,!seus b5t himself 9 good e>ne/ to ! task1 & /ra9$ e s9ew ) manly /r5g? & resolution4 ,he put 8 :ole brave he>t into ! ef=t4 ,he wre/l$ ) ! big & sluggi% /one z if x _h be5 a liv+ enemy4 ,he heav$1 he lift$1 he resolv$ n[ to succe$1 or else to p]i% !re1 & let ! rock be 8 monum5t =ev]6 ?ra /ood gaz+ at him1 & clasp$ h] h&s1 p>tly ) a "m's pride1 & p>tly ) a "m's sorr[4 ,! great rock /irr$6 ,yes1 x 0 rais$ sl[ly f ! b$d$ moss & e>?1 uproot+ ! %rubs & fl[]s along ) x1 & 0 turn$ ^u its side4 ,!seus _h conqu]$6 ,inappropriate ,p]iodicity4--,x is fooli% to use an elaborate susp5d$ /ructure :5 a v simple ?\ght or a v rapid n>rative is to be giv54 ,note ! pomposity ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,remove x by *ang+ ! /ructure4 8,?ree summ]s ago1 to rejo9 my family 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan1 ,i left ! city4 ,on a little p59sula :i* juts out into ,lake ,mi*igan1 a gr\p ( h\ses1 dignifi$ by ! "n ( ,edgewood1 /&s4 ,undi/ract$ by ! bu/le ( hotel life1 a few s5sible p live "h4 ,to get away f t[n = a few days & l\nge 9 ! p9e woods ab\t ,edgewood1 to me is always v pleasant40 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! foll[+ s5t5ces "o by "o1 & say :e!r ea* is 7a7 :olly p]iodic1 7b7 :olly loose1 or 7c7 p>tly loose & p>tly p]iodic4 ,:5 ! la/ is ! case1 %[ at :at po9t ! *ange ( /ructure occurs4 #a4 ,he :o walks 9 ! way ^! foll[+ ballads po9t w be manful 9 necess>y fight1 fair 9 trade1 loyal 9 love1 g5]\s to ! poor1 t5d] 9 ! h\sehold1 prud5t 9 liv+1 pla9 9 spee*1 m]ry ^u occasion1 simple 9 behavior1 & hone/ 9 all ?+s4--,,lani]4 #b4 ,:ile ,johnson 0 busi$ ) 8 ,idl]s1 8 "m1 :o _h accompli%$ h] n9etie? ye>1 di$ at ,li*field4 ,x 0 long s9ce he _h se5 h]2 b he _h n fail$ to contribute l>gely1 out ( 8 small means1 to h] com=t4 ,9 ord] to defray ! *>ges ( h] fun]al1 & to pay "s debts :i* %e _h left1 he wrote a little book 9 a s+le week1 & s5t (f ! %eets to ! press )\t read+ !m ov]4 ,a hundr$ p\nds 7 paid him = ! copyright2 & ! pur*as]s _h great cause to be pleas$ ) _! b>ga91 = ! book 0 8,rasselas40--,,macaulay3 ,life ( ,johnson4 #c4 ,f9ally1 bre?r51 :atsoev] ?+s are true1 :atsoev] ?+s are hone/1 :atsoev] ?+s are j1 :atsoev] ?+s are pure1 :atsoev] ?+s are lovely1 :atsoev] ?+s are ( good report2 if !re be any virtue1 & if !re be any praise1 ?9k on ^! ?+s4--,philippians4 #d4 8,sir1 y may de/roy ?is little in/itution2 x is weak2 x is 9 y\r h&s6 ,i "k x is "o ( ! less] lights 9 ! lit]>y horizon ( our c\ntry4 ,y may put x out4 ,b1 if y d s1 y mu/ c>ry ?r\gh y\r "w6 ,y mu/ ext+ui%1 "o aft] ano!r1 all ^? great] lights ( sci5ce :i*1 = m ?an a c5tury1 h ?r[n _! radiance ov] our l&6 ,x is1 ,sir1 z ,i h said1 a small college4 ,& yet !re are ^? :o love x40--,,web/]4 #e4 ,sir1 let me recur to pleas+ recollections2 let me indulge 9 refre%+ remembrance ( ! pa/2 let me rem9d y t1 9 e>ly times1 no ,/ates *]i%$ great] h>mony1 bo? ( pr9ciple & feel+1 ?an ,massa*usetts & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,w\ld to ,god t h>mony might aga9 return6 ,%\ld] to %\ld] !y w5t ?r\gh ! ,revolution2 h& 9 h& !y /ood r\nd ! adm9i/ration ( ,wa%+ton1 & felt 8 own great arm lean on !m = support4 ,unk9d feel+1 if x exi/1 ali5ation & di/ru/1 are ! gr[?1 unnatural to su* soils1 ( false pr9ciples s9ce s[n4 ,!y are we$s1 ! se$s ( :i* t same great arm nev] scatt]$4--,,web/]4 #f4 ,t man1 ,i ?9k1 has _h a lib]al education1 :o has be5 s tra9$ 9 y\? t 8 body is ! ready s]vant ( 8 w1 & does ) ease & pleasure all ! "w t1 z a me*anism1 x is capable (2 ^: intellect is a cle>1 cold1 logic eng9e1 ) all its p>ts ( equal /r5g?1 & 9 smoo? work+ ord]2 ready1 l a /eam eng9e1 to be turn$ to any k9d ( "w1 & sp9 ! gossam]s z well z =ge ! an*ors ( ! m9d2 ^: m9d is /or$ ) a k ( ! great & fundam5tal tru?s ( ,nature & ( ! laws ( h] op]ations2 "o :o1 no /unt$ ascetic1 is full ( life & fire1 b ^: passions are tra9$ to come to heel by a vigor\s w1 ! s]vant ( a t5d] consci5ce2 :o has le>n$ to love all beauty1 :e!r ( ,nature or ( art1 to hate all vil5ess1 & to respect o!rs z himself4--,,huxley4 #g4 ,if !n ! p[] ( spee* is a gift z great z any t c be nam$1--if ! orig9 ( language is by _m philosoph]s ev5 consid]$ to be no?+ %ort ( div9e1--if by means ( words ! secrets ( ! he>t are br\ght to light1 pa9 ( s\l is reliev$1 hidd5 grief is c>ri$ (f1 sympa?y convey$1 c\nsel imp>t$1 exp]i5ce record$1 & wisdom p]petuat$1--if by great au?ors ! _m are drawn up into unity1 national "* is fix$1 a p speaks1 ! pa/ & ! future1 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ are br\ght into communication ) ea* o!r1--if su* m5 are1 9 a ^w1 ! spokesm5 & prophets ( ! human family1--x w n answ] to make light ( ,lit]ature or to neglect its /udy2 r we may be sure t1 9 proportion z we ma/] x 9 :atev] language1 & imbibe its _s1 we %all ourselves become 9 our own measure ! m9i/]s ( l b5efits to o!rs1 be !y _m or few1 be !y 9 ! obscur] or ! m di/+ui%$ walks ( life1--:o are unit$ to u by social ties1 & are )9 ! sph]e ( our p]sonal influ5ce4--,,c>d9al ,,newman4#bd ,oral ,ex]cise4--,ea* ( ! passages giv5 above %\ld be read al\d z a :ole1 to get ! effects produc$ by ! diff]5t types ( s5t5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ passage note t ! fir/ clause ar\ses int]e/ by ! p]iodic /ructure4 ,s d ! fir/ & ?ird s5t5ces 9 ! second passage2 b ! ?ird & f\r?--loose--h a f9e simplicity t adds to ! weight ( _! subject matt]4 ,! ?ird passage moves up /eadily to an impressive po9t1--! ^w ?9k4 ,! f\r? passage is extremely direct & e>ne/4 ,web/] is plead+ = 8 ,alma ,mat]1 ,d>tm\?2 is mak+ an appeal1 /raight f 8 he>t4 ,almo/ *ok$ ) emotion1 he has no desire to frame p]iodic s5t5ces & nicely subord9at$ clauses4 ,9 ! fif? passage he is p]haps equally direct2 b he is ma/] ( himself1 & 8 s5t5ces are some:at m elaborate4 ,9 ! six? passage1 ,huxley gets a /eadily increas+ /r5g? ( ?\ght1 b n ( /ructure4 ,c>d9al ,newman1 on ! o!r h&1 builds up 8 p]iod ) sup]b susp5se bo? ( =m & ?\ght4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,*ange ! s5t5ce by ,huxley into ! p]iodic =m4 ,?is c be done by *ang+ ! ord] ( clauses1 & beg9n+ ea* subord9ate clause ) if1 or ) suppose1 or ) a relative4 ,emphasis 9 ! ,s5t5ce4--,a s5t5ce _c be call$ well-knit if x does n succe$ 9 call+ mo/ att5tion to ! mo/ important idea4 ,we h se5 already h[ important x is to put ! unimportant p>ts ( ! s5t5ce into subord9ate clauses4 ,h[ may fur!r emphasis be _h8 ,! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! s5t5ce are ! mo/ prom95t places4 ,important words %\ld usually /& 9 ^! places4 ,r>ely %\ld ^! po9ts be cov]$ up ) trivial expressions4 ,comp>e two s5t5ces4 8,z a matt] ( fact1 x is bread1 r ?an advice1 t p actually ne$1 9 ?is city40 8,bread x is1 r ?an advice1 t1 9 ?is city1 p actually ne$40 ,att5tion c always be call$ to a ^w by plac+ x out ( ! ord9>y1 commonplace ord]4 ,! inv]t$ ord]1 :]e v]b prec$es ! n\n1 or pr$icate adjective prec$es ! v]b1 frequ5tly p]mits emphasis to be put j :]e x is want$4 ,! (t-quot$ example is z good a "o z c be f\nd3 8,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians60 ,h[ mu* bett] x is1 h[ mu* great] ! cry is ?an1 8,diana ( ! ,ephesians is great60 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,:i* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces f ,rusk9 beg9 & end ) words t des]ve di/9ction8#be 8,= all books are divisible into two classes1--! books ( ! h\r1 & ! books ( all "t4 ,m>k ?is di/9ction2 x is n "o ( quality only4 ,x is n m]ely ! bad book t does n la/1 & ! good "o t does2 x is a di/9ction ( species4 ,!re are good books = ! h\r1 & good ones = all "t2 bad books = ! h\r1 & bad ones = all "t4 ,i mu/ def9e ! two k9ds be=e ,i g f>!r40 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,*ange ! ord] ( words 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces s z to ?r[ m emphasis on ! italiciz$ words4 ,avoid infr+em5t ( ,engli% idiom 9 mak+ ! *anges4 #a4 ,x is c\rage t w9s4 #b4 ,nev] say die1 "u any circum/ances4 #c4 ,yet he /ood beautiful & bright1 z born to rule ! /orm4 #d4 ,a rascal1 no?+ m or less1 he 04 #e4 ,gilp9 w5t away1 & ! po/ boy w5t away4 #f4 ,! ,engli% *ild is :ite z an angel4 #g4 ,:5 wild nor?we/]s rave on /ormy nights ,) w9d & wave h[ pr\d a ?+ to fight4 #h4 ,:at a piece ( "w man is6 #i4 ,trafalg> lay1 full 9 face1 blui% mid ! burn+ wat]4 #aj4 ,he repeat$ly pron\nc$ ^! words1 & !y 7 ! la/ :i* he utt]$4 #aa4 ,! k+ said1 8,alas1 help me f h5ce40 #ab4 ,man is ! p>agon ( animals1 ! beauty ( ! _w4 #ac4 ,:at a place an old libr>y is to be 94 ,x seems z ?\gh all ! s\ls ( all ! writ]s t h bequea!d _! labors to ^! ,bodleians1 z 9 "s middle /ate or dormitory1 7 repos+ "h4 ,i d n want to h&le1 to pr(ane _! w9d+ %eet1 ! leaves4 ,i c\ld a %ade z soon dislodge4 ,climax4--,! pr9ciple ( climax dem&s t 9 a s]ies ( relat$ t]ms ! weak] degree %\ld prec$e ! /rong]4 ,s\!y says ( ,"l ,nelson's be+ p]mitt$ to live to he> ! news ( 8 great victory3 8,t consolation1 t joy1 t triumph1 0 af=d$ him40 ,by ^! ?ree n\ns ! read] asc5ds1 z if by a ladd]--climax is m]ely ,greek = ladd]4 ,endeavor to discov] ! orig9al ord] 9 :i* ! foll[+ s5t5ces 7 writt5 to secure climax4 ,*ang+ !m by slight omissions1 weave !m toge!r into two s5t5ces4 8,! mo/ triumphant dea? is t ( ! m>tyr4 ,! mo/ spl5did dea? is t ( ! h]o 9 ! h\r ( victory4 ,if ! *>iot & ! horses ( fire _h be5 v\*saf$ = ,nelson's translation1 he c\ld sc>cely h dep>t$ 9 a bright] blaze ( glory4 ,! mo/ awful dea? is t ( ! m>tyr$ patriot4 ,he has left u1 n inde$ 8 mantle ( inspiration1 b an example :i* w cont9ue to be our %ield & our /r5g?1 & a "n :i* is our pride--an example & a "n :i* are at ?is h\r inspir+ hundr$s ( ! y\? ( ,engl&40 ,:i* ( ! s5t5ces quot$ on pages #ajg1 #ajh1 h climax ( ?\ght8 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,on ,,organiz+ ,,! ,,!me ,diff]5t ,ways ( ,plann+4--,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( composition1--description1 n>ration1 argum5t1 & o!rs4 ,^! w be treat$ "o by "o 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,ea* k9d has laws ( its own4 ,ea* has its own vocabul>y1 :i* may well be /udi$ ap>t f o!r vocabul>ies4 ,s1 too1 ea* type calls = special me?ods ( organization4 ,= ! pres5t1 only a few pr9ciples ( plann+1 applicable to all types alike1 ne$ be consid]$4 ,! ,gr[? ( a ,?\ght4--,:5 a ?\ght is fir/ conceiv$1 x is always mi/y1 dim1 nebul\s4#bf ,:5 we speak ( hav+ a 8g5]al notion10 a 8vague notion10 we usually mean t a ?\ght is j beg9n+4 ,if x receives att5tion1 x em]ges f ! nebul\s condition & =ms into sev]al def9ite ?\ghts4 ,or1 to *ange ! figure1 x gr[s & bran*es4 ,suppose t ! m9d awakes to ! vague notion t ! room is gett+ cold4 ,cold is ! undevelop$ root f :i* may pres5tly bran* (f su* ?\ghts z ^!3 8,yes1 x is really cold4 ,9 fact1 ,i feel cold all ov]4 ,my h&s are blue1 & ,i am %iv]+4 ,besides1 ,horace ov] !re is /&+ ) 8 back to ! radiator1 & s he too mu/ be cold40 ,! ?\ght has gr[n into sev]al s5t5ces4 ,cold bran*$ into ,i am cold all ov]1 & ?is also s5t (f two %oots--,my h&s are blue1 & ,i am %iv]+4 ,!n ! m9d /opp$ ?is l9e ( bran*+1 & out f ! /ock sprang a new bran*3 ,horace is /&+ ) 8 back to ! radiator2 & !n ?is s5ds (f ! bran* & s he too mu/ be cold4 ,try to draw a picture to repres5t ! process t has gone on4 ,n[1 ! :ole gr[? ( a ?\ght--/ock & bran*es--c sometimes be express$ )9 ! limits ( "o grammatical s5t5ce4 ,if !re are too _m ?\ghts = ?is1 !y are put into sep>ate s5t5ces1 & ! :ole is call$ a m9iature composition1 or isolat$ p>agraph4 ,exactly z a p>agraph gr[s1 s a long composition may gr[ out ( "o vague idea4 ,"s ideas h 9 !m only en\gh matt] to be develop$ into a p>agraph4 ,o!rs are g]ms f :i* :ole books might gr[4 8,t apple looks good0 w\ld probably develop into a %ort p>agraph2 b1 8x is /range t t apple %\ld fall to ! e>? in/ead ( away f x0 might blossom into a great sy/em ( natural philosophy4 ,if a nebul\s idea has 9 x ! mak+ ( a long !me1 x w develop into ma9 p>ts if ! att5tion be fix$ ke5ly ^u x4 ,^! are p>agraph nebul1 :i* w subdivide into s5t5ces4 ,or1 to v>y ! figure1 ! ma9 ?\ght w s5d out ma9 bran*es 7p>agraphs7 :i* w s5d (f less] ones 7s5t5ces74 ,unity4--,al?\gh ?\ght gr[s1 "o mu/ keep 9 m9d t x does n always gr[ to fruit unless x is tra9$ & prun$4 ,?\ght loves to bran*1 & unless re/ra9$ by a /]n s5se ( logic1 x w (t5 end 9 a m]e tangle ( sup]flu\s twigs & leaves4 ,to speak less figuratively1 e writ] is 9 dang] ( sett+ d[n matt]s sugge/$ by ! subject 9 h& b n logically relat$ to x4 ,?is is z true ( a l>ge piece ( "w z ( a s5t5ce 7comp>e page #ij74 ,e !me1 l e s5t5ce1 %\ld h unity4 ,x %\ld be ! developm5t ( "o idea--a l>ge1 complex idea1 if y please1 b1 nev]!less1 "o4 ,no matt] h[ long or h[ %ort ! :ole1 x mu/ all conc]n ! diff]5t phases ( "o ?+ or "o ?\ght4 ,x %\ld gr[ naturally f "o g]m4 ,e "p 9 x %\ld be> on ! c5tral idea ( ! :ole--s t1 aft] read+ any giv5 s5t5ce1 ! read] c see a real connection betwe5 title & s5t5ce4 ,a well-organiz$ composition _c sp>e any "p2 ea* is ess5tial to its life4 ,milton said1 8,almo/ z well kill a man z kill a good book02 & we may adapt ?is idea to ! /ructure ( ! !me4 ,a good composition is s well organiz$ t if y cut x any:]e x w ble$4 ,plann+ a ,p>agraph4--,be=e writ+ a p>agraph1 try to ?9k out ! :ole ( x4 ,let ! ?\ght gr[ 9 ! m9d be=e y let x gr[ on pap]4 ,?is me?od w af=d a *ance to review ! :ole m5tally & to det]m9e :e!r ! ?\ghts foll[ ea* o!r logically4 ,! ,topic ,s5t5ce4--,:5 an aft]-d9n] speak] rises to respond to a toa/1 he g5]ally ann\nces 8 topic at once1 or aft] a s5t5ce or two ( introduction4 ,he is v likely also to ann\nce at once 8 *ief ?\ght ab\t ! subject2 = he kn[s t p l to he> him come to ! po9t4 ,if h[ev] he has reason to ?9k t 8 he>]s may n agree ) him imm$iately1 he is likely to /ate 8 subject fir/1 & !n lead up gradually to 8 own conclusion ab\t x4 ,we naturally foll[ "s su* c\rse 9 writ+4 ,) ea* p>agraph we beg9 a new spee*1 z x 74 ,x is a matt] bo? ( c\rtesy & ( economy if 9 ea* we /ate def9itely :at we are talk+ ab\t4 ,! topic s5t5ce ( a p>agraph ord9>ily /ates ! g5]al subject1 or else decl>es ! g5]al ?\ght1 i4e4 conclusion1 ( ! :ole4 ,x is g5]ally %ort1 because emphatic4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph %[s its g5]al subject 9 ! op5+ s5t5ce4 ,a ,tree-,plant+ ,association has be5 organiz$ 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! ,association w be organiz$ ) twelve or m memb]s on a block1 :o w =m a local club "u ! ,association4 ,a tree-plant+ association may1 9 ?is city1 fail to plant trees1 b x c]ta9ly w enc\rage ! plant+ ( w9d[ boxes1 ! f5c+ ( unus$ lots1 ! pa9t+ ( f5ces to ! exclusion ( po/]s1 & ! g5]al c>e ( ! public /reet4 ,back y>ds w assume "s relation to ! g5]al good ( ! community1 & trees1 v9es1 & fl[]s w f9d place 9 !m4 ,! *ildr5 w be taught to c>e = ! appe>ance ( ! block1 & *alk-m>ks & o!r defacem5ts w soon disappe>1 because ( new-born civic pride4--,! ,outlook4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 ,macaulay does n /ate 8 topic till ! second s5t5ce4 ,! fir/ is a g5]al rem>k by way ( introduction4 ,"o ( ! fir/ objects ( an inquir]1 :o wi%es to =m a correct notion ( ! /ate ( a community at a giv5 "t1 mu/ be to asc]ta9 ( h[ _m p]sons t community !n consi/$4 ,un=tunately ! population ( ,engl& 9 #afhe1 _c be asc]ta9$ ) p]fect accuracy4 ,= no great /ate _h !n adopt$ ! wise c\rse ( p]iodically numb]+ ! p4 ,all m5 7 left to conjecture = !mselves2 &1 z !y g5]ally conjectur$ )\t exam9+ facts1 & "u ! influ5ce ( /rong passions & prejudices1 _! guesses 7 (t5 ludicr\sly absurd4 ,ev5 intellig5t ,london]s ord9>ily talk$ ( ,london z conta9+ sev]al millions ( s\ls4 ,x 0 confid5tly ass]t$ by _m t1 dur+ ! ?irty-five ye>s :i* _h elaps$ betwe5 ! accession ( ,*>les ! ,fir/ & ! ,re/oration1 ! population ( ! ,city _h increas$ by two millions4 ,ev5 :ile ! ravages ( ! plague & fire 7 rec5t1 x 0 ! fa%ion to say t ! capital /ill _h a million & a half ( inhabitants4 ,"s p]sons1 disgu/$ by ^! exagg]ations1 ran viol5tly into ! opposite extreme4 ,?us ,isaac ,vossius1 a man ( und\bt$ p>ts & le>n+1 /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ t !re 7 only two millions ( human be+s 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel& tak5 toge!r4--,,macaulay3 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 ! topic s5t5ce /ates ! g5]al ?\ght ( ! :ole4 ,! appetite ( ?is fi% is almo/ insatiable4 ,mr4 ,jesse ?rew to "o pike ( five p\nds' weight1 f\r roa*1 ea* ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* x dev\r$ in/antly1 & swall[$#bg a fif? )9 a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,moor-h5s1 ducks1 & ev5 swans h be5 kn[n to fall a prey to ?is voraci\s fi%1 its long tee? effectually keep+ !m prison]s "u wat] until dr[n$4--,,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph /ates 9 ! topic s5t5ce ! g5]al subject1 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ! g5]al ?\ght1 :i* has gr[n out ( ! subject4 ,two ye>s ago ! ,bo/on ,s*ool ,bo>d enc\rag$ ! e/abli%m5t ( *eap lun*eons 9 ! s*ools4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ?is has be5 consid]$ an exp]im5t4 ,x is n[ conc$$ t ! exp]im5tal /age is pass$1 & t *eap1 nutriti\s s*ool lun*eons c successfully be provid$1 & are 9 dem&4 ,! foll[+ %[s h[ ! fir/ s5t5ce ( a p>agraph may be made to include ! g5]al topic4 ,i cite z an in/ance ( ! abs5ce ( v&alism 9 ,japan ! exp]i5ce ( a ,japanese fri5d ( m9e :o liv$ on a /reet ne> & p>allel to ! busie/ /reet 9 ,tokio4 ,he _h plac$ 9 8 front gate1 bord]+ imm$iately ^u ! sidewalk1 an exquisite panel c>v$ 9 delicate trac]y & ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s old4 ,su* a specim5 w\ld be plac$ 9 our ,museums ( ,art "u lock & key4 ,on my express+ surprise t he w\ld expose s preci\s a relic )\t fe> t "s he$less boy might break (f a twig1 or o!rwise deface x1 he assur$ me x 0 q z safe !re z 9 8 libr>y4 ,?ree ye>s aft]w>ds ,i *anc$ to be 9 ,japan aga91 & ?\gh my fri5d 0 dead1 & a /rang] occupi$ ! premises1 ,i 0 l$ to seek ! place to asc]ta9 ! condition ( ! delicate wood-c>v+4 ,x 0 absolutely un9jur$1 ?\gh slightly blea*$ by ! wea!r1 & ?is 9 ! great comm]cial city ( ,tokio1 ) a population ( ov] "o million4--,,edw>d ,s4 ,,morse4#bh ,k9ds ( ,p>agraphs4--,:at c be said )9 ! limits ( a p>agraph8 ,! same ?+s t c be said 9 a s5t5ce1 b m fully4 ,we ne$ to consid] "h only a few ( ^!4 ,! s5t5ces may repeat ! sub/ance ( ! topic s5t5ce1 add+ some?+ new4 ,or1 if ! p>agraph /ates ! g5]al conclusion fir/1 ! succe$+ s5t5ces may give ! ne$$ p>ticul>s1 or illu/rations1 or examples1 or pro(s4 ,once m1 ! p>agraph may op5 ) ! /atem5t ( a cause1 ?is be+ foll[$ by ! /atem5t ( a necess>y effect4 ,or1 ! p>agraph z a :ole may develop a contra/4 ,or1 x may consi/ ( a gr\p ( s5t5ces t n>rate ! p>ticul>s ( "s ev5t1 or describe "s sc5e4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph exhibits a s+le ?\ght by repetition4 ,a true critic mu/ love ! subject-matt] ( lit]ature4 ,he mu/ c>e = its message4 ,! !me ( ! /ory1 ! ?+ ! au?or 0 try+ to say1 mu/ n escape him4 ,! =m ( ! ?+ is mu*1 b ! s\l is m4 ,! foll[+ gives a g5]al ?\ght fir/1 !n ! p>ticul>s4 ,t f>m bore e mann] ( fruit kn[n to ! climate4 ,!re 7 apples1 a score ( v>ieties1 f ! sn[ apple t burn$ among ! leaves1 & :5 bitt5 reveal$ a fle% s :ite t y kept bit+ x le/ ! juice %\ld discolor x1 to ! great cold autumn fruits t 7 resonant b5ea? ! snap ( y\r f+]4 ,!re 7 opul5t pe>s1 di/ill+ ! gold5 sun into _! bottles4 ,!re 7 plums1 ! k9d t succe$4 ,grapes !re 71 & qu9ces1 & pea*es1--! la/ n s prolific z ! apples1 b a v wor?y fruit4 ,! foll[+ gives a g5]al ?\ght1 repeats x1 expla9s x1 illu/rates x1 & s def5ds x4 ,if x 7 only = a vocabul>y1 ! s*ol> w\ld be covet\s ( action4 ,life is our diction>y4 ,ye>s are well sp5t 9 c\ntry labors2 9 t[n2 9 ! insight into trades & manufactures2 9 frank int]c\rse ) _m m5 & wom52 9 sci5ce2 9 art2 to ! "o end ( ma/]+ 9 all _! facts a language by :i* to illu/rate & embody our p]ceptions4 ,i le>n imm$iately f any speak] h[ mu* he has already liv$1 ?r\gh ! pov]ty or ! spl5dor ( 8 spee*4 ,life lies beh9d u z ! qu>ry f :5ce we get tiles & cope/ones = ! masonry ( to-day4 ,?is is ! way to le>n gramm>4 ,colleges & books only copy ! language :i* ! field & ! "w-y>d made4--,,em]son4 ,! foll[+ gives cause & effect3-- ,! ,k+ c\ld n see t !re 7 two ,engl&s--t ( himself & ,nor?1 & t ( ,burke & ,*a?am4 ,! result 0 inevitable4 ,a ?ird ,engl& sprang up across ! sea4 ,! foll[+ sets up a qua9t contra/4 ,! passage is f ,dr4 ,johnson's allegory on ,wit & ,le>n+3-- ,_! conduct 01 :5ev] !y desir$ to recomm5d !mselves to di/9ction1 entirely opposite4 ,,wit 0 d>+ & adv5tur\s2 ,,le>n+ cauti\s & delib]ate4 ,,wit ?\ght no?+ reproa*ful b dullness2 ,,le>n+ 0 afraid ( no imputation b t ( error4 ,,wit answ]$ be=e he und]/ood1 le/ 8 quickness ( appreh5sion %\ld be que/ion$2 ,,le>n+ paus$1 :]e !re 0 no difficulty1 le/ any insidi\s sophism %\ld lie undiscov]$4 ,,wit p]plex$ e debate by rapidity & confusion2 ,,le>n+ tir$ ! he>]s ) endless di/9ctions1 & prolong$ ! dispute )\t advantage1 by prov+ t :i* nev] 0 d5i$4 ,,wit1 9 hopes ( %9+1 w\ld v5ture to produce :at he _h n consid]$1 & (t5 succe$$ beyond 8 own expectation1 by foll[+ ! tra9 ( a lucky ?\ght2 ,,le>n+ w\ld reject e new notion1 = fe> ( be+ entangl$ 9 consequ5ces :i* %e c\ld n =esee1 & 0 (t5 h9d]$1 by h] caution1 f press+ h] advantages1 & subdu+ h] oppon5t4 ,oral ,ex]cise4#bi--;,ea* ( ! foll[+ p>agraphs _h a topic s5t5ce /at+ a cause1 :i* 0 !n foll[$ by a /atem5t ( ! effect4 ,frame a topic s5t5ce = ea*1 /at+ ! cause4 #a4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,consequ5tly x is a good ?+ to apply pretty %>p te/s to :atev] (f]s itself z ! g5u9e ?+4 ,(t5 ! great s*emes t m5 hat* = gr[+ ri* are no?+ b pyrites4 ,! acid ( %>p common s5se corrodes & discolors !m4 #b4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,no?+ worse c\ld h befall5 ! man4 ,be+ unus$ to ! possession ( weal? he ran ?r\gh 8 millions 9 a ye>4 ,9 #ahgf 8 old fri5d ,ev]>d met him 9 ! /reet & pass$ him by z a begg>4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! foll[+ p>agraphs ( explanation1 & =m a topic s5t5ce = ea*4 #a4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,9 o!r words1 hold to ! good y h4 ,let well en\gh alone4 ,p lay great plans2 !y see ! future ?r\gh rosy l5ses2 !y build ca/les 9 ,spa94 ,b great plans t c't be c>ri$ out are ( less value ?an small1 practicable plans2 ! future is nev] j :at x promises to be2 & z = ca/les 9 ,spa91 ( :at value are !y to own]s :o c nei!r r5t nor inhabit !m8 #b4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,x is n1 obs]ve1 a m]e coat+ ( sn[ ( giv5 dep? ?r\gh\t1 b x is sn[ load$ on until ! rocks c hold no m4 ,! surplus does n fall 9 ! w9t]1 because1 fa/5$ by cont9ual fro/1 ! quantity ( sn[ :i* an ,alp c c>ry is great] ?an ea* s+le w9t] c be/[2 x falls 9 ! fir/ mild days ( spr+ 9 enorm\s avalan*es4 ,aft]w>d ! melt+ cont9ues1 gradually remov+ f all ! /eep rocks ! small quantity ( sn[ :i* 0 all !y c\ld hold1 & leav+ !m black & b>e among ! accumulat$ fields ( unkn[n dep?1 :i* occupy ! capaci\s valleys & less incl9$ sup]ficies ( ! m\nta94 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,analyze ! foll[+ n>rative p>agraphs f ,irv+'s ,sket*-,book1 endeavor+ to discov] :at (fice ea* s5t5ce p]=ms 9 ! p>agraph4 8,we _h n be5 long home :5 ! s\nd ( music 0 he>d f a di/ance4 ,a b& ( c\ntry lads1 )\t coats1 _! %irt-sleeves fancifully ti$ ) ribbons1 _! hats decorat$ ) gre5s1 & clubs 9 _! h&s1 7 se5 advanc+ up ! av5ue1 foll[$ by a l>ge numb] ( villag]s & peasantry4 ,!y /opp$ be=e ! hall door1 :]e ! music /ruck up a peculi> air1 & ! lads p]=m$ a curi\s & intricate dance1 advanc+1 retreat+1 & /rik+ _! clubs toge!r1 keep+ exact "t to ! music2 :ile "o1 :imsically cr[n$ ) a fox's sk91 ! tail ( :i* flaunt$ d[n 8 back1 kept cap]+ r\nd ! skirts ( ! dance1 & rattl+ a ,*ri/mas-box ) _m antic ge/iculations40 8,aft] ! dance 0 conclud$1 ! :ole p>ty 0 ent]ta9$ ) brawn & beef & /\t home-brew$4 ,! ',squire himself m+l$ among ! ru/ics1 & 0 receiv$ ) awkw>d demon/rations ( def]5ce & reg>d4 ,x is true1 ,i p]ceiv$ two or ?ree ( ! y\ng] peasants1 z !y 7 rais+ _! tank>ds to _! m\?s1 :5 ! ',squire's back 0 turn$1 mak+ some?+ ( a grimace1 & giv+ ea* o!r ! w9k2 b ! mom5t !y caught my eye !y pull$ grave faces1 & 7 exce$+ly demure4 ,) ,ma/] ,simon1 h[ev]1 !y all seem$ m at _! ease4 ,8 v>i$ occupations & amusem5ts _h made him well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! neighborhood4 ,he 0 a visitor at e f>m-h\se & cottage2 gossip$ ) ! f>m]s & _! wives2 romp$ ) _! daught]s2 &1 l t type ( a vagrant ba*elor1 ! humble-bee1 toll$ ! sweets f all ! rosy lips ( ! c\ntry r\nd40 ,!me4--,*oose "o ( ! foll[+ topic s5t5ces1 & develop ! idea coh]5tly1 by a succession ( illu/rations1 ( details1 or ( p>ticul>s1 into a p>agraph ( #aej words4 #a4 ,! gho/s "o he>s ( are n all alike4 #b4 ,9 "s respects1 a?letics are dang]\s4 #c4 ,x 0 a dre>y day4 #d4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? morn+s t /ir ! blood4 #e4 ,!re are battles ) fate t c nev] be won4 #f4 8,a dog ha? 8 day10 runs ! old prov]b4 #g4 ,x is easy to enum]ate ! ways ( gett+ a lesson4 #h4 ,! race is n always to ! swift4 #i4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( brav]y 9 ev]yday life4 #aj4 ,_m phases ( ,am]ican life are illu/rat$ 9 ,am]ican %ort /ories4 ,!me4--,*oose "o ( ! foll[+ topic s5t5ces1 & def5d x by giv+ reasons1 pro(s1 to ! ext5t ( #aej or #bjj words4 #a4 ,on ! :ole1 s*ool a?letics are a good ?+4 #b4 ,vivisection is necess>y to sci5ce4 #c4 ,vivisection is cruel & unnecess>y4 #d4 ,none b sci5ti/s are compet5t to decide :e!r or n vivisection is necess>y to sci5ce4 #e4 ,if necess>y to sci5ce1 vivisection %\ld be practis$ only :5 necess>y4 #f4 ,a debat+ society is a help 9 education4 #g4 ,! ,am]ican ,revolution is an un9t]e/+ !me topic4 #h4 ,! ,am]ican ,revolution is n an un9t]e/+ !me topic4 ,o!r s5t5ces c easily be sugge/$ by /ud5ts or tea*]4 ,!me4--,develop "o ( ! foll[+ topic s5t5ces into a p>agraph ( contra/1--#bjj words4 #a4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+ a ?+1 & be+ able to tell x4 #b4 ,outside ! wild w9ds 7 riot+2 )9 all 0 *e]4 #c4 ,i saw an old man hold+ 8 gr&daught] 9 8 arms4 #d4 ,i "k two p]sons3 "o is a dream]1 ! o!r a do]4 #e4 ,haw?orne or "s o!r writ] has two *>act]s t are /rong foils to ea* o!r4 #f4 ,i imag9$ :at 0 go+ on 9 ^? two h\ses4 #g4 ,"s m5 are always hopeful1 "s always 9 despair4 #h4 ,i knew two m5 ( v unlike abilities4 #i4 ,i knew two p]sons ( v unlike dispositions4 #aj4 ,! great *oir pres5t$ f9e contra/s 9 color ( g>m5ts4 ,expansion ( ,"o ,p>agraph into ,sev]al4--,let x be suppos$ t hav+ compos$ a !me ( "o p>agraph1 a /ud5t has be5 ask$ to develop ! subject at great] l5g?2 ! p>agraph has #he words1 & ! audi5ce wants #bjj1 or #bbe4 ,:at w be ! "r c\rse8 ,x is possible to exp& "o p>agraph ( #he words into "o p>agraph ( #bbe words4 ,b if ! p>agraph ( #he words has two or ?ree di/9ct p>ts1 x is bett] to exp& ea* into a new p>agraph4 ,let x be imag9$ t ,dr4 ,wood1 ! ,engli% naturali/1 _h writt5 a v %ort p>agraph on ! ,cru/acea2 t x ran some:at l ?is4 ,,! ,,cru/acea ,! aquatic animals kn[n z ! ,cru/acea h no int]nal skeleton1 b are def5d$ by a /rong cru/1 made ( a s]ies ( r+s4 ,?is unyield+ armor1 toge!r ) ! cov]+s ( ! eyes1 ! t5dons ( ! claws1 & ! l9+ membrane ( ! /oma*1 ) its tee?1 is ca/ (f annually to p]mit ! gr[? ( ! body4 ,! ,cru/acea possess ! p[] ( reproduc+ a lo/ or orig9al limb2 &1 inde$1 if injur$ ! animal itself %akes (f ! injur$ jo9t4 ,suppose1 n[1 t ,dr4 ,wood f\nd himself dissatisfi$ ) ^! some:at cramp$ & ov]load$ s5t5ces1 & det]m9$ to rewrite1 mak+ ?ree p>agraphs :]e he _h =m]ly b "o4 ,9 ! new !me1 ! ma9 topics w\ld be1 z be=e3 ,def9ition ( ,cru/acea2 ,annual %$d+2 ,reproduction ( ,limbs4 ,ea* w\ld h a p>agraph to itself1 :]e be=e x _h b a s5t5ce4 ,all ! s5t5ces to be made ab\t ! ,def9ition w\ld be set (f by !mselves z "o ma9 "p ( ! !me2 all ^? ab\t ! ,%$d+ w\ld =m a second2 all ^? ab\t ! ,new ,limbs1 a ?ird4 8,set (f02--t is1 by ind5tation1 or ind5tion4 ,?is ^w means1 8a bit+ 910 or1 m prop]ly1 8a bit+ out40 ,:]e a new division ( ! !me beg9s1 ! fir/ l9e does n come up plumb to ! /raight edge at ! left2 x is bitt5 into2 x beg9s f>!r to ! "r ?an d ! o!r l9es4 ,9 ! pr9t$ book1 ! ind5tation is small--usually ! wid? ( a lett] m4 ,b 9 a manuscript x is important = ! ind5tation to be absolutely unmi/akable4 ,"s p]sons keep s ragg$ an edge at ! left h& t x is impossible to "k :e!r or n !y %\ld be cr$it$ ) und]/&+ :at a p>agraph is4 ,ind5t ea* new p>agraph "o or two in*es4 ,br+ e l9e ( ! p>agraph1 except ! la/1 up ev5 ) ! "r-h& m>g92 ! la/ l9e may be /opp$ any:]e1 if ! p>agraph is complete 9 s5se2 (t5 ?is l9e has b a ^w or two4 ,if at any "t y inadv]t5tly omit ! ind5tation1 & h n "t to copy1 place a p>agraph m>k :]e ! new p>agraph %\ld beg92 ?us1 4 ,a r\gh outl9e = ,dr4 ,wood's new p>agraphs c\ld n[ be made4 ,! topics be+ kn[n1 ! numb] ( s5t5ces "u ea* c\ld be guess$ at4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! orig9al p>agraph to %[ t ,dr4 ,wood ascrib$ especial importance to "s "o ( ! ?ree topics4 ,! ?ird is p]haps ! lea/ important4 ,x may be e/imat$ t 9 ! complet$ !me he w\ld give ab\t #hj words to ea* ( ! fir/ two1 & ab\t #ej to ! ?ird4 ,! outl9e w\ld be some?+ l ?is1 ! full /ops repres5t+ ^? ( ! future !me4 ,,! ,,cru/acea ,cru/acea are aquatic4 ,no skeleton1 b cru/1 :i* protects & /r5g!ns4 ,framework ( r+s2 "p develops into limbs4 ,articulat$ animals4 ,curi\s way ( gr[?4 ,o!r animals n inconv5i5c$ z !y gr[4 ,n s ,cru/acea4 ,mail unyield+4 ,is ca/ (f annually & l>g] coat gr[s4 ,eye-cov]+1 t5dons1 /oma*-membrane are also %$4 ,curi\s reproduction ( lo/ or injur$ limb4 ,new "o gr[s if old lo/2 animal %akes (f injur$ jo9t4 ,lob/]s d1 :5 al>m$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,dr4 ,wood did write a %ort *apt] on ! ,cru/acea1 & "h x is4 ,,! ,,cru/acea ,! ,cru/acea are almo/ all aquatic animals4 ,!y h no int]nal skeleton1 b _! body is cov]$ ) a /rong cru/1 :i* s]ves = protection z well z = /r5g?4 ,_! :ole framework consi/s ( a s]ies ( r+s fitt$ to1 & work+ 9 ea* o!r2 "s =m+ limbs1 & o!rs develop+ into ! framework support+ ! diff]5t organs4 ,f ?is reason1 !y & ! rema9+ animals1 z f> z ! />-fi%es1 :o h no limbs at all1 are call$ 8articulat$0 animals4 ,_! me?od ( gr[? is v curi\s4 ,o!r animals1 z !y increase 9 size1 exp]i5ce no p>ticul> inconv5i5ce4 ,n s ! ,cru/acea4 ,_! bodies are closely envelop$ 9 a /rong1 unyield+ mail1 :i* _c gr[ ) !m4 ,_! armor is !re=e ca/ (f e ye>1 & a fre% coat =m$ to suit _! increas$ dim5sions4 ,n only is ! armor ca/ (f1 b ev5 ! cov]+ ( ! eyes1 ! t5dons ( ! claws1 & ! l9+ membrane ( ! /oma*1 ) its tee?4 ,!y all also possess ! curi\s p[] ( reproduc+ a lo/ or injur$ limb4 ,9 ! =m] case1 a fre% limb supplies ! place ( t lo/2 & 9 ! latt] case1 ! animal itself %akes (f ! injur$ jo9t1 & a new "o soon takes its place4 ,lob/]s1 :5 al>m$1 frequ5tly ?r[ (f _! claws4 ,!me4--,*oose "o ( ! foll[+ p>agraphs & exp& x into a !me4 ,ea* s5t5ce %\ld gr[ into a p>agraph4 ,! proportions to be obs]v$ are sugge/$ by ! numb] ( amplify+ s5t5ces prescrib$ = ! diff]5t p>agraphs4 ,write a title above ! !me4 #a4 7a7 ,i l w9t] = its outdoor sports4 ,f\r or five s5t5ces4 7b7 ,i l x no less = its indoor sports4 ,f\r or five s5t5ces4 #b4 7a7 ,we>+ birds is fooli%1 = x is a remnant ( savag]y1 l tattoo+4 ,two or ?ree s5t5ces4 7b7 ,x is less arti/ic ?an is (t5 suppos$4 ,two or ?ree s5t5ces4 7c7 ,x is unwise1 because x ?reat5s ! ext9ction ( c]ta9 species ( flycat*]s & w>bl]s4 ,two or ?ree s5t5ces4 7d7 ,x is cruel1 necessitat+ slaught] ( innoc5t life1 & produc+ call\sness to suff]+4 ,five or six s5t5ces4 #c4 7a7 ,a contra/ betwe5 faces4 ,two s5t5ces4 7b7 ,! face ( ,napoleon is intellectual1 firm1 & cruel4 ,?ree s5t5ces1 giv+ details ( ! face4 7c7 ,! face ( ,l9coln is intellectual1 firm1 & k9d4 ,?ree s5t5ces1 giv+ details4 #d4 7a7 ,!re are two k9ds ( p1--^? :o "k :at !y want life to d = !m1 & ^? :o d n4 ,?is introductory s5t5ce may be made a "p ( ! fir/ p>agraph4 ,! p :o "k :at !y want are few4 ,?ree or f\r s5t5ces4 7b7 ,! p :o d n "k :at !y want are p>tly "y p1 :o h n _h tra9+ en\gh to "k2 p>tly old] p4 ,?ree or f\r s5t5ces4 #e4 7a7 ,"s d9n]s ,i l1 "s ,i d n4 ,"p ( fir/ p>agraph4 ,! k9ds ,i l2 food2 company4 ,?ree or f\r s5t5ces4 ,! k9ds ,i d n l2 food2 company4 ,?ree or f\r s5t5ces4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,discuss ) ! in/ructor & ! class ! be/ way ( p>agraph+ ea* ( ! foll[+ topics4 ,=m fir/ an idea z to h[ _m p>agraphs ea* %\ld h & :at %\ld be ! p>agraph subjects4 #a4 ,?is recitation room4 #b4 ,h[ ,l9coln look$4 #c4 ,a pa9t+ ,i l4 #d4 ,:at ,i d 9 a day4 #e4 ,my plans4 #f4 ,! walk to s*ool4 #g4 ,my pa/ education4 #h4 ,! elm4 #i4 ,! con/ruction ( ! /eam eng9e4 #aj4 ,an ocean /eam]4 #aa4 ,ev5+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,read c>efully ! foll[+ spee* & /ate ! p>agraph subjects4 ,e/imate ! numb] ( words 9 ea* p>agraph1 & say :e!r y ?9k ! proportion ( p>ts is bad or good4 ,! spee* w be recogniz$ z t deliv]$ by ,l9coln at ! d$ication ( ! ,gettysburg ,national ,cemet]y4 ,x 0 writt5 fir/ z "o p>agraph2 b a ye> lat]1 9 mak+ a copy1 ! ,presid5t divid$ x z y see4 8,f\rscore & sev5 ye>s ago1 our fa!rs br\ght =? on ?is cont95t a new nation1 conceiv$ 9 lib]ty1 & d$icat$ to ! proposition t all m5 are creat$ equal4 8,n[ we are engag$ 9 a great civil w>1 te/+ :e!r t nation1 or any nation s conceiv$ & s d$icat$1 c long endure4 ,we are met on a great battlefield ( t w>4 ,we h come to d$icate a portion ( t field z a f9al re/+-place = ^? :o "h gave _! lives t t nation might live4 ,x is altoge!r fitt+ & prop] t we %\ld d ?is4 8,b1 9 a l>g] s5se1 we _c d$icate--we _c consecrate--we _c hall[ ?is gr\nd4 ,! brave m51 liv+ & dead1 :o /ruggl$ "h1 h consecrat$ x f> above our poor p[] to add or detract4 ,! _w w little note1 nor long rememb]1 :at we say "h1 b x c nev] =get :at !y did "h4 ,x is = u1 ! liv+1 r to be d$icat$ "h to ! unf9i%$ "w :i* !y :o f\ght "h h ?us f> s nobly advanc$4 ,x is r = u to be "h d$icat$ to ! great task rema9+ be=e u--t f ^! honor$ dead we take increas$ devotion to t cause = :i* !y gave ! la/ full measure ( devotion1--t we "h highly resolve t ^! dead %all n h di$ 9 va91--t ?is nation1 "u ,god1 %all h a new bir? ( fre$om1--& t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p1 %all n p]i% f ! e>?40 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,! importance ( modell+ all "w on ! "r scale is illu/rat$ 9 ! task ( ! editor ( an encyclopdia4 ,8 problem is to give ea* subject space & prom95ce accord+ to its importance4 ,op5+ ,johnson's ,encyclopdia1 ,i f9d sev5 columns devot$ to ,%akespe>e4 ,( ^!1 two & a half are giv5 to ! poet's life1 f\r & a half to 8 works4 ,is ! proportion ab\t "r8 ,if y 7 edit+ an encyclopdia ( geography1 h[ mu* space %\ld y give to ,africa z comp>$ ) ,europe8 ,h[ mu*1 if ! encyclopdia dealt ) civilization8 ,oral ,ex]cise 9 ,proportion+4--,9 treat+ ea* ( ! foll[+ subjects1 7a7 :at p>agraph topics might be *os58 7b7 :i* p>agraph ought to be ! longe/1 deal+ ) ! mo/ important phase ( ! subject8 #a4 ,liv+ /atesm54 #b4 ,advantages ( c\ntry life4 #c4 ,! life ( ,l9coln4 #d4 ,! uses ( gold4 #e4 ,a railway accid5t4 #f4 ,a cyclone4 #g4 ,a visit to an art-gall]y4 #h4 ,a week ( camp+4 ,ex]cise 9 ,v>y+ ! ,scale4--,read "o ( ! foll[+ poems4 ,!n write two pap]s1 ! fir/ retell+ 7n closely p>aphras+7 ! /ory ( ! poem 9 "o p>agraph ( ab\t #ajj words1 ! second retell+ ! same /ory 9 a !me ( #cjj words1 prop]ly p>agraph$4 ,9 ea* !me give space to e "p accord+ to its relative importance4 ,br[n+3 ,tray--ab\t vivisection2 ,clive--/ory ( c\rage2 ,incid5t ( ! ,fr5* camp--/ory ( h]oism2 ,h[ we br\ght ! good news f ,gh5t to ,aix--/ory ( endurance2 ,! ,pi$ ,pip] ( ,hamel9--/ory ( pa?os2 ,muleykeh--own]'s pride 9 a horse2 ,! ,bean ,fea/--a ,pope's humility4 ,longfell[3 ,! ,fell ( ,atri2 ,paul ,rev]e's ,ride2 ,evangel9e2 ,! ,leg5d ,beautiful2 ,rob]t ( ,sicily4 ,l[ell3 ,! ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal4 ,drayton3 ,! ,ballad ( ,ag9c\rt 7,he>t ( ,oak ,books1 ,vol4 ,v474 ,?ack]ay3 ,*ronicle ( ! ,drum 7,ibid474 ,t5nyson3 ,! ,rev5ge 7,ibid474 ,col]idge3 ,! ,rime ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9] 7,ibid474 ,:itti]3 ,skipp] ,ireson's ,ride 7,ibid474 ,*oice ( ,topic2 ,me?od ( ,"w4--,x is easi] to *oose among def9ite !me subjects1 pr9t$ 9 ! book1 ?an to *oose f an unlimit$ numb] ( topics4 ,left free1 a p]son may be attract$ to a subject t is ei!r too l>ge1 or else me*anically limit$4 ,! latt] k9d is ! easi] to manage4 8,! p>ts ( a c]ta9 city10 is a topic easily p>agraph$4 ,to *oose no subjects b su* z ?is w\ld lead a p]son into mak+ 8 !me 9 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at c any "o write 9 half an h\r t w int]e/ a reasonable be+ 9 su* a subject z ,wat]1 or ,cl\ds1 or ,/eam1 or ,electricity1 or ! ,rise & ,fall ( ,nations8 ,if ! /ud5t is giv5 free *oice ( a subject1 he %\ld select some?+ t he really c>es ab\t1 & t he wi%es "s def9ite audi5ce to c>e ab\t4 ,diff]5t modes ( treatm5t are necess>y to int]e/ diff]5t audi5ces4 ,v (t5 ! attractive subject w n be capable ( easy analysis4 ,9 su* a case1 *oose only a few p>agraph topics1 ?us n>r[+ ! treatm5t2 pick out ! mo/ attractive phases ( ! subject4 ,?is done1 inv5t a !me title t w give an adequate h9t ( :at is com+4 ,! actor1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,jeff]son1 once made a *>m+ talk to "s college m5 ab\t ! 8/>r+ sy/em10 conclud+ ) rem>ks ab\t ! fancy ( "s p t ,bacon wrote ,%akespe>e & put a cryptogram into ! plays4 ,a college p]iodical1 want+ to give "s h9t ( bo? topics1 report$ ! spee* "u ! head+ 8,/>s & ,cryptograms40 ,x 0 n a v good title1 = x 0 mean+less4 ,b x 0 design$ to r\se curiosity1 &1 tak5 9 connection ) ,jeff]son's "n1 x did z well1 ,i d>e say1 z a less vague & fanciful title4 ,let x be suppos$ t a p]son is to *oose a subject = a simple !me1--any subject he pleases4 ,he is to select "o t w int]e/ high s*ool /ud5ts z well z himself4 ,8 w9d[ looks out on a lake4 ,h[ w ,lakes d1 = a topic8 ,x is too l>ge2 "o w\ld nev] h done4 ,nobody enjoys read+ a small !me on a l>ge matt]4 ,! w9d[ af=ds a glimpse ( ! lake2 p]haps ?is ,glimpse ( ! ,lake w\ld s]ve = a !me4 ,!re w\ld be no difficulty 9 p>agraph+2 "o section w\ld g to ! wat]1 "o to ! boats1 "o to ! sky4 ,b ! wat] w\ld h to be describ$ exactly z x n[ looks1 ?\gh look+ its wor/4 ,! boats are all abs5t except "o1 & p]haps !re are o!r k9ds t he w\ld l to tell ab\t4 ,besides1 ! lad 9 ! boat is fi%+1 & ! writ] may be glad to tell ab\t ! fi%+ on ?is lake4 ,if h[ev] memories ( ! pa/ few days mu/ be dragg$ 9 to make ! !me int]e/+ to u all1 :y1 ! "n mu/ be *ang$4 ,! writ] may call x1 ,a ,glimpse ( ! ,lake & ,"s ,memories2 ! title c !n be int]pret$ ) "s ela/icity4 ,:at1 n[1 are ! *ief ?+s to say8 ,a brief p>agraph ( introduction1 p]haps1 ?\gh t is by no means necess>y4 ,!n some?+ ab\t ! look ( ! lake4 ,!n a ^w ab\t ! boats4 ,!n some?+ ab\t ! fi%+4 ,"h is en\gh3 wat]1 boats1 fi%+4 ,n[ = ! outl9e4 ,spra9$ ankle1 arm*air4 ,mu/ /udy l&scape4 ,w9d[ %[s lake4 ,lake has moods4 ,dull n[4 ,gl>e ?is morn+1 colors la/ night4 ,sometimes calm2 cry/al dep?s4 ,ripples4 ,w9d makes x blossom2 raises und]curr5ts4 ,ra9 quiets x4 ,freckl$ look4 ,que] way wat] fits l&4 ,/eam] se54 ,v>iety ( boats4 ,r$-/ack boats4 ,sw>ms ( pass5g]s4 ,boats gay at night4 ,laun*es4 ,pulse ( eng9es4 ,sailboat4 ,x upset1 ! o!r day4 ,r[boats4 ,fi%]man4 ,ca/+ = bass4 ,amateur4 ,wi% him luck6 ,i tri$ = pike4 ,tri$ = bass4 ,no luck4 ,tri$ = p]*4 ,caught a bass4 ,six or eight s5t5ces4 ,9 ! la/ p>agraph x p]haps occurs to ! writ] t ! bullheads bite :5 ! wat] is muddy2 & ?is mudd9ess sugge/s ! fir/ p>agraph2 ! mudd9ess %\ld be describ$ back !re ) ! *ang+ look ( ! wat]4 ,next1 ! composition4 ,x is n (f]$ z a model ( /yle1 b to sugge/ a possible way ( organiz+ any simple !me4 ,a ,,glimpse ,,( ,,! ,,lake1 ,,& ,,"s ,,memories ,"h ,i am1 plant$ 9 an arm*air be=e ! w9d[1 my spra9$ ankle repos+1 or try+ to repose1 on a small] *air4 ,9 su* a position "o mu/ be ?ankful = 8 m]cies2 he mu/ take ! exceptional *ance to /udy ! l&scape4 ,=tunately1 ! w9d[ cuts (f a goodly section ( ! lake :i* lies d[n !re bel[4 ,an exquisite ?+ is ! lake1 ) z _m moods z a baby4 ,j n[ x is dull 9 color1 = ! sky is ov]ca/ & !re is mi/ 9 ! air4 ,b e>ly ?is morn+ x blaz$ ) light1 & la/ night at sunset x 0 awake ) e fa%ion ( color4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! heav5s are b>e & w9dless1 ! wat] takes on an indescribable calm2 & !n if y look d[n f ?is height !re seems to be no surface at all--only dep?s ( blue1 su* z ! poets are always lik5+ to cry/al or to sapphire4 ,at o!r times cl\ds & a breeze move ov] x1 & ! surface ruffles till "o's m9d is tir$ ) fancy+ ! million l9es ( ripples4 ,if ! w9d /iff5s & /ays by1 !re soon are waves2 ! wat] breaks :ite & spr+s up 9 blossoms ov] ! :ole d>k field2 !n ! "u /reams are r\s$ out ( _! quiet & ! :ole mass ?und]s 9 ^u ! %ore1 muddy b gr&4 ,n[ x beg9s to ra92 & ra9 is ! wit* t *>ms ! savage wat]s into re/4 ,pres5tly ! surface is dull aga91 b = ! freckl$ look made by ! plung+ drops4 ,"o notes ?r\gh ! ga!r+ mi/ an odd ?+--! way ! wat] seems to settle into place1 fitt+ into ! curves & nooks ( ! %ore2 ! edge ( ! lake seems to gr[ :ite & di/9ct1 & to cl+ to ! l& 9 a %>p outl9e4 ,break+ ?r\gh t :ite /reak ( wat] ne> ! %ore comes a d>k some?+1 :i* soon takes =m & is se5 to be a /eam]4 ,:at a v>iety ( craft haunt ! lake6 ,! l>ge/ are ^! tall /eam]s1 tall] /ill = _! r$ /acks4 ,at night1 ) _! color$ lights1 !y look l jewell$ slipp]s4 ,by day !y c>ry cr[ds1 :i* seem to rim ea* deck ) a black b&4 ,!n !re are ! laun*es1 slipp+ "h & !re /raight across ! b[ ( ! bigg] craft4 ,!y h a curi\sly trim & self-satisfi$ look2 & _! naph?a eng9es1 beat+ no l\d] ?an "s great1 fa/ pulse1 seem to make fun ( ! sl[-puff+ mon/]s t /a9 ! air ) smoke4 ,a sailboat--a little sloop--slips across ! picture4 ,x is ! "o t upset ! o!r day & gave my fri5d ! ,doctor a ?or\gh soak+4 ,two r[boats are /&+ to ! s\?4 ,9 ! b[ ( "o !re's a lone fi%]man4 ,t lad is ca/+ = bass4 ,he is an amateur--f 8 dress4 ,bett] luck to him ?an has ?us f> befall5 ! amateur :o sits wat*+ him f ?is w9d[6 ,i troll$ 9 ! lake = silv] pike1 b ) nev] a rise to break ! monotony4 ,!n ,i tri$ ?rice 9 ! e>ly morn+ = yell[ bass1 us+ fir/ m9n[s = bait1 aft]w>d gras%opp]s1 & la/ly frogs4 ,no luck6 ,disgu/$1 ,i /ole out "o aft]noon to cat* p]*1 hop+ to be se5 by no "o4 ,! p]* bit languidly1 & ! few t 7 tak5 seem$ to h a sup]cili\s look4 8,"h's my la/ worm60 ,i cri$2 8!n = ! hotel & f>ewell to ^! fi%+ gr\nds :]e no fi% are40 ,a bite6 a compet5t1 ma/]ly1 vici\s bite6 ,x's a bass1 /ray$ away f home1 & too hungry to ask = delicate diet6 ,pull him 9--seize ! l9e1 = ! pole is light & ! hook is small4 ,safely l&$1 & n less 9 weight ?an two p\nds6 ,let !m brag ( six-p\nd]s2 ?is gleam+1 muscul> fell[1 smell+ ( fre% wat] & m9t1 is good en\gh game = me4 ,z ,i gaze & rememb]1 ! amateur 9 8 boat moves out ( ! picture frame & ! lake is a blank aga94 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,:y are ! foll[+ subjects unfit = %ort !mes8 ,sugge/ two or ?ree !me topics t might be d]iv$ f ea*4 #a4 ,george ,wa%+ton4 #b4 ,sn[4 #c4 ,w>4 #d4 ,ev5+4 #e4 ,light4 #f4 ,polit5ess4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,"n sev]al limit$ subjects t w\ld be available if y 7 try+ to int]e/ legitimately 7a7 an audi5ce ( college m51 7b7 an audi5ce ( high s*ool boys1 7c7 an audi5ce ( high s*ool girls1 7d7 an audi5ce ( bus9ess m54 ,!me4--,*oose "o ( ! foll[+ subjects1 & ?9k h[ to secure = x ! int]e/ ( p]sons ?ree or f\r ye>s y\ng] ?an y\rself4 ,?9k ( "s intellig5t boy or girl1 "o :o1 ?\gh consid]ably y\r junior1 di/9ctly comm&s y\r respect1 & expla9 to him high s*ool ways ( /udy+ ei!r 7a7 physiography1 or 7b7 hi/ory1 or 7c7 ,lat91 or 7d7 manual tra9+1 or 7e7 ,engli%1 or "s o!r subject4 ,! !me %\ld consi/ ( "o p>agraph1 ( ab\t #bjj words4 ,oral & ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,*oose ?ree ( ! foll[+ subjects1 & ?9k :at illu/rations y w\ld use to make !m cle> to diff]5t audi5ces4 ,draw ^u y\r k ( ! ?+s t are mo/ famili> to ! exp]i5ce ( ea* audi5ce4 ,jot d[n memor&a ( ! illu/rations t y sugge/1 & aft]w>d comp>e notes 9 ! oral discussion4 ,= example1 ,expla91 by illu/ration3-- ,a g5tleman1 to a gam94 ,ice1 to a native ( ! tropics4 ,! *>m ( foot-ball1 to a girl4 ,! pleasure ( "w1 to a %irk4 ,wagn]'s music1 to a deaf pa9t]4 ,! *>m ( foot-ball1 to a soldi]4 ,! sol> sy/em1 to a *ild ( eight4 ,oranges1 to a native ( ! pol> regions4 ,! *>m ( a true lady1 to an awkw>d lad4 ,! ,jungle ,book1 to a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian4 ,a newsboy's life1 to an e>l's son or a millionnaire's son4 ,a sleepless night1 to a p]son :o sleeps l a top4 ,a heada*e1 to a p]son :o nev] _h a heada*e4 ,! *>m ( ,/ev5son1 to a read] ( dime novels4 ,tak+ gas at ! d5ti/'s1 to a p]son :o nev] lo/ a too?4 ,an encyclopdia1 to a man :o nev] he>d ( su* a book4 ,p>agraph con/ruction1 to a y\? :o c>es only = ! %op4 ,! dang] ( op5 w9d[s1 to a *ild :o nev] he>d ( dea?4 ,"s good mon?ly1 to a bright boy or girl :o _h nev] se5 a magaz9e4 ,transitions betwe5 ,p>agraphs4--,suppose t a giv5 !me is a unit1 no idea be+ admitt$ t does n be> on ! topic2 suppose1 fur!r1 t ! p>agraphs are units1 ea* treat+ a di/9ct "p ( ! !me idea2 x rema9s to be sure t ! read] gets easily f p>agraph to p>agraph4 ,sometimes ! writ] is s anxi\s to make ea* p>agraph a unit 9 itself t ! read] does n feel at once t ! new section has any?+ to d ) ! prec$+4 ,look back to ! !me on ! ,glimpse ( ! ,lake4 ,!re 7 ?ree ?+s to talk ab\t3 wat]1 boats1 fi%+4 ,at ! end ( ! p>agraph on ! wat] ! att5tion mu/ be l$ ov] )\t any j> to ! subject ( boats4 ,! la/ idea ( ! wat] p>agraph 0 t ! edge ( ! lake grew :ite & di/9ct4 ,9 beg9n+ ! new p>agraph1 we may ref] to t idea4 8,break+ ?r\gh t :ite /reak ( wat] ne> ! %ore comes a d>k some?+10 etc4 ,n[ look at ! p>agraph on fi%+4 ,h[ does ! writ] try to get ov] to ! fi%+ f ! boats8 ,expla9 9 recitation4 ,! jo9ts ( ! !me %\ld be smoo? & /rong1 l ! jo9ts ( bamboo--n a rude jo9t made by *isel & hamm]4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,! in/ructor w h& y 9 class y\r !mes ?us f> writt54 ,g ov] !m c>efully1 try+ by revision to make ! ?\ght connection clos] betwe5 ! p>agraphs4 ,= ! future1 always read c>efully ! :ole p>agraph be=e beg9n+ ! next4 ,transitions betwe5 ,s5t5ces4--,)9 ! p>agraph ea* s5t5ce %\ld gr[ vitally out ( ! prec$+4 8,connection is ! s\l ( good writ+10 said ! great translator1 ,j[ett ( ,balliol4 ,plan s5t5ces ahead2 & read ea* s5t5ce be=e y write ! next4 ,make x impossible = p to say ( y z !y us$ to say ( ,em]son1 8,8 s5t5ces read equally well 9 any ord]40 ,make x impossible to pick a s5t5ce out & set x d[n else:]e1 )\t te>+ ! !me z neas r5t "y ,polydore4 ,frequ5tly ! s5t5ces c be b\nd tight] toge!r by beg9n+ ! next ) a ref]5ce to "s idea conta9$ 9 ! prec$+4 ,burke1 plead+ 9 ,p>liam5t = ,am]ica1 said3 8,b ) reg>d to h] own int]nal e/abli%m5t1 %e may1 ,i d\bt n %e w1 contribute 9 mod]ation4 ,i say 9 mod]ation1 = %e ought n to be p]mitt$ to exhau/ h]self4 ,%e ought to be res]v$ to a w>1 ! weight ( :i*1 ) ! enemies t we are mo/ likely to h1 mu/ be consid]able 9 h] qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,!re %e may s]ve y1 & s]ve y ess5tially40 ,"h ! la/ words ( ea* s5t5ce sugge/ ! fir/ words ( ! next4 ,( c\rse ?is way ( gett+ coh]5ce is easily ov]done2 b x is v valuable1 nev]!less4 ,x is easy to discov] ! ord] 9 :i* ,rusk9 wrote ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 "h pr9t$ 9 wrong ord]4 ,f9d ! true arrangem5t1 & tell h[ x 0 f\nd4 ,well1 :atev] bit ( a wise man's "w is hone/ly & b5evol5tly done1 t bit is 8 book1 or 8 piece ( art4 ,b1 aga91 ,i ask y1 d y at all believe 9 hone/y or at all 9 k9dness1 or d y ?9k !re is nev] any hone/y or b5evol5ce 9 wise p8 ,if y read rightly1 y w easily discov] ! true bits1 & ^? are ! book4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,*ange ei!r ! grammatical con/ruction or ! ord] ( words :]ev] y ?9k su* *ange w increase ! coh]5ce ( ! foll[+ p>agraph4 8,we 7 coa/+ d[n *apel hill4 ,9 we/]n ,new ,york1 ?is is "o ( _m simil> long hills4 ,?is /ate is inde$ a coa/]'s p>adise 9 _m p>ts4 ,! p>ticul> p>adise ,i speak (1 saw1 h[ev]1 a disa/r\s fall ( a brave "y ,adam & a g5tle "y ,eve4 ,williams1 ,i mean by ?is1 :o 0 com+ l a meteor d[n ! hill1 ) ,miss ---- 9 front ( him on ! 8bob-sl$10 z he rea*$ ! bridge1 0 ?r[n out ( ! track4 ,luckless bridge6 x ought to h be5 gu>d$ by /\t rails4 ,!re 7 no rails1 h[ev]1 & across ! n>r[ canyon1 ,williams1 ) 8 preci\s *>ge1 took a fly+ leap4 ,on ! o!r side ( x1 five feet bel[1 0 a wood5 abutm5t4 ,! lives ( ! "y p 7 sav$ by ?is2 = ! sl$ %ot across ! gulf & l&$ on ! projection4 ,we pick$ ! adv5tur]s up f ?is p]il\s p]*4 ,!y 7 m surpris$ ?an hurt4 ,b aft] he _h "t to ?9k1 ,williams confess$ t he 0 nev] m fright5$ 9 8 life2 = he ?\ght ( ! ?irty feet ( space bel[ t wood5 l$ge40 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,on ,,correctness ,,9 ,,*oice ,,( ,,words ,au?ority4--,if ! art ( writ+ is ! art ( say+ :at we mean1 we mu/ use words t ! read] w und]/&4 ,( c\rse ! ^w read] is r g5]al3 !re are read]s & read]s4 ,an article writt5 = adults w\ld %[ diff]5t words f "o writt5 = *ildr54 ,= ! purposes ( ?is *apt]1 our typical read] is ! ,am]ican or ! ,engli%man :o has a good public s*ool tra9+4 ,?is 8av]age man0 may 9 !ory happ5 to live 9 ,london1 or 9 ,ma9e1 or1 aga91 9 ,texas4 ,n[1 !re are c]ta9 words us$ 9 ,texas t are n us$ 9 ,london or 9 ,ma9e4 ,9 p>ts ( ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania a small pail is call$ a 8blickey40 ,mo/ natives ( ,*icago nev] he>d ! ^w4 ,su* words z 8blickey0 are call$ prov9cialisms or localisms1 & are rul$ out4 ,our words mu/ be national4 ,?is ne$ n mean int]national2 _m words are us$ 9 ,engl& t ne$ n be us$ 9 ,am]ica1 & vice v]s4 ,! ,am]ican speaks ( swit*+ a tra92 ! ,engli%man speaks ( %unt+ x4 ,) ! =m] ! tra9 goes up a /eep grade2 ) ! latt] x goes up a gradi5t4 ,! ,engli%man calls baggage1 luggage1 a ^w t ,am]icans are m likely to use ( ^? pieces only t c be c>ri$ 9 ! h&4 ,x is to be presum$ t national diff]5ces ( ?is sort are kn[n to ,am]ican & ,engli%man alike2 !re=e !re is no reason :y ei!r %\ld *ange f ! usage ( 8 c\ntry4 ,good ,engli% is ess5tially ! same 9 all ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,"o o!r matt] is sugge/$ by ! words national usage4 ,a nation is compos$ ( all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,ea* class1 ea* trade & pr(ession1 has its own pet expressions & contractions4 ,good usage does n recognize ^!4 ,! dialect ( ! college1 or ! ball-gr\nd1 or ! c\nt+-room1 or ! law-c\rts1 is racy en\gh & prop] en\gh 9 its place2 b x has no place 9 /&>d ,engli%4 ,a /ud5t may flunk1 b only 9 s*ool4 ,a book ( acc\nts c be po/$1 b n a man4 ,aga91 our words mu/ n be s old-fa%ion$ or obsolete t !y are un9telligible4 ,!y mu/ be pres5t4 ,let once meant 8to h9d]40 ,naturally no "o w\ld use x 9 ?is s5se to-day4 ,_m words t are bo? national & pres5t are n p]mitt$1 s9ce !y are n reputable4 ,!y are us$1 b wrongly s2 us$ by ! c>eless & ! un$ucat$4 ,a great numb] ( su* expressions are p]fectly well und]/ood :]ev] ,engli% is spok51 b if "o employs !m "o w be set d[n z c>eless or ignorant2 = example1 a9't is intelligible to all1 b its use is kn[n to be a m>k ( vulg>ity2 su* a ^w is call$ a vulg>ism4 ,mo/ slang consi/s ( vulg>isms1 ?\gh "s slang f9ally becomes reputable ,engli%4 ,reputable words are ^? employ$ by ! be/ writ]s4 ,by be/ is meant writ]s :o h lit]>y di/9ction1 & :o "k & reg>d ! /ructure & hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]>y words4 ,9 ?is day1 :5 ev]ybody scribbles & pr9ts1 !re are c\ntless writ]s ^: usage is n really reputable4 ,! newspap]s1 ?\gh !y h done mu* to free mod]n ,engli% f p$antry1 are n usually reputable 9 usage4 ,! ,engli% ( v _m noveli/s is 9 bad repute4 ,ev5 c]ta9 writ]s ( em95ce1 su* z ,dick5s & ,?omas ,hughes1 are guilty ( us+ unreputable words & s5ses ( words4 ,su* essayi/s z ,mat!w ,arnold & ,john ,fiske2 su* writ]s ( fiction z ,?ack]ay1 ,haw?orne1 ,/ev5son1 & ,h5ry ,james2 su* hi/orians z ,gre5 & ,p>kman--^! m5 are 9 g5]al safe models 9 matt]s ( usage4 ,to sum up1 !n2 if we w\ld be und]/ood1 & w\ld be reckon$ z educat$ p]sons1 we mu/ use words t are reputable1 national1 & pres5t4 ,good usage is ! employm5t ( su* words &1 s5ses ( words z ! body ( reputable writ]s sanction by _! own practice to-day4 ,notice t ! body ( reputable writ]s is specifi$4 ,no "o au?or makes good use1 any m ?an "o swall[ makes a summ]4 ,:5 a critic wi%es to prove by au?ority t a giv5 expression is ,engli%1 he mu/ be able to quote x f _m au?ors4 ,! ,diction>y4--,a diction>y is a codification ( good usage4 ,inde$1 a l>ge diction>y codifies also mu* bad usage1 expla9+ 9 ! case ( ! latt] ! p>ticul> =m ( badness1 :e!r local usage1 or colloquial usage1 or vulg> usage4 ,su* a diction>y also outl9es ! hi/ory ( ea* ^w1 s f> z ?is is kn[n2 x c "h be le>n$ :at 0 /&>d ,engli% ye/]day1 :at ?ree c5turies ago4 ,a diction>y habit is indisp5sable to e "o4 ,:5 9 d\bt ab\t ! pres5t mean+ or pronunciation ( a ^w1 or curi\s z to its hi/ory1 look x up4 ,h an abridg$ diction>y ( y\r own1--! less abridg$ ! bett]1--b consult also ! unabridg$ books frequ5tly4 ,e au?or r$iscov]s ! *>m t lies 9 ! diction>y4 ,to f9d t *>m1 e ^w ( ! giv5 explanations %\ld be read1 & ! sy/em ( diacritical m>ks1 :i* %[ syllabification1 acc5t1 v[el1 & consonant s\nds1 %\ld be /udi$4 ,b>b>isms4--,"l ,*e/]field writes to 8 son3 8,! fir/ ?+ y %\ld att5d to is1 to speak :atev] language y d speak1 9 its greate/ purity1 & accord+ to ! rules ( gramm>2 = we mu/ nev] (f5d aga9/ gramm>1 nor make use ( words :i* are n really words40 ,a ^w t is n 9 a good diction>y1 or is !re br&$ z prov9cial or z vulg>1 is n really a ^w1 & %\ld n be us$4 ,an expression t has n be5 recogniz$ by good use is call$ a b>b>ism4 ,(t5 su* t]ms are incorrectly =m$1 z :5 !y are co9$ by ignorant p]sons2 (t5 !y are corruptions ( words4 ,motorne] is wrongly co9$2 slick is corrupt$ f sleek4 ,motorne] is made up ( motor plus ! end+ er4 ,! ne is left ov] f ! disc>d$ /eam eng9e1 = motorne] is made by false analogy f eng9e]4 ,! prop] ^w is motorman4 ,if !re is ne$ = a new ^w 9 ! language1--& ! ne$ (t5 arises 9 ^! days ( inv5tion1--its compon5t p>ts %\ld be f ! same tongue1 & x %\ld be =m$ by /rict analogy1 on ! model ( "s correct1 accept$ ^w4 ,exam9e su* a ^w z %ad[graph1 :i* ! m c>eless newspap]s began to use z soon z ! 8,ro5tg5 rays0 7 discov]$4 ,%ad[ is ,engli%2 graph is ,greek1--a t]m9ation t %\ld be add$ only to a ,greek ^w4 ,v>i\s correct =mations h be5 propos$ = ! ray-picture--scotograph1 radiograph1 skiagraph1 etc4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :i* "o ( ^! words w become e/abli%$4 ,exam9e ! ^w electrocution4 ,x is =m$ on ! false analogy ( execution4 ,execution is f ! ,lat9 ex sequor1 mean+ 8to foll[ up10 or1 s to speak1 8to *ase d[n40 ,! man :o inv5t$ electrocution c\ld n h kn[n t sequor 0 a "p ( execution4 ,he m]ely ti$ toge!r electro & cution1 ?9k+ p]haps t cution meant cutt+ or kill+4 ,electro is f ! ,greek 7mean+ 8amb]10 ! sub/ance by rubb+ :i* "s "o discov]$ electricity71 & 9 /rictness %\ld n be jo9$ to a ,lat9 t]m9ation1 ev5 if t be correct4 ,we might easily h _h a good ,engli% ^w = dea? 9 ! electrical *air2 b z matt]s /&1 !re is no "o recogniz$ ^w = ?is idea4 ,o!r b>b>isms are3 burgl>ize1 to en?use 7a bad co9age f en?usiasm71 an invite1 d\ble ent5dre & nom de plume 7two expressions :i* are nei!r accept$ ,fr5* nor accept$ ,engli%71 walki/1 a comb9e1 prev5tative 7= prev5tive71 reportorial1 manag]ial1 to suicide1 g5t1 pants 7! trade "n1 b n ! lit]>y71 photo1 pr(41 spoonsful4 ,words br\ght into ! ,engli% f o!r languages1 & n yet recogniz$ by good use1 are also b>b>isms4 ,su* words are said to be n yet ,angliciz$4 ,!y are ref]r$ to z ali5isms1 & mo/ may be classifi$ z ,lat9isms1 ,hell5isms 7or ,greek words71 ,teutonisms 7*iefly ,g]man words71 ,gallicisms 7,fr5* words74 ,a ^w peculi> to ,am]ica is an ,am]icanism2 "o peculi> to ,engl& is a ,briticism4 ,"s ,am]icanisms & ,briticisms are n really b>b>isms1 b are w>rant$ by ! canon ( national use4 ,! foll[+ words are z yet ali5isms3 arti/e1 sobriquet1 beau monde1 faux pas1 entre n\s1 etc4 ,c]ta9 o!r words are ,angliciz$3 amateur1 omelette1 etiquette1 litt]ateur1 etc4 ,! temptation to spr9kle =eign words unnecess>ily into "o's ,engli% rea*es mo/ p]sons soon] or lat]4 ,x %\ld be )/ood4 ,! ,engli% language is ri* en\gh to furni% =? any man's vocabul>y4 ,_m words t may f9ally become good ,engli% are n yet accept$4 ,to be on ! safe side "o %\ld say3 po9t ( view1 n /&po9t2 ^u1 n onto2 writt5 p]mission1 n a p]mit2 he doesn't1 n he don't4#cj ,9 ! li/ giv5 above x is rem>k$ ( pants t x is a trade "n 7= :at are ord9>ily kn[n z tr\s]s or pantaloons74 ,comm]cial ,engli% & lit]>y ,engli% are two diff]5t ?+s2 & :ile a c>eful noveli/ w\ld h>dly write ab\t :eat5a1 or flexibone1 or autoh>p1 he might talk ab\t !m 9 ! %ops4 ,yet ^! words are n correctly =m$2 & ! same ?+ is unhappily true ( o!r trade names4 ,improprieties4--,suppose1 n[1 t a writ] uses a good ,engli% ^w1 b uses x 9 a s5se n f\nd 9 ! be/ au?ors4 ,9 ?is case he uses ! ^w improp]ly2 he commits an impropriety4 ,sometimes two words s\nd s mu* alike t !y are mi/ak5 "o = ! o!r2 = in/ance1 accept & except4 ,sometimes ! two words mean ne>ly ! same ?+1 & s come to be confus$2 = example1 cont9ual & cont9u\s4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! words t are mo/ frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ea* o!r4 ,9 ! illu/rative s5t5ces ea* su* ^w is correctly us$1 & 9 all cases ! o!r ^w w\ld be incorrect or at lea/ less desirable if sub/itut$ = x4 ,,n\ns ,ability1 capacity4 #a4 ,! capacity ( man's memory is great4 #b4 ,capacity = le>n+ & ability = do+ are secrets ( success4 ,:at idea d ^! words %>e8 ,acceptance1 acceptation4 #a4 ,8 acceptance 0 graceful4 #b4 ,y use ! ^w 9 its usual acceptation4 ,ea* ( ^! words conta9s ! idea to take4 ,9 :at s5se may ?is be said8 ,access1 accession4 #a4 ,access to ! director is easy4 #b4 ,! libr>y has receiv$ an accession ( books4 #c4 ,%e 0 seiz$ ) an access ( grief4 #d4 ,! ,ts> celebrat$ 8 accession to ! ?rone4 ,ea* ( ^! words conta9s ! idea ( entrance4 ,access means ! entrance ( a p]son into a room or into ! pres5ce ( ano!r2 also ! entrance ( a flood ( emotion into ! m9d4 ,accession means ! entrance ( a p]son into ! rights ( a position2 also ! entrance ( books or o!r objects to a collection1--an addition to ! collection4 ,act1 action4 #a4 ,"* is develop$ by action4 #b4 ,our own acts = good or ill speak = u4 ,expla9 h[ bo? ^! words hold ! idea ( d4 ,advance1 advancem5t4 #a4 ,! swall[ comes ) ! advance ( ! season4 #b4 ,he has receiv$ advancem5t4 #c4 ,ea* advance ( ,napoleon 0 swift4 ,:at idea h ^! two words 9 common8 ,expla9 h[ !y diff]4 ,alt]native1 *oice4 #a4 ,!re is no alt]native2 he mu/ g4 #b4 ,!re are only ?ree *oices4 ,alt]native is a *oice betwe5 ---- ?+s4 ,avocation1 vocation4 #a4 ,my regul> call+1 or vocation1 is tea*+2 b = an avocation ,i sp5d my holidays 9 photography4 #b4 ,dr4 ,weir ,mit*ell is a physician2 b 8 regul> vocation ( m$ic9e doesn't prev5t him f foll[+ ! delightful avocation ( lett]s4 ,bo? ^! words h ! idea ( call+4 ,expla9 h[ !y diff]4 7,:at does ab mean 9 ,lat987 ,balance1 rema9d]4 #a4 ,! balance ( ! sum is due4 #b4 ,! rema9d] ( ! day is sp5t4 ,:at relation exi/s betwe5 balanc+ 7a book7 & rema9d]8 ,"*1 reputation4 #a4 ,8 reputation = integrity is good4 #b4 ,8 "* is beyond reproa*4 #c4 ,a man _c always control 8 reputation1 b he c control 8 "*4 ,"* is :at a man ----2 reputation is :at p ---- ( him4 ,complim5t1 complem5t4 #a4 ,woman's m9d is by _m consid]$ ! complem5t ( man's1 supply+ c]ta9 ?+s t ! mascul9e m9d has n4 #b4 ,8 complim5ts are really flatt]ies4 #c4 ,! secret>y suppli$ ! army ) its complem5t ( /ores4 ,c\ncil1 c\nsel4 #a4 ,8 c\nsel def5d$ him 9 ! trial4 #b4 ,let good c\nsel prevail4 #c4 ,! c\ncil ( t5 gave good c\nsel4 ,def9e ^! two words4 ,:at idea h !y 9 common8 ,fals5ess1 falsity4 ,arnold 0 a traitor2 & ! fals5ess ( 8 "* 0 prov$ by ! falsity ( 8 /atem5ts4 ,:at idea d ^! words %>e8 ,frame def9itions4 ,inv5tion1 discov]y4 ,edison discov]$ c]ta9 laws ( s\nd & by !m inv5t$ ! phonograph4 ,?is inv5tion is n z yet v useful2 b ! discov]y ( ! laws 0 important4 ,:at idea d ^! words %>e8 ,frame def9itions4 ,limit1 limitation4 #a4 ,!re %\ld be no limitation ( ! comm&]'s au?ority4 #b4 ,!re 7 no limits to 8 delight4 ,:at common idea h ^! words8 ,def9e ea*4 ,majority1 plurality4 ,a majority is m ?an half ! :ole numb]4 ,a plurality is ! excess ( votes receiv$ by "o c&idate above ano!r4 ,:5 !re are sev]al c&idates1 ! "o :o receives m votes ?an any o!r has a plurality4 ,9 :at respect are ^! words alike 9 mean+8 9 :at unlike8 ,obs]vation1 obs]vance4 #a4 ,8 obs]vation ( ! habits ( birds 0 ke54 #b4 ,8 obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? 0 /rict4 ,is wat* ! be/ ^w = ! idea %>$ by ^! words8 ,discuss4 ,obs]vation1 rem>k4 #a4 ,johnson's obs]vations ( m5 7 ke54 #b4 ,johnson's obs]vations 7 made ) 8 eyes2 8 rem>ks1 ) 8 tongue2 & ,boswell1 by record+ ! rem>ks1 record$ ! obs]vations4 ,:at relation has a rem>k to an obs]vation8 ,p>ty1 p]son4 #a4 ,a p>ty 9 a silk hat mu/ be a p>ty ( ,liliputians4 #b4 ,! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p 0 two p]sons4 #c4 ,a se$y p]son jo9$ ! p>ty4 #d4 ,i refuse to be a p>ty to ! de$4 ,is ! idea ( a "p always conta9$ 9 ! ^w p>ty8 ,discuss4 ,"p1 portion4 #a4 ,esau sold 8 portion1 ! "p allott$ him4 #b4 ,! human body has _m p>ts4 #c4 ,wait]1 "o portion ( roa/ beef w d6 ,:at is a portion8 ,prom95t1 pr$om9ant4 ,!re 7 _m prom95t m5 9 ,l9coln's cab9et1 b ! ,presid5t 0 always pr$om9ant among !m4 ,consult ! unabridg$ z to ! orig9 ( ^! words4 ,recipe1 receipt4 ,if receipt comes f ! ,lat9 mean+ 8tak510 x is easy to see :y :5 money is tak5 a receipt is giv54 ,recipe is a ,lat9 imp]ative1 mean+ 8take02 naturally x is ! "r ^w = a =mula 9 cook+2 8take0 s mu* salt1 s mu* meal1 s mu* wat]--& lo6 a johnny cake4 ,relative1 relation4 ,"o may h _m relatives ) :om he does n keep up close relations4 ,is relation pref]ably an ab/ract n\n1 or a concrete8 ,resid5ce1 h\se4 #a4 ,d n say resid5ce :5 y mean h\se2 ! simpl] ^w is ! bett]4 #b4 ,he has 8 resid5ce 9 8 h\se4 #c4 ,8 resid5ce1 or place ( resid5ce1 is ,montreal4 ,sewage1 sew]age4 ,! sewage fl[s ?r\gh ! sy/em ( sew]age4 ,site1 situation4 #a4 ,lovely is ,zion = situation4 #b4 ,! site ( ,troy 0 repeat$ly built ^u1 ea* new ,troy be+ 9 turn de/roy$ by fire or by "s enemy4 #c4 ,! situation ( ,*icago by ! lake gives ! city fre% breezes4 ,:at k9d ( place is a site8 ,:at is a situation8 ,,v]bs ,accept1 except4 #a4 ,all ,cretans are li>s1 runs ! prov]b3 ! prov]b excepts none4 #b4 ,he accept$ ! invitation4 ,bo? words h ! idea ( take4 ,h[ is ?is true ( except8 ,affect1 effect4 #a4 ,ev5 ! rumor affect$ 8 belief1 *ang+ x slightly4 #b4 ,he effect$ a junction ) ! o!r army4 ,:i* ( ^! words c\ld prop]ly gov]n reconciliation8 m9d8 heal?8 release8 conduct aft] release8 de/ruction8 consci5ce8 peace ( m9d8 ,:i* "o ( ! two words requires = an object a n\n express+ an action8 ,aggravate1 irritate1 tantalize4 #a4 ,tantalus 0 tantaliz$ by ! sight ( inaccessible fruit4 #b4 ,he aggravates ! difficulty by try+ to excuse 8 act4 #c4 ,he is aggravat+ 8 cold by go+ out4 #d4 ,he irritates me by 8 teas+4 #e4 ,! gravity ( our case is b aggravat$ by delay4 ,allude1 m5tion4 #a4 ,nobody w\ld allude to an exp]i5ce s unpleasant to all t p>ty4 #b4 ,he allud$ to ,wa%+ton z ! ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry4 #c4 ,he m5tion$ sev]al ways ( accompli%+ ! "w2 !n he w5t back to 8 duties1 n allud+ to ! subject aga94 ,c a p]son allude to a ?+ )\t assum+ k ( x on ! "p ( an audi5ce8 ,c a ?+ be allud$ to = ! fir/ "t8 if s1 w\ld x be ! fir/ "t x 0 spok5 (8 ,make allusions to sev]al great m5 )\t m5tion+ _! names4 ,antagonize1 ali5ate4 #a4 ,by antagoniz+ ! views ( 8 fri5ds1 he ali5at$ _! sympa?ies f him4 #b4 ,he ali5at$ 8 fri5ds by antagoniz+ !m4 ,beg91 comm5ce4 ,^! words are (t5 int]*angeable1 b comm5ce is ! m =mal4 ,beg9 is ! bett] ^w ord9>ily4 ,br+1 fet*4 #a4 ,come "h & br+ ! book4 #b4 ,g & fet* ! book4 ,def9e ^! two words4 ,:at is _! common idea8 ,claim1 ass]t1 etc4 #a4 ,claim means to ass]t a "r to a ?+ z "o's own4 ,x means nei!r to say1 to ass]t1 to decl>e1 to ma9ta91 to hold1 to allege1 nor to cont5d4 #b4 ,he claims ! "r to be he>d4 #c4 ,he ma9ta9s t he ought to be he>d4 #d4 ,he ass]ts t su* is ! fact4 ,,note4--,x is bett] n to use claim ) ! conjunction t4 ,degrade1 demean1 debase4 #a4 ,be+ 9 disgrace1 ! capta9 0 degrad$ f 8 rank4 #b4 ,he demeans himself sometimes well1 sometimes ill4 #c4 ,he debases or degrades himself by 8 pr(anity4 ,give a synonym = demean4 ,drive1 ride4 ,9 ,engl& "o rides only :5 "o is on horseback2 "o is said to drive if 9 a c>riage4 ,9 ,am]ica "o drives :5 "o holds ! re9s2 b we g driv+ ev5 :5 ! coa*man drives4 ,!re is also excell5t au?ority = take a ride1 & g rid+1 :5 conveyance 9 a c>riage is meant4 ,endorse1 approve1 second4 #a4 ,he second$ all 8 fri5d's propositions4 #b4 ,he endors$ ! *eck across ! top4 #c4 ,he approv$ 8 colleague's act4 ,:at is a dorsal f98 ,:at does endorse mean1 by etymology8 ,got1 gott51 h4 #a4 ,got is p]haps pref]able to gott54 #b4 ,don't say y've got a ?+ :5 y m]ely h x1 )\t hav+ secur$ x4 ,:at idea is common to get & h8 ,guess1 ?9k1 reckon4 #a4 ,i ?9k ,i %all g4 #b4 ,he reckon$ ! co/ be=e he />t$4 #c4 ,i guess !re are a hundr$4 ,! habitual misuse ( guess is an ,am]ican fault4 ,int5d1 calculate4 #a4 ,%e receiv$ 8 apologies ) a res5tm5t !y 7 likely1 b 7 n int5d$1 to inspire4#ca #b4 ,he aim$ at ! animal a bl[ calculat$ to kill x4 #c4 ,i fully int5d to g1 b _c calculate h[ soon4 ,let1 leave4 #a4 ,let me be6 ,don't bo!r me :5 ,i want to /udy4 #b4 ,let me alone6 #c4 ,leave me alone "h4 #d4 ,let g6 ,unh& me4 ,let once meant 8to h9d]40 ,n[ x means ! opposite--8p]mit40 ,lie1 lay4 ,! *ief tr\ble ) ! fir/ ( ^! two words seems to conc]n ! pa/ t5se3 8,he laid d[n on ! s(a40 ,locate1 settle4 #a4 ,he locat$ 8 h\se !re 7n locat$ !re74 #b4 ,he settl$ 9 ,*icago4 ,loan1 l5d4 ,x is n incorrect to use loan 9 ! s5se ( l5d1 b l5d is ! less =mal & ! pref]able ^w4 ,may1 c4 ,may x n be said t any p]son :o has n le>n$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two words1 c h>dly be p]mitt$ to call himself a us] ( good ,engli%8 ,x is n h>d to see :y p confuse ^! two words4 ,(t5 ! que/ion] feels t1 = all practicable purposes1 ! refusal ( 8 reque/ w make a b>ri] ov] :i* he _c g4 ,:5 he says 8,c ,i g10 he is feel+1 8,w y make x possible = me to g8 = unless y cons5t ,i _c g--,i _c af=d to1 or ,i _c consci5ti\sly1 or ,i _c & rema9 on "r t]ms ) y40 ,nev]!less1 may is ! only "r ^w to use 9 ask+ p]mission4 ,prov$1 prov54 #a4 ,! po9t 0 n prov$4 #b4 ,v]dict3 8,n prov540 ,prov5 is a ,scot* legal t]m1 wrongly suppos$ by "s p]sons to be pref]able to prov$ out ( ! c\rt-room4 ,purpose1 propose4 #a4 ,"o c't propose unless he proposes some?+ to somebody4 #b4 ,"o c purpose to d a ?+1 )\t propos+ x to any "o4 ,h[ d bo? ^! words conta9 ! idea ( plac+8 ,sit1 set4 ,! *ief errors 9 ! use ( sit & set are two4 ,"s p insi/ on say+ 8sett+ h50 = 8sitt+ h510 & 8! coat sets well0 = 8sits well40 ,a few say1 8,sit y\rself d[n10 = ! some:at old-fa%ion$ 8sit y d[n0 7:]e ! y is nom9ative7 or = 8set y\rself d[n40 ,simil>ly ?is error has be5 kn[n to occur--8he sat ! basket ( eggs d[n40 ,/ay1 /op4 #a4 ,he /opp$ at ,albany2 he w5t no f>!r4 #b4 ,at :at hotel are y /ay+1 ^! days8 ,transpire1 happ54 ,a good _m ?+s happ5$ t d>k night :5 ! boys 7 out = a l>k2 b x nev] transpir$ :at really did happ52 no?+ leak$ out or got to ! light4 ,spiro means 8to brea!40 ,trans 7across7 :5 9 composition means ?r\gh1 out4 ,is x n cle> h[ ! pres5t use ( ! ^w comes ab\t8 ,expla94 ,comp>e ! words expire1 conspire1 inspire4 ,h[ does ea* get its pres5t mean+8 ,wi%1 want1 desire4 #a4 ,x is sometimes correct en\gh to say want 9 ! place ( wi%4 #b4 ,y %all want no?+2 all %all be suppli$4 #c4 ,y %all n want any?+ y may desire4 ,:i* idea spr+s out ( ! o!r--want f wi%1 or wi% f want8 ,,adjectives ,,& ,,adv]bs ,apt1 likely1 liable4 #a4 ,he is apt at languages4 #b4 ,he is likely to fail if he does n prop]ly prep>e himself4 ,"h apt 0 possible1 b n s good z likely4 ,apt means 8fitt$10 8fit40 ,h[ c\ld su* an idea z 8,x is apt to ra9 ?is mon?0 spr+ f ! idea ( fit8 #c4 ,he is likely to succe$ if only he tries4 #d4 ,he is liable to arre/ & qu>ant9e1--?\gh n likely to be arre/$1--m]ely because he is liable to come d[n ) a contagi\s disease4 ,) :at k9d ( feel+ does a p]son look =w>d to a ?+ to :i* he is liable8 ,cont9ual1 cont9u\s4 #a4 ,a cont9ual dropp+ is a ,biblical phrase4 #b4 ,a cont9u\s dropp+ w\ld n be a dropp+ at all4 ,x w\ld be a /ream4 ,:at idea h ^! words 9 common8 ,funny1 odd4 #a4 ,x is odd t ,i hav5't he>d ( ?is be=e4 #b4 ,x is a funny sight to see ,fido try+ desp]ately to cat* 8 own tail4 ,c y expla9 some?+ ( ! m5tal process by :i* a *ild comes to say funny s frequ5tly1 & /range s r>ely8 ,is x all a matt] ( imitation1 or is !re "s o!r reason8 ,are !re n m ( /range ?+s 9 a *ild's exp]i5ce ?an ( funny ?+s8 ,heal?y1 heal?ful4 ,heal?ful food makes a heal?y man4 ,give a synonym = heal?ful z appli$ to food4 ,imm95t1 em95t1 imman5t4 #a4 ,! em95t ,lat9 writ]1 ,livy1 speaks ( ,hannibal's elephants z loom+ up--em95tes--?r\gh ! mi/4 #b4 ,t ,god is imman5t 9 all ! _w 0 a doctr9e ( ! ,greek fa!rs2 !y meant t he p]vades & is diffus$ ?r\gh\t x4 #c4 ,! sword ( ,damocles hung imm95t1 susp5d$ by a hair4 #d4 ,he is 9 imm95t dang] ( disgrace4 ,) :i* two ( ^! words is ! idea ( ?reat5 connect$8 ,:i* has ! idea ( rema91 or /ay1 9 x8 ,91 into4 #a4 ,bruno look$ up into 8 ma/]'s face4 #b4 ,he got into ! *>iot4 #c4 ,he sprang into ! lake1 :ile ,i /ay$ 9 ! boat4 #d4 ,once 9 ! lake1 he swam r\nd4 ,:at diff]5ce 9 ! use ( ^! words8 ,la/1 late/4 #a4 ,! la/ page ( ! book is done4 #b4 ,! late/ news f ! pati5t is bad4 ,does late/ imply any?+ z to ! future8 ,la/1 prec$+4 #a4 ,let ea* p>agraph be jo9$ smoo?ly ) ! prec$+4 #b4 ,! la/ p>agraph ends ! !me4 ,mad1 angry4 #a4 ,!re is no reason = be+ angry4 #b4 ,mu* le>n+ ha? made !e mad4 #c4 ,he 0 mad ) rage--fairly insane4 ,mo/1 almo/4 #a4 ,mo/ m5 are optimi/s4 #b4 ,almo/ e man loves praise4 ,p>se ! words italiciz$ above4 ,mutual1 common4 #a4 ,our common fri5d is ! bett] expression1 ?\gh ,dick5s has made fam\s ! correspond+ worse usage4 #b4 ,fri5d%ip may be mutual2 a fri5d _c4 #c4 ,sep>at$ by m\nta9s & by mutual fe>4 ,:at is meant by reciprocal8 ,:i* ^w is a synonym ( reciprocal8 ,oral1 v]bal4 #a4 ,miles ,/&i%'s act ( s5d+ ! ,indians a snake-sk9 fill$ ) p[d] & ball1 0 a message1 b n a v]bal message4 #b4 ,if y are to see ,john1 let me s5d him ?is oral message3 ,nev] say die4 #c4 ,! corrections did n affect ! tru? ( ! /atem5ts1 b only ! mann]3 !y 7 v]bal corrections4 #d4 ,! telegraph op]ator translates into v]bal =m ! message t he he>s 9 ! tick+ ( 8 receiv]4 ,! ,lat9 ^w os means m\?2 ! ,lat9 ^w v]bum means a ^w4 ,d oral & v]bal keep ! s5se ( ! ,lat9 words8 ,c a v]bal message be oral8 ,c an oral message be v]bal8 ,is an oral message ord9>ily v]bal8 ,c y imag9e an oral message t is n v]bal8 ,po/$1 in=m$4 #a4 ,! l$g] is well po/$4 #b4 ,! editor is well in=m$4 ,c y see ! slighte/ reasonable advantage 9 speak+ ( a p]son z well po/$8 ,9 o!r words1 does ?is comm]cial slang l5d any real =ce8 ,practicable1 practical4 ,8 s*eme won't "w2 x isn't practicable4 ,i'm afraid he isn't s practical a s*em] z we ?\ght4 ,q1 some:at1 v1 r1 entirely1 :olly4 #a4 ,q nev] means 8v10 8r10 or 8some:at40 ,x means 8:olly40 #b4 ,h>ry is q well2 he is nev] sick4 #c4 ,yes1 ,i l him r well4 #d4 ,?ank y2 ,i'm q myself aga94 ,curtail q1 & y get ano!r good ,engli% adjective f ! same root4 ,h[ is ?is %ort] ^w relat$ 9 s5se to ! long]8 ,) :i* ( ! foll[+ expressions c q be us$8 ,well 7adj471 sick1 recov]$1 pretty1 f9i%$1 settl$1 nice1 good1 assur$1 pati5t1 us$ up1 satisfi$1 a good deal1 f9e1 a h]o1 a way1 a mile1 a noise1 a failure1 a lot1 a hundr$1 a few1 a good _m1 a million1 a doz51 "s1 well 7adv471 a :ile1 an h\r1 y\r debtor1 e "o1 all1 ar\nd1 ?r\gh1 "u1 o'er?r[n1 d[n1 elat$1 9 a rage1 und]e/imate1 vanqui%$1 qu>relsome1 lovely1 ev]y:]e1 cre/fall54 ,real1 really1 extremely4 #a4 ,i ?9k he's a real ,c\nt4 #b4 ,i ?9k he's extremely mean4 #c4 ,he's really a v f9e fell[4 ,p>se ! words italiciz$ above4 ,"s1 some:at4 #a4 ,! sick man is some:at bett] ?is morn+4 #b4 ,"s m5 h greatness ?ru/ ^u !m4 ,p>se ! words italiciz$ above4 ,)\t1 unless4 #a4 ,i c't g unless !re is a holiday4 #b4 ,i c't g )\t gett+ p]mission4 ,p>se ! words italiciz$ above4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,! foll[+ s5t5ces are f ,john ,rusk94 ,no improprieties occur 9 ! orig9als4 ,)9 ea* pair ( brackets a ^w is giv51 sometimes ! "r ^w1 sometimes ! wrong ^w4 ,/udy ! mean+ ( ea* s5t5ce1 & satisfy y\rself z to :at is ! be/ expression = ea* place 9 "q4 #a4 ,! ennobl+ diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r--betwe5 "o animal & ano!r--is precisely 9 ?is1 t "o feels m ?an ano!r4 ,if we 7 sponges1 p]haps s5sation might n be easily gott5 = u2 if we 7 e>?-worms1 apt at e in/ant to be cut 9 two by ! spade1 p]haps too mu* s5sation might n be good = u4 #b4 ,b *iefly ( all1 %e is taught to ext5d ! limitations ( h] sympa?y4 #c4 ,v ready we are to say ( a book1 8,h[ good ?is is--t's exactly :at ,i ?9k60 ,b ! "r feel+ is1 8,h[ odd t is6 ,i nev] ?\ght ( t be=e1 & yet ,i see x is true2 or if ,i d n n[1 ,i hope ,i %all "s day40 #d4 ,i believe1 !n1 ) ?is exception1 t a girl's education %\ld be ne>ly1 9 its c\rse & mat]ial ( /udy1 ! same z a boy's2 b entirely diff]5tly direct$4 ,a woman 9 any rank ( life ought to "k :atev] h] husb& is liable to "k1 b to "k x 9 a diff]5t way4 #e4 ,i d n blame !m = ?is1 b only = _! n>r[ motive 9 ?is4 ,i w\ld h !m want & ass]t ! title ( 8lady0 provid$ !y allege n m]ely ! title1 b ! (fice & duty signifi$ by x4 #f4 ,& n less wrong--p]haps ev5 m fooli%ly wrong 7= ,i w expect ?us f> :at ,i hope to prove7--is ! idea t woman is only ! %ad[ & att5dant image ( h] "l4 #g4 ,b n[1 hav+ no true avocation1 we p\r our :ole mascul9e en]gy into ! false bus9ess ( money-mak+4 #h4 ,hav+ !n fai?fully li/5$ to ! great tea*]s1 t y may ent] into _! ?\ghts1 y h yet ?is high] advancem5t to make1--y h to ent] into _! he>ts4 #i4 ,&1 la/ly1 a great nation does n mock ,heav5 & its ,p[]s by pret5d+ belief 9 a revelation :i* ass]ts ! love ( money to be ! root ( all evil1 & claim+1 at ! same "t t x is actuat$1 & proposes to be actuat$1 9 all *ief national de$s & measures1 by no o!r love4 #aj4 ,b an education 8:i* %all keep a good coat on my son's back2 :i* %all capacitate him to r+ ) confid5ce ! visitors' bell at d\ble-bell$ doors2 :i* %all result ultimately 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a d\ble-bell$ door to 8 own resid5ce--9 a ^w1 :i* %all lead to advance 9 life--?is we pray = on b5t knees2 & ?is is all we pray =40 ,x nev] seems to occur to ! p>5ts t !re may be an education :i* 9 itself is advance 9 ,life2 t any o!r ?an t may p]haps be advancem5t 9 ,dea?2 & t ?is ess5tial education might be m easily gott5 or giv51 ?an !y guess1 if !y set ab\t x 9 ! "r way1 :ile x is = no price & by no favor to be got1 if !y set ab\t x 9 ! wrong4 #aa4 ,! *ance & scatt]$ evil t may "h & !re haunt1 or hide itself 91 a p[]ful book1 nev] does any h>m to a noble girl2 b ! empt9ess ( an au?or oppresses h]1 & 8 amiable folly degrades h]4 ,& if %e c h access to a good libr>y ( old & classical books1 !re ne$ be no *oos+ at all4 ,keep ! mod]n magaz9e & novel out ( y\r girl's way2 turn h] loose into ! old libr>y e day1 & let h] alone4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! italiciz$ words 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 tak5 f a newspap]4 ,accord+ to a good diction>y1 :i* are b>b>isms8 ,:at ones are "h incorrectly us$8 ,:i* ones are colloquial--p]mitt$ 9 talk+ famili>ly1 b n 9 writ+8 ,sugge/ bett] expressions4 #a4 ,h] prospects = a long c>e] on ?is e>? are q favorable4 #b4 ,! galvanic batt]y 0 appli$ e h\r )\t produc+ any m satisfactory results1 b hope did n ab&on ! resurrectioni/s4 #c4 ,:5 ! police arriv$ !y discov]$ t ,burdick 0 we>+ a bogus police /> & he 0 arre/$4 #d4 8,if y'll ?r[ t gun away & put up y\r dukes l a g5tleman1 ,i'll come d[n !re & sew a button onto y60 #e4 ,mr4 ,hanna 0 decid$ly late 9 %[+ up at headqu>t]s4 #f4 ,x buttons d[n ! front ) ! f9e/ :ite pe>l buttons ( q l>ge size4 #g4 ,mak]s ( sport+ goods say !re are a lot ( bicycli/s :o are ready & wait+ to take up e new ?+4 #h4 ,i spott$ two ( my c\ntrywom5 at once4 #i4 ,x has be5 ?us f> an exceptionably busy campaign4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,! foll[+ s5t5ces are f ,/ev5son's volume1 ,virg9ibus ,pu]isque4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise1 decide on ! be/ ^w = ea* place 9 "q4 #a4 ,?9k ( ! h]oism ( ,johnson1 ?9k ( t sup]b indiff]5ce to mortal limit t set him ^u 8 diction>y1 & c>ri$ him ?r\gh triumphantly to ! end6 #b4 ,mo/ ev]ybody 9 our l& 444 c und]/& & sympa?ize ) an admiral or a prize-fight]4 #c4 ,:5 he comes to ride ) ! k+'s p>don1 he mu/ be/ride a *air1 :i* he w s hurry & belabor & on :i* he w s furi\sly demean himself1 t ! mess5g] w arrive1 if n bloody ) spurr+1 at lea/ fi]y r$ ) ha/e4 ,if 8 romance involves an accid5t ^u a cliff1 he mu/ clamb] 9 p]son ab\t ! *e/ ( draw]s & fall bodily onto ! c>pet1 be=e 8 imag9ation is satisfi$4 #d4 ,surely all ^! are practicable que/ions to a neophyte ent]+ ^u life ) a view to play4 #e4 ,a s$5t>y population 444 c n[ays1 9 no wise expla9 to itself ! gaiety ( ^! pass]s-by4 #f4 ,to borr[ & demean an image1 all ! ev5+ /reet-lamps bur/ into song4 #g4 ,b ! cons]vative1 :ile laud+ progress1 is ev] timid ( innovation2 8 is ! h& upheld to c\ncil pause2 8 is ! signal advis+ sl[ advance4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,! foll[+ s5t5ces are f ,mrs4 ,gaskell's ,cran=d4 ,z be=e1 decide on ! be/ ^w = ea* place 9 "q4 #a4 ,!re 7 rules & regulations = visit+ & calls2 & !y 7 ann\nc$ to any "y p1 :o might be /opp+ 9 ! t[n4 #b4 ,he mu/ h be5 upw>ds ( sixty at ! "t ( ! fir/ visit ,i paid to ,cran=d aft] ,i _h left x z a resid5ce4 #c4 ,%e 0 evid5tly n]v\s f hav+ expect$ my call4 #d4 ,my reque/ evid5tly pleas$ ! old g5tleman1 :o took me all r\nd1 ar\nd#cb ! place1 & %[$ me 8 six & tw5ty c[s1 nam$ aft] ! diff]5t lett]s ( ! alphabet4 #e4 ,i c't :olly rememb] ! date1 b ,i ?9k x 0 9 #ahje t ,miss ,j5kyns wrote ! longe/ s]ies1 succession ( lett]s4 #f4 ,%e nev] laugh$ at 8 jokes 4442 & t aggravat$ him4 #g4 ,he 0 v1 v mad inde$1 & be=e all ! p he lift$ up 8 cane & flogg$ ,pet]6 #h4 8,%ell-fi% are sometimes ?\ght n v heal?y40 #i4 ,! writ] ( ! lett] 444 0 dead long ago2 & ,i1 a /rang]1 n born at ! "t :5 ?is occurr5ce took place1 0 ! "o to op5 x4 #aj4 ,i seiz$ ! opportunity1 & wrote & despat*$ an acceptation 9 h] "n4 #aa4 ,he ?\ght ea* %awl m beautiful ?an ! la/4 #ab4 ,i c\ld n see t ! little ev5t 9 ! %op bel[ _h 9 ! lea/ damp$ ,miss ,matty's curiosity z to ! make ( sleeves or ! set1 sit ( skirts4 ,if nei!r sit nor set is "r "h1 h[ reca/ ! s5t5ce8 #ac4 ,miss ,matty anticipat$ ! sight ( ! glossy folds4 #ad4 ,! ,gordons 444 7 n[ expect$ to return v soon2 & ,miss ,matty1 9 h] si/]ly pride1 expect$ great delight 9 ! joy ( %[+ !m ,mr4 ,pet]4 #ae4 ,h[ev]1 we all sat eyes "r1 squ>e front1 gaz+ at ! tantaliz+ curta94 #af4 ,we 7at lea/ ,i7 _h d\bts z to :e!r %e really w\ld enjoy ! little adv5ture ( hav+ h] h\se burgl>iz$1 z %e prote/$ %e w\ld4 #ag4 ,miss ,j5kyns 444 nev] got ov] :at %e call$ ,capta9 ,br[n's disp>ag+ obs]vations ^u ,dr4 ,johnson z a writ] ( light & agreeable fiction4 #ah4 ,x 7,dea?7 0 a ^w n to be allud$ to to e>s polite4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,! foll[+ s5t5ces are f ,"l ,*e/]field's lett]s to 8 son4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise1 *oose ! be/ ^w = ea* place 9 "q4 #a4 ,y\r own rem>ks ^u mank9d1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? :i* y w f9d 9 books1 w help y fix ! true po9t4 #b4 ,!re is no?+ :i* ,i m wi% t y %\ld "k1 & :i* less p d "k1 ?an ! true use & value ( "t4 #c4 ,y\r neglect ( dress1 :ile y 7 a s*oolboy1 0 p>donable1 b w\ld n be s n[4 #d4 ,! reputations ( k+s & great m5 are only to be le>n$ 9 conv]sation2 = !y are nev] fairly writt5 dur+ _! lives4 #e4 ,:at does ,*e/]field mean by 89 a good s5se10 9 ! foll[+8 8,ano!r1 speak+ 9 def5ce ( a g5tleman ^u :om a c5sure 0 mov$1 happily said t he ?\ght ! g5tleman 0 m liable to be ?ank$ & rew>d$1 ?an c5sur$4 ,y "k1 ,i presume1 t liable c nev] be us$ 9 a good s5se40 ,review ,ex]cise4--,let ea* ^w ( ! foll[+ li/ be tak5 up by itself4 ,ea* memb] ( ! class %\ld give a s5t5ce ( 8 own1 us+ ! giv5 ^w correctly4 ,access1 acceptance1 alt]native1 avocation1 obs]vation1 ability1 capacity1 "*1 discov]y1 limitation1 p>ty1 portion1 pr$om9ance1 resid5ce1 except 7v]b71 affect1 effect1 allude1 claim1 purpose1 transpire1 liable1 apt1 some:at1 q1 mad1 practicable4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,vocabul>y ,! ,engli% ,vocabul>y4--,! enorm\s treasure ( ,engli% spee* conta9s some?+ l #bjj1jjj words4#cc ,mo/ ( ^! 7 once =eign]s to ! language4 ,to tell h[ ea* came to be ,engli% w\ld be l tell+ ! p]sonal romances ( all ! =eign-born citiz5s ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,engl& 0 once inhabit$ by ,celts1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,scot*1 ,wel%1 & ,iri%4 ,! ,romans "u ,cs> possess$ ! isl&1 & = five hundr$ ye>s held ! c\ntry1 b !y left u1 f ?is p]iod ( _! occupation1 only half a doz5 words3 ! names ( ! camp 7ca/ra71 ! pav$ road 7/rata71 ! settlem5t 7colonia71 ! tr5* 7fossa71 ! h>bor 7portus71 ! ramp>t 7vallum74 ,^! words rema9 *iefly 9 ! names ( places4 ,a %>p eye sees !m 9 ,lanca/]1 ,leice/]1 ,man*e/]1 etc42 ,/rat=d1 /reet1 etc42 ,l9coln1 etc42 ,fossway1 etc42 ,portsm\?1 etc42 wall1 bailey1 bailiff 7^! ?ree words be+ d]iv$ f vallum74 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ,teutonic tribes began to cross ! sea & invade ! l&4 ,! ,celts 7 driv5 nor? & we/ into ! m\nta9s1 & ! newcom]s /ay$ p]man5tly4 ,al?\gh ^! ,teutons--! ,anglo-,saxons--call$ ! ,celts ,wel%1 t is1 /rang]s1 !y took up a good _m ( ! /rang]s' words4 ,!y call$ _m a riv] ( ! l& ,avon1 wat]1 z ! ,celts _h done1--!re are f\rte5 ,avons to-day1--& !y kept _m su* words z in*1 an isl& 79 ,in*cape71 & kill1 a *ur* 79 ,kild>e74 ,inde$1 = c5turies ! ,celts kept on l5d+ words to ! ,engli%3 b>ga91 bodk91 brogue1 clan1 crag1 dagg]1 gl51 g[n1 mitt51 rogue1 :iskey1 are famili> examples ( ^! p]man5t loans4 ,! ,old ,engli% language itself 0 a ,g]manic dialect4 ,l ,lat9 & ,g]man1 x 0 inflect$1--a fact t we see to-day 9 ! pres5ce ( su* =ms z him1 ! old dative case = he4 ,! inflectional end+s ne>ly all disappe>$ be=e ,%akespe>e's "t4 ,! vocabul>y ( ?is ,old ,engli% has giv5 u mo/ ( ! words t we use z *ildr54 ,= example1 h\sehold names--home1 fri5ds1 fa!r1 "m1 etc42 names ( _m emotions--gladness1 sorr[1 love1 hate1 fe>1 etc42 names ( mo/ objects 9 ! l&scape--tree1 bu%1 /one1 hill1 woods1 /ream1 sun1 moon1 etc42 common names ( animals--horse1 c[1 dog1 cat1 etc42 p>ts ( ! body--head1 eye1 etc4 ,our h\sehold prov]bs are 9 ^! ,anglo-,saxon words4 8,fa/ b9d1 fa/ f9d10 is an example ( a ?\s& simil> saws t embody ! practical common s5se ( ! p4 ,! loves & hates1 ! hopes & fe>s1 ! wit & rude wisdom ( our =efa!rs1 h gone into ,saxon words4 ,^! are n m]ely ! words ( *ildhood2 9 h\rs ( deep feel+1 9 mom5ts :5 ! natural disposition dem&s expression1 ! gr[n man speaks 9 ,saxon4 ,^! /rong1 =cible old words are to be priz$ & *]i%$ z c>efully z are ^? ( less emotional sugge/ion1--! exact1 discrim9ative ,lat9 words4 ,9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies ! ,norse vik+s1 :o sail$ ev]y:]e1 sail$ also to ,engl&1 & = a "t got ! upp] h& ( ! ,saxons4 ,f #ajac to #ajdb !re 7 ,sc&9avian k+s on ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,b ^! ,norse 7 n able to impose mu* ( _! own language ^u ! c\ntry4 ,_! settlem5ts 7 nam$ 9 ,norse1 & ! ^w by1 a t[n1 rema9s 9 hundr$s ( su* places1 z ,:itby1 ! :ite t[n 7f ! :ite cliffs74 ,f ^! great seam5 our ,saxon ance/ors le>n$ "s new nautical dialect--words l b[1 b[l9e1 crew1 h>bor1 haws]1 lee1 /]n4 ,9 #ajff ! ,normans conqu]$ ! l&4 ,^! 7 ,fr5*m5 ^: fa!rs _h be5 ,norse4 ,!y br\ght ! ,fr5* language into _! ,engli% c\rt1 & = two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s !re 7 two languages 9 ,engl&1--,fr5* on ! lips ( ! nobles1 ,saxon on ! lips ( ! peasants4 ,b ! ,saxon race 0 too /rong to rema9 an und]l+4 ,gradually x m+l$ ) ! ,norman race1 pick+ up hundr$s1 ev5 ?\s&s ( ,fr5* words f ! latt]1 b keep+ its own ways ( putt+ words toge!r4 ,by #adjj1 :5 ,*auc] di$1 !re 0 a new ,engli% language1 almo/ z mu* ,fr5* z ,saxon 9 vocabul>y1 b f> less ,fr5* ?an ,saxon 9 gramm>4 ,s9ce ,fr5* is l>gely d]iv$ f ,lat91 x is cle> t ! total ,lat9 elem5t 9 ! vocabul>y 0 already v great4 ,aft] ,*auc] !re came a g5]al awak5+ ( int]e/ 9 anci5t civilization2 & 9 ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ a great _m words 7 adopt$ directly f ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury foll[$ ! ,r5aissance ( lit]ature1 art1 & ! sci5ces4 ,?is made its way to ,engl& f ,italy1 & naturally ,engli%m5 caught up _m new words f ,italians4 ,= example3 al]t1 bankrupt1 brigade1 bu/1 cameo1 c>icature1 cascade1 dom9o1 fresco1 granite1 influ5za1 mal>ia1 ni*e1 oratorio1 pian(orte1 ruffian1 /udio1 tirade1 umbrella1 vi/a4 ,! ,spani>ds1 too1 :om ,engli%m5 met 9 ^? days on ! sea & at c\rts1 h l5t our language su* words z b>ricade1 bravado1 cig>1 desp]ado1 flotilla1 gu]illa1 m]9o1 mosquito1 mulatto1 r5egade1 %]ry1 tornado1 vanilla4 ,! bold ,engli% seam5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury sail$ back ev5 f ,am]ica ) new ?+s & new names--l tobacco4 ,9 ! next c5tury ! comm]ce :i* foll[$ h>d ^u ! voyages ( discov]y 0 ! means ( br++ to ! ,briti% isl& _m new words4 ,"h x may be said t ! ,dut*1 :o h rivall$ ! ,engli% 9 comm]ce1 & :o h taught ! ,engli% "s tricks ( seaman%ip1--z did ! vik+s be=e !m1--are repres5t$ 9 ,engli% by words l balla/1 boom1 boor1 skipp]1 sloop1 smack1 trigg]1 ya*t4 ,engli% m]*antm5 ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies sail$ to ports ,ori5tal & ,occid5tal4 ,return+1 !y br\ght f ,africa can>ies & gorillas1 ) ! words can>y & gorilla1 & told ( oases2 f ,arabia !y fet*$ su* names z admiral1 alcohol1 alcove1 alkali1 ars5al1 azure1 *emi/ry1 c(fee1 cotton1 lute1 magaz9e1 nabob1 naph?a1 %]bet1 s(a1 syrup1 z5i?2 inde$1 "s ( ^! words _h got into ,engli% ?r\gh e>li] ,engli% travell]s--*iefly crusad]s4 ,engli% sailors & travell]s h br\ght f ,*9a silk1 tea1 etc42 f ,india1 banyan1 calico1 mullagatawny1 musk1 pun*1 sug>1 ?ug1 etc42 f ,malayan ports1 bantam1 cockatoo1 gong1 rattan1 sago1 etc42 f ,p]sia1 awn+1 c>avan1 *ess1 haz>d1 horde1 lemon1 orange1 p>adise1 sa%1 %awl1 etc4 ,few are ! languages f :i* a ,briti% e> has n caught & kept a new t]m4 ,9 ,am]ica we h _m ,indian names ( places & ?+s4 ,we h hom9y1 moose1 opossum1 raccoon1 toboggan1 & o!r words f ,nor? ,am]ican tribes4 ,mexico gave u *ocolate1 tomato1 etc42 ! ,we/ ,indies1 potato1 canoe1 hurricane2 ,s\? ,am]ica1 alpaca1 qu99e1 tapioca1 etc4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury1 sci5ce1 bo? practical & pure1 has discov]$ ?\s&s ( facts & inv5t$ ?\s&s ( contrivances4 ,consequ5tly ?\s&s ( words h be5 co9$1 mo/ly f ,greek1 to "n mod]n inv5tions & ! facts ( sci5ce4 ,a rec5t diction>y f\nd x necess>y to codify #djjj te*nical t]ms t _h sprung up )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,anglo-,saxon ,prefixes & ,suffixes4--,! foll[+ prefixes are ,anglo-,saxon4 ,?9k ( words made ) ea*4 #a4 ,a- 91 on4 #b4 ,be-4 ,:at grammatical effect has ?is prefix on moan1 daub1 fri5d8 #c4 ,=-4 ,:at effect has ?is on bid1 lorn8 ,comp>e ,lat9 p]1 9 p]fect4 #d4 ,=e-4 #e4 ,ga9- aga9/4 #f4 ,mis- 7,a4-,s4 mis wrong74 ,:at effect on de$1 lead8 ,a ,fr5* prefix f ,lat9 m9us occurs 9 mis*ief1 etc4 #g4 ,?-4 #h4 ,un-4 #i4 ,)- 7,a4-,s4 )] back74 ,simil>ly ?9k ( words made ) ea* ( ! foll[+ n\n suffixes & expla9 ! =ce ( ea* suffix4 #a4 -ard habitual4 #b4 -craft4 #c4 -dom4 #d4 -en4 #e4 -er4 #f4 -hood4 #g4 -+ son (1 "p4 ,mean+ ( ,br[n+8 lord+8 ti?+8 ,!re is an old] suffix :i* appe>s 9 ! g]und--tak+1 hunt+4 #h4 -k94 #i4 -l+4 #aj4 -ness4 #aa4 -ock4 #ab4 -ric p[]4 #ac4 -%ip4 #ad4 -/ead place4 #ae4 -/]4 #af4 -wright4 #ag4 -w>d4 ,?9k ( words made ) ! foll[+ adjective suffixes4 #a4 -ed4 #b4 -en4 #c4 -ern4 #d4 -fa/4 #e4 -fold4 #f4 -ful4 #g4 -i%4 #h4 -less4 #i4 -l 7lic body1 =m74 #aj4 -"r4 #aa4 -"s same4 #ab4 -y4 ,?9k ( words made ) ! foll[+ adv]b suffixes4 #a4 -es 7! old g5itive end+74 #b4 -ly 7lic body1 =m74 #c4 -l+1 -long4 #d4 -meal4 #e4 -om 7old dative plural74 #f4 -w>d4 #g4 -wise mann]4 ,! ,lat9 ,elem5t4--,! ,lat9 elem5t is num]ically ! l>g] "p ( ! language4 ,x is !re=e impossible to "k well ! ,engli% vocabul>y except by kn[+ a consid]able "p ( ! ,lat9 language4 ,:e!r our ,lat9 words come directly ?r\gh ! anci5t classics1 or ?r\gh ! ,romance tongues1 su* z ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,spani%1 to "k _! full =ce "o mu/ "k ! orig9al mean+ ( !m1 z us$ by ! anci5t race ( _w-conqu]ors4 ,e in/ructor 9 ,engli% wat*es ) ke5 int]e/ ! progress made by 8 /ud5ts 9 _! ,lat9 /udies4 ,( c\rse1 ! m]e k t a giv5 ^w is d]iv$ f a giv5 ,lat9 ^w does n necess>ily give ! /ud5t practical comm& ( x 9 8 writ+2 b usually su* k does help to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ! ^w has to-day1 & s t5ds bo? to fix x 9 memory & to insure exact use ( x4 ,lat9 ,words transf]r$ to ,engli%4--,"s ,lat9 words h be5 transf]r$ bodily into ,engli%4 ,discuss ) ! in/ructor ! d]ivation ( ! pres5t mean+s ( ! foll[+3-- ,alias o!rwise2 album :ite2 amanu5sis h&-writ]2 animus m9d2 ar5a s&2 boa great s]p5t2 cam]a *amb]2 cornucopia horn ( pl5ty2 extra beyond2 focus he>?2 gratis = no?+2 item also2 mem5to rememb] 7imp]ative72 no/rum our own2 omnibus = all2 posse to be able2 quorum ( :om2 rebus by ?+s2 ro/rum beak2 torp$o numbness2 vag>y to w&]2 videlicet x c be se52 virago a manni% woman4 ,lat9 ,prefixes & ,suffixes4--,recall ,engli% words hav+ ! foll[+ prefixes1 & expla9 ! effect ( ! prefix on ea*4 ,a-1 ab-1 abs- f2 ad- to2 amb- ab\t2 ante- be=e2 bis-1 bi- twice2 circum- ar\nd2 cum- 7f\nd 9 ,fr5* col-1 com-1 cor-1 c\n-7 )2 contra- aga9/2 de- d[n1 f2 dis- 7,fr4 des-1 de-7 asund]2 ex- 7,fr4 es-1 e-7 f2 extra- beyond2 9- 7,fr4 en-1 em-7 91 into2 9- 7il-1 im-1 ir-1 ig-7 n2 int]- betwe51 among2 non- n2 ob- aga9/2 p5e- almo/2 p]- ?r\gh2 po/- aft]2 pr-1 pre- be=e2 prt]- beyond2 pro- 7,fr4 p\r pol-1 por-1 pur-7 =2 re- back2 retro- backw>ds2 se- ap>t2 sub- 7suc-1 suf-1 sum-1 sup-1 sur-1 sus-7 "u2 sup]- above2 trans- across2 vice- 9 place (4 ,recall words hav+ ! foll[+ ,lat9 or ,lat9-,fr5* suffixes1 & expla9 ea* 9 t]ms ( ! mean+ ( ! suffix4 -,ace\s 7,lat4 -aceus7 made (2 -al 7,lat9 -alis7 p]ta9+ to2 -able 7-ible71 ,lat4 7h7abilis capable ( be+2 -ple1 -ble 7,lat9 -plex7 fold2 -plex fold2 -l5t 7,lat4 -l5tus7 full (2 -ose 7,lat4 -osus7 full (2 -und 7,lat4 -undus7 full (2 -ul\s 7,lat4 -ulus7 full (4 ,lat9 ,roots 9 ,engli%4--,bel[ are li/$ a few ( ! _m ,lat9 words t h giv5 u ,engli% words4 ,recall z _m z possible ( _! d]ivatives1 & def9e ea* 9 t]ms ( ! orig9al mean+4 ,?us ac]1 %>p1 gives u acrimony1 %>pness1 acrid1 s\r4 ,"s memb] ( ! class may "k t ?r\gh ! ,fr5* x gives u v9eg>1 %>p w9e4 ,make notes 9 y\r note-book ( any d]ivatives t are new to y4 des1 a build+2 quus1 equal2 ag]1 a field2 ag]e1 to d2 al]e1 to n\ri%--p]fect p>ticiple altus1 n\ri%$1 !re=e high2 am>e1 to love2 anima1 life2 animus1 m9d2 annus1 a ye>2 aqua1 wat]2 arcus1 a b[2 ard]e 7pf4 ptc4 arsus71 to burn2 audire1 to he>2 aug]e 7pf4 ptc4 auctus71 to increase2 brevis1 brief2 cad]e 7pf4 ptc4 casus71 to fall2 c&]e1 to %9e2 cap]e1 to take2 caput1 a head2 cavus1 holl[2 c]n]e 7pf4 ptc4 cretus71 to di/+ui%2 cl>us1 cle>2 cor1 he>t2 corona1 cr[n2 cr$]e1 to believe2 cresc]e 7pf4 ptc4 cretus71 to gr[2 crudus1 raw2 cura1 c>e2 deus1 god2 dic]e1 to say2 doc]e1 to tea*2 dom9us1 "l 7,fr4 damsel1 dame1 madame72 domus1 a h\se2 duc]e1 to lead2 err>e1 to w&]2 fac]e1 to make2 filum1 a ?read2 f9is1 ! end2 flos1 a fl[]2 frang]e 7/ems1 frag1 fract71 to break2 =tis1 /rong2 fund]e1 to p\r2 gradus1 a /ep2 gravis1 heavy2 homo1 a man2 imp]>e1 to comm&2 jus1 "r2 leg]e 7lect71 to read2 ligo1 to b9d2 lit]a1 a lett]2 loqui1 to speak2 lum51 light2 luna1 ! moon2 magnus1 great2 manus1 a h&2 maturus1 ripe2 mitt]e 7miss]e71 to s5d2 mors1 dea?2 novus1 new2 nox1 night2 omnis1 all2 ordo1 ord]2 pasc]e 7pf4 ptc4 pa/us71 to fe$2 pati 7pf4 ptc4 passus71 to suff]2 pet]e1 to seek2 port>e1 to c>ry2 radix1 a root2 reg]e 7pf4 ptc4 rectus71 to rule2 scire1 to "k2 sequi 7pf4 ptc4 secutus71 to foll[2 socius1 a companion2 spir>e1 to brea!2 tang]e1 to t\*2 tex]e1 to weave2 vanus1 empty2 vid]e1 to see2 v9c]e 7pf4 ptc4 victus71 to conqu]2 vulgus1 ! cr[d4 ,greek ,roots 9 ,engli%4--,recall ,engli% words made f ! foll[+ ,greek roots1 & expla9 ea*4 ,make notes 9 y\r note-book ( ^? d]ivatives t are new to y4 ,an?ropos1 a man2 a/]1 a/ron1 a />2 autos1 self2 biblos1 a book2 bios1 life2 deka1 t52 doke91 to ?9k2 dunamis1 p[]2 eu1 well2 ge1 ! e>?2 graphe91 to write2 hemi1 half2 hippos1 a horse2 homos1 ! same2 kuklos1 a circle2 monos1 alone2 or?os1 "r2 pan1 all2 petra1 a rock2 phile91 to love2 phone1 a s\nd2 poie91 to make2#cd skope91 to see2 sophia1 wisdom2 tele1 di/ant2 !os1 a god4 ,curi\s ,words4--,look up & copy into y\r note-book ! orig9 ( ! foll[+ words4 ,assass91 augu/1 dahlia1 dunce1 epicure1 galvanic1 guillot9e1 h]metically1 ,janu>y1 jovial1 ,july1 lyn*1 ,m>*1 m5tor1 panic1 phaeton1 quixotic1 /5torian1 tantalize1 tawdry4 ,bayonet1 b$lam1 copp]1 damask1 doll>1 gasconade1 gipsy1 laconic1 lumb]1 me&]1 mill9]1 palace1 utopian4 ,abom9ate1 adieu1 ame?y/1 apo!c>y1 beldam1 caprici\s1 cemet]y1 *eap1 *eckmate1 cobalt1 curmudgeon1 da9ty1 daisy1 dismal1 emolum5t1 sal>y1 fanatic1 g5tleman1 h]etic1 inculcate1 infant1 intoxicat$1 maid5hair 7f]n71 maxim1 nausea1 onyx1 p>lor1 ,porte 7! ,sublime ,porte71 pupil1 silly1 s9c]e1 t>iff1 trump 7c>d74 ,atonem5t1 belfry1 brim/one1 c>\se1 c\nt]pane1 c[>d1 crayfi%1 d&elion1 dirge1 draw+-room1 easel1 gospel-grove1 h>b+]1 ,j]usalem arti*oke1 l9e 7g>m5ts71 licorice1 no/ril1 porpoise1 qu9sy1 squirrel1 summ]set1 surgeon1 ?or\gh1 treacle1 trifle1 wassail1 :ole4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! foll[+ passages sep>ately4 ,classify all ! words 9 two columns1 "o giv+ ^? ( ,saxon d]ivation1 ! o!r ^? ( ,lat9 d]ivation4 ,consult ! diction>y 9 case ( d\bt4 ,!n comp>e ! ,engli% ( ,dr4 ,johnson ) t ( ,dr4 ,blackmore4 ,! =m] is writ+ 9 8 own p]son z an eighte5? c5tury s*ol>2 ! latt] 9 ! p]son ( ! /\t ,john ,ridd1 a sev5te5? c5tury y\?4 ,no degree ( k atta9able by man is able to set him above ! want ( h\rly assi/ance1 or to ext+ui% ! desire ( fond ende>m5ts1 & t5d] (fici\sness2 & !re=e1 no "o %\ld ?9k x unnecess>y to le>n ^? arts by :i* fri5d%ip may be ga9$4 ,k9dness is pres]v$ by a con/ant reciprocation ( b5efits or int]*ange ( pleasures2 b su* b5efits only c be be/[$1 z o!rs are capable to receive1 & su* pleasures only imp>t$1 z o!rs are qualifi$ to enjoy4--,,dr4 ,,johnson1 ,rambl] = ,july #i1 #agea4 ,:5 ,i _h travell$ two miles or s1 conqu]$ n[ & !n ) cold1 & com+ out to rub my legs into a lively friction1 & only fi%+ "h & !re because ( ! tumbl+ wat]1 sudd5ly1 9 an op5 space1 :]e mead[s spread ab\t x1 ,i f\nd a good /ream fl[+ s(tly into ! body ( our brook4 ,& x br\ght1 s f> z ,i c\ld guess by ! sweep ( x "u my knee-caps1 a l>g] p[] ( cle> wat] ?an ! ,lynn itself _h2 only x came m quietly d[n1 n be+ tr\bl$ ) /airs & /eps1 z ! =tune ( ! ,lynn is1 b glid+ smoo?ly & =cibly1 z if ^u "s set purpose4--,r4 ,d4 ,,blackmore1 ,lorna ,doone4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,ma/]y ,,( ,a ,,writ+ ,,vocabul>y ,ideas )\t ,words4--,x is possible to h ideas )\t hav+ words 9 :i* to express !m4 ,miss ,hel5 ,kell]#ce _h pl5ty ( ideas be=e any "o taught h] ! words = !m4 ,! pa9t] tra9s himself to express ideas 9 pa9t2 ! sculptor1 9 /one4 ,! inv5tor expresses ideas 9 ma*9]y4 ,because words h[ev] are ! commone/ means ( expression1 x is desirable t "o %\ld "k z _m z possible4 ,a p]son :o has ideas w inde$ be able to communicate !m 9 "s r\gh-&-ready =m ( spee*2 w use a poor ^w1 if he _c ?9k ( a good "o1 & by hook or crook w manage to be und]/ood4 ,b an unread1 untra9$ man try+ to communicate "s f9e %ade ( ?\ght is commonly a sorry sight1 no matt] h[ bright 8 m9d may be4 ,words )\t ,ideas4--,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible to "k words )\t kn[+ :at !y /& =4 ,"s p]sons ( quick v]bal memory pick up phrases readily1 & utt] !m glibly1 ) little s5se ( _! mean+4 ,gratiano1 ( ,%akespe>e's drama1 8spoke an inf9ite deal ( no?+1 m ?an any man 9 ,v5ice40 ,su* p]sons z he h giv5 gr\nd = ! s>ca/ic rem>k t language is ! art ( conceal+ ?\ght4 ,! use ( mean+less phrases1 & ! use ( words )\t a c>e to _! exact mean+1 is "o dang] t besets ! /ud5t ( composition4 ,! boy :o flu5tly rem>ks t he rec5tly lo/ 8 little saturn9e 7mean+ can9e1 i4e4 dog72 ! lady1 ,mrs4 ,malaprop1 :o walks ?r\gh ,%]idan's play1 say+1 8,y g fir/1 & we'll prec$e y02 ! man1 ,launcelot ,gobbo1 :o enliv5s ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice ) su* rem>ks z t 88 suit is imp]t95t to himself10--^! p ne$ a book ( synonyms4 ,unless a writ] is sure t he kn[s def9itely ! mean+ ( ! ^w t 8 p5 is ab\t to trace1 he w\ld mu* bett] /ay 8 h&4 ,ideas & ,words4--,?\gh "o m9d may h ideas b lack _! names1 & ?\gh ano!r may h ! names b lack ! notions = :i* !y /&1 yet bo? ideas & words are indisp5sable to ! writ]4 ,a g5]al recipe = gett+ ideas is h>dly easi] to give ?an a recipe = be+ great1 or = hav+ blue eyes1 or = be+ lik$ by e "o4 ,ideas are _h ?r\gh new exp]i5ces1 new acqua9tance%ips1 new sights2 ?r\gh h>d ?9k+1 ?r\gh h>d read+1--9 %ort1 ?r\gh liv+4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,james1 ! em95t noveli/1 gives a direction = be+ a good noveli/3 ,try to be "o ( ^? p on :om no?+ is lo/4 ,! /ud5t :o is eag] to "k z mu* z possible ( :at is wor? kn[+ 9 life1 & is dev\r$ ) curiosity to le>n ! "n ( ev]y?+1 is sure to acquire bo? new ideas & new words4#cf ,x is nev]!less n to be d5i$ t to "s ext5t ideas c be br$ by ! /udy ( ! m]e words4 ,h[ true ?is is appe>s :5 x is rememb]$ t words are ! embalm$ ideas ( m54 ,a /udy ( su* a li/ z ! ,curi\s ,words giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] _c b add to ! /ud5t's m5tal /ores4 ,?ack]ay1 x is said1 us$ to read ! diction>y be=e he compos$4 ,x may be presum$ t ! habit us$ n m]ely to acqua9t him ) new words1 b to ar\se 8 m9d & set x to fa%ion+ new ?\ghts4 ,! attempt to discrim9ate betwe5 words t mean ne>ly1 n q1 ! same ?+1 results 9 a di/9ct ga9 9 ?\ght1 & 9 p[] ( ?\ght4 ,x is probable t no two words h exactly ! same s5se2 to discov] ! diff]5ce enri*es ! discov]]'s /ore ( k1 & develops "o ( ! highe/ m5tal p[]s4 ,a comm& ( words n m]ely af=ds relief f ! pa9 ( dumbness1 n m]ely loos5s ! tongue2 x aids reason+4 ,?9k+ proce$s m securely ! mom5t a hazy notion is giv5 def9ite %ape 9 ! "r ^w4 ,inde$1 ! m]e se>* = ! "r ^w is always a means ( cle>+ up ! ?\ght4 ,to be tortur$ 9 m9d by inability to f9d ! unique phrase1 sometimes means a m]e fault 9 v]bal memory2 z (t51 or (t5]1 x is due to a vagu5ess ( ?9k+4 ,by way ( summ>y1 !n1 acquisition ( ideas fur!rs acquisition ( words1 & vice v]s4 ,to be poor 9 ideas1 or to be poor 9 language1--ei!r means failure = a writ]4 ,! ,two ,vocabul>ies4--,( all ! #bjj1jjj words 9 our language1 probably no "o man w\ld und]/& "o-half if he saw !m1 undef9$1 9 a diction>y4 ,j h[ l>ge a man's read+ vocabul>y c be is n kn[n4 ,pr(essor ,hold51 ! a/ronom]1 f\nd t 8 own 0 ab\t #cc1jjj words4 ,x is !re=e likely t #be1jjj is n an unusual numb] = an educat$ p]son to und]/&4 ,b ! read+ or passive vocabul>y is v diff]5t 9 size f ! writ+ or active vocabul>y4 ,to rememb] ! s5se ( a ^w :5 x is se5 is f> less difficult ?an to recall ! ^w :5ev] its mean+ rises dimly 9 ! m9d4 ,a little *ild has b "o set ( words--an active vocabul>y2 x makes oral use ( all ! expressions x kn[s4 ,b ! old] p]son reads s mu* t he comes to recognize myriads ( words t r>ely rise to 8 lips or f9d _! way to 8 p54 ,!re is inevitably !re=e a wid5+ gap betwe5 ! expressions he c recognize & ^? he c employ4 ,t ?is %\ld be s is 9 "p desirable4 ,a p]son ( f\rte5 or sixte5 or eighte5 mu/1 if he reads c>efully1 le>n to und]/& _m expressions t are too booki% = 8 own uses4 ,! ^w tem]>i\s1 = in/ance1 is ne$$ once :]e its unpret5ti\s c\s91 ra%1 is ne$$ a score ( times4 ,) "s words ! "y writ] ne$s only a speak+ acqua9tance2 o!rs are good fri5ds t1 9 ,hamlet's phrase1 he %\ld buckle to 8 s\l ) hoops ( /eel4 ,b x is safe to say t if a p]son c transf] "s "p ( 8 read+ vocabul>y into 8 writ+ vocabul>y1 he w be mu* b5efit$ by s do+4 ,!re is probably no reason :y a fre%man %\ld n ent] college ma/] ( a writ+ vocabul>y ( #ejjj words1 & a read+ vocabul>y ( #ae1jjj4 ,%akespe>e's works conta9 ab\t #ae1jjj diff]5t words1 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible few] ?an #fjjj4 ,aga91 ea* p]son uses ! same words ) _m diff]5t mean+s4 ,e great writ] employs ! same words 9 _m figurative s5ses2 ! fact is p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( 8 lit]>y p[]4 ,if ,%akespe>e's vocabul>y 7 reckon$ z includ+ ^! figurative mean+s1 x w\ld %oot up to a wond]ful figure4 8,x w\ld be absurd10 says ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,hill1 ) *>act]i/ic good s5se1 8= a boy to h ! desirabl5ess ( enl>g+ 8 vocabul>y con/antly on 8 m9d2 b if he avails himself ( 8 opportunities1 9 ! s*ool-room or out ( x1 he w be surpris$ to f9d h[ rapidly 8 vocabul>y gr[s40 ,d\btless h[ev] ! matt] mu/ receive "s def9ite att5tion1 if ! be/ results are to be secur$4 ,9 ! re/ ( ?is *apt] p>ticul> me?ods ( acquir+ new words & s5ses ( words w be consid]$4 ,a ,vocabul>y ,book4--,x w be f\nd helpful to buy a /rong blank-book ( conv5i5t size1 & to copy into ?is e new ^w t seems to ! /ud5t available = 8 writ+2 n e new ^w he meets1 = "s w impress him z too booki% or p$antic1 b ^? :i* appe> to express happily "s idea t has la9 unnam$ 9 8 m9d4 ,figurative ,uses ( ,common ,words4--,a writ] owes x to himself & to ! read] to get all ! s]vice he legitimately c out ( common words1 because 9 ! end s do+ sp>es bo? p]sons a va/ deal ( unnecess>y labor4 ,exam9e a h&ful ( ! well-worn c\nt]s ( spee*1--su* words z poor1 heavy1 ?91 be/1 full1 mann]1 s5se1 deep1 sweet4 ,!y are l dull pebbles br\ght home f ! bea*4 ,b dip !m back into ! br9e ( a good book1 & !y become gems4 ,! words specifi$ above appe> 9 a p>agraph ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ells3 8,i foll[$ ,irv+1 too1 9 my lat] read+1 b at haphaz>d1 & ) o!r au?ors at ! same "t4 ,i did my poor be/ to be amus$ by 8 ,knick]bock] ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 because my fa!r lik$ x s mu*1 b secretly ,i f\nd x heavy2 & a few ye>s ago :5 ,i w5t c>efully ?r\gh x aga91 ,i c\ld n laugh4 ,ev5 z a boy ,i f\nd "s o!r ?+s ( 8 up-hill "w4 ,!re 0 ! beautiful mann]1 b ! ?\ght seem$ ?92 & ,i d n rememb] hav+ be5 mu* amus$ by ,bracebridge ,hall1 ?\gh ,i read x dev\tly1 & ) a full s5se t x w\ld be v comme il faut to l x4 ,b ,i did l ! life ( ,goldsmi?2 ,i lik$ x a great deal bett] ?an ! m au?oritative life by ,=/]1 & ,i ?9k !re is a deep] & sweet] s5se ( ,goldsmi? 9 x40#cg ,obs]ve ! v>i\s duties t ! pla9e/ words 7 p]suad$ into do+ = ,%akespe>e4 ,) him ! ^w old applies to widely diff]5t ?+s3 ,old arms1 old be>d1 old limbs1 old eyes1 old bones1 old feet1 old he>t1 old wr9kles1 old wit1 old c>e1 old woe1 old hate1 old cu/om1 old days4 ,:at does ea* ( ^! phrases mean8 ,he is fond ( contra/+ simple words2 ?us1 8,he'll take 8 old c\rse 9 a c\ntry new40 ,note h[ _m ab/ract ideas 9 ,%akespe>e are cont5t$ ) ! ^w heavy1 :i* ord9>y p apply m]ely to coal1 lead1 & su* un9spir+ commodities4 ,heavy acc5t1 heavy news1 heavy s91 heavy act1 heavy task1 heavy day1 heavy h\r1 heavy gait1 heavy leave1 heavy message1 heavy summons4 ,expla9 :at ea* means4#ch ,simil>ly !re are light gifts1 light behavior1 light he>t1 light loss1 light ( foot1 light w+s1 light foam4 ,ano!r drudge ( a ^w1 ?ick1 le>ns new & pleasant] tasks ( ! great poet4 ,?ick sight1 ?ick p]ils1 ?ick 9 _! ?\ghts1 ?ick sighs1 ?ick slumb]4 ,expla9 ea* ( ^! phrases4 ,oppos$ to ?ick is ?93 ?9 air1 ?9 dr9k1 ?9 & sl5d] pittance4 ,^! are ! ?+s t ,%akespe>e calls high3 high de$s1 high desc5t1 high des]t1 high designs1 high disgrace1 high exploits1 high feats1 high good trim1 high heav51 high hope1 high p]fection1 high resolve1 high rew>d4 ,"o m ^w1 gold54 ,less] poets w\ld apply x to physical objects4 ,%akespe>e1 too1 speaks ( ! sun 8,kiss+ ) gold5 face ! mead[s gre510 & ( 8,?is maje/ical ro( frett$ ) gold5 fire40 ,b else:]e he manages to apply ! adjective to ?+s t _c s directly be call$ gold54 ,?us3 8,a gold5 m9d /oops n to %[s ( dross40 8444 we> a gold5 sorr[40 8,gold5 lads & girls all mu/1 ,z *imney sweep]s1 come to du/40 8,ne/or's gold5 words40 ,expla9 ea* ( ^! uses4 ,( c\rse _m ( ^! figurative expressions are too poetical by f> = ! prose ( high s*ool /ud5ts4 ,nev]!less1 _m o!rs w\ld be appropriate 9 ! manuscript ( any p]son1--= in/ance1 high designs1 high de$s1 high exploits1 high resolve4 ,su* uses z ^! c be cultivat$ to ! enri*m5t ( ! vocabul>y4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4#ci--;,ea* ( ! foll[+ adjectives applies prim>ily to physical objects1 t c be se51 or he>d1 or t\*$1 or ta/$4 ,b ea* is (t5 rais$ to a high] use1 be+ made to "n "s quality ( "*1 or "s o!r ab/ract idea4 ,take ! adjectives "o by "o1 & "u ea* write 9 class z _m ab/ract words z y ?9k c prop]ly be modifi$ by ! giv5 adjective4 ,?us ! adjective f9e1 :i* is us$ ( su* physical objects z s&1 clo?1 p>ticles1 may also apply to c\rage1 s5se ( honor1 pres5ce1 phrases1 words1 de$s4 #a4 ,sweet4 #b4 ,s\r4 #c4 ,bitt]4 #d4 ,s(t4 #e4 ,h>d4 #f4 ,smoo?4 #g4 ,r\gh4 #h4 ,delici\s4 #i4 ,insipid4 #aj4 ,cold4 #aa4 ,freez+4 #ab4 ,icy4 #ac4 ,burn+4 #ad4 ,*illy4 #ae4 ,blue4 #af4 ,:ite4 #ag4 ,black4 #ah4 ,gray4 #ai4 ,br[n4 #bj4 ,gre54 #ba4 ,d>k4 #bb4 ,%ad[y4 #bc4 ,mi/y4 #bd4 ,cl\dy4 #be4 ,w9dy4 #bf4 ,/ormy4 #bg4 ,transp>5t4 #bh4 ,blunt4 #bi4 ,%>p4 #cj4 ,ke54 #ca4 ,dull4 #cb4 ,fragrant4 #cc4 ,malodor\s4 #cd4 ,%9+4 #ce4 ,beam+4 #cf4 ,gl[+4 #cg4 ,glitt]+4 #ch4 ,blaz+4 #ci4 ,hazy4 #dj4 ,brilliant4 #da4 ,muddy4 #db4 ,rippl+4 ,! ,value ( ,c>eful ,read+4--,a writ] mu/ p]haps be z dep5d5t on books = 8 vocabul>y z on any o!r "o s\rce4 ,yet x is possible to read a great deal )\t absorb+ _m new expressions4 ,to ga9 new words & new ideas1 ! /ud5t mu/ compel himself to read sl[ly4 ,impati5t to hurry on & le>n h[ ! tale or poem ends1 _m a y\? is accu/om$ to read s rapidly z to miss ! be/ "p ( :at ! au?or is try+ to say4 ,?\ghts _c be read s rapidly z words4 ,to get at ! ?\ghts & really to reta9 ! valuable expressions1 ! /ud5t mu/ scrut9ize & pond] z he reads4 ,ea* ^w mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood2 its exact value 9 ! giv5 s5t5ce mu/ be grasp$4 ,x w n d to draft (f a long li/ ( new expressions into ! note-book1 & !n inve/igate ! mean+ ( ea* aft] ! connection 9 :i* ea* 0 us$ has be5 =gott54 ,usually ! be/ way is to look up ! mean+ :5 ! ^w is come ^u4 ,?is is always ! be/ way :5 a passage is be+ read ) a view to increas+ "o's vocabul>y4 ,:5 a tale or poem or essay is be+ read = its g5]al !me1 or = its lit]>y con/ruction1 x is (t5 desirable to und]l9e ea* new ^w1 leav+ ! mean+ to be inve/igat$ a little lat]4 ,9 f9d+ ! value ( ! ^w 9 its s5t5ce1 ! /ud5t is (t5 little aid$ by ! diction>y4 ,imag9ation & reason+ mu/ sometimes be call$ into play be=e ! def9ition c be made to apply4 ,! diction>y--p>ticul>ly ! abridg$ diction>y--is n a magic book1 ready to expla9 e delicate %ad+ t a great au?or gives a ^w 9 a p>ticul> connection4 ,9 read+ sil5tly x is due ! au?or to read ) z mu* expression z if "o 7 pron\nc+ ! words al\d4 ,"o %\ld m5tally give e ^w & phrase its prop] acc5t1 %\ld feel ! value ( e punctuation m>k4 ,! =ce ( su* a passage z ! foll[+1 f ,c>lyle1 w be lo/ unless ! read] puts ! emphasis 9 exactly ! "r places4 ,manhood beg9s :5 we h 9 any way made truce ) ,necessity2 beg9s1 at all ev5ts1 :5 we h surr5d]$ to ,necessity1 z ! mo/ "p only d2 b beg9s joyfully & hopefully only :5 we h reconcil$ ourselves to ,necessity2 & ?us1 9 reality1 triumph$ ov] x1 & felt t 9 ,necessity we are free4 ,lit]ature is full ( words descriptive ( ?+s t all h se5 or he>d4 ,we r5d] a s]vice to ! memory if 9 read+ we l+] long en\gh to call up ! colors1 %apes1 motions1 s\nds1 t are sugge/$ by ! text4 ,"s p]sons recall sights m easily ?an s\nds1 "s recall s\nds m easily ?an sights2 "s c rememb] motions m easily ?an ei!r colors1 %apes1 or s\nds4 ,x is !re=e good tra9+ = ! ^w-memory if we endeavor to recall all k9ds ( s5se impressions4 ,read ! foll[+ passage sl[ly1 imag9+ ! sights1 motions1 & s5sations ( t\*1 t are sugge/$4 ,a long way d[n t limpid wat]1 *ill & bright z an iceb]g1 w5t my little self t day on man's *oice err&--de/ruction4 ,all ! "y fi% seem$ to "k t ,i 0 "o :o _h tak5 out ,god's c]tificate1 & meant to h ! value ( x2 e "o ( !m 0 aw>e t we desolate m ?an repl5i% ! e>?4 ,= a c[ might come & look into ! wat]1 & put h] yell[ lips d[n2 a k+fi%]1 l a blue arr[1 might %oot ?r\gh ! d>k alleys ov] ! *annel1 or sit on a dipp+ )y-b\gh ) 8 beak sunk into 8 brea/-fea!rs2 ev5 an ott] might float d[n /ream1 lik5+ himself to a log ( wood1 ) 8 flat head flu% ) ! wat]-top1 & 8 oily eyes pe]+ quietly2 & yet no panic w\ld seize o!r life1 z x does :5 a sample ( man comes4--,r4 ,d4 ,,blackmore1 ,lorna ,doone4 ,imag9e z vividly z possible ea* s\nd & o!r physical s5sation sugge/$ by ! foll[+ selection1 f ! book j quot$3-- ,! volumes ( ! mi/ came roll+ at me 7l great logs ( wood1 pill[$ out ) sleep9ess71 & betwe5 !m !re 0 no?+ m ?an wait+ = ! next "o4 ,!n ev]y?+ w5t out ( sight1 & glad 0 ,i ( ! /one beh9d me1 & view ( m9e own %oes4 ,!n a di/ant noise w5t by me1 z ( _m horses gallop+1 & 9 my fright ,i set my gun & said1 8,god s5d some?+ to %oot at40 ,yet no?+ came1 & my gun fell back1 )\t my w to l[] x4 ,b pres5tly1 :ile ,i 0 ?9k+ 8,:at a fool ,i am60 arose z if f bel[ my feet1 s t ! great /one trembl$1 t long lam5t+1 lonesome s\nd1 z ( an evil _s n kn[+ :at to d ) x4 ,= ! mom5t ,i /ood l a root1 )\t ei!r h& or foot to help me1 & ! hair ( my head began to crawl1 lift+ my hat1 z a snail lifts 8 h\se1 & my he>t l a %uttle w5t to & fro4 ,b f9d+ no h>m to come ( x1 nei!r visible =m approa*+1 ,i wip$ my =ehead & hop$ = ! be/1 & resolv$ to run e /ep ( ! way till ,i drew our own lat* beh9d me4 ,yet "h aga9 ,i 0 disappo9t$1 = no soon] 0 ,i come to ! cross-ways by ! black pool 9 ! hole1 b ,i he>d ?r\gh ! patt] ( my own feet a r\gh l[ s\nd v close 9 ! fog1 z ( a hobbl$ %eep a-c\gh+4 ,i li/5$1 & fe>$1 & yet li/5$ aga91 ?\gh ,i want$ n to he> x4 ,= be+ 9 ha/e ( ! homew>d road1 & all my he>t hav+ heels to x1 loa? ,i 0 to /op 9 ! dusk = ! sake ( an ag$ we!r4 ,yet p>tly my love ( all animals1 & p>tly my fe> ( ! f>m]'s disgrace1 compell$ me to g to ! succor1 & ! noise 0 com+ ne>]4 ,a dry1 %ort1 :eez+ s\nd x 01 b>r$ ) c\ghs & want ( brea?2 b ?us ,i made ! mean+ ( x3-- ,:at d y see m5tally1 :5 y read ! foll[+8 ,sweet are ! uses ( adv]sity1 ,:i*1 l ! toad1 ugly & v5om\s1 ,we>s yet a preci\s jewel 9 its head4 ,! value ( m9ute & ?\ghtful read+ has be5 set =? by ,john ,rusk91 9 8 ,sesame & ,lilies1 a book well wor? read+1 if "o is will+ to take 9 good "p ! e>ne/1 some:at dogmatic tone :i* ,rusk9 s (t5 uses4 ,! (t-quot$ passage 9 :i* he illu/rates 8 idea ( h[ a poem %\ld be read1 is giv5 bel[4 ,! /ud5t :o e day reads a few pages z consci5ti\sly z ,rusk9 w\ld h him1 w f9d 8 comm& ( words rapidly increas+1 & 8 p[] ( ?\ght increas+ likewise4 ,& n[1 m]ely = example's sake1 ,i w1 ) y\r p]mission1 read a few l9es ( a true book ) y c>efully1 & see :at w come out ( !m4 ,i w take a book p]fectly kn[n to y all4 ,no ,engli% words are m famili> to u1 yet few p]haps h be5 read ) less s9c]ity4 ,i w take ^! few foll[+ l9es ( ,lycidas3-- 8,la/ came1 & la/ did g1 ,! pilot ( ! ,galilean lake4 ,two massy keys he bore ( metals twa9 7,! gold5 opes1 ! iron %uts ama973 ,he %ook 8 mitr$ locks1 & /]n bespake3 #8,h[ well c\ld ,i h sp>$ = !e1 "y swa91 ,en[ ( su* z = _! bellies' sake ,creep & intrude & climb into ! fold6 ,( o!r c>e !y little reckon+ make ,?an h[ to scramble at ! %e>]s' fea/1 ,& %ove away ! wor?y bidd5 gue/2 ,bl9d m\?s6 t sc>ce !mselves "k h[ to hold ,a %eep-hook1 or h le>n$ aught else1 ! lea/ ,t to ! fai?ful h]dsman's art belongs6 ,:at recks x !m8 ,:at ne$ !y8 ,!y are sp$2 ,& :5 !y li/1 _! lean & fla%y songs ,grate on _! scrannel pipes ( wret*$ /raw4 ,! hungry %eep look up1 & are n f$1 ,b swoln ) w9d1 & ! rank mi/ !y draw1 ,rot inw>dly1 & f\l contagion spread1 ,besides :at ! grim wolf ) privy paw ,daily dev\rs apace1 & no?+ said4'0 ,let u ?9k ov] ?is passage1 & exam9e its words4 ,fir/1 is x n s+ul> to f9d ,milton assign+ to ,/4 ,pet]1 n only 8 full episcopal function1 b ! v types ( x :i* ,prote/ants usually refuse mo/ passionately8 ,8 8mitr$0 locks6 ,milton 0 no ,bi%op-lov]2 h[ comes ,/4 ,pet] to be 8mitr$08 8,two massy keys he bore40 ,is ?is1 !n1 ! p[] ( ! keys claim$ by ! bi%ops ( ,rome1 & is x ackn[l$g$ "h by ,milton only 9 a poetical lic5se1 = ! sake ( its picturesqu5ess1 t he may get ! gleam ( ! gold5 keys to help 8 effect8 ,d n ?9k x4 ,great m5 d n play /age tricks ) doctr9es ( life & dea?3 only little m5 d t4 ,milton means :at he says2 & means x ) 8 might too--is go+ to put ! :ole /r5g? ( 8 _s pres5tly into ! say+ ( x4 ,= ?\gh n a lov] ( false bi%ops1 he 0 a lov] ( true ones2 & ! ,lake-pilot is "h1 9 8 ?\ghts1 ! type & head ( true episcopal p[]4 ,= ,milton reads t text1 8,i w give unto !e ! keys ( ! k+dom ( ,heav50 q hone/ly4 ,puritan ?\gh he be1 he w\ld n blot x out ( ! book because !re h be5 bad bi%ops2 nay1 9 ord] to und]/& him1 we mu/ und]/& t v]se fir/2 x w n d to eye x askance1 or :isp] x "u our brea?1 z if x 7 a weapon ( an adv]se sect4 ,x is a solemn1 univ]sal ass]tion1 deeply to be kept 9 m9d by all sects4 ,b p]haps we %all be bett] able to reason on x if we g on a little f>!r1 & come back to x4 ,= cle>ly1 ?is m>k$ insi/5ce on ! p[] ( ! true episcopate is to make u feel m weightily :at is to be *>g$ aga9/ ! false claimants ( episcopate2 or g5]ally1 aga9/ false claimants ( p[] & rank 9 ! body ( ! cl]gy2 !y :o1 8= _! bellies' sake1 creep1 & intrude1 & climb into ! fold40 ,d n ?9k ,milton uses ^? ?ree words to fill up 8 v]se1 z a loose writ] w\ld4 ,he ne$s all ! ?ree2 specially ^? ?ree1 & no m ?an ^?--8creep10 & 8intrude10 & 8climb02 no o!r words w\ld or c\ld s]ve ! turn1 & no m c\ld be add$4 ,= !y exhau/ively compreh5d ! ?ree classes1 correspond5t to ! ?ree *>act]s1 ( m5 :o di%one/ly seek ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,fir/1 ^? :o 8creep0 into ! fold1 :o d n c>e = (fice1 nor "n1 b = secret influ5ce1 & d all ?+s occultly & cunn+ly1 cons5t+ to any s]vility ( (fice or conduct1 s only t !y may intimately disc]n1 & unaw>es direct1 ! m9ds ( m54 ,!n ^? :o 8intrude0 7?ru/1 t is7 !mselves into ! fold1 :o by natural insol5ce ( he>t & /\t eloqu5ce ( tongue & fe>lessly p]sev]ant self-ass]tion obta9 he>+ & au?ority ) ! common cr[d4 ,la/ly1 ^? :o 8climb10 :o1 by labor & le>n+ bo? /\t & s\nd1 b selfi%ly ex]t$ 9 ! cause ( _! own ambition1 ga9 high dignities & au?orities1 & become 8lords ov] ! h]itage10 ?\gh n 8ensamples to ! flock40 ,n[ g on3-- 8,( o!r c>e !y little reckon+ make ,?an h[ to scramble at ! %e>]s' fea/4 ,bl9d m\?s--0 ,i pause aga91 = ?is is a /range expression1--a brok5 metaphor1 "o might ?9k1 c>eless & uns*ol>ly4 ,n s2 its v audacity & pi?9ess are int5d$ to make u look close at ! phrase & rememb] x4 ,^? two monosyllables express ! precisely accurate contr>ies ( "r "*1 9 ! two great (fices ( ! ,*ur*--^? ( bi%op & pa/or4 ,a ,bi%op means a p]son :o sees4 ,a ,pa/or means "o :o fe$s4 ,! mo/ unbi%oply "* a man c h is !re=e to be ,bl9d4 ,! mo/ unpa/oral is1 in/ead ( fe$+1 to want to be f$1--to be a ,m\?4 ,take ! two rev]ses toge!r1 & y h 8bl9d m\?s40 ,we may advisably foll[ out ?is idea a little4 ,ne>ly all ! evils 9 ! ,*ur* h aris5 f bi%ops desir+ p[] m ?an light4 ,!y want au?ority1 n outlook4 ,:]eas _! real (fice is n to rule2 ?\gh x may be vigor\sly to exhort & rebuke2 x is ! k+'s (fice to rule2 ! bi%op's (fice is to ov]see ! flock2 to numb] x1 %eep by %eep2 to be ready always to give full acc\nt ( x4 ,n[ x is cle> he _c give acc\nt ( ! s\ls1 if he has n s mu* z numb]$ ! bodies ( 8 flock4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !re=e1 t a bi%op has to d is at lea/ to put himself 9 a position 9 :i*1 at any mom5t1 he c obta9 ! hi/ory f *ildhood ( e liv+ s\l 9 8 diocese1 & ( its pres5t /ate4 ,d[n 9 t back /reet1 ,bill1 & ,nancy1 knock+ ea* o!r's tee? out6--,does ! bi%op "k all ab\t x8 ,has he 8 eye ^u !m8 ,has he _h 8 eye ^u !m8 ,c he circum/antially expla9 to u h[ ,bill got into ! habit ( beat+ ,nancy ab\t ! head8 ,if he _c1 he is no bi%op1 ?\gh he _h a mitre z high z ,salisbury /eeple4 ,he is no bi%op1--he has s\ght to be at ! helm in/ead ( ! ma/head2 he has no sight ( ?+s4 8,nay10 y say1 8x is n 8 duty to look aft] ,bill 9 ! back /reet40 ,:at6 ! fat %eep t h full fleeces1--y ?9k x is only ^? he %\ld look aft]1 :ile 7g back to y\r ,milton7 8! hungry %eep look up1 & are n f$1 besides :at ! grim wolf1 ) privy paw0 7bi%ops kn[+ no?+ ab\t x7 8daily dev\rs apace1 & no?+ said08 8,b t's n our idea ( a bi%op40 ,p]haps n2 b x 0 ,/4 ,paul's1 & x 0 ,milton's4 ,!y may be "r1 or we may be2 b we mu/ n ?9k we are read+ ei!r "o or ! o!r by putt+ our mean+ into _! words4 ,rusk9 goes on to discuss o!r expressions ) ! same m9ut5ess4 ,contributions f ,o!r ,/udies4--,9 acquir+ any new sci5ce or art "o le>ns _m new t]ms1 "s ( :i* are n too te*nical = use 9 !mes4 ,= t matt]1 e ex]cise writt5 9 any subject _c help be+ to "s ext5t an ex]cise 9 ,engli%4 ,! vocabul>y book %\ld receive contributions f e l9e ( ! /ud5t's "w4 ,translation4--,!re is no bett] means ( mak+ ! memory yield up ! words :i* x has =m]ly caught1 ?an translation4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,hill quotes ! report$ words ( ,rufus ,*oate3 8,translation %\ld be pursu$ to br+ to m9d & to employ all ! words y already own1 & to tax & torm5t inv5tion & discov]y & ! v deepe/ memory = additional1 ri*1 & admirably expressive words40#dj ,e lesson 9 translat+ is a lesson 9 self-expression4 ,pr(essor ,c>p5t] te/ifies#da t ! ,lat9-tra9$ boys ent]+ sci5tific s*ools are rem>kably sup]ior 9 p[] ( expression to ^? n s tra9$2 & 8 te/imony is confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( _m o!r tea*]s4 ,memoriz+ ( ,lit]ature4--,to ! habit ( memoriz+1 _m a p]son is indebt$ n m]ely = high ?\ghts t *e] h\rs ( solitude & t /imulate 8 own ?9k+1 b = comm& ( words4 ,! degree to :i* ! language ( mod]n writ]s is d]iv$ f a few great au?ors is />tl+4 ,%akespe>e's phrases are a "p ( ! tissue ( e man's spee* to-day4 ,su* writ]s z ,*>les ,lamb be> ,%akespe>e's m>k on e page4 ,! language ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible is e*o$ 9 mod]n ,engli% prose & poetry4 ,x =m$ /yles s unlike z ^? ( ,bunyan1 ,rusk91 & ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,mo/ tea*]s w\ld decl>e t a habit ( le>n+ ,scripture by he>t is ( incalculable value to a /ud5t's ,engli%4 ,9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 & to almo/ z great an ext5t 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t & ! ,lat9 are bo? pres5t 9 m>vell\s effectiv5ess4#db ,x is cle> t :atev] help "o's writ+ is to receive f memoriz+ w come naturally ?r\gh "o's /udy ( lit]ature4 ,b s _m ( ! /ronge/ words 9 ! language1 p>ticul>ly ! ,saxon words1 h be5 treasur$ up 9 ! homely say+s ( ! p1 t ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ a li/ ( prov]bs = memoriz+4 ,j h[ _m ( ^! x may be advisable = a giv5 pupil to reta9 9 m9d is a matt] to be decid$ by ! in/ructor4 ,c]ta9ly ea* /ud5t w d well to le>n a score ( ^? t seem to him be/ wor? rememb]+4 ,ea* say+ pres]ves "s f9e ^w 9 "s natural context1 a fact t w make ! ^w f> easi] to recall ?an x w\ld be if le>n$ z an isolat$ t]m4 ,n m ?an t5 or fifte5 m9utes a day ought to be giv5 to ! memoriz+4 ,,engli% ,,prov]bs#dc ,a brave retreat is a brave exploit4 ,a c>p] c cavil at any?+4 ,a c>rion kite w nev] make a good hawk4 ,a *ild is bett] unborn ?an untaught4 ,a cu/om m honor$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance4 ,a dogmatical tone1 a pragmatical pate4 ,a dilig5t s*ol>1 & ! ma/]'s paid4 ,a dog's life1 hung] & ease4 ,a dw>f on a giant's %\ld]s sees f>!r ( ! two4 ,a fair field & no favor4 ,a fault confess$ is half r$ress$4 ,a f9e new no?+4 ,a fool always comes %ort ( 8 reckon+4 ,a fool w n be foil$4 ,a =c$ k9dness des]ves no ?anks4 ,a good cause makes a /\t he>t & a /rong arm4 ,a good "n keeps its lu/re 9 ! d>k4 ,a gra9 ( prud5ce is wor? a p\nd ( craft4 ,a great city1 a great solitude4 ,a honey tongue1 a he>t ( gall4 ,a man may buy gold too de>4 ,a man mu/ sell 8 w>e at ! rates ( ! m>ket4 ,a man nev] surfeits ( too mu* hone/y4 ,a nod = a wise man1 & a rod = a fool4 ,a p5ny sav$ is a p5ny got4 ,a wick$ book is ! wick$] because x _c rep5t4 ,a wag] is a fool's argum5t4 ,all compla9 ( want ( memory1 b none ( want ( judgm5t4 ,all ! craft is 9 ! cat*+4 ,an unpeaceable man ha? no neighbor4 ,antiquity is n always a m>k ( v]ity4 ,z wily z a fox4 ,bett] lose a je/ ?an a fri5d4 ,bett] to g away long+ ?an loa?+4 ,by ignorance we mi/ake1 & by mi/akes we le>n4 ,*ildr5 are c]ta9 c>es1 b unc]ta9 com=ts4 ,cl[ns are be/ 9 _! own company1 b g5tlem5 are be/ ev]y:]e4 ,consci5ce _c be compell$4 ,cutt+ out well is bett] ?an sew+ up well4 ,dang] & delight gr[ on "o /ock4 ,dec5cy & decorum are n pride4 ,diff]5t sores mu/ h diff]5t salves4 ,dext]ity comes by exp]i5ce4 ,d n spur a free horse4 ,ev5 reckon+ makes long fri5ds4 ,e age confutes old errors & begets new4 ,e man ha? a fool 9 8 sleeve4 ,fa9t praise is disp>agem5t4 ,=ce )\t =eca/ is ( little avail4 ,f fame to infamy is a beat5 road4 ,great bus9esses turn on a little p94 ,great sp5d]s are bad l5d]s4 ,he is lifeless t is faultless4 ,heav5 w make am5ds = all4 ,let y\r purse be y\r ma/]4 ,idl5ess is ! greate/ prodigality 9 ! _w4 ,ignorance is a volunt>y mis=tune4 ,x is a wick$ ?+ to make a de>? "o's g>n]4 ,lean lib]ty is bett] ?an fat slav]y4 ,self-love is a mote 9 e man's eye4 ,slo? is ! key to pov]ty4 ,"s sport is sauce to pa9s4 ,subtility set a trap & caught itself4 ,temporiz+ is sometimes great wisdom4 ,! goat mu/ br[se :]e he is ti$4 ,! poet1 ( all sorts ( artific]s1 is ! fonde/ ( 8 works4 ,! prick ( a p9 is en\gh to make an empire insipid4 ,! pure/ gold is ! mo/ ductile4 ,!re's a craft 9 daub+4 ,?rift is good rev5ue4 ,too mu* consult+ conf\nds4 ,tru? ne$s n _m words1 b a false tale a l>ge preamble4 ,tru?s too f9e-spun are subtle fool]ies4 ,upbraid+ turns a b5efit into an injury4 ,use y\r wit z a buckl]1 n z a sword4 ,:at ,god made1 he nev] m>s4 ,:5 honor grew m]c5>y1 money grew honorable4 ,:]e vice is1 v5geance foll[s4 ,synonyms4--,a synonym is a ^w t means ! same or ne>ly ! same ?+ z "s o!r ^w4 ,our language1 f its composite nature1 is peculi>ly ri* 9 synonyms4 ,9 hundr$s ( cases ,engli% has absorb$ bo? ! ,saxon & ! ,fr5* or ,lat9 ^w = a giv5 idea4 ,ne>ly always1 9 su* cases1 "o ( ! words has acquir$ a di/9ctly diff]5t %ade ( mean+ f ! o!r4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! words is sure to acquire a slightly diff]5t value1 :e!r f its associations or its s\nd4 ,:ile x may r\ghly be said t !re are words :i* mean ! same ?+1 yet = ! really c>eful writ] !re are no synonyms4 ,synonyms = ,adjectives ( ,praise4--,9 ano!r s5se !re are _m p :o seem to h no synonyms4 ,y h d\btless kn[n p]sons :o lack$ all means ( diff]5tiat+ praise1--p]sons :o appli$ ! same adjective to ev]y?+1 f a p9 to ! sol> sy/em4 ,!re are ! p :o f9d ev]y?+ ei!r nice or n nice2 ! p :o eat elegant s\ps & sigh at elegant sunsets2 ! p :o h jolly times1 jolly canes1 jolly excuses4 ,to ! nice gr\p1 ! elegant gr\p1 & ! jolly gr\p1 may be add$ ! lovely gr\p1 & _m o!rs4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,apply sev]al prop] adjectives ( praise to ea* ( ! foll[+3 s\p1 sunset1 poodle1 lady1 moon1 "t 7e4g4 mean+ an excursion71 silk1 op]a1 book-b9d+1 g[n1 face1 m\nta91 box ( sweets1 ice-cream1 disposition1 /ory1 mann]1 s\l1 fan1 p]fume1 roses1 piano-play+1 s]mon1 editorial or lead]1 critique4 ,a ,dang]4--,! /udy ( synonyms cultivates discrim9ation4 ,b z a /udy = ! purpose ( wid5+ ! active vocabul>y x mu/ be judici\sly limit$4 ,if "o turns to a book ( synonyms1 "o f9ds on _m a page "s score ( words mean+ ne>ly ! same ?+4 ,_m ( ^! words are unusual1 out-(-!-way expressions1 to use :i* w\ld make a man s\nd l a prig4 ,simplicity is a c>d9al virtue 9 writ+4 ,if ?is fact is kept 9 m9d1 & ! /ud5t does n affect too elaborate & booki% words1 ! /udy ( synonyms w be ( ! utmo/ s]vice to him4 ,a ,me?od ( ,/udy4--,bel[ are li/$ a good _m gr\ps ( synonyms4 ,!y are to be /udi$ n[ & to be us$ h]eaft] = ref]5ce 9 ! "w ( writ+4 ,ea* gr\p conta9s only a few ( ! words t might dem& a place if ! "q 7 m]ely "o ( mean+4 ,! words "h *os5 are su* z may prop]ly appe> 9 ! "w ( any high s*ool /ud5t1 if !re is ne$ ( !m to express ! /ud5t's mean+4 ,ev5 9 ^! gr\ps "s words are simpl]1 & !re=e 9 g5]al m desirable4 ,! class %\ld fir/ exam9e ! entire li/1 und]l9+ c>efully ! simpl] words 9 ea* gr\p4 ,^!1 simpl] words are regul>ly to be pref]r$ :5 _! mean+ is exact en\gh = ! idea 9 m9d4 ,! o!rs are to be ma/]$ = ! sake ( ! di/9ctions !y express1 & = _! occasional usefulness z a means ( avoid+ repetitions4 ,! und]l9+ f9i%$1 ! gr\ps may fur!r be /udi$ ) a view to discrim9at+ ! v>i\s t]ms4 ,fifte5 m9utes a day is en\gh to devote to ?is "w1 & 9 "s cases x may be be/ to exam9e m9utely only a "p ( ! li/1 leav+ ! re/ to be us$ = ref]5ce4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,x w be f\nd useful to sp5d five m9utes a day 9 copy+ (f sev]al times ea* unfamili> ^w4 ,unless ! h& is accu/om$ to trac+ ! ^w1 ! m9d w n be likely to dem& ?is act ( ! h& 9 ! mom5t ( composition4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,ea* /ud5t may be ask$ to pron\nce e ^w t he has n be5 9 ! habit ( us+ orally4 ,s9ce ! same t]m is likely to h be5 neglect$ by _m ( ! class1 a consid]able am\nt ( e>-tra9+ w be receiv$ by all4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,"o ( ! be/1 because mo/ natural1 ways ( /udy+ synonyms1 is to exam9e a page ( good prose ) a view to see+ :e!r synonyms c\ld h be5 us$ z effectively z ! actual words 9 ! text4 ,*oose su* a page1 und]l9e ! important words1 & exam9e ! li/ to f9d ! gr\p to :i* ea* belongs4 ,!n sub/itute = ! ^w 9 ! text ! o!r words ( ! gr\p1 & see :e!r ! au?or's *oice 0 wise4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,ea* gr\p %\ld be tak5 up 9 turn & discuss$ by ! class aft] ! mean+s ( unfamili> words h be5 look$ up 9 ! diction>y4 ,! =ce ( ea* ^w z a synonym ( ! o!rs 9 its gr\p %\ld be br\ght out by illu/rative s5t5ces4 ,! diff]5ces 9 mean+ %\ld be talk$ ab\t until !y are ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,f]nald's ,synonyms1 ,antonyms1 & ,prepositions1 & ,smi?'s ,synonyms ,discrim9at$1 are good books ( ref]5ce if any d\btful "q arises4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,/udy an assign$ numb] ( gr\ps1 & pick out ! ^w :i* seems to h ! mo/ g5]al mean+1 ! ^w :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 includes ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,?us1 9 ! s]ies ,actual1 au!ntic1 g5u9e1 real1 ! la/ is ! mo/ g5]al t]m4 ,real applies to a l>g] numb] ( ?+s ?an any ( its synonyms4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,/udy an assign$ numb] ( gr\ps1 & say :at idea ! memb]s ( ea* h 9 common1 &1 if possible1 :at additional idea ea* memb] has4 ,?us1 ,adept1 adroit1 deft1 dext]\s1 h&y1 skilful1 ea* h ! idea skilful4 ,adept means skilful 9 "s art or occupation4 ,adroit means skilful ) ! h&1 or ) ! m9d1--i4e4 tactful4 ,deft1 dext]\s usually mean skilful ) ! h&2 deft ref]s to movem5ts ( ! f+]s1 dext]\s to quick motions1 z ( ! h&4 ,h&y means skilful at manual ex]cises4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,"o memb] ( ea* gr\p %\ld be pron\nc$1 & ! /ud5t ask$ to give f memory ! o!r memb]s4 ,oral or ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,only "o "p ( spee* is repres5t$ 9 ea* gr\p4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be ask$ to give correspond+ p>ts ( spee*4 ,?us1 ! adjective s]ies ,actual1 au!ntic1 g5u9e1 real1 yields ! adv]bs actually1 au!ntically1 g5u9ely1 really1 & ! n\ns actuality1 au!nticity1 g5u95ess1 reality4 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,synonyms#dd ,ab&on1 ca/ (f1 des]t1 =swe>1 quit1 r5\nce1 )draw f4 ,abate1 decrease1 dim9i%1 mitigate1 mod]ate4 ,abhor1 abom9ate1 dete/1 dislike1 loa!4 ,abid+1 endur+1 la/+1 p]man5t1 p]petual4 ,ability1 capability1 capacity1 compet5cy1 efficacy1 p[]4 ,aboli%1 annul1 eradicate1 ext]m9ate1 oblit]ate1 root out1 wipe out4 ,abom9ation1 curse1 evil1 iniquity1 nuisance1 %ame4 ,abs5t1 abs5t-m9d$1 absorb$1 ab/ract$1 oblivi\s1 preoccupi$4 ,absolve1 acquit1 cle>4 ,ab/emi\sness1 ab/95ce1 frugality1 mod]ation1 sobriety1 temp]ance4 ,absurd1 ill-advis$1 ill-consid]$1 ludicr\s1 mon/r\s1 p>adoxical1 prepo/]\s1 unreasonable1 wild4 ,abundant1 adequate1 ample1 en\gh1 g5]\s1 lavi%1 pl5tiful4 ,accomplice1 ally1 colleague1 help]1 p>tn]4 ,active1 agile1 al]t1 brisk1 bu/l+1 en]getic1 lively1 supple4 ,actual1 au!ntic1 g5u9e1 real4 ,adept1 adroit1 deft1 dext]\s1 h&y1 skilful4 ,address1 adroitness1 c\rtesy1 read9ess1 tact4 ,adequate1 compet5t1 equal1 fitt$1 suitable4 ,adjac5t1 adjo9+1 bord]+1 ne>1 neighbor+4 ,admire1 adore1 respect1 rev]e1 v5]ate4 ,admit1 all[1 conc$e1 grant1 suff]1 tol]ate4 ,admixture1 alloy4 ,adv]se1 dis9cl9$1 indispos$1 loa?1 reluctant1 sl[1 unwill+4 ,a]ial1 airy1 animat$1 e!real1 frolicsome4 ,affectation1 cant1 hypocrisy1 pret5ce1 %am4 ,affirm1 ass]t1 av[1 decl>e1 ma9ta91 /ate4 ,ag$1 anci5t1 antiquat$1 antique1 immemorial1 old1 v5]able4 ,air1 be>+1 c>riage1 demeanor4 ,ak91 alike1 id5tical4 ,al]t1 on ! al]t1 sleepless1 w>y1 wat*ful4 ,allay1 appease1 calm1 pacify4 ,alliance1 coalition1 compact1 f$]ation1 union1 fusion4 ,allude1 h9t1 imply1 ins9uate1 intimate1 sugge/4 ,allure1 attract1 cajole1 coax1 inveigle1 lure4 ,amateur1 connoisseur1 novice1 tyro4 ,am5d1 bett]1 m5d1 re=m1 repair4 ,amplify1 develop1 exp&1 ext5d1 unfold1 wid54 ,amusem5t1 div]sion1 ent]ta9m5t1 pa/ime4 ,ang]1 exasp]ation1 petulance1 rage1 res5tm5t4 ,animal1 bea/1 brute1 liv+ creature1 liv+ organism4 ,answ]1 rejo9d]1 rep>tee1 reply1 response1 retort4 ,anticipate1 =e/all1 preclude1 prev5t4 ,apiece1 individually1 sev]ally1 sep>ately4 ,app>5t1 cle>1 evid5t1 obvi\s1 tangible1 unmi/akable4 ,appreh5d1 compreh5d1 conceive1 p]ceive1 und]/&4 ,arraign1 *>ge1 cite1 impea*1 indict1 prosecute1 summon4 ,arrogance1 haught9ess1 presumption1 pride1 self-complac5cy1 sup]cili\sness1 vanity4 ,arti/1 artific]1 artisan1 me*anic1 op]ative1 workman4 ,artless1 boori%1 cl[ni%1 hoid5i%1 rude1 unc\?1 unsophi/icat$4 ,ass5t1 agree1 comply4 ,assurance1 effront]y1 h>dihood1 imp]t95ce1 impud5ce1 incivility1 insol5ce1 (fici\sness1 rud5ess4 ,atom1 gra91 scrap1 p>ticle1 %r$1 :it4 ,atroci\s1 b>b>ic1 b>b>\s1 brutal1 m]ciless4 ,attack1 assault1 infr+em5t1 intrusion1 onslaught4 ,atta91 accompli%1 a*ieve1 arrive at1 compass1 rea*1 secure4 ,attempt1 endeavor1 essay1 /rive1 try1 und]take4 ,attitude1 pose1 position1 po/ure4 ,attribute1 ascribe1 assign1 *>ge1 impute4 ,axiom1 truism4 ,baffle1 balk1 b>1 *eck1 emb>rass1 foil1 fru/rate1 hamp]1 h9d]1 imp$e1 ret>d1 ?w>t4 ,bant]1 burlesque1 droll]y1 humor1 je/1 raill]y1 wit1 witticism4 ,beg1 plead1 press1 urge4 ,beguile1 div]t1 enliv51 ent]ta91 occupy4 ,bewild]m5t1 confusion1 di/raction1 emb>rassm5t1 p]plexity4 ,b9d1 fett]1 oblige1 re/ra91 re/rict4 ,blaze1 flame1 fl>e1 fla%1 flick]1 gl>e1 gleam1 gleam+1 glimm]1 glitt]1 light1 lu/re1 %imm]1 sp>kle4 ,bless$1 hall[$1 holy1 sacr$1 sa9tly4 ,boa/+1 display1 o/5tation1 pomp1 pomp\sness1 %[4 ,brave1 adv5tur\s1 bold1 c\rage\s1 d>+1 dauntless1 fe>less1 gallant1 h]oic1 undismay$4 ,brav]y1 coolness1 c\rage1 gallantry1 h]oism4 ,brief1 concise1 pi?y1 s5t5ti\s1 t]se4 ,br+ ov]1 conv9ce1 induce1 influ5ce1 p]suade1 prevail ^u1 w9 ov]4 ,calamity1 disa/]1 misadv5ture1 mis*ance1 mis=tune1 mi%ap4 ,c&id1 imp>tial1 op51 /raight=w>d1 transp>5t1 unbiass$1 unprejudic$1 unres]v$4 ,caprice1 humor1 vag>y1 :im4 ,c&or1 frankness1 tru?1 v]acity4 ,c>icature1 burlesque1 p>ody1 trave/y4 ,cat*1 capture1 clasp1 clut*1 grip1 secure4 ,cause1 consid]ation1 design1 end1 gr\nd1 motive1 object1 reason1 purpose4 ,caution1 discretion1 prud5ce4 ,c5sure1 criticism1 rebuke1 repro(1 reprim&1 reproa*4 ,"*1 con/itution1 disposition1 reputation1 temp]1 temp]am5t4 ,*>act]i/ic1 peculi>ity1 prop]ty1 s+ul>ity1 trait4 ,*att]+1 g>rul\s1 loquaci\s1 talkative4 ,*e]1 com=t1 delight1 ec/asy1 gaiety1 gladness1 gratification1 happ9ess1 jollity1 satisfaction4 ,*urli%1 cru/y1 gloomy1 gruff1 ill-natur$1 morose1 s\r1 sull51 surly4 ,class1 circle1 clique1 cot]ie4 ,cloak1 cov]1 gloss ov]1 mitigate1 palliate1 scre54 ,cloy1 sate1 satiate1 satisfy1 surfeit4 ,commit1 confide1 consign1 entru/1 relegate4 ,compassion1 =be>ance1 l5i5ce1 m]cy4 ,compassionate1 graci\s1 humane4 ,complete1 consummate1 faultless1 flawless1 p]fect4 ,confirm1 corroborate4 ,conflict+1 discordant1 discrepant1 incongru\s1 mismat$4 ,confus$1 discordant1 miscellane\s1 v>i\s4 ,conjecture1 guess1 suppose1 surmise4 ,consci\s1 aw>e1 c]ta94 ,consequ5ce1 issue1 outcome1 outgr[?1 result1 sequel1 up%ot4 ,cont9ual1 cont9u\s1 incessant1 unbrok51 un9t]rupt$4 ,cr$ible1 conceivable1 likely1 presumable1 probable1 reasonable4 ,cu/om>y1 habitual1 normal1 prevail+1 usual1 wont$4 ,damage1 detrim5t1 disadvantage1 h>m1 hurt1 injury1 prejudice4 ,dang]\s1 =midable1 t]rible4 ,defame1 deprecate1 disp>age1 sl&]1 vilify4 ,defile1 infect1 soil1 /a91 sully1 ta9t1 t>ni%4 ,delet]i\s1 detrim5tal1 hurtful1 h>mful1 mis*iev\s1 p]nici\s1 ru9\s4 ,delicate1 f9e1 m9ute1 ref9$1 sl5d]4 ,delightful1 grateful1 gratify+1 refre%+1 satisfy+4 ,difficult1 labori\s1 toilsome1 try+4 ,digress1 div]ge1 /ray1 sw]ve1 w&]4 ,disav[1 disclaim1 dis[n1 recall1 r5\nce1 repudiate1 retract4 ,dispose1 draw1 incl9e1 induce1 influ5ce1 move1 prompt1 /ir4 ,e>li]1 =ego+1 previ\s1 prelim9>y4 ,effem9ate1 fem99e1 womani%1 womanly4 ,em]g5cy1 extremity1 necessity4 ,empty1 fruitless1 futile1 idle1 trifl+1 unavail+1 useless1 va91 vision>y4 ,erudition1 k1 pr(undity1 sagacity1 s5se1 wisdom4 ,et]nal1 imp]i%able1 int]m9able1 p]5nial1 p]petual1 unfail+4 ,excuse1 pret5ce1 pretext1 subt]fuge4 ,exemption1 immunity1 lib]ty1 lic5se1 privilege4 ,explicit1 express4 ,fa9t1 fa9t-he>t$1 falt]+1 half-he>t$1 irresolute1 languid1 li/less1 purposeless4 ,fai?ful1 loyal1 /an*1 tru/wor?y1 tru/y4 ,fanciful1 fanta/ic1 grotesque1 imag9ative1 vision>y4 ,folly1 imbecility1 s5selessness1 /upidity4 ,fl+1 gibe1 je]1 mock1 sc(f1 sne]1 taunt4 ,flock1 bevy1 brood1 covey1 drove1 h]d1 litt]1 pack4 ,fluctuate1 hesitate1 oscillate1 vacillate1 wav]4 ,grief1 melan*oly1 regret1 sadness1 sorr[4 ,hale1 heal?ful1 heal?y1 salut>y1 s\nd1 vigor\s4 ,ignorant1 illit]ate1 un9=m$1 un9/ruct$1 unlett]$1 untaught4 ,impulsive1 involunt>y1 spontane\s1 unbidd51 volunt>y1 will+4 ,indisp5sable1 inevitable1 necess>y1 requisite1 unavoidable4 ,inquisitive1 inquir+1 intrusive1 m$dlesome1 peep+1 pry+4 ,intractable1 p]v]se1 petulant1 ungov]nable1 wayw>d1 wilful4 ,irritation1 (f5ce1 pique1 res5tm5t4 ,probably1 presumably4 ,reliable1 tru/wor?y1 tru/y4 ,remnant1 trace1 tok51 ve/ige4 ,requite1 repay1 retaliate1 satisfy4 ,oral or ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,9 ! foll[+1 v>y ! ov]work$ words z mu* z possible4 ,p]mit repetition only :5 x is necess>y = cle>ness4 #a4 ,i ?9k ! committee select$ to select !me topics = ! class to write ^u1 %\ld be c>eful n to select too _m topics on "o subject1 s9ce ! nature ( "o /ud5t diff]s f t ( ano!r4 ,i ?9k t ! few :o are n satisfi$ ) ! topics ! committee h select$1 %\ld be requir$ to select & h& 9 a li/ ( topics on :i* !y w\ld l to write4 #b4 ,!re are two di/9ct /ories runn+ ?r\gh ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice3 ! /ory ( ! p\nd ( fle% & ! /ory ( ! caskets4 ,^! /ories run p>allel to ea* o!r ?r\gh ! play1 z f> z ! ?ird act1 :]e ! /ory ( ! caskets is end$ by ! lucky *oice ( ,bassanio4 ,b f "h a new /ory1 ! /ory ( ! r+s1 comm5ces1 & cont9ues ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! play1 cross+ ! /ory ( ! p\nd ( fle% & f9ally tak+ ! place ( ?is /ory4 ,future ,revision4--,h5ce=? "o di/9ct object = :i* e !me %\ld be revis$ is v>iety ( words4 ,x soon becomes a ke5 satisfaction to read "o's own "w al\d to detect ov]work$ expressions4 ,9 ! pursuit ( v>iety1 ! s*ol> n m]ely gr[s s5sitive to ! ugly recurr5ce ( ! same s\nd2 he gr[s bold to repeat words if ! repetition is dem&$ = cle>ness or =ce4 ,"s ?+s seem to h b "o "n 9 ,engli%2 m's ! pity2 b we mu/ make ! be/ ( ! case4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,"r ,,numb] ,,& ,,skilful ,,*oice ,,( ,,words ,let x be suppos$ t a p]son has le>n$ to plan a composition logically & to write ) grammatical correctness2 t fur!r he has acquir$ a noble unre/ :i* keeps him se>*+ = new words & f9e di/9ctions2 :at %\ld be 8 next c>e8 ,aft] ! p[] ( ?9k+ coh]5tly1 ! ability mo/ important to a writ] is t ( pick+ out f ! wide _w ( words ! "o expression t mates 8 unword$ idea4 ,8 *oice ( words--i4e4 8 diction--mu/ meet ?ree requirem5ts4 ,if x is to be cle>1 x mu/ mean ! same to ! read]'s intellect t x does to ! writ]'s4 ,if x is to =cible1 x mu/ move ! read]'s feel+s z x mov$ ! writ]'s4 ,fur!rmore1 if x is to be beautiful1 x mu/ please a read] :o has good ta/e4 ,cle>ness4--,cle>ness1 ! intellectual quality ( /yle1 has already be5 ref]r$ to 7p4 #dc71 = x is ! quality aim$ at 9 mak+ s5t5ces coh]5t4 ,t ! idea %\ld be made unmi/akably cle> is ! fir/ requisite ( good writ+4 ,! ?9k+ mu/ be cle>2 ! division ( ! !me into p>agraphs1 & ( p>agraphs into s5t5ces mu/ be cle>2 & ! words mu/ be cle>4 ,we h pres5tly to ask :at effect numb] & *oice ( words h ^u cle>ness4 ,=ce4--,=ce is ! emotional quality ( /yle4 ,x may occur 9 a v mod]ate degree1 j en\gh to int]e/ ! read] slightly1 or x may be pres5t to su* an ext5t z to move ! deepe/ spr+s ( feel+4 ,x is h>d to give sugge/ions = secur+ =ce1 because language is bett] adapt$ to communicat+ ideas ?an emotions4 ,we f9d t language furni%es v few names = feel+s4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! names1 ev5 su* z love1 fe>1 ang]1 d n 9 !mselves move u4 ,:at a m>vell\s v>iety ( emotion ea* ( u feels 9 a day6 h[ _m delicate t9ts ( pleasure6 h[ _m %ades ( regret or fe>1 ( pa9ful memory or sugge/ion6 ,! psy*ologi/s tell u t we d no act :i* does n br+ ) x "s t\* ( pleasure or ( pa94 ,& yet mo/ ( ^! %ades & t9ts & t\*es ( feel+ nei!r h names nor c be communicat$ by words4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh language _c directly convey feel+1 x c sometimes sugge/ feel+4 ,if y\r read] has exp]i5c$ a giv5 emotion1 "s ^w ( y\rs may recall t to 8 m9d4 ,"o secret ( be+ =cible lies 9 *oos+ !me subjects t int]e/ ! read]2 subjects t set up a tra9 ( feel+ & memory 9 8 m9d4 ,o!r secrets are1 to *oose sugge/ive words & figures ( spee*1 & to refra9 f we>+ out int]e/ by too _m words4 ,we %all pres5tly inquire1 :at words & figures are mo/ sugge/ive4 ,some?+ may be done to secure =ce by s arrang+ words z to attract ! read]'s att5tion4 ,x w be not$ t emphasis 7p4 #aaj7 & climax 7p4 #aab7 are means ( =ce4 ,beauty4--,beauty is ! quality ( /yle :i* satisfies :at is call$1 = lack ( a bett] ^w1 ! /hetic s5se2 ?is is little else b say+1 beauty ( /yle satisfies ! s5se = beauty4 ,"o elem5t ( beauty is simplicity1 a quality closely alli$ to cle>ness1 yet n ! same4 ,euphony1 or abs5ce ( ugly s\nds1 is ano!r elem5t ( beauty4 ,v>iety is ano!r elem5t ( beauty4 ,x is cle> t ! la/ ex]cise 9 ,*apt] ,x is z mu* an ex]cise 9 beauty z 9 vocabul>y4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all h space to consid] only "o elem5t ( beauty1--t ( simplicity4 ,prolixity4--,if a writ] desc5ds into t$i\s details1 or if he repeats ! same idea ov] & ov] 9 slightly diff]5t words1 )\t develop+ or add+ to ! ?\ght1 he is said to be prolix4 ,prolixity (f5ds *iefly aga9/ =ce1 = x kills int]e/4 ,?is fault may affect m]ely a s+le s5t5ce or p>agraph1 or x may infe/ a :ole composition4 ,x does n mu* beset ! writ] :o plans 8 "w ahead4 ,x c be correct$ only by rewrit+4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,! foll[+ prolix passage %\ld be rewritt51 only ! ess5tial ?\ghts be+ kept4 ,any mi/akes & crudities ( /yle %\ld be correct$4 8,my fri5d ! doctor 0 a collector ( anci5t co9s & 0 always roam+ ab\t ! ru9s ( old cities 9 se>* ( co9s4 ,he w\ld w&] ar\nd & pick up valuable relics l ! ,v5us he wore 9 8 seal r+4 ,he 0 always f9d+ some?+ wor? keep+4 ,he w\ld pick up a preci\s bit ( antiquity & put x 9 8 pocket1 & s he always c>ri$ ) him a regul> collection ( relics4 ,"o aft]noon he 0 out among ! m\nta9s pick+ up relics & n look+ up to see :e!r any "o 0 ne>4 ,:5 he look$ ar\nd he saw five or p]haps six r\gh fell[s :o 7 /&+ !re beh9d him4 ,he fell to quiv]+ ) fright & /ood trembl+ & %ak+1 b manag$ to greet !m4 ,aft] he _h greet$ ! five or six m5 !y all walk$ along d[n ! road until !y came to an inn t 0 !re on ! m\nta9-side4 ,x 0 an inn & n a cave !re 9 ! m\nta9s1 z 0 incorrectly said by "o memb] ( ! class40 ,surplusage4--,surplusage consi/s ( words t c be excis$ )\t hurt+ ! s5se ( ! passage4 ,9 tyros x is p]haps less ( a fault ?an ! opposite "o ( defici5cy1--! abs5ce ( ne$$ words2 = fulness ( expression is ess5tial to cle>ness1 & surplusage (t5 results f ! desire to be cle>4 ,v]bosity1 h[ev]1 dulls ! edge ( ! ke5e/ ?\ght4 ,l prolixity1 x weak5s4 ,j z _m a prolix speak] c\ld make a brilliant oration if he knew :5 to /op1 s _m a wordy writ] c\ld make an effective s5t5ce if he knew :at to prune away4 ,z ,mr4 ,l[ell w\ld say3#de ,?\ghts are nev] drap$ 9 long skirts l babies1 if !y are /rong en\gh to g alone4 ,! r$undant use ( ! foll[+ common words %\ld be avoid$3-- #a4 ,f1 9 ! phrases f !nce1 f :5ce4 #b4 ,(1 especially 9 ! expressions (f (1 rememb] (1 treat (4 8,keep (f n (f ( ! grass40 8,?is book treats bett] ?an treats ( *emi/ry40 #c4 ,on1 ) ! words ! next morn+4 8,he 0 rebelli\s on ! sev5? ( ,july1 b ! next morn+ n on ! next morn+ he reappe>$ 9 a m submissive frame ( m9d40 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,prune away e ^w t c be sp>$2 note ! increase 9 =ce4 ,slight *anges may be made 9 ! word+4 #a4 ,all ( ! %ips 7 lo/2 no k9d ( a "o 0 sav$4 #b4 ,i "k f my own p]sonal k t a man :o /&s upright 9 8 own manhood1 hone/ & consci\s ( ! rectitude ( 8 purposes1 is safe aga9/ calumny & sl&]4 #c4 ,i don't ?9k x a good prec$5t to set 9 ?is h\se = any man to vote = a bill 9 :i* he has a p]sonal int]e/1 & ,i don't rememb] ( ev] hav+ done s ( myself4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 = ?is reason1 refra9 f vot+1 b ,i want to say a ^w on ?is bill1 & ,i want to talk to ! democrats4 #d4 ,real-e/ate deal] is knock$ d[n by an accid5t & is run ov] by a cab4 #e4 ,comm5c+ on ,monday1 ,m>* #bi1 support$ by ! ,new ,york ,g>rick ,!atre ,/ock ,company1 ,mr4 ,mansfield w comm5ce an engagem5t ( two weeks at ! ,gr& ,op]a ,h\se4 ,writt5 or ,oral ,ex]cise4--,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces "s ( ! und]scor$ expressions %\ld be express$ m briefly by *ang+ clauses to phrases or phrases to s+le words4 ,?us3 m5 :o des]v$ & won r5[n may %ort5 to m5 ( des]v$ r5[n4 #a4 ,m5 :o des]v$ & won r5[n1 & wom5 :o 7 pe]less1 h liv$ ^u :at we %\ld n[ call ! co>se/ f>e1 & pac$ ! ru%es :i* 7 /rewn 9 _! rooms ) z high1 or z cont5t$ ?\ghts1 z _! desc5dants1 p]sons :o are f$ bett] & clo!d bett] ?an !y1 c boa/ (4 #b4 ,if *ildr5 are able to make u wis]1 x is sure t !y c also make u bett]4 ,!re is no "o :o is m to be envi$ ?an a good-natur$ man :5 he is wat*+ h[ *ildr5's m9ds p]=m _! work+s1 or :5 he is ov]look+ ! play !y engage 94 ,defici5cy ( ,words4--,x 0 said 9 a =m] p>agraph t 9 "y writ]s surplusage is p]haps less ( a fault ?an is ! lack ( ne$$ words4 ,v]bosity robs a !me ( =ce2 defici5cy robs x ( =ce & cle>ness4 ,x is human nature to try to say a ?+ m briefly ?an is possible4 ,=gett+ t pit*1 /ress1 & ge/ure d mu* to make spok5 words intelligible1 ! easy-go+ writ] does n tax himself to atta9 full & lucid expression4 ,he =gets t a piece ( writ+ may be s cond5s$ z to be d5se4 ,ambiguity (t5 spr+s f ! omission ( m]ely a ^w or two4 ,read+ su* a phrase z 8! secret>y & treasur]10 we are vex$ ) d\bt :e!r "o p]son is meant1 or two2 ! omission ( ! article seems to imply t ! two (fices are ve/$ 9 a s+le (fic]4 ,! lack ( a few words may turn =ce into weakness4 ,a ,g]man newspap] ?us burlesques ! compression to :i* editors sometimes feel impell$3 8,ottok> took a small br&y1 !n 8 hat1 8 dep>ture1 besides no notice ( 8 pursu]s1 meantime a revolv] out ( 8 pocket1 & la/ly 8 own life40 ,! foll[+ common words %\ld n be omitt$3-- #a4 ,! ma9 "p ( an inf9itive at ! end ( a s5t5ce4 ,wrong3 8,he did :at he wi%$ to40 ,"r3 8,he did :at he wi%$ to d40 #b4 ,! adv]b mu* be=e c]ta9 adjectives4 ,wrong3 8,he 0 v pleas$ to comply40 ,"r3 8,he 0 v mu* pleas$ to comply40 #c4 7a7 ,! preposition at ) home4 ,wrong3 8,i /ay$ home & slept home40 ,"r3 8,i /ay$ at home & slept at home40 7b7 ,! preposition on ) days ( ! mon?4 ,wrong3 8,! sev5? ( ,july he rebell$40 ,"r3 8,on ! sev5? ( ,july he rebell$40 ,comp>e page #bca4 #c4 #d4 ,a demon/rative us$ = cle>ness4 ,wrong3 8,he *ose betwe5 ! lot ( ! ri* & ( ! poor40 ,"r3 8,he *ose betwe5 ! lot ( ! ri* & t ( ! poor40 #e4 ,! conjunction t :5 ne$$ = cle>ness4 ,wrong3 8,i wi% su* a beef/eak z t "o ov] !re may nev] be s]v$ on ?is table40 ,:at is ! ambiguity "h1 at ! beg9n+8 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,indicate h[ by ! addition ( words ea* s5t5ce may be correct$3-- #a4 ,altoge!r x 0 a day l unto :i* ! memory ( ! olde/ inhabitant c\ld n recall4 #b4 ,he receiv$ 8 e>ly education at ,br[nsville & ,:itesville academy1 rema9+ ab\t a ye> at ea* place4 #c4 ,!re 0 a m9i/] :o1 be+ in=m$ by ! *ur* (ficials t !y _h rais$ 8 sal>y #ajj1 decl9$ to accept x4 #d4 ,! foll[+ great r$uctions indicate ! heavy losses we are tak+ clos+ out ! balance ( our /ock4 #e4 ,?is mutual e/eem 0 %[n by _! cordial welcome ( ! gue/s z well z ! uni=m c\rtesy %[n by ! latt]4 #f4 ,poor ,evel9a 0 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 a blue & gre5 dress4 #g4 ,/reaks ( lightn+ & claps ( ?und] rattl$ ?r\gh ! n>r[ /reets ( ,p>is4 #h4 ,i am an hi/orical pa9t] by pr(ession1 & liv+ = "s "t at a villa ne> ,rome4 ,specific ,words4--,suppose x 7 desir$ to make cle> to a fri5d h[ ! sunset look$--a difficult task4 ,"o w\ld h>dly succe$ if "o _h no bett] words to (f] ?an ! g5]al t]ms cl\ds1 beautiful1 lovely1 bright4 ,! fri5d1 if he c>$ to "k1 w\ld insi/ on specific words3 ,:at k9d ( beauty8 0 x quiet beauty1 or awful beauty1 or picturesque beauty8 ,:at k9d ( brightness8 0 x r$ness8 ,if s1 0 ! sky blood-r$1 or m]ely p9k8 ,:at k9d ( cl\ds8--great masses ( /orm cl\d1 or high froz5 cl\ds1 or mottl$ 8mack]el0 cl\ds8 ,to be cle>1 !n1 words mu/ be specific en\gh to give ! idea int5d$4 ,j h[ specific !y %\ld be dep5ds on ! audi5ce4 ,!y mu/ be famili> to ! he>] or read]1 if !y are to be und]/ood )\t explanation4 ,all audi5ces w\ld und]/& ! g5]al t]m tool2 all w\ld und]/& ! g5us "n saw1 :i* specifies a k9d ( tool4 ,b _m w\ld n und]/& ! species "n rip-saw2 = to mo/ p rip-saw is un=tunately a te*nical t]m4 ,9 *oos+ specific words ! l9e %\ld !re=e be drawn betwe5 common t]ms & te*nical t]ms1 ! latt] n to be employ$ )\t explanation1 except 9 address+ special audi5ces4 ,specific words are usually z =cible z !y are cle>4 ,mo/ p's feel+s are r\s$ by ! ?\ght ( a p>ticul> object1 n ( a class "n4 ,fl[] is a class "n2 x does n move "o4 ,clov] is a specific "n2 x calls back ! old f>m1 ! old fri5ds1 ! old joys & sorr[s4 ,no ^w w really int]e/ ! read] unless he has previ\sly us$ x or he>d x 9 association ) 8 feel+s4 ,take ! ^w contusion2 x means some?+ =cible to a doctor1 b n to a boy1 = ! latt] nev] us$ x4 ,b say bruise--:i* means exactly ! same ?+4 ,t's =cible4 ,x feel+ly rem9ds u ( ! h\r 9 :i* t dead bran* broke & deliv]$ u ov] to ! law ( gravitation4 ,pick out f ^! words ^? t are 9 !mselves =cible to mo/ p3 pat]nal solicitude1 fa!rly c>e2 home1 domicile2 altruism1 unselfi%ness4 ,y see at once t c]ta9 ( ^! words get _! =ce f ! long associations ( *ildhood4 ,9 *ildhood we use ! simpl] words ( ! language1 ^? t are d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon "m-tongue4 ,anglo-,saxon words1 !re=e1 are usually =cible4 ,comp>e page #ahc4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,r$uce ! foll[+ names /ep by /ep to a p>ticul> g5us & a p>ticul> species4 ,?us3 animal1 mammal1 quadrup$1 gram9ivor\s animal1 c[1 ,ald]ney4 #a4 ,r$uce ma*9e /ep by /ep till y rea* /op-wat*4 #b4 ,r$uce ma*9e to revolv]4 #c4 ,r$uce liv+ organism to moss-rose4 #d4 ,r$uce liv+ organism to oy/]4 ,simil>ly1 ext5d ! foll[+ species names /ep by /ep to family names4 #a4 ,ext5d p5-knife to in/rum5t4 #b4 ,ext5d ,longfell[ to man ( lett]s4 ,g5]al ,words4--,we f\nd t mo/ specific words are ( ,anglo-,saxon orig94 ,mo/ g5]al words are ( ,lat9 orig94 ,bo? ^! /atem5ts are only r\ghly true1 ( c\rse2 b ! di/9ction is wor? mak+4 ,! language ( sci5ce is mo/ly ( ,lat9 orig91 because x consi/s s l>gely ( class names4 ,our ,anglo-,saxon =efa!rs _h few] class names1 = !y _h n progress$ f> en\gh to c>e to classify ev]y?+4 ,:51 lat]1 ! ,engli% came to /udy hi/ory1 & philosophy1 & sci5ce1 !y _h ei!r to inv5t new ,anglo-,saxon words = class names1 or else use ,lat9 words4 ,!y *ose ! latt] c\rse4 ,consequ5tly we h su* ,lat9 class names z animal1 & su* individual names z cat1 dog1 horse1 pig4 ,we speak ( :ite1 blue1 gre51 r$2 b :5 we want a class "n = ^!1 we say color1 a ,lat9 ^w4 ,f all ?is x may be se5 t any great numb] ( g5]al words gives a sci5tific1 ab/ract tone to writ+4 ,g5]al words are absolutely necess>y = ! exact purposes ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,!y are adapt$1 z ,pr(essor ,c>p5t] puts x1 to 8precise & elaborate di/9ctions ( ?\ght40 ,!y d n give a cle> m5tal image2 t is1 y _c see beauty1 or smallness1 or animal1 or color--y c see only a beautiful object1 a small object1 a p>ticul> animal1 a p>ticul> color4 ,b1 /ill1 g5]al words mean exactly :at !y say4 ,animal means exactly ?is3 a summ+ up ( all ! qualities t are common to all individual animals4 ,all ! ?+s call$ animal h 9 common p[]s ( s5sation & volunt>y movem5t4 ,:5 su* a di/9ction is want$1 x is want$ badly1 z we say4 ,!re is no bett] m>k ( lit]>y ma/]y ?an kn[+ j :5 to use a g5]al ^w1 j :5 a specific "o4 ,exam9e a few pages f ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 to see ) :at exquisite fitness words ( ,lat9 orig9 may be us$ 9 ! mid/ ( ,anglo-,saxon words :5 ! appeal turns f ! feel+s to ! intellect4 ,!re are _m reasons :y a writ] may n wi% to be too specific4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 8,i pick$ up my traps & left10 ! colloquialism traps answ]s e ess5tial purpose4 ,! read] does n c>e to h too?-bru% & books & pap]s all specifi$4 ,p are n to be blam$ = ref]r+ vaguely to dea? z a pass+ away1 = ! specific ^w is h>% at be/4 ,su* expressions z pass away are call$ euphemisms4 ,_m euphemisms are legitimate2 b :e!r a giv5 "o %\ld be employ$ is a "q ( ta/e1 a "q ( beauty4 ,x seems a beautiful expression :5 ,keats says1 8to cease ^u ! midnight ) no pa910 in/ead (1 8to die pa9lessly at twelve o'clock20 b x is a m>k ( false mode/y & bad ta/e to insi/ on say+ rose = got up1 retire = g to b$1 l[] limbs = legs4 ,aga91 "o %\ld n always hesitate to set d[n an idea because "o has n ! %>pe/1 cle>e/ possible notion ( x4 ,vague ideas are sometimes valuable ones4 ,!y %\ld receive e>ne/ ?\ght t !y may take def9ite %ape4 ,b if !y seem to defy def9ite =m1 !y c]ta9ly %\ld n be ?r[n away m]ely = t4 ,cat*+ "o's exact idea is (t5 z difficult z cat*+ a tr\t4 ,b a glimpse ( ! f9e fi% t gets away is wor? some?+1--!re are few ( u :o c resi/ ! temptation to tell ab\t x :5 we get home4 ,speak+ ( ! m9d1 ,em]son says1 8,x is :olesome to angle 9 ^? pr(\nd pools1 ?\gh "o be rew>d$ ) no?+ m ?an ! leap ( a fi% t fla%es 8 freckl$ side 9 ! sun & z sudd5ly absconds 9 ! d>k & dreamy wat]s aga940#df ,9 ,wordswor?'s poem1 ,! ,solit>y ,reap]1 we he> ( a song ab\t old1 unhappy1 f>-(f ?+s4 ,t 0 exactly ,wordswor?'s own vague notion1 & d[n he set x--9 words t make x cle> 7s to speak7 t 8 idea 0 sweet & vague4 ,rusk91 describ+ ! faade ( ,/4 ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice1 tries to give a s5se ( ! bewild]+ multiplicity ( beautiful ?+s on t wond]ful front by say+1 a confusion ( delight4 ,if he _h us$ m def9ite words we %\ld h miss$ ! effect4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! passages f ,johnson & ,blackmore 7pp4 #aib-c74 ,:i* passage conta9s m ( g5]al words ?an ( specific8 ,:i* is m =cible 9 subject-matt]8 ,:i* 9 diction4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,9 ! foll[+ passage1 *oose ! bett] expression f ea* pair ( brackets4 ,ea* pair conta9s "o g5]al & "o specific t]m2 *oose ! t]m :i* gives great] =ce or great] cle>ness ?an ! o!r4 #a4 ,& !re=e1 fir/ ( all1 ,i tell y e>ne/ly & au?oritatively 7,i "k ,i am "r 9 ?is7 y mu/ get into ! way1 habit ( look+ rightly1 int5sely at words1 & tell+1 assur+ y\rself ( _! mean+1 syllable by syllable--nay1 lett] by lett]4 ,= 444 y might read all ! books 9 a great libr>y1 ! ,briti% ,museum 7if y c\ld live long en\gh7 & rema9 an utt]ly 8illit]ate10 un$ucat$ p]son2 b if y read "s "p1 t5 pages ( a good1 an in/ructive book1 lett] by lett]--t is to say1 ) real c>e1 accuracy--y are =ev]more 9 "s way1 measure an educat$ man1 p]son4 ,! entire diff]5ce betwe5 education & non-education 7z reg>ds ! m]ely m5tal1 intellectual "p ( x7 consi/s 9 ?is exactitude1 accuracy4 ,a well-educat$ g5tleman may n read1 "k _m languages1 may n be able to speak any b 8 own1 may h read v few books4 ,b :atev] language he kn[s1 he kn[s well1 precisely2 :atev] ^w he says1 pron\nces he says1 pron\nces rightly4 ,above all1 he is le>n$ 9 ! pe]age ( words1 kn[s ! words ( true1 v]itable desc5t1 & old1 anci5t blood1 at a glance1 f ! words ( new1 mod]n canaille1 rememb]s all _! ance/ry1 _! int]m>riages1 di/ant relation%ips1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y 7 admitt$1 & (fices !y held1 among ! national noblesse ( words at any "t & 9 any place1 c\ntry4 ,b an un$ucat$ p]son may "k1 by he>t1 memory1 _m languages1 & use1 talk !m all1 & yet truly "k1 appreh5d n a ^w ( any--n a ^w ev5 ( 8 own4 ,an ord9>ily clev]1 good & s5sible seaman w be able to make 8 way a%ore at mo/ ports1 places1 yet he has only to speak a little1 a s5t5ce ( ,spani% or ,fr5*1 any language to be kn[n1 recogniz$ = an illit]ate p]son2 s also ! acc5t1 or turn ( expression ( a s+le s5t5ce1 w at once m>k a s*ol>4 ,& ?is is s well1 /rongly felt1 s conclusively1 well admitt$1 by educat$ p]sons1 t a false acc5t or a bad1 mi/ak5 syllable is en\gh 9 ! p>liam5t ( any civiliz$ nation1 to assign1 s5d man to a c]ta9 degree ( l[]1 inf]ior /&+ =ev]4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,:i* words 9 ! foll[+ are g5]al1 :i* specific8 ,does ea* seem appropriate 9 its place1 or ought "s words to h be5 m specific1 o!rs m g5]al8 #a4 ,h] dress 0 d>k & ri*2 %e _h pe>ls r\nd h] neck1 & an old rococo fan 9 h] h&4--,,h5ry ,,james4 #b4 ,:5 gratitude has become a matt] ( reason+1 !re are _m ways ( escap+ f its bonds4--,,george ,,eliot4 #c4 ,fri5d%ips beg9 ) lik+ or gratitude--roots t c be pull$ up4--,,george ,,eliot4 #d4 ,:at sc5e 0 ev] commonplace 9 ! desc5d+ sunlight1 :5 color has awak5$ f its noonday sleep1 & ! long %ad[s awe u l a disclos$ pres5ce8 ,above all1 :at sc5e is commonplace to ! eye t is fill$ ) s]5e gladness1 & bright5s all ?+s ) its own joy8--,,george ,,eliot4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,is !re dang] ( misconception f ! use ( ! foll[+ words8 ,if s1 h[ c ! dang] be avoid$8 ,discuss 9 class4 ,fair1 f9e1 c]ta91 *>ity1 democratic1 republican1 nature4 ,simple ,words4--,sev]al ye>s ago a g5tleman#dg secur$ f a l>ge numb] ( successful au?ors brief pieces ( advice to "y writ]s4 ,9 "o p>ticul> !re 0 an extraord9>y unanimity among ^! au?ors4 ,ne>ly all agre$ t a "y writ] %\ld try to express himself simply4 ,!y agre$ on o!r matt]s too1--= example1 on ! ne$ ( cle> ?9k+ & an incl9ation to take mu* pa9s 9 expression4 ,b x 0 noticeable t ev5 writ]s ^: own "w is n *>act]iz$ by simplicity seem$ to admire ?is quality4 ,! greate/ m5 are simple4 ,affectation1 /ra9+ = effect1 is a m>k ( a little m9d4 ,! greate/ art is simple1--gov]n$ by a noble re/ra9t4 ,ov]-decoration1 :e!r 9 a picture1 a piece ( music1 9 dress1 9 ! furni%+ ( a room1 or 9 a !me1 is always a m>k ( bad ta/e4 ,:at is call$ f9e writ+--! use ( ov]-ambiti\s words to express simple ?\ghts--gr[s up 9 v>i\s ways4 ,sometimes x spr+s f a desire to be funny4 ,exagg]ation has always be5 a favorite device ( ! humori/--especially ( ! ,am]ican humori/4 ,!re are /ud5ts :o le>n to use ?is k9d ( humor s well t an unconsci\s habit ( bomba/ pursues !m into _! m s]i\s "w4 ,mo/ ( u c =ce a smile at su* writ+ z ! passage giv5 bel[1 or ev5 laugh at x :5 !re are en\gh p pres5t to help u3-- 8,x 0 9 ! six? t ,capta9 ,anson1 aid$ & abett$ by sundry "y m5 g5]ally call$ #8,colts1' wad$ 9 to snat* laurel1 trail+ arbutus1 & o!r vegetables f ! coy h& ( fame4 ,he did x1 too1 & he n[ has laurels to ?r[ to ! birds4 ,ryan w5t fir/ to ! bat1 & pa/$ a w>m "o ?r\gh %ort t turn$ ! grass black along its pa?40 ,b :5 a "y fell[ has read s mu* ( ?is sort t he drags simil> diction into 8 !mes1 ! fun becomes vulg>ity4 ,9 g5]al1 use always ! simple/ ^w t w express y\r mean+ exactly4 ,comp>e pages #baf1 #bag4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,write 9 simple ,engli% ! equival5ts ( ! foll[+ passages4 ,"s are f /ud5ts' !mes2 o!rs f newspap]s4 #a4 ,! svelte#dh "y debutante receiv$ a p]fect ovation4 #b4 ,9 my e/imation x is f> m to be desir$ t a tyro 9 ! art ( composition %\ld select ^? subjects ) :i* 8 acqua9tance is ! mo/ ext5sive4 #c4 ,9 all my exp]i5ce ,i h nev] enjoy$ ! acqua9tance ( two y\?s ( m sup]ior ability4 #d4 ,x is impossible = me to disassociate f my m9d ! conception t su* a c\rse w\ld be disa/r\s to ! ambitions ( ! team4 #e4 ,public s5tim5t w\ld n p]mit an individual or an inf9itesimally small m9ority to clog ! :eels ( progress 9 ord] to prev5t ! escape ( a few doll>s f ! individuals compos+ ! ob/ructive elem5t4 #f4 ,let u inde$ refra9 f any c\rse ( action :i* w militate aga9/ ! onw>d m>* ( ! civiliz+ p[] ( ! public s*ools ( ?is great & gr[+ nation4 #g4 ,:ile ! birds 7 c>oll+ _! sweete/ /ra9s & ! grass hung heavy ) wat]-pe>ls1 ,pet] ,brant 0 tak+ 8 life4 ,a m s$uctive place to die 9 ?an ! little g>d5 back ( #gjjj ,congress /reet is inconceivable4 ,lit]al & ,figurative ,words4--,be=e x c be decid$ h[ f> ! "y writ] %\ld use figures ( spee*1 x is necess>y to f9d out ! real diff]5ce betwe5 a lit]al ^w or /atem5t & a figurative ^w or /atem5t4 ,if figures are always m]e embelli%m5ts ( language1 ! j\rneyman _h bett] %un !m anxi\sly2 = 8 true object is to express 8 ?\ght1 n to decorate x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s figures are n embelli%m5ts b ord9>y build+-mat]ial1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,:51 on see+ biscuits = ! fir/ "t1 a *ild ref]s to !m z moons1 he is n mak+ an ef=t to adorn 8 language4 ,he is unconsci\sly us+ a figure ( spee* because he does n "k ! lit]al1 prop]1 conv5tional "n1 biscuit4 ,if ! *ild _h =m]ly liv$ 9 a c\ntry :]e apples grew b potatoes did n1 ! fir/ "t he saw a potato he w\ld probably call x a gr\nd-apple4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re are p t h gone ?r\gh "s su* exp]i5ce ) potatoes4 ,! ,fr5* ^w pomme de t]re indicates ?is4 ,mo/ words 7 once figures ( spee*1 t is1 tropes4 ,a trope1 f ! ,greek ^w 1 to turn1 is m]ely ! turn+ away ( a ^w f its ord9>y mean+ to give a "n to "s new idea4 ,! root ( _m a ^w %[s ! figure t 0 us$ to express a giv5 new idea4 ,! root spir- means to brea!4 ,s9ce ! inability to brea! is "o "p ( ! process ( dea?1 ! expression to brea! out became a figurative expression = ! :ole idea ( 8to die40 ,9 expire1 appli$ to dea?1 ! idea ( brea! is usually n felt4 ,! figure is =gott51 & we !re=e call x a root-figure1 or radical figure4 ,z may be se5 f ! roots ( ! ,curi\s ,words on page #aia1 language is figurative ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,?is is true n only ( language already made1 b ( t :i* is daily mak+4 ,9 e m9d %ades ( ?\ght are con/antly occurr+ = :i* !re are ei!r no names1 or none :i* ! m9d c le>n 9 ! int]val be=e expression is necess>y4 ,if ! exact ^w is n at h&1 a comp>ison mu/ be made4 ,! %ade ( ?\ght mu/ be nam$ by tell+ :at ?+ 9 ! read]'s exp]i5ce x is l4 ,does ! attempt at comp>ison result 9 a vague1 inexact phrase1 or 9 an exact "o8 ,! y\? :o decl>es t 8 lesson is z 8h>d z ?und]10 has express$ himself b vaguely4 ,! same is true ( ! "y lady :o decl>es t x ra9$ 8l any?+40 ,let u exam9e briefly ! *ief k9ds ( tropes1 & note :e!r !y are necess>ily less cle> & exact ?an lit]al /atem5ts4 ,a p]son sees an accid5t1 & reports t 8a score ( h&s0 pick$ up ! injur$ boy4 ,"h is synecdo*e4 ,! 8h&s0 /& = ! p]sons--a "p = ! :ole2 a 8score0 probably /&s = a doz51--! :ole numb] ( h&s 9 ! gr\p ( p1 = ! small] numb] t actually t\*$ ! boy4 ,or1 ! 8score0 may be call$ hyp]bole1 t is1 exagg]ation4 ,a critic might say t ei!r figure is inexact "h4 ,true1 9 a way4 ,b if ! writ] _h report$ t he seem$ to see a score ( h&s1 ! phrase w\ld be fai?ful to 8 ?\ght4 ,we may take ! seem$ = grant$1 & reply to ! critic t = exact purposes 9 a law c\rt1 8seem$ to see a score ( h&s0 might be ne>] ! tru? ?an an attempt at great] precision4 ,suppose1 n[1 t ! writ] :o report$ ! accid5t said t ! boy 0 9 great pa91 s t 8 face 0 8z :ite z ivory40 ,"h is a simile1--an explicit /atem5t ( lik5ess 9 two ?+s :i* are diff]5t 9 mo/ respects4 ,?is p>ticul> simile is c]ta9ly m exact ?an ! lit]al ^w :ite w\ld be4 ,if n[ ! writ] _h said1 8,i caught a glimpse ( compress$ lips & ivory face10 ! comp>ison w\ld h be5 n explicit1 b impli$4 ,an impli$ comp>ison is call$ metaphor4 ,metaphor is f ! ,greek = c>ry+ ov]1 because x c>ries ov] bodily ! "n ( "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,to speak ( a man z 8bold z a lion10 is simile2 to call him a 8lion0 outright1 is metaphor4 ,x is less cle> to call a man a lion ?an to say 9 :at respect he is l a lion2 x is less cle> to say1 8ivory face0 ?an to say 8face :ite z ivory40 ,! case ( ! boy :o 0 injur$ may h got into ! newspap]s4 ,to speak m figuratively1 ! press may h tak5 up ! matt]4 ,press /&s "h = ! editors ( ! v>i\s j\rnals4 ,?is la/ figure is metonymy4 ,9 metonymy "o ?+ is put = ano!r t is (t5 associat$ ) x4 ,9 ! s5t5ce giv51 metonymy does n seem to detract f cle>ness2 at all ev5ts x saves a r\ndab\t expression4 ,metaphor & metonymy1 by ascrib+ life to inanimate ?+s1 (t5 become p]sonification4 ,s above1 :]e ! press takes up a matt]4 ,x is evid5t t p]sonification ne$ n make a s5t5ce less intelligible4 ,once m1 let u suppose t ! report] :o fir/ le>n$ ( ! boy's accid5t rem>k$1 on h&+ 9 8 acc\nt ( x1 8,! e>ly bird cat*es ! worm40 ,! rem>k is pure allegory--describ+ "s act or ?+ indirectly by describ+ some?+ else4 ,if ! he>] kn[s en\gh ( ! situation to und]/& ! allegory1 he und\bt$ly receives a =cible impression1 & may be help$ to a cle>] view4 ,allegory is a k9d ( exp&$ metaphor4 ,x is m liable to mis9t]pretation ?an mo/ figures2 b ! allegorical prov]bs ( our language1 & ! popul>ity ( su* books z ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 %[ t x is a favorite =m ( expression4 ,l g5]al words1 allegory c be us$ to say ?+s :i* policy may =bid be+ said m directly4 ,f ! discussion x appe>s t tropes c (t5 be made to yield a cle> & suffici5tly exact phrase4 ,(t5 h[ev] a trope l5ds =ce or beauty r ?an cle>ness4 ,x is =cible r ?an cle> to call a man a lion4 ,x is beautiful r ?an cle> to speak ( ! ,pleiades z 8a sw>m ( fireflies tangl$ 9 a silv] braid40 ,su* a phrase z ?is is legitimate en\gh 9 poetry2 x w\ld be legitimate 9 highly imag9ative prose4 ,b ! fact _c be dodg$ t x w\ld be out ( place 9 ! mid/ ( pla9 prose description4 ,! practical conclusion is obvi\s4 ,use tropes )\t hesitation :5 !y are really ne$$ to give cle>ness & =ce4 ,nev] use a trope = decorative purposes only4 ,! ability to write pla91 b>e ,engli% is absolutely indisp5sable4 ,! ability to write figuratively is an enviable1 b n a necess>y1 possession4 ,:5 ! ne$ ( a figure is actually felt1 ! *oice %\ld be made ) scrupul\s c>e4 ,if tropes occur to y 9 numb]s1 8l flocks ( pigeons10 *oose only ! pigeon t c c>ry a message4 ,to secure lucidity1 employ a figure :i* makes use ( some?+ already cle> to ! read]4 ,e-day life & common ?+s are ! be/ s\rces = bo? similes & metaphors4 ,to secure =ce1 select su* figures z appeal to ! emotional exp]i5ces ( ev]ybody4 ,if y wi% to hold att5tion & move y\r read]1 appeal to su* primal feel+s z love1 hate1 fe>1 c\rage1 joy1 sorr[1 aspiration1 hope4 ,note h[ ,%akespe>e appeals to ! human animal's dread ( deep wat]3 he makes ,c>d9al ,wolsey say1 8,i h v5tur$1 l wanton boys t swim on bladd]s1 ?is _m summ]s 9 a sea ( glory40 ,9 ,macbe? he appeals to ! joy ( release f pa93 he calls sleep ! balm ( ea* day's hurt4 ,a good figure ( spee* mu/ be consi/5t4 ,al?\gh a lively imag9ation *anges its metaphors f m9ute to m9ute1 x mu/ n *ange !m s fa/ z to sugge/ ridicul\s ?+s4 ,if ! metaphor gets mix$1 cle>ness & =ce g to ! w9ds4 ,! o!r day ! writ] he>d a "y man e>ne/ly exclaim3 8,n[ ,i %all h to toe ! bee-l9e60 ,! ?\ght ( t y\?1 lift$ to a p]il\s position :]e 8 toes s\ght va9ly 9 ! trackless air = a 8bee-l9e10 0 q too mu* = ! gravity ( 8 he>]s4 ,?is trope t fail$ to be a trope 0 ab\t z effective z ! fam\s lightn+-*ange s]ies ( metaphors utt]$ by ,sir ,boyle ,ro*e3 8,mr4 ,speak]1 ,i smell a rat4 ,i see him float+ 9 ! air4 ,b ,i w nip him 9 ! bud40 ,mix$ metaphors may arise f m]e livel9ess ( imag9ation1--a good fault sometimes4 ,m frequ5tly x arises f vague ?9k+ or f gr&iloqu5ce4 ,! examples on page #bdf %[ h[ liable f9e writ+ is to ?is fault4 ,a figure t is n 9 good ta/e is incomp>ably worse ?an no figure at all4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,"n ea* trope1 & expla9 h[ ea* gets its =ce2 :at emotion ea* t\*es4 7a7 8,?y s\l 0 l a /> & dwelt ap>t40--,,wordswor?4 7b7 8,:at is hope8--a smil+ ra9b[ *ildr5 foll[ ?r\gh ! wet40--,,c>lyle4 7c7 8,%e speaks poni>ds1 & e ^w /abs40--,,%akespe>e4 7d7 8,bliss 0 x 9 t dawn to be alive2 b to be "y 0 v heav540--,,wordswor?4 7e7 8,pray] is ! key ( ! morn+ & ! bolt ( ! night40--,,bee*]4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,exam9e ! phrases t y made by f9d+ adjectives to fit ab/ract qualities 7p4 #bjb71 & decide 9 ea* case :e!r cle>ness or =ce is ! *ief result+ *>act]i/ic4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,re/ore =ce to ! foll[+ figures by *ang+ :atev] is incongru\s 9 !m4 ,reject any t are irretrievably bad 9 ta/e1 or hackney$4 #a4 ,! s++ 0 l$ by ! organ assi/$ by f\r viol9s4 #b4 ,9 graceful & figurative language he po9t$ ! f+] ( scorn at ! def5dant4 #c4 ,x 0 #h o'clock :5 ! gue/s attack$ ! foll[+ m5u4 #d4 ,! trail] /ruck ! c> amid%ips4 #e4 ,! colonies 7 n yet ripe to bid adieu to ,briti% connection4 #f4 ,let u ca/ (f ! %ackles ( d\bt & b9d ourselves ) ! bonds ( fai?4 #g4 ,no human happ9ess is s s]5e z n to conta9 "s alloy4 #h4 ,boyle 0 ! fa!r ( *emi/ry1 & bro!r ( ! ,e>l ( ,cork4 #i4 ,! m>ble-he>t$ m>aud] might seize ! ?rone ( civil au?ority1 & hurl into ?raldom ! vot>ies ( rational lib]ty4 #aj4 ,x is to be hop$1 n[ t lovely woman disc\nt5ances ! fl[+ b[l1 t ! ris+ g5]ation w abjure x1 & foll[ ! weak] sex 9 tak+ no?+ /rong] ?an ! cup :i* *e]s b n inebriates4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,lett]-,,writ+ ,:y ,important4--,!re are two g5]al classes ( lett]s3 in=mal or p]sonal1 & =mal or imp]sonal4 ,ea* k9d is gov]n$ by ! g5]al pr9ciples ( cle>ness & c\rtesy4 ,mis*ief is sure to foll[ if ei!r ( ^! pr9ciples is disreg>d$4 ,a writ] may indulge 9 extravagance ( /atem5t :5 he writes = ! public1 & 8!re is no h>m done1 = ! speak] is "o & ! li/5] is ano!r40#di ,b x is q a diff]5t matt] :5 "o is mak+ bus9ess promises1 or try+ to pacify a di/ant fri5d ) :om !re is a misund]/&+4 ,a %rewd politician kn[s en\gh n to write too _m lett]s1 & n to write any?+ t he _c /& by4 ,a woman ( tact kn[s t ! success ( h] social plans may turn ^u ! *oice ( a s+le ^w 9 ! leave-tak+ ( a note4 ,bus9ess ,lett]s4--,^! are =mal1 imp]sonal4 ,a good bus9ess lett] is 7#a7 cle>1 7#b7 c\rte\s1 7#c7 brief4 ,x %[s unmi/akably 7a7 :o is writ+1 7b7 to :om1 7c7 :]e1 7d7 :54 ,x is def9ite 9 its language1 s t !re ne$ be no return lett] ( inquiry z to any "p ( its mean+4 ,x obs]ves ! be/ conv5tions ( address & signature4 ,x refra9s f brusque rem>ks1 ev5 9 reply to a rude lett]4 ,x is appreciative4 ,a good bus9ess man always takes into acc\nt t a h&ful ( trade is a h&ful ( gold2 if he is favor$ ) ord]s1 he goes to ! tr\ble ( ?ank+ 8 cu/om]s4 ,x does n curtly abbreviate s5t5ces & signatures4 ,life is n s %ort b t we may avoid writ+ su* insults z ?is3 8,y'rs rec'd & cont5ts not$4 ,h ord]$ ,jones to pu% ! deal ?r\gh4 ,%all see y soon4 ,y'rs respy40 ,head+s & ,signatures 9 ,bus9ess ,lett]s4--,a bus9ess lett] %\ld %[ :]e x 0 writt51 & :]e ! answ] %\ld be s5t4 ,if ^! places are ! same1 ! "o address may be indicat$ ei!r at ! beg9n+ or at ! end1 pref]ably ! =m]4 ,/reet & numb] %\ld always be giv5 9 ! case ( city addresses4 ,! date ( writ+ %\ld be plac$ at ! beg9n+1 ! mon? be+ writt5 or abbreviat$1 n indicat$ by a figure4 ,! head+ ought also to indicate to :om ! lett] is s5t4 ,s9ce 9 !ory or 9 fact !re may be o!r p]sons ( ! same "n1 ! correspond5t's address %\ld usually be plac$ b5ea? 8 "n4 ,! mo/ common signatures 9 bus9ess lett]s are ,y\rs truly1 ,y\rs v truly1 & ,y\rs respectfully4 ,9 writ+ a bus9ess lett]1 a girl signs h] full "n4 ,!n at ! left %e writes h] "n1 prec$$ by ,miss1 & foll[$ by h] address4 ,titles 9 ,bus9ess ,lett]s4--,firm names ne$ n be prec$$ by ,messrs41 al?\gh ?is =m c]ta9ly adds to ! c\rtesy ( ! communication4 ,names ( individuals %\ld regul>ly be prec$$ by ,mr4 ,:e!r a p]son %\ld be address$ by 8 pr(essional title dep5ds some:at ^u ! "* ( ! bus9ess4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a comm]cial lett] is suffici5tly c\rte\s if ,mr4 prec$es ! "n ( ! p]son address$4 ,?is title is 9 bett] ta/e1 z appli$ to bus9ess m51 ?an ,esq4 ,b !re is no objection to ! use ( c]ta9 titles1 & !y are desirable if ! bus9ess be "o :i* p]ta9s to ! pr(ession ( ! p]son address$4 ,initials %\ld always be giv54 8,rev4 ,br[n10 8,hon4 ,jones10 are inexcusable =ms4 ,! ,envelope4--,! address on ! envelope %\ld be z legible z possible4 ,names ( /ates %\ld n be contract$4 ,z ,pr(essor ,j4 ,m4 ,h>t rem>ks1 8,! only curr5t abbreviations t seem to be safe are ,p5na41 ,conn41 & ,d4 ,c40#ej ,new ,york ,city may be writt5 = ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! same rules = titles apply to ! envelope z to ! head+4 ,if ! comma is plac$ aft] "o l9e ( ! address1 x mu/ be plac$ aft] ! o!rs4 ,x is ne$$ aft] none4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,write a bus9ess lett]1 reply+ cle>ly & c\rte\sly to ! foll[+ imag9>y communication4 #ad ,grasm]e ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 ,dec4 #d1 #ahig4 ,miss ,hel5 ,roe1 ,graysville1 ,p5na4 ,de> ,madam3-- ,we beg to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( y\r ord] ( ,dec4 #b4 ,s9ce y m5tion ! fact t ! goods are int5d$ z a ,*ri/mas surprise1 we h tak5 ! lib]ty ( hold+ !m1 & writ+ = ord]s z to desir$ date ( %ipm5t to ! address y specify4 ,we rema91 ,v respectfully y\rs1 ,weav] & ,weav]4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,write a petition to "s p]son or p]sons 9 au?ority1 foll[+ 9 g5]al ! =m giv5 bel[3-- ,! ,faculty ( ,lewis ,in/itute4 ,g5tlem53 ,we1 ! und]sign$1 respectfully ask ! privilege ( organiz+ a new lit]>y society1 to be call$ ! ,p>nassian4 ,we enclose a copy ( ! propos$ con/itution1 :i* we are ready to sign4 ,if fur!r in=mation is desir$1 we %all be glad to appo9t a committee to wait ^u y at any "t y may designate4 ,l4 ,gu/afson1 ,h4 ,bulkley1 etc4 ,=mal ,social ,lett]s4--,=mal correspond5ce indicates by its /yle ! m]e acqua9tance ( ! correspond5ts1 or1 9 ! words ( ,miss ,morton1#ea 8! b\nds ( di/ance :i* = any reason x is desirable to ma9ta940 ,a =mal lett] %\ld actually be =mal4 ,if "o attempts to d an elaborate ?+1 "o ought to d x ?or\ghly & prop]ly4 ,a lett] t beg9s ) =mal brevity & runs (f into colloquial prolixity is a burlesque4 ,a lett] t beg9s 9 ! ?ird p]son & ends 9 ! fir/ is a f>ce4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,foll[+ 9 g5]al ! models giv5 bel[1 write 7#a7 a =mal invitation to d9n]2 7#b7 an acceptance ( ?is invitation2 7#c7 regrets at inability to accept4 #a4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,e/(f1 ,jr41 reque/s ! pleasure ( ,mr4 ,edw>d ,edw>ds' company at d9n] on ,tuesday1 ,june f\r?1 at sev5 o'clock1 to meet ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,fr$]ick ,e/(f4 #ab ,pe> ,/reet1 ,june tw5ty-eigh?4 #b4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,edw>ds accepts ) mu* pleasure ! k9d invitation ( ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,e/(f1 ,jr41 to d9n] = ,june f\r?1 to meet ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,fr$]ick ,e/(f4 #ad ,sycamore ,/reet1 ,june tw5ty-eigh?4 #c4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,edw>ds regrets extremely t a previ\s engagem5t prev5ts 8 acceptance ( ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,e/(f1 ,jr4's k9d invitation to d9n] = ,june f\r?1 to meet ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,fr$]ick ,e/(f4 #ad ,sycamore ,/reet1 ,june tw5ty-eigh?4 ,p]sonal or ,in=mal ,lett]s4--,! lett] "o writes in=mally to an acqua9tance1 a fri5d1 or a relative1 %\ld be 9 tone pretty ne>ly :at "o's conv]sation ) ! giv5 p]son w\ld be4 ,to give su* a lett] ! tone :i* repres5ts exactly ! relation betwe5 ! two p is a h>d task4 ,! nice/ s5se ( tact is requir$ 9 ord] n to be too /iff & n too famili>4 ,p]sonal lett]s dem& ! art ( colloquial composition4 ,^? unp]ceptive p]sons :o h b "o /yle ( composition1--t ( a book1 or t ( a cl]k1--make sorry "w ( p]sonal lett]s4 ,suppose t y h always kn[n "o ( ^! p]sons4 ,y h play$ ) him1 read ) him1 p]haps f\ght ) him4 ,:5 y meet1 he calls y by y\r fir/ "n4 ,:5 he writes to ask y to visit him1 he addresses y z ,de> ,sir1 & signs himself ,respectfully6 ,8 lett] gives y a *ill4 ,!re is too little ( ! p]sonal lett]-writ+ ( ! bett] sort1 ! leisurely1 c>eful1 c\rte\s1 old-fa%ion$ k9d ( writt5 talk1--writ+ t1 l ,?omas ,*olmondeley's1 c\ld be sign$1 8,ev] y\rs & n 9 ha/e40 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,write a note invit+ a fri5d ( y\r own age to d9n]1 to an in=mal p>ty1 or to an excursion4 ,su* a note usually beg9s on ?is wise1--,my ,de> ,tom1 or ,de> ,tom1 r ?an on ?is1--,de> ,fri5d4 ,a simil> note to an acqua9tance w\ld beg93 ,my de> ,mr4 ----1 ,my de> ,miss ----1 etc4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,write a p]sonal lett] to ! in/ructor1 conc]n+ "s matt] 9 :i* y w\ld l to int]e/ him4 ,?is lett] w n be read to ! class4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--,write to "s fri5d a long lett]1 obs]v+ ! ord9>y rules = p>agraph+4 ,sugge/$ subjects3 an acc\nt ( y\r life s9ce la/ meet+ y\r fri5d2 a comp>ison ( ! t[n y n[ live 9 ) t 9 :i* y & ! fri5d =m]ly liv$2 an explanation ( "s s*eme 9 :i* y wi% ! fri5d's co-op]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,reproduction1 ,,ab/ract1 ,,summ>y1 ,,abridgm5t ,lit]al ,reproduction4--,! ^w reproduction is (t5 us$ 9 ,rhetoric 9 a some:at g5]al s5se1 to mean any v]sion ( ano!r composition4 ,z we %all use x1 ! t]m means lit]al reproduction2 9 o!r words1 a v]sion t foll[s ! phras+ ( ! orig9al z ne>ly z ! "t giv5 = /udy w p]mit4 ,writ+ ( reproductions tra9s ! memory & adds imm5sely to "o's comm& ( words4 ,bel[ are giv5 li/s ( brief selections1 mo/ ( !m requir+ n m ?an t5 m9utes to reproduce4 ,x is sugge/$ t a giv5 p>agraph or page be sl[ly read al\d to ! class1 two or ?ree times1 & t ! class aft]w>d write ! piece z ne>ly z possible 9 ! au?or's words4 ,ea* /ud5t %\ld !n ins]t 9 8 vocabul>y book any new words or phrases t seem to him p>ticul>ly s]viceable4 ,^! memor&a w prove invaluable lat] on1 :5 simil> topics 7n ! same ones7 are to be writt5 ab\t by ! /ud5t himself4 ,to illu/rate3 a /ud5t aft] read+ two or ?ree p]sonal descriptions might jot d[n = future use su* phrases z ! foll[+3 ,eyes4--,laugh+1 />tl$1 heavy-lidd$1 hazel1 vacant1 protrud+1 lu/r\s1 expressive1 liquid1 dreamy1 speak+1 glad4 ,nose4--,aquil9e1 ,roman1 beak-l1 %apely1 snub1 %>p1 insignificant4 ,hair4--,grizzl$1 fr[sy1 %aggy1 glossy1 di%evell$1 unkempt1 tumbl$4 ,mann]4--,al]t1 jaunty1 affable1 sprightly1 haughty1 pret5ti\s1 mode/1 diffid5t1 res]v$1 o/5tati\s1 demure1 animat$4 ,figure4--,gaunt1 emaciat$1 lank1 vigor\s1 robu/1 grotesque1 massive1 insignificant1 ?ick-set1 portly1 /urdy1 /alw>t1 erect1 decrepit1 fragile4 ,expression4--,rueful1 crafty1 frank1 wi/ful1 /olid4 ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,lit]al ,,reproduction ,n>ration ,miles1 ,"o ,?\s& & ,"o ,anecdotes3 p4 #cj1 ,g>cia2 #cc1 ,h&el2 #cf1 ,moz>t2 #dc1 ,pagan9i2 #gd1 ,a dull witness2 #if1 ,mrs4 ,siddons2 #aje1 #aaj1 ,well+ton2 #ajf1 ,coolness2 #acb1 ,bad h&writ+2 #adb1 ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay2 #bah1 ,hill2 #bca1 ,newton2 #bca1 ,sidney ,smi?2 #bea1 ,scott2 #bec1 ,less+2 #bed1 ,geological2 #bee1 ,blackie2 #bfh1 ,brang]2 #bgc1 ,a toa/2 #cjd1 ,a c>eful read]2 #cab1 ,web/]2 #caf1 ,johnson2 #cah1 ,poetry & ,pattypans2 #cbb1 ,m>ryat2 #cbc1 ,turn]2 #cbd1 ,danneck]2 #cbh1 ,hugo & ,coppe2 #cfh1 ,h]oism ( a workman2 #cgj1 ,ro*ejaquel92 #cga1 ,wa%+ton2 #cgd1 ,lefevre2 #cgh1 ,vir*[2 #cgh1 ,*am & ,gille4 ,description ,p]sons4--,haw?orne3 ,am]ican ,note ,books4 ,see ,index1 p4 #ddh1 = p>agraphs on *>act]s1 mo/ly m54 ,sc5]y4--#a4 ,sunrise4 ,haw?orne3 ,am]ican ,note ,books1 #ge1 #aba1 #cae4 ,?oreau3 ,spr+1 #ii4 #b4 ,morn+4 ,haw?orne3 ,am]ican ,note ,books1 #ge1 #agg4 ,?oreau3 ,w9t]1 #abh1 #acg1 #beh4 #c4 ,aft]noon4 ,haw?orne3 ,am]ican ,note ,books1 #if4 ,?oreau3 ,autumn1 #ba1 #bh1 #ahb4 #d4 ,sunset4 ,haw?orne3 ,am]ican ,note ,books1 #aab4 ,?oreau3 ,autumn1 #c1 #ag1 #ij1 #aab1 #aeb1 #bad1 #bei1 #caa1 #cbg1 #ccj1 #cde1 #chh1 #dbi1 #dcc4 ,w9t]1 #bc1 #ch1 #dj1 #abg1 #aee4 ,summ]1 #dg1 #bdf1 #cac1 #ccb1 #cfb4 #e4 ,sunlight4 ,burr\ghs3 ,w9t] ,sun%9e1 #ajb4 ,?oreau3 ,autumn1 #bhi4 ,w9t]1 #aad1 #bdi4 #f4 ,moonlight4 ,haw?orne3 ,! ,sc>let ,lett] 7,cu/om ,h\se74 ,rusk93 ,prt]ita1 vol4 ii41 #aff4 ,?oreau3 ,spr+1 #gh4 ,summ]1 #ie1 #ig1 #aag1 #abj1 #agf1 #bcc1 #bci1 #ccc4 ,w9t]1 #bae1 #cbj1 #cbb4 ,burr\ghs3 ,w9t] ,sun%9e1 #dc4 #g4 ,wat]4 ,blackmore3 ,lorna ,doone1 vii4 ,?oreau3 ,spr+1 #hg1 #if1 #aja1 #aji1 #aed4 ,summ]1 #cj1 #aag1 #bdj1 #bdc4 ,autumn1 #aaa1 #afj1 #ahb1 #cgj1 #djj1 #dcd4 ,rusk93 ,prt]ita1 vol4 ii41 #aei 7,! ,rhone74 #h4 ,m\nta9s4 ,rusk93 ,prt]ita1 vol4 i41 #bhh4 ,bolles3 ,at ! ,nor? ( ,be>camp ,wat]4 ,see ,index1 p4 #bif1 = _m views ( m ?an a score ( m\nta9s4 #i4 ,l&scapes4 ,rusk93 ,prt]ita1 vol4 ii41 #gh 7,rome74 ,haw?orne3 ,am]ican ,note ,books1 #dda 7,gosport74 ,blackmore3 ,lorna ,doone1 iv4 7,doone ,gate74 ,hugo3 ,les ,misrables 7,field ( ,wat]loo74 ,birds1 ,animals1 & ,insects4--,see indexes ( ! foll[+3 ,?oreau3 ,spr+2 ,summ]2 ,autumn2 ,w9t]2 ,wald54 ,burr\ghs3 ,wake ,rob92 ,w9t] ,sun%9e2 ,birds & ,bees4 ,mill]3 ,bird-,ways2 ,a ,bird-,lov] 9 ! ,we/4 ,torrey3 ,a ,rambl]'s ,lease2 ,birds 9 ! ,bu%4 ,m]riam3 ,a-,bird+ on a ,bron*o4 ,bolles3 ,f ,blomidon to ,smoky2 ,! ,l& ( ! ,l+]+ ,sn[2 ,at ! ,nor? ( ,be>camp ,wat]4 ,gibson3 ,%>p ,eyes4 ,build+s & ,rooms4--,rusk93 ,prt]ita1 vol4 i41 #bcb 7*apel72 vol4 iii41 #e 7mona/]y74 ,scott3 ,ivanhoe1 iii4 7,saxon hall74 ,/ev5son3 ,an ,inl& ,voyage 7,noyon ,ca!dral72 ,! ,amateur ,emigrant 7! second cab974 ,haw?orne3 ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables1 i42 ,h[e's ,masqu]ade 7! ,prov9ce ,h\se74 ,irv+3 ,! ,alhambra4 7,palace ( ! ,alhambra72 ,sket* ,book 7,we/m9/] ,abbey74 ,lamb3 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,(fice4 ,exposition ,helps3 ,?\ghts 9 ! ,cloi/] & ! ,cr[d1 #ad1 #bg1 #cb1 #cc1 #dj1 #db1 #ed1 #fa1 #gb4 ,brevia1 #e1 #ad1 #ae1 #bb1 #cg1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #aje1 #aac1 #aae1 #afa1 #afc4 ,blake3 ,?oreau's ,?\ghts1 #d1 #i1 #ba1 #df1 #hi1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aah1 #abc4 ,summ>y1 ,ab/ract1 ,abridgm5t4--,! ability to arrive at ! sub/ance ( an article or book & write x d[n1 is dem&$ con/antly 9 almo/ e bus9ess & 9 e pr(ession4 ,an extremely brief /atem5t ( ! sub/ance is call$ a summ>y4 ,a long] /atem5t1 c\*$ 9 language indep5d5t ( t us$ by ! au?or1 is an ab/ract4 ,if ! article or book is %ort5$ by ! omission ( ! less important p>ts1 ! language ( ! orig9al be+ 9 g5]al reta9$1 ! result is an abridgm5t4 ,almo/ any well-con/ruct$ composition l5ds itself to summ>y1 ab/ract1 or abridgm5t4 ,a /ory ( ,irv+ or ,haw?orne1 a *apt] ( ,p>kman or ,john ,fiske1 an article 9 ! ,=um or ! ,nation1 furni%es excell5t mat]ial4 ,bel[ are giv5 typical pieces t may be us$1 ! %ort] ones = summ>y1 ! long] = ab/ract or abridgm5t4 ,/ories c bett] be ab/ract$ ?an abridg$4 ,x is well to plan ! proportions ( y\r v]sion4 ,! scale ( #a3f 7"o p>agraph to six7 w be f\nd a good proportion on :i* to r$uce ! long] pieces4 ,burke's ,spee* ,on ,conciliation w\ld ?us r$uce to an ab/ract or an abridgm5t ( ab\t tw5ty p>agraphs4 ,b ?is spee* c be r$uc$ on a scale ( #a3aj or ev5 #a3bj4 ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,summ>y1 ,,ab/ract1 ,,abridgm5t ,n>ration #a4 ,p]sonal ,conte/s3--,sp>tacus & ,h]mann1 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur*3 ,two ,?\s& ,ye>s ,ago1 p4 #ca ff4 ,*ri/ian & ,apollyon1 ,bunyan3 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,f\r? ,/age4 ,ar*]y1 ,scott3 ,ivanhoe1 xiii4 ,david & ,golia?1 ,i ,samuel xvii4 ,nickleby & ,sque]s1 ,dick5s3 ,ni*olas ,nickleby1 xiii4 ,! ,boat ,race1 ,hughes3 ,tom ,br[n at ,ox=d4 ,siege ( ! ,r\nd ,h\se1 ,/ev5son3 ,kidnapp$1 x4 ,! ,?ree-,h&$ ,duel1 ,m>ryat3 ,mid%ipman ,easy4 ,! ,t\rnam5t1 ,scott3 ,ivanhoe1 xii4 #b4 ,n>rative *apt]s f3 ,aldri*3 ,/ory ( a ,bad ,boy4 ,burnett3 ,! ,"o ,i ,knew ! ,be/ ( ,all4 ,hale3 ,a ,new ,engl& ,boyhood4 ,l>com3 ,a ,new ,engl& ,girlhood4 ,h[ells3 ,my ,ye> 9 a ,log ,cab94 ,w>n]3 ,be+ a ,boy4 #c4 ,/ories4--,haw?orne3 ,! ,sn[ ,image2 ,! ,great ,/one ,face2 ,e?an ,br&2 ,leg5ds ( ! ,prov9ce ,h\se2 ,! ,great ,c>buncle2 ,david ,swan2 ,! ,vision ( ! ,f\nta92 ,dr4 ,heidegg]'s ,exp]im5t2 ,! ,arti/ ( ! ,beautiful4 ,wilk9s3 ,a ,humble ,romance2 ,! ,b> ,ligh?\se2 ,a ,lov] ( ,fl[]s2 ,g5tian2 ,a ,conflict ,end$2 ,a ,village ,s+]2 ,si/] ,liddy2 ,a ,gala ,dress2 ,a ,village ,le>2 ,! ,revolt ( ,"m4 ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley ,pap]s3 ,spectators ,no4 #aaj1 #aab1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abb1 #abc1 #acb1 #bfi1 #cbi1 #cce1 #cei1 #chc1 #eag4 #d4 ,hi/ory4--,gre53 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,bda1 vol4 i41 *4 #b1 pp4 #fd-fg4 ,ha/+s1 vol4 i41 *4 #d1 pp4 #aac-aad4 ,ris+ ( b>onage1 ,b4 iii41 *4 #a1 pp4 #bdj-bdd4 ,calais1 ,b4 iv41 *4 #b1 pp4 #dbb-dbe4 ,armada1 ,b4 vi41 *4 #f1 pp4 #ddd-ddf4 ,return ( ,napoleon2 ,wat]loo1 ,b4 ix41 *4 #e1 pp4 #che-chi4 ,mc,masters3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,m>ietta1 vol4 i41 #eac-eae4 ,dea? ( ,hamilton1 vol4 iii41 #eb-ec4 ,leop>d & ,*esapeake1 vol4 iii41 #beh-bei4 ,monroe's j\rney1 vol4 iv41 #cgg-chj4 ,fiske3 ,critical ,p]iod ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,! ,cont95tal ,congress1 vol4 i41 *4 #c4 ,valley ,=ge1 vol4 ii41 *4 #i4 ,rolfe1 ,w4 ,j43 ,tales f ,engli% ,hi/ory 9 ,prose & ,v]se4 ,yonge3 ,book ( ,gold5 ,de$s4 ,description #a4 ,s*ools4--,see ,! ,s*oolma/] 9 ,lit]ature4 7,am]ican ,book ,co47 #b4 ,t[ns4--,hale3 ,sev5 ,spani% ,cities4 ,h[ells3 ,?ree ,villages2 ,a ,boy's ,t[n4 ,/$man3 ,new ,york ,city 7,/4 ,ni*olas1 #bj3djc1 '#ic74 ,/ockton3 ,/4 ,augu/9e 7,ibid41 #ba3bjf1 '#id74 ,exposition4--#a4 ,nordh(f3 ,politics = ,"y ,am]icans4 #b4 ,van ,dyke3 ,h[ to judge a picture4 #c4 ,krehbiel3 ,h[ to und]/& music4 #d4 ,wagn]3 ,c\rage4 #e4 ,camp3 ,am]ican ,football4 #f4 ,/agg & ,williams3 ,am]ican ,football4 #g4 ,bassett3 ,ma*9i/'s trade 7,h>p]'s ,"y ,p1 #fd3fhb1 '#ia74 ,! ,pr9t+ ,trade 7,ibid41 #fd3fbd1 '#ia74 ,! foll[+ articles f ,! ,y\?'s ,companion3 #h4 ,j\rnalism = girls 7#fd3feg1 '#ia74 #i4 ,civil ,s]vice 7#fd3bde1 '#ia74 #aj4 ,:y m5 mu/ die 7#fg3dbf1 '#id74 #aa4 ,m$ic9e z a pr(ession 7#fd3beh1 '#ia74 #ab4 ,success 9 railway life 7#fe3eje1 '#ib74 #ac4 ,:olesome lun*es 7#fg3hc1 '#id74 #ad-ah4 ,advice to "y musicians 7#fd3caj1 #dah1 #cba1 #cfb74 #ai4 ,sep>ate functions ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 7#fc3fcc1 '#ij74 #bj4 ,self-,education 7#fe3did1 '#ib74 #ba-bc4 ,! girl :o ?9ks %e c write 7#fd3ddg2 #fe3deh1 #gcd74 #bd4 ,tru/s 7#fg3ech1'id74 #be4 ,uses ( ! c5sus 7#fc3hi1 '#ij74 #bf4 ,monroe ,doctr9e 7#fg3chh1 '#id74 #bg4 ,arbitration 7#fg3dh1 '#id74 #bh4 ,good gov]nm5t clubs 7#fg3ddh1 '#id74 ,argum5t#eb #a4 ,a prop]ty qualification = municipal suffrage is desirable4 ,affirmative4 ,:ite3 ,=um1 x4 #ceg 7,dec4 #ahij74 ,eliot3 ,=um1 xii4 #aec 7,oct4 #ahia74 ,negative4 ,bryce3 ,am]ican ,commonweal?1 i41 *aps1 i41 iii4 #b4 ,an eight-h\r work+ day %\ld be adopt$ by law4 ,affirmative4 ,webb & ,cox3 ,! ,eight ,h\rs ,day4 ,negative4 ,walk]3 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 lxv4 #hjj 7,june1 #ahij74 #c4 ,municipalities %\ld sometimes give "w to ! unemploy$4 ,affirmative4 ,=um1 xvi4 #fee 7,feb4 #ahid74 ,coit ,=um1 xvii4 #bgf 7,may1 #ahid74 ,negative4 ,nation1 lvii4 #dha 7,dec4 #bh1 #ahic74 #d4 ,! h\s+ ( ! poor %\ld be improv$ by municipalities4 ,affirmative4 ,riis3 ,h[ ! ,o!r ,half ,lives4 ,negative4 ,:ite3 ,improv$ ,dwell+s = ! ,labor+ ,classes4 #e4 ,burke3 ,on ,conciliation ) ! ,am]ican ,colonies4 #f4 ,*a?am3 ,on ,remov+ ,troops f ,bo/on4#ec #g4 ,bee*]3 ,liv]pool ,spee*4#ec ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,n>ration ,,& ,,description ,n>ration1 or n>rative1 relates a s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,description gives an acc\nt ( ! look ( p]sons or ?+s4 ,"* description gives bo? physical & m5tal traits4 ,recall to memory v>i\s /ories y h read1 & say :e!r n>ratives ( consid]able l5g? d or d n h to give description z !y proce$4 ,,n>ration ,two ,k9ds4--,if a s]ies ( ev5ts actually happ5$1 !y are hi/orical1 & ! /ory ( !m may be call$ hi/orical n>rative4 ,if !y did n happ51 b owe _! exi/5ce to ! imag9ation1 !y are fictional1 & ! n>rative is fiction4 ,if we are writ+ a /ory1 let ! fact be und]/ood2 if a sob] rehe>sal ( facts1 let x be made an ex]cise 9 ! r>e & difficult art ( tru?-tell+4 ,ex]cises 9 ,*oice ( ,subject4--7#a7 ,exam9e a daily pap] & pick out sev]al n>ratives :i* seem to y to h a g5]al human int]e/1 & sev]al t h n4 7#b7 ,write a li/ ( tw5ty subjects = n>rative & submit !m to ! class = a vote z to :i* are ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,*oose ev5ts :i* y h witness$ or tak5 "p 94 7#c7 ,write a li/ ( :at are to y ! mo/ int]e/+ ev5ts ( anci5t1 m$ival1 & mod]n hi/ory4 ,*oice ( ,details4--,9 writ+ an acc\nt ( a simple incid5t x is possible to tell e detail ( :at happ5$4 ,b evid5tly no su* ?+ is practicable 9 n>rat+ ! ev5ts ( a day1 a week1 a lifetime4 ,:at to omit w dep5d mu* ^u ! l5g? ( ! composition4 ,a cle>-head$ writ] w n put p5 to pap] be=e he has decid$ j :at po9ts he is go+ to br+ out4 ,writt5 ,ex]cise4--7#a7 ,jot d[n on pap] memor&a ( ! important ?+s1 ! turn+ ev5ts1 9 y\r own pa/ life4 7#b7 ,make memor&a to %[ :at ev5ts ought to /& out mo/ di/9ctly 9 a hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,plot4--,read ! foll[+3-- ,i*abod ,crane 0 ridicul\sly fright5$ "o d>k night by a boy :o play$ gho/4 ,! lad took ! "p ( a traditional spectre t rode a black horse4 ,! jok] _h a cloak ov] 8 head1 & be=e him on ! saddle a pumpk91 to repres5t ! head :i* ! headless horseman 0 fabl$ to c>ry4 ,read n[ ! foll[+3-- ,"o d>k night ,i*abod ,crane />t$ homew>d on horseback4 ,he approa*$ ! oak on :i* ,&r1 ! spy1 0 hang$4 ,i*abod's he>t quak$4 ,he pass$ ! haunt$ tree 9 safety1 b 8 he>t almo/ /ood /ill :51 a little f>!r on1 he saw a /range rid] on a gigantic horse4 ,horse & rid] kept pace ) him4 ,i*abod h[ev] saw t ! latt] 0 headless1 nay1 c>ri$ 8 head be=e him on ! saddle4 ,! figure rais$ itself & hurl$ its head at ,i*abod4 ,:5 ! s*oolma/] f\nd himself on ! gr\nd1 did he realize t ! grewsome missile 0 only a pumpk98 ,:i* ( ^! acc\nts begets susp5se z to ! outcome8 ,9 o!r words1 9 :i* is !re plot8 ,recall "s novel y h read1 & expla9 h[ ! read]'s int]e/ is held ?r\gh to ! end4 ,oral ,ex]cise4--,recall "s anecdote1 & pres5t x orally ) plot int]e/4 ,!me4--,write a simple hi/orical n>rative ( ab\t two hundr$ words1 giv+ )\t plot all ! details ( "s brief incid5t 9 y\r own exp]i5ce4 ,! foll[+ may sugge/ a topic3 #a4 ,my fir/ day at ! la!4 #b4 ,exam9ation memories4 #c4 ,h[ ,i e>n$ "s money & h[ ,i sp5t x4 #d4 ,spe>+ fi% by night4 #e4 ,a p]sonal adv5ture ) a w9d[4 #f4 ,h[ ,i sp5t ?is morn+4 ,!me4--,write "o or m imag9>y newspap] items1 )\t plot1 ea* detail+ "s simple incid5t4 ,*oose a subject ( local int]e/ if possible4 ,= example3 #a4 ,a runaway4 #b4 ,fire on ,sev5? ,/reet4 #c4 ,trolley-c> accid5t4 #d4 ,curi\s act ( a bird4 #e4 ,april #bc at ! ,br[n ,s*ool4 #f4 ,brave de$ ( a *ild4 #g4 ,he return$ #ejj4 #h4 ,an old build+ demoli%$4 #i4 ,! new libr>y is op5$4 #aj4 ,arre/$ = 8scor*+40 ,!mes4--,select sev]al topics = five hundr$ ^w !mes1 & write outl9es %[+ :at details y w\ld emphasize 9 compos+4 ,!n write hi/orical n>ratives f ! outl9es1 mak+ !m z int]e/+ z y c )\t deviat+ f facts4 ,sample subjects3 #a4 ,my /ruggles ) cook+4 #b4 ,a day 9 ! b]ry pat*4 #c4 ,! fir/ "t ,i saw a play4 #d4 ,an adv5ture ( my fa!r4 #e4 ,a few days ) a doctor4 #f4 ,h[ a c]ta9 t[n 0 nam$4 #g4 ,mis=tunes ( our circus4 #h4 ,! tribulations ( a truant4 #i4 ,my fir/ ocean voyage4 #aj4 ,an uncom=table call4 #aa4 ,my c>e] z an actor4 #ab4 ,a visit to ! ,_w's ,fair4 #ac4 ,9 a gravey>d aft] d>k4 #ad4 ,h[ ,smi? look$ me up4 #ae4 ,a week 9 ! woods4 #af4 ,! fall ,i _h4 #ag4 ,my exp]i5ce z a cl]k4 #ah4 ,a glimpse ( college life4 #ai4 ,:at ,i saw "s bees d4 #bj4 ,an unwill+ swim4 #ba4 ,t ,f\r? ( ,july4 #bb4 ,exp]i5ces ) a pony4 #bc4 ,hay+4 #bd4 ,h[ ! vacation pass$4 #be4 ,:5 ,i 0 a book-ag5t4 #bf4 ,cross+ a swoll5 /ream4 ,complex ,incid5t4--,_m a n>rative mu/ be compos$ ( sev]al ?reads1 tell+ diff]5t ev5ts t 7 go+ on at ! same "t4 ,if y 7 giv+ an acc\nt ( h[ two hunt]s aft] be+ sep>at$ 9 ! woods f9ally rea*$ home aga91 y w\ld relate fir/ h[ "o got home1 !n h[ ! o!r got home2 or1 hav+ n>rat$ ! w&]+s ( ! fir/1 y w\ld let ! second tell 8 own /ory on rejo9+ 8 companion4 ,!me4--,relate a complex incid5t1 ei!r hi/orical or fictional1 9 a !me ab\t five hundr$ words long4 ,two or ?ree ?reads are en\gh4 ,! foll[+ may sugge/ a subject3 #a4 ,two roads to t[n4 #b4 ,h[ our p>ty rea*$ ! top ( ! m\nta94 #c4 ,adv5tures ( a lo/ *ild & its p>5ts4 #d4 ,! rescue ( an amateur sailor f a wreck4 #e4 ,:at happ5$ at our club meet+4 #f4 ,?ree boys & a boat4 #g4 ,an ov]he>d discussion4 ,,description ,language is bett] adapt$ to n>rate ?an to describe1 = words foll[ ea* o!r1 j z ev5ts d2 !y _c fla% ! :ole picture1 ) all ! details1 ^u ! read]4 ,consequ5tly writ]s (t5 comb9e n>rative & description 9 ord] to dwell on details4 ,hom]#ed describes ! %ield ( ,a*illes by tell+ ! /ory ( its =g+--h[ ,vulcan wr\ght ea* "p 9 turn4 ,:at is call$ ! travell]'s view is description f successive po9ts ( view4 ,!re is a good example ( ?is k9d ( description 9 ,haw?orne's ,am]ican ,note ,books1 p4 #aha4 ,9 "s descriptions ! writ] is will+ to sacrifice ! g5]al look ( ! object1 9 ord] to secure accuracy ( detail4 ,giv+ ea* detail is call$ description by inv5tory4 ,?is is (t5 useful1 p>ticul>ly 9 bus9ess or 9 sci5ce4 ,turn to any book ( natural hi/ory & read ! inv5tory description ( "s bird or animal4 ,b ord9>ily a description %\ld give a g5]al impression :e!r x aft]w>d gives details or n4 ,! mo/ common way ( do+ ?is is to tell :at 9 g5]al ! object to be describ$ makes y ?9k (4 ,if ! object is a riv]1 x may rem9d y ( a snake or a lett] ,s2 if a village1 x may recall to y\r m9d a flat-iron2 if a little old lady1 x may appe> to y1 z to ,dick5s1 9 ,h>d ,times1 8a bundle ( %awls40 ,! ma9 impression ?us receiv$ is call$ ! fundam5tal image4 ,n e object w furni% a fundam5tal image1 b e object is sure to be rememb]$ = a few *ief details4 ,if ( a giv5 l&scape !re l+]s 9 ! memory only a dim s5se ( gre5 woods1 ) "h & !re a pat* ( :ite1 x is z mu* description to record ?is dim image z x w\ld be to detail k9ds ( trees1 di/ances1 etc4 ,inde$1 x is a mi/ake (t5 made to report 9 a description ?+s t c\ld n possibly h be5 se5 f ! giv5 po9t ( view4 ,to keep ! po9t ( view is vital4 ,x is a good practice to describe a photograph--su* z ^? publi%$ by ! ,s\le ,company1 ( ,bo/on--9 ord] to le>n ! art ( proportion 9 ^! matt]s ( liv+ details4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ?\ght t details h no place 9 description4 ,9 /udy+ an object ) a view to writ+ ab\t x1 "o %\ld h ! eye ( a hawk = e visible detail1 9 ord] t :at he writes may be tru?ful4 ,!re is no bett] tra9+ = ! p[]s ( obs]vation ?an description4 ,s5d a c>eless p]son to ! lake to describe x4 ,he reports 8myriads ( ripples danc+ 9 glee10 ?+s t e wret*$ poeta/] has se5 be=e him4 ,s5d a c>eful obs]v]1 & he w report wond]ful %ades ( color1 & curi\s surface effects1 l corrugation & damasc5e4 ,sugge/$ ,topics = ,description ,by ,inv5tory4--#a4 ,! bluebird4 #b4 ,a jellyfi%4 #c4 ,a luna mo?4 #d4 ,k9ds ( cl\ds4 #e4 ,9 a museum4 #f4 ,flags ( diff]5t nations4 #g4 ,a bottle ( ink4 #h4 ,a small boy's pocket4 #i4 ,:at my room conta9s4 #aj4 ,a %op w9d[4 #aa4 ,! old swimm+-hole4 #ab4 ,a bit ( old silv]4 ,by ,n>rative4--#a4 ,a day 9 ,bo/on4 #b4 ,an oil well4 #c4 ,a cr[d4 #d4 ,a qua9t tea p>ty4 #e4 ,a c\ntry fair4 #f4 ,a fire4 #g4 ,a dream4 #h4 ,! mat9e4 #i4 ,a masqu]ade4 #aj4 ,h[ ! f>m look$ :5 ,i w5t back4 #aa4 ,! dynamo ,i made4 #ab4 ,my t5t-mak+4 #ac4 ,our hut4 #ad4 ,decorat+ a *ur* = ,*ri/mas4 #ae4 ,my bak+4 #af4 ,up ,pike's ,peak4 ,by ,fundam5tal ,image & ,details4--#a4 ,k9ds ( noses4 #b4 ,a bit ( old ar*itecture4 #c4 ,a *ur* alt>4 #d4 ,fam\s deltas4 #e4 ,! %op4 #f4 ,! lun*-room4 #g4 ,a little old man4 #h4 ,?is t[n 9 ,a4,d4 #bjjj4 #i4 ,an old fireplace4 #aj4 ,a wreck4 #aa4 ,pr(ile ,m\nta94 #ab4 ,! football field4 #ac4 ,! baseball gr\nd describ$ = an ,engli%man4 #ad4 ,! capitol4 #ae4 ,an old horse4 ,by ,*ief ,details4--#a4 ,uncle ,billy4 #b4 ,a h]mit4 #c4 ,our po/ma/]4 #d4 ,our mail-c>ri]4 #e4 ,an ,indian4 #f4 ,a s\!rn girl4 #g4 ,my *um4 #h4 ,! procession ( ! p9es4 #i4 ,a moonlight sc5e4 #aj4 ,a wood int]ior4 #aa4 ,an ,am]ican boy ( #aibe4 #ab4 ,h\ses ,i h liv$ 94 #ac4 ,two g5]als4 #ad4 ,! boy :o gr9s4 #ae4 ,que] /reet *>act]s4 #af4 ,a cat4 #ag4 ,! =tune-tell]4 #ah4 ,curi\s adv]tisem5ts4 #ai4 ,betty 9 h] be/ dress4 #bj4 ,a sunset4 #ba4 ,a wave4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,exposition ,,& ,,argum5t ,,exposition ,exposition is explanation4 ,x may ei!r expla9 a g5]al pr9ciple by illu/rations & examples1 z ! prea*]'s s]mon exp\nds a /atem5t ( scripture1 or x may expla9 a gr\p ( facts by gett+ at _! und]ly+ pr9ciple1 z a sci5tific treatise does4 ,exposition1 x is cle>1 deals ) ideas r ?an ) p>ticul> objects4 ,we describe a dep>tm5t /ore2 we exp\nd ! pr9ciples by :i* x is conduct$4 ,we describe an electric motor2 we exp\nd ! laws ( electricity4 ,we describe a beautiful /atue2 we exp\nd beauty4 ,bel[ are giv5 v>i\s subjects = exposition4 ,9 writ+ ab\t !m1 d n drift into argum5t4 ,if y write on 8dang]s ( ex]cise10 d n argue aga9/ ov]-ex]cise2 calmly expla9 ! matt]4 ,subjects = ,exposition #a4 ,golf4 #b4 ,cannibalism4 #c4 ,! be> family4 #d4 ,pr9ciples ( diet4 #e4 ,cr$ulity4 #f4 ,no/algia4 #g4 ,h[ to sail a boat4 #h4 ,dr[n$ riv]s4 #i4 ,on eat+ c&y4 #aj4 ,! =mation ( rav9es4 #aa4 ,dang]s ( ov]-ex]cise4 #ab4 ,dang]s ( too little ex]cise4 #ac4 ,:y ! e>? quakes4 #ad4 ,h[ m5 become crim9als4 #ae4 ,h[ ! w may be tra9$ 9 ! classroom4 #af4 ,an ideal classroom4 #ag4 ,:at makes up an ideal camp+ gr\nd4 #ah4 ,advantages & disadvantages ( classroom /udy4 #ai4 ,effects ( climate on man4 #bj4 ,! conduct ( a great bus9ess4 #ba4 ,:at are home missions8 #bb4 ,h[ to become fam\s4 #bc4 ,h[ to plan a d9n]4 #bd4 ,h[ to furni% a sitt+-room4 #be4 ,advantages ( small classes4 #bf4 ,possibilities ( electricity4 #bg4 ,:at con/itutes a great man8 #bh4 ,! art ( fly-ca/+4 #bi4 ,! con/ruction ( a ro(4 #cj4 ,:at good does an exam9ation d ! /ud5t8 #ca4 ,spiritualism4 #cb4 ,gho/s4 #cc4 ,my *oice ( a pr(ession4 #cd4 ,! bank+ sy/em4 #ce4 ,practical values ( good mann]s4 #cf4 ,! int]pretation ( any ( ! prov]bs giv5 on pages #bac-bae4 ,,argum5t ,!re are v>i\s ways ( br++ p to our way ( ?9k+4 ,"o way1 by appeal+ to _! reason1 is call$ argum5t4 ,c y sugge/ o!r ways8 ,e argum5t mu/ h a proposition1 :i* is laid d[n to be prov$4 ,if ?is proposition is n /at$ 9 ! title ( ! argum5t1 x %\ld be /at$ e>ly 9 ! discussion4 ,x _c be too def9itely =mulat$4 ,e ^w ( x %\ld be made cle>2 !re %\ld be full exposition ( t]ms4 ,half ! qu>rels 9 ! _w disappe> aft] a ?or\gh def9ition ( t]ms4 ,! 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prov]bs1 #bac4 m5tion1 allude1 #afa4 ,metaphor1 #bdi4 ,metonymy1 #bej4 ,mexican words1 #ahf4 mo/1 almo/1 #afi4 motorne]1 #aea4 mutual1 common1 #afi4 ,n>ration1 #bga-bge3 hi/orical n>rative1 #bga2 fiction1 #bga2 *oice ( details1 #bgb2 plot1 #bgb-bgc2 complex incid5t1 #bge2 ex]cises1 #bgb-bgc2 !mes1 #bgc-bgd1 #bge4 ,nation1 ,!1 #bff4 ,national usage1 #adh4 nei!r1 z di/ributive conjunction1 #dh2 z pron\n1 #dh2 nei!r 444 nor1 #dh4 nom de plume1 #aeb4 none1 #dh4 ,norman g5itive1 #fc4 ,norman-,fr5* words1 #ahd4 ,norse words1 #ahc4 ,note-book1 ne$ (1 #d1 #ad1 #aii1 #bfb-bfc4 ,n\n & adjective1 concord (1 #dh-di4 ,numb] ( words4 ,see ,words1 "r numb] & skilful *oice (4 ,o1 9 apo/rophe1 #ce4 ,obs]vation1 h[ %>p5$1 #bgg4 obs]vation1 obs]vance1 rem>k1 #aeh4 ,oh1 punctuation (1 #ce4 ,omission ( words4 ,see ,words1 omission (4 "o's self1 #ad4 only1 & n only1 #de-df4 onto1 #age2 onto1 ^u1 #aec4 oral1 v]bal1 #agj4 ,or?opy4 ,see ,pronunciation4 ,or?ography4 ,see ,spell+4 ,outl9e ( !me1 #acj1 #ach-aci4 pants1 #aeb4 ,p>agraph1 division (4 ,see "u ,s5t5ce4 ,p>agraph3 ind5t$1 #a2 gr[? (1 f root1 #ge2 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% p>agraph1 #aad1 foot-note2 nebul (1 #aaf2 plann+ (1 #aag2 k9ds (1 #abj-abd2 exp&+ ( "o into sev]al1 #abh-aca4 ,p>kman1 ,f4 ,w41 #adi1 #bff4 "p1 portion1 #aei4 ,p>ticiple3 unrelat$1 #di2 misrelat$1 #di2 9 place ( v]bal n\n1 #di4 p>ty1 p]son1 #aeh4 ,p]iodic s5t5ce1 #ajc-ajf1 #aji-aaj2 def9$1 #ajd2 use (1 #ajd2 abuse (1 #ajd1 #ajf4 p]mit1 p]mission1 #aec4 ,p]sian words1 #ahf4 p]son1 p>ty1 #aeh4 ,p]sonification1 #bej4 ,petition1 =m (1 #beh-bei4 photo1 #aeb4 ,plann+1 ( !me1 #aad1 #acc-acf2 ( p>agraph1 #aag4 plurality1 majority1 #aeh4 ,plurals & s+ul>s1 #ae4 po9t ( view1 #aec4 ,possessive1 h[ =m$1 #ae1 #fc4 po/$1 in=m$1 #agj4 practicable1 practical1 #aga4 ,pr$icate & subject1 concord (1 #dg-dh4 pr$om9ant1 prom95t1 #aei4 ,prefixes & suffixes3 ,anglo-,saxon1 #ahf-ahg2 ,lat91 #ahi4 ,preposition1 #ee-ef4 ,pres5t usage1 #adh4 prev5tative1 #aeb4 ,pr(41 #aeb4 ,prolixity1 #bbi-bca4 ,pron\n3 neutral1 #ej2 indef9ite1 #ej2 ref]5ce (1 #ed2 concord (1 ) antec$5t1 #di-eb4 ,pronunciation3 importance (1 #ah2 li/ ( words mispron\nc$1 #ai-bj4 propose1 purpose1 #afe4 prov$1 prov51 #afe4 ,prov]bs1 #bac-bae4 ,prov9cialisms1 #adg4 ,punctuation1 #ba-db3 disjunctive1 #ba1 #hd2 capitals1 #ba-bc2 reasons = punctuation1 #bc-bd2 comma1 #bd-bh2 semicolon1 #bi-cj2 colon1 #cj-ca2 da%1 #ca-cb2 quotation m>ks1 #cc-ce2 brackets1 #ce2 exclamation po9t1 #ce2 int]rogation po9t1 #cf2 italics1 #cf-cg2 apo/rophe1 #cg2 a/]isks1 #cg2 abbreviations1 #da-db2 punctuation = emphasis1 #hf-hg2 ex]cises1 oral1 #bi-cj1 #ch-ci2 ex]cises1 writt51 #bc1 #bg-bh1 #cb-cc1 #cf1 #ci-da4 q1 some:at1 v1 r1 entirely1 :olly1 #aga4 ,quotation m>ks1 #cc-ce4 ,quotation1 rhetorical1 #bb4 radiograph1 #aeb4 ,read+3 oral1 #ab-ac2 c>e 91 #bjc-baa4 real1 really1 extremely1 #aga4 recipe1 receipt1 #aei4 reckon1 guess1 ?9k1 #afc4 ,relative clause1 re/rictive & non-re/rictive1 #bf1 #bg4 relative1 relation1 #aei4 reportorial1 #aeb4 ,reproduction1 #bfb1 #bgj3 lit]al reproduction1 #bfb-bff2 summ>y1 ab/ract1 abridgm5t1 #bff-bfg2 mat]ial =1 #bfg-bgj4 reputation1 "*1 #aef4 resid5ce1 h\se1 #aei4 resurrectioni/s1 #age4 ,rhetoric1 def9$1 #f4 ,see also "u ,engli%1 writ+ (4 ride1 drive1 #afc4 8,ro5tg5 rays10 names =1 #aea4 r\nd1 ar\nd1 #agg1 foot-note4 ,rusk91 ,j41 #bab1 #bda4 ,saxon g5itive1 #fc4 scotograph1 #aeb4 ,self-expression1 #e1 #aa4 ,semicolon1 #bi-cj1 #hd-he4 ,s5sation1 v]bs (1 use ) adjective or adv]b1 #ef-eg4 ,s5se impressions1 #bje4 ,s5t5ce1 #gd-ie3 "p ( ! p>agraph1 #gd-gh2 long & %ort s5t5ce1 #gh1 #he2 s5t5ce unity1 #gi-ic2 unity ( =m1 #gi 7see also "u ,s5t5ce1 well-knit72 unity ( sub/ance1 by exclud+ irrelevant ideas1 #gi-hb2 by inclusion ( all p>ts ( an idea1 #hb-hf1 #hh2 unity sacrific$ = emphasis1 #hf-hg2 sev5te5? c5tury p>agraph1 #hh-ij2 unity by keep+ to ! po9t1 #ij-ia2 by supply+ suppress$ clauses1 #ib2 ex]cises1 oral1 #ha1 #he-hf1 #hg1 #ij1 #ib-ie2 ex]cises1 writt51 #hh-ij4 ,s5t5ce1 well-knit1 #if-aac3 unity ( =m1 #if-ajb2 complex1 #ig-ih2 loose & p]iodic s5t5ce1 #ajc-aaj2 emphasis1 #aaj-aab2 climax1 #aab-aac2 ex]cises1 oral1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajd-ajf1 #ajg-aji1 #aaa-aab4 set1 sit1 #aff4 sewage1 sew]age1 #afj4 %ad[graph1 #aeb4 ,%akespe>e1 #bjj-bja1 #bab1 #bec4 %all & w3 9 direct disc\rse1 #eh-fj2 9 indirect disc\rse1 #fj-fa2 9 que/ions1 #fa4 %[+ up1 #age4 %unt+1 swit*+1 #adg4 sideways = sidewise1 #di4 ,signs1 = m>k+ !mes1 #c-d4 ,simile1 #bdi4 ,simplicity1 #bbi1 #bdd-bdf4 ,s+ul>s & plurals1 #ae4 site1 situation1 #afj4 skiagraph1 #aeb4 slick1 #aea4 s 444 z1 #ee4 ,s con/ruction1 #ii-ajj4 ,solecism1 #dd4 "s1 some:at1 #agb4 ,s\? ,am]ican words1 #ahf4 ,spani% words1 #ahd-ahe4 ,specific words1 #bce-bch4 ,spell+1 #ac-bj3 practice 91 #ac-ad2 ( comp\nd words1 #ad-ae2 possessive1 #ae2 s+ul>s & plurals1 #ae2 common errors1 #af-ag2 ^w-break+1 #ag2 ex]cises1 #af-ah1 #ai-bj4 spoonsful1 #aeb4 spott$1 #age4 /&po9t1 #aec4 ,/ev5son1 ,r4 ,l41 #adi1 #bci4 /op1 /ay1 #aff4 ,/yle1 #bbg-bbi4 ,subject & pr$icate1 concord (1 #dg-dh4 ,subject1 *oice (1 #acf4 ,subjects = !mes4 ,see ,!me4 ,suffixes4 ,see ,prefixes & suffixes4 ,sugge/ive words1 #bbi4 suicide 7v]b71 #aeb4 ,summ>y1 #bff-bgj4 ,suppress$ clause1 #ib4 ,surplusage1 #bca-bcc4 swit*+1 %unt+1 #adg4 ,syllables1 jo9+ (1 #ae4 ,synecdo*e1 #bdh4 ,synonyms1 #bae-bbe3 a me?od ( /udy1 #bag-bbj2 gr\ps (1 #bbj-bbe2 books (1 #bai1 #bbj1 foot-note4 7,see also #aed-ahj47 ,syntax4 ,see "u ,gramm>4 ,t5ses1 concord (1 #eb-ec4 ,teutonisms1 #aec4 ,?ack]ay1 ,w4 ,m41 #adi1 #aif4 ,!me3 errors 91 #a1 #c2 title1 #b2 endorsem5t1 #b2 revision & rewrit+1 #b1 #ac2 signs 9 correct+1 #c-d2 organiz+ (1 #aad-adf2 diff]5t ways ( plann+1 #aad2 gr[? ( ?\ght1 #aad-aaf2 unity1 #aaf-aag2 plann+ p>agraph1 #aag2 topic s5t5ce1 #aag-abj1 #abc-abd2 k9ds ( p>agraphs1 #abj-abc1 #abf1 #abg-abh2 expansion1 #abh-acc2 proportion+1 #acc-acf2 *oice ( subject1 #acf-ach1 #ada-adc2 outl9e1 #acj1 #ach-aci2 specim5 !me1 #aci-ada2 transitions betwe5 p>agraphs1 #adc-add2 transitions betwe5 s5t5ces1 #add-adf2 ex]cises1 oral1 #abc-abf1 #acc-ace1 #ada-adb1 #ade-adf2 ex]cises writt51 #aca1 #ace1 #ada1 #adb-adc1 #add2 !mes1 #abf-abh1 #ada-adb4 ,!me1 subjects =1 #cd1 #ha-hb1 #hh1 #abf-abh1 #abi1 #aca-acc1 #ace-acf1 #ada-adc1 #bfc-bff1 #bfg-bgj1 #bgg-bgh1 #bha-bhb4 ^? k9d1 #dh4 ,?\ght1 gr[? (1 #aad4 ,?reads ( n>rative1 #bge4 ,topic s5t5ce1 #aag4 ,transitions1 betwe5 p>agraphs1 #adc-add2 betwe5 s5t5ces1 #add-ade4 ,translation1 #baa4 transpire1 happ51 #aff4 ,trope1 #bdg4 ,uni=mity ( s5t5ce /ructure1 #aja-ajb4 ,unity ( =m1 9 s5t5ce1 #gi1 #if-ajb4 ,unity ( sub/ance3 9 s5t5ce1 #gd-ie2 9 !me1 #aaf4 unless1 )\t1 #agb4 ,usage3 national1 #adg-adh2 reputable1 #adh2 pres5t1 #adh2 good1 #aej4 ,v>iety3 ( words1 #bbf2 z an elem5t ( beauty1 #bbi4 v]bal1 oral1 #agj4 ,v]bosity1 #bcc4 ,vocabul>y1 ma/]y ( a writ+1 #aid-bbf3 ideas )\t words1 #aid2 words )\t ideas1 #aid-aie2 ideas & words1 #aie-aig2 ! two vocabul>ies1 #aig-aii2 vocabul>y book1 #aii2 figurative use ( common words1 #aii-bjc2 value ( c>eful read+1 #bjc-baa2 contributions f o!r /udies1 #baa2 translation1 #baa2 memoriz+ ( lit]ature1 #bab-bac2 ,engli% prov]bs1 #bac-bae2 synonyms = adjectives ( praise1 #baf2 dang] ( booki% words1 #baf-bag2 a me?od ( /udy1 #bag-bbj2 gr\ps ( synonyms1 #bbj-bbe2 v>iety1 #bbf2 ex]cises1 oral1 #baf1 #bah-bai1 #bbj2 writt51 #bjb-bjc1 #bah1 #bai-bbj1 #bbe-bbf4 ,vocabul>y note-book1 #d1 #aii1 #bfb4 ,vocabul>y1 s\rces ( ! ,engli%1 #aha-aic3 hi/orical sket*1 #aha-ahf2 ,anglo-,saxon prefixes & suffixes1 #ahf-ahg2 ,lat9 elem5t1 #ahh2 ,lat9 words transf]r$ to ,engli%1 #ahh-ahi2 ,lat9 prefixes & suffixes1 #ahi2 ,lat9 roots 9 ,engli%1 #ahi-aia2 ,greek roots 9 ,engli%1 #aia2 curi\s words1 #aia-aib2 writt5 ex]cise1 #aib-aic4 ,vocative words1 punctuation (1 #be4 ,vulg>isms1 #adi4 walki/1 #aeb4 want1 wi%1 desire1 #afg4 well 7adjective or adv]b71 #eg4 ,we/ ,india words1 #ahf4 :eat5a1 #aec4 w & %all4 ,see ,%all & w4 wi%1 want1 desire1 #afg4 )1 introduc+ p>5!tical clause1 #dg4 )\t1 unless1 #agb4 ,^w-break+1 #ag4 ,words1 correctness 9 *oice (1 #adg-ahj3 au?ority1 #adg-aej2 prov9cialisms or localisms1 #adg2 national usage1 #adg-adh2 pres5t usage1 #adh2 reputable usage1 #adh-adi2 vulg>isms1 #adi2 good usage1 #aej2 diction>y1 #aej2 b>b>isms1 #aea-aec2 ali5isms1 #aeb-aec2 improprieties1 #aed2 *oice ( n\ns1 #aed-afj2 v]bs1 #afj-afg2 adjectives & adv]bs1 #afg-agb2 ex]cises1 oral1 #agb-agd1 #age-agg1 #agh-ahj4 ,words1 figurative use ( common4 ,see ,vocabul>y4 ,words1 li/s (3 incorrectly spell$1 #af-ag2 comp\nd1 #ad-ae2 mispron\nc$1 #ah-ai2 ,lat91 #aha-ahb1 #ahh-ahi1 #aij-aia2 ,celtic1 #ahb2 ,anglo-,saxon1 #ahb-ahc2 ,norse1 #ahc2 ,italian1 #ahd2 ,spani%1 #ahe2 ,dut*1 #ahe2 ,african1 #ahe2 ,arabian1 #ahe2 ,*9ese1 #ahe2 ,india1 words f1 #ahe-ahf2 ,malayan1 #ahf2 ,p]sian1 #ahf2 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 #ahf2 ,mexican1 #ahf2 ,we/ ,indian1 #ahf2 ,s\? ,am]ican1 #ahf2 ,greek1 #aia2 curi\s1 #aia-aib2 adjectives1 #bjc2 synonyms1 #bbj-bbe4 ,words1 omission (1 #ee1 #ib1 #bcd-bce4 ,words1 "r numb] & skilful *oice (1 #bbg-bec3 z affect+ cle>ness1 #bbg-bbh2 =ce1 #bbh-bbi2 beauty1 #bbi2 prolixity1 #bbi-bca2 surplus (1 #bca-bcb2 defici5cy (1 #bcc-bce2 specific words1 #bce-bch2 g5]al words1 #bch-bde2 ambigu\s words1 #bdc-bdd2 simple words1 #bdd-bdf2 lit]al & figurative words1 #bdf-bec2 ex]cises1 #bcb-bcc1 #bce1 #bcg-bch1 #bda-bdc1 #bdc-bdd1 #bde-bdf1 #bec-bed4 ,words )\t ideas1 #aid-aie4 ,writ+ vocabul>y4 ,see ,vocabul>y4 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors ,,quot$ ,aik51 ,c41 #ah4 ,ba9ton1 ,g41 #bdd1 foot-note4 ,bak]1 ,g4 ,p41 #bgj1 foot-note4 ,b>de51 ,c4 ,w41 #dd4 ,b>tlett1 ,j41 #bja1 foot-note4 ,bee*]1 ,h4 ,w41 #ge1 #bec4 ,bible1 #ajg4 ,bigel[1 ,n4 ,t41 #ae4 ,blackmore1 ,r4 ,d41 #aic1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,brook+s1 ,w4 ,d41 & ,r+walt1 ,r4 ,c41 #bfi1 foot-note4 ,br[n+1 ,r41 #ace4 ,bryant1 ,w4 ,c41 #bge1 foot-note4 ,buck1 ,g41 #aad1 foot-note4 ,burke1 ,e41 #ade1 #bfg4 ,c>lyle1 ,t41 #bja-bje1 #bec4 ,c>p5t]1 ,g4 ,r41 #c1 foot-note2 #dh1 #baa1 foot-note2 #bch-bci2 & ,flet*]1 ,j4 ,b41 #bha1 foot-note4 ,*e/]field1 ,p4 ,d4 ,s4 7#d? e>l71 #aea1 #agi4 ,*oate1 ,r41 #baa4 ,*olmondeley1 ,t41 #bfa4 ,cl>5don1 ,e4 ,h4 7#a/ "l71 #hi-ij4 ,col]idge1 ,s4 ,t41 #gf-gg1 #acf4 ,cook1 ,a4 ,s41 #bab1 foot-note4 ,defoe1 ,d41 #hi4 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,t41 #gh4 ,dick5s1 ,c41 #bgf4 ,drayton1 ,m41 #acf4 ,eliot1 ,george1 #bdc4 ,em]son1 ,r4 ,w41 #cd1 #gg1 #aba-abb1 #bdj4 ,fall[s1 ,s41 #bbj1 foot-note4 ,f]nald1 ,j4 ,c41 #bai1 #bbj1 foot-note4 ,fiske1 ,j41 #aja4 ,gaskell1 ,mrs41 #agg-agi4 ,g5ung1 ,j4 ,f41 #aji1 foot-note4 ,goe!1 #ce4 ,hale1 ,e4 ,e41 ,jr41 #bdj1 foot-note4 ,hall1 ,s41 ix41 foot-note4 ,h>t1 ,j4 ,m41 #beg1 foot-note4 ,haw?orne1 ,n41 #aje-ajf1 #bgf4 ,hazlitt1 ,w41 #bac1 foot-note4 ,hill1 ,a4 ,s41 #afd1 foot-note2 #aii1 #baa4 ,holmes1 ,o4 ,w41 #ge-gf4 ,hom]1 #bge1 foot-note4 ,h[ells1 ,w4 ,d41 #bjj4 ,hughes1 ,t41 #fd-ga4 ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h41 #ajh4 ,irv+1 ,w41 #abd-abf4 ,james1 ,h41 #aif1 #bdc4 ,james1 ,w41 #bee1 foot-note4 ,johnson1 ,s41 #abb-abc1 #aib-aic4 ,j[ett1 ,b41 #add4 ,keats1 ,j41 #bdj4 ,kell]1 #aid1 foot-note4 ,lamb1 ,c41 #ci-da4 ,lani]1 ,s41 #ajg4 ,lewis1 ,e4 ,h41 #aad1 foot-note4 ,l9coln1 ,a41 #acc-acd4 ,longfell[1 ,h4 ,w41 #bb1 #acf4 ,l[ell1 ,j4 ,r41 #acf1 #bca4 ,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b41 #ajg1 #aah-aai4 ,m&eville1 ,sir ,j41 #id-ie1 #if-ig4 ,meynell1 ,a41 ix4 ,miles1 ,a4 ,h41 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,milton1 ,j41 #aag1 #bjg-bjh4 ,molire1 #dc4 ,morse1 ,e4 ,s41 #abj4 ,newman1 ,j4 ,h41 #ia1 #ajh-aji4 ,outlook1 ,!1 #aah4 ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y1 #aec1 foot-note4 ,phyfe1 ,w4 ,h4 ,p41 #ah4 ,ro*e1 ,sir ,b41 #beb4 ,roget1 ,p4 ,m41 #bbj1 foot-note4 ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 #ac4 ,rusk91 ,j41 #ajj-aja1 #aaa1 #ade1 #agb-agd1 #bjg-baa4 ,scott1 ,f4 ,n41 & ,d5ney1 ,j4 ,v41 #aad1 foot-note2 #abc1 foot-note4 ,%akespe>e1 #cj1 #ic1 #id1 #bja1 #beb1 #bec4 ,%]idan1 ,p4 ,b41 #aie4 ,smi?1 ,c4 ,j41 #bai4 ,s\!y1 ,r41 #aab-aac4 ,spald+1 ,e4 ,h41 #h1 foot-note4 ,/ev5son1 ,r4 ,l41 #bg-bh1 #cb-cc1 #cf1 #agf-agg4 ,t5nyson1 ,a41 #acf4 ,?ack]ay1 ,w4 ,m41 #acf4 ,web/]1 ,d41 #ajg-ajh4 ,w5dell1 ,b41 #aaa1 foot-note4 ,:itti]1 ,j4 ,g41 #acf4 ,wood1 ,j4 ,g41 #aai1 #abh1 #aca4 ,wordswor?1 ,w41 #bdj1 #bec4 ,see also bibliography1 #bfc-bgj4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,rhetoric ,,& ,,engli% ,,composition4 ,,by ,,george ,r4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric & ,engli% ,composition1 ,columbia ,college4 ,,high-,,s*ool ,,c\rse4 ,,sev5? ,,edition4 #afmo4 ,clo?4 ,price #ge c5ts1 net4 ,,advanc$ ,,c\rse4 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,price #a4jj1 net4 8,?is "w gives ! /ud5t ! v gi/ & g]m ( ! art ( composition40--,public ,op9ion4 8,g4 ,r4 ,c>p5t]1 ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric & ,engli% ,composition 9 ,columbia ,college1 has prep>$ a "w "u ! title ( #8,ex]cises 9 ,rhetoric & ,engli% ,composition1' 9 :i* n s mu* ! sci5ce ( ,rhetoric is mapp$ out & def9$ z ! practical work+s ( ! art are furni%$ to ! /ud5t ) j en\gh ( ! pr9ciples to guide him aright4 ,! au?or gives an abundance ( ex]cises = ! /ud5t to /udy & analyze1 & ?is is ! v be/ k9d ( help4 ,! s*eme ( ! subject-matt] is some:at unique & novel1 b x is compreh5sive & lucid4444 ,a v s]viceable & sugge/ive book to read & consult40--,education4 8,! text repres5ts ! sub/ance ( tea*+ :i* a fre%man may fairly be expect$ to compass1 & x is set =? ) a cle>ness & directness & brevity s admirable z to make ! volume seem almo/ ! realization ( t impossible %ort me?od ( le>n+ to write :i* has (t5 be5 s\ght =1 b nev] ) a ne>] approa* to be+ f\nd4444 ,we d n hesitate to give unres]v$ comm5dation to ?is little book40--,! ,nation4 8,seldom has s mu* good common s5se be5 put )9 s brief a space40--,! ,bo/on ,h]ald4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company1 #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,poets4 ,,) ,,critical ,,introductions ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,writ]s ,,& ,a ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,by ,,mat!w ,,arnold4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,?omas ,,humphry ,,w>d1 ,m4,a4 ,9 ,f\r ,volumes4 #abmo4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,*auc] to ,donne4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,b5 ,jonson to ,dryd54 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,addison to ,blake4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,wordswor? to ,t5nyson4 ,cab9et ,edition4 ,f\r ,volumes 9 ,box1 #e4jj4 ,/ud5t's ,edition4 ,ea* ,volume sold sep>ately4 #a4jj p] vol4 8,all lov]s ( poetry1 all /ud5ts ( lit]ature1 all read]s1 w welcome ! volumes ( #8,! ,engli% ,poets4' 444 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold has writt5 a mo/ delightful introduction1 full ( wise ?\ght & poetic s5sibility4 ,v few books c be nam$ 9 :i* s mu* t is preci\s c be _h 9 s little space & = s little money40--,philadelphia ,times4 8,altoge!r x w\ld be difficult to select f\r volumes ( any k9d bett] wor? own+ & /udy+ ?an ^!40--,nation4 8,^! f\r volumes ought to be plac$ 9 e libr>y1 &1 if possible1 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t ( ,engli%40--,*ur*man4 8,w>d's #8,engli% ,poets' has be5 ackn[l$g$ to be "o ( ! mo/ s]viceable & discrim9at+ contributions to ! hi/ory ( ,engli% poetry40--,quips4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company1 #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,engli% ,,prose ,,selections ,,) ,,critical ,,introductions ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,writ]s1 ,,& ,,g5]al ,,introductions ,,to ,,ea* ,,p]iod4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,,craik1 ,,ll4,d4 ,9 ,five ,volumes4 #abmo4 ,volume ,i4 ,f ! ,f\rte5? to ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,volume ,,ii4 ,! ,sixte5? ,c5tury to ! ,re/oration4 ,volume ,,iii4 ,! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,volume ,,iv4 ,! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,volume ,v4 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury f ,sir ,walt] ,scott to ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son4 ,cab9et ,edition4 ,five ,volumes 9 ,box1 #g4ej4 ,/ud5t's ,edition4 ,ea* ,volume sold sep>ately4 #a4aj p] vol4 ,,comm5ts4 8,if prose lit]ature c ev] be successfully /udi$ by means ( %ort extracts1 x w be possible to conduct su* a /udy ) ! aid ( ?is book4 ,z a companion book ( ,w>d's #8,engli% ,poets' x is v int]e/+ & satisfactory4 ,9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,rhetoric1 ?is book w c]ta9ly be ( great] value ?an any o!r "w ( ! k9d yet publi%$40--,,pr(4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,neill1 ,amh]/ ,college4 8,mr4 ,craik & 8 coadjutors d _! "w admirably4 ,_! rem>ks are appropriate1 _! selection ( extracts is felicit\s4 ,we ?ank !m = n a few happy h\rs40--,lit]>y ,_w4 8,! extracts are c>efully *os5 & edit$1 & a brief sket* ( ea* writ] is giv54 ,^! sket*es are writt5 by m5 :o edit ! diff]5t sections1 & z ^! m5 are select$ f ! =emo/ ( ,engli% critics1 ! result is t ! books conta9 a valuable set ( brief essays f able & di/+ui%$ p5s4 ,george ,sa9tsbury1 ,alfr$ ,a+]1 ,edmund ,gosse1 ,norman ,moore1 & o!rs besides ! editor himself h contribut$1 & ! book w\ld h be5 valuable did x conta9 no?+ b ^! introductory notices4 ,! conclusions ( ! editors ( ! diff]5t au?ors :o h summ$ up ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sep>ate m5 repres5t$ 9 ! previ\s volume1 h done _! "w s well1 t ! /ud5t is likely 9 ! end to h a r bett] idea ( ! writ]s ?an he w\ld ga!r f 8 unaid$ /udy ( ! orig9al & complete works ( ^! old writ]s40--,bo/on ,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company1 #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,,by ,,oliv] ,,f>r> ,,em]son1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric & ,engli% ,philology 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 #abmo4 pp4 #dae4 ,clo?4 ,price #a4be1 net4 8,a "w t1 z a treatise = ! in/ruction ( ! individual /ud5t z well z = class-room use1 is to be w>mly comm5d$4444 ,on e page ( ?is admirably arrang$ volume is %[n ! fruit ( orig9al ?\ght1 pr(\nd erudition1 & philosophical grasp ( a subject :i* has be5 too (t5 obscur$ by injudici\s c\nsel40--,! ,beacon4 8,an admirable "w2 ! be/ results ( rec5t rese>* are embodi$ 9 x40--,provid5ce ,j\rnal4 8,! "w is a valuable contribution to l+ui/ic sci5ce1 & x w be a welcome text-book 9 colleges & s*ools & to all /ud5ts ( philology40--,home ,j\rnal4 8,9 respect bo? ( s*ol>%ip & ( exposition1 ?is volume is entitl$ to high praise4444 ,!re is no "p ( ?is book t _c be read ) pleasure z well z pr(it1 & "o is !re=e emb>rass$ by ! weal? ( mat]ial wor?y ( illu/ration40--,new ,york ,sun4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company1 #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york4