,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece4 ,,practical ,,organ-,,build+ ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,dickson1 ,m4,a4 ,,prec5tor ,,( ,,ely ,,ca!dral ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$1 ,,) ,,additions ,illu/ration3 ,capio ,lum5 ,,london ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,& ,,co4 #g1 ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,c\rt1 ,,ludgate ,,hill #ahhb ,all rights res]v$ ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,virtue ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$1 ,,city ,,road4 ,,preface4 ,,?is little "w is und]tak5 because x is believ$ t no treatise on ! con/ruction ( organs1 at once %ort1 practical1 & accessible by all classes ( read]s1 is extant4 ,! bulky volume ( ,hopk9s & ,rimbault1 wor?y z x is ( all comm5dation1 & ab\nd+ ) matt] int]e/+ to ! musician1 does n pr(ess to ent] into details ess5tial to ! workman4 ,! same rem>k may be appli$ to sundry treatises 9 ! =m ( articles contribut$ to ,encyclopdias1 or to p]iodicals ( a popul> k9d4 ,! writ]s ( ^! articles1 probably fully ma/]s ( ! subject1 _c1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 comm& ! "t1 space1 & amplitude ( illu/ration absolutely necess>y = ! full elucidation ( ! me*anical processes involv$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! mo/ elaborate & +5i\s ( all musical in/rum5ts4 ,read]s ( ! ,fr5* language1 inde$1 may f9d all t !y require 9 a mo/ admirable & exhau/ive "w1 ! ,facteur d',orgues1 by ,m4 ,hamel1 =m+ "o ( ! s]ies ( ! ,manuels-,roret1 publi%$ 9 #ahdi by ,roret ( ,p>is1 9 ?ree volumes1 ) an atlas ( plates4 ,! au?or ( ?is complete exposition ( ! organ-build]'s art has tak5 = ! f\ndation ( 8 book ! great "w ( ,dom ,b$os1 a ,b5$ict9e monk1 :o pr9t$ 9 #agff-gh1 at ,p>is1 two sumptu\s folio volumes1 ) plates1 :i* leave unnotic$ no?+ :i* 0 kn[n or practis$ by ! workm5 ( 8 p]iod4 ,! mod]n editor1 h[ev]1 :o displays a mo/ intimate k ( 8 subject1 toge!r ) an enviable p[] ( expla9+ x 9 all its m9ute/ details1 aid$1 z he is1 by ! mo/ accurate ( all ,european languages1 has produc$ 9 8 ?ird volume a manual ( ! art ( organ-build+ 9 rec5t times1 :i* cov]s ! :ole field ( inve/igation1 & ( :i* x is n too mu* to say t x c nev] be surpass$4 ,a some:at indiff]5t translation ( a ,g]man treatise on ! ,organ & its ,con/ruction1 by ,h]r ,seidel1 ( ,breslau1 appe>$ "s ye>s ago4 ,b ?is "w1 l ! ,engli% publication fir/ notic$1 is n = ! dwell]s 9 work%ops1 b = organi/s1 *oir-ma/]s1 cl]gym51 & o!rs entru/$ ) ! c>e ( exi/+ organs1 or likely to be conc]n$ 9 ! erection ( new ones4 ,! writ] has lately p]us$1 ) mu* pleasure & advantage1 a tract ( ab\t =ty pages on ,organ ,voic+ & ,tun+1 publi%$ = ! au?or 7evid5tly a practical op]ator74 ,he c w>mly recomm5d ?is unpret5d+ introduction to ! highe/ bran* ( ! art1 s seldom ma/]$ save by ^? :o h _h ! advantage ( e>ly & assidu\s practice "u skill$ guidance4 ,b x deals1 ( c\rse1 ) t highe/ bran* only1 & assumes previ\s k ( me*anical con/ruction4 ,he himself1 sev]al ye>s ago1 contribut$ a %ort s]ies ( articles on ! con/ruction ( small organs to a p]iodical publication n[ ext9ct4 ,! lett]s :i* he receiv$ f work+ m51 urg+ him to treat ! subject 9 great] detail1 furni%$ a /rik+ pro( ( ! ext5t to :i* ! leisure h\rs ( _m artisans are devot$ to ! production ( an organ 9 "s "o ( its innum]able =ms1 f ! toy ) two or ?ree /ops to ! complete in/rum5t ) z _m r[s ( keys4 ,su* inquir]s w n be satisfi$1 he fe>s1 by ! n>ratives ( ,h[ we made our ,fir/ ,organ1 & ! l1 9 well-meant & o!rwise well-writt5 books = boys4 ,! real difficulties ( organ-build+ 7& !y are num]\s7 are simply evad$ 9 "s rec5t books ( ?is k9d1 :i* convey ! irresi/ible impression t _! au?ors are n !mselves h&l]s ( ! plane & *isel4 ,! true workman kn[s full well t ! v simple/ ( organs _c be put toge!r 9 a few weeks1 out ( s*ool-h\rs1 & side by side ) o!r und]tak+s4 ,if ! pres5t "w1 9 :i* ! writ] describes ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 & lays d[n no rules :i* he has n r$uc$ to practice 9 8 own work%op1 %\ld h ! effect ( det]r+ +5i\s boys f attempt+ _! ,fir/ ,organ until ! possession ( a l>ge /ock ( pati5ce1 z well z ! comm& ( leisure1 & ( means mod]ately adequate = ! pur*ase ( good mat]ials1 are abundantly & unmi/akably assur$ to !m1 ! au?or1 once a plodd+ & untir+ boy-workman himself1 w h reason to be satisfi$ t 8 ef=ts to expla9 a complicat$ & intricate /ructure h n be5 entirely fruitless4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,,s9ce ! publication ( ?is "w1 ! au?or has _h reason to believe t "s h9ts z to ! design & erection ( small organs 9 c\ntry *ur*es may be acceptable to read]s :o occupy ! position1 n ( con/ructors1 b ( pur*as]s4 ,he tru/s t ! *apt] n[ add$1 ,on ,village ,*ur* ,organs1 w be f\nd to conta9 ! desir$ in=mation4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,plant ,,& ,,mat]ials4 ,,page ,! ,work%op--,tools--,la!--,mat]ials #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/opp$ ,,diapason4 ,tablature1 or ,names ( ,notes--,l5g?s ( ,pipes--,p>ts ( ,/opp$ ,pipe--,! ,scale--,two ,me?ods ( mak+ ,wood5 ,pipes--,"s ,v>ieties ( ,pipes--,old ,engli% ,organs #aj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s\nd-,,bo>d4 ,dim5sions ( ,organs--,con/ruction ( ,s\nd-bo>d--,*annels --,slid]s--,plantations ( ,pipes--,b>s--,be>]s--,upp] ,bo>ds --,rack-bo>ds #bg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,s\nd-,,bo>d4--7,cont9u$47 ,groov+--,bor+ ,holes--,conduct+-bo>ds--,conveyances #dd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,w9d-,,*e/4 ,runn+ ( ,w9d--,blacklead us$--,pallets--,lea!r = ,pallets--,spr+s--,h[ to make !m--,pull-d[ns--,drill+-- ,brass ,plate--,front-bo>d #ee ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,bell[s1 ,,trunks1 ,,& ,,frame4 ,%ape ( ,bell[s--,valves or ,clacks--,cumm9s's ,improvem5ts --,c\nt]-balances--,! ,cuckoo-fe$]--,hydraulic-p[] ,eng9es--,trunks--,! ,frame--,its g5]al ,dim5sions--,holl[ ,frame-"w--,bl[+ ,p$al--,bl[+ ,lev] #gb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,plantation ,,( ,,pipes4 ,pipe-feet--,rack-p9s--,symmetry #ij ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,action4 ,def9itions--,back-fall--,bridge--,squ>e --,/ick]--,track]-- ,tapp$ ,wires--,clo?s--,buttons--,roll]s--,roll ]-bo>ds-- ,pr9ciple ( ,organ-action--,fan-frame--,keys--,roll] -frame-- ,d\ble ,s\nd-bo>d ,action--,?ump+-bo>d #id ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,voic+ ,,& ,,tun+4 ,metal ,pipes--,_! ,con/ruction--,nick+--,voic+--,! ,w9d-gauge--,defects 9 ,pipes--,temp]am5t--,regulation #aae ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,draw-,,/ops4 ,f\r ,me?ods ( draw+ ! ,/ops describ$--,lev]s-- ,bell-cranks--,trundles--,iron ,trundles #abg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,p$als4 ,_! ,compass--,dim5sions--,spr+s--,dip--,con nection ) ,key-bo>d--,removable ,p$al-bo>d #ace ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,two-,,manual ,,organs4 ,rem>ks on ! ,swell-organ--,organs ) ,great & ,*oir-- ,borr[+ 9 ,two-manual ,organs--,*amb] ,organ by ,s*midt-- ,! ,swell-box--,its ,con/ruction--,! ,swell-action--,re$-/ops --,manual ,c\pl]s--,ris+ & ,fall+ ,bridges--,p$al ,c\pl]s --,old ,me?od ( ,c\pl+--,a ,comb9ation ,manual--,! ,p$al ,sub-bass ( #af-;feet ,tone--,scale--,w9d-valve = ,p$al ,*e/-- ,violoncello ,/op--,t]zo ,mano #ada ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,village ,,*ur* ,,organs4 ,pr9ciples ( ,con/ruction--,sugge/ions = ,designs--,objections notic$--,c>e ( ,old ,organs #afe ,,organ-,,build+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,plant ,,& ,,mat]ials4 ,,we %all assume at once1 & at ! v outset1 t our read] has ! fix$ purpose ( produc+ an organ :i* %all be cr$itable to its build]1 a s\rce ( pleasure to its play]s & _! he>]s1 & an ornam5t to ! room or build+ 9 :i* x is erect$3 9 %ort1 t he rememb]s ! excell5t maxim1 :atev] is wor? do+ at all1 is wor? do+ well1 & w n be cont5t ) r\gh workman%ip1 inf]ior mat]ials1 & inh>moni\s results4 ,assum+ ?is z ! basis & pr9ciple ( all our sugge/ions1 we %all nev]!less be> 9 m9d ! necessity ( adapt+ our rules to ! conditions impos$ by sl5d] purses1 & ! imp]fect appliances ( humble work%ops4 ,)\t attempt+ to quote ! actual m>ket prices ( ! wood1 lea!r1 & metal requir$1 or ( ^? important p>ts ( ! in/rum5t :i* 9 mo/ cases w be pur*as$ ready-made1 we %all endeav\r to %[ h[ economy may be consult$ by obta9+ all ^! gradually1 z our "w advances ) t inevitably sl[ progress :i* att5ds all proce$+s 9 :i* mo/ ha/e is f\nd to be worse spe$4 ,we %all buy no?+ :i* we c make = ourselves4 ,! common s5se ( our read]s may be tru/$ n to press ! application ( ?is rule to a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,z we %all c]ta9ly buy1 & n make1 our screws & nails1 s 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ pages we may possibly recomm5d ! buy+ ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! "w1 9 full remembrance ( our rule4 ,b ev5 9 ^! occasional in/ances we %all probably po9t out h[ exp5diture may be sav$ by pati5t indu/ry4 ,we ne$ n anticipate4 ,our read]s w see = !mselves :at we mean z we g on4 ,our task w be some:at simplifi$ if we suppose t an organ is desir$ = a room ( mod]ate size4 ,su* an in/rum5t w commonly h "o manual1 or r[ ( keys1 ) f\r or five /ops1 or sets ( pipes4 ,p$als1 ) or )\t pipes ( _! own ( deep bass quality1 mu/ be consid]$ ess5tial 9 e organ mak+ any pret5sion to complet5ess1 or int5d$ to af=d useful practice = le>n]s4 ,tak+ ?is z a r\gh outl9e or sket* ( probable plans1 x w be easy to see h]eaft] h[ !y may be indef9itely ext5d$4 ,our organ factory1 !n 7) "s su* plan 9 our head71 mu/ be a roomy1 well-light$1 p]fectly dry work%op1 furni%$ ) a fire-place or /ove = ! glue-pot1 ) draw]s or cupbo>ds = /or+ away sk9s ( lea!r & o!r mat]ials n 9 con/ant requirem5t1 & ) %elves on :i* pipes may be /[$ )\t dang] ( roll+ (f4 ,x mu/ n be a m]e %$ or hovel 9 :i* we might m5d ! c>t or ! :eel-b>r[1 & x %\ld n be f> f our dwell+-h\se1 if we are likely to "w at our s]i\s und]tak+ 9 ! w9t] ev5+s4 ,! %op mu/ be fitt$ ) a full-siz$ b5* 9 good condition1 t is to say1 ) its top dress$ truly1 & n hack$ by r\gh usage2 & good workman%ip w be mu* promot$ if ! usual appliances ( su* a b5* are ( ! be/ k9d & 9 complete ord]4 ,true plan+1 s vitally ess5tial 9 organ-build+1 _c be done ^u a crazy or worn-out b5*4 ,! b5* %\ld /& ne> a w9d[1 & x %\ld be s plac$ t bo>ds mu* long] ?an itself may be occasionally dress$ ^u x by tempor>y arrangem5ts4 ,! tools requir$ are *iefly ^? :i* are common to e jo9]'s %op2 notably & ( fir/ importance ! ?ree planes1 ! jack1 ! jo9t] or try+ plane1 & ! little smoo?+ plane4 ,?is la/ may n[ be b\ght 9 a v h&y =m1 entirely ( iron1 & fitt$ ) a clev] adju/m5t by :i* ! cutt] c be set to any degree ( f95ess4 ,?is little plane 7an ,am]ican inv5tion7 is invaluable = _m purposes involv+ extreme neatness & accuracy4 ,! planes mu/ at all times be kept 9 fir/-rate ord]1 & any defect :i* makes its appe>ance mu/ be in/antly rectifi$ by a c>eful use ( ! oil /one4 ,! latt]1 let u m5tion by ! way1 z we may h y\?ful & inexp]i5c$ read]s1 %\ld be levell$ occasionally by be+ rubb$ on a flat slab ) s& & wat]4 ,! plane is emphatically ! tool ( ! organ-build]1 & no pa9s %\ld be consid]$ too great to be be/[$ on ! c>e ( ^! beautiful tools1 or on ! atta9m5t ( dext]ity 9 ! use ( !m4 ,! usual saws1 ! ripp+ saw1 ! panel saw1 ! dovetail1 ! key-hole or pad saw1 w be requir$2 & we may take ?is opportunity ( rem>k+ t z ! organ-build] mu/ h a /rong da% ( ! smi? z well z ( ! jo9] 9 8 composition1 8 %op mu/ h a /\t vice fix$ 9 a conv5i5t "p ( x1 & a few good files always available = brass or = iron4 7,! read] is d\btless aw>e t ! same file mu/ n be us$ = bo? ^! metals47 ,drills = metal1 "s ( !m ( small clockmak]'s sizes ) a b[ & brea/-plate = work+ !m1 w belong to ?is dep>tm5t1 :i* w also include a screw-plate = tapp+ wires ( v>i\s sizes f "o-eigh? ( an in* d[nw>ds1 & cutt+ pli]s or nipp]s = divid+ ! wire4 ,! tool-*e/ mu/ conta9 a ?or\ghly good brace & bits2 & among ! la/ %\ld be "s "o ( ! v>i\s =ms ( adju/able c5tre-bits = cutt+ l>ge circul> holes ( graduat$ dim5sions up to #c in*es diamet]4 ,9 connection ) ?is x may "h be m5tion$ t mo/ ( ! holes bor$ ) ! brace & bits 7?\gh n ! huge holes j ref]r$ to71 w be scor*$ or *>r$ ) a r$-hot iron1 9 ord] to cle> !m ( spl9t]s1 & all[ a p]fectly free passage = ! air :i* w pass ?r\gh !m4 ,a few pieces ( iron rod1 ( sizes suitable = ?is purpose1 w !re=e be requir$4 ,_m ( ^! holes w be also c\nt]sunk1 t is1 r5d]$ conical at _! extremity1 9 ord] to receive ! conical feet ( ! pipes :i* receive f ^! conduits _! supply ( w9d4 ,?is c\nt]sunk portion is also scor*$ or *>r$1 & two or ?ree conical irons w be want$ = ?is purpose4 ,b we h n yet come to ?is4 ,:5 we are ready = ^! irons1 we c h !m made by any blacksmi?1 or we may h put aside "s /\t morsels ( old iron f :i* we ourselves may contrive to fa%ion !m4 ,an important "q mu/ next be ask$4 ,is a turn+-la! absolutely necess>y z "p ( ! plant ( our factory8 ,we mu/ answ] ?is4 ,we %\ld be sorry to d5y t a small organ c]ta9ly c be & may be built )\t ! aid ( a la!4 ,we "k t x has be5 done4 ,b x is equally und5iable t ! abs5ce ( a la!1 or ( access to a la!1 w necessitate ! pur*ase ( c]ta9 p>ts 7wood5 pipe-feet = in/ance1 & rack-p9s71 at an outlay :i* w be> an appreciable proportion to ! fir/ co/ ( a simple & inexp5sive ma*9e4 ,press$1 !n1 to say if our work%op mu/ include a la!1 we are b\nd to reply 9 ! affirmative1 expla9+1 9 ! same brea?1 t all ! purposes ( ! "y organ-build] w be answ]$ by a la! ( humble "* & trifl+ co/4 ,we ourselves1 dur+ sev]al ye>s ( e>ly beg9n+s1 us$ a small clockmak]'s la! by ,f5n1 ( ,newgate ,/reet1 j capable ( admitt+ betwe5 its c5tres ! little billet ( wood ready = %ap+ z a pipe-foot1 t is to say1 ab\t #g in*es 9 l5g?1 & f #b in*es d[n to half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,we /ill possess ?is little la!1 & /ill sometimes use x = small "w4 ,"s su* simple la!1 or "s la! /ill simpl]1 be+ vot$ z necess>y1 ! usual turn+-*isels & g\ges w ( c\rse accompany x1 & we %all assume t our read]s possess a suffici5t acqua9tance ) ! wood-turn]'s art to require no h9ts f u on ! subject o!r ?an ^? :i* we %all give 9 regul> c\rse z we proce$4 ,if !y are =tunate en\gh to possess a sup]ior la!1 ) slide-re/ & sl[ motion = turn+ iron & brass1 !y w f9d ! ma*9e mo/ conducive to good & durable workman%ip1 & we %all n hesitate to po9t out1 z we g on1 h[ mat]ially x w assi/ u 9 giv+ /r5g?1 firmness1 & f9i%1 to v>i\s p>ts ( our "w4 ,we h furni%$1 !n1 our work%op1 or r1 let u say1 we see x 9 our m9d's eye furni%$ z we %\ld wi% x to be4 ,& n[ we may lay 9 our /ock ( wood4 ,sev]al bo>ds ( half-in* p9e1 p]fectly dry & s\nd1 )\t knots2 ^! are ( fir/ necessity4 ,su* bo>ds are g5]ally ab\t #ab feet 9 l5g? & f #ab to #ae or ev5 #bj or m in*es 9 bread?4 ,if a little /ock c be laid 9 ( su* bo>ds :5 an opportunity occurs ( obta9+ exceptionally clean /uff1 x w be well to h !m by u4 ,a bo>d or two ( ?ree-qu>t]s /uff1 & a bo>d ( in* /uff1 all s\nd & clean p9e1 mu/ be provid$4 ,& "h we may pause = a mom5t4 ,we int5d to beg9 our organ by mak+ a set ( wood5 pipes4 ,h5ce we ne$ n provide ourselves ) m timb] = ! pres5t ?an we %all ne$ = ?is fir/ op]ation4 ,b z 9 our imag9>y furni%+ ( ! work%op1 we includ$ sev]al or _m ?+s :i* belong r to future ?an to imm$iate use1 s we may "h place ! read] 9 a position to =m "s idea ( ! fur!r exp5se to :i* he w be put = ! pur*ase ( timb] = 8 propos$ small organ ( f\r or five /ops4 ,! p9e bo>ds j enum]at$ w give u our fir/ set ( pipes2 b :5 ^! are ready1 we %all require "s r co/ly wood = ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,?is %\ld be ,honduras mahogany1 (t5 call$ ,bay wood1 & ( ?ree ?icknesses1 say1 ?ree-qu>t]s /uff = ! table ( ! s\nd-bo>d2#a a full in*1 or1 /ill bett]1 five-qu>t]s1 = ! upp] bo>ds2 & "s v ?9 /uff1 ?ree-eigh?s or less1 kn[n z coa*-panel1 = ! slid]s4 ,! quantities1 or numb] ( squ>e feet1 ( ^! mahogany bo>ds w be det]m9$ by consid]ations discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! wood mu/ be c>efully select$1 = ! gra9 ( x is (t5 tortu\s & unk9dly = ! plane2 x mu/ be1 l ! p9e1 free f l>ge knots1 flaws1 & cracks2 & ! complet5ess ( its season+ %\ld be q unque/ionable & beyond ! rea* ( suspicion4 #a ,all ^! expressions w1 ( c\rse1 be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,x is n unreasonable to assume t ! read]1 :o has contemplat$ = "s "t ! build+ ( an organ1 has already by him "s mat]ials :i* he kn[s w be necess>y2 = in/ance1 "s bo>ds ( s\nd :ite deal = ! framework1 & p]haps = ! bell[s2 & "s scantl+s ( r$ deal1 or pit* p9e1 or oak1 or mahogany1 or r$ c$>1 = ! blocks & /opp]s ( pipes4 ,he w n ne$ ! aid ( ?is book to be aw>e t old mat]ials may sometimes be turn$ to excell5t acc\nt 9 su* a bus9ess z t ^u :i* he is emb>k+4 ,we h kn[n ! pur*ase 7= a p\nd or two7 ( an old squ>e pian(orte turn out a pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,its mahogany top 0 solid1 n v5e]$2 & ! ?9 bo>ds f\nd 9 its int]ior dry z t\*-wood1 & p]haps "o hundr$ ye>s old1 7 made into pipes ( *>m+ sweetness4 ,! old organs be=e ! days ( mahogany 7 made *iefly ( oak1 (t5 call$ wa9scot4 ,we ourselves h made mu* use ( ?is durable & tru/wor?y mat]ial1 :i* may be obta9$ 9 ! conv5i5t =m kn[n z coop]s' /aves1 be+ planks ab\t #f feet 9 l5g?1 z _m in*es 9 wid?1 & #b or #c in*es ?ick4 ,!y may be divid$1 at any saw-pit or saw-mill1 into bo>ds ( ! desir$ ?9ness1 & !y "w pleasantly "u ?or\ghly %>p tools4 ,& n[ we may set to "w ^u our set ( wood pipes4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/opp$ ,,diapason4 ,,:y d we beg9 by mak+ a set ( wood5 pipes8 ,= two reasons4 ,fir/1 because !y w af=d a trial ( pati5ce1 & involve a great deal ( good jo9]y4 ,second1 because until !y are made1 or1 at any rate1 until we "k _! precise dim5sions1 we _c plot out ) accuracy ! v important s\nd-bo>d1 :i* is to c>ry !m & ! o!r pipes :i* are to foll[4 ,ei!r ( ^! reasons is1 to our m9d1 suffici5t1 ap>t f ! o!r2 & we /rongly recomm5d ! "y beg9n] to set himself resolutely to ! manufacture ( ! complete set ( wood5 pipes belong+ to ! commone/ ( all organ-/ops1 ! ,/opp$ ,diapason1 be=e tak+ any /ep 9 ! direction ( ! ma*9]y or app>atus :i* is to wak5 !m into h>moni\s vibrations4 ,our explanations w be mu* assi/$ "h if we introduce a few def9itions ( t]ms 9 con/ant use4 ,! pipes :i* we are ab\t to make w give notes1 :5 tun$1 :i* are famili>ly designat$ by c]ta9 names4 ,?us1 ! l[e/ note on ! manual or key-bo>d ( mod]n organs is call$ ,d\ble ,c 7pr9t$ ,,cc74 ,! note "o octave above ?is is ,t5or ,c2 ! octave ( ,t5or ,c is ,middle ,c2 & above ?is1 aga91 we h ,treble ,c 7(t5 call$ ,foot ,c7 & ,c 9 ,alto4 ,"s ( ! o!r notes ( ! scale1 9 a simil> way1 h conv5i5t names4 ,?us1 ! fir/ ,f 9 ! bass is ,d\ble ,f1 or ,,ff2 ! next ,f1 ! ,f ( ! ,t5or octave1 is (t5 call$ ,clef ,f1 z ! ,bass1 or ,f ,clef1 /&s ^u ?is l9e 9 music2 its %>p is ,,ff %>p2 b !n we come at once to a s+le ,g1 & ?is note is (t5 call$ ,gamut ,g4 ,! octave above ?is note is call$ ,fiddle ,g1 z x s\nds ! same note z ! f\r? /r+ ( ! viol94 ,! note ,b1 we may add1 ?r\gh\t ! organ1 is und]/ood to mean ,b flat2 ! semitone above ?is is indicat$ by ! musical symbol ! ,natural 7symbol74 ,we h n q done ) ?is4 ,!re is ano!r way ( ref]r+ to pipes1 & to complete sets ( pipes1 :i* is 9 famili> use1 & is "p ( ! "m-tongue ( ! organ-build]4 ,we h said t ,treble ,c is (t5 call$ ,foot ,c4 ,?is is because ! ord9>y op5 pipe ( t note 7speak+ n[ q inexactly1 & )\t precision71 is #a foot 9 l5g?4 ,9 a simil> way1 ,,cc is #h-;foot ,c1 or ! #h-;foot note1 because ! op5 pipe is #h feet 9 l5g?1 speak+ r\ndly or r\ghly4 ,t5or ,c is #d-;foot ,c2 ,middle ,c1 #b-;foot ,c4 ,x w be easily und]/ood t ^! conv5i5t designations are reta9$1 ev5 ?\gh ! con/ruction ( ! pipes may r5d] !m /rictly inapplicable4 ,?us1 ! l[e/ note ( our fir/ /op w /ill be #h-;foot ,c1 ?\gh1 z we %all soon see1 ! /opp+ ( ! wood5 tube enables u to r$uce ! actual l5g? by "o-half4 ,our ,,cc w /ill be ( #h-;feet pit*1 or tone1 & by no means becomes a #d-;foot ,c1 because its actual measurem5t1 :5 complet$1 w n exce$ #d feet 9 total l5g?4 ,"o /ep fur!r4 ,! !oretical l5g? ( ! l[e/ note is n only us$ to designate t note & ! pipes :i* belong to t note1 b is ext5d$ to ! designation ( ! :ole set ( pipes ( :i* x is ! l[e/ or longe/4 ,?is :ole set ( pipes is call$ famili>ly a ,/op2 ?us we h at once ! ready t]ms1 #h-;feet /ops1 #af-;feet /ops1 #d-;feet /ops1 #b-;feet /ops1 c42 & x w be und]/ood t by an #h-;feet /op1 we mean a set ( pipes yield+ ! common or ord9>y pit* ( ! pian(orte1 or ( ! human voice2 :ile a #d-;feet /op1 :5 ! v same keys are press$ d[n1 w yield notes "o octave high] ?an ?is ord9>y or /&>d pit*2 ! #b-;feet /op1 notes two octaves high]2 ! #af-;feet /op1 notes "o octave l[]1 or deep]4 ,& if all ^! f\r /ops are play$ at ! same "t1 7tun+ & o!r manipulations be+ n[ assum$71 an effect w be produc$ highly agreeable to ! e>1 & va/ly sup]ior to t :i* w\ld result f ! m]e multiplication ( #h-;feet /ops only4 ,our little organ ( five /ops1 :5 complet$1 w probably be describ$ ) correctness if x is said to conta9 two #h-;feet /ops1 two #d-;feet /ops1 & "o #b-;foot /op3 a ready & conv5tional way ( speak+1 we repeat yet once m1 s9ce ! in/rum5t w conta9 no op5 pipe #h feet 9 l5g?1 & s9ce1 ( ! #d-;feet /ops1 "o w be only ( #d-;feet tone1 or pit*1 :ile ev5 ! #b-;feet /op1 = reasons :i* w be abundantly made cle>1 may possibly h no #b-;feet pipe4 ,"s pa9s h be5 tak5 to expla9 all ?is1 because we h met ) "y workm5 ^: compreh5sion ( su* rudim5t>y matt]s 0 f> f complete1 & :o 7 misl$ by ! fanciful & :olly unimportant names engrav$ ^u ! knobs :i* gov]n ! /ops1 e4g4 ,flute1 ,dulciana1 c4 ,if we h any su* "y beg9n]s among our pres5t read]s1 !y w see t ! names are q ( second>y conc]n1 & t ! ess5tial ?+ is to h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! pit* ( ea* /op1 z repres5t$ by ! l5g? ( ! pipe1 actual or virtual1 correspond+ to ! l[e/ note ( ! manual4 ,& n[ we proce$ to our "w4 ,:at we h to d is to make fifty-f\r pipes1 ext5d+ f ,,cc to ,f 9 alto1 & ( ! =m or sort kn[n 9 ,engl& z ,/opp$ ,diapason4 ,"o ( ^! pipes1 let u suppose ,t5or ,c1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 a is a block ( mahogany or oak1 or ( "s o!r wood fac$ ) mahogany or oak1 & ab\t #c in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x has a ?roat or deep depression across x1 =m$ by tak+ out ! wood betwe5 two saw-cuts1 or by bor+ adjac5t holes ) a c5tre-bit4 b is a /opp]1 made ( any wood1 ! exact size ( ! block1 or a trifle less1 to all[ = a lea!r cov]+1 & fa%ion$ at top into a knob1 or turn$ 9 ! la!1 = conv5i5t h&l+ by ! tun]4 c is ! pipe :5 put toge!r by glu+ ?ree bo>ds1 namely1 ! back & ! two sides1 to ! block1 & "o1 namely ! front bo>d1 to ! edges ( ! sides4 ,?is f\r? bo>d is ab\t #c in*es %ort] ?an ! o!rs1 & has a lip =m$ on its l[] edge by bevell+ ! wood ) a %>p *isel4 d is a cap1 #c in*es long1 & z wide z ! block ) ! side bo>ds atta*$2 x is holl[$ 9 a w$ge-%ap$ =m z %[n 9 ! figure4 e is a foot1 turn$ 9 ! la!1 bor$ f end to end1 & #e or #f in*es 9 l5g?4 f is ! complet$ pipe1 ) ! /opp] ins]t$1 ! cap put on1 & ! foot 9 its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,we h to make fifty-f\r su* pipes1 ea* ( ! dim5sions prop] = ! production ( its own note1 deep 9 ! bass or %rill 9 ! treble4 ,x is q cle> t we mu/ n "w by rule ( ?umb1 b und]/& well :at we are ab\t f ! v fir/1 if we d n wi% to cut our wood to wa/e & cov] ourselves ) mortification4 ,beg9 ?us4 ,take a %eet ( /\t pap]1 & on x1 ) rule & compasses1 draw a scale %[+ all ! requisite measurem5ts4 ,"h we mu/ be a little arbitr>y1 & lay d[n ! law )\t giv+ l5g?y reasons = our rul+4 ,/opp$ pipes are half ! l5g? ( op5 pipes yield+ ! same notes4 ,our ,,cc pipe w !re=e be #d feet long4 ,! f\r ,c's ( ! asc5d+ scale are ! halves ( ea* o!r4 ,!re=e ,t5or ,c w be #b feet1 ,middle ,c #a foot1 ,treble ,c #f in*es1 & ,c 9 alto #c in*es1 9 l5g?4 ,! ^w ne>ly1 or ab\t1 mu/ be und]/ood z prefix$ 9 e case to our measurem5ts4 ,accord+ly1 ! l5g?s ( all ! pipes 9 ! /op w be easily obta9$ by draw+ a v]tical l9e #a foot 9 l5g? on ! pap]1 & divid+ x into twelve equal p>ts4 ,at ! bottom1 write ,t5or ,c1 #b feet2 at ! top1 ,middle ,c1 #a foot4 ,!n ! l5g? ( ea* ( ! elev5 pipes int]v5+ betwe5 ^! extremes w be at once obta9$ by easy measurem5t4 ,by d\bl+ ^! l5g?s we %all obta9 ^? ( ! bass1 or #h-;feet octave4 ,by halv+ !m1 ^? ( ! middle octave4 ,by divid+ !m by f\r1 we get ^? ( ! treble octave4 ,note well t ^! r\gh & approximate l5g?s are speak+ l5g?s ( ! wood5 tubes1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! column ( air )9 !m1 measur$ f ! top ( ! block to ! "u side ( ! /opp]4 ,h5ce1 9 cutt+ out ! bo>ds1 ! l5g? ( ! block--ab\t #c in*es1 or less 9 small pipes--mu/ be add$ to ?ree ( !m1 & an in* or m all[$ to all f\r ( !m to give good room = ! /opp]4 ,b we are n yet 9 a position to cut out ! bo>ds4 ,x might be ?\ght t z we get ! l5g?s by ! easy ari?metical process describ$ above1 s ) equal ease %all we get ! wid?s & dep?s ( ! blocks4 ,! pipes are n squ>e1 b are deep] ?an !y are wide1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #e to #d4 ,x might be ?\ght t if ! block ( ,t5or ,c be #b in*es wide & #b-a_/b in*es deep1 !n ! block ( ,middle ,c w be #a in* by #a-a_/d in*es2 ! block ( ,foot ,c #a_/b in* by #e_/h1 & s on4 ,?is is n s4 ,^! treble pipes w\ld be q unreasonably small1 & w\ld give weak & ?9 s\nds1 :ile ! bass octave1 comm5c+ ) a block #d in*es by #e in*es1 w\ld be ne$lessly l>ge = a *amb] organ4 ,)\t wa/+ words ^u a matt] :i* is really v simple1 let u say at once t we %all adopt = our ,/opp$ ,diapason a scale comm5c+ ) a ,,cc block #c-a_/d in*es wide & #d in*es deep1 & t ! block ( ,t5or ,c w be #b-a_/h in*es wide & #b-e_/h deep4 ,?us ! half ( ! wid? & dep? ( ! ,,cc block w n be rea*$ until ! eighte5? note above x1 in/ead ( ! ?irte5?1 & 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! scale ! dim9ution 9 ! sizes ( ! blocks may be yet m gradual4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #b w enable our read]s to draw scales = !mselves = ! ,/opp$ ,diapason1 & = o!r wood5 /ops :i* may foll[ x1 f a few giv5 data1 & to suit circum/ances4 ,a m9ute or ,*9ese accuracy is n requisite4 ,! v]tical l9e ( any conv5i5t l5g? be+ drawn ^u ! pap]1 ! wid? & dep? ( ! ,,cc block are measur$ (f ^u a horizontal l9e drawn at its l[] extremity4 ,eighte5 divisions be+ m>k$ ^u ! v]tical l9e1 ! half-wid? & half-dep? ( ! ,,cc block are measur$ ^u ano!r horizontal l9e drawn at ! eighte5? m>k4 ,^! po9ts be+ jo9$ by /raight l9es1 & horizontal l9es be+ drawn at ea* ( ! m>ks p>allel to ! o!rs1 we %all h ! wid?s & dep?s ( ! blocks ( all ! pipes f ,,cc to ,clef ,f inclusive1 viz4 eighte5 blocks4 ,! next eighte5 blocks w be siz$ 9 a precisely simil> mann]1 & z ?ree times eighte5 is equal to fifty-f\r1 ! :ole /op may be divid$ into ?ree sections ( eighte5 pipes 9 ea* section1 & x may be = our conv5i5ce to make "o section at a "t4 ,!re are two me?ods ( work+ toge!r ! block & ! f\r bo>ds :i* =m ! pipe4 ,we w give !m bo?1 & decide betwe5 !m4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,cut out ! bo>d = ! back1 & dress x c>efully to ! exact wid? ( ! block4 ,glue ! block to ! l[] extremity1 & :5 ! glue is dry dress up all p]fectly flu%4 ,cut out ! side bo>ds z wide z ! dep? ( ! block ) ! ?ickness ( ! back bo>d add$ to x4 ,glue !m to ! sides ( ! block & to ! edges ( ! backbo>d1 obta9+ a p]fectly close jo9t by us+ wood5 clamps & w$ges z 9 glu+ up a viol91 or by o!r obvi\s contrivances4 ,:5 ! glue is dry dress up ! front edges flu% ) ! block1 & glue on ! front bo>d1 :i* w be cut out z wide z ! block toge!r ) ! ?icknesses ( ! side bo>ds4 ,! front bo>d mu/ ov]lap ! upp] edge ( ! block by ab\t #a_/h in* or m4 ,if all ?is is c>efully done accord+ to ! rules ( good jo9]y ! result %\ld be a neat & /rong pipe1 truly rectangul> at its upp] or op5 extremity4 ,brads or sprigs are n to be ?\ght ( 9 pipe-mak+1 unless1 inde$1 9 ! v exceptional case ( organs int5d$ = tropical climates4 ,second me?od4 ,cut out fir/ ! two side bo>ds ! wid? ( ! dep? ( ! block1 & glue !m to x4 ,dress ! edges flu% ) ! block1 & glue on at once ! back & front bo>ds1 obta9+ irreproa*able jo9ts z be=e1 & tak+ inf9ite c>e t ! upp] extremities ( ! side bo>ds d n approa* ea* o!r4 ,9 mak+ our small] pipes 7say f ,middle ,c upw>ds71 we are 9 ! habit ( /ra9+ :ip-cord or /\t hemp5 /r+ r\nd !m1 w9d+ x fir/ ^u a loose pipe-foot or smoo? tool-h&le to avoid cutt+ ! h&s2 & we ensure a correct ap]ture at ! top by plac+ )9 x a ?9 slice cut f ! block itself1 or by introduc+ ! /opp] if x has be5 already prep>$ ( ! same size z ! block4 ,! not*es made by ! /r+ ^u ! edges ( ! s(t p9e-wood are easily remov$ :5 ! f9i%$ pipe is dress$ ov] ) a f9e plane4 ,we h no difficulty 9 giv+ our decision 9 fav\r ( ! second plan1 :i* avoids ! f\r t$i\s dry+s ( ! glue1 & :i* admits m readily ( pressure be+ appli$ to ! fre%ly glu$ jo9ts4 ,b 9 mak+ op5 pipes1 :i* h n to be> ! driv+-9 ( a /opp]1 !re is mu* to recomm5d ! fir/ me?od4 ,?is po9t be+ settl$1 we may cut out ! side bo>ds & prep>e ! blocks = "o ( our divisions1 let u say ! middle section1 f ,clef ,f %>p to ! natural bel[ ,foot ,c4 ,blocks ( ?is mod]ate size w be be/ made by tak+ a piece ( wood ( suitable "*1 long en\gh = six or m1 & by dress+ x d[n z ea* block is cut (f1 mak+ c>eful & con/ant use ( ! gauge1 ! squ>e1 & ! callip]s4 ,we l to =m ! ?roat ) a c5tre-bit aft] ! pipe is put toge!r4 ,! ?irty-six bo>ds w be glu$ to ! eighte5 blocks1 & :ile ! glue is dry+ we c prep>e ! backs & fronts4 ,! bevell$ lip ( ! latt] w be left uncut until all ! pipes h be5 glu$ up & dress$ ov]1 & ! top edges nicely clean$ (f & made true4 ,b z !re w be1 d\btless1 a mo/ p>donable anxiety to he> ! s\nd ( "o pipe1 we w "h expla9 t ! height ( ! m\? ( ea* pipe mu/ be equal to "o-?ird ( its wid?2 ?us ! m\? ( ! pipe measur+ "o in* & a half across ! block 7,a 9 our scale7 w be #a_/b in* 9 height4 ,9 measur+ ! height ( ! m\?s1 a pair ( proportional compasses ) slid+ c5tre1 or common divid]s set to ?irds1 f\r?s1 & fif?s1 w be useful if n necess>y4 ,! slope ( ! bevel is n ( great importance4 ,cut x ) a %>p *isel1 tak+ c>e n to injure ! block1 & leave ! l[] edge or lip r blunt4 ,a %>p & po9t$ knife may be employ$ 9 cutt+ ! lip truly1 guid$ by ! squ>e4 ,! use ( f9e glass-pap] is p]missible "h to smoo? all ^! p>ts nicely4 ,! ?roat hav+ be5 =m$ 9 ! face ( ! block1 ab\t #a in* f its l[] end1 bore ! foot-hole 9 ! bottom ( ! block cle> into ! ?roat1 beg9n+ ) a small bor]1 & enl>g+ ! hole cauti\sly1 z r\gh & ha/y proce$+s might split ! block at ?is po9t1 especially 9 ! case ( small pipes4 ,prep>e ! cap f a suitable bit ( mahogany1 oak1 or o!r close-gra9$ wood1 & holl[ out ! back ( x ) a *isel z %[n 9 d1 ,fig4 #a4 ,=m ! flue or w9d-way ?r\gh :i* ! air is to pass to ! lip by fil+ away ! edge left at ! top ( ! w$ge-%ap$ holl[1 try+ y\r "w by plac+ ! cap aga9/ ! side ( ! pipe or any o!r flat surface4 ,! flue mu/ n be wid] ?an #a_/af in* at ,t5or ,c1 & mu/ be r$uc$ z we asc5d ! scale until x w h>dly admit a slip ( ?9 pap]4 ,x w n be s mu* z #a_/h in* wide ev5 at ,,cc4 ,p]haps ! /opp] has be5 already prep>$ ( ! same size z ! block1 & has be5 =m$ into a knob at top1 or turn$ 9 ! la!1 or1 9 ! case ( ! l>g] pipes1 fitt$ ) a turn$ h&le glu$ into a hole bor$ = its reception4 ,dress (f ! angles ( ! /opp] 9 ord] to all[ room = ! s(t :ite lea!r ) :i* x is cov]$ to fold itself 9 ! corn]s ( ! pipe4 ,we g5]ally rasp our /opp]s1 leav+ !m r\gh t ! lea!r may cl+ to ! /opp] & n to ! pipe4 ,! lea!r _c be too ?9 if x is s(t1 & if ! /opp] fits closely4 ,rub ! int]ior ( ! top ( ! pipe ) a bit ( tall[-c&le1 & introduce ! /opp] cauti\sly4 ,x %\ld slide )9 ! pipe at once easily & ) accurate fit1 & if y\r jo9]y has be5 good !re %\ld be no fe> ( splitt+ ! pipe or ( op5+ ! jo9ts4 ,! cap :5 f9ally fitt$ w h its upp] edge ab\t #a_/h in* bel[ ! upp] edge ( ! block4 ,on apply+ x 9 ?is position1 hold+ x !re ) y\r f+]s1 or ty+ x on ) /r+1 & bl[+ g5tly into ! foot-hole1 y w h a pleasant fluty musical note4 ,probably a little *irp or :i/le w be he>d be=e ! note comes on4 ,! removal ( ?is defect belongs to ! important op]ation call$ voic+1 ( :i* we %all treat h]eaft]4 ,we h cut our bo>ds f ! half-in* p9e1 b z we rise 9 ! scale mu* ?9n] /uff w be us$4 ,x is well to =esee ?is 9 lay+ 9 our mat]ials4 ,r$ c$>1 (t5 us$ by cab9etmak]s = ! inside ( draw]s & w>drobes1 makes v pretty pipes1 holds ! glue well1 & has an agreeable od\r 9 work+4 ,h>d] woods1 notably oak1 7 (t5 us$ by ! old build]s4 ,pe>-tree comm5ds itself mu* 9 ,g]man work%ops4 ,! f\r or five l[e/ pipes 7,,cc to ,,ee1 or high]7 %\ld be ( /\t] /uff ?an half-in*1 say five-eigh?s or ev5 ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,! caps ( ^! l>ge pipes w n be glu$ on b fix$ ) ?ree screws1 & we may modify a previ\s rem>k by admitt+ t 9 ! case ( ^! l>g] pipes ! use ( nails is legitimate4 ,( ! pipe-feet we %all speak :5 we come to ! bus9ess ( plann+ ! rack-bo>d ) its holes = _! reception4 ,we mu/ n close ?is *apt] )\t giv+ "s fur!r explanations on ! subject ( pipe-mak+4 ,l>ge pipes1 bo? op5 & /opp$1 may be advantage\sly made ) languids in/ead ( blocks4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! section ( a pipe s made4 ,! block is replac$ by two pieces ( suitable wood1 a a1 let into ! side bo>ds ) pl5ty ( glue4 ,! glue %\ld also be all[$ to run freely into ! angles & corn]s ( ! ?roat :5 ! back bo>d is fitt$4 ,pipes made 9 ?is way are a little light] ?an ^? ) blocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! /opp]s ( ! small] pipes1 say f ,fiddle ,g or ,middle ,c to top1 are (t5 bor$ ) a hole pass+ cle> ?r\gh ! wood & lea!r1 & burnt smoo? ) an iron4 ,aft] :at has be5 said ( ! necessity ( secur+ a good fit = ! /opp]1 x might be ?\ght t ?is hole w\ld ru9 ! pipe4 ,curi\sly en\gh x is n s1 b imp>ts a slight increase ( fulness to ! tone4 ,! holes mu/ n be l>ge1 #a_/d in* at ,middle ,c w be suffici5t4 ,note well t pipes ) p]=at$ /opp]s mu/ be a trifle long]1 say #a in* 9 #ab1 ?an ^? completely clos$4 ,?us ! pipe = ,c %>p mu/ be z long z ! fully /opp$ ,c pipe4 ,wood5 pipes are also made ) inv]t$ m\?s1 t is to say1 ! bevell$ lip is =m$ on ! inside in/ead ( on ! outside ( ! front bo>d4 ,9 ?is case ! bevel is cut & ! m\? measur$ & =m$ be=e ! pipe is put toge!r1 & ! front bo>d w be ( ! same l5g? z ! o!rs1 & w be glu$ l !m to ! block4 ,! ?roat is cut ?r\gh ! bo>d into ! block1 & ! cap w project beyond ! level ( ! bo>d4 ,all ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,we h a v *>m+ ,/opp$ ,diapason made 9 ?is way1 & ) p]=at$ /opp]s1 9 "o ( our organs4 ,x is ( r$ c$> f ,middle ,c to top2 ! l[] "p is ( p9e & ( ! ord9>y con/ruction4 ,! m\?s are 9 ! proportion ( two-sev5?s ( ! wid? ( ea* pipe4 ,inv]t$ m\?s are well suit$1 also1 to ! ,cl>abella & ,hohl ,flte1 two k9dr$ /ops :i* sometimes take ! place ( ! ,/opp$ ,diapason 9 its upp] octaves4 ,! pipes are op51 & h a holl[ p5etrat+ tone2 ,middle ,c is #b feet long1 & its block may be ( ! same size z t ( ! same note 9 our scale1 namely1 ab\t #a-c_/h by #a-c_/d4 ,! m\? ab\t #b_/g ( ! wid?4 ,^! op5 pipes are tun$ by means ( %ades1 :i* are pieces ( pipe metal let into a saw-cut made 9 ! top edge ( ! back bo>d4 ,! %ade mu/ be z wide z ! pipe1 & #a_/b in* long] ?an its dep?4 ,! pipe is flatt5$ by b5d+ ! %ade ov] ! op5 top1 %>p5$ by rais+ x4 ,! ,g]man /op1 ! ,doppel-flte1 :i* has two m\?s opposite to ea* o!r1 & ( c\rse two caps = ea* pipe1 is seldom or nev] he>d 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a few pipes :i* we h made z exp]im5ts h>dly seem to repay u = ! additional tr\ble & lab\r4 ,tr\ble & lab\r 7 ( little acc\nt1 app>5tly1 9 ! old days ( ,engli% organ-build+ two c5turies ago1 if we may judge f ! really m>vell\s specim5s ( pati5t pipe-mak+ 9 wood :i* h come d[n to u4 ,we ourselves h se5 & play$ organs ( exquisite sweetness & beauty by old ,b]nh>d ,s*midt 7#affj-agjh71 conta9+ f\r or five /ops 9 :i* e pipe 0 ( oak1 ev5 up to ! top note ( a ,fifte5? ( #b feet4 ,su* an organ1 built by ,loosemore1 #affd1 ! build] ( ! ca!dral organ1 is pres]v$1 we believe1 at ,exet]4 ,x has six /ops1 includ+ a ,twelf?1 all made ( wood4 ,mod]n life is too ha/y & impetu\s = su* ef=ts4 ,if any ( our read]s1 h[ev]1 %\ld set !mselves ! task ( mak+ v small pipes 9 wood1 we advise !m to =m ! block & foot f "o piece1 & to foll[ ! fir/ me?od 7see p4 #ah7 9 putt+ ! m9ute contrivance toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s\nd-,,bo>d4 ,,we may fairly assume t no "o w emb>k ^u ! v s]i\s bus9ess ( build+ an organ1 & t probably no "o w read ?is book1 :o has n suffici5t previ\s k ( ! subject to und]/& :at is meant by ! expressions s\nd-bo>d1 w9d-*e/1 pallets1 slid]s4 ,x may be tak5 z c]ta91 moreov]1 t ! read] :o takes up ?is book to assi/ him 9 ! ardu\s "w :i* he has und]tak51 & 9 ! hope 7:i* we tru/ we %all n disappo9t7 ( f9d+ rules laid d[n 9 x :i* he c readily r$uce to practice1 has long ago decid$ ^u ! position :i* ! project$ organ is to occupy1 & has measur$ ) 8 eye1 if n ) 8 two-foot rule or tape1 ! bread?1 dep?1 & height :i* c be fairly all[$ to ! f9i%$ in/rum5t4 ,great div]sity ( dim5sion & design is "o ( ! peculi>ities :i* di/+ui% organs f all o!r musical in/rum5ts4 ,our organ may be wide & %all[ l a book-case1 or x may be ( little great] wid? ?an its key-bo>d1 b deep l a w>drobe2 x may be c>ri$ up ne>ly to ! ceil+ ( a l(ty ap>tm5t1 or may be kept d[n to suit ! l[-br[$ raft]s ( a c\ntry f>mh\se or a workman's cottage4 ,! site *os5 = ! organ may all[ ( conv5i5t access to ! back ( x = tun+ purposes2 or x may compel u to arrange ! int]ior s t ! back may always rema9 9 close contact ) ! wall4 ,! projection ( ! keys1 too1 f ! front1 & !re=e ! position ( ! play] :5 seat$ at ! in/rum5t1 possibly 9 a small room2 ! place = ! bl[+-h&le & = ! p]son :o works x1 s t conv5i5t space may be left = him to fulfil 8 irksome duty--^! are matt]s ( detail admitt+ ( great v>iety ( treatm5t4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* x may be possible1 & v advantage\s1 to sep>ate ! bell[s f ! organ :i* !y supply1 & to e/abli% !m 9 an adjo9+ room1 or b5ea? ! floor or plat=m on :i* ! organ is plac$4 ,all ^! consid]ations mu/ receive full att5tion1 & draw+s or r\gh sket*es suffici5tly intelligible to ! workman himself mu/ be made 9 accordance ) ! decisions arriv$ at4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 we c laun* ourselves ^u ! v s]i\s bus9ess ( design+ & con/ruct+ ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,a s]i\s bus9ess1 we say1 mak+ a l>ge dem& ^u our indu/ry & p]sev]ance1 & call+ = adroit use ( tools ( sev]al diff]5t *>act]s4 ,to facilitate our own task 9 describ+ ! process ( con/ruct+ a s\nd-bo>d1 we %all divide ?is *apt] into %ort sections1 ) int]v5+ rem>ks4 #a4 ,! s\nd-bo>d is a %all[ box1 divid$ int]nally into z _m transv]se grooves or *annels z !re are notes on ! key-bo>d4 ,! pipes /& ^u holes bor$ ?r\gh ! top ( ! box into ^! *annels2 & x is pla9 t if air is made to fill ^! *annels1 & to issue f ^! holes 9 a con/ant /ream :5 we please1 all ! pipes :i* /& ^u ! holes w give _! s\nds accord+ to _! pit* & "*4 ,rem>k4--,?us if "o *annel1 say ! *annel correspond+ to ,t5or ,c1 h five holes bor$ into x ?r\gh ! top ( ! box1 !n five pipes /&+ ^u ^? holes may be made to speak at once1 or 9 *orus1 by press+ d[n ! "o key on ! manual4 #b4 ,x is pla9 t we mu/ possess ! p[] ( op5+ & clos+ ^! holes 9 sets or classes at our pleasure1 s t ! air may be direct$ into ^? pipes :i* we desire to he>1 :ile o!rs are sil5t4 ,! top ( ! box is !re=e made d\ble1 or ( two lay]s ( wood2 & betwe5 ! two lay]s long /rips ( ?9 wood are introduc$1 ly+ l5g?wise1 t is to say1 at "r angles to ! *annels b5ea? or )94 ,! holes are bor$ d[n ?r\gh all ^! ?ree lay]s ( wood =m+ ! top ( ! box2 & we see t by slid+ ! ?9 slip an in* or s to ! "r or left1 we c cut (f at once ! curr5t ( air f ! pipes /&+ on ^? holes1 s9ce ! ap]tures 9 ! ?ree lay]s w !n no long] co9cide4 ,rem>k4--,all ?is is q indep5d5t (1 & prelim9>y to1 ! arrangem5ts = admitt+ ! supply ( air to ! *annels !mselves4 #c4 ,hav+ already made our ,/opp$ ,diapason pipes1 let u range !m on a table or floor1 & consid] well h[ !y mu/ be plant$ on a s\nd-bo>d su* z we are ab\t to make = our organ1 be x broad & %all[1 or n>r[ & deep1 be x l[ or l(ty4 ,rem>k4--,no o!r /op w practically take up s mu* room on ! s\nd-bo>d z ! ,/opp$ ,diapason2 h5ce1 if we plot ! bo>d ) ref]5ce to x1 all ! o!r pipes w be easily work$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 #d4 ,on ! opposite page sev]al diff]5t plantations ( ! ,/opp$ ,diapason are %[n bo? 9 elevation & 9 plan4 ,9 ,fig4 #e ! pipes1 plant$ 9 a d\ble r[ ?r\gh\t1 are plac$ alt]nately to ! "r & to ! left1 meet+ 9 ! middle at ! smalle/ pipe4 ,! exact rev]se ( ?is plantation1 namely1 plac+ ! l>ge/ pipes 9 ! middle1 & slop+ d[n to ! smalle/ pipes at ea* end1 c be easily imag9$1 & x is unnecess>y to figure x4 ,x is cle> t 9 bo? ^! plantations ! l>ge pipes occupy a space1 z reg>ds dep?1 out ( proportion to ! space occupi$ by ! upp] "p ( ! /op4 ,fig4 #f %[s a v common plantation ( pipes1 :i*1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 all[s u to simplify ! int]nal me*anism or action4 ,fig4 #g1 9 plan only1 %[s a mode ( economis+ space z reg>ds dep? by plant+ ! pipes ( ! l[] octave 9 a s+le r[1 resum+ ! d\ble r[ at ,t5or ,c4 ,?is plantation w\ld suit a wide & %all[ organ4 ,figs4 #h & #i %[ diff]5t me?ods ( plant+ ! l>ge pipes 9 ord] to avoid a disproportionate sacrifice ( space on ! bo>d4 ,x w be se5 at a glance t !y c be rang$ beh9d ! pipes ( ! t5or & treble octaves1 or c>ri$ (f to ! "r & left 9 r[s /&+ at "r angles to !m4 ,fig4 #aj1 9 elevation only1 %[s h[ we may build an organ "u ! ceil+ ( a v l[ room1 by plant+ ! eight feet octave on a bo>d ( its own at a l[] level ?an t ( ! s\nd-bo>d prop]4 ,& x is easy to conceive1 )\t a figure1 t ?is accessory bo>d may be replac$ by two bo>ds1 to "r & left1 result+ 9 a plan resembl+ t 9 ,fig4 #i1 b giv+ a l[] level to ! tall pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,rem>k4--,we confess to a /rong lik+ = ^! lat] plantations1 :i* require "s little c>eful me*anical adaptations1 b result 9 a compact arrangem5t1 admitt+ ( enclosure 9 a case ( graceful outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 #e4 ,we h /ill "s consid]ations requir+ c>eful att5tion be=e we c map out our s\nd-bo>d4 ,! plantation ( ! pipes w be ! *ief guide to ! plann+ ( ! *annels1 ) ! divisions or spaces betwe5 !m2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! bor+ ( ! holes = ! supply ( air mu/ be done 9 regul> l9es )9 spaces or wid?s easily cov]$ by ! slid]s4 ,a slid] is seldom m ?an f #b to #c in*es wide2 !re are good reasons :y ?is wid? _c conv5i5tly be mu* exce$$4 ,b ! feet ( ! l>ge pipes 9 ! bass octave w be z mu* z #e in*es or m ap>t :5 ! pipes are plant$ back to back1 z 9 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,h5ce we mu/ decide1 be=e we beg9 to "w1 n only h[ ! pipes are to /& on ! bo>d1 b h[ !y are to get _! w9d & be depriv$ ( x by ! action ( a slid] ( ! usual wid?4 ,p]haps we %all resolve to run two n>r[ slid]s "u ! foot-holes ( ! :ole /op1 "o = ea* ( ! two r[s1 controll+ bo? slid]s by a s+le knob or h&le4 ,by ?is me?od e pipe w /& on its w9d1 z ! workm5 say1 t is1 w be 9 direct & un9t]rupt$ communication ) ! *annel :5 ! holes are op54 ,or possibly x may suit our plans bett] to run two slid]s "u ! feet ( ! bass pipes1 & a ?ird betwe5 !m1 "u ! re/ ( ! /op2 all ?ree1 be x well und]/ood1 ext5d+ f end to end ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 b hav+ holes only at ! prop] places1 & be+ blank else:]e3 ^! ?ree slid]s be+ gov]n$ by "o knob1 or by two1 if ! /op is to draw 9 halves 7z x is call$71 t is1 z a sep>ate ,bass & ,treble4 ,or1 once aga91 we may use a s+le slid] = ! :ole /op1 b c>ry ! w9d ?r\gh grooves fa%ion$ 9 ! solid wood f ! holes bor$ 9 ! usual way to ! po9ts at :i* ! pipes are plant$4 ,&1 la/ly1 we may c>ry ! w9d f ! holes to pipes plant$ 9 any position1 & practically at any di/ance by tubes made ( pipe-metal or o!r mat]ial4 ,rem>k4--,x ne$ h>dly be said t an exam9ation ( ! int]ior ( a well-built organ w be ( great s]vice to ! beg9n] :o is plann+ 8 fir/ s\nd-bo>d4 #f4 ,! dim5sions1 !n1 & "* ( ! s\nd-bo>d hav+ be5 det]m9$ aft] full consid]ation ( ! site = ! organ1 & a draw+ or sket* hav+ be5 made = y\r own guidance1 proce$ ?us3--,take a bo>d ( good clean bay-wood1 #a_/b1 #e_/h1 or #c_/d in* 9 ?ickness1 & long en\gh & wide en\gh to =m ! table or top ( y\r "w2 & dress ?is c>efully until "o ( its surfaces is q true & level4 ,?is dress$ or levell$ side is to be ! l[] or "u side1 & we are ab\t to =m ^u x ! grooves or *annels ( :i* x w ultimately =m ! ro(4 ,next prep>e a rul] or /raight edge ( any ?9 /uff1 & on ?is1 ) compasses1 rule1 & squ>e1 guid$ by pl5ty ( delib]ate consid]ation1 m>k ! size & place ( ea* ( ! grooves1 & ( ! b> ( wood :i* w divide ea* groove f its neighb\r1 f end to end4 ,y w f9d1 ( c\rse1 & y 7 previ\sly aw>e1 t ! wid?s ( ! grooves & ! ?ickness ( ! b>s w v>y 9 proportion to _! place 9 ! scale4 ,let u say at once t #c_/d in* w be ample wid? = ! ,,cc groove 9 our small organ2 & let u advise t ! smalle/ groove 9 ! treble be ab\t #a_/d in* 9 wid?1 & t ! b>s betwe5 ^! n>r[ grooves be at lea/ #c_/h or #a_/b in* 9 ?ickness1 9 ord] to all[ a good seat or m>g9 = ! pallets or valves :i* are to gov]n ! admission ( ! w9d4 ,9 ! bass ! b>s w be v mu* ?ick] ?an ?is1 or n1 accord+ to ! plan :i* y h adopt$4 ,! "p ( y\r rule 9 :i* y w soon p]ceive t ! *ief dang] ( cr[d+ y\r pipes w arise is ! t5or octave4 ,ref] c>efully to y\r pipes1 & be q sure be=e y m>k y\r rul]1 t y are all[+ room = ,t5or ,c & its neighb\rs to /& cle> ( ea* o!r :5 !y are plant$ on ! complet$ bo>d4 ,hav+ satisfi$ y\rself on ^! po9ts1 prep>e y\r b>s f s\nd p9e-wood1 plan+ !m ) c>e1 & especially see+ t ! edge ( ea* b> is truly squ>e ) its sides4 ,two in*es w be an ample wid? = ea* b>1 9 o!r words1 an ample dep? = ea* groove :5 complet$4 ,_! l5g? w ( c\rse be equal to ! wid? ( ! table1 less an in* or s1 accord+ to ! con/ruction n[ to be describ$4 ,!re are n[ two me?ods ( proce$+4 ,fir/ me?od3--,! table be+ turn$ ov]1 ) ! dress$ side upp]mo/1 y\r rul] well 9 sight1 ) pl5ty ( hot & fre% glue fix y\r fir/ ?ick b> at or ne> ei!r end ( ! table4 ,we say1 or ne> ei!r end1 because y may l to leave room = a f9i%+ *eek ( mahogany :5 all ! b>s are put 94 ,! second b> w be glu$ to ! table 9 l mann]1 ! prop] di/ance f ! fir/ be+ secur$ by fill+-9 pieces ( wood ( ! exact ?ickness1 glu$ betwe5 ! b>s at _! ends4 ,?is alt]nation ( b>s & fill+s-9 w be cont9u$ until all ! grooves h be5 =m$ accord+ to y\r rul]2 ! r\gh ends ( ! b>s w !n be dress$ ) a %>p plane1 & neat *eeks ( /\t bay-wood w be glu$ on all ! f\r sides ( ! divid$ box :i* y h ?us built up4 ,second me?od3--,prep>e ! bay-wood *eeks fir/1 & 9 ! two long ones1 us+ a f9e saw & small *isel1 cut grooves to receive ! ends ( ! b>s4 ,=m a %all[ box by glu+ ^! bay-wood sides & ends to ! table4 ,! corn]s ne$ n be dovetail$1 b an equally close jo9t mu/ be secur$ if dovetail+ is omitt$4 ,!n introduce ! b>s1 us+ an abundance ( hot glue1 & tak+ c>e t no b> fits s tightly betwe5 ! *eeks z to risk b5d+4 ,:5 all ! b>s are glu$ 91 add m ?9 glue )9 ea* groove1 plac+ ! s\nd-bo>d 9 a slop+ position t ! glue may run into ! angles1 & aft]w>ds rev]s+ ! bo>d to ! opposite slope1 repeat+ ! coat+ ( ?9 glue4 ,rem>k4--,?is unusual pr(usion ( glue is to preclude ! possibility ( air mak+ its way f "o groove to ! adjac5t "o bypass+ betwe5 ! edge ( ! b> & ! table2 & :at is "h said applies equally to bo? me?ods4 ,we ourselves pref] ! second me?od to ! fir/4 ,m4 ,hamel1 9 8 wond]fully accurate & m9ute treatise1 describes a ?ird1 9 :i* ! fill+s-9 are avoid$4 ,^? to :om 8 book is accessible _c fail to %>e ! pres5t writ]'s admiration ( 8 m>vell\s indu/ry1 & ( 8 great gift ( cle> & precise description ( me*anical processes4 ,hopk9s & ,rimbault may also be consult$ ) mu* advantage4 #g4 ,! "w1 ?us glu$ up1 mu/ be left 9 a dry room = two or ?ree days1 until all is p]fectly set & h>d4 ,mean:ile ! o!r pieces ( :i* ! complet$ s\nd-bo>d w consi/ are be+ cut out & prep>$4 ,we %all want ! upp] bo>ds1 ! slid]s1 & ! slips ( wood 7false slid]s ! ,fr5* build]s call !m1 :ile 9 ,engl& !y are t]m$ be>]s7 :i* divide ^! f ea* o!r4 ,we may safely suppose t if ! ord9>y =m ( s\nd-bo>d has be5 *os5--su*1 = in/ance1 z t :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f--;its size w be ab\t #d feet1 or #f in*es m1 9 l5g?4 ,its wid? w dep5d on ! numb] ( /ops = :i* x is plann$1 & !re=e ( slid]s :i* are to "w on ! table2 if we are to h five /ops1 ab\t #ae in*es may be tak5 z ! probable wid?1 b ?is may be less1 or m1 accord+ to ! class ( /ops select$1 & ! arrangem5t *os5 = _! bass pipes4 ,to give accurate measurem5ts 9 feet & in*es = all ! p>ts ( ! s\nd-bo>d w\ld only mislead our read]s at ?is /age ( our lab\rs4 ,we give g5]al rules only3 x mu/ re/ ) ! read] himself1 z we h n[ abundantly rem9d$ him1 to decide on ! %ape ( 8 s\nd-bo>d & to make ! plantation ( 8 pipes1 & ! consequ5t arrangem5t ( grooves & slid]s con=mable !reto4 ,assum+1 !n1 q arbitr>ily1 & indep5d5tly ( all special consid]ations1 t ! s\nd-bo>d is #d feet long & #ae in*es wide1 we may cut out ! upp] bo>ds f s\nd & clean bay-wood1 #a-a_/d in* ?ick4 ,cut !m #f in*es long] ?an ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,& n[ z to wid?4 ,z !re are five /ops1 & five slid]s = !m1 are we to und]/& t we %all h also five upp] bo>ds8 ,to ?is we reply1 by no means4 ,our /ops1 we assume1 w be two ( #h feet1 two ( #d feet1 & "o ( #b feet4 ,= reasons :i* we %all soon give1 we %all propose to h "o upp] bo>d = ea* ( ^! ?ree divisions3 t = ! #h-;feet /ops be+ #g in*es wide1 t = ! #d feet #e in*es1 & = ! #b feet #c in*es4 ,"u ! #g-;in* bo>d !re w be two slid]s1 ea* #b in*es 9 wid?2 "u ! #e-;in*1 two slid]s1 ea* #a-a_/b in* 9 wid?2 & "u ! #c-;in*1 "o slid]1 #a-a_/d in* wide4 ,! be>]s w be ?us3--,! two outside be>]s1 t is1 ^? :i* ext5d along ! front & back m>g9s ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 to be #a-a_/d in* 9 wid?2 ! second be>] 7reckon+ f ! back7 to be #a in*2 ! ?ird to be #a-a_/b in*1 because x w lie b5ea? ! l9e ( junction1 or r ( division1 betwe5 ! two wid] upp] bo>ds2 ! f\r? be>] may be #a_/b in* only1 be+ m]ely a sep>ation betwe5 ! next two slid]s2 ! fif? may be #a-a_/d in*1 fall+ z x does "u a l9e ( division2 ! six? is simil> to ! fir/4 ,x w ?us be se5 t we h-- #b slid]s1 #b in*es ea* #d in*es #b #a-a_/b #c #a #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #c be>]s1 #a-a_/d #c-c_/d #a #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a #a #a #a #a_/b #a_/b ------- ,total wid? #ae in*es4 ,rem>k4--,all ?is is s important t we h %[n ! measurem5ts drawn to scale 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,cut out ! slid]s & be>]s f p]fectly clean s\nd bay-wood or r$ c$> bo>ds1 n m ?an #c_/h in* 9 ?ickness4 ,hav+ turn$ y\r s\nd-bo>d ov]1 ) ! table upp]mo/1 assemble all ! pieces1 & satisfy y\rself t y\r measurem5ts are correct1 & t s f> !re is no error 9 y\r plans4 ,see t all y\r planes are 9 fir/-rate ord]1 & set y\rself 9 e>ne/ to br+ to a p]fectly level & true surface ! table or top ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 & "o side ( ! slid]s & be>]s4 ,no pa9s mu/ be sp>$ to r5d] ! surface ( ! table absolutely true4 ,apply a /raight edge rubb$ ) *alk1 mov+ x 9 v>i\s directions1 & use unwe>i$ dilig5ce 9 remov+ all inequalities detect$ by ?is means4 ,take c>e1 too1 t !re is no w9d+4 ,9 %ort1 adopt all ! means :i* ! rules ( good jo9]y give y = produc+ a surface faultlessly level4 ,?is done1 arrange ^u ! table1 ) _! plan$ sides d[nw>ds1 y\r slid]s & be>]s1 & p9 !m d[n ^u x ) v small brads1 pi]c+ ?r\gh ne> _! edges4 ,9 do+ ?is h reg>d to ! gra9 ( ! wood1 z y are ab\t to dress ! upp] surfaces4 ,s9k ! brads well out ( ! way ( ! plane ) a pun*1 & br+ ! slid]s & be>]s to a true level z y did ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale1 two-?irds ( an in* to a foot4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,rem>k4--,m4 ,hamel advises t 9 mak+ ! s\nd-bo>d ! table %\ld be left #c in*es long] at ea* end ?an ! actual box b5ea?1 expressly to af=d a be>+ = ! ends ( ! slid]s dur+ ?is bus9ess ( plan+ !m4 ,if ?is sugge/ion is n foll[$1 ! project+ ends ( ! slid]s w require sep>ate att5tion4 ,! ?ree upp] bo>ds may n[ be br\ght d[n ^u ! f9i%$ slid]s & be>]s1 & a c\ple ( iron p9s or d[els may be let into ea* ( !m & into ! be>]s & table b5ea?1 ne> _! extremities1 = ! purpose ( conf9+ !m tempor>ily 9 ! exact places :i* !y are to occupy4 ,dress ov] n[ ! upp] sides ( ! ?ree bo>ds1 :i* d n1 h[ev]1 require att5tion to absolute tru?4 #h4 ,we _c yet bore ! holes = ! pipes4 ,be=e we c d s we mu/ prep>e yet ano!r bo>d or bo>ds ( clean p9e1 #e_/h or #c_/d in* ?ick1 #d feet #f in*es long1 & #ae in*es wide1 = ! rack bo>ds ?r\gh :i* ! pipe-feet are to pass1 & :i* are to ma9ta9 ! pipes 9 an upright position4 ,if y h two upp] bo>ds ! division %\ld occur betwe5 ^? ( ! #h-;feet & #d-;feet /ops4 ,p9 d[n y\r rack-bo>d ^u ! upp] bo>ds ) brads "h & !re ne> ! edges4 ,let u n[ consid] = a mom5t4 ,we h made our box ( fifty-f\r transv]se *annels or grooves1 & its top consi/s n[ ( f\r lay]s ( wood--namely1 ! table1 ! slid]s1 ! upp] bo>ds1 & ! rack-bo>ds4 ,?r\gh ^! f\r lay]s ( wood1 at ! prop] places1 are to be bor$ holes ( v>i\s sizes cle> ?r\gh into ! *annels2 b x is pla9 t ! holes 9 ! rack-bo>ds w always be mu* l>g] ?an ^? 9 ! ?ree o!r lay]s1 because ! rack-bo>ds are to be ultimately rais$ ab\t #e in*es above ! upp] bo>d on legs or p9s1 & w !re=e receive ! ?ick "p ( ! conical pipe-feet1 :ile ! holes 9 ! upp] bo>d w only receive _! tip or small extremity4 ,b ! c5tres ( ! l>ge holes 9 ! rack-bo>d mu/ co9cide accurately ) ! c5tres ( ! small holes b5ea?1 & we %all !re=e proce$ to m>k ! exact spots :]e ea* ( ! holes w comm5ce4 ,by ! aid ( y\r m>k$ rule1 trace a l9e on ! front & back *eeks ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 %[+ ! c5tre ( ea* groove4 ,f ^! po9ts draw l9es across ! rack-bo>ds4 ,x is evid5t t all holes bor$ ?r\gh ! f\r lay]s ( wood at any po9t 9 any ( ^! l9es mu/ t]m9ate 9 a *annel4 ,draw l9es at "r angles to ! la/1 %[+ ! wid?s ( ! slid]s & be>]s2 x w !n be fur!r evid5t t we _c easily get wrong 9 bor+ ! holes s t !y may p5etrate ! slid]s at ! exact po9ts int5d$4 ,b ! actual bor+1 ) c]ta9 consequ5ces or cont+5cies belong+ !reto1 mu/ be res]v$ = ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,s\nd-,,bo>d4--7,cont9u$47 ,,! "t has come :5 we mu/ decide :at our five /ops are to be1 s9ce ! sizes & places ( ! holes mu/ be 9 accordance ) ! quality & "* ( ! pipes suppli$ by !m4 ,! ,/opp$ ,diapason we h already made2 & 9 our organ x w be ! *ief or f\ndation /op ( #h-;feet tone4 ,we %all assume t ! second /op 9 ! #h-;feet pit* w be a metal ,dulciana1 or small op5 ,diapason4 ,! #d-;feet /ops w d\btless be a ,pr9cipal 7or "s equival5t7 & a ,flute4 ,! #b-;feet /op we w call simply ,fifte5? = ! mom5t4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce we w numb] ! /ops ?us3-- #a4 ,dulciana or op5 #h feet pit* #b4 ,/opp$ ,diapason #c4 ,pr9cipal #d #d4 ,flute #e4 ,fifte5? #b ,! pipes ( ,no4 #a1 be+ ! talle/ 9 ! organ1 w be plant$ ne>e/ to ! back2 all ! o!rs1 occupy+ ! successive slid]s1 w pres5t a gradation ( heights agreeable to ! eye & conv5i5t = ! tun]4 ,no4 #a1 we say1 is ! talle/ 9 ! organ2 b be x c>efully obs]v$ t 9 our small in/rum5t x w n be c>ri$ d[n to its l[e/ note ,,cc1 :i* w\ld be #h feet 9 speak+ l5g?2 x w n desc5d l[] ?an t5or ,c1 #d feet1 & ! la/ or l[e/ twelve notes or s\nds w be obta9$ by us+ ! correspond+ pipes ( ! ,/opp$ ,diapason z a bass = bo? /ops4 ,?is w be done by groov+2 & x w n[ be se5 :y1 9 cutt+ out ! upp] bo>ds1 we 7 c>eful to h a s+le bo>d = ! pipes ( #h-;feet pit*1 & ano!r s+le bo>d = ^? ( #d-;feet pit*4 ,= x is pla9 t by bor+ holes ?r\gh ! upp] bo>d1 slid]s1 & table into any groove ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 & by connect+ ^! holes toge!r by means ( ano!r deep groove or score cut 9 ! wood ( ! upp] bo>d1 & !n cov]$ 9 ) an air-tight cov]+1 we obta9 a second>y *annel1 suppli$ ) air by ei!r or bo? ( ! slid]s at pleasure2 & by bor+ "o hole ?r\gh ! air-tight cov]+1 & plant+ a pipe on t hole1 t pipe w speak :5ev] a connection is made betwe5 ! second>y *annel on :i* x /&s & ! ma9 *annel or groove bel[1 :i* is receiv+ air at ! mom5t f ! bell[s4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 if we bore holes ?r\gh ! upp] bo>ds & slid]s ( ,nos4 #a & #b into ! twelve grooves ( ! bass octave1 & !n connect ^! twelve pairs ( holes by cutt+ upp] grooves 9 ! surface ( ! bo>ds1 cov]+ !m 9 by ?9 bo>ds ( wood well glu$ d[n1 we h !n only to plant our twelve l>ge/ /opp$ pipes on twelve new holes bor$ 9 ^! ?9 bo>ds la/ m5tion$1 & we h at once a bass common to bo? /ops1 & ea* ( ! two /ops w be practically1 & = ord9>y purposes1 complete d[n to ! l[e/ note :5 its slid] is drawn4 ,:5 bo? slid]s are drawn1 ! second>y groove w receive air f bo? holes 9 ! upp] bo>d2 b ?is w n h ! effect ( ov]-bl[+ ! pipe1 s9ce ! pressure or weight ( ! air rema9s ! same1 & s9ce ! pipe c only receive ! quantity ( air :i* is p]mitt$ to pass ?r\gh ! ap]ture 9 its foot4 ,x w n[ be se5 :y we did n at once bore ! holes1 or r m>k _! places1 on ! rack-bo>d4 ,pla9ly1 we mu/ make ^! twelve grooves fir/1 & cov] !m 94 ,!n1 replac+ ! rack-bo>d z be=e1 c>efully m>k on ! latt] ! exact place ( ea* bass pipe1 z x w /& on any "p ( its second>y groove4 ,aft]w>ds1 ) a bradawl or o!r %>p-po9t$ bor]1 prick q ?r\gh ! rack-bo>d at e "o ( ! po9ts :i* y h m>k$ ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,at ^! po9ts !re w h]eaft] be circul> holes ( v>i\s sizes = ! reception ( ! pipe-feet1 b 9 ! upp] bo>ds1 slid]s1 & tables !re w be small] holes1 adapt$ = convey+ its /ream ( air to ea* pipe4 ,be=e remov+ ! rack-bo>d1 decide ^u ! places :]e ! rack-p9s1 or pill>s :i* w hold ! rack-bo>d up above ! s\nd-bo>d1 are to be4 ,h pl5ty ( ^!1 say six or eight if y h a s+le rack-bo>d1 or five to ea* if y h two1 9 ord] to insure a firm plantation ( ! pipes1 & bore holes = !m ) a c5tre-bit1 say #e_/h diamet]1 ?r\gh ! rack-bo>d & to ! dep? ( #a in* 9 ! upp] bo>ds4 ,! rack-bo>d n[ be+ put aside = ! pres5t1 all ! holes may be bor$ ?r\gh ! upp] bo>ds1 slid]s1 & table ) bits ( v>i\s sizes4 ,f :at has be5 said above x w be se5 t x is n ! sizes ( ^! holes1 b ( ! ap]tures 9 ! pipe-feet1 :i* regulate ! volumes ( w9d suppli$ to ! pipes2 b y w1 ( c\rse1 use bits proportion$ to ! pipes y h 9 view4 ,! upp]1 or treble1 holes mu/ n let ! little pipes slip into !m1 nor mu/ ! l>g] holes ?rottle or *eck ! fl[ ( ! w9d4 ,9 ! bass ! holes may be z l>ge z ! grooves w all[2 & if ^! are n>r[1 or if !re is second>y groov+ or conduct+1 x w be well to cut ! r\nd hole at its int]ior ap]ture ) a %>p *isel into a squ>e or rectangul> op5+2 or to bore two r\nd holes & connect !m by tak+ out ! int]v5+ wood4 ,aft]w>ds1 ) iron rods ( v>i\s sizes1 heat$ to r$ness1 scor* all ! holes ?r\gh ! ?ree ?icknesses ( wood1 leav+ a cle> & smoo? *>r$ passage = ! w9d4 ,we h n yet done ) groov+4 ,?is seems to be ! prop] place = po9t+ out h[ ! use ( ?is sy/em may fur!r assi/ u 9 ! arrangem5t ( an organ4 ,our bass pipes1 we h said above1 may be plant$ on holes cut 9 any "p ( ! cov]+ or ro( ( _! respective second>y *annels4 ,x foll[s readily f ?is t ! second>y groove or *annel may be ext5d$ or prolong$ = ! express purpose ( locat+ ! pipes 9 situations conv5i5t = !m4 ,q ap>t f any necessity :i* may exi/ = supply+ a common bass to two or m slid]s1 we may evid5tly plant our l>g] pipes almo/ :]e & h[ we please by cutt+ grooves 9 ! sub/ance ( ! upp] bo>d1 ext5d+ f ! table b5ea? to ! po9t :]e we wi% ! pipe to be4 ,s long z ! holes are ( suffici5t diamet] & ! grooves ( ample dim5sions1 ! w9d w rea* a pipe locat$ at a di/ance ev5 ( #b or #c feet f its s\rce ( supply )\t any appreciable int]val betwe5 ! impact ( ! f+] on ! key & ! production ( ! s\nd2 & ! grooves may be curv$ almo/ z we please1 ?\gh %>p angles %\ld be avoid$4 ,ev5 if1 9 consequ5ce ( alt]ations ( orig9al plans or o!r circum/ances1 ! upp] bo>ds %\ld n be ( suffici5t ?ickness or size to admit ( groov+1 we may /ill avail ourselves ( ?is conv5i5t sy/em by us+ an additional or supplem5t>y upp] bo>d1 :i* we w "h call a conduct+ bo>d1 screw$ d[n ^u ! ma9 upp] bo>d1 & conta9+ ! grooves4 ,to fix ! exact places = ! holes 9 ! "u side ( ! conduct+ bo>d1 correspond+ ) ^? 9 ! table1 spread a %eet ( :ite pap] ov] ! upp] bo>d at ! "p :]e ! conduct+ is to be1 mak+ ! edges or corn]s ( ! pap] co9cide ) ^? ( ! bo>d1 & rub ! pap] ) ! f+] s z to take cle> impressions ( ! holes2 !n transf] ! pap] to ! "u side ( ! conduct+ bo>d1 guid$ by ! edges & corn]s z above1 & prick out on ?is "u side ! c5tres ( ! circul> impressions made on ! pap]4 ,x is evid5t t :5 ! conduct+ bo>d is appli$ to ! upp] bo>d1 edges & corn]s co9cid+ z be=e1 ^! punctur$ m>ks w be exactly ov] ! w9d holes 9 ! table4 ,! holes 9 ! upp] side ( ! conduct+ bo>d w be m>k$ z be=e f ! rack-bo>d1 & grooves cut & ro($ 9 ) ?9 wood1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,note fur!r1 t ! groov+ may be1 if necess>y1 on bo? sides ( ! upp] bo>ds4 ,all t is ne$ful 9 su* case is1 t aft] ! grooves on ! "u sides1 next ! slid]s1 are cut1 ! :ole ( ! bo>d1 & n m]ely ! groov$ "p ( x1 %all be cov]$ or v5e]$ ) ?9 /uff4 ,?is mu/ be dress$ p]fectly true1 z 9 ! case ( ! solid or ungroov$ bo>d1 & all ! holes w be bor$ ?r\gh x4 ,! upp] sides w also h a neat] appe>ance if ! ro(+ ( ?9 mahogany or c$> is c>ri$ ov] its entire surface4 ,upp] bo>ds s treat$ are1 9 fact1 comp\nd$ ( ?ree lay]s ( wood1 a c5tral ?ick slab conta9+ ! grooves1 & two cov]+s or v5e]s4 ,! glu+ on ( ^! latt] mu/1 ( c\rse1 be v s\nd & effectual 9 e "p1 or a runn+ ( w9d might ensue--a mo/ provok+ & really fatal defect1 incurable )\t complete recon/ruction4 ,%ort grooves may be made by bor+ holes ) a c5tre-bit 9 ! edges ( ! upp] bo>ds1 & mak+ ! w9d-hole b5ea? & ! pipe-hole above communicate ) ?is conceal$ tunnel4 ,on plugg+ up ! ext]nal ap]ture 9 ! edge ( ! bo>d1 or on /opp+ a :ole r[ ( su* ap]tures by glu+ a b& ( lea!r1 p>*m5t1 or ?ick pap] ov] !m1 x is cle> t ! w9d w pass to ! pipes at pleasure4 ,all su* holes & *annels mu/ be scor*$ ) hot irons4 ,to ! true jo9] ?is may seem an unworkmanlike exp$i5t1 b x is necess>y to prev5t ! weak5+ ( ! curr5ts ( air :i* w\ld ensue f friction aga9/ r\gh surfaces1 & to preclude ! risk ( c>ry+ t9y *ips & p>ticles ( wood into ! pipes4 ,if conduct+ bo>ds are us$1 !y %\ld be fac$ ) s(t :ite lea!r on _! "u surfaces be=e !y are screw$ d[n 9 _! places1 unless1 inde$1 !y are glu$ d[n immovably4 ,! places = ! screws1 z well z = ^? :i* secure ! :ole upp] bo>d to ! table1 mu/ be c>efully det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to ! grooves4 ,fig4 #ab is int5d$ to %[1 9 a r\gh way1 h[ 9 an upp] bo>d ,,bb grooves may conduct ! w9d f ! holes 9 a slid] ,,aa to a r[ ( pipe-holes ne> ! m>g9 ( ! bo>d1 result+ 9 an arrangem5t l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! dott$ l9es are meant to indicate grooves cut 9 ! "u side ( ! bo>d4 ,x is cle> t ^! might be made to cross ! o!rs1 s t diff]5t plantations ( pipes might be obta9$1 z 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,rem>k4--,^! figures1 h[ev]1 mu/ be und]/ood r z illu/rations ( our mean+ ?an z repres5tations ( actual "w4 ,conveyanc+ tubes are 9 con/ant use1 n only z sub/itutes = groov+1 b z ancill>y to x4 ,!y are made ( pipe-metal1 & f ab\t #e_/h in* 9 diamet] to mu* l>g] sizes4 ,to manage !m neatly & well y %\ld be adroit 9 ! use ( ! sold]+-iron4 ,!y are commonly sme>$ ov] ) a composition :i* w n receive ! melt$ sold]2 ?is composition is scrap$ (f at ! po9ts :]e a junction is to be made at an angle1 & ) ! usual copp] tool1 a little res9 & tall[1 ! sold] is appli$4 ,mu* practice is ne$$ to give ma/]y ( ?is process1 app>5tly s easy2 we h kn[n in/ances 9 :i* x has be5 avoid$ altoge!r by cov]+ ! junctions ( ! conductors ) :ite lea!r secur$ by ?ick fl\r pa/e4 ,x is "r1 also1 to add1 t we h se5 successful conveyances made ( c>tridge pap] roll$ ^u wood5 m&rels ) pa/e4 ,any t9-plate work] 9 y\r t[n or village w\ld make !m ( 8 own mat]ial or ( z9c1 & 9 an h\r or two w\ld sold] all ! junctions = y :5 y _h plann$ y\r arrangem5t ?or\ghly4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 ! use ( ! usual tubes1 we may say t !y are ?us appli$4 ,let u suppose t ! l>ge pipe %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj is to be conduct$ (f f ! s\nd-bo>d at ! high] level to ! plank on :i* x /&s4 ,bore ! hole 9 ! upp] bo>d a trifle l>g] ?an ! outside diamet] ( ! tube4 ,glue a pat* ( :ite lea!r ov] ! hole1 & cut out ! ap]ture 9 ?is lea!r some:at small] ?an ! hole1 leav+ an excess ( lea!r all r\nd ! hole ( ab\t #a_/h in*4 ,!n1 mak+ ! end ( ! tube a little conical1 ?ru/ x into ! hole2 x w c>ry 9 ) x ! surplus m>g9 ( ! lea!r1 :i* w =m ar\nd x an air-tight jo9t or coll>4 ,a "r angle may be all[$ 9 ! tube at ?is fir/ comm5cem5t at ! hole itself1 b 9 its subsequ5t c\rse %>p corn]s %\ld be avoid$4 ,! pipe is plant$ on a hole bor$ to a suffici5t dep? 9 a plank2 a second hole1 suit$ to a conduct+ tube1 is bor$ at any conv5i5t di/ance f ?is1 & communication made betwe5 ^! two holes by a groove 9 ! "u side ( ! plank clos$ 9 ) lea!r1 p>*m5t1 ?ick pap]1 or wood2 !n ! end ( ! tube is =c$ z be=e into ! hole bor$ = x & provid$ ) lea!r pack+1 & all is complete4 ,x is by ^! means t speak+ fronts are arrang$ accord+ to any design4 ,rem>k4--,if y h all y\r pipes1 metal z well z wood1 ready at h&1 x might be well to pi]ce ! rack-bo>d & fit !m 9 _! places at ?is /age ( ! proce$+s1 because *ips & du/ are insep>able f ! op]ation1 & may be m tr\blesome & mis*iev\s aft] ! pallets are put 9 ?an n[4 ,^? read]s :o resolve on ?is c\rse may turn1 !n1 to ! subsequ5t pages1 9 :i* !y w f9d all ! directions :i* are necess>y = _! guidance4 ,= our own "p1 we pref] to cont9ue 9 ! next *apt] our acc\nt ( ! me*anism ( ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,we may fur!r rem>k1 t :ile ! bor+-tools are 9 use we may p]haps d wisely 9 pi]c+ holes also = ! screws :i* are to hold ! upp] bo>ds d[n ^u ! slid]s4 ,if ! plan+ has be5 p]fectly true1 ab\t f\r pairs ( screws %\ld be en\gh = ea* upp] bo>d1 & no extra screws %\ld be requir$ to =ce ! bo>ds into clos] contact at any int]m$iate "p4 ,! screws %\ld pass cle> & easily ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! bo>ds1 & %\ld bite well 9 ! table b5ea?4 ,! heads ( ! screws %\ld be let d[n bel[ ! level ( ! upp] surface ( ! bo>ds by c\nt]-s9k+1 & x is a useful practice to m>k ! places ( ^! screws on ! rack-bo>d z well1 & to bore correspond+ holes 9 ?is latt]1 9 ord] t if h]eaft] a slid] %\ld be p9*$ too tightly betwe5 ! upp] bo>d & table1 ! end ( a long screw-driv] may be introduc$ to ease x by slack5+ ! screws )\t di/urb+ ! pipes4 ,b we %all h to return to ?is "p ( our subject4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,w9d-,,*e/4 ,,! some:at we>isome task ( bor+ m ?an #bej holes 9 ! s\nd-bo>d be+ n[ assum$ z accompli%$1 we may take ! upp] bo>ds & slid]s ap>t1 & ret\* ! holes "h & !re1 z requir$1 ) ! hot iron4 ,! ap]tures ( ! holes 9 ! int]ior ( ! *annels mu/ be ?us att5d$ to1 z ! bor+-bit may h occasionally torn ! wood & left r\gh edges4 ,^u ! fa9te/ suspicion aris+ 9 y\r m9d ( any flaw or crack set up 9 any *annel dur+ ! bus9ess ( bor+1 sme> ov] ! :ole int]ior ( t *annel anew ) ?9 glue1 lett+ x fl[ z be=e into ! angles4 ,a runn+ ( ! w9d f "o *annel to ! next is1 z we h said1 ! mo/ provok+ ( all defects1 & might compel u to pull ! :ole ( ! organ to pieces aft] x 0 set up4 ,! runn+ ( w9d f "o pipe-hole to an adjac5t "o1 ei!r "u ! slid] or betwe5 ! slid] & upp] bo>d1 ?\gh v annoy+1 is a mu* less s]i\s evil4 ,z a precaution aga9/ its occurr5ce1 x is usual to make little cuts or canals runn+ tortu\sly all across ! table f edge to edge betwe5 ! pipe-holes1 & to make simil> canals or ducts across ! "u side ( ! upp] bo>ds1 s t no vagrant w9d c pass f a hole to its neighb\r 9 any direction )\t enc\nt]+ "o ( ^! little cuts1 & be+ conduct$ by x to ! edge ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 :]e x w escape h>mlessly4 ,if ! plan+ ( all ! surfaces is absolutely p]fect1 ^! cuts %\ld be unnecess>y1 & we h se5 highly f9i%$ s\nd-bo>ds 9 :i* !y 7 omitt$2 b we mu/ recomm5d _! introduction by all "y beg9n]s4 ,!y may be neatly & quickly =m$ by us+ ! ,v-%ap$ tool common among sculptors 9 wood1 & procurable at any good tool w>eh\se4 ,its two edges %\ld be exce$+ly ke54 ,! cuts may be ab\t #a_/h in* 9 dep?4 ,aft] ?is is done1 ! movem5t to & fro ( ! slid]s %\ld be regulat$ by cutt+ a little slot 9 ea* ( !m1 & lett+ a v /\t p9 ( wood or iron into ! table )9 ! slot1 s z to /op ! slid] at ! exact po9ts4 ,( c\rse all y\r slid]s w h ! same ext5t ( play1 say #a in*1 less or m1 accord+ to y\r arrangem5t ( ! pipe-holes4 ,y w probably h s f> ?\ght ov] y\r :ole "w z to be able also to cut ! op5+s or slots 9 ! project+ ends ( ! slid]s by :i* ! me*anism = draw+ !m 9 & out w be appli$ to !m4 ,we %all %[1 h]eaft]1 "o or two diff]5t ways ( effect+ ?is movem5t to & fro4 ,aft] ?is1 take "s good blacklead 9 p[d]1 & ) a /iff bru% rub x ov] e "p ( ! table until ! :ole surface has a lu/re l t ( a well-clean$ boot4 ,treat ! slid]s & ! "u side ( ! upp] bo>ds 9 ! same way4 ,?is application ( blacklead greatly dim9i%es friction betwe5 wood5 surfaces br\ght into contact4 ,"s op]ators mix ! blacklead p[d] into a ?ick pa/e ) spirits ( turp5t9e1 or ) wat]4 ,we pref] us+ x dry1 b we he>tily endorse ,m4 ,hamel's compla9t t x is difficult to procure blacklead ( good quality4 ,t :i* is sold = h\sehold purposes is (t5 little bett] ?an a gritty s&4 ,:5 ! blacklead has be5 appli$1 ! be>]s may be p9n$ d[n 9 _! places ) small brads4 ,! holes :i* y h bor$ = ! screws w be conspicu\s 9 !m3 ov] ea* ( ^! holes1 us+ ?9 glue or pa/e1 place a slip ( pap]1 ext5d+ #b or #c in*es along ! be>] on ea* side ( ! hole4 ,! use ( ?is is to hold up ! upp] bo>d1 9 ord] t ! slid] may n be p9*$ s tightly z to be immovable4 ,! upp] bo>ds may !n be laid ^u ! be>]s1 ) ! slid]s 9 place1 & ! screws turn$ until ! slid]s c be made to glide to & fro ) smoo? & easy motion4 ,our b5*1 let u assume1 has be5 swept & clean$ up aft] ?is blacklead rubb+1 & n[ we turn ov] our "w & proce$ to a new class ( op]ations4 ,we h to atta* to ?is l[] side ( our s\nd-bo>d a %all[ box ( ! same l5g?1 & ab\t #c in*es deep1 call$ ! w9d-*e/1 :i* is to conta9 ! app>atus by :i* ! admission ( compress$ air to ! *annels is gov]n$1 & :i* is 9 direct communication ) ! bell[s by means ( a wood5 tube call$ ! w9d-trunk4 ,we are m9dful1 ( c\rse1 9 draw+ up ?is acc\nt ( organ-build+ op]ations1 t ! majority ( our read]s /& 9 no ne$ ( def9itions ( ^! common t]ms4 ,to su* read]s x is sup]flu\s to expla9 t ! valves by :i* ! *annels are kept clos$ :ile ! keys are unt\*$ by ! f+]s are call$ pallets1 & t ^! pallets are slips ( wood a few in*es 9 l5g?1 plan$ to a triangul> prism-l section1 fac$ ) s(t :ite lea!r1 & held up aga9/ ! *annels1 s z effectually to prev5t ! +ress ( air1 by spr+s4 ,:5 ! keys are press$1 ! pallets correspond+ to !m are drawn d[n or op5$ by wires call$ pull-d[ns1 pass+ 9 an air-tight contrivance ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! *e/4 ,fig4 #ac is a transv]se section ( ! w9d-*e/1 9 :i* a is ! pallet1 held up by b1 ! spr+1 & drawn d[n by c1 ! wire4 ,"p ( ! s\nd-bo>d is %[n above1 also 9 section1 z w be easily compreh5d$2 & ,fig4 #ad is a view ( "p ( ! int]ior ( ! w9d-*e/ :5 ! front bo>d is remov$1 f\r ( ! grooves be+ %[n 9 section4 ,we proce$ by sections1 ) int]v5+ rem>ks1 z 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 #a4 ,sev5 in*es w be an ample l5g? = ! pallets 9 our organ2 & z our *annels are ab\t #ab-a_/b in*es 9 l5g? 7inside measurem5t71 !re w be betwe5 #e & #f in*es ( ! *annels uncov]$ by ! pallets1 & clos$ p]man5tly 9 ano!r way4 ,rem>k4--,we take #g in*es z ! l5g? ( our pallets on ! assumption t ! wid?s ( ! *annels are proportion$ to a s\nd-bo>d ab\t #d feet long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 #b4 ,betwe5 ! b>s ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 at a di/ance ( #f-a_/b in*es f t side at :i* y mean ! movable front bo>d to be1 glue pieces ( ?9 wood ab\t #b in*es long & fitt+ nicely1 & :5 ! glue is dry dress ^! ov] ) a f9e plane truly flu% ) ! edges ( ! b>s & ( ! *eeks4 ,y h n[ a firm wood5 surface to :i* y w glue1 by-&-by1 ! little flap ( lea!r :i* =ms ! h+e ( ! pallet4 #c4 ,! wid? ( ! w9d-*e/ w be gov]n$ by t ( ! space cov]$ by ! pallets to be enclos$ )9 x1 9 our case ab\t #h or #i in*es4 #c in*es w be a suffici5t dep?4 ,make ! two ends or *eeks ( /\t /uff1 & face !m up to correspond ) ^? ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 ) :i* !y w be flu%1 tak+ c>e t _! ?ickness is n s great z to prev5t ! leav+ ( an ample m>g9 to ! two extreme *annels = ! pallet to re/ ^u4 ,rem>k4--,9 "o ( ^! *eeks a trunk-hole may h to be cut = ! entrance ( ! w9d4 ,we ourselves greatly pref] mak+ ! trunk-hole 9 ! bottom bo>d ( our *e/s4 ,y\r plans may n admit ( ?is1 & y w act accord+ly4 ,! back ( ! *e/1 call$ ! w9d-b>1 d1 ,fig4 #ac1 %\ld be ( /rong & s\nd /uff1 oak or mahogany1 z x greatly helps to /r5g!n ! :ole s\nd-bo>d & to be> ! weight ( ! pipes4 ,! corn]s %\ld be dovetail$1 or o!rwise well & firmly jo9t$4 ,^! ?ree pieces1 ! two *eeks & ! back or w9d-b>1 w n[ be atta*$ to ! s\nd-bo>d ) glue & screws1 to be sep>at$ f x no m2 b ! bottom1 e 7( #a-;in* p9e71 w be fix$ on ) screws only1 /rips ( s(t :ite lea!r be+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! surfaces to ensure air-tightness2 & ! front bo>d1 f1 w be simil>ly fitt$ ) an eye to occasional removal4 ,rem>k4--,all su* screws %\ld be dipp$ 9 melt$ tall[1 or o!rwise well greas$ be=e use1 t !y may n ru/ 9 _! places4 #d4 ,prep>e ! pallets f clean & v dry p9e4 ,e pallet w be at lea/ #a_/d in* wid] ?an its *annel1 t x may h n less ?an #a_/h in* ( ov]lapp+ or m>g9 on ea* side1 & x w h m ?an ?is space to sp>e at ea* end4 ,! pallets w be sep>at$ f ea* o!r :5 f9ally put 9 by /\t p9s ( iron or brass1 driv5 into ! b>s g1 ,fig4 #ac & ,fig4 #ad4 ,two su* p9s may be necess>y betwe5 _m ( ! pallets if ! plan ( y\r s\nd-bo>d has giv5 unusual ?ickness to "s ( ! b>s1 & !re=e unusual spaces betwe5 ! pallets4 #e4 ,! pallets are to be fac$ ) :ite %eep-sk91 & x is usual1 b n absolutely necess>y1 to give two lay]s ( x to ea* pallet4 ,ab\t an in* ( surplus w be left at "o end to =m ! h+e2 & ?is h+e %\ld be /iff5$ by glu+ a slip ( ?9n] lea!r ^u x & ^u ! slop$-(f end ( ! pallet4 ,! quality ( ! fac+ lea!r is ( ! highe/ importance1 & we mu/ c\nsel ! read] to procure x f a build]1 or f "o ( ! %ops :i* supply build]s' mat]ials4 ,! price ( su* sk9s is betwe5 ?ree & f\r %ill+s4 ,if an inf]ior lea!r is us$ disappo9tm5t is sure to ensue2 & ?\gh lea!r ( v promis+ appe>ance may be b\ght at ! fellmong]s' or %oemak]s' 9 y\r t[n1 y w only be put to new exp5se & additional tr\ble 9 ! end by us+ x4 ,9 putt+ ! lea!r on ! pallets1 a common plan is to p9 d[n a %eet ( glass-pap] ( m$ium r\ghness on a bo>d1 & to scatt] a little :it5+ on x4 ,! face ( ea* lea!r$ pallet 7:5 ! glue is dry7 is g5tly drawn across ?is :it5$ surface4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! lea!r is ( sup]ior quality 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! glass-pap] may be omitt$1 & a little :it5+ rubb$ ^u ! lea!r$ face w suffice4 ,ev5 ?is may n be ess5tial4 #f4 ,9 work+ ! pallets 9 take great c>e t ea* *annel is cov]$ by its pallet ) an equal m>g9 or surplus on ea* side ( x4 ,x is well to trace p5cil l9es on ! b>s z a guide4 ,z y glue d[n ea* h+e give a little tap ) a light hamm] to ! pallet1 & satisfy y\rself by inspection t ! impression on ! lea!r is equal & simil> 9 e "p4 ,all[ no defect to pass4 ,rectify1 = in/ance1 ! slighte/ bruise or depression 9 any ( ! b>s at ! po9ts cov]$ by ! pallets4 ,see1 also1 t all ! pallets play easily betwe5 _! guide-p9s4 ,f9ally1 a slip ( wood ab\t an in* wide may be bradd$ d[n ^u ! h+e-pieces4 ,?is is n ess5tial1 b x is a protection aga9/ possible /ra9+ & injury to ! h+e by incauti\s treatm5t h]eaft] 9 clean+ ! surface ( ! pallets4 ,rem>k4--,organs h be5 con/ruct$ 9 :i* ! pallets 7 made to play ^u a p9 at ! h9d] end1 & n ^u a lea!rn h+e glu$ to ! b>s4 ,su* pallets c\ld be tak5 out "o by "o at any "t = repair or clean+4 ,b repairs & clean+1 if ! orig9al workman%ip is good1 become necess>y only at extremely r>e int]vals1 & ^! removable pallets may be rank$ among ! m]e curiosities ( our subject4 ,!y are describ$ & figur$1 h[ev]1 by ,seidel4 #g4 ,! spr+s1 see ,fig4 #ac1 are n[ commonly ( /eel1 :i* has ext5sively sup]s$$ brass1 9 consequ5ce ( ! det]ioration to :i* ! latt] metal is subject4 ,we are b\nd to say1 h[ev]1 t we h us$ spr+s ( be/ brass wire1 ev5 ( late ye>s1 )\t any disappo9t+ results1 & t sets ( su* brass spr+s are1 to our k1 z effici5t z ev] aft] ?irty or =ty ye>s ( con/ant use4 ,b x is und5iable t ! brass wire n[ procurable is subject to a *ange "u ! influ5ce ( damp & 7x is said7 "u t ( ! fumes ( gas1 :i* r5d]s x brittle & q useless = purposes :i* require flexibility4 ,spr+s c]ta9ly _c be made f wire s spoilt2 b1 z we h said1 :5 once made f new wire1 !y may cont9ue 9 use = p]iods practically unlimit$4 ,rem>k4--,! /ore ( brass wire %\ld be kept wrapp$ up 9 br[n pap]4 ,?is applies also to brass plate4 ,:atev] ! wire1 ! spr+s may be quickly fa%ion$ by us+ a bo>d1 ,fig4 #ae1 9 :i* y h fix$ a /\t wood5 peg1 x1 & two p9s1 y & z4 ,! wire1 if brass1 %\ld be ab\t ,no4 #ag or ,no4 #ah ( ! gauge4 ,! =mation ( ! spr+1 by twi/+ ! wire r\nd x1 y1 & z1 is too obvi\s to require fur!r rem>k4 ,! arms ( ! spr+ maybe ab\t #e in*es 9 l5g?1 & !y are curv$ outw>ds 7see ,fig4 #af7 by draw+ !m betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s4 ,:5 s curv$1 & left uncompress$1 ! gape or di/ance betwe5 ! extremities w be #g or #h in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,rem>k4--,! /r5g? ( ! spr+s mu/ be regulat$ by y\r plans 9 o!r respects4 ,we ourselves l /rong spr+s1 ev5 if ! manual t\* be 9 consequ5ce a little heavy4 #h4 ,! two extremities ( ea* spr+ are b5t at a "r angle or ne>ly4 ,"o ( ^! w be ins]t$1 b q loosely1 9 a small hole or pun*-m>k ne> ! middle ( ! back ( ! pallet2 ! o!r1 also q loosely1 9 a simil> hole or depression 9 a wood5 b> ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! w9d-*e/1 & screw$ d[n )9 two not*es made = x 9 ! inside ( ! *eeks4 ,z ! unit$ pressure ( ! #ed spr+s w c]ta9ly b5d ?is b>1 x is well to introduce a long screw at ab\t its middle po9t1 pass+ ?r\gh x1 & bit+ well 9 "o ( ! s\nd+-b>s4 ,! spr+-b> has a slip ( wood1 c$> or mahogany1 ab\t #b in*es wide1 glu$ or bradd$ to x along ! side :i* is to be ne>e/ to ! back ( ! *e/4 ,! spr+s w be held p>allel to _! pallets by play+ loosely 9 cuts1 ab\t #a_/h in* wide1 made 9 ?is slip ( wood 7,fig4 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! socket1 or pun*-m>k1 ^u :i* ! pressure ( ! spr+ is ex]t$1 %\ld be a little 9 advance ( ! middle ( ! pallet1 s t ! latt] may be held up aga9/ ! b>s ?r\gh\t its ext5t4 ,! spr+1 be x c>efully obs]v$1 is loosely held 9 place by ! sockets & by ! rack 9 :i* x plays1 & x c be remov$ at any future "t by ! aid ( ! little clev] tool :i* we h figur$ 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & :i* y c make = y\rself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,:5 all ?is is done1 furni% e pallet1 if y h n already done s at an e>li] /age1 ) a little r+ or crook1 by :i* to draw x d[n4 ,?is r+ is be/ made by b5d+ "o end ( a bit ( suitable wire1 & ?ru/+ ! o!r obliquely into ! pallet 7see ,fig4 #ah;a74 ,?is is bett] ?an driv+ 9 a little /aple v]tically4 ,! r+s may be 9 a l9e drawn across ! pallets ab\t #a-a_/b in*es f _! extremities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah;a4 ,rem>k4--,b x w be conv5i5t t ! r+s to :i* ! pull-d[ns w be hook$ %\ld be q cle> ( ! guide-p9s4 #i4 ,! bottom bo>d be+ n[ put 9 its place = ! mom5t1 draw a l9e ^u x f end to end exactly above ! l9e ( r+s on ! pallets1 & draw l9es at "r angles to ?is correspond+ ) ! c5tre ( ea* *annel1 & !re=e ( ea* pallet4 ,at ea* ( ^! po9ts a pull-d[n w pass ?r\gh ! bo>d1 & x is pla9 t x mu/ be made to d s )\t all[+ ! w9d includ$ 9 ! *e/ to escape4 ,?is 0 =m]ly effect$ by purses 7,fr5*1 b\rsettes71 little lea!r bags1 ti$ or o!rwise atta*$ to ! pull-d[ns4 ,we h se5 ?is me?od successfully tri$1 b x is n[ s completely sup]s$$ by a simpl] & m effectual plan t we d n ?9k x wor? our :ile to say m ( x4 ,! arrangem5t n[ inv>iably adopt$ is ?us made3--,procure a /rip ( brass plate1 or sev]al /rips1 equal 9 ! aggregate to ! l5g? ( ! *e/1 & ab\t #a-a_/b in* or #b in*es wide4 ,9 too _m organs ?is plate is poor /uff1 n ?ick] ?an a visit+-c>d1 sometimes ev5 ( z9c only1 b 9 our op9ion x %\ld be at lea/ z ?ick z a %ill+4 ,drill holes 9 ?is plate ne> ! edges1 & p9 x d[n = ! mom5t on ! bottom bo>d1 s t ! l9es ( holes = ! pull-d[ns may run along its middle4 ,m>k on ! brass ! int]sections ( ! l9es z be=e4 ,hav+ previ\sly *os5 ! wire = y\r pull-d[ns 7( :i* m directly71 take a f9e drill1 ) y\r brea/-plate & b[1 & on a bit ( wa/e plate try ! size ( ! hole made by x1 alt]+ x on ! oil-/one until ! hole receives ! wire ) ! nice/ & mo/ accurate fit4 ,rem>k4--,x w be well to /ore away ! drill aft]w>ds1 ) a bit ( ! wire z a specim51 & to use x = no o!r purpose4 ,?is drill+ is n a difficult op]ation1 & only requires c>e & delicate manipulation4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 any clockmak] w\ld drill ! holes = y4 ,assum+ confid5tly t y w drill !m y\rself1 we recomm5d y to hold ! bottom bo>d1 ) ! plate on x1 9 ! screw-clamp ( y\r b5*1 or 9 a simil> v]tical position1 s t z ! drill p5etrates ! brass x may be receiv$ by ! s(t wood ( ! bo>d4 ,?is w dim9i% ! risk ( break+ x4 ,rem>k4--,^? :o h a light h&y la! w "k h[ to utilise x 9 drill+ ! holes 9 ! brass plate ap>t f ! bo>d4 ,:5 all ! holes are drill$1 remove ! plate1 & clean (f ) a f9e file ! r\gh projections ?r[n up by ! drill4 ,) a mu* l>g] drill1 twirl$ g5tly betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 smoo? ! edges ( all ! holes on bo? sides ( ! plate4 ,try a bit ( ! wire 9 e hole1 & draw x to & fro1 :5 necess>y1 until its passage is p]fectly smoo? & easy4 ,grease %\ld n be us$2 or1 if a little tall[ is rubb$ ov] ! wire1 x %\ld be wip$ (f clean4 ,! holes 9 ! bottom bo>d itself may be ( any size we please1 s9ce !y h no?+ to d ) keep+ 9 ! w9d1 & m]ely all[ a p]fectly cle> passage = ! wire pull-d[ns4 ,x is pla9 t if we n[ p9 d[n ! drill$ plate 9 its place1 ! arrangem5t w n be complete )\t "s provision = prev5t+ ! escape ( w9d 9 l>ge quantities1 & ) an intol]able hiss+ noise1 at ! edges ( ! plate4 ,! build]s prev5t ?is escape & hiss+ by fitt+ two long slips or tr+les ( wood 7see h1 k1 ,fig4 #ac7 along ! two edges ( ! plate ) glue & brads1 or screws4 ,^! slips press ! plate closely to ! bo>d ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 & !y protect f injury at ! same "t ! r+s ( ! pull-d[ns1 :i* might easily be b5t & di/ort$4 ,us+ ?ick] plate1 h[ev]1 we ourselves greatly pref] to glue a /rip ( :ite lea!r1 ( ! same wid? z ! plate1 ov] ! holes 9 ! bo>d1 pi]c+ x ) a suffici5tly l>ge awl at ! c5tre ( ea* hole1 & we screw d[n our plate ^u ?is lea!r1 us+ num]\s %ort screws1 plac$ only #d or #e in*es ap>t1 pass+ ?r\gh holes drill$ ne> ! edges ( ! plate1 & c\nt]sunk 9 ! usual way4 ,all escape ( air is ?us mo/ effectually prev5t$1 & ! slips or tr+les ( wood become unnecess>y1 except1 inde$1 9 _! second>y "* z protectors ( ! r+s4 ,! bottom bo>d may n[ be put on1 & /rongly secur$ by pl5ty ( screws1 well lubricat$ ) tall[4 ,prep>e ! pull-d[ns1 ( uni=m l5g?1 ea* ) its little r+ neatly =m$2 pass ea* ?r\gh its hole 9 ! plate1 & ) suitable pli]s =m ! top ( ! wire into a hook1 :i* takes hold ( ! r+ ( ! pallet4 ,rem>k4--,or y may pass all ! wires ?r\gh ! holes1 & =m ! hooks ^u _! ends be=e y fix ! bo>d 9 its place4 ,! build]s (t5 muffle ! hook or r+ ) silk ?read1 or a morsel ( s(t & ?9 lea!r1 to prev5t a slight click+ noise :i* might be he>d ( wire aga9/ wire4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is really n ess5tial4 ,x is1 or =m]ly 01 v common also to int]pose an ,s ( wire betwe5 ! hook ( ! pull-d[n & ! r+ ( ! pallet4 ,^! connect+ l9ks are unnecess>y1 & are bett] omitt$4 ,accord+ to /rict rule ! pull-d[ns1 pass+ ?r\gh holes 9 brass1 %\ld !mselves be ( iron or /eel2 b we h always us$ brass wire1 & we mu/ ref] our read]s to :at we h said ( ?is mat]ial 9 treat+ ( spr+s4 ,!y mu/ judge = !mselves4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t ! wires %\ld play easily & smoo?ly ?r\gh ! holes1 draw+ d[n ! pallets ) p]fect fre$om1 & all[+ !m to return1 :5 releas$1 ) a pleasant sm>tness4 ,if a s+le pull-d[n fails 9 ^! respects remove x at once4 ,p]haps x is a little b5t or bruis$2 possibly ! hole 9 ! plate may h be5 inadv]t5tly left ) a %>p edge1 :i* has cut a not* 9 ! wire2 possibly1 also1 ! pallet-r+ may n be q 9 a l9e ) its fell[s1 & !re=e n q correctly above ! hole 9 ! plate1 ?r[+ ! pull-d[n out ( a "r l9e into an oblique "o4 ,rectify all defects ( ?is k9d at any exp5diture ( "t & pati5ce4 ,we h left all ?is "t sev]al in*es ( ea* *annel op5 or uncov]$1 s9ce ! w9d-*e/ closes 9 only t portion ( ! *annels to :i* ! pallets are appli$4 ,we may n[ f9i% our "w by glu+ :ite lea!r1 or p>*m5t1 or ev5 only /\t pap]1 ov] ! op5 "p ( ! *annels1 tak+ c>e t x adh]es well 9 e "p4 ,we may add t x is sometimes1 or (t51 conv5i5t to place ! w9d-*e/ "u ! back "p ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 & n "u ! front2 or to place x midway betwe5 ! back & front1 or a few in*es f ei!r4 ,?is is done ) an eye to arrangem5ts connect$ ) ! action or movem5t1 :i* w be describ$ 9 detail4 ,:5 ! w9d-*e/ is s plac$ c>e mu/ be tak5 to provide = ! complete clos+ ( ! front bo>d4 ,a l$ge ( wood %\ld be glu$ & p9n$ to ! b>s 9 su* case1 to af=d a be>+ = ! front bo>d & to receive ! screws :i* secure x2 or ! edges ( ! bo>d may be lea!r$1 & x may be ?ru/ 91 ) a tight fit1 betwe5 ! "u side ( ! *annels 7ro($ ) wood at t po9t = ! purpose71 ! *eeks1 & ! bottom bo>d1 cut an in* wid] accord+ly4 ,w$ges are sometimes us$1 driv5 9 beh9d clasps or hooks ( iron1 to keep x 9 its place4 ,b 9 tru?1 :5 ! organ is once well built & f9i%$1 sev]al ye>s may elapse )\t a di/urbance ( ! bo>d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,bell[s1 ,,trunks1 ,,& ,,frame4 ,,aft] all our m9ute op]ations ) small drills & f9e wires1 call+ = a light h& & pati5t accuracy1 we h to turn to "w comp>atively r\gh & co>se4 ,! bus9ess ( bell[s-mak+ pres5ts no s]i\s difficulty1 & we hope we may pass rapidly ov] x4 ,we %all h no read] :o is n already famili> ) ! =m ( organ-bell[s1 :i* consi/ ( ?ree ma9 bo>ds1 namely1 ! middle bo>d1 ! top bo>d or table1 & ! fe$]1 & ( ?9 plates ( wood call$ ribs1 ! :ole unit$ toge!r ) flexible :ite lea!r =m+ h+es & gussets4 ,! %ape or =m ( ! bell[s w ( c\rse be det]m9$ by t ( ! organ2 !y may be long & n>r[1 or %ort & wide1 l ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,_! capacity1 or area1 w dep5d on ! numb] & "* ( ! pipes :i* !y h to supply ) w9d4 ,a common rule is to assign two squ>e feet ( sup]ficial area = ea* /op 9 ! organ2 b ?is w\ld be 9 excess ( ! requirem5ts ( su* a small organ z t :i* we are mak+4 #c feet #f in*es by #b feet1 giv+ #g squ>e feet ( area1 w be ample dim5sions 9 our case1 & w "w 9 conv5i5tly ) ! size :i* we h assum$ ?r\gh\t = ! s\nd-bo>d1 namely1 ab\t #d feet or #d feet #f in*es by #ae in*es4 ,9 arrang+ y\r plans 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 all[ room = a drop or play ( ! fe$] ( at lea/ #aj in*es1 free ( all int]ruption f ! p$al or o!r contrivance = bl[+1 = x is ^u ! capacity ( ! fe$] t y mu/ dep5d = ! quantity ( air suppli$1 ! upp] "p ( ! bell[s be+ m]ely a res]voir 9 :i* ! compress$ air is /or$ away1 & f :i* x is di/ribut$ to ! pipes z x is want$4 ,! res]voir may h a rise or play ( ab\t #aj in*es or a foot4 ,get out ! ?ree ma9 bo>ds ( deal or any s\nd /uff1 leav+ ! middle bo>d "s in*es long] ?an ! o!r two1 t its ends may re/ ^u ! frame ( ! organ1 or ^u o!r supports z y may arrange4 ,cut out pieces1 also1 to =m a %all[ box1 say #d in*es deep1 ^u ! middle bo>d1 ( ! same size z ! top bo>d4 ,?is is call$ a trunk-b&1 & is introduc$ to all[ ( fix+ ! w9d-trunks :i* are to convey ! w9d to ! *e/4 ,y w want also a light frame ( ?ree-qu>t]s /uff1 p9e recomm5d$1 to c>ry & support ! ribs ( ! res]voir2 ! f\r bo>ds ( :i* x is made w be ( ! same wid? z ! ribs !mselves1 namely1 ab\t #d or #d-a_/b in*es4 ,! ribs are ( v ?9 /uff1 say #a_/d in*1 b !y mu/ be q s\nd & free f cracks4 ,y w want sixte5 ribs 7eight pairs7 = ! res]voir & six = ! fe$]2 ( ^! la/ ! long ones w be ( triangul> =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,cut pl5ty ( l>ge op5+s 9 ! fe$] bo>d = ! admission ( ! ext]nal air1 & 9 ! middle bo>d = ! transf] ( t air to ! res]voir4 ,^! op5+s may be rectangul>1 say #d in*es by #a-a_/b1 & !re may be fully six ( !m 9 ea* bo>d4 ,aft] cutt+ !m1 conv]t !m into grat+s by fitt+ little wood5 b>s across !m1 #a in* ap>t1 let 9 flu% ) ! bo>d1 & plan$ level4 ,ea* ( ^! grat+s w be cov]$ ) a valve or clack ( /\t :ite lea!r1 two ?icknesses glu$ toge!r1 & held d[n along "o edge by a slip ( wood & brads4 ,^! lea!rn valves %\ld play ) p]fect ease1 & x is well to ?9 d[n ! h+e-flap1 or cut x half ?r\gh ) a %>p p5knife1 t ! valve may fly op5 at ! slighte/ pressure ( ! w9d1 & may n ?rottle or ret>d its passage4 ,x is a common plan to make ^! valves )\t a h+e1 by atta*+ pieces ( tape to ! f\r corn]s1 & p9n+ d[n ! ends ( ! tapes to ! bo>d4 ,! :ole valve !n rises & falls4 ,we pref] ! h+e4 ,aft] cutt+ y\r ribs to ! prop] %apes1 9 :i* y c h>dly get wrong1 sort !m into pairs1 & glue a long /rip ( /\t :ite %eep-sk9 along ! edges ( ea* pair4 ,/\t calico or l95 may be sub/itut$ = lea!r on ! opposite side1 namely1 ! side :i* w pres5t ! inn] angle1 & 9 :i* ! ribs w be 9 close contact :5 fold$ toge!r4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #ai w %[ t ! upp] ribs ( ! res]voir are 9 a position ! rev]se ( t ( ! l[] ribs4 ,?is inv]sion ( ! ribs repres5ts ! result ( a clev] inv5tion by "o ,cumm9s1 a clockmak]4 ,be=e its introduction1 ! air 9 ! res]voir _h suff]$ a slightly unequal compression z ! top bo>d desc5d$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! clos+-9 on all sides ( ! folds ( ! ribs1 :i* dim9i%$ ! space occupi$ by ! air4 ,cumm9s's +5i\s modification at once rectifi$ ?is inequality1 s9ce ! upp] ribs fold outw>ds1 & all[ m room = ! air1 precisely 9 ! same proportion z ! l[] ribs fold inw>ds & dim9i% ! space4 ,an unpractis$ e> might n1 inde$1 detect ! slight *ange 9 ! tone ( ! pipes caus$ by bell[s made 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way1 b let u by all means foll[ ,cumm9s's plan4 ,y w d well fir/ to jo9 ! inn] l[] edges ( ! upp] ribs to ! inn] sides ( ! middle frame2 !n _! o!r edges to ! top bo>d at ! prop] di/ance f its m>g92 !n atta* ! upp] & out] edges ( ! l[] ribs to ! out] edges ( ! middle frame2 la/ly1 ! l[] edges ( ! l[] ribs to ! trunk-b&4 ,all ?is mu/ be done quickly t ! glue may n gr[ cold2 x w mu* facilitate a di/a/eful op]ation to use a small sponge ) w>m wat]1 pass$ ov] ! out] or smoo? side ( ! lea!rn /rips z !y are glu$ on4 ,! ma9 h+e ( ! fe$] w be be/ made by pass+ pieces ( hemp5 rope ?r\gh sev]al pairs ( holes bor$ obliquely = ! purpose 9 ! fe$] bo>d & middle bo>d1 & w$g$ 9 ) pegs & glue4 ,fig4 #bj suffici5tly expla9s ?is4 ,two or ?ree lay]s ( ! /\te/ lea!r w be glu$ ov] ! l9e ( junction =m$ by ?is h+e4 ,!re is no reason :y ! h+e %\ld n be on "o ( ! long sides ( ! fe$]1 in/ead ( its n>r[ end1 if y\r arrangem5ts = ! bl[+-h&le or p$al r5d] ?is =m ( con/ruction desirable4 7,y h d\btless well consid]$ y\r bl[+ me*anism47 ,! ribs ( ! fe$] be+ work$ 9 l ^? ( ! res]voir1 & all ! glue dry1 fix ! bell[s 9 a fully di/5d$ position by tempor>y appliances1 & fill up ! op5 corn]s by gusset-pieces ( y\r be/ & mo/ flexible lea!r4 ,mat]ial w be economis$ & neatness consult$ by prep>+ a pap] patt]n ( ! gusset-pieces 9 advance4 ,^? ( ! fe$] mu/ be v /rong1 & x may be well1 b x is n necess>y1 to put on a second pair ov] ! fir/1 b n glu$ to !m 9 ! fold+ or crumpl$ "p4 ,all mu/ be p]fectly tight & well glu$ d[n 9 e "p4 ,a m]e p9-hole w betray itself h]eaft] by a disagreeable hiss+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,we _h almo/ =gott5 to say t a valve #d in*es squ>e1 or !reab\t1 mu/ be fitt$ 9 ! middle ( ! top bo>d to prev5t ov]-bl[+4 ,?is is g5]ally made ( a small bo>d ( wood1 plan$ truly level1 & cov]$ ) two ?icknesses ( ! pallet lea!r1 rubb$ ) :it5+4 ,x op5s inw>ds1 & is held clos$ by any simple application ( a /\t spr+ made ( mu* ?ick] wire ?an ! pallet spr+s4 ,fig4 #ba sugge/s "o ( ! v simple/ ( arrangem5ts4 ,a /r+1 fa/5$ to ! "u side ( ?is safety-valve1 & to ! middle bo>d b5ea? x1 may be ( su* l5g? z to pull ! valve op5 :5 ! bell[s are fully inflat$2 or ! valve may be pu%$ op5 f above by a wood5 arm or cat* atta*$ = ! purpose to "s "p ( ! frame4 ,! ap]tures = ! trunks %\ld be cut 9 ! trunk-b&1 accord+ to well-dige/$ plans1 be=e ! bell[s are put toge!r1 t !re may be no sawdu/ or *ips aft]w>ds to get "u ! clacks2 & x is well to give ! :ole int]ior ( ! bell[s two coats ( glue-size be=e ! ribs are clos$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! little contrivance a b c d1 ,fig4 #bb1 is to ensure ! simultane\s ris+ ( ! top bo>d & middle frame :5 ! bell[s are 9 action4 ,x may be conv5i5tly made ( hoop-iron1 b oak or any h>d & /rong wood w be equally good4 ,if "s su* contrivance 7 n introduc$1 ! top bo>d & upp] ribs w\ld rise fir/ on ! work+ ( ! fe$]1 & ! frame & l[] ribs w\ld foll[ 9 _! turn4 ,?is w\ld cause inequality ( pressure1 s9ce ! top bo>d w\ld n at once be> up ! weight ( ! frame & l[] ribs4 ,! little jo9t$ app>atus r$resses ?is by caus+ ! :ole ( ! ribs to obey ! fir/ admission ( air4 ,a simpl] =m ( x w be f\nd 9 ,fig4 #bb;a4 ,we are build+ a v small organ1 b1 desir+ z we d to give z mu* complet5ess to ?is treatise z circum/ances w all[1 we "h expla9 t 9 l>g] in/rum5ts two fe$]s are g5]ally or always introduc$1 unless1 inde$1 a cuckoo fe$] is us$1 :i* practically am\nts to ! same ?+1 be+ a long bo>d h+$ to ! "u side ( ! middle bo>d by a /\t transv]se piece 9 its middle1 & provid$ ) two sets ( ribs1 ea* set fill+ up ! space f ! middle h+e to ! end ( ! bo>d4 ,?is fe$] supplies w9d ) ! upw>d z well z ! d[nw>d /roke ( ! bell[s-h&le1 b x w\ld n be suitable = an organ 9 :i* ! bl[+ is effect$ by ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb;a4 ,we may h read]s :o are s =tunately circum/anc$ z to be able to apply wat]-p[] to _! bell[s4 ,9 ?is case two fe$]s %\ld be fitt$ 9 ord] to utilise bo? /rokes ( ! +5i\s little ma*9e1 :i* consi/s ess5tially ( a pi/on mov+ wat]-tight 9 a cyl9d] provid$ ) a valve :i* admits wat] alt]nately above & bel[ x4 ,?is is n ! place = ent]+ on a discussion ( ! conditions ess5tial to ! due work+ ( ! wat]-pressure eng9e2 !y may be /udi$ 9 any mod]n treatise on hydro-dynamics2 x is en\gh = our pres5t purpose to say t a cyl9d] n l>g] ?an a common w9e-bottle w give ample p[] = su* an organ z ours1 provid$ t ! pressure on ! pi/on be n less ?an #cj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & t ! supply-pipes be ( ample size4 ,wat]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 does n exp& l /eam :5 admitt$ into an empty space1 or r into a space occupi$ only by atmosph]ic air2 h5ce l>ge pipes1 l>ge valves1 & l>ge ports1 or valve-op5+s1 mu/ be provid$1 t ! wat]-pressure1 irresi/ible :5 prop]ly appli$1 may be ?r[n at once ^u ! po9t :]e x is want$4 ,b ?is is by ! way1 & we w only add t ! wat] ma*9e %\ld be 9 a room or cell> bel[ or adjo9+ t 9 :i* ! organ is plac$1 z a slight noise is insep>able f its action1 & x %\ld act on ! fe$]s by a wood5 or iron rod br\ght up ?r\gh ! floor4 ,/ill bett] if ! :ole app>atus1 fe$]s1 res]voir1 & all1 c be d[n-/airs or 9 a neighb\r+ ap>tm5t1 ! trunks only pass+ ?r\gh ! wall or floor4 ,9 v l>ge mod]n in/rum5ts ! fe$]s1 work$ by /eam or wat]1 are commonly made to move horizontally1 9 a way :i* w be und]/ood if we imag9e an accordion or conc]t9a laid ^u its side4 ,:5 ! res]voir is fully inflat$ x acts ^u a valve1 :i* r$uces or cuts (f ! supply ( wat] or /eam4 ,! trunks are rectangul> wood5 tubes made ( half-in* p9e1 & well jo9t$4 ,9 _! c\rse f ! trunk-b& to ! w9d-*e/ "r-angl$ mitres are p]missible1 = x is a mi/ake1 ?\gh a common "o1 to imag9e t ! w9d ru%es 9 an impetu\s /ream along ! trunks z x does 7= in/ance7 along a conveyanc+ tube :5 its pallet is op54 ,! trunks are simply connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! res]voir & w9d-*e/1 b !y mu/ be l>ge en\gh to ensure an equality ( w9d-d5sity 9 bo? w9d-*e/ & res]voir "u all dem&s on ! "p ( ! play]4 ,our trunk may be #e in*es by #b1 inside measurem5t2 or x may be #i or #aj in*es wide by only #a2 or we may make x #c or #d in*es squ>e1 z may suit our plans4 ,! ends ( ! trunk %\ld n be glu$ into ! op5+s cut 9 ! trunk-b& & w9d-*e/4 ,! ends1 r$uc$ by half ! ?ickness ( ! wood1 & br\ght to a %\ld]1 %\ld be glu$ into an op5+ 9 a small bo>d1 an in* or two l>g] on all sides ?an ! area ( ! trunk4 ,eng9e]s w\ld call ?is a flange4 ,?is flange be+ lea!r$1 & ! ap]ture ( ! trunk cut out1 x may be press$ ) f\r or m screws aga9/ ! m>g9s ( ! op5+s ) :i* x is 9 communication1 & w ?us be removable at any "t if ! organ is tak5 d[n or alt]$4 ,! int]ior ( w9d-trunks %\ld be well coat$ ) ?9 glue1 & ! ext]ior %\ld be pa9t$4 ,"s build]s pref] to cov] ! ext]ior ( _! trunks ) pap]1 & to l9e ! ribs ( ! bell[s ) ! same mat]ial1 appli$ ) common pa/e4 ,trunks h be5 made1 too1 ( z9c1 & oval 9 section4 ,! frame ( ! organ1 :atev] its =m or plan1 %\ld be v /rong & solid1 & %\ld /& firmly 9 its place on ! floor )\t any t5d5cy to vibration or un/ead9ess4 ,! pieces ( :i* x is compos$ %\ld be ( good deal1 #a-a_/d in* ?ick1 & f #c-a_/b to #d-a_/b in*es wide1 accord+ to circum/ances1 t is to say1 accord+ to ! weights :i* x has to c>ry4 ,! ess5tial po9ts are ^!1 namely1 t ! keys1 or manual1 %all re/ ^u firm supports at ! prop] height above ! floor2 t ! s\nd-bo>d %all be borne ^u be>]s at a suffici5t height above ! keys to admit ! int]v5+ me*anism2 t ! bell[s %all be c>ri$ on cross pieces f> en\gh remov$ f ! floor to admit ( ! free play ( ! fe$]4 ,y w take into consid]ation1 9 design+ y\r frame1 ! "q :e!r y w h p$als1 & ! /ill m important "q :e!r y w h sep>ate pipes = !m1 & h[ !y are to be connect$ ) ! l[] keys4 ,room mu/ be provid$ = all ! app>atus involv$ 9 ^! arrangem5ts1 &1 z 9 e "p ( our "w1 s 9 ?is1 we say t ! read] himself mu/ ?9k ov] c>efully all cont+5cies1 & make a prelim9>y draw+ to scale = 8 own guidance4 ,en\gh if we lay d[n "h ! foll[+ rules3-- #a4 ,! "u side ( ! key-bo>d mu/ be #be in*es f ! floor1 or f ! upp] surface ( ! p$al-bo>d4 #b4 ,! "u side ( ! w9d-*e/ %\ld1 if possible1 be at lea/ #ae in*es above ! key-bo>d4 #c4 ,! middle bo>d ( ! bell[s %\ld be fully #ab in*es above ! floor1 or above any track]s or o!r me*anism connect$ ) p$als4 #d4 ,! front edge ( ! key-bo>d %\ld project ab\t #a foot 9 advance ( ! panels clos+ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! case4 #e4 ,ample space %\ld be secur$ = a l>ge book-bo>d by all[+ a /ill great] di/ance betwe5 ?is front edge ( ! keys & ! front edge ( ! s\nd-bo>d above4 ,^! are n q all ! consid]ations involv$ 9 design+ ! frame4 ,! draw-/ops & _! connection ) ! slid]s mu/ be well consid]$1 & room left = ! requisite app>atus2 & ! position ( ! bell[s-h&le %\ld be det]m9$1 & ! "p ( ! frame on :i* its fulcrum or c5tre w re/4 ,fig4 #bc gives1 p]haps1 ! simple/ =m ( frame usually adopt$ = a small organ4 ,x is made ( f\r di/9ct frames1 unit$ at ! angles by screws1 s t ! :ole c be easily tak5 to pieces4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! key-bo>d is c>ri$ ^u two cross-be>]s1 leav+ ! "u "p ( ! tails ( ! keys accessible2 & ! s\nd-bo>d 9 l mann] re/s ^u two be>]s "u its extreme ends4 ,if any longitud9al b> is introduc$ to assi/ 9 su/a9+ ! weight ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 x mu/ be aft] c>eful consid]ation ( all ! arrangem5ts = ! action or movem5ts ( ! keys4 ,simil>ly1 ! entrance ( ! trunk mu/ dep5d on ! me*anism ( ! action & ( ! draw-/ops4 ,x is unnecess>y to screw d[n ! s\nd-bo>d to ! be>]s4 ,its own weight :5 load$ ) ! pipes w keep x d[n1 :ile a c\ple ( d[els 7%ort wood5 pegs71 "o 9 ea* be>]1 fitt+ into sockets 9 ! bottom bo>d ( ! w9d-*e/1 w prev5t x f mov+ lat]ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( frame well suit$ to small organs1 & :i* we ourselves greatly approve4 ,accord+ to ?is plan1 :i* is sket*$ 9 ,fig4 #bd1 ! bell[s are enclos$ 9 a /\t l[ /ructure ris+ no high] ?an ! level ( ! key-bo>d :i* re/s ^u its top4 ,! s\nd-bo>d is c>ri$ ^u *eeks screw$ or o!rwise atta*$ to ! bottom bo>d ( ! w9d-*e/ ei!r at its extreme ends or at po9ts ne>] to its c5tre1 accord+ to y\r plans = ! action & ! draw-/ops4 ,or ! *eeks may be unit$ by a /\t transv]se piece or gird]1 ! s\nd-bo>d be+ !n kept 9 place by d[els only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! pres5t writ] has fur!r modifi$ ?is arrangem5t by sub/itut+ a wide & %all[ trunk = "o ( ! *eeks4 ,?is trunk is screw$ by its flange to ! bottom bo>d ( ! w9d-*e/1 :]e ! w9d ent]s1 & x is clos$ at ! bottom1 :]e x re/s ^u ! cross-be>]s ( ! frame4 ,a lat]al ap]ture is cut 9 x an in* or two f ?is l[] end1 & a %ort mitr$ trunk connects x ) ! bell[s4 ,all ?is may be suffici5tly und]/ood by inspection ( ,fig4 #bd4 ,rem>k4--,! late em95t build]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,hill1 we believe1 exhibit$ an organ at ! ,london ,int]national ,exhibition 9 #ahea :i* _h holl[ framework1 s]v+ z trunks4 ,x is evid5t t by mak+ "o end ( our bell[s re/ ^u a holl[ be>] we might omit ! trunk-b& entirely1 s9ce ?is holl[ be>] might be directly connect$ by a mitr$ trunk ) ! holl[ *eek support+ ! w9d-*e/4 ,& by mak+ "o leg ( ! bell[s-frame holl[1 & connect+ x at top ) a holl[ cross-be>]1 c>ry+ ! *eek on :i* re/s ! w9d-*e/1 x is pla9 t we sup]s$e ! sep>ate trunk altoge!r4 ,su* plans z ^! may amuse "s ( our read]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,if ! fe$] is work$ by ! foot ( ! play] su* a p$al z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #be w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,x is made ( h>d wood--oak1 bir*1 a%1 or walnut--) iron or brass hoops & pivots1 & is screw$ to ! floor ( ! room1 indep5d5tly ( ! organ-frame4 ,! little roll] %\ld be cov]$ or muffl$ ) s(t lea!r1 & y w see t x rolls cle> ( ! valve-holes 9 ! fe$]4 ,by l5g!n+ ! middle piece or %aft we may "w ) ! "r foot1 a fe$] hav+ its play on ! left side2 b 9 su* a case ! :ole ma*9e w be be/ made ( iron by a smi?4 ,he w coat ! p$al = y ) india-rubb] :]e ! foot re/s ^u x--a mu* bett] plan ?an r\gh5+ x l a rasp4 ,! p$al1 z figur$1 is int5d$ to be on ! extreme "r ( ! play]1 & to be cle> ( a p$al-bo>d ( two octaves4 ,! read] w see t by rev]s+ ! positions ( ! arms ( ! p$al x may be made to suit any little organ ) a manual only4 ,9 ?is case ! muffl$ roll] w trav]se ! fe$] n crosswise1 b l5g?wise4 ,we po9t$ out 9 a =m] page t ! position ( a bell[s-bl[] mu/ be consid]$ 9 y\r plans = ! f9i%$ in/rum5t4 ,if he /&s close to ! play] on ei!r side ( him ! lev] w be easily pois$ ^u a /rong p9 project+ f ! frame4 ,a piece ( web or a lea!rn /rap w be a bett] connection ) ! fe$] ?an any rigid b> ( wood or ( iron4 ,if ! organ is n plac$ aga9/ a wall ! position ( ! bl[] may ) equal ease be precisely rev]s$4 ,! lev]1 h[ev]1 may be arrang$ p>allel to ! back wall by con/ruct+ y\r bell[s 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) a view to ?is1 ! h+e ( ! fe$] be+ on "o ( its long sides1 z we h expla9$ 9 a =m] page4 ,or1 ) a fe$] h+$ z usual at its end1 ! lev] may /ill be p>allel to ! back wall by act+ ^u an arm ) a roll] precisely simil> to our foot-bl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,ano!r mode ( effect+ ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 a b is ! h&le turn+ on a /rong p9 at a1 fix$ to ! back ( ! frame4 c d is a %aft :i* %\ld be ( iron1 b might be ( h>d wood1 hoop$ at ! ends1 hav+ two arms1 e & f1 project+ f x 9 opposite directions4 ,?is %aft turns on /\t iron pivots :i* ent] holes 9 /an*ions securely fix$ to ! frame4 ,^! holes w be bett] = be+ bu%$ ) brass4 g is a %ort wood5 l9k connect+ ! h&le ) ! arm f2 & h is a wood5 rod :i* connects ! arm e ) a =k$ lug screw$ to ! fe$]4 ,all ^! connections are by /\t turn$ p9s ( iron or brass4 ,x is pla9 t e d[n/roke ( ! h&le a b w br+ up ! fe$]4 ,all ?is is a matt] ( m]e me*anical arrangem5t2 ! simpl] y c make x1 by dim9i%+ z mu* z possible ! numb] ( pivots or turn+s1 ! bett] x w be4 ,we conclude ?is *apt]1 & turn to ! next bran* ( our subject1 ) ! assumption t ! organ is ?us f> satisfactorily advanc$4 ,:5 ! new bell[s are work$ we assume t no hiss+ is he>d1 & no escape ( air p]ceiv$ at any ( ! holes :5 a slid] is drawn1 or at any "p ( ! junctions ( ! trunk4 ,we assume also t :5 any pallet is op5$ by draw+ d[n ! r+ ( its wire1 a /rong ru% ( w9d w imm$iately foll[1 & w be z in/antly /opp$ by releas+ ! r+1 :5 ! pallet w close ) a ready & prompt snap4 ,! slid]s1 too1 mu/ glide to & fro ) p]fect smoo?ness & ease4 ,pass ov] no s]i\s fault4 ,rem$y all defects ) unwe>i$ pati5ce1 ev5 if x involves a recon/ruction ( y\r "w4 ,x is usual to pa9t ! frame & bell[s 7leav+ ! ribs unt\*$1 h[ev]7 ) "s d>k prim+4 ,a dull r$ 0 =m]ly 9 vogue2 *ocolate1 d>k br[n1 or a slaty black h n[ f\nd fav\r 9 ! eyes ( build]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,plantation ,,( ,,! ,,pipes4 ,,we expla9$ 9 a =m] page t x is well to plant all ! pipes ^u ! s\nd-bo>d be=e ! pallets are fitt$1 because du/ & *ips are insep>able f ! op]ation1 & may be tr\blesome & mis*iev\s if introduc$ into ! grooves & conveyances4 ,"s ( our read]s1 !re=e1 hav+ _! /ock ( pipes by !m1 h p]haps already p]us$ ?is *apt] & act$ ^u its sugge/ions4 ,x has be5 res]v$1 h[ev]1 = ?is place 9 our "w1 9 accordance ) our wi% to meet ! case ( workm5 & "y beg9n]s :o are "u ! necessity ( proce$+ by degrees4 ,possess+ a turn+-la!1 & resolv+ to turn ! wood5 pipe-feet y\rself1 y w d\btless comm5ce by bor+ f\r or m holes 9 a bit ( ?9 bo>d ) c5tre-bits ( diff]5t sizes z a guide or gauge = ! diamet]s ( ! pipe-feet4 ,if y m\nt ?is little bo>d at a height ( #d-a_/b in*es above ano!r bo>d or /&1 by pill>s or legs1 x w repres5t a portion ( y\r rack-bo>d1 & z y rapidly ?r[ (f ! feet 9 ! la! !y w be z quickly sort$ by pass+ !m into ^! trial holes4 ,! billet ( wood1 p9e1 will[1 sycamore1 or any o!r suitable /uff1 %\ld be bor$ :ile /ill 9 ! r\gh by a bit revolv+ 9 ! la!4 ,! bore _c !n fail to be c5tral4 ,x %\ld ultimately be scor*$ ) a hot iron1 unless1 inde$1 y\r bor] has be5 s well suit$ to ! wood z to r5d] unnecess>y any fur!r smoo?+4 ,! feet w be slightly conical1 ! small] end tap]$ (f to fit ! c\nt]sunk hole on ! bo>d1 ! l>g] =m$ into a neck ) a %\ld] 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,! rack-p9s %\ld be ( mahogany or oak1 ) a %\ld] at ea* end1 ! necks fitt+ tightly 9 ! holes provid$ = !m already4 ,^! necks may be blacklead$1 to facilitate removal4 ,all ! holes may n[ be bor$ 9 ! rack-bo>d correspond+ to our two wood5 /ops 7,nos4 #b & #d71 at ! po9ts m>k$ long ago1 :5 ! groov+ 0 f9i%$2 ! bo>d may be plac$ on its rack-p9s1 & ! feet dropp$ into _! places1 adju/$1 :]e necess>y1 ) a half-r\nd file4 ,! pipes may !n receive _! feet "o by "o1 & if y\r calculations h be5 correct & y\r measurem5ts accurate !y %\ld /& 9 ord]ly array4 ,use ! _s-level1 squ>e1 & plumb-l9e 9 plant+ ! pipes1 to ensure truly horizontal & p]p5dicul> l9es4 ,! feet %\ld n be actually glu$ into ! blocks until ! la/ little adju/m5ts h be5 giv54 ,9 plant+ ! metal pipes1 holes #b in*es or m 9 diamet] w be requir$ 9 ! bass1 :ile ^? 9 ! extreme treble w be little l>g] ?an a common quill4 ,adju/able bits may be b\ght1 clev] contrivances produc+ beautifully true circul> holes 7see ,*ap4 ,,ii474 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 we recomm5d y to use discs ( /iff pap] or c>dbo>d1 repres5t+ ! exact size1 z asc]ta9$ by callip]s1 ( ! conical foot ( ! pipe at ab\t #e in*es f its l[] extremity2 f ^! discs ! outl9e ( ! holes may be trac$ on ! bo>d1 & all ! holes1 great & small1 may be cut out ) a pad-saw1 or bor$ ) common bits1 9 e case a trifle small] ?an !y are ultimately to be4 ,!n1 ! rack-bo>d be+ 9 place1 ea* pipe may be adju/$ 9 its position by us+ a half-r\nd rasp1 & simil> or rat-tail files4 ,) ^! y w easily give a conical =m to ! holes 9 ! bo>d4 ,great c>e w be well be/[$ 9 ?is op]ation4 ,if1 un=tunately1 y cut any hole too l>ge1 l9e x ) a morsel ( s(t lea!r4 ,b e true workman w desire to resort z seldom z possible to ?is exp$i5t4 ,probably none ( ! metal pipes w require to be groov$ (f4 ,b ?is y h att5d$ to long ago4 ,if any ( !m are groov$ (f1 take c>e t ! grooves are ( ample size1 t ! w9d may n be ?rottl$4 ,:5 all ! pipes are plant$1 :atev] ! arrangem5t :i* y h adopt$1 !y %\ld gratify ! eye by _! p]fect symmetry4 ,if !y d n look well !y w n s\nd well1 0 a good maxim long ago impress$ ^u ! writ] by an +5i\s ,g]man workman1 to :om he 0 indebt$ = mu* valuable in=mation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,action4 ,,?is important subject w be prefac$ by a few def9itions1 sup]flu\s1 p]haps1 = "s read]s1 necess>y = o!rs4 ,backfall4 ,a lev] ( any clean wood1 #c_/h in* or less 9 ?ickness1 #a in* or #b in*es 9 wid?1 & seldom m ?an #a or #b feet 9 l5g?1 turn+ ^u a wire z its axis or fulcrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,bridge4 ,backfalls occur 9 sets1 correspond+ to ! numb] ( keys 9 a manual or ( pallets 9 a w9d-*e/4 ,!y are arrang$ side by side 9 not*es =m$ by tak+ out ! wood betwe5 saw-cuts 9 a balk ( mahogany or oak #b1 #c1 or m in*es squ>e4 ,?is balk is call$ a bridge4 ,fig4 #bg %[s "p ( a set ( backfalls & _! bridge4 ,squ>e4 ,squ>es are n[ usually ( metal1 b may be easily made ( wood1 & consi/ ( two arms1 #b or #c in*es long1 unit$ at a "r angle to ea* o!r1 or cut at once f a s+le piece1 & turn+ on a wire z an axis pass+ ?r\gh a hole at ! int]section ( ! arms4 ,l ! backfalls1 !y may be arrang$ side by side 9 a bridge1 b ! mod]n metal squ>es are screw$ sep>ately 9 _! places 7,fig4 #bh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,/ick]4 ,a sl5d] rod ( light wood1 n l>g] ?an a common c$> p5cil1 & f a few in*es to a foot or two 9 l5g? 7,fig4 #bi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,track]4 ,a flat rib& ( p9e1 sometimes sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 ab\t #c_/h in* 9 wid?1 & less ?an #a_/h in* 9 ?ickness4 ,track]s1 h[ev]1 are n[ frequ5tly sl5d] r\nd rods1 l ! /ick]s 7see ,fig4 #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,tapp$ ,wires4 ,=m]ly ( brass1 aft]w>ds ( t9n$ iron1 & n[ g5]ally ( phosphor-bronze or "s o!r alloy4 ,^! are pieces ( wire ab\t #c-a_/b in*es 9 l5g?1 f ,no4 #af to ,no4 #ah 9 gauge1 & cut ) a screw-?read ^u ab\t half _! l5g?1 ) a r+ or hook at ! untapp$ end4 ,buttons4 ,r\nd nuts ( old & ?ick lea!r1 or latt]ly ( a composition into :i* gutta-p]*a ent]s1 pi]c$ at _! c5tre to receive ! tapp$ "p ( ! wire4 ,clo?s4 ,little discs ( wooll5 clo?1 mo/ly r$1 us$ z muffl]s to prev5t ! rattl+ noise ( wood aga9/ wood1 or metal aga9/ metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,roll]4 ,an axis or %aft ( light wood 7b 9 c]ta9 cases ( iron71 turn+ easily on two wires z pivots1 :i* ent] holes 9 /uds fix$ firmly4 ,! roll] has two 7or m7 arms1 #b or #c in*es long1 project+ f x1 g5]ally ne> its ends4 ,x is pla9 t any motion giv5 to ! roll] by act+ on "o ( ^! arms w be transmitt$ to ! o!r arm4 ,roll]s are 9 sets1 l backfalls & squ>es1 & are arrang$ symmetrically on a bo>d call$ a roll]-bo>d 7,fig4 #ca74 ,! n9e articles j describ$ are all br\ght toge!r 9 ! action ( an organ1 ev5 ( a simple k9d4 ,we %all endeav\r 9 ?is *apt] to %[ h[ !y are comb9$ 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 involv+ no peculi> complications4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,a simple & rudim5t>y example ( ! pr9ciple und]ly+ all sy/ems ( organ-action may be se5 9 ,fig4 #cb4 a b is ! key-bo>d1 9 :i* ea* key 7z always 9 ,engl&7 is balanc$ on a p9-rail ne> its c5tre1 & has a p91 c1 pass+ ?r\gh a little mortice cut 9 x1 :ile ano!r p91 d1 out ( sight1 ne> its =e end1 keeps x 9 its place1 p>allel to its fell[s4 ,at ! tail ( ! key1 e is a /ick]1 hav+ a wire ?ru/ into ea* ( its ends1 & project+ ab\t #a in*2 "o ( ^! wires is ins]t$ 9 a small hole drill$ 9 ! key-tail1 & conical b5ea?1 or cut into a little mortice4 ,a clo? is slipp$ ^u ! wire to prev5t ! end ( ! /ick] f rattl+ ^u ! key-tail4 ,! upp] wire ( ! /ick] slips into a simil> hole 7a clo? int]pos$ z be=e7 9 ! end ( f1 a backfall work+ 9 its bridge1 g4 ,! o!r end ( f is connect$ at once to ! pull-d[n ( ! pallet by a tapp$ wire & button4 ,cle>ly1 if a f+] is plac$ ^u ! key1 its h9d] end w rise & w pu% up ! back end ( ! backfall1 :i* w draw d[n ! pallet2 & by simply rev]s+ ! position ( ! backfalls z %[n 9 ! cut1 we may pull d[n ! pallets 9 ! w9d-*e/ :5 plac$ "u ! back ( ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,if1 !n1 we h fifty-f\r keys 9 ! manual1 a repetition ( ?is simple app>atus fifty-f\r times w be requisite to br+ e pallet1 ) ! pipes controll$ by x1 "u ! comm& ( ! play]4 ,b ?is is tak+ no acc\nt ( ! fact t ! pipes are n plant$ 9 an unbrok5 *romatic s]ies f bass to treble4 ,9 ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #e 7& 9 its rev]se or opposite plan7 x is pla9 t our simple backfalls w\ld fail u2 :ile 9 ,fig4 #f "s ( ! bass pipes are plant$ to ! "r ( ! play]1 equally out ( rea*4 ,"h we resort1 !n1 to roll]s4 ,fig4 #cc %[s a s+le roll]1 9 :i* i k is ! roll]1 turn+ on pivots 9 /uds1 & hav+ arms1 l1 m1 ( wood or ( iron1 project+ f x4 ,! /ick] f ! key-tail pu%es up ! arm l :5 ! key is depress$2 ! roll] turns on its pivots1 & ! arm m pu%es up ! tail ( ! backfall by ano!r /ick]1 ! pallet be+ ?us op5$ z be=e2 & x is pla9 t by arrang+ a set ( roll]s on a bo>d1 z 9 ,fig4 #ca1 we may act ) ease ^u pallets to ! "r & left :i* c\ld n be rea*$ 9 any o!r way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! roll]-bo>d z "h describ$ is plac$ above ! key-bo>d1 ) action by /ick]s2 b x might be z easily plac$ imm$iately "u ! w9d-*e/1 ) action by track]s4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! key-tail w pu% up ! end ( ! backfall1 ! o!r end ( :i* w draw d[n a roll] arm by means ( a track]2 ! o!r arm ( ! roll] w be hook$ to ! pull-d[n ( ! pallet by means ( ano!r track]4 ,if s plac$1 room mu/ ( c\rse be left = ! roll]-bo>ds by fix+ ! w9d-*e/ at a suffici5t height above ! backfalls4 ,figs4 #cd & #ce %[1 suffici5tly = our purpose1 b )\t any pret5sion to exactness ( detail1 ! two positions ( ! roll]-bo>d1 & x is easy to see t by rev]s+ ! backfalls1 & 9 ,fig4 #ce ! roll]-bo>d also1 we c act ^u a back w9d-*e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,probably ! read] has already surmis$ t ! not*es 9 ! bridge are by no means necess>ily p>allel to ea* o!r1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! backfalls !mselves are n p>allel4 ,! left-h& pipes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 are rea*$ by cutt+ ! not*es 9 ! bridge askew1 s t :ile "o end ( ! backfall is ov] ! key-tail1 ! o!r may be "u ! pull-d[n2 & z ?is applies to ! :ole set ( backfalls1 except ^? connect$ ) ! roll]s1 ! :ole ( ! not*es w be cut at v>y+ angles to ! c5tral l9e or axis1 & ! complete set ( backfalls1 :5 put 9 _! places1 w pres5t a fan-%ap$ plan4 ,h5ce x is sometimes call$ a fan-frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,b p>allel backfalls occur con/antly z transmitt]s ( motion f ! keys to ! roll]s1 & 9 o!r positions :i* w be notic$4 ,! plantation ( pipes %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 = in/ance1 & ! rev]se ( x1 :i* has ! l>g] pipes 9 ! c5tre1 c only be adopt$ by hav+ a roll] = e pallet2 & 9 ?is case ! backfalls w be p>allel1 :e!r ! action be by /ick]s or by track]s4 ,already1 we hope1 we h giv5 explanations s f> intelligible t +5i\s read]'s might h no difficulty 9 devis+ = !mselves "s "o ( ! num]\s di/9ct comb9ations :i* may be made ( ! n9e pieces or memb]s :i* we began by def9+4 ,let u take1 h[ev]1 ! v common arrangem5t ( ,fig4 #f z t ( our organ1 & apply to x ! rules already laid d[n4 #a4 ,! keys w be procur$1 ( c\rse1 f a mak]1 unless ! co/--fifty to sixty %ill+s--c be sav$ by adapt+ an old set4 ,we ourselves are admir]s ( ! old-fa%ion$ clavi]s ) black naturals & :ite %>ps1 or %>ps ( bone or ivory ) an ebony l9e d[n ! middle ( ea*4 ,we possess two specim5s ( d\ble manuals ( ?is k9d2 "o ( !m1 tak5 f an organ by ! eld] ,engl&1 is extremely h&some1 ) a mahogany frame almo/ black f age1 purfl$ l a highly f9i%$ viol94 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! writ] _m ye>s ago by ! late excell5t build]1 ,mr4 ,walk]4 ,! o!r d\ble set1 9 a pla9] frame1 0 b\ght at a sale = ! sum ( "o %ill+ & sixp5ce6 ,! *ief objection to ! use ( old clavi]s is t ! keys1 f long usage or f orig9al faulty con/ruction1 rattle audibly aga9/ _! guide-p9s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be q obviat$ by bu%+ ! little mortices :i* receive ! guide-p9s ) f9e clo?1 z mod]n piano keys are bu%$1 or ) ?9 lea!r--= in/ance1 ! kid ( old gloves4 ,if ! keys are h&some1 a little pati5ce be/[$ 9 ?is way may well rew>d ! op]ator1 :o w f9d ! movem5t ( 8 old manual :5 ?is is done z sil5t z he c wi% x to be4 #b4 ,we %all assume t ! front bo>d ( ! w9d-*e/ is above ! keys1 & t ! organ is to /& aga9/ ! wall4 ,h5ce ! backfalls w be turn$ t[>ds ! play]1 z 9 ,figs4 #cb & #cd4 ,b all t we %all say w be applicable to backfalls act+ on a back w9d-*e/4 ,! keys1 :e!r new or old1 w probably be #ah or #ai in*es 9 l5g? f _! front edges to ! re>4 ,_! position 9 ! frame %\ld be su* z to all[ ! front edge to project #aj in*es at lea/ beyond ! front l9e ( ! w9d-*e/1 9 ord] to all[ room = a book-bo>d2 h5ce our backfalls w be %ort4 ,b _! %ortness w n be an evil1 s9ce ! ext5t ( _! play or oscillation is extremely trifl+4 ,"o-?ird ( an in* w be a suffici5t desc5t ( ! pull-d[n2 ! o!r end ( ! backfall w trav]se a simil> space1 & x w easily be se5 h[ small an arc w be describ$ by any po9t ne> ! c5tre4 ,backfalls f #d to #f in*es 9 l5g? w1 !re=e1 pres5t no practical inconv5i5ce4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ) su* %ort backfalls ! obliquity ( ^? to ! extreme left w be some:at emb>rass+1 & we %all recomm5d ! use ( roll]s = ! six pallets to ! left z well z ^? to ! "r1 especially s9ce1 z we %all %[1 ! wid? ( ! roll]-bo>d w n be mat]ially increas$ !reby4 ,! backfalls %\ld be ( oak or mahogany1 & ! bridge ( ! same1 or o!r h>d wood4 ,if ! bridge is n suffici5tly /rong & rigid1 a disagreeable & p]ceptible yield+ ( ! :ole manual w take place :5 ! play] presses d[n a *ord4 ,! backfalls1 if p>allel1 or if only at a mod]ate degree ( obliquity1 w oscillate ^u a s+le wire ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole range4 ,?is wire %\ld be sunk 9 a score or *annel made ) a ,v-tool be=e ! not*es ( ! bridge are cut2 & x %\ld be held firmly d[n by small cross slips ( oak screw$ ) v f9e screws into ! wood ( ! bridge betwe5 e six or s ( ! backfalls4 ,?is is mu* bett] ?an ! common way ( driv+ 9 little /aples ( wire1 :i* are apt to split ! wood1 & are n easily extract$ 9 case ( repairs becom+ necess>y4 ,! small holes = su* screws may be bor$ conv5i5tly ) a drill1 revolv+ by means ( ! ,ar*im$ean drill-/ock1 n[ sold 9 all tool-%ops = ! use ( fret-cutt]s4 ,/ick]s may be quickly1 easily1 & neatly made by a bead plane4 ,take a piece ( ?ree-eigh? p9e bo>d ( ! requisite l5g? & dress x ov]4 ,!n1 ) a ?ree-eigh? bead plane1 /rike a bead along "o edge1 rev]s+ ! bo>d :5 cut half ?r\gh1 & us+ ! plane z be=e4 ,a sl5d] wood5 rod w be ! result1 :i* w only require a little smoo?+ ) glass-pap]4 ,to fit ! wires into ! ends ( ! /ick]s1 m>k ! c5tre ( ! rod ) a pun* or o!r suitable po9t$ tool1 & pi]ce a hole ) a f9e drill revolv+ 9 ! la!4 ,! wire may !n be driv5 d[n )\t fe> ( splitt+ ! /ick] or ( ent]+ x obliquely & p5etrat+ ! side ( x4 ,= track]s we pref] r\nd rods1 made precisely z above1 b ) a #a_/d-;in* bead4 ,if tapp$ wires are to be ins]t$ 9 ! ends ( ! track]s1 x is well to flatt5 ! ins]t$ end ( ! wire by hamm]+ x1 t x may n turn r\nd 9 ! wood :5 ! button is aft]w>ds appli$4 ,a f9e saw-cut is made 9 ! end ( ! track]1 ! flatt5$ "p ( ! tapp$ wire ins]t$1 & /rong r$ ?read1 well wax$1 neatly ti$ r\nd4 ,! ends ?us :ipp$ are sometimes v>ni%$ ) a r$ composition4 ,b ?is is sup]flu\s4 ,if flat track]s are unavoidable1 !y may be cut f a ?ree-eigh? p9e bo>d ) a gauge1 arm$ ) a cutt+-po9t in/ead ( ! usual scor+-p94 ,a smoo?+ plane %\ld be specially prep>$ by fix+ two slips ( wood to its face4 ,^! slips w prev5t ! plane f cutt+ any?+ ?9n] ?an !mselves4 ,!n1 ! plane be+ held firmly d[n ^u ! b5*1 an assi/ant1 walk+ backw>ds1 draws ! track] b5ea? ! blade until x is r$uc$ to ! same ?ickness z ! slips1 say #a_/h in*4 ,! tapp$ wires w be ins]t$ & ! ends :ipp$ z be=e4 ,! squ>es %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh are cut f ?9 bo>ds ( oak or mahogany4 ,p]haps x w be f\nd less tr\blesome & labori\s to make ea* squ>e ( two di/9ct arms1 halv$ toge!r & glu$ at ! angle1 or m effectually jo9$ by t5on & mortice4 ,metal squ>es c be b\ght ready made1 or !y may be cut ) %e>s f brass plate4 ,b we %\ld use wood ourselves4 ,! roll]s w be ( p9e or deal4 ,!y are cut out & dress$ up z squ>e or rectangul> rods ( ! requisite l5g?1 b two ( _! sides are aft]w>ds r\nd$ or curv$4 ,x foll[s f ?is t :5 arrang$ side by side on _! bo>d ! curv$ sides may be ne>ly 9 contact4 ,z our roll]s are %ort1 ?ree-qu>t]s /uff w suffice = !m1 b rods in* or m squ>e %\ld be us$ :5 roll]s h a l5g? exce$+ #b feet or #cj in*es4 ,iron roll]-arms h "s great advantages1 & !y may be b\ght at a mod]ate price p] gross1 neatly bu%$ at ! holes to prev5t a rattl+ ( metal aga9/ metal4 ,b we ourselves delib]ately pref] arms ( wood1 involv+1 z !y d1 mu* great] lab\r4 ,if ^! are us$1 !y %\ld be made ( oak or o!r h>d wood1 & let neatly into a little mortice 9 ! flat side ( ! roll]4 ,aft] !y are glu$ 91 ! holes may be pi]c$ 9 ea* end ( ! roll] to receive ! wires or pivots on :i* x revolves1 & :i* %\ld be /\t & r\nd$ smoo?ly at ! ext]nal extremity4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y we pref] wood5 arms is ?is1 viz4 t ! pivot c be driv5 into or ?r\gh ! arm1 :i* may ?us be at ! extreme end ( ! roll]2 :ile if iron arms are us$ a m>g9 or surplus mu/ be left at ea* end ( ! roll] to all[ room = ! ins]tion ( ! pivot )\t int]f]+ ) ! arm1 ! screw ( :i* passes ?r\gh ! axis ( ! roll]4 ,b x is und5iable t iron arms abridge lab\r & save "t4 ,! /uds 9 :i* ! pivots are support$ are also among ! fitt+s :i* c be obta9$ f ! %ops2 b we h always made our own ( oak1 turn+ ! peg or %ank 9 ! la!4 ,^! /uds mu/ be bu%$ ) clo?4 ,drill ! hole truly ?r\gh ! /ud1 us+ a bor] mu* l>g] ?an ! pivot-wire4 ,cut a /rip ( r$ clo? ab\t #c_/h in* 9 wid?4 ,po9t "o end ( x1 & draw x ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! /ud4 ,x w adapt itself to ! circul> hole1 & w take ! =m ( a clo? pipe l9+ ! hole1 & effectually prev5t+ a rattl+ noise :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be he>d 9 its abs5ce4 ,! plann+ ( a roll]-bo>d1 s z to economise space z mu* z possible1 is "o ( ^? op]ations :i* call = =e?\ght & +5uity4 ,! =ms :i* x may assume are num]\s2 we %all indicate by "o or two simple diagrams "s ( ! comb9ations ( ! fan-frame ) roll]s :i* occur 9 ord9>y practice4 ,fig4 #cf %[s ! usual way ( c>ry+ ! t\* to ! pallets on ! "r & left 9 ! common =m ( s\nd-bo>d %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,a set ( backfalls is assum$ z 9 situ "u ! w9d-*e/1 p>allel to ea* o!r z reg>ds ! six pallets at ea* extremity1 b fan-framewise z reg>ds ! pallets f ,t5or ,c to ! top4 ,z ! actual key-bo>d 7disreg>d+ its frame7 is ab\t #b feet #f in*es 9 wid?1 :ile ! r[ ( pull-d[ns on :i* x is to op]ate ext5ds to a l5g? ( #d feet or m1 we see t !re w be an ov]hang+ m>g9 or surplus ( ! w9d-*e/ on ea* side ( "s #i or m in*es1 & x is probable t all ! pallets affect$ by roll]s w be includ$ 9 ^! ov]hang+ portions ( ! *e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,take a piece ( ?ree-qu>t]s or five-eigh?s bo>d1 ! full l5g? ( ! w9d-*e/1 & wide en\gh = y\r twelve roll]s :5 plac$ z we %all n[ direct4 ,dress x up1 & give x two coats ( prim+4 ,at its l[] edge m>k ! exact c5tres ( ! key-tails f end to end ( ! key-bo>d4 ,at its upp] edge m>k ! precise c5tres ( ! tails ( ! twelve backfalls on :i* ! roll]s are to act1 fix+ ! bo>d tempor>ily s t precision may be secur$4 ,along ! two side m>g9s ( ! bo>d 7:i* has be5 squ>$ up true7 m>k r[s ( dots at equal di/ances1 say #a in* or consid]ably less1 accord+ to ! scantl+ ( y\r roll]s1 :i* may be plac$ z close to ea* o!r z possible )\t actual contact :5 made to revolve ?r\gh a small arc on _! pivots4 ,y h n[ all ! data :i* y require1 & may draw p5cil l9es %[+ ! exact place ( e /ud on ! bo>d1 ! exact l5g? ( e roll]1 & ! exact spots on ea* roll] at :i* ! arms mu/ be ins]t$4 ,fig4 #cf1 9 :i* x y is ! key-bo>d1 ! roll]s & /ick]s be+ repres5t$ by l9es only1 %[s t ! longe/ roll]1 t ( ,,cc %>p1 is plac$ by itself at ! top4 ,?is is done 9 ord] to enable u to use a s+le /ud1 common to two roll]s1 ?r\gh\t ! bo>d until we come to ! la/1 :i* w /& alone4 ,if ! roll]s ( ,,cc & ( its %>p 7 ?us plac$ 9 a l9e1 runn+ into a s+le /ud1 !re w\ld be h>dly room en\gh = ! latt]1 z ! arms w\ld be 9 imm$iate contiguity4 ,by giv+ ! ,,cc %>p roll] a place by itself1 we get ! foll[+ pairs3 ,,cc & ,,dd %>p2 ,,dd & ,,ff2 ,,ee & ,g2 ,,ff %>p & ,a2 ,g-%>p & ,b natural2 ,a %>p w h its own two /uds4 ,?us we obta9 a di/ance ( fully #a-c_/d in* betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! contigu\s arms ( ^! pairs ( roll]s2 & if iron arms are us$1 !re is room to drive 9 ! pivot )\t meet+ ) ! int]ruption ( ! screw 9 ! he>t ( ! wood4 ,:5 ^! measurem5ts h be5 made1 & l9es drawn 9 p5cil or *alk1 ! holes = ! %anks ( ! /uds may be bor$1 & ! bo>d clean$ ov] & p]haps repa9t$4 ,:5 ! "w is complete1 ! cleanly plan$ roll]s ) _! neat /uds on ! d>k backgr\nd ( ! bo>d %\ld pres5t a pleas+ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,sometimes ! roll]-bo>d lies horizontally4 ,x is !n usually call$ a roll]-frame4 ,fig4 #cg is a slight sket* %[+ h[ a roll]-frame may be unit$ ) squ>es 9 c]ta9 cases4 a b is a key-bo>d1 act+ by /ick]s on a set ( squ>es1 c1 arrang$ 9 a bridge4 d is ano!r set ( squ>es 9 a long] bridge "u ! pull-d[ns ( a *e/1 e1 let u say t ( ! second manual 9 an in/rum5t ( consid]able size1 plac$ at ! back ( ! case1 & possibly "s feet f ! play]4 f is a roll]-frame1 transmitt+ ! t\* by track]s to ! extreme pallets "r & left4 ,if economy ( height is no object1 h[ev]1 ! roll]-bo>d w be plac$ betwe5 ! squ>es d & ! *e/ e 9 ! usual v]tical position1 or x may be above ! keys4 ,sometimes space is sav$ by ins]t+ ! roll]-arms on opposite sides ( ! roll]s1 cutt+ ap]tures 9 ! bo>d ?r\gh :i* "o arm ( ea* pair may protrude4 ,?is plan may be reg>d$ z a compromise betwe5 ! fan-frame & roll]-bo>d1 ! latt] do+ duty z a set ( backfalls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,?is arrangem5t is sket*$ 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! roll]-bo>d1 g1 is above ! key-tails1 :i* act by /ick]s on arms br\ght ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! bo>d4 ,! opposite arms1 h h1 9 front z usual1 act on ! pull-d[ns by track]s4 ,we h adopt$ ?is plan 9 a v small organ1 & "u ! necessity ( economis+ space z mu* z possible1 ) complete success1 al?\gh e pallet _h its roll]1 ! fan-frame be+ entirely abs5t4 ,roll]s are (t5 made ( iron1 especially 9 ! case ( p$al movem5ts1 :]e space is n abundant4 ,x w easily be und]/ood t iron tubes ( small calibre1 plugg$ ) wood at ! ends to receive ! pivots1 & hav+ iron arms screw$ into drill$ holes1 w\ld pres5t no s]i\s difficulties to ! workman1 & might be arrang$ ^u a bo>d little m ?an half ! size ( t requir$ by a set ( roll]s 9 wood4 ,we mu/ n close ?is *apt] )\t expla9+ t ! plantations ( pipes sket*$ or indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #h & #i may be contriv$ )\t groov+ by an arrangem5t involv+ no s]i\s difficulty or complication4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci1 a b c is a s\nd-bo>d %[n 9 section1 divid$ int]nally into two unequal p>ts by a longitud9al b> at b4 ,! front "p1 b c1 ne>e/ to ! play]1 has #db *annels1 & c>ries all ! pipes f ,t5or ,c upw>ds4 ,! h9d] "p has #ab *annels only1 & supplies ! bass octave4 ,^! two sep>ate int]nal divisions w h _! pallets & spr+s z usual1 & a s+le w9d-*e/ may include bo? sets ( pallets1 or two w9d-*e/s may be unit$ by a %ort trunk1 or sep>ate trunks may be fitt$ to ea*1 at ! discretion & conv5i5ce ( ! build]4 ,we h n[ only to adapt a set ( backfalls 9 a fan-frame to ! front pallets1 & a roll]-bo>d act+ on twelve p>allel backfalls to ! pallets ( ! bass octave1 & we h a v compact & sightly arrangem5t ( pipes )\t a s+le groove1 e pipe /&+ on its w9d4 ,if ! back pipes 7 ^!--,/opp$ ,diapason1 ,bass1 #d-;feet tone1 & op5 ,flute1 wood1 #d feet2 :ile ! front pipes compris$ a ,dulciana1 ,/opp$ ,diapason1 & ,pr9cipal1 or "s equival5t--?is little in/rum5t might be entirely satisfactory 9 all respects4 ,we may add t ?is arrangem5t ( a d\ble s\nd-bo>d & w9d-*e/ has be5 successfully appli$ by ! writ] to an organ ) two manuals4 ,! s\nd-bo>d 0 ab\t #e feet #c in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! front division _h #hd *annels1 viz4 #db = ea* ( ! two manuals f ,t5or ,c to top ,f2 ! h9d] division _h #bd *annels1 viz4 #ab = ea* manual bass octave4 ,!re 7 practically eight /ops1 two ( !m groov$ to ea* o!r 9 ! bass4 ,( ?is groov+1 :5 !re are two manuals1 we %all h some?+ to say 9 a subsequ5t page4 ,x is n q s simple an affair z ! groov+ already describ$4 ,:5 ! key-bo>d is 9 its place1 ! /ick]s adju/$1 & ! keys levell$ by att5tion to ! buttons on ! tapp$ pull-d[ns1 a heavy damp] or ?ump+-bo>d %\ld be laid across ! key-bo>d4 ,9 mod]n organs ?is is g5]ally a solid b> ( lead1 ab\t #a_/b in* ?ick1 & ab\t #a-a_/b in* 9 wid?2 x is cov]$ ) baize on its "u side1 & a guide-p91 mov+ loosely 9 a little v]tical groove cut 9 ! key-frame at ea* end1 keeps x 9 position4 ,our damp] may be ( oak or mahogany1 v /raight & true1 & load$ ) lead1 run :5 fluid into cavities made ) a l>ge c5tre-bit4 ,! damp]1 ly+ ^u ! keys1 & support$ by !m1 helps to keep !m level1 & by receiv+ ! bl[ or %ock ( ea* key1 z ! f+] leaves x1 x prev5ts a tapp+ noise :i* might be he>d if ! ris+ keys 7 /opp$ only by ! bo>d ( ! key-frame4 ,! desc5t or fall ( ! keys :5 press$ by ! f+]s %\ld n exce$ #a_/c in*4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,voic+ ,,& ,,tun+4 ,,! "t has n[ come :5 we may br+ our little organ into musical ord]1 & reap "s ( ! fruits ( our toil4 ,if ! processes describ$ 9 previ\s *apt]s h be5 /eadily c>ri$ out1 ! in/rum5t is n[ complete 7s f> z ! manual only is conc]n$7 ) ! exception ( ! draw-/op action1 :i* we int5tionally res]ve1 & ! ext]nal case4 ,we %all ins]t "h1 !re=e1 a few pages on voic+1 ! important & delicate op]ation by :i* ! correct spee* & di/9ctive tone ( organ-pipes is imp>t$ to !m4 ,let u w>n ! read] at once1 & ) emphasis1 t ! process ( voic+ metal pipes is s complex t a complete ma/]y ( its practical details is by no means uni=mly atta9$1 ev5 aft] ye>s ( /eady practice "u skill$ guidance4 ,a v s5sitive & educat$ e>1 a delicate s5se ( t\* 9 ! h&l+ ( f9e tools1 & a ?or\gh famili>ity ) ! tonal quality1 or timbre1 ( ! be/ examples ( ! _m v>ieties ( pipes--^! gifts are ess5tial to ! successful voic]4 ,h5ce we _c c\nsel beg9n]s to attempt ! voic+ ( metal pipes1 unless !y are =tunate en\gh to f9d !mselves 9 a position to obta9 lessons f "s clev] op]ator will+ to give !m1 or unless !y c ga9 p]mission to att5d at "s fir/-class factory1 = ! express purpose ( wat*+ ! pipe-mak]s & voic]s at "w4 ,we %all n be det]r$1 h[ev]1 by ^! consid]ations f describ+1 to ! be/ ( our ability1 ! bus9ess ( voic+ & regulat+ an ord9>y metal pipe1 po9t+ out specially1 z we g on1 all t may be necess>y = ! removal ( defects & faults 9 pipes already voic$ by o!r h&s4 ,b we mu/ ackn[l$ge our own obligations to ! little treatise on voic+ & tun+ m5tion$ 9 ! preface to ?is "w4 ,^? :o obta9 & p]use ?is ?or\ghly practical little tract w f9d all ! in=mation :i* !y c require4 ,figs4 #dj1 #da %[ ! well-kn[n =ms ( metal organ-pipes z se5 9 ! ,op5 ,diapason1 ,pr9cipal1 c4 ,figs4 #db1 #dc give details4 ,! languid1 ,fig4 #db1 is a little enl>g$4 ,x w be se5 t ! ess5tial features ( wood5 pipes h _! c\nt]p>t 9 ^? ( metal--! language1 or languid1 answ]+ to ! wood5 block1 ! conical t]m9ation to ! wood5 pipe-foot1 ! cyl9drical body to ! rectangul> wood5 tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,we h nev] made any metal pipes ourselves1 & we d\bt if our read]s w d well to emb>k ^u an und]tak+ requir+ special plant & appliances 9 a sep>ate work%op1 & call+ = great dext]ity & neatness 9 a class ( op]ations famili> only to tra9$ artisans4 ,= ! in=mation1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :o *oose to make ! exp]im5t1 we may expla9 t ! metal %eets f :i* ! pipes are made are ?us produc$3-- ,! +r$i5ts 7viz4 t9 & lead 9 v>i\s proportions7 are melt$ toge!r 9 a copp] & !n ca/ into %eets1 a process effect$ by p\r+ x 9 a molt5 /ate into a wood5 tr\gh1 & runn+ ! tr\gh rapidly along a b5* fac$ ) tick4 ,! metal escapes f ! tr\gh ?r\gh a n>r[ horizontal op5+ at ! back1 leav+ a lay] ( metal beh9d x z x proce$s2 & ! wid] ! cutt+ is1 ( c\rse ! ?ick] w be ! %eet ( metal produc$4 ,aft] be+ ca/ to an approximate ?ickness1 ! metal is plan$ d[n to ! precise ?ickness requir$4 ,x is !n cut into portions ( ! %ape necess>y to give to ! pipes ! requir$ size & =m1 & is ?us f9ally work$ up4#b #b ,hopk9s & ,rimbault1 p4 #gf4 ,! ?ree p>ts :i* compose ! pipe are fir/ sep>ately prep>$4 ,! %eet ( metal is roll$ r\nd a wood5 cyl9d] or cone1 call$ a m&rel1 & ! edges are sold]$ toge!r4 ,! extreme neatness ( ?is sold]$ jo9t is secur$ by sme>+ ! metal ) composition1 :i* is scrap$ (f at t "p only :i* is to reta9 ! sold]2 b a /eady h&1 & long famili>ity ) ! manipulation ( ! heat$ copp] tool & ) ! prop]ties ( s(t sold]1 are absolutely ess5tial to success4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! body ?us sold]$1 ! m\? is =m$ by flatt5+ a portion ( ! cyl9d] & by cutt+ away a horizontal slip ( ! metal4 ,! wid? ( ! m\? is to be 9 all cases a qu>t] ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! pipe4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge pipes ! m\? is =m$ by cutt+ away a piece ( metal ( consid]able size1 & replac+ x by a %eet call$ ! leaf1 hav+ ! m\? cut on its l[] edge4 ,! foot is =m$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & has a flatt5$ portion correspond+ to t ( ! body4 ,! language1 or languid1 is a circul> disc ( mu* ?ick] /uff1 bevell$ (f r\nd its p]iph]y1 :i* is alt]$ into a /raight l9e at t portion :i* w lie b5ea? ! m\? :5 ! pipe is complete4 ,! ?ree compon5t p>ts are ?us work$ toge!r4 ,! languid is plac$ on ! wide op5+ ( ! foot1 & ! w9dway =m$ by leav+ a n>r[ slit betwe5 ! /raight edge ( ! languid & ! flatt5$ lip ( ! foot4 ,! two are !n neatly sold]$ toge!r4 ,! body is !n sold]$ to ! foot1 c>e be+ tak5 to adju/ ! m\? exactly opposite to ! w9dway4 ,! l>g] pipes h e>s1 namely1 rectangul> pieces ( metal sold]$ on ea* side ( ! m\?4 ,?us complet$ & clean$ ov]1 ! pipes are h&$ to ! voic]4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we left a wood5 pipe1 simil>ly put toge!r b unvoic$1 9 an e>li] portion ( ?is book4 ,we h n[ to expla9 t bo? classes ( pipes pass ?r\gh a simil> or analog\s c\rse ( treatm5t at ! h&s ( ! voic]4 ,) small metal tools1 call$ not*]s1 ( :i* he has f\r or five1 he cuts a r[ ( nicks 9 ! /raight edge ( ! languid1 caus+ x to resemble some:at ! edge ( a saw4 ,^! nicks or not*es1 co>se or f9e1 close toge!r or at r>] int]vals1 z ! case may be1 conduct ! %eet ( w9d f ! foot-hole aga9/ ! upp] lip ( ! m\?1 & influ5ce to a mo/ important ext5t ! "* ( ! tone4 ,9 a simil> way1 & us+ a file gr\nd to a saw-l edge1 ! op]ator on a wood5 pipe cuts nicks 9 ! slightly bevell$ upp] edge ( ! block1 & cont9ues or prolongs ^! not*es obliquely across ! front ( ! block1 lett+ !m die away or come to no?+ at _! extremity4 ,fig4 #dd %[s ! front ( a block ?us treat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! art ( ! voic]1 h[ev]1 is by no means exp5d$ ^u ?is not*+ ( ! languids & blocks4 ,x ext5ds to ! accurate & nice adju/m5t ( ! height ( ! m\?1 ! ap]ture ( ! foot-hole1 & ! wid? ( ! w9dway4 ,all ^! w be> /rict proportion to ! scale or size ( ! body ( ! pipe1 & to ! weight or pressure ( ! w9d4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! tone1 quality1 or timbre ( an organ-pipe1 & !re=e ( a /op or set ( organ-pipes1 dep5ds ^u skill$ att5tion to at lea/ six di/9ct consid]ations1 viz43-- a4 ,scale ( pipe4 b4 ,height ( m\?4 c4 ,diamet] ( foot-hole4 d4 ,wid? ( w9dway4 e4 ,"* ( not*+4 f4 ,weight ( w9d4 ,x is ! ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! art ( manipulat+ pipes1 ) all ^! ess5tial po9ts kept 9 view1 :i* enables ! voic] to produce ! exquisite contra/s ( tone he>d 9 good organs betwe5 ! tranquil ,dulciana & ! delicate ,salcional2 betwe5 ! ,viol9 ,diapason & ! ,gamba2 betwe5 ! ,k]aulophon & ! ,viola1 z v>i\sly con/ruct$2 betwe5 ! fluty-ton$ /ops1 ( wood or ( metal1 to :i* v>i\s names h be5 giv53 & ! full *orus or comb9$ p[] ( a l>ge in/rum5t w be maje/ic1 impos+1 & dignifi$1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 %rill1 h>%1 & unpleas+ 7quality ( mat]ials be+ assum$ to be simil>71 9 proportion to ! skill1 ta/e1 & judgm5t ) :i* x is f9ally voic$ & regulat$4 ,we h said en\gh1 p]haps1 to ju/ify our advice t metal pipes be procur$ 9 a f9i%$ condition f compet5t mak]s4 ,our little organ conta9s two metal /ops1 viz4 a ,dulciana 7or a small ,op5 ,diapason7 f ,t5or ,c to f 9 alt1 & a ,pr9cipal ( #d feet ?r\gh\t4 ,ea* ( ^!1 made ( good metal1 %\ld co/ #f or #g4 ,*eap pipes mean inf]ior metal1 & ?is we _c recomm5d 9 any organ1 great or small4 ,! ne>] ! approa* made to pure t9 ! bett] 7o!r ess5tial po9ts be+ assum$7 w be ! quality ( ! tone4 ,9 ord]+ ! pipes1 ! weight or pressure ( w9d on :i* !y are to speak mu/ be c>efully specifi$4 ,?is may be easily asc]ta9$ by us+ a w9d-gauge1 a little in/rum5t :i* we sket* 9 its simple/ =m 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,x consi/s ( a glass tube1 b5t z %[n 9 ! figure 7?is c be done at any glass-bl[]'s or optician's71 & hav+ its l[] end ins]t$ 9 a wood5 pipe-foot4 ,plant+ ! gauge on any hole ( full size 9 any "p ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 we p\r a little wat] into ! b5t "p or dip ( ! gauge4 ,on bl[+ ! bell[s /eadily1 & depress+ ! key on ! manual correspond+ to ! groove on :i* ! gauge is plac$1 ! wat] w be depress$ 9 ! inn] column1 & w rise 9 ! out]4 ,by adju/+ ! weights on ! bell[s we may make ?is diff]5ce 9 ! levels ( ! two columns great] or less z we please4 ,9 our organ we %all h a #b-;in* w9d2 t is to say1 we %all load ! bell[s s t ! gauge may indicate a diff]5ce ( #b in*es betwe5 ! two columns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,we may note "h t ab\t #g lbs4 p] squ>e foot ( surface ( top-bo>d w be requir$ to give ?is pressure4 ,pieces ( old ca/ iron ab\t an in* ?ick may be procur$ at any f\ndry1 & =m ! mo/ suitable mat]ial = weights4 ,! voic] hav+ work$ to a #b-;in* w9d1 x is probable t :5 ! new metal pipes are plant$ 9 _! places !y w speak ) *>m+ ev5ness & tru?4 ,if "s or any ( !m1 h[ev]1 betray "s defects1 x w be well n to m$dle ) !m until we h satisfi$ ourselves t ! fault does n belong to our own me*anism4 ,if1 = in/ance1 "o pipe %\ld be s(t] or less prompt & cle> ?an ! o!rs1 let u be sure t ! fl[ ( w9d to t pipe is n int]rupt$ or ?rottl$ by a *ip 9 ! w9d-hole or 7if !re is conveyanc+7 9 ! *annel4 ,?is w be asc]ta9$ by plant+ ! pipe = ! mom5t on "s o!r groove ?an its own4 ,if ! holes & *annels are all cle>1 & ! pallet is op5$ freely by ! key1 ! fault mu/ be 9 ! pipe4 ,?is may h suff]$ "s little injury 9 ! pack+ case1 e4g4 ! l[] lip may h be5 nipp$ too close to ! edge ( ! languid1 ?us r$uc+ ! wid? ( ! w9dway4 ,?is may be c>efully rectifi$ ) ! flat blade ( a common table-knife1 or simil> object4 ,or ! languid itself may h be5 b5t or depress$ by ! weight ( ano!r pipe1 pack$ )9 x to save room 9 ! case4 ,if ?is is s1 ! languid mu/ be c>efully pu%$ back to ! level by a /\t wire or rod ins]t$ ?r\gh ! foot-hole4 ,if ! upp] lip has be5 press$ inw>ds1 we mu/ c\nsel ! utmo/ c>e 9 br++ x back to its position4 ,! pipe %\ld be s5t back to ! mak] if ! di/ortion is s]i\s or consid]able4 ,if x is slight we may rectify x by pass+ a slip ( iron b5t into ! %ape ( ! lett] ,l ?r\gh ! m\?1 & ?us pull+ =w>d ! :ole ( ! l[] p> ( ! leaf1 pres]v+ its regul> slope z be=e4 ,if ! m\?1 lips1 & languid are all "r1 x is possible t by "s accid5t ! size ( ! foot-hole has be5 r$uc$4 ,x may be cauti\sly enl>g$ ) a p5knife or ) a broa*2 & if "u o!r circum/ances ! foot-hole requires r$uction1 ?is maybe done by g5tly rapp+ or hamm]+ ! metal r\nd ! ap]ture ) ! flat side ( a *isel4 ,! build]s h a heavy brass cone = effect+ ?is r$uction call$ a knock+-up cup4 ,simil> brass cones1 we may "h add1 are us$ 9 tun+4 ,!y are exp5sive1 h[ev]4 ,all t we h said ( possible defects 9 metal pipes applies1 mutatis mut&is1 to wood5 pipes2 & z we make ^! ourselves we may deal m boldly ) !m4 ,an unvoic$ wood5 pipe w g5]ally emit a *irp or :i/le be=e its note4 ,! nick+ ( ! block w remove ?is1 b if we ov]do ?is nick+ we %all he> a husk9ess or buzz+ equally or m disagreeable4 ,?is husky quality may also be due to a too wide w9dway2 9 ?is case1 remove ! cap & rub ! inside face ( x on a %eet ( glass-pap] p9n$ d[n ^u a bo>d1 or plane (f ! inside face & file ! w9dway anew4 ,if ! m\? has be5 cut too high1 !re may be no?+ = x b to take (f ! front bo>d & remake ! pipe4 ,if ! pipe1 9 o!r respects good1 is too l\d1 plug ! foot-hole ) neat flat plugs4 ,if x is too s(t1 ! pipe-foot may h be5 imp]fectly bor$1 or may be defective 9 "s way1 or *ips may h be5 left 9 ! ?roat ( ! pipe4 ,ill-fitt+ /opp]s are a fruitful s\rce ( defects 9 wood5 /opp$ pipes4 ,refit !m 9 e case ( d\bt1 & leave no room = misgiv+s z to ! s\ndness ( ! jo9ts ( ! pipe ne> ! top4 ,we mu/ po9t out to our read]s t /r5g?1 sonority1 or p[] mu/ on no acc\nt be expect$ f wood5 pipes4 ,a tone utt]ly h>% & intol]able w be ! result ( ov]-bl[+ ! ,/opp$ ,diapason or ,flute1 /ops ( :i* ! *>act]i/ic quality %\ld only be tranquil sweetness & s(tness4 ,! flute ( #d-;feet tone1 especially1 _c be too delicate1 & 9 its upp] octave great pati5ce w be requisite 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! t9y m\?s & w9dways to prev5t %rillness4 ,^! rem>ks apply also to our fif? /op1 :i* we h be5 cont5t hi!rto to call simply ,fifte5? #b-;feet4 ,! ,fifte5? prop] is a metal /op ( /rong %rill quality1 hav+ its value 9 l>ge in/rum5ts1 :]e x is balanc$ by o!r /ops 9 aff9ity ) x4 ,su* a /op w\ld be q unsuitable to our little organ4 ,if we are to h a #b-;feet /op at all1 x %\ld be a ,flageolet or ,flaut9a1 an e*o1 9 fact1 ( ! #d-;feet ,flute4 ,?is may be successfully made by dilig5t op]ators 9 wood1 ! l[] "p /opp$1 ! upp] "p op54 ,! pr(essional voic]s produce ! fluty quality f ord9>y metal ,fifte5?s by peculi> treatm5t ( ! m\?4 ,9 =eign organs su* /ops are g5]ally or (t5 ( conical =m1 ! n>r[ ap]ture at ! top4 ,^! /ops 7:i* may also be ( #d-;feet or #h-;feet pit*7 usually be> ! names ,gems-horn or ,spitz-flute4 ,we may dismiss ! subject ( ,tun+ ) a v few rem>ks4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,temp]am5t--t is to say1 ( ! compromise or adaptation requisite 9 ! mod]n scale ( an octave conta9+ twelve semitones--are n peculi> to organs1 & may be /udi$ 9 any treatise4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s exhau/s ! subject 9 a v int]e/+ *apt] ( 8 great "w4 ,our useful little tract on voic+ gives all ne$ful in=mation4 ,a s5sible & practical pamphlet on ! same subject has be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,hem/ock1 organi/ ( ,diss4 ,y w beg9 ) ,regulation1 t is1 ) equalis+ ! p[] or /r5g? ( ! pipes compos+ ea* /op4 ,be/[ e c>e on ?is1 especially 9 ! upp] ranges ( ! small wood5 pipes4 ,! pleas+ effect ( ! organ w greatly dep5d ^u success 9 ?is op]ation4 ,:5 satisfi$ on ?is po9t1 tune y\r wood5 pipes to ! metal ,pr9cipal1 :i* has be5 s5t f ! mak]'s ready tun$ & voic$4 ,aft] ?is r\gh approximation to absolute correctness1 g ov] ! :ole organ ) great delib]ation & c>e1 foll[+ ! rules giv5 9 ! works :i* we h cit$1 or 9 any "o ( !m4 ,a second or ?ird tun+ may be requisite be=e a s5sitive e> is q satisfi$4 ,cones & cups ( boxwood1 or made ( %eet copp] ) braz$ seams1 may be us$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! exp5sive ca/-brass articles4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,draw-,,/ops4 ,,we h provid$ no means z yet = br++ ! slid]s "u ! control ( ! play]4 ,! me*anism by :i* ?is w be effect$ mu/ dep5d ^u our plans = ! case & book-bo>d4 ,me?od #a4--;,z we h only five /ops we may h resolv$ to arrange ! knobs 9 a horizontal r[ above ! key-bo>d1 & bel[ ! edge ( ! book4 ,we %all soon see t ?is arrangem5t w result 9 mu* conv5i5ce & simplicity4 ,! ends ( ! slid]s project at ea* end #b or #c in*es beyond ! m>g9 ( ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,to ! *eek ( ! w9d-*e/1 bel[ ^! project+ ends1 w be screw$ a /\t balk ( oak or mahogany 7say #b-a_/b in*es squ>e71 con/itut+ a bridge1 & hav+ /\t lev]s1 aft] ! mann] ( backfalls1 work+ 9 not*es4 ,^! lev]s %\ld be ( oak1 bir*1 or o!r h>d wood1 at lea/ #a_/b or #e_/h in* 9 ?ickness1 & n less ?an #b in*es wide2 & ! p9s on :i* !y "w %\ld be v /\t1 say #a_/d in* 9 diamet]1 & %\ld be held d[n 9 _! places by slips ( h>d wood firmly screw$ d[n to ! bridge4 ,all ?is is suffici5tly %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 & x w be q pla9 to ! compreh5sion ( e read] t ^! lev]s 7l backfalls7 may be askew to ! /raight l9e ( ! bridge1 s t :ile _! upp] ends spread out to rea* ! slid]s1 _! l[] extremities may be br\ght into any position conv5i5t ( access4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,! arms ( ^! lev]s w ( c\rse be ( unequal l5g?s4 ,ab\t #b in*es1 or a trifle m1 w be f\nd a suffici5t & agreeable play = ! draw-/ops4 ,if ! slid]s h a play ( #a in* only1 x is cle> t ! l[] arm ( ! lev]s mu/ be twice ! l5g? ( ! upp] arm4 ,at any rate ! adju/m5t ( ! play ( ! draw-/ops to t ( ! slid]s %\ld be made 9 fitt+ ^! lev]s1 & n 9 any o!r "p ( ! me*anism4 ,! upp] end ( ! lev]1 %ap$ into a t5on or tongue1 w ent] a squ>e ap]ture 9 ! end ( ! slid]1 & ! edges ( ?is ap]ture %\ld be bevell$1 9 ord] t ! lev] may be> equally ^u x 9 all positions4 ,rub ! end ( ! lev] ) blacklead1 & use ?is :]ev] !re is friction ( wood aga9/ wood4 ,! lev]s be+ fitt$1 ?ree at "o end & two at ! o!r1 or all ! five at ! same end1 z may be/ suit ! position ( ! w9d-trunk1 ! =m ( ! frame1 & o!r consid]ations1 x w be easy to connect !m ) ! draw-/ops by means ( squ>es or bell-cranks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,fig4 #dg %[s ^! squ>es or bell-cranks arrang$ ^u a bo>d :i* is screw$ ^u ! key-frame4 ,!y may be cut out ( %eet iron or may be made ( oak1 ! arms halv$ toge!r or jo9$ by t5on & mortice4 ,!y %\ld "w ^u a /rong p9 ( iron or brass1 & a small block und]nea? ea* squ>e lifts x above ! level ( ! bo>d4 ,a trace1 or light rod ( p9e1 #a in* or #g_/h squ>e1 not*$ at "o end to receive ! arm ( ! crank1 & at ! o!r to cat* ! end ( ! lev]1 is connect$ ) ea* by a p9 ( iron or brass1 & blacklead is us$ z be=e4 ,! draw-/ops are g5]ally turn$ & poli%$ = a few in*es at ! end :i* appe>s 9 sight1 & :i* c>ries ! knob1 & x is usual to l9e ! holes ?r\gh :i* ?is turn$ & poli%$ "p protrudes ) sc>let or o!r clo?4 ,! tails ( ^! draw-b>s1 left squ>e1 %\ld "w 9 guides cut 9 a v]tical piece at ! back1 or o!rwise arrang$ to ensure p>allel movem5t4 ,a %ort slip ( h>d wood or ( metal connects ea* draw-b> ) its bell-crank4 ,! action ( ?is me*anism mu/ n be consid]$ satisfactory unless ea* /op op]ates ) ease & exactness1 & )\t any s5se ( ela/icity or unequal resi/ance4 ,! knobs w be easily fa%ion$1 f a good patt]n1 by any turn] possess+ a light la!2 nor is x difficult to engrave ! names on ! ivory faces4 ,a conv5i5t tool = ?is latt] purpose may be made by gr9d+ d[n ! end ( a small triangul> file4 ,b ! engrav]'s bur9 may be b\ght at ! tool-%ops4 ,! knobs w n be glu$ into ! ends ( ! draw-b>s until all is complete1 t ! engrav$ titles may be rightly adju/$ at a true level4 ,me?od #b4--;,if x is pref]r$ to place ! draw-/ops to ! "r & left ( ! play]1 z 9 l>ge organs1 we %all h ! bridges & lev]s z be=e4 ,! draw-b>s w run ?r\gh guides at ! back1 fix$ to "s "p ( ! frame1 & _! poli%$ ends w be br\ght ?r\gh l9$ holes 9 ! *eeks ( ! case1 fitt$ accord+ to ta/e4 ,! connection ( ^! horizontal draw-b>s ) ! v]tical lev]s w be effect$ by squ>es or bell-cranks ( a =m kn[n z trundles4 ,we give a repres5tation ( "o ( ^! 9 ,fig4 #dh1 :]e a is ! slid]1 b ! lev] act+ ^u x1 c ! trace connect+ x ) d1 an arm ( ! trundle e f4 ,?is trundle %\ld be ( oak1 bir*1 or o!r h>d wood2 x has p9s at ea* end1 :i* are receiv$ into holes bor$ 9 be>]s arrang$ accord+ly1 & n %[n 9 ! figure1 or 9 ! frame itself ( ! organ4 7,x is well to *> ^! holes47 ,! trundles are ( c\rse plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r 9 a r[1 & ! second arm ( ea* trundle w be ins]t$ at ! level answ]+ to ! position ( ! draw-b>4 ,9 ! cut g h is ?is second arm & draw-b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! trundles are easily made ( iron1 & ) manife/ increase ( /r5g? & neatness4 ,we h us$ gas-pipe = ?is purpose1 #a_/b in* 9 ext]nal diamet]4 ,! arms made f iron slips1 #a_/b in* wide & #a_/d ?ick1 7 br\ght to a r\nd p9 at "o end 9 ! la!4 ,?is r\nd p9 passes ?r\gh a hole drill$ ?r\gh ! trundle 7:e!r tubul> or solid71 fitt+ x tightly1 & ! project+ end is spread out ) a rivet+ hamm]4 ,all ?is may be done cold1 b /ill m effectually ) ! aid ( a =ge4 ,! ends ( ! trundle w be receiv$ 9 *>r$ holes 9 be>]s z be=e1 us+ tall[ z a lubricator2 or if tube is adopt$1 brass or iron p9s may be jamm$ into ! ends ( ! tube1 & tru$ up 9 ! la!4 ,all su* iron-"w1 introduc$ "h or else:]e 9 ! organ1 may be pa9t$ ov] ) ! composition kn[n z ,brunswick black v>ni%1 :i* w prev5t ru/4 ,! holes 9 ! arms1 to receive ! p9s ( ! traces & draw-b>s1 w be drill$ ) ease 9 ! ev]-h&y la!1 or ) a b[ & brea/-plate1 or by any blacksmi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,me?od #c4--;,9 small organs1 ) %ort s\nd-bo>ds1 ! iron trundles may be made to act at once ^u ! slid]s1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! lev]s & bridge4 ,:5 ?is is done ! upp] arm ( ! trundle w be q at its top1 & w be slop$ or b5t upw>ds z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,ne> its end w be a %ort & /rong p91 :i* w ent] a little slot or oblong hole 9 ! slid]4 ,! trundle w revolve 9 a wood5 coll> screw$ to ! *eek ( ! w9d-*e/1 & at its base 9 a hole 9 a be>] or 9 ! organ-frame z be=e4 ,! draw-b> w act directly ^u ! l[] arm ( ! trundle1 & ! l5g?s ( ! two arms mu/ be proportion$ to ea* o!r1 s z to comp5sate = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! play ( ! slid] & t ( ! draw-/op4 ,cases ( peculi> con/ruction may be easily imag9$1 9 :i* two sets ( trundles may become necess>y1 communicat+ ) ea* o!r by long traces4 ,9 "s o!r cases ! trundles may be horizontally plac$1 l a roll]-frame1 & common squ>es may act ^u ! slid]s2 ) upright traces connect+ !m ) ! arms ( ! horizontal trundles2 :ile comb9ations ( ^! v>i\s plans w sugge/ !mselves to ! inv5tive read] to meet possible exig5cies ( position or arrangem5t4 ,me?od #d4--,we may /ill fur!r expla9 t trundles may be disc>d$ by fix+ common squ>es or bell-cranks ^u /eps or /ages cut on ! edge ( a piece ( ?ick plank1 screw$ to ! organ-frame1 ! /eps or /ages correspond+ to ! levels ( ! draw-/ops z arrang$ 9 ! *eeks or jambs ( ! organ4 ,! draw-b>s w act directly on ^! squ>es1 :i* w transmit ! movem5t to ! lev]s by traces2 b 9 ?is case x is pla9 t ! lev]s w be ( v>y+ l5g?s1 & mu/ be provid$ ) sep>ate bridges1 9 ord] t ! prop] relation may be ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! play ( ! sev]al p>ts4 ,?is plan has mu* to recomm5d x4 ,we h ent]$ at "s l5g? into ! subject ( ! draw-/op action1 because mu* ( ! com=t ( ! play] dep5ds ^u its effici5cy4 ,! arrangem5t to be adopt$ %\ld be well consid]$1 & ! plans = x matur$ at an e>ly /age ( ! "w4 ,all ! p9s us$ %\ld fit accurately1 & x is well t means %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! dropp+ or work+ out ( ^! p9s4 ,a v neat way ( gu>d+ aga9/ ?is common accid5t is to r$uce a small portion ( ! end ( ! p9 ) a file or 9 ! la!1 & to cut a screw-?read ^u ?is r$uc$ portion2 a lea!r button w !n r5d] failure impossible4 ,! o!r end ( ! p9 is usually b5t d[n at a "r angle4 ,composition p$als1 = draw+ & %utt+ (f ! /ops 9 gr\ps by ! foot1 are n want$ 9 s small an organ z ours1 & we ne$ n describe !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,p$als4 ,,we h hi!rto said no?+ ( p$als4 ,:at we %all n[ say w n occupy mu* ( our rema9+ space4 ,we h to fit our little organ ) a set ( p$als pull+ d[n ! bass keys ( ! manual1 b comm&+ no sep>ate pipes ( _! own4 ,:at is to be _! compass8 ,on ?is we h to rem>k t :5 an organ is int5d$ = ! practis+ ( a /ud5t or pr(essional musician1 or = ! p]=mance by any play] :atev] ( g5u9e organ music1 ! full compass ( ?irty notes1 ,c to f1 is q ess5tial4 ,on ?is po9t no room mu/ be left = misconception4 ,b small organs1 design$ = humble & unambiti\s play]s1 or = ! accompanim5t ( voices 9 a room or 9 a village *ur*1 may be fitt$ ) p$al-bo>ds %ort] by a :ole octave ?an ?is complete or full compass4 ,a range ( sev5te5 notes1 ,c to e1 w c]ta9ly suffice = ! ord9>y practice ( ! great majority ( p]sons :o are at all likely to sit d[n to our little organ4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ?is curtail$ p$al-bo>d mu/ be plac$ 9 ! same position relatively to ! key-bo>d :i* w\ld be occupi$ by "o ( full range4 ,9 o!r words1 x mu/ n be locat$1 = appe>ance sake1 9 ! middle ( ! case1 b mu/ be pu%$ away to ! left ( ! play]1 leav+ a blank space on ! floor to ! "r4 ,if ?is 7 ov]look$1 x is pla9 t a play] accu/om$ to ! imp]fect p$als w\ld be utt]ly at fault :5 introduc$ to an in/rum5t ( high] "*4 ,an excell5t rule on ?is subject has be5 laid d[n by ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 ^: op9ion 9 su* matt]s is judicial4 ,x is ?is3--,to place ! c5tral ,c ( ! p$als--! ?irte5? note1 comm5c+ f ! left--directly und]nea? ! middle ,c ( ! manual4 ,if ?is rule be obs]v$1 ! foot w easily f9d all ! notes ( ! l[] octave1 :e!r ! compass be complete or curtail$2 & we mu/ leave to our read]s to decide ^u ! range ( _! p$al-bo>d aft] a due consid]ation ( circum/ances4 ,sev5te5 notes 7an octave & a ?ird7 mu/ be tak5 z a m9imum2 tw5ty notes 7octave & a half7 & tw5ty-five notes 7two octaves7 are alt]natives /ill fall+ %ort ( ! full compass ( ?irty notes necess>y = ! practice ( ! preludes & fugues ( ,ba* & o!r great ma/]s4 ,! p$als %\ld be made ( oak1 & %\ld be f #ah to #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 #a in* wide or ?ick1 & at lea/ #a-a_/b or #b in*es 9 dep?4 ,! %>ps1 or %ort keys1 %\ld be ab\t #e in*es 9 l5g?1 b !y are glu$ or o!rwise fa/5$ ^u /rips ( oak z long z ! o!r p$als4 ,! front or ne> end ( ! %>ps %\ld /& up ab\t #a in* above ! level ( ! naturals2 f ?is po9t !y may slope up to #a-c_/h in*4 ,! long tails or be>]s ( ! %>ps mu/ be sunk ab\t #a in* bel[ ! level ( ! naturals1 9 ord] t !y may n be t\*$ by ! foot4 ,! =e-end ( ! %>ps w be well r\nd$ (f1 & ! upp] edge ( all ! p$al keys w be made slightly convex4 ,la/ly1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( any two adjo9+ naturals may be #b-a_/b in*es precisely4 ,( c\rse an empty space or gap w appe> betwe5 ,e & ,f & betwe5 ,b & ,c 9 ea* octave1 z ^? int]vals h no int]v5+ %ort key4 ,we h f\nd ! foll[+ arrangem5ts conv5i5t & satisfactory4 ,make ! p$al-frame ( /\t oak2 ! back b>1 beh9d ! heels ( ! play]1 a balk #c in*es or m by #b in*es4 ,! =e end ( ! frame "u ! organ-panel is =m$ by an upp] & a l[] b>1 betwe5 :i* /rong r\nd p9s ( oak are plac$1 mak+ a rack ?r\gh :i* ! ends ( ! p$als protrude an in* or two4 ,^! protrud+ ends1 :]e !y pass ?r\gh ! rack1 are muffl$ ) clo? to prev5t rattl+1 & ea* p$al desc5ds ^u a small pad ( vulcanis$ india-rubb]1 & is met by a simil> pad "u ! upp] b> :5 x recov]s its position4 ,if ?is is prop]ly manag$ ! movem5t w be q noiseless4 ,! build]s commonly use a spr+1 screw$ at "o end to ! "u "p ( ea* p$al1 & press+ at ! o!r extremity ^u a bo>d or b>2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! spr+s are screw$ to ?is bo>d or b> & press aga9/ ! "u sides ( ! p$als4 ,9 ?is case ! tail ( ! p$al key1 out ( sight "u ! back b> ( ! frame1 works ^u a p9 pass+ into a mortice4 ,we ourselves1 h[ev]1 h long us$ a spr+ :i* s]ves bo? = spr+ & = h+e4 ,x is a simple slip ( /eel1 #e-a_/b in*es long1 #e_/h in* wide1 & #a_/af in* ?ick1 hav+ two holes ne> ! "o end1 & "o hole ne> ! o!r4 ,?is latt] is screw$ firmly d[n to ! back b> ( ! frame1 :i*1 z we h already expla9$1 is a balk #c in*es by #b4 ,! =e end ( ! spr+ is screw$ by its two holes to ! "u side ( ! tails ( ! natural keys 7cut away to receive x71 & to ! upp] side ( ! tails ( ! %>p keys4 ,or1 ! spr+ may be q conceal$ f view by be+ let into a saw-cut 9 ! tails ( all ! p$als4 ,we h f\nd ?is plan p]fectly effectual1 & we /rongly recomm5d x to our read]s4 ,! spr+s c be made by any smi? = twop5ce or ?reep5ce ea*4 ,_! /r5g? or resi/ance c be easily regulat$ by screw+ !m1 n to ! plane surface ( ! back balk1 b )9 grooves cut 9 x1 #a_/b in* deep at ! back1 dim9i%+ to no?+ 9 front4 ,a few turns ( ! screw 7:i* %\ld be well greas$ ) tall[71 by l[]+ ! tail ( ! spr+1 w br+ on x a /ra9 or t5sion :i* enables u to adju/ ) accuracy ! resi/ance ( ea* p$al to ! pressure ( ! foot4 ,! p$al-bo>d %\ld be laid ^u ! floor s t ! di/ance betwe5 ! upp] surface ( ! p$al natural keys & ! upp] surface ( ! manual natural keys may be #bh in*es4 ,! manual %\ld ov]hang ! p$al-bo>d s t ! front ( its %>ps may be j ov] ! front ( ! p$al-%>ps4 ,! seat ( ! play]1 to correspond ) ^! arrangem5ts1 %\ld be #bb in*es above ! p$als4 ,! dip1 or fall1 ( ! p$als1 "u ! foot ( ! play]1 ne$ n exce$ #e_/h in*1 or at mo/ #c_/d in*1 :]e !y pass ?r\gh ! rack4 ,! connection betwe5 ! p$als & keys w be by backfalls1 work+ 9 a /rong bridge secur$ to ! frame bel[ ! key-bo>d4 ,^! may be p>allel1 9 :i* case a roll]-bo>d w be requisite1 or dispos$ z a fan-frame4 ,! h9d] end ( ea* backfall has a tapp$ wire pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 x1 & c>ry+ a button on its top1 muffl$ ) a disc ( clo? or baize4 ,! l[] end ( ! wire und]nea? ! backfall is b5t into a r+1 s z to be easily turn$ r\nd by ! f+] & ?umb4 ,^! adju/able buttons pu% up ! tails ( ! keys :5 ! =e ends ( ! backfalls are drawn d[n by track]s connect+ !m ) ! p$als4 ,! eyes or r+s on ! p$als1 to :i* ^! track]s are hook$1 %\ld be bu%$1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 to secure noiseless action 9 e "p4 ,! p$al-bo>d is usually secur$ to ! floor by a c\ple ( screws pass+ ?r\gh ! side *eeks4 ,b x is sometimes conv5i5t1 especially 9 small rooms1 to make x removable at pleasure4 ,?is c be easily done by fitt+ a set ( false or dw>f p$als1 ab\t #f in*es 9 l5g?1 9 a bridge spac$ to correspond ) ! keys ( ! p$al-bo>d1 & screw$ to ! floor "u ! organ4 ,^! false p$als are practically %ort backfalls1 turn+ on a wire ne> _! h9d] end1 & hav+ ! track]s hook$ to !m an in* or two f _! =e end2 & "s simple =m ( spr+ %\ld be plac$ "u ea*4 ,!n we h only to adju/ matt]s s t ! protrud+ ends ( ! organ-p$als may re/ ^u ! =e ends ( ^! false p$als1 ei!r or bo? ( !m be+ lea!r$ or o!rwise muffl$ at ! po9t ( contact1 & x is pla9 t ! pressure ( ! foot on any p$al w pull d[n ! manual key z be=e4 ,two iron p9s %\ld be fitt$ to ! p$al frame1 go+ into holes 9 brass or iron plates screw$ to ! floor4 ,^! guide-p9s w insure in/antane\s fitt+ ( ! p$al-bo>d at any "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,two-,,manual ,,organs4 ,,?is treatise mu/ n close )\t "s ref]5ce to organ "w ( a m advanc$ k9d ?an t :i* we h tak5 z ! gr\ndwork or m$ium ( our h9ts on ?is subject4 ,"s ( our read]s may v naturally wi% to und]/& ! con/ruction ( an organ ) two or m manuals & a p$al ) sep>ate pipes2 & ?is implies a description ( c\pl+ movem5ts & ( ! swell-box & its appliances4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u rem>k t z ! swell-organ is a mod]n inv5tion1 innum]able examples ( organs ) m ?an "o manual & ) num]\s /ops1 b entirely )\t ! swell1 7 9 exi/5ce 9 ,engl& up to a rec5t p]iod1 & are /ill to be f\nd 9 e "p ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,a great numb] ( ! mo/ r5[n$ organs ( ,g]many & ( ,holl&1 organs furni%$ ) f\r manuals & an imm5se aggregate ( pipes1 are )\t ! swell to ?is day4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! "q :e!r ! introduction ( ! swell1 z ! second division ( an organ ) only two manuals1 has be5 an unmix$ advantage1 & :e!r x has or has n t5d$ to raise ! /&>d ( organ music & organ-play+ 9 ,engl&4 ,b "s few musicians may agree ) ! pres5t writ] t x is q possible to sacrifice s\nd pr9ciples ( organ-build+ to ! prevail+ wor%ip ( ! pretty & fanciful effects ( ! swell1 & may ev5 g s f> z to regret1 ) him1 ! sup]session ( ! old *oir organ1 ) its sweet tranquil tone & quiet *e]ful brightness4 ,we ourselves make no secret ( our wi% t 9 ! design & erection ( organs ) only two manuals1 ! second manual %\ld act ^u a *oir organ1 :ile ! swell %\ld be res]v$ = ^? in/rum5ts 9 :i* a ?ird manual is introduc$4 ,b we are q aw>e t ^! views w be receiv$ ) d]ision by a great majority ( p]sons1 :o h become accu/om$ to ! con/ant use ( ! swell & ( ! p$al ,b\rdons :i* *>act]izes ! play+ ( _m ,engli% organi/s on mod]n ,engli% organs4 ,q ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ^! views1 :i* mu/ be tak5 = :at !y are wor?1 !re are reasons :y any read]1 resolv+ f ! fir/ to con/ruct a small organ ) two manuals = *amb] use1 w d well to resi/ ! temptation to introduce ! swell4 ,^! reasons w become app>5t if we sket* out "o or two plans = su* *amb] organs1 & we %\ld only occupy space ne$lessly by /at+ !m 9 advance4 ,resolv+1 !n1 to indulge ourselves ) two manuals1 b compell$ to be economical ( space & ( pecuni>y outlay1 we decide at once to plant all ! pipes1 belong+ to bo? manuals alike1 ^u a s+le s\nd-bo>d1 & by ! sy/em ( borr[+ to avoid ! r$uplication ( l>ge pipes 9 ! bass octave4 ,to our orig9al design ( five /ops on a s+le manual1 let u suppose t we h add$ ?ree1 play$ by a second key-bo>d4 ,we mu/ assume t ! five /ops belong+ to ! fir/ manual 7! l[]71 w be all ?r\gh\t1 & may be some?+ l ?is1 viz43 an op5 ,diapason ) wood bass octave2 a ,cl>abella1 ) /opp$ bass octave2 a ,pr9cipal1 ,flute1 & #b-;feet /op z be=e4 ,!n ! second or upp] manual %\ld h "s su* /ops z ^!3 ,/opp$ ,diapason1 ! bass octave borr[$ f t ( ! ,cl>abella2 ,dulciana to ,t5or ,c2 ,gems-horn1 or "s o!r light #d-;feet /op1 ! bass octave borr[$ f t ( ! ,flute or ,pr9cipal4 ,z ! s\nd-bo>d w h two grooves = ea* note ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 namely #ajh grooves if ! manuals are ( ! usual compass1 its l5g? might be unwieldy & inconv5i5t1 ill adapt$ to ! size ( ord9>y rooms4 ,we mu/ /rongly recomm5d1 !re=e1 t ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci 7see p4 #aab7 be adopt$4 ,on ! front portion1 b c1 conta9+ eighty-f\r grooves1 & c>ry+ eight slid]s1 all ! /ops f ,t5or ,c to top ,f may be plant$4 ,on ! back portion1 a b1 :i* w h tw5ty-f\r grooves only1 all ! bass pipes w be plac$1 unless1 inde$1 we assume t ! l>ge op5 #h-;feet pipes are conveyanc$ (f4 ,?is back portion w c>ry "o slid] = ?is op5 bass1 "o = ea* ( ! #d-;feet & #b-;feet /ops1 & two pairs ( tw9 slid]s1 plac$ close toge!r1 = ! borr[$ /opp$ bass & borr[$ #d-;feet bass4 ,our read]s may feel confid5ce 9 ! directions n[ giv5 if we say t we are describ+ an organ built by ourselves & n[ 9 our possession4#c ,! s\nd-bo>d1 admitt+ ( eighty-f\r grooves 9 its front division1 is #e feet #c in*es long1 & its sev5 slid]s 7we h no /opp$ ,flute71 ) ! be>]s1 occupy a wid? ( #af in*es2 b ! #d-;feet octave ( ! ,op5 ,diapason1 & six pipes ( ! ,dulciana1 are br\ght into sight z a speak+ front1 & !re=e fill no space on ! bo>d itself4 ,! back "p ( ! bo>d1 ) f\r slid]s 7two ( !m tw971 has also a wid? ( ab\t #af in*es1 our l>ge op5 wood bass be+ on a bo>d at a l[] level1 z 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?us ! :ole bo>d1 c>ry+ practically eight /ops 7"o ( our /ops is ( two ranks1 viz4 a ,twelf? & ,fifte5?7 ?r\gh\t1 is #e feet #c in*es long & #cb in*es wide4 #c ,?is organ is sket*$ 9 ! frontispiece4 ,we hope we h said q en\gh 9 =m] pages ( roll] bo>ds & backfalls to enable any intellig5t read] to devise = himself ! d\ble action ( su* an organ4 ,an inspection ( ,figs4 #cg1 #ch1 & #ci may sugge/ ideas to him4 ,an ess5tial po9t is t ev]y?+ %\ld be )9 rea* if defects %\ld require att5tion2 & access to ! back z well z to ! front ( su* an organ is indisp5sable4 ,a ^w ab\t ! borr[+4 ,x is pla9ly n en\gh to groove ! two *annels ( ea* note toge!r 9 ! bass1 z 9 ! case ( a s+le manual4 ,if ?is 7 done ! w9d w\ld fill ! :ole ( ! two *annels ^u l[]+ a key 9 ! bass octave ( ei!r manual1 & all ! /ops ( :i* ! slid]s happ5$ to be drawn at ! "t w\ld speak toge!r4 ,?us our purpose ( borr[+ "o p>ticul> /op w\ld be defeat$4 ,we mu/ effect x ?us3 ! tw9 slid]s w be closely contigu\s1 & w only be sep>at$ by %ort p9s ( brass or iron let into ! table1 to prev5t ! friction ( actual contact4 ,?us ! two holes :i* are to be br\ght into connection are ne> to ea* o!r1 & ! communicat+ groove w be %ort4 ,if ?is is cut 9 ! upp] bo>d itself x mu/ be neatly execut$1 & ! bottom ( ! groove mu/ be level & smoo?4 ,ov] ea* ( ! two holes )9 ! groove s cut mu/ be plac$ a valve1 consi/+ ( a small piece ( pallet lea!r cov]+ ! hole completely1 & ris+ ) complete fre$om by a h+e along its edge1 l ! clacks ( ! bell[s4 ,ea* pair ( holes be+ furni%$ ) ^! valves ! grooves are ro($ 9 & ! pipes plant$1 z describ$ 9 e>li] pages ( ?is book4 ,on l[]+ "o ( ! keys ! w9d w affect ! borr[$ pipe only1 s9ce ! little valve w /op ! tw9 hole & prev5t ! fl[ ( air ?r\gh x into ! *annel4 ,if ! key correspond+ to ! same note be press$ d[n on bo? manuals1 !n bo? ! little valves w be bl[n op5 by ! w9d2 b if all ! *annels1 grooves1 & holes be ( ample size1 s t !re is no ?rottl+ ( ! w9d1 ! spee* ( ! pipe w be entirely unalt]$1 s9ce x w only receive a giv5 quantity ( w9d ?r\gh ! p]=ation 9 its foot1 & ?is w9d w be ( ! same weight or pressure z be=e4 ,! borr[+ grooves may be cut 9 ! "u surface ( a sep>ate bo>d1 :i* w !n =m a ro( or cov] to ! sev]al pairs ( valves arrang$ ov] ! holes on ! upp] surface ( ! s\nd-bo>d itself4 ,or ?is borr[+-bo>d may be put toge!r ) b>s1 *eeks1 & an upp] table l a light s\nd-bo>d4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t all ! op5+s be ( ample size1 & t ! valves fly op5 widely at ! slighte/ brea? ( w9d1 & close ! holes z promptly :5 ! w9d is )drawn4 ,if due att5tion is giv5 to all ?is no failure ne$ be anticipat$ ) ! borr[$ basses4 ,we h propos$ ! l[] key-bo>d z ,manual ,i41 9 accordance ) ! ,g]man usage1 & because t arrangem5t w facilitate "s ( our me*anism1 = in/ance1 ! pull+ d[n by ! p$als ( ! bass notes4 ,b lov]s ( old ,engli% organs1 among :om we mu/ reckon ourselves1 may pref] to make ,manual ,i4 ! upp] manual ( ! two4 ,a beautiful in/rum5t ( ?is class1 built by ! late ,j4 ,c4 ,bi%op1 /&s 9 ! *apel ( ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 & 0 ! gift ( an accompli%$ amateur1 ^: p]=mances on x are /ill rememb]$4#d ,! same g5tleman 0 ! possessor ( a *amb] organ ( exquisite tone by ,b]nh>d ,s*midt1 ( su* rem>kable composition t x m]its description "h4 ,! l[] manual1 or ,*oir1 _h ?ree /ops1 an ,op5 ,diapason1 a ,/opp$ ,diapason1 & a ,pr9cipal1 all made ( oak1 & ( extreme delicacy & beauty4 ,! upp] manual1 or ,great1 _h likewise ?ree /ops1 all metal1 namely1 ,/opp$ ,flute1 ,fifte5?1 & ,mixture ( two ranks 7#ai? & #bbnd 9 ! bass1 #ab? & #ag? 9 ! treble74 ,! ,/opp$ ,diapason c\ld also be play$ ^u ?is manual by borr[+4 ,a c\pl] unit$ ! l[] to ! upp] at pleasure1 & !n ! ,full ,organ 0 produc$ ^u ! upp] manual ) an a/oni%+ effect ( sprightl9ess & brightness4 ,su* an organ z ?is1 ) "s *anges 7its key-bo>ds 7 v antiquat$1 & s high f ! gr\nd t ! play] 0 p]=ce erect71 might af=d an admirable model = imitation4 #d ,! late ,sir ,john ,sutton1 ,b>t41 au?or ( ,a ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ,organs built 9 ,engl& f ! ,reign ( ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,ma/]s1 #ahdg4 ,let u add t if p$al notes ( #af-;feet tone are add$ to an organ ( ?is class1 namely ( two manuals1 ,great & ,*oir1 only twelve l>ge pipes w be necess>y1 ev5 ?\gh ! compass ( ! p$al-bo>d be ( ?irty notes complete4 ,?is great economy ( space & outlay w be secur$ ?us3 #a/1 by mak+ ! p$als pull d[n on ! *ief manual ?r\gh\t _! :ole ext5t z be=e2 #bnd1 by adapt+ ! twelve deep pipes to ! l[] octave ( ! p$als1 & by mak+ _! upp] octave & a half pull d[n ^u ! l[e/ keys ( ! second manual4 ,a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ! #af-;feet tone is ?us obta9$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole compass1 & no inconv5i5ce :atev] w ensue to ! play]4 ,! mode ( introduc+ ! l>ge bass pipes1 & ( pull+ d[n z above1 w be describ$ be=e we conclude ?is "w4 ,/ill desir+ to erect a *amb] organ1 &1 !re=e1 to be *>y ( space & co/1 we mu/ n[ %[ h[ ! swell-box may be includ$ 9 our design4 ,we %all suppose t ! organ has be5 complet$ s f> z ! l[] manual is conc]n$1 ) all t p]ta9s to x1 accord+ to ! rules :i* h n[ be5 giv5 at l5g? & 9 detail4 ,9 lay+ x out we mu/ assume t c>e has be5 tak5 to give increas$ size to ! bell[s1 & to arrange ! frame = ! reception ( a second s\nd-bo>d4 ,we feel x due z well to our read]s z to ourselves to expla9 t we conf9e ourselves 9 all t foll[s to a description ( "w done by ourselves 9 our own work%op4 ,we %all place only ?ree /ops 9 our swell1 :i* w h a compass ( =ty-two notes1 f ,t5or ,c to top f4 ,! /ops w be a ,diapason 9 wood1 p>tly /opp$1 & ! re/ op52 a ,flute ( #d-;feet tone 9 wood1 op5 ?r\gh\t2 & a ,gamba ( re$y quality1 9 metal1 ( #h-;feet pit*1 b only desc5d+ to ,fid4 ,g41 #c feet1 ! rema9+ notes be+ groov$ to ,no4 #a4 ,?is curtailm5t is greatly to be regrett$1 b su* imp]fections are among ! objections to ! swell-box1 :i* w\ld assume dim5sions inconsi/5t ) a *amb] organ if an attempt 7 made to give full compass to its #h-;feet /ops4 ,! s\nd-bo>d = ^! ?ree /ops w be only #b feet #i in*es 9 l5g?1 & #a foot 9 wid?2 b ! upp] bo>ds mu/ h an ample m>g9 or surplus 9 bo? directions to af=d support = ! box :i* w re/ ^u !m4 ,?is box mu/ be made ( ?ick /uff1 say #a-a_/b in* deal2 x w !re=e be v heavy1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to provide = its weight 9 plann+ ! frame4 ,x %\ld be put toge!r ) screws1 s t x c easily be tak5 to pieces = transit1 & x is usual to l9e ! :ole ( its int]ior ) %eets ( ?ick br[n pap]1 appli$ ) glue4 ,x w be v conv5i5t1 if access c be _h to ! back ( ! organ1 to fit ! back ( ! box ) h+$ doors1 or to make ! back removable l a %utt]2 9 ?is case ! pipes %\ld be plant$ s z to pres5t !mselves readily to ! tun]4 ,if access to ! back _c be _h1 !n a space is inevitable 9 ! middle ( ! organ = a passage-bo>d1 on :i* ! tun] may /&1 or at lea/ place 8 foot1 :ile he removes ! front %ades 9 ord] to rea* ! pipes plant$ accord+ly4 ,9 ! swell-boxes ( *ur* organs ! sides ( ! box are g5]ally fitt$ z doors2 !n1 ! pipes be+ plant$ ) ! talle/ 9 ! c5tre1 dim9i%+ 9 height to ea* end1 half ( !m c be tun$ at "o op]ation4 ,:5 ! pipes are ?us plant$1 ! top ( ! box w slope t[>ds ea* side f a c5tral ridge1 l ! ro( ( a h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,we _c d\bt t _m ( our read]s h _h1 or may h1 opportunities ( exam9+ ! con/ruction ( ! %utt]s or %ades ( a swell-box4 ,we h sket*$ x1 h[ev]1 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! %ades are #f in*es 9 bread?1 & ( ! same ?ickness z ! re/ ( ! box1 & ea* %ade turns on p9s let into ! ends ( x at a di/ance ( #b in*es f its upp] edge4 ,^! p9s "w 9 not*es cut 9 ! *eeks ( ! box1 s =m$ t any %ade may be easily lift$ out & replac$4 ,! edges ( ! %ades are bevell$ to half a "r angle s t !y ov]lap :5 clos$1 & ! bevell$ surfaces are fac$ ) lea!r or clo? to %ut 9 ! s\nd m effectually4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! mode ( op5+ ! %ades1 & s produc+ a cresc5do1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 a1 b1 c are arms ( oak1 mortic$ into ! %ades at ! level ( ! p9s1 viz4 #b in*es f ! upp] l9e2 d e is a long rod or tr+le ( wood1 connect+ all ^! arms by p9s pass+ ?r\gh !m & itself4 ,x is evid5t t by draw+ up ?is rod at its top1 or by pu%+ x up f bel[1 we %all op5 all ! %ades at once1 & z !y are hung on axes plac$ at "o-?ird ( _! bread?1 !y w close by _! own weight :5 releas$4 ,! lev]age by :i* ?is movem5t is br\ght "u ! control ( ! play] may be safely left to ! inv5tive p[]s ( ! read]4 ,x is usual to give promptness to ! return ( ! swell-p$al1 & !re=e to ! clos+ ( ! %ades1 by atta*+ a /rong spiral spr+ to ! p$al1 & to "s firm po9t 9 ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,z ! swell-box is at ! back ( ! in/rum5t1 its key-action w h to pass or cross t ( ! ,great organ4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is w be effect$ mu/ dep5d a little ^u circum/ances--= in/ance1 ^u ! l5g? ( ! key-tails 9 ! two manuals4 ,if ! swell manual acts by squ>es & track]s1 :ile ! ,great has backfalls & /ick]s1 ! small track]s1 be+ ?9 rib&s ( wood1 c be easily made to pass betwe5 ! ,great /ick]s4 ,or if ! swell-keys act on backfalls1 ^! backfalls may be ?9n$ d[n beh9d ! l9e ( key-tails1 s z to all[ ! /ick]s ( ! l[] manual to pass betwe5 !m4 ,?is may be und]/ood f ,fig4 #eb1 ?\gh t figure ref]s to ano!r subject4 ,! wor/ plan ( all is to make ! l[] /ick]s pass ?r\gh holes or mortices 9 ! upp] key-tails1 s9ce ?is prev5ts ! removal ( ! upp] key-bo>d )\t a di/urbance ( ! :ole action4 ,we believe t ^! con/ructive details conta9 9 !mselves ! gr\nds on :i* we bas$ our advice to hesitate be=e includ+ a swell-box 9 ! design = a small *amb] organ4 ,x has be5 made app>5t t x br+s ) x a consid]able increase ( bulk1 weight1 & complication1 & t x _c possess ! full compass4 ,we mu/ add t if ! bell[s are work$ by ! foot1 ! use ( ! swell-p$al at ! same "t is ( c\rse impossible4 ,! l>ge swells ( *ur* organs owe _! gr&eur ( effect to _! re$-/ops2 ! trumpet1 ( :i* ! oboe is a s(t e*o & our little gamba a fa9t & humble imitation1 ! horn or cornopean1 & ! d\ble trumpet or bassoon1 a /op ( #af-;feet pit*4 ,all re$-/ops are q beyond ! range ( amateur con/ruction1 & ea* ( ! above w co/ ab\t #be if pur*as$ f a good mak] & made ( fir/-class mat]ial4 ,beautiful z su* /ops are :5 made & voic$ by highly-skill$ workm51 !y may easily be unpleas+ & ev5 (f5sive4 ,let u add t ! twelve notes ( ! swell manual1 bel[ ,t5or ,c1 may be made to act on ! l[] manual by a *oir c\pl] 7see next section1 & ,fig4 #eb72 or1 if !re is a complete p$al ,sub-bass or ,b\rdon ( tw5ty-five or m notes1 ! sil5t keys ( ! swell manual may borr[ ! p$al notes f ,,cc1 #h-;feet tone upw>ds4 ,an easy me*anical movem5t ( squ>es & track]s w effect ?is4 ,two manuals imply c\pl]s1 ?\gh we greatly regret ! incessant use ( ^! contrivances by mod]n organi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,we %all treat1 v briefly1 ( c\pl]s "u ?ree heads1 viz4 ! c\pl+ (-- 7a7 ,upp] ,manual to ,l[] ,manual4 7b7 ,l[] ,manual to ,upp] ,manual4 7c7 ,manuals to ,p$als4 7a7 ,! common ,tumbl] c\pl] is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ec4 a is a sl5d] bridge1 hav+ z _m not*es z keys 9 ! manual1 & fitt$ ) %ort /ick]s call$ tumbl]s4 ,^! tumbl]s1 or /ick]s1 are g5]ally rectangul> 9 section1 & !y mu/ fit ! not*es neatly b ) fre$om ( motion2 ! not*es are clos$ 9 by a tr+le ( wood glu$ ov] !m1 ?us =m+ a s]ies ( mortices2 & ea* /ick] has a little p91 or a pair ( p9s1 to prev5t x f fall+ out ( its not* or mortice4 ,or1 ! tumbl]s may be made f r\nd rods1 & may pass ?r\gh r\nd holes 9 ! bridge4 ,!y are well blacklead$ 9 ei!r case4 ,n[ if ?is bridge1 ) its tumbl]s1 is plac$ betwe5 ! manuals ne> _! h9d] extremities1 if ! l5g? ( ! tumbl]s is equal to ! int]val betwe5 ! upp] & l[] key-tails1 x is evid5t t on press+ d[n a key ( ! l[] manual ! tumbl] w pu% up ! tail ( ! correspond+ key on ! upp] manual1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! full compass ( bo?4 ,to rev]se ?is1 & to leave ! manuals sep>ate & indep5d5t z be=e1 ! bridge is made to take a qu>t] ( a revolution 9 sockets fitt$ to c>ry its ends1 :i* are r\nd$ or turn$ 9 ! la!2 ! tumbl]s1 by ?is p>tial revolution1 are !n no long] p]p5dicul>1 b p>allel to ! key-tails1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! figure1 & cease to be t\*$ by !m4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is is ! simple/ =m ( swell-c\pl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! tumbl]s may also be plac$ on or (f by caus+ ! bridge to slide betwe5 guides = a di/ance ( #a in* or #b in*es4 ,:5 ! bridge is pu%$ back by draw+ a /op-h&le 7:i* acts ^u a horizontal trundle ) arms & traces to give ! slid+ motion71 ! tumbl]s act on ! key-tails2 :5 x is drawn =w>d by ?ru/+ 9 ! /op1 !y fall into a holl[ cut 9 ! key-tails1 & are too %ort to be ( use4 ,! holl[ 9 ! key-tails is bevell$1 & ! incl9$ plane s =m$ is lea!r$ & blacklead$ 7see ,fig4 #ed74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,! ram c\pl]1 ,fig4 #ee1 acts 9 a way closely resembl+ ! la/4 ,in/ead ( tumbl]s1 ! bridge c>ries a set ( %ort backfalls1 turn+ on a wire z usual1 & cut at ! free end into a circul> =m4 ,! slid+ ( ! bridge br+s ^! circul> ends into contact ) ! key-tails ( bo? manuals1 or places !m 9 a holl[ cut 9 ! keys1 bevell$1 lea!r$1 & blacklead$ z be=e4 ,! ram-c\pl] c be us$ betwe5 manuals arrang$ too closely to admit ( tumbl]s4 7b7 ,x w facilitate our description ( ! *oir-c\pl] & p$al-c\pl]s if we "h po9t out t if a bridge ) backfalls 7or squ>es7 be made to rise or fall #a_/b in* or m at pleasure1 ! action connect$ ) x w be ?r[n into or out ( ge> at ! w ( ! play]4 ,if1 9 ,fig4 #cb1 = in/ance1 ! bridge g be made to rise #a_/b in* by draw+ a /op-h&le1 ! /ick]s e w !n be too %ort by #a_/b in*1 or ! pull-d[ns h w be too long 9 an equal degree1 & ! manual w be sil5c$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,an easy way ( mak+ su* a bridge rise & fall is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! bridge a1 :i* _c be too solid & heavy1 is held betwe5 guides1 c d1 :i* are blacklead$ & accurately adju/$4 ,at ea* end ( ! bridge is fitt$ a little roll] or :eel ( box-wood1 turn+ freely on a p94 ,to ! frame bel[ is fitt$ ano!r su* roll]1 or two1 z 9 ! figure4 ,betwe5 ^! two or ?ree roll]s1 at ea* end ( ! bridge1 an incl9$ plane ( wood1 e1 is made to trav]se by means ( a horizontal trundle & arms4 ,x w be se5 at a glance t :5 ! incl9$ plane is pu%$ betwe5 ! roll]s by draw+ or ?ru/+ 9 a /op-h&le1 x lifts ! bridge betwe5 ! guides & dislocates ! action2 :5 x is )drawn1 ! bridge resumes its place by its own weight1 & ! action is aga9 9 ord]4 ,x is n[ easy to und]/& ! con/ruction ( ! rema9+ c\pl]s4 ,! *oir-c\pl] 7,fig4 #eb1 p4 #aeb71 has two bridges1 x1 y1 ) two sets ( %ort backfalls & communicat+ /ick]s4 ,if ! bridges are fix$1 !n on depress+ any key on ! upp] manual its tail raises ! backfall1 :i* presses d[n ! l[] backfall1 :i* 9 its turn pu%es up ! tail ( ! l[] key & causes ! note to be he>d4 ,if ! upp] bridge be made to rise or ! l[] to fall #a_/b in*1 !n ! keys are at once disconnect$4 7c7 ,! c\pl+ ( manuals to p$als is g5]ally effect$ by ris+ & fall+ bridges1 c>ry+ backfalls :i* pu% up ! tails ( ! keys4 ,^! bridges are arrang$ "o above ! o!r b5ea? ! keybo>ds 9 l>ge organs ) ?ree or f\r manuals1 ea* bridge br++ its own manual into connection ) ! p$als by ! movem5t already describ$4 ,"o roll]-bo>d 7! roll]s are (t5 ( iron = ! sake ( compactness7 suffices = all ! sets ( backfalls1 & ! /ick]s 79 ?is case g5]ally flat /rips ( wood7 pass ?r\gh mortices cut 9 ! tails ( ! l[] keys to act ^u ! tails ( ! keys to :i* !y belong4 ,! read] w easily p]ceive f ^! h9ts h[ ! p$als may be made to act ?r\gh _! :ole ext5t ^u "o ( our manuals1 & ?r\gh only a "p ( _! ext5t ^u ! o!r manual1 z we h h9t$ at page #adh4 ,!re w be two bridges1 "o ov] ! o!r1 & a v little +5uity w be requir$ to plan ! roll]-bo>d s t ! c5tral ,c ( ! p$als %all pull d[n ! l[e/ ,c ( ! second manual 7be x upp] or l[]71 & ?us give ! octave bel[ 7or #af-;feet pit*7 )\t additional pipes f t note upw>ds4 ,b ?is1 p]haps1 belongs to ! subject ( ! p$al organ1 :i* we res]ve = ! conclusion ( ?is book4 ,x is "r to add "h t 9 old-fa%ion$ organs1 bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t 7:]e _m su* in/rum5ts rema9 unalt]$71 ! manuals 7 made to c\ple by be+ drawn out or pu%$ 9 ab\t #a_/b in*4 ,a spur or protub]ance ( wood 0 glu$ to ! upp] "p ( ! tail ( ea* key1 & a simil> spur to ! "u "p ( ! tail ( ! key 9 ! manual above4 ,^! spurs _h r\nd$ ends cov]$ ) lea!r4 ,on %ift+ "o ( ! key-bo>ds backw>ds or =w>ds ! spurs met ea* o!r1 & ! c\pl+ 0 effect$4 ,or ! spurs 7 glu$ "u ! front ( ea* key1 imm$iately beh9d ! bead+ ( ! key-frame1 & ^u ! upp] surface ( ea* key 9 ! manual b5ea? x1 & a simil> %ift+ br\ght ab\t a l result4 ,we see no objection to ?is v simple old-fa%ion$ arrangem5t /rong en\gh to induce u to disc>d x f consid]ation4 ,! common type ( small *ur* organ ) ,great & ,swell 7?r\gh\t7 w\ld be va/ly improv$ by ! introduction ( a manual betwe5 ! o!r two1 hav+ no /ops ( its own1 b c\pl$ to bo? by su* spurs4 ,in/ead ( two qualities ( s\nd1 namely ,swell alone & ,great & ,swell comb9$ 7! incessant use ( ! c\pl] be+ ! invet]ate habit ( mo/ play]s71 we %\ld h ?ree3 ,great alone1 ,swell alone1 & comb9ation ( ,great & ,swell4 ,?is obvi\s improvem5t c\ld be introduc$ into new organs or add$ to exi/+ in/rum5ts at a v small co/4 ,!re %\ld be a c\pl] to connect ?is ,comb9ation ,manual ) ! p$als4 ,x is und5iable t ! addition ( a p$al organ ) a ,sub-bass or ,b\rdon ( #af-;feet tone is a v important & valuable improvem5t to any organ1 l>ge or small4 ,x gives a dignifi$ ca!dral-l solemnity & gr&eur :i* e e> c appreciate4 ,we %all br+ our treatise to a close by a few rem>ks ^u x4 #a4 ,! pipes w be made precisely l ^? ( ! ,/opp$ ,diapason1 ( :i* !y may be reg>d$ z a cont9uation1 & !y %\ld be ( /\t mat]ial1 ! la/ f\r or five ( in* /uff1 !n ?ree-qu>t]s to ! twelf? or ?irte5? note above4 ,on ! "q ( scale ! mo/ div]se op9ions h f\nd fav\r ( late ye>s4 ,a writ] ^: dicta are entitl$ to respect#e urges t ! l[e/ pipe 7,,ccc1 #af-;feet tone7 %\ld h ! enorm\s if n prepo/]\s scale ( #aa-a_/b by #ac in*es inside measurem5t1 & t ! next six pipes above x %\ld be 9 proportion4 ,aft] t1 he says1 a small] scale may suffice4 ,x is cle> t if ?is rul+ be correct we may dismiss ! idea ( introduc+ a ,sub-bass into our *amb] organ4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 on ! o!r h&1 pr9ts two scales = #af-;feet ton$ ,b\rdons1 ! l>g] ( :i* gives #f-a_/h in*es by #d-e_/h z ! inside measurem5t ( ! ,,ccc pipe2 :ile ! small] gives #e in*es by #c-c_/h = ! same pipe4 ,we may safely adopt ?is l>g] scale ( ,mr4 ,hopk9s2 & we w only say fur!r t ) our light #b-;in* w9d ! m\?s %\ld be cut up "o-?ird ( ! wid?1 or r less1 & ! foot-holes %\ld be ( ample size4 #e ,rev4 ,f4 ,g4 ,hayne1 ,mus4 ,doc41 ,h9ts on ! ,pur*ase ( an ,organ4 ,novello1 #ahfg4 #b4 ,_! location 9 ! organ mu/ dep5d v mu* on special circum/ances4 ,:5 !y c be plac$ 9 a r[ at ! back ( ! in/rum5t1 _! connection ) ! p$als becomes v simple1 two sets ( squ>es ) track]s runn+ "u ! bell[s be+ all t w be necess>y4 ,if ! room has abundance ( height1 ! back set ( squ>es may act on a roll]-bo>d1 & !n ! pipes c be dispos$ symmetrically1 ! l>ge/ at ea* end4 #c4 ,! bo>d on :i* !y /& w n require a slid]4 ,x w be1 9 fact1 a w9d-*e/ only1 a long box ( /\t p9e or deal1 hav+ holes 9 its top c\nt]sunk to receive ! pipe-feet4 ,"u ea* hole is plac$ a pallet or valve1 held up by a /rong spr+1 & hav+ a pull-d[n wire pass$ ?r\gh a brass plate 9 ! usual way4 ,! ap]ture ( ! w9d-trunk is 9 ! l[] bo>d ( ?is *e/1 & ov] x1 be=e ! bo>d is 9 place1 is fitt$ a valve1 fac$ ) lea!r1 & made to slide to & fro betwe5 guides4 ,an iron sp9dle1 turn$ to fit accurately 9 a brass coll>1 c>ries an arm jo9t$ to ! valve by a connect+ rod or trace2 & outside ! *e/ x c>ries ano!r arm1 at "r angles to ?is1 jo9t$ to ! draw-/op h&le or its trace4 ,we h1 9 fact1 a trundle pass+ air-tight ?r\gh a coll>1 & by ?is simple contrivance we c %ut (f ! w9d at pleasure f ! *e/4 ,o!r me?ods ( effect+ ?is are 9 use1 & may easily be devis$4 ,! pipes are v frequ5tly plac$ on bo? sides ( ! organ1 to ! "r & left4 ,9 ?is case ! two *e/s w be at "r angles to ! manual *e/ or *e/s1 & ! action w be less direct4 ,b x w be readily arrang$ z foll[s3--,! p$al roll] bo>d w be long en\gh to act ^u sets ( squ>es1 c>ri$ on ! organ-frame to ! "r & left ( ! play]1 & at any conv5i5t height4 ,! o!r arms ( ^! squ>es act by track]s on roll]-frames plac$ "u ! *e/s4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ?is roll]-bo>d w be bett] plac$ at ! back ( ! organ1 ! connection betwe5 x & ! p$als be+ by squ>es & track]s2 & !re are also cases 9 :i* a l>ge roll]-frame ly+ ^u ! gr\nd "u ! bell[s may be made to answ] e purpose4 ,bell-cranks1 or horizontal squ>es1 may also transmit ! pressure ( ! foot on ! p$al by o!r squ>es & track]s to ! p$al pallets 9 a mann] analog\s to t ( ! draw-/op action1 ,fig4 #di4 ,!re is abundant room = +5uity & contrivance 9 all ^! details2 ! ess5tial po9ts are /r5g?1 quietness1 & accessibility = repair or adju/m5t4 ,"s ( our read]s may be able to indulge 9 ! luxury ( a second p$al /op4 ,?is %\ld be a ,violoncello 9 metal1 ( #h-;feet tone & l5g?4 ,9 ?is case ! p$al *e/ or *e/s w be regul> s\nd-bo>ds1 ) slid]s2 or ! ,sub-bass may be on a *e/ z already describ$1 :ile ! ,violoncello may be on ano!r1 ) two actions4 ,we h only to add1 t ! p[] & effectiv5ess ( small organs may be increas$ by ! contrivance call$ a ,t]zo ,mano 7,?ird ,h&71 or octave c\pl]4 ,let u suppose t an ord9>y action has be5 fitt$ ) backfalls 9 ! usual positions4 ,!n a second bridge1 ris+ & fall+ by a draw-/op1 is introduc$1 c>ry+ skew backfalls :i* act on ! pull-d[ns an octave high] ?an ! fir/ set4 ,?us ! key ,,cc w take d[n ! ,t5or ,c note1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! scale4 ,x is evid5t t ! effect on ! e> w be ne>ly1 ?\gh n q1 ! same z if ea* #h-;feet /op _h its correspond+ #d-;feet /op drawn ) x4 ,an ,op5 ,diapason w s\nd l an ,op5 ,diapason & ,pr9cipal2 a ,/opp$ ,diapason1 l a ,/opp$ ,diapason & ,/opp$ ,flute1 c4 ,to r5d] ! illusion complete1 ! pipes %\ld be c>ri$ up twelve notes high] ?an ! app>5t compass ( ! key-bo>d1 t is to say1 if ! key-bo>d has fifty-f\r notes ! s\nd-bo>d %\ld h sixty-six grooves4 ,9 a simil> way ! p$al ,sub-bass may be made to play 9 octaves1 produc+ ! effect ( a ,sub-bass1 #af-;feet tone1 ) a ,flute-bass ( #h-;feet tone add$ to x4 ,( all su* me*anical devices x mu/ be said1 f9ally1 t neatness1 accuracy1 & noiseless precision ( action are ! conditions necess>y to complete success4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,village ,,*ur* ,,organs4 ,,our lab\rs h hi!rto be5 exclusively direct$ t[>ds ! production1 9 private work%ops & by "y workm51 ( small organs adapt$ = dome/ic use4 ,t su* organs %\ld be ( v>i$ "*1 & t !y %\ld repres5t ! diff]+ musical ta/es & unequal me*anical +5uity & adroitness ( _! unpr(essional or self-taught con/ructors1 is ! legitimate outcome ( ! circum/ances assum$4 ,! case ( organs = *ur*es mu/ be reg>d$ f a diff]5t /&-po9t4 ,design$ = public use1 & consecrat$ to l(ty purposes1 !y %\ld reflect no private fancies or peculi> ta/es2 %\ld admit ( no exp]im5ts or ecc5tricities2 %\ld be di/+ui%$ by excell5ce ( mat]ial1 f9i%$ p]fection ( workman%ip1 & solid /ability ( /ructure4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 recomm5d ! con/ruction ( any *ur*-organ 9 a private work%op4 ,! aim & object ( ?is volume w\ld be entirely misconceiv$ by any read] :o %\ld imag9e t we enc\rage su* an ambiti\s attempt4 ,h[ev] humble z to /yle ( ar*itecture ! *ur* may be1 h[ev] unpret5d+ ! s*eme = ! organ may be1 we mu/ /r5u\sly advocate ! plac+ ! ord] = its erection 9 ! h&s ( a well-e/abli%$ firm ( pr(essional build]s4 ,gu>d+ ourselves ?us1 we tru/1 aga9/ all possibility ( misconception1 we %all endeav\r 9 ! foll[+ pages to (f] "s sugge/ions on ! subject ( village organs1 :i* may t5d to smoo? away p]plexities f ! pa? ( ^? :o1 )\t any previ\s acqua9tance ) su* matt]s1 f9d !mselves call$ ^u to ex]cise discretion1 & pron\nce decisive judgm5t on e/imates & specifications submitt$ to !m by build]s & by musicians4 ,9 us+ ! t]m ,village1 we ref] less to locality ?an to condition4 ,we desire to be ( s]vice to ! promot]s ( ! erection ( an organ 9 ^? v num]\s cases 9 :i* no skill$ play] is resid5t 9 ! place1 & 9 :i* ! new in/rum5t w inevitably be left to ! mode/ ef=ts ( a s*oolmi/ress or ( a "y beg9n]1 on ^: ability1 moreov]1 no great] dem& w be made ?an t :i* is involv$ 9 ! accompanim5t ( simple *ant+ & psalmody4 ,x is to ! dwell]s 9 su* quiet corn]s ( ! c\ntry t we w\ld (f] a few rules or maxims1 bas$1 we hope1 on pr9ciples1 ! s\ndness ( :i* w comm5d itself to _! good s5se4 ,let u br+ toge!r1 9 a compress$ =m1 a few ( ^! maxims1 aft]w>ds exam9+ !m 9 detail4 ,a village organ %\ld be ( simple con/ruction1 conta9+ no me*anism liable to sudd5 d]angem5t4 ,x %\ld /& well 9 tune1 )\t att5tion1 ev5 ?\gh plac$ 9 a build+ expos$ to alt]nations ( temp]ature & p]haps n free f dampness4 ,its musical effects %\ld be readily & obvi\sly producible by any p]son sitt+ d[n to x = ! fir/ "t1 & guid$ only by exp]i5ce ga9$ at ! h>monium or pian(orte4 ,x %\ld pres5t no facilities = ambiti\s attempts at executive display by ?\ghtless aspirants4 ,its p[]1 or volume1 %\ld be suffici5t to ass]t itself unmi/akably 9 a full congregational *orus2 & its tone1 or quality1 %\ld be t :i* long exp]i5ce has %[n to be impressive & pleas+ to ! va/ majority ( li/5]s4 ,h5ce1 x w be capable ( emitt+ no s\nds :i* might be describ$ by any un$ucat$ he>] z odd or curi\s4 ,la/ly1 let u add t its case %\ld be %apely1 ev5 if de/itute ( ornam5tation4 ,:ole pages ( disquisition may be sav$ if we proce$ at once to apply ^! maxims to ! specification ( ! smalle/ & lea/ co/ly organ :i* we %all recomm5d = a village *ur*3 an organ1 namely1 ) f\r /ops only4 #a4 ,organ ,no4 #a4 ,! manual w be f ,,cc to ,e 9 alt1 #ec notes4 ,rem>k4--,! key-bo>d is m sightly :5 its two extremities are r5d]$ simil> by ?is omission ( ! top ,f4 ,b ! fur!r omission ( ! f\r upp] notes w\ld /ill leave a compass ( #di notes1 amply suffici5t = ! accompanim5t ( voices4 #b4 ,its /ops w be ^!3-- 7a7 ,op5 ,diapason1 metal ?r\gh\t1 or ( metal f ,gamut ,g1 ) sev5 pipes ( op5 wood bel[4 ,rem>k4--,^! op5 wood pipes1 :5 prop]ly scal$ & voic$1 h "s advantages ov] metal = our pres5t purpose1 & may be plac$ s z to close 9 ! back ( ! case in/ead ( panell+4 7b7 ,pr9cipal ( metal ?r\gh\t1 be+ ! octave ( ! ,op5 ,diapason1 to :i* x w !re=e be made to con=m z reg>ds scale & voic+4 ,rem>k4--,! two /ops1 7a7 & 7b71 :5 play$ toge!r1 w furni% ! elem5t ( p[]1 or l\dness1 to ! organ4 7c7 ,/opp$ ,diapason ( wood ?r\gh\t1 or ( metal ) *imneys f middle ,c to top2 b n ) a ,cl>abella ( op5 wood z its upp] "p4 ,rem>k4--,! metal ,/opp$ ,diapasons :i* h come d[n to u f ! days ( ,h>ris1 & o!r old build]s1 are (t5 ( exquisite beauty ( tone4 ,mod]n build]s are apt to neglect ! /op1 & to treat x z a m]e ,coppel1 or vehicle = exhibit+ ! qualities ( imitative /ops4 ,we %\ld be glad to p]suade !m to make ! upp] octaves ( oak1 aft] ! example ( ,s*midt4 7d7 ,/opp$ ,flute ( wood ?r\gh\t1 or ( metal ) *imneys z to its ?ree upp] octaves4 ,?is /op pret5ds to no imitation :atev] ( ! well-kn[n musical in/rum5t1 ! ,flute1 b is simply ! octave ( ! ,/opp$ ,diapason1 ( :i* x %\ld foll[ ! scale & voic+4 ,rem>k4--,! two /ops1 7c7 & 7d71 :5 play$ toge!r1 supply to ! organ ! important elem5t ( s(tness & tranquil cle>ness2 & :5 add$ to 7a7 & 7b71 !y enhance ! fullness & volume ( ^? /ops1 :ile correct+ a c]ta9 crud5ess or t5d5cy t[>ds h>%ness4 ,! ,/opp$ ,flute fulfils a fur!r mo/ important (fice4 ,:5 add$ to ! two ,diapasons 7)\t ! ,pr9cipal71 x imp>ts n only a mo/ pleas+ silv]y sweetness to ! tone1 b gives a def9it5ess ( pit* :i* w correct ! t5d5cy ( s*ool-*ildr5 to s+ out ( tune4 ,?is /op %\ld1 !re=e1 on no acc\nt be omitt$1 or cancell$ 9 fav\r ( m %[y or conspicu\s qualities ( tone4 #c4 ,be x c>efully obs]v$ t ! /ops 7a7 & 7b7 c be made to produce s\nds ( sev]al gradations ( l\dness accord+ to ! scale ( ! pipes1 ! pressure or weight ( ! w9d1 & ! "* ( ! voic+4 ,_! tone w be fur!r affect$ by ! sub/ance & quality ( ! pipe-metal4 ,let u confid5tly assume t ! ord] = ! new organ w be giv5 to no build] :o does n hold 8 art 9 su* e/eem z to be incapable ( us+ inf]ior & p]i%able mat]ials4 ,! metal %\ld be t9 & lead only1 9 at lea/ equal proportions2 /ill bett] if ! t9 be ?ree-f\r?s1 f\r-fif?s1 or sev5-eigh?s ( ! :ole alloy4 ,! w9d-pressure %\ld be light1 z we desire t ! fe$] %\ld be easily work$ by ! foot ( ! play]4 ,! scal+ & voic+ mu/ be left to ! judgm5t ( a tru/wor?y build]1 z !y w v>y ) ! capacity ( ! *ur* & ! requirem5ts ( ! s++4 ,en\gh if we advise t1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! smalle/ *ur*1 ! two metal /ops be ( bold1 out-speak+ "*1 ass]t+ !mselves di/9ctly1 & hav+ no t+e ( ! muffl$ or subdu$ quality prop] to *amb]-organs4 #d4 ,! case ( ! organ1 ev5 if c>v+ be entirely abs5t1 may be ( graceful & pleas+ outl9e by mak+ ! upp] "p1 above ! level ( ! keys1 ov]hang ! l[] "p1 or base1 :i* encloses ! bell[s4#f ,?is l[] "p ne$ n be mu* wid] ?an ! key-bo>d itself1 & ab\t ?ree feet 9 dep?1 f front to back4 ,if ! upp] "p be five feet 9 wid?1 x w ov]hang ! base "o foot or a little less on ea* side1 obta9+ app>5t support f a pair ( brackets4 ,! total height1 if ! op5 bass pipes be set d[n at ! back1 w n exce$ n9e feet2 b ! speak+ front may be well ?r[n up by ! usual exp$i5ts if ! *ur* be l(ty4 ,we /rongly advise t ^! speak+ front pipes be left ( _! natural silv] col\r1 :i* !y w n lose if t9 pr$om9ates l>gely ov] lead 9 ! alloy4 ,= our own "p1 we are no admir]s ( ! *ocolates1 d>k blues1 & sage gre5s sme>$ ^u front pipes by way ( decorat+ !m4 ,too (t51 we fe>1 su* diap]s are a cloak = v inf]ior metal1 :i* w\ld soon betray ! pres5ce ( antimony & o!r delet]i\s +r$i5ts by turn+ black if left unpa9t$4 #f ,see ! frontispiece ( ?is book4 ,"s *>m+ b elaborate designs w be f\nd 9 ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,h4 ,sutton's ,*ur* ,organs1 publi%$ by ,riv+tons4 ,folio4 #ahgb4 ,! draw-/ops w be mo/ conv5i5tly h&l$ if arrang$ above ! keys1 "u ! l$ge ( ! book-bo>d1 z 9 ! h>monium4 ,x w be well to place ! ,/opp$ ,diapason & ,flute on ! left1 & ! ,op5 ,diapason & ,pr9cipal 7:i* w be m frequ5tly drawn & %ut (f7 on ! "r1 leav+ an int]val ( a foot or s betwe5 ! two pairs4 ,! co/ ( ?is f\r-/op organ1 made ( fir/-class mat]ials1 9 a case ( /a9$ deal or pit*-p9e1 %\ld n exce$ #hj4 ,a prov9cial build]1 :o works ) 8 own h&s1 might und]take x = a small] sum1 b we _c c\nsel a dim9ution ( co/ by a l[]+ ( ! /&>d ( ! pipe-metal or by a resort to inf]ior woods4 ,a ha/y rsum ( our design w %[ a close correspond5ce ) our initial maxims4 ,! organ is3-- #a4 ,( simple con/ruction1 conta9+ no me*anism liable to sudd5 d]angem5t4 #b4 ,x w /& well 9 tune1 )\t att5tion1 ev5 = ye>s1 especially if ! small] /opp$ pipes be ( metal ) *imneys4 #c4 ,a new play] w be met by no special difficulty :atev]4 #d4 ,z !re is no swell1 !re c be no exhibition1 on ! "p ( ! play]1 ( ! peculi> =ms ( bad ta/e to :i* t inv5tion l5ds fatal facility2 & z !re are no p$als1 !re w be no lumb]+ & blund]+ attempts to play gr& compositions nev] meant = village *ur*es4 #e4 ,its p[]1 or volume1 w be ample = ! accompanim5t ( ! ord9>y congregational s++ ( two or ?ree hundr$ p]sons1 & m ?an abundantly suffici5t = ! support ( a ru/ic *oir2 & x emits no s\nds :i* c provoke criticism by s+ul>ity ( intonation1 & :i* h n be5 f\nd1 by long ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 to be inv>iably agreeable to all musical e>s4 ,organ ,no4 #b4 ,to ! f\r-/op in/rum5t j describ$1 a ,dulciana might be add$1 at a fur!r co/ ( ab\t #aj1 less or m1 accord+ to quality ( pipe-metal1 c4 ,its compass w be f ,t5or ,c to top1 or1 /ill bett]1 f ,b flat or a l[] note1 ! rema9+ s\nds be+ obta9$ by groov+ to ! ,/opp$ ,diapason4 ,! ,dulciana is ( beautifully delicate tone1 slightly nasal2 :5 play$ ) ! ,/opp$ ,diapason x gives a *>m+ cle>ness & sonority to t s(t /op4 ,:5 ! ,flute is add$1 we h a true *oir-organ quality1 mo/ useful 9 ! accompanim5t ( l[ & solemn music4 ,rem>k4--,"s build]s or organi/s may recomm5d a ,salicional1 or ,viola di ,gamba1 or ,k]aulophon1 9 place ( ! ,dulciana4 ,all ^! /ops1 :5 prop]ly made1 are ( beautiful tone1 b _! beauty is ( a k9d :i* soon satisfies1 & !n is apt to we>y ! li/5]4 ,!y are !re=e exclud$ f our village organ by "o ( our maxims4 ,! same s5t5ce ( exclusion mu/ be pass$ ^u ! class ( /ops kn[n z ,liebli* ,g$act1 & rightly introduc$ 9 l>ge organs z alt]natives = ! ,/opp$ ,diapason & ,/opp$ ,flute4 ,_! tone 9 ! treble1 says ,mr4 ,hayne1#g is s peculi> z to become we>isome1 & a little ( !m goes a v long way4 ,! imitative ,flutes1 :i* h _m diff]5t names1 z ,flauto ,trav]so1 ,conc]t ,flute1 ,oboe ,flute1 & ! l1 f9d _! place 9 organs ( mu* l>g] dim5sions ?an our village organ2 & ,h>monic /ops1 ( e pit* & quality1 are %ut out by _! co/l9ess1 if n by ! "* ( _! tone1 :i* is unacceptable to "s e>s4 #g ,h9ts1 c41 p4 #ad4 ,organ ,no4 #c4 ,p]haps great] l\dness may be reasonably desir$ :5 ! village *ur* is l>ge & ! s+]s num]\s4 ,?is accession ( p[] w be ga9$ by add+ two m complete ranks ( pipes1 namely1 a ,twelf? ( ?ree feet 7nom9al7 & a ,fifte5? ( two feet1 bo? 9 metal4 ,we _c ent] into controv]sy ) mod]n puri/s :o object to ! ,twelf?4 ,en\gh t its effect1 :5 duly balanc$1 has be5 accept$ z dignifi$ & elevat+ = c5turies pa/4 ,z x is nev] us$ )\t ! ,fifte5?1 ! pipes ( bo? may be gov]n$ by "o slid]1 & 9 ?is case ! /op may be call$ ,mixture1 ii4 ranks4 ,! additional co/ ( ! ,twelf? & ,fifte5?1 ) ! necess>y enl>gem5t ( ! s\nd-bo>d & bell[s1 may be #bj or #be4 ,organ ,no4 #d4 ,! /ops :i* h be5 enum]at$1 ) "o or two additions1 might be di/ribut$ betwe5 two manuals1 ) great advantage to ! play]1 & )\t a violation ( any ( our self-impos$ conditions4 ,in/ead ( sugge/+ ! li/ ( /ops ourselves1 we give ! names & di/ribution ( ^? 9 ! beautiful little organ 9 ! *oir ( ,jesus ,college ,*apel1 ,cambridge1 design$ by ! late ,sir ,j4 ,sutton1 ,b>t41 & built by ! late ,j4 ,c4 ,bi%op1 "s old wood5 pipes by ,s*midt be+ work$ 94 ,upp] ,manual1 or ,great ,organ4 #a4 ,op5 ,diapason #h feet4 #b4 ,/opp$ ,diapason #h tone #c4 ,pr9cipal #d #d4 ,twelf? #c #e4 ,fifte5? #b #f4 ,ti]ce #a-c_/e #g4 ,mixture iii4 ranks4 ,l[] ,manual1 or ,*oir ,organ4 #a4 ,op5 ,diapason1 wood #h feet4 #b4 ,/opp$ ,diapason #h tone4 #c4 ,op5 ,flute #d #d4 ,/opp$ ,flute #d tone4 ,su* an organ c\ld n be co/ly1 z !re is no swell-box1 & z l>ge ,b\rdons or #af-;feet ,op5 ,diapasons are abs5t1 toge!r ) c\pl]s & all o!r complications4 ,b p]haps x is luxuri\sly l>ge = a village *ur* ( av]age size4 ,x might be some:at less5$ ?us3-- ,organ ,no4 #e4 ,great ,organ 7,upp] or ,l[]1 z pref]r$74 #a4 ,op5 ,diapason #h feet4 #b4 ,hohl-flte1 wood #h #c4 ,pr9cipal #d #d4 ,/opp$ ,flute #d #e4 ,mixture iii4 ranks4 ,*oir ,organ 7,l[] or ,upp]74 #a4 ,/opp$ ,diapason #h feet tone #b4 ,dulciana #h #c4 ,gem%orn1 a light ,pr9cipal #d ,rem>k4--,! ,mixture1 ,no4 #e1 w be #ae?1 #ai? & #bbnd f ,,cc to middle ,b1 & #h?1 #ab? & #ae? onw>ds to ! top4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]haps we %\ld n conclude )\t notic+ "o or two objections to our plans4 ,fir/4 ,organs _c be prop]ly play$ )\t p$als4 ,mo/ unque/ionably true classical organ music _c be play$ on in/rum5ts ) manuals only4 ,b x 0 on su* in/rum5ts t ! illu/ri\s ,,h&el1 ) 8 contempor>ies & pr$ecessors1 ,cr(t1 ,boyce1 ,worgan1 ! bl9d ,/anley1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 delight$ _! audi5ces by _! ma/]ly p]=mance4 ,p$als 7 n add$ to ,engli% organs until ! late/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! n9ete5? 0 f> advanc$ be=e ! p$al-bo>d1 ( full compass1 _h come to be consid]$ an ess5tial "p ( e organ4 ,:y %\ld ! effective managem5t ( organs )\t p$als be among ! lo/ arts8 ,:y %\ld n ! clev] manipulation ( su* organs be practis$ by ladies1 & by ! mode/ play]s 9 villages1 to :om ! preludes & fugues :i* e*o ?r\gh ! aisles ( ! ca!dral mu/ ev] be a dead language8 ,:y %\ld ! ca!dral play] himself1 fre% f 8 p$al fugues1 deem x b5ea? 8 dignity to draw sweet music1 9 a totally diff]5t /yle1 f an in/rum5t on :i* ,h&el w\ld h will+ly display$ 8 p[]s8 ,we 7 pres5t on a c]ta9 occasion1 _m ye>s ago1 :5 ! late ,pr(essor ,walmisley1 ( ,cambridge1 0 ask$ to play on a small & old-fa%ion$ organ )\t p$als4 ,! di/+ui%$ p$alli/ & r5[n$ int]pret] ( ,ba*'s compositions did n turn away ) contempt4 ,he seat$ himself1 & *>m$ all :o 7 pres5t by 8 +5i\s extemporisation4 ,! skill1 & le>n+1 & res\rce ( ! true musician 7 nev] m conspicu\sly display$4 ,we see no reason :atev] :y su* a bright example %\ld n be foll[$2 &1 :ile we yield to no "o 9 appreciation ( ! p$al-organ1 & ( ! music prop] = x1 we hold t ! typical organ ( ! village *ur* has no conc]n ) ^!1 & t no great] dem& %\ld be made ^u ! executive p[]s ( its play] ?an t :i* is made 9 ! acquirem5t ( a pure legato /yle at ! pian(orte or h>monium4 ,second4 ,:y omit ! ,swell1 ! greate/ improvem5t ( mod]n organs8 ,! ,swell-organ prop] owes its effectiv5ess to its re$ /ops1 & ^! are "o & all exclud$ f our village organ by ! fact t !y require ! frequ5t att5tion ( a tun]4 ,we grant1 h[ev]1 t re$y /ops ( ! ,gamba class might take _! place 9 small organs2 & we admit t our organs1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 might be v easily enclos$ 9 swell boxes1 :ile a ,swell might take ! place ( a ,*oir 9 ,no4 #e4 ,su* alt]ations w\ld h _m advocates1 bo? pr(essional & amateur4 ,9 adh]+ resolutely to our plans1 we mu/ express ! op9ion t ! judici\s managem5t ( ! ,swell is a gift r ?an an art4 ,x is b occasionally1 we ?9k1 t ref9$ ta/e is made evid5t by a sp>+ use ( ! tempt+ contrivance4 ,too frequ5tly1 ev5 9 *ur*es ( high class & pret5sion1 ! tone ( ! swell-organ1 ) its me*anical rise & fall1 prevails f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! p]=mance1 until ! e> longs = relief4 ,if ! abuse ( ! ,swell be ?us common ev5 9 t[n *ur*es1 is x well to tru/ an app>atus :i* may be s easily misund]/ood to ! discretion ( play]s 9 village *ur*es8 ,moreov]1 our village organ is = ! accompanim5t ( s+]s4 ,we believe t _m musicians w endorse our op9ion t z an accompanim5t = s+]s ! ,swell-organ is mislead+ & unsatisfactory4 ,an accurate e> w (t5 detect a slight diff]5ce ( pit* 9 ! pipes ( a small ,swell-organ :5 ! %ades are clos$ or sudd5ly op5$4 ,we h repeat$ly he>d ! voices ( ! m5 & boys1 ev5 9 v good *oirs1 ?r[n out ( tune by injudici\s p]si/5ce 9 ! use ( ! ,swell z an accompanim5t4 ,! s5se ( discom=t & unc]ta9ty 0 remov$ at once :5 ! play] transf]r$ 8 h&s to ! ,*oir-manual1 ) its quiet & *e]ful brightness4 ,x is = ^! reasons1 & n f any want ( appreciation ( ! effect ( ! ,swell 9 ! h&s ( an educat$ & gift$ p]=m]1 t we c\nsel our village fri5ds to turn a deaf e> to ! praises ( ! ,swell :i* w d\btless rea* !m f _m qu>t]s1 & to re/ cont5t ) g5u9e organ-tone produc$ by means :i* d n l5d !mselves to abuse4 ,a few words may be add$ = ! guidance ( ^? :o f9d !mselves entru/$ ) ! c>e ( old in/rum5ts4 ,! eighte5? c5tury witness$ ! erection1 9 ! *ur*es ( _m c\ntry t[ns1 ( noble organs1 hone/ly con/ruct$ by true arti/s1 m5 :o disda9$ ! use ( inf]ior timb] or ( base metal4 ,a great numb] ( ^! co/ly & beautiful in/rum5ts rema9$ unalt]$1 or at lea/ un9jur$1 )9 ! recollection ( ! pres5t writ]1 b demolition r ?an re/oration has be5 at "w dur+ ! la/ ?irty or m ye>s1 & ! plea :i* we w\ld put =w>d = ! rev]5t pres]vation ( ! works ( old ma/]s may n[ be opportune 9 b few & isolat$ cases4 ,nev]!less1 if x %\ld happ5 to any ( our read]s to discov] 9 a village *ur*1 or 9 t ( "s quiet m>ket-t[n1 an organ by ,,snetzl] 7#agdi71 by 8 pr$ecessors1 or by 8 imm$iate successors1 end+ ) ! ,,engl&s1 fa!r & son1 we w\ld e>ne/ly c\nsel a respectful treatm5t ( ! valuable cont5ts4 ,an old picture may h long la9 hidd5 9 a lumb]-room1 ) its face to ! wall2 :5 br\ght into ! light1 & its m]its recognis$ by an exp]t1 its possessor replaces ! worm-eat5 /ret*] & decay$ frame by new wood1 b he w\ld inde$ act /rangely if he p]mitt$ ! h\se-pa9t] to t\* ! preci\s canvas ) 8 bru%4 ,yet we h kn[n _m organs by ! build]s & ( ! p]iod indicat$ above1 tak5 d[n & c>t$ away2 _! pipes 79 ,snetzl]'s case ( ne>ly pure t97 sold = a trifl+ sum or ?r[n into ! melt+-pot2 & ?is wanton de/ruction has be5 ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t ! "t is come = a bett] in/rum5t1 t ! old organ is screamy2 above all1 t ! belaud$ ,swell is want+4 ,accord+ly ! mod]n build] meets ! wi%es ( 8 cu/om]s by provid+ an organ ( ! common-place type1 & ! reign ( ,swell-c\pl] & ,p$al ,b\rdon is duly inaugurat$4 ,surely a wis] c\rse w\ld h be5 ?is3--,c>efully pres]ve e pipe1 & r\nd out ^? :i* may be bruis$ by roll+ !m on m&rils2 insi/ on ! inclusion ( all ^! pipes )\t any omission :atev] 9 ! new /ructure :i* ! ravages ( ! worm may h r5d]$ inevitable2 add to ^! orig9al cont5ts 7if funds p]mit7 "s mod]n ranks ( pipes c>efully voic$ by an accompli%$ arti/ to ! same pressure ( w9d1 & calculat$ to support & balance ! %rill high tones :i* ! old organ d\btless conta9s2 repair ! old case1 & ev5 reta9 ! old key-bo>d if possible4 ,no d\bt1 9 t[ns1 :]e a succession ( skill$ play]s may be f\nd1 ! addition ( a ,swell-organ & ( a p$al-organ1 bo? mo/ c>efully design$1 scal$1 & voic$1 _c ju/ly be disapprov$4 ,! in/rum5t1 ?us re9/at$1 w be a mo/ int]e/+ l9k ) ! pa/2 w supply 9 itself a hi/ory ( ! progress ( ! organ-build]'s art1 & w possess an individuality ( tone :i* educat$ li/5]s w appreciate1 & :i* !y fail to p]ceive 9 _m or mo/ ( ! organs erect$ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,,index4 ,action4 7,see ,,keybo>d1 ,,p$al47 ,backfalls1 #id ,b>s ( s\nd-bo>d1 #cf ,be>]s ( ditto1 #ch ,bell-cranks1 #abi ,bell[s1 con/ruction (1 #gc ,blacklead1 #eg ,bl[+ p$al & lev]1 #hf ,bo>ds1 upp]1 #ci ,borr[+ 9 bass octave1 #de1 #ade ,b\rdon1 #afj ,brass1 its employm5t1 #fc1 #fg ,bridge1 #id1 #aeg ,build+-frame1 #ha ,buttons1 lea!r1 #if ,*annels1 #bi ,*oir-organ1 #adb ,cl>abella1 #be ,clo?s1 #if ,compass1 ( p$als1 #ace ,comb9ation-manual1 #aei ,conduct+-bo>ds1 #dh ,conveyances1 #ea ,c\nt]-balances = bell[s1 #gh ,c\pl]s1 v>i\s k9ds (1 #aeb-aeg ,cuckoo-fe$]1 #gi ,cumm9s1 8 inv5tion1 #ge ,diapason1 op51 #dd1 #aba ,diapason1 /opp$1 #aj ,dip ( keys & ( p$als1 #ajc1 #aci ,drill+1 #fg ,d\ble s\nd-bo>ds1 #aab ,draw-/ops1 #abg ,dulciana1 #aba ,eng9es1 hydraulic1 #gi ,fan-frame1 #aja ,fe$]s1 #gi ,fifte5?1 ,flageolet1 ,flaut9a1 #abe ,flute1 #abe ,frame1 build+1 #ha ,gamba1 #adi ,gems-horn1 #abe ,great-organ1 #adg ,groov+1 #de1 #ade ,key-bo>ds1 #ajb ,key movem5ts1 #ig ,la!1 #e ,lea!r = pallets1 #fa ,manuals1 #adf ,manual & ,p$al1 _! relation1 #acf1 #aci ,manual = comb9ation1 #aei ,mat]ials = s\nd-bo>d1 #g ,names ( notes 9 scale1 #aj ,nick+4 7,see ,,voic+47 ,organ1 ,old ,engli%1 #be1 #adg ,pallets1 #fa ,p$al-organ1 #acf1 #afj ,pipes1 wood51 #ad1 #bc metal1 #aag l5g?s (1 #aa1 #ae plantation (1 #cj1 #ii ,pr9cipal1 #dd1 #aba ,pull-d[ns1 #fi ,rack-bo>ds1 p9s1 #db ,re$-/ops1 #aec ,regulation1 #abf ,ribs1 inv]t$1 #ge ,roll]-bo>d1 #if ,runn+ ( w9d1 #ej1 #ee ,scales = pipes1 #af ,slid]s1 #bi ,s\nd-bo>d1 con/ruction (1 #ci ,spitz-flute1 #abe ,spr+s = pallets1 #fc ,squ>es1 #ie ,/ick]s1 #ie ,/ops1 me?ods ( draw+1 #abg ,sub-bass1 #afj ,swell-organ1 box1 #ada1 #aej ,tablature1 or nom5clature ( notes1 #aj ,temp]am5t1 #abe ,t]zo ,mano1 #afc ,track]s1 #ie ,trundles1 wood51 iron1 #aca ,tun+1 #abf ,valves ( bell[s1 #gd1 #gg ,voic+ pipes1 metal & wood51 #abj ,village ,*ur* ,organs1 #afe ,w9d-*e/1 #ee ,w9d-gauge1 #abb ,w9d-trunks1 #hj ,w9d-valve1 or v5til1 #afb ,work%op1 #b ,,! ,,end4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,virtue ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$1 ,,city ,,road1 ,,london4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,bold type is %[n z /rong4 ,italics are %[n ?us3 slop+4 ,small capitals h be5 capitalis$4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( mid-p>agraph4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,punctuation has be5 reta9$ z publi%$4 ',fig #bi4' has be5 add$ to ! illu/ration on page #ie4