,department of ,culture1 ,recreation and ,tourism ,louisiana ,archaeological ,survey and ,antiquities ,commission ,anthropological ,study ,no4 #e ,,preserving ,,louisiana',s ,,legacy ,illustration3 ,a preserved ,indian mound in ,pointe ,coupee ,parish is surrounded by pasture and covered with vegetation4 ,april #aihb ,baton ,rouge1 ,louisiana ,,state ,,of ,,louisiana ,david ,c4 ,treen ,governor ,,department ,,of ,,culture1 ,,recreation ,,and ,,tourism ,mrs4 ,lawrence ,h4 ,fox ,secretary ,,archaeological ,,survey ,,and ,,antiquities ,,commission ,ex-,officio ,members ,dr4 ,kathleen ,m4 ,byrd ,state ,archaeologist ,mr4 ,robert ,b4 ,de,blieux ,assistant ,secretary1 ,office of ,program ,development ,mr4 ,frank ,p4 ,simoneaux ,secretary1 ,department of ,natural ,resources ,mr4 ,linton ,ardoin ,secretary1 ,department of ,urban and ,community ,affairs ,appointed ,members ,mr4 ,william ,baker ,mr4 ,fred ,benton1 ,jr4 ,mr4 ,brian ,duhe ,dr4 ,lorraine ,heartfield ,mr4 ,robert ,w4 ,neuman ,mrs4 ,lanier ,simmons ,dr4 ,clarence ,h4 ,webb ,this public document was published at an annual cost of 4#cj per copy by ,division of ,administration1 ,administrative ,services1 ,p4,o4 ,box #ddjie1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,louisiana #gjhjd to make available to the citizens of ,louisiana through publication information about prehistoric and historic archaeology under authority of ,la4 ,r4,s4 #da3afja-afac4 ,this material was printed in accordance with the standards for printing by state agencies established pursuant to ,,rs4 #dc3ca4 ,,preserving ,,louisiana',s ,,legacy3 ,everyone ,can ,help ,nancy ,w4 ,hawkins ,division of ,archaeology ,editor's ,note ,louisiana's cultural heritage dates back to approximately #aj1jjj ,b4,c4 when ,paleo-,indian hunters entered the region in search of ,pleistocene big game4 ,since that time1 many other groups have settled in the area4 ,each of these groups has left evidence of its presence in the archaeological record4 ,the ,anthropological ,study series published by the ,department of ,culture1 ,recreation ,tourism provides a readable account of various activities of these cultural groups4 ,nancy ,hawkins1 outreach coordinator for the ,division of ,archaeology1 is the author of ,preserving ,louisiana's ,legacy1 the fifth volume in the ,anthropological ,study series4 ,this volume departs somewhat from the previous ones in the series in that it does not describe a particular group of people or archaeological sites4 ,rather it addresses archaeological preservation as a whole4 ,in this volume ,ms4 ,hawkins explains in general terms how an archaeologist studies the past1 what factors affect the preservation of archaeological remains1 and how government1 industry1 business1 landowners1 and other groups and individuals can contribute to the preservation of ,louisiana's archaeological heritage4 ,we are pleased to be able to make ,preserving ,louisiana's ,legacy available and trust that the reader will enjoy this volume4 ,kathleen ,byrd ,state ,archaeologist ,illustration3 ,letter ,,state ,,of ,,louisiana ,,department ,,of ,,culture1 ,,recreation ,,and ,,tourism ,,office ,,of ,,program ,,development ,,david ,c4 ,,treen ,governor ,assistant ,,robert ,b4 ,de,b,l,i,e,u,x ,secretary ,,mrs4 ,,lawrence ,h4 ,,fox ,secretary ,april #bj1 #aihb ,,citizens ,,of ,,louisiana ,as ,louisiana's ,state ,historic ,preservation ,officer1 ,i am pleased to introduce ,preserving ,louisiana's ,legacy1 the fifth volume in the ,anthropological ,study series of the ,department of ,culture1 ,recreation ,tourism and the ,louisiana ,archaeological ,survey ,antiquities ,commission4 ,through my work first in private business and more recently in local and state government1 ,i have become increasingly impressed with the diversity and uniqueness of ,louisiana's archaeological remains4 ,there is no question that many of these archaeological sites should be preserved for the future4 ,they are ,louisiana's past4 ,louisiana has some of the most important sites in the ,united ,states4 ,in fact1 one prehistoric archaeological site1 ,poverty ,point in ,west ,carroll ,parish1 has been suggested for nomination to the ,world ,heritage ,list4 ,this program1 in which #de nations participate1 recognizes areas of outstanding universal value to mankind4 ,i am proud to live in a state with such a rich archaeological heritage1 and ,i hope that it can be protected for future generations4 ,however1 no one individual or group working alone can preserve ,louisiana's legacy4 ,only through the concerted efforts of government1 industry1 business1 and individuals can this be accomplished4 ,this volume suggests what you can do to preserve ,louisiana's archaeological sites4 ,i hope you enjoy this booklet4 ,sincerely1 ,rob ,de,blieux ,,robert ,b4 ,,deblieux ,,state ,,historic ,,preservation ,,officer ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ddbdg ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4 #gjhjd #ejd-cdb-ffhb ,,acknowledgements ,illustrations for this booklet have been generously contributed by several people4 ,robert ,neuman1 ,louisiana ,state ,university1 provided photographs of ,monk's ,mound 7cover71 a projectile point 7p4 #a71 a vessel from the ,clarence ,h4 ,webb ,collection 7p4 #b71 a shell midden 7p4 #b71 and of excavation pits 7p4 #ae74 ,debbie ,woodiel1 ,state ,parks1 gave permission to use an illustration from her thesis 7p4 #e74 ,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history permitted reproduction of the ,poverty ,point site map 7p4 #a71 and ,new ,orleans ,east provided the illustration on page #ac4 ,all other photographs are from the files at the ,division of ,archaeology1 and have been taken by staff archaeologists through the years4 ,,archaeology ,,in ,,louisiana ,people lived in ,louisiana thousands of years before the first ,europeans sailed to the ,new ,world4 ,because of archaeology1 the history of even these early ,indians is now being described and understood4 ,all people leave traces of their activities wherever they cook1 build houses1 hold religious ceremonies1 make tools1 or dump their trash4 ,if these traces are undisturbed1 archaeologists can use them to determine who left them1 when they were left1 and what activities were associated with them4 ,these are a few of the things archaeologists have learned about ,louisiana3 ,illustration3 ,although many people refer to all stone points as arrowheads1 ,indians actually made projectile points for over #aj1jjj years before they ever used one on an arrow4 ,the point pictured here would have been used on a spear and could have killed a prehistoric elephant1 called a mastodon4 ,illustration3 ,in northeastern ,louisiana by #ajjj ,b4,c41 ,indians had built rows of earthen ridges three-quarters of a mile across4 ,as far as we know1 they are the earliest earthworks of their size in ,north ,america4 ,some archaeologists think they were constructed as an astronomical observatory because two gaps in the ridges line up with the winter and summer solstice sunsets4 ,illustration3 ,contrary to present day practice1 prehistoric ,louisianians preferred marsh clams over crawfish and crabs4 ,they ate so many clams that large piles of shells can still be found in the marshes4 ,over time1 the shells have become compressed1 and now some piles are almost rock hard4 ,illustration3 ,indians in ,louisiana made beautiful and elaborate pottery without ever using a potter's wheel4 ,this delicate water bottle was made in northwestern ,louisiana about ,a4,d4 #adjj4 ,illustration3 ,european missionaries and explorers who traveled in ,louisiana in the #afjjs and #agjjs depended on experienced ,indian traders to supply them with food1 animal skins1 salt1 and horses4 ,in exchange1 ,europeans gave the ,indians beads1 crucifixes1 guns1 metal pots1 knives1 and bells like these4 ,,how ,,an ,,archaeologist ,,studies ,,the ,,past ,although an archaeologist can gain some information from artifacts that have been removed from a site1 much more information can be gleaned through careful survey and excavation4 ,during a survey1 the archaeologist examines artifacts remaining on the ground and records large concentrations as sites4 ,the archaeologist evaluates each site's size and age1 and determines how it contributes to an overall understanding of ,louisiana's past4 ,no two sites exactly duplicate each other1 but some are more unusual than others4 ,some provide new or important information linking a group of people with a certain location or activity for the first time4 ,this means that sometimes a small site1 without elaborate or especially beautiful artifacts1 may be more important to the understanding of the past than another site that is larger4 ,an archaeologist who records an important site will recommend protection or excavation for it4 ,the archaeologist will evaluate threats to the site to determine the possibility of preserving the site intact4 ,some sites must be protected to insure that future generations can see unexcavated sites1 and so that future archaeologists with improved techniques will have sites left to study4 ,even if an archaeologist excavates a site1 he or she will usually leave parts of it untouched4 ,archaeological excavation of a site is meticulous in order to preserve every piece of information4 ,the archaeologist photographs and draws soil changes and artifacts as they are uncovered4 ,this provides a permanent record of the relationships of materials to each other and to other parts of the site4 ,samples of charcoal1 soil1 bones1 and decayed plants are collected for laboratory analysis4 ,long months of study and interpretation follow excavations as the archaeologist and technicians piece together the many bits of information4 ,laboratory analysis may indicate what people ate1 what plants were growing around the site1 and perhaps even the date the site was used4 ,study of the artifacts may tell how the site was used1 who used it1 and whether they were trading with other groups4 ,relationships of the remains show what parts of the site were used for butchering game1 cooking food1 making tools1 gardening1 building houses1 burying the dead1 and conducting ceremonial activities4 ,artifact relationships may tell whether men and women worked in different areas1 and whether the site was used repeatedly through the years4 ,an archaeologist may even be able to discover very detailed information like whether the people cooked their fish whole or in fillets1 what strains of corn they grew1 and what kind of wood they used to build their houses4 ,this detailed understanding can result only from careful study of a well-preserved site4 ,the archaeological sites of ,louisiana span the time from the arrival of the earliest inhabitants1 approximately #ab1jjj years ago1 to the #bjth century4 ,these sites are as important in understanding ,louisiana's past as original journals from early explorers4 ,each is a unique description of the land and people from years past4 ,just as a journal with all its pages tells more than a single page out of context1 a complete site tells many times more than artifacts on a shelf or a site half-destroyed by modern-day construction activities4 ,illustration3 ,excavation of a mound site in ,iberville ,parish was meticulous in order to record the relationships of materials and to collect remains for laboratory analysis 7above74 ,archaeologists were able to determine that under the mound was a circular house built of cypress and ash poles that were covered with thatch 7right74 ,inside were interior support posts and wooden furniture such as beds or racks1 as well as a central fire hearth and four smaller fire pits4 ,honey locust seeds1 persimmon seeds and bones from four kinds of fish indicate some of the things these prehistoric people ate4 ,radiocarbon dates show that the structure was being used at ,a4 ,d4 #ajjj4 ,everyone in ,louisiana has the right to know about the state's legacy4 ,the complete history of ,louisiana can be recorded only through careful1 detailed excavation by individuals especially trained in archaeological techniques4 ,if a site is destroyed before it can be evaluated1 that information is lost forever2 it is irreplaceable4 ,unfortunately1 sites are destroyed every day in ,louisiana1 both accidentally and intentionally4 ,illustration3 #af lv #abh ,,plan ,,view ,,of ,,feature ,,three1 ,,level ,,four ,wall ,trench ,embankment ,ramp ,post ,fire ,hearth ,,major ,,impacts ,,on ,,site ,,preservation ,throughout history1 the traces of people who lived before have been altered by those who followed4 ,even when ,indians camped in places where their ancestors had camped1 they destroyed a piece of the record of their past4 ,in contrast with this age-old pattern of minor alterations1 however1 is the potentially devastating impact of modern-day technology4 ,in ,louisiana today1 major types of land modification include energy exploration and development1 timber cutting1 agriculture1 urban expansion1 waterway modification1 and transportation network construction4 ,these are all likely to disturb archaeological sites if they are conducted without care4 ,illustration3 ,heavy machinery can destroy a site in minutes4 ,the country's need for oil1 gas1 coal1 and timber has accelerated the search for these products in the past decade4 ,as exploration crews cut roads into otherwise inaccessible areas1 previously undetected sites are exposed and disturbed4 ,when heavy machinery is brought in to begin logging1 drilling1 or mining1 sites can be gouged or crushed in a few seconds4 ,unless the crews are alert1 fragile archaeological sites are destroyed before they are even recorded4 ,in ,louisiana's coastal areas1 oil and gas production has also affected sites4 ,pipelines are often laid through piles of shells because they are more stable than the surrounding land4 ,unfortunately1 a great many of these piles are man-made2 they are actually archaeological sites4 ,mechanized agriculture affects sites when plows turn up artifacts1 jumbling the materials4 ,whenever an area is cultivated for the first time1 sites may be found4 ,in ,louisiana1 previously undisturbed areas within the river valleys are now being cleared for large-scale agriculture4 ,many buried prehistoric sites along old river channels could be destroyed4 ,sites in cultivated fields may be damaged further if they are plowed more deeply than in the past4 ,modern subsoilers can cut three feet into the ground1 disturbing even deeply buried materials4 ,illustration3 ,this gas pipeline in southeastern ,louisiana's marsh was laid directly through an archaeological site4 ,farmers often regard ,indian mounds as troublesome when they occur in areas otherwise ideal for plowing4 ,if farmers do not recognize the value of these mounds1 they may have them removed4 ,for example1 a man in ,madison ,parish sold the dirt from a large ,indian mound on his land for road fill4 ,the ancient monument was removed so the land could be planted with soybeans4 ,illustration3 ,dirt from this mound in ,madison ,parish was used for a road foundation 444 ,population growth in ,louisiana has led to rapidly expanding cities and extended transportation networks4 ,modern cities are often in the same places that ,indians and early ,europeans built their settlements1 so city growth is almost certain to disturb archaeological sites4 ,as early as the turn of the century1 archaeologists were charting the destruction of a mound group in eastern ,louisiana4 ,a city was growing up around one of the largest groups of mounds in the ,southeastern ,united ,states4 ,in #aica1 an archaeologist wrote about the leveling of one of the mounds1 a square multi-stage one1 #hj feet tall and #ahj feet on each side4 ,the dirt was used to build the approach ramps for a bridge4 ,today1 part of only one mound remains1 protected because of the recent cemetery on top4 ,illustration3 leaving behind only a few clumps of trees4 ,the destruction mentioned above has resulted from a lack of understanding of the importance of these sites4 ,it has taken ,louisianians a long time to realize the uniqueness and richness of their state's cultural heritage4 ,while many people are now joining in the efforts to conserve the remaining sites1 a few continue to willfully destroy them4 ,some individuals dig into sites in order to find artifacts that can be sold to antiquity dealers4 ,these looters have demolished entire ,indian villages1 stealing the story of those sites from all ,louisianians4 ,even if the artifacts are eventually turned over to an archaeologist1 most of the information has been obliterated4 ,lost are the records of where the artifacts originally came from1 the relationships of the artifacts to each other1 the samples of materials for laboratory analysis1 and usually the ordinary or broken artifacts that tell the archaeologist much1 but sell for little4 ,illustration3 ,looters at this archaeological site found artifacts1 but destroyed all the other information archaeologists could have used to interpret the site4 ,illustration3 ,damaged site ,,government ,,helps ,although countless sites have been destroyed in ,louisiana1 many other sites have been saved by concerned individuals1 companies1 and organizations4 ,our legislators have been interested enough in ,louisiana's heritage to draft laws that help protect sites4 ,without a permit1 it is now illegal to dig into1 alter1 or take anything from a site on state or federal land4 ,recent legislation calls for strict fines or jail sentences for people collecting materials from federal lands4 ,our laws also help protect sites from those land alteration projects that in the past destroyed so many sites4 ,the locations of proposed projects are now checked against archaeological records to be sure that no known sites will be affected4 ,if the project is a large one1 or if the area appears likely to have sites1 an archaeological investigation will be recommended to determine whether sites are in the area4 ,because of this process1 approximately #djj previously undocumented sites are now recorded and evaluated by archaeologists in ,louisiana each year4 ,this has resulted in a more complete record of ,louisiana's archaeological sites and a decrease in the rate of site destruction by industry4 ,it has also encouraged developers to think about the care of our past early in the planning stages of their projects4 ,both federal and state governments protect archaeological sites as parks that the public can visit4 ,in ,louisiana1 the ,national ,park ,service has included the ,big ,oak ,island site near ,new ,orleans as part of ,jean ,lafitte ,national ,historical ,park4 ,this site dates from the time of ,christ and was seasonally used for shellfish collecting and processing4 ,the ,louisiana ,office of ,state ,parks also maintains two prehistoric archaeological sites that are open to the public and that have interpretive museums4 ,one is ,poverty ,point ,commemorative ,area where the state's largest prehistoric earthworks were built #c1jjj years ago1 and the other is ,marksville ,state ,commemorative ,area where ,indians built mounds approximately #b1jjj years ago4 ,archaeological investigations have also been conducted at many of the commemorative areas associated with #ahth1 #aith1 and #bjth century history4 ,these parks give people a chance to learn more about archaeology and how it contributes to an understanding of our state's past4 ,,business ,,and ,,industry ,,help ,businesses and industries are most likely to deal with archaeological sites when they plan projects on publicly-owned lands or when projects require permits4 ,many developers are sensitive to the need for preservation of important sites and plan ahead for evaluation of the project's impact on these4 ,businesses and industries whose projects will affect sites are proving to be creative in their responses4 ,sometimes1 a minor change1 like moving a road #be feet to one side1 may prevent a site from being destroyed4 ,businesses also participate in archaeology because of curiosity about sites on their land4 ,some have provided food and lodging for excavators or have given grants to archaeologists to fund field and lab work4 ,after analysis is completed1 these companies have either donated artifacts to a museum or have developed small displays for their employees4 ,companies are discovering that becoming involved with archaeology can have tax advantages4 ,if a company donates land with a site on it to a nonprofit or governmental organization1 the donation can be claimed as a tax deduction4 ,a company also can receive a tax benefit by sponsoring excavation of a site either on or off its property4 ,one southern ,louisiana company funded #be of the cost of an excavation and counted that as a tax deduction4 ,the company owned the land with the site1 so by donating the artifacts1 it also could claim their worth as a tax deduction4 ,a ,new ,orleans development corporation planned a massive project with an extremely important site in mind4 ,the company leased land with a site on it to the ,jean ,lafitte ,national ,historical ,park for #a4jj a year4 ,rather than viewing the site as a liability1 however1 the company saw it as an asset4 ,through the lease of the site1 the corporation generated positive community feelings1 protected a part of our cultural heritage1 and enhanced the value of the surrounding property4 ,the benefits to the community and to the corporation will continue into the future4 ,a ,baton ,rouge company also was able to use archaeology in public relations4 ,it developed an outstanding display about prehistoric ,louisiana for the lobby of its main building4 ,the exhibit attracts visitors and promotes interest not only in archaeology1 but also in the company's services4 ,illustration3 ,one ,new ,orleans developer is protecting a major site and is advertising its decision4 ,,in ,,building ,,new ,,orleans ,,east1 ,,some ,,things ,,are ,,more ,,sacred ,,than ,,the ,,almighty ,,dollar4 ,once1 ,new ,orleans was rich in hidden archeological treasures4 ,over #fjj prehistoric sites were buried throughout the city1 but almost all of them have been destroyed in the name of progress4 ,one of the most valuable sites1 however1 has miraculously survived the city's development3 a prehistoric village of the ,tchefuncte ,indian ,tribe1 dating back to #ejj ,,bc4 ,it's called ,big ,oak ,island and it's located in ,new ,orleans ,east4 ,in order to preserve this part of our city's heritage1 ,new ,orleans ,east has leased this #ab-;acre site1 right in the heart of our community1 to the ,jean ,lafitte ,national ,historical ,park4 ,the cost3 one dollar a year4 ,donating this valuable piece of land to the ,park ,service is just one example of what makes us different from other developers4 ,throughout ,new ,orleans ,east1 we're leaving additional areas untouched as well1 so that in the future1 residents here will have trees to enjoy1 birds to watch1 and parks to play in4 ,we're doing all this because we want ,new ,orleans ,east to be a community that everyone in ,new ,orleans can be proud of4 ,building a community with this kind of concern for the environment may not be the most profitable development plan1 but1 like the treasures of ,oak ,island1 it may very well be priceless in the years to come4 ,,private ,,landowners ,,help ,people who have archaeological sites on their land have many ways of protecting the sites4 ,a site covered by natural vegetation usually is camouflaged and has limited access4 ,as long as the owner does not clear the land1 disturbance to the site will be minimized4 ,a site already in a cultivated field probably will not suffer significantly from continued plowing at the same depth4 ,although initial plowing altered artifact relationships in the plow zone1 the materials beneath remain well protected4 ,a landowner who is interested in protecting a site may want to have it recognized by placing it on the ,registry of ,state ,cultural ,resource ,landmarks4 ,the ,registry is established as an authoritative guide to the state's most important archaeological sites4 ,once a site is placed on the ,registry1 there is an agreement between the owner and the ,state of ,louisiana to help protect it4 ,this process ensures that important sites will be recognized1 preserved1 and protected to the maximum extent possible4 ,illustration3 ,the site in this soybean field has already been disturbed1 but probably will not suffer significantly if plowing is continued at the same depth4 ,illustration3 ,landowners who finance excavations can receive substantial tax benefits4 ,a landowner who is unable to protect a site because of plans to plow deeper1 cultivate an unplowed area1 or do construction1 should alert the ,division of ,archaeology4 ,if he gives enough advance warning1 an archaeologist may be able to evaluate the site before the changes begin4 ,recently1 the tax advantages available to site owners have been clarified4 ,one landowner paid half of the excavation cost at a site on his land and claimed his cost as a tax deduction4 ,later1 he donated the artifacts from the site and also deducted their worth1 equivalent to the entire cost of the excavation4 ,federal tax incentives also apply to the gift of an important archaeological site to a governmental or nonprofit organization4 ,this donation can be either an outright gift or an easement 7in which the owner gives up certain control of the land1 but retains ownership74 ,in either case1 the transaction qualifies as a charitable contribution for federal income tax1 estate tax1 and gift tax purposes4 ,,you ,,can ,,help ,most archaeological sites are first discovered not by professional archaeologists1 but by ordinary people who live or work near the sites4 ,usually these people do not know how to report a site to the proper authorities4 ,if you find a site1 you can help protect ,louisiana's heritage by letting archaeologists know about it4 ,the ,division of ,archaeology has prepared a form especially for you to use1 and one is in the center of this booklet4 ,illustration3 ,the first step in recording a site is plotting its location on a ,u4,s4,g4,s4 topographic quad or other accurate map4 ,you should fill out the form as completely as possible1 without attempting to dig in the site4 ,mark its location on a map1 and photograph the site area4 ,try to draw the artifacts you see2 you don't need to be an artist1 just trace around them on a piece of paper and sketch in any designs4 ,if you find artifacts in a protected area where they are not being disturbed1 it is best not to collect them2 they may tell an archaeologist a great deal if they are left in place4 ,if1 however1 you do collect something from the site1 be sure to store it carefully with information about exactly where you found it4 ,please mail the form1 map1 photographs1 and drawings to the ,division of ,archaeology4 ,your information will be carefully reviewed1 and added to the permanent file stored in ,baton ,rouge4 ,a staff archaeologist will write a letter1 telling you if the site has been assigned an official state number1 and possibly asking for more information4 ,by reporting a site1 you will be helping to record the history of the state4 ,if you want to learn more about ,louisiana archaeology1 you can enroll in a class at a local university1 visit museums1 read archaeology books1 or tour one of the state archaeological commemorative areas4 ,you may also want to join the ,louisiana ,archaeological ,society 7,,las74 ,the ,society's chapters throughout the state have monthly meetings with programs discussing local and state-wide archaeology4 ,the ,,las publishes a quarterly newsletter with information about current research1 and an annual bulletin with in-depth reports4 ,often the ,,las chapters also are involved in archaeological survey or excavation4 ,the organization's members are both professional and avocational archaeologists who come together to advance ,louisiana archaeology4 ,you will also find other opportunities to help protect ,louisiana's heritage throughout the year4 ,you can encourage your elected officials to support legislation protecting sites4 ,you can help friends record and preserve sites on their land4 ,most importantly1 you can explain to others the importance of archaeological sites1 and the reasons for preserving them4 ,by doing these things1 you will be working with concerned people throughout the state to preserve ,louisiana's legacy for the future4 ,your ,name ,your ,address ,your ,telephone ,number ,date ,additional ,comments3 ,please mail this to3 ,division of ,archaeology ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ddbdg ,baton ,rouge1 ,,la #gjhjd ,site ,name ,parish ,instructions for ,reaching ,site from ,nearest ,major ,road ,owner's ,name ,owner's ,address ,tenant's ,name ,tenant's ,address ,characteristics of ,site3 mound7s71 scatter of artifacts1 shell heap7s71 old building7s71 other ,general ,site ,description ,site ,size ,kinds of ,artifacts3 projectile points 7arrowheads71 stone chips1 ,indian pottery pieces1 bones1 shells1 beads1 pieces of old dishes1 old bottles1 other ,estimated ,number of ,artifacts ,present ,use of ,land ,type of ,erosion1 ,development1 or ,other ,site ,disturbance ,people ,who ,have ,collections from the ,site3 ,name ,address ,name ,address ,,if ,,possible1 ,,please ,,accompany ,,this ,,form ,,with ,a ,,road ,,map ,,with ,,the ,,site ,,marked1 ,,photographs ,,of ,,the ,,site1 ,,and ,,sketches ,,of ,,representative ,,artifacts4 ,anthropological ,study ,series ,no4 #a ,on the ,tunica ,trail by ,jeffrey ,p4 ,brain ,no4 #b ,the ,caddo ,indians of ,louisiana1 second edition by ,clarence ,h4 ,webb ,hiram ,f4 ,gregory ,no4 #c ,the ,role of ,salt in ,eastern ,north ,american ,prehistory by ,ian ,brown ,no4 #d ,el ,nuevo ,constante by ,charles ,e4 ,pearson1 et al4 ,no4 #e ,preserving ,louisiana's ,legacy by ,nancy ,w4 ,hawkins ,no4 #f ,louisiana ,prehistory by ,robert ,w4 ,neuman ,nancy ,w4 ,hawkins ,no4 #g ,poverty ,point by ,jon ,l4 ,gibson ,no4 #h ,bailey's ,dam by ,steven ,d4 ,smith and ,george ,j4 ,castille ,,iii ,these publications can be obtained by writing3 ,division of ,archaeology ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ddbdg ,baton ,rouge1 ,,la #gjhjd ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is a government public document1 and can be freely copied and distributed4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4